A UNIVERSAL PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER: CONTAINING TOPOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL AND OTHER INFORMATION, OF ALL THE MORE IMPORTANT PLACES IN THE KNOWN WORLD, FROM THE MOST RECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES. BY THOMAS BALDWIN, ASSISTED BY SEVERAL OTHER GENTLEMEN. TO WHICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING MORE THAN TEN THOUSAND ADDITIONAL NAMES, CHIEFLY OF THE SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF MEXICO. WITH A SUPPLEMENT, GIVING THE PRONUNCIATION OF NEAR TWO THOUSAND NAMES, BESIDES, THOSE PRONOUNCED IN THE ORIGINAL WORK: FORMING IN ITSELF A COMPLETE VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL PRONUNCIATION. a jleb) Ubition, (atefuIf-p Urebioel, WITH THE POPULATION INSERTED ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1850, AND ENRICHED WITH MANY NEW AND EXTENSIVE ARTICLES ON CALIFORNIA, OREGON, MINNESOTA, NEW MEXICO, UTAH, AUSTRALIA, FRANCE, ETC. PHILADELPHIA: LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO. 1852. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852 by THOMAS BALDWIN, in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States, in and fobr tle Eastern District of Pennsylvania. B. M. DUSENBERY, STEREOTYPER. C. SHERMAN, PRINTER. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE REVISED EDITION. THE general interest felt in our new states and territories, towards which emigration is flowing from all points of the compass, and especially towards California, has induced the authors to give much fuller articles on that state, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Texas, than comports with the general plan of the work. Here the emigrant, the man of business, or the tourist, may, without searching many volumes, find a synopsis of the prominent points of interest in regard to them; such as their surface, soil, climate, productions, rivers, lakes, minerals, &c., compiled from the most recent and best authorities known. In regard to regions so imperfectly known, they cannot hope to have made no misstatements; but they have used laborious and careful research to make them as few as possible. The articles on the United States, on New York city, on France, on Australia, and on some other cities and countries, have been much enlarged, and the information concerning them is in accordance with the latest data accessible in this country. In all the states and counties, and in over one hundred and fifty towns of the United States, the populations have been given according to the census of 1850. The populations in Europe and the British possessions have been given according to the censuses taken at various periods between 1845 and 1851. But little of the latter census, however, has reached this country in an available form. 1iii ADVERTISEMENT TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. THE extraordinary and increasing favour with which the Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer has been received, has induced the authors to prepare, at great labour and expense, a NEW EDITIONI intended to supply what has been felt by all, as a serious defect iin the former editions of the work; namely, its want of fulness with respect to the number of names. When the first edition of the Gazetteer was prepared, it was absolutely impossible for the authors to obtain any reliable information respecting a multitude of foreign names, of which, therefore, if they gave any pronunciation at all, they must give one based on the most vague and uncertain conjecture. They were reduced to the alternative of choosing between the defect of incompleteness and that of inaccuracy. These was of course no room for hesitation. They believed that to ascertain and fix the pronunciation of a few hundred difficult names would be a greater service to the cause of education, than to give the pronunciation of ten times the number at random, or upon mere conjecture. They were sensible, moreover, that without accuracy they could not hope to inspire that confidence which is so essential to the permanent reputation and success of a work of this, kind. In the seven years which have elapsed since the first publication of the work, many new sources of information have been opened, not to mention the assistance which greater experience, and the habit of investigating everything which could throw any light upon the subject of geographical orthoepy, must necessarily confer. Availing themselves of these new facilities, the authors have at length underV vi ADVERTISEMENT TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. taken to remedy, as far as possible, the unavoidable deficiences occurring in the former editions of the Gazetteer. A SUPPLEMENT has been added, giving the pronunciation of from 1500 to 2000 additional names. For the convenience of reference, all the difficult names contained in the Gazetteer, and those now added for the first, are given together in the Supplement, each in its alphabetical place. Hence, as a mere pronouncing vocabulary, the Supplement will be found to be complete in itself. It should be observed that the Appendix has been added chiefly for the purpose of giving the small towns, &c., of the United States. The pronunciation of the names, in this portion of the work, has rarely been given, partly because the larger number of them can readilybe pronounced by any one who knows how to read, and partly on account of the insuperable difficulties inherent in the task itself. (See Preface to the Supplement, p. 649-50.) It has been the aim of the authors to concentrate, in the Appendix, a large amount of information, into the smallest possible compass. By the employment of small-sized type and a few additional abbreviations, they have generally been able to condense the notice of the smaller places into a single line, so that, without greatly increasing the size of the work, there has been a most important and extensive addition to its matter. If the inquirer seeks the pronunciation of any difficult name, let him look for it in the Supplement, where it will be found if it occurs in the book at all. If he is desirous of obtaining any other information respecting the town, river, &c., and should not find a brief notice in the Supplement, he must refer to the body of the work-unless the name has an asterisk prefixed, in which case he will find it in the Appendix.:& The attention of teachers is particularly invited to the Table at the end of the Introduction, exhibiting the diversity which prevails in the mode of writing geographical names;-also to the List of geographiaal names most frequently mispronounced, at the end of the Supplement. PREFACE. IN offering to the public a book like the present, which, as respects some of its more important characteristics, is quite new, the authors feel themselves called upon to explain briefly the object and nature of the work, as well as the motives which induced them to undertake it. They had themselves often felt the want of a geographical dictionary, to which they might refer for the pronunciation of the names, as well as for the description, of places. They were also convinced by the concurrent testimony of a number of teachers of the highest respectability and of great experience, that the want of such a work was extensively felt; the absence of any standard of geographical pronunciation, rendering it extremely difficult to determine the proper mode of pronouncing many names which are found in the elementary works used in our schools. On inquiring more particularly among persons of different classes and occupations, they were led to the belief that a pronouncing gazetteer, if properly executed, would be generally acceptable to the community. To fix upon the most eligible system of pronunciation, was a point of the highest importance, but it did not appear to be one of extraordinary difficulty. They determined, in accordance with what they believed to be the prevailing sense of the more intelligent, and the prevailing practice of the better educated, to give the pronunciation of all geographical names, as nearly as possible, as they are pronounced by the well educated people of the respective countries to which they Vii Viii PREFACE. belong, with the exception of those well known foreign names which appear to have acquired a fixed English pronunciation, as PARIS, NAPLES, &C. In these cases, it has been their aim to give the English pronunciation according to the usage of the best speakers: at the same time the pronunciation of the people of the country has been added, for the satisfaction of those who might feel any curiosity on the subject. Thus they have given Parl-is, as the proper mode for an Englishman or an American to pronounce this name, at the same time -adding the name as spoken by the French, which might be written Par-ree: and so with respect to most other well known names in foreign countries. It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in which it is impossible to convey, with any great degree of precision, the native pronunciation of other countries by means of English letters; but something is undoubtedly gained by such an approximation to the true sound, as would enable one more readily to understand, and to be understood by, those who are familiar with the names of places as spoken by the inhabitants themselves. Some have indeed maintained the propriety of pronouncing foreign names as they are written, giving to every letter its proper English sound. But this system appears to be attended with greater difficulties than any other, since different persons would differ with regard to the proper English sound of many letters or combinations of letters. Thus the river SEINE might be pronounced seen or sane;-we have heard those, we think, unacquainted with French, more frequently call it seen, and it is doubtful whether, even among the better educated, there is one in fifty who could say without some reflection, to which pronunciation the scale of analogy would incline. A few probably would call it sine, and others might pronounce the final e This one instance out of a multitude may perhaps serve to PREFACE.. iX show the endless diversity and confusion into which such a system, or rather want of system, must of necessity lead. But this is not all; there are innumerable cases wherein it is very difficult, if not impossible, to pronounce the names of other countries according to the English sound of the letters, e. g., CZERNIGOW, CSONGRAD, SZEGEDIN, LJUSNE, &c., while there is no difficulty whatever, in pronouncing them according to the native sound. Many instances also occur, in which the English manner of pronouncing names, though not difficult, is far less euphonious than that of the inhabitants of the country to which such names belong. MINHO (meent-yo,) a river, and 2a 1 2 2 BATALHA (ba-talf-ya,) a town of Portugal, and BACCHIIGLIONE (bak-keel-yo'-na,) a river of Italy, may serve as examples. As a further confirmation of the propriety of the system which we have adopted, it may be remarked that it agrees (as will be seen from the first part of the Introduction,) with the mode of pronunciation generally employed by all our most distinguished poets. Nothing in their mental culture is perhaps so important to be taught early to children, as a habit of correct pronunciation. It need not occupy any additional time, since a faulty pronunciation is no more easily learned in the first instance, than a correct one, but when once acquired it can be changed only with the greatest difficulty. Erroneous habits,-as those engaged in the business of education well know-are far more difficult to eradicate than erroneous opinions. In order, however, to teach pupils to pronounce correctly, a system of pronunciation is indispensable. Most persons who have reflected at all upon the subject, will doubtless admit, that it is highly desirable:that there should be some fixed mode of pronouncing geographic names, as well as ordinary English words, in which all should at least generally agree. If this be conceded, and the scholar be required to conform to a system at all, it appears clear, X PREFACE. that that system should be preferred, which, without placing any serious difficulty in the way of the learner, approaches most nearly to the usage of those, who, whether natives or travellers, seem entitled, by their superior knowledge of places, to determine the proper manner of speaking their names. It may be remarked that the recently increased facilities of communication, and consequent increase of intercourse between different parts of the world, render an acquaintance with the native geographical names of other countries, at the present time, additionally important. Particular pains have been taken in the present work, with the European, and the better known of the Asiatic languages, not only to give the accent correctly, but also to notice all important peculiarities of pronunciation. In performing this, it has been our anxious aim to consult, in every instance, the very best authorities in each of the different languages. We flatter ourselves that in this aim we have been singularly successful; and esteem ourselves most fortunate in being able to cite in our list of authorities, the names of so many gentlemen of distinguished reputation in their respective departments. In our Introduction we have thought it proper to state the general principles of pronunciation of each of the more important European languages, as well as to explain the mode of writing and pronouncing the geographical names of Asia, Africa, &c. With respect to the four great languages of continental Europe, viz: the French, German, Italian, and Spanish, it seemed requisite to treat the subject somewhat more fully, both on account of their intrinsic importance, and because it has been found convenient to employ them as standards of comparison, to which other languages less known might be referred. It may be proper to state, that in the present work the adjective, and the appellation of the inhabitants, derived from PREFACE. Xl the names of countries, cities, &c., have been added, whenever these appeared to be sanctioned by common usage, or by the authority of some writer of established reputation. Thus from DENMARK are derived the adjective Danish, and the noun Dane designating the inhabitant of the country;-from SWEDEN, Swedish and Swede; &c. In most instances the adjective and inhabitant are expressed by the same word, as 1lger'ine, JVeapolitan, &c. These have never been given, that we are aware of, in any former gazetteer, and it is hoped they will form no unimportant addition to the value of the present work, at least as a school book. While we have dictionaries of almost every description, and adapted to every stage of intellectual development, to which the pupil may refer for the definition, correct spelling, and pronunciation, of ordinary English words, it is somewhat remarkable, that there has hitherto been no work of any authority which one might consult respecting the proper mode of spelling and pronouncing this numerous class of words, the use of which, with the progress of geographical knowledge, is daily becoming more extensive. It may be further stated, that the ancient Greek or Roman names of places on the old continent, and occasionally their signification, have been carefully given from the best authorities. This we trust will be found useful and interesting, not only to the classical scholar, but likewise to the ordinary reader, more especially as in many instances it points out the derivation of the present name, and at the same time, perhaps, associates it with some important historical or topographical fact, as in the case of TRIPOLI, TRAPANI, MAESTRICHT, UTRECHT, &C. We have also given the signification of modern foreign names, or those of foreign origin, whenever it seemed that this would teach or impress any useful fact, as PORTO BELLO, i. e.," beautiful port;" BOMBAY, i. e., "good harbour;" [NNSPRUCK, (originally Innsbriiclce) i. e., the "Bridge of the Inn," &c. Xli PREFACE. Independently of the advantage, whatever it may be, resulting from this work, considered merely as a system of orthoepy, another may be mentioned, which, it is hoped, will be found not an unimportant one, viz: Such a pronouncing gazetteer would dispel the perplexity and error into which the learner is constantly liable to fall, in consequence of the diversity which prevails in the mode of spelling many foreign, especially oriental, names. There is a town of some note in Upper Egypt, which is usually spelled in our gazetteers after the French manner, Jboutige, while on some of our maps it is written./bootish, which is the English mode of expressing the same sound. Ibootizh, however, would represent it more exactly. Is it probable that any mere English scholar, however well educated, would know, unless he were expressly taught, that by these two words was indicated one and the same place? or that Tchernigoff and Czernigow, are but different spellings of the same name, and represent, in fact, the same sound? We find the capital of Afghanistan frequently spelled in three different -ways, usually Cabul, according to the German, Italian, and Portuguese, more seldom Cabool, after the English, and Caboul, after the French mode. Oorfa, an important town of Asiatic Turkey, is often written in works of the highest character, Urfa, and Ourfa, the first being the English, the second the Italian or German, and the last the French mode Innumerable instances of a similar kind might be adduced..Js might be expected, this diversity in spelling geographical names frequently leads to important errors. In some of our gazetteers we find the same name introduced twice, the authors naturally supposing the different spellings to represent the names of different places. We may cite a single instance, which occurs in one of our most popular geographical dictionaries. Schirvan (more properly Schirwan,) the German, and Shirvan, the English spelling of the PREFACE. Xii name of a Persian province, are given under different heads, as designating two distinct territories. It happens, alsoprobably in consequence of a discrepancy in the works from which the compilation was made —that the boundaries, as well as the latitude and longitude, are laid down differently, so that it is impossible that any one should know, without referring to some other work, that Schirvan and Shirvan, are properly one and the same name. It will be seen, from the fifteenth section of our Introduction, that the plan which we have pursued, precludes the possibility of any mistakes of this kind, at the same time that it furnishes an easy clue to the labyrinth of perplexity, into which the various modes of writing the same geographical names, must, of necessity, lead the inexperienced reader. With regard to the descriptive, statistical and historical portions of this gazetteer, it may be remarked, that we have endeavoured to consult, on every subject, the best authorities with which we are acquainted. We have aimed to make, as far as practicable, Balbi's celebrated.Jbre'ge de Geographie (last edition-1842,) a production of unequalled merit, the basis of our work. We have, also, drawn largely from the geographical department of the Penny Cyclopaedia, which, at least, so far as regards the correctness of the information it conveys, is unquestionably the best work on geography in the English language. McCulloch's New Geographical Dicl ionary, Malte Brun's Geography, and the Edinburgh Gazetteer, have likewise been extensively consulted. In a work so limited as the present, when so much must be omitted, and so little, comparatively speaking, could be inserted, it has been a point of the highest importance to make a judicious selection of matter. Without claiming to have made such a selection, we may, as an act of justice to ourselves, affirm, that it has been our sincere endeavour, to 2 Xiv PREFACE. comprise the greatest possible amount of useful info mation in a small compass; and should it appear that some important subjects are omitted, while to others of less consequence, a place has been given in our dictionary, we doubt not that the candid reader will bear in mind, that there must always be some difference of judgment in matters of this kind, and that even among the most intelligent and enlightened, perhaps no two individuals can be found, who will assign to a number of different subjects, the same relative importance. It will be seen that a smaller proportion of names belonging to our own country, is inserted in this work, than is usual in gazetteers published in the United States. We admit that, generally speaking, it is more important to possess information about places in our own country, than those in distant parts of the globe, but as in this instance the great object has been to give the pronunciation of geographical names, it seemed proper, in a book of so limited a compass, to prefer the difficult names of foreign countries, to those of our own which might be readily pronounced without the aid of a dictionary. AUTHORITIES. To the following gentlemen we are chiefly indebted for our information respecting the pronunciation of the names of places in foreign countries, as well as for the general princi]ples of pronunciation of the different foreign languages noticed in our Introduction. Justice, however, requires us to state distinctly, that these gentlemen are in nowise responsible for any errors that may occur in our gazetteer; it being impossible in a work like the present (in which the names of each country are scattered through the entire volume), to avail ourselves of the benefit which might result from their revision. GEORGE R. GLIDDON, ESQ., ARABIA AND EYPT. Formerly United States consul for Cairo. DR. A. BOURNONVILLE, ~ DENMARK. Graduate of the University of Copenhagen. D M. FELIX DROUIN, Formerly professor of rhetoric in the University of FRANCE. France. Prof. C. MINNIGERODE, Professor of ancient languages in William and Mary College,.ra. GERMANY. J. C. OEHLSCHLXGER, Professor of modern languages in Philadelphia. G. A. PERDICARIS, EsQ., Formerly United States consul at Athens. C. S. BUXTON, Esq., Many years an officer in the British service in India. HINDOSTAN. L. S. DE BIBORY. HUNGARY. JOHN MCINTYRE, EsQ. IRELAND. PIERO MARONCELLI, Professor of Italian in New York. G. C. L. ABATE MINICHINI, ITALY. Professor ox modern languages in Philadelphia. 2* Xvi AUTHORITi ES. JOHN C. DELPRAT, ESQ. JOHN C. ZIMMERMAN, ESQ., NETHERLANDS. Consul of the Netherlands at New York. A. B. ENGSTRbM, ESQ., NORWAY. JOSIAH HARLAN, Esq., Nearly twenty years a resident of that country. HENRY KALUSSOWSKI, Formerly professor in St. Paul's College, Long I. POLAND AND RU HORATIO HALE, ESQ., Philologist to the U. States Exploring Expedition. POLANDS IN THE EASTERN ANDS IN THE EASTERN W. S. W. RUSCHENBERGER, M. D. 1 SEAS. Of the United States Navy. Chevalier J. C. DE FIGANITRE E MOR.O, PORTUGAL. Minister Resident of Portugal. The late MARMADUKE BIURROUGH, M. D. Dr. WILLIAM COLESBERRY, SOUTH AMERICA. Many years a resident in different parts of that continent. J FELIX MERINO, ESQ., F:rmerly professor of Spanish in the University of SPAIN. Pennsylvania. RICHARD SELDENER, ESQ., SWEDEN. Consul of Sweden at Philadelphia. WILLIAM B. HODGSON, ESQ., TURKEY AND THE BARBARY Formerly acting consul at Algiers and lately drago STATES. man or oriental interpreter at Constantinople. ) For the pronunciation of names of Great Britain and of the various colonies of the British empire, as well as of the anglicized forms of well-known foreign names, and for other important information of a more general character, we cannot forbear to express our great obligations to WILLIAM A. DOBBYN, ESQ., Formerly an officer in the Brhtish service The Rev. WILLIAM P. HINDS. WILLIAM PETER, ESQ., Her Britannic Majesty's consul for the State of Pennsylvania. We should do injustice to our feelings, did we not express oul warmest thanks to JOHN K. TOWNSEND) EsQ., for his valuable inform ation respecting the names of Oregon and of the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, and other subjects noticed in the Appendix. INTRODUCTION. IT is proposed, in this portion of our work, to set forth more fully some of the arguments alluded to in the preface, by which the propriety of our system of pronunciation is supported, as well as to explain the particular method in which this system has been carried out, in the dictionary before us. I. It has already been intimated, that not only the present practice of the best speakers, but the usage of our more distinguished poets, is clearly in favour of the system which we have chosen. If any might be allowed to pronounce foreign names without regard to the peculiar sounds of the letters, or to the accents, which prevail in other countries, this privilege might surely be claimed by the poets, who, in the use even of English words, are considered to enjoy a special license. It is very evident, however,-as every one who will take the trouble to examine the works of the better class of them, must admit-that, as a body, they have neither claimed nor used this privilege. On the contrary, our more distinguished poets have usually exhibited a classical-we might almost say a punctilious-accuracy, in the employment of foreign names, whether of places or persons. To illustrate by examples,-GRANADA,* and GENOA,+ are pronounced by all the great poets *,In Lithuania had he served and Russe; No Christian man so oft of his degree. At Algezi'ras, in GRANADA, he Had joined the siege;; " —CHAUCER. "The Moorish king rides up and down Through GRANADA'S royal town""And GRANADA must be won And thyself with her undone." -BYRON. "' GRArNADA caught it in her Moorish hall, Galicia bade her children fight or fall."-ScoTT. "There was crying in GRANADA when the sun was going down," — "Farewell, farewell, GRANADA, thou city without peer."-LoCKHART t " Signior Baptista may remember me Near twenty years ago, in GENOA, where We were lodgers at the Pegasus."-SHAKssEARE. 2" ItB) 20 INTRODUCTION. who use these names, from CHAUCER and SHAKSPEARE down to the present time, with the native accentuation; that is, GRANADA has the accent on the penultima, and GENOA on the antepenultima, though the generality of English —or at least of American-speakers, who have not heard these names pronounced, but merely follow analogy, or their own notions of propriety, reverse the accentuation, making GRANADA rhyme with Canada, and GENOA with boa. No poet, perhaps, employs foreign names so frequently as BYRON, and yet-though he often writes very carelessly-it would be difficult, in all the poetry he has written, to point out half a dozen instances where he has not conformed to the foreign accentuation, excepting always, those few well known names which have acquired an estab lished English pronunciation, and in these cases he appears invariably to adopt the pronunciation of the best English speakers. The same may be said of SCOTT; though he writes with great freedom, he rarely, if ever, violates the strictest rules of geographical pronunciation. In the poetry of ROGERS, SOUTHEY, MOORE, CAMPBELL, and MONTGOMERY, we have met with scarcely a solitary example of departure from the native accentuation of names, which does not properly come within the exception above stated. WORDSWORTH takes the liberty of changing the accent in a single instance — CHAMOUNY-but acknowledges the authority of the law by apologizing in a note for its violation, (see Descriptive Sketches of a Tour among the Alps.) What has already been said respecting the usage of the poets, refers principally to accentuation, which, for the most part, can be readily determined by the metre of the poetry. Their manner of pronouncing the letters of a foreign name, is far less easily ascertaineA, since it can only be known when the name ends a line in rhyme, and even then it is often extremely uncertain, as they eppear to consider themselves entitled, in such cases, to much greater license than in the accentuation of words. Thus we often see assoclaied in rhyme, words which correspond but very imperfectly in sound, as "Were GENOA'S galleys riding in the port,- "- BYRON. "How quick they carved their victims and how well, Let Saxorny, let injured GENOA tell."-MooRE. "That noble haven, where, when GENOA reigned, A hundred galleys sheltered "-RocERs. "My native GENOA, if with tearless eye Prone in the dust thy beauteous form I see,"-MoNTGOMERaY INTRODUCTION! 21 enemy and lie, mourn and b5urn, &c. Nevertheless, by comparing a number of examples, and especially by observing the usage of those poets who are most remarkable for the correctness of their rhymes, we shall frequently be enabled to ascertain the true pronunciation of a word or name. Now it will be found that the system which we have adopted, is supported by the practice of the poets in this respect also. In other words it will be found, that while foreign names that are in familiar use in our own language, have an English pronunciation, those not very well known are generally pronounced with the native sound of the letters, as will be seen from the following passages: "Not now to while an hour away, Gone to the falls in Valombre',""'T is Jacqueline!'t is Jacqueline," Her little brother laughing cried, " I know her by her kirtle green, She comes along the mountain side." "De Courcy, lord of Argentiere! Thy thirst for vengeance sought the snare."-RoGERS e " Winding between Alpine trees; Spiry and dark around their house of prayer, Below the icy bed of bright Argentiere."-WORnDSWORTI. "Sure there never was hero so civil-he Saw us safe home to our door in Rue Rivoli." —MOORE. " And though to-morrow's tempest lower,'T is calmer than thy heart, young Giaour." "This circumstance may serve to give a notion Of the high talents of this new Vauban,* But the town ditch below was deep as ocean, The rampart higher than you'd wish to hang."-BYnON "For many an age remembered long Shall live the towers of Hougomont,* And fields of Waterloo."-ScoTT. It would be easy to cite a multitude of such examples: but these will perhaps be sufficient to illustrate our position. *In these names the letter n is similar in sound to ng. The t at the end of [Iougomont is silent. The rhymes, however, are not quite perfect; the o in the last syllable of Hougomont should be sounded like o in won't. The latter syllable of Vauban sounds like bong.-Vauhan was a noted French military engineer, who flourished in the reign of Louis XIV. B3 22 INTRODUCTION. On the other hand we shall find the poets pronounce foreign names of some celebrity, such as NILE, PARIS, LYONs, CADIZ, POITIERS or POICTIERS, &C., with the English sound of the letters, as may be seen from these and similar examples: "Deep in those solitary woods Where oft the genii of the floods, Dance round the cradle of their Nile And hail the new-born Giant's smile."-MooRE. "Oh never talk again to me Of northern climes and British ladies; It hassnot been your lot to see Like me, the lovely girl of Cadiz."-BYRON. "'And Courternay's pride and Percy's fameBlazed broader yet in after years At Cressy red and fell Poitiers."-SCOTT. "So the shaft Of victory mounts high and blood is quaffed In fields that rival Cressy and PoictiersPride to be washed away by bitter tears."-WoRDswORTH. II. Instead of saying that the poets conform to the native accentuatioi of proper names, except in cases when these are well known, we might, perhaps, with more propriety say, that they merely follow the practice of the best speakers, of which their own may generally be regarded as the written representation. With this view of the subject, we have occasionally cited in the body of our work, passages from the poets in support of the pronunciation there given. These citations, for the most part, are not intended to be decisive of any doubtful question, but rather to illustrate and confirm what is believed, on other grounds, to be the correct pronunciation. The supreme tribunal to which we would on all occasions appeal, is the authority of the best speakers* in England and this country. To the former we generally give the preference when the question relates to names belonging to the old continent —to the latter when it relates to those of America. But since it is impossible to produce oral evidence in a book, we have availed ourselves of the authority of the poets, as the only one at our *By this phrase, we do not mean those who, from their superior knowledge and judgment on general subjects, may be presumed to be qualified to decide questions of orthoepy. In order to deserve a place among the best speakers, it is not enough that one should have what is commonly termed a good education and good sense, he must have paid particular attention to the subject of pronunciation, unless he has been surrounded during the whole period of his education with none but correct speakers, which is seldom or never the case, at least in this country INTRODUCTION. 23 command, to prove or illustrate what we have, in all cases, studiously endeavoured to learn by actual hearing, from those who are considered best qualified to determine questions of orthoepy. III. It may be further observed, that all those works (so far as we are acquainted) which attempt to give the pronunciation of geographical names, show at least a tendency towards the system that we have adopted. The Penny Cyclopaedia, which gives the accentuation of a considerable number of proper names, appears always to follow the native mode. In the list of geographical names appended to WoRcesTER'S "6Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary — Boston, 1841"- which is certainly one of the most creditable and successful attempts towards supplying the deficiency in this important department of orthoepy that has ever been made —the native pronunciation of names not extensively and familiarly known, is almost invariably given. STEWART'S " Compendium of Modern Geography-seventh edition —Edinburgh,1843," gives the pronunciation of the principal geographical names on the globe, and though the work contains many errors, it is evident that it aims generally to conform to the native accentuation of the names of other countries, and frequently to the native sound of the letters. Several other works, of less importance, exhibit the same general tendency. IV. There is one difficulty in carrying out the system of geographical pronunciation adopted by us, which it may be proper to notice here, viz: that of drawing the line between foreign names which are, and those which are not, well known. With respect to the more obvious in each division there cannot be the slightest hesitation; but the two classes meet and pass into each other by imperceptible gradations, so that sometimes the question whether they should be pronounced according to the foreign, or the English mode, can only be settled by arbitrary decision. In these doubtful instances, we have spared no pains in order to ascertain the prevailing practice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of the poets: when these have been found unsatisfactory, nothing has remained for us but to decide according to the best of our ability. We have, in these cases, usually given both the pronunciations, placing that first, which, in our judgment, is to be preferred. * This remark is intended to apply to the pronunciation only. In other respects, this "Compendium" appears to be an accurate and highly valuable little work 24 INTRODUCTION. V. It should be observed, that though we have endeavoured to give the native pronunciation of the names of other countries, with minute accuracy, yet, in accordance with the advice of a number of our most intelligent and judicious friends, we have been careful to avoid as much as possible, on all occasions, the use of sounds which cannot readily be uttered by the mere English scholar —more especially in the pronunciation of those geographical names which are commonly taught in schools. VI. In those cases where it is impossible to express the sounds of other languages by means of English letters, we have endeavoured to employ a mode of indicating those sounds, which, if it does not afford any effectual assistance to the mere English scholar, may at least be in no danger of embarrassing or leading him astray. Thus we have represented the sound of the German ch by K, distinguished by being a small capital. Perhaps a strongly aspirated h-which might be indicated by hh-would convey a nearer idea of the German sound, but it seemed less eligible than the other mode, both because persons might differ in the pronunciation of it, or, perhaps, be at a loss to pronounce it at all, and because the established mode of anglicizing the German ch, seems to be to change its sound to that of k, as in the instances, BLUMENBACiH, METTERNICH, &C. The Scotch and Dutch sounds of ch, so similar to the German, when anglicized assume invariably, if we mistake not, the sound of k. The ordinary mode of pronouncing the Greek X tends to. the same result. We have not, however, represented the sound of the German g at the end of a syllable in the same manner as the ch, though it has precisely the same sound, because it is not customary to anglicize it by k, except in a few instances. Were the pronunciation of such a word as berg, represented by berK, it would have the effect to lead the English scholar to pronounce it differently from the ordinary mode, while he would be in no respect nearer the German than those who pronounce the word according to the English sound of the letters. Another consideration may, perhaps, be allowed to have some weight, viz., that though the more approved mode of German pronunciation requires that g, when it does not begin a word, should be pronounced like ch, yet in some parts of Germany it is pronounced in every case like g hard in English. In a similar manner, and for similar reasons, we have usually represented the German w by a W distinguished as a capital, and not by a v, though this is nearer the sound of the German letter. INTRODUCTION. 2 VII. With regard to French names, however, a different plan has been pursued, both because it is less easy, so to speak, to anglicize the French letters, and because, from the circumstance of this being far more studied than any other foreign language, it is much more usual to adopt all the peculiar sounds of the letters, in pronouncing French words or names. Even here, however, it will be found that very few, if any, of those geographical names which are taught in our common schools, will require the use of sounds that cannot readily be pronounced by the mere English scholar. VIII. In giving the pronunciation of the geographical names contained in the present work, we have adhered, in the main, to the method of Walker, not only from a desire to avoid all unnecessary innovation upon a system which has been so generally received, but also, because we regard it, on the whole, as superior to any other system which has hitherto been given to the public.* As, however, a multitude of instances occur, wherein the ordinary spelling of geographical names indicates very nearly the proper manner of pronouncing them, it has been thought unnecessary, in these cases, to give a different spelling in order to show the exact pronunciation. At the same time, that no part of the work might be incomplete, it has been requisite to assign to some of the letters, sounds, which Walker has not attributed to them. Thus, in giving the pronunciation of such names as Boston, Pennsylvania, &c., we have not re-written them, as Walker would have done - pen-sil-vY'-ne-A, bbs'-tin, or bos-t'n, but merely given Bos'-TON, PENN-SYL-VA'-NXI-; the point under the vowels in the final syllable of each name, denoting that these have an obscure sound like short u, or like e in the word battery; while the two points under the I in the latter name indicate that this is to be sounded like e. In like manner Berks is written BaERs — the e in this name approximating the sound of short u. This mode of marking the pronunciation, is recommended by other considerations than that of brevity. As some * It may not be improper to observe, that with respect to actual pronunciation we have differed from Walker in a number of particulars. Thus, we pronounce ASIA, a'-she-a, according to the practice of the best English speakers, though Walker gives a'-zhe-a as the true pronunciation. (See Principles of Pronunciation, 453.) In a few instances we have departed from his practice in the accentuation of classical names, e. g., we have, with the sanction of the highest authorities of the present day, given the name of the ancient capital of Egypt with the accents on the penultima, thus-ALEXANDRI'A-though Walker accentuates the antepenultima, as we do, in pronouncing the modern ALEXANDRIA. (See ALEXANDRIA, in the body of this work.) 26 INTRODUCTION. of our most celebrated orthoepists make a decided distinction between the sounds of e and u in a syllable ending with r,* it might be deemed improper to represent the pronunciation of Berks by burks. On the other hand, were we to follow the method of Walker in similar cases, and pronounce it berks, we should be still wider from the mark. The. mode adopted by us will, it is hoped, be found sufficiently definite, at the same time that it obviates both of the difficulties just mentioned. IX. With a view to simplify as much as possible, we have rejected Walker's second and third sounds of o (the former being equivalent to oo, the latter to au), and his third sound of u (corresponding with oo in good, a sound which we have represented by 66t). From the same motive we have dispensed with the figured vowels, whenever their use has not appeared to be necessary in order to avoid ambiguity. Thus we write simply TIL'-SIT, and not-TiLsnIT, tll'-slt,-as Walker would have done. All marks or figures which are not needed, in order to indicate the exact pronunciation, must tend rather to embarrass than to aid the learner. X. In the pronunciation of names belonging to England, or to those countries where the English language is spoken, a ending a syllable with the accent, should always have its first sound; in an accented syllable before a single r it usually takes the second, and before rr, or any other consonant, the fourth sound. Accordingly, in giving such names as PENNSYLVA'NIA, SA/RUM, FAR'MINGTON, CAR'ROLL, MAN/CNESTER, it has been deemed unnecessary to mark the A in the accented syllables, as scarcely any one in the least acquainted with the principles of English pronunciation, could mistake its true sound. In all cases which depart from these simple and general rules, it has been thought best to mark the sound, as DIl'ton, MAl'wah, Par'is, &c. XI. The Latin names of foreign countries are nearly always to be pronounced with the English sounds of the letters. Thus, in BAVA'RIA, BULGA'RIA, LUSA'TIA, and TRANS YLVA'NIA, the accented A should have its first sound. Walker says that "Derby is pronounced NEARLY as if written Durby"and that "fir, a tree, is perfectly similar [in sound] to the first syllable in fer. ment, though often CORRUPTLY pronounced like fur, a skin." (See Principles of Pronunciation, 100 and 109.) t We have, however, retained his third sound of a, (though precisely similar to au), in order to indicate the broad sound of the a in such names as DALTDN, CAn.DER, &C., without writing the pronunciation separately. INTRODUCTION. 27 OBS. In PRUSSIA and RUSSIA, however, the u instead of being pronounced short, as it would unquestionably have been done in ancient latin names of this kind, is usually sounded like oo, assuming in these instances the character of the German or Russian u. In like manner the first syllable of BULGARIA is to be pronounced b661l and not bfil. XII. In the anglicized forms of foreign names, and in most well known names of foreign countries, the same rules of pronunciation, generally speaking, obtain, as in genuine English words, e. g., SPAIN, ITALY, NAPLES, &C. OBs. 1. At the same time, we may observe a general tendency to adopt those sounds of the English vowels, which approach most nearly to the foreign sounds: thus the a in the first syllable of ADRIATIC, and PARIS, has its fourth sound, which is much nearer to the French and Italian a, than its first sound, though this would probably be given to these names by the mere English scholar, who should be guided by analogy solely. In like manner the i in MILAN is made short, so as nearly to correspond to the Italian i, which is like our e. OBs. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign namles that have become thoroughly anglicized, it is interesting to observe the tendency of our language, to throw the accent as far as possible from the termination. Thus PARIS is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, though the French appear to place it on the last, and the Germans, who have not the same aversion to the ultimate accent, that we have, lay the stress of voice distinctly on the final syllable, thus PAR-IS'. IIANovER,which might be pronounced with the native accentuation (HANO'VER,) without the slightest offence to the genius of our tongue,* has become irrecoverably HAN'OVER. Thus, also, we pronounce ANDALU'SIA, (in Spanish ANDALUCI'A,) AR'AGON (in Spanish ARAGON'), &c. So in our own country,the old NIAGA'RA has become unalterably fixed as NIAG'ARA; and HURON', though still sometimes heard, is fast giving place to HU'RON. XIII. It may be observed that with respect to foreign names, not only in the French, Italian, and other languages that are written in the Roman letters, but also in Germant and Greek, (the characters of which may be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters), it is generally customary in English to retain the literal spelling, c. g., ANSPACH, (German W.tip adc), KINIGSBERG, (German 5jqtgib!e:), CHIos, (Greek xtos,) &c., excepting a very few well known names, as LYONS, (French Lyon), NAPLES, (Italian Napoli,) MUNICH, (German Jrtiind)ent), DANTZIC, (German Zau;iq,) LEIPSIC, (German eiptijt);-we often find, however, the last two names spelled literally Danzig and Leipzig. * We have a multitude of words similar in accent, as promoter, devotion, &c. t It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to remark, that Roman letters are not unfre quently employed in writing and printing German. 3 28 INTRODUCTION. XIV. On the other hand, names in languages of which tne characters cannot be readily converted into Roman letters, or which are but little known as written languages, are usually spelled according to their sound in some well known European tongue. Thus the name of one of the cities of Persia is written in English, Shooster or Shuster, in German Schuster, and in French Chouster, precisely the same sound being expressed by these different spellings. We find in English works of the highest character, these various modes of writing oriental and other names, employed indiscriminately. Thus in McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, under the article SHIUSTER, we find within the space of eight lines KIhuzistan, (KHooZISTAN), Karoon and Dezphoul, (DEZFOoL); the first name being, as regards the sound of the vowels, German or Italian, the second English, and the third French. On the map of Persia, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, names written according to these three different modes, occur promiscuously in almost every part. Even the same name is frequently spelled differently in different parts of the same work. Thus on the map just mentioned OoRFA is written 6" Orfa or Ourfa," while on another of the same set it is spelled Urfa. In the Penny Cyclopsdia, we find Boossa and Boussa, Soodan and Sudan, Toorkistan and Turkistan, &c. McCulloch gives SHUMLA (Shoomla) under its proper head, but mentioning the town in another place writes it Schumla: in the same article, AFRICA, he has both Soodan and Soudan, each occurrinog several times: under MOGADORE he gives Shwera (more properly Sweera) as the Moorish name of this town; afterwards, in enumerating the principal fortified and garrison towns of Morocco, he gives Suira (pronounced Sweera), without so much as mentioning the name of MOGADORE. As neither Schumla nor Suira are to be found in his gazetteer, under their respective heads, it is scarcely possible that any one unacquainted with the different modes of writing these names, should know what places are meant by them, or in what part of his work to look for information respecting them. XV. In order to avoid the perplexity and confusion resulting finom the diversity which prevails in the mode of writing oriental names and others of the same class, we have made it a point always to spell them after the English manner, except in a few instances where a different spelling appears to have become thoroughly established by usage. Accordingly we have given OORFA, SOODAN, TORKISTAN, &C., as INTRODUCTION. 29 The preferable mode of' writing such names; at the same time, under the heads of OURFA and URlA, SOUDAN an1d SUDAN, and TURKISTAN, the reader will find a reference to the names as spelled in the English manner, to which he must look for a description of those places. By adopting this plan, it is believed that the correct pronunciation of oriental names will be taught in the simplest and easiest manner; the perplexity and error into which the prevailing inconsistent mnode of writinog such names, has sometimes led even well-informed geographers,* will be avoided; and the apparent contradictions which are so often met with in our most popular geographical works, will be accounted for and reconciled. * The reader may be referred to the case of Schirvan and Sh/iirvan, already men. tioned in the Preface. There can be little doubt, that the practice which prevails among the English, of writing oriental names after the manner of other European nations, has sometimes led geographers of the highest character into error. Thus Alantchoo, the name of a tribe of Tartars, inhabiting the north part of the Chinese empire, is written by some of the most respectable authorities, MAlanchow. It is pro. bable, that in the first place some English writer or writers, spelled it 5IMantchou after the French manner, and that others supposing it to be English, and wishing to adopt a mode of spelling less equivocal, wrote it lMalchow. It may be, however, that the latter indicates the true pronunciation, and that the name was originally written correctly ilantchoiu, the out having its genuine English sound; and that some English writer, naturally supposing it to be French, (tbr many, if not most of the English, appear to prefer the French mode of spelling such names, to their own,) wvitliouit investigating the subject, converted the name, as they thought, into English, by writing it Mantchoo. As Mantchooria (the country of the Mantchoos) is rarely visited by Europeans, this question may long remain undecided. At present, Manitchoo appears to have become almost universal. In one of the earlier numbers of the Penny Cyclopmdia, (article CHINA,) we find it written Mrlanchow, but in other parts of the work Mandshoo, which does not differ materially in sound from Mlantchoo. Had the English uniformly adopted the practice of writing oriental names according to the sounds of their own language, it is pro. bable that CABUL would never have lost its native sound (Ka-b']), so far as to be generally pronounced by the English and French, Cabool or Caboul, (see CABOOL, in the body of this work.) It is true that it was formerly written correctly in English works Cabul or Caubul; but the practice of spelling oriental names according to the German or Italian mode, is so common among English writers, that analogy would naturally lead us to adopt or confirm that pronunciation of Cabtl, which appears to be now so thoroughly established. Had it been the uniform practice of English travellers and geographers to write such names as Surmnul, Dezf1l, (oi Dezphoul), according to the sounds of their own tongue, viz., Soormool and Dezfool, no English reader would have thought of pronouncing the u in Cabtl like oo. The erroneous pronunciation of a single name may, perhaps, justly be regarded as of little moment, but the embarrassment and error into which the prevailing practice of English writers on geography, is continually liable to lead both the ignorant and the learned, appear to us to involve considerations of the highest importance to the interests of geographical science. From a sincere wish to add as much as possible to the utility of the present work, we have had recourse to the system of writing oriental names, which has already been explained. It may be remarked that though this sstem is frequently at variance with common usage, it is sane tioned by the example of the most distinguished French geographers, as well as of several English writers of the highest character. 30 INTRODUCTION. XVI. In giving the pronunciation of this class of geographical names, to represent the accent correctly, is the principal difficulty to be encountered, Those acquainted with French, are aware that this language has no accent in the sense in which we employ the term. The same may be said of the Hungarian, and perhaps also of the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. At all events, those best acquainted with these languages, are not unfrequently at a loss, when they wish to represent accurately in English, the accentuation of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian words. Nevertheless it will be found that here, as in the French and Hungarian, there is something analogous to our accent, which will generally serve to guide us in marking in English, the accentuation of names in these languages. The different syllables of oriental names, however, like those of French words, are not unfrequently pronounced with a stress of voice so nearly equal, that it has been deemed proper in a number of instances, to use the secondary accents in order to indicate more precisely the true pronunciation. (See Remarks on the French accent, Section XIX.) OBs. 1. It may not be improper here to remind the reader, that the accents which we often see upon oriental names, are by no means to be understood as always indicating the manner in which an Englishman should accentuate these names in pronunciation, as they are often employed to denote some particular sound in the vowels over which they are placed. Thus some authors place an accent upon a, when they wish merely to signify that this letter has the clear full sound of a in far. In the same manner an accent is placed upon uz, in order to show that it has the Italian or German sound, or in other words, is to be pronounced like oo. OBs. 2. The sound of a in several of the oriental languages is often very broad, approaching nearly to that of au, in English. Hence we often see AFGHAUN instead of AFGHIAN, CAUVERY instead of CAVERY, sultaun instead of sultan, &c. In writing NEPAUL and BIHOPAUL, the improper diphthong au appears to be almost universally employed by the English. The French indicate the same sound, by using a with a circumflex, e. g., NEPAL, BHOPAZL, &c. This method is, perhaps, preferable to ours, the sound of b being intermediate between that in the English word far and that in fall. OBS. 3. The Arabic article al or el, is often changed in pronunciation, so as to correspond with the initial consonant of the word to which it is prefixed, thus, EL-RAsHEED (Rashid), EL-SHAM, (the Arabic name of Syria), and EL-SIOOT, are pronounced and should be written in Enolish, Er-Rasheed, Esh-Sham, Es-Sioot. The vowel sound of the article also varies considerably, sometimes approaching that of oo, thus the " Country of Dates," is usually pronounced Beled'6l Jer-eed'. So Es-SIOOT (or SIOOT, without the article,) is sometimes written As; syout and Osioot. INTRODUCTION. 31 GOs. 4. Gh in the Arabic and some other oriental tongues, is not merely a hard g, as in the Italian, nor an aspirate like the German ch, as in the Irish language, but a harsh guttural, bearinog the same relation to the German ch that g bears to k. As it has no equivalent in any European language, we have not attempted to distinguish it in pronunciation, havinog represented it merely by a hard g. Kh is equivalent to ch in German, and accordingly has been represenlted by K, distinguished as a small capital. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE MORE IMPORTANT EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. IT may perhaps be proper to remark that this brief exposition of the peculiar sounds of the different European languages, has been prepared solely with reference to the work before us. The object has been twofold: first, to enable the reader more fully to understand the system of geographical pronunciation adopted in this gazetteer: secondly, to fiurnish some general hints for the proper pronunciation of those European names which are not found in the present work. Some explanation of the kind has been deemed indispensable; and imperfect as this may be, it is hoped that it will be found to answer, in a great measure, the particular object proposed. B OHEMIAN. [See OBSERVATION at the end of Section XXV.] DANISH. XVII. 1. A is pronounced generally as in the English word far, though it frequently approaches the sound of a in fat. 2. E at the end of an accented syllable usually has a sound like that of i in pin; in other cases it is sometimes like e in met, and sometimes like e in battery. 3. I is like ee, or like i in pin. 4. O0 " the English o. 5. U" " 00. 6. Y is equivalent to the French u or iti 32 INTRODUCTION. 7. Aa sounds like o. 8. Ae " " a in fate. 9. Ie " " ee in English. 10. Oe or 6 is the same as in German. 11. The consonants b, c, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, s, t, x, z, are like the English. 12. D, between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable in which it follows a vowel, sounds like th in this; in other situations it is usually the same as in English. 13. G is always hard; at the end of a word it is sounded very slightly so as to resemble h; e. g. AALBORG is pronounced nearly ol'-bor'h. 14. J is like the English y (consonant). 15. R is similar to the German. 16. V is usually like the English, but it sometimes appears to have a vowel sound; thus, havn is pronounced almost houn. 17. W has a sound similar to the German. DUTCH. xTIII. 1. The vowels a, e, i, o, and u, are similar to the French. 2. Y is like long i in English, as in nigh. Ons. I] is sometimes made use of instead of y: thus, OVERYSSE. is not unfrequently written Overijssel. 3. Ae is equivalent to aM. 4. Ie sounds like ee in English. 5. Oe " oo00. 6.Oo " " o long. 7. Ui or uy is similar to oi in English, or eu in German. 8. The consonants b, c, f h, h, k, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, are sinmilar to the English. 9. D, at the end of a word, is like t; in other cases it is the same as in English. 10. G resembles in sound a strongly aspirated h, or the German ch 11. J is equivalent to the English y (consonant). 12. W is like'"le German. INTRODUCTION. 33 13. Ch is similar to the German ch. (14.) Sch, however, has not, as in German, the sound of the English sh, but the pure sound of s, followed by the guttural chl, resembling sk in English. OBS. The FLEMISH is so closely allied to the Dutch, that it may be regarded as essentially the same language. FRENCH. XIX. 1. A, in French, is generally considered to have two sounds; the first long, as in the English word far, e. g. in pas; the second short, almost like a in fat, e. g. in bal. A, circumflexed (a), however, has a sound broader than the a in pas, being intermediate between that in far and that in fall. In giving the pronunciation of French names containing an a, we have used the same letter, as we have no equivalent in English. OBs. The French a would frequently seem to be intermediate between its second English sound and that of short u.p However thi, may be, the French writers often employ a in spelling oriental names when the English make use of u, e. g. in CUTCH (Fr. Catch); FUR RUCKABAD (Fr. Farrakablad); MUSKAT (Fr. Mascate). 2. E has three sounds: (1.) close, like a in fate, e. g. in 6t6; (2.) open, nearly as in met, but more prolonged, e. g. in proces and tete;t (3.) obscure, as in battery, e. g. in retour, devrait.t 3. I has two sounds; the first nearly as in the English word fig, e. g. in il, ami; the second like ie in field or ee, e. g. in gite. 4. 0 has three sounds: (1.) nearly as in robe, e. g. in trone; (2.) as in rob, e. g. in parole; (3.) as in lord, e. g. in corps. OGs. O circumfiexed, in French, has a deeper and fuller sound than o long in English: in giving the pronunciation of French names containing this letter, we have used the same, as no English vowel or * The late. Mr. Du Ponceau, who, though a native Frenchman, was an accompiished and thorough English scholar, in giving in English the French pronunciation PARIS, wrote it pur-ree. He remarked, however, that it might be written par-ree. i In pronouncing this sound, the mouth must be freely opened, whence the name. t The e in these and similar cases is often scarcely sounded at all, and appears to pass imperceptibly into e mute: retour and devrait may be pronounced r'toor and d'vray. 34 INTRODUCTION. vowels could accurately indicate its sound, e. g. Pur DE D6ME,,Fwe d'd6me. 5. The sound of the; French u has no equivalent in English. It may be said to be intermediate between ee and oo; but it can be learned fromn an oral instructor only. In the present work it is represented by the German ti (or ue). OBs. U, before n, nasal, has its second English sound nearly, un being pronounced almost uing. 6. Y is similar to the French i. 7. Ai is like e or e open. 8. Au" " 6. 9. Ei.6 C. 10. Eu is similar to the English u in tub, but the sound is more piolonged, nearly resembling u in fur. OBs. Eu in the different parts of the verb avoir, "to have,' always has the sound of simple u. 11. Ie is like ee in English, or i. 12. Oi usually sounds like wa, e. g. moi is pronounced mwa or mw6h. OES. Oi was formerly used in the termination of the French verbs, e.g. avois, avoit, avoient; also, in the final syllable of a number of adjectives, as Polonois, "Polish," and Lyonnois, "belonging to Lyons." The oi in these words, —which are now usually written avais, avait, avaient, Polonais, Lyonnais,-sounds like ai (or e). 13. Ou sounds like oo in English. 14. B, c,* d, f, k, p, t, v, and z, are the same as in English. 15. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word gap; before e, i, and y, it is soft, having the sound of zh, or of s in pleasure. Gu sounds like g hard; thus, gue', guide, are pronounced gA, gheed. 16. H is never pronounced in French so forcibly as in English. Some orthoepists say that h has no sound in French.t 17. J sounds like soft g in French, or zh in English. 18. L has usually the same sound as in English; but when it ends a word, being preceded by i, or when 11 follows i, in any situation, it usually has what is called its liquid sound. This may be said to * C, with a cedilla (g), before a, o, and u, sounds like s; thus, ha, go, qu, are pronounced sa, so, su. t See Bolmar's Fables-Remark on the letter h, page 4. INTRODUCTION. 35 answer nearly to the sound of lii in million, the sound of 1 in such cases being blended with that of y (consonant); e. g. papillon is pronounced p&a-peel'-yoN'; CHANTILLY, shaN'-teel'-ye', &c. It should, however, be observed that, according to the present practice of the more polite French speakers, the sound of 1 is scarcely heard at all in such words, so that their pronunciation might rather be indicated thus-pa'-pe'ySON'; shAN'-te'-ye'. 19. M and N, when followed by a vowel, or when double, have the same sound as in English; but when at the end of a word (not immediately followed by another word beginning with a vowel), or when followed by another consonant in the middle of a word, they have what is termed the nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang, &c., but is somewhat softer; thus, m and n are nasal in such words as comparer, coNteNte, but have their natural sound in such as commune, connu. MELUN, before a consonant, or standing by itself, would be pronounced almost m'lung; but if followed immediately by a vowel, as in the sentence,. Melun a six mille habitans, "Melun has six thousand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly like nn: the pronoun sien, when not followed immediately by a vowel, is pronounced nearly se-'ing'; but when it takes the feminine termination, the n being doubled, has the same sound as in English, so that sienne is pronounced se-enn'. 20. M or n, nasal, when preceded by e, usually causes this vowel to assume the broad sound of a: thus, dents, senYs, are pronounced like the French words dans and sans, almost as if written in English, dong and song. 21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en preceded immediately by i, when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling that of ang in the English word pang. In such cases in, im, ain, aim, ein, and en, are pronounced alike, ang; the o in oin has the sound of our iv, so that loin and soin are pronounced almost lwang, swang. 22. In om and on, nasal, the o is long, as in won't. OBs. The French nasal sound is represented in the present work by N or M distinguished as a small capital; e.g. CHAUMONT, ShO'-mIN'; QUIMPER, kaM'-paue'. 23. Q or qu, in French, always sounds like k; e.g. quel is pronounced kel; qui, kee, &c. # In uttering this sound, care should be taken not to press the back part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in pronouncing the English ng. 0J6 INTRODUCTION. OBS. Q, in French words, (except when terminal, as in coq and cinq,) is always followed by at, though it is sometimes employed without this letter, in writing certain foreign names. Thus Balbi and several other authors, both French and English, write Qen6 for KENEH; Qoun for KooM, &c. In such cases, q is used to denote a sound like that of k, but somewhat more guttural. 24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, especially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at the end of a word, as in veatu, puniRa: in similar cases the English r is but very slightly sounded. This sound is indicated by a small capital R. 25. XS, when single and between two vowels, sounds like z: in other cases, it is the same as in English. 26. X generally has the same sound as in English, but is sometimes sounded like s; e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and Bruxelles (Brussels), pronounced brti-sell'; and occasionally like z, as in dixieme, de'-ze'-ame'. 27. Ch is like sh in English: th is like t. 28. Gn (the same as in Italian), has a sound which blends that of n and y (consonant), or in other words is equivalent to the sound of ni in minion. Thus, AvIGNon is pronounced A'-veen -yON'. OBs. This sound is represented in Spanish by A, and bears the same relation to n that the liquid 1 (1) does to the ordinary 1. In Hungarian it is expressed by ny, and in Portuguese by nh. When it occurs in the middle of a word, we have represented it by n and y, as in the example above given; but when it stands at the end of a word, as it cannot then be expressed by any letter or combination of letters in English, it has been indicated by the Spanish ii: accordingly the French pronunciation of such names as COLOGNE and BouLOGNE, are thus given-ko'-lofi', boo'-lofi'. SILENT LETTERS. 29. The vowel e at the end of a word, when not marked with an accent, is invariably mute, e. g. in parle, contente,* &c. 30. The French consonants, when occurring at the end of a word are generally not pronounced, unless they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel; e. g. in content, BORDEAvx, and dents. If, however, they are followed by a mute e, or any other vowel, they must always be articulated, e.g. in contente, dent6, &c. * The particles le, ne, and the pronouns je, me, te, &c,, are perhaps,strictly speaking, exceptions' but. though the e in these words is not always absolutely mute, It is very often so; thus, the sentence vonts me trouverez le mreme, is pronounced rvoom troov retl mame, the vowel in me and ne being entirely suppressed, and the consonants attached to the preceding words. INTRODUCTION. 37 OBS. 1. The letters c, f, 1, and r, are, when final, very often pronounced; e. g. in avec, neuf, il, and punir. OBs. 2. The French articulate the final consonants in almost all foreign and classical names; e. g. in AMSTERDAM (m not nasal), VN Us, (&c. REMARKS ON THE FRENCH ACCENT. It may be observed that the French language has no accent in the sense in which we employ this term. The marks called accents, that are placed over the different vowels, serve only to indicate some particular sound of these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the voice, which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and most other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parls serves to show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of the same verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed, a longer and deeper sound than ordinary; e. g. in h'ate, temnpete, gite, and apotre. It is commonly said, that the French pronounce all the syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that they seem to an English ear to accentuate the last, because, in our language, the universal tendency is to throw the accent towards the beginning of the word. (See XII. Obs. 2.) Others, on the contrary, maintain that in pronouncing words of a number of syllables, the voice of a native French speaker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and that this peculiar terminal intonation is very analogous, and nearly equivalent, to our accent. This last opinion appears to us to be not without a real foundation. But, however the question may be settled, the fact that the English, who have learned the pronunciation of names from hearing them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably throw the accent on the final syllable, furnishes, in our judgment, sufficient ground for establishing a general rule on this subject. Accordingly, in the present work, we have, with very few exceptions, placed the principal accent on the last syllable of French geographical names; at the same time, it has been thought proper to mark the. others with secondary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced too slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in English. The pronunciation of ORLiANS, for example, has been thus given-oR'-lk'-aN'. OBS. Particular care, however, should be taken not to break such c 38 INTRODUCTION. names into as many isolated sounds as there are different syllables, but, while pronouncing these syllables with a stress of voice nearly equal, to let each glide smoothly into that which follows it. It may be observed, that the French, in uttering short sentences, usually make the different words run into each other, as if they were parts of the same word. GERMAN. XX. 1. A, in German, usually sounds as in the English word far, though sometimes approximating the a in fat. 2. E, when long, sounds like a in fate; when short, like e in met: frequently, however, it has an obscure sound, like e in battery. 3. I, long, sounds like i in marine (or ee in English); i, short, like i in pit. 4. 0, long, is like that in no; o, short, like that in on. 5. U, long, is like oo in cuckoo; u, short, like oo in good. 6. Y sounds like the German i. 7. Ae, or ii, is similar to the German e, or to the English a in fate. 8. Oe, or 6, nearly resembles the eu in French, but has no parallel sound in English; the sound in our language nearest to it is that of e in her, or u in futr;the German poets often rhyme it with e (A or e). 9. Ue, or ii, is like the French u. 10. Au is equivalent to the English ou in our. 11. Au and eu resemble in sound the English oi, as in oil. 12. Ei and ey have the sound of i in mine, as pronounced by the Americans (the English draw the corners of the mouth farther back). 13. Ai is similar to the preceding, but somewhat broader. OBs. It may be observed, that ai and au, in German, as well as in several other languages, are proper diphthongs, the vowels preserving their distinct and proper sound; thus, ai is equivalent to'/-e, and au to AV-oo, in English. 14. Ui sounds like oo-e. 15. le is equivalent to ee in English. 16. The consonantsf, k, 1, m, n, p, q, t, and x, are pronounced as in English. 17. B and d, at the beginning of a word, have the same sound as in English; at the end of a word, b is pronounced like p, and d like t. INTRODUCTION. 39 18. C, before a, o, and u, sounds like k; before e, i, and y, like ts. 19. Ch has a sound unknown in our language, and which, conse. quently, can be learned from an oral instructer only. It somewhat resembles that of our h, with a strong aspiration; after a, o, and u, it is guttural; for example, in the word ach.* When it follows e, i, a, o, u, 5au, or eu, it seems to be sounded more in the palate, as in ich.* We have represented this sound in the present work by It, distinguished as a small capital. OBS. Ch, before s, radical, (i. e. forming a part of the root of the word,) has the sound of k; e.g. Oclhs is pronounced oks; Sachsen, sak'-sen, &c. 20. G, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the English word get. In other situations, it should be pronounced like the German ch. In some German dialects, however, it is sounded, in all cases, nearly like g hard, in English. 21. H is pronounced only when it begins a word. Ous. 1. When g and h occur in the middle of a compound word, they have the same sound as when they are initial, provided they begin any part which is a complete word in itself; thus, in the participle gegeben (given), the latter g has the same sound as the former, because it begins the verb geben (to give), from which that participle is derived. It is sounded in like manner in aufgeben (to give up), and vergebenj, (to forgive), &c. H, in similar instances, is pronounced; e.g. in gehabt, aufhalten, &c. OBs. 2. G and h, occurring after a vowel, lengthen its sound; e. g. in Tag, Zahl, Fl6h, &c. 22. J has the sound of the English y (consonant). 23. Q is only used before u, and sounds as in the English word quit. 24. R is pronounced like rr in the English word terror, but somewhat more strongly. (See XIX, 24.) OGs. Care should be taken to pronounce the r, in German, distinctly and forcibly. In such words as berg and werth, the learner should be particularly on his guard against allowing the e to become like short u, as in similar words in English. The e, in such cases, should have the same sound as in our word merit, so that berg should be pronounced almost as if written bairg (not burg); werth, as wairt (not wurt), but somewhat shorter. * Those who have no opportunity of acquiring this sound from a German, might, perhaps, learn it from a Scotchman, as the Scotch ch is essentially the same with the German, though pronounced somewhat more strongly. 4 40 INTRODUCTION. 25. S, at the beginning of a word, or between two vowels, is like z; in other cases it is sharp, as in this. Ss is always sharp. 26. Sch sounds like the English sh; sz like ss. 27. Th is pronounced like t. 28. V sounds likef in English, except when between two vowels; it is then usually pronounced like our v. 29. W resembles our v, but in pronouncing it, the upper teeth should not be allowed to touch the lower lip, as is done in uttering the English v. This sound is indicated by a capital w. 30. Z and tz sound like ts. G R E E K (MODERN). XXI. 1. A a (alpha) is like a infar. 2. EE (epsilon) " a in fate. 3. H i7 (eta) " ee in English. 4. I ~ (iOta) " e in me, or i in pin. 5. 0 o (omicron) " o in English. 6. T v (upsilon) is nearly like the French u (or ii). 7. Q2 o (omega) is like o in English, there being no difference between this and omicron in prose; in poetry co is longer. 8. At is like a in fate. 9. E& and ot sound like ee in English. 10. Ov is like our oo. 1. B 6 (beta) is like v in English. 12. r y (gamma) " g, hard, as in get. 13. A 3 (delta) " th in this. 14. z r (zeta) " the English z. 15. ~ 0 (theta) " th in thin. 16. K x (kappa) " k. 17. A. (lambda) " 1. 18. M P (mu) " m. 19. N v (nu) I" ne 20. 9 j (xi) " x. INTRODUCTION. 41 21. iI tt (pi) is usually like the English p; but after A (m), it is lilke b; e. g. iE"w'opo5 is pronounced em'-bo-ros. 22. P p (rho) is similar to the German r. 23.: a 5 (sigma) is like the English s. 24. T oe (tau) is usually like the English t; after v (n), however, it is sounded like d; e. g. evros is pronounced en-dos'. 25. TI v (consonant) when before a vowel, or the liquids 1, m, n, r, is like our v; e. g. =awp6Co is pronounced Av-a-ri'-o, ca06S, av-los', ouJpcov, av'-re-on: in other cases it is likef; e. g. Aevxcta68 (Leucadia) is pronounced lef-k&-THe'-A. 26. b ip (phi) is equivalent to ourf. 27. X: (chi) is similar to ch in German. 28. v 4, (psi) is like ps in English. OBS. Recently it has become the practice to give to all, or nearly all, the islands, towns, &c., of modern Greece, their ancient names, and it is probable that, at no distant period, such modern corruptions as lteaki for Ithaca, Scio for Chios. may be regarded as obsolete. But, as the modern names are employed in nearly all our books on geography, and in the writings of the English travellers and poets, it has been thought proper in a work like the present, which is intended for popular use, to assign to them their accustomed place. HUNGARIAN. XXII. 1. A, unaccented, is like o in not; with an accent (a), it has the sound of a infar, and is always long; thus, Aba Uj-vtr, the name of a town, is pronounced 6b-6h oo-e vHaR. 2. E, unaccented, is like e in met; with an accent (e),* it has a sound intermediate between e in met and i in pit, but more prolonged 3. I, and y when a vowel, are similar to e in me, or i in fig. 4. 0, without an accent, is the same as in English; when accented (6), it has a longer and deeper sound. 5. U,. without an accent is like oo in English, with the accent (6f,)* its sound is fuller and deeper. * The peculiarity of these sounds cannot be indicated by English letters; in giving the pronunciation of Hungarian names, we have merely distinguished them as being long. 42- INTRODUCTION. 6. Oe or 6, and ii, are the same as in German. 7. The consonants b, d,f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, t, v, z, are like the English. 8. C is not used without being joined with some other consonant cs is sounded like ch in English; cz like ts. 9. G, except when followed by j or y, is always hard, as in the Eng lish word get. Gh sounds like a simple g. 10. J is usually like e in English; uj is pronounced oo-e. Dj and gj are equivalent to dy and gy, and tj to ty. (See 16, 17, and 20, of this Section.) 11. R is like the German; in other words, is to be trilled more strongly than the English. 12. S is like the English sh. 13. Sz is like s sharp, or ss. 14. Ts is equivalent to cs, or ch in English. 15. Tz is like cz, or ts in English. 16. Y, in Hungarian, is nearly always a consonant. When it follows d, g, 1, n, and t, it seems to be blended with these letters, so as to form but one consonant sound. 17. Dy and gy are alike. Magyar is pronounced m6d-y6R. 18. Ly is like 1 in Spanish, or Ili in the English word million. V~isrhlely is pronounced in three syllables-vaa-shaiim-hel. 19. N~y is like the Spanish fi, or ni in minion. Mdrtony is pronounced in two syllables-maiaR-tofi. 20. Ty approximates the sound of our ch, bearing the same relation to t, that dy does to d. 21. Zs sounds like the French j, or zh in English. OBS. The Hungarian language cannot be said to have any accent, in the sense in which we employ this term: the syllables of words, however, are distinguished from each other by quantity As quantity in Latin and Greek is converted into accent by the usage of English pronunciation, so, in giving Hungarian names which are ordinarily used in geographical works, we have placed the accent according to the quantity; e. g. Csongrid, chon-graad'; but when the name is not in common use, but is merely given in a parenthesis, the quantity only of the vowel has been indicated, as this mode of marking the pronunciation is more strictly accurate; e.g. HUNGARY (Hung. Magyal Orszag, m6d-y6R oR-sAg). INTRODUCTION. 43 ITALIAN. XXI-II. 1. A, in Italian, is like the English. a infar, though its sound varies somewhat in different situations.* 2. E has two sounds: (1.) close, as a in fate; (2.) open, like e in met. 3. 1 is like e in me, or i in fig. 4. 0 has two sounds; (1.) close, as in note; (2.) open, similar to o in not, but rather broader. 5. U is like oo in English. 6. Ai and au, in Italian, are proper diphthongs. (See XX., 13, Obs.) Accordingly, CAIRO is to be pronounced ki'-ro, and AUSA, ou'sla, &c. 7. The consonants b, d, f, 1, m, n, p, q, s, t, and v, are similar to the English. Ons. K, w, x, and y, are not used by the Italians, except in spelling foreign names. 8. C and cc, before a, o, and u, are sounded like k; before e, i, and y, like ch or tsh. OBS. Cc should be pronounced more strongly than a single c. This remark will apply to all double letters, in Italian, as well as in most other languages. 9. As c, when immediately before a, o, or u, is never pronounced like ch, in order to express this sound in such cases, the vowel i is inserted; thus, cia, cio, ciu, are pronounced chA, c/ho, chos. (See table at the end of this Section.) 10. Ch is employed to express the sound of k before e and i. 11. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word get; before e, i, and y, it sounds like the English j; gia, gio, giu, are pronounced ja, jo, joo. (See table at the end of this Section.) * Of all the European tongues, the Italian has, probably, been brought to the reatest degree of perfection. There are, however, a number of niceties in this lnguage, which, however interesting to a thorough linguist, cannot properly be noticed in a work like the present. The difficulty of giving a brief, and, at the same time, a satisfactory exposition of the principles of Italian pronunciation, is increased by the existence of different dialects in different parts of Italy. It has been deemed sufficient, in this synopsis, merely to explain those principles of pronunciation which appear to be recognized by the Italians generally. 4 * 44 INTRODUCTION. 12. Gh is used to express the sound of hard g, before e, and i. 13. Gli has the sound of the liquid 1 (l), or of Ili in million; thus, BOGLIO is pronounced bole'-yo. 14. Gn has the same sound as in French; or, in other words, is lilR the Spanish Ai; e. g. BOLOGNA is pronounced bo-lone'-ya. 15. H is never sounded in Italian. 16. J, at the beginning of a syllable, is like the English y (conso nant); at the end of a word, it is equivalent to ii (Italian). 17. R resembles the French, but is trilled somewhat more strongly (See XIX., 24). 18. Sc, before e, and i, is like the English sh; e.g. Scio is pro nounced Shee'-o. 19. Z commonly has the sound of dz in English; zz is pronounced like ts. The following table will, perhaps, enable the reader more readily to understand the mode in which c and ch, g and gh are employed by the Italians. ca is pronounced kB ga is pronounced gA che " k'i ghe 46 g" chi " ke ghi 4 ghe co " ko go 6 go cu " koo gu 66 goo cia " ch'a gia 6 ce " chi ge 66 jh ci che gi 66 je cio0 cho gio 66 jo ciu' choo giu " joo Ous. It may be observed, that, in consequence of the position of Italy, and its former extensive and intimate commercial relations with the Levant, a great number of the geographical names of Greece, Syria, and Egypt, as well as many of those along the southern shore of the Mediterranean, are written in the Italian mode, and should be pronounced according to the principles of this language; e. g. CORFU, TRIPOLIZZA, SCIO, JAFFA, CAIRO, &C. NORWEGIAN. XXIV. As a written language, the Norwegian may be said to be identical with the Danish, since not only the grammar, but, with very few excep INTRODUCTION. 43 tions, the words of both, are precisely the same. In pronunciation, however, the Norwegians differ widely from the Danes, while these again differ considerably among themselves. Under Section XVII., we have given the elements of Danish pronunciation, as the language is spoken by the educated classes in Copenhagen. The principal points of difference between this and the Norwegian, appear to be the following: (1.) d, in the latter tongue, always has its proper sound, while in Danish it is often pronounced like the English th; (2.) g, at the end of a word, in Norwegian, is to be sounded distinctly as g hard in English; (3.) o, ending a syllable, is pronounced like our oo; (4.) e, at the end of a word, always retains its distinct sound; thus, ODENSE would be pronounced oo'-den-s' h, and not o'-den-seh, as in Danish. POLISH. XXV. 1. A sounds as a in the English word far. 2. E, without an accent, like e in met; with an accent (6), like a in fate. 3. I as in marine. 4. 0, unaccented, as in note; with an accent, like oo, as in good, or 66. 5. U is like oo in moon. 6. Y resembles e in me, but is more guttural, being similar to i in pino 7. The consonants b, d, f, g (always hard), h, k, 1, m, In, p, s (always sharp), t, and z, are essentially the same as in English. 8. C is like the German c, or ts in English; cz is equivalent to our ch; ch is like the German ch. 9. J is like the German, being equivalent to y (consonant). 10. R is like the German. 11. W is similar to the German, resembling our v. 12. N, with an accent over it (n'), sounds like the Spanish Ri. 13. S, marked in a similar manner (s') has a sound blending that of s and y (consonant). S'c' has a sound which cannot be given in English, its nearest approximation in our language is sts. 14. Sz is equivalent to sh in English. 15. Z, with a point over it, is like the French j, or zh in English. 46 INTRODUCTION. 16. Z, with an accent (z'), is somewhat similar to the above, but has no equivalent in our language. OBs. The sounds of the letters in Slavonian, Bohemian, and Illyrian, correspond, with very slight exceptions, to those of the Polish language. PORTUGUESE. XXVI. 1. The vowels a, e, i, o, u, and y, and the diphthongs ai, ay, au, ei, and ey, are essentially the same as in Spanish. 2. AO is pronounced almost oung. 3. The consonants b, d, f, 1, m, n, p, s, t, v, and z, are similar to the English. 4. C is the same as in French, differing from the English only by sometimes having the cedilla. 5. Ch is the same as in French; or, in other words, is like our sh. 6 G and j are the same as in French. (See XIX, 15 and 17.) 7. H, in Portuguese, is always silent. When, however, it follows I or n, it renders these letters liquid; thus, filho (son), is pronounced feel-yo; sen hora (lady), sane-yo'-ra, &c. S. M, frequently, and n, sometimes, has a nasal sound. Sam, like sio, is pronounced almost soung; alem or alen sounds like a-leng'. 9. Qu is pronounced as in French, the u in this case not being sounded. 10. R is like the French. (See XIX, 24.) 11. X is sounded like ch in Portuguese, or slh in English. RUSSIAN. As the Russians neither employ Roman characters, nor those which can be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters, we have, in writing the geographical names of Russia, followed the mode adopted with respect to oriental names. (See XIV and XV.) SPANISH. XXVII. 1. The Spanish a sounds as in the English word far; e like a m ale, t like e in mete; o as in English; u like oo; and y like Spanish i. 2. At and ay are like long i in English. Au sounds like ou in our. (See XX, 13, Obs.) Bi and ey are pronounced b'-e. INTRODUCTION. 47 3. The consonants f, 1 (single), m, n, p, s, t, and v, are pronounced aearly as in English. 4. B, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in English; but when it occurs between two vowels, its sound resembles that of v, with this difference-v is pronounced with the upper teeth placed against the under lip, while the sound of the Spanish b is formed by bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact. This sound seems to be between that of v and the English w. 5. C, before a, o, and ui, is pronounced as in English; before e and i, it has the sound of th in the word thin. In the Catalan dialect it is the same as in English. 6. Ch has the same sound as in English, except in the dialect of Catalonia, where it is pronounced like k. 7. D, at the beginning of a word, is sounded nearly as in English, but is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth, while in pronouncing the English d, the tongue is made to touch the roof of the mouth. At the end of a syllable, or between two vowels, d, in Spanish, sounds like the English th in this, but is somewhat softer. This sound is usually represented, in the present work, by a small capital D. 8. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in English. 9. G, before e and i, and j before every vowel, are pronounced like a strong guttural h, similar to the German ch in ach. This sound is indicated by H distinguished as a small capital. 10. Gua and guo sound somewhat like gwa, gwo, but the g is so soft that it is scarcely perceived; so that in these cases the sound of gu seems to approximate very nearly to that of the English wv. Gu, before e and i, is usually sounded like g hard; thus, GUIANA is pronounced ghean'-a. When, however, the u is marked with a diaresis; thus, g/ii; these two letters have the same sound as when before a or o, and consequently guii is pronounced gwe or woe. (See table at the end of this Section.) 11. /H, in Spanish, is never pronounced, except in words beginning with hue, and then very slightly. 12. LI (now sometimes written l), has a sound which combines that of 1 and y (consonant), and is similar to the liquid 1 in French; e. g. villa or viia is pronounced veel'-ya; Llerena, lyh-ra'-nA. 13. a, in a similar manner, unites the sounds of n and y, and is like gn in French; thus peila is pronounced pane'-yA. 14. Q, in Spanish, is always followed by u. Qu, before a and o, is 48 INTRODUCTION. sounded as in English; or, in other words, is equivalent to kw; before e and i, it is pronounced like k, unless the u be marked with a dimeresls, in which case it is like kw. (See table at the end of this Section.) 15. R is similar to the French, but is trilled more strongly. (See XIX., 24.) 16. T is to be pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. 17. X is usually sounded like the Spanish j, which letter, according to the present mode of spelling, has been generally substituted for it; thus, instead of the old spelling, XIMENES, XUCAR, &C., we now see Jimenes, Jucar, &c. X, before a consonant, or before a vowel marked with this sign A, is sounded as in English: Example-Exterior, Exfiminar. 18. Z is to be pronounced like th in thin. The following table will, perhaps, serve to show more clearly the manner in which c, g, j, q,, and z, are used in Spanish. ca - is pronounced ka cua or qua is pronounced quA - que " kB cue or qfie " qua - qui "6 ke cui or qtii que co- " ko cuo or quo " quo CU- 96 koo ga is pronounced ga gua is pronounced gwal or wA gue " gh gfie " gwA or wh gui It ghe gui " g'we or we go 66 go guo "C gwo or wo gu,6 goo ja or xa - is pronounced Hn za - is pronounced thA je, xe, or ge'" nH ze or ce " thh ji, xi, or gi He zi or ci " the jo or xo- " HO zo- " tho ju or xu 6 Hoo zu - " thoo OBs. The Spanish language, as spoken in Mexico, differs, in some points, materially from the true Spanish. Thus, z and c, before e and i, instead of having the sound of th, are generally pronounced likens, Among the uneducated classes, II is universally sounded like y; thus, villa is pronounced vee'-yai. It will be perceived that this is similar to the fashionable pronunciation of the liquid 1 in French. In most countries of South America, the Spanish tongue is spoken in greater purity, though the above-mentioned corruptions prevail, in some parts, to a greater or less extent. INTRODUCTION. 49 SWEDISH. XXVIII. 1. The vowels a, e, i, a, and b, are similar to the German. 2. X sounds like the English o. 3. 0, at the end of a syllable, is like our oo; in other cases, like o in lnot. 4. U appears to blend the sounds of short e and of oo, being somewhat similar to e'-oo. It has been represented, in the present work, by oo; this sound being the nearest to it of any in our language. 5. Y is the same as in Danish; or, in other words, is similar to the French u. 6. The Swedish consonants are for the most part pronounced like the English, with the exception of j, and g before e, i, da, 6, and i, which are equivalent to y consonant, and of z, which sounds like ts. 7. Kj sounds like the English ch; thus, Kjdping (written, also, simply Koping) is pronounced ch6p'-ing. EXPLANATION OF THE ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC., EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK AZi adjective. Mass. Massachusetts. Alt Alabama. M. B. Malte-Brun. Ana. anciently. Md. Maryland. Arah Arabic. Me. Maine. Ark. Arkansas, Mich. Michigan. B3. Balbi. Miss. Mississippi. cap. capital. Mo. Missouri. co. county. Mt. Mount or mountain. Conn. Connecticut. N. north. Dan. Danish. N. C. North Carolina. Del. Delaware. N. H. New Hampshire. dep. department. N. J. New Jersey. E. east. N. Y. New York. E. G. Edinburgh Gazetteer. Norw. Norwegian. Flem. Flemish. Pa. Pennsylvania. Fr. French. P. C. Penny Cyclopedia. ft. feet. Pop. population. Ga. Georgia. Port. Portuguese. Ger. German. prov. province. gov. government or province. pron. pronunciation. Gr. Greek. r. river. Hung. Hungarian. R. I. Rhode Island. i. island. Russ. Russian. inhab. inhabitant. S. C. South Carolina. Ill. Illinois. Sp. Spanish. Ind. Indiana. sq. m. square miles. Int. Introduction. Sw. Swedish. Ky. Kentucky. t. town. La. Louisiana. Tenn. Tennessee. L. Lake. Turk. Turkish. Lat. Latitude. U. S. United States. Lon. Longitude. Va. Virginia. m. mile or miles. Vt. Vermont. M. McCulloch. WV. west. 1. The vowels a, e, i, o, marked with a point underneath (A or a, eor e, &c.) have an obscure sound, similar to short u, thus, MERTQN should be pronounced almost mirtf-tfin or mfirt-t'n. (See Introduction, VIII.) 2. X with two points underneath sounds like 6. (50) t'he following Table is intended to exhibit the striking discrepancy cn the mode of writing the same geographical Bunme, which occurs in the works of respectable authors. (See PreJace, page si;., and Introduction, page 28.) Small capitals are used to dennte the mode of spelling which occurs in thil Gazetteec, and which the authors consi. dered to be the preferable orthography. An asterisk deslotes that the pronunciation of the spelling to which it is appended is differe.. from that of the others. Bu! when a name occurs with two or more different spellings, not mnarked by an asterisk, it is to be understood that the pronunciation of all these is essentially the same. If tihe reader will bear in -rind that oo in Englishn ou in French, and s in Italian and German. have the same sound that i in all the languages of continental Europe is similar to ee in English; that j, in two-tliirds of the European languages, is like our y; that ch in French, and seh in German, is equivalent to our sh, and thatj (and g before e and i) in French is like our z/-or z in azure —and nearly like tile Germccanc sch; a clue will be frnishted to m!any of tile per. [.lexltieo with which geographical spelling and pronunciation so nucll abound. Sonme other difficulties are explainua in the Table by reference to the Introduction: e.g. Habana, Havauna; Xingu, Chlingu. (App.) placed after a name, indicates that it is to be found in tle Appendix. ABOOKEER, Aboukir. CANTON, *Quangtong. [mire, Kashmire. ABoOSHEHR, Abuschtehr. Abouchehr. Writ- CASHMERE, CacliemIr, Kashmeer, Kacheten also Bushire (boo-sheer'). CATALONIA, *Cataluila. ABOOTIZH, Abootish, Abutisch, Aboutij, CATMANDOO, Khatmandu, Katmandou. Aboutige, Abutige. CAXOEIRA, Cachoeira. Acheen. ATCHEEN. Caubul. See CABOOL. Achmrnouneyn, OSHMOONEYN. CELLE, Zelle, (XX. 18 andI 30.) Aichstadt, EICIISTADT. Charkow, Kharkow, KHARKCOF Knarkov AKHMYM, Alchmim, Ekmim. Chat-el-Arab, SHIATT-EL-ARAB. ALEN TEJO, ALEM-TEJO. Cheboygan SHIEBOYGAN. Amarapoura, UMMERAPOORA. CHIENNE, Cheyenne, Stlienne, (App.) AMASERA, Amasreh. Chingu, XINGU, (XXVI. 11.) AMoo, Amu, Amou. COAHUILA, Cohahluila, (App.) AMOOR, Amour, Amur. COMANCHE, Camanche, (App.) AMRETSIR, Anmretseer, Umritseer. CRODOVA, Cordoba, (XXVII. 4.) ANADEER, Anadir. CORUNNA, *Corufia. Anatolia. See NATOLIA. Courland, KOORLAND, Kurland. ANDUJAR, Anduxar. DANTZIC, Danzig. ANGORA, *Engoor, EEnguri. DARFOOR, Darfur, Darfour, Dar Foor. ANZOOANX, Alnzouan, *Anjouan. DEZFOOL, Dezphoul, Dezfoul, Dezful. ARKEEIRO, Arkiko. Djidda or Djeeda. See JIDDA. ARGOON, Argoun, Argun. *DoURO, *Duero. ASSwAN, Assonuat, Assuan. DOVREFIELD, Daavrefjeld, Dofrafield. ATCHIEEN, Acheen. DROHOBIcz, Drohovitsch. ATFE, Atfih. DRONTIEIM, Trondhiem, Trondjem. AxooM, Axum, Axoum. DUNKIRK, Dunkerque. AYASOOLOOK, Ayasalouk, Ayasaluk. Ebora, EvORA, (XXVII. 4.) AZOF, Azoph, Azov. EDINBURGH, EdiablaOrough. Bardakhshain, BUDUKHSHAN. EICHSTADT, Aichstadt. Bairout. See BEYROOT. *ELATMA, Yelatma, Ielatma. *BALFUROSH, Balfroosll Balfrouch. EKATERINBURG, Iekaterinabourg. Baschkirs, Bashkeers, (a race of Tartars, ELISABETGRAD, Yelisavetgrad, dwelling south of the r. Irtish in Siberia.) ERZP.OOM, Erzeroum, Erzrum, Ardzroom, BASSORA, Bussora, Basrah, (XIX. 1 Obs.) Arzerum, Arzeroum. BIEDOUIN, BEDOWFEEN, Beduin. FERRO, *Hierro. BEYROOT, Bairout, Beirout, Berut. FIESOLE, *FeSOle. BEHREZOF, Berezow, Berezov. FIJI, Feejee. BERMUDAS, *Bermoothes. [the Euphrates.) FONTARABIA, *Fuenterabia, Bir, Beer, (a small town of Asia Minor, on GELDERS, Guelders. BIRMA, Burma. GHEEZEH, Gizeh, WJizelh. BORNOO, Bornou. GHENT, Gent, *Gand. BRARMAPOOTRA, *Burrampooter. GLOUCESTER, Gloster. J3UDUEHSHAN, Badaklhshall, (XIX. 1 Obs.) GOOLDSHA, Guldscha, Gouldja, *Kuldsha. Burma. BIRMA. GOTTINGEN, Goettingen, (XX. 8.) *Burrampooter, BRAHMAPOOTRA. Guelders, GELDERS. Bu RSA, Boursa, Boorsa, *Brusa. HAARLEM, IHaerlem, Harlem. Bushire. See ABOOSHEHR. HAVANA, Habana, (XXVII. 4.) CABOOL, Cabul, Caubul, Caboul. HAWAII, Owhyhee. [dostan Cachoeira, CAXOEIRA. HINDOSTAN, Hindustan, Hindoostan, *InCAIRO, Kahira, *Qahera. HINDOO, Hindu. Camanche, COMANCIIE, (App.) HIMALAYA, *Himmaleh. CAMBODIA, Cambodja, *Camboge. Iaroslav, Jaroslaw, YAROSLAY. CAMPEACHY, Campeche. Indostall. See HINDOSTAN. CA.NDAHAR, Kandahar.j INNSPRUCK, InnI1Sbruck. C.NDHH K_ IRKOOTSK, Irkoutsk, Irkutsk. XIskenderoon, SCAN1)EROON. t The cases in which C is interchanged with K are *IT keleroon, SCANDV RoON 4 vry inumerous, especially in German, lRusnan, and Asia- IVIsA, Ieiza, (XXVII. 4, 5.) tic names. Jakutsk or lakoutsk. See YAKOUrSK. TABLE OF DIFFERENT SPELLINGS. JALISCO, Xalisco, (App.) Oural], URAL. JANINA, Yanina, Joanllna. OURGHENDJ, OOr hendj, Urghendj, *1L Jaroslaw. See YAROSLAF. ghenz, Urgalntz. See KH1nA, Gazetteer. Jeddo, YEDDO. PETIC, Pitic. JESSO, Iesso, Yesso, Yeso. RHINE, Rhein, Rhyn. JEYPOOR, Jyepo.r, Jypoor. ROOMnELA, Runumelia, Rumella. JIDDA, Djidda, Djeeda. Room ELEE, Ruin Ili, Rourn Itl. Jitomir, Zitoinir, ZHITOMEER. SAREE, Sari. JOODPooR. Jondpoor. SCANDER(,ON,,ITslcenderoon JORULLO, Xorul7o. [Russia.) Schoa, Suio,, Xoa. Jug, Yoog, r. (a brainch of the Dwina, in *Schonien, SKAONE. (XXVIII. 2.) Kahira. See CAIRO. SHOA, Sclioa, Xoa (XXVI. 11), *Shwa. KALOOGA, Kalouga, Kaluga. SIoT, Siout, *Osioot, *Esioot. KAMTCIATKA, Kamltschatha. (See Note, p. Sivas, SEEVAS. 292.) *SLESWICK, Slesrig,'Scehleswig. KHARKOF, Kharkow, Charkow, Kharkov. Siwah, SEERWAH. KHARTOOM, Khartum, Khartoum. SooDsNA Snudani Sudan. RHIVA, Kheeva. SooRTMOOL, Sourmoul, Surmul, (a small KiEF,L Kiew, Kieff, Kiev. town rof Persia.) KIRMANSHAH, Kirmanshaw. SOOLTANEEYEII, Sultanieh, Soultania.:*KISTNA, Krishna. SOORABAYA, Surabaya, Sourabaya. KLAGECNFURTH, Clagenfurth. SUEZ, Sooez, Soueys. KOAHIOMA, Coahoma. SUABIA, Swabia. KooR, Kur, Kour. TAHITI, Olaleite. KOORLAND, Kurland, Courland. TABREEZ, Tabriz,'Tauris. KOORDISTAN, Kurdistan. Curdistan. TABAREEYEH, Tabarieb. KOORSK, Koursk, Kursk. TARSOOS, Tarsous, Tarsus. KOORILE, Kurile, Kourile. TCHERNIGOF, Czernigow, Tchernigoff Kuldsha. See GOOLDSHA. TIBET, Thibet. KUTAIYEH, Kootaiab, Koutaieh. TI3IBUCTOO, Tombuetoo, Tombooctno, La Baca, LA VACCA, (App.) Tomboeictou, XTellbocto. LANCEROTA, Lanzarota, (XXVII. 5, 18.) TOOLA, Toula, Tula. LJEIPSIC Leipzig. TOORKISTAN, Turkistan. IEYDEN, Leidein. TONKIN, Tonlquin. Libadia, LIVADIA TORZHOK, Torschok, Torjok. LISLE, Lille. Trondjem or Trondlhiem, DRONTHEIM. LINTZ, Linz. TRUXILLO, Trujillo. LIVADIA, Libadia, (XXI. 11.) TORrEO, Torne1, (XXVIII. 2.) LUCERNTE, Luzern. TvER, Twer. MAAS, Maese, *Meuse. URAL, Oural. MAASTRICHT, Maestricht. Urfa. See OORFA. /M[AELAREN, M'laren. Urmiah. See OOROOMEEA. MAJORCA,:Mallorca. UsBEcK, Oozbek, Ouzbek. Manchooria, MANTCHOORIA, Mandshuria. VIBonG, NWiborg. MIARANHAM, Maranhao. Vitebsk, Vitepsk, W~ITEBSK. iMIARAVI, Maravee. VOLGA, WVOlga. IMARDEEN, Merdin. VORONEZH, Voronege, Voronej, Woro. MARMORA, Marmara. nesch, *Voronetz, Woronetz. MAROSCH, Maros, (XXII. 12.) WVASHITA, Ouaclhitta. MIATAREEYEH, Mataria. Mataryeh. WVISCONSIN, Wiskonsan, Ouisconsin. *MATHURA. Muttra, (XIX. 1 Obs.) WGRTEMBERG, WVirtemmberg. MEKINEz, NMequinez, Mleknas. XALAPA, Jalapa. MERGUI, Merghi. Xalisco, JALISCO, (App.) MESHED, Meshitdi*Mushed. XEREs, Jeres. MEXImCO, Megico, Mejico, (XXVII. 9& 17.) XIRGU, CllingIu, (XXVI. 11.) MINHO, Miano. Xoa. See SHoA. MooRZooK, Mourzouk, Murzuk. YAKOOTSK, Iakoutsk, Jakutsk, Yakutsk. NATOLIA, *Anatolia, *Anadoli, *Anatoli. Yaniina. See JANINA. NEZHEEEN Nejin, Nesehin. YARIuNbD, Yarkand, (XIX. 1 Obs.) NIrzUNEE, Nijni, Nischnei. YAROSLAF, Iaroslav, Jaroslaw. OLIVENZA, Olivenga. YEaDO, Jeddo. OORFA, Urfa, Ourfa. YEsso, Jesso. OOROOaEEA, Urumiya, *Ourmiah, Urmia. Zahara, SAHARA. OOOSTIOOG, Ustiug, Oustioug. Zaragoza, 9SARAGOSSeA. Otaheite, TAHITI. ZEBU, Ceba, (XXVII. 5 and 18.) Owhyhee, HAWAII. Zelle, CELLE, (XX. 18 and 3.) OSHMOONEYN, Achmouneyn. Zhitomeer, Jitomir., Sehitomir, Zytonjir, Ouachita, WASHITA. *Zitomirz. Ouisconsin, 5WIscoNs5IN. ZUYDER ZER, Zuider- ee. EXPLANATION, ETC. ] 3. 6 has a sound similar to the French eu or nearly like that of e in her. It may be anglicized by e. (See Introduction, XX., 8.) 4. ii is like the French u, being intermediate between ee and oo. (XIX.,. 5.) 5. A letter when it has a line underneath, or when italicised, is silent; e. g. in WALKER, GREENE, 6b-dh.* 6. tD, small capital, in the pronunciation of a name, indicates that its sound is similar to TH in this. 7. ts and xK, small capitals, indicate the sound of the German ch or one similar to it. (VI. and XX., 19.) 8. tH, small capital, has a sound nearly similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h. 9. 1 (1 liquid) is to be pronounced. like lli in million: it blends the sounds of I and y consonant. (XXVII., 12.) 10. M and N, small capitals, are nasal, being similar in sound to ng. (XIX., 19.) 11. Ra, small capital, has the sound of rr in terror. (XIX., 24.) 12. uv, small capital, indicates the sound of the French eu. It is pronounced nearly as u in tub or in fur. 13. tw, capital, has a sound similar to our v. 14. Yand ey, at the end of an unaccented sylable, sound like e in me. 15. Ai and ay are considered to be equivalent to a in fate. 16. Au and aw have the sound of a in fall. 17. 66 indicates a sound similar to i in pit or in spirit. 18. Ow, when the o is not marked long (ow), is to be pronounced like ou in hour. 19. Gh is sometimes employed in pronunciation for g hard. 20. i is to be pronounced more softly than simple g. (XVII., 13, and XXVII., 10.) 21. s sounds like z. IFI' The sounds of the figured vowels are explained at the top of the page, in the body of the work. OBSERVATIONS. 1. Every letter, or combination of letters, occurring in the pronunciation of a word or name, is to be pronounced with its proper English sound; e.g., ou is to be sounded as in our, sour, &c., and not like oo, as in tour, and some other words of French origin: g must be hard, as in get, give, &c.; ch, as in chill, choose, unless the h be marked as silent, in which case ch has the sound of k. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign European names, care should be taken not to allow a to fall into the third or broad sound of this vowel-an error to which American and English speakers are very prone-it would be much less a fault, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It should, however, be observed, that a preceding the nasal N in French, is usually broad, almost like o in not. (See Int. XIX., 19, 20, and 21.) A, in some names, appears to have a sound intermediate between a and a. *The h, in this and similar instances, is employed in order to enable the learner more readily to pronounce the vowel short, as in not: were it omitted, thus, ob-o, the inexperienced pupil might be in danger of pronouncing the o long, as in no, or indistinctly, as we often hear it in piano. t It is intended that the mere English scholar shall pronounce these letters with their proper English sound (See Introduction. VI.) D 52 EXPLANATION, ETC. Thus the a in the penultimate syllable of ALABAMA, is somewhat longer than in fat, though not so broad as in far. It may be remarked that some orthoepists assign such a sound to a in certain English words, e.g. in fast. 3. When e and o end a syllable in the pronunciation of a word, they are always to be pronounced distinctly with their first sound (as in me or no.) 4. E is rarely figured when occurring in a syllable with the primary accent (IX.); in other cases e, and also the other vowels, are frequently thus marked, in order to guard against their being pronounced indistinctly. 5. 0 marked long (6), though often employed in English names, in order to show merely that this letter has its first sound, when it occurs in the pro. nunciation of foreign words or names, always indicates that the sound of the vowel is to be prolonged. In like manner, 6 indicates that this letter has a sound like o, in not, to be pronounced distinctly but very short. 6. The sound of u before a vowel, in Spanish words, is usually represented by w. Thus nuevo is pronounced nwa'-vo, which is nearly equivalent to noo-a,-vo. In Italian, the u before a vowel appears to be sounded more distinctly: accordingly, we have indicated the pronunction of nuovo, duomo, by noo-o'-vo, doo-o'-mo. In these cases, however, noo-o and doo-o are to be pronounced almost in one syllable. 7. When two or more geographical names, with the same spelling, occur in succession, and the pronunciation of the first only is given, it is intended that all shall be proliounced alike. 9. The pronunciation of a name is distinguished from the name itself, by its not beginning with a capital. In examples like the following, BrF.s'-LAU or bres'-lou, the latter spelling has reference to pronunciation only, while the former gives the true mode of writing the name and the pronunciation at the same time. Had we written BRFrSLAU, bres'-lau or bres'-lou, the same end would have been attained, but at the expense of brevity.,9. The number of syllables in a word or name is indicated by the hyphens; e.g. SMYTHE not being divided by a hyphen, is to be pronouncecd in one syllable; pane'-ya in two: the e, in such syllables as pane, is silent, being only used to render the preceding a long, as in fate. In some few cases, however, where a name of two or more syllables is necessarily familiar to all, we have not divided it by hyphens, nor indicated the pronunciation in any way; e. g., HENRY, WILLIAM, &c. In Latin names, the accent only has been marked. 10. When the right or left bank of a river is spoken of, the reader is supposed to be looking down the stream, or, in other words, going with the current. 11. It may be remarked, respecting the adjective and appellation of the inhabitants, derived from the names of places (see PREFACE, pages vi. and vii.), that, if the latter has man for its termination, in the singular, the plural is often expressed by the adjective; e. g., singular, FRENCHMAN; plural, THE FRENCH: singular, SCOTCHNIAN; plural, THE SCOTCH, &C. We sometimes hear also 4"THE SPANISH," instead of "THE SPANIARDS;" but such expressions are not to be approved. 12. When no date is given, the population of places in this country has reference to the census of 1850; the population of Great Britain to the census of 1841, and that of France to the census of 1836. 13. When, immediately after a geographical name, there occur one or more names beginning with a capital, enclosed in a parenthesis, these are to beunderstood as different modes of writing the first, but if the word enclosed begins with a small letter, it is merely the pronunciation of the first name. UNIVERSAL.PROITNOUNCING GAZETTEER. Fhte, fAr, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nt, nDt; 66, as in good; ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nrig. AA, aa, the name of several small rivers of Europe, in France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany. AACHEN. See AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. AALBORG, ol/-boyg, a t. of Denmiark; cap. of a bishopric of the same name, in Jutland, on the S. side of the extensive arm of the sea called Lymfiord. Lat. 570 2' N., Lon. 9~ 57' E. Pop. estimated at about 9,000. (B.) AAR or AARE, AAR, a r. in the N. part of Switzerland, which rises near the E. extremity of the canton of Berne, and, traversing the lakes of Brienz and Thun, passes through the cantons of Sileure and Aargau, and falls into the Rhine, 28 m. E. of Bale. Length, about 170 m. It becomes navigable at its egress from the lake of Thun. AARGAU, aRIg-gou, (Fr. Argovie, aR-go'-ve!; Lat. Argolvia), a canton in the N. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine. Area, 505 sq. m. Pop., in 1836, 182,755. (M.) AARHUUS, oRl-hooce, a seaport t. of Denmark, in Jutland; cap. of a bishopric of the same name, on the E. coast. Lat. 56~ 9' 35" N., Lon. 10~ 14' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) ABAKANSK, A-ba-khnsk/, a t. of Siberia, on the Ablkant, an affluent of theYenisei, in the prov. of Kolyvan, remarkable fjr the ancient tombs discovered in its vicinity, which contain ornaments of silver and gold, and on which are to be seen statues of men fromn seven to nine feet high, with carved work of an extraordinary character. It appears that this country, at present so imperfectly civilized, was once inhabited by a people acquainted with writing and other arts. (B.) Lat. about 540 N., Lon. 91~ 15' E. ABANCAY, ab-an-k1i, a t. of Peru, 60 m. W. by S. from Cuzco. Lat. 138 40' S., Lon. about 730 W. Pop. about 5,003. (B.) ABnANO, A-bAl-no, a t. of Italy, near Padua, noted for its hot suls pllurous baths. Permanent pop. 2,600. (B.) 5 53 54 ABA-ABO Fate, far, fAll, fAt; me, mnt; phle or pine, pin; nb, not; o6, as in good; ABASCIA or ABASSIA, ab-ash/-e-.a, a country of Russia, E. of, and bor4 dering on, the Black Sea. Adj. and inhab., ABASCIAN or ABASSIAN, ab. ashb-e-an. ABBEVILLE, ab'-villl, a fortified manufacturing town of France, in the Sep. of Somlne, on the r. Somme, 25 m. N. W. of Amiens. Lat. 500 7' N., ion. 1~ 50' E. Pop. 13,842. (M.) ABI-BE-VILLE', a dist. of South Carolina, on the Savannah. Pop. 32,318. Seat of justice, Abbevi]le. AB/-ER-BROTI'-QCK, or AR/-BROATH, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Forfarshire, 48 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56~ 34' N., Lon. 2~ 32' VW. Pop. 7,218. AB'-ER-DEENI, a city of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, consisting of two parts; or, more properly, forming two distinct towns. OLD ABERDEEN, on the right bank of the Don, was a place of some importance in the 12th century. It has a university called King's College, founded by James IV., in 1494. NEW ABERDEEN, the cap. of Aberdeenshire, stands on the left bank of the Dee (which forms its harbour), 91 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. It. has a university named Marischal College, in honour of Earl Marischal, who founded it, in 1593 or 1594. Lat. 570 9' N., Lon. 2~ 6' W. Entire population of the burgh, including both towns, 63,288. AB'-ER-DEENJ-SHIRE, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the sea. Pop. 192,387. ABERGAVENNY, ab/-cr-gA-'ne, a small t. in England, in Monmouth. shire, 11 m. W. from Monmouth. AB'-ER-IsT/-wITH (with) or ABERYSTWITH, a seaport t. of Wales, Cardiganshire. Lat. 520 24' N., Lon. 40 5' W. Pop. 4,975. AB/-ING-DON, a t. of England, in Berkshire, on the Thames, 56 m. W. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,585. AnB, Al-bo, (Sw. Xno, ol-boo), formerly the cap. of Finland, situated on a promontory, between the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Pop., formerly, 12,500. (P. C.) Lat. 60~ 27' N., Lon. 220 17' E. It was alnost utterly destroyed by the dreadful conflagration of 1825, but is now slowly rising from its ruins. (B.) ABOMEY, ab'-o-maf, a populous t. of Africa, cap. of the kingdom of Dahomey. Lat. about 7~ 30' N., Lon. 10 45' E. Pop. 24,0(30. (B.) AB-OO-KEER/ (Aboukir), a t. of Egypt, with a castle, 13 m. N. E. of Alexandria. Lat. 31~ 20' N., Lon. 30~ 7' E. ABOOSHEHR, d-boo-shaih'rl, (Abuschehr or Aboushehr, also written Bushire? boo-sheern; and Bender or Bunder Boshavir, bo-sha-veerf,) a seaport t. of Persia, on a peninsula in the Persian Gulf, 10 m. W. S. ATW. of Shiraz. Lat. 280 57' N., Lon. 500 52' E. Pop. formerly estimated as high as 12,000, and even 15,000, but now reduced by pestilence war, and other causes, to 1,500. (B.) AB-OO-TIZH! or ABOOTISH (written usually Aboutij or Abutige), a t. in.Upper Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, celebrated for its excellent opium. Lat. 270 5' N., Lon. 31~ 20' E. ABR-ACR 55 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ABRANTES, a-branf-tes, a t. of Portuguese Estremadura, 74 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 5,000. (B.) ABROLHOS, -brolef-yoce dangerous sand-banks and roclks on the coast of Brazil, in about 18~ S. Lat., 30~ 20' W. Lon. ABRUD BA'NYA, 6b'-rood' bahnfy6h', a small t. of Transylvania, remarkable for its gold mines. Lat. 46~ 28' N., Lon. 22~ 10' E. AaBRUzzo, -brootl-so, an extensive territory forming the N. E. portion of the Neapolitan dominions. It is divided into Abruzzo Ultra (ooll-tra) and Abruzzo Citra (cheel-tri), or, farther and nearer Abruzzo. ABUSCHEIR. See ABOOSHEHR. ABUTIGE. See ABOOTIZH. AB-YS-SIN-A-.A, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the E. by the Red Sea, N. by Sennaar, W. and S. by Sennaar, Kordofan, and barbarous regions; about 770 m. long, and 550 broad. The ranges of mountains, with which it is everywhere intersected, preserve the air cool, andl afford a sufficient supply of water. In consequence of this physical structure, Abyssinia is exceedingly fertile, and is exempted, in a great measure, from that sand which dooms so large a. portion of Africa to sterility. The chief alimentary plants are, millet, barley, wheat, maize, and teff.* All travellers concur in praising the fine wheaten bread of Abyssinia; but it is eaten only by people of rank. Teff grows on every soil, and affords the bread which is in universal use. This once powerful kingdom, which during so many ages preserved its independence against the efforts of paganism and the sword of Mahomet, is now a prey to anarchy, and completely dismembered. Among the various kingdoms into which it has been divided, the following are the principal: The kingdom of AMHARA, of TIGRE, and of SIIO, or SHWA. These will be spoken of in their respective places.-The Abyssinians profess Christianity, but their religion is filled with Judaical observances.-Adj. and inhab., AB-Ys-sINI —4_N. ACAPULCO, Ac-ai-pooll-co, a t. of Mexico, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its port is the finest in Mexico, and has few equals in the world. Lat. 16~ 50' N., Lon. 990 49' WV. Pop. 4,000. (B.) ACt-CO-MACK', a county of Virginia, on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 17,890. Seat of justice, Accomack c. h. ACnEEN. See ATCHEEN. ACHMIM. See AKHMYM. ACHMOUNEYN. See OSHMOONEYN. AcquI. See AQuv. ACRa, At-kra, or ACI-caR, a kingdom on the gold coast of Africa, about 26 in. in length, and from 12 to 20 in breadth.-Also the chief t. of the above kingdom. Lat. 50 30' N., Lon. 0~ 15' W. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) ACRE,'a-k'r or W1k'r, (Turk. and Arab. Aktka,) an ancient city and seaport of Palestine, in a pashalic of its own name, on a bay of the *"The teff or tafo is a grain smaller than mustard seed, and well tasted Blumenbach thinks that it is the same with the Poa Abyssinica." (M. B.) 56 ADA-ADI FLte, fAr, fAll, fi3t; me-, nlmt; pine or pine, p2n; n6, not; 66, as in good; Mediterranean, in a situation rendered unhealthy by the neighbouring marshes. It is small, but very populous and well fortified. This city has been celebrated from remote antiquity. Strabo calls it AaeF (Axp). Another appellation is, St. Jean D'Acre, which it probably acquired fiom the knights of St. John, so distinguished for their valour against the Mahometans. It is 23 m. N. N. W. of Jerusalem. Lat. 320 54' N., Lon. 350 6' E. Pop. estimated at near 20,0(10. (B.) A-DAIR/, a co. in the S. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 9,898. Co. t. Columbia. ADAIr, a co. in the N. part of Mo., near border of Iowa. P. 2,342. ADALIA, i-dA/-le-A, or SATALIA, a seaport and commercial t. of Asiatic rurkey, on the Mediterranean. Lat. 36~ 53' N., Lon. 30~ 45' E. Pop..ariously estimated from 8,000 to 30,000. (B.) ADI-Is, a co. in the most westerly part of Ill., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 26,508. Co. t. Quincy. ADA.ms, a co. in the E. part of Ind., a little S. of the Maumee r. Pop. 5,797. Co. t. Decatur. ADAMS, a co. in the S. WV. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 18,622. Co. t. Natchez. ADAMS, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, on the Ohio r. Pop. 18,883. Co. t. West Union. ADAMS, a co. in the S. part of Pa., a little W. of the Susquehanna r. and bordering on IMd. Pop. 25,981. Co. t. Gettysburg. ADANA, AY-da-na, a t. of Asiatic Turkey in Caramania, on a river of the same name. Lat. 360 59' N., Lon. 350 6' E. Pop. estimated by M+. Kinneir at near 3),(!00; but during the heat of summer it is almost deserted. (B.) ADDA, ad/-da, a river of Italy, which runs through the Valtellina into Lake Como, and joins the Po near Cremona. AD/-DX-SON, a, CO. of Vermont, bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop. 26,549. Co. t. Middlebury. ADElr,, at-del/, a territory of Africa, immediately S. E. of Abyssinia. Zeila is the chief town. ADEN, ai-den or hi-den, a seaport t. of Arabia, on a gulf at the N. extremity of the Indian Ocean, to which it gives its name. The pop. of this place, said to have been 30,000 in the 17th century, had become reduced a few years since to about 800 (M.), when it was taken possession of by the British, and made a commercial depot, and a station for the steamers running from Suez to Bombay. It is now represented as being in a very flourishing state, the pop. being estimated at between 10,000 and 20,000. Lat. 12~ 45' N., Lon. about 45~ E. ADIGE, ad!-e-je, * (It. pron. Ai-de-jt; Ger. Etsch; Anc. Athlesis;) a r. of N. Italy, which rises in the country of the Grisons, on the borders of Tyrol, and flows into the Gulf of Venice, near the mouths of the Po. II is a rapid stream, and navigated with difficulty. Like him wayworn And lost, who by the foaming ADICn, Descending from the Tyrol.'' Roca.ns's.Ttaly, Part first, VIII. ADI-ET 57 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ADIRBEITZAN. See AZERBAIJAN. AD'-X-RON/-DACic, a nanme recently given to a cluster of mountains in N. Y., S. W. of L. Champlain. The highest summit, Mt. Marcy, has an elevation of about 5,460 feet above the sea. ADLERBERG, AV-dler-beRG or arl/-bieRG, one of the largest mountains of Suabia, properly a branch of the Tyrolese Alps, which separates Suabia from the Tyrol. ADI-MX-RAL-TY, a large island on the WV. coast of North America. Lat. 558 N., Lon. about 134~ W. About 180 m. in circuit. ADOUR, ad'-oof, a r. in the S. VT. of France, which rises in the Pyrenees, and runs into the Bay of Biscay near Bayonne. ADowAH, Al-do-wah or AI-do-va, the cap. of Tigri, in Abyssinia, and the place of the greatest trade in all that country. (B.) Pop. 8,(!00. Lat. 14~ 12' N., Lon. 390 5' E. ADRArMTI, ad-ra-meef-te, (Anc. Adrarmytltium), a t. of Natolia, near the E. extremity of a gulf of the same name. Lat. 39~ 34' N., Lon. 26~ 50' E. ADRIA, &J-dre-a (Anc. Hadfria or Atlria), a t. of Italy, 30 m. S. S. W. of Venice. It was an important commercial city, and a station for the Roman fleet under the emperors, but is now greatly reduced, and, in consequence of the sea having receded, is situated about 20 m. inland. Lat. 45~ 3' N., Lon. 12~ 4' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) ADRPIANOPLE, ad'-dre-an-o'-p'l, (Anc. Adrianoplolis, i. e. the "city of Adrian;" Turk. Edfren-eh'), the second city of European Turkey on the Maritza, in a rich plain, 135 m. N. W. of Constantinople. It was the seat of the Turkish dominion in Europe from the year 1366 to 1453, when the residence of the Sultans was transferred to Constantinople. Adrianople is the residence of a grand mollah and of a Greek archbishop. It contains some interesting Roman antiquities and several remarkable Moslem buildings, among which may be mentioned the mosque of Selim II., regarded as the most magnificent edifice of the kind that has ever been erected. Its dome is said to be even higher than that of St. Sophia's, at Constantinople. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 100,(l00. Lat. 41~ 41' N., Lon. 26~ 40' E. AD'-RX-AT!-IC SEA, or GULF OF VENICE, (Anc. Mare Adriatficum, or Mare Sufperum,) a great arm of the Mediterranean, extending in a N. WV. direction between the coasts of Italy on the W., left, and Albania and Illyria on the right. It lies between 390 40' and 450 50' N. Lat., and 12~ 10' and 19~ 40' E. Lon. Length about 500 m.; greatest breadth 130 m. The Adriatic derives its name from the once important seaport t. of Adria. ZE-GEr-AN SEA is that portion of the Mediterranean which lies between Asia Minor and Greece. ASROE, IA-ro-e, a Danish island S. of Funen, about 14 m. long, with an area of 32 sq. m., and above 7000 inhab. (P. C.),ETI-NA or ET!NA, a celebrated volcanic mountain of Sicily, situated near the S. E. coast. Height 10,873 feet. Lat. 370 37' N., Lon. 15' 5i F1 58 AFG-AGR FAte, fear, fAll, f3t; m?, met; pine or pine, pin; n5, nDt; 66, as in goood; AFGHANISTAN, af-g.n'-is-taln/, called also tile KIINGDO'&M OF CABnoL, a kingdom of S. Asia, between 280 and 36~ N.Lat., and 590 and 72~ E.Lon. Bounded on the N. by Toorkistan, E. by the kingdom of Lahore, S. by Beloochistan, and W. by Persia. Its actual limits, however, are very uncertain. The area is estimated by Balbi at near 150,(}00) sq. n_.: the pop. at 4,200,0J0. A large portion of the country is mountainOu;', or consists of high table land. In character the Afghans resemble the Arabs; they are hospitable, brave, rapacious, and revengeful. Mahometanism is the prevailing religion. Cabool is the capital.-Adj., and inhab. AFGHAN, af-ghan/, or AF-GHAUNI. AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR. See KARA-HISSAR. AFRAGOLA, af-ra-go1-la, a t. of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of the capital, remarkable for its manufacture of hats. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.) AF/-R!-CA, one of the five grand divisions of the globe; botunded on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, while its S. touches the great Southern Ocean. Its most northern point, Ras el Kroon, or'"Cape Horn," is in about 370 21' N. Lat.; its most southern, Cape Agulhas (6-goolt-yats), or Cape Needles, is about 34~ 50' S. Lat. The distance between these two points is nearly 5,000 m. Cape Guardafui, in Lon. 510 22' E., is the most eastern point of Africa; and Cape Verde, in Lon. 17~ 32' W., the most western. The distance between these capes is above 4,500 m. It contains an area of about 11,650,000 sq. m. (Hassel.) On the whole, Africa seemns to be less liberally supplied with -moisture than either of the other great divisions of the globe. But while in some parts it has immense tracts of burning desert, in others it is marshy and flooded with water. In those regions which are exempt from these extrenres, animal and vegetable life appear in remarkable variety and luxuriance. Of the central portion of this continent, little or nothing is known. -Adj. and inhab. AFI-RIC-AN. AGDn, agd (Anc. Agatha), a t. of France, in the dep. of Herault, 28 m. S. W. of Montpellier. Lat. 430 19'N., Lon. 30 28' E. Pop. 7,200. AGEN, a'-zhaNI/ (Anc. Agin/num), a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Lot and Garonne, on the river Garonne, 75 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Lat. 44~ 12' N., LEon. 0~ 37' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) AGGERSHUUS, a'gt-gers-hoos', a dist. in the S. part of Norway. Christiana is the capital. AGNONE, an-yo'-na, a t. of Naples, celebrated for its copper manufrac tures, which are considered the best in the kingdom. Lat. 41~ 44' N, Lon. 140 2}' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) AGOSTA, 6-gos/lt, or AUGVUS-TA, a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, on thoe E. coast, 12 m. AN. of Syracuse. Lat. 379 14' N., Lon. 15~ 24' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) AGRA, al-gra, an extensive prov. of Hindostan, boundedc on the N. by This is a rare exception in which en, not preceded by i, has the sound of the French in. (See Int. XIX, 20 and 21.) AGR-AIX 59 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; X, nearly like ng. the province of Delhi, S. by Malwah, E. by Oude and Allahabad, and WV. by Ajmeer, being about 250 m. in length and 180 in breadth. It lies between 25~ 35' and 28~ 18' N. Lat. AGRA, called also AK-BAR-A?-D1DI, the cap. of the above prov., and formerly the imperial seat of the Mogul government. Three miles from this city is a superb mausoleum, probably the finest in the world, built by Shah Jehan, as the cemetery of his favourite wife. It is kept in excellent order by the British government, together with its beautiful garden of trees and flowering shrubs. The town itself is in a ruinous state. Lat. 27~ 12' N., Lon. 780 5' E. AGRAM, 6g/-rdm', an important t. of Croatia, on the r. Save. It is the residence of the ban or viceroy of Croatia, and has an academy, which may be regarded as a sort of university. Lat. 45~ 50' N., Lon. 16~ E. Pop., including that of its environs, 17,000. (B.) AHANTA, a'-hanfta, a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, extending from Ancobra to the Chama; bounded on the W. by Apollonia, and on the E. by the Fantee territories. It is the richest, and in every respect, the most improved district on this coast. (E. G.) It is now, like the whole of the Gold Coast, subject to the kingdom of Ashantee. AHMEDABAD, At'-med-a-badf, an ancient city and fortress of Hindostan, in the prov. of Guzerat. Lat. about 23~ N., Lon. 720 40' E. Estimated pop. 100,000. (P. C.) AH'-MED-NUGI-GUR, a strongly fortified city of Hindostan, in the prov. of Aurungabad. Lat. 19~ 5' N., Lon. 74~ 50' E. Pop. about 20,000, exclusive of the garrison. (M.) AJAccro, a-yachf-cho, or AJAZZO, A-yatf-so, the chief t. of Corsica, remarkable for having been the birth place of Napoleon. Lat 41~ 55 N., Lon. 8~ 44' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) AICHSTADT. See E1CHSTADT. AJAN, a-jan! or?a-zhbnl, the name of the E. coast of Africa from Cape Guardafui to Magadoxa. AIN, aN, a small r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the Rhone. AIN, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on Savoy and Switzerland. Pop. 346,188. (B.) Capital, Bourg. AINTAB, ine'-tabf, a flourishing and well built t. of Syria, 60 m. N. of Aleppo. Pop. about 20,000. (B.) AISNE, Nne, a r. in the N. of France, which flows into the Oise. AISNE, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the above river. Pop. 527,095. (B.) Capital, Laon. Aix, aix, (Anc. A!que Sexfltie, named from C. Sextius Calvinus, a Roman proconsul, by whom it was founded, 123 B. C.,) a handsome archiepiscopal city of France, formerly cap. of Provence, now in the dep. of the months of the Rhone, 17 m. N. of Marseilles. It has an acadi. mie universitaire, a public library of 80,000 volumes, and other literary institutions. The name of Aix is a corruption of the Latin Aquca, xwhich was given to the place on account of its warm medicinal springs. Lat. 43~ 32' N., Lon. 5~ 27' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) 60 AIX- ALA Fate, far, fAll, fit; mne, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66, as in good; Aix, a small t. of Savoy, celebrated for its warm baths, 12 m. N. of Chamb&ey. Lat. 450 40' N., Lon. 50 48' E. Pop. about 2,000. AIx LA CHAPELLE, aix la sh' -pellf, (the Aachen, AAf-Iren, of the Germans, and Aquisgranum of the ancient Romans,) a t. of the Prussian states, in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine. It was the second cap. of the empire of Charlemagne, and its name is derived from his having built a chapel there, which was frequently resorted to for his own devotions. Its baths, seven in number, are much celebrated. It now belongs to Prussia. Distant 25 m. N. E. of Liege. Lat. 50~ 47' N., Lon. 6~ 5' E. Pop. 37,()00. (B.) AKERMAN, At-ker-man', a t. and fortress of European Russia, on the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester, important on account of its port, its commerce, and extensive salt works. Lat. 46~ 12' N., Lon. 30~ 23' E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (P. C.) AKHISSAR, Ak'-his-sarf, (i. e. " white castle,") a t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the site of the ancient Thyatifra. Lat. 380 50' N., Lon. 27~ 55 E. Pop. estimated at 5,(00. (M.) AKHMYM or EKiMIM, aK'-meemf, (Anc. Chem/mis and Panoptolis,) a t. of Upper Egypt, on the E. bank of the Nile. Lat. 260 40' N., Lon. 31~ 50' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) AKISHEHR, Ak'-shaih'rl, (i. e. "white city,") an archiepiscopal t. of' Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situated on the eastern base of the mountain.Akshehr, from which the waters descend so as to form a rivulet in almost every street. From this town are exported to Smyrna, fine carpets, wool, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls. Lat. about 38~ 20' N., Lon. 31~ 40' E. Kinneir estimates the number of houses at 15,000. (B.) AL'-A-BAM/-f4,* oneof the U. S., between 30~ 10' and 350 N. Lat., and 850 and 88~ 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by Georgia., S. by Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi; and divided into 52 counties. t Length from N. to S. about 330 m.; greatest breadth from E. to W. about 300 m. Area estimated at above 51,000 sq. m. Pop. 771,671, of whom 426,507 are whites, 2,272 free coloured persons, and 342,892 slaves. Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. Montgomery is the seat of government. ALABAMA, a r. in Ala. formed by the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and, flowing S. S. W., unites with the Tombigbee, to form the Mobile r. AL-ACHI-U-A, a co. in the N. eastern part of Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,524. Co. t. Newnansville. ALAND, a/-land, (Sw. XLAND, of-land,) an island of the Baltic, belong. ing to Russia, situated near the point of meeting of the Gulfs of Both. * See Observation 2, pages 51 and 52. tAutauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Benton, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Chambers, Cherokee, Choctaw, Clair St., Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Dale, Dallas, De Kalb, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Marion, Marshall, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Pike, Randolph, Russell, Shelby, Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, Wilcox. ALA-ALB 61 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. nia and Finland, intersected by the parallel of 60~ 20' N. Lat., and the 20th meridian of E. Lon. It is 35 m. long and 23 m. broad, and contains about 9,000 inhabitants. (M.) ALAIS, A'-111, a t. of France, in the dep. of Gard. It is about 40 m. N. of Montpellier. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Lat. 44h~' N., Lon. 40 5' E. ALASHEHR, ~A-la-shaih'rt, (Anc. Philadelphifa: See ALEXANDRIA-. note,) an important trading t. of Asiatic Turkey, on one of the principal roads to Smyrna, from which it is distant 85 m. E. Lat. 38~ 25' N., Lon. about 28~ 40' E. Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 18,000. (M.) ALBA, l/-bh, a t. of Italy in Piedmont, on the Tanaro r., 32 m. S. S. E. of Turin. Pop. 7,000. (M.) ALBACETE, al-ba-tha/-ta, a t. of Spain, in Murcia, remarkable as giving name to a canal in its vicinity. Lat. about 39~ N., Lon. 1~ 55' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) ALBA JULIA. See KARLSBURG. AL-BAn-NI-4,* (pronounced Al-ba-neef/a by the modern Greeks; Turk. Arnaoodlik or Arnaootleek,) a prov. of European Turkey, extending along the coast of the Adriatic and Ionian Sea. The limits of this country are not well defined; it appears, however, to extend from about 39~ to 43~ N. Lat. A chain of mountains near the 21st degree of E. Lon. may be considered to form its eastern boundary. It is 130 m. in length, and from 70 to 90 in breadth.-Adj. and inhab., AL-BA'-NA-I-N and AL'BANESEI. (Turk. Arnaoot, aRl-nA-oott.). ALBANO, Al-bal-no, a t. of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, resorted to on pleasure excursions by the inhabitants of Rome in spring and har.. vest. It is 14 m. S. S. E. of Rome. Pop. 4,200. (M.) ALBAN'S (ST.), aulf-banz, a small t. of Hertfordshire, England, 20 m. N. N. W. of London. It derives its name from a magnificent monastery founded by Offa, in the eighth century, in honour of St. Alban, reputed the first British martyr. He is said to have suffered in the time of Diocletian, and to be entombed within the church. ALBANY, aull-ba-ne, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on the Hudson r. Entire population 93,279. ALBANY, the cap. of the above co., and of the state of New York, on the W. bank of the Hudson, 160 m. N. of the city of N. York, is, in point of population, trade, and wealth, the second city in the state. It is finely situated for commerce, at the head of sloop navigation on the Hudson, and communicates by canals with L. Erie, L. Ontario, and L. Champlain. It is also connected by railroads with Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo, and with the principal towns of Massachusetts. Steamboats are constantly passing between Albany and New York. The first settlement of this city was made about the year 1612. Lat. 42~ 39/ N., Lon. 730 44/ 49" W. Pop. 50,763. ALBANY, a r. of North America, which falls into James's Bay, near 52~ N. Lat., and 830 W. Lon. This river has communication with a a: See Int. XI. t This is on the supposition that Brooklyn is a suburb of New York. 6 62 ALB-ALE Fate, far, fAll, fAt; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66, as in good, vast chain of small lakes lying in a S. W. direction, to the south end of L. Winnipeg. There is a fort of the same name on the river near its mouth. AL'-BE-M.ARLE/, a co. of Virginia, near the centre of the state. Pop. 25,800. Co. t. Charlottesville. ALBEMARLE SOUND, on the coast of N. Carolina, in the N. E. part of the state; about 60 m. lonog, and from 4 to 15 wide. ALBUQUERQUE, Al-boo-kerat-ka, a t. of Estremadura, Spain. Lat. 390 12' N., Lon. 6~ 48' W. Pop. 5,500. (M.) ALI-BY or ALBI (Fr. pronunciation, a'1-be/,) an archiepiscopal t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Tarn, on the r. Tarn; is 44 m. N. E. of Toulouse. Lat. 430 55' N., Lon. 20 10' E. Pop. 11,800. (B.) ALCALA DE HENARES, Al-ca-llA-da-en-Ya-rls, a t. of New Castile, Spain, 15 m. E. of Madrid, remarkable for its university, founded in 1499, by Cardinal Ximenes, which was formerly, after Salamanca, the seminary of the greatest repute throughout Spain. This town was the birth-place of Cervantes. Lat. 40~ 27' N., Lon. 30 25' W. Pop. 5,000. (B.) ALCALA LA REAL, Al-cal-la-Ia-rr-Al-, a t. of Andalusia., Spain, 30 m. S. W. of Jaen. Lat. 370 33' N., Lon. 40 14' W. Pop. 4,374. (M.) ALcAMO, All-ca-mo, a t. of Sicily, 25 in. S. W. of Palermo. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) ALCAiIZ, Al-can-yeethl, a t. of Arragon, Spain, on the river Guadalupe. Lat. 41~ 10' N., Lon. 00 11' W. Pop. 5,000. (B.) ALCANTARA, al-canf-ta-ra, a t. of Estremadura, Spain, remarkable for a bridge over the Tagus, erected in the time of the emperor Trajan. Lat. 390 40' N., Lon. 6~ 43' W. Pop. 3,000. (B.) ALCKMAER. See ALKMAAR. AL-COI-NA (Negwegon), a co. in the E. N. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. Huron. ALCOY, al-cot-e, a t. of Valencia, Spain, with flourishing manufactures, 20 m. N. of Alicante. Pop. estimated at 18,000. (B.) ALDERNEY, aulf-der-ne, an island in the English channel, belonging to Great Britain, about 10 m. in circuit, and 18 m. N. E. of Guernsey. Pop. 1,030. ALEM-TEJO, a-leng-toA-zho, or ALENTEJO, (i. e. " beyond the Tagus,") the largest of the provinces of Portugal; bounded on the N. by Estremadura and Beira, on the E. by the Spanish frontier, on the S. by Algarve, and on the W. by the Atlantic. It is about 150 m. in length, and nearly the same in breadth. ALENgON, al-enl-son,3 (Fr. pronunciation, A'-laN'-saNt,) a manufacturing t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Orne; 110 m. S. WT. of Paris. Lat. 480 25' N., Lon. 0~ 5' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) "This name, so celebrated in the history of England and of France, appears to have become thoroughly anglicized. Shakspeare and Southey always accentuate t on the penultima, as here given. ALE-ALE 63 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. AL-EP/-ro, (Arab. HA/-leb or Ha/-lep; Anc. Berce/a; —not the Bercea mentioned in the New Testament: this was in Macedonia — its modern name is KARA VERIA, ka'f-ra' ver-eef-a.) A city of Syria, and cap. of a pashalic of the same name. It was a few years since the third city of the Ottoman empire, yielding only to Constantinople and Cairo; but more than one-half of it was laid in ruins by the earthquake of 1822. Previously to this dreadful catastrophe, its commerce had raised it to the first rank among Asiatic cities, and procured for it the name of the modern Palmyra. Its population, together with that of its immediate environs, before 1822, is estimated by -Balbi to have been near 200,000. Lat. 36~ 11' N., Lon. 370 10' E.-Adj. and inhab. ALEPPINE, al-ep-peent. (Arab. HA/-lb-ee.) ALESSANDRIA, l-es-sant-dre-a, a t. and, formerly, important fortress of the Sardinian states; cap. of a prov. of the same name on the Tana.ro, in Upper Italy, 48 m. S. W. of Milan. Lat. 44~ 55' N., Lon. 8' 36 E. Pop. 36,000. (M.) ALEUTIAN (A-lul-she-an), or ALEUITAN ISLANDS, an insular chain in the North Pacific, stretching from the peninsula of Kamtchatka, in Asia, to Cape Alaska, in N. America, belonging to the Russian governmeat of Irkootsk. They are about forty in number, and contain among them several volcanoes. In 1795 a volcanic island rose from the sea, which in 1807 was found to be enlarged to about 20 m. in circuit, and the lava was then flowing down its sides. Aleutian is derived from the Russian word aleut (or aleoot), signifying a "bold rock." (P. C.) AL-EX-AN-DRET/-TA (called by the Turks Is-ken-der-oon/ or Scander-oonf), a seaport of Syria, on the Gulf of Scanderoon, 30 m. N. of Antioch. Its road is the only one in Syria which affords good anchorage. The air of the place is very insalubrious, so that it is never exempt from pestilential fevers. Lat. 360 36' N., Lon. 36~ 10' E. AL-EX-ANI-a)R.-A a co. in the N. E. part of Virginia. Pop. 10,008. ALEXANDRIA, a city and port of entry; cap. of the above co., on the Potomac, 7 m. S. of Washington. It has a commodious harbour, sulfficiently deep for the largest ships. Lat. 38~ 49 N., Lon. 770 4' WV. Pop. 8,752. ALEXANDRIA, (Anc. Alexandrifa;* called Is-kan-der-eef-yeh by the Arabs and Turks,) a large and celebrated city; the ancient capital of Egypt; founded by Alexander the Great, in the year 332 B. C. It is situated at the VW. extremity of the Egyptian coast, on the borders of the desert, upon a neck of land between the Mediterranean and L. Mareotis. It was once the centre of science as well as of commerce. Its library, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, surpassed all others of which antiquity could boast. Even after its subjection to the Roman * The accent should be placed upon the penultima of ALEXANDRIA whenever the ancient city Is referred to. This accentuation is supported not only by the best authorities of the present day, but by the ancient Greek spelling, AXslavrps2a (Alexandria,. The same may be said of the ancient name of Philadelphia, which was written by the Gieeks LiXaJEXeza (Philadelpheia). 64 ALG-ALG Fate, fAr, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66, as in good; empire, Alexandria scarcely lost any of its splendour. It was considered second only to Rome, and still engrossed, as it had done before, the trade of India: goods being brought up the Red Sea, landed at Berenice, and carried across to the Nile, were conveyed down the river and through a canal to the city. After it was reduced by Omar, in 640, and subjected to the Saracen yoke, the caliphs transferred the seat of government to Cairo, and Alexandria was no longer the capital even of Egypt. The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, by turning the commerce of India into a different channel, completed its downfall. Lat. 31~ 13' N., Lon. 29~ 55' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. ALEXANIDRIAN. (Arab. Skan-der-a/-nee.) ALGARVE, Al-garf-vA, or AL-GARI-BI-A, once an independent kingdom, now the most southern province of Portugal; bounded on the VW. and S. by the Atlantic, E. by Andalusia, N. by Alem-Tejo. Length. 85 n.; greatest breadth, about 30 m. ALGERIA. See ALGIERS. ALG-EZ-I1-RAS or ALGECIRAS, (Sp. pron. Al-HI-theet-ras,) a town of Andalusia, Spain, on the Gulf of Gibraltar. Lat. 36~ 8' N., Lon. 50 26' W. Pop. about 9,900. (P. C.) ALGIERS, al-jeerz', or AL-GE/-R.-A (Arab. Al-Jez-air,) a territory of northern Africa, forming one of the principal of the Barbary States, between 34~ and 37~ 7' N. Lat., and 8~ 40' E. and 2' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Tunis, S. by the Atlas, which separates it from the Beled-ool-Jereed, or Country of Dates, and on the WV. by Morocco, from which it is divided by the desert of Angrab. It comprehends the greater part of the Numidia and Mauritania Tingitana of the ancients. In the sixteenth century, the celebrated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Alriers, and became its ruler. The utmost efforts of the emperor, Charles V., proved abortive against the power thus founded; and Algiers, under enterprising chiefs, became a great naval state, which continued for three centuries the terror of Christendom. More recently, however, from a want of intelligence in the rulers, and from not sharing in the rapid improvements of the European states, she had lost much of her relative importance and power; and finally, in the year 1830, was conquered by the French army, under Marshal Bourmont, and subjected to the dominion of France.-Adj. and inhab.ALGERINE, il-jer-eenl. ALGIERS, a celebrated city, and cap. of the country of the same name, is situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, upon the declivity of a hill, on which the houses rise gradually in the form of an amphitheatre, and terminate nearly in a point at the summit. It is not above a mile and a half in circuit. The largest street is said to be 1200 paces long, and not more than 12 feet wide. The population, previous to the French conquest, had been variously estimated, from 80,000 to 200,000, and even 300,000; but it is probable that even the first estimate was much beyond the truth. According to a census taken by the French in 1833, the whole number of inhabitants, excl usive of the garrison, amounted only to 23,753. (B.) Lat. 360 49' N., Lon. 3~ 25' E. ALH —ALL 65 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ALHAMA, al-hat-ma, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 25 m. S. W. of Granada, celebrated for its baths. Pop. 6,309. (B.) ALICANTE, al-e-canl-th, or AL\' —CANTI, a seaport and commercial t. of Spain, in Valencia, with a strong citadel. It is 78 m. S. of Valencia Lat. 38~ 20' N., Lon. 0~ 28' W. Pop. 25,000. (B.) ALICATA, a-le-kl-t'a, a fortified t. on the S. coast of Sicily, 20 m. E. S. E. of Girgenti. Lat. 37~ 5' N., Lon. 13? 55' E. Pop. 13,465. (M.) ALKMAAR, Alk-mar/, a well-built and strongly fortified t. of Holland, 20 m. N. N. W. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52~ 38' N., Lon. 4~ 45' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) ALLAHABaaD, ll'-Ila-ha-badl, (i. e. " city of God,") an ancient city of Hindostan; cap. of a prov. of the same name. At the distance of about two miles from the town, is situated, at the junction of the rivers Ganges and Jumna, the celebrated fortress of Allahabad, founded by the emperor Akbar, in the year 1583, one of the most esteemed places of Hindoo worship and ablution. Every sumner multitudes of pilgrims resort thither from all parts of India, and, encamping on the sands between the two rivers, perform their purifications and other ceremonies for nearly two months. This fortress stands in Lat. 25~ 27' N., Lon. 81~ 50' E., being, by the course of the GangeS, 820 m. from the sea. Pop. 20,000. (B.) ALr., Al/-1eh, a r. of Prussia, which flows into the Pregel, about 30 m. E. of Konigsberg. AL'-LE-GHA/-NY* MOUNTAINS, a chain of mountains, stretching from Maine to the N. part of Georgia. In New England they are less than 100 m. from the Atlantic coast, but gradually diverge as they advance southward, so that near their southern extremity, they are more than 300 m. from the sea. They divide the waters which flow into the Atlantic from those that flow into the Mississippi. Some writers on geography describe the Alleghany mountains as commencing in Georgia and terminating at the Hudson. But there appears to be no sufficient reason why the Green Mountains of Vermont, and White Mountains of New Hampshire, should not be included under the same general appellation with the rest of this chain. They are also sometimes called the AP'-PA-LA/-CHI —AN MOUNTAINS. ALLEGHANY, a r. which rises in Pa., and after making a circuit into N. Y., returns again into Pa., and, uniting with the Monongahela at Pittsburg, forms the Ohio. ALLEGHANY, a co. in the W. part of Pa., surrounding the mouth of the Alleghany r. Pop. 138,290. Co. t. Pittsburg. ALLEGHANY, a co. in the S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 37,808. Co. t. Angelica.' We regret to perceive that it is becoming customary, even in works of a respectable character, to write this name Allegheny. It is difficult to conceive of any sufficient motive for departing from the ordinary spelling, which gives the true pronunciation, in order to adopt another, which contradicts the pronunciation. We are compelled, therefore, to place this in the list of retrograde innovations. 6* 66 ALL-ALP Fate, far, fAll, fit; me, met; plne or pine, pin; n6, n't; 66 as in good, ALLEGHANY, a co. forming the W. extremity of Maryland. Pop. 22,769. Co. t. Cumberland. ALLEGHANY, a co. in the central part of Virginia, near the source of James r. Pop. 3,515. Co. t. Covington. AL/-LEN, a co. in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, a little W. of the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,742. Co. t. Scottsville. AL.LEN, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ohio, on the Miami Canal. Pop. 12,109. Co. t. Lima. ALLEN, a co. in the N. E. part of Indiana, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 16,919. Co. t. Fort Wayne. ALLIER, Al'-le'-Ya, a r. of France, flowing into the Loire, 3 m. below Nevers. ALLIER, a dep. in the E. central part of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 309,270. (B.) Capital, AIoulins. AL/-LO-A, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmannan co., on the N. bank of the Forth, 27 in. WA' N. W. of Edinburgh. The harbour is safe and commodious. Lat. 56~ 7' N., Lon. 30 46' W. Pop. 5,434. ALMADEN, al-ma-denI, a t. of Spain, in New Castile, 55 m. N. of Cordova. Its mines of quicksilver are regarded as'the richest in Europe. Pop. about 10,000. The mines of Almaden have been long known, and are supposed to have been wrought by the Romans; a few years ago they yielded, annually, about 22,000 quintals of mercury. (B.) ALMANSA, al-manl-sa, a t. of Spain, 60 m. S. W. of Valencia. Pop. 5,000. (M.) ALMEIDA, al-mh/e-da, one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal, situated in the prov. of Beira, on the Spanish frontier. Lat. 400 37' N., Lon. 6~ 52' W. Pop. 1,150. (P. C.) ALMERIA, al-ma-reef-a, a rich maritime t. of Spain, in the prov. of Granada, near the mouth of the r. Almeria, 77 m. S. E. of Granada, with a good harbour. Lat. 36~ 44' N., Lon. 2~ 31' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.) ALMUNECAR, al-moo-na-carf, a small seaport t. of Spain, with a good harbour and a castle, 38 m. S. of Granada. Lat. 36~ 42' N., Lon. 30 47' W. ALNWICK or ALNEWICK, anf-nik, a t. of England, in the co. of Northumberland, 32 m. N. by TW. of Newcastle. At the N. entrance of the town stands Alnwick Castle, a magnificent mansion, belonging to the duke of Northumberland. The original building is supposed to have been a stronghold in the time of the Romans. Lat. 550 25' N., Lon. 1' 42' W. Pop. 4,945. AL-PE/-N4 (Anamickee), a co. in the N. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. Huron. ALPS, alps, mountains of Europe, which divide Italy from France, Switzerland, and Germany. Their general form resembles that of a crescent. Beginning near the mouth of the Var, on the Gulf of Genoa, they terminate, after many windings, near the Gulf of Trieste, on the Adriatic. The highest summit is Mount Blanc. (See BLANC, MOUNT.) ALPS, LOWER, (Fr. Basses-Alpes, bass alp,) a dep. near the S. E. ALP- EMA 67 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. extremity of France, bordering on Italy. Pop. 159,045. (B.) Capital, )igne. ALPS, UPPER, (Fr. Hautes-Alpes, ote zalp,) a dep. in the S. E. part of France, N of, and bordering on the preceding. Pop. 131,162. (B.) Capital, Gap. ALSACE, Al'-sassf, a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Upper and Lower Rhine. ALS, als, usually, though improperly, written ALSEN, All-sen, a fertile island ill the Baltic, lying between Fiinen and the E. coast of Sleswick. It is about 20 m. long and 8 broad. Pop. about 15,000. (P. C.) ALTAr al-ta/-e or Al-tlf, mountains of Asia, which commence near the sea of Aral, and terminate at East Cape, on the Pacific Ocean, in the 170th degree of W. Long. They traverse, under different nanmes, an extent of near 5,0i10 miles. The highest part of the chain is computed at 11,512 feet (1,800 toises) above the level of the sea. (B.) ALTAMAHA, aul'-t;a-ma-haut, a r. of Georgia, formed by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee. It runs S. E., and empties into the sea about 60 m. S. WV. of Savannah. It is navigable for vessels of 30 tons as far as Milledgeville, on the Oconee branch, about 300 m. from the sea. ALTAMURA, hl-t0-moof-r', a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari. Lat. 400 47' N., Lon. 16~ 33' E. Pop. estimated at 16,(000. (B.) ALTENBURG, al/-ten-burg', (Ger. pron. alf-ten-bfiRG',) a t. of Germany; cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, on the Pleisse, with several important literary institutions. Lat. about 510 N., Lon. 12~ 30' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) ALTON, aull-ton, a flourishing t. of Ill., in Madison co., on the Mississippi, 3 m. above the mouth of the Missouri. A railroad 63 m. long connects it with Springfield. Pop. 3,875. ALTONA or ALTENA, All-ton-hA, a city of Holstein, the second town of the Danish dominions, as regards industry, commerce, and population; on the Elbe, about 2 m. W. of Hamburg. It is a free port, and contains a mint, besides several important literary and scientific institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 530 32' 51" N., Lon. 90 56' 50" E. Pop. estimated at above 27,000. (B.) ALTrORF, al\-toRf, or ALTDORF, (i. e. " Old Village,") the cap. of the Swiss canton of Uri, about 2 m. from the S. E. extremity of the lake of Lucerne. Here the tyrant Gessler proceeded to those indignities which, through the patriotism of William Tell, laid the foundation of Swiss independence. Lat. 46~ 53' N., Lon. S~ 38' E. Pop. about 1,500. (B.) ALTZEY or ALZEY, Altf-si, a t. in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, 14 m. N. WV. of Worms. Pop. 3,600. (B.) AMAGER, Af-ma-ger, a small island in the Baltic, lying opposite to~ Copenhagen, with which it is connected by two bridges. It is about 9 m. long, and, on an average, 3 broad. It supplies the neighbouring town with garden vegetables, milk, butter, and cheese. A part of Copenhagen, called Christianshavn, is built on this island. E 68 AMA-AMB Fate, f'tr, fall, f:it; m', mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n't; 66, as in good, AMALFI, A-mall-fe, a t. of Naples, 10 m. S. W. of Salerno. It was quite celebrated in the middle ages, and possessed no inconsiderable commerce. Present pop. scarcely 3,000. (B.) Lat. 40~ 38' N., Lon. 140 35' E. AMARAPOORA. See UIMMERAPOORA. AMASIA or AMASIEH, a-mal-see'-a, (Anc. Amasila or Amasseita,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the Yesheel (Yeshil) Ermak, 399) m. E. of Constantinople. It is an extensive and populous place, but the streets are narrow and dirty. The greater portion of the houses- are of wood, though many are built of stone and covered with tiles. The river here is large and rapid, and the water is raised in buckets by means of large wheels turned by the stream. These buckets empty themselves into reservoirs, whence the water is conveyed to the baths and fountains of the city. This town was the birth-place of the famous geographer, Strabo. Pop. 60,000 or 70,000. (E. G.) Lat. 400 30' N., Lon. 36~ 25' E. AMASERA, a-mAt-ser-a, or AMASREH, (Anc. Amnes/tros,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on a point of land projecting into the Black Sea, 150 m. E. N. E. of Constantinople. Lat. 41~ 46' N., Lon. 32~ 24' E. AMI-A-zQN. (SP. Marafion, ma-ran-yonel: called by the Indians Am-as!so-na, i. e. "boat destroyer,") a r. of S. America, the largest in the world, formed by the union of the Tunguragua and Ucayali. It emptties itself into the Atlantic, under the equinoctial line, after a course cf more than 4,000 m. The mouth of this river is 180 ml. wide, and it flows into the ocean with such violence that it carries its own waters unmixed into the sea to the distance of 80 leagues. In the fieshets, the country, for several hundred miles, is laid underwater. This river is also called the ORELLANA (o-rel-yat-na). AM-A-ZO'-NI-A, a region in the central part of S. America, discovered in 1539, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed down the Amazon to the Atlantic. Observing, as he states, companies of women in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and the river Amazon.* AMBE.RG, Aml-beRG, a t. of Bavaria, 32 m. N. of Ratisbon. It has a castle, arsenal, and mint, and various manufacturing establishments. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Lat. 490 25' N., Lon. 110 50' E. AMBERT, M\'-baiRa, a t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, on the Dore, possessing above 100 paper-mills, besides various other manufactories. Lat. 450 33' N., Lon. 30 48' E. Pop. 8,016. (M.) AMBOISE, AMb'-wazf, (Anc. Anba/cia,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Indre and Loire, 14 m. E. of Tours. Lat. 470 24' N., Lon. 00 58' E. Pop. 4,695. (M.) AM-BoY/, a small t. of Middlesex co., N. J., at the mouth of the Raritan, about 30 m., in a straight line, S. W. of New York, with an excellent harbour. It is a port of entry. AM-BOYI-N., an island of Malaisia, intersected by the parallel of * It is not improbable that the Indian name of the river may have suggested this aecount of the armed women. AMB —AMI 69 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in thts; N, nearly like ng. 3~ 40' S. Lat., and the 128th meridian of E. Lon. It is the chief of the Moluccas, all the others being dependent on its jurisdiction. Length about 55 m. The vegetable productions are numerous, but the clove tree is the principal object of attention.-Adj. and inhab. AM-BOY-NESEl. AMBOYNA, the cap. of the above, is situated on a large bay, which divides the island into two unequal peninsulas. It is neat and regularly built, though its streets are unpaved. Lat. 3~ 40' S., Lon. 128~ 15' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) AMELAND, h/-m.l-Snt', a small island belonging to Holland,off the coast of Friesland. Lat. 530 27' N., Lon. about 5~ 50' E. AM-vE/-L.I-, a co. of Va., on the Appomattox r., S. W. of Richmond. Pop. 9,770. Seat of justice, Amelia c. h. AMELIA, an island on the coast of Florida, about 50 m. N. of St. Augustine. It is 13 m. long, and 2 broad; is very fertile, and has an excellent harbour. AM-ERI-I-cA, one of the five grand divisions of the globe; bounded on the E. by the Atlantic, which separates it from Europe and Africa; and on the W. by the Pacific; which separates it from Asia. Towards the N. its limits are but imperfectly known. At the S. it terminates in a point called Cape Horn. It is more than 9,000 m. long, and, on an average, about 1,500 broad, and extends from about 350 to 1680 W. Lon., and from 71~ N. to 56~. S.'Eat. According to Hassel, it contains about 16,500,000 sq. m. America is remarkable for the size and grandeur of its mountains, lakes, and rivers. A range of mountains runs from N. to S. through its whole length. This continent is divided by the isthmus of Panama into North and South America.Adj. and inhab. AM —E Tl-1-cN. AMERSFORT or AMERsFOORT, -A-mers-fbrtf, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Holland, in the prov. of Utrecht, on the navigable r. Eem (aim), which flows into the Zuyder Zee, 25 m. E. S. E. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52~ 12' N., Lon. 5~ 22' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) AMIIARA, Am-haf-ra, a general division and kingdom of Abyssinia, comprehending the provinces W. of the Tacazz6. Its cap. is Gondar. — Adj. AMHARIC, am-ha/-ric. AMI-HERST, a co. in the central part of Va., N. of, and bordering on, James river. Pop. 12,699. Seat of justice, Amnherst c. h. AMHERST, a township of Hampshire co., Mass., 76 m. W. of Boston, with a flourishing, college, founded in 1821. AMI-HERST-BURG', the cap. of Essex co., Upper Canada, on L. Erie, near the mouth of the Detroit r. There is a safe and commodious harbour, with a good anchorage, in 3- fathoms water. Lat. 420 5' N., Lon. 83~ 5' W. AMI-X-ENS, (Fr. pron. A'-me'-aNr,) formerly the chief t. of Picardy, and now the cap. of the dep. of Somme, on the r. Somme, 40 m. from the sea, and 75 m. N. of Paris. It has a number of literary and scientific institutions, and various inanufactories. Amiens was the birth-place of Peter the Hermit, and the astronomer Delambre. Lat. 49~ 53' N., Lon. 2~ 17' E. Pop. 45,000. (B.) 70 AMI-AND Fate, far, fall, fat; m6, mht; pine or pine; pin; nb, nbt; 66 as in good. AMITE, am-eett, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Miss., bordering on La. Pop. 9,694. Co. seat, Liberty. AMLWCH, amt-look, a seaport t. of Wales, in the N. E. corner of Anglesey. There are extensive copper-mines in the vicinity. Pop. of, parish, 6,217. AM'-MON-OOt-SucK, UIPPER and LOWER, two rivers of N. H., rising in the White Mountains, and flowing into the Connecticut. AMOO or AMU. See Oxus. AM-ooR/ (AMUR or AMOUR), called also the SAGHALIAN, sa-haglMe-an, a large r. in the E. part of Asia, formed by the union of the Argoon and Shilka, in about 53~ N. Lat. and 121~ E. Lon. Its general course is easterly, and it empties itself into the Gulf of Saghalian, between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, in Lat. 520 30' N., Lon. about 140~ E. Entire length, including the Argoon, its principal branch, above 2,000 m. AMRETS[R, Am'-ret-seerf, or UM-RIT-SEERI (the pool of immortality, an important commercial t. of Hindostan, in Lahore, on the high road between Cabool and Delhi, Cashmere and the Dekkan. The name is derived from a sacred basin, immersion in which is supposed by many tribes of the Hindoos to cleanse from all sin. Pop. 10(0,000. (B.) Lat. 31~ 33' N., Lon. 740 50' E. AMf-STER-DAMI' (Dutch pronf. aml-ster-dam/), the largest, richest, and most populous city of the Netherlands, situated on the Y. It was, in former ages, a simple village, meanly built, and inhabited by fishermen, having first acquired the name of a commercial town about the year 1370; it was encompassed with walls and other fortifications in:482, and in the 17th century arose to the first rank among the trading cities of Europe. The river Amstel divides it into the old or eastern, and new or western towns. It is intersected throughout by canals, which cross each other in a thousand different ways. The name is said to have been derived from Amsteldam, i. e. "dam or dyke of the Amstel," which was afterwards softened into Amsterdam. Lat. 52~ 22' N., Lon. 40 53' E. Pop. above 201,000. (B.) AN-A-DEERI (Anadir), a r. in the E. part of Siberia, which flows into a gulf of the same name, near 64~ N. Lat., and 178~ E. Lon. ANCONA, dn-cof-na, a seaport t. in the Papal state, and the cap. of a delegation or prov. situated on a point of land running into the Adriatic Sea. It is the most commercial place in the Papal state. In 1732 it was declared a free port, and became the rival of Venice. Lat. 430 3S' N., Lon. 13~ 29' E. Pop. about 39),000. (B.) ANDALUSIAj an-da-luf-she-a, or VANDALUSIA, (Sp. Andalucia, an.-daJoo-theel-a,) a prov. or division of Spain, comprising the four Moorish kingdoms, Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Granada. It is bounded on the N. by La Mancha and Estremadura, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediterranean, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal. Length, from E. to W., 300 m.: greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 150 m. The name, it is supposed, was given to it by the Vandals, wha AN-D-AND 71 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. established themselves here about the beginning of the 5th century. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. ANDALUSIAN, an-da-lul-she-an. AN-D.&-MAN! ISLANDS, a group on the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, consisting of four large islands and several small ones. Three of these are almost contiguous, being separated only by very narrow straits, so that they are usually regarded as one island, and named the Great Andainan. The other of the four is called the Little Andaman. The former, including all its parts, is about 150 m. in length, and 20 in breadth. The latter, lying 30 m. S. of it, is 28 m. long, and 17 broad. Lat. from 10~ 30' to 13~ 40' N., Lon. about 930 E. ANDEILYS, LES, laze?aNd'-le/, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, on the right side of the Seine, about 50 m. N. W. of Paris. It consists properly of two towns, the Great (Grand), and the Little (Petit) Andely. Pop. 5,000. (B.) ANDERNACH, anl-der-narc, (Anc. Antunacum,) a small t. of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, 10 m. W. N. W. of Coblentz, with a considerable trade in millstones and trass, a substance which, when pulverized and mixed with water, becomes as hard as stone. ANDERSON, a co. in the N. central part of Ky. Pop. 6,260. Co. t. Lawrenceburg. ANDES, anf-diz, (called by the Spaniards Cordillera de los Andes, koR-deel-yaf-ra dh loce Anl-des,) the southern portion of the mountain chain which, under various names, extends through the whole length of the American continent. The principal ridge follows, in general, the windings of the Pacific coast, from which it is distant from 50 to 150 m. The highest peaks of the Andes are the Nevado de Sorata, the Nevado de Illimani, and Chimborazo. (See SORATA, ILLIMANT, and CHIMBORAZO.) ANDORRA, an-dbrV-rA, a little republic of Catalonia, Spain, under the protection of France, intersected by the parallel of 420 30' N. Lat. and the meridian of 10 30' E. Lon. Area, 192 sq. in. Pop. 15,000. (B.) ANDORRA, the cap. of the above, has a pop. of about 2,000. AN/-DO-VER, a t. of Essex co., Mass., 20 m. in a straight line N. of Boston, on the railroad which connects this city with Portland, in Maine. A Theological Seminary, under the direction of the Congregationalists, was established here in 1808. It is richly endowed, and enjoys a high reputation. Phillips' Academy, of this place, is one of the best endowed and most flourishing institutions of the kind in the country. Pop. 6,945. ANI-DREW, a co. near the N. WV. extremity of Mo. Pop. 9,433. ANI-DREWS, ST., an ancient city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the German Ocean, 31 m. N. E. of Edinburgh. The University of St. Andrews is the oldest in Scotland, having been founded in 1411. It is attended by about 800 students, and has a library of 40,000 vols. Lat. 56~ 20' N., Lon. 2~ 48' W. Pop. 3,959. ANDRO, anl-dro, (Anc. Anldros,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, about 8 m. from the S. E. extremity of Eubcea. It is 25 m. long, and S broad, and contains a pop. of about 18,000. (P. C.) AN'-DROS-COG-aGIN, a r. of Maine, which, rising from Umbagog Lake, 72 AND-ANG Fite, far, fall, fAt; mer, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n8t; 66, as in good, after passing into N. H., returns into Me., and empties itself into the Kennebeck, about 18 in. from its mouth. ANDUXAR or ANDUJAR, An-dool-Hi'a, a t. of Andalusia, Spain, on the Guadalquivir, 18 m. N. W. of Jaen. Lat. about 380 N., Lon. 40 W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) ANGERMANLAND, ongl-eCr-mnn-lnd', a prov. of Sweden, bordering on the Gulf of Bothnia. ANGErs, an/-jerz or a'N'-zhli, formerly sometimes written ANGIERS, anl-jeerz*, (Anc. Juliomlagus, afterwards Andeca/vi,) a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Maine and Loire, formerly of the prov. of Anjou, on the Mayenne, 165 m. S. W. of Paris. In the neighboulrhood are extensive slate quarries, which give employment to 3,000 workmen, and furnish annually 80,000,000 slates. Lat. 47~ 28' N., Lon. 0~ 33' VW. Pop. 35,900. (B.) ANGLESEY or ANGLESEA, anl-g'l-se', an island and co. of Wales, in the Irish Sea. It is about 27 m. long, and 17 broad. Pop. 50,890. AN-GOl-LA,t a country on the W. coast of Africa, extending from the r. Danda, in about 8~ 20', to the r. Coanza, in 9~ 20' S. Lat. The name Angola is often used to comprehend the whole extent of coast from Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, in Lat. 0~ 44' S., to S. Felipe de Benguela, Lat. 12~ 14' S. The chief, and almost sole object for which it is visited, is the trade in slaves. AN-GOI-RA or AN-GOol-R.A, (Anc. Ancyfra, Turk. En-goorl,) a city of Asiatic Turkey, noted for its manufactures, particularly of shawls, made from the hair of a species of goat, which derives its name from this town. Opium is extensively cultivated in the neighbouring territory. Ancyra was an important place under the Roman empire, and afterwards fell successively into the possession of the Persians, Arabs, and Turks. For some time it was the cap. of the Turkish dominion, but was lost in the celebrated battle fought between Tamerlane and Bajazet, in 1402. Mohammed I. recovered it in 1415, and since that period it has always belonged to the Ottoman empire. Lat. 390 52' N., Lon. 32~ 46' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 35,00() or 40,000. ANGOSTURA, an-gos-toof-rA, a t. of S. America, in Venezuela, on the Orinoco, about 240 in. from its mouth. Lat. 8~ 8' N., Lon. 630 55' W The pop. in 1807 amounted to more than 8,000, but is said at present not to exceed 3,000. (P. C.) ANGOULPME, aN'-goo'-lamef, a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Charente, on the r. Charente, 65 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. Lat. 450 39' N., Lon. 00 10' E. Pop. 16,910. (B.) ANGRA, Ant-gra, the cap. of Terceira, one of the Azores, situated oni " You men of ANGIERS, open wide your gates —"'And lay this ANGIEas even with the ground." KING JOHN, Act II., Scene 2. t "Undamped by time the generous instinct glows, Far as ANGOLA'S sands or Zenmbla's snows." ROGERS' Pleasures of Memory. ANG-ANS 73 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. an inlet on the S. coast. From this situation the town derives its name, angra signifying 1" inlet" in Portuguese. It is fortified and well built. Lat. 380 38' N., Lon. 27~ 13' W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) ANGUILLA, in-ghill-l.a, (Sp. Anguila,?an-gheel-la,) or Snake Island (so called from its figure), one of the Antilles, about 20 m. long, and 6 broad. Lat. 180 1.0' about N., Lon. 63~ 20' W. ANGUS. See FORFARSHIRE. ANHALT, anl-halt, an ancient principality of Germany, enclosed almost on every side by the Prussian territories, being bounded N. by Brandenburg, E. by Prussian Saxony, S. W. by the county of Mansfeld, and N. W. by Brunswick, Halberstadt, and Magdeburg. It is now divided into the duchies Dessau, Bernburg, and Ccethen. Between 510 35' and 52~ 6' N. Lat., and 1()O 55' and 120 36' E. Lon. ANHOLT, anlholt, a small island in the Cattegat, belonging to Denmark. Lat. about 560 40' N., Lon. 11~ 35' E. ANJOU, anf/joo,* (Fr. AN'-zhool,) formerly a prov. of France, now distributed among the deps. of Maine and Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Vienne. ANKLAM, ant-klam, a small commercial t. of Pomerania, 21 m. S. E. of Greifswald. Lat. 53~ 50' N., Lon. 13~ 48' E. Pop. 6,2S6. (P. C.) AN-KOI-BER, a t. of Abyssinia; cap. of the fertile prov. of Efat (Ifat).; near 10~ N. Lat., and 40~ E. Lon. ANNABERG, AnW-na-beRG', a t. in the Erzgebirge (ore-mountain district), in the kingdom of Saxony, 2,800 ft. above the level of the sea, and about 48 m. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 5,500. (P. C.) AN-NAM. See CocHIN CHINA. AN-NAPI-Q-LIS, the cap. of the state of Maryland, and of the co. of Ann Arundel, on the S. bank of the Severn, 25 m. S. by E. of Baltimore. It is a port of entry. Lat. 38~ 58' 35" N., Lon. 760 33' W. Pop. 4,198. ANNAPOLIs, a t. of Nova Scotia; the seat of the provincial government until 1750, when Halifax was founded, and became the cap. of the prov. Lat. 440 40' N., Lon. 650 37' W. ANN ARUNI-DEL, a co. of Maryland, on the W. side of Chesapeake Bav. Pop. 32,393. Co. t. Annapolis. AN/-NE-CY or ann'-seo, a t. of Savoy, on the N. bank of L. Annecy, 22 m. N. N. E. of Chamb6ry. It is the principal seat of manufacturing industry in Savoy. Lat. 450 54' N., Lon. 6~ 10' E. Pop. between 5,000 and 6,000. (P. C.) AN'-NO'-NAYI, a t. of France; the busiest and most populous in the dep. of Ardeche, 34 m. N. of Privas, celebrated for its manufacture of paper, which is esteemed the best in France. Pop. 8,000. (B.) ANSPACH, Ansf-paK, or ANSaAcH, a t. of Bavaria; cap. of a circle of, This accentuation of Anjou, when anglicized, is sanctioned by the authority of Shakspeare and other poets, as well as by the genius of our language. "Command in ANJOU what your honour pleases." "' Upon condition I may quietly Enjoy mine own, the county Maine and ANJOU." HENRY VI., Part First, Act V., Scene 3d 74 ANS-ANT FMte, far, fall, fAt; m:, met; pine or pine, pin; n5, nbt; 66 as in good, the same name, at the confluence of the Rezat with the Holzbach (holtst-bIK), about 30 in. S. W. of Nuremberg. Lat. 490 20' N., Lon. 10~ 28' E. Pop. between 16,000 and 17,000. (P. C.) ANI-SON, a co. of N. C., bordering on the Yadkin r. and S. C. Pop. 13,489. Co. t. Wadesborough. ANTEQUERA, An-t!-lkVY-ra, a t. of Andalusia, Spain, 30 m. N. N. VW. of Malaga. Lat. 370 9' N., Lon. 40 35' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.),ANTIBES, AN'-teebl, (Anc. Antiplolis,) a fortified t. and port of France, in the dep. of Var, on the Mediterranean, near the frontier of the Sardinian dominions. Lat. 430 33' N., Lon. 7~ 7' E. Pop. about 5,00). (P. C.) ANTICOsTI, an-te-cosf-te, an island lying in the mouth of the St. Lawrence, above 12) m.n long, and about 3'9 m. broad. It is uncultivated and uninhabited, with the exception of two families, who have been established here for the purpose of assisting persons cast away on the coast. (P. C.) ANTIGUA, an-teef-ga4, one of the Caribbee Islands, belonging to England, about 20 m. long, and 12 m. broad. St. John, the cap., is in Lat. 17~ 10' N., Lon. 61~ 57' W. Total pop. of the island, 35,714. (P. C.) ANTILLES, an-teelf, a name given to certain West India islands. The Greater Antilles comprehend Cuba, Ilayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico; the Lesser Antilles, all the Caribbean group, with those lying along the coast of S. America. ANTIOCH, an/-te-ok, (Anc. Antiochila, Turk. Antakia, an-tAf-kee'-a,) a decayed city of Syria, on the S. bank of the Orontes, 46 m. W. of Aleppo. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, who named it Antiochia, in honour of his father, Antiochus. It became the residence of the Syrian monarchs, and grew to be one of the largest cities in the world. Lat. 36~ 8' N., Lon. 36~ 12' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 10,009). ANTIOQUIA, an-te-o-kee/-A, a prov. of New Granada, in the dep. of Cundinamarca. Also, a small t. of this prov. ANTISANA, Annte-s a-na, a summit of the Andes, in Quito, the highest volcano in the world, having an elevation of 19,130 feet. Also, a village on the side of the above mountain, formerly regarded as the highest inhabited place on the globe, being 13,450 feet above the level of the sea; but it is now ascertained to be some hundred feet lower than the highebst parts of the mining region, near Potosi. (B.) See THIBUT. AN/-TRIM, a co. forming the N. N. E. extremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 323,306. (P. C.) ANTRIM, a t. of the above co., near the N. E. extremity of Lough Neagh, and about 15 m. N. W. of Belfast. It was once a place of great imnportance, but in 1831 had a population of only 2,655. (P. C.) ANTRIM (Megissee), a co. in the N. N. W. part of Alich., bordering on an arm of L. Michigan. ANTI-WERP, (Dutch, Antwerpen, Antf-wBr-pen, Fr. Anvers, AN'-vair/,) a t. of Belgium, on the right bank of the Scheldt, 36 m. N. of Brussels. It is strongly fortified on the land side, and has a large citadel on the ANZ-APU 75 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TII, as in thlis; N, nearly like ng. S. The commerce of Antwerp is still considerable, though but the shadow of what it was in the 16th century, when its population amounted to more than 200,000, and when, if we may believe the concurrent testimony of different writers worthy of credit, 500 vessels daily entered its port, and about 2,500 ordinarily lay at anchor there. It is estimated that this great emporium put into circulation every year 500,000,000 florins, and that the annual receipts fiom the imposts amounted to 2,000,000. (B.) Lat. 51~ 14' N., Lon. 40 22' E. Pop. in 1831, 77,199. (P. C.) ArZIN, aN'-ZaN/, a village of France, near Valenciennes, in the dep. of Nord, and the seat of the most extensive collieries in the kingdom. The number of pits amounts to 40, and some of them have been sunk to the depth of 1,476 feet (450 metres); 16,000 workmen are employed here. (B.) Pop. of the village, 4,000. (P. C.) AN-ZOO-ANf (ANZUAN or ANJOUAN), commonly called JO-HANI-NA, the first in importance, though the second in size, of' the Comoro Islands. The most southern point is in 12~ 25' S. Lat.; the most eastern, 44~ 34 E. Lon. Its circumference is estimated at from 70 to 80 miles. The pop., much reduced of late, was formerly rated at 100,000. (P. C.) AOSTA, h-ost-ta, a t. of Piedmont; cap. of a duchy of the same name, situated nearly 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and about 65 m. S. E. of Geneva. Lat. 45~ 45' N., Lon. 70 16' E. Pop. 5,500. (P. C.) API-EN NINE&', the general name for the great mountain system of Italy. This chain, beginning near Mount Appio, in the territory of Genoa, traverses Italy in its whole length. When near the end of its course, it divides into two branches, one of which runs S. E. towards the Capo di Leuca, while the other advances S. to the Strait of Messina. Mount./Etna, which may justly be regarded as forming a part of the Apennine system, and Mount Corno, in Abruzzo Ultra, are the highest points of the chain; the former having an elevation of about 10,870 feet (1,700) toises), the latter of 9,520 feet (1,489 toises). (B.) AP-raP-LACH-c-COf-L.k, a r. formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, in Ga.: it flows through Florida into a bay of its own name, communicating with the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 70 m. APPALACHICOLA, a port of entry of Florida, cap. of Franklin co., at the mouth of the above r. APPENZELL,?Ap'-pent-sellJ, a canton in the E. N. E. part of Switzerland. Area, 153 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. (B.) —Inhab. APPENZELLER, Ap'-pentsel/-ler. APPENZELL, a t. of the above canton, on the Sitter, 40 m. E. by S. of Ztirich. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) API-PLING, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., S. of, and bordering on the Altamaha. Pop. 2,949. Seat of justice, Appling c. h. AP'-PO-MAT/-ToX, a r. in the S. E. part of Va., flowing into James r. APT, apt, (Lat. Ap/ta Junlia,) an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, about 30 m. E. by S. of Avignon. Lat. 430 53' N., Lon. 50 25' E. Pop. 5,433. (M. B.) APURE, A-poof-rk, a r. of S. America, in Venezuela, which flows into 76 AQU-ARA Fa'te, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; 66, as in good, the Orinoco. Length estimated at 650 m. It is navigable through nearly the whole of its course. AquI, A/-que, a t. of the Sardinian states, 47 m. E. S. E. of Turin, noted for its warm sulphurous baths. Pop. 6,700. (M.) AQUILA, a/-que-la, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, 57 m. N. E. of Rome. It is surrounded by walls, which are above 3 m. in extent, but a great portion of the enclosed space is now occupied by gardens. This town holds a conspicuous place in history, and was long considered as the first city of the kingdom, after Naples. Duringr the acme of its prosperity it could muster, it is said, 15,000 armed men at the sound of the alarm bell. The period of its greatest glory may be reckoned from about the middle of the 13th, to the beginning of the 16th century. Lat. 42~ 20' N., Lon. 13~ 28' E. Present pop. about 8,000. (B.) AQUINO, a-queef-no, (Anc. Aquifnum,) a decayed t. of Campania, in the kingdom of Naples. It was a large and populous city in the time of Strabo; the Via Latina passed through it. Juvenal, the Roman poet, was born in or near Aquinum. This town suffered greatly from the invasions of the barbarians, on the fall of the Roman empire, and was at last utterly destroyed, during the wars of the emperors Conrad and Manfred against the popes. At present it contains scarcely 1,000 inhabitants. Lat. 41~ 33' N., Lon. 13~ 40' E. AR-A/-BI-A, an extensive country in the S.W. part of Asia, bounded on the N. by Syria and the river Euphrates, E. by the Persian Gulf, S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by the Red Sea. Length fiom the northern extremity, on the Euphrates, to Cape Babelmandel, about 1,500 m.; breadth on the southern coast, from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, 1,200 m.; from Basrah to Suez, 900 m. It is commonly divided into three parts, Arabia Felix, or hapFpy; Petrma, or stony; and Deserta, or desert. Arabia Felix borders on the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, and the S. part of the Red Sea; Arabia Petrma lies on the Red Sea, N. of Arabia Felix; Arabia Deserta includes all the northern part of the country. Among the Arabians, these names are not known. They call Arabia Deserta, NeAdje.d or Nej'd; Arabia Petriea, Hedjaz; Arabia Felix is divided into Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman, and Lahsa; which will be treated of under their respective heads. This vast country contains but two rivers worthy of the name, the Meidam (mA'e-dam/), and the Shab, which descend from the plain of Yemen into the Indian Ocean. All the other streams either entirely disappear in summer, or descend from the mountains and are dried up before reaching the sea. (B.) Arabia has long been celebrated for the abundance of its odoriferous plants. Coffee, of a superior quality, is cultivated in Yemen. Grapes, maize, wheat, barley, beans of differ, ent kinds, tobacco, &c., are produced in this country. The gum Ara. bic is obtained from an indigenous tree called by naturalists the acacia vera. Arabia is remarkable in history for having almost uniformly maintained its independence against the different conquering powers which ARA-ARA:" ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. in ancient or modern times, have successively extended their sway over the neighbouring kingdoms. For this independence it has been chiefly indebted to those peculiar means of defence, with which it has been furnished by nature. Its vast and parching deserts have stood as a 1" wall of fire" against the encroachments of foreigners; at the same time the general sterility of the soil has afforded no sufficient motive for undertaking the conquest of a country, in which so many formidable, not to say insurmountable, difficulties must be encountered. This country is also remarkable as the birth-place of Mahomet, and the cradle of the Mosleml religion, which, in a few years, extended its dominion over a large portion of Asia, the northern regions of Africa, and thence over the greater part of Spain.-Adj. AR-Al-Ba-AyN, ARABIC, ar/-a-bik, and ARABIESQUE, ar'-a-beskt.-Inhab. ARAB, arl-ab, and ARABIAN. ARACAN. See ARRACAN. ARAD, 6r1/-d', the name of two small towns of HIungary, situated in a county of the same name. OLD ARAD, (Ger. Alt-Arad, Alt a/-rat; Hung. O' Arad;) is on the r. Marosch. Lat. about 46~ 10' N., Lon. 21~ 20' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) NEW ARAD, (Ger. Neu-Arad, noi Y/-rat; Hung. Uj Arad, oo-e 6r-d;) an important fortress, on the opposite side of the Marosch, 2A m. from the old town. ARAGON, ar/-'a-gon, (Sp. pron. a'g-a-gonel,) a large prov., formerly a kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, E. by Catalonia and a part of Valencia, S. by Valencia, and TW. by Navarre and Old Castile. Length, from N. to S., about 2(0 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 130 m.-Adj. and inhab. AR'-A-GgN-EsEf. ARAGUAY, ar-a-wi!, a r. in the central part of Brazil, which flows into the Tocantins. ARAL (arn-al), SEA OF, a great inland lake of Asia, situated E. of the Caspian Sea, between the 43d and 47th degrees of N. Lat., and the 58th and 62d of E. Lon. Its length is about 290 m. firom N. to S., its breadth varies from 130 to 250 m. The southern extremity is studded with innumerable small islands, at the mouth of the r. Amoo; and from this circumstance it has received the name Aral, which, in the Tartar language, signifies island. It has no communication with the ocean, and though it receives several rivers, among which are the Amoo and Sihon, the level of this lake is constantly lowering. The waters are saline, but the exact proportion of salt has not been ascertained. (P. C.) ARANJUEZ, A-ran-Hwethf, (Lat. Atra Jolvis, " altar of Jove,") a t. and royal palace of Spain, on the Tagus, 25 m. S. by E. from Madrid. It is the residence of the court ordinarily from Easter till the end of June. Permanent pop. about 4,000. (B.) Lat. 40~ 2' N., Lon. 30 36' W. ARARAT, art-a-rat', a celebrated mountain of Armenia, situated to the S. W. of the t. of Erivan, about 5 m. from the river Aras. It rises from the midst of a great plain, in two conical peaks, one of which ascends far above the limit of eternal snow, its height being about 17,260 feet above the level of the sea. It does not, however, rise to this great elevation, immediately from its base, but stands on the table land of 7* 78 ARA-ARD Fate, far, fall, fat; me, mlt; pine or pine, pln; n6, n6t; 66, as in good; Armenia, which is stated by Ritter to be 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. The smaller cone is separated from the greater by a plain of considerable extent, and is much lower. The surrounding people regulate their agricultural operations by the melting of the snow on the little Ararat, from the summit of which it entirely disappears in summer. ARAs, Arl-as, (Anc. Araxfes), a r. of Armenia, which rises about 20 in. S. of Erzroom, and, flowing easterly, empties itself into the Koor (Kur). Length estimated at above 500 m. AR-AU-CA/-NI.-ANs, a nation of Indians of S. America, inhabiting a country bounded on the N. by the r. Bio-bio, E. by the great Cordillera of the Andes, S. by Valdivia, and W. by the Pacific Ocean; extending along the coast about 180 m., with a breadth, from the sea to the crest of the Andes, of perhaps 150 m. They are a brave and hardy people, very jealous of their honour, hospitable, honest, grateful, generous, and humane; but when not at war, indolent, haughty, and addicted to intoxication. The Araucanians have sustained an almost uninterrupted war against the Spaniards from the first invasion in 1537, until the present time. Their independence was formally acknowledged by Spain in 1773, and they were allowed to send an ambassador, who should reside at Santiago de Chili. (P. C.) ARBE, aR/-bA, an i. in the Gulf of Venice, containing an area of about 29 sq. m., and between 3,000 and 4,000 inhabitants. Also, a small t. on the above island. Lat. 44~ 45' N., Lon. 14~ 50' E. (P. C.) ARBROATH. See ABERBROTHOCK. ARCHANGEL, ark-anef-jel, (Russ. pron. arK-Angf-gel,) a prov. the most northern and the most extensive of Russia in Europe. Its superficial extent is estimated at 300,000 sq. m. Pop. perhaps 280,000. (P. C.) ARCHANGEL, an archiepiscopal t.; the cap. of the above, on the Dwina, with a fine harbour, which, however, is ordinarily free from ice only from July to September. It was the only town in Russia of any commercial importance, previously to the founding of St. Petersburgh, in 1703; since which time its trade has diminished, though it is still the depository of foreign merchandise destined for-Siberia. Pop. 19,262. (B.) Lat. 64~ 32' N., Lon. 400 43' E. A-R\-COTf, a decayed city of Hindostan; the Mahometan cap. of the Carnatic. It is a place of great antiquity, and was once an important Indian fortress. Lat. 12~ 54' N., Lon. 79~ 22' E. AnDcaHE, af'-daighf, a small r. of France, which flows into the Rhone, ARD CHE, a dep. in the S. E. of France, W. of, and bordering on the Rhone. Pop. 353,752. (B.) Capital, Privas. ARDENNES, aR'-denn/,* (Lat. Arduen/na Sil/va,) a celebrated forest of France, which gives name to the dep. of Ardennes.' In the works of some of the poets, this name is spelled Arden, in which case it is to be accentuated on the former syllable. "Beyond old ARDEN, in his sister's home""The warrior who from ARDEN'S fated fount Drank of the bitter waters of aversion." SOUTHEY'S Joan of Arc, Books I and IV ARD-ARK 79 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nig. ARDENNES, a dep. in the N. of France, bordering on Belgium. Pop. 30,6,861. (B.) Capital, Mezidres. ARI-DRIH, a small kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea.-Also, the cap. of the above. Lat. near 70 N., Lon. 20 30' E. Pop. estilmated at 20,0110. (B.) AREQUIPA,'r-a'-keef-p', cap. of a prov. of the same name, and, after Lirna, the largest and finest city of Peru, near the r. Quilca (keelf-khi), about 50 m. friom the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1539. The houses are built chiefly of stone; low and very substantial, with a view to resist the shock of earthquakes. Its manufactures and trade are considerable. Pop. estimated at above 30,000. (B.) AREzzo, &-retl-so, (Lat. Arreftium,) an ancient and still considerable t. of Tuscany, 40 m. S. E. of Florence. Arretium was one of the most wealthy and populous cities of ancient Etruria, and has ever since held an important place in the history of Italy. Arezzo is remarkable for having been the birth-place of many distinguished men, among others, Guido, the first restorer of modern music, and the celebrated Petrarch. Lat. 430 28' N., Lon. 110 52' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) ARGENTAN, aR\'-zhhN'-taNf, a t. of France, in the dep. of Orne, 23 m. N. of Alencon. Lat. 48~ 44' N., Lon. 0~ 1' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) ARGENTEUIL aR'-zhAN'-tuil, a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, on the right bank of the Seine. Lat. 48~ 56' N., Lon. 2~ 14' E. Pop. 4,700. (P. C.) ARCTENT1TRE, aR'-Zh'-Nz.te-aiRl, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ard6che, 20 m. S. W. of Privas. It derives its name from the mines of silver (argentum), wrought here in the 12th century. (M.) ARGOON or ARGUN. See AMOOR. -ARGOSTOLI, ar-gos(-to-le, the chief t. of Cephalonia, with the best harbour in the island, and considerable commerce. Lat 38~ 10' N., Lon. 20~ 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) ARG-,YLE! (often written Argyll), a shire in the WV. of Scotland, bor. dering on the sea. Pop. 97,371. ARGYRO-CASTRO, arl-ghe-ro-casf-tro, (Mod. Gr. Argurol-kastron, Turk. Ergree Kastree,) an inland t. of Albania. Lat. 400 7' N., Lon. 20~ 13' E. Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 20,000. (P. C.) ARICA, a-ree/-ka, a seaport t. of Peru, once a flourishing and populous place, but now a miserable village. It has suffered much from earthquakes, particularly in 1608. During the war of independence, it was entirely desolated. Present pop. not above 400. (P. C.) ARIkGE, A'-re- aizhl, a small r. of France, tributary to the Garonne. ARIjGE, a dep. in the S. of France, on the sources of the above r., and bordering on Spain. Pop. 260,536. (B.) Capital, Foix. AR-KANI-SAS or ARI-KAN-SAWx, a r. of N. America; next to the Missouri, the largest affluent of the Mississippi. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of more than 2,000 n m., flows into the Mississippi, in Lat. 330 54' N., Lon. 91~ 10' W. It is navigable almost to its source. AaRKNSAS, one of the U. S., between 330 and 36~ 30' N. Lat., and 80 ARK —ARM Fate, far, fall, t; m6, mest; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good, 89~ 50' and 940 40' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi r., which separates it from Tennessee and the state of Mississippi, S. by Louisiana, and WV. by the Indian Territory; and divided into 51 counties.+ Length, from E. to W., 264m.; breadth, from N. to S., about 240. Area estimated at 54,500 sq. mn. Pop. 209,639; of whom 162,068 are whites, 589 free coloured persons, and 46,982 slaves. Arkansas was admitted into the Union in 1836. Little Rock is the seat of government. ARKANSAS, a co. in the E. part of Arkansas, intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 3,245. Co. t. Arkansas. AR-KEEI-KO (Arkiko), a seaport on the W. coast of the Red Sea. Though a small and miserable place, it is the point through which all the maritime intercourse of Abyssinia is carried on. (P. C.) Lat. 15~ 38' N., Lon. 390 37' E. ARLES, arlz, (Fr. pron. aRl; Lat. Arelatte,) an ancient t. of France, on the left bank of the Rhone, about 50 m. W. N. W. of Marseilles. It formerly held a conspicuous place among the cities of Europe, but has fallen greatly to decay. The numerous existing ruins attest its former magnificence, and constitute its principal claims to our attention. Lat. 43~ 40 N., Lon. 4~ 38' E. Pop. 13,342. (M.) ARMAGH, ar'-mAf, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland. Pop. in 1831. 220,651. (P. C.) ARMAGH, a city of Ireland, and cap. of the above co. In the middle centuries it was celebrated as a place of learning, and, according to the Irish historians, had, at one time, 7,000 students at its college. At present it possesses several establishments for education, an observatory, a lunatic asylum, and a fever hospital. Armagh is the residence of an English archbishop, who is styled Primate of all Ireland. The Observatory is in 54~ 21' 12" N. Lat., and 6~ 38' 52" W. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 10,764. (M.) ARMAGNAC, aR'-man'-yak/, formerly a county of Gascony, in France; now chiefly comprehended in the dep. of Gers.-Adj. and inhab. ARMAGNAC. AR-MEI-NT-. (Turk. Ermineefyeh), a country of Asia Minor. It is not defined by any permanent natural boundaries. In the course of its history, we find its limits exposed to continual changes. In its widest application, it may be said to embrace the country from L. Ooroorneeyeh (Ourmiah), and the junction of the rivers Koor and Aras, on the E., to the upper course of the Kizil Ermac, on the W.; and from the upper course of the rivers Tchorak and Koor, on the N., to the Taurian Mountains, in the direction of Beer, Mardeen and Nisibis, on the S. The country, in general, is mountainous, and, owing to its height ~' Arkansas, Ashley, Benton, Bradley, Carroll, Chicot, Clarke, Conway, Crawford, Crittenden, Desha, Drew, Francis St., Franklin, Fulton, Greene, -Iempsteacd, Hot Spring, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Lafayette, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, Montgomery,Newton, Pbillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Scott, Searcy, Sevier, Union, Van Buren, Washington, Washita, White, Yell. ARM-ARIR 81 ou, as in our, th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. above the level of the sea, is colder than might have been expected froin its geographical position. (See ARARAT.) The principal productions are wheat, barley, cotton, hemp, tobacco, and manna, besides various fruits. Many of the Armenians are engaged in trade, and bear a high character for integrity in their dealings. They form the chief class of traders in the Persian empire, and are found scattered ovei various other parts of the world. Their religion is a species of Christianity.-Adj. and inhab. AR-MEI-NIy-N. ARMENTIkRES, aR'-maN'- te-aiR/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, near the Belgian frontier, on the Lys, 10 m. N. N. W. of Lille. Lat. 50~ 41' N., Lon. 20 52' E. Pop. 7,700. (M. B.) ARMI-STRONG, a co. in the W. part of Pa., N. E. of Pittsburg, and intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop. 29,560. Co. t. Kittaning. ARNI-HEM (supposed to be the Roman Arenacum), a fortified city of the Netherlands; cap. of Guelderland. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns. Lat. 52~ N., Lon. 5 52' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) ARI-NO (Lat. Arlnus), the principal river of Tuscany, rises in the Apennines, and, passing through Florence and Pisa, flows into the sea, about 5 m. W. of the latter town. Length about 150 m. It is navigable to Florence. ARNSBERG, aRnsl-biRG, or ARENSBERG, a t. of the Prussian States; cap. of a circle of the same name; the largest of the three circles which form the prov. of Westphalia. Lat. 51~ 24' N., Lon. 8~ 1' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) ARNSTADT, aRnf-statt, a t. of Saxony, on the Gera, 11 m. S. of Erfurt. Lat. 50~ 49' N., Lon. 100 57' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) AR-oost-TOOK, a co. forming the N. E. part of Maine. Pop. 12,535. Co. t. Houlton. ARPINO, aR-peef-no, (Anc. Arpilnurn,) a city of Naples, near the confines of the kingdom, about 60 m. S. E. of Rome. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Cicero and Marius, to which circumstance it was once indebted for its preservation. In the wars between the houses of Anjou and Aragon, for the possession of the kingdom of Naples, Arpino took part with the French against the Aragonese and the Pope. The pontiff (Pius II.) generously commanded Orsini, his successful captain, to " spare Arpino for the memory of Caius Marius and Marcus Tullius." It has manufactories of parchment, leather, paper, and of the best cloth made in the kingdom. Lat. 41~ 41' N., Lon. 13~ 37' E. Pop. estimated at above 8,000. (B.) AR'-RA-CAN/ or ARACAN (called by the natives Rakhaing), a country of Chin-India, lying along the E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, between 17~ and 21~ 30' N. Lat., and 92~ 20' and 94~ 30' E. Lon. It formerly belonged to the Burmese empire, but in 1826 became one of the possessions of the East India Company. Its extreme length, from N.N W. to S. S. E., is, perhaps, 230m., and its average breadth about 50 n. (P. C.) ARRACAN, the ancient cap. of the above prov., on a small river of the same name. It was once a flourishing and populous city, so that the 82 ARR-ASH Fate, far, fall, fat; me, mret; pine or pine, pin; n0, not; 56, as in good, number of its inhabitants was estimated at above 100,000, but at present it does not probably amount to a third of that number. (B.) Lat. 20~ 43' N., Lon. 930 25' E. AR/-RAN, a mountainous and romantic i. on the W. coast of Scotland. forming a part of Buteshire. It is more than 20 m. long, and about 12 wide. Pop. 6,241. AaR-R4s (Fr. pron. ar'-rals), a fortified and important t. of France; formerly the cap. of Artois, and now of the dep. of Pas de Calais, on the S. bank of the river Scarpe, which begins here to be navigable, 108 m. N. by E. of Paris. It was the cap. of the ancient Atreba/tes, from which it derives its name, and was a manufacturing t. in the time of St. Jerome, about the beginning of the 5th century. Robespierre was a native of Arras. Lat. 500 17' N., Lon. 2~ 46' E. Pop. 23,485. (B.) AaROE. See iJERarb. AR/-TA (Anc. Ambrafcia, Turk. Nart-dA), a t. of' Albania, on a river of the same name. It was a few years since a flourishing place, with a population estimated at above 9,000, (B.); but it suffered greatly in the struggle for Grecian freedom. Lat. 390 13' N., Lon. 210 4' E. ARTOIS, aRa-twAl, a former prov. of France, now comprehended in the dep. of Pas de Calais. It takes its name from the Atrebaltes, a nation of the ancient Gauls, who inhabited this region, and from whose name ARRAS is also derived. ARUNDEL, r/l-un-del, a t. of England, on the Arun, in the co. of Sussex, 50 m. S. S. W. of London. Lat. 50~ 51' N., Lon. 0~ 33' W. Pop. 2,624. ASAPH (azl-af) ST., an ancient city of Wales, in Flintshire, about 5 m. from the sea. Pop. of the parish, 3,338. ASCENSioN, as-sen/-shun, an i. in the S. Atlantic, between Africa and Brazil. It is 74 m. long, and 6 m. wide. It owes its name to the circumstance of its having been discovered on Ascension-day, in 1501. It was then barren and entirely uninhabited by men. In 1815 the British took possession of the island, as a military station, and established a garrison there. Lat. of the fort, 70 56' N., Lon. 14~ 24' W. AscENsIoN, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi. Pop. 10,752. Seat of justice, Donaldsonville. ASCH-AF/-FEN-BURG' or A-shafl-fen-b5Roa', a principality of Germany, now belonging to Bavaria.-Also, a t. in the above principality, 25 m. S. E. of Frankfort. Lat. 500 1' N., Lon. 90 7' E. Pop. about 7,00()0. (B.) ASCHERBLEBEN, Ash'-ers-l]/-ben, a t. of Germany, in a circle of the same name, 18 ml. S. E. of Halberstadt. Lat. 510 46' N., Lon. 11~ 27 E. Pop. 9,0(10. (B.) AscoLI, ast-ko-le, (Lat. Asfculum), a t. of the Papal State, 15m N. W. of Teramo. It was a place of importance in the time of the Romans, and we find it often mentioned both in ancient and modern history. Ascoli is one of the best built and most pleasant towns in the Papal State. Lat. 42~ 50' N., Lon. 13~ 37' E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) ASH-AN/-TEE, a powerful kingdom of Africa, on the Gold Coast,.oulnded during the last century, by Sal Tootoo. Little is known to ASH-ASS 83 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Europeans respecting the internal geography of this country; along the coast, it is considered as extending from the r. Volta, or Aswada, which separates it from Dahomey on the E., to the r. Assinee on the W. But its actual extent, including the tributary kingdoms, appears to be somewhat greater. The Ashantees are a brave, and, to a considerable degree, may be regarded as a civilized people. Their military enterprises have been attended with the most wonderful success; and a multitude of different states, amounting to near fifty, according to one writer, have been either incoporated into the empire or reduced to the condition of tributaries. Even the English, on the coast, were at one time compelled to purchase, with liberal presents, the peace of this warlike and powerful nation.-The Ashantees have schools, where the pupils are taught to read and write Arabic, and appear also to possess some skill in sculpture and other arts. They manufacture cloths of cotton, and sometimes of cotton and silk interwoven. Many of these cloths are of great fineness of texture, and their colour of the highest brilliancy. They also make earthenware, tan leather, and work in iron. The pop. of the empire of the Ashantees is estimated by Balbi at 3,(C00,000. The capital is Coomassie. ASHE, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of N. C. Pop. 8,777. Co. t. Jeffersonton. ASHTAZULA, ash'-th-bul-la, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. Pop. 28,766. Co. t. Jefferson. ASHI-TON-UNDER-LYNE, a manufacturing t. of Eng. in Lancashire, 6Q m. E. of Manchester. It is a well built and rapidly increasing town. The pop. in 1831 exceeded that in 1821 by more than 5,000, and the last census gives 7,841 more than that of 1831. This great increase is attributed, in part, to the employment of labourers on the Sheffield and Manchester railroad. Present pop. 22,678. ASIA, at-she-a, one of the five grand divisions of the globe, bounded on the N. by the Black Sea and the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the Indian Ocean, IW. by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, the river Ural; the Ural Mountains, and lastly, by the river and sea of Kara. The most northern point of this continent is Northeast Cape, near 78~ N. Lat., and 104~ E. Lon.: the most southern is formed by the extremity of the Malay Peninsula, which extends to about 1~ 20' N. Lat. Cape Baba, in Asia Minor, in Lat. about 390 30' N., Lon. 26~ 5' E., forms its western, and East Cape, -in 66~ 5' N. Lat. and Lon. 169~ 40' W., its eastern extremity. The extreme length of this continent; from the Isthmus of Suez to Behring's Strait, is above 7,000 m.; the greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 5,300. The area is estimated by Hassel, at about 16,700,000 sq. m. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at above 525,000,0010. — Adj. AsIATIC, a'-she-atl-ik, and ASIAN, al-she-a.n (poetical). Inhab. ASIATIC. AS'-SAMI, a country of Asia, lying beyond the Ganges, bounded on the N. by the mountains of Bootan and Thibet, E. by the countries tributary to Ava and China, S. by the' Garrow Mountains, and W. by F 84 ASS-AST Flte, fa{r, fall, fat; rnie, met; pine or pine, pin; nS, not; 66 as in good; Bengal. Of the early history of Assam, little is known. It has more recently been under the dominion of the Burmese, till in 1824, when they were expelled by the English, and it is now a dependent of the East India Company. Present pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) ASSEN, As/-sen, a little t. of Holland; cap. of the prov. of Drenthe, 15 tn. S. of Groningen. Pop. 1,200. (B.) Assisi, As-see/-se, (Anc. Assitsium,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State and prov. of Umbria. Lat. 43~ 4'N., Lon. 12" 35' E. Pop. estimated at 4,(000. (B.) ASSOUAN or AssUAN. See AsswAN. ASsUMP-I:0N, as-surnpl-shun, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, W. of New Orleans. Pop. 10,538. Seat of justice, Assumption c. h. ASSUMPTION (Sp. Asuncion, A-soon-the-one/ or A-soon-se-one!), the cap. of Paraguay, in South America, situated on the E. bank of the r. Paraguay. Lat. 250 22' S., Lon. 570 40' W. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) As-s.wANI (Assuan or Assouan), a small t. of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, remarkable for its commerce, its picturesque situation, and the monuments of antiquity which are found in its neighbourhood. Close to it, on the south, may be seen the ruins of the town built by the Arabs, on the site of the ancient Syene. Lat. 24~ 5' N., Lon. 32~ 55' E.-Adj. and inhab. As-swANL-EE. ASTERABAD, as'-ter-A-baid., or Astrabad, a small prov. in the N. E. part of Persia.-Also the cap. of above. Lat. 360 50' N., Lon. 540 35' E. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (B.) AsTI, Asl-te, (Lat. Astfa,) a t. of Piedmont, cap. of a prov. of the same name on the N. bank of the Tanaro, on the high road fromn Turin to Alexandria. This place has been distinguished both in ancient and modern history, and is remarkable as being the birth-place of the great Italian poet, Alfieri. Lat. 440 57' N., Lon. 8~ 12' E. Pop. 22,000. (P. C.) ASTORGA, As-toRI-ga, (the Astu/rica Augus/ta of the Romans,) a t. of Spain, in Leon. It was once the capital of Astufres, and is called by Pliny a magnificent city. It contains some interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 420 27' N., Lon. 60 10' W. Pop. 4,000. (M.) As-TOI-RI-A, a settlement at the mouth of the Columbia r., made by the American Fur Company, so called from Mr. Astor, of New York. Lat. 46~ 14' N., Lon. near 1260 W. AS'-TRA-KHAN!, (Russ. pron. as-tra.-Kanl,) a t. of Russia, in Europe, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an island formed by the Volga at its entrance into the Caspian Sea. It has a fine citadel, called Krem, or Kremlin, and numerous churches, with steeples and minarets; but the houses are:generally of a mean appearance, and built of wood; the streets unpaved, irregular and dirty. Astrakhan is remarkable for its manufactures as well as its commerce; its harbour is the most frequented of any on the Caspian. It is the seat both of an Armenian and Russian archbishopric. Lat. 46~ 21' N., Lon. 48~ 3' E. Permanent pop. about 40,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. AS/-TR-KRHAN-E.-E1t. ASTURIAS, as-toot-re-as, a prov. in the N. of Spain; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by Old Castile, S. by Leon and W. by ATA-ATH 85 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Galicia. Length, from E. to W., about 150 m.; breadth, fiom N. to S., 50 m.-Adj. and inhab. ASTUIRIAN,'s-toof-re-Lan. ATACAMA, at-a-cbat-ma, a district of S. America, belonging to Bolivia, and comprehending all the country of that republic which lies between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the N. by the r. Loa, between 210 and 22~ S. Lat., and on the S. by the Salado, near 26~ S. Lat.; so that it extends along the coast perhaps 250 m., while its breadth is from 25 to 40 m. It is divided into the Upper and Lower country. The latter is in almost every part an uninhabited desert. No rain ever falls on this coast, but in some places the soil is occasionally refreshed by mints and dews. (P. C.) ATCHAFALAYA, ach-af-a-lif-a, (an Indian word, signifying "lost water,") a large bayou in La., which detaches itself from the right bank of the Red r., near its confluence with the Mississippi; and, after receiving the waters of L. Chetimaches and the r. Plaquemines, flows into Atchafalaya Bay. Its whole course is about 200 m. ATCH-EENI, or ACHEEN, a kingdom on the N. W. part of the island of Sumatra. Also, the chief city of the above kingdom. Lat. 5~ 36' N., Lon. about 950 20' E. It contains about 8,001) houses, built chiefly of bamboo. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. ATCH-IN-E.SE. AT'-FE/, sometimes written ATFIH, (Anc. Aphroditopfolis, or "city of Venus,") a town of Egypt, on the right side of the Nile, 45 m. S. of Cairo. Lat. 29~ 2S' N., Lon. 31~ 28' E. Pop. about 4,0(00. (B.) ATH or AATH, AUt, a commercial t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Hainault, on the Dender, 32 m. W. S. W. of Brussels. Lat. 50~ 42' N., Lon. 3~ 46' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) ATH-4-PESI-CbW or ATHABASCA, the name of a river and lake in the N. W. part of N. America. The river rises near the Rocky Mountains, and flowing, for the most part, in a northerly direction, falls into the lake of the same name, by several channels. ATHAPESCOW LAKE, also called the Lake of the Hills, is situated about 170 m. S. E. of the great Slave Lake; it is nearly 200 m. long, but its average width is not more than 20 m. Fort Chipewyan, at the W. S. W. extremity of the lake, is in Lat. 583 42' N., Lon. 111 18' XV. ATH-BOYI, a t. of Ireland, in Meath, 30 m. N. W. of Dublin. ATHI —ENS, (Lat. Athef/ne, Gr. AOnvat,) a celebrated city of Greece, the capital of ancient Attica, founded, according to common account, by Cecrops, about 1550 B. C. It is situated about 5 m. from the seacoast; the little river Ilissus flows near the city, on the S. E., and the Cephisus on the N. W.-Passing over the well-known epoch in which Athens was the most powerful and most illustrious of all the Grecian states, we shall briefly mention that it was captured by the Romans under Sylla (86 B. C.). This was the first time the fortifications of Athens had been forced by an enemy. After remaining several centuries in a state of inglorious repose, it shared the fate of the rest of the empire, in being ravaged and plundered by the barbarians. Soon after the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, it was completely incorporated with the Turkish dominions; in which condition it remained till the late S 86 ATH-ATR IPte, fA'r, fAll, f ft; m6, mIt; pline or pine, pin; n6, nit; 06-, as in good, successful struggle for Grecian freedom. Notwithstanding all the vicissitudes which Athens has undergone, there still remain ample monuments to attest its former grandeur. The ruins of the temple of' Theseus, the arch of Hadrian, and the buildings of the Acropolis, espe. cially the Parthenon, may be mentioned as among the most remarkable. The walls of this once magnificent city are entirely demolished, but their foundations have been traced, by late travellers, under the shrubs which cover the plains. Athens is situated in Lat. 370 58' N., Lon. 230 46' E. The pop., before the late insurrection which threw off the Turkish yoke, was estimated from 12,000 to 15,000, but, at the termination of the war, did not probably amount to a third of the number. (B.) In 1834, it was declared the capital of the new kingdom of Greece, and it seems likely to recover, in time, some share of its fortner importance. P. 1845 27,800. Adj. and inhab. ATH-E!-NI-AN. ATHENS, a t. of Ga., in Clark co., on the Oconee, 92 m. W. N. W. of Augusta: it is the seat of the University of Georgia. Pop. 3,795. ATHENS, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio. Pop. 18,215. ATHENS, a small t. of Ohio, cap. of the above co., with a college called the University of Ohio, founded in 1821. ATHENS, NEW, a small place in Ohio, 18 m. N. W. of WTheeling: it is the seat of Franklin College. ATH-LONET, a borough of Ireland, on the Shannon, being partly in the co. of West Meath, and partly in that of Roscommon, about 70 mi. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 11,406. (P. C.) ATHI-os, MOUNT, (It. Monte Sacro, Gr. Hagion Oros, i. e. Holy Mountain, so called from the number of monasteries, chapels, &c., on its sides,) a celebrated mountain of Macedonia, on a peninsula W. of the island of Lemnos, and rising abruptly from the sea to the height of 6,349 feet. Lat. 40~ 9' N,, Lon. 24~ 20' E. ATHY, ath-1/, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, about 38 m. W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,494. (P. C.) ATINA, A-teef-nA, an ancient t. of Nr,les, in Terra di Lavoro, 10 m. N. of Aquino. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) It is mentioned under its present name by Virgil (XiEneid..lib. VII. 630), as at that time an imrlportant city. AT-LANI-TIC OCEAN, that part of the ocean which separates the old from the new world: it washes the eastern shore of America and the western shores of Europe and Africa. Its width may be estimated at 3,000 m. The name was given on account of its vicinity to the Atlas mountains. ATLANTIC, a co. in the S. E. part of N. J., bordering on the sea. Pop. 8,961. Co. t. May's Ianding. AT/-LAs, a chain of mountains running through the north-western part of Africa, and separating the cultivated country from the great desert. The highest summits are estimated to be 2,000 toises (B.), or about 12,790 English feet above the level of the sea. ATOIL. See ATUI. ATRI, U-tre, (anciently Hatfria Picelna,) a t. of Naples, in the prov ATT-AUG 87 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; v, nearly like ng. of Teramo, about.4 m. from the coast of the Adriatic, and 12 In. S. E. of Terarno. Hatria was once a place of considerable importance, but the present town is a small and poor place, and partly-in ruins. AT1-Ti-Lk, a co. in the central part of Miss. Pop. 10,999. Co. seat, Kosciusco. ATTIGNY, At'-teenl-yef, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, on the Aisne, 31 m. N. E. of Rheims, anciently one of the summer residences of the kings of France. AT\-TOCKI, or ATTOCK BENARES (ben-Wf-rez), a city and fortress on the E. bank of the Sinde or Indus, belonging to Lahore. Lat. 330 52' N., Lon. 72~ 10' E. ATUI,'-too-i/, one of the Sandwich islands, in Lat. 21~ 57' N., Lon. 1:600 VW. AUBE, obe, a small r. of France, flowing into the Seine. AunE, a dep. in the N. E. central part of France, intersected by the above r. and by the Seine. Pop. 253,870. (B.) Capital, Troyes. AUI-BURN, the chief t. of Cayuga co., N. Y., about 170 m. W. of A1bany, on the outlet of the Owasco lake, a fine stream, with numerous mill seats. It is incorporated, and contains a. theological seminary, founded by the Presbyterians in 1821. It is chiefly remarkable for the state prison established here, and conducted on a peculiar system of prison discipline. Pop. 9,548. AUBUSSON, 6'-biis'-sstN, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. o Creuse, on the r. Creuse, 23 m. S.E. of Gueret. Pop. above 4,000. (P.C.) AucH, osh, an archiepiscopal t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Gers, on the r. Gers. Among its buildings the ancient cathedral deserves to be mentioned. Lat. 430 38' N., Lon. 35' E. Pop. 10,461. (B.) AUDE, ode, (Anc. Altax,) a r. in the S. of France, rising in the Pyrenees, and flowing into the Mediterranean. AUDE, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on the Mediterranean. Pop. 281,088. (B.) Capital, Carcassone. AUERBACH, oul-er-baIr, a t. of Saxony, 70 m. W'. S. W. of Dresden, famous for its manufactureof a metallic composition, called Rodewiisch, which employs about 2,500 persons from the neighbouring villages. Pop. 3,000. (B.) AUGSI-BURG (Ger. pron. ouGss-boaRG), the cap. of the circle of the Upper Danube, in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Wertach and Lech. It has numerous scientific and literary institutions, and is distinguished for its works in gold and jewelry, its manufactures of clocks and watches, and of philosophical and mathematical instruments. Lat. 480 21' N., Lon. 100 54' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.) The Roman emperor Augustus planted a colony here about 12 years before the Christian era, which was called Augustta VTindelicofrum. Augsburg appears to be a contraction of August-burg; i. e. the "6 castle of Augustus." AUGUSTA. See AGOSTA. AU-GUvS-TA, the cap. of the state of Maine, and of Kennebeck co., on 88 AUG -AUS Fite, fAr, fAtl, fait; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 6i as in good, the r. Kennebec, about 52 m., in a direct line, N. N. E. of Portland. Lat. 440 19' N., Lon. 69~ 50' W. Pop. 8,225. AUGUSTA, a t. of Ga., on the right bank of the Savannah r., about 80 m., in a straight line, E. of Milledgeville. Lat. 330 28' N., Lon. 81~ 54' W. Pop. 9,559. AUGUSTA, a t. of Ky.: cap. of Brecken co. It has a college, under the direction of the Methodists, founded in 1825. AUGUSTA, a co. in the centre of Virginia. Pop. 24,610. Co. t. Staunton. AUGUSTINE, ST., sent au'-gus-teenf, a city and port of entry of Florida; cap. of St. John's co., on an inlet about 2 m. from the main ocean. The harbour is defended by a fort. This place is much resorted to during winter, by invalids from the northern states. Lat. 29~ 48' 30" N., Lon. 81~ 35' W. Pop. 1,934. AURUNGABAD, 6-rungf-ga-bAdf, a prov. of Hindostan, situated in the Dekkan.-Also, the cap. of the above, formerly called Gurka, but, becoming a favourite residence of Aurungzebe (pronounced 6-rungzeebl), it received from this circumstance its present name. The palace of that monarch, now in ruins, covers an extensive space. The whole city is rapidly falling to decay, but in 1825 was said still to contain a population of 60,000. (P. C.) Lat. 19~ 54' N., Lon. 750 33' E. AUSI-TER-LITZ' (Ger. pron. ousf-ter-lits), a t. of Austria, in Moravia, about 13 m. E. of Brfinn, celebrated for a great victory obtained by Napoleon over the emperors of Austria and Russia, in 1805. Pop. about 2,000. (B.) AUSTRALASIA. See OcEANIcA. AUS-TRAI-LI-A. (See Int. XI.) A term sometimes employed like AusTRALAsIA, to designate the fifth grand division of the globe, but more generally restricted to that portion of Oceanica which is situated immediately S. and S. E. of Malaisia, between 1~ N. 550 S. Lat., and 1100 and 180~ E. Lon., including New Holland, (the Australian continent,) the islands of New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, Papua or New Guinea, besides many smaller islands.-Adj. AUS-TRA;-LI-AN. AUSTRALIAN CONTINENT, or NEW HOLLAND, is situated in the South Sea, between 10~30/ and 390 S. Lat. and 1130 and 1530 20' E. Lon. Length from E. to W. about 2400 miles, greatest breadth from N. to S., near 2000 miles. Area estimated at 3,500,000 sq. miles. The form of this continent is very compact, having only two large indentations, the Gulf of Carpentaria on the N. and Spencer's Gulf on the S. It is distinguished from all other parts of the globe by the general character of its plants and animals, as well as the nature of the country. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this " land of anomalies" is the absence of permanently navigable rivers. The Murray, which, with its affluents, drains a surface of 400,000 square miles, discharges its waters into the sea by a mouth so miserably small that it was overlooked by the first explorers of the coast. The central regions of Australia are entirely unknown, and the AUS -AUX 89 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. coasts have been only partially explored, except the eastern, on which the first settlement was made. There are mountains whose summits are covered with perpetual snow; but a large portion of the country appears to be flat land, which is sometimes marshy and flooded with water, and at other times so parched as to be a perfect desert. A chain of mountains extends nearly parallel with the eastern coast, at a distance which varies from 50 to 80 miles. Different parts of this range have received the names of the Warragong and the Blue Mountains. The most fertile soil is confined to the higher regions, which are separated from each other by extensive sandy deserts. Lying to the south of the equator, its seasons are the reverse of ours. One-third lies within the torrid and two-thirds in the temperate zone. The climate of the latter is subject to great vicissitudes of temperature and moisture. A year of complete drought is sometimes followed by a year of floods; but here the hot is generally the dry season-a circumstance favourable to health. The heat of December rises to 1120 Fahrenheit, and the forests and grass have been known to take fire spontaneously. (M. B.) The aboriginal inhabitants are classed in the same grand division of the human race with the African negro, but appear to be decidedly inferior, both in their physical constitution and in their intellectual and moral faculties. They are the only people of whom we have any knowledge that go completely naked. Of 5440 species of plants which have been discovered, only 270 are indigenous in the other divisions of the globe. The forests consist entirely of evergreens, and ferns and grasses in some cases attain the size of trees. A species of acacia which bears no leaves is very numerous, and gives a singular aspect to the forests. They also contain the cedar, rosewood, and a kind of mahogany, (Eucalyptus.) The palms are not very abundant, and are confined to the intertropical regions. There is a remarkable deficiency of useful native fruits and alimentary plants. Animal life in Australia assumes a form still more anomalous than that which marks its vegetation. Among 58 species of quadrupeds which exist here, 46 are peculiar to this continent; and 33 of these belong to the order of Marsupials, including the kangaroo, which is the largest animal of the country. The singular Ornithorhyncus paradoxus, is found only here, an oviparous quadruped which is covered with fur, but has webbed feet and a bill like a duck. The dogs, it is said, never bark, and the swans are entirely black. The mineral resources of Australia are extremely great. Immense coal-fields occur in the Blue Mountains, and on the eastern coast, and copper is found in abundance. In May, 1851, a gold mine, which is said to rival those of California in richness, was discovered near the Macquarrie river. The locality is in a hilly and barren region, 33 m. W. from Bathurst, and 148. m. from Sidney. Before the end of the year, another rich deposit was found, 40 or 50 miles from the town of Geelong, on the southern coast. These discoveries, of course, 90 AVA —AVI Fate, fhr, f11, fat; me, mat; pine, or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; produced a prodigious excitement in the colony. Before five months had elapsed, 10,000 persons had collected at this " Ophir of the Antipodes," and hundreds were arriving daily. The ships in the ports were deserted by their crews, and ordinary business was paralysed. The Australian journals estimate that the increase of population in 1852, will not be less than 100,000, which will raise that of the continent to half a million. See NEW SOUTH WALES. AUS!-TRIX-A (Ger. Oestreich, 6st/-riKe), an empire of Europe, lying between 42~ and 51~ N. Lat., and 8~ 30' and 260 50' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Saxony and Prussia, N. E. and E. by the republic of Cracow and by the Russian and Turkish provinces, S. by Turkey, the Gulf of Venice, the territories of the Pope, Modena, and Parma, and W. by the Sardinian States, Switzerland, and Germany. The length is estimated at 870, the breadth at 690 ni. The superficial extent, according to Balbi, is about 259,300 sq. m. The pop. in 1848 amounted to 3',850,000. The empire of Austria is composed of the kingdoms of Bohemia, Galicia, Hungary, Illyria, Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, and the governments of Lower and Upper Austria, Styria, Trieste, Tyrol, Transylvania, the Military Frontier, and Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, besides some smaller districts, such as Great and Little Cumania, &c. These will be treated of under their respective heads. The name Oestreich, which signifies " eastern empire," arose from this territory having been the eastern part of the dominions of Charlemagne. The area of Austria at that time scarcely exceeded that of the present archduchy. Vienna is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. AUSI-TRI-AN. AUSTRrA, ARCHDUCHY OF, which constitutes the principal part of the hereditary dominions of the house of Austria, is bounded on the N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, S. by Styria, Illyria, and Tyrol, and XV. by Tyrol and Bavaria. Area about 14,881 sq. m. It is divided into Lower and Upper Austria. The former occupies the eastern, the latter the western portion of the archduchy. AU-TAUI-GA, a co. in the central part of Ala., N. of, and bordering on the Alabama r. Pop. 15,023. Co. t. Washington. AUTUN, O6-tllNI, a city of France, on the r. Arroux, in the dep. of the Saone and Loire, 164 m. S. E. of Paris. This town existed before the Roman conquest under the name of Bibracrte; after the time of Augustus, it was called Augustodulnum, of which Autun is a corruption. A number of interesting ruins may be seen here. Lat. 46~ 57' N., Lon. 40 18' E. Pop. 10,000. AUVERGNE, 06-vern! or o'-vaiRgfi, formerly a prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Cantal and Puy de DBme. The name is derived from the Arverni, an ancient nation who inhabited this part of Gaul. AUXERRE, 5'-saiRf, (Anc. Autissiodufrum,) a city of France: cap. of the dep. of Yonne, on the r. Yonne, 92 m. S. E. of Paris. Lat. 47~ 48 N, Lon. 30 34' E. Pop. 10,989. (B.) AvXONwN, Ox'-onnt, or AUSSONNE, b'-1sonnf, a fortified t. of France, in AVI-AVI 91 ou, as in our; th, as in 1thil; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the dep. or C6te d'Or, on the Saone, 19 m. S. E. of Dijon. Pop. in 1832, about 5,000. (P. C.) AvA. See BIRMA. AVALLON, a'\-val-loN/, a t. of France, in the dep. of the Yonne, 120 m, S. E. of Paris. Pop. above 5,000. (P. C.) AVEIRO, a-vafe-ro, a city of Portugal,- in the prov. of Beira. Lat. 40~ 38' N., Lon. 8~ 38' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) AVELLA, A-vell-la, a t. in the kingdom of Naples, 20 m. N. E. of the capital. Near to it are the ruins of the ancient Abel/la, from which its name has been derived. Pop. 5,000. (M.) AVELLINO, ai-vel-leel-no, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Naples' cap. of the prov. of Principato Ultra, 30 m. E. by N. of Naples. Lat. 40~ 55' N., Lon. 140 45' E. Pop. 13,000). (B.) AVENCHES, a'-vaiNshl, (Lat. Avenfticum,) a little t. of Switzerland, about 3 m. from the Lake of Morat, and 20 m. W. S. W. of Bern, remarkable for the Roman antiquities found in its vicinity. AVERNO, a-vCRI-no, (Anc. Aver/nus,) a celebrated lake in the vicinity of Naples, about 2. m. N. W. of Pozzuoli. It is circular, and about 1A in. in circumference. AVERSA, A-VeR/-Sa, a t. in the kingdom of Naples, 12 m. N. by W. of the capital. It contains a large foundling hospital, and a lunatic asylum, which ranks among the best establishments of the kind in Europe. Lat. 40~ 57' N., Lon. 14~ 11' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.). AVESNES, A'-vaint, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 123 m. N. E. of Paris. Pop. about 4,0(0. (P. C.) AVEYRON, &A-v&t-rONf, a r. in the S. of France, flowing into the Garonne. AVEYRON, a dep. in the S. of France, on the above r. Pop. 370,951. (B.) Capital, Rodez. AVEZZANO, a-vet-sat-no, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, about 20 m. nearly S. of Aquila. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) AVIGNON, av-eenf-yoN, or a'-veen'-ydN/, (Anc. Ave/nio,) a celebrated city of France; cap. of the dep. of Vaucluse, on the left bank of the Rhone, just above the mouth of the r. Durance. Avenio was a very ancient city; it appears to have been a town of some importance before the Roman conquest, and holds a conspicuous place in the history of the middle ages. About the year 1308, Pope Clement V., himself a native of France, removed his court from Rome to Avinnon, which continued to be the papal residence till 1376, when Gregory XI. left it, to return to Rome. It afterwards became the residence of the anti-popes Clement VII. and Benedict XIII. Lat. 430 57' N., Lon. 40 48' E. Pop. 31,000: in the 14th century it amounted to 100,000. (B.) AVILA, A/-ve-la,* a t. of Old Castile, Spain; cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a university. Lat. 40~ 42' N., Lon. 40 50' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) "Lerma' the generous,' AVILA'the proud.' " —RoGERS Voyage of Columbus 92 AVL-AYR Fate, fhr, f1ll, fAt; nm, nmst; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; AVLONA, av-lol-na, or VALONA, (Anc. Au/lon,) a town of Albania, on a gulf to which it gives its name, formed by the celebrated Acrocerau iman promontory. Lat. 40~ 29' N., Lon. 19~ 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) AVON, al-von, the name of several small rivers of Great Britain. The principal and most interesting is that which rises at a source called Avon-well, in Northamptonshire, and, flowing by the village of Stratfbrd, the birth-place of Shakspeare, empties itself into the Severn, in Gloucestershire, after a course of about 100 in. AV'-OY-ELLES/, a parish of La., on the S. side of the Red r. Pop. 9,326. Seat of justice, Marksville. AVRANCHES, av'-raNshl, (Anc. Inlgena, afterwards Abrinca/tui and Abrin/cm,) a city of France, in the dep. of Manche, 195 m. nearly W. fiom Paris. Lat. 480 41.' N., Lon. 1~ 25' E. Pop. 7.000. (P. C.) A-WATS/-KA or AV-ATCH/-K_, a bay on the E. coast of Kamtchatka. Also the name of a r. which flows into this bay, and of a small village situated at its mouth. AwE, LOCH, a fresh water lake of Scotland, in the co. of Argyle. It is about 24 m. long, while its average breadth is only about 1 m. Ax-ooMf,, written also AxouM and AXUM, (Gr. AlovLts,) a t. of Abyssinia; formerly cap. of a powerful kingdom of this name, which appears to have extended its dominions over a great part of Abyssinia, a part of Arabia, and even to have received tribute from the Byzantine emperors. There are at this place several remains of antiquity, which show that the Axumites were highly skilled in the art of sculpture, and acquainted also with the Greek language. The town at present contains about 600 houses. (B.) Lat. 14~ 7' N., Lon. between 380 and 390 E. AYAMONTE, i-ya-monf-tA, a fortified t. of Spain, in the kingdom of Seville. Lat. 370 12' N., Lon. 70 14' W. Pop. 6,347. (P. C.) AYASOOLOOK, Al-ya-soo-lookf, (Fr. spelling Ayasalouk,) a miserable village of Asia Minor, on the site of the ancient Ephesus, with a mosque, castle and aqueduct, constructed out of the ruins of that once magnificent city. Here have been discovered, among other antiquities, the remains of the great temple of Diana, which is mentioned in the 19th chapter of the Acts. Lat. 370 55' N., Lon. 27~ 20' E. AYLESBURY, ailzf-ber-re, a t. of Buckinghamshire, England, on the road from London to Warwick, 38 m. friom London. It is a very ancient place, and is said to have been one of the strongest garrisons of the Britons, in their struggle against the Saxons. Pop. of the borough, with an area of about 5 sq. m., 5,429. AYR, air, a r. of Scotland, which rises in Ayrshire, and, after a course of about 30 m. nearly due W., falls into the sea at the t. of Ayr, where its estuary forms a fine harbour. AYR, a sea-port t. of Scotland, cap. of Ayrshire, on the above r., near its mouth; 67 m. S. S. W. of Edinburgh. Entire pop. of the parish, 8,264. AYRI-SHIRE, a co. in the S. W. of Scotland, bordering on the sea, Pop. 164,356. AZE-BAD 93 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. AZERBAiJAN, az-er-bi/-jan', a prov. in the N. part of Persia, lying around L. Ooroomeeyeh. Tabreez is the capital]. AZI-OF or Azov, (Anc. Pa/lus Meo/tis,) a sea of Russia, forming a part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, and connected with the Black Sea by the Strait of Yenical.. Its greatest length is about 200m.; the breadth varies exceedingly, but perhaps, on an average, nay be estimated at about 70 m. The only considerable river which it receives is the Don. AZORES, azl-brz,* or az-brzt, (Port. Acores, Af-sof-r's,) called also the Western Islands, are situated in the Atlantic, about 800 m. W. of Portugal. They consist of nine islands, in three distinct groups, lying in the direction of W. N. W. and E. S. E., and extending about 330 m. The north-western group contains the small islands of Corvo and Flores; the central, Terceira, St. George, Pico, Fayal, and Graciosa the south-eastern, St. Michael and St. Mary. They are included between the parallels of 36~ 57' and 40~ N. Lat., and the meridians of 25~ and 31~ 15' W. Lon. The several islands will be treated of under their respective names. As these islands, when first discovered by the Portuguese, were entirely destitute of human inhabitants, as well as of beasts, they called them Acores (the plural of aeor, a hawk or bird of prey), from the number of this kind of birds found here.-Adj. and inhab. Az-of-Ra.-AN. BAI-BEL-MANI-DEL, (see Int. XII.,) or, more correctly, BAB-EL-MANDEB, the strait which connects the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, lying between Arabia and Abyssinia. The width of this strait is estimated at about 16 m. BACCHIGLIONE, bak-keel-yof-nja, a r. in the Venetian States, which rises in the Alps, and, flowing S. E., passes through the t. of Vicenza, and afterwards by the walls of Padua, 30 m. below which it enters the Adriatic at Brondolo. Its entire course is about 90 m. BAD-AG/-RY, a t. on the Slave Coast of Guinea, cap. of a small kingdom of the same name, about 6~ 15' N. Lat., and 2~ 50' E. Lon. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (P. C.) BADAJOS, ba'd-a-hocef, (Sp. Badajoz, ba-Da-H-othf; Lat. Pax August ta,) a fortified t. of Spain, cap. of Estremadura, on the Guadiana. The bridge over the Guadiana, 1,874 feet in length, is one of the finest in Europe. Lat 380 52' N., Lon. 60 48' W. Pop. 13,000. (B.) a This accentuation, though perhaps not the most prevalent, is sanctioned b3 the general tendency of our language, (see Int. XII., Obs. 2.) as well as by the practice of many of the best speakers. The second pronunciation may be objected to as being neither native nor English. If we would pronounce like the natives we must follow the example of Milton, and divide the name into three syllables (See Paradise Lost, Book IV., line 592.) The authority of Cowper is in favour of the first pronunciation. "Those Ausonia claims, Levantine regions these: the AzORES send Their jessamine." The Task, Book Ii. 94 13BAD-BAG Fkte, fkr, fMll, fMt; mA, mAt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; BADA1KtSHAN. See BUDUKHSIs AN. BADEN, bhi/-den, a grand-duchy of Germany, extending along the right bank of the Rhine, and situated between 470 30' and 49~ 50' N. Lat., and 70 3k)' and 9~ 50' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt, E. by Wiirtemberg, S. by Switzerland and the Lake of Constance, and W. by the Bavarian circle of the Rhine and by France, from which it is separated by the Rhine. Length near 190 m.; greatest breadth about 100. The area is estimated at 5,973 sq. m. Pop. 1,130,000. (B.) Carlsruhe is the capital. BADEN (the Citvitas Auretlia Aquen/sis of the Romans), a t. situated in the centre of the grand-duchy of Baden, celebrated for its warm mineral springs and baths. Hence originated the name, Bad in German signifying a "bath." Lat. 48~ 46' N. Lon., 8~ 15' E. Pop. 4,20A. (B.) BADEN (Anc. Ther/tme Ce/tice), a t. in the arch-duchy of Austria, about 15 m. S. of Vienna. It is annually visited by many thousand strangers, on account of its warm springs and baths. Permanent pop. about 3,000. (B.) BADEN, a t. in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, on the Limmat (the outlet of the Lake of ZiMrich), 13 m. N. W. of Ztirich, celebrated for the warm mineral springs and baths in its vicinity, known to the Romans by the name of Ther/mne Helve/tice. Pop. 1,700. (B.) BADENWEILER, b'./-den-wil-ler, a small village in the grand-duchy of Baden, 5 m. E. of Brisach, remarkable for the remains of a vast Roman bathing establishment, arranged for both cold and warm, as well as vapour-baths. It contains 50 chambers, furnished with all the conveniences for bathing, and an altar, still existing, dedicated to Diana Anoba. (B.) BAEZA or BAECA, ba-Y/-tha, (Anc. Beaftia,) a t. of Spain, in Jaen. Lat. 370 57' N., Lon. 3~ 28' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.) BAFFA, b'f/-fa, a small seaport t. on the W. coast of the island of Cyprus, with a castle. Its name is a corruption of the ancient Paphos, the ruins of which are still to be seen here. Lat. 34~ 54' N., Lon. 32~ 30' E. BAFr-FIN'S BAY, a large gulf on the N. E. coast of America, between that continent and Greenland. It is comprised between the parallels of 68~ and 78~ N. Lat. and the meridians of 51~ and 80~ W~. Lon., extending in a N. N. W. direction. It is about 780 m. long, and, on an average, about 280 wide. The name is derived from William Baffin, by whom it was discovered in 1616. BAGDAD, bkag-dadl,; or BAG/-DAD, a large and celebrated city of Asia* Southey appears always to place the accent on the last sy" -le of this name, which accords with the native pronunciation. "' The old man answered,' To BAGDAD I go.' " -- stands not BAGDAD Near to the site of ancient Babylon?" "At length BAGDAD appeared, The city of his search." —Thalaba, Books IV. and V. BAG-BAH 95 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this: N, nearly like fng. tic Turkey, formerly the capital of the empire of the Caliphs, and now of a pashalic oft its own name, situated on both sides of the Tigris, about 200 m. in a direct line above the junction of that river with the Euphrates. It stands in a forest of date trees, and is surrounded by a high and thick wall of brick and mud, which is flanked at regular distances with round embattled towers. The whole wall of the city is about five miles in circumference. The citadel is on the E. bank of the Tigris and on the N. side of the town. Bagdad was formerly a great emporium of eastern commerce; besides the traffic with its own mnanufactures, it was the entrepot for the commodities of eastern and western Asia. But its trade has recently much declined. This city was founded by the Caliph Aboo Jaafer al Mansoor, in the year 763, and was afterwards greatly improved by the celebrated Haroon-er-Rasheed. (Harun al Raschid). Little, however, of its ancient magnificence now remains. Though, to the approaching stranger, its numerous minarets and domes, seen by glimpses through the date trees, present an interesting and even imposing spectacle, the meanness of the buildings within,miserably disappoints the expectation which the exterior view may have raised. Lat. 330 19' N., Lon. 440 25' E. Pop. estimated at about 100,000. (B.) BAGNkRES DE BIGORRE, ba'n-yaiR/d'be'-goR/, (Lat. Vi/cus Aquenrsis,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm springs and great bathing establishment: 16,000 strangers are said to visit this place annually. Lat. 430 3' N., Lon. 0~ 8' E. Pop. 5,633. (P. C.) BAGNERES DE LuCInON, bran'-yaiRld'liiW-shoNt, (the A/qume Convenatrum of the Romans,) a bathing t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Garonne. Lat. 42~ 47' N., Lon. 0~ 34' E. This is a small, but constantly improving place. Pop. in 1826, near 2,000. (P. C.) BAGNOLS, bAn'-yolef, a t. of France, in the dep. of Gard, 26 m. N.N.E. of Nimes. Lat. 44~ 9' N., Lon. 4~ 35' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,800. (P. C.) -Also a t. in the dep. of Lozere, remarkable for its warm mineral waters. Lat. 44~ 30' N., Lon. 3~ 38' E. BAHAMA CHANNEL is between Florida and the Bahamas. BA-HAt-MAS, or LUCAYOS, loo-kil-yoce, a chain of low islands, stretching, in a north-westerly direction, from the N. side of St. Domingo to the coast of E. Florida, and comprised within the parallels of 200 and 27~ 40' N. Lat., and the meridians of 68~ 40' and 790 20' XV. Lon. They belong to the British crown. Some of the largest islands, as the Great Bahama, and Lucayo (now called Abaco), with many smaller ones, remain without inhabitants. Entire pop. in 1831, 16,788. (P. C.) BAHAR, ba-hart, an extensive prov. of Hindostan, lying on both sides of the Ganges, and bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E. by Bengal, S. by Gundwana, and W. by Gundwana, Allahabad and Oude. It is computed to contain about 50,000 sq. m. It belongs to the presidency of Bengal. BAHAR, a t. of the above prov., situated in 25~ 13' N. Lat., and 850 35' E. Lon., with about 5,000 houses. (P. C.) 96 BAH-BAL Fhte, fir, fMll, ftt; mn, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; BAHIA, ba-eef-a, an important maritime prov. of Brazil, between 90 and 16~ S. Lat., and 370 and 450 W. Lon. BAHIA or SAN SALVADOR, san sal-va-doRet, an archiepiscopal city of Brazil; cap. of the above prov., and, next to Rio Janeiro, the most commercial and most populous town in S. America, is situated on the strait which leads from the Atlantic to All Saint's Bay (Bahia de Todos os Santos), whence both the city and province of Bahia derived their name. It has one of the finest harbours in America, and is moreover the principal fortress of the empire. The chief scientific and literary institutions of Bahia are-the School of Surgery, the College, and the Public Library, with from 60,000 to 70,000 vols. (M.) Lat. 13~ S., Lon. 38~ 30' W. Permanent pop. estimated by Balbi at about 120,000. BAHREIN. See LAHSA. BAHREIN, bah-ranet, a small i. in the Persian Gulf, 27~ m. long, and 1)0 m. across. (P. C.) Lat. 26~ 14' N., Lon. 50~ 36' E. It gives its name to a group of small islands, noted as the centre of the pearl fishery. Total pop. estimated at 60,000. (M.) BAIKAL, bi-kal, a great mountain lake of Asia, situated between 510 and 56~ N. Lat., and between 104~ and 1100 E. Lon. Its length is said to be about 400 m.; its mean breadth, between 30 and 40 m. The superficial extent is estimated at 14,800 sq. m. This lake is very deep; in some places the bottom has not been reached by a line of a hundred fathoms. Its surface is about 1,793 feet above the level of the sea. Among other smaller streams, it receives the Selenga and Upper Angara: the Lower Angara is its only outlet, and, though a very rapid river, is said not to carry off the tenth part of the mass of waters brought into it by the other streams.-Adj. BAIKALEAN or BAIKALIAN, bi-kal/-e-an. BAIREUTH, bif-rfith, (Ger. pron. bif-roit), a well-built t. of Bavaria; cap. of the circle of the Upper Main, 125 in. N. of Munich. Lat. 490 57' N., Lon. 110 37' E. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) BAIROUT. See BEYROOT. BAJA, ba/-ya, (Anc. Baiae,) GULF OF, is situated on the S. E. coast of Naples, between Cape Misenum and Pozzuoli. BAI-KER, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r. Pop. 8,120. Co. t. Newton. BAKOO, bA'-koo", or BADKU, a walled t. of Asiatic Russia, in the prov. of Shirvan, situated on the shore of the Caspian. Lat. 40~ 22' N., Lon. 490 40' E. Pop. between 3,500 and 4,000. (P. C.) BAL-A-GHAUTSI, an extensive district in the S. of India,.so called from its being situated "above the Ghauts." It forms a part of the presidency of Madras. BALARUC, bWa'W-rlikl, a village of France, in the dep. of HWrault, celebrated for its warm mineral springs. Lat. 430 28' N., Lon. 30 41' E. BAL-A-SORE', an important seaport of Hindostan, belonging to the Danes, in the prov. of Orissa. Lat. 21~ 32' N., Lon. 86~ 56' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (P. C.) BALATON. See PLATTEN SEE. BALI-BEC Or BaAld-bec', an ancient city of Syria, situa' id at the foot of BAL-BAL 97 ou, as in our; th, as in thib; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nig. the mountain range called Anti-Libanus. The Greek name of this city, Heliopfolis, signifies the same as Baalbec; i. e. " city of the sun." Only a small part of the town is now inhabited; it is chiefly interesting for its ruins. Lat. near 340 N., Lon. 360 E. BALDI-WIN, a co. in the central part of Ga. Pop. 8,148. Co. t. Milledgeville. BALDWIN, a co. in the S. part of Ala., E. of, and bordering on the Mobile r. Pop. 4,414. Co. t. Blakely. BA.LE. See BASEL. BAL-E-AR/-IC ISLANDS (Anc. Baleafres), situated in the Mediterranean Sea, off the E. coast of Spain. They consist of Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica, besides the two very small ones of Formentera and Cabrera. BALFUROSH, bal'-fur-6sh/, or BAL'-FROOSH/, the third t. of the kingdom of Persia, is situated in the prov. of Mazanderan, about 12 m. from the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. Lat. 36~ 33' N., Lon. 52~ 45' E. Pop. estimated at 100,000. (B.) BALIZE, ba-leezl, (Mex. Sp. Baliza, ba-leef-sa,) a r. of British Honduras, Mexico, which flows into the Bay of Honduras. Balize is a corruption of Waliz, a name given by the Spaniards to this place, from its having been discovered, and resorted to by an English pirate named Wallice. BALIZE, a t. situated at the mouth of the above r. Lat. 17~ 29' N., Lon. 88~ 8' W. Pop. in 1833, 3,794. (P. C.) BALKAN, bal-kanf, (Anc. Haelmus,) a chain of mountains in European Turkey, between Bulgaria and Rumelia, which commences near the Adriatic, and terminates at the Black Sea. BALKH, balK, (Anc. Zariastpa and Bac/tra,) one of the most ancient and, formerly, one of the largest and most populous cities of Asia, situated in the kingdom of Bokhara. Lat. 36~ 40' N., Lon. 67~ 18' E. Present pop. only about 2,000. (B.) BAL'-LARD, a co. at the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,496. BALLINA, bal'-lin-Uf, a small t. of Ireland, iii Mayo co., 6 m. S. by E. of Killala. BAL'-LIN-AS-LE1, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 80 m. WV. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,140. (P. C.) BALLSTON SPA, balls/-ton spa, a village of Saratoga co., N.Y., situated 30 m. N. of Albany, famous for its mineral springs. BALI-LY, or BALI, or LITTLE JAVA, an i. separated from the E. extremity of Java by a strait called the Strait of Bally. Its length is above 90 nm.; its greatest breadth about 50 m. It is intersected by the parallel of 8~ 30' 8. Lat., and the meridian of 115~ E. Lon. BAL'-LY-SHANI-NON, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Donegal, 112 m. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,775. (P. C.) BAL'-TIC, a sea in the N. of Europe, which separates Sweden and the Danish islands from Germany, Prussia, and Russia, extending from 54~ to 66~ N. Lat., and from 100 to 30~ E. Lon. It is about 900 m. long The superficial extent is estimated at above 160,000 sq. m. Towards the northern extremity it forms two large branches, the Gulf of Both 9 98 BAL-BAN Fate, far, fll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; o5 as in good; nia, which runs nearly N., and the Gulf of Finland, extending in a,. easterly direction. It is connected with the ocean by the gulf called Cattegoat.. BAL'-TJ-MORE, a co. of Md., on the WV. side of the Chesapeake Bay, N. of the Patapsco r. Entire pop. 210,646. BALTIMORE, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of the above co., on the N. side of the Patapsco r., 14m. from its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay; about 38m., by the railroad, N.E. of Washington, and 93n. W.S. W. of Philadelphia. This town is admirably situated both for foreign and internal commerce. It is built round a basin, which affords a secure and spacious harbour; and it has communication by railroads not only with Philadelphia and Washington, but with Winchester, Annapolis, Cumberland, Frederick City, York, Lancaster, and Harrisburg. Among the remarkable buildings of Baltimore may be noticed the Washington Monument, on the summit of which stands a colossal statue of Washington, at a height of 163 feet from the ground. This city is the seat of a medical school, called the University of Maryland; and of St. Mary's College, a flourishing institution under the direction of the IRoman Catholics. It is also the residence of a Catholic archbishop. All strangers agree in extolling the agreeable society of Baltimore, which is said to resemble, more than any other of our cities, the gay and polished capitals of Europe. Lat. 39~ 1.7~ N., Lon. 76'~ 37~ VW. Pop. 169,054.-Inhab. Bk.L-TI-MOI-RE-AN. BiL-TING-GLASS,/ a small t. of Ireland, in the co. of Wicklow, 33 m. S, W. of Dublin. BAM.-BARI-RA, an extensive country in the interior of N. Africa, the exact boundaries of which are not known. On the N. it borders on the Great Desert; and it extends to 50~ V. Lon. BAMBERG, bam/-beaG, an archiepiscopal t. of Bavaria, on the Regnitz, about 3 m. above its influx into the Main, and 30 m. W. of Baireuth. Besides its medical and surgical schools, it has a lyceum, in which a complete course df divinity and philosophy is given. Lat. 490 56' N., Lon. 11~ E. Pop. 21,000. (B.) BAM'-BOOKI, a country of Africa, extending between 120 and 140 N. Lat., and 80 and 11~ WX. Lon., containing mines of gold, silver, and iron. It is esteemed one of the richest gold regions on the globe. The inhabitants are Mandingoes. BANI-cA, an i. near the N. coast of Sumatra, between 1~ 30' and 30 8' f. Lat., and 1050 9' and 106~ 51' E. Lon. Its greatest length is 135 m.; its breadth, 65 m. Banca owes its importance to its inexhaustible tin mines, first discovered about the year 1710. BANI-D- ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the eastern seas, between 40 20' and 40 40' S. Lat. and 129~ 40' and 130~ 10' E. Lon. BANFF, sometimes written and always pronounced Bamff, the cap. of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Doveron, 39 in. N. N. W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of the burgh and parish, 3,202. BANFFSHIRE, bamfl-shir, a co. in the N. of Scotland, bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 49,679. BAN —BA-R 99 ou, as in or'r; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BANGALORE, bang'-ga-lorel, an important fortified t. of Hindostan, in Mysore. Lat. 12~ 57' N. Lon., 77~ 36' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (P. C.) BANG\-KOKI, the present cap. of Siam, situated on both sides of the r. Meinam, about 30 m. from its mouth. Both banks of the river are lined with floating houses for the whole length of the town, amounting to 3 or 4 miles. Towards the river, these houses have covered platforms, where the various productions of China and of the country are exposed for sale; so that this portion of Bang-kok may be called a floating bazaar. The greatest number of the inhabitants are Chinese and their descendants. The houses, with few exceptions, are built of wood. Lat. about 13~ 30' N., Lon. 1()0~ 30' E. Pop. estimated at 90,000. (B.) BANGoR, banag-gor, a city in Caernarvonshire, Wales, near the N. entrance of Menai Strait, 9 m. N. E. of Caernarvon. Pop. 7,232. BANI-GOR, a city of Me., cap. of the co. of Penobscot, on the WV. bank of r. Penobscot, 30 m. in a straight line N. of Castine. It has a theological seminary, established in 1816. Pop. 14,432. BANN, a r. of Ireland. which rises in the co. of Down, and flowing N. W. through Lough Neagh, enters the North Sea about 4 in. N. W-. of Coleraine, after a course of near 80 m. BAN/-NQCK-BURN!, a village of Scotland, in the co. of Stirling, 29 m. WV. N. W. from Edinburgh, celebrated for a great victory gained by Robert Bruce over Edward II. of England, in 1314. Pop. 2,206. BAN'-TAM/, a t. of Java, in a prov. of the same name, on the N. E. coast of the island. Lat. 60 2' S., Lon. 1(16~ 9' E. It was formerly a great and populous city, but is now falling in ruins and almost deserted on account of the putrid miasmas which prevail here. (B.) BANI-TRY, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, at the head of an extensive bay to which it gives its name. This bay contains three harbours, one near its entrance, secure and spacious, with water sufficiently deep for the largest ships. Pop. 4,275. (P. C.) BAPAUlmIE, bAl-pomel, an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Pas de Calais, 94 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 50~ 6' N., Lon. 2~ 52' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,071. (P. C.) BAR-BAt-DQ,5, or BARBADOES, the most eastern of the Caribbee islands, belonging to the English, who established a colony here in 1624. It is about 20 in. long and 10 m. broad. Area 166 sq. m. Entire pop. in 1830, 91,887. (P. C.) Bridgetown, the cap., is situated on Carlisle Bay, at the S. W. end of the island. Lat. 13~ 5~ N., Lon. 590 40' W.-Inhab. BAR-BA/-DI-AN. BAR-LE-DUc, baR'-leh-dfiki, a t. in the N. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Meuse, or the Ornain, (oR'-naN!,) a branch of the Marne;, which is navigable to this place. It has various manufactures, but is partic.ularly celebrated for its sweetmeats. Lat. 48~ 47' N., Lon. 50 10' E. Pop. 12,383. (B.) BAR/-B4-RY, an extensive country, lying along the N. coast of Africa: bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Egypt, S. by the Great Desert, and W. by the Atlantic. It embraces four great states or ox 100 BAR —BAR Fhte, fir, fill, fAt; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; o5 as in good; divisions, viz., the empire of Morocco and the regencies of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. BARBARY appears to have been derived from Berber, a name by which the Arabs designated the people of this region before the Saracen conquest. Some, however, derive it from barbarus (barbarian). A more particular description of this country will be found under the names of the respective states. BARI-BOUR, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the head waters of the Monongahela. Pop. 9,005. BARBOUR, a co. in the E. part of Alabama, bordering on the Chattao hoochee r. Pop. 23,632. Co. t. Clayton. BARBUDA, bar-boof-da, one of the Caribbean islands, situated 27m. N. of Antigua. It is 15 m. long and 8 m. broad, and i.as a castle in 170 38' N. Lat., and 61~ 51' W. Lon. BARCELONA, baa-cel-ol-na, (Lat. Bar/cino, Gr. Bapxtvcv, ) a fortified city and port of Spain, the cap. of Catalonia, on the Meditel'ranean, in the midst of a delightful and highly cultivated country. It is well built, and contains eight colleges, besides several other scientific and literary institutions. Lat. 41~ 21' N., Lon. 2~ 10' E. Pop. 12'),000. (B.)Adj. and inhab. BAR-CEL-Ol-NI-AN. BARCELONA, a t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, and cap. of a province of the same name. Lat. 10~ 6' N., Lon. 640 44' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) BAREILLY, bar-Bi-le, a t. of Delhi, Hindostan, and cap. of a district of the same name. Lat. 28~ 23' N., Lon. 79~ 16 E. Pop. above 66,000. (B.) BAR/-GAIN-TOWN', a small village and port of entry of N. J., in Atlantic co., about 4 m. from Great Egg Harbour. BARI, bia-re, (Anc. Baf/rum,) an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a harbour on the Adriatic. Lat. 410 8' N., Lon. 16~ 55' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) BARINAS. See VARINAS. BARLETTA, baR-letf-ta', a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari, on the coast of the Adriatic, 112 m. E. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41~ 20' N., Lon. 16~ 18' E. Pop. estimated at above 18.000. (B.) BARNAUL, bar'-noult, an important mining t. of Russia, in the government of Tomsk. Lat. 530 20' N., Lon. 830 26' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) BARN5'-LEY, a t. of England, in the co. of York, 13 m. N. of Sheffield. IPop. of the chapelry, with an area of about 6 sq. m., 12,310. BARNI-STA-BLE, a co. of Mass., comprising the whole peninsula of Cape Cod, the Elizabeth and some other islands. Pop. 35,276. BARNSTABLE, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on a little bay to which it gives its name. Lat. 41~ 42' N., Lon. 70~ 19' W. Pop. of the township, 4,901. BARNI-S'rA-PLE, a seaport t. of England, in North Devon, 34 m. N. W. of Exeter. Lat. 510 5' N., Lon. 40 4''V. Pop. 7,902. BARNI-WELT, a dist. in the S. VV. part of S. C., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 21,471. Seat of justice, Barnwell c. h. BAR-BAT 101 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BAROACH, ba-r6chf, a city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of same name in the prov. of Guzerat, on the Nerbudda r., 25 m. from its mouth. Lat. 210 46' N., Lon. 73~ 14' E. Pop. in 1812, 32,716. (P. C.) BA-ROI-D., a firtified city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, in the prov. of Guzerat. Lat. 22~ 21' N., Lon. 730 23' E. Pop. estimated at above 100,000. (B.) BARRaGES, bar'-raizhf, a village of France, in the dep. of the Upper Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm mineral springs. It is 4,259 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 42~ 53' N., Lon. 0~ 4' E. BARI-REN, a co. in the S. central part of Ky. Pop. 20,240. Co. t. Glasgow. BARI-R6w, a r. in the S. E. of Ireland, which flows into St. George's Channel. BARI-RY, a co. in the south-westerly part of Mich., a little N. of the Kalamazoo r. Pop. 5,072. Co. t. Hastings. BARRY, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 3,467. BAR-THOLI-O-MEW, a co. in the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 12,428. Co. t Columbus. BASEL, bal-zel, (Fr. Bale or Basle, bal,) a canton in the N. of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine. Area 185 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 54,000. (B.) BASEL or BkLE, the largest t. of Switzerland, cap. of a division of the above Canton, on the Rhine, by which it is divided into two parts. It has a university, which is by far the oldest in Switzerland, having been founded in 1460, and several other important literary institutions. Lat. 470 34' N., Lon. 7~ 35' E. Pop. including the suburbs, 22,204. (B.) BAssANo, bSs-sa-no, a manufacturing and trading t. of Austrian Italy, in the prov. of Vicenza, on the E. bank of the Brenta, 24 m. No. by W. of Padua. Pop. 10,000. (B.) BASSETFRRE, bass'-taiR, the cap. of St. Christopher's, in the West Indies, situated on the S. side of the island. Lat. 170 19' N., Lon, 6i2~ 49' W.-Also, a t. on the W. side of Guadaloupe. Lat. 15~ 59' N., Lon. 61~ 45' W. BASSORA, basf-so-ra, or BASRA, a fortified city of Asiatic Turkey, situated on the right bank of the Shatt-el-Arab. Lat. 30~ 25' N., Lon. 47~ 35' E. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.) BASTIA, bas-tee!-a', the largest and most commercial t. of the island of Corsica, of which it was formerly the cap.; on the E. coast. Lat. ~42~ 41' N., Lon. 90 26' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) B4-TAI-V-A. (See Int. XI.) A city and seaport of Java, on the N. coast. It is the cap. of all the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, and the first commercial t. of all Oceanica. (B.) Lat. 6~ 12' S., Lon. 1060 53' E. Pop. in 1824, 53,861. (P. C.) BATAVIA, the cap. of Genesee co., N. Y., on the Albany and Buffalo railroad, 30 m. W. S. W. of Rochester. Pop. of the township, 4,461. BATES, a co. in the W. part of Mo., bordering gn the Indian Territory. Pop. 3,669. BATH, the chief city of Somersetshire, and one of the most beautiful 9* 102 BAT-BT AY Fhte, ffr, fill, fat; mi6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; towns in England, on the Avon, about 108 m. from London. It has long been celebrated for its hot mineral springs, which attract hither multitudes of strangers. This place appears to have been known to the Romans under the name of Aqua Calidae. An interesting collection of Roman remains, found in t'his town and its vicinity, is deposited in the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution. Lat. 51~ 22' 32" N., Lon. 2~021' 30" W. Pop. 38,304. BATH, a port of entry, in Lincoln co., Me., on the Kennebec, 16 m. from the sea. Pop. of the township, 8,020. Lat. 43~ 54' N., Lon. 690 47' W. BATH, a co. in the central part of Va. Pop. 3,426. Co. t. Bath. BATH, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r. Pop. 12,115. Co. t. Owingsville. BATON RoUGE (bat/-on roozh), EAST, a parish of La., on the left side of the Miss. Pop. 11,977. Seat of justice, Baton Rouge. BATON ROUGE, seat of justice of the above co., and cap. of the state of La., is on the Miss. r., about 90 m. WV. N. W. of New Orleans. Pop. 4,000. BATTAGLIA or LA BATTAGLIA, Ia bat-tald-yA, a t. of Austrian Italy, 10 m. S. by W. of Padua, celebrated for its sulphurous baths. Permanent pop., 2,700. (B.) BAUTZEN, boutf-sen, a t. of Saxony, situated on the Spree; cap of the circle of Upper Lusatia. Lat. 51~ 12' N., Lon. 14~ 25' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) BA-VA/-RI-A (Ger. Baiern, bil-ern), a kingdom of Germany, consisting of two distinct portions. The one situated to the E. of the Rhine, constituting above seven-eighths of the whole kingdom, and commonly called the territory of the Danube and the Main, extends from 470 18' to 500 41' N. Lat., and from about 90 to 13~ 46' E. Lon., and is bounded on the N. and N. W. by the principalities of Reuss and the states of Ducal Saxony, N. E. by the kingdom of Saxony, E. by Bohemia and Austria, S. by Tyrol and Vorarlberg, W. by Wfirtemberg, Baden, Hesse Darrnstadt, and Hesse Cassel. The other portion of the Bavarian dominions, the territory of the Rhine, is situated on the W. bank of that river, and is completely disjoined from the preceding by the territories of Baden and Hesse Darmstadt. It extends from 48~ 57' to 49~ 50' N. Lat., and from 7~ 6' to 8~ 31' E. Lon. The total area of Bavaria is 29,493 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 4,187,390. (P. C.) Munich is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. BA-VAI-RI-AN. BAYAZID, bif-a-zeedf, a t. of Armenia, at the base of Mount Ararat. Lat. 39~ 28'N., Lon. 440 13' E. Pop. estimated at above 15,000. (B.) BAYEUX, ba'-yuhf, a t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 17 m. VW. by N. of Caen. Lat. 490 17' N., Lon. 0~ 42' W. Pop. in 1832, 9,954. (P. C.) BRYONNE, b'-yonnt, a fortified and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees and Landes, at the junction of the Adour and Nive, 2 or 3 m. above their entrance into the Bay of Biscay. The weapon called bayonet derived its name from this town, where it wag first made. Lat. 430 29' N., Lon. 1~ 28' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.) BAY —BEE 103 ou, as in our; th, as in thif; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BAYOU, bil-oo, or more usually bil-o, a term confined chiefly to the state of Louisiana, signifying properly any stream which is derived from some other stream, or from a lake; in other words, any stream which is not fed by fountains. The word is supposed to be a corruption of the French boyau-a derivation which is rendered more probable by the prevalent pronunciation, bit-o. BEARN, bW'-aaR, formerly a prov. of France, now forming a part of the dep. of Lower Pyrenees. BEAUFORT, bu/-furt, a co. in the E. part of N. C., intersected by the Pamlico r. Pop. 13,816. Co. t. Washington. BEUFORT, a dist. forming the S. extremity of S. C. Pop. 38,805. Seat of justice, Coosawatchie. BEAUFORT, a port of entry; cap. of Carteret co., N. C., on the Atlantic coast, with a good harbour. Lat. about 34:9 50' N., Lon. 76~ 50' W. BEAUFORT, a port of entry of S. C., in the dist. of Beaufort, on a small arm of the sea called Port Royal r. BEAULEY, bol-le, a small r. of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, flowing into Murray Frith.-Also a village at the mouth of the above r. BEAUMARIS, bo-mal-ris, a small t. of Wales; cap. of the co. of Anglesea, on a bay to which it gives its name, 3-2 m. from Bangor. Pop. 2,299. BEAUNE, bone, a t. of France, in the dep. of C6te d'Or, famous for its wine. Lat. 470 2' N., Lon. 40 50' E. Pop. in 1.832, 9,272. (P. C.) BEAUVAIs, b6'-val, (Anc. Bellovlacum, and Cnsarom/agus,) a t. of France; the cap. of the dep. of Oise, 41 m. N. by W. of Paris. Lat. 490 26' N., Lon. 2~ 5' E. Pop. above 13,000. (B.) BEAVER, a co. in the Wi. of Pa., bordering on Ohio, and intersected by the Ohio r. Pop. 26,689. Co. t. Beaver. BECt-C0LE5, a t. of England, in the co. of Suffolk, 98 m. N. E. of London. Pop. of the parish, 4,086. BED[-FORD, a t. of England; cap. of Bedfordshire, on the r. Ouse, 48 m. N. N. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 3 sq. mn., 9,178. BEDFORD, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop. 23,052. Co. t. Bedford. BEDFORD, a co. in the S. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 24,080. Co. t. Liberty. BEDFORD, a co. in the S. central part of Tenn. Pop. 21,512. Co. t. Shelbyville. BEDI-FORD-SHIRE, an inland co. of England, N. N. W. of London. 1Pop. 107,936. BEDOUIN, bedt-66-in, or BEDL-O-WEEN', (Arab. Bed/-A-weet.) The Bedouins are tribes of wandering Arabs, dispersed over Arabia, Egypt, and Barbary. BEE,-DER, a t. of Hindostan; cap. of a prov. of the same name, now much decayed, and chiefly interesting for its magnifi rent ruins. LatL 17~ 55' N., Lon. 770 34' E. 104 BEII-BEL Fhte, ftr, fall, fat; m6, m&t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 5O as in good; BEL-TRING'S STRAIT, a strait which connects the Pacific with the Polar Ocean, situated between Asia and America. In the narrowest part it is about 50 m. wide. Lat. between 65~ 30' and 660 30' N., Lon. between 168~ and 170~ W. BEIRA. See BEYRA. BEJA, bh/-zha, an ancient t. of Portugal, in Alentejo; cap. of a dist, of the same name. Lat. 38~ 5' N., Lon. 70 40' W. Pop. about 5,009). (B.) BEI-JA-POORt, formerly written VIsIAPOUR, a considerable prov. of Hindostan, lying between 15~ and 18~ N. Lat., and 73~ and 76~ E. Lon.-Also, a t., the former cap. of the above prov., now in ruins. BEITH, beeth, a small t. of Ayrshire, Scotland, 8 m. N. of Irvine. BEL-ED/-EL-JER-EEDI (often written Beled-el-Jerid, or -Djeryd), usually pronounced bel-ed/-ool-jer-eedl,'" the country of dates," a name given to a region of N. Africa, lying S. and E. of the Atlas Mountails. BEL-FASTI, a seaport, the principal t. of the N. of Ireland, on the bay of Carrickfergus, about 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin. It has a college and several other institutions for'the promotion of learning. Belfast has increased very rapidly during the last half century. The census of 1831 gave a pop. greater than that of 1821 by more than 16,000. Lat. 540 36' N., Lon. 50 56' WT. Pop. in 1851 96,660. BELFAST, a port of entry; cap. of Waldo co., Me., at the mouth of the Penobscot. BELFORT, bel1-foRt, more usually BEFORT, b&i-foRi, a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Rhine. Lat. 47~ 39' N., Lon. 6~ 50' E. Pop. in 1832, 4,537. (P. C.) BELGIUM, bel/-je-um, (Fr. La Belgique, la bhl'-zheek/,*) a kingdoni of Europe, situated between 490 32' lind 51~ 28' N. Lat., and between 2~ 36' and 6~ 6' E. Lon., bounded on the N. by the prov. of Limburg, North Brabant, and Zealand, E. by the grand-duchy of Luxemburg and that of the Lower Rhine, S. and S. W. by France, and N. W. by the North Sea. Its length is 170m.; its greatest breadth 110 m. Area estimated at 11,000 sq. m. Population in 1846 4,335,319. The territory which forms the present kingdomn of Belgium, previously to 1830, belonged to the crown of Holland. In the month of August of that year, a revolution began at Brussels, which resulted in establishing the independence of Belgium as a limited monarchy. The choice of the national representatives fell upon prince Leopold, of Saxe Coburg, who ascended the throne in July, 1831.-Belgium is divided into 9 provinces; viz., Antwerp, Brabant (South), East and West Flanders, Hainault, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, and Namur. —Adj. and inhab. BEL-GI-A4N. e It may be proper to observe, that Freneh is spoken by the educated Belgians generally. The language of the lower classes is, for the most part, either Flemish, or a corrupt dialect of the French. BEL-BEN 105 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIi, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BEL'-GRtADEI (Lat. Singidulnum, Turk. Bil-graad), an ancient, fortified t. of European Turkey, cap. of the principality of Servia, at the junc. tion of the Save and Danube, on the right bank of both of these rivers. It is one of the strongest places in Europe, and has long been renowned in the military annals of Turkey. Belgrade is the principal entrep6t between Constantinople and Salonica on the one side, and Vienna and Pesth on the other. Lat. 440 50' N., Lon. 20~ 32' E. Pop. estimated at about 30,000. (B.) BEL/-KNAP, a co. in the S. central part of N. H., on L. Winnipisseo. gee. Pop. 17,721. Co. t. Guilford. BEL-LIN-ZO/-NA, a small t. of Switzerland, cap. of the Canton of Ticino, on the r. Ticino, 14 m. N. of Lugano. Pop. 13,000. (B.) BELf,UNO, bel-loof-no, a t. of Austrian Italy, 55 m. N. N. E. of Padua. Lat. 46~ 10' N., Lon. 120 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) BEL-MONTI, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 34,600. Co. t. St. Clairsville. BELOOCHISTAN, bel-oo'-chis-tan/,t a country in the S. of Asia, borderon the Irldian Ocean, between 24~ 50' and 30~ 40' N. Lat., and 47~ 50' and 69~ 10' E. Lon. Area estimated at 150,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,000,000. (B.) A large portion of this country is mountainous or desert. It is estimated that less than one-tenth of the whole is fit for pasture, and that not one-hundredth part is actually under cultivation. Few portions of it can be said to be well watered, as nearly all the streams, none of which are very large, become dry during the heat of summer. The Beloochees are for the most part pastoral in their mode of life, though some of them are engaged in agriculture. In character, they are hospitable, and generally faithful to their promises, but avaricious, rapacious, and revengeful. The prevailing religion is Mahometanism. The government is a confederacy of several small territories, each having its own chief. All the others recognise the supremacy of him who resides at Kelat.-Adj. and inhab. BEL-OO/-CHEE. BENARES, ben-Af-rez, a large city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name,on the N. bank of the Ganges. It is celebrated as having been in ancient times the seat of Brahminical learning, and hence has been styled the Athens of India. It may also *be regarded as the Hindoo Rome, or the ecclesiastical metropolis of this vast country. The fame for sanctity which it possesses, draws hither annually a snul titude of pilgrims from different parts of India. Lat. 25~ 18' N., Lon. 830 1' E. Pop. estimated at above 630,000. (B.) "In that day of desolation, Lady, I was captive made, Bleeding for my Christian nation, By the walls of high BELGRADE."-CAMPBELL. t We are informed, on good authority, that the native pronunciation of this name is bel-oo'-khis-tan', but general usage appears to have affixed to the ch its soft sound: even the French pronounce the name in this manner. Balbi writer it B6. loutchistan. 106 BEN —BER Fhte, fhr, fall, fat; m&, mrt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; ]BENEVENTO, ben-a-vent-to (Lat. Benevenrtum), an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, belonging to the Papal State, though situated within the limits of the kingdom of Naples. This town held an important rank in the middle ages, when it was the seat of a dukedom. After the time of Charlemagne, the duchy of Benevento maintained itself, for a considerable period, as an independent state, and its dukes assumed the title of princes. Lat. 41~ 7' N., Lon. 140 43' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) BEN-GiL/, a large prov. of Hindostan, between 21~ and 270 N. Lat. and 86~ and 930 E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E. by the Burmese empire, S. by the Bay of Bengal and Orissa, and W. by Bahar. Its length, from E. to W., may be estimated at 350 m., its average breadth at near 300 m. Area estimated at 97,244 sq. m. The soil of Bengal is very fertile, and the country is intersected in every direction by navigable streams; among others, the Ganges and Brahmapootra. The annual inundations occasioned by the swelling of the rivers in the rainy season, leave a deposit of decayed vegetable matter, and thus renew the productiveness of the soil. This province is the seat of the supreme government in British India. Pop. in 1822, estimated at 23,358,750. (P. C.) Capital, Calcutta.-Adj. BEN'-GA-LEEi.S and BEN-GIL/-EE. Inhab. BENGALESE. BENGUELA, ben-ga/-la, a district on the W. coast of Africa, S. of Angola. BENIN, ben-eenf, a kingdom on the W. coast of Afirica, in Nigritia.A r. of this country, flowing into a gulf of the same name. —Also, a t.; the cap. of the kingdom of Benin. Pop. estimated at 15,()00. (B.) BENI-NING-TON, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 18,589. Co. towns, Bennington and Manchester. BENSHEIM, bens/-hime, a small t. of Hesse Darmstadt, 8 m. S. of Darmstadt. Pop. 4,000. (B.) BENTHEIM, bentl-hime,. a small district of Germany, comprised within the limits of Hanover, with a t. of the same name. BENI-TQN, a co. in the N. E. part of Alabama, bordering on Ga. Pop. 17,163. Co. t. Jacksonville. BENTON, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ark. Pop. 3,710. Co. t. Osage. BENTON, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., W. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 6,315. BENTON, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind., bordering on Ill. Pop. 1,144. BENTON, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 5,015. Seat of justice, Benton c. h. BERAR, ba-rarl, a prov. in the S. of Hindostan, between 17~ and 230 N. Lat., and 750 and 81~ E. Lon. BERAT, ber-atf, an important t. of European Turkey, in Albania. Lat. 40~ 48' N., Lon. 19C 52' E. Pop. 9,(100. (B.) BERESINA or BEREZINA, ber-ez-eet-na, a r. of Russia, flowing into the Dnieper, BEr-Ez-oF! (Berezow), a small t. of Siberia; cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 630 56' N., Lon. about 670 E. Pop. about 1,500. (P. C.) BER-BER 107 ou, as in our; th, as in thin: Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BERGAMO, bWR/-ga-mo, (Anc. Ber/gomum,) a t. of Austrian Italy, in a prov. of the same name, 27 m. N. E. of Milan. It possesses several scientific and literary institutions; among others, a public library of 45,000 vols. Lat. 45~ 42' N., Lon. 90 40' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.) BERGEN, bhRgf-en, an ancient and commercial t. of Norway, situated on a bay of the North Sea. Lat. 600 24' N., Lon. 50 21' E. Pop. 21,000. (B.) B.ERGI-~N, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 14,725. Co. t. Hackensack. BERG-OP-ZOOM, bnRGl op z6met, (Berg on the Zoom,) sometimes incorrectly written Bergen-op-Zoom, a fortified t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, on the little river Zoom, and near the E. branch of the Scheldt, 19m. N. by W. of Antwerp. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) BERGUES, bWRg, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, about 5m. S. E. of Dunkerque. Lat. 500 58' N., Lon. 2~ 24' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,962. (P. C.) BERKI-LEY, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the Potomac r. Pop. 11,771. Co. t. Martinsburg. BERKS, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., intersected by the Schuylkill. Pop. 77,129. Co. t. Reading. BERK/-SHIRE, formerly written, and still often pronounced Barkshire, an inland co. of Enogland, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 161,147. BERKSHIRE, a co. forming the western extremity of Mass. Pop. 49,591. Co. t. Lennox. BERI-LIN (Ger. pron. beR-leenf), the cap. of the Prussian dominions, and, next to Vienna, the largest and finest city of Germany, situated on the banks of the Spree, in the prov. of Brandenburg. The part called New Town (Neu Stadt, noil sta'tt), is built with great regularity. The streets are wide, and adorned with a multitude of magnificent buildings, both public and private. The royal palace is one of the finest in Europe. Berlin is celebrated as a seat of literature, science, and the arts; among the multitude of institutions for the promotion of which, may be named-the University, founded in 1810, which is one of the first in Europe; it has 120 professors, and about 1,700 students: the Royal Library, containing more than 400,000 vols., besides manuscripts: and the new Museum, with a superb collection of paintings, coins, and other works of art. In trade, extent, and population, it surpasses every other city of the Prussian dominions. The old Observatory is in 52~ 31' 13" N. Lat., and 13~ 23' 52" E. Lon. P. in 1846 including the garrison 408,500. BERL1N, a t. of Conn., in Hartford co., 11 m. S. of Hartford, remark. able for its tin manufactures. Pop. of the township, 3,411. BERMUDAS, ber.-mool-daz,* or SOMMERS' ISLANDS, are situated in the * This name, in Shakspeare's time, appears to have been pronounced after the Spanish mode, BERMOOTHES, as we find it thus written in the Tempest, Act I Scene 2. (See Int. XXVII., 7.) 108 BER-BEV Fhte, ftr, f11, fAt; mn, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; N. Atlantic, 645 m. N. E. of Atwood's Keys, the nearest of the VW. India Islands, and 580 m. from Cape Hatteras, in North Carolina. These islands are very numerous: the principal are St. George's, St. David's, Long Island (or Bermuda), Somerset, and Ireland. They belong to Great Britain. The climate of the Bermudas is that of perpetual spring. The name is derived from the supposed discoverer, Bermudez, a. Spaniard who is said to have touched here in 1522. Wreck H-ill, the western part of the group, is in 32~ 15' N. Lat., and 64~ 50' W. Lon. Total pop. in 1.832, 12,228. (P. C.) —Inhab. BERMUDIAN, ber-moolde-an. BERN or BERNE (Ger. and Fr. pron. beRn), the most populous and next to the largest canton of Switzerland, is situated in the central part of this country. Area 2,577 sq. m. Pop. in 1831,380,000. (P. C.) -Adj. and inhab. BFR-NEsElt. BERN, the cap. of the above, on a peninsula formed by the r. Aar. Its trade is considerable, and it possesses several good establishments for education, with a richly endowed museum of natural history, and a public library of 30,000 volumes. Lat. 46~ 57' N., Lon. 70 25' E. Pop. of the town, with its environs, 20,(000. (B.) BERN/-ARD, ST., a mountain pass between Switzerland and Italy, on which the celebrated Hospice or monastery of St. Bernard stands, at the height of about 7,963 feet, being the most elevated fixed habitation in Europe, and close upon the limits of perpetual snow. Above it, tremendous rocks rise to the height of 4,240 feet, or about 12,200 feet above the level of the sea. BERNARD, ST., a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering on Lake Borgne. Pop. 3,802. BERI-RI.'-N, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of the state of Mich., lying on L. Michigan. Pop. 11,417. Co. t. St. Joseph. BER-TIE1, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on the Roanoke. Pop. 12,851. Co. t. WTindsor. BERWICK, usually pronounced berf-rick,a seaport and garrison t. of the co. of Northumberland, Eng., on the road from London to Edinburgh, on the N. bank of the Tweed, about half a mile from its mouth, and 48 m. E. by S. from Edinburgh. Lat. 550 46' N., Lon. about 2~ W. Pop. of the parish, including an area of 8 sq. m., 8,484. BERWICKSHIRE, berf-rik-shir, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Scotland. Pop. 34,438. BESANgON, beZ-aN'-SBN! or b'zAN'-so'S, (the Vesanttii of the Romans,) a very ancient fortified t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Doubs, on the r. Doubs, 205m. S. E. of Paris. Its trade and manufactures are consi. derable: it possesses a number of establishments for education, and is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 470 14' N., Lon. 6~ 3' E. Pop. 29,000. (B.) BE.S'~-s-RAMI-p-, or bes'-sa-riA-be-A, a prov. forming the S. W. extremity of the Russian empire, lying between the Pruth and Dniester, between 440 45 and 48~ 40' N. Lat., and 26~ 10' and 30~ 25' E. Lon. BEVI-EL-AND (Dutch pron. bh!velant,) a dist. of Holland, including BEV-BIL 109 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. two islands called N. and S. Beveland, situated in the great estuary of the Scheldt. BEV-.-R.-EN (Dutch pron. bhf-ver-en), a t. of Belgium, 7 m. W. of Antwerp. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) BEVI-ER-LEY, a t. of England, cap. of the E. riding of Yorkshire, 28 m. E. by S. of York. Entire pop. of the town and liberties, 8,671. BEVI-ER-L-Y, a t. of Essex co., Mass., 16 m. N. N. E. of Boston. Pop. of the township, 4,689. BEWDI-LEY, a t. of England, in the co. of Worcester, 13 m. N. by W. of Worcester. Pop. 3,400. BEYRA or BEIRA, bi/e-ra, a prov. of Portugal; bounded on the N. by the r. Douro, which separates it from the provinces Entre Douro e Minho and Tras os Montes, E. by Spain, S. by the provinces of Algarve and Estremadura, and W. by the Atlantic. Length from N. to S., 130 mn.; breadth, from E. to W., about 110 m. BEYROOT or BAIROUT, ba/-root, (Turk. pron. bi-root; that of the Arabs corresponds with the English, as already given: Gr. Bnpvrog, Lat. Bertytus,) a very ancient city of Syria, in the pashalic of Acre, on the Mediterranean, once celebrated for its school of jurisprudence. It now possesses few traces of its former splendor. Lat. 330 49k' N., Lon. 350 27' E. Pop. estimated at 6,000. (P. C.) BHAT'-GONGI or b'hat'-gongf, a t. of Nepaul, about 6 m. S. E. of Katmandoo, celebrated as a seat of Brahminical learning. BHOPAL. See BOPAUL. BuURT'-POOR/ or b'hurt'-poort, a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Agra; cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 27~ 12' N., Lon. 77~ 30' E. B.-AL-YS-TOK, an elegantly built t. of Western Russia; cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 530 7' N., Lon. 23~ 18' E. Pop. above 6,000. (P. C.) BIBB, a co. in the central part of Ga., intersected by the Ocmulgee. Pop. 12,699. Co. t. Macon. BIBB, a co. in the central part of Ala., intersected by the Cahawba. Pop. 9,969. Co. t. Centreville. BIDI-E-FORD or BIDDEFORD, a seaport t. of Devonshire, England, 36m. N. by W. from Exeter. Lat. 51~ 2'N., Lon. 40 12' W. Pop. 4,830. BIELEFELD, beet-leh-felt', a manufacturing t. of Prussia, in Westphalia. Lat. 52~ 2' N., Lon. 8~ 29' E. Pop. 5,200. (B.) BIG-BLAcK RIVER, a r. in the state of Miss., flowing into the Mississippi. BIG HORN RIVER, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows into the Yellow Stone. BILBAO, bil-bAl-o, often written and pronounced in English BILt-BO-A, a t. in the N. of Spain; cap. of Biscay. Lat. 430 15' N., Lon. 20 56 W. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) BILLSI-TON, a manufacturing t. of England, in Staffordshire, 107m. N. W. from London. Pop. of the township and chapelry, with an area of about 4 sq. m., 20,181. 10 110 BIN-BIR Fhte, fMr, fall, fit; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o6 as in good; BINGI-EN, a t. of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine. Lat. 490 55' N., Lon. 70 51' E. Pop. 4,100. (B.) BING/-IAAM-TQN, or CHENANGO POINT, the cap. of Broome co., N. Y., on the New York and Erie Railroad, 20 m. E. of Owego, and connected by the Chenango, with the Erie, Canal. Pop. about 5,000. BIo-Bio, bee/-o-bee-o, a r. of Chili, which falls into the Pacific in 360 50' S. Lat. BIRKET-EL-IKEROON, more properly BIRKET-EL-Koo RN, bRinl-ket-elk0ooRan (i. e. the " lake of the horn," so named from its peculiar shape); o considerable lake of Middle Egypt, bounding the prov. of FaYoom on the N. W., and situated between 29~ 35' and 29~ 15' N. Lat., and 30( 10' and 30~ 40' E. Lon. Its length, following the curve, is rather more than 30 m.; its greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. It is the Lake M ceris of,he ancients. BIRKET-EL-MARIOOT, baR/l-ket-el-ma-re-ootf, (the Lake Mareoltis of the ancients,) a lake in the N. E. part of Lower Egypt, S. E. of Alexandria. It had become entirely dry within the last three centuries, but as the bottom is several feet below the level of the sea, the English, in 1801, in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut across the narrow isthmus which separated the basin from the lake of Abookeer (Aboukir), when the sea-water flowed in, and covered an extent.of 30m. in length, and 15 in breadth. This isthmus has since been restored by Mehemet Ali. BTRI-MA, BURMA, or BRAHI-MA, called also the kingdom of Ava, an empire of Chin-India, in the S. E. of Asia. Its exact boundaries on the N. and E. are not known. On the S. it extends about 240 m. along the gulf of Martaban; the country of Arracan bounds it on the W. The Birman empire consists of Birma proper, Pegoo, Martaban, and the Birman Lao. The climate is said not to exhibit the extremes of heat and cold which are found in India, and is supposed, therefore, to be more healthy to the European constitution. It varies, however, greatly in different parts of the country. The soil produces almost every kind of grain and vegetables, as well as the different tropical fruits; the pine apple is said to grow here spontaneously. The Birmans are much less civilized than the Hindoos. In religion they are Boodhists; neither Mahometanism nor Christianity has made any progress among them. The government is an absolute despotism, their sovereign being the lord of the life and property of all his subjects.-Adj. and inhab. BIRIMAIN and BIR-MESEI, or BURMESE. BIRI-MING-HAm, a large t. of England, in Warwickshire, 98 m. N. W of London. It has increased astonishingly within a co.iury, and has become the principal hardware manufacturing town of G. Britain. By means of canals and railways it is connected with all the more important places of the kingdom, and thus enjoys every facility for trade, and is enabled to distribute the productions of its industry to all parts of the globe. Lat. 520 29' N., Lon. 1~ 52' W. Pop. 182,922. BIR —BLA 111 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in t1bis; N, nearly like ng. BIRR or PARI-SONS-TOWN', a t. of Ireland, in Kings co. Lat. 53~ 7 N. Lon. 70 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 6,594. (P. C.) BLst-CAV, (Sp. Biscaya, bis-kil-al or Viscaya,) a small prov. in the N. of Spain, lying on the Bay of Biscay. Adj. and inhab. B18-CANI/-N. BISCAY, BAY OF, is that portion of the Atlantic Ocean which washes the northern coasts of Spain, and divides them from the western coasts of France. BLACK MOUNTAIN, near the N. W. extremity of N. C., remarkable as being the most elevated point of the Appalachian system, and the highest mountain-summit in the United States, E. of the Rocky Mountains. Height, 6,476 ft. Lat. about 36~ 10' N., Lon. 810 40' W. BLACK RIVER, a r. in the northern part of N. Y., which flows into L. Ontario, near Sackett's Harbour. Its whole length is about 120 m. BLACK ROCK, a village of Erie co., N. Y., on Lake Erie, at the cornmmencernent of the Niagara r., 2 m. from Buffalo. BLACK SEA,* called also the Eut-xine, (Anc. Pon/tus Euxi/nus; Turk. Ka/-ra' Dengf-is,) lies between 40~ 50' and 46~ 40' N. Lat., and 27~ 20' and 41~ 50' E. Lon., and divides the southern provinces of European Russia from Natolia. It communicates with the Mediterranean by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont. Throughout its whole extent there is but one small island. This is uninhabited, and lies in 45~ 15' N. Lat.,. at a considerable distance from the western shore. The waters of this sea are much less saline than those of the ocean. Their specific gravity, compared with that of fresh water, is 1142 to 1000. The water of the Atlantic is 1288. This difference is probably owing to the great quantity of fresh water which the numerous rivers pour into the Euxine from the surrounding country. The waters of the Baltic, however, are considerably less saline than those of the Black Sea, their specific gravity being not above 1042. (P. C.) BLACK WARRIOR, a r. of Alabama, which flows into the Tombigbee. It is navigable for steamboats to Tuscaloosa, nearly 500 m. by water, from Mobile. BLACKI-FORD, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the Wabash and Erie canal. Pop. 2,860. BLAI-DEN, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., intersected by the Cape Fear r. Pop. 9,767. Co. t. Elizabethtown. BLANC, MOUNT, (Fr. Mont Blanc, mbN blaN, i. e. " white mountain,") The name Black Sea is said to have been given by the Turks, who, being accustomed only to the navigation of the Archipelago, where the numerous islands and their convenient ports, offered many places of refuge in case of dan. ger, found the traversing such an open expanse of water very perilous, and accordingly expressed their fears by the epithet "black" (kara). Partly on the same account, and partly because the shores of this sea were occupied by barbarous nations, the ancient Greeks first called it a5evog, (axenos,) i. e. " inhospitable;" but afterwards, when they had become better acquainted with the art of navigation, and had established numerous colonies on the shores, they changed the name to tEvuvoS or eviEtios, (euxenos or euxeinos,) i. e. " hospitable." 112 BLA-BOG Fate, far, f1ll, fat; me, mtt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; the highest mountain in Europe, situated in the kingdom of Sardinia, on the boundary line between Savoy and Piedmont. The highest point is 2460 toises, or 15,533 English feet above the level of the sea. (B.) Lat. about 450 50' N., Lon. 6~ 50' E. BLANI-CO CAPE, on the W. coast of Africa, in 200 46' 26" N. Lat., and 17~ 4' 10" W. Lon., is the W. extremity of a rocky ridge extending into the Sahara, called the White Mountains. BLAN-IKEN-BURG' or banl-nken-b66RG', a principality in the N. of Germany, belonging to the dukes of Brunswick.-Also the chief t. of the above. Lat. 510 47' N., Lon. 10~ 57' E. Pop. 3,200. (P. C.) BLEDI-SOE, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., W. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,959. Co. t. Pikeville. BLEIBERG, blif-beRG, i. e. " lead mountain," a village of the Austrian empire, on the Drave, in Carinthia, with one of the richest lead mines in Europe. Pop. including that of the environs, near 4,000. (B.) BLENHEIM, blenf-im, (Ger. pron. blen/-hime,) a village of Bavaria on the Danube, where, in 1704, Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a great victory over the French and Bavarian forces under Marshal Tallard. BLOIS, Bloi, or, more correct'y, blwa, an important city of France, on the Loire, cap. of the dep. of Loir-et-Cher. Here is an ancient aqueduct cut in the rock, supposed to have been made by the Romans, which is still used for supplying the town with water. Lat. 470 35' N., Lon. 1~ 20' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) BLOUNT, a co. in the northern part of Ala., S. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 7,367. Co. t. Blountsville. BLOUNT, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 12,382. Co. t. Marysville. BLUE MOUNTAINS, the eastern range of the Alleghanies, extending from the highlands, on the Hudson, to N. C., where it joins the main range. In Va. it is called the Blue Ridge. BOL-BER, a r. of Prussian Silesia, flowing into the Oder, at Krossen. Length about 140 m. BOCAGE, bo'-kazhl, a dist. of France, in the former prov. of Normandy, now situated in the dep. of Calvados. The inhabitants are distinguished by their small stature, and are remarkable for the patriarchal simplicity of their mode of life, for industry, and for attachment to their native soil. Capital, Vire. BEAUF, bef, the name of a bayou in La., which communicates with the Red r. and the Atchafalaya. (See BAYOU.) BODENSEE. See CONSTANCE, LAKE. BODI-MIN, a t. of England, in the co. of Cornwall, about 210 m W. S. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 4,205. BoG, sometimes written BOUG (Anc. Hyptanis), a r. in the S. part of European Russia, flowing into the Dnieper. Length about 470 m. BOB-GLX-POOR!, a t. of Hindostan; cap. of a dist. of the same name, BOG-BOK 113 ou, as in our; th, as in thib; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. on the right bank of the Ganges. It is the seat of a celebrated Maho. metan college. Lat. 250 13' N., Lon. about 87~ E. Pop. 30,(009. (B.) BOGOTA or SANTA FE DE BOGOTA, sAnl-ta f5r da bo-go-ta/, an archiepiscopal t. of S. America, formerly the cap. of the Spanish vice-royalty of N. Granada, at present the metropolis of the republic of this name, situated 9 or 10 ni. distant from the small r. of Bogota, at the foot of two lofty mountains, at an elevation of about 8,640 feet above the level of fhc sea. It was founded by Quesade, in 1538. Like many other towns built by the Spaniards in America, Bogota presents the figure of a cross, of which the principal square and church form the centre. As this place is subject to frequent earthquakes, most of the houses consist of one or two stories only. Bogota has three colleges; and twenty. six churches, the interior of which is resplendent with gold. It also contains nine monasteries, and three nunneries. Lat. 4~ 36' N., Lon. 740 13' WV. Pop. estimated at 40,000). (B.) BO-HE/f-MI- (Ger. Bbhmen, bWo-men, or Bbheim, bbl-hime), derives its name from the ancient Boii, who occupied the country about the sources of the Elbe and Moldau. It now constitutes a kingdom belonging to the empire of Austria, comprising Bohemia Proper, the margraviate of Moravia, and a small portion of Upper Silesia. Bohemia Proper occupies an irregular quadrangle in the S. E. of Germany, between 48~ 33' and 51~ 5' N. Lat., and 120 and 16~ 46' E. Lon., and is bounded on, the N. W. and N. by Saxony, N. E. by Prussian Silesia, S. E. and S. by Moravia and Austria, and S. W. by Bavaria. It contains about 20,000 sq. m. Pop. about 3,932,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. Bo. HE'I-II-_AN. Bois-LE-Duic, bwi'-leh-dfikf, a fortified manufacturing t. of Holland; cap. of North Brabant. Lat. 51~ 42' N., Lon. 50 16 E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.) BOJADOR, boj'-'a-doref, (Port. pron. bozh-a-doRel,) a cape on the W. coast of Africa. Lat. 26~ 12' N., Lon. 14~ 27' WV. BOKHARA, bo-raf-rat, or BU-KHA/-RI-4, (Anc. Sogdiatna and Transoxia/na,) called, also, USBEKHISTAN, ooz-beK'-is-tan/, a country in Central Asia, between 36~ and 420 N. Lat., and 62~ and 72~ E. Lon. It is bounded on the N. by an extensive desert called Kizil Koom, and on. the S. by Budukhshan and Afghanistan. The climate of Bokhara is regular and constant, and the soil produces a great variety of vegetables and fruits proper to the temperate latitudes. Area estimated at 90,(00 sq. m. Pop. 2,5(10,000. (B.) The prevailing languages are the Persian and Turkish. The former is spoken by the better educated generally. The government is despotic, but, as it is regulated on the laws of the Koran, the authority of the sovereign, in some measure, is controlled by the priests and lawyers. The khan of Bokhara is the most powerful of the princes of Toorkistan, and maintains a standing army of about 25,000 men, of which not more than 4,000 are infantry.-Adj. and inhab. BOKHARIAAN, bo-xia/-re-an, and BU-KHA/-R.-AN; also BOKHARESE, boW-a-resef. (M.) BoRHARA, the cap. of the khanat of the same name, and the most 10* 114 BOL -BOL Fhte, far, fill, fAt; mn, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o6 as in good; commercial t. of Central Asia, is situated in a rich plain, surrounded by gardens and trees. It is the centre of communication between several countries, and carries on, by means of caravans, an active trade with Russia, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, India, and China. Bokhara is a celebrated seat of Mahometan learning. It is computed that about 10,000 persons attend the different schools and colleges of this city at one time. Lat. 390 48'N., Lon. 64~ 26' E. Pop. estimated at above 100,000. (B.) BOL'-BECI, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 110 m. N. W. of Paris. It has increased astonishingly within the last 20 years. Lat. 490 35' N., Lon. 0~ 28' E. Pop. above 8,C,00. (B.) BOLI or BOI-LEE, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Asiatic Turkey. Lat. 400 42' N., Lon. 31~ 44' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) BoL/-I-VAR, a co. in the WV. part of Miss., bordering on the Missis. sippi r. Pop. 2,577. Co. t. Bolivar. Bo-LIV-l-e, or bo-leet-ve-a, a republic of S. America, situated between about 10~ and 25~ 40' S. Lat., and 570 and 70~ 44' W. Lon., bounded on the N. E. and E. by Brazil and Paraguay, S. by Buenos Ayres and Chili, W. and N. W. by the Pacific and by Peru. Length about 1,100m.; greatest breadth, 800 m. Area estimated at about 400,000 sq. m. No recent census of Bolivia having been taken, the pop. is variously estimated from 630,C00 to 1,300,000. Balbi gives the latter number. This republic dates from the battle of Ayacucho (i-yakoof-cho), 1824. in which the patriots, under Sucre, completely defeated the royalists. The new republic was named Bolivia, in honour of General Bolivar. The seat of government is Chuquisaca, formerly called La Plata. —Adj. and inhab. Bo-IVIf-!-AN' BOLOGNA, bo-lone/-ya, (Lat. Bonofnia,)'a city of Italy, in the Papal State, next to Rome in population and importance, 26 m. S. S. WV. of Ferrara, with which it is connected by a canal (Naviglio, na-veelt-yo), navigable for large boats. From Ferrara, by means of the Po, Adige, and intermediate canals, the water communication extends to Venice. This town is one of great antiquity. It was the principal city of the Etruscans north of the Appenines, and was then called Felsina. Afterwards the Romans changed its name to Bononia. Bologna abounds in churches, most of which are rich in paintings. It is also remarkable for its public institutions for the promotion of literature, science, and the fine arts. The university of Bologna is the oldest, and still one of the principal in Italy. There is a public library, containing 83,000 vols. Lat. 440 30' N., Lon. 11~ 21' E. Pop. above 71,000. (B.)Adj. BOLOGNESE,.bo'-lo-nezet, and BOLOGNIAN, bo-lof-ne-an. —Inhab. BOLOGNESE. BOLSENA, bol-saT-n~a, a lake of Italy, in the Papal State, about 50 m. N. N. WV. of Rome. Its form is nearly oval, and it covers an area of about 70 sq. m. Near the northern bank stands the t. of Bolsena, with about 1,500 inhabitants. BOL/-TON-LE-MOORSf, a manufacturing and commercial t. of England, in Lancashire, 11 m. N. W. of Manchester. This town has increased BOMI —BOO 115 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. very rapidly in population and importance within the last half century. By means of canals and railways, it is connected with all the more important places of the kingdom. The weavers of Bolton probably produce a greater variety of fabrics, than those of any other single town in England. The institutions for education are numerous. Lat. 53~ 33' N., Lon. 30 34' W. Pop., including Great and Little Bolton, with an area of above 3 sq. tn., 49,763. BOM-BAYI, an i. on the W. coast of Hindostan a little more than 8 m. long, from N. to S., and about 3 m. in its greatest breadth. Its harbour is unequalled for safety, throughout the British empire in India, and hence the name Born Bahia*- (good harbour), given to it by the Portuguese, which is now corrupted into Bombay. (P. C.) The town of Bombay is situated at the S. E. extremity of the island, and is tolerably well built. It is second only to Calcutta in commercial impor. tance. Bombay possesses several institutions for the promotion of knowledge, among which is a fine observatory. Lat. 18~ 57' N., Lon. 70~ 4(' E. The permanent pop. in 1816 amounted to about 162,000. (B.) Bombay is the seat of one of the three presidencies into which the British empire in India is divided. Together with the presidency of Madras, it is subordinate to the governor-general of India, whose residence is at Calcutta. The territory under the immediate jurisdiction of the governor and council of Bombay, is situated between the 14th and 24th degrees of N. Lat., and the 71st and 77th degrees of E. Lon. BOI-N. (Anc. Hipipo Reigius), a seaport t. of Algiers, Lat. 36~ 53' N., Lon. 70 47' E. BOl-NA VISI-TA, or BOA VISTA, bola visf-ta', the most easterly of the Cape de Verde Islands, about 16 m. in length. There is a little town of the same name on the VW. side of the island, in 16~ 9'N. Lat. and 220~ 58' E. Lon. BOND, a co. in the S. central part of Ill., W. of Vandalia. Pop. 6,144. BoNIFAclo, bo-ne-fAl-cho, a fortified t. on the S. extremity of the island of Corsica, with a good harbour. Lat. 41~ 23' N., Lon. 90 9' E. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) BONN (the Bonna of the Romans), a f. belonging to Prussia, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, on the left bank of the Rhine. At the head of its numerous literary institutions, stands the University, one of tne most celebrated in Germany. Lat. 50~ 42' N., Lon. 7~ 4' E. Pop above 12,000. (B.) BooM, bome, a t. of Belgium, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. 5,000. (B.) BOONE, a co. in the N. of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 11,185. Co. t. Burlington. BOONE, a co. in the central part of Ind. Pop. 11,631. Co. t. Lebanon. BOONE, a co. in the N. part of Ill., bordering on Wisconsin. Pop. 7,626. * More correctly Boa Bahia, pronounced bot-a bah-ee'-a. It should be remarked that bahia, being a feminine noun, cannot properly have the masculine adjective bom prefixed to it.-Bahia signifies strictly a " bay," or "natural harbour " II 116 BOO-BOR Fhte, fir, fkll, f~tk; m&, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; 6o as in good; Boone, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 14,979. Co. t. Columbia. BOOTAN, boo-tanl, or BHOOTAN, the name of a tract of country lying N. E. of Hindostan. Its exact limits do not appear to be ascertained. On the N. it is bounded by Thibet, on the S. by Bengal and Bahar.Inhab. BOO-TEE/-A, sometimes written BOTIYA. BO-PAUL/, written also BHOPAL, a small independent principality in the central part of India, between 22~ 32' and 23~ 45' N. Lat., and 760 2' and 78~ 52' E. Lon. —Also, the cap. of the above. Lat. 23~ 17~ N., Lon. 77~ 27' E. BORCETTE. See BURSCHEID. BORDEAUX, boRa'-dobf, or borf-do, formerly written BOURDEAUX, bOOR'dol, (Gr. BovpbbLyaa, Lat. Burdiglala,)an ancient and celebrated city of France; cap. of the dep. of Gironde, and one of the finest, most commercial, and most populous towns in the kingdom, on the W. bank of the Garonne, 310 m. S. W. of Paris. The city is connected with its suburb La Bastide (!a bas'-teedl), on the other side of the river, by a -bridge.532 yards in length, resting on 17 arches, and constituting one of the noblest structures of the kind that exist. Burdigala was ain important place as far back as the middle or latter end of the fourth century, when it was made the capital of the Gallic province Aquitania Secunda. Even at that time it had a'great reputation as a seat of learning. At present it is distinguished among the towns of France, not only by the extent and variety of its manufactures, and its active commerce, but also by its literary and scientific institutions, and its numerous and important establishments for public instruction, among which there is an -academie universitaire, and a public library of 110,000 vols. Bordeaux is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 44~ 50' N., Lon. 0~ 33' W. Pop. in 1846 120,203. Adj. and inhlab. BORDELAIS or BORDELOIS, bor!-d'llf femininb, BORDELAISE, bor'-d'lazel. BORIN,-Ei a lake or rather bay in the S. E. part of La., connected with L. Pontchartrain by the Rigolets, and communicating on the E. with the Gulf of Mexico. Length about 60 m. greatest breadth 26 In. -;BoRI-NE-o, the largest island of the globe, with the exception of New Holland,situated between about 40 S. and 7~ N. Lat., and 119~ 30' andl090 30' E. Lon. Its greatest length is about 850 m..; its breadth about 680 m. " The accent is usually placed on the last syllable of this name, in ordinary discourse. But the poets, we believe, almost invariably accentuate the penultima. This is evidently the mode in which Shakspeare pronounced Bordeaux. Scott, whose authority may have more weight, as being more modern, follows his example. "- England's hope and France's fear, Victor of Cressy and Poitier, In BORDEAUX dying lay." Lines on the Black Prince. Rob Roy. "That venison free and BORDEAUX wine Might serve the archery to dine." Lady of the Lake, Canto V. BOR-BOS 117 ou, as in our; th, as in thwin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. The area is estimated at 286,000 sq..m. Our knowledge of this island is limited, for the most part, to the shores. The climate, as far as it is known, is very hot and moist, and is particularly destructive to Europeans. Borneo is divided into a great number of small states. Some of these are subject to tie sultan of the Tooloo Islands; others to the Dutch, who have possessions on the western, southern, and eastern coasts. Most of them, however, appear to be independent. The commercial intercourse of Borneo with China, is much more extensive than with Europe. Among European nations, the Dutch, who exercise authority over one-third of the coast, carry on the most active commerce, exporting pepper, gold, and other products. Borneo produces a great variety of vegetables anti trees common to tropical countries. It also contains rich gold and diamond mines. BORNI-HOLM, an i. in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, 90 m. E. of Zealand. It is about 26 m. long, and 12 wide. Area estimated at 216 sq. m. BOR-NOO!, (Bornou,) a kingdom in the N. central part of Africa, between 10~ and 15~ N. Lat., and 12~ and 180 E. Lon.-Adj. and inhab. BoR'-NOO-ErEf. BORODINO, bor-o-deef-no, a village of Russia, about 70 m. W. of Moscow, the scene of a desperate battle between the French and Russians, in 1812. Lat. 550 33' N., Lon. 350 40' E. BOSNA-SERAY, bost-na-ser-if, or SERAJEVO, ser-i-yUa-vo, a manufacturing and commercial city of European Turkey, on the Migliazza (meel-yatf-sa) or Miliaska, near its junction with the Bosna. It is considered the cap. of Bosnia, although the pasha has for the last few years resided at Trawnik. Lat. 430 54' N., Lon. 180 26' E. Pop. about 70,000. (B.) BOSf-Nl —;, (called Bost-nd' by the Turks,) the most westerly eyalet or prov. of European Turkey, derives its name from the r. Bosna, an affluent of the Save, by which it is intersected. It is bounded on the N. W. and N. by Croatia and Slavonia, E. by Servia, and S. and W. by Albania and Dalmatia..Area variously estimated from 16,000 to 22,000 sq. m.-Adj. and inhab. Bosf-NI-AN and Bos/-N:.-AK: the latter is more properly applied to that portion of the inhabitants of Bosnia who are descended fromn the orginal Slavonic nation that established itself here during the decline of the Roman empire. Bosi-Poa-vs, commonly but incorrectly written BOSPHORUS, the strait between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmlora, called also the Channel of Constantinople. It is about 1 m. or 11 m. wide, and 20 m. long. BOSRAH. See BASSORA. Bost-ToN, a port of entry, cap. of Mass., and the largest city in NeA England, is situated in Suffolk co., on a peninsula 2 m. long and about 1 m. wide, at the WV. side of Massachusetts Bay. Its harbour is one of the best in the United States. It has always a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and is accessible at all seasons of the year The Middlesex canal, 30 m. in length, connects this harbour witl the Merrimack. Besides the advantages which Boston possesses foi 118 BOS —BOU Fhte, far, fMll, ft; m6, mat; pine, or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oi as in good; maritime trade, it communicateds by means of railroads, with all the principal places in Mass., and with most of the important towns in the adjoining states. It is the second commercial city of the United States. The tonnage of this port, in 1850, amounted to 313,190. The total value of the imports, for the same year, was $27,969,922, and of the exports $9,142,649. It is probable that the amount of imports and exports, during the present year, will be much greater. The number and excellence of her institutions for education, and the zeal and success with which literature and science are cultivated by her citizens, appear fully to justify the distinguished reputation which Boston enjoys as a seat of learning. Among the numerous literary establishments of this city, may be mentioned the Athenveum, with a library of 50,000 vols. Lat. of the State House, 420 21' 22/ N., Lon. 710 4 9// W. The pop. by the census of 1850, was 136,871: if we add the suburbs, which are closely united with the city, it will exceed 200,000.-Inhab. BOS-To'-NI-AN. BOSTON, a seaport t. of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m. N. of London. Lat. 53~ N., Lon. 0~ 2' WV. Pop. of the town and parish, with an area of above 8 sq. m., 12,942.* BOT-A-NY BAY, situated on the E. coast of New Holland, was named by Cook, from the great quantity of plants found there. Near it is Sydney, the chief town of the colony of convicts from Great Britain. See SYDNEY. BOTETOURT, botf-e-tort, a co. in the S. central part of Virginia, WV. of the Blue Ridge. Pop. 14,908. Co. t. Fincastle. BOTH/-NJ-A, a country in the N. of Europe, formerly divided into E. and W. Bothnia; but the prov. called E. Bothnia has been ceded to Russia, and now forms a part of the government of Uledborg. S. Bothnia extends from about 63~ 30' to 68~ N. Lat. On the S. E. it borders on the Gulf of Bothnia.-Adj. BOTHI-NI-AN and BOTHI-NIc. BOTHNIA, GULF OF, the most northern part of the Baltic Sea, extends from 60~ to near 66~ N. Lat. Its whole length is perhaps 450 m. BOTZf-EN, (It. Bolzano, bol-sa/-no,) a t. of Tyrol, 32 m. N. by E. of Trent. Pop. 8,000. (B.) BoucHEs DU RHONE. See MOUTHS OF THE RHONE. BOULOGNE, boo-lonet,(Fr. pron. boo'-lofil: Anc. Gesoriacum, afterwards Bonornia or Bolo/nia,) a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of' Pas de Calais, 138 m. N. by W. of Paris. It contains, among other institutions, a public library of above 22,000 vols. Lat. 500 44' N., Lon. 1~ 35' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) BOURBON, boorl-bon, (Fr. pron. booR'-bNft,) an i. belonging to France, situated in the Indian Ocean, E. of Madagascar. The t. of St. Denis, at the N. W. extremity, is in 20) 51' S. Lat., and 550 30' E. Lon. This island is nearly 50 m. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about 35 m. wide. The soil is very fertile in the vicinity of the coast, but the interior is decidedly sterile. A large portion of the island is mountainous; one * McCulloch gives the population of this town, without mentioning the area included. BOU —BRA 119 oun, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. of the peaks rises to the height of near 9,600 ft. above the level of the sea. Pop. in 1822, about 68,000. (P. C.) See MAURITIUS. BOURI-BON., a co. in the N. part of Ky., N. E. of Lexington. Pop. 14,466. Co. t. Paris. BOURBON LANCY, booR'-bONI laN'-sef, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Sa6ne and Loire, celebrated for its warm mineral springs and baths. This place was known to the Romans under the name of Aqute Nisinei. Lat. 46~ 37' N., Lon. 3~ 46' E. BOURBON L'ARCHAMBAULT, boo0R'-nSN-laR' -sha'm'-b6, a t. of France, in the dep. of Allier, which appears to have been known for its warm mineral waters, to the Romans, under the name of Aque Bormonis. It is a place of considerable resort during the months of summer. Lat. 460 36' N., Lon. 30 1' E. Pop. about 3,OCO. (P. C.) BOURBON VENDDE, booR'-b6NIva'N'-d'lf, a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Vend6e. Lat. 46~ 41' N., Lon. 1~ 29' W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) BOURDEAUX. See BORDEAUX. BOURBONNE-LES-BAINS, booR'-bonn lWiS-baNf, a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne, remarkable for its hot mineral springs and for the military hospital established here. Lat. 47~ 57' N., Lon. 5~ 46' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) BoURG, boon, a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Ain, 50 m. by the road N. N. E. of Lyons. Lat. 46~ 13' N., Lon. 50 12' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) BOURGES, booRzh, (Anc. Avarlicum, afterwards Bitur/iges,) an archiepiscopal t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Cher, 125 m. due S. from Paris. This city may vie, in antiquity and ancient importance, with almost any in France. It was, in the time of Ctesar, the capital of the Bitlrriges, and one of. the finest cities in Gaul. At present, it is chiefly remarkable as a seat of learning. Besides other institutions for educa tion, of less importance, it possesses an acade'mie universitaire and it royal college. Lat. 47~ 5' N., Lon. 2~ 23' E. Pop. 20,000. (B.) BOURGOGNE. See BURGUNDY. BOYLE, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., a little S. W. of Kentucky r. Pop. 9,116. BRABANT, bral-bant,* (Dutch pron. br-A-bant.) The duchy of this name was formerly one of the most important provinces in the Netherlands. It was divided into Dutch (now North) and Spanish or Austrian (South) Brabant. In the revolution of 1830, the S. portion joined in the revolt, and has since formed a part of the kingdom of Belgium; while N. Brabant still continues a province of Holland. Brussels is the capital of South, and Bois-le-Duc, of North Brabant. BRACKI-EN, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio, and E. of Licking r. Pop. 8,903. Co. t. Augusta. * We sometimes hear this name accentuated on the latter syllable, by respecta, ble speakers; but the authority of the poets, as well as the native pronurniation, is against this practice. 120 BRA-BRA Fkte, fOr, fll, fit; m6, mt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; BRADI-FORD, a co. in the N. part of Pa., bordering on N. Y., and intersected by the Susquehanna. Pop. 42,831. Co. t. Towanda. BRADFORD, a manufacturing t. of England, in the W. riding of Yorkshire, 10 in. nearly W. from Leeds. Pop. 34,560. BRADFORD, GREAT, a t. of Wiltshire, Enoland, near the Kennet and Avon canal, about 90 m. W. of London. Total pop. of the parish, t0,563; that of the town is about one-third of the whole. BRAD/-LEY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ark., borderingon La. p. 3,829. BRADLEY, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ga. Pop. 12,259. BRAGA, bra/i-ga, (the Braclara Augus/ta of the Romans,) a t. of Portugal, in the prov. of Minho, about 15 m. from the sea. Lat. 41~ 33' N. Lon. 80 23' W. Pop. above 14,000. (B.) BRAH/-MA-POOT/-RA, one of the largest rivers of Asia, rises in the mountains N. of the Birman empire, and E. of Assam, and, after having traversed the kingdom of Assam and eastern Bengal, and received several tributaries, among them a branch of the Ganges, it takes the name of Megna, and finally joins the Ganges a little below Luckipoor, in Lat. 22~ 45' N., Lon. 90~ 40' E. Yet, though their streams appear to unite, the great body of their waters continues separate, and forms two currents, even after they have reached the sea. The whole length of the Brahmapootra is estimated at 1,500 m. BRAN/-DEN-BURG, (Ger. pron. bran/-den-b665R',) a prov. of the kingdom of Prussia, extending from 51~ 48' to 53~ 37' N. Lat., and 100 50' to 16~ 12' E. Lon. The area is about 15,330 sq. m. BRANCH, a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Ind. p. 12,472. Co. t. Branch. BRAN/-DY-WINE CREEK, a stream in the S. E. part of Pa., flowing into the Christiana, below Wilmington. A noted battle was fought on its banks, between the British and Americans, in 1777. BRAUNSBERG, brouns/-beRG, a t. of Prussia, 36 m. S. W. of Kinigsberg. It contains a college, a lyceum with the faculties of theology and philosophy, and several other institutions. Pop. 7,300. (B.) BRAX/-TON, a co. in the N. W., or N. W. central part of Va., a little N. E. of the Kanawha r. Pop. 4,212. Seat of justice, Braxton c. h. BRAZIL, or braz-il/, or bra-zeel/, a vast empire in the E. part of S. America, extending from about\50 N. to 340 S. Lat., and from about 350 to 730 W. Lon.; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Ecuador, Venezuela, Guiana; N. E., E., and S. E. by the Atlantic, and S. W. and W. by Monte Video, La Plata, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. Its vast extent brings it in contact with all the countries of S. America, except Patagonia, Chili, and New Granada. The area has been estimated at 3,000,000 sq. m. Pop. 5,000,000. (B.) As might be supposed, the vegetable productions of a country of so great extent, lying within such latitudes, and, for the most part, plentifully supplied with water, are extremely abundant and various. Nor does animal life appear in less variety and luxuriance. Many of the Brazilian birds are remarkable for the brilliancy of their plumage; the insects, for their size and the BRA-BRE 121 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this: N, nearly like ng. beauty of their colours, especially the butterflies. The mineral wealth of this country is considerable, but limited to a few articles, of which the chief are gold, diamonds, topazes, iron, and salt. Brazil was formerly a colony belonging to the crown of Portugal. But, on the 12th of October, 1822, it was declared an independent state, and Pedro, the son of the king of Portugal, whom his father had appointed regent of Brazil, yielding to the torrent of public opinion, adopted the title of emperor, and, on the 1st of December, was crowned. Soon after, the Portuguese troops, who had been stationed in the towns of Bahia, Mar ranham and Para, were compelled to sail for Europe, and the indepen. dence of the new empire was established, with scarcely any loss of blood. The government of Brazil is a limited monarchy. The cap. is Rio Janeiro.-Adj. and inhab. BRAZILIAN, bra'-zilf-yun. BRAz'-os, a r. of Texas, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, in about 28~ 50' N. Lat., and 95~ 20' W. Lon. The entire length, following its windings, is estimated at near 1,000 m. BRAZZA, br'at!-sa, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Austria, intersected by the parallel of 430 15' N. Lat., and the meridian of 16~ 30 E. Lon. It is nearly 30 m. long, and from 6 to 9 broad. Pop. 1.5,000. (E. G.) BREATmHIT, bretht-it, a co. in the E. part of Ky., on the head waters of the Kentucky r. Pop. 3,785. BRECHIN, breK/-in, a t. of Scotland, in Forfarshire, about 34 m. S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 3,951. BRECKI/-EN-RIDGE, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 10,593. Co. t. Hardinsburg. BREC/-C.N or BRECK/-NOCK-SIHIRE, an inland co. in the S. of Wales. Pop. 55,603. BRECON or BRECKNOCK, a t. of Wales; cap. of Brecknockshire, situated on the r. Usk, 167 m. W. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,701. BREDA, bra-dal, a fortified t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, on the Aa, with a royal military academy. Lat. 51~ 35' N., Lon. 40 47' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) BREISACH, bri/-zaK, (Fr. Brisach, bre'-zAkf,) an ancient and important fortress of Germany, belonging at present to the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Rhine, 12 ml. WV. of Freiburg. Lat. 48~ 2' N., Lon. 7~ 35' E. Pop. above 3,000. (B.) BREMI-EN (Ger. pron. brl-mnen), THE FREE HANSEATIC STATE OF, in the N. W. of Germany, intersected by the Weser, is situated between 530 1' and 530 11' N. Lat., and 8S 35' and 90 E. Lon. Area about 67 sq.m. As an independent power it forms one of the 38 constituent members of the German confederation. Pop. in 1823,55,453. (P. C.) The city of Bremen, the cap. of the above state, is situated on the Weser, and divided by it into two unequal parts, the larger, called the Old Town (Alt-stadt), is on the right; the other, called the New Town (Neustadt),. on the left bank of the river. Its commerce is very extensive. Among the various literary and scientific institutions of Bremen, the observatory of Dr. Olbers, from which he discovere.the two planets, 11 122 BRE —BRI Fate, far, fhll, fMt; mr, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; Pallas and Vesta, deserves to be particularly mentioned. Lat. 530 4' 36" N., Lon. 8~ 48' 58" E. Pop. in 1845, 53,156. BRENTA, brent-tai, a r. in the N. of Italy, which rises in the mountains of Tyrol, and flows into the Adriatic, near Venice. Its whole course is nearly 100 m. BRESCIA, bresh/e-2a, or bresht-A, (Anc. Brixfia,) a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Italy; cap. of a prov. of the same name. It is a bustling, lively, well-built town, with many fine edifices. The churches are adorned with numerous paintings by great masters, principally of the Venetian school. Next to Rome, Brescia has the greatest number of fountains of any town in Italy. Its manufactures of cutlery and fire-arms deserve particular notice. Lat. 45~'32' N., Lon. 10~ 13' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.) BRESI-LAU or brest-lou, a large manufacturing and commercial t. of Prussia; cap. of the prov. of Silesia, at the confluence of the Ohlau (o6-lou), with the Oder. It has, among many other literary and scientific institutions, a fine university, founded in 1702, containing a library of above 100,000 vols. Lat. 510 7' N., Lon. 17~ 5' E. Pop. upwards of 90,000. (B.) BREST (Fr. pron. the same as the English), the most important naval port of France, in the dep. of Finistdre, situated on a bay called the Road of Brest. Lat. 48~ 23' N., Lon. 40 29' W. Pop. 35,163. BRETAGNE, bre-tAii/, (usually named by the English, Britftany,) an old prov. in the W. part of France, now divided into the five deps. of Ille and Vilaine, Lower Loire, Cotes du Nord, Morbihan, and Finistere. — Adj. and inhab. BRETON, britf-Qn. BRETON, CAPE. See CAPE BRETON. BRIANgON, bre\-WN'-S6Nf, a small t. of France, in the dep. of the Upper Alps, situated on the Durance, near its source. Fortified as it is, both by nature and art, Briangqon may be regarded as one of the strongest fortresses in the world. One of the forts, comprised within its system of fortifications, is situated 1,229 toises, or 7,860 English ft., above the level of the sea, and, next to the Hospice of St. Bernard, is probably the most elevated habitation in Europe. Lat. 440 54' N., Lon. 6~ 38' E. BRIDGE/-NORTH, a t. of England, in Shropshire, situated on the Severn, 118m. N. W. of London. Pop. 5,770. BRIDGEI-PORT, 4 city and seaport of Conn., in Fairfield co., situated on Long Island Sound, 171 m. S. W. of New Haven. It is a neatlybuilt, flourishing town, with a good harbour. Pop. 7,558. BRIDGEI-TOWN, a small t. and port of entry; cap. of Cumberland co., N. J., on Cohansey creek, about 10 m., in a straight line, from the light. house at its mouth, and 35 in. S. from Philadelphia. BRIDGETOWN. See BARBA.DOES. BRIDGEf-Wk-TER, a t. of England, in Somersetshire, on the r. Parret, 29 m. S. W. of Bristol. It is remarkable as the birth-place of Admiral Blake. Pop. 9,899. BR1DLINGTON or BRELLINGTON, commonly pronounced Burl-ling-ton, a t. of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, situated about a mnile BRI —BRI 123 ou, as in our; th, as in thihb; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. from the sea-coast, and 32 m. N. of Hull. Lat. 540 7' N., Lon. 0~ 13' W. Pop. of the township, including Bridlington-Quay, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 5,162. BRID —PORT, a t. of England, in Dorsetshire, about 135 m. nearly WV. S. W. from London. Pop. 4,787. BRIEG, breea, a manufahcturing and commercial t. of Prussian Silesia, about 26 m. S. E. of Breslau. Pop. 11,000. (B.) BRIEL, breel, a fortified seaport t. of Holland, with a commodious harbour. It was the birth-place of the Admirals Van Tromp and Dewit. Lat. 510 54' N., Lon. 4~ 10' E. Pop. 4,195. (P. C.) BRIEUX or BRIEvU (SAINT), SAN'-bre'-Uhi, a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of C6tes du Nord, situated near the coast of the Channel, on a small bay of the same name. It possesses several public institutions, and a library of 24,000 vols. Lat. 48~ 31' N., Lon. 2~ 43' W. Pop. 11,382. (B.) BRIGIHTHELMSTONE, commonly written and pronounced BRItH/n-roN, a seaport t. and fashionable watering-place of England, in the co. of Sussex, 46 m. S. of London. This town contains many fine, and some magnificent edifices. Its suspension, or chain-pier, which extends into the sea to the distance of 1,136 ft., is justly an object of general admiration. The pop. of Brighton has increased with astonishing rapidity during the present century. In 1801 it was 7,339; in 1841, 46,661; but during summer the residents amount sometimes to near double that number. BRINDISI, brint-de-se, (Gr. Bpveseacov, Lat. Brundilsium or Brundu!sium,) a commercial t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra d'Otranto, well known in Roman history for its capacious and safe harbour, which was the chief port of embarkation from Italy to Greece. It is the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 40~ 38' N., Lon. 18~ E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) BalRoDE, bre'-oodt, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Loire. Near it there is a magnificent bridge, over the r. Allier, of about 180 ft. span, supposed to have been built by the Romans. Brioude was the birth-place of the illustrious La Fayette. Lat. 450 17' N., Lon. 3~ 24' E. Pop. 5,052. (P. C.) BRISI-TQL, a manufacturing and commercial city and seaport in the W. of England, on the Avon, about 7 m. above its entrance into the Bristol Channel, and 108 m. W. of London. Together with its suburbs, Bristol forms a little county of itself, which, however, is now usually regarded as a part of Gloucestershire. In the old portion of the city, the streets are irregular and narrow, and the houses present a gloomy appearance; but the newer parts are well built, and have many fine edifices, especially the western quarter of the town, or rather of the suburbs, called Clifton, which is the principal resort of the gentry. Here is a warm mineral spring (the Hotwell), celebrated in consumptive cases. The scenery around Clifton is exquisitely beautiful The erection of a great suspension bridge over the Avon, at Clifton, was commenced several years ago, but it is still unfinished. The span is to be 700 ft., the height 240 ft.; so that vessels of the largest size tay pass beneath with outspread sails, Of the numerous institutions for educa 124 BRI-BRO Fhte, fMr, fMl, fat; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; 6o as in good, tion of this city, we may mention the Bristol College, founded in 1830, and the Bristol Medical School, established on its present efficient scale in 1834. Bristol appears to have been a place of importance in the 5th century. The name seems, to be derived from Bricstow, an old Saxon name of this city, which may be literally translated "breach place;" i. e. the place or town of the breach or chasm through which the Avon finds a passage to the sea. The ancient British name was Caer Odor, the " city of the breach." Lat. 510 27' N., Lon. 2~ 35' V. Pop., including the hundred of Barton Regis with a total area of about 16 sq. m., 122,296. BRISTOL, a co. in the S. E. part of Mass., bordering on Buzzard's Bay. Pop. 76,192. Co. towns, New Bedford and Taunton. BRISTOL, a co. of R. I., bordering on Narragansett Bay. Pop. 8,514. BRISTOL, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on the E. side of Narragansett Bay, 14 m. in a straight line S. S. E. of Providence. Pop. of the township, 4,616. BRISTOL CHANNEL. See SEVERN. BRITAIN. See GREAT BRITAIN. BRITTANY. See BRETAGNE. BRIX-_uAM, a seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, situated on the S. side of Torbay, 22 m. S. of Exeter. Lat. 500 24' N., Lon. 30 30' W. Pop. of parish, 5,684. BROAD RIVER, a r. which rises in N. C., and, flowing in a southerly direction, unites with the Saluda in S. C., to form the Congaree. BROCKI-EN, one of the Hartz Mts, in Germany, near Halberstadt. BROI-Dy, an important trading t. of Galicia. Lat. 500 7' N., Lon. 250 18' E. Pop. above 22,000, five-sixths of whom are Jews. (B.) BROEIK, br66k, a village of N. Holland, 6 m. N. of Amsterdam, famous for its neatness and cleanliness, and for the wealth of its inhabitants, the number of whom amounts to about 1,200. (P. C.) BROMBERG, broml-beRG, a t. of Prussia, in a circle of the same name. Lat. 53~ 7' N., Lon. about 180 E. Pop. 6,500. (B.) BROMLEY, bruml-le, a small t. of England, in the co. of Kent, 10 m. S. S. E. of' London. BRONI-DO-LO, a small t. of Austrian Italy, at the mouth of the rivers Brenta and Bacchiglione, 16 m. S. of Venice. BROOE, a co. forming the N. N. W. extremity of Va., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 5,054. Co. t. Wellsburg. BROOKI-LYN, a finely-built city of Kings co., Long I., opposite to New York, and separated from it by the East River, is the second town in point of population in the state of N. Y. It may properly be regarded as one of the suburbs of the metropolis, with which it has communication by means of steamboats plying constantly at four different ferries. The U. S. Navy Yard is situated in the N. part of the town. Pop. 97,838. BROOMS, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and bordering on Pa. Pop. 30,660. Co. t. Bing. hamton. BRO-BRU 125 ou, as in our; th, as in thiin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BROWN, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 27,332. Co. t. Georgetown. BROWN, a co. in the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 4,846. BROwN, a co. in the W. part of ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop 7,198. BROWN, a co. forming the E. N. E. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 6,215. BRuacISAL, br66Kn-sadl, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, 12 m. N. E. of Carlsruhe. Lat. 49~ 7' N., Lon. S~ 26' E. Pop. above 7,0(,0. (B.) BRUGES, bru'-jez, (Fr. pron. brilzh, Dutch, Brugge, brugf-geh,) an ancient fortified city of Belgium, the cap. of W. Flanders, situated about 6m. from the sea, and 55 m. N. W. from Brussels. Its name, Brugge, is derived from the number of bridges which cross the canals. From four to five hundred years ago, this city was the principal emporium of Europe; at present, it exhibits but the shadow of its former glory. Still, its commerce, manufactures, and public institutions, give it a distinguished rank among the towns of Belgium. Lat. 51~ 12' N., Lon. 3~ 13' E. Pop. 41,914. (P. C.) BRisNN, (native name Brno, i. e. "6 ford,") an archiepiscopal t., the cap of Moravia, situated in the centre of a circle of its own name, near the confluence of the Schwarza and Zwittawa, (which run on each side of it,) and about 70 m. N. of Vienna. Its woollen manufactures are considered the most important in the empire. Briinn has a number of literary and scientific institutions, and several handsome edifices. Lat. 49~ 12' N., Lon. 160 36' E. Pop. 40,000. (B.) BRUNS/-WICK (Ger. Braunschweig, brounf-shwiG.) Two distinct sovereignties have sprung from the house of Brunswick. The possessions of the elder line are confined to the grand-duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbtittel. The younger possesses Hanover, and is called the Brunswick-Lfineburg, or the Hanoverian line. The duchy of Brunswick consists principally of three large unconnected districts, lying in the N. W. part of Germany, between about 510 35' and 520 32' N. Lat., and 9~ 20' and 11~ 7' E. Lon. Area about 1,525 sq. m. Pop. 242,000. (B.) BRUNsWIcK, the cap. of the above, situated on both sides of the r. Ocker, a branch of the Aller. Among its institutions for education, we may mention the Collegium Carolinum, and the College of Anatomy and Surgery. Lat. 52~ 16' N., Lon. 100 32' E. Pop. about 36,000. (B.) BRUNsWICK, a t. of Cumberland co., Me., on the Androscoggin, about 25m. N. E. of Portland. It is the seat of Bowdoin (bof-den) College, a flourishing institution, which was founded in 1794, and derives its name from the Hon. James Bowdoin, by whom it was munificently endowed. Lat. 430 53' N., Lon. 69~ 55' W. Pop. of the township, 4,259. (B.) BRUNswIcK, a co. in the S. part of Va., N. E. of the Roanoke, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 13,894. Co. t. Lawrenceville. 11* 126 tBRU-BUD Fate, fr, fall, ft; m6, m6t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 60 as in good; BRUNswIICK, a co. forming the S. extremity of N. C., bordering on the sea. Pop. 7,272. Co. t. Smithville. BausA. See BURSA. BRUSI-SELS, (Dutch Brust-sel, Fr. Bruxelles, brii'-sellt,) the cap. of Belgium, situated in S. Brabant, on the little r. Senne, an affluent of the Scheldt, about 23 m. S. of Antwerp. It is surrounded by a brick wall, with eight gates. The origin of Brussels dates as far back as the 7th century. In 1044, it was enclosed with walls, and has since held an important rank among the towns of the Low Countries. Previously to the revolution of 1830, Brussels was the cap. of the Austrian Netherlands; and, after the separation of Belgium from Holland, towards which this town had made the first movenment, it became the seat of government of the new kingdom. Among the public edifices of Brussels, we may mention the Hotel de Ville, one of the finest Gothic buildings in the Netherlands, the tower of which is stated to be 364 ft. high. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions, may be cited the Academy of Science and Belles-lettres, the Royal Society of Fine Arts, and the High School of Commerce and Industry. The Observatory stands in Lat. 50~ 51' 11" N., Lon. 40 22' 15" E. Pop. in 1845 117,000. BRYI-AN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ogeechee and the sea. Pop. 3,424. Co. t. Bryan c. h. BRZESC or BRZEsc-LITEWSKY, bzhests lit-evf-ske, a fortified commercial t. of European Russia, in the prov. of Grodno, on the Bug r., where there is a celebrated synagogue of the Jews. Lat. 52~ 6' N., Lon. 23~ 35' E. BUC-IHAN/-AN, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r.. Pop. 12,975. BUCHANAN, one of the most north-westerly counties of Iowa. p. 517. BUCHARIA. See BOKHARA. But-CIO-REsT', or, more correctly, Booltka-reshtf, i. e. " the city of enjoyment," an important commercial t. of European Turkey, the cap. of Wallachia, on the E. bank of the Dumbovitza, in the midst of a fertile and delightfifl country. The town itself, however, does not by any means justify its name, being composed, for the most part, of miserable brick or mud cabins, and withal very dirty. Buchorest is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 440 26' N., Lon. 260 8' E. Pop. estimated from 60,000 to 80,000. (M.) BUCKI-ING-JAM, the cap. of Buckinghamshire, on the Ouse, 50m. N.W. of London. Pop of the entire parish, 4,054. BucrINGrSAM, a co. in the S. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 13,837. Seat of justice, Buckingham c. h. BUCKI-ING-HAM —SHIRE, or the co. of Bucks, a co. in the S. central part of England, N. W. of London. Pop. 155,983. BlucKs, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 56,091. Co. t. Doylestown. But-DA, (Hun. pron. boo-d6h, Ger. Ol-fen, Slav. Budin, boot-deen,) an ancient city, the cap. of Hungary, situated nearly in the centre of BUD- BUL 127 ou, as in our; th, as in thill; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. this kingdom, on the right bank of the Danube, and connected with Pesth, on the opposite side of the river, by a bridge of boats, 3,800 ft. in length. It is said to derive its name from Buda, a brother of Attila, who made this town his residence, and much enlarged it. The trade of Buda consists principally in the wines produced by the vineyards of the neighbouring country. The Royal Observatory, situated 516 ft. above the level of the Mediterranean, and 300 ft. above the waters of the Danube, at this place, is in 470 29' 12" N. Lat., and 19~ 3' E. Lon. Pop. above 33,000. (B.) BvUoUKISHAN, bud'-ur-shan', (Badakhshan,) one of the principalities into which Toorkistan is divided, between 36~ and 38~ N. Lat., and 69~ and 730 E. Lon. The ruby mines, so often alluded to by the Persian poets, are in this country, a.t a place called Gharan (gc-r~an/). The inhabitants of Budukhshan speak the Persian language. Their religion is Mahometanism. BUDWEIS, boodl/-wice, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Bohemia; the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated on the Moldau, and connected by a railway with Linz, in Upper Austria. Lat. 48~ 59' N., Lon. 14~ 58' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) BuENos AYRES, commonly pronounced bol-nos t-riz(Sp. pron. bwhlnoce-il-res,) a city of S. America: cap. of the republic of La Plata, on the S. bank of the estuary of the r. La Plata. It is one of the most important commercial towns, as well as one of the principal seats of civilization and learning on the American continent. (B.) It is, in general, regularly and handsomely built, and is defended by a castle, the walls of which are mounted with cannon. The literary and scientific institutions of Buenos Ayres are numerous and respectable; the University, in particular, enjoys a distinguished reputation, both on account of its plan of instruction, and the number and talent of its professors. It has a library of 20,000 vols. This place was founded by the Spaniards, in 1535. The name Buenos Ayres (good air), was given by its founder, Mendoza, and is justified by the healthiness of the climate. Lat. 340 36' S., Lon. 580 10' W. Pop. estimated at 80,000. (B.) BUFI-FA-LO', a city and port of entry of N. Y.; cap. of Erie co., situated at the E. end of L. Erie, near the commencement of the Niagara r., and at the mouth of Buffalo Creek. The growth of this town has been very rapid. In 1810 the pop. was only 1,508; in 1850 it amounted to 42,261. This increase may be attributed chiefly to its position. Situated at the termination of the Erie Canal, and of the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, it has, necessarily, become the great entrepot for the merchandise of the east, and the agricultural productions of the west. Buffalo is the port whence persons going to the northern part of the western states ordinarily embark upon the lakes. Lat. 42~ 53' N., Lon. 78~ 55' W. BUG, boog, a small r. of Poland, flowing into the Vistula. BULGARIA, b55l-gha-re-a, a large prov. of European Turkey, bounded on the N. by Wallachia, E. by the Black Sea, S. by Rumelia, and W by Servia. Length above 300m.; greatest breadth perhaps 100m 128 @BUL —BUR Fhte, fkr, fkll, ft.t; mn, m't; pine or pine, IpIn; no, n6t; 6o as in good; The Bulgarians are descended from a Slavonic horde who established themselves here in the 7th century. The present race have laid aside the military character of their ancestors, and are represented as hospitable and benevolent: the woman are said to be handsome, industrious, and neatly dressed.-Adj. and inhab. BULGARIAN, b61l-gakre-an. BULLITT, b661o-it, a co. in the N. part of Ky., S. of Louisville. Pop. 6,774. Co. t. Shepherdsville. BULLOCK, bo661-luk, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ogeechee. Pop. 4,300. Co. t. Statesborough. BUNcoMBnE, bunkf-um, a co. in the W. part of N. C., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 13,425. Co. t. Ashville. BUNKER HJLL, a hill in Charlestown, a suburb of Boston, famous for the battle fought in its vicinity, June 17, 1775. A mag'nificent monuiment has recently been erected here in commemoration of that event. It consists of an obelisk of granite, 30 ft. square at the base, and 221 ft. in height. From its summit is obtained one of the finest and most extensive views in the United States. BURD'-WANI, a t. of Bengal; cap. of a dist. of the samc name. Lat. 23~ 15' N., Lon. 870 57' E. Pop. 54,000. (B.) BUREAU, bul-ro, a co. in the N. part of Ill., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 8,841. BuRG, bOdRG, a manufacturing t. of Prussian Saxony, surrounded by a wall, with five gates, about 65 m. S. W. of Berlin. Pop. above 12,000. (B.) BURGOS, booRI-goce, an ancient archiepiscopal city of Spain, situated 136 m. N. of Madrid. It is nominally the cap. of Old Castile, but since the seat of royalty was transferred to Madrid, by Charles V., in the beginning of the 16th century, its prosperity has greatly declined, and the pop. has dwindled to less than one-third of its former number. Lat. 42~ 21' N., Lon. 30 43' W. Pop. 12,02J0. (B.) BURI-GUN-DY, (Fr. Bourgogne, booR'-goiil,) an old prov. of France, now principally divided among the departments of Sa6ne and Loire, C6te d'Or, and Yonne.-Inhab. BUR-GUNI-DX-AN. BURKE, a co. in -the W. part of N. C., lying on both sides of the Catawba. Pop. 7,772. Co. t. Morgantown. BURKE, a co. in the E. part of Ga., between the rivers Ogeechee and Savannah. Pop. 16,100. Co. t. Waynesborough. BURLINGTON (England). See BRIDLINGTON. BURI-LING-TQN, a port of entry, the most commercial t. of Vt., cap. of Chittenden co., on L. Champlain, a few miles S. of the mouth of the Onion r. It is the seat of the University of Vermont, founded in 1791. Lat. 440 27' N., Lon. 73~ 10' W. Pop. of the township, 6,110. BUR/-LING-TON, a co. of N. J., stretching across the state, from the Delaware to the Atlantic. Pop. 43,203. Co. t. Mount Holly. BURLINGTON, a t. of N. J., in the above co., situated on the left bank of the Delaware, 12 m. below Trenton. Lat. 400 5' N., Lon. 740 52' W. Pop. about 4,536. BURMA. See BIRMA. BUR —BYZ 129 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TII, as in this; N, nearly like ng. BURN/-LEY, a t. of Lancashire, England, 40 0m. E. N. E. of Liverpool. Pop. 10,699. BURRAMPOOTER. See BRAHMAPOOTRA. BURSA, boorl-sa, or BRUSA, brool-sa, (Ane. Prutsa,) a flourishing manufacturing and commercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, once the cap. of Bithynia, beautifully situated at the foot of Mount Olympus, in Asia Minor. It is abundantly supplied with the purest water, so that every house has its own fountain. Most of the streets are very clean, and well paved. The most remarkable edifices in the place, are the thermal baths; the mineral waters which supply them, range in temperature fiorm 167~ to 190~ Fahrenheit. Bursa is the residence of a Greek metropolitan and an Armenian archbishop. Lat. 40~ 11'N., Lon. 29~ 12'E. Pop. 100,000. (B.) BURscHEID, boo/i-shite, (Fr. Bor'-cettel,) a t. of the Prussian states, in the immediate vicinity of Aix-la-Chapelle, remarkable for its warm springs and baths. Pop. 5,C00. (B.) BURSI-LEM, a t. of Staffordshire, England, 2- m. N. N. E. of Newcastle, with extensive potteries. Pop. of the township, 12,631. BURY, bnr/-re, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 9 m. N. N. W. of Manchester. Pop. of the township, including an area of near 4 sq. m., 20,710. BURY ST. EDMUND'S, a t. of England, in the co. of Suffolk, 621n. N. E. by N. from London. The name is derived from Edmund, king of East Anglia, who was, in 870, cruelly put to death by the Danes, then pagans. His remains were deposited in the monastery of this place. Pop. of the borough, including an area of near 5 sq. m., 12,538. BUSHIRE. See ABOOSHEHR. BUTE, an i. of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, 16m. long and 5 wide. BUTE-SHIRE, a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, consisting of the islands of Bute, Arran, Inchmarnock, and the Cumbraes. Pop. 15,740. BUTI-LER, a co. in the W. part of Pa., N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 30,346. Co. t. Butler. BUTLER, a co. in the S. part of Ala. Pop. 10,836. Co. t. Greenville BUTLER, a eo. in the W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop 5,755. Co. t. Morgantown. BUTLER, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Great Miami r., and bordering on Ind. Pop. 30,789. Co. t. Hamilton. BUTI-TER-MERE, a beautiful lake of England, in the co. of Cumberland, about 1~ m. long, and 1 m. broad. BUTTS, a co. in the central part of Ga., W. of and bordering on the Ocmulgee r. Pop. 6,488. Co. t. Jackson. BUX/-TON, a small t. of Derbyshire, England, 20 m. S. of Manchester, celebrated for its warm mineral springs and baths. It is visited by from 12,000 to 14,000 persons annually. (P. C.) BUZ/-ZARD'S BAY, on the S. coast of Mass., is situated between the countries of Bristol and Barnstable. BYZANTIUM, biz-anf-she-um, (Gr. Bvuavwov or Bvvavz&ov,) an ancient 130 CAP —C- AD Fa]te, fr, fll, ffat; tme, I11't pine Or pine, pinl; rb, n6t; 605 as in good; pity on the site of the modern Constantinople. (See CONSTANTINOPLE.) — Adj. and inhab. BYZ-ANI-TiNE, and JBYZANTIAN, biz-anf-she-an.* CA-BAnR-R.AS, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C., between the rivers Ctatawba and Yadkin. Pop. 9,747. Co. t. Concord. CABI-ELL, a co. in the W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,299. Seat of justice, Cabell c. h. CAB-00LI,t (Cabul or Caubul), an important city of Asia, the cap..f Afghanistan, situated on the Cabool r., in a large, well-watered plain, and surrounded with beautiful gardens. The town, though not i.rge, is handsome and compact; the houses are mostly built of wood, to avid the. consequences of the frequent earthquakes. It is surrounded,:ithll al!s, and strongly fortified. Lat. 340 26' N., Lon. 69~ 5' E. Pop. fortne -ly estimated at 80,000, but it does not probably at present amount to,n, ve than 60,000. (B.) CABoot Or C ABUL, a r. of Afghanistan, flowing into the Indus. CAcER.s, k'-th'&-res, (Lat. Cas/tra Cecil/ia,) an ancient t. of Spain, in Estremadura. Lat. 9~0 25' N., Lon. 6~ 15' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) CACHOEIRA. See CAXOEIRA. CAD/-DO, a parish forming the N. W. extremity of La. Pop. 8,884. CADIZ, chl-diz, (Su. pron. kaf-Dith,) the principal commercial city of Spain, situated in the prov. of Andalusia, on the S.W. coast. It stands on a tongue of land, projecting from the island of Leon. This town was founded by the P'hconicians, many centuries before the Christian era; the exact time is not known. It was called by them Gadir or Gadeira, which was afterwards changed to Gades by the Romans, under whom it became a municipium, or free town, and one of the richest provin, cial cities in the empire. Nature and art have combined to render this place one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Lat. 36~ 31' N., Lon. * These are sometimes employed to designate an inhabitant of the modern Turkish capital. The eastern Roman empire, the seat of which was at Constantinople, is frequently called the Byzantine empire. t The French write this name Caboul, while the Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese, write it Cabul, but pronounce the latter syllable bool. Nevertheless, we are assured, on the best authority, that the native inhabitants write and pronounce it without any vowel between the b and 1, which might be represented in English thus-Kab'l. The European pronunciation, however, seems unaltera. bly fixed; and we ought, perhaps, to acquiesce the more willingly bacr::s.t b' original name could not be restored without some loss of euphony. Moore writes the name Caubul, but accentuates the last syllable. -- "Pomegranates full Of melting sweetness, and the pears And sunniest apples that CAUIUL In all its thousand gardens bears." —alla Roockh. Roget adopts the same accentuation. "From Alexandria southward'o Sennaar, And eastward through 7anmascus, alld CABtlL, And Samarcand, to thr gaa, wel,'qabhag.' 14,zl?, far. ge,~ord, vb CAE-CAH 131 ou, as in otur; th, as in thin; TII, as in this; N, nearly like ig. 6~ 1T' W. Pop. estimated at 70,000. (B.)-Inhab. GAD'-.-TAI-NI-~~N. (BORROW.) CAEN, kUs, a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Calvados, situated on the Orne, 127 m. W. by N. of Paris. Among its numerous scientific and literary institutions, we may mention the Acadimie Universitaire, the Royal College, and the Public Library, containing 40,000 vols. Lat. 490 11' N., Lon. 0~ 22' W. Pop. 39,000. (B.) CAERIMARTHEN, ker-marL-Tnen, a t. of Wales, cap. of Caermarthelshire, is about 190 m. nearly W. from London. There is here a Presbyterian college, for the education of young men for the ministry. Caermarthen fbrms a little co. of itself, of which the entire pop. is 9,526. Lat. 51~ 51' N., Lon. 40 19' W. (CAERMARTHENSHIRE, ker-marl-THen-shir, a co. of S. Wales, on a bay of the same name. Pop. 106,326. CAER-NARI-VON, a t. of Wales; the cap. of Caernarvonshire. Lat. 530 9' N., Lon. 40 14' W. CAER-NARI-VON-iSHIIRF, a co. in the N. W. part of Wales, bordering on the sea, and the Menai Strait. Pop. 81,(193. CAF-FRAI-RX-_k or CAFI-FRE-LAND, a name given by Europeans, to a country in the S. E. part of Africa, extending about 600 m. along the coast, from the Great Key r. to Lagoa Bay. The name is derived from the Arabic word Kafir, which signifies " unbeliever." This country is occupied by four principal nations, originally of one stock. One of these, the Zoolas or Vatvahs, are a fine athletic race, and very warlike, and have overpowered, dispersed, or destroyed all the surrounding tribes, from King George's r'. to Port Natal, a tract of above 300 m. in length, from N. to S. The Caffres acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being, but have no form of worship. Some tribes are industrious, and cultivate millet, beans, pumpkins, sweet potatoes or yams, maize and tobacco. The complexion of the Caffres varies from a copper hue to a deep black. Their nose is arched; they have thick lips and curly hair, but less woolly than the negroes. The Caffre women are considered to be among the handsomest in Africa.-Adj. and inhab. CAFI-FRE. CAGLrARI, kall-ya-re, (Anc. Callaris), a fortified archiepiscopal city, the chief port of Sardinia, and cap. of the vice-royalty of Sardinia, is situated in the S. part of the island, on a bay of the same name. It has a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce: also a university, with the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, philosophy and bellesiettres. Lat. 390 13' N., Lon. 90 7 E. Pop. in 1825, 27,300. (P. C.) CA-HAW/-BA, a r. of Ala., which flows into the Alabama r. At its influx is situated the town of Cahawba, the former cap. of the state. CAHIR or CAHER, KIalit-her or kare, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, 40 m. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 3,4(18. (P. C.) CAHORS, kH-oRt, (Divona Cadurcorum,) a city of France; cap. of the dep. of Lot, on the right bank of the r. Lot. This town is very ancient; it was the cap. of the Cadurci, under the Romans, and afterwards of the prov. of Querci, which name, as well as Cahors, is derived I 132 CAI-CAL Fate, fir, fall, fat; rmi, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; from Cadurci. Many ancient ruins are found in it and its vicinity. Lat. 44~ 25' N., Loll. 1~ 27' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) CAICOS (kit-koce) ISLANDS, one of the groups comprehended under the general name of Bahamas, situated between 21~ and 22~ N. Lat., and 71~ and 730 W. Lon. CAIRo, kil-ro, a celebrated city, the metropolis of modern Egypt, situated about half a mile from the right bank of the Nile, and abl)ut 100 m. in a straight line from the entrance of the E. branch into the Mediterranean. The Arabs formerly called it El-Kahira, el-klil-he.ra, i. e." the victorious," but Musr (or Masr) is the name by which it is now commonly known among the natives. The streets of Cairo are windinog, narrow, and unpaved. The houses, not being lighted except from windows opening on the courts in the interior, present, from the street, the appearance of prisons. But, though the exterior of the houses is gloomy, many of them exhibit, within, conveniences and luxuries suitable to the climate. Here everything is arranged with a view to coolness; the floor is inlaid with marble and coloured earthenware, and fountains spring up into marble basins. The commerce of this city is very extensive. Through it the productions of Asia and the East Indies, and partly also those of Europe, are transmitted into the vast regions of interior Africa. Boolak (boo-lak/I), the principal port of Cairo, is on the right bank of the Nile, N. N. W. of the metropolis. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) The other port, Old Cairo, is situated on the Nile, S. S. W. of New or Great Cairo. The Egyptian capital is in about 30~ 3' N. Lat., and 310 18' E. Lon. Pop. estimated at 330,000, previously to the recent ravages of the cholera and plague; but, at present, it probably does not exceed 270,000. (B.)Adj. and inhab. CAIRINE, ki-reent. (Arab. Musf-ree.) CAITHI-NESS, a co. occupying the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland. Pop. 36,343. CA-LA/-BRIT-A, or kal-kl-bre-a, a territory of the kingdom of Naples, occupying the southern extremity of Italy. It extends from 37~ 56' to about 40~ N. Lat., and is divided into Calabria Citra (chee/-tra), which forms the N., and Calabria Ultra (oolf-trA), the S. part of the territory.-Adj. and inhab. CA-LAI-aBR- N. CALAHORRA, ka-la-orf-ra, (Anc. Calagur/ris,) a t. of Spain, in Old Castile, remarkable for the ruins which attest its ancient splendour. Calagurris was the birth-place of Quintilian. Lat. 42~ 15' N., Lon. 2~ W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) CALaIS, kall-is, (Fr. pron. kA'-lIf,) a fortified seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, situated on the Pas-de-Calais or Strait of Dover, 150 m. nearly N. from Paris. A steamboat runs daily from this place to Dover, which is about 25 m. distant. Calais was taken by dward III. in 1347, and remained in the possession of the English till 1558. Lat. 500 58' N., Lon. 10 51' E. Pop. in 1832, 10,437. (P. C.) CALAIS, STRAIT OF. See PAS-DE-CALAIS. CALATAYUD, kA-lA-tI-yooDI, a t. of Aragon, Spain. Lat. 410 25 N., Lon. 10 36' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) CAL-CAL 133 on, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like nig. CALCASlEU, kal/-ka —shu', or kul/-ka-shu', as it is commonly pronounced, a r. in. the WV. part of La., which, after flowing through a lake of the same name, empties itself into the Gulf of Mexico. The lake is about 30 m. in length, and 10 m. in breadth. CALCASIEU, a parish forming the S. W. extremity of La. Pop. 3,914. CAL-CUT/-TA, the cap. of Bengal, and the seat of the supreme government in British India, is situated on the E. side of the Hoogly, an arm of the Ganges, about 100 m. from the sea. In the beginning of the last century, Calcutta was only an insignificant village, and a great part of its present site was completely covered with jungle. The spot appears not to have been wisely chosen, as it is surrounded by a marshy and unhealthy country; and, though something has been done to remedy the evil, by draining the water off the surface, neat the town, and by clearing away the surrounding jungle, the air is still far from being salubrious. The city may be considered as consisting of two distinct parts; that portion which is inhabited by the Hindoos and Mahomletans of the lower classes, is, in general, badly built, with narrow and dirty streets, the dwellings being, for the most part, mud hovels, and the walls frequently consisting of mats and bamboos; while that quarter where the English and other Europeans reside, presents a very different aspect. This is finely, and even magnificently built, so that the houses are said to resemble palaces. The citadel, called Fort William, stands on the bank of the Hoogly, about a quarter of a mile below the city. The Europeans of' Calcutta have established a number of literary and scientific institutions; among others, a Mahometan, a Sanscrit, and an Anglo-Indian college. About one-third of the native inhabitants of this town are Mahometans, and nearly all the remainder Hindoos. The number of Christians, in 1822, was stated to be 13,138. The commerce of Calcutta is very extensive; throuoh it nearly all the external trade of the prov. of Bengal is carried on. Lat. 22~ 34' N., Lon. 880 26' E. Pop. estimated at 625,000. (P. C.) CALDAS DA RAINIHA, kall-d&ts d'a ra-eenl-ya, a small t. of Portuguese Estremadura, much resorted to on account of its warm sulphurols baths. Lat. 390 22' N., Lon. 90 5' W. Permanent pop. 1,51!0. (B.) Caldas, signifying " warm baths," is a name given to a number of other places in Portugal and Spain. CALI-DER, a small r. of Yorkshire, England, which flows into the Aire at Castleford, near Pontefract. C:LDI-WELL, a parish in the N., or N. central part of La., intersected by the Washita. Pop. 2,815. CALDWELL, a co. in the W. part of Ky., E. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 13,048. Co. t. Princeton. CALDWELL, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo. Pop. 2,316. CAL-E-DOI-NI-A, the ancient and poetical name of Scotland.-Adj. and inhab. CAL-E-DOI-NI-AN. CALEDONIA, a co. in the N. E. part of Vt., bordering on the Connec. ticut r. Pop. 23,086. Co. t. Danville. 12 134 CAL-CA3M Fate, fr, fhll1, fMt; me, mrt; pine or pine, pin; nb, nat; 6o as in good; CALHOUN, kal-hoonl, a co. in the W. part of Florida, bordering oL the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 1,377. CALHOUN, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Kalama zoo r. Pop. 19,162. Co. t. Marshall. CALHOUN, a co. in the W. part of Ill., situated in the fork formed by the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Pop. 3,431. Co. t. Guilford. CAL'-I-CUT/, a seaport t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Malabar. Lat. 11~ 15' N., Loun. 750 50' E. It is estimated to contain 5,000 houses. (P. C.) CA&L —IFORI-NX-/, LOWER, a peninsula of Mexico, on the Pacific, separated from the main land by the Gulf of California. CALIroaRNIA. At the close of the war with Mexico, the United States acquired by conquest and purchase, a tract of country, for the most part arid, sterile and mountainous, covering a space of nearly 500,000 sq. miles; the greater part of which had been hitherto known as the Mexican territory of Upper California. From the western portion of this sterile region, the Congress of the U. S. in Sept., 1850, created and admitted into the American Confederacy, the 31st sovereign state, under the name of California. This state lies between 32~ and 420 N. Lat.; and between 1140 and 125~ W. Lon.; and is bounded on the N. by Oregon territory; E. by the territories of Utah and New Mexico; S. by Old California; and W. by the Pacific. The Eastern boundary is formed by the 120th degree of W. Lon., down to the 39th degree of lat.; and to this point has the Sierra Nevada Mts. in the boundary line; but here it diverges from the mountains in a right line S.E., till it strikes the Colorado on the 35th degree of lat., whence it follows that river to the boundary of Mexico. The length of this state from N. to S. is about 700 miles, with an average breadth of from 150 to 200 miles, including an area of 188,982 sq. miles, or about 120,000,000 acres. Capt. Wilkes computes the arable portion of this state at only about 12,000 sq. miles. This portion, though subject to great droughts, is exceedingly productive. But the state of California, despite its sterility, has already in the very few years it has belonged to the U. S., acquired a prominent place not only in the estimation of Americans, hut in the eye of the world. From the sands of its barren hills and mountains, and from the beds of its Alpine torrents, are sifted and washed out annually from $75,000,000 to $100,000,000 of gold dust and ore.* A commercial city has sprung up, as if by magic, whose harbor is thronged with shipping of the largest class, from Europe, Asia, and Australia:- and which already numbers its population by tens of thousands. Regular lines of large steamers at stated and frequent periods depart from and arrive in its port, crowded with passengers to a degree that occurs in no line of steamers elsewhere. It holds regular and frequent intercourse with New York, by:t length of voyage much greater than unites that metropolis with Europe. Besides, interior towns have sprung up, each numbering thousands of inhabitants, and communicating frequently with their See the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, for 1851. CAL- CAL 135 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Ti, as in this; N, nearly like ng. commercial capital. But even should the mines become exhausted, or had they never existed or been discovered, yet is this state destined to play a leading part in the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, by means of its deep and capacious harbor and otherwise advantageous location. Ere these mines were dreamed of, some of our farsighted statesmen had written and spoken of the importance of San Francisco to the commerce of our Pacific border; a city, whose position and other commercial advantages, threaten to revolutionize the trade of the East, to open commerce and civilization to the isles of the sea, and the eastern coast of Asia.* Bays, Rivers, &c.-San Francisco Bay, the best and most capacious harbor on the Pacific coast, is (including the two arms, San Pablo and San Francisco bay proper,) perhaps 60 or 70 miles long, and in the widest part 14 miles broad. A strait about a milewide, passing through a range of hills or low mountains connects it with the ocean. This strait has been termed not inappropriately the "Golden Gate,"t as it is the passage through which the multitudes from every region of the world are continually hastening, in order to gather the wealth of this new and richer El Dorado. Within the barrier of hills already alluded to, the bay divides into two parts-the one stretching to the S. about 40 miles, and the other to the N. about 25 miles. On the N. W. shore of the southern arm, or San Francisco Bay proper, stands the city of the same name. The northern arm is named San Pablo, and is connected by a strait with a small bay directly E. of it, into which the united waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin (san ho-ah-keen') discharge themselves. This is called Suisoon Bay. The strait that connects San Francisco Bay with the ocean, is the only channel of navigation between the interior of California and the sea. The Sacramento rises in several branches, in the mountains of the Coast Range, the Shasta and Sierra Nevada, in about 410 30' N. Lat., and proceeding in its course nearly directly south, receives the Feather and American rivers from the east, with many smaller branches, and joins the San Joaquin after a course of about 200 miles. The latter river rises in the Sierra Nevada in about 37~ 30' N. Lat., and running first in a S. W., and then in a direction-a little N. W., receives the Mariposa, Merced, Tuolumne, Stanislaus, and Calaveras rivers, from the E., and after a course of about 200 miles, joins the Sacramento; their united waters running westwardly for about 200 miles, in a channel much interrupted by islands, empty into - Byan act of its legislature in April, 1851, Californiawas divided into 30 counties, viz: Bute, Calaveras, Colusi, Contra-Costa, Eldorado, Klamath, Los Angeles, Marin, Mariposa, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaqcuin, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Solano, Sonoma, Sutter, Ta-wal-um-ne or Tuolumne, Trinity, Yolo, and Yuba. San Jose is the present capital. t Probably in allusion to the harbour of Constantinople, named, from its form, and from the prodigious wealth which was continually wafted into it, the " Golden Horn." 136 CAL-CAL Fhte, fur, fMll, fit; mie, mut: pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; Suisoon Bay. The Mokelumne (or Moquelumne river) empties into these at the point ofjunction. The Ilamath river empties itself into the Pacific in the N. W. of California. Capt. Wilkes's map represents its mouth and source as in Oregon. The principal estuaries of the Pacific on the coast of California are, Humboldt bay in the N. W., Monterey bay and the bay of doe los Esteros in the W., San Pedro, San Diego and Santa Barbara bays in the S. W. The principal lake, Lake Tulare, (too'-lah-rh,) (bulrush lake,) is described by Fremont "as a strip of water of about 70 miles in length, surrounded by low lands overgrown with rushes, and as receiving all the rivers of the southern part of the valley. In times of high water it communicates with the San Joaquin." This lake is about 150 miles S. E. of San Francisco. Kern Lake, S. of Tulare, communicates with it. The other lakes are Rhett and Deer in the N. E.; Clear Lake, about 70 miles directly N. of San Francisco; Fremont Lake, 100 miles E. of the southern point of the latter, and Owen Lake, about 70 miles E. of the N. point of Tulare Lake. These are all small, except Clear and Tulare, the former of which is about 40 miles long. Face of the Country.-As the voyager sails along the coast of California, he looks upon a low range of mountains, which in many instances approach to the water's edge, forming a bluff, iron-bound coast; through which he enters, by a narrow strait named the Golden Gate, the bay of San Francisco. Following these low mountains on the coast north of the Golden Gate, is a broken and hilly country, to which succeeds the coast range, entering from Oregon, and extending nearly parallel to the ocean, at distances varying from 30 to 50 miles, till it reaches the 350 of N. Lat., where it unites with the Sierra Nevada, and passes into Old California. South of the Golden Gate, between the coast moutntains and the coast range, are the valleys of the river San Juan, emptying into San Francisco bay, and of Buenaventura, emptying into Monterey bay. The former is 60 miles long, by 15 to 20 wide, and the most fertile in California. The mountains immediately on the coast bear various local names. Table Hill, on the N. side of the' strait leading into San Francisco bay, is 2560 feet high. Mt. Diablo in the coast range, directly east of San Francisco, attains an elevation of 3,770 ft. Mt. Linn is an elevated peak of the same range, in lat. 400, whose height has not been ascertained. Near the northern boundary of the state, in a spur of mountains running N. E. to the Sierra Nevada, is Mt. Shasta, or Shaste, the highest known peak in California, which soars to the Alpine height of 14,400 feet, and is clothed with perpetual snow. We now enter the great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, which extends from N. to S. about 500 miles, with an average breadth of about 60 miles, and an elevation of only a few hundred feet above the level of the sea. This is the garden of California, and the chief source from which she must draw her agricultural supplies. Soon after we have passed the Sacramento and San Joaquin, from a base of about 500 ft. above the CAL-CAL 137 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. sea, we commence the ascent of the Sierra Nevada, by a gradual slope, first passing through a region wooded to about half the mountain's height with oak, which is succeeded by a forest of gigantic pines, cedars and cypress, and which conducts us to the naked granite and perpetual snows of its summits. At the north end of the Sacramento valley is another higher valley, of about 100 miles in length, and some thousands of feet in elevation, heavily timbered, and containing arable valleys. The Sierra Nevada forms a continuation of the Cascade Range of Oregon, and extends almost directly south till they unite with the coast range in about 34~ N. Lat. They form the eastern boundary of California, between 39~ and 410 of N. Lat. The Emigrants' Pass, in about 39~ N. Lat., is 7,200 feet high, but there are peaks in the range which reach an elevation of 15,500 ft. Some volcanoes are said to have been discovered in the Sierra Nevada. The eastern slope ascends from. a base of 4,000 ft., and is much more rigorous in climate. The western slope is covered with grass at all seasons of the year, and scored with as many fertile valleys as there are streams and rivers. On this slope, too, between 370 and 40~ of N. Lat., are the celebrated gold diggings, towards which the eyes of the seekers after sudden affluence have been so eagerly turned since 1848, and it is estimated will soon yield $100,000,000 annually. The gold is obtained by turning aside streams from their channels, and washing the sands; or from dry diggings either by washing or mining, or in lumps and coarse particles by pick-axes, &c. The gold found in the streams and in the dry ravines and plains, was evidently only the washings from the higher regions, and must necessarily be soon exhausted; but fortunately for the gold seekers, the auriferous quartz, probably in its original locality, has recently been discovered, and is not likely to be soon exhausted. Gold, too, has been found in the coast range, in the vicinity of San Jose and Monterey. Quicksilver mines also are known to exist of great richness, in the vicinity of the former place. Silver has been discovered in two or three localities, and lead in several places; but none of these have as yet received much attention. Iron, too, has been found recently. Climate and Meteorology.-The climate of California is much milder, even at considerable elevations, than in the same parallels on the Atlantic coast. Though many degrees above the tropics, the seasons are divided into rainy and dry, rather than into the four seasons of similar latitudes elsewhere. The rainy season lasts from December to March. In the latter part of the dry season, where there is not irrigation-as is the case mostly west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin-every thing is destroyed by the drought. In Southern California, in February the grass begins to spring up, and vegetation generally to put forth. The western slope of the Sierra Nevada has a milder temperature than the valley of the Sacramento, being more sheltered by the mountains from the cold winds from their summits. At San Francisco and other parts near the 12* 138 CAL-CAL Fhte, fMr, f1ll, IAt; m., mret; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; 6oas in good; coast, cold bleak winds, charged with fogs from the ocean, prevail during the summer, and render it really more unpleasant in climate than in the winter season, when the N. W. winds do not prevail. During 75 days that observations were kept near the Golden Gate by the Exploring Expedition, S. W. winds prevailed 44 days; N. W. 13 days; W. 4 days; S. E. 5 days; calm 5 days. These 75 days were between Aug. 18th and Oct. 31st. The mean temperature from May 27th to June 6th, averaged 610; highest point 860; lowest 480. At New Helvetia, at the same time, it rose as high as 114~. At 30 miles from the coast, especially in the valley of San Juan, the climate is delightfully equable, resembling the south of Spain. The valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, particularly the west side of the latter, are very hot in the dry or summer season. According to observations made by Fremont, in the San Joaquin valley, between the middle of December and the middle of June, the mean temperature at sunrise was 29~, and at sunset 520; from the 10th to the 22d of March, 380 and560 at sunrise and sunset. At Deer Creek, in 400 N. Lat., during 6 days between the 30th of March and 4th of April, the temperature was 480 at sunrise, 590 at 2 P. M., and 520 at sunset. At the three Buttes, in 39~ N. Lat., 640 at sunrise, 900 at 2 P. M., and 800 at sunset, at an elevation of 800 ft. At the head of Kern river, in lat. 350 30', mean temperature between Dec. 27th and Jan. 17th, was 260 at sunrise, noon 600, sunset 520. Near Monterey, early in March, sunrise 440, 2 P. M. 620, sunset 530; elevation 2,200 ft. Productiozs, Agriculture, &c.-Though so much of California, as has been observed, is unproductive, yet there is a portion of it luxuriantly fertile, but subject to the great drawback of long droughts in the autumn, when even the turf is parched to an impalpable powder. But the rains return between November and March, and restore verdure and health to vegetation. Where irrigation can be practised, the evils of the drought are compensated by abundant returns for additional labor-as the southern part has the climate and productions of Italy. Here may be cultivated the olive, the banana, the orange, the grape, pears, peaches, pomegranates, quinces, Indian corn, tobacco, and cotton. In the north wheat flourishes; and the moisture of the coast favors the potato. The fertile parts are mainly found in the bottoms of the great rivers and their affluents, and in the valleys and plains of the coast region. Over these, in their native state, is found a rich growth of wild oats. On the western slope of the Nevada, grass grows at all seasons of the year. The forest trees of California consist mainly of oak, cypress, cedar, pine, and fir, with some sycamores, willow, cotton-wood, a peculiar species of white oak, with long acorns, (which form a staple of food with the Indians,) ash, and a remarkable tree peculiar to California called the Madrono, an evergreen 60 feet in height, and 4 feet in diameter, with a smooth reddish bark. These forests grow on the slopes of the Nevada, on the banks of the streams, and on the district CAL —CAL 139 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. near the coast-both mountain and plain. The cypress, pine and fir of this region attain an enormous size. Fremont measured a cypress near Monterey, whose altitude was 275 feet, and diameter 15 feet, 3 feet above the base. Among the wild animals are grizzly bears, elks, deers, antelopes, and wild horses. Great abundance of salmon are found in the rivers. The commerce of California is extensive, and the harbour of San Francisco is thronged with shipping from the Atlantic ports of the Union, from Tngland, from Australia, and other parts of the world. There is little to xport of her native products except gold, which is freighted in steamers to New York. The other trade is confined to supplying the wants of the inhabitants, as even the materials for building have as yet mostly to be imported, as well as their food, clothing, machinery, &c. The arrivals from California in 1851, at different ports on the Atlantic shore of the Union, were 35; the clearances for California amounted to 115. The Sacramento is navigable at all times to Sacramento City, and except in the dry season, for 200 miles. The San Joaquin is navigable for vessels of 400 tons, to Stockton, 65 miles; and for smaller vessels to Stanislaus, perhaps 100 miles further. ljfanufactures.-California, has as yet but few manufactures. History, Government, &c.-The north part of California was discovered by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578; but was first colonized by some Spaniards in 1768. After the Mexican revolution, California formed a province of that country until 1836, when it rebelled, drove out the Mexicans, and formed an independent congress. By the treaty of peace of 1848, after having been the scene of several sanguinary skirmishes during the war with Mexico, it became apart of the United States, and in 1850 was admitted into the American Confederacy as a sovereign state. The constitution of California is similar to that of the northern states; slavery is excluded. The governor is elected for two years, and receives $10,000 per annum; and a lieutenant-governor for the same period. The senate consists of sixteen members, elected for two years; and the house of representatives of thirty-six members, elected for one year —all elected by the people. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, composed of a chiefjustice and two associates, receiving $10,000 per annum each, and elected for six years by the people; and of district courts presided over by judges elected for a like period by the people, and receiving $7,500 per annum. A county judge is elected for four years, to act as judge of probate, and to hold county courts, and with two justices of the peace to hold criminal sessions. Education is intrusted to a state superintendent, who holds his office for three yea rs. 500,000 acres of public lands are appropriated to educationial ur'poses. 140 CAL- CAL Fhte, fir, fMll, fat; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 66 as in good; Towns.-San Francisco, the commercial metropolis of California, is situated on the N. W. shore of the southern arm of the bay bearing its own name. It stands on a plain about half a mile wide, gently inclined towards the bay, with numerous hills behind it. It is regularly laid out with streets, crossing each other at right angles. The houses are mostly frame, but since the destructive fires that have occurred, several times laying large portions of the city in ruins, brick and iron are becoming more extensively used. The better class of frame houses are painted white, with green blinds, presenting the appearance of the houses in New England. The soil on which the town is built is very sandy, and around the city, particularly the northern part, are numerous sand hills. Along the water's edge, many of the stores and warehouses are built on piles driven into the water. Near the southern end of the town is a high hill or butte, (pronounced bute,) called Telegraph Hill, having an elevation of 1,000 feet or upwards, and from the summit of which a very extensive view may be had of the surrounding country. In the centre of the city is a large public square, which is called by its Spanish name, "plaza," (plah'-sa.) The inhabitants of San Francisco have been variously estimated at from 25,000 to 40,000; but there is so large a mass of floating population, that it would be impossible, even by taking a census, to state the number with any exactness. Sacramen'to City, the present capital, is favourably situated on the Sacramento river, in the midst of a level country, and on one of the richest soils in the world. In it and in its vicinity are perhaps the finest gardens in California. Suttersville, a village, formerly two miles further up, is now joined with it, and the two may properly be regarded as a single town. Sacramento City is about 80 or 90 ailes N. E. of San Francisco, and is the principal entrepot of trade for furnishing provisions to the northern mines. The entire population is estimated at 12,000. Marysville, on Yuba river, just above its junction with Feather river, is situated 70 miles N. of Sacramento City, at the head of steamboat navigation. It is an important trading-post for the northern mines. Pop. about 5,000. Stockton, the third city in California, situated on Stockton Slough, three miles from the San Joaquin, is about 70 miles E. by N. of San Francisco, in a direct line. Vessels of 400 tons burden may ascend to Stockton. It is a place of great activity, and a depot for the southern mines. Pop. estimated from 6,000 to 10,000. Sono'ra, situated in the richest mining region in California, 160 or 170 S. E. by S. from San Francisco, is the capital of Tuolumne county, and has a population of from 3,000 to 8,000. San Jose', (san-ho-sat,) the former capital of California, is beautifully situated in Santa Clara valley, seven miles from the head of San Francisco bay. Though the town stands in a plain, snow-capped mountains may be seen in the distance on every side of it, during the whole year'. The climate is perhaps the most delightful in California. CAL-CAL 141 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. It is about 45 or 50 miles S. E. from San Francisco. Pop. about 4,000. Neva da City, (nt-vkh'-di,) a very important mining town is situated on Deer creek, an affluent of the Yuba river, about 190 miles N. of San Francisco. Benicia, (bh-nish'-e-a,) on the strait of Carquines, is a small town, but is important as the seat of the arsenal and other government works. The Pacific Steam Company have also a station here for refitting their ships. Pop. from 3000 to 5000. CALIFORNIA, GULF OF, on the vV. coast of Mexico, extends from about 23~ 30' to 3'2~ N. Lat. Its lenogth is above 700 m.; its breadth varies from about 49) to 150 m. CALLAO, kal-lal-o or ka'l-vyl-o, on the coast of Peru, is the seaport of Lima, from which it is 7 rn. distant, by a good level road. It is the best fortress and the most convenient and safest port in Peru. Lat. 120 3' S., Lon. 770 14' W. Before the war of independence, it had a pop. of 4,000. (B.) CALf-L_.-WAY, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 8,096. Co. t. Wadesborough. CALLAWAY, a co. in the E. central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 13,827. Co. t. Fulton. CALMAR, k~al-nmAr, or KALMAR, a commercial t. of Sweden, in the ancient prov. of Smaland. Lat. about 56~ 40' N., Lon. 16~ 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) CALNE, ka'n, a t. of England, in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of London. Pop. 2,483. CALTAGIRONE, kal-ta-je-rot-na, a manufacturing and trading t. in the interior of Sicily. Lat. 370 14' N., Lon. 14~ 32' E. Pop. estimated at about 20,000. (B.) CALTANISETTA, kal-ta-ne-setf-ta, an important inland t. of Sicily. Lat. about 37~ 26' N., Lon. 14~ 4' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) CAL/-U-MET\, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Winnebago. Pop. 1,743. CALVADOS, kil-vAt-dbs or kal'-va'-dos/, a dep. in the N. of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 501,77.5. (B.) Capital, Caen. CALf-VERT, a co. in the S. central part of Md., between the r. Patuxent and the Chesapeake. Pop. 9,646. Co. t. Prince Frederick. CAM, a small r. of England, which flows by Cambridge, and falls into the Ouse. CAM-BAYI, an ancient t. on the N. W. coast of Hindostan, on a gulf of the same name. Lat. 22' 21' N., Lon. 720 48' E. CAM-BOl-DI-A, CAM-BO'-DJk or CAM-BOGE1, an extensive country of Asia, in Chin-India, a part of which is now subject to Cochin China, 14.2i CAM-CAM Fa'te, far, fall, fat; me, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good: the remainder to the Siamese. The Chinese call it Kan-phu-tche, from which the European name is derived. CAMBODIA, called also Meinam-Kong, a large r. of S. Asia, flowing into the China Sea. It is navigable for the largest vessels, 40 leagues from its mouth. Length estimated at 1,700 m. CAM-BOGE/ or Cambodia, one of the chief cities of Cambodia, situated on the r. Meinam-Kong, above 150 m. from the sea. Lat. 12~ 30' N., Lon. 105~ 4' E. CAMI-BRAY or CAMBRAI, (Fr. pron. kaMm-braf, Lat. Camaricum,) a fortified commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the E. bank of the Escaut or Scheldt, with a college and a school of anatomy. Lat. 500 10' N., Lon. 30 14' E. Pop. 17,000. (B.) CAMI-BR.-4, a co. in the S. W. central part of Pa., near the sources of the Juniata. Pop. 17,773. Co. t. Ebensburg. CAMBRIDGE, kamel-brij, (Lat. Cantalbria,) the cap. of Cambridgeshire, England, on the r. Cam, about 48 m. N. by E. from London, is the seat of an ancient and celebrated university. This consists of 17 colleges, 4 of which are termed halls. The observatory is in Lat. 52~ 12' 52" N. Lon. 00 5' 53" E. Pop. including that of the university, 24,453.-A student at the university is called a CANI-TAB, which is evidently an abbreviation of Cantabrian, derived from the Latin name of Cambridge. CAMBRIDGE, a t. of Middlesex co., Mass., about 3 in. WV. N. W. of Boston, the seat of Harvard University, which is the oldest and most richly endowed collegiate institution in the U. S. It was founded in 1638, has numerous professors, and contains a library of 61,00,0 vols. In connexion with the collegiate department, there are schools of law and medicine, and a theological seminary. Lat. 42~ 22' 21" N., Lon. 71~ 7' 38" W. Pop. 15,215. CAMBRIDGESHIRE, kame/-brij-shir, a co. in the E. part of England, N. of London. Pop. 164,459. CAM/-DEN, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on Va. Pop. 6,049. Co. t. New Lebanon. CAMDEN, a co. forming the S. S. E. extremity of Ga., bordering on the sea and St. Mary's r. Pop. 6,319. Co. t. Jeffersonton. CAMDEN, a city of N.J., on the Delaware, opposite Phila. Pop. 9,479. CAMPAGNA DI ROMA, kAm-pan'-ya de rot-ma, a prov. of Italy, in the S. part of the Papal State, nearly corresponding in limits with the ancient Latium. CAMPBELL, kam/-el, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 23,245. Seat of justice, Campbell c. h. CAMPBELL, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 7,232. Co. t. Campbellton. CAMPBELL, a co in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on the Clinch r. and Ky. Pop. 6,068. Co. t. Jacksborough. CAMPBELL, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 13,127. Co. t. Newport. CAMPBELLTOWN, kam/-el-town, a seaport of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 65 m. W. by S. from Glasgow. Pop. 5,028. CAMPEACHY, kam-pee/-che, (Mex. Campeche, kAm-phl-cht,) a forti. CAM-CAN 143 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. fled t. of Yucatan, Mexico, on a bay of the same name. Lat. 200 N., Lon. 90~ 30' W. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.) CAMPO-BASSO, k'ml/-po-bas/-so, an important commercial and manufacturing t. of Naples; cap. of the prov. of Molise (mo-lee!-sa). The best cutlery made in the kingdom is produced here. Lat. 41~ 37' N., Lon. 14~ 27' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) CANI-&-D&, an extensive country of N. America, belonging to Great Britain, extending from 64~ 15' to near 91~ W. Lon. Its southern extremity (the S. point of Pelee Island, in Lake Erie), is in about 410 45' N. Lat. On the N. its limits are not defined. It is usual to consider all the territory N. of the great lakes, which is drained by the rivers that fall into the St. Lawrence, as belonging to Canada. It is bounded on the N. by the British possessions round Hudson's Bay and by Labrador, E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, S. by New Brunswick and the United States, and W. by the British territories, between which and Canada the limits do not appear to be accurately defined. Canada was formerly divided into Upper and Lower, but the two provinces were united in 1841, by an act of the British parliament. As, however, this country has been so long known by the names of the former provinces, it may not be improper to give these a passing notice. Upper Canada (now called Canada West) is situated on the right of the r. Ottawa, by which it is separated from Lower Canada, and extends westward along the chain of the great lakes. Area vaguely estimated at 140,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 336,461. Capital, Toronto. Lower Canada (Canada East) lies chiefly on the left of the Ottawa, and extends on both sides of the St. Lawrence, to its mouth, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Area estimated at 200,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1830, 511,917. (M.) More than three-fourths of the inhabitants of Lower Canada are of French descent, and French is the prevailing language. Quebec was formerly the capital of this province and of all the British possessions in N. America. The entire pop. of Canada, according to the recent census, is about 1,300,000. Montreal is the present seat of go. vernment.-Adj. and inhab. CAN-Al-DI-AN. CAN'\-A-Jo-IaRa-IE (-harl-re), the cap. of Montgomery co., N. Y., on the Erie Canal, 50 Im. W. of Albany. CAN'-AN-IDAI/-GU4, a beautiful village of N. Y.; cap. of Ontario co., 208 m. W. of Albany. It is situated near the N. extremity of a lake of the same name, which is about 17 m. long. Pop. of the township, 6,143. CANI-A-RA, a prov. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between 12~ and [5~ N. Lat., and 740 and 76~ E. Lon. CA-NA&-RrES (Sp. Canarias, ka-nat-re-as), a group of islands belonging to Spain, in the Atlantic, lyinog off the coast of Africa, between 27~ 40' and 29~ 30' N. Lat., and 13~ 30' and 18~ 20' WV. Lon. The principal islands are Canary, Teneriffe, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Fuertaventura, and Lanzarote, which will be treated of under their respective names. — Inhab. CA-NAN-RI.-AN. CANARY, GRAND, (SP. Gran Canaria, gran ka-nA1-re-a,) the second in 144 CAN-CAN Fate, fAr, fMll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 55 as ingood, point of size and population of the group of islands to which it gives its name.* It is intersected by the 28th parallel of N. Lat., and the me. ridian of 15~ 3()' W. Lon. The form is nearly circular. Length 33 m.; greatest breadth, 30 m. Area about 800 sq. in. Pop. in 1835, 64,040. (P. C.) CAN'-DA-HARI or KANDAHAR, a city, formerly the cap. of Afghanistan, and now of a kingdom or prov. of its own name. It is regularly built, and is one of the finest towns in Asia. Lat. 32~ 10' N., Lon. 66~ 30' E. Pop. 100,000. (B.) CANI-DI-4 or CRETE (Anc. Crelta), one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean, situated S. E. of the Morea, between 350 55' and 36~ 42' N. Lat., and 23~ 30' and 26~ 20' E. Lon. Length about 160 m.; greatest breadth, near 40 m. A ridge of hills runs through the whole length of the island, near the middle of which Mount Ida rises far above the rest, to the height of about 7,800 ft. Pop. estimated at 300,000. (P. C.)-Candia, the capital, is still a strong place, though much decayed, compared with what it was under the Venetians. It is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 35~ 16' N., Lon. 25~ 18' E. Pop. 12,000. (M.) Adj. and inhab. CANI-DI-OT' and CANI-DI-AN. CAN-ER-A, pronounced by the Turks na-neel-a, a t. in the i. of Candia, on the site of the ancient Cydolnia. Lat. 350 28' N., Lon. 24~ 2' E. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) CANNES, kann, a small commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Var, on the Mediterranean, 16 m. N. E. of Frejus. Pop. in 1832, 3,720, (P. C.) CANI-NON, a co. near the centre of Tenn. Pop. 8,982. CANI-ONS-BURG\, a t. of Pa., in Washington co., the seat of Jefferson College, which was incorporated in 1802. CANTAL, kaN'-tall, a dep. in the S. central part of France, bordering on the r. Dordogne. Pop. 262,117. (B.) Capital, Aurillac. CANTERBURY, kanf-ter-ber'-re, a city of Kent, and the metropolitan see of all England, on the Stour, 56 m. from London. Lat. 51~ 17 N., Lon. 1~ 5' E. Pop. including an area of 5sq. m., 15,435. CANTIRE. See CANTYRE. CAN\-TONt, a city of China, in the prov. of Quang-tong, of which Canton is a European corruption. It is situated on the Choo-kianf (ke-angf), or Pearl River, 32 m. from its mouth. Like other Chinese towns, it is divided into two distinct parts, separated by a wall, called the Chinese or Old City, and the Tartar or New City. The streets of' Canton are paved, and ordinarily very clean, hblt very narrow. The houses have but one story, and are built mostly of brick. This town is remarkable for having been, till recently, the only emporium or maritime comme-rce in China, to which Europeans were admitted. It is * Several works on geography, of high character, describe this island as the largest of the Canaries. The epithet Grand may have been given to it, before the relative size of the different islands was accurately known. Teneriffe exceeds it in superficial extent by nearly 150 sq. m., and in population by above 16,000. CAN-CAP 145 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. atill the principal port for foreign trade. Lat. 23~ 8' N., Lon. 113~ 2' E. Pop. estimated at 500,000. (B.) CAN-TYRE! or CAN-TIRE/* sometimes written also KINTYRE, a peninsula in the S. W. part of Scotland, forming the southern extremity of Argyleshire. CAPE BRETON, kape britl-on, an i. of British N. America, E. of Nova Scotia, between 450 27' and 470 4' N. Lat., and 590 45' and 61~ 38' W. Lon. Its length is about 100m.; its greatest breadth, 85m. The area is about 3,125 sq. m. Pop. in 1827, 18,700. (P. C.) CAPE COAST CASTLE, a t. and fortress of Africa; the cap. of the British possessions on the Gold Coast. Lat. 50 6' N., Lon. 10 14' W. Pop. estimated at 8,000. (B.) CAPE COD, a peninsula of Mass., on the S. side of Massachusetts Bay. It lies S. and E. of a bay of the same name. CAPE FEAR, the S. extremity of Smith's Island, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear r. CAPE FEAR RIVER, the largest and most important r. in N. C., rises in the N. part of the state, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Atlantic, in about 330 55 N. Lat., and 78~ 5 W. Lon. Its whole length is near 300 m. It is navigable for steamboats to Fayetteville, about 90 m. CAPE GIRARDEAU (je'-rar-dol), a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 13,912. Co. t. Jackson. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, at the S. extremity of Africa, was discovered in 1493, by Diaz, the Portuguese navigator, who called it Cabo Tormentoso, or Cape of Storms. On his return home, the king of Portugal gave it the name of Cape of Good Hope, as an omen that the Portuguese had now a fair prospect of reaching India, the great object of their maritime expeditions. It is in Lat. 340 22' S.-A colony in S. Africa takes its name from the above cape. It belonged originally to the Dutch, but was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1815. The climate of this region is subject to great extremes; though the country is deluged with rains during the cold season, in the hot months nearly all the springs are dried up. The rivers are two shallow, or their current is two rapid for purposes of navigation. Nearly two-thirds of the land is destitute of vegetation, during the greater part of the.year. The country, however, contains spots of extraordinary fertility. The principal productions are wheat, barley, and wine. Cape Town, the cap. of the colony, founded by the Dutch, in 1650, is situated on Table Bay, and has a castle of considerable strength. Lat. 33~ 55' S., Lon. 180 21' E. Pop. in 1834, 19,387. (P. C.) CAPE HAI1-T-E.N, (Fr. Cap Haitien, kUp i-te- aN',) once an important seaport t. of St. Domingo, the cap. of the former kingdom of Haiti. It was entirely destroyed, May 7, 1842, by an earthquake, in which "Lest, rounding wild CANTIRE, they meet The southern foeman's watchful fleet," — SCOTT'S Lord of the Isles. Canto IV. 13 146 CAP-CAR FAte, far, fAll, fat; m6, mht; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; 66, as in good; 7,000 persons are supposed to have perished; but it has since been pars tially rebuilt. Lat. 19~ 46'N., Lon. 72~ 16' W. Pop. formerly esti. mated at near 10,000. (B.) CAPE HORN, a cape regarded as the S. extremity of America. It is, however, not a part of the continent, but the most southern point of a small island belonging to the group commonly called Terra del Fuego. Lat. 550 58' 30" S., Lon. 67~ 21' W. CAPE MAY, a co. forming the S. extremity of N. J. Pop. 6,433. Seat of justice, Cape May c. h. CAPE PALI-MAS, a cape of W. Africa, on the coast of Guinea, near 40 20' N. Lat., and 7~ 40' W. Lon. Here is a missionary station. CAPE VERD IsLANDS (Ilhas Verdas, eell-yas veRal-das), so called by the Portuguese, because the sea to the W. of them is covered with gulfweed, so as to present some resemblance to extensive meadows. This group ie-,'hout 300 m. from the W. coast of Africa, between 14~ 17' and 17~ 19 1. Lat., and 22~ 10' and 25~ 30' W. Lon. There are 14 islands; 9 of them are inhabited, of which Sam-Tiago, S. Nicolao, Boa Vista, and S. Antao are the most important. They belong to Portugal. CAPE VINI-CENT, -a village and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson co., on the St. Lawrence, near the N. E. extremity of L. Ontario. CAPRI, ka'f-pre, (Anc. Ca/prer-,) a beautiful rocky island in the Mediterranean, 8 or 9m. in circuit, and about 20m. due S. from Naples. Among other curiosities, it contains a singular and romantic grotto, which appears to have been a favourite resort of the emperor Tiberius, who resided a long time in Capreae. This cave can be entered only from the sea, by a very narrow opening. For a full description of it, we would refer the reader to No. 147 of the Penny Magazine. Lat. 400 32' N., Lon. 14~ 14' E. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) CAP/I-u-A, or ka/-poo-a, a strongly fortified archiepiscopal t. of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, situated on the left bank of the Volturno, 15m. N. XV. of the capital. The modern Capua does not occupy the same site as the ancient, but that of a much inferior t., called by the Romans Casilinum. The ruins of the ancient Capua are to be seen in the neighbourhood. Lat. 41 7'N., Lon. 14~ 11' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) CAQUETA. See JAPURA. CAR-AcI-AS or ka-rA/-kas, the cap. of Venezuela, S. America, is dis. tant 20 m. by the road, from its port, La Guayra, on the Caribbean Sea. In the early part of the present century, the pop. of this t. was estimated at 50,000; but the great earthquake of 1812, in which 12,000 persons are said to have perished, and the subsequent war and civil dissensions, have so reduced the number of the inhabitants, that it does not probably, at present, much exceed 30,000. (P. C.) Lat. 10~ 31 N., Lon. 670 4' 45" W. CAR-A-MA/-N.-. or KARAMANIA, an extensive territory in tne S. part of Asiatic Turkey, which reaches from the Gulf of Scanderoon, along the Mediterranean, to the Gulf of Macri. It is upwards of 400 m. in length; but the limits do not appear to be accurately defined. According to Captain Beaufort, the appellation Caramania is neither Used by CAR-CAR 147 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the present inhabitants nor recognized at the seat of government. It seems to be derived from Karaman, who founded a kingdom here in the middle ages, which was conquered by the Turks, about 1485. — Adj. and inhab. CAR-k-MAI-NI-bN. CAR/-BQN, a co. in the E. part of Pa., intersected by the r. Lehigh. It abounds in coal. Co. t. Mauch Chunk. Pop. 15,686. CARCASSONNE, kiUR'-klas'-sonnt, (Lat. Carlcaso,) an ancient, manufacturing and commercial city of France, cap. of the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude and the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi), which unites the Garonne with the Mediterranean. Lat. 43~ 13' N., Lon. 2' 22' E. Pop. 17.000. (B.) CAR/-DIFF or CAERDIFF, a commercial t. of Wales, formerly the cap. of Glamorganshire, situated on a canal of its own name. Lat. 510 28' N., Lon. 30 10' W. Pop. 10,077. CAR/-DR-GA~N, a seaport t. of Wales, cap. of Cardiganshire. Lat. 52~ 5' N., Lon. 4~ 38' W. Pop. 2,925. CARI-DI-GN-SnHIRE, a co. of S. Wales, bordering on Cardigan Bay. Pop. 68,766. CAR'-IB-BEI-.N SEX, that part of the Atlantic which lies between the principal W. India Islands and S. America. CARI-IB-BEE' ISLANDS, are a series of small islands, extending from Porto Rico to Trinidad, which is included. The name is derived from the Carl-ibs or Car/-ib-bees', a tribe of S. American aborigines, who, when Columbus discovered America, were in possession of the smaller W. India Islands; from which, however, they have been nearly extirpated by the Europeans. CAR-IN/-THX-A, (Ger. KTiirnthen, kaiRnf-ten,) a country in the S. part of the Austrian empire, intersected by the r. Drave. It is about 120 m. in length, and 40) m. in breadth.-Adj. and inhab. CAR-INI-THX-.AN. CARLISLE, kar-lilef, an ancient city and port of England, cap. of Cumberland co., on the little r. Eden, 260 m. N. N. W. from London. It is connected, by a ship canal, with Bowness (bo-ness') on Solway Frith, by which vessels of 100 tons can come up to the town. It communicates also with Newcastle by a railroad. Pop., including an area of 10 sq. m., 23,012. CARLISLE, a t. of Pa., the cap. of Cumberland co., and the seat of Dickinson College, founded in 1783. Pop. 4,500. CAR/-L6w, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 81,649. (P. C.) CARLOW, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 43 m. S. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. 10,612. (P. C.) CARLOWITZ or KARLOWITZ, karl-lo-vits, (Hung. Karlovficz, kaR-lovaAts,) an archiepiscopal t. of the Austrian empire, in the military frontiers of Slavonia. Lat. 45~ 12' N., Lon. 20~ 3' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) CARLSBAD or KARLSBAD, kaRlsf-bait, a t. of Bohemia, celebrated for its warm springs and baths, said to have been founded about the year 1370, by Charles IV., whence its name, which signifies "Charles's bath." Lat. 500 13' N., Lon. 12~ 52' E. Permanent pop. about 2,600. (B.) K 148 CAR-CAR FMte, f'ar, f'All, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n(, not; 66 as in good, CARLSCRONA, karls-krool-na, frequently written in English CARLSCROON, a fortified seaport t. of Sweden; cap. of the district (or lkn) of Blekingen (blekf-ing-en), remarkable for its admirably built citadel, its extensive dry-docks, and its' fine harbour, which is the station of the Swedish navy. Lat. 56~ 10' N., Lon. 15~ 30' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) CARLSRUHE or KARLSRUHE, kaRlsf-roo, the cap. of the grand-duchy of Baden, Germany, situated about 4 m. from the E. bank of the Rhine. It has flourishing manufactures and considerable commerce. Among its numerous literary institutions is a public library of 70,000 vols. Lat. 49~ N., Lon. 8~ 27' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) CAR-NATI-IC, a prov. in the S. of Hindostan, between 80 and 16~ N. Lat., and 770 and 81" E. Lon. It borders on the Bay of Bengal, and extends along the coast 560 m. CAR-NJ-O-LA, (Ger. Krain, krine), formerly a duchy in the S. part of the Austrian empire, N. E. of, and bordering on the Gulf of Venice.Adj. CAR-NA-OI-L-N and CARf-NIC.-Inhab. CARNIOLAN. CAROLINA, kar-o-lif-n:i, the name of a colonial settlement in N. America, made by the English, about the middle of the 17th century. North and South Carolina originally constituted but one colony; they were, however, divided in 1729, and since the Revolution have formed two separate states.-Inhab. CAR-O-LIN/-I-AN. NORTH CAROLINA extends from 33" 50' to 36" 30' N. Lat., and from 750 25' to 84~ 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee, and divided into 79 counties.* Extreme length, measuring from Cape Hatteras on the E., about 500 m.; greatest breadth, 180 m. The area is estimated at 50,000 sq. m. Pop. 868,903, of whom 553,295 are whites, 27,196 free coloured persons, and 288,412 slaves. Raleigh is the seat of government. SOUTH CAROLINA extends from 32~ to 35~ 8' N. Lat., and from 780 24' to 83~ 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic, S. W. and W. by Georgia, and divided into 29 districts.t Length about 260 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 215 m. Area estimated at 33,000 sq. m. Pop. 668,507, of whom *Anson, Ashe, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarras, Caldwell, Camden, Carteret, Caswell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Chowan, Cleveland, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Davidson, Davie, Duplin, Edgecombe, Franklin, Gates, Granville, Greene, Guilford, Halifax, Haywood, Henderson, Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, Johnson, Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln, Macon, Martin, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Person, Pitt, Randolph Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Sampson, Stanly, Stokes Surry, Tyrrel, Union, Wake, Warren, Washington, Alamance, Alexander, Forsyth, Gaston, Watauga, Wayne, Wilkes, Yancey. t Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York. CAR-CAR 149 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 274,623 are whites, 8,900 free coloured persons, and 384,984 slaves. Columbia is the capital. CAROLINE, a co. in the E. part of Md., bordering on Del. Pop. 9,692. Co. t. Denton. CAROLINE, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop. 18,456. Co. t. Bowling Green. CAR-PA!-THA.-AN MOUNTAINS, a chain which bounds Hungary on the N. W., N., and N. E., and Transylvania on the N. E., E., and S. E. Mount Ruska (roosf-ka), in that branch of the chain, which separates the above countries, is the highest of the Carpathian system, and has an elevation of 1,550 toises, or 9,913 English ft. (B.) CARPENTRAS, kaR'-pAN'-tra'st, a walled city of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse. Lat. 440 3' N., Lon. 5~ 4' E. Pop. 6,294. (P. C.) CARRARA, kar-raf-ra, a small t. and territory in the N. of Italy, bordering on the Mediterranean, which belongs at present to the Duke of Modena. It is important on account of its extensive and valuable marble quarries. CARI-RICK-ON-SUIR (-shure), a t. of Ireland, situated on the r. Suir, partly in the co. of Tipperary, and partly in that of Waterford, about 85 m. S. S. W. from Dublin. Pop. 9,626. (P. C.) CAR/-RI-CIK-FER-GUS, the cap. of the co. of Antrim, Ireland, on the'W. side of the little bay called Belfast Lough, 9 m. N. N. E. of Belfast. This town, together with its liberties, forms what is called the county of the town of Carrickfergus. The castle stands on a rocky peninsula, whence the name, which signifies the "rock of Fergus"-an Irish king, who was drowned there. Pop. of the co. in 1831, 8,706. (P. C.) CA.R-ROLL, a co. in the E. part of N. H., bordering on Me. Pop. 20,156. Co. t. Ossipee. CARROLL, a co. in the N. part of Mid., bordering on Pa. Pop. 20,616. Co. t. Westminster. CARROLL, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bord'g on N. C. p. 5,909. CARROLL, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Ala. and the r. Chattahoochee. Pop. 9,357. Co. t. Carrollton. CARROLL, a co. in the N.W. central part of Miss., on the Yalabusha r. Pop. 18,491. Co. seat, Carrollton. CARROLL, a parish forming the N. E. extremity of La. Pop. 8,789. CARROLL, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 4,614. Co. t. Carrolltonl. CARROLL, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 15,967. Co. t. Huntingdon. CARROLL, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,526. CARROLL, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandy and Beaver Canal. Pop. 17,685. Co. t. Carrollton. CARROLr,, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,015. Co. t. Dejphi. 31* 150 CAR-CAS FPte, fAr, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; ne, nDt; 66, as in gooa CARROLL, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 5,441. Co. t. Carrollton. CARTAGENA, kar-tajef-na, (Sp. pron. kaR-ta-nA/-nA, Anc. Carthalgo Notva,) a fortified seaport t. of Spain, in Murcia, with one of the finest harbours on the Mediterranean. Lat. 370 36' N., Lon. 1~ W. Pop. estimated at 37,000. (B.) CARTAGENA, a seaport in the republic of New Granada, on the northern coast of S. America, with one of the safest and most convenient harbours in all America. The entrance is so narrow that only one vessel can come in at a time. It is defended by two strong castles. Among the institutions for education, may be mentioned a university, a school of navigation, and a college. Its commerce is considerable, though less than it was before the war of independence. Lat. 10~ 25' 48" N., Lon. 750 30' W. Pop. about 18,000. (B.) CARTER, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Tenn.; bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,296. Co. t. Elizabethtown. CARTER, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 6,241. Co. t. Grayson. CARI-TER-ET, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., bordering on the sea. Pop. 6,803. Co. t. Beaufort. CASALE, ka-saf-la, a fortified t. of the continental Sardinian states; cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the S. bank of the Po, 35 m. E. of Turin. Pop. 16,000. (P. C.) CASAL MAGGIORE, ka.-sal mad-jof-ra, a t. of Austrian Italy, on the left bank of the Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cremona. Lat. about 450 N., Lon. 100 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) CAf.-BIN* or KAZBIN (Pers. pron. kas'-beenf, whence the name is sometimes written CASBEEN), a manufacturing and commercial city of Irak, Persia, situated in the midst of a country rendered very fertile by an extensive system of irrigation, which is carried on by means of subterranean aqueducts.. The grapes of Casbin are considered to be the finest in Persia. Lat. 36~ 12' N., Lon. 490 33' E. Pop. 60,000. (B.) CASERTA or CASERTA NUOVA, ka-seRI-ta nwot-va, a t. of Naples, with a royal palace, one of the most magnificent in Europe, and a superb aqueduct, 27m. long. It is 17m. N, by E. of Naples. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) CAI-sEY, a co. in the. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r Pop. 6,556. Co. t. Liberty. CASH/-EL, an ancient city of Ireland, in the co. of Tipperary, 108 in S. NV. of Dublin. It was formerly the residence of the kings of Mun ster. Pop. in 1831, 6,971. (P. C.)', And CASBIN's luscious grapes of amber hue." SoUTHEY's Thalaba. Book VI. " With grapes of gold, like those that shine On CASBIN's hills" MOORE'S Lalla Rookh. CAS-CAS 151 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. CASH-MEREI5 or KASHMIRE, an extensive valley in the southern part of Asia, surrounded by high mountains of the Himalaya range, between 33~ 20' and 35~ 40' N. Lat., and 74~ 30' and 770 E. Lon. This country is remarkably well watered and productive. As it is 6,000 or 7,0(0 feet above the level of the sea, the climate is cool fobr the latitude. Cashmere was not long since in the possession of the Afghans, but more recently formed a part of the extensive dominions of Runjeet Sing, the sovereign of the Seiks. (See LAHORE.) The chief t. is Sirinagur.Adj. and Inhab. CASH-MEI-RX-.IN. CASI-PI-AN SEA (the Kan'rtta OCaaac6a of the Greeks), a large inland sea, situated on the boundary between Europe and Asia, extending from 47~ 20' to 36~ 40' N. Lat., and from 540 10' to 46~ 50' E. Lon. Its length, following the curve of the sea, is about 900 m.; its average breadth about 210 m. The waters of this sea are much less salt than those of the Atlantic. Gmelin estimates the proportion as 1 to 4. Though it receives the waters of the Volga and several other rivers of considerable magnitude, the Caspian has no outlet. The surface of this sea is stated to be more than 300 ft. below that of the ocean. CASS, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r. Pop. 13,300. Co. t. Cassville. CASS, a co. in the S. W. part of Mich., bordering on Ind. P. 10,907. Co. t. Cassopolis. CAss, a co. in the N. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,021. Co. t. Logansport. CAss, a co. in the TV. central part of Ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 7,253. Co. t. Beardstown. CASI-SEL, a t. of Germany, the cap. of the electorate of Hesse-Cassel, on the Fulda, about 108 m. N. E. of Coblentz. It has numerous institutions for the promotion of the arts and sciences, among which we may mention the Museum, one of the finest buildings in the place, the Observatory, the Academy of Antiquities, the Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture, and the Lyceum. Lat. 51~ 18' N., Lon. 90 30' UT. Pop. above 26,000. (B.) CASTELNAUDARY, kas'-tel'-n6-dA'-ret, a t. of France, in the dep. of Aude. Lat. about 43~ 19' N., Lon. 1~ 53' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,471. (P. C.) CASTEL VETRANO, cas-telf vA-tr/A-no, a t. of Sicily, remarkable for its * In familiar discourse, we very often hear this name accentuated on the first syllable; e.g. in the phrase, "a Cashmere shawl." Cashmere, in such cases, may be considered simply as an English word, having become thoroughly anglicized. (See Int. XII., Obs. 2.) When, however, the country itself is spoken of, the almost invariable practice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of the poets, will, we believe, be found to justify the pronunciation above given. "Who has not heard of the Vale of CASHMERE, With its roses the brightestthat earth ever gave? Its temples, and grottos, and fountains as clear As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave?" MOORE's Lalla Rookh. 152 CAS-CAT F-te, far, f All, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66 as in good. manufactures of coral, and for the ruins of the ancient Selinus found in its vicinity. Lat. 37~ 40' N., Lon. 120 46' E. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) CASTIGLONE, cas-teel-yol-nA, a t. of Austrian Italy, about 20 m. N.W. of Mantua. Pop. above 5,00i0. (B.) CASTILE, kas-teel/, (Sp. Castilla, kas-teell-ya,) an ancient kingdom of Spain, which has been divided into Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja, lt ve-Al-Hai), and New Castile (Castilla la Nueva, -nwaf-va). Old Castile borders on the Bay of Biscay, and extends in a south-westerly direction about 250 m. Its greatest breadth is about 110 m. Burgos is the capital. New Castile is S. of, and borders on the above; it is about 200 m. fiom N. to. S., and 230 m. from E. to W. Capital, Madrid.-Adj. and inhab. CASTIl,1AN, kas-til/-yun. CASTINE, kas-teenl, a port of entry of Me., in Hancock co.. on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, with an excellent harbour. Lat. 440 22' 30" N., Lon. 68~ 45' W. Pop. of the township, 1,188. CASTLEBAR, kas'-sel-barf, a t. of Ireland, the cap. of Mayo co., 128 in. W. N. W. from Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 6,373. (P. C.) CASTLETON, kasf-sel-ton, a village of Rutland co., Vt., the seat of the Verimont Academy of Medicine, founded in 1818. CASTRES, kastr, the largest and most important town, though not the capital, of the French dep. of Tarn. Lat. 430 37' N., Lon. 2~ 15' E. Pop. 16,0()0. (B.) CASTRO GIOVANNI, kasltro jo-vAnt-ne, (Anc. Enfna,) a t. of Sicily, nearly in the centre of the i., remarkable for its situation on the summit of an almost inaccessible mountain, more than 4,000 ft. above the sea. Enna was celebrated, in ancient times, as the birth-place of Ceres, and the site of her most sacred temple. Lat. 370 31' N., Lon. 140 18' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) CASWEEN. See CASBIN. CASI-WELL, a co. in the N. part of N. C., bordering on Va. Pop. 15,269. Co. t. Yanceyville. CAT-A'-HOOf-LA or CATAHOULA, a parish in the N. E. part of La., intersectea by the r. Washita. Pop. 6,982. Co. t. Harrisonburg. CAT-A-L:O'-NI-A, (Sp. Catalufia, kat-a-loonf-ya,) a prov. occupying the E. extremity of Spain, bordering on France and the Mediterranean. It is about 190 m. in length, and 126 m. in breadth. Capital, Barcelona.-Adj. and inhab. CAT/-&-LAN and CAT-ALOI-NX- AN. CATANIA, kA-tt/-ne-a or ka-tWh-ne-a, (Gr. KaeacLv, Lat. Cattana,) the cap. of a prov. of the same name, and the handsomest t. in Sicily, is situated on the sea-coast, S. of Mount zEtna, near its base. Here may be seen the remains of an ancient amphitheatre, the largest of which we have any knowledge. It has a circumference greater-, by nearly one-third, than the famous Coliseum of Rome. (B.) Catania hars a university and several other public institutions. Lat. 370 29' N., Lon 15~ 5' E. Pop. about 40,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. CA-TAL-NX-AN. CATANZARO, ka-tAn-zAl-ro, a t. of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. Lat. 38" f57' N., Lon. 16" 31' E. Pop. estimated at 11,000. (B.) CAT-CAY 153 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. CAT'-TA.-RAUI-GUS, a co. in the S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 38,950. Co. t. Ellicottsville. CA-TAwl-nBA, a r. which rises in N. C., and flowing into S. C,, takes the name of Wateree, and joins the Congaree to form the Santee. CATAWBA, a co. in the W. part of N. C., on the above river, p. 8,862. CATHAY. See CHINA. CAT-MANI-DOO or KATMANDOO, the cap. of the kingdom of Nepaul, in Northern Hindostan. It stands at an elevation of 4,784 ft. above the level of the sea. Lat. 27~ 42' N., Lon. about 850 E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (P. C.) CATSI-KILL, the cap. of Green co., N. Y., situated on the W. side of the Hudson, 34 m. below Albany, on a creek of the same name. Pop. of the township, 5,454. The inhabitants of the village of Catskill may perhaps amount to half this number. CATSKILL MOUNTAINS, a branch of the great chain of the Alleghanies, situated in the E. part of N. Y., WV. of the Hudson. The highest summit, Round Top, is about 3,800 ft. above the level of the sea. CAT!-TE-GAT' or KATTEGAT, a large gulf which separates Denmark from Sweden on the north. This name is of Dutch origin, and signifies "cat's hole." CAUv-cAs-Us, (Gr. Kavxaa5o,) an extensive mountain system, between the Black and Caspian Seas. The general direction of the range is from W. N. W. to S. S. E. The highest summit, Elbrooz, is 2,800 toises, or about 17,908 English ft. above the level of the sea.-Adj. CAUCASIAN, kau-kaf-she-an or kau-kat-shun. CAUBUL. See CABIOOL. CaVA, kaf-va, a t. of Naples, 5 m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop. estimated at 19,000. (B.) Near it is the celebrated Benedictine Convent of La Trinita, with a fine library. CAVY-AN, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Ulster. Pop. in 1831, 228,040. (P. C.) CAVERY, sometimes written, and always to be pronounced CAUI-VER-Y, a r. in the S. of Hindostan, which rises among the Western Ghauts,. and, flowing S. easterly, empties itself into the Bay of Bengal, by several mouths, near Tranquebar. Its whole course is about 450 m. CAX-_A-MARI-C4, kaH-Ha-maRf-ka, a t. of Peru, at the height of 9,363 ft. above the level of the sea. Lat. about 70 9' S., Lon. 780 35' W. Pop. estimated at 7,000. (B.) CAXIAS or CACHIAS, ka-sheefl-s, a t. of Brazil, in Maranham. Lat. 4~ 52' S., Lon. 430 25' VW. CAXOEIRA 01or CACHOE.IRA, ki-sho-Aie-ra, a t. of Brazil, 60 m. N. W. of Bahia, with a flourishing inland trade. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) CAYENNE, ki-ennt, an island, river, and town of S. America, in French Guiana. The town is situated on the i., in Lat. 40 56' N., Lon. 520 15' WV. Pop. about 2,000. (P. C.) CAY-Ut-GA, a co. in the western part of N. Y., bordering on the Cayuga Lake and L. Ontario. Pop. 55,458. Co. t. Auburn. CAYUGA LAKE, situated in the W. central part of N. Y., is about 38 m. 154 CAZ-CEP FAte, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 56 as ingood; long, and from I to 4 broad. Near its N. extremity it is crossed by a bridge, more than a mile in length. In the summer season, steamboats ply constantly between this bridge and the town of Ithaca, at the S. end of the lake. CAz-ErN-o,-v-.., a village of Madison co., N. Y., 40 m. W. of Utica. Pop. of the township, in 1840 4,153. CECIL, sisf-sil, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Md. Pop. 18,939. Co. t. Elkton. CEs-D.R, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 3,941. CEFALU, chief —loo1r, a seaport t. of Sicily, on the N. coast. J,at. 38~ N., Lon. 140 5' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) CEtoE-s-Es, a large i., of singular shape, in the eastern seas, between 2~ N., and 6~ S. Lat., and 119~ and 125~ E. Lon. Its extreme length, from N. to S., is near 500 in. Celebes is divided into a number of small independent states. The inhabitants are included in the great Malay race, though the different nations exhibit great diversity in character and language. The Bugis (bool-ghees) are the most numerous and powerful in the i., and are the most comnnmercial people in all Oceanica. They have the character of being very fair dealers, and are said to possess a high degree of enterprise and intelligence. The Dutch have an extensive establishment, which they call the government of Macassar, on the S. W. coast of Celebes; and their influence extends to a great part of the island. CELLE or ZELLE, tsell-leh, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, situated near the Aller. Lat. 52~ 37' N., Lon. 10~3' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) CENTRAL AMERICA comprehends the countries which, under the dominion of Spain, were known by the name of the kingdom of Guatemala. It forms the central portion of the long isthmus which unites N. and S. America, and extends from about 8~ to 17~ 30' N. Lat., and from 82~ to 940 W. Lon. Its length is estimated at 1,000 m.; its breadth varies from 100 to 300 m. Area estimated at 185,0(00 sq. m. Pop. 1,650,000. (B.) It is bounded on the N. by the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Chiapa, and Yucatan, and by the Caribbean Sea, E. by this sea and the territory of New Granada, and S. and S. W. by the Pacific Ocean. Exclusive of British Honduras, Central America forms a republic, divided into six sections, as follows: The Federal District,,.... Capital, New Guatemala. The state of Guatemala,... " Old Guatemala. "."' Salvador,.. " San Salvador. " " " Honduras,... " Comayagua. " " "Nicaragua,... " Leon. " " " Costa Rica,.. " San Jose de Costa Rica. The capital of the Federal District is also the seat of the general government. CENTRE, a co. occupying the central part of Pa. Pop. 23,355. Co. t. Bellefonte. CEPH-A-LOL-NX-. (It. pron. chef-A-lonr-e-A, Mod. Gr. K~saxov/cs, kef-A CER —CHA 155 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. lo-neef-a, Anc. Gr. KEsazrvt-ra, Lat. Cephalle/nia), the largest of the Ionian Islands, situated near the WV. coast of Greece, between 38~ 4' and 38~ 29' N. Lat., and 20~ 20' and 200 47' E. Lon. Length, from N.N.WV. to S. S. E., 31 ni. Area about 348 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 56,447. (P. C.) -Adj. and inhab. CEPH-A-LO/-NX-AN. CE-RAM/ (Port. pron. s:-roung) or SER-ANG', after Gilolo, the largest of the Molucca Islands, situated between 2~ 50' and 40 S. Lat., and 127* 50' and 131~ 10' E. Lon. Its length is 185m.; its average breadth about 30 m. CERIGO, cher/-e-go, (the ancient Cythelra; Gr. KvO,)pa,) one of the ionian Islands, lying S. of the Morea, 25m. E. of Cape Matapan. Length about 20 m.; greatest breadth about 10 m. CERVERA, s/R-vAl-ra, a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 38 m. N. by E. of Tarragrona, with a university. Pop. 6,0.10. (M.) CERVIA, chiaR/-ve-A, a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Adriatic, about 12 m. S. E. of Ravenna. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) CESENA, cha-sh/-na, a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 34 m. N. N. W. of Urbino. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) CEiiENNES, sa'-vennt, (Anc. Ceven/na or Cebentna,) a chain of mountains in the S. of France, in the deps. of Lozdre, Gard, Upper Loire, and Ardkche. CEYLON, sil-one! or seet-Ion, (called by the natives Sin-ghal'-la; by the Portuguese CEILXO, she-loungf, of which the English name Ceylon is a corruption: Anc. Taprobtne,) a large island on the coast of Hindostan, belonging to Great Britain, between 50 54' and 90 50' N. Lat., and 79~ 50' and 82~ E. Lon. It is separated, on the N. W., from the continent of India by the Gulf of Manaar. Its length is about 270 m.; its greatest breadth 145 m. Area 24,664 sq. m. The vegetable and animal productions of Ceylon, for the most part, resemble those of the neighbouring continent. This island contains numerous useful minerals and valuable gems. Iron is generally diffused. Plumbago abounds, and is exported in considerable quantities. The inhabitants of Ceylon are composed of the Singhalese, the original possessors of the island, the Malabars, who came as invaders from the opposite coast, the Mahometans or Moors, and a small proportion of Europeans and other foreigners. The pop., according to the census of 1833, was 1,126,808. (P. C.) Colombo is the capital.-Adj. and inhab..SIN'CGHA-LEE.s or CINGALESE, and CEYLONESE, sil'-o-nezet. The former is more properly applied to the primitive inhabitants, and to that portion of the island which is at present occupied by them; the latter to the inhabitants and the island, in general. CHALONS-SUR-MARNE, sh'-l6N/ siiR maRn, (Anc. Catalau/ni and Durocatalautni,) a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Marne, on the river Marne, about 90 m. E. of Paris. Lat. 48~ 57' N., Lon. 40 22' E. Pop. 1.2,930. (B.) CIIILONS-UR-SAO6NE, Shb'-lbN! SiiR sone, a t. of France, in the dep. of Saone and Loire, on the Sa6ne, at the termination of the Central Canal (canal du Centre). It is the most commercial and populous 156 CHA-CHA F'te, far, fall, fat m6, met; pine or pine, pin; ni, not; 66 as in good, place in the department. Lat. 46~ 46' N., Lon. 40 52' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) CHAMBERS, chamef-berz, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 23,960. Co. t. La Fayette. CHAMBERSBURG, chanrle-berz-burg, a thriving t. of Pa.; cap. of Franklin co., 46 m. S. W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 4,270. CHAMB}HRY, shamt-ber-re, or sh'aM'-bW'-re/, an archiepiscopal town, the most important in all Savoy, and the cap. of Savoy proper, is situated about 12 m. from the left bank of the Rhone. Among its public institutions we may mention the Royal College, and the Academy of Sciences, called the Academy of Savoy. Lat. 450 39' N., Lon. 50 53' E. Pop. about 11,000. (P. C.) CHAMBLY, shamf-ble, or SO-RELLE1, a r. of Lower Canada, which forms the outlet of L. Champlain. Length above 80 m. It is navigable for river barges through its whole course. CIUMOUNY, sha/-moo-ne', sometimes written Chamonix, (Fr. pron. sha'-moo'-ne1,) a celebrated and romantic valley of Savoy, situated at the foot of Mont Blanc, and containing a village of the same name. Lat. 450 56' N., Lon. 6~ 47' E. CHAMPAGNE, shat''-pafif, a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Aisne, Ardennes, Aube, Marne, Upper Marne, and Yonne. CHAMPAIGN, sham-panet, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio. Pop. 19,762. Co. t. Urbana. CHAMPAIGN, a co. in the E. part of Ill., on the sources of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 2,649. Co. t. Urbana. CHAMPLAIN, sham'-plane/, a lake of the U. S., lying between New York and Vermont. Length 128m.; greatest breadth about 20m. The superficial extent is between 600 and 700 sq. m. Its outlet is the Chambly r. CHANDELEUR (shan'-del-oorf) ISLANDS are situated off the S. E. coast of La., and separated from the main land by Chandeleur Bay. CHANTILLY, shaN'-teel'-yel or shaN&-te'-yef (see Int. XIX., 18), a small t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, 23 m. N. of Paris. CHAPI-EL HILL, a t. of N. C., in Orange co., 27m. W. N. W. of Raleigh, the seat of the University of North Carolina, founded in 1789. CHARENTE, shA'-RANtf, a r. in the S. W. of France, which flows into the Bay of Biscay, opposite the i. Ol6ron. Its whole length is 184 m. CHARENTE, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 365,126. (B.) Capital, Angouleme. CIIARENTE, LOWER (Fr.Charente-Inf6rieure,sha'-rSaNtf aN'-ffa-re-uvR), a dep. of France, adjoining the above, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 449,649. (B.) Capital, La Rochelle. CHARITON, charl-re-ton, a co. in the N. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 7,514. Co. t. Keytesville, keetsf-vill. CHARKOW. See KHARKOF. CHARLES, a co. in the S. W. part of Md., bordering on the Potomac Pop. 16,162. Co. t. Port Tobacco. CHA-CHA 157 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ig. CHARLES CITY, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of, and bordering on James r. Pop. 5,200. Seat of justice, Charles City c. h. CHARLES RIVER, in Mass., flows into Boston harbour. CHARLES, ST., a parish in the S. E. part of La., W. of New Orleans, and bordering on L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 5,120. CHARLES, ST., a co. in the E. part of Mo., on the N. side of the Mis souri r., at its mouth. Pop. 11,454. Co. t. St. Charles. CHARLESI-TQN, a dist. of S. C., S. of the Santee r., bordering on the sea. Pop. 72,805. CHARLESTON, a port of entry, and the largest city of S. C.; cap. of the above dist., on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, which unite immediately below the town, and form a spacious harbour, communicating with the ocean at Sullivan's Island, 7 m. below. The town is regularly built, and many of the streets present a handsome appearance. Charleston is connected with Hamburg, on the Savannah, by a railroad, 135 m. in length. Among the numerous charitable establishments of Charleston, may be cited the Orphan Asylum, which is amply endowed, and is one of the most remarkable buildings in the place. Of the literary institutions, we may mention the Charleston College, founded in 1795, and the Charleston Library, which contains about 20,000 vols. The citizens of Charleston are distinguished for their hospitality and refinement, and perhaps no place in the United States affords more agreeable society. In winter this city is particularly pleasant as a residence, and is much resorted to by persons from other parts of the Union. Lat. 32~ 46' N., Lon. 790 57' W. Pop. 42,985. CHARLESI-TOWN, a t. of Middlesex co., Mass., near Boston, with which it is connected by three bridges. It may not improperly be regarded as a suburb of that city. Pop. 17,216. Here is a U. S. navy yard. CHARLEVILLE, shaRIl-vill, a t. of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, in the immediate vicinity of Mdzieres. Pop. in 1832, 7,400. (P. C.) CHARLEVOIX, shar'-le-voil, (Kishkawkee,) a co. of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan, near its N. extremity. CHARLOTTE, shar/-lot, a co. in S. part of Va., bordering on Staunton r Pop. 13,955. Seat of justice, Charlotte c. h. CHARLOTTESVILLE, shar/-lots-vil, a t. of Va.; the cap. of AlbemarlF co., and the seat of the University of Virginia, founded in 1819. This institution was planned by Jefferson, and is munificently endowed by the state. Distant 86 m. W. N. WV. of Richmond. CHARTRES, shaRtr, (Lat. Au/tricum,) an ancient city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Eure and Loire, situated on the Eure, 46 m. S. WT. by W. of Paris. Its cathedral is the largest in France, and one of tihe most magnificent gothic edifices in Europe. The spire rises to the height of 378 French ft., or 402 English ft. from the ground. Lat. 48' 27' N., Lon. 1~ 29' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) CHA-TAUI-QUE, a co. on L. Erie, forming the S. W. extremity of N Y. Pop. 47,975 Co. t. Mayville. 14 158 CHA-CHE Fate, fBr, fall, fat; me, mSt; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66, as in good, CHATEAUGUAY, shAt'-6-gayl, a small r. which rises in N. Y., and joins the St. Lawrence in Lower Canada. CHITEAUDUN, shh'-to'-duNt, a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, on the r. Loire. Lat. 48~ 5' N., Lon. 1~ 18' E. Pop. in 1832, 6,461. (P. C.) CHATEAU-GONTHIER, sha-tW'-g6bN-te'- lf, a t. of France, in the dep. of Mayenne, on the r. Mayenne. Lat. 47~ 50' N., Lon. 0~ 41 W. Pop. in 1832, 6,143. (P. C.) CH1ATEAUROUX, shW'-t&'-roo1, a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Indre, on the r. Indre. Lat. 46~ 48' N., Lon. 1~ 40' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) CHAT-EL-ARAB. See SHATT-EL-ARAB. CH.ITELLERAULT, Ish-tell'-ro1, a t. of France, in the dep. of Vienne, on the r. Vienne, celebrated for its manufactures of cutlery. Lat. 46~ 50' N., Lon. 0~ 32' E. Pop. in 1832, 9,437. (P. C.) CHATI-HAM, a t. of England, in Kent, about 30 in. E. by S. from London. In that part called Brompton (brump'-ton) are extensive naval and military establishments, with an immense arsenal, and a dock-yard nearly a, mile in length, and capable of receiving vessels of the largest size. Pop. of the t., including Brompton, 21,431. CHATHAM, a co. in the central part of N. C., on the head streams of the Cape Fear r. Pop. 18,449. Co. t. Pittsborough. CHiTHAM, a co. forming the E. extremity of Ga., between the Sa. vannah and Ogeechee rivers, and bordering on the sea. Pop. 23,901. Co. t. Savannah. CHAT'-TA-HOOI-CHEE, a r. of Ga., which joins the Flint river, to form the Appalachicola.. Its whole course is 450 m., and it is navigable for steamboats about 300 m. CHAT-TOOI-GA, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ga., bordering on Ala. Pop. 6,815. CHAUDIERE, shb'-de'-aiRl, a r. of Lower Canada, which joins the St. Lawrence on the right, a few miles above Quebec. Near its mouth there is a beautiful fall, stated to be more than 100 ft. in height. CHAUMONT, shb'-mNf/, the cap. of the dep. of Upper Marne, in France, situated on the Marne. Lat. 48~ 7' N., Lon. 50 8' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) CHAUMONT, commonly pronounced sh6'-mol, a village of N. Y., in Jefferson co., on a bay of the same name, on L. Ontario. CHELMSI-FOQRD, the cap. of thile co. of Essex, England, 28 m. N. E. by E. from London. Entire pop. of the parish, 6,789. CHELSEA, chel/-se, formerly a village, but now constituting a portion of the suburbs of London, is situated on the N. bank of the Thames. Here is the Royal Hospital for invalid soldiers. CHELTENHAM, cheltl-num, a beautiful t. of England, in Gloucestershire, 88 m. W. by N. from London, celebrated for its mineral springs. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 6 sq. m., 31,411. The increase, since 1831, is upwards of 8,000. CHE-CHE 159 ou, as in ovur, th, as in thin, TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. CHEMNITZ, Keml-nits, an important manufacturing t. of Germany, in Saxony. Lat. 50~ 50' N., Lon. 12~ 52' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) CHEMUNG, she-mungf, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the Tioga r., and bordering on Pa. Pop. 28,821. Co. t. Elmira. CHENANGO, she-nang/-go, a co. in the S. central part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 40,311. Co. t. Norwich. CHEPf-STSW, a commercial t. and port of England, in Monmouthshire, on the Wye, 110 in. WT. of London. Pop. of the parish, 3,366. CHER, shaRe, a dep. nearly in the centre of France. Pop. 276,853. (B.) Capital, Bourges. CHERBOURG, sher/-burg, or shaRe'-boonf, a fortified city and seaport of France, on the N. coast of the dep. of Manche, and one of the princi pal stations of the French navy. Lat. 49~ 38' N., Lon. 1I 40' W. Pop. above 18,000. (B.) CHER\'-O-KEEI, a co. forming the W. extremity of N. C. Pop. 6,838. CHEROKEE, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r. Pop. 12,800. Co. t. Canton. CHEROKEE, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 13,884. CHER'-O-KEE.S/, a noble and once powerful tribe of Indians, who formerly possessed the southern portion of the Appalachian mountains and a large tract of country on both sides of this range. In 1809 their number amounted to 12,359; but it had since considerably diminished, when, at length, in 1838, all the Cherokees who were in Georgia, constituting a large majority of those who still remained, were removed to the W. of the Mississippi, by the order of the U. S. government. The Cherokees have been considered the most civilized of all the American Indians. They have a written language; the alphabet, which was invented by a native Cherokee, consists of 85 characters. Previously to their expulsion from Georgia, some of them are said to have become excellent and thriving farmers, so as to bear an advantageous comparison with the most skilful and industrious of this class, in the southwestern states. CHERRY VALLEY, a village of Otsego co., N. Y., 53 m. W. by N. from Albany. CHERso, keRL-SO (Anc. Crepea) and OsERO, of-si-ro, (Anc. Absorus,) two islands in the Adriatic, belonging to Illyria, situated between 440 28' and 450 12' N. Lat., and 140 16' and 140 32' E. Lon. United area, 95 sq. m. Pop. 14,000.'(M.) The two islands are connected by a bridge. CIES-A-PrEAKE, a large bay situated in the E. part of Md. and Va. It is nearly 200 m. in length; its average breadth is perhaps about 18 m. The Susquehanna enters it at the N. extremity, and the Potomac about 70 m. from its junction with the Atlantic. CHESHI-!RE, a co. in the W. of England, celebrated for the excellence of its cheese. The name is an abbreviation of Chester shire, or county of Chester. Pop. 395,660. 160 CHE-CHI Fate, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 56 as ingoodt; CHESHIRE, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of N. 1-. Pop. 30,144. Co. t. Keene. CHESI-TER, an ancient walled city of England, the co. t. of Cheshire, situated on the Dee, near its mouth. It was probably an important military station, under the Romans, as a great many Roman remains have been discovered here. The name is derived from the Latin, Castra, a " camp," and there is reason to conclude that the present fortifications rest upon a Roman basis. Lat. 530 11' N., Lon. 2~ 53' W. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 23,115. CHESTER, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on the Schuylkill and on Maryland. Pop. 66,438. Co. t. Westchester. CHESTER, a dist. in the N. part of S. C., on the Catawba r. Pop. 18,038. Seat of justice, Chester c. h. CHESI-TER-FIELD', a t. of Derbyshire, England, 132 m. N. by W. from London. Pop. of the parish, 6,212. CHESTERFIELD, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Appomattox and James rivers. Pop. 17,489. Seat of justice, Chesterfield c. h. CHESTERFIELD, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C., VW. of and bordering on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 10,790. Seat of justice, Chesterfield c. h. CHE-SUNf-COOKI, a lake of Maine, communicating with the Penobscot r. CHE'-TIM-ACHI-ES, or shet'-mashl, a lake in the S. part of La., above 30 m. in length, communicating with the Atchafalaya r. CHEVIOT, chivf-e-ot. The Cheviot Hills run from N. E. to S. W., and form part of the boundary between Scotland and England. The highest summit is 2,658 ft. above the sea. CHIARI, ke-lal-re, a t. of Austrian Italy. Lat. 450 32' N., Lon. 90 55 E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) CHICAGO, (she-kau'-go,) the most populous city of Ill., and cap. of Cook co. on L. Michigan at the mouth of Chicago r. 204 m. N. E. from Springfield. Lat. 420 N., ion. 87~ 35' W. It is at the head of navigation on the lake, and the terminus of the Illinois canal, which circumstances have rendered it the most commercial city of the State, and perhaps the greatest lumber-market in the Union. The quantity of lumber received here in 1851 was more than 210 million feet. Chicago is connected by railroad with Detroit, Toledo, and Galena.. Founded in 1831. Pop. in 1840, 4,470; in 1850, 29,963. CHICHI-ES-TER, an ancient walled city of England, the cap. of the co. of Sussex, 56 m. S. W. by S. from London. The name is said to be a contraction of Cissanceaster, the city or castle of Cissa, an AngloSaxon chief who repaired and partly rebuilt it, after it had been de stroyed in a siege. Pop. 8,512. CHICKe-A-SAWI a co. in the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Oktibbewha r. Pop. 16,368. Co. seat, Houston. CHICKAs AWS, a tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern part of Miss. and Ala., who have made considerable progress towards civilization. CHI-CHI 161 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. (;HICOT, sheet-ko, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ark. Pop. 5,115. Co. t. Columbia. CHIEM SEE, Keem sh, a lake in the S.E. part of Bavaria, 45m. E.S.E. of Munich. It is about 10 m. in length. CHIETI, ke-al-te, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. of Abruzzo Citra, on the Pescara. Lat. 420 22' N., Lon. 14~ 9' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) CHAIIUAnUA, che-wat-wA, a large and handsome t. of Mexico, the cap. of a state of the same name, with a flourishing military academy. Lat. 280 37' N., Lon. 105~ 4' WV. Pop. about 30,000. (B.) CHILI, chill-le, (Sp. Chile, cheef-la,) one of the new republics of S. America, lying along the coast of the Pacific, between 25~ and 429 S. Elat.; but the archipelago of Chilo6, which belongs to it, extends about two degrees farther S. It is bounded on the N. by the desert of Atacama, which belongs to Bolivia, E. by the republic of La Plata, from which it is divided by the Andes, and on the S. by Patagonia. But the southern limit of Chili, properly speaking, is the r. Bio-bio, by which it is separated from Araucania, which is still independent. Length near 800 n.; breadth varying from 90 to 200 m. Area estimated at 130,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,400,C(00. (B.) The climate of the central part of Chili may, with respect to temperature, be compared to that of Italy; though it varies much in different districts, it is everywhere healthy. This country, however, is subject to strong periodical gales. In the beginning of the rainy season (May and June), the wind often blows with great violence from the N. W. During eight or nine months it blows from the S., and frequently with great force, especially in autumn, that is from February to April. The vegetable productions of Chili do not, for the most part, materially differ from those of other countries within similar latitudes; the extreme dryness, however, of the air in the northern districts is unfavourable to the sugarcane and to most intertropical plants. Probably no country is more subject to earthquakes than this. In the northern district slight shocks are felt almost every day; they occur more frequently along the coast than in the interior. This republic became independent in 1818.: The cap. is Santiago.-Adj. and inhab. CHIL/-I-AN. The Spanish appellation CHILENOS, che-lh-noce, is also employed by some English writers to designate the inhabitants. CHIL'-LX-COTHI-E, the cap. of Ross co., Ohio, situated on the Scioto r. and the Ohio and Erie Canal, 85 m. E. by N. from Cincinnati. Pop. 7,098. CmILOE, cheel-o-UA, almost chil-wayl, an i. on the W. coast of S. America, belonging to Chili, between 410 48' and 430 50' S. Lat., and 73~ 20' and 74~ 30' W. Lon. Its length is about 120 m.; its greatest breadth 60 m. CHIMnBORAZO, cheem-bo-raIl-so, a mountain in Ecuador, till recently regarded as the highest in S. America; but it is now ascertained that the Nevado de Sorata exceeds it by nearly 4,000 ft. The Chimborazo is about 3,350 toises, or 21,426 English ft. above the level of the sea. Lat. about 1~ 30' S., Lon. 79~ 5' W. 14* 162 CHI Fhte, far, fll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, nDt; 66 as ingood CHII/-N, an extensive country in Eastern Asia, bordering on the Pacific, and constituting the principal portion of the Chinese empire. It lies between 18~ and 41~ N. Lat., and 98~ and 124~ E. Lon. Its length, from S. E. to N. W., is above 1,400 m.; breadth from 900 to 1,3U0 m. The area is estimated at about 1,298,000 sq. m. On the northern frontier, China is inclosed by the great wall, about 1,400 long, and 20 ft. high; it is believed to have been built about 200 years before the Christian era. Before the arrival of Europeans, the norther portion of China was called by the neighbouring nations of central Asia, CATH-AY/, under which name it became known to the Russians, while the inhabitants of India called the southern part Chin, whence is derived the ordinary European name. The Chinese name it Chon-Koo, or the "centre of the world." The climate of this country differs greatly from that of Europe within the same latitudes. The mean temperature is considerably lower, while the extremes of heat and cold in the different seasons are much greater. In this respect, the climate of China may be considered as bearing a general resemblance to that of the United States. If the difference in temperature in the same latitudes between the E. and W. coast of N. America, is less striking than between China and the western part of Europe, it may, perhaps, be attributed to the greater breadth of the eastern continent, in conse. quence of which, those influences that cause the western sides of continents to be warmer than the eastern, manifest themselves in their fullest force. The gulf stream, also, in all probability contributes something towards moderating the temperature of our climate, especially along the coast. The soil of China is, in general, productive, and some parts are extremely fertile. The country is watered by numerous rivers. The Imperial Canal, a work which excites the admiraration of travellers, commences in about 30~ N. Lat., at Hang-tcheoofoe, and extending, in a northerly direction, perhaps 700 m., terminates at Lin-tchin-cheoo. It appears to have been constructed both for the purpose of internal navigation and of draining, and irrigating some parts of the adjacent country. The vegetable productions of China are highly interesting; among them we may mention a superior species of orange, which, when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite detached from the fruit; the Nelumbium, a beautiful flower, of which the seeds resemble, in form and size, acorns without their cups, and have the flavour of nuts, while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit; and the tallow tree, the Croton sebiferum, from the seeds of which the vegetable oil is obtained; it is like wax, and, in its natural state, is of snowy whiteness. Silver mines are abundant in China, but are little worked; gold is obtained from the sands of some of the rivers, but no gold or silver money is coined. (M. B.) The government of China is an absolute despotism. The emperors of the present or AMantchoo dynasty, sprung from a union of the eastern Tartars and Mongols, have been in possession of the sovereignty since the year 1644. Of the population of this great country, the estimates vary exceedingly. According to a census which is stated to have been taken by the Chinese government in 1812, CHI —CHR 163 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N. nearly like ng. the entire population of the empire amounted to more than 360,000,000. Balbi estimates it at 170,000,000. The Chinese empire comprises, besides China proper, Chinese Tartary, including the countries of Mongolia and Mantchooria, Little Bucharia, Thibet, and the peninsula of Corea. Peking is the capital of China proper, and of the whole etnpire.-Adj. and inhab. CHI-NES.SE and CAT1HAY/-AN (poetical). CIIN INDIA, a name given to the region situated between China and Hindostan, comprehending the Birman empire, the kingdoms of Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam, and the peninsula of Malacca. It is often called the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. Little is known of these countries, and their political divisions and boundaries are very uncertain. CHINCHILLA, chin-cheell-ya, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia. Lat. 380 56' N., Lon. 1~ 47' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.) CHIPPENHAM, chipt-num, a small t. of England/ in Wiltshire, 86 m. W. from London. CHIPPEWA, chipl-pe-wk', a large co., forming the N. extremity of Mich., and bordering on L. Superior. Pop. 898. Co. t. Sault St. Mary. CHIPI-PE-WAY', a r. of Wisconsin Territory, flowing into the Mississippi. CHIPPEWAYS, written also OJIBBEWAY, a numerous tribe of Indians, chiefly inhabiting Wisconsin. CHIQUITOS, che-keel-toce, a tribe of S. American Indians, inhabiting the E. part of Bolivia. CHIT/-TEN-DEN, a co. in the N. W. part of Vt., bordering on L. Champlain. Pop. 29,036. Co. t. Burlington. CHOOl-TAW, a co. in the N. central part of Miss., intersected by the Big Black r. Pop. 11,402. Co. seat, Greensborough. CHOC1-TAWS, a tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the middle portion of Miss., on both sides of the river Yazoo. They have made considerable progress towards civilization. CIIOLULA, cho-lool-la, a t. of Mexico, about 20 m. from Puebla. Lat. 19~ 2' N., Lon. 980 15' W. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) CHORI-LEY, a t. of Lancashire, England, 22 m. N. WV. from Manchester. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 13,139. CIO-WANI, a r. of N. C., formed by the union of the Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater rivers, which falls into Albemarle Sound. CHIOWAN, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on Chowan r. and Albemarle Sound. Pop. 6,721. Co. t. Edenton. CHRISTIAN, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 19,580. Co. t. Hopkinsville. CHRISTIAN, a co. near the centre of Ill. Pop. 3,202. CHRISTI-AN/-A CREEK, in the S. E. part of Pa., flows into the Delaware, below Wilmington. CHRISTIANIA, kris-te-ant-e-i, the cap. of Norway, situated in a prov. of the same name, on Christiania Fiord (fe-ord/), a bay which extends L 164 CHR —CIR FAte, fAr, fall, fast; mA, mett; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good about 60m. inland. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1811, which has a library of 10,000 vols., and about 500 students. Lat. of the Observatory, 590 54' 5" N., Lon. 100 44' 57" E. Pop. above 21,000. (B.) CHRISTIANSAND, kris/-te-an-sand', a t. of Norway, situated on the N. coast of the Skager Rack. Lat. 580 10' N., Lon. 80 20' E. Pop. in 1826, 7,488. (P. C.) CHUQUISACA, choo-ke-sAt-ka, formerly called LA PLATA, the cap. of Bolivia, situated in a plain at an elevation of 9,300 ft. above the sea. Lat. about 19~ S., Lon. 64~ 40' W. Pop. 13,000. CIENFUEGOS, se-enl-foo-Al-g6s, or fwA/-goce, a flourishing t. on the S. coast of Cuba, on a bay called Xagua (Har-gwA), which forms one of the finest harbours in the world. It was founded about the year 1818, and named in honour of Cienfilegos, who was then captain-general of Cuba. Lat. about 220 15' N., Lon. near 810 W. Pop. 3,500. CINCINNAT/I* the metropolis of the State of Ohio, and capital of Hamilton Co., is situated on the Ohio r., about 500 m. from its mouth, 116 S. WV. from Columbus, and 497 m. from Washington. Lat. 39~ 6/ N. Lon. 840 27/ W. It is the most populous city of the Western States, and the fifth in population in the whole Union. During the last forty years its growth has been extremely rapid. In 1800 it contained 750 inh.; in 1840, 46,338; and in 1850, 116,108; exclusive of the suburbs on the left bank of the river. It is beautifully situated near the extremity of a valley, enclosed on the north by hills, which rise gently to the height of 300 feet, and present from their summits delightful views of the city and the river, which is here about 800 yards wide. The town is built on two plateaus, the highest of which is about 50 feet above the other, and 108 feet above low-water mark. The average difference between high and low water here is about 50 feet. The shore is supplied with floating wharves, adapted to the rise and fall of the water, which render the landing at all times convenient. The corporate limits include about 4 sq. miles. The city is well built, a large portion of the houses being of brick or stone. The streets cross each other at right angles, and are wide, straight, and well paved. Among the principal buildings may be mentioned the court-house, the edifice of the Franklin and Lafayette Banks, built on the model of the Parthenon; the Cincinnati College, with a marble front of the Doric order; and several fine churches. The Observatory has one of the best telescopes in the country. The Catholics have a college with a library of 6300 volumes. Lane Seminary, a Presbyterian institution, two miles from the city, has a library of 10,500 volumes; and the Mercantile Library contains over 10,000 volumes. Among the charitable institutions are two orphan asylums, a hospital, and a lunatic asylum which will accommodate 250 patients. This is frequently pronounced, contrary to all principles of correct pronunciation, sin-sin-at-tith, an error which cannot be too carefully avoided. CIN-CIR 165 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Ta, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Cincinnati possesses great facilities for communication with the surrounding country. Bosides the Ohio river, which is the main thoroughfare between the Atlantic States and the Mississippi valley, the Miami canal connects it with Lake Erie, and several lines of railroad are already completed, which extend to Columbus, Cleveland, and Sandusky. Others are in progress which will connect it with St. Louis, Pittsburg, and the Atlantic seaports. This is the greatest pork-market in the Union. The value of the pork received here in a single year is about 4,000,000 dollars. During the year ending Sept. 1, 1851, 233 steamboats were employed in the commerce of Cincinnati, and the number of steamboat arrivals in that year was 3,698. The manufactures are various and important. It contained in 1851, 5 cotton-factories, 9 paper-mills, 44 iron-foundries and engineshops, which produce annually $3,676,000; 34 oil and stearine factories, product $3,015,000; 33 pork and beef establishments, product $5,760,000; 40 wine manufactories; 62 tobacco factories, product $931,000; 12 publishing offices, product $1,246,000; and 7 boatyards, in which 31 steamboats were built in that year. In ordinary seasons, the navigation is open all winter, though partially obstructed by floating ice. The river was frozen over in 1838-9, and again in the winter of 1851-2, when it remained closed for 9 successive days, and the mercury sank to 10~ below zero. The mean annual temperature is 53~. The climate is adapted to the production of the finest fruits of the temperate regions, with which the market is abundantly supplied. The grape especially is cultivated extensively in this vicinity. CINQUE PORTS, sink ports, ports on the S. eastern coast of England, which, in return for the enjoyment of certain peculiar privileges, were to furnish a certain number of ships, equipped and manned, to be at the disposal of the sovereign in any emergency. As their name implies, there were originally but five; viz., Dover, Sandwich, Hithe, Romney, and Hastings. To these, Rye, Winchelsea, and Seaford, were afterwards added. CINI-TRA or seen/-tra, a small t. of Portugal, 15 m. W. N. W. of Lisbon, celebrated for its fine air and beautiful situation. It is a place of great resort in summer for the citizens of the capital. Many of the nobility and wealthy merchants have villas in the vicinity of Cintra. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) CIR-CARSf, NORTHERN, a large maritime prov. of Hindostan, between 15~ and 20~ N. Lat., and 80~ and 86~ E. Lon., extending along the VW. side of the Bay of Bengal. CIRCASSIA, sir-kasht-e-a, (Russ. TcheR-k1st-cea,) is situated along the N. declivity of Mount Caucasus, and comprehends the whole of this tract, from the Black Sea to the vicinity of the Caspian. It belongs nominally to Russia. The beauty of the Circassian women is much celebrated.-Adj. and inhab. CIRCASSIAN, sir-kash/-e-an. CIRENCESTER, commonly pronounced sis/-e-ter, a t. of England, in 166 CIT-CLA Fhte, fMr, fill, fit; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; 65 as in good; Gloucestershire, 17 m. S. E. of Gloucester. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 9 sq. m., 6,014. CITTADELLA, chit-ta-del/-la, a t. of Austrian Italy. Lat. 450 37' N., Lon. 11~ 50' E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) CIUDAD REAL, the-oo-DAiD rh-'IlF, a t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of La Mancha. Lat. 38~ 57' N., Lon. 3~ 49' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) CIUDAD RODRIGO, the-oo-DADI roD-reef-go, a fortified t. of Spain, in the prov. of Salamanca. Lat. 40~ 31' N., Lon. 60 26' W. Pop. 4,300. (B.) CIVITA VECCHIA, cheef-ve-ta vekl-ke4a, a fortified t. and seaport of Italy, in the Papal State, 36 m. N. W. of Rome. Lat. 42~ 5' N., Lon. 110 45' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) CLACK-MANI-NAN-SHIRE, a small co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the r. Forth. Pop. 19,155. CLAGENFURTH or KLAGENFURTH, kla/-gen-f66Rte, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carinthia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, with several important institutions for education. Lat. 460 36' N.., Lon. 14~ 20 E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) CLAII-BCRNE, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Big Black and the Mississippi rivers. Pop. 14,941. Co. seat, Port Gibson. CLABlORNE, a parish in the N. part of La., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 7,471. Seat of justice, Russelville. CLAIBORNE, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Va. and Ky. Pop. 9,369. Co. t. Tazewell. CLAIR, ST., a lake between Mich. and Upper Canada, about 27 m. long, with a mean breadth of perhaps 15m. It receives the waters of L. Huron by the r. St. Clair, and discharges itself into L. Erie by the Detroit r. The r. St. Clair is about 40 m. long, 4 m. wide, and is navigable for large vessels. CLAIR, ST., a co. in the N. E. central part of Ala., W. of and bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 6,829. Co. t. Ashville. CLAIR, ST., a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on the r. and L. St. Clair. Pop. 10,420. Co. t. Palmer. CLAIR, ST., a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., on the Kaskaskia and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 20,181. Co. t. Belleville. CLAIR, ST., a co. in the W. S. W. part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 3,556. CLAMECY, klafm'-sel, a t. of France, in the dep. of Ni6vre. Lat. 470 27' N., Lon. 30 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (P. C.) CLARE, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. in 1831, 258,322. (P. C.) CLARKE, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenandoah. Pop. 7,352. CLARKE, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., on the Oconee r. Pop. 11,119. Co. t. Watkinsville. CLARKE, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. Pop. 9,786. Co. t. Clarkesville. CLA —CLE 167 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Ti, as in this; N, nealiy like ug. CLARIE, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,477, Co. seat, Quitman. CLARKE, a co. in the S. part of Ark., intersected by the Washita r. Pop. 3,995. Co. t. Greenville. CLARKE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 12,683. Co. t. Winchester. CLARKE, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little E. of the Great Miami r. Pop. 22,178. Co. t. Springfield. CLARKE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 15,828. Co. t. Charlestown. CLARKE, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 9,532. Co. t. Marshall. CLARKE, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Mo. Pop. 5,527. Co. t. Alexandria. CLARKE'S RIVER, in Oregon, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows into the Columbia r. Its lenogth is about 460 m. CLAUSTHAL or KLAUSTIIAL, kloust-tA'l, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, remarkable for the silver and lead mines in its vicinity. It is the seat of administration for the mining districts of Hanover. Lat. 510 48' N., Lon. 10~ 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) The mines of Clausthal yield annually about 160,000 ounces of silver, 2,400 tons of lead and litharge, and 4 tons of copper. They employ upwards of 2,000 work. men. CLAY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the S. E. fork of the Kentucky r. Pop. 5,421. Co. t. Manchester. CLAY, a co. in the W. part of Ind., intersected by the Eel r., and a little E. of the Wabash. Pop. 7,944. Co. t. Bowling Green. CLAY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., intersected by the Little Wa. bash. Pop. 4,289. Co. t. Maysville. CLAY, a co. in the W. N. VW. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 10,332. Co. t. Liberty. CLAY/-TQN, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,873. CLEARI-FIELD, a co. in the W. central part of Pa. Pop. 12,586. Co. t. Clearfield. CLER-MONTI, a co. in the S.W. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 30,455. Co. t. Batavia. CLERMONT-FERRAND, klaiR'-m6N! fer'-raNs, (Anc. Augustonemetunm, afterwards Clarus Mons,) the cap. of the French dep. of Puy-de-dome, and formerly, of the prov. of Auvergne. - It contains a number of literary and scientific institutions; among which we may mention the Academie Universitaire and the Royal College. Lat. 450 46' N., Lon. 3~ 5' E. Pop. 28,000. (B.) CLEVEI-L&ND, a port of entry of Ohio, the cap. of Cuyahoga co., situated on L. Erie, at the termination of the Ohio canal. Pop. 17,034. CLEVE.S, (Ger. Kleve, kl&/-veh; Fr. Cleves, klave,) a walled t. of the Prussian dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51~ 47' N., Lon. 60 7' E. Pop. 7,400. (B.) 168 CLI —COB Fhte, far, fill, f~t; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o0 as in good; CLIFTON. See BRISTOL. CLINCH, a r. of Tenn., which unites with the Holston to form the Tennessee. CLINITQN, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of N. Y. Pop. 40,047. Co. t. Plattsburg. CLINTON, a co. in the N. central part of Pa., on the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 11,207. CLINTON, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 4,889. CLINTON, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, N. E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 18,838. Co. t. Wilmington. CLINTON, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. Pop. 5,102. CLINTON, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., a little S. E. of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,869. Co. t. Frankfort. CLINTON, a co. in the S. WV. part of Ill., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 5,139. Co. t. Carlyle. CLINTON, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., a little E. of the Missouri r Pop. 3,786. Co. t. Plattsburgh. CLINTON, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 2,822. CLINTON, a village of N. Y., in Oneida co., about 9 m. W. S. WV. of Utica. It is the seat of Hamilton College. CLITHEROE, kliTH/-er-O6, a small t. of England, in Lancashire, 21 m S. E. of Lancaster. Pop. of the township, 6,765. CLOGHER, kloaH-Hser, a small t. of Ireland, in the co. of Tyrone, 22 m. W. by N. of Armagh. CLOGHNAIILTY, klio'-n.a-kill-te, or CLON'-A-KIL/-TY, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, situated on a bay of the same name. Lat. 510 38' N., Lon. 8~ 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 3,807. (P. C.) CLON-MELLI, the chief t. of the co. of Tipperary, Ireland, situated on the r. Suir. Lat. 52~ 19' N., Lon. 7~ 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 15,134. (P. C.) CLYDE, a r. of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Lanarkshire, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, enters the Frith of Clyde. Its whole course is upwards of 70 m. Though the third in magnitude, it is, as respects navigation, the most important river of Scotland. CO-A-HOL-MA, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 2,780. COBB, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 13,843. Co. t. Marietta. COBI-LENTZ,* (Ger. Coblenz, kof-blents; Fr. Coblence, ko'-blANcef,) a W* e often hear Coblentz accentuated on the last syllable, but this is contrary to the tendency of our language, (see Int. XII., Obs. 2,) as well as to the native pronunciation. Byron is right, as usual"By COBLENTZ, on a rise of gentle ground, There is a small and simple pyramid." Childe Harold, Canto III. COB-COD 169 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. t. of the Prussian states, cap. of a circle of the same name, and of the whole prov. of the Lower Rhine; situated at the confluence of the Mo. selle and Rhine, whence the city obtained its ancient name, Confluens or Confluentes, of which Coblenz is probably a corruption. This place is, strongly fortified, and is an important military post. (See EIIRENBREITSTEIN.) Lat. 50~ 21' N., Lon. 70 30' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, above 12,000. (B.) Co-1URGa (Ger. pron. kbf-b66RG) or SAXE-COBURG, the most southern of the independent principalities of Saxony, forming a part of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, and situated between 500 9' and 500 24' N. Lat. and 10~ 40' and 110 15' E. Lon. Its area is about 200sq. m. Pop. 38,000. (P. C.) COBURG, the cap. of the above, is a walled t., and has about 8,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 50~ 15' N., Lon. 10~ 58' E. COCHABAMBA, ko'-cha-bAm/-ba, a t. of Bolivia, the cap. of a dep. of the same name. Lat. 17~ 25' S., Lon. 65~ 50' W. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.); by others, at 20,000. COCHIN, ko-cheenf, a prov. on the S. W. coast of Hindostan, between 1(0~ 10' and 10~ 50' N. Lat. CoI-cHIN CHINA, or the empire of An-nam, is situated in Chin-India, of which it forms the eastern portion. It extends from 8~ 40' to about 23~ N. Lat., and from 102~ to 1090 20' E. Lon. Its length, from N. to S., is about 980 m.; its breadth varies from 100 m. to 300 m. Area estimated at 147,000 sq. m. The name Cochin China is unknown to the inhabitants, having been bestowed by the Portuguese. The natives call it Drang-Trono, i. e. " the central country." This appellation, however, is restricted to Cochin China Proper; Tonkin is called the " external country." These two countries are named by the inhabitants An-nam or Anam. Tonkin occupies the northern, and Cochin China Proper the southern region; the boundary line between them is in about 19~ N. Lat. The most southern portion of Cochin China Proper once formed a separate country, under the name of Tsiampa, tse-aml-pA or Chiampa. The empire of An-nam comprehends a part of Cambodja and several other territories. Little, however, is known respecting them. The pop. is estimated, by Balbi, at 12,000,000. The inhabitants of Cochin China belong to the same race as the Chinese and Mongols. They have made some progress in most of the arts of civilized life, and, in their mode of living and general character, appear to reselnble the Chinese. They are said to excel in naval architecture, and the lacker-ware made at Tonkin is considered by some as preferable to that of Japan. Hu6 is the cap. of Cochin China and of the whole empire. Adj. and inhab. COCH1N CHINESE, which, however, should be restricted to Cochin China Proper. AN-NAM-.EsE or ANAMESE is the more general appellative. COCKE, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 8,300. Co. t. Newport. CODOGNO, ko-donef-yo, a t. of Austrian Italy, in the prov. of Lodi, 15 170 COF-COL Fate, far, fill, fAt; mn, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 5ii as in good; 35 m. S. E. of Milan, noted as a market for the Parmesan cheese. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) COFI-FEE, a co. in the S. central part of Tenn., on the head waters of Duck r. Pop. 8,351. COGNAC, kone'-yak), a t. of Frane, in the dep. of Charente, on the r. Charente, famous for its manufacture of brandy. Lat. 450 42' N., Lon 00 19' W. COIM'-BA-TOOR! or COIMBATORE, a prov. in the S. of India, about the 11th degree of N. Lat., S. of, and bordering on Mysore.-Also the cap. of the above, containing about 2,000 houses. Lat. 100 52' N., Lon. 770 5' E. CO-TMf-BRA or ko-eemf-bra, a t. of Portugal, in Beira, of which it is considered the cap., situated on the right side of the r. Mondeoo, about 120 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has a richly endowed university, with the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, besides the academical department. The lectures are generally gratuitous. The average number of academical students is said to be about 1,200. The palace of the university, once the residence of the kings, is one of the finest buildings in the place.-Conimlbrica, the ancient. Coimbra, was situated at some distance from the site of the present town. Lat. 400 12' 80" N., Lon. 8~ 24' W. Permanent pop. about 15,000. (B.) COIRE, kwaR, (Ger. Chur, Kooa,) a t. of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Grisons, near the right bank of the Rhine. Lat. 46~ 51' N., Lon. 9~ 31' E. Pop. 4,750. (P. C.) COLBERG, koll-beRG, a seaport and fortress of Prussia, in Pomerania, situated on the Persante (peR-snf-teh), about a mile from its entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 540 9' N., Lon. 15~ 34' E. Pop. nearly 6,000. (B.) C5L-CHES-TFR, a t. of England, in the N. E. part of the co. of Essex, 51 m. N. E. by E. from London. Pop. of the borough and liberties, 17,790; that of the town may be estimated at about 14,000. CoLE, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 6,696. Co. t. Jefferson city. COLES, a co. in the E. part of Ill., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 9,335. Co. t. Charleston. COLLETON, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C., intersected by the Edisto r. Pop. 39,505. Seat of justice, Walterborougrh. COL-LUMPf-TQN, a small t. of England, in Devonshire, 11 m. N. N. E. of Exeter. CALNE, a r. of England, in Hertfordshire, which flows into the Thames. COLOGNE, ko-lonef, (Fr. pron. ko'-lofif, Ger. K1ln,) an archbishopric of Rhenish Prussia, the cap. of a government of the same name, and of the prov. of the Rhine, situated on the left bank of tile Rhine. It is enclosed by a lofty wall, about 6m. in circuit, defended by 83 towers, and surrounded with ramparts and deep ditches, and has 24 gates. Cologne was a Roman station, and afterwards a colony named Colonia Claudia Agrippinonsis. From Colonia the modern name is derived. Cologne was formerly one of the most wealthy and powerful cities of' the COL-COL 171 ou, as in our; th, as in thinz; TIT, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Hanseatic league, when its pop. amounted to 150,000. It ceased to be a free town in 1792. A bridge of boats, 1,250 paces in length, connects Cologne with Deu.tz (doits), which is regarded as one of its suburbs. The town has been declared a free port, and carries on an active commerce. Besides other articles, it manufactures, on a very extensive scale, the aromatic water which bears its name. Lat. 500 55' N., Lon. 6~ 55' E. Pop., including that of Deutz and the military, 78,500. Adjective and inhab. CoLoGNEsE, kol'-o-nezef. COLOMBIA, ko-lomf-be-a is the name which Was adopted by the north. ern countries of S. America in 1819, when New Granada and Vene. zuela united, and established one central government, for the purpose of resisting the power of Spain. In 1829, Venezuela renounced the union, and constituted itself a separate republic. After the resignation of Bolivar, in 1830, it again joined New Granada, but this union lasted only a short time. In November, 1.831, a new separation took place: at the same time it was decided that the former prov. of Quito should constitute a separate government, under the name of Ecuador. Thus Colombia was divided into the three republics, Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. CO-LOMnOBo or COLUMBO, the cap. of the i. of Ceylon, situated on the W. coast. It is, for the most part, well built, and resembles a European rather than an Indian town. Though its harbour is very insecure during some seasons of the year, it is the centre of the foreign commerce of the whole island. Lat. 6~ 59' N., Lon. 790 55' E. Pop., ac-.cording to the census of 1832, 31,519. (P. C.) COaI-ON-sA or COLI-ON-SAY', a small i. on the W. coast of Scotland, N. of Isla. COLORADO, kol'-o-rat-do, a r. of Mexico, which flows into the N. extremity of the Gulf of California. Its length, according to Humboldt, is 230 leagues, or about 640 English miles, but the quantity of water carried down its channel, during the dry season, is extremely small. It is called Rio Colorado, or Red River, because, owing to the fall of rains upon a soil of red clay, its waters often assume that colour. COLORADO or COBU ko-boof, a r. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, which flows into the Atlantic, near 40~ S. Lat., and 620 W. Lon. Its length is above 600 m. COLORADO (Texas). See Rio COLORADO. C9-LUM/-B-4A, DISTRICT OF, a tract, situated on the north side of the Potomac, 120 m. from its mouth. It is the seat of the federal government, and under the particular jurisdiction of Congress. This district was till recently divided into two counties, Washington and Alexandria. It was ceded to the general government by the states of Maryland and Virginia, in 1790. Pop. 51,670. Alexandria city and county, including the whole of that portion of the District lying on the right side of the Potomac, were retroceded to Virginia, during the Congress of 1845-6. COLUMBIA, a co. in the E. S. E. part of N. Y.. E. of, and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 43,073. Co. t. Hudson. CO~LUMBIA, a co. in the N. E. central part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 17,710. Co. t. Bloomsburg. 172 COL —COMl F.te, fir, fMll, fAt; my, m/t; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 0o as in good; COLUMBIA, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 11,961. Co. t. Applingville. COLUMBIA, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the Suwanee r. Pop. 4,808. COLUMBIA, the cap. of S. C., and seat of justice of the dist. of Richland, situated at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. It is the seat of the South Carolina College, founded in 1804. Lat. 330 57 N., Lon. 810 7' W. Pop. 4,340. COLUMBIA RIVER. See OREGON. CO-LUM-1I-ANI-,, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 33,621. Co. t. New Lisbon. CO-LUMI-BUS, a co. in the S. part of N. C., bordering on S. C. Pop. 5,909. Co. t. Whitesville. COLUMBUS, the co. t. of Franklin co., Ohio, and the cap. of the state. It is situated on the Scioto r., about 100 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Cincinnati, and 350 m. from Washington. Lat. 39~ 57 N., Lon. 830 3' W. Pop. 18,183. COLUMBUS, the cap. of Muscogee co., Ga., situated on the Cattahoochee, close at the head of steamboat navigation. It is a flourishing and rapidly increasing town. The Muscogee R. R., 70 m. long, connects it with the South-Western R. R. Pop. 5,942. COMAYAGUA, ko-mi-A-lgwA, called also New Valladolid, the cap. of the state of Honduras, in Central America. It has a college, and about 18,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 14~ 32' N., Lon. 87~ 35' W. COT-MO (Lat. Co/mum), a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Italy, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated at the S. W. extremity of the Lake of Como, 22 m. N. by W. of Milan. Its cathedral, built in the middle ages, is regarded as one of the finest churches in the N. of Italy. Comum was the birth-place of the two Plinys. Lat. 450 48'N., Lon. 9~ 6' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, 16,000. (B.) CoMO, LAGO DI, lal-go de kof-mo, or LAKE OF CoMO, (Anc. Lalrius,) a lake in the N. of Italy, intersected by the 46th parallel of N. Lat. It is long, narrow, and of very irregular and tortuous shape. COM1-O-RIN' CAPE, the S. extremity of Hindostan. Lat. 80 4' N., Lon. 77~0 37' E. COt-MORN or KOMORN (Hung. Komfirom, ko-maA-rom,) a royal free t. and fortress of Hungary, the cap. of a co. of the same name, situated on the i. of SchiAtt, at the entrance of the Waag into the Danube. Lat. 470 45' N., Lon. 180 8' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) COMI-O-RO ISLANDS are situated in the channel of Mozambique, between 11~ 20' and 130 10' S. Lat., and 430 10' and 450 30' E. Lon. They are four in number, of which Comoro is the largest. The most important, and the only one visited by European vessels, is ANZOOAN, which see. COMPIkGNE, koM'-pe-aifi9, a t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on the r. Oise, 43 m. N.N. E. of Paris, with a magnificent royal chqteau. Lat. 49~ 25' N., Lon. 2~ 47' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,879. (P. C.) COMPOSTELA, SANTIAGO DE, sin-te-a'-go d& kom-po-stU-la, an archi CON — CON'73 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nig. episcopal t. of Spain, cap. of Galicia. Its university ranks anlong the first in Spain. Lat. 42' 49' N., Lon. 8~ 27' W. Pop. 28,000. (B.) CONCAN, konkl-kan, a dist. of Hindostan, extending along the Malabar coast, between 15~ 50' and 200 15' N. Lat., and divided into Northern and Southern Concan. CONCEPTION, con-sepl-shun, (Sp. Concepcion, kon-thep-the-onef,) a t. of Chili, situated about 7 m. from the shores of an extensive bay of the same name. In 1835 the whole town was laid in ruins by an earthquake. Previously to this catastrophe, the pop. was estimated at above 10,Ot). (B.) Lat. 36~ 49' S., Lon. 73~ 5' W. CONCORD, konog-kord, the seat of justice of Merrimack co., N. H., and the cap. of the state, is situated on the W. bank of'the Merrimack r., 62 m. N. N. W. of Boston. Lat. 43~ 12' 29" N., Lon. 71~ 29' W. Pop. 8,576. CON-COR-D1)a-4, a parish in the N. E. part of La., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,758. Seat of justice, Concordia. CONDi, kon/de or koN'-dauf, an important fortress on the northern frontier of France, in the dep. of Nord, situated on the Escaut (Scheldt), 124 in. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 500 28' N., Lon. 30 35' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,498. (P. C.) CONECUH, ko-nee/-kah, a co. in the S. part of Ala., intersected by a river of the same name, and bordering on Florida. Pop. 9,322. Co. t. Sparta. CONGAREE, kong'-ga-reef, a r. of S. C., formed by the union of the Saluda and Broad rivers, which unites with the Wateree to form the Santee. CONGLETON, kongf-g'l-ton, a t. of England, in Cheshire, 30 m. E. of Chester. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,222. CONGO, kongf-go, a name which, in its most extensive application, comprehends the whole region lying along the W. coast of Africa, including Loango, Congo Proper, Angola, and Benguela. Congo Proper extends from the r. Congo, in about Lat. 60 S., to the r. Dando, in Lat. 8~ 20' S. Its interior limits are not known. The climate of this country, though sometimes very fatal to the European constitution, appears not to be subject to great extremes of temperature. The soil, in some parts, is represented as very fertile, and produces yams, maize, sugar-cane, and other tropical plants. CONGO, otherwise called the ZAYRE, z'a-eeT-rA, a large r. in the S.W. part of Africa, flowing into the Atlantic, in about 6~ S. Lat. It was partially explored by Captain Tuckey in 1816. Its breadth, for some distance from the sea, is not less than 5 or 6 m.; at the mouth, no bottom was found in the middle of the stream with a line of 160 fathoms. He ascended it to the distance of about 280m., and was surprised to find that it did not receive the water of any other stream in the whole distance along which the survey extended; he was inclined to believe that there must be some under-ground communication, by which it was supplied with water. CONNAUGHT, konf-naut, a prov. in the W. of Ireland, comprising the 15* 174 CON-CON Fte, fMir, fall, fMt; m6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; o5 as in good; counties of Galway, Mayq, Roscommon, Leitrim, and Sligo. Pop. in 1831, 1,340,914. (P. C.) CONNECTICUT, kon-nett-e-kut, the largest r. of New England, rises on the borders of Canada, and, running S., divides New Hampshire from Vermont, then passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, flows into Long Island Sound. Its whole length is about 400 m.; it is navigable for sloops to Hartford, about 50 m. CONNECTICUT, one of the thirteen original states of the Union, situated between 41~ and 42~ 3' N. Lat., and 71~ 55' and 730 50' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York; and divided into 8 counties.* Its length, from E. to W., is about 93 m.; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 68m. Area, 4,664sq. m. Pop. 370,791. The seat of government is divided between Hartford and New Haven., CON/-STANCE, (Ger. Constanz, konf-stants; Lat. Constanftia,) an ancient fortified t. in the S. of Germany, belonging to Baden, situated on the S. bank of the Lake of Constance. It was a very important place in the middle ages, but is now much decayed. The name is derived from Constantius (father of Constantine the Great), by whom it is said to have been founded. Lat. 470 36' N., Lon. 90 9' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) CONSTANCE or CONSTANZ, called also Bodensee, bSl-den-sUl,i. e. the lake or sea of Bodmann, (an ancient castle on its banks,) a large lake lying between Switzerland and Germany, extending from 47~ 28' to 470 47' N. Lat., and from 90 2' to 90 45' E. Lon. Its length is about 45 m.; its greatest breadth about 13 m. It is 1,283 ft. above the level of the sea, and its greatest depth is stated at 964 ft. It was anciently called Lafcus Brigantitnus, from the Briganttii who dwelt on its banks. There was a Roman station near the S. E. extremity of the lake, called Brigantium or Brigantia; the modern name is Bregenz (bra'/-gents). CON-STAN-TI-NO/-PLE, (Turk. St~am-boolf in common language, and Constantinieh, kon-stan-te-neet-eh, in documentary writing; Gr. Kcov-,emr etonAo g *; Lat. Constantinoplolis; i. e. the " city of Constantine;") a great and celebrated city, the imperial seat of the Ottoman government, situated between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmora, on a triangular promontory which projects from Europe into the Bosporus. Its situation combines the advantages of great strength as a fortress, with great convenience and security as a seaport, and is, at the same time, healthy and beautifully picturesque. Constantinople is built upon the site of the ancient Byzantium, having been founded about the year 328, by Constantine the Great, who made it his own residence and the cap. of the Eastern Empire. It was taken by the Turks, under Mahomet II., in 1453, since which time it has been the cap. of the Ottoman dominions. Among a great number of magnificent edifices which this city contains, the Mosque of St. Sophia is perhaps the most deserving * Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tol. land, Windham. CON-COP 175 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. notice. It was a church, founded, more than 13 centuries ago, by the emperor Justinian, but afterwards, when the Turks acquired possession of Constantinople, was converted into a mosque. It is an immense building, and will conveniently contain, it is said, 100,000 persons. Its cupola has served as a model for those which have since been erected at Venice, Pisa, and Rome. The mosque, however, of the sultan Ahmed surpasses that of St. Sophia, both in beauty and grandeur, and is regarded as altogether the most magnificent structure in the Turkish metropolis. Constantinople is protected on the land side by walls, which are so lofty, that from the road, which passes under them, the eye can scarcely catch a glimpse of the mosques and minarets of the city. On this side there are six gates. The town was formerly defended, it is said, by 180 towers, of which not more than 120 are now standing. The harbour of Constantinople, called the port of the Golden Horn, is safe, capacious, and beautiful. It is formed by an arm of the Bosporus, which projects on the European shore, between the city and its suburbs, Galata (ga'-lA-t0), and Pera (phl-ra). The Mosque of St. Sophia is in Lat. 41~ 1'27" N., and Lon. 28~ 55' 24" E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 600,000.-Adj. and inhab. CON-STAN-T.-NO-POL'-XTAN, BYZANTINE, and BYZANTIAN. (See BYZANTIUM.) (Turk. Sta'l'bool-lee/.) CONSTANTINOPLE, STRAIT OF. See BosPoRus. CONI-WAY or CON/-WY, a r. of Wales, which flows into the Irish Sea, at Aberconway, in Lat. 530 18' N., Lon. 30 50' W. CoNWAY, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on the Arkansas r. Pop. 3,583. Co. t. Lewisburg. CoocH BATIAR (bh-harl), a principality of Hindostan, occupying the N. E. extremity of the prov. of Bengal. COOK, a co. in the N. E. part of Ill., bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 43,385. Co. t. Chicago. COO-MASt-Sj.E, a large t. in the W. of Africa, cap. of the empire of Ashantee. It is nearly 4 m. in circuit. The streets are wide, regular, and very clean, but the houses are for the most part built of reeds. Lat. 6~ 51' N., Lon. 1~ 42' W. Pop. estimated by the Ashantees at above 100,000, but this is probably an exaggeration. (P. C.) COOPER, a co. in the W. central part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 12,950. Co. t. Booneville. Coos, a co. forming the N. extremity of N. H. Pop. 11,853. Co. t. Lancaster. Coot-sA, a r. of Ala., which unites with the Tallapoosa to form the Alabama r. CoosA, a co. in the E. central part of Ala., bordering on the r. Coosa. Pop. 14,543. Co. t. Rockford. CO-PEN-HAI-G-EN (Dan. Kjdbenhavn, ky/f-ben-hounf; Lat. Haffnia); the metropolis of Denmark, is situated partly on the E. coast of the i of Zealand, and partly on the N. coast of the i. of Amager. This portion is called Christianshavn (kris/-te-ans-hounr). That on the i. of Zealand, called Kjobenhavn, or Copenhagen proper, is divided into the 176 COP-COR Fate, far, fall, fAt; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; Old and New Town. The latter, named also Frederikstad, is truly superb, and may be compared to the most magnificent portions of the finest capitals of Europe. Among the multitude of remarkable buildings which Copenhagen contains, we may cite the royal palace of Christiansborg, equally extraordinary for its architecture and its vast dimensions. It contains a magnificent palace-church, the royal galleries of paintings, natural history, &c., and a library of 400,000 vols. Among the great number of literary and scientific institutions, for which the Danish capital is distinguished, may be mentioned its celebrated university, one of the most richly endowed and most flourishing in Europe. It is attended on an average by 700 students. Copenhagen is well fortified, being surrounded by ramparts and ditches, and defended by 24 bastions, besides outworks, and on the side towards the sea by a very strong citadel. It has an admirable harbour which is the great naval station of Denmark, and is capable of containing above 500 ships. Kjobenhavn signifies "buying or trading port;" this place, however, no longer possesses that commercial distinction which formerly rendered its name so appropriate. Its general trade has much declined of late, principally in consequence of Altona being a free port, which Copenhagen is not. The observatory of the university is in Lat. 550 40' 53" N., Lon. 12~ 34' 57" E. Pop. above 115,000. (B.) CO-Piil-AH, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. Pop. 11,794. Co. seat, Gallatin. Co'-PX-.A-Pol, a t. in the N. part of Chili, with rich copper-mines. Lat. 27~ 20' S., Lon. 70~ 30' W. COPPER MINE RIVER, a r. of N. America, which flows into the Arctic Ocean, in Lat. 65~ 50' N., Lon. near 116~ W. COQUET, kokf-et, a small r. of England, in Northumberland, which rises on the Scottish border, and flows into the German Ocean, opposite a little island of the same name. COQUIMBO, ko-keeml-bo, a commercial t. of Chili, cap. of a prov. of the same name. It is sometimes called LA SERENA (lia sh-ra/-nai). Lat. 29~ 55' S., Lon. 71~ 19' W. Pop. estimated from 7,000 to 12,000. (B.) COR-DILI-LER-AS or koR-deel-ya/-rds, the name given to the Mexican portion of the great mountain chain which traverses the American continent from N. to S. The highest summits are POPOCATEPETL and the peak of ORIZABA, which see. CORa-Do-vA* (Sp. Cordova or Cordoba, koRt-do-vt; Anc. Corlduba "the regal seat Of Abdalazis, ancient CORDOBA." "till they saw The temples and the towers of CORDOBA Shining majestic in the light of eve." SOUTHEY'S Roderick Book V. "And strangers were received by thee Of CORDOVA the chivalry." BYRON. COR-COR 177 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Ti, as in this; N, nearly like nig. and Colornia Patrilcia, or simply Patricia); an ancient and celebrated city of Spain, in Andalusia, on the N. bank of the Guadalquivier,180 m. S. S. W. of Madrid. While in the possession of the Moors, from 755 to 1234, it was a distinguished seat of learning, and the terror and admiration of Europe. It then contained 300,000 inhabitants. It was also the centre1 of an extensive trade, and noted for the preparation of the goat skins called cordoban.* Since the expulsion of the Moors, Cordova has fallen into decay, though it still ranks among the important places of Spain. Corduba was the birth-place of the two Senecas, and of the poet Lucan. Lat. 370 52' N., Lon. 40 45' W. Pop. 57,000. (B,)-Adj. and inhab. COR'-DO-Vr.SE; and COR'-DU-BESEf, when the ancient town is referred to. CORDOVA, an important t. of S. America, nearly in the centre of the republic of La Plata; cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the r. Primero (pre-ma/-ro). It is the centre of an extensive trade. Lat. about 310 20' N., Lon. 64~ W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.) CO-REg-A, a large peninsula on the E. coast of Asia, whose sovereign is tributary to the emperors of China and Japan, but otherwise independent. The country subject to the sovereign of Corea extends from about 340 to 43' N. Lat., and from 124~ to 1340 E. Lon. Its length, from N. to S., is near 630 m.-; the average breadth may be about 150 m. Kingkitao (king-ke-ta'/-o), the cap., is said to be a large city. Lat. about 370 15' N., Lon. 127~ 25' E.-Adj. and inhab. CO-REf-AN. CORFU, kor'-foo! or korl-fu, (Mod. Gr. Kopco&, korphoi, pronounced kor-feef; Anc. Gr. KopxvpU; Lat. Corcyfra;) an i. which lies off the coast of Albania, extending from 390 51' to 390 21' N. Lat., and 19~ 36' to 20~ 8' E. Lon. The length is about 38 m.; greatest breadth nearly 20 m. The area is about 227 sq. m. CoRFU, the cap. of the above, as well as of the whole Ionian republic, is situated on a promontory, on the E. side of the island. It is surrounded with walls, and strongly fortified. This town is the residence of an archbishop, and the seat of a university, first opened in 1824, with the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, and fourteen professors. The lectures are given in modern Greek. The harbour of Corfu is one of the best in the Levant. Lat. 390 38 N., Lon. 19~ 56' E. Pop. of the town and suburbs, 15,800. (P. C.) CORI-INTH, (Anc. Corinfthos,) a small t. of Greece, near the isthmus which connects the Morea with the main continent. In the early part of the present century, its population and commerce were considerable, but it was almost destroyed during the war. A few scattered ruins are the only relics of that magnificence which was once the admiration of the civilized world. Lat. 37~ 56' N., Lon. 220 53' E.-Adj. and inhab. COR-INf-THA-_AN. CORK, a co. occupying the S. extremity of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster. Pop. in 1831, 703,716. (P. C.) * This word has been corrupted into our cordwain, whence shoemakers in Eng land derived their old name of cordwainers, and in France that of cordonnieras 178 COR —COS Fhte, fir, fall, fit; nm, mat; pine or pIne, pin; n6, n6t; 65 as in good; CORK, one of the most commercial cities of Ireland, cap. of the above co., on both sides of the Lee, 4 m. from its entrance into Cork harbour, and 138 m. S. W. of Dublin. Lat. 510 54' N., Lon. 8~ 30' W. Pop. in 1831, including the liberties, 107,016. (P. C.) CORN/-WALL,* a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of England. Pop. 341 279. —Adj. CoaR-NISH; inhab. CORP-NISH-MAN. COR'-O-MAN/-DEL, a name applied to the E. coast of Southern Hindostan, extending from Point Calimere, in 10~ 18' N. Lat., to the mouth of the r. Krishna, in 15~ 45' N. Lat. CORR}IZE, kor'-razef, a dep. in the S. central part of France, which derives its name from the r. Corraze, a branch of the Vezere, which is a tributary of the Dordogne. Pop. 302,433. (B.) Tulle is the capital. CoR/-RIB, a L. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 22 in. in length, containing numerous islands. CoRa-sY-cA, (Fr. CORSE,) an i. in the Mediterranean, between Sardinia and the Genoese coast, extending from about 41~ 21' to 430 1' N. Lat., and from 8~ 32' to 90 34' E. Lon. Its length is 116 m.; its greatest breadth about 51. Area about 3,380 sq. m. Pop. 207,889. (B.) The i. of Corsica forms one of the departments of France. Ajaccio is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. CORa-SX-cAN. CORTE, koat-tt, a t. of Corsica, nearly in the centre of the i., which, during the short period of Corsican independence, about the middle of the last century, was the seat of government. Lat. 42~ 18' N., Lon. 90 9 E. Pop. in 1832, 3,282. (P. C.) CCRT/-L..ND, a co. in the central part of N. Y., S. W. of Utica. Pop. 25,140. Co. t. Cortlandville. CORTONA, koR-tot-nA, (Anc. Corlytum,) a t. of Italy, in Tuscany, remarkable for its public and private collections of Etruscan antiquities. Corytum was one of the principal cities of ancient Etruria. Lat. 430 17' N., Lon. 11~ 59' E. Pop. 3,500. (B.) CO-RUNI-NA (Sp. Corufia, ko-roonl-yfa; Anc. Adrotbicum and Corotnium), a fortified commercial and manufacturing t. of Spain, in Galicia, at the entrance of the Bay of Betanzos, near the N. W. extremity of the Spanish peninsula. The name is said to be derived from the ancient columna, or tower of Hercules, which still exists, having been, in 1791, converted into a light-house. The harbour of Corunna is spacious, and one of the best in Spain. Lat. 430 23' N., Lon. 8~ 20' W. Pop. about 23,000. (B.) CoRI-vo, the smallest i. of the Azores, situated near 400 N. Lat., and intersected by the 31st meridian of W. Lon. Length only about 5 m. COSENZA, ko-sent-za, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. cf Calabria Citra. Lat. 390 20' N., Lon. 16~ 16' E. Pop. 8,()00. (B.) CCSH-OCI-TON, a co. in the E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 25,674. Co. t. Coshocton. Corrupted from Cornu Gallie, i. e. the " the horn or extremity of Gaul." In like manner, WALES (called Galles by the French) is derived from Gallia; the Welsh nation being a remnant of the ancient Gauls. See page 232: note. COS-COV 179 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this: N, nearly like rig. C6SLIN, COESLIN or KbSLIN, kbs-leenl, a walled t. of Prussia, in Po. merania, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and of the principality of Camin (ka-meenl). Lat. 54~ 13' N., Lon. 16 12' E. Pop. near 6,0()0. (B.) COSNE, k6ne, (Anc. Conda!te,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Nidvres, remarkable for its manufactures in iron. Lat. 47~ 24' N., Lon. 2~ 56' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,123. (P. C.) CosI-sAcKs, a people inhabiting the southern parts of the Russian empire, particularly those bordering on Poland, Turkey and Tartary. The name is supposed to be derived from the Tartar word Kasak, or Kaisak, signifying light-armed mercenary horsemen. They are very warlike, and are extensively employed in the Russian military service. They are said to be, in general, very honest and hospitable. COSSEIR, kos-saret, a small t. of Egypt, on the Red Sea, with extensive storehouses, where the caravans which trade with Arabia deposite their goods. Lat. 26~ 7' N., Lon. 34~ 13' E. COSTARICA, kost-tA-reef-ka, or " rich coast," the most southerly of the united states of Central America. Its territory borders on New Granada. S. Jose is the capital. C6TE D'OR, k6te doR, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the r. SaBne. Pop. 385,624. (B.) Capital, Dijon. C6TES DU NORD, kote dii noR, (i. e. literally 1" coasts of the north,") a dep. in the N. W. of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 605,563. (B.) Capital, St. Brieux. COTOPAXI, ko-to-pax'-e or ko-to-pAL-He, a celebrated volcanic mountain of S. America, in the territory of Ecuador, nearly 40 m. S. by E. from Quito. In 1738, the flames rose 900 metres (nearly 3,000 English ft.) above the sides of its crater; and, in 1748, its roaring was heard at Honda, in New Granada, at the distance of near 500m. Height, 2,950 toises, or 18,868 English ft. (B.) Lat. 00 44' S., Lon. 780 40' W. COTTBUS or KOTTBus, kottf-boos, a walled t. of Prussia, on the Spree, cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 510 45' N., Lon. 14~ 22' E. Pop. 6,600. (B.) COURLAND. See KOORLAND. COURTRAY or COURTRAI, kooR'-trif, (Flem. Kortryk, kort/-rike,) a fortified manufacturing t. of W. Flanders, cape of a dist. of the same name, situated on the r. Lys, 25 m. S. of Bruges. This town existed in the time of the Romans, under the name of Cortoriacum. Lat. 50~ 50' N., Lon. 3~ 16' E. Pop. nearly 19,000. (B.) COUTANCE, koo'-taNce/, (Lat. Constan/tia,) a city of France, in the dep. of Manche. This town is said to have been built by the emperor Constantius, (father of Constantine the Great,) and called after his own name, Constantia, of which Coutance is a corruption. Lat. 490 3' N. Lon. 1~ 26' W. Pop. in 1832, 8,957. (P. C.) COVENTRY, kuvf-en-tre, a city of England, situated within the limits of Warwickshire, but constituting, with several adjacent villages, a separate county, called the County of the City of Coventry; the MI 180 COV-CRA Fate, fMr, fkll, fMt; mn, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; area of'which is above 23 sq. m. The town is situated nearly in the centre of the kingdom, 10 m. N. N. E. of Warwick. Coventry has been the seat of two parliaments, one held during the reign of Henry IV., in 1404, the other in the time of Henry VI., in 1459. Pop. of the city, with an area of 8 sq. m., 30,743; that of the co., exclusive of the city, 10,664. COVINGTON, kuvl-ing-ton, a co. in the S. part of Ala., bordering (in Florida. Pop. 3,645. Co. t. Montezuma. COVINGTON, a co. in the S. part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 3,338. Co. seat, Williamsburg. CowEs, kouz, a seaport t. of England, in the Isle of Wight, on the W. side of the r. Medina, at its mouth, with a safe and commodious harbour. It is sometimes called West Cowes, to distinguish it from a hamlet on the opposite side of the Medina. Lat. 50~ 46' N., Lon. 1~ 18' W. Pop. 4,107. COW-EI-T4, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 13,635. Co. t. Newman. CRAow, krhl-co, a republic of Europe, formerly constituting a part of the kingdom of Poland. Its existence, as an independent state, dates from the congress of Vienna, in 1815, when the three great powers, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, not being able to agree to which of them it should be assigned, determined to form it into an independent republic, under their joint protection, guaranteeing to it perpetual neutrality and inviolability of its territory, except in the case of its affording an asylum to deserters, or offending against any of the three protecting powers. It lies on the northern bank of the Vistula, and contains an area of about 490 sq. m. Pop. 114,000. (B.) CRACOW (Polish, Krak6w, kr~a-koof; Lat. Cracofvia); the chief t. of the above, is situated on the Vistula, at its confluence with the Radeva (ra-dif-va). This ancient capital of Poland received its name from Kracus, duke of the Poles and Bohemians, who is said to have founded it, about the year 700. Formerly the limits of the city were much more extensive than now, and the pop. amounted to thrice the present number. The most striking of its ancient monuments is the cathedral, the finest in Poland. Here the kings of Poland were crowned, and here are the tombs of most of the Polish monarchs and heroes; among others, we may mention those of Sobieski and Kosciusko. Lat. of the Observatory, 500 3' 49" N., Lon. 190 58' 6" E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. CRa-cof-vJ.-.N. CRAI-VE N, a co. in the E. part of N. C., intersected by the Neuse. Pop. 14,709. Co. t. Newbern. CRAW/-FORD, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 37,849. Co. t. Meadville. CRAWFORD, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r.. Pop. 8,984. Co. t. Knoxville. CRAWFORD, a co. on the western border of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 7,960. Seat of justice, Crawford c. h. CRA-CRO 181 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. CRAWFORD, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky r. Pop. 18,177. Co. t. Bucyrus. CRAWFORD (Shawano), a co. in the N. or N. central part of Mich. CRAWFORD, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,524. Co. t. Fredonia. CRAWFORD, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 7,135. Co. t. Palestine. CRAWFORD, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mo., intersected by the Maramec r. Pop. 6,397. Co. t. Steelville. CRAWFORD, a co., or rather territory, in the N. central part of Wisconsin. Pop. 2,498. CREEK INDIANS, formerly a numerous and powerful tribe dwelling in Ga. and Ala. Their number was much reduced by the war of 1814; and of those who survived, most have removed beyond the Mississippi. Some of them have made considerable progress in civilization. CREFELD, kra/-f]lt, a walled t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. It is a handsome and flourishing place, and has extensive manufactories. Lat. 51~ 20' N., Lon. 6~ 32' E. Pop. about 19,000. (P. C.) CREMA,krhf-ma, a commercial t. of Austrian Italy, 25 m. E. S. E. of Milan. Lat. 450 21' N., Lon. 9~ 42' E. Pop. near 9,000. (B.) CRE-MO/-NA (It. pron. krt-mol-nA), an ancient t. of Austrian Italy, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the N. bank of the Po, and surrounded by walls, flanked with towers. This town was known to the ancient Romans under its present hame, and is mentioned by Virgil in his Bucolics (Eclogue IX.) It was the birth-place of the poet Vida, who flourished during the reign of Leo X. Lat. 450 8' N., Lon. 100 2' E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. CREMe-oNESE., CREuSE, kruz, a dep. in the S. central part of France, deriving its name from the r. Creuse, a small stream which rises near the S. border, and, flowing through almost the whole length of the dep., falls into the Vienne. Pop. 276,234. (B.) Capital, Gudret. CREUTZNACII. See KREUZNACH. CRIM-E/-A (Russ. Krim; Anc. Chersonefsus Tau/rica); a four-sided peninsula in the S. E. part of European Russia, formed by the Black Sea and the See of Azof, between 440 22' and 46~ 10' N. Lat., and 320 36' and 36~ 30' E. Lon. Its extreme length is above 190 m.; its great. est breadth about 130. The area is estimated at 8,600sq. m. Pop. estimated at near 300,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. CRIM-Et-AN. CRTTI-TEN-DEN, a co. in the F. part of Ark., bordering on the Mis. sissippi r. Pop. 2,648. Co. t. Marion. CRITTENDEN, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 6,351. CROATIA, kro-al-she-a, (called by the natives Horvdth Orszig, hoRviat oR-saag,) a country of Europe, belonging to the empire of Austria, and constituting the S. W. division of Hungary. It lies between 440 5' and 46~ 25' N. Lat., and 14~ 20' and 170 25' E. Lon. The Croatians are a rude and warlike people, but are said to possess great fidelity 16 182 CRO —CUL Fkte, fir, fMll, fat; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; towards their sovereign.-Adj. CROATIAN, kro-hf-she-4n. -Inhab. CROATIAN and CROI-AT. CROIX, ST. See SANTA CRUZ. CROIX, ST., sent-kroil, or PAs'-sA-MIs-QUOD-Dy, a r. which forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. CRoIX, ST., a co. in the N. part of Wisconsin, on a river of the same Iiame, which flows into the Mississippi. Pop. 809. CROMI-AR-TY, a co. of Scotland, formed of several detached portions within the co. of Ross, which see. CROMARTY, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the above, on the S. side of a frith of the same name, about 16 m. N. N. E. of Inverness. Pop. 1,938. CRONSTADT, kronf-statt, or KI(RCI-NEN, the largest and most commercial t. in T'ransylvania, and the cap. of a co. of the same name. It is well built and strongly fortified, being surrounded with towers, walls, and ditches. Lat. 450 41' N., Lon. 25~ 33' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) CRONSTADT, a town, fortress, and port of Russia, situated on an island in the Bay of Cronstadt, about 20 m. W. by N. of St. Petersburg. It is the great naval station of the Russian fleet; and vessels which are too large to ascend to St. Petersburg, here unload their cargoes, to be transported in smaller craft. Lat. 60)~ N., Lon. 29~ 49' E. Pop., during the slimmer, upwards of 40,000, (P. C.); but the town seems almost deserted in winter. CROOKED LAKE, a small lake in the W. central part of N. Y., situ. ted in the counties of SteulSen and Yates. CROI-TON, a r. of N. Y., which rises on the borders of Conn., and, running south-westerly, falls into that part of the Hudson which is called the Tappan Sea. The waters of this stream have been recently employed for supplyingf the city of New York. (See NEW YORK.) CROYI-DON, a manufacturing t. of England, in the co. of Surrey, 10m.rn S. of London. Pop. of the parish, 13,627. CSABA, ch6bl-b6h', a large and flourishing market t. of Hungary, 63 m. S. S. W. of Debreczin. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) CSONGRA'D, chon-graIudl, a t. of Hungary, formerly cap. of the county of this name, 31 m. N. of Szegedin. Pop. 10,613. (M.) CvU-Bi (Sp. pron. koof-bA), the largest Qf the West India islands, is situated between 19~ 47' and 238 9' N. Lat., and 740 and 85~ W. Lon. Length, following the curve of the island, about 790m.; greatest breadth 127 m. The area is computed at 42,212 sq. m. Cuba was discovered by Columbus, on his first voyage, in 1493; in 1511 the Spaniards made their first settlement, since which time it has remained in their possession. Population in 1841, 1,007,624. Havana is the chief t., and seat of government.-Adj. and inhab. CUI-BAN. (Sp. Cubano, koobaf-no.) CUENCA, kwenf-k'a, a walled t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 40~ 4' N., Lon. 2~ 12' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) CULM, k661m, a walled t. of West Prussia, cap. of a circle of the 15 X CUL —CUM 183 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; i, nearly like ng. same name, situated near the right bank of the Vistula. Lat. 53'0 21 N., Lon. 18~ 25' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) CUIl-PEP-PER, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the head waters of the Rappahannock. Pop. 12,282. Seat of justice, Culpepper c. h. CUL-ROSS/, a small t. of Scotland, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 5m. W. of Dunfermline. CUMANA, koo-ma-nal, a fortified t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, cap. of the dep. of Maturin. It is situated above a mile from the sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cariaco, with a capacious and safe harbour. Lat. 10~ 28' N., Lon. 64~ 9' W. Though it is much decayed, its pop. still amounts to near 10,000. (B.) CU-MA/-N-IA, GREAT, (see Int. XI.) or KUMANIA, (Hung. Nagy Kunsi'g, n6dy* koon-shaag,) an independent dist. of Hungary, in the prov. " beyond the Theiss," between 470 and 47~ 40' N. Lat., and 20~ 30' and 21~ 10' E. Lon. (P. C.) The area is about 424 sq. m. The whole surface is a low plain, and rendered so swampy by the inundations of the rivers, that nearly one-half of Cumania is a mere bog. There are here no large land proprietors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Ilungary; the people have an independent jurisdiction of their own, and send representatives to the Hungarian diet. The Cumanians are a robust, athletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and are altogether a rich, happy, and independent people. The pop. amounts to about 43,000, of whom 37,000 are Protestants. Great Cumrania contains one market town, Kardzag-uj-Szllas (k6Rd-z6g-oo-e-saal-laWs). Lat. 470 20' N., Lon. 20~ 55' E. Pop. 11,100. (P. C.) CUMANIA, LITTLE, (Hung. Kis Kunsfig, kish koon-shia.g,) i dist. of Hungary, in the prov. " this side the Theiss." It consists of several detached portions of land, with an aggregate area of about 1,000 sq. m., so that it is more than twice as large as Great Cumania.+ Pop. about 53,000. (P. C.) The general character of the country, as well as of the inhabitants, corresponds with that given under the head of Great Cumania. Their largest town is Felefgyhdza (f&t-lAdy*-haA-z6h). Lat. abo,, 46~ 43' N., Lon. 19~ 54' E. Pop. 12,970. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab., relating to both districts, CU-MA/-N.-AN. CUM/-BER-LAND (Lat. Cum/bria), a co. in the N. of England, bordering on Scotland and Solway Frith. Pop. 178,038.-Adj. and inhab. CUMI/ BRA-AN. CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. W. part of Me., bordering on the sea. Pop. 79,549. Co. t. Portland. CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela. ware Bay. Pop. 17,189. Co. t. Bridgetown. CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on the Susquehanna r. Pop. 34,327. Co. t. Carlisle. See Introduction, XXII., 16 and 17. t The origin of the distinctive epithets of Little and Great, as applied to these districts, is not known. The relative size of the two territories may possibly have changed since the names were first bestowed. 184 CUM-CUY Fhte, ftr, fil, fAt; m1, mit; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; oo5 as in good; CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., on the Appomattox and James r. Pop. 9,751. Seat of justice, Cumberland c. h. CUMBERRAND, a co. in the central part of N. C., intersected by Cape Fear r. Pop. 20,610. Co. t. Fayetteville. CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumberland r., and bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,005. Co. t. Burkesville. CUtMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a chain which extends along the S. E. border of Kentucky, forming a part of the boundary between that state and Virginia, and afterwards running across Tennessee, terminates near its southern border. It divides the state into two sections, called E. and W. Tennessee. CUMBERLAND RIVER rises in the Cumberland Mountains of Ky., and, passing into Tenn., makes a circuit, and, returning into Ky., empties itself into the Ohio. It is about 600 m. in length, and is navigablo for steamboats of the largest size to Nashville. Small boats can ascend 300 m. further. CUPAR, koot-per, a t. of Scotland, the cap. of Fifeshire. Lat. 560 19' N., Lon. 30 W. Pop. 3,567. CURAgOA commonly pronounced in English, ku'-ra-sot; (Sp. Curagao, koo-rat-sa,-o); an i. in the Caribbean Sea, situated in Lat. about 12~ 6' N., and Lon. 690 W. Its length is 35 m.; its greatest breadth 6 m. Curagoa was originally settled by the Spaniards, but at present it belongs to Holland. CURISCHE HAFF. See KURISCHE HAFF. CUR/-R.-TUCK, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of N. C. Pop. 7,236. Co. t. Currituck. CURZOLA, koord-zol-la, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia. The area is about 231 sq. m.: the pop. 6,500. Curzola, the chief town, is in 420 57' N. Lat., and 16~ 50' E. Lou., and has about 1,800 inhabitants. (P. C.) CPSTRIN or KtSTRIN, kiis-treenf, a t. and fortress of Prussia, in Brandenburg, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated at the confluence of the Wartha and Odoer, and encompassed on all sides by marshes and water. Pop. 4,700. (B.) CUTCH, a principality in the W. part of Hindostan, between 220 and 25~ N. Lat., and 68~ and 72~ E. Lon., and bordering on a gulf of the same name. CUT'-TACK!, (from the Sanscrit Catak, a " royal residence,") a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Orissa, cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 20~ 25' N., Lon. 85~ 51' E. Pop. in 1822, 40,000. (P. C.) CUXHAVEN, k6ix'-hAf-fen, a small t. of Germany, belonging to the free city of Hamburg, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its entrance into the German Ocean. It is chiefly important on account of its secure and capacious harbour. It has, by means of packets and steamboats, regular communication with England. Lat. 53~ 52' N., Lon. 8~ 43' E. Pop. about 800. (B.) CUYAHOGA, hi-a-ho/-ga, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on.. Erie. Pop. 48,099. Co. t. Cleveland. CUZ-DAC 185 ou, as in our; tb, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Cuzco, koos'-ko, an ancient t. of S. America, in Peru, about 250 m. from the coast of the Pacific. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, it was the cap. of the extensive empire of the Inca,, and is said to have been built by the founder of the empire, Manco Capac, in the 10th or 11th century of our era. Upon a lofty hill, a little N. of the city, are the ruins of a great fortress erected by the Incas, for the protection of' their capital. Many parts of it are still in a state of perfect preservation. They consist of stones of extraordinary size, placed one upon another, without cement, but fitted with such nicety as not to admit the insertion of a knife between them. It would appear that Cuzco exceeds Arequipa in population, though some of the most respectable geographers call the latter the second town of Peru. It is the seat of a university. Lat. 13~ 33' S., Lon. 72~ 4' W. Pop. above 40,000. (P. C.) CY/-PRUS, (Gr. Kvwroo; Turk, Kib'-rist,) a large i. in the Mediterranean, situated near the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor, between 340 32' and 35~ 44' N. Lat., and 32~ 16' and 34~ 41' E. Lon. Its length is about 140 m.; its greatest breadth about 56 m. In 1571, Cyprus was wrested from the Venetians by the Turks, in whose possession it has remained ever since. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Christians, who are cruelly oppressed by their Turkish masters; under whom, Cyprus, from being one of the most fertile and beautiful spots in the world, has been converted almost into a desert. Pop. estimated at above 60,000. (E. G.)-Adj. and inhab. CYP'-RX-AN and CYPI-RX-OT'. The forimer should be employed only when ancient Cyprus is referred to. CZERNIGOW. See TCHERNIGOF. CZERNOWiCE, chia'-no-vitf-sbh, or TSCHERNOWITZ (che'g-no-wits', sometimes improperly written Czernorvicz), a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Pruth. Lat. 480 15' N., Lon 26~ 10' E. Pop. about 7,300. (P. C.) CZIRKNICZ or ZIRKNITZ, tseeRkt-nits, a small t. of Illyria, near a lake of the same name about 20 m. in circumference, and intersected by the parallel of 450 45' N. Lat., and the meridian of 14~ 23' E. Lon. This lake is remarkable for the great variation in the height of its waters. The bottom, which is formed of limestone rock, is full of clefts and fissures, through which the water passes at about forty different openings, into subterraneous channels and caverns, and goes to supply the neighbouring streams. Frequently, during the dry season, the bottom of the lake is covered with luxuriant herbage, which is made into hay. Some parts are sown with millet and buckwheat. The depth of the Lake of Czirknicz, in the deepest part, is only about 56 ft. In Jan., 1834, the waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835; an occurrence which, for the long cessation of the waters, is said to be unprecedented. DAct-C4, a large manufacturing t. of Hindostan, formerly the cap. of Bengal, on a branch of the Ganges, called Booree Gunga or Old Ganges. Lat. 23~ 44' N., Lon. 90~ 29' E. Pop. estimated by Hamilton 16* 186 DAD-DAN Fhte, lfr, fll, fat; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; o5 as in good; at 200,000; but the Missionary Register, of 1828, states it at 150,000. (B.) )DADE, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 2,680. DADE, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Florida. Pop. 159. DADE, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo., a little S. of the Osage r. Pop. 4,246. DAHOMEY or DAHOMAY, dahl-Ho-mt',* a celebrated and formerly powerful kingdom of W. Africa, situated inland from that part of the coast of Guinea called the Slave Coast. It is separated from the kingdoln of Ashantee on the W. by the r. Volta.-Adj. and inhab. DAuf-O-MAN. DAHL, dMl, a r. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, in Lat. about 60~ 40' N. DALE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ala., bordering on Florida. Pop. 6,346. Seat of justice, Dale c. h. DALECAtRLA, da-l-karl-le-a, or DALARNE, dat-lar-nt, a prov. of Sweden, lying between 60~ 55' and 62~ 12' N. Lat., and bordering on Norway. (P. C.) - Adj. DAL-E-CARI-LI-AN, inhab. DALECARLIAN, DAL-E - CARL. DAL/-LAS, a co. in the S. central part of Ala., intersected by the Alabama r. Pop. 29,727. Co. t. Cahawba. DALMATIA, dal-ma/-she-a, a kingdom belonging to the crown of Austria, situated between 42~ and 450 N. Lat., and 14~ 30' and 19~ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Hunugary, N. E. and E. by Turkey, and S. W. by the Adriatic. The area is estimated at 5,098 sq. m. Pop. 320,000. (P. C.) Zara is the seat of government.-Adj. and inhab. DALMATIAN, dal-mAf-she-an. DtLI-TON, a small t. of England, in Lancashire, about 18 m. W.N.W. of Lancaster. DA-MAsI-cus, (Arab. Sham-el-Kebeer, i. e. Damascus the Great,) a celebrated city of Syria, cap. of a pashalic of the same name, situated in the fertile plain at the E. base of that chain of mountains called the Antilibanus Mountains, about 190 in. S. by W. from Aleppo. It is one of the most ancient towns in the world, having existed in the time of Abraham (Gen. xiv. and xv.). Besides the title of kebeer (great), that of sher-eeft (venerable or holy) is sometimes given to it.t Its ancient name was Damesk. Damascus is celebrated for the number of its orchards, and the abundance of exquisite fruits which they produce; whence the Arabs regard it as one of their four terrestrial paradises. * "Rash adventurer, bear thee back, Dread the spell of DAHOMAY, Fear the race of Zaharak, Daughters of the burning day." SCOTT'S Bridal af Triermain, Canto HI. This, as we are informed, corresponds to the native accentuation. t In this and similar cases, the article el is changed in sound to es, so as to correspond with the initial letter of the word to which it is prefixed; accordingly, Sham-el-Shereef is to be pronounced sham-es-shereef. When Sham is used to designate the country of Syria, the article is usually employed, e. g., El Sham. ero. sounced es-sham. DAM-DAN 187 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. The streets are well paved and furnished with foot-walks on each side. The houses, though plain externally, being built of earth or of brick, often exhibit great magnificence within, and nearly all of them are refreshed by fountains. Damascus is the residence of a Greek patriarch. Lat. 330 33' N.; Lon. 36~ 20' E. Pop. estimated at above 140,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. DAM'-AS-CENE! (Arab. Shaf-mee). DAM-X-ET/-T4, (Arab. D.-rn-a'tf or Dum-yatf!,).a t. of Lower Egypt, on the right bank of one of the principal branches of the Nile, about 6 m. above its mouth. The name is derived from Thamiatis, which was a small town under the Byzantine emperors. After the conquest of the Saracens, it was surrounded with strong walls, and became one of the most commercial and wealthy towns of Egypt. It was thrice taken by the Christians in the middle ages, (once by Roger, of Sicily, and twice by the crusaders,) and as often recovered. At last, to prevent any other attacks from this quarter, the sultans of Egypt razed it to the ground and removed the inhabitants about 4 m. further inland. Hence arose New Damietta. This place, though much decayed, is one of the best built towns in Egypt; and its manufactures and commerce are still considerable. Lat. 31~ 26' N., Lon. 31~ 50' E. The pop. is estimated by Balbi at about 20,000, though many others make it much hirgher. DAM/-PXER's BAY or SHARK BAY is situated on the W. coast of New Holland, near 25~ S. Lat., and 114~ E. Lon. DANBURY, danf-ber-re, a t. of Conn., in Fairfield co., 29m. in a straight line W. by N. of New Haven, noted for its manufacture of hats. Pop. of the township, 6,962. DANE, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Wisconsin r. Pop. 16,641. Co. t. Madison. DANTI-ZIC, (Ger. Danzig, dantf-siG; Polish, Gdansk,) a city of Prussia, the cap. of a large circle of the same name, situated on the left bank of the principal arm of the Vistula, about 3- m. from the shores of the Baltic. Dantzic is the seat of a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention the academical gymnasium, with seven professors, and the public library, which contains 30,000 vols. Its manufactures are considerable. It is one of the strongest fortresses, and is the first emporium of maritime commerce in the Prussian dominions. Lat. 54~ 21' N., Lon. 18~ 38' E. Pop. above 62,000. (B.) DANI-UBE or DAN1-AW, (Gr. I6Tspos; Lat. Danubius and Ister; Ger. Donau, dbf-nou; Hung. Duna, doo-nh;) a large r. of Europe, second only to the Volga. It originates on the E. declivity of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), about 24 m. from the banks of the Rhine, in 48~ 6' N. Lat., and S~ 9' E., at an elevation of near 3000 ft. above the level of the sea. Its general course, to near Waitzen, in Hungary, is easterly, from Waitzen to the influx of the Drave (Lat. 450 33' N.. Lon. 18~ 58S E.) it is almost due S.; thence nearly E. by S. till it reaches the 28th degree of E. Lon., where it suddenly changes its direction to the N., and, after a course of about 90 m., again flows easterly and empties 188 DAR —DAR F'kte, far, fall, fat; me, mrt; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 65 as in good; itself into the Black Sea, by several mouths. Its whole course is estimated at about 1,770 m. It is navigable for large ships as far as Silistria; but there are rapids near New Orsova, where it leaves the Austrian dominions, which it is impossible for any vessel to ascend, although those drawing not mnore than 2. ft. water may sometimes descend. The navigation is also impeded in the upper part of its course, by a great number of rocks, and, lower down, by sand banks. This river is remarkable for its winding course and for the multitude of its islands... - -The Danube" —" winds from realm to realm, And like a serpent shows his glittering back, Bespotted with innumerable isles." WORDSWORTH'S Excursion, Book VII. DAR'-DAN-ELLE:/. The Dardanelles are fortifications erected on each side of the Hellespont, which is called, from them, the Strait of the Dardanelles. These fortifications originally consisted of four castles, two on each side of the strait, but, since the beginning of the present century, they have been improved and increased in number. Some of the guns are very large; one of them takes, for a single charge, 330 lbs. of powder. The name Dardanelles is in all probability derived from Dardanus or Dardania, an ancient town near the Hellespont, built by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam. THE STRAIT OF THE DARDANELLES or HEEL-LES-PONT', which connects the Sea of Marmora with the A/Egean Sea, is above 50 m. in length, and from 2 to 10 m. in breadth. DARI-FOORI (Darfur), a country of central Africa, situated between 10~ and 16~ N. Lat., and between 26~ and 30~ E. Lon. Its extent and real boundaries are very imperfectly known. It may be considered as a large oasis, lying in the S. E. part of Sahara. FooR appears to be the proper name, as dar, in the native language, signifies country in gene. ral. DARFOOR, however, seems to be established by universal usage. — The inhabitants are negroes; in religion they are Mahometans. The government is a despotism. Cobbe is the capital, and has a pop. of about 6,000. (B.)-Inhab. FooR-X-b-N (Furian). DARIEN (dhI-re-en), GULF OF, the most southern portion of the Caribbean Sea, between 70 56' and 10~ N. Lat., and 76~ and 78~ W. Lon. DARIEN, a small but flourishing t. and port of entry of Ga., cap. of McIntosh co., on the N. side of the Altamaha, about 12 m. from the sea. DARIEN, ISTHMUS OF. See PANAMA. DARKE, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 20,274. Co. t. Greenville. DARI-LING-TON, a t. of England, in the co. of Durham, 17 m. S. of Durham. Pop. including the hamlet of Oxneyfield, 11,033. DARLINGTON, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C., W. of, and bordering on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 16,830. Seat of justice, Darlington c. h. DARMSTADT, daRmf-st'att, a walled t. of Germany, the cap. of the grandduchy of Hesse and of the prov. of Starkenburg, is situated on the DAR-DEA 189 ou, as in our; th, as in thiln; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. banks of the small r. Darm. It contains a number of institutions for education, and a library of about 100,000 vols. Lat. 490 56' N., Lon. 8~ 35' E. Balbi gives about 20,000 for its pop., but the P. C. states it at 24,500. DART/-MOUTH, a seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, situated on the coast at the mouth of the r. Dart, 30 m. S. by W. from Exeter: Pop. 4,417. DARI-WAR', a fortified t. of Hindostan, in Bejapoor, cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 15~ 28' N., Lon. 750 8' E. DAUI-PHIN, a co. in the S. E. central part of Pa., bordering on the Susquehanna r. Pop. 35,754. Co. t. Harrisburg. DAUrPHINE, db'-fe'-naif, formerly a prov. of France, bordering on the S. E. frontier. It now forms the three deps., Isere, Drome, and the Upper Alps. DAVIDS, ST., an ancient city of Wales, in the W. extremity of Pembrokeshire, situated near a rocky promontory, called St. David's Head, 21 m. N. W. of Pembroke. It was once large and populous, but it now presents the appearance of a poor village. DAI-VID-SON, a co. in the W. central part of N. C., bordering on the Yadkin. Pop. 15,320. Co. t. Lexington. DAVIDSON, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 38,881. Co. t. Nashville. DAI-vIE, a co. in the N. W. central part of N. C., on the Yadkin. Pop. 7,866. Co. t. Mocksville. DAI-vIEss, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio and Green rivers. Pop. 12,362. Co. t. Owensborough. DAViEss, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., between the E. and W. forks of the White r. Pop. 10,352. Co. t. Washington. DAViEss, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., intersected by a branch of the Grand r. Pop. 5,298. Co. t. Gallatin. DAf-vIS's STRAIT, between Greenland, on the E., and Cumberland Island, on the W., unites Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic. In the narrowest part it is about 200 m. wide. DAX, dax, (Anc. Alquae Augus/tie,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Landes, on the Adour, celebrated for its warm springs, the temperature of which is above 1800 Fahrenheit; but they appear to possess no medicinal virtues. They are sometimes used for washing clothes. In the middle ages the town was called Civitas Akensis or Aquensis; i. e. the "city of Aquw," whence the French Ville d'Acqs (town of Acqs), or simply d'Acqs, d'Ax, or Dax. Lat. 430 43' N., Lon. 1~ 4' W. Pop. 4,776. (M.) DAYI-TON, a t. of Ohio, the cap. of Montgomery co., situated on the Miami r., 46m., in a direct line, N. by E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 10,976. DEAD SEA (Anc. La/cus Asphaltiftes; Arab. Bahr Loot; i.e. the "Sea of Lot"); is situated in Palestine, between 31~ 8' and 31~ 47' 30" N. Lat., and 350 25' and 350 38' 30" E. Lon. Its length is about 45 m.; its greatest breadth 12 m. The towns of Sodom and Gomorrha are said to have been on its western bank, where some few ruins occur. 190 DEA-DEK Fkte, far, fkll, fat; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o6 as in good; The waters of the Lake Asphaltites are pungent and bitter. Asphaltum floats upon its surface, and covers the whole extent of its shores. The Jordan flows into it at its N. extremity, but the lake has no outlet. Near the southern portion of the Dead Sea is a low mountain ridge, about 150 feet high, which is one mass of solid rock-salt, covered with layers of soft limestone and marl. Several of the streams which flow into the sea in this part, are salt as the saltest brine. It appears from the researches of a late writer, Russegger, that the Dead Sea- is 1,341 French, or 1,429 English feet below the level of the Mediterranean! (P. C.) DEAL, a t. and seaport of England, in the co. of Kent, 15 m. S. E. of Canterbury. Pop. 6,688. DEARI-BORN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. and the state of Ohio. Pop. 20,166. Co. t. Lawrenceburg. DEBRECZIN, da-bretst-in, (Ger. Debretzin,) a royal free t. of Upper Hungary, the cap. of the co. of Bihar, and with the exception of Pesth, the largest t. in the kingdom. It is situated in the centre of an extensive sandy plain, which being almost destitute of stone, the streets are unpaved, and the foot-passenger is obliged to wade either through mud or sand, according to the season of the year, with the aid of a few planks laid down for crossing the streets. Debreczin is the first manufacturing town in Hungary; it is also a place of considerable trade. More than nineteen-twentieths of its inhabitants are Protestants. Its Protestant college, with a library of 20,000 vols., is the principal institution of the kind which the Calvinistg possess in the Austrian empire. Lat. 47~ 32' N., Lon. 21~ 36' E. Pop. 45,370. (P. C.) DE-CA/-TUR, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 8,262. Co. t. Bainbridge. DECATUR, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., W. N.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 15,107. Co. t. Greensburg. DECCAN. See DEKEAN. DEE, a r. in the N. part of Wales, flowing into the sea, about 10 m. S. W. of Liverpool. DE KALB, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., on the sources of the Ocmulgee. Pop. 14,328. Co. t. Decatur. DE KALB, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 8,245. DE KALB, a co. in the N. central part of Tenn., bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,016. DE KALB, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 8,251. DE KALB, a co. in the N. part of Ill., a little E. of Rock r. Pop. 7,540. DE-K-rAN or DECCAN (from Daks-hina, i. e. "the south"), was anciently understood to comprehend the whole of the peninsula of Indla S. of the r. Nerbudda, and the southern boundaries of Bengal and Bahar. At present it comprises those countries which lie between the limits just mentioned and the r. Krishna. DEL-DEL 191 ou, as in our; th, as in /thin; Ti, as in this; N, nearly like ng. DELI-A-WARE, an important r. of the U. S., which rises in N. Y., on the western declivity of the Catskill Mountains, and afterwards, flowing in a general southerly direction, forms the boundaries of the states of N. Y. and N. J. on one side, and Pa. and Del. on the other, and empties itself into Delaware Bay, about 40m. below Philadelphia. Its whole course is about 300 m. It is navigable for ships of the largest size to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenton. DELAWARE BAY, a bay of the U. S., situated between the states of N. J. and Del. Its entrance is about 20 m. wide, from Cape May to Cape Henlopen; its length is above 60 m. DELAWARE, the smallest of the U. S., excepting Rhode Island, bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Delaware r., Bay, and the Atlantic, S. and W. by Maryland. It lies between 38~ 28' and 390 50' N. Lat., and 750 and 750 45' W. Lon. Length 96m.; greatest breadth 37 m. Area 2,120 sq. m. Delaware is divided into three counties; viz., Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. Pop. 91,535, of whom 2,289 are slaves, and 17,957 free coloured persons. Dover is the seat of government. DELAWARE, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the r. Delaware. Pop. 39,834. Co. t. Delhi. DELAWARE, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Pa., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 24,679. Co. t. Media. DELAWARE, a co. in the centre of Ohio, N. of Columbus. Pop. 21,817. Co. t. Delaware. DELAWARE, a co. in the E. part of Ind., on the White r. P. 10,843. DELAWARE, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Mississippi. Pop. 1,759. DELAWARES, a once numerous and powerful tribe of Indians, whose territory occupied a portion of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. They are now almost extinct. DELFT, an ancient t. of S. Holland, situated on the high road between Rotterdam and the Hague, near the canal of Schie (sKee). It is noted as the seat of the manufacture of a species of pottery, to which it has given its name. Delft was the birth-place of the celebrated Grotius. Lat. 52~ N., Lon. 40 21' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) DELHI or DEHLI, del/-le, a prov. of Hindostan, lying between 280 and 31~ N. Lat., bounded on the N. by Lahore, E. by Oude and Northern Hindostan, S. by Ajmeer and Agra, and W. by Ajmeer and Lahore. DELHI, the cap. of the above, is situated on the Jumna. According to tradition, it was founded 300 years before the Christian era, by Delu. It was formerly much larger than at present; its pop., at the close of the 17th century, is said to have amounted to two millions, and the extent of the ruins seems to justify, in a great degree, this estimate. Among these ruins, there are a number of beautiful mosques and magnificent mausolems, in good preservation. Lat. 28~ 40' N., Lon. 770 16' E Pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) DELl-TA, a triangular portion of Lowe- Egypt, comprised between 192 DEL-DER Fhte, far, fll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; 66 as in good; the two main branches of the Nile; so called from its resemblance to the Greek letter (A) of this name. It is also applied to similar tracts of country at the mouths of other rivers, as the Ganges, Indus, &c. DEL-VX-NO, a t. of European Turkey, in Albania, cap. of an inferior pashalic of the same name. Lat. about 390 55' N., Lon. 20~ 10' E. Pop. estimated, a few years ago, at 8,000. (P. C.) DEM/-BE-A, a large L. of Abyssinia, in a prov. of the same name. Its length is about 65 m. DEMARIRA, dem-er-Ua-ra, a r. of S. America, in English Guiana, which falls into the Atlantic, in about 60 50' N. Lat., and 58~ 7' W. Lon. Its length is above 200 m. DENBIGH, dent-be, the cap. of Denbighshire, Wales. Lat. 530 11' N., Lon. 30 24' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,405. DEN1-B_-H-SnHIRE, a co. in the N. part of Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 88,866. DENI-DER-AX, (Anc. Ten/tyra,) a ruined t. in Upper Egypt, celebrated for its temple, which is the best preserved and one of the most splendid in all Egypt. Here was discovered the celebrated zodiac which led several of the French sarans to suppose that the temple must have been erected at a period immensely remote; not less, according to Dupuis, than 15,000 years ago! (See EsNE.) PENDERMONDE, den'-der-mon —deh, or DENDERMOND, den'-dqr-mbnt/, (Fr. Termonde, teR'-moNdl,) a fortified t. of Belgium, in the prov. of E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 16 m. E. of Ghent. Lat. 51~ 36' N., Lon. 30 58' E. Pop. 7,652. (M.) DENIs, SAINT, often called, in English, sent denl-ne, (Fr. pron. saN d'nee,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine, about 5 m. N. of Paris. It dates its rise from the erection of a church over the tomb of St. Denis (Dionysius), supposed to have been built by Dagobert, in the 7th century. Pop. in 1832, 9,686. (P. C.) DENI-MARK (Dan. Dan/-e-mark'), a kingdom of Europe, between 530 20' and 570 45' N. Lat., and 80 5' and 12~ 46' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack, N. E. by the Cattegat, S. E. by the Baltic, S. by Litbeck, Hamburg, Mecklenburg and Hanover, and WV. by the N. Sea. It comprises continental Denmark, which may be termed the north-western peninsula of Germany, and the large islands of Zealand and Ftinen, besides several smaller ones lying near them. The length of' the continental portion is about 304 m.; greatest breadth about 106 m. The entire area of the kingdom is computed at 21,472 sq. m. Pop. 1,950,000. (B.) Capital, Copenhagen.-Adj. DAI-NISH; inhab. DANE. DEPTFORD, dedf-ford, a t. of England, in the co. of Kent, on the Thames, 4 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for its fine docks and royal dock-yard, and its numerous buildings for the manufacture and preservation of naval stores. Pop. 23,165. DER'-BEND! or detR/-bendf, a t. of the Russian empire, in Georgia, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea. It is defended on the W. by a precipitous mountain ridge, on the N. and S. by massive stone walls, not less DER-DET l19 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. than 30 ft. high, and, in many places, 10 ft. thick, which are continuous to the sea. There are two large gates, (through which the road passes along the shore of the Caspian,) that may be shut at pleasure. Hence the name of the town, which signifies the " shut-up gates." Lat. 42~ 12' N., Lon. 48~ 20' E. Klaproth supposes it to contain 4,000 families (B.), but others estimate the population much lower. DERI-BY or dart-be, (the latter pronunciation was formerly universal,) the cap. of Derbyshire, England, on the r. Derf-went, an affluent of the Trent, 114 m. N. N. W. of London. Pop. 32,741. DERBYSHIRE, der/-be-shir, a co. in the N. central part of England. Pop. 272,217. DERR, dE'R, a t. of Africa, in Lower Nubia, of which it is regarded as the capital, on the right bank of the Nile. Lat. 22~ 47' N., Lon. 320 20' E. Estimated pop. 3,000. (B.) In the vicinity are the ruins of an Egyptian temple, cut in the rock, the construction of which Champollion attributes to Sesostris. DE RUYTER, de-ril-ter, a township of Madison co., N. Y. DESAGUADERO, d(S-a-g'Wa-DYII-ro, i. e. "outlet," a r. of Bolivia, which forms the only outlet of L. Titicaca. After traversing a long valley of its own name, it loses itself, by evaporation, in a small lake called Lago del Desaguadero, or sometimes the L. of Ullagas (ool-yA-ogas). DESHA, desh-Al, a co. in the S. E. part of Ark., at the mouth of the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,900. DES MOINES, de-moint, a r. of Iowa, which flows into the. Mississippi r. DES MOINES, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 12,987. DE SOI-To, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 19,042. Co. seat, Hernando. DESI-SAU, (Ger. pron. dest-sou,) a t. of Germany, the cap. of the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, on the Mulde, two miles above its junction with the Elbe. Dessau is well supplied with institutions for public instruction; among which, we may mention its college for young ladies, its admirable gymnasium or high-school, and its school for the education of Jews, which is much celebrated. Lat. 51~ 48' N., Lon. 120 17' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) DETMOLD. See LIPPE. DE-TROITI, (Fr. D6troit, da'-trwAt, i. e. "strait" or "narrow passage,") a name given by the French to the river which connects L. St. Clair with L. Erie, and forms a part of the boundary between Mich. and Canada. It is 28 m. long, and is navigable for large vessels. DETROIT, cap. ot Wayne co. and formerly of the state of Mich. is situated on the Detroit r., from which it takes its name. By its position on the great chain of lakes, and by means of the connecting rivers and canals, it has a ready communication, by water, with all the more im. portant places in the union. As might be expected, its growth has recently been very rapid, Its pop. in 1819, was only 1,110; in 1830, about double that number; in 1850, it amounted to 21,019. Detroit was 17 194 DEU —DIJ Fhte, far, fMi, f.t; m6, mrt; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; oo as in good; founded by the French, in 1670, and has ever since been a military post. It is also a port of entry. Lat. 42C 24' N., Lon. 82~ 58' W. DEUTZ, doits, (the Tui/tium of the Romans,) a village on the right bank of the Rhine, connected, by a bridge of boats, with Cologne, of which it may be regarded as a suburb. Pop. 3,700. (B.) DEUX-PONTS, du&'-pbNI, (Ger. Zweibrficken. tswi-brtikf-ken,) a t. of Germany, the cap. formerly of a duchy, now of a bailiwick of the same name,; in the Bavarian prov. of the Rhine, about 50 m. W. of Speyer (Spire). The French name Deux-ponts, and the German ZwEIBRijCKEN, signifying'"two bridges," are derived from the circumstance of its old castle being situated between two bridges. Lat. 490 10' N., Lon. 70 20' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) DEVENTER or DEWENTER, di/-ven-ter, a fortified t. of Holland, in the prov. of Overyssel, on the r. Yssel, about 54 m. E. by S. from Amsterdam. Pop. 10,()0(). (B.) DE-vml-ZE., a t. of England, in Wiltshire, 16 m. E. by S. from Bath. Pop. 4,631. DEVI-QN-P6RT', a fortified seaport t. of England, with a royal dockyard, in Devonshire, 11 m. W. of Plymouth, at the mouth of the river Tamar. The dock-yard, one of the finest in the world, comprises an area of 71 acres. Pop., including Stone-house parish, 43,532. DEV-9ON-SHIRE, a co. in the S. W. part of England, bordering on the English and the Bristol channels. Pop. 533,460. DE WITT, a co. near the centre of Ill. Pop. 5,002. DHAWALACHI.RI da-wol'a-ghert-re. See HIMALAYAS. DIARBEKIR, dee-ar'-bek-eer/, or DI-AR/-BEKR, a walled t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Mesopotamia, on the right bank of the Tigris. It was formerly much more flourishing than at present, and carried on an extensive commerce with India, through Bagdad, and with Europe, through Aleppo. Lat. about 370 55' N., Lon. 390 54' E. Pop. estimated at above 60,000. (B.) DICK/-sON, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,404. Co. t. Charlotte. DII or DIEZ, SAINT, SAN de'-BA, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Vosges. Lat. 48~ 17' N., Lon. 60 57' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,560. (P. C.) DIEPPE, dyepp, or de-eppf, a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the coast of the English channel (La Manche), 92 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine establishment for sea-bathing. Lat. 49~ 55' N., Lon. 10 5' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) DIEST, deest, a t. of Belgium, in S. Brabant, 32 m. E. N. E. of Brus. sels. Pop. 6,000. (B.) DGaNE, deef (Anc. Dinia), a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Alps, with a college. In its vicinity are warm mineral springs, which early attract to this place many strangers. Lat. 44~ 5' N., Lon. 6~ 14' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) DIJON, de'-zh6NI, (Anc. Dibio or Divio,) a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Cote d'Or, and formerly of the prov. of Burgundy, on the r. Ouche (oosh), a branch of the Saone, 162 m. S. E. of Paris. Dijon 16' DIL-DlOA 195 ou, as in our; th, as in tlinl; Tn, tas in this; N, nearly like ng. has long been eminent for the cultivation of literature and science. II has an academie universilaire, with the faculties of law, science, and literature; also a museum of painting, and a botanic garden. Lat. 470 19' N.. Lon. 5" 2' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) DILi-LING-EN, a t. of Bavaria, on the Danube. Lat. 48~ 34' N., Lon. 10~ 30' E. Pop. 3,300. (B.) DINAN, de'-n:aN1, a t. of France, in the dep. of C6tes du Nord, on thel r. Rance, at the entrance of the canal of the Ille and Rance, 200) m. WV. by S. from Paris. Lat. 48" 27' N., Lon. 2~ 4' W. Pop. in 1832, 8,044. (P. C.) DINANT, de'-naNlt, or de-nrntt, an ancient t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Namrnur, ont the Meuse, about 12 In. S. by E. of the city of Namur. Its name is supposed to be derived from a temple dedicated to Diana, which once stood on this spot. Lat. 5()~0 15' N., Lon. 4" 54' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) DINGLE, ding/-gle, a seaport t. of Ireland, in Kerry co., on a bay of the same name. Lat. 52~ 9' N., Lon. 10" 16' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,327. (P. C.) DIN-WIDI-DXE, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on the Appomattox r. Pop. 25,118. Seat of' justice, Dinwiddie c. h. DIsMAL SWAMP, a tract of marshy land, between Virginia and North Carolina. It is about 30 m. lonog and 10 m. broad. In the centre is Drummond's Pond,15 m. in circumference, in about 36~ 85' N. Lat., and 76~ 30' W. Lon. DIXMUDE, djx'-miide/, (Flem. Dixmuyden, dix-moif-den or dix-moildeh,) a fortified t. of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 20 m. S. W. of Bruoes. Lat. 510 2' N., Lon. 2~ 52' E. Pop. 3,189. (P. C.) DIZIER, SAINT, SaN de'-ze-YI, a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne, situated on the r. Marne, which, at this place, begins to be navigable. Lat. 48~ 38' N., Lon. 40 56' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,957. (P. C.) DJIDDA. See JIDDA. DNIEPER, neef-per, (Russ. pron. dnyepf-er, or dne-Af-per; Anc. Borystthenes,) one of the largest rivers of European Russia, which rises in the N. part of the government of Smolensk, and, flowing in a general southern direction, unites with the Bog, and forms a large liman (le-mntl) or swampy lake at the N. N. W. extremity of the Black Sea, nearly 50 m. long, and from 1 to 6 broad. The whole length of the Dnieper is perhaps 1,200 in. DNIESTER, neest-ter, (Russ. pron. dnyest-ter or dne-Acet-ter: Ane. Tytras, afterwards Danasftris,) an important r. of European Russia. which commences from a small lake in Austrian Galicia, in about 49~ N. Lat., and 23~ E. Lon., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direction, enters the Black Sea by a broad liman (see DNIEPER), about 19m. Iong and 5 m. wide. Its whole length is not less than 510 m. DOAB or DOOAB, doo-abf, signifying "two waters," is employed in fIindostan, to denote any tract of land included between two rivers, and is equivalent to the Greek MESOPOTAMIA. There are several Doabs in India, but the dist. to which the name is most generally applied, is situN 196 DOD-DON Fhte, fMr, fall, fit; m6, mot; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; ated between the Ganoges and the Jumna. This tract is above 500 m. long, and, on an average, about 55 m. broad. DODGE, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin. Pop. 19,138. DOFRAFIELD. See DOVREFIELD. D6LE, a t. of France, in the dep. of Jura, on the r. Doubs and the canal which connects the Rhone with the Rhine. It has a college and several other scientific and literary institutions. Lat. 470 7' N., Lon. 5~ 28' E. Pop. in 1832, 7,304. (P. C.) DOLGELLY, dol-geth/-le, the largest t. of Merionethshire, in Wales. Lat. 527 44' N.,,Lon. 30 51' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,695. DOL/-LART, a small gulf, situated in the N. extremity of Holland, at the mouth of the ro Ems. DOMINGO, SAINT. See HAYTT. DomlNICA, dom'-in-eel-ka, or, more usually, dom'-in-eekt, one of the W. India Islands belonging to the English. It is intersected by the parallel of 15~ 18' N. Lat., and the meridian of 61~ 28' W. Lon., and is 28 m. long. The area is computed at 260 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 18,660. (P. C.) DON, (Anc. Tan/ais; Tartar Door-na; Calmuck Ton-goolt,) a r. of European Russia, which rises from a small lake in the government of Toola, in about 54~ N. Lat., and, flowing in a general southerly course, empties itself into the N. E. extremity of the Sea of Azoph, by several mouths. Its whole length is estimated at 900 m. DONs-COSf-sACKS. The territory of the Don-Cossacks is a free country, which acknowledges the Russian sovereign as its.chief, but is not reduced to the condition of a province, or organized as a government, like other parts of the empire. It lies between 460 5' and 51~ 12' N. Lat., and 37~ 23' and 44~ 42' E. Lon. Agriculture, c. ttle-breeding, the fisheries, and the cultivation of the vine, constitute t ie principal occupation of the Don-Cossacks. Their -mode of life is in general very simple and frugal, and the enjoyment of civil freedon has given them an independence of mind, which places them far hig ier in the social scale than the abject Russian. They are proverbial y hospitable and cheerful, but violent when excited, and, although tLey consider the plunder of their enemy lawful in war, theft is almost unknown among them. Pop. 529,083. (P. C.) New Tcherkask is their capital. Lat. 47~ 24' N., Lon. 390 57' E. Pop. between 11,000 and 12,000. (P. C.) DONAGHADEE, don'-a-na-deef, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Down, on the coast of the Irish Channel, where packets are established for the conveyance of the mails to and from Port Patrick, in Scotland, which is 21 m. distant. Lat. 540 38' N., Lon. 50 34' W. Pop. in 1831, 2,986. (P. C.) DONCt-AS-TER, (Lat. Da/num; Saxon Dona Ceaster,) a handsome t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Don, a branch of the Aire, 32 m. S. by W. of York. Pop. 10,455. DON'-E-GAVL, a co. in the prov. of Ulster, occupying the N. W. extremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 289,149. (P. C.) DON-DOU 197 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. DONEGAL, a t. of the above co., situated near the head of a bay of the same name. Lat. 540 39' N., Lon. 8~ 6' W. DONt-GO-LA, a prov. of Upper Nubia, extending along the banks of the Nile, from about 18~ to 19~ 30'N. Lat. (P. C.) Its length is about 150 m.; its breadth may be considered as extending no farther than the strip of productive land on each side of the river, which is front 1 m. to -3 m. wide; beyond this is the desert. The principal town is Mar-aglga or New Dongola, in Lat. 19~ 9' N. Old Dongola is farther S.; it was formerly a considerable town, but is now almost deserted. DORI-CHrES-TER, (called by the Romans Durnovaria and Durinum; Saxon Dornceaster, probably a corruption of Durini Castra, i. e. the "Station of Durinum,") a t. of England, cap. of Dorsetshire, 112 m. S. by W. from London. Lat. 50~ 43' N., Lon. 2~ 26' WV. Pop., including an area of 3 sq. m., 3,249. DORCHESTER, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on the Chesapeake Bay and state of Del. Pop. 18,877. Co. t. Cambridge. DOR-DOQrNEI, (Fr. pron. doa'-dofin,) a r. in the S. of France, which rises in the dep. of Puy de D6me, and, flowing in a general westerly direction, unites with the Garonne, at Bourg (booR), about 15 m. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its whole length is nearly 250 m., for more than 130 of which it is navigable. DORDOGNE, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, deriving its name from the above river, by which it is intersected. Pop. 487,502. (B.':) Capital, PWrigueux. DORDRECHT, doRtl-re'it, or DORT, an ancient city of S. Hlolland, on an i. formed by the Meuse, 12 m. S. E. of Rotterdam. It was the birthplace of Gerard Vossius and the brothers Dewit. Lat. 510 49' N., Lon. 40 40' E. Pop. estimated at 17,000. (B.) DORNOcH, dort-noRi, a small t. in the N. of Scotland, in the co. of Sutherland, on a frith of the same name. Lat. 57~ 52' N., Lon. 40 2' W. DORPAT, doRa-pAttt, or DORPT, a t. in the Russian government of Livonia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Great Embach (emr-baK), which is navigable from this place to its entrance into the Peipus. It has several institutions, among which may be cited its flourishing university, attended by about 580 students, and postessing a library of near 60,000 vols. Lat. 580 22' N., Lon. 26~ 43' E. Pop. in 1833, 10,802. (P. C.) DoaR-SET-SHIRE, a co. in the S. of England, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 175,043. DoUAI or DOUAY, dood-a, an ancient fortress and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Scarpe, a branch of the Scheldt, and on a canal, by which it communicates with the principal places of the dep. and of the Low Countries. It has an academie universitaire, a royal college, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 50~ 21' N., Lon. 30 4' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Douss, doobz, a r. in the E. of France, which rises in the dep. to 17* 198 DOU-DOW Flte, ftr, f1ll, fAt; mn, m6t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as in good; which it gives its name, and, after a very circuitous course of about 210 m., falls into the Sa6ne, at Verdun. Douss, a dep. in the E. part of France, on the above r., and bordering on Switzerland. Pop. 276,274. (B.) Capital, Besangon. DoUGI-L~s, a seaport, and the largest t. in the Isle of Man, on the S. E. coast. Lat. 54~ 10' N., Lon. 4~ 26' W. Pop. 8,647. DoURao, door-ro, (Port. pron. d6o-Ro; Sp. Duero, doo-a-ro; the Duerius of the ancient Romans;) one of the principal rivers of the Spanish peninsula, which rises in the N. part of the prov. of Soria, in Old Castile, and flowing, for the most part, in a westerly direction, passes through Portugal, and empties itself into the Atlantic, in about 41' 10' N. Lat. Its whole course is nearly 500 m. Dot-v.R (Lat. Dutbris; Saxon, Dwyr; Fr. Douvres, doovR); a t. of England, and one of the Cinque Ports, situated in the co. of Kent, 72 m. E. S. E. of London. From its proximity to the continent, Dover has long been the usual port of embarkation or landing, for persons going to, or coming from France. (See CALAIS.) Lat. 510 8' N., Lon. 1~ 19' E. Pop. 13,872. DOVER, the cap. of Strafford co., N. H., on the Cochelco r., an affluent of the Piscataqua, 12 m. N. N. W. of Portsmouth. Lat. 430 13' N., Lon. 70~ 54' W. Pop. 8,186. DOVER, the cap. of the state of Delaware, on Jones's Creek, about 9 m. from its entrance into Delaware Bay. Lat. 390 10' N., Lon. 750 30' W. DOVER, STRAIT OF. See ENGLISH CHANNEL. Do6-VRE-FX-ELD (Norw. Daavrefield, d6'-vre-fyeld/), a ridge of mountains in Norway, situated between 62~ and 63~ N. Lat. Commencing on or near the boundary between Norway and Sweden, it runs southwesterly, and, alongf with another chain, divides Norway into North and South. The name is derived from DAAVRE (d&t-vreh), a small village, near 620 N. Lat., and 9~ 20' E. Lon., and field orfjeld, a " mountain ridge." The appellation of DOVREFIELD is often incorrectly applied to the whole chain of mountains which divide Norway from Sweden. The highest peak of these mountains, the Skagst6ls Tind, has an elevation of about 8,400 ft. above the level of the sea. DOWLATABAD, dout-la-ta-bad, a strongly fortified t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Aurungabad. The fort consists of an enormous insulated mass of granite, standing a mile and a half from any hill, and rising to the height of 500 ft. The passage into the fort is cut out of the solid rock, and can be entered by only one person at a time, in a stooping posture. From this entrance, the passage, still cut through the rock, is winding and very narrow, and is obstructed by seve-i doors. Altogether, the place is so strong, that a very small nuzloer of persons within, might bid defiance to a numerous army. Lat. 190 54' N., Lon. 750 5' E. DOWN, a co. in the N. E. part of Ireland, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 352.,012. (P. C.) DOW —DRO 199 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIt, as in this; N, nearly like ng. DOWN-PAT/-RICK, a t. of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., 72 m. N. by E. of Dublin. Lat. 540 19' N., Lon. 50 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,784. DRAGUIGNAN, dr'-gheen'-yANf, a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Var, about 60 m. E. N. E. of Marseilles. Lat. 430 32 N., Lon. 6~ 30' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) DRAMMEN, dramf-men, a seaport t. of Norway, situated on a broad and impetuous r. of the same name, which discharges its waters into the Gulf of Christiania, It has an extensive trade in timber, and a greater number of vessels enter its port than any other in Norway. (B.) Lat. 590 44' N., Lon. 10~ 12' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) DRAVE (Lat. Dralvus; Ger. Drau, drou; Slavonian, Drava, dral-vA); a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in the eastern part of Tyrol, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Danube, about 13 m. below Eszek, in Croatia. Its whole length is near 400 m. DRENTHE, drenf-teh, a small prov. in the E. part of Holland, bordering on the kingdom of Hanover. DRESI-DEN, the cap. of the kingdom of Saxony, and one of the handsomest towns of Europe, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, about 225 m. N. N. W. of Vienna, in the midst of a rich and delightful country. It is divided into three parts; on the left bank of the Elbe is Dresden Proper, or the Old Town (Alt-stadt), and Fredericstown (Friederichs-stadt), separated from it by the Weiseritz (wif-zer-its), a small stream which flows into the Elbe at this place: the New Town (Neustadt), stands on the right bank of the river, which is here 480 ft. wide. Among the remarkable buildings which Dresden contains, may be mentioned the new Catholic church, which is regarded as the finest edifice in the place, and one of the handsomest churches in Germany. Dresden is distinguished by the number and character of its institutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature. The gallery of paintings, in this city, is one of the most extensive and most costly in the world; and the Royal Public Library contains more than 220,000 vols. There is also a college of medicine and surgery, founded in 1816; an academy of painting and architecture; a superb collection of precious stones, pearls, works in jewelry, &c., which is valued at nearly a million sterling; and a collection of ancient and moderniweapons, &c. Lat. 510 3' N., Lon. 13~ 43' E. Pop. according to Balbi, 70,000. By the census of 1843, it was 90,200. DREUX, druh, (Anc. Durocastses, afterwards Drofcam,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, 41 m. W. by S. from Paris. Lat. 480 43' N., Lon. 1~ 21' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,166. (P. C.) DRIN, dreen, or DRINO, dreel-no, a r. of Albania, which flows into a gulf of the same name, on the S. E. coast of the Adriatic, in Lat. 410 42' N. Its length is about 150 m. DROGHEDA, drohf-He-da, a seaport t. near the E. coast of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, situated on the Boyne, about 30 m. N. of Dublin. The town, with its liberties, forms what is called the county of the town of Drogheda. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, and many of the Irish parliaments were held here, particularly during the 200 DRIO-DUB Fkte, far, fill, fAt; m6, m6t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; i55 as in good; 15th century. The pop. of the co., which contains an area of above 9 sq. m., was, in 1831, 17,365. (P. C.) DaouoBIcz, drot-ho-bich', or DROI-HO-VITSCHx, a flourishing t. of Austrian Galicia, with extensive salt-works. Lat. 490 22' N., Lon. 23~ 35' E. Pop. in 1826, 11,290. (B.) DROITWICI, droitt-ich, a small t. of' Enogland, in VVorcestershire, 6 m,:N. N. E. of Worcester, important on account of its salt springs. A canal, 6 m. in length, connects it with the Severn. DROME, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone, and intersected by a small stream of the same name. Pop. 305,499. (B.) Capital, Valence. DRONTHEIM, drontf-im, (Norw. Troniem, trot-ne-em, and Trondhiem or Trondjem, trund/-yem,) a city of Norway, formerly cap. of a prov. of the same name, and once the residence of the Norwegian kings, on the bay of Trondhiem, by which it is almost surrounded. Tile houses are chiefly built of wood. Drontheim has a college, a royal academy of sciences, a public library, &c. Lat. 63~ 26' N., Lon. 10~ 23' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) DRUI-rE.S (Arab. Do-roozf), a people who inhabit the chain of Libanus, in Syria, being under the government of their own chiefs, and possessing a religion peculiar to themselves. Their vernacular tongue is Arabic. Little is known of their religion, as many of its doctrines and rites are kept profoundly secret. Should any one of the Druses reveal the mysteries of his religion, he would incur the penalty of death. All agree in representing these people as industrious, brave, and hospitable. DUBI-LIN, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, and bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the city, 176,012. DUBLIN, (Anc. Ebla/na), the chief city of Ireland, forming, by itself, a county, called the county of the city of Dublin. It is situated on both sides of the r. Liffey, at its entrance into the Bay of Dublin. This town may be ranked among the handsomest in the United Kingdom, both as regards the character of its buildings and its situation, which is in a high degree picturesque. Among the various scientific and literary institutions of'Dublin, may be mentioned the University, which is one of the most richly endowed in Europe; the number of students on the books in 1838, was about 2,000: the School of Natural Sciences, in,which six different professors give gratuitous lectures on various scientific subjects: and the Royal Hibernian Society of painting, sculpture, and architecture. There are few cities in which charitable institutions are more numerous, or better supported, than in Dublin. Besides the various establishments for the relief of the sick and indigent, there are 199 charitable schools, in 34 of which the scholars are lodged, boarded, clothed, &c. Dublin is the seat of an archbishopric both of the church of Rome and of England. Lat. of the Observatory 53~ 23';13" N., Lon. 6~ 20' 30" W. Pop. in 1851 254,850. D)reNo, doobl-no, a t. of European Russia, in Volhynia, the cap. of a DIUB3-DUM 201 ou, as in our; tll, as in thinz; THi, as in thzis; N, nearly like ng. circle of the same name. Lat. 50~ 25' N., Lon. 25~ 40' E. Pop. about 5,700, of which a great number are Jews. (P. C.) Du-Boisl, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 6,321. Co. t. Jasper. Du BuqUE, du book/, [oo as in moon,] a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 10,841. Co. t. Dubuque. DUCK RIVER, a r. in Tenn., which flows into the Tennessee r. from the E. DUDI-LEY, a t. of England, in Worcestershire, 26 m. N. N. E. of Worcester. This town derives its origin and name from Dodo, a Saxon prince, who built here a strong castle, about the year 700. The principal occupation of the inhabitants consists in the smelting and working of iron ore, with which the whole neighbourhood abounds, as well as with coal. Pop. 17,077. DUvsuRGa, doof-is-b66aRG, a t. belonging to the kingdom of Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated near the right bank of the Rhine, which once washed its walls. It is said to derive its name from the Teutones, who had a camp on this spot; it was called, by the Romans, Castrum Deusonis. A forest, in the vicinity, is mentioned by Tacitus, under the name of Saltus Teutoburgensis. Duisburg has recently been declared a free port. Lat. 51~ 26' N., Lon. 6~ 46' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.) DUKE'S, a co. of Mass., comprising Martha's Vineyard and the adjacent islands. Pop. 4,540. Co. t. Edgartown. DULCE, Rio, reetl-o doolf-sh, or dooll-tha, a r. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, which flows into the Lake of Porongos, in about 30~ 10' S. Lat., and 62~ VW. Lon. The name Dulce (sweet) is given to it in contradistinction to the neighbouring salt rivers, the Salado and Saladillo (which see). DULCIGNO, dool-cheenf-yo, sometimes written DOLCIGNO, (Anc. Olcinfium; Turk. Ol'-goonl) a seaport t. of Albania, situated on the coast of the Adriatic. Lat. 410 55' N., Lon. 19~ 12' E. The pop., according to Balbi, is about 2,000, but some other writers estimate it much higher. DULWICH, dul/-ich, a village of England, in the co. of Surrey, 5 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for a college founded by Edward Allen, a comedian, in the reign of James I., which was opened in 1619. A costly collection of pictures was added to the college in 1810, by the bequest of the late Sir Francis Bourgeois. DUM-BARI-TON, a t of Scotland, the cap. of Dumbartonshire, is situated at the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde, 14 m. W. N. W. of Glasgow. It is defended by a strong castle, which is garrisonedu Pop. 3,782. DvuM-nARa-ToN-sHIRE, a maritime co. in the W. of Scotland, consist ing of two detached portions. Pop. 44,296. DUMFRIES, dum-freecel, a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, bordering on Solway Frith. Pop. 72,830. DUMFRIES, a t. of Scotland, cap. of the above co., and the seat of a -202 DUN-DUR Fhte, fkr, fAll, fat; me, mnt; pile or pine, pin; n6, nbt; oo as in good; presbytery and synod, is beautifully situated on the r. Nith, about 9 m. from its influx into Solway Frith. Pop. 10,069. DUN-BARt, a seaport t.of Scotland, in the co. of Haddington, situated at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 27 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh. It has a secure harbour, which is defended by a battery. The name signifies the " Castle of Bar,"' and originated from its having been bentowed, in the 9th century, by Kenneth, king of Scotland, on Bar, a va.liant captain who had signalized himself in the war against the Picts. Pop. 3,013. DUN-DALK/, a seaport t. of Ireland, the cap. of the co. of Louth, on a bay of the same name, 46 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. 10,078. (M.) DUN-DEE/, a seaport t. and royal burgh of Scotland, in the shire of Forfar, situated on the N. side of the Frith of Tay,* about 36 m. N. by E. of Edinburgh. This town is the chief seat of the British linen manufacture; the business commenced about the middle of last century, from which time to the present, its increase has been astonishing. Lat. 56~ 27' N., Lon. 2~ 58' W. Pop. 60,553, exceeding that of 1831 by more than 15,000. DUNFERMELINE, dum-f(rf-lin, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 15 m. N. W. of Edinburgh, and 2. m. N. of the Frith of Forth. Pop. of the parish, 20,217, of which 7,865 belong to the town. DUN-GAN/-NQN, a t. of Ireland, in Tyrone co. Lat. 540 31' N., Lon. 6~- 46' E. DIINKELD, ordinarily pronounced dun-kellt, a small t. of Scotland, in Perthshire, situated on the N. bank of the r. Tay, about 25 in. W. N. W. of Dundee. It is said to have been the capital of ancient Caledonia. Pop. 1,096. DUN-IKIRK, (Fr. Dunkerque, duN'-keRkf,) a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, about 150 m. N. of Paris. It is said to owe its origin to a chapel founded by St. Eloi, which, from its situation among the sandy downs of the coast, took the name of Dun-kirk, i. e. the " church of the downs." This place was declared a free port in 1816, which has considerably increased its commercial prosperity. By means of fthe canal of Furnes, it communicates with the several canals which intersect Belgium. Lat. 510 2' N., Lon. 2~ 23' E. Pop. 25,000. (B.) Du PAGE, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ill., W. of Chicago. Pop. 9,290. DUI-PLIN, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., intersected by the N. branch of Cape Fear r. Pop. 13,514. Co. t. Kenansville. DURANCE, dti'-raNce/, (Anc. Druen/tia,) a r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the Rhone a little below Avignon. DURANGO, doo-rang/-go, a t. of Mexico, the cap. of a state of the same name, situated in a wide plain. Lat. about 24~ 28' N., Lon. 1050 W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.)' The name is not improbably a corruption of Dun-Tay, or the "Castle of the'ray." Buchanan calls it, in Latin, Taodunum, which is equivalent to Dun-Tay. DUR —EAS 203 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TaI, as in this; N, nearly like gng. DURAZZO, doo-rat/-so, or DURAS, doo-rasf, (Anc. Dyrrach/iuml,) a t. on the coast of Albania, in European Turkey. Lat. 41~ 19T' N., Lon. 190 27'E. Pop. estimated at 5,000. DU/I-REN, formerly called MARK-DtREN, (the Marcodufrum of the RPumans,) a walled t. in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, cap. of a circle of the same name, With flourishing manufactures. Lat. 50~ 46' N., Lon. 6~ 30' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) DUR/-H.4M, a co. in the N. E. part of England, bordering on the sea Pop. 324,284. DURHAM, a city of England, the cap. of the above, on the banks of the r. Wear, 67 m. N. N. W. of York. It is the seat of a university. Lat. 540 46' N., Lon. 1~ 34' W. Pop., including an area of 16 sq. m., 14,151. DURLACH, d66R1-l'VIu, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, cap. of a circle of its own name, formerly the residence of the Margraves of Baden, is situated about 4 m. S. E. of Carlsruhe. Lat. 48~ 59' N., LON. 8O 30' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.) DiUS-SEL-DORF', a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and, formerly, of the grand-duchy of Berg, is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the point where the Dfissel flows into that river, whence the name Diisseldorf, i. e. " village of the Diissel." It was raised from the rank of a village to that of a municipal town, by Adolphus V., duke of Berg, in 1288. It is one of the best built and handsomest towns on the Rhine, and possesses a number of literary and scientific institutions, besides a public library, containing about 30,000 vols. Lat. 510 14' N., Lon. 6~ 47 E. Pop. above 24,000. (B.) DUTCHI-Ess, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 58,992. Co. t. Poughkeepsie. DU-vLI/, a co. in the N. E. part of Florida, bordering on the sea. Pop. 4,539. Co. t. Jacksonville. DuYVELAND, doit-vel-ant, a small i. of Holland, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand, E. of Schouwen. DWII-N4, (Russ. Dzwina or Dzveel-na,) a large r. in the N. of Russia, which rises in the government of Vologda, and, flowing northwesterly, empties itself into the White sea, below Archangel, by several mouths. Its whole length is computed at 736 m.; it is navigable fcr 240 m. DY/. ER, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 6,361. Co. t. Dyersburg. DYL, generally written, and always to be pronounced, Dyle, a r. of Holland, which flows into the Scheldt, about 9 m. above Antwerp. EARLY, erf-le, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochie r. Pop. 7,246. Co. t. Blakeley. EAST INDIES. See INDIA. EASTI-ON, the cap. of Northampton co., Pa., situated at the influx of the Lehigh r. into the Delaware, opposite to the termination of the 204 EAS-ECU Fate, fir, fM1, fit; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 65 as in good; Morris. canal, about 50 m. in a straight line N. from Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840 4,865, it is now probably above 8,000. EAS'r/-PoRT, a port of entry of Maine, on the W. side of Passamaquoddy Bay, near its junction with the sea. Lat. 440 54' N., Lon. 66t 56' W. EAST RIVER. See LONG ISLAND SOUND. EASTI-VILLE, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Northampton co., 85 m. in a straight line E. by S. from Richmond. EAT/-ON, a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Grand r. Pop. 7,058. Co. t. Bellevue. EI-BRO, (Sp. pron. atf-bro; Lat. Iberrus,) a r. of Spain, which rises at the foot of the Asturian mountains, in Old Castile, and, flowing in a south-easterly direction, falls into the Mediterranean, in about 40~ 42' N. Lat., and 0~ 52' E. Lon. Its whole course is above 400 m. EccLoo, ek-ldil, a t. of E. Flanders, 13 m. N. W. of Ghent. Pop above 7,000. (B.) EcIJA, Althe-Ha, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, situated on the r. Genil (uHi-neell), a branch of the Guadalquivir, about 40 m. E. N. E. of Seville. Pop. 34,000. (P. C.) ECUADOR, ek-wa-doRne, (i. e. "Equator," so named from its situation, being intersected, through its whole length, by the equinoctial line,) one of the three republics which, previously to 1831, constituted the republic of Colombia. (See CoLOMBIA.) It is situated between 1~ 36' and 4~ 55' S. Lat., and 70~ 20' and 81~ W. Lon.*; bounded on the N. by New Granada, E. by Brazil, S. by Peru, and W. by the Pacific. The area is calculated at 360,000 sq. m. The climate of Ecuador, as might be expected, varies considerably in different regions. In the valley of Quito the seasons are scarcely distinguishable. The mean temperature of the day, all the year round, is between 60~ and 670, and that of the night between 48~ and 52~ of Fahrenheit. The winds blow continually, but never with great violence. During the whole morning, till 1 or 2 o'clock, the weather is generally delightful, and the sky serene; but, after this, the vapours begin to rise, which are followed by dreadful tempests of thunder and lightning, with torrents of rain. At sunset, the weather usually clears up, and the nights are as serene as the mornings. Sometimes, however, the rain continues several days. The season between September and May is called the winter, and the remainder of the year the summer. The winter is only distinguished by a somewhat greater quantity of rain, and the summer by a greater number of fine days. The valley of Quito has a mean elevation of about 9,600 ft. above the sea, which may account for the climate being comparatively so cool. In those parts of Ecuador, which lie near the sea, the thermometer ranges much higher. The animal and vegetable productions of this country do not appear. to differ from those of the 5 The limits of this country appear not to be accurately defined. We have given the latitudes and longitudes according to the maps published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. EDE-EDI 205 ou, as in our; th, as in thitn; TH, as in this: N, nearly like nig. neighbouring regions of S. America. The most common fruit-trees are cherimoyers,* pine-apples, and papayas. There are also extensive plantations of sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, and cocoa. Among the forest-trees is the cinchona, which yields the Peruvian bark. The pop. of Ecuador is stated. by Balbi, at 630.000. Quito is the capital. EI-DEN-TQN, a port of entry of N. C., cap. of Chowan co., near the mouth of the Chowan r., at the head of a small bay to which it gives its name. EDI-Foo, (Ane. Apollinoptolis Maglna,) a small t. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its temple, which is one of the finest and best preserved in Egypt. Lat. 25~ N., Lon. 32~ 52' E. EDI-GAR, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on Indiana. Pop. 10,692. Co. t. Paris. EDI-G4R-TO.N; a port of entry of Mass., cap. of Duke's co.; on the E. side of Martiha's Vineyard. EDGECOMBE, ej1-kum. a co. in the N. E. central part of N. C.. intersected by the Tar r. Pop. 17,189. Co. t. Tarborough. EDGE/-FIELD. a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 39,262. Seat of justice. Edgefield c. h. EDINBURGH, edl-in-bur'-fih, the metropolis of Scotland, is situated in the northern part of a co. of the same name, about 1A m. from the Frith of Forth, and 337 m. N. by W. from London. Edinburgh is divided, by a valley, into two parts, the Old and the New Town. The former is irregularly built, the streets are narrow, and some of them are very dirty. In this part, the houses have sometimes 12 and even 14 stories. The New Town, on the other hand, is built with great regularity, with wide and handsome streets, and will bear a comparison with the finest capitals of Europe. Among the remarkable edifices of Edinburgh, we may mention the palace of Holyrood, the ancient residence of the Scottish kings; and the castle, situated at the western extremity of the Old Town, on a rugged rock which rises on three sides, from a level plain, abruptly, to a height varying from 150 to 200ft. In some parts, the precipice is perpendicular, and even over. hangs its base. The summit is crowned with military works, which, contrasted with the s:-illme and rocky scenery beneath, give an aspect A-*' lmhh;-ein:.pressibly grand and romantic. The castle, with its works, occupies an area of 7 acres, and is separated from the town by an open space nearly 300ft. square. Edinburgh has several noble claritable institutions, among which may be cited the Royal Infirmary, Heriot's I-Iospital, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Blind. The multitude of its learned societies, its celebrated university, one of the first in Europe, the various and important publications which -are continnally issuing from its presses, and its numerous * The cherimoyer is the anona cherimolia of naturalists, a downy-leaved species of anona, said to bear a great resemblance to the custard-apple of the West Indies. 18 206 EDI —EGY Fate, fir, fMll, fMt; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, nht; oo as in good; periodicals, among which the "Edinburgh Review" is especially distinguished, appear fully to justify the appellation of "the modern Athens," which has frequently been bestowed upon the Scottish capital. The name of Edinburgh is supposed by some to be derived fiom Edwin. a king of Northumberland, in the time of the Heptarchy. This derivation is supported by the fact that the town was anciently called EDWINESBURG or EDWINESBURCH. The castle of Edinburgh was long called by the name of Castellum or Castrum Puellarum; i. e. the "maidens' castle," in consequence, it is said, of its having been the residence' of the daughters of the Pictish kings. Lat. of the Observatory, 55~ 57' 23" N.. Lon. 30 1.0' 54" W. Pop. of the city and suburbs in 1841; 138,182; in 1848 about 190,000. EDINBURGH or MID-LoTInIAN, mid-lot-Ttie-an, a co. in the S. E. central part of Scotland, bordering on the Frith of Forth. Entire pop. 225,454. EDq-IS-To, a r. of S. C., which flows into the Atlantic, through two channels, called the S. and N. Edisto inlets. The former, which is the principal one, joins the sea in Lat. 32~ 27' N. Edisto Island is situated between these two arms of the r. Edisto. EDI-MOND-SON, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 4,088. Co. t. Brownsville. EDI-WARDS, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., intersected by the Little Wabash. Pop. 3,524. Co. t. Albion. EF/-FING-HAM. a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers. Pop. 3,864. Co. t. Springfield. EFFINGHAM, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ill., intersected by the Little Wabash. Pop. 3,799. Co. t Ewington. EGI-E.R (Ger. pron. A/-Ger), a r. of Bohemia, which flows into the Elbe. EGER (in Bohemian Cheb, ueb); the third t. in point of pop. in the kingdom of Bohemia, on the right bank of the river of the same name. It contains a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. About 3 m. from this place are some warm mineral springs, and an establishment for bathing, which are much frequented during summer. Many thousand bottles of the water are annually exported. The cele. brated Wallenstein was assassinated in Eger, in 1634. Lat. 50~ 5' N., Lon. 12~ 24' E. Pop. above 9;000. (B.) El-GYPT (Gr. Atyvzttof; Lat. _Agypltus; Hebrew. Mizr or Mizraim; Arab. Masr or Musr; Coptic. Chain or Khem); a country occupying the N. E. part of Africa. situated between 24~ 8' and 31~ 32' N. Lat., bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the little r. El Arisll, on the border of Palestine, the desert of Idumea and the Red Sea, S. by Nubia, its southern limit, from the oldest time, having been fixed at the cataracts of Asswan (Assouan), and W. by the Libyan desert. Its length, from N. to S., is about 520 m.; its breadth is difficult to determine; if it be considered to extend from the Red Sea to the most westerly of the oases belonging to Egypt, it will amount to between 300 EGY 207 nm, as in our0; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and 400 m. Egypt may be regarded as essentially consisting of tile valley of the Nile and the Delta, as these are the only parts, except the oases, where there is a settled population. Following the windlings of the river, the length of the valley of' the Nile, from Asswan to the southern extremity of the Delta, is about 500 m. The breadth varies considerably, but it is seldom more than ten miles, and in many places, especially in Upper Egypt, is not two, including the breadth of tilhe river, which varies froin 2,000 to 4,000 ft. This valley is bounded on both sides by a ridge of rocky hills, which rise in sorne places more than 1,000 ft. above the level of the river. Tilhe cultivable land does not extend on either side of the Nile to the base of this ridge. Between the narrow tract, which is fertilized by the overflowing of' the river, or by artificial irrigation, and the neighbouring mountains; there is a strip of drifting sand, which, in many places, appears to encroach upon the cultivated ground. The mountain ridges; which enclose the Nile, as above described, separate near Cairo; the eastern one leaves the valley first. and, turning off abruptly, runs towards the N. extremity of the Red Sea. Afterwards the r. enters a wide and low plain, which, from its triangular form. received from the Greeks the name of Delta. (See DELTA.) Here the Nile divides into twvo branches, that of Rosetta and that of Damiat. Anciently the right side of the Delta, was formed by the Pelusiac branch, which detaching itself from the river higher up, flowed to Pelusium. at the E. extremity of Lake Menzaleh. This branch is now, in a great measure, choked up, though it still serves partly for purposes of irrigation. The river at Rosetta is 1.800 ft. wide, and at Damietta (Damiat), about 800. The extreme length of the Delta) from N. to S., is about 100 m.; the distance from Rosetta to the Damiat mouth is about 84 m. The Delta, however, must be regarded as extending in breadth considerably beyond these limits, and may properly be said to include all that tract below the termination of the valley of the Nile, which is irrigated by that river, or by the various canals which are connected with it. Egypt is commonly divided by geographers of the present day into three regions; viz., BAHARI (banf-ree), or Maritime, VOSTANI (VOS-thAnee), or WUSTANEE, or Middle, and SAID (sa'-eed/); or Upper Egypt. Bahari corresponds with the division ordinarily called Lower Egypt, which comprises the whole of the Delta, including Cairo and its environs. Vostani or Middle Egypt is understood to extend from the neighbourhood of Cairo to near 27~ 30' N. Lat.; while Said comprehends all the remainder of the country, as far S. as the cataracts of the Nile. The entire area of that portion of Egypt which is susceptible of cultivation, is computed at 17,000 sq. m. The climate of this country, during the greater part of the year, is salubrious. The exhalations however, which rise from the soil after the inundations, render the latter part of autumn less healthy than the other seasons of the year. Rain is a very uncommon occurrence in Middle and Upper Egypt; the only supply of water for the animal and vegetable kingdoms which can be relied on, being derived from the Nile. In Lower Egypt, along the 208 EIIR —EIC Fate, fir, fill, fit; me, mnt; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; o5 as in good; Mediterranean coast, showers are not unfrequent during the winte:season. Without attempting to give even an outline of the history of this country, the most ancient abode of civilization respecting which we have any distinct and satisfactory information, and which holds so important a place in the history of all the more powerful nations of anitiquity, we will merely state, that Egypt was conquered by the Saracens. under the caliphate of Omar, about the year 638; afterwards, in 1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, to whom it was subject, at least nominally, till the French invasion in 1798. Bonaparte took possession of the country, under the pretence of delivering it from the tyranny of the Memlooks. These constituted a sort of military aristocracy, formidable to their Turkish rulers, and most oppressive towards the common people. After the French were expelled by the English, in 1801, Egypt again catne into the possession of the Turks. and again the Memlooks displayed their insubordination, and exercised their tyranny. At last the present pasha, Mehemet Ali, contrived to collect most of the beys, with their principal officers, within the citadel of Cairo, under pretence.of an entertainment, where he had them all massacred, in March, 1811. The power of the present ruler, though founded in perfidy and violence, has, on the whole, been exercised with justice and wisdom. That ambition and those abilities which have raised him to the independent sovereignty of Egypt and the neighbouring parts of Asia, have been laudably directed towards the political and intellectual amelioration of his people. He is said to administer impartial justice to all his subjects, without regard to race or religion. He has established regular judicial courts and a good police, has done away with torture and other barbarous punishments, and has promoted instruction, by establishing schools and colleges for the arts and sciences, and for military and naval tactics. He has endeavoured, with some success, to remove the prejudices of his subjects against the arts and learning of Europe, and to introduce the European improvements in manufactures and machinery. The government of Egypt, however, is still absolute, in the strictest sense of the word, though the present pasha has chosen to govern, for the most part, according to forms and regulations which he himself has established. The pop. is estimated at 2,000,000. (P. C.) Cairo is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. EGYPTIAN, e-jip'-shun; (Arab. Musr-ree.) EHRENBREITSTEIN i!-ren-britel-stinte, an important and celebrated fortress of Germany, in the Prussian prov. of the Lower Rhine, situated on the right bank of th, Rhine, opposite to Coblentz, on the summit of a rugged and precipitoi is rock, which rises 772 ft. above the level of the river. At its base stands the little t. of Thal-Ehrenbreitstein (tiall A'-ren-britef-stine); i. e. the "Ehrenbreitstein of the valley," with a pop. of 2,400. (B.) Ehrenbreitstein is connected with Coblentz, by a bridge of boats, and is usually regarded as one of the suburbs of that city. EICHSTXDT, iKet-stett, a walled t. of Bavaria, situated on the Alt EIL-ELB 209 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nq. miihl. It is said to have been founded in the middle of the eighth century, by St. Willibald, who, in order to erect the cathedral and the adjacent dwellings for his clergy, cleared an area covered with oaks; whence the name of Eichst'adt, or Oaktown. Lat. 48~ 53' N., Lon. 11~ 10' E. Pop. 7,001). (B.) EILENBURG, if-l1n-b6aRG', a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, situated on the Mulde (m66il-deh). Lat. 510 28' N., Lon. 12~ 37' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) EIMBEc; imel-bek, a walled t. of Germany, in Hanover. Lat. 51~ 48' N., Lon. 90 51' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) EISENACH, if-zen-aK, a walled t. of Germany, cap. of a principality of the same name, belonging to the grand-duchy of Saxe-Weirnar: it has a gymnasium and several other institutions for education. Lat. 500 59' N., Lon. 10~ 20' E. EISENSTADT, i!-zen-statt', (Hung. Kis-AMiirtony, kish maaR-tofi,) a royal free t. of Hungary, about 26 m. S. E. of Vienna, remarkable for the handsome palace of Prince Esterhazy, and for its magnificent botanic garden, one of the finest in the world. Lat. 47~ 50' N., Lon. 16~ 32' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) EISLEBEN, icef-lhi-ben, a t. of Prussian Saxony, formerly the cap. of the earldom of Mansfeld, situated about 40 m. W. N. W. of Leipsic. Luther was born here, in 1483, and died here, in 1546; but neither his parents nor himself had a permanent residence in this place. Lat. 51~ 33' N., Lon. 11~ 32' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) EKATARINBURG, ik-at-ta-reen-booRg', (Catharine's burg,) an important t. of Russia, in the government of Perm, founded by Peter the Great, in 1723, and named in honour of his consort. It is on the high road from Russia into Siberia. In the neighbourhood of this town are situated a great number of gold mines, which, together with those of the government of Orenburg, yield a greater quantity of this precious metal than the mines of any other country in the known world. (B.) Considerable quantities of platinum are also found in these regions. Ekatarinburg is fortified and regularly built, though the houses are mostly of wood; it has several literary and scientific institutions, and a number of handsome stone edifices. Lat. 56~ 50' N., Lon. 60~ 48' E. Pop. about 11,000. (P. C.) EKATARINOSLAF, tk-Ai-tA-reen'-os-l af/, an archiepiscopal t. of Russia, cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Dnieper. The first stone was laid by the empress Catharine II., in 1787. Lat. 48~ 27' N., Lon. 350 E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) ELATMAt, l-Att-mrna, or Ye1-Att-ma, a t. of Eurcpean Russia, in the government of Tambof, situated on the r. Oka. Ia its vicinity are extensive iron works. Lat. about 540 50' N., Lon. 410 20. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) ELf-BA (the Ilfva of the Romans), an i. in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Tuscany, situated between 42~ 43' and 42~ 52' N. Lat., and between 10~ 6' and 100 27' E. Lon. Length about 18 m.; greatest breadth about 10 m. This island is remarkable for having been the 18* 210 ELB —ELI Ftte, far, fill, fMt; m6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; io as in good; residence of Napoleon, after his first abdication, from May, 1814, to February, 1815. Elba belongs to the grand-duchy of Tuscany. The pop. is about 13,500. (P. C.) Porto Ferrajo (f'r-rif-o), on the N. coast, the cap. of the island, is a strongly fortified town, and has about 2,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 42~ 49' N., Lon. 100 20' E. ELBE (Gerpron.el/-beh; Anc. Al/bis),a r.ofGermany, which rises in tile Riesengebirge or Giant Mountains of Bohemia, and, flowing in a general north-westerly direction, falls into the North Sea, in about Lat. 540 N., and Lon. 8~ 40' E. Its whole length is about 710m., and it is navigable about 470 m. The average breadth is computed at 900 ft.; near its mouth, however, it is several miles wide. ELBERFELD, elf-ber-fElt', the cap. of a circle of the same name, and one of the most flourishing manuflacturing and commercial towns in the Prussian dominions, is situated on the W upper, a tributary of the Rhine, 25 m. N. by E. from Cologne. Among its public institutions, we may mention a gymnasium, a museum, a society of the arts and sciences, &c. Lat. 51~ 15' N., Lon. 70 10' E. In the middle of the last century, Elberfeld was an insignificant place; at present it contains a pop. of about 24,200. (P. C.) ELI-BERT, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 12,959. Co. t. Elberton. ELBEUF, el'-buf/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the r. Seine. Lat. 490 17' N., Lon. 0~ 59' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) ELI-BING, a commercial t. of W. Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated on the r. Elbing, about 6 m. S. of its entrance into the Frische See, and 32 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic. This town was founded by the Teutonic knights about the year 1229; and in the 14th and 15th centuries it was a member of the Hanseatic league. Lat. 540 9' N., Lon. 19~ 23' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) ELCHE, el/-cha, (Anc. Ilici,) a t. of Valencia, Spain. Lat. 380 15' N.. Lon. 00 44' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.) EL-E-PHAN/-TA, a small i. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between Bombay and tPie Mahratta shore, remarkable for a colossal image of an elephant, cut out of the solid rock. This image has been split, in two, apparently by means of gunpowder. At some distance from it, a cave has been discovered, which is, in fact, a temple cut out of the rock. At what time, or by whom these works were executed, is not known. ELGI-IN, a t. of Scotland. cap. of Elginshire, situated near the little r. Lossie, about 5 m. above its influx into the German Ocean. Lat. 57~ B9' N., Lon. 30 22' W. Pop. 3,911. ELGI-IN-SHIRE or MoRAYSHIRE, a co. in the N. E. part of Scotland, bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 35,012. ELISABETGRAD, h-liz'-A-bet-grad/, or Yel-is'-a-vet-grAd/, a t. of Europearn Russia, in the prov. of Kherson, cap. of a circle of the same oame, important on account of its fortifications and arsenal. Lat. 48~ 10' N., Lon. 32~ 28' E.. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C.) ELI-EMS 211 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ELIZABETH CITY, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of James r. Pop. 4,586. Co. t. Hampton. ELIZABETH CITY, a port of entry of N. C., cap. of Pasquotank co., on the r. Pasquotank, 20 m. from its mouth. ELK, a co. in the N. N. XV. part of Pa., on the sources of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 3,531. ELKI-HART, a co. in the N. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan. Pop. 12,690. Co. t. Goshen. ELLS-WC.RTH, a port of entry of Maine, cap. of Hancock co., on Union r., at the head of tide water, 22 m. in a straight line N. E. of Castine. EL'-SIN-ORE! or ELSINEUR (Dan. Hel'-sing-6[-er), an important seaport t. of Denmark, in the N. E. part of the island of Zealand, at the narrowest part of the strait between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It is at this place that the Danish government collects certain dues on every vessel passing through the sound. Lat. 56~ 2' N., Lon. 12' 33' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) ELI-VAS, a fortified t. of Portugal, in Alentejo, about 11 m. W. of Badajoz, in Spain. Lat. 38~ 53' N., Lon. 6~ 57 W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) El-LY, a small t. named the City of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, in a fenny district called the Isle of Ely,* 16 In. N. N. E. of Cambridge. E-MANI-U-EL, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee r. Pop. 4,577. Co. t. Swainsborough. EMI-BRUN' or A'm-bruNl, (Anc. Ebrodulnum,) a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Alps. Before the French revolution, it was the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 44~ 34' N., Lon. 6~ 26' E. Pop. in 1832, 2,392. (P. C.) EMI-DEN or EMBDEN, a fortified and walled t. of Hanover, a little below the entrance of the Ems into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean, and connected with that river by a canal two miles long, called the Delf canal. It is the principal commercial place in Hanover. Among its literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned a gym. nasium and a society of natural history. Lat. 530 22' N., Lon. 7~ 11' E. Pop. about 12,500. (P. C.) EMESA. See HoMs. EMMaERICIr, em/-mer-iK, or EMRICH, a walled t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, on the Rhine. It was formerly in the Hanseatic league, and has recently been declared a free port. Lat. 51~ 50' N., Lon. 6~ 15'E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) EMMET (Tonedagana), a co. at the N. extremity of the southern peninsula of Mich. EMs, a r. in the N. W. part of Germany, which flows into the Dollart. Its whole length is estimated at 210 m. " The name island appears to have formerly been applied to any spot elevated above the general level of the fens, in this and other parts of England. 0 212 ENG-ERF Fkte, frr, fAll, fat; min, mrt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; No as in good; ENGH1EN, AN'-ghe'-aN, a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Hainault, 22 m. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) ENGLAND, ing/-gland, (originally, Engla-land, i. e. the land of the Angles, Aengles, or Engles,) the S. part of the island of Great Britain, situated between 550 47' and 490 572' N. Lat.. and between 1~ 46' E. and 50 42' W. Long.; bounded on the N. by Scotland, N. E. and E. by the North Sea, S. by the English Channel, and W. by the Atlantic, Wales, and the Irish Channel. Its length, from N. to S., from Berwick to St. Alban's Head, is about 368 m.; its greatest breadth, from Land's End to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. The area amounts to 50,387 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1841, was 14,995,138. England is divided into 40 counties. The capital is London. (See GREAT BRITAIN.) —Adj. ENGLISH, ingl-glish: inhab. ENG/-LISH-MAN. ENGLISH CHANNEL, the narrow sea which separates England from France. It is above 300 m. long; at its narrowest part, in the strait of Dover, it is only about 20 m. wide; its greatest breadth is near 140 m. ENKIHUIZEN, enk-hoil-zen, a t. of Holland, on the WV. shore of the Zuyderzee. Lat. 52~ 43' N., Lon. 50 17' E. The inhabitants, amounting to 7,000, are engaged, for the most part, in the herring fishery. (B.) EN'-NIS-CORI-THY, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Wexford, about 60 in. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,955. (P. C.) EN'-NIS-KILI-LEN, the cap. of the co. of Fermanagh, in Ireland, situated on an island in the narrow channel which connects the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne, 89 min. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 6,056. P.C.) ENS, a r. of Austria, which flows into the Danube. ENS, THE PROVINCES OF THE, a name sometimes given to the archduchy of Austria. (See AUSTRIA, ARcHDUcHY oF.) ENTRE E Douao E MINHO, enl-tra d6-ro (or doo/-ro) i meen!-yo, i. e. " between the Douro and the Minho," a prov. in the N. W. part of Portugal, named from its situation, being bounded on the N. by the Minho, and S. by the Douro; length 73 m.; greatest breadth 46m. It is sometimes simply called "the province of the Minho." EPERIES, h-perl-e-es, (Hung. pron. a-per-e-esh,) a fortified royal free t. of Upper Hungary, cap. of the circle " on this side of the Theiss and of the co. of Siros (shaa/-rosh'). In its vicinity is a celebrated opal mine. Lat. 48~ 58' N., Lon. 210 15' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) EPERNAY, &'-pe'R'-nal, a handsome t. of France, in the dep. of Marne, situated on the r. Marne, 73 m. E. by N. of Paris. The ancient name is said to have been Aqum Perennes, which was first corrupted into Aixperne, and afterwards into Epernay. Pop. in 1832, 5,318. (P. C.) EPHESUS. See AYAsooLooK. ERFUIRT, RtI-f6o6t, a fortified t. of Prussian Saxony, cap. of a circle of the same name, and formerly of Thuringia, situated on the Gera. It has a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention a Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, a high-school for girls (h6here Tdchterschule), a royal academy of sciences, and a public ERI-EPIZ 213 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. library of about 50,000 vols. Lat. 50~ 59' N., Lon. 11~ 4' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) ERICHTr erl-iKt, a narrow lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, about 14 m. long. El-RIE, a lake of N. America, situated between 41~ 25' and 42~ 55 N. Lat., and 78~ 55' and 830 34' W. Lon. Its extreme length is about 245 m.; its greatest breadth is near 60 m. The circumference is computed at 658 in. The surface of the lake is 565 ft. above the level of the sea, and its greatest depth is about 100 ft. It is connected, by the r. Detroit, with L. IIuron, and by the Niagara, with L. Ontario. ERIE, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 100,993. Co. t. Buffalo. ERIE, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Pa., and bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 38,742. ERIE, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., is situated on L. Erie, with a good harbour. Pop. 5,850. EREr, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 18,568. Co. t. Sandusky city. ERIVAN, 6r-e-v'nt, a fortified t. in the Russian government of Georgia, formerly belonging to Persia, near the frontiers of Persia and Turkey, situated on the Zanga or Zengin, the outlet of Lake Erivan, which flows into the river Arras. Lat. 40C 5' N., Lon. 440 30' E. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) ERLANGEN, eR/-lhAng-en, a walled t. of Bavaria, with a celebrated protestant university. founded in 1743. There are, connected with this, an ecclesiastical seminary, a polytechnic school, a fine chemical laboratory, a library of above 100,()000 vols., besides other literary and scientific establishments. The newer portion of Erlangen may vie with the best-built towns of Germany. Lat. 490 36' N., Lon. 11~ 4' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) ERLAU, eR-1lOU, (Hung. Egl-er; Lat. Agfria,) a fortified archiepiscopal t. of Upper Hungary, cap of the co. of Heves (hev-esh), is situated in the midst of a beautiful and richly-cultivated country, rather more than 70 m. N. N. E. of Pesth. Lat. 47~ 55' N., Lon. 20~ 23' E. Pop. above 17,(000. (B.) ERNE, LOUGH, 1OH ern, a L. of Ireland, situated principally in the co. of Fermanagh. It is usually considered as divided into the Upper and Lower Lake. The two are connected by a narrow channel, perhaps 7 m. long, which mnight properly be called the rivet Erne. The lower lake is about 10 m. long and 5 m. wide; the other is not above 1 m. long. ERzRooM (Erzrum) or ARDZ-ROOM; i. e. the "land of Rome,"* an - The name was probably given by the Turks, in contradistinction to other conquests made near the same time, among nations who had no connexion with Rome. It will be recollected that the Byzantine empire, from which this part of Asia was wrested, was originally a portion of the great Roman empire; and it appears to have been still regarded in that character by the surrounding nations. 214 E1RZ-ESN Fhte, fMr, fll, fMt; me, mert; pline or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; important commercial t. of Turkish Armenia, cap. of a pashalic of the same name, situated in an extensive and fertile plain, not far from the Kara Soo, or W. branch of the Euphrates. In the early part of the present century, the pop. of this city was estimated at 100,000, but, after being occupied by the Russians, a few years ago, it was almost deserted by its inhabitants. Since its restoration to the Turks, however, it has been gradually recovering its population and prosperity. Lat. 39~ 57' N., Lon. 41~ 15' E. ERZGEBIRGE, eRtsf-ga-bRIl —Geh, i. e. "ore mountains," a chain of mountains in Germany, which extend along the boundary line between Bohemia and Saxony. It is rich in metals of almost every kind. Silver is obtained in considerable quantities; lead and cobalt are abundant. The tin mines of Saxony, in this region, are the most valuable on the continent of Europe, and yield annually 1410 tons. Arsenic, antimony, bismuth, manganese, calamine, copper, and mercury, are found here. Gold, also, occurs, but in very small quantities. The length of the chain is about 100 m. ES-CAMW-BI-4, a r. which rises in Ala., and, passing into Florida, joins the Conecuh. The river thus formed, falls into Pensacola Bay. It is usually called the Escambia, though above the junction the Conecuh is the principal stream. ESC&MB1A, a co. forming the W. extremity of Florida, bordering on the above r. Pop. 4,351. Co. t. Pensacola. EscURAAL, &s-koo-re-M.l/, a small t. of Spain, situated in the kingdom of Toledo, 27 m. N. W'. of Madrid, remarkable for a vast and magnificent edifice, founded by Philip II., in commemoration of the victory gained over the French, at St. Quentin, in 1557. It is laid out in the form of a gridiron; the royal residence forms the handle, which is attached to a rectangle 640 ft. long, and 580 wide: in this part the average height, to the roof, is 60 ft. At each angle, there is a square tower, 200ft. high. The whole number of windows in the establishment is not less than 4,000. The Escurial comprises a royal residence, a monastary, a college, a rich library; and a noble church, of which the dome is 330 ft. in height, besides several other minor compartments. It was built in the form of a gridiron, it is said, because St. Lawrence, o0 whose anniversary the victory was won, suffered martyrdom on an instrument of that kind. Lat. 40~ 36' N., Lon. 40 8' XV. ESNi, esl-neh' or es'-nA/f (Anc. Latopfolis,) a commercial t. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its ruins, especially for those of an ancient temple, with a supposed representation of the Zodiac, which (as the position of the constellations therein figured does not at all correspond to the present appearance of the heavenly bodies) has led some philosophers to infer, that it must have been constructed at an extremely remote epoch. One celebrated savant, M. Dupuis, came to the conclusion that this temple, as well as that of Denderah, could not be less than 15,000 years old. It was, however, supposed that the Zodiac of Esn6 was the more ancient by several centuries. But M. Champollion, who is so justly distinguished for having unlocked ESQ-EST 215 ou, as in our; th, as in thilr; TI!, as in this; N, nearly like fig. the mysteries so long concealed in the Egyptian hieroglyphics, considers himself authorized, by a number of facts, to infer that this, on the contrary, is the newest of all the ancient temples which still exist in Egypt. It is probably not 2,000 years old. Lat. 25~ 19' 39" N., Lon. 32~ 34' 30" E. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) ESQUIMAUX, esl-ke-m6', a nation consisting of various tribes, who inhabit the northern portions of America. They differ greatly from the other savage tribes of this continent, both in lanouage and personal appearance. In stature they are diminutive, seldom exceeding five feet. Their faces are broad, and approach more to the rounded form than those of Europeans. They have high cheek bones, large mouths, and thick lips. They are said not to be deficient in mechanical ingenuity. ESI-SEN, a t. of the Prussian states. Lat. 510 28' N., Lon. about 70 E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Es/-sEx, a co. in the E. part of England, N. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 344.979. EssEx, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Vt. Pop. 4,650. Co. t. Guildhall. EssEx, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Mass. Pop. 131,300. Co. towns, Salem, Newburyport, and Ipswich. EssEx, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Champlain. Pop. 31,148. Co. t. Elizabethtown. ESSEX, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Passaic r. Pop. 73,950. Co. t. Newark. EssEX, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop 10,206. Co. t. Tappahannock. Es-S1ooT. See SIOOT. ESSL-LING-EN, a manufacturing t. of Wfirtemberg, in Germany. Lat. 48~ 44' N., Lon. 90 19' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) ESI-TE or est-th (Anc. Atesfte), a t. of Austrian Italy, 15 m. S. W. of Padua. This little place, the pop. of which does not exceed 9,000, (B.). is chiefly remarkable for having given its name to the house of Este, whose princes subsequently resided at Ferrara, and acted so conspicuous a part in the history of Italy during the middle ages. ES-THOI-NX-A, a prov. of European Russia, bordering on the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic, and Lake Peipus.-Adj. and inhab. ES-THOL-NI —N. ESf-TII,r, a co. in the E. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r. Pop. 5,985. Co. t. Irvine. ESTREMADURA, es-tra-ma-doof-ra, a prov. in the W. part of Spain, bounded on the N. by Salamanca, E. by New Castile, S. by Andalusia, and W. by Portugal. Its length, from N. to S., is about 180 m.; its average breadth about 90 m. Badajoz is the capital. The name Estremadura is said to be derived from the Latin extremea ora (extreme region), it being the farthest and latest conquest of Alonzo IX. over the Moors, in the 13th century.-Adj. and inhab. ES-TRE-ME -NJ-AN. The Spanish ESTREMEfiOS, es-trh-manel-yoce, is also sometimes employed by English writers to designate the inhabitants. ESTREMADURA, a prov. of PortucLal bounded on the N. by Beyra, E. 216 EST —EUR Fhte, ftr, fll, fAt; mi, mft; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; by Beyra and Alentejo, S. by Alentejo, and W. by the Atlantic. Length, from N. to S. about 140 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W. 85 m. Capital, Lisbon. ESTREM6Z, es'-trL-mbzetf one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal, situated, in Alentejo. Lat. 38~ 54' N., Lon. 70 24' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) ESZEK, esf-sek. (Anc. Mur/sa or Murlsia,) a royal free t., the cap. of Austrian Sclavonia, on the right bank of the Drave, a little above its entrance into the Danube. Mursia was founded in the vear 125, by the emperor Adrian. The present town is regularly fortified, and has barracks and casemates, capable, it is said, of lodging 30,000 persons. Lat. 450 34' N., Lon. 18~ 42' E. Pop. 10(000. (B.) ETAMPES, A'-taMp/. a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, 28 m. S. W. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 8,109. (P. C.) ETIENNE, SAINT, saNt Wt -e-enn'f an important t. of France, in the dep. of Loire. Its increase, of late years, has been very great. The town owes its prosperity to its situation in the coal district, though the colliers belong rather to the neighbourhood, than to the t. itself. The coal is abundant, and of good quality. St. Etienne has some important manufactures, especially in hardware. Fire-arms are made here on a more extensive scale than in any other town in France. Lat. 450 26' N., Lon. 40 23' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, 52,000. (B.) ETI-O-W kHI (generally called Hil-tow-ah, and sometimes written Hightower), a r. in the N. W. part of Ga., one of the branches of the Coosa. Eu, uh, a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 91 m. N. N. W. of Paris. In the middle ages it was a strong and flourishing place, but it has since sunk into decay. The massive ruins of the walls and towers still remain. Pop. in 1832, 3,356. (P. C.) EUPEN, oif-pen, (called Ndau, nD'-o/, by the French), a flourishing t. in the Prussian prov. of the Lower Rhine. Lat. 500 39' N., Lon. about 6~ E. Pop. about 11,300. (P. C.) EUPHRATES, u-frra-tez, (Turk. Frat,) a large r. of W. Asia, which is formed near 390 N. Lat., and 39~ E. Lon., by the union of two rivers, to both of which the name of Frat is occasionally applied; viz., the Moorad (Murad), or S. branch, and the KIara' Soo (Su), or N. branch of the Euphrates. The Kara Soo. or the Frat, properly speaking, rises N. of Erzroom, in about 40~ 30' N. Lat., and 41~ 30' E. Lon. The upper portion of the Euphrates has a very circuitous course, but its general direction is about S. E. It joins the Tigris in about 31~ N. Lat., and 470 E. Lon., to form the Shatt-el-Arab. Its whole length is estimated at 1,360 mn. One of the steamers in the Euphrates expedition of 1836, 7, and 8, ascended as far as Beer (Bir), about 37~ N. Lat., and 38~ E. Lon. EURE, ure, or vR, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, borderinog on the Seine, and intersected by the Eure, one of the tributaries of that r. Pop. 424,762. (B.) Capital, Evreux. EURE and LoiR (Fr. Eure-et-Loir, UR —lwAn), a dep. in the N. W. EUR-EXE 217 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TiH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. central part of France, on the sources of the Eure and the Loir, a tributary of the Sarthe. Pop. 285,058. (B.) Capital, Chartres. EUROPE, ul-rup, one of the grand divisions of the globe; forming the north-western part of the old continent,-of which it occupies a little more than two-seventeenths. It is bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean; the boundary between it and Asia is formed by the r. Kara, the Uralian Mountains, the r. Ural, the Caspian Sea, Mount Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora. the Strait of the Dardanelles, and the Grecian Archipelago; on the S. it is bounded by the Mediterranean, which separates it from Africa; and on the W. by the North Atlantic, which divides it from North America. The most northern point of the European continent is Cape Nord Kyn, in Lat. 710 6' N.: Cape North. in 71~ 10' N. Lat., commonly regarded as the northern extremity of Europe, is on the island Mageroe. The most southern is the point of Tarifa, in Spain, Lat. 36~ 2' N.; the most eastern is on the Uralian Mountains, W. of Ekatarinburg, Lon. 600 20' E.; and the most western is Cape Roca, in Portugal, Lon. 90 30' W. Its extreme length, from Cape St. Vincent, in Spain, to the mouth of the r. Kara, does not much exceed 3,000m. A line drawn from Cape Mutapan, in Greece, to Cape Nord Kyn, would measure 2,400 m. The whole area of this part of the globe is computed at 3,708,871 sq, m.; the pop. at 252,589,972. Adjective and inhab. EU-RO-PEI-AN. EUTIN, oi-teent, a small t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Oldenburg, on a lake of the same name. Lat. 540 8' N., Lon. 100 39' E. Pop. 2,700. (B.) EUXINE. See BLACK SEA. EVE. —HAM, a t. of England, in Worcestershire, 15 m. S. E. of Worcester. Pop., including an area of above 3 sq. m., 4,245. EVf-O-R.A, or At-vo-ra (Anc. Ebtora), an archiepiscopal t. of Portugal, in Alentejo, interesting for its antiquity and historical remembrances. Lat. 38~ 38' N., Lon. 7~ 38' E. Pop. 9.000. (B.) EVREUX, v'W-ruhl (Anc. Mediolalnum, afterwards Eburovfices,) a t, of France, the cap. of the dep. of Eure, 57 m. W. by N. of Paris. II was anciently the capital of the Aulerci Eburovices, whence it was afterwards called Eburovices and Ebroice, from which the present name is derived. Here are the remains of an ancient aqueduct, and some other Roman antiquities. Lat. 490 2' N., Lon. 1~7' E. Pop 10,000. (B.) Exf-E-TER (Anc. Isfca), a city of England, the cap. of Devonshire, situated on the little r. Ex. 44 m. N. E. of Plymouth. It appears to have been a Roman station of some importance. In the reign of Alfred it was called Exan-cestre (the castle of the Ex), of which the present name is a corruption. Before the Norman conquest, this place was the residence of the West Saxon kings. Exeter forms a county of itself. containing only 1,800 acres. Lat. 50~ 44' N., Lon. 30 32' W. Pop. 31,312. EXETER, a t. of N. H., in Rockingham co., 12 m. S. W. of Ports. 19 218 EYA-FAL Fhte, fMtr, fill, fat; m., met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; iio as in good; mouth, on a river of the same name, which flows into the Piscataqua. Lat. 42~ 58' N., Lon. 70~ 55' W. Pop. 3,329. EYALET. i-yYt-let, (sometimes written ejalet,) a Turkish name, equivalent to a principality, used to designate a pashalic of the most extensive kind. FAREZA, fa-enf-za, (Anc. Favenftia) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 19 m. W. S. W. of Ravenna, connected by a naviglio (na-veell-yo), or navigable canal, with the southernmost branch of the Po. Among its various manufactures, we may mention a species of coloured and glazed earthenware, formerly in great repute, called by the French Faience, from the name of this town. Lat. 44~ 17' 30" N., Lon. 11~ 52' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) FAHLUN. See FALUN. FiEROE (ff-ro, or faf-rb-e) ISLANDS, a group of small islands. about 200 m. N. W. of the Shetland Isles, between 61~ and 63~ N. Lat.. and 69 and 8~ W. Lon. There are in all 22, with an aggregate area of about 494 sq. m. Pop. about 58,000. (P. C.) FAYOOM, fi-oomf, a prov. of Egypt, between 290 and 300 N. Lat., bounded on the E. by the Valley of the Nile, and on the N. W. by Lake Birket-el-Keroon. FAIRI-FAX, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the District of Columbia. Pop. 10,682. Seat of justice. Fairfax c. h. FAIR-FIELD, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Conn., bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 59,775. Co. towns, Fairfield and Danbury. FAIRFIELD, a port of entry and seat of justice of the above co., is pleasantly situated on Long Island Sound, 21 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. Pop. 3,614. FAIRFIELD, a dist. in the N. central part of S. C., bordering on the Broad and Wateree rivers. Pop. 21,404. Co. t. Winnsborough. FAIRFIELD, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 30,264. Co. t. Lancaster. FALAISE, ff'-lazef, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados. Lat. 48~ 53' N., Lon. 0O 14' W. Pop. 9,419. (P. C.) FALI-KIRK, a t. of Stirlingshire, Scotland, 24 m. W. by N. of Edinburgh. Pop. 8,209. FALKf-LAND ISLANDS are situated in the S. Atlantic, between 51~ 10' and 520 25' S. Lat., and 57~ 40' and 610 20' W. Lon. There are two large ones, and, it is said, above 90 smaller ones. They are in possession of the English. FALL RIVER, a port of entry of Mass., in Bristol co., on Fall r., at its entrance into an arm of Narragansett Bay. Pop. 13,200. FAL-MOUTH, a seaport t. of Cornwall, England, situated at the mouth of the r. Fal or Fale, whence it derives its name. Lat. 500 8' N., Lon. 50 3' W. Pop. 4,844. FALf-STER, a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark. It lies FAL —FAY 219 ou, as in our; th, as in #t7ia; TH, as in tids; N,,nearly like ng. S. of Zealand, between 54~ 30' and 540 58' N. Lat.. and 11~ 45' and 12~ 11' E. Lon. It is about 25 m. long and 16 m. wide. Area 177 sq. m. Pop. about 17,500. (P. C.) FALUN or FAHLUN, fa/-loon; a t. of Sweden, the cap. of the prov. of Dalecarlia. In the middle of this town is the famous copper-mine of Falun, which is an immense abyss, 1,200 ft. across, and as many in depth. The daylight from above is sufficient for the operations of the miners, so that they are not obliged to use lamps or candles, as in other deep mines. Not only copper, but also silver and gold are obtained here. Lat. 60~ 35' N., Lon. 15~ 35' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) FANO, fil-no, a seaport t. of Italy, on the Adriatic, with an extensive commerce. Lat. 43~ 51' N., Lon. 130 E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) FAlOi fif-ro, a seaport t. at the S. extremity of Portugal, in the prov. of Algarve. Lat. 360 59' N., Lon. 70 51' W. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) FARO. See FaERoE. FARS or FARSISTAN, fars'-is-tanl, a prov. in the S. W. part of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf. Shiraz is the chief town. FAUqUIER, fau-keerf, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., W. of Washington. Pop. 20,868. Co. t. Warrenton. FAYAL, fi-alf, one of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 380 35' N. Lat., and the meridian of 28~ 40' W. Lon. It is about 15 m long. and nearly as broad. Its chief town, Horta, sometimes, but improperly, called Fayal, is in 38~ 31' N. Lat., and 2S~ 42' W. Lon., and has near 10,000 inhabitants. (B.) FAY-ETTEI, a co. in the S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Va. Pop. 39,112. Co. t. Union. FAYETTE., a co. in the W. part of Va., on the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 3,955. Seat of justice, Fayette c. h. FAYETTE. a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., on the sources of Flint r. Pop. 8,709. Co. t. Fayetteville. FAYETTE. a co. in the N. W. part of Ala.. bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 9,681. Seat of justice. Fayette c. h. FAYETTE, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 26,719. Co. t. Somerville. FAYETTE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 22,735. Co. t. Lexington. FAYETTE, a co. in Ohio, S. W. of Columbus. Pop. 12,726. Co. t. Washington. FAYETTE, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ind., intersected by the White Water r. Pop. 10,217. Co. t. Connersville. FAYETTE, a co. in the S. central part of Ill., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 8,075. Co. t. Vandalia. FAYETTE, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Mississippi r. Pop. 825. FAY/-ETTE-VILLE, a flourishing t. of N. C.. the cap. of Cumberland co., situated on Cape Fear r., near the head of navigation, about 50 m. 8. by W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 6,000. 220 FAY-FEZ Fate, fr, fll, fAt; mi, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t, i5 as in good; FAYoUM or FYUm. See FAIOOM. FEEJEE ISLANDS. See FIJi. FELICIANA, fe-lis'-se-anl-a, EAST, a parish in the N. E. part of La., bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 13,598. Seat of justice, Jackson. FELICIANA, WEST, a parish of La., in the N. E. part of La., lying W. of the above, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 13,245. Seat of justice, St. Francisville. FEMI-ERN, a small i. of Denmark, in the Baltic, opposite to the coast of Holstein, intersected by the parallel of 540 30' N. Lat. and the meridian of 11~ 10' E. Lon. Pop. 7.600. (E. G.) FENI-TRESs, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Kentucky. Po. 4,454. Co. t. Jamestown. FiaRE LA, la faRe, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the Oise, with an ancient school of artillery, and an arsenal. Lat. 490 40' N, Lon. 30~ 20' E. FER-MANI-Agu, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S. W. part of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. 149,763. (P. C.) FERMO, feRf-mo, an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, in the Papal State, built near the site of the ancient Firmum, with a university and 7,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 430 10' N., Lon. 13~ 42' E. FER-MOYI, a t. and military station of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, situated on the Blackwater r. Lat. 52~ 8' N., Lon. 8~ 18' W. Pop., including the garrison. 6,976. (P. C.) FERRARA, fer-rAl-ra, the most northern prov. of the Papal State, bordering on the Adriatic. Pop. 205,000. (P. C.) FERRARA, a fortified archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the above prov., is situated on an arm of the Po. Among its scientific and literary establishments, the university, with its library of above 80,000 vols., deserves particular mention. Here are reposited the autographs of Ariosto, Tasso, and Guarini. The first of these celebrated poets was born in this town. Ferrara was formerly the residence of the independent princes of the house of Este, and was one of the most distinguished seats of literature in Italy. Its population then exceeded 60,000. Lat. 440 50' N., Lon. 11~ 36' E. Present pop. about 24,000. (B.) FERI-RO (Sp. Hierro, ykr!-ro), a small i. belonging to the group of Canaries, with an area of about 10 sq. leagues. It is important from the circumstance that longitudes were formerly reckoned from a meridian drawn through its western extremity. At present, however, what is called the meridian of Ferro, is placed about 30' E. of the island of Ferro, and 200 W. of the meridian of Paris. Lat. of the centre of the island, about 270 45' N., Lon. 18~ 10' W. FERROL, fer-rolef, a seaport t. of Spain, in Galicia, on an arm of the bay of Betanzos. This place is one of the three royal dock-yards of Spain. The entrance of its harbour, which is one of the finest in Europe, is defended by strong batteries. Lat. 43~ 29' 30" N., Lon. 8~ 15' W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) FEZ or FAS, a kingdom in the N. W. part of Africa, subject to Mo FEZ-FIN 221 on, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. rocco. Also the cap. of the above, the most important t. in the empire of Morocco, situated on a branch of the r. Seboo (Sebou). The houses are mostly of brick; the streets are paved, but narrow, crooked, and very dirty. Its schools are much celebrated. The river Seboo is navigable for boats to the neighbourhood of Fez. Lat. 34~ 6' N., Lon. 5~ 1' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at 80,000. FEZZAN, fez-zAnt, a prov. of N. Africa, belonging to Tripoli, situated between 24~ and 31~ N. Lat., and 12~ and 18~ E. Lon. It consists of an assemblage of oases, which present the largest population of any part of the Great Desert. Moorzook is the capital. —Inlab. FEZ'ZA N-EER/. FICHTELGEBIRGE, fiK —tel-g'-bRI- Ge7h,(i. e. Pine Mountains) an irregular mountain mass, situated principally in the N. E. part of Bavaria. FIESOLE, fyest-o-la,* (Anc. Faelsulke,) a small t. of Italy, in Tuscany, 4 m. E. of Florence, remarkable for its magnificent view of the Vai d' Arno, and for its remains of antiquity. FIFE/-SHIRE, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, between the Frith of Forth and the Frith of Tay. Pop. 140,140. Fiji, pronounced, and often written, FEEI-JEE, but called, by the natives, VITI, veer-tee. The Fiji Islands are a group in the Pacific, situated between 16' and 20~ S. Lat. and near the 180~ meridian; the largest is the Sandalwood Island. These islands abound in fruits and timber. The inhabitants, who are of mixed races, are represented as perf-diou -and daring. FirjsTwrvE, fin'-is'-taRe, a dep. occupying the W. extremity of France, lying N. of the Bay of Biscay. The name is from the Latin finis terrra, which is equivalent to the English "Land's-end." Pop. 546,955. (B.) Capital, Quimper. FINISTERE, (Sp. Finistierra, fin-ls-te-err-ra,) a cape forming the W. extremity of Spain. Lat. 42~ 54' N., Lon. 90 16' W. The name Finistere is French, and should be pronounced like that of the above department. FINI-LAND, a country in the N. W. part of Russia; bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Finland, and on the W. by the Gulf of Bothnia. The Russian government of Finland extends considerably beyond the limits of Finland proper, and includes a part of Lapland.-Adj. FIN-NlrSI and FINI-NIc: inhab. FIN, and sometimes FINI-LAN-DER. FINLAND, GULF OF, an arm of the Baitic, which extends in an easterly direction. It is about 260 m. long; its greatest breadth is about 75 m., "And let us from the top of FIESOLE, Whence Galileo's glass, by night observed, The phases of the moon, look round below, On Arno's vale - ROGERS' Italy, Part First, XXIL Milton writes it FESOLE. See Paradise Lost, Book I., line 289. 19* '222 FIN-FLO F.te, fir, fall, fMtt; m6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o6 as in good; FINI-MARK, a prov. occupying the N. extremity of the Scandinavian peninsula. Fish RIVER, GREAT. a r. in the S. E. part of Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean, in Lat. about 330 26' S., Lon. 27~ 4' E. FlUME, fyool-ma, a t. and free port of the Austrian empire, in Illyria, the cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated at the entrance of the Fiumara (fyoo-mAtf-ra) into the Gulf of Quarnaro, in the Adriatic. Lat. 45~ 20' N., Lon. 14~ 26' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) FLANI-DERS, (Fr. Flandre, flaNdr,) a country of Europe, constituting the western portion of the kingdom of Belgium, and divided into two provinces, East and West Flanders. The latter borders on the North Sea. It contained, in 1836, 615,904 inhabitants. Bruges is the chief town. East Flanders is E. of the above, and bordering on it; its population, in 1832, was 742,793. Capital, Ghent.-Adj. FLEMI-ISH, inhab. FLEMI-ING. FLEMI-ING, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r. Pop. 13,914. Co. t. Flemingsburg. FLENSI-BURG or FLENSBORG, flensf-boRg, a seaport t. of Denmark, situated on an arm of the Baltic, near the centre of the duchy of Sleswig. Its manufactures and commerce are more flourishing than those of any other town in Jutland. Lat. 54~ 47' N., Lon. 90 28' E. Pop. about 16,000. (B.) FLINT RIVER, a r. of Ga., which unites with the Chattahoochee to form the Appalachicola. It is about 300 m. long, and is navigable for boats about 50 m. FLINTI-SHIRE, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of Wales, and bordering on the r. Dee. Pop. 66;919. FLORI-ENCE, (It. Firenze, fe-renf-zh, or Fiorenza, fe-o-renf-za: Anc. Florenttia.) an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the grand-duchy of Tuscany, is situated on both sides of the r. Arno, in the midst of the delightful and highly cultivated Valdarno (or Val d' Arno, i. e. " Vale of the Arno"), about 145 m. N. by. XV. from Rome. It is, on the whole, one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, though many of the streets are narrow, and the architecture of several of its palaces reminds one of the fortresses built in the middle ages. The churches of Florence are among the most magnificent in Christendom; Santa Maria del Fiore, (sanf-ta, ma-reeft- del fe-of-ra) called also the Duomo,* (doo-ofmo,) deserves particular mention. Its dome will bear a comparison with that of St. Peters. at Rome, and actually served as a model to Michael Angelo for erecting the magnificent cupola of that far-famed cathedral. The Tuscan capital contains numerous institutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature, among which we may cite the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, the Medical and Surgical College attached to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova (noo-of-va), and the gallery of paintings and the librarv, in the palace Pitti (pit!-te), * i e. cathedral,"' FLO-FLO 223 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the residence of the grand-duke. This library contains 70,000 printed vols. and 1,500 manuscripts; among others, the correspondence of Machievelli and Galileo. There is another library in the Palazzo Vechchio* (pa-latf-so vekf-ke-o) or the town-house, which was anciently the seat of the government of the Florentine republic, containing 1)50,010 printed vols. and 12,000 manuscripts. In the same building there is contained one of the richest existing collections of sculptures, paintings, medals, and other works of art. Florence holds a conspicuous place in the history of modern Italy. It was founded by a colony of soldiers, sent out by Octavius, afterwards the first Roman emperor. It does not appear to have attained to any very great importance till in the early part of the 12th century, when, like the other towns of Tuscany, it began to govern itself as an independent republic. Soon after it became distinguished as the principle theatre of the famous contest between the Guelphs and Ghibelines. It remained in the enjoyment of a precarious and turbulent liberty, interrupted occasionally by temporary subjection to some of the more powerful neighbouring states, till about the year 1434, when the house of Medici began to exercise the chief authority in the commonwealth. The republican forms, however, continued to be respected during the administration of the first house of Medici; but the foreign wars, which desolated Italy in the 16th century, at length effected the fall of the Florentine republic; and the first line having become extinct, a member of a lateral branch of the Medici was placed by Charles V. as duke of Florence. The Observatory of Santo Giovanni (sanl-to jo-vant-ne) is in 430 46' 41" N. Lat., and 11~ 15' 54" E. Lon. The pop. of Florence, including the whole commune, amounts to 106,890. Adjective and inhab. FLORI-EN-TiNE, (It. F1ORENTINO, fe-o-ren-teet-no). FLOI-RES, an i. belonging to the Azorian group, intersected by the parallel of 390 36' N. Lat., and the meridian of 31~ 7' W. Lon. It is about 13 m. long, and 7 m. wide. Its name is derived from the multitude of flowers with which it abounds. FLOREs, sometimes called ENI-DE, an i. of Malaisia, situated between 80 and 90 20'S. Lat., and 119~ 30' and 1230 E. Lon. It is above 200 m. long, and about 50 m. wide. Little is known to Europeans respecting the aboriginal inhabitants. The coast is mostly colonized by the Bugis and Malays. FLOUR, SAINT, SIN' flooRl, (rhyming with poor,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Cantal. Lat. 450 2' N., Lon. 30 6' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,813. (P. C.) FLOR X-DA; lately a territory, but admitted during the present session of Congress (1844-,5) into the Union as a sovereign state, is situated between 240 40' and 310 N. Lat., and 79~ 56' and 87~ 46' W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and Literally, the " old palace." 224 FLO-FON Fate, flr, fkll, f`tt; me, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 65 as in good; S. and W. by the Gulf of Mexico; it contains 28 counties.* Its length, firom N. to S., from Cape Sable to the mouth of St. Mary's r., is about 400 m.; breadth of the northern part, 354 m.; greatest breadth of the peninsula, 172 In. The area is estimated at 55,000 sq. m. Pop. 87,401, of whom 47,167 are whites, 925 free coloured. and 39,309 slaves. P'once de Leon discovered this country in 1512, on Palm Sunday (called in Spanish Pasqua Florida), and from this circumstance bestowed upon it its present appellation. During a great part of the 16th century, the name was applied indefinitely to the S. E. coast of N. America, but was finally restricted to what now constitutes the state of Florida. That portion which lies W. of the r. Appalachicola, was formerly designated West Florida; the remainder, including the peninsula, East Florida. FLOYD, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 6,458. Seat of justice, Floyd c. h. FLOYD; a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Alabama. Pop. 8,205. Co. t. Rome. FLOYD, a co. near the E. extremity of Ky., intersected by the W. Fork of the Sandy r. Pop. 5,714. Co. t. Prestonsburg. FLOYD, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 14,875. Co. t. New Albany. FL\USH/-ING (Dutch Vlisl-sing-en), a fortified seaport t. of Holland, in the prov. of Zealand, on the S. side of the i. of Walcheren, remarkable for its harbour, its extensive dock-yards, and its fine basins, one of which is sufficiently deep to receive the largest ships of war.! Lat. 510 27' N., Lon. 3~ 35' E. Pop. above 6,000. (P. C.) FLU-VANI-NA, a co. in the E. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 9,487. Co. t. Palmyra. F6HR, or FOHR/-DE, a Danish i. on the W. coast of Sleswick, with an area of 25 sq. m. and 5,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) FOGGIA, fojf-jA, an important commercial t. of Naples, the cap. of the prov. of Capitanata, situated in the midst of a vast plain, 78 m. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41~ 27' N., Lon. J15 30' E. Pop. about 21,000. (B.) FoIX, fwk, a t. of France. the cap. of the dep. of Ariege, and the ancient residence of the counts of Foix, is situated on the r. Ariege. Lat. 42~ 58' N., Lon. 10 36' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) FOND DU LAC; a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, at the S. extremity'of L. Winnebago. Pop. 14,468. FONDI, font-de, (Anc. Funfdi,) a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra di Lavoro, remarkable for its antiquities. Parts of the pavement of the celebrated Appian Way (via Appia), which forms the principal street of Fondi, are here preserved in their primitive state. Lat. 41~ 21' N., Lon. 13~ 25' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) FONTAINEBLEAU, f'0N'-tane'-blo/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine a Alachua, Benton, Calhoun, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hillsborough, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, St. John's, Leon, Levy, Lucia St., Madison, Marion, Monroe, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. FON-FOR 225 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and Marne, 35m. S. S. E. of Paris, situated in the midst of a noble forest, (called, from the name of the town, the Forest of Fontainebleau,) which occupies an extent of more than 41,000 acres. Here is a magnificent royal chateau, erected by Francis I., and considerably embellished by succeeding princes. Lat. 480 24' N., Lon. 2~ 42' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) FONTARABIA, fon-ta.-raf-be-a, (Sp. Fuenterabia, fwen1-tXh-ra-bee1-a,) a small fortified t. of Biscay, in Spain, situated at the mouth of the river Bid-as-sol-a, which forms a part of the boundary between France and Spain. It is chiefly interesting on account of its historical associations. Lat. 430 22' N., Lon. 1 47' W.-Adj. FON-TA-RAI-B.-4N. FONTENAY, foNt'-na/, the largest and most commercial t. in the dep. of Vend6e, in France, is situated on the r. Vendde. Lat. 46~ 29' N., Lon. 0~ 47' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,388. (P. C.) Foof-LAH (or Foulah). The Foolahs are a nation widely spread along the W. coast of Africa, occupying the countries N. of C. Palmas as far as the banks of the r. Senegal. Their principal kingdoms are Foota Toro, Bondoo, Fooladoo, Kaarta Ludamer, and Casson. The Foolahs, especially those who inhabit the countries which border on the Moorish territories, approach nearer to Europeans in their complexion and general features, than any of the other tribes of W. Africa, except the Moors. Those of Bondoo are described as being of the middle size, well made, and very active, with hair less short and woolly than that of the negroes. In speaking of the negro nations, they always rank themselves with the white people. FORI-FAR, a t. of Scotland, cap. of Forfarshire, situated in the great valley of Strathmore, 15 m. N. by E. from Dundee. Lat. 56~ 39' N., Lon. 20 50' W. Pop. 8,362. FORI-FAR-SHIRE, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the sea and the Frith or Tay. Pop. 170,520. FoRLl, foa-leef, (Anc. Folrum Livfii,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 440 13'N., Lon. 120 3'E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) FORMENTERA, foR-men-thl-ra, (Anc. Ophiu/sa,) one of the Balearic islands, lying S. of Ivica, from which it is separated by a channel 5 m. broad. Its length is about 14 m. FoR-MOL-SA (called, by the Chinese, Tai-wan or Taywan, ti-want), a large i. in the Chinese Sea, lying between 21~ 50' and 25~ 30' N. Lat., and 1200 20' and 122~ E. Lon. Its length is about 250 m.; its greatest breadth about 70 m. It is important, on account of its fine harbours, its timber, and other productions. On the W. coast is the Chinese town of Tai-wan; the eastern part is inhabited by independent savages. FORSYTH, for-SiTHf, a co. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattaboochee. Pop. 8,850. Co. t. Cumming. FORTAVENTURA. (See FUERTAVENTURA.) FORTH, a r. of Scotland. which rises -in the mountains between Loch Katrine and Loch Lomond, and, flowing in an easterly direction, falls 226 FOR-FRA Fhte, fhar, fill, ft; m6, mIt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; into the Frith of Forth. Its length, following all its sinuosities, is stated to be above 6i) m. FORTH. FRITH OF. After the r. Forth is joined by the Devon, on the N. it begins to widen, and gradually assumes the appearance of a bay. This bay, called the Frith of Forth, is about 50 min. long, and, where widest, is near 15 m. broad. FossANO, fos-s'Y-no, a walled t. of Piedmont, situated near the r. Stura, on the Naviglio Nuovo (na-veellyo noo-ot-vo), or new canal, which connects the Stura with the Po. It has a royal academy of Belles Lettres. Lat. 440 36' N.,Lon. 7~ 51' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.' FouGaREs, fbo'-zhaRel, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, 160 m. W. by S. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 7,446. (P. C.) FOULAH. See FoOLAH. FOUN/-TAIN, a co. in the WV. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 13,253. Co. t. Covington, FOURCHE. See LA FOURCHE. FOWEY, foy, sometimes written FAWEY, a small r. of England, in Cornwall, which flows into the sea. FowEY, a fortified seaport of Cornwall, situated on the above r., near its mouth. It was anciently a place of much greater importance than at present. Fowey filrnished more ships to the fleet of Edward III., when he was besieging Calais, than any other port in England. Lat. 500 20' N., Lon. 40 37' W. Pop. 1,643. Fox ISLANDS. See ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. FOYERS, often written, and always pronounced FYI-ER,S, a small r. of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, which flows into Loch Ness, remarkable for its stupendous fall of 207 ft. in perpendicular height. From the top of the adjoining rocks to the surface of the water in the abyss below the fall, the depth is 470 ft. FOYLE, LOUGH, 1aH foil, a bay on the northern coast of Ireland, about 15 m. long, and Sm. wide in the middle, which is connected with the sea by a strait, less than a mile in breadth. The r. Foyle, which flows into its southern extremity, is navigable for vessels of 400 tons as far as Londonderry. FRANCE (Anc. Gal/lia or Gaul; Fr. La France, la frANce); one of the largest and mrost powerful countries of Europe, occupying the W. part of the continent, is situated between 42~ 20' and 51~ 5' N. Lat., and 4~ 49' W. and 8~ 16' E. Lon. Bounded on the N. WV. and N. by the English Channel and the kingdom of Belgium, E. by Germany, Switzerland, and the Sardinian states, S. by the Mediterranean and the Pyrenees, which separate it from Spain, and W. by the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic. Its extreme length, from S. E. to N. W. is about 680 m.; its greatest breadth, from N. E. to S.W. is about 630 m. The area is computed at 200,925 sq. m.. and if we include the Island of Corsica, which is now incorporated with France, it will amount to about 204,711. The entire population, according to the census of 1846, was 35,401,700. France is divided into 86 departments or prefectures, which are again divided into 363 sub-prefectures or arrondissements; 19 FRA —FRA 227 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. these are still further sub-divided into cantons and communes. Each department is under the administration of an officer called a prefect (prefet, prh'-fa'); the arrondissements are under sub-prefects (sous-prefets, soo'-prh>fh'). Paris is the seat of government. The surface of France is very diversified. The northern and western regions are occupied by a plain of vast extent, interrupted only by small elevations. There are several chains of mountains near the eastern border, among which are the Vosges, Mt. Jura, and the Cottian Alps. The highest mountain of France is one of the latter group, which has an altitude of 2,163 toises, or 13,700 feet, above the level of the sea. (B.) In the south, the Cevennes extend along the western side of the basin of the Rhone. The soil is generally fertile and the climate affords in perfection the finest fruits of the temperate zone. The principal productions are wheat, rye, maize, oats, potatoes, and the grape. The olive is extensively cultivated in the south, and the rearing of silk-worms forms an important branch of industry. Among the indigenous trees are the apple, pear, chestnut, oak, ash, elm, beech, poplar, and fir. The forests occupy scarcely one-seventh part of the surface. There is probably no country in which the landed property is divided into smaller parcels. Manufacturing industry has made great progress in France, and the arts are brought to a high state of perfection. The most important productions of this department are cotton, silk, and woollen stuffs, hardware, jewelry, porcelain, and chemical substances. The French excel particularly in the manufacture of broadcloth, silks, paper, and fancy articles. Considered in relation to commerce, France is the second state of Europe. In 1850 the value of the imports was $151,162,880, and that of the exports, $217,509,600. Among the chief articles of export are silks, muslins, woollens, wine, brandy, madder, and leather. The products of the soil and of manufactures supply the objects of an immense internal trade, which is facilitated by numerous canals and railways. The aggregate length of the latter, in 1850, was more than 1800 miles. A large majority of the people are Roman Catholics, but there is no religion established by law. The government, which for many years has been very unsettled, is at present nominally a republic, but in reality a self-constituted dictatorship. The last monarchy ended on the 24th of February, 1848, when a revolution occurred by which Louis Philippe was compelled to abdicate the crown. A provisional government was formed, of which Lamartine and Arago were prominent members, under whose auspices a republic was proclaimed, and a national assembly convened by universal suffrage. The union of church and state was dissolved, and titles of nobility abolished. A constitution was adopted by which the legislative power was vested in a single chamber of deputies. Louis Napoleon, in December, 1848, was elected president for four years; and, according to the constitution, was not eligible for a second term. On the second of December, 1851, the president, by the aid of a venal soldiery, and by a flagrant act of usurpation, dissolved the legislative assembly, imprisoned and banished many of the members, and asP 228 FRA —FRA Fate, far, fall, fat; ma, met: pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; sumed the part of absolute dictator. The freedom of the press and of speech were suppressed, and hundreds were massacred in the streets of Paris. A new constitution has since been imposed on the nation, which retains some republican forms, but subverts the foundations and chief defences of public liberty. The legislative power is exercised jointly by the president, the senate, which is appointed by him, and the legislative body, the members of which are elected for six years, and receive no salary. The president alone appoints to all offices, has the initiative of all laws, declares war, concludes treaties, and claims the right to designate the citizen whom he thinks most worthy to succeed him. The name of France is derived from the Franks, (i. e. freemen,) a confederacy of various German nations, who overran Gaul, on the decline of the Roman power, and who afterwards were united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of the 6th century.-Adj. FRENCH; inhab. FRENCEH'MAN. FRANCE, ISLE OF, (Fr. Ile de France, eel deh fraince;) formerly a prov., is now divided into the deps. Aisne, Oise, Seine, Seine and Oise, and Seine and Marne. It received its appellation from the circumstance of its being almost surrounded by the rivers which give name to the above deps., and by some other smaller streams. FRANCE, ISLE OF. See MAURITIUSo FRANCIS, ST.? a r. which rises in the E. S. E. part of Mo., and, flowing southerly into Ark., joins the Mississippi, near 34~ 40' N. Lat. FRANCIS, ST., a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the above r. Pop. 4,479. Co. t. Madison. FRANCIS, ST., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., on the sources of the r. St. Francis. Pop. 4,964. Co. t. Farmington. FRAN-CIS-CO, ST., a large r. of S. America, in Brazil, which rises near 20~ S. Lat., and 47~ W. Lon., and, flowing at first south-easterly, and then easterly, falls into the Atlantic, in about 10~ 30' N. Lat., and 36~ 20' W. Lon. Length above 1,3(00 m. It is navigable to Caninde (ca-neen/-da), more than 150 m. from its mouth; above this point there are a number of falls, the most considerable of which is said to be 50 ft. in perpendicular height. FRANCHE COMTiE, frINsh koN'-tA!, or UPPER BURGUNDY, a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. FRAN-COI-Nr.-A (Ger. Franken and Frankenland, frankf-en-land', i. e. the "land of the Franks"), formerly a circle of the German empire, intersected by the r. Main. Nearly the whole of it has been transferred by various treaties to the crown of Bavaria. FRANEKER, franf-ek-er, a manufacturing t. of Holland, in Friesland, on the canal from Leeuwarden to Haarlingen, formerly the seat of a university, which was suppressed some years since, and replaced by an athenaeum, or high school. Lat. 53~ 11' N., Lon. 50 30'E. Pop. 4,200. (P. C.) FRANKENSTEIN, frAnkf-en-stine', a walled t. of Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 500 36' N., Lon. 16~ 50' E. Pop. 5,500. (B.) FRANKENTHAL, frAnkf-en-tfll', a t. in the Bavarian circle of the FRA-FRA 229 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Rhine, 16 m. N. by W. from Speyer. A small canal connects it with the Rhine. Pop. 5,000. (B.) FRANKI-FORT (Ger. Frankfurt, fr~ankf-fi Rt,) ON THE MAIN, a celebrated city of Germany, the cap of a small republic of the same name, and of the whole Germanic confederation, is situated about 270m. W. S. MT. from Berlin, and 50 in. E. by S. from Coblentz, It stands on the right bank of the r. Main, across which there is a bridge, connecting it with Sachsenhausen (sAk'-sen-hou/-zen), one of its suburbs. Among the more remarkable edifices of Frankfort, may be mentioned the ancient cathedral, where the German emperors were formerly crowned; and the Roemer (now usually written Rbmer), in which is contained the Wahlzimmer (wtAlA-tsimf-mer), or Hall of Election, where the electors were wont to assemble for the purpose of electing the emperors of Germany: next to the Wahlzimmer, is the Kaisersaal (kif-zer-saal'), or Imperial Hall, in which the emperor, after his election, held his public dinner. Frankfort possesses a medical institute, founded in 1763, by the liberality of Dr. Senkenberg, to which is attached a botanic garden; the Senkenberg Society of Naturalists, with an extensive museum, is united to the above institution: a philosophical society: Stcedel's Institute of the Fine Arts, which contains a choice collection of paintings: a public library, of 60,000 vols., &c. The ter ritory of the republic of Frankfort contains an area of about 91 sq. m. The entire population is estimated at about 60,000 (B.); that of the town 51,000, if we include the suburb of Sachsenhausen, with its 5,000 inhabitants. Lat. 50~ 7' 30" N., Lon. 8~ 36' E. FRANKFORT or FRANKFURT ON THE ODER, a walled t. of Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, about 48 m. S. E. of Berlin. It possesses a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 520 22' N., Lon. 14~ 33' E. Pop. 22,000. (B.) FRANKFORT, the cap. of the state of Kentucky, and the seat of justice of Franklin co., is situated on the Kentucky r., 64 m., in a direct line, S. by W. from Cincinnati. The railroad which connects Lexington with the Ohio, at Louisville, passes by Frankfort. Lat. 38~ 14' N., Lon. 84~ 40' W. Pop. about 4,000. FRANKLIN, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Me., bordering on Canada. Pop. 20,027. Co. t. Farmington. FRANKLIN, a co. in the N. W. part of Vt., bordering on L. Champlain and Canada. Pop. 28,586. Co. t. St. Albans. FRANKLIN, a co. in the N. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Connecticut r., and bordering on Vt. and N. H. Pop. 30,867. Co. t. Greenfield. FRANKLIN, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on Canada. Pop. 25,102. Co. t. Malone. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. part of Pa., S. W. of Harrisburg, and bordering on Md. Pop. 39,904. Co. t. Chambersburg. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. part of Va., on the head waters of the Staunton r. Pop. 17,430. Co. t. Rocky Mount. 20 230 FRA-FRtE Fate, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nSt; 66 as in good; FRANKLIN, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C., intersected by the Tar r. Pop. 11,713. Co. t. Louisburg. FRANKLIN, a CO. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Savannah. Pop. 11,513. Co. t. Carnesville. FRANKLIN, a co. in Florida, at the mouth of the Appalachicola. Pop. 1,561. Co. t. Appalachicola. FRANKLIN, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the state of Mississippi and the Tennessee r. Pop. 19,610. Co. t. Russellville. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 5,904. Co. seat. Meadville. FRANKLIN, a port of entry of La., cap. of St. Mary's parish, on the W. side of Bayou Teche. FRANKLIN, a co. in the N.W. part of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 3,929. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 13,768. Co. t. Winchester. FRANKLIN, a co. in the N. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r. Pop. 12,462. Co. t. Frankfort. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 42,910. Co. t. Columbus. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 17,968. Co. t. Brookville. FRANKLIN, a co. in the S. part of Ill., about equidistant from the Mississippi and Wabash rivers. Pop. 5,681. Co. t. Frankfort. FRANKLIN, a CO. in the. E. part of Mo.. S. of, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 11,021. Co. t. Union. FRASCATI; frAs-kal-te, (Anc. Tus/culum,) a small but delightfully situated t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 12 m. S. E. of Rome. It is much resorted to in the hot season by the nobility of the capital. Permanent pop. about 4,300. (M.) FRAUENBURG, frouf-en-bO6Rg', a small t. of Prussia, remarkable as containing the tomb of Copernicus, who died here in 1543. Lat. 540 21' N., Lon. 19~ 41' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.) FRAUSTADT, froul-statt, a manufacturing t. of Prussia, in the grandduchy of Posen, 46 m. S. S. W. of Posen. Pop. 5,800. (B.) FREDI-ER-ICK, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on Pa. and the r. Potomac. Pop. 40,987. FREDERICK, formerly FREDERICKTOWVN, a city of Md., the seat of justice of the above co., is 43 m., in a straight line, N. N. W. of Washington. It is a pleasant and regularly built tow n; its commercial prosperity will doubtless be considerably promoted by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which passes near it, and with which it is connected. Lat. 390 24' N.. Lon. 770 18' W. Pop. about 6,028. FREDERICK, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., a little to the left of the Shenandoah r. Pop. 15,975. Co. t. Winchester. FREDI-ER-1CKS- BURG, the cap. of Spottsylvania co., Va., situated on the Rappahannock, about 50 m.: in a straight line, N. of Richmond, FRE —FRE 231 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. with which it is connected by a railroad. Lat. 380 34' N., Lon. 770 38 W. Pop. 4,062. FREDI-ER-IC-TON, the cap. of New Brunswick, situated on the r. St. John, at the head of sloop navigation. It is the seat of the College of New Brunswick. Lat. 46' 3' N., Lon. 66~ 45' W. Pop. about 3000. (P. C.) FREIBERG, fril-beRG, a walled t. of Germany, cap. of the Saxon circle of Erzgebirge, or Ore-mountains, and the centre of administration for the Saxon mines. It is situated near the east branch of the r. Mulde (m6611-deh), about 1,200 ft. above the level of the sea. Freiberg has a mining academy of considerable celebrity, with a museum, which takes its name from the illustrious Werner, by whom it was founded, and a most valuable collection of models relative to the art of mining. Lat. 50~ 55' N., Lon. 13~ 19' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) In 1540 it is said to have amounted to 40,000. (P. C.) FREII-BURG or fril-bo6RG, an archiepiscopal t. of Germany, in the grandduchy of Baden, cap. of the circle of the Upper Rhine, and the seat of a celebrated university, is situated about 100 m. S. W. of Carlsruhe. One of the most remarkable objects in this town is the Miinster, or Cathedral, probably the most beautiful and perfect specimen of Gothic architecture in Germany. Freiburg contains a great number of literary and scientific institutions, and several charitable establishments. Lat. 48~ N., Lon. 7~ 53' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) FREISING, frif-zing, or FREISINGENI fri/-zing-en, a t. of Bavaria, about 20 m. N. N. E. of Munich, chiefly remarkable on account of its school for the blind, and other institutions for education. Lat. 480 24' N., Lon. 11~ 45' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) FREISTADT, frif-statt, a t. of Upper Austria, important on account of its position on the railroad which connects Gmund with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lat. 48~ 29' N., Lon. 14~ 22' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.) FRaJUS, fr6'-zhticef, (Anc. Forrum Juflii,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the r. Argens (aa'-zhaNI). In the time of Augustus it was a large and handsome city, and was then the ordinary station of the Roman fleet in Gaul. There are some remains of the ancient ramparts, which appear to have enclosed a site five or six times as large as that occupied by the present town. Two of the Roman gates still remain, besides many other ruins. The name, Fr6jus, is a corruption of Forum Julii; in the dictionary of Expilly, published in the middle of the last century, it is spelled Frejuls. Lat. 430 26' N., Lon. 6~ 44' E. Present pop. about 2;500. In the time of the first Roman emperor it amounted to 100,000. (B.) FRENCH BROAD RIVER, one of the sources of the Tc.?essee, rises in N. C., and, passing into Tenn., unites with the HIolston, a few miles above Knoxville. FREYBURG. See FREIBURG. FREYBURG, frif-b66RG, in French FRIBOURG, fre'-booRt, a canton in 19 232 FRE-FRI Fate, fAr, fll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n4t; o6 as in good; the N.W. part of Switzerland, bordering on the L. of Neufchatel. The area is computed at 588 sq. m. Pop. in 1834, 89;192. (P. C.) FREYBURG or FRIBOURG, the cap. of the above, situated on the Sarine (s4'-reen/), or Saane (saa/-neh), a tributary of the Aar., about 1.7m. S. W. of Bern. A part of the town is built upon a steep declivity of rock, where the roofs of several houses serve as a pavement for the street above. There is an iron suspension bridge over the Sarine, 885 ft. in length, and 170 ft. above the level of the river. It was erected in 1834, and is one of the finest in the world. Among the scientific and literary institutions of Freyburg, the Lyceum with a professorship of common and civil law; the Gymnasium; the College of the Jesuits; the Public Library; and the Cabinet of Natural History; may be mentioned. Lat. 46~ 48' N., Lon. 70 9' E. Pop. in 1834, 8,535. (P. C.) FREYSTADT. See FREISTADT. FRIEDLAND, freed/-land or freetf-lant, a small t. in the N. extremity of Bohemia. from which the celebrated WallenStein took the title of duke. Lat. 50~ 57' N., Lon. 15~ 8' E.-Also, a town of E. Prussia, on the Alle, remarkable for a victory gained by Bonaparte over the Russians and Prussians, in 1807, which led to the peace of Tilsit. Lat. 540 26' N., Lon. 21~ 1' E. FRIENDLY or TONGA (tong'-a) ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific, situ, ted between 18~ and 23~ S. Lat., and 173~ and 176~ W. Lon. The inhabitants belong to the Malayan race. They are represented as an industrious, ingenious, and brave, but treacherous people. Their number is estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) The name of these islands was bestowed by Cook, because the inhabitants received him in so friendly a manner, though it is now known that they intended to kill him, and seize his vessels. FRiESLAND, freezt-land, or VRIESLAND, or FRIESIA, free/-zhe-a, a prov. occupying the N. N. W. extremity of Holland. It is sometimes called, though not by lHollanders, West Friesland, in order to distinguish it from East Friesland, in Hanover. The area of Friesland is about 1,030 sq. m. The pop. is estimated at 221,000. (P. C.) Leeuwarden is the chief town.-Adj. FRIESIc, freef-zik, and FRIESIAN or FRISIAN, free/zhe-an; inhab. FRIES/-LAND-ER, and FRISIAN* or FRIESIAN. FRIESLAND. EAST, or AURICH, oun-riK, a principality in the N. W. part of Hanover. Emden is the chief town. FRIO, free/-o, a cape on the S. E. coast of Brazil. Lat. 22~ 54' S. Lon. 410 36' W. * FRISIAN properly relates to the nation who formerly inhabited this and the neighbouring regions, and who are mentioned by Tacitus under the name of Frisii. They appear to have been a tribe of Germans. Those of their descend ants who are settled among the small islands on the western coast of Sleswick, preserve not only the name of Frisians, but many vestiges of their customs and dress. The Friesic language, which is quite distinct from the Dutch, in many points bears a striking resemblance to the English. FRI-FUN 233 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. FRISCHE HAFF, frishf-eh haff, i. e. "fresh bay;" or FRiSCIE SEE (Bay), i. e. " fresh sea," an arm of the Baltic, lying between 54~ 14' and 540 43' N. Lat., and 19~ 10' and 20~ 30' E. Lon. Its length is near 60 r1.; its greatest breadth is about 13 m. A number of rivers fall into this Haf, among which are two arms of the Vistula. It is connected with the sea by a strait called the Gatt, only about 12 ft. deep, and 3,000 ft. wide, and is separated from the Baltic by a strip of land called the Frische Nehrung (nAl-ro6og). Its name appears to have been given to it on account of the freshness of its waters —the necessary consequence of its receiving so many considerable streams, while the passage by which it communicates with the Baltic is so limited that it is impossible for the salt waters of that sea to be mingled with the con. tents of the Frische Haff to any considerable extent. FRIULI, fre-ool-le,* (It. pron. freel-oo-le,) the most eastern prov. of Northern Italy, forming a part of the Venetian territory. Friuli appears to be derived from the ancient Forum Julii, a Roman colony said to have been founded here by Julius Caesar. FROME or FROME SELWOOD, a t. of England, in Somersetshire, on the r. Frome, a branch of the Avon, 93 m. WV. by S. from London. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 10 sq. m., 11,849. FUERTAVENTURA, fweR'-ta-ven-tool-ra, one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the parallel of 280 30' N. Lat., and by the 14th meridian of W. Lon. It is about 60 m. long, and contains an area of 79 sq. leagues. Pop. 13,885. (P. C.) FULDA, f6611-da, a t. of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the little r. Fulda, a branch of the Weser. It has a lyceum, and several other establishments for education. Lat. 50~ 34' N., Lon. 90 44' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) FULTON, fl611-ton, a co. in the E. or E. central part of N. Y., N. W. of Albany. Pop. 20,171. Co. t. Johnstown. FULTON, a co. in the N. part of Ind., a little N. of the Wabash r. Pop. 5,982. Co. t. Rochester. FULTON, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 22,508. Co. t. Lewistown. FUNCHAL, foon-shal/, the cap. of the i. of Madeira, is pleasantly situated on the S. coast, and defended by several forts. Lat. 32~ 37' N., Lon. 160 56' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Its commerce is extensive, but unfortunately it has no harbour, and its road is unsafe in winter. FUNI-DY, BAY OF, situated between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, is about 180 m. long; its greatest breadth is above 50 m. It is remarkable for the height to which its tide rises, which sometimes amounts to 70ft. FO'..iar (Dan. Fyen, ffil-en), a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to - - " a sea Of glory streams along the Alpine height Of blue FRIULI'S mountains." —Childe Hlarold. Canto IV. 20* 234 FUN-GAL Fhte, far, fill, fat; m6, ment; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; Denmark, situated between 55~ 2' and 550 40' N. Lat., and 90 40' and 100 51' E. Lon. Its length is about 50 m.; its greatest breadth near 40. The area is about 1,176 sq. in. Pop. about 144,000. (P. C.) Odense is the capital. FiiNFIIRCHEN, ffinf-k6eat-Ken, (Hung. P6cs, paich,) an ancient t. in' the S. W. part of Hungary, 105 m. S. by WV. from Buda. Lat. 46~ 5' N., Lon. 18" 16' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) FURNES, filRn, a small t. of W. Flanders, situated at the termination of a canal, to which it gives its name. Lat. 510 4' N., Lon. 20 40' E. Pop. in 1830, 4,253. (P. C.) FURRUCKABAD, fur'-ruk-a-badf, a t. of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, which lies between the Jumna and the Ganges. Lat. 27~ 24' N., Lon. 790 27' E. Pop. estimated at about 67,000. (B.) FiURTH, fliRt, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Germany, in Bavaria, cap. of a circle of the same name, with a Jewish university, about 4 m. N. W. of Nuremburg. Lat. 49" 29' N., Lon. 11~ 1' E. Pop. estimated at 17,000. (B.) FYNE, LOCH, loK fine, a small bay on the W. coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire, communicating with the Frith of Clyde. GADSI-DEN, a co. of Florida, E. of and bordering on the Appalachi. cola r. Pop. 8,783. Co. t. Quincy. GAETA., gal-A-tA, (Anc. Caieta,) a strongly fortified seaport t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra di Lavoro. Lat. 41~ 13' N., Lon. 12~ 34' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 3,000. (B.) GAILLAC, gah'-yak/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Tarn, situated on the r. Tarn, 31 in. N. E. of Toulouse. It is celebrated for its wines. GAILLON, gah'-y6N/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, 50 m. W. N.W. of Paris, remarkable for its once magnificent palace, belonging to the archbishops of Rouen, which is now-converted into a prison. GAIRLOCH, gare/flo9, a bay on the W. coast of Ross-shire, Scotland, which gives name to a parish lying on it. GA-LEI-NA, a small t. near the N. W. extremity of Ill., the cap. of Jo Daviess co., remarkable for the rich lead mines in its vicinity. The name is taken from galena, a species of lead ore. Pop. 6,004. GALICIA, gal-ishf-e-a, (Ger. Galizien, gA-litf-se-en,) THE KINGDOM OF) forms the N. E. portion of the Austrian dominions, being situated between 47~ and 50~ 50' N. Lat., and 18~ 54' and 260 37' E. lon. Its length, from E. to W., is about 350 m.; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 230 m. The area is computed at 32,949 sq. m. Pop. about 4,600,000. (P. C.) Lemberg is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. GALICIAN, gal-ishf. e-ani. GALICIA, (Sp. pron. gA-leel-the-a: Anc. Galletcia,) a prov. occupying the N. W. extremity of the Spanish peninsula. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 125 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 120 m. — Adj. and inhab. GAL-LEf-GAN (from the Spanish Gallego, gal-l-f-go) and GALICIAN. G&LL) SAINT, (Fr. pron. saN gAll; Ger. Sancte Gallen, sanklteh-g~a]. GAL-GAN 235 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as-in this; N, nearly like ng. len,) a canton in the N. E. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine and Lake Constance. Area computed at 780 sq. m. Fop. in 1831, 165,740. (P. C.) GALL, ST., an important manufacturing and commercial t. of Switzerland, cap. of the above canton, situated about 7 m. S. W. of Lake Constance. It contains numerous literary institutions. Lat. 470 26' N., Lon. 90 22' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) GALt-LA-TIN, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,137. Co. t. Warsaw. GALLATIN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., bordering on the Ohio and Wabash rivers. Pop. 5,448. Co. t. Equality. GAL/-L-A, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 17,063. Co. t. Gallip'-olis. GALLIPOLI, gal-lipl-o-le, (Anc. Calliplolis,) an important t. of European Turkey, situated at the entrance of the Hellespont, about 130 in. in a direct line, W. by S., from Constantinople. It is interesting in history, as the first place in Europe where the Turks acquired dominion. Lat. 40~ 26' N., Lon. 26~ 38' E. The pop. is variously estimated from 17,000 to 80,000. According to the P. C., it somewhat exceeds 20,000. GALLIPOLI, a fortified seaport t. of Italy, in Terra di Otranto. Lat. 400 2' N., Lon. 17~ 57' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) GAL!-LO-WAY, a dist. in the S. W. of Scotland, comprising the shire of Wigtown and parts of some other shires. The small horses known by the name of Galloways, are bred here. GALI-VES-TON, the largest t. in Texas, situated on an island of its own name. its commerce is represented as very flourishing. Lat. 29~ 10' N., Lon. 94~ 50' W. Pop. about 6,000. GALVESTON BAY, a considerable bay in the S. E. part of Texas, N. of the island of Galveston. GAXL-WAY, a co. in the W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Connaught, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the co. of the town of Galway, 381,564. (P. C.) GALWAY, THE CO. OF THE TOWIN OF lies in the above, and contains an area of near 36 sq. m, The town of Galway, which is the cap. of this, as well as the preceding country, is situated on the outlet of Lough Corrib, near its entrance into Galway Bay. Its harbour is large, but not deep. It has a'pretty extensive trade; its chief manufacture is flour. Entire pop. of the co. in 1831, 33,120. (P. C.) The pop. of the -town is stated, by the Edinburgh Gazetteer, to be above 15,000. GAMf-B1-A, a r. of W. Africa, which flows into the Atlantic, between 130 and 14~ N. Lat., and near 16~ WV. Lon. Its upper course has not been explored by Europeans, but, from information obtained from the natives, it is probable that its whole length exceeds 500 m. It is navigable to near Medina (med-eel-na), in about 14~ W. Lon., a distance, by water, of perhaps 250 m. from its mouth. GAND. See GHENT. GANGES, gant-jhz, (Hindoo Guna-ga,) a large r. of India, the two 236 GAP-GAR Fate, far, fll, fat; m&, met; p ne or pine, pin; n5, not; 66 as in good. principal branches of which rise in the Himalaya Mountains, near 310 N. Lat., and between 78~ 30' and 80~ E. Lon. One of these, the Bagharet/tee, which is considered the true Ganges, rises from the side of a mountain 13,800 ft. above the level of the sea. In the first part of its course it runs south-westerly, but gradually changes towards the S. E., and, after its union with the Jumna, in about 2.5~ 20' N. Lat., and 82~ E. Lon., it flows easterly, and continues in this direction to near 88~ E. Lon., when it again changes to the S. E., and falls into the Bay of Bengal, by many mouths. The whole length of the Ganges is estimated at near 1,500 m. It is navigable, for small boats, almost to its source, during the rainy season, and the greater portion of it is navigable all the year round, but not for vessels of the same size. Even some of the principal branches are impassable for large boats during six months of the year.-Adj. GANGETIC, gan-jet'-ik. GAP, g'ap, a city in the S. E. part of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Alps. It had, in the 16th century, more than twice its present number of inhabitants. Lat. 440 34' N., Lon. 6~ 5' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) GARD, gaR, a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Mediterranean and the r. Rhone. Pop. 366,259. (B.) Capital, Nimes. GARDA, gaRf-da, LAKE OF, (Anc. Bena/cus,) the largest lake in Italy, situated between 450 26' and 45~ 56' N. Lat., and 10~ 32' and 10~ 50' E. Lon. Its length is about 35 in.; its greatest breadth about 10m. The r. Mincio forms its outlet. A steamboat plies between Desenzano (da-sen-zaf-no) on its S. coast, and Riva (ree/-va) at its N. extremity, in Tyrol. GARDON, gaR'-d6NW, a small r. in the S. of France, which intersects the dep. of Gard, and flows into the Rhone. Over the valley of this stream is the celebrated Pont du Gard (poN dii GaR), a magnificent Roman aqueduct, 895 ft. long, and about 160 ft. above the waters of the river, which was constructed for the purpose of supplying the ancient Nemausus (now Nimes) with water from the fountain of Aure. GARDI-_INER, a flourishing t. of Maine, in Kennebeck co., situated on the r. Kennebeck, about 8 m. S. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, 6,486. GARFAGNANA, gaR-fan-ya/-na, a highland dist. of the northern Apennines, situated on the borders of the states of Tuscany, Genoa, and Modena. GARIGLIANO, ga-reel-ya'I-no, a small r. of Naples, which flows into the Mediterranean, about 10 m. E. of Gaeta. GAR'-ONNEI (the Garumlna of the Romans), a r. in the S. W. part of France, which rises a. little beyond the frontier, in the kingdom of Spain, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, unites with the Dordogne, about 15 m. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its length is about 360 m. It is navigable above 200 in., though there are many impediments in the upper part of its course. GARONNE, UPPER, (Fr. Haute Garonne, 6te g6'-ronn/,) a dep. in the GAR-GEL 237 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; Q like j. S. of France, intersected by the r. Garonne. Pop. 454,727. Capital, Toulouse. GARI-HRARD, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the r. Kentucky. Pop. 10,237. Co. t. Lancaster. GARI-R6WS, a mountainous dist. bordering on the N. E. frontier of Bengal, tributary to the British. GAS'-CO-NADEI, a r. of Mo., which flows into the Missouri r. GASCONADE, a co. in the E. central part of Mo., intersected by the above, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 4,996. Co. t. Mount Sterling. GAS/-CO-NY, (Fr. Gascogne, gas'-cofii,) formerly a prov. in the S.W. part of France, now constituting the deps. of the Upper Pyrenees, Gers, and Landes, and part of the Lower Pyrenees, Upper Garonne, Lot and Garonne, and Ariege.-Adj. and inhab. GAS'-coN. GASPE, gas'-pal, a co. of Lower Canada, surrounding a bay of the same name in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat. of the latter, about 480 47' N., Lon. 64~ 20' W. GATES, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on Va. and the Chowan r. Pop. 8,426. Co. t. Gatesville. GATESHEAD. See NEWCAsTLE-UPON-TYNE. GA/-ZA, an ancient t. of Palestine, situated near the borders of the desert which separates this country from Egypt, about 3 m. from the Mediterranean. Lat. 310 27' N., Lon. 340 27' E. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. (P. C.) qE-AUI-Gs, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 17,827. Co. t. Chardon. GEEL, gheel, (Dutch pron. Hale,) a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Antwerp, remarkable for the great number of persons afflicted with insanity, who are sent thither from the surrounding country, to board in private families. The inhabitants, generally speaking, appear to possess great skill in the treatment of this malady, which forms the principal part of their occupation. Lat. 51~ 10' N., Lon. 40 58' E. Pop. about 7,000. (P. C.) GEFLE, yevf-lA, a seaport t. of Sweden, situated at the mouth of a little stream which flows into the Baltic, important on account of its commerce, its dock-yards, and the number of its merchant vessels. It is regarded as the third seaport of Sweden. Here is a celebrated gymnasium. Lat. 600 40' N., Lon. 17~ 8' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) GELI-DER. or GUELDERS, (Dutch, Geldern, Hel'-dern,) called also GELtD.ER-LAND, a prov. in the E. part of Holland, bordering on the Prussian dominions. The area scarcely exceeds 2,000sq. m.. Pop. in, 1824, 279,226. Capital, Arnhern. The ancient duchy of Gelders was considerably larger than the present province. One division of it, called Upper Gelders, remained subject to Spain after the successful revolt of the maritime provinces of the Netherlands; and a part of this, ineluding the town of Gelders, now belongs to Prussia. GELDERS or GELDERN, a small t. and: once an important fortress of the Prussian dominions, in the circle of Diisseldorf, 48 m. N. W. of 238 GEN-GEN Fate, far, fill, fat; me, mtft; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; Cologne. From it the above-mentioned duchy took its name. Lat. 51~ 31' N., Lon. 6~ 19' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.) QEN'-E-SEEt, a r. which rises in Pa., and, flowing across the W. part of N. Y., empties itself into L. Ontario. Its whole length is about 125 m. GENESEE, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little to the W. of the above r. Pop. 28,488. Co. t. Batavia. GENESEE, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., S. of Saginaw Bay. Pop. 12,031. Co. t. Flint. 9(EN'-ES-Ef-O, the seat of justice of Livingston co., N. Y., situated on the r. Genesee, about 25 m. S. by W. of Rochester..EN-EI-VA, (Ger. Genf, ghenf; Fr. Gen6ve, zhen-ave; It. Ginevra, jin-h/-vra,) a celebrated city of Switzerland, the cap. of a canton of the same name, situated on both sides of the Rhone, where it issues from L. Leman. The larger part of the town is on the S side, but a portion is built on an island in the river. which is joined to the two banks by bridges. A smaller island, at the very point where the Rhone issues from the lake, is planted with trees, and forms a public promenade. A handsome suspension bridge has recently been thrown across the river. The town is regularly fortified, with ramparts, ditches, and bastions. As a seat of learning, Geneva holds a distinguished rank among the European cities. Its academy, or rather university, founded by Calvin, has the four faculties of theology, law, science, and belles lettres, with forty professors. The Botanic Garden is considered as the first establishment of the kind in Switzerland. Our limits will not permit us to mention even the principal among its numerous literary and scientific institutions; yet we may briefly notice the various collections in the sciences of mineralogy, entomology, botany, &c., especially the botanical library, and the magnificent herbarium of M. De Candolle, which contains not less than 58,000 different species, and may be regarded as the finest collection of the kind which has ever been made. The manufacturing industry of Geneva is chiefly directed to the construction of clocks and watches, and to works in jewelry. It would be difficult to name another town of equal size which has produced so many distinguished persons as Geneva; among these may be mentioned Saussure, Rousseau, Madame de Stael, and Sismondi. Geneva is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe, and is mentioned under its present name, in Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic war. (Lib. I., 7 and 8.) After the reformation, it became, under the auspices of John Calvin, one of the principal rallying points of the reformed communion, so as to be styled by some " the Rome of the Protestants." Much of its present moral and intellectual elevation must be ascribed to the strong impression which Calvin stamped upon it three centuries ago. The Ob. servatory is in 46~ 11'59" N. Lat., and 6~ 9' 22" E. Lon. Pop. in 134, 27,177. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. 9(EN'-E-VEsEt. GENEVA, CANTON OF, occupies the S. W. extremity of Switzerland. The area is computed at about 93 sq. m. The entire pop. in 1834 GEN —GEO 239 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; q like. amounted to 56,655. (P. C.) This is the smallest canton of the Swiss confederation. GENEVA, LAKE OF. See LEMAN. GENEVA, a village of N. Y., beautifillly situated at the N. end of Seneca Lake, on the R. R. between Albany and Buffalo. GENEVIEVE (jen'-e-veevf) ST., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 5,313. Co. t. St. Genevieve. QENf-o-A* (the Gen/ua of the ancient Romans; It. Genova, jenf-o-va; Fr. Genes, zhain); an archiepiscopal city in the N. W. part of Italy, formerly the cap. of the celebrated republic of this name, situated at the foot of the Northern Apennines, in the recess of a wide gulf on the Mediterranean, to which it gives its name. It is strongly fortified on the land side, being enclosed by a double line of fortifications. Though, in general, irregularly and badly built, it contains many fine edifices; the palace Durazzo, and that of Andrew Doria are among the most remarkable. Genoa has several important literary and scientific institutions; the University, with its twenty-nine professors, tfie Academy of Fine Arts, and the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, are perhaps the most deserving notice. The territory of the old republic now forms a part of the kingdom of Sardinia, under the name of the duchy of Genoa. The climate of this region is healthy, and the atmosphere remarkably pure. The Genoese are a shrewd, active, frugal, industrious, and still eminently commercial people. The town is in Lat. 44~ 25' N., Lon. 80 58' E. Population about 100,000. Adj. and inhab. qEN'-O-ESEI. GEORGE, LAKE, a lake in the E. N. E. part of N. Y., situated between the counties of Washington and Warren; it is 33 m. in length, and about 2 in breadth. Its outlet, which is 3m. long, flows into Lake Champlain. It is studded with small islands. and its waters are remarkably pure and transparent: these circumstances, together with the wild and lofty hills by which it is surrounded, render it almost unequalled for picturesque and romantic beauty. GEORGE, ST., (Port. Sam Jorge, soung zhoR/-zhI,) an i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 38~ 30' N. Lat., and the 28th meridian of W. Lon. Length above 30 m.; mean breadth only 4 or 5 m. GEORGE/-TOWN, formerly STAnROEK (st-a-brook), the cap. of British Guiana, situated near the mouth of the r. Demerara. It formerly belonged to the Dutch. Lat. about 6~ 48' N., Lon. 58C 7' WV. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) GEORGETOWN, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C., intersected by the Great Pedee r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 20,647. Co. t. Georgetown. GEORGETOWN, a port of entry, cap. of the above situated on Winyaw Bay, at the mouth of the Great Pedee r. Lat. 330 21' N., Lon, 79~ 17' W. Pop. estimated at above 3,000. * See Introduction, 1. 240 GEO-GER Fate, far, fAll, fat; me, mit; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; GEORGETOWN, a t. and port of entry of Washington co., in the Dist. of Columbia, situated at the confluence of Rock Creek with the Poto. mac, 21 m. above the capitol. Pop. 8,366. GEORGIA, jorf-je-a, (called by the Russians Grusia, groof-se-a,) a considerable country of Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian, and extending from 38~ 18' to 430 52' N. Lat., and from 390 43 to 50~ 14' E. Lon. These, however, are to be understood as the limits of the Russian prov. of this name. Georgia Proper is considerably le~s extensive. There is some diversity among geographers respecting its boundaries; but it appears to have included originally nearly the whole of the southern declivity of the Caucasus, from the Caspian to the Black Sea. The origin of the name is unknown: some derive it from the r. Koor (Kur), which intersects nearly the whole extent of this fine country. The Persians call it Goorgistan. The climate of Georgia is mild and, in general, very healthy. The Georgian girls, like those of Circassia, are celebrated for their beauty, though their complexion is said to be less delicate, and their figure less graceful. This country produces many excellent fruits, among which are peaches, apricots, and figs. The vines are abundant, and of a good quality; the wine that is made from them is mostly sent to Persia. The pop. of Georgia Proper is estimated at 300,000. (M. B.) Capital, Tiflis.-Adj. and inhab. GEORI-GJ-AN. GEORGIA, one of the thirteen original U. S., between 30~ 21' and.35~ N. Lat., and 810 and 85~ 50' W. Lon; bounded on the N. by North Carolina and Tennessee, N. E. by South Carolina, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama; and divided into 94 counties.* Length, from N. to S., about 300 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., near 250 m. The area is estimated at 62,000 sq. m. Pop. 905,999, of whom 521,438 are whites, 2,880 free coloured, and 381,681 slaves. Milledgeville is the seat of government. GERA, gal-ra, a t. of Germany, the seat of government for the Reuss principalities, which are on the W. border of Saxony. It is also the seat of a Protestant consistory. Lat. 500 53' N., Lon. 12~ 4' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) ].ER-MAIN1, SAINT, (Fr. pron. sAN zhR'-nmaN1), a town of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, situated on the left bank of the Seine, about 14 m. W. by N. from Paris, with which it is connected by a railAppling, Baker, Baldwin, Bibb, Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Butts, Camden, Camp. bell, Carroll, Cass, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Cobb, Columbia, Coweta, Crawford, Dade, Decatur, De Kalb, Dooly, Early, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Gilmer, Glvnn, Green, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Heard, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon, Madison, Marion, Mc Intosh, Meriwether, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Mur. ray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Scriven, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall, Telfair, Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkes, Wilkinson, Gordon. GER-GER 241 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; Q, likej. road. If was formerly a favourite residence of the French kings. The forest of St. Germain, in the vicinity, is still a frequent resort of the royal family, with their hunting parties. To distinguish it from other places of this name, the town is often called St. Germain en laye ('N la), i. e. "in the lane or passage," probably referring to its position on one of the roads leading to the forest. Pop. in 1831, 10,671. (P. C.) GERMAN OCEAN. See NORTH SEA. qVR-MA-NY (Lat. Germa/nia; Ger. Deutschland, doicht-lant; Fr. Allemagne, All'-mARif); an extensive country of Europe, situated between 450 30' and 550 50' N. Lat., and 40 45' and 22~ 54' E. Lon. These limits have reference to all the territories comprised in the Germanic confederation, including some districts which do not belong to Germany Proper; e. g. Luxemburg, and Friuli. According to the more strict application of the name, Germany is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, E. by Poland, Galicia, and Hungary, S. by Croatia, Illyria, Italy, and Switzerland, and W. by France, Belgium, and Holland. Its length, from the Netherlands to the E. part of Prussia, is upwards of 700 m.; its breadth is very unequal; measuring from N. to S., from the Baltic to the southern limit of Tyrol, it amounts to near 600 m. The area is stated at 284,000 sq. m. Before the French Revolution, the German empire was divided into nine circles; namely, those of Austria, Bavaria, and Suabia, in the S.; Franconia, Upper Rhine, and Lower Rhine, in the middle; and Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony, in the N. Other countries, however, were considered as forming parts of the empire, of which the principal were Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, and Lusatia. The present Germanic confederation, as established by an act of the Congress of Vienna, on the 8th of June, 1815, consists of thirty-eight independent states. The central point and organ of the confederation is the Federative Diet, which sits at Frankfort on the Main. It exercises its authority in a double form: 1st, as a general assembly, termed Plenum; and, 2dly, as a minor council, called the Federative Diet Ordinary. The Plenum meets only when an affair relating to all the confederation is to be decided. It has seventy votes, of which four belong to Austria, and as many to each of the five German kingdoms; the other states, according to their respective importance, have three, two or one vote each. The Federative Diet Ordinary possesses in all seventeen votes, out of which eleven principal states have each a single vote, and the remaining twenty-seven only six joint votes. Austria presides in both assemblies, and decides in case of equality. The objects of the Germanic confederation are mutual defence against a common enemy, and the preservation of internal security and peace among the confederated states, which have no right to declare war on each other, but must submit their differences to the decision of the Diet. The following is a list of the states, with the number of votes which each possesses in the general assembly. I States having each four votes: 1. Austria, 4. Saxony, 2. Prussia, 5. Hanover, 213. Bavaria, 6. Wfirtemberg. 21 242 GER F'te, far, fAll, fat; m6, mAt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; II. States having each three votes: 7 Baden, 10. Holstein and Lauenburg, 8 The electorate of Hesse, 11. Luxemburg. 9. The grand-duchy of Hesse, TII. States having each two votes: 12. Brunswick, 14. Nassau. 13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, IV. States having each one vote: 15. Saxe-Weimar, 27. Lichtenstein, 16. Saxe-Coburg, 28. HohenzolIern-Sigmarin gen 17. Saxe-Meiningen, 29. Waldeck, 18. Saxe-Hildburghausen, 80. Reuss, elder branch, 19. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 31. Reuss, younger branch, 20. Holstein-Oldenburg, 32. Lippe-Schauenburg, 21. Anhalt-Dessau, 33. Lippe-Detmold, 22. Anhalt-Bernburg, 34. Hesse-Homburg, 23. Anhalt-Ccethen, 35. Lfibeck, 24. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 36. Frankfort, 25. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 37. Bremen, 26. Hohenzollern-Hechingen, 38. Hamburg. The following is a list of the Austrian, Prussian, Dutch, and Danish possessions comprised in the Germanic confederation: AUSTRIAN.-Thle archduchy of Austria, the duchies of Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Austrian Friuli, the territory of Trieste, the county of Tyrol, with Vorarlberg, the kingdom of Bohemia, the margraviate of Moravia, and Austrian Silesia. PRuSSIAN.-The provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Prussian Saxony, Westphalia, and the provinces of the Rhine. DUTCH.-The grand-duchy of Luxemburg. DANISH.-The duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg. Nothing is known of the early history of Germany, except what we derive from the Romans. In the time of Julius CaUsar, the Germans (Germani) were regarded as the most formidable and warlike of all the European barbarians. To this character they appear to have been indebted for the appellation by which they were known among the surrounding nations. Wehrman, i. e. 6" war-man," was changed by the Romans into German, as they probably had no other mode in which they could indicate more nearly the sound of the barbarian name.* In the early part of the third century the Alemanni or Al'emanni appear as one of the most conspicuous and powerful of the German naIt is curious to observe how often w, in a Teutonic language, is changed tc gin a Romanic. Among many other instances, we may cite the following: Ger. wehr, Sp. guerra, Fr. guerre; Eng. ward, Sp. guarda, Fr. garde * Eng. waste, Sp guastar, Fr. gater (originally gaster); Eng. wager, Fr. gager; Eng. warrant, Fr garantir. (See note to CORNWALL, page 169; also, Int. XXVII., 10.) GER-GHE 243 onu, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; Q, like j. tions, if they were not rather a union of various nations, as their name (Allemannen, all men, or all sorts of men), would seem to irnply. Though often defeated, the Allemanni harassed almost continually the Roman frontier on the side of Germany, during the decline of the Western empire. But having, in a sanguinary battle, been utterly routed by the Franks, under Clodwiog, in 496, they were afterwards united to the Suevi, and with them consolidated into a dukedom, called the Duchy of Allemannia. Frorn the Allemnanni the French and Spanish names of Germany, Allemnagne and Alemania, are derived. The Germanic empire dates from the time of Charlemagne, by whom it was founded, in the latter part of the 8th century. Conrad, the first duke of Franconia, was elected emperor about the year 911, from which time the crown of Germany remained elective till 1806, when Francis II. abdicated the imperial crown of Germany, and declared the dissolution of the Germanic empire. After the dethronement of Napoleon, in 1815, the new system of general government, called the Germanic confederation, was established, as already explained. —Adj. G.ER/-MAN and QrpR MANI-IC; inhab. GERMAN. GERONA, Ha:-rol-na, a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, and formerly important on account of its fortifications. Lat. 42~ 2' N., Lon. 2~ 47' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) GERS, zhaRe, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a small r. of the same name, which flows into the Garonne. Pop. 312,882. (B.) Capital, Auch. GEX, zhex, a small t. of France. near the frontiers of Switzerland, 11 m. N. by W. from Geneva, in a dist. of the same name, which forms a part of the dep. of Ain. GHADAMIS, gha-dat-mis, or gha-damst, a commercial t. of N. Africa, in an oasis of the same name, which is tributary to Tripoli. It is a rendezvous for caravans travelling from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. about 29~ 50' N., Lon. near 110 E. GHAUTS, Mountains of Hindostan, which are usually divided into the Western and the Eastern Ghauts. The Western Ghauts extend along the W. coast of Hindostan, from the r. Tapty, on which Surat stands, to about 11~ N. Lat., and form the boundary of the table land of the Dekkan on the side towards the Indian Ocean. The Eastern Ghauts, which separate the table land of the Dekkan from the low and level country along the Bay of Bengal, extend from about 12~ to 18~ N. Lat. To another mountain ridge, which bounds the table land of the Dekkan on the S., and which has only been explored within the last twenty-five years, the name of Southern Ghauts has recently been applied. The word Ghaut literally signifies a " mountain pass." GHEEL. See GEEL. GHEEI-ZEH (Gizeh or Jizeh), a smaI t. of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, chiefly remarkable for its vicinity to the pyramids. Lat. 300 2' N., Lon. 31~ 15' E. GHENT, (Flem. Gent or Gend, Hent; Fr. Gand, g'N,) a city of Belgium, cap. of E. Flanders, situated at the confluence of the Lys with the Q 244 GIOO —GiB1 Fa'te, far, fVal, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nDt; 66 as in good. Scheldt, 31 m. V. S. WV. from Antwerp, and 30 m. N. W. from Brus sels. It is intersected by a great number of navigable canals, through which it communicates with most of the important towns of the Low Countries. The Sas-van-Ghent Canal (first opened for use in 1828), which runs towards the N. into Zealand, connects Ghent with the W. Scheldt, and allows vessels from the sea, drawing 18 ft. of water, to enter the city. In the centre of the town a magnificent basin has lately been excavated, which is connected with the above canal, and is capable of containing 400 vessels, of 900 tons each. Ghent is a handsome and well-built city, and is surrounded by walls with seven gates. This town appears to have existed as early as the 5th century. It was formerly much more populous than at present. During the reign of the emperor Charles V., who was born here, Ghent contained 175,000 inhabitants (P. C.) Towards the end of the 13th century, it is said to have exceeded the capital of France, in extent and population. Besides the University and the College, Ghent possesses a royal academy of drawing, sculpture, and architecture; a royal society of agriculture and botany; and various other establishments for the promotion of literature, science, and the arts. Lat. 51~ 3' N., Loll. 30 44' E. Pop. 84,000. (B.) GHOOL-GHOOf-LA, a valley in Afghanistan, 30 or 40 m. N. WT. of Cabool, remarkable for two rude colossal statues, one of a male, about 120 ft. in height; the other of a female, about 70 ft. GIBRALTAR, je-braull-ter, (Sp. pron. He-bral-taRf: Anc. Calfpe,) a fortified rock in the S. extremity of Spain, which is connected with the continent by an isthmus of low sand, and almost surrounded by the waters of the Mediterranean, forming a promontory, 3 rn. in length, from N. to S., and from 1,200 to 1,400 ft. in height. Towards the S., it terminates in what is called Europa Point. In the early part of the 8th century, an army of Saracens, under the command of Tarif, landed here, and erected a castle on the shoulder of the rock, which was called by the invaders Gibel-Tarif (i. e. the "mountain of Tarif"), whence, in all probability, the present name is derived. The ruins of the Moorish castle are still to be seen. At present, Gibraltar is perhaps the strongest and most remarkable fortress in the world. Besides other fortifications, of'extraordinary strength, there are two excavations, called galleries, wrought in the solid rock, which are sufficiently capacious to contain the whole garrison in time of siege. They are narrow, and extend from two to three miles in length. Along these galleries, at intervals of every twelve yards, are port-holes, bearing on the isthmus and bay. Gibraltar is a free port, and forms a convenient entrepot for merchandise destined for the neighbouring provinces of Spain and Africa. The Bay of Gibraltar, lying W. of the promontory, is commodious, and secure from all the more dangerous winds. It is near 8n m. in length; its greatest breadth is about 5 m.; its depth, in the centre, exceeds 100 fathoms. The town of Gibraltar is situated near the foot of the hill, at its N. W. side. Lat. 36~ 6' 30" N., Lon. 5~ 19' W. Pop. estimated at about 16,000. (P. C.) GIB-GLA 245 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; C? like j. GIBRALTAR, STRAIT OF, situated between Spain and Africa, and connectin( the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean. In the narrowest place, its breadth does not exceed 12 m. Its length, from Cape Trafalgar to Europa Point, is near 40 m. GIBI-SoN, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little E. of the Mississippi r. Pop. 19,548. Co. t. Trenton. GIBSON, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash and White rivers. Pop. 10,771. Co. t. Princeton. GIESSEN, gheest-sen, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Hesse, about 33 m. N. of Frankfort on the Main. It has a university, attended by about 400 students. Lat. 500 34' N., Lon. 80 34' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) GIHON or JIHON. See Oxus. GIJON, He-Honet, a small t. of Spain, on the coast of Asturia, remarkable for its college -or high-school, called the Instituto Asturiano Lat. 430 35' N., Lon. 5~ 45' W. GILA, Heel-la, a r. of Mexico, which flows into the Colorado. 9qILES, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River Pop. 6,570. Co. t. Parisburg. GILES, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 25,949. Co. t. Pulaski. GIL/-MER, a co. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 8,440. Co. t. Ellejay. GILOLO, je-lof-lo, the largest of the Molucca islands, between 1~ S. and 2~ 10' N. Lat., and 1270 and 1290 E. Lon. In shape, it somewhat resembles a bird's foot; consisting of four lobes, of which the northern is considerably the largest. Its length, from N. to. S., is about 220 m.; the greatest breadth of the northern lobe is near 50 m. Like the other Moluccas, it is dependent on the Dutch. (See MoTvccAs.) GIRGER, j5Raf-jeh (written by the French, Djirdjeh), a considerable t., formerly the cap. of Upper Egypt, situated on the left bank of the Nile. Lat. 26~ 22' N., Lon. 310 55' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) GIRGENTI, jeeR-jent-te (Anc. Agrigen'tum), a t. of Sicily, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated near the S. W. coast, about a mile from the ruins of the ancient Agrigfentulm. Lat. 370 19' N., Lon. 130 34' E. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) On the site of the ancient town, called, by the present inhabitants, Girgenti Vecchio (vekt-ke-o) or Old Girgenti, are to be seen a great number of interesting ruins; the temple of Concord, having been converted into a Christian church, is still almost entire. G1RONDE, je-rondf, (Fr. pron. zhe'-roNdf), a r. or estuary of France, formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogne, flowing into the Bay of Biscay. Its length is about 45 m.; its breadth varies from about 2 to 7 m. GIRONDE, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, lying on both sides of the r. Gironde, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 555,809. (B.) Capital, Bordeaux. GIZEH. See GHEEZEH. GLADI-WIN, a co. in the E. part of Mich., WV. of Saginaw Bay. 21* 246 GLA-GRO Fate, far, fill, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nst; 66 as in good; GLAM-ORI-GAN-SHIRE, a co. in S. Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 171,188. GLARI-US, in Fr. GLARIS, glA-reecel, a canton in the E. part of Switzerland, bordering on the lake of Wallenstadt and the Linth Canal, which connects the above lake with the lake of Ziirich. The area is about 469 sq. m. Pop. 28,000. (B.) GLARUS, the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the r. Linth, which flows into the lake of Wallenstadt. It contains a Protestant college, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 47~ 2' N., Lon. 9~ 2' E. GLAS1-GOW, a city of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, situated on the N. bank of the Clyde, 43 m. W. by S. from Edinburgh. In extent and population, as well as in commerce and manufactures, it is the first town of Scotland. Three different canals terminate in Glasgow; through one of them, the Forth and Clyde Canal, it has communication with Falkirk, Grangemouth and Edinburgh. The town is, in general, regularly and handsomely built; the streets are large, clean, and well paved, and adorned with a number of fine edifices, both public and private. The ancient cathedral stands in the highest part of the city, and is considered as the finest specimen of Gothic architecture among the churches of Scotland. Among the various scientific and literary institutions of Glasgow, we may mention the University, which was attended, in 1826-7, by 1,027 students; the Hunterian Museum, with a superb collection of anatomical preparations, and the institution founded by Professor Anderson, of which it is the object to furnish, at a very moderate expense, a regular course of instruction, by popular lectures, to persons not wishing, or not able, to enter any of the universities. Glasgow exhibits an astonishing augmentation in the number of inhabitants, of late years. The pop. of 1841, which, including the suburbs, amounted to 274,324, exceeded that of 1831 by more than 72,000. In 1780, the town contained only 42,832 inhabitants. (E. G.) The Observatory is in Lat. 550 51' 32" N., Lon. 40 17' 54" W. (P. C.) PORT-GLAsGOw is situated in Renfrewshire, on the Frith of Clyde, about 20 m. below Glasgow. The citizens of the latter town having experienced great inconvenience from the want of a seaport, founded a harbour here in 1668, and afterwards obtained a charter from the crown, constituting it a free port. Pop. 6,973. GLATZ (Polish, Klodzl-ko), a fortified t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a circle of the same name on the Neisse (nil-ceh). It is surrounded by a double wall. Lat. 50~ 25' N., Lon. 16~ 37' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 6,400. (B.) GLAUCHAU, glouf-KOU, a t. of Saxony, in the co. of Sch6nburg, 6 m. N. of Zwickau. Pop. 5,300. (B.) GLOGAU, glol-gou, a circle of Prussian Silesia, S. of Posen. GRoss-GLoGAU, groce'-glof-gou (i. e. Great Glogau), the chief town of the above, is a strong fortress, situated on the Oder. Lat. 51~ 40' N., Lon. 16~ 7' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, 11,000. (B.) GLO-GOL 247 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; 9Q, like j. GLOMMEN, glum/-men, the largest r. of Norway, rises in the high mountains to the S. E. of Drontheim, and flows into the Skager-Rack. It traverses several small lakes in its course. GLOUCESTER, glosl-ter, (the Gle/vum of the Romans; Saxon, Gleau Cester, whence the present name is derived,) a city in the W. of England, the cap. of Gloucestershire, is situated on the left bank of the Severn, 90 m. W. N. W. from London. There are two stone bridges, each of a single arch, over the two channels of the Severn. Gloucester is remarkable for its superb cathedral, and for its immense manufacture of pins, which, however, was formerly much more extensive than at present. Lat. 51~ 52' N., Lon. 2~ 16' W. The city forms a little co. of itself, with an area of only 680 acres. Pop. 14,152. GLOUCESTER, a port of entry of Essex co., Mass., on the S. side of the peninsula of Cape Ann, about 27 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Boston. It has a commodious harbour, and carries on extensive fisheries. Pop. 7,786. GLOUCESTER, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 14,655. Co. t. Woodbury. GLOUCESTER, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of York r. Pop. 10,527. Seat of justice, Gloucester c. h. GLOUCESTERSHIRE, glos'-ter-shir, a co. in the W. of England, intersected by the r. Severn. Pop. 4.31,383. GLiUCKSTADT. glfickf-st'att, a t. and free port of Denmark, cap. of Holstein (see KIEL), situated on the Elbe. Lat. 530 48' N., Lon. 9~ 27 E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) GLYNN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Altamaha and the sea. Pop. 4,933. Co. t. Brunswick. GMUND, gm66nt, or GMi1NI-DEN, a small t. of Upper Austria, important on account of its salt-works, and the railroad which connects it with Linz and Budweis. GMIUND, gmfint, a t. of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 28 m. E. of Stuttgart, with an institute for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind, and other establishments for education. GNESEN, gnWl-zen, (Polish, Gniesno, gne-est-no,) a t. of Prussian Poland, 30 m. by E. by N. from Posen, considered as the most ancient town in all Poland. Pop. 5,600. (B.) Gol-A, the cap. of the Portuguese possessions in India, situated in the prov. of Bejapoor, on an island formed by the r. Mandova. The ancient city is now almost deserted. The new town, which stands 5 m. nearer the sea, is called Pandjim (pan-jeemr). (P. C.) Lat. 15~ 31' N., Lon. 730 45' E. Pop. estimated at from 18,000 to 20,000. GODAVERY, go-daU-ver-e, a large r. of India, which rises in the Western Ghauts, and flowing, at first easterly, and afterwards southeasterly, empties itself into the Bay of Bengal, by several mouths. Its length is estimated at 640 nm. GOEs, Rn[ce, a seaport t. of Holland, on the island of S. Beveland. Lat. 510 30' N., Lon. 30 53' E. Pop. 4,500. (B.) GOL-CONI-DA, an ancient and decayed t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of 248 GOL-GOO F'te, far, fAll, fAt; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; o6 as ingood; HIydrabad, celebrated for its diamond mines. It appears, however, that these mines, mentioned so frequently by geographers as well as others, have never had an existence. T'he "diamonds of Golconda" are thus designated, from having been wrought in this town, which was, for many centuries, distinguished for its traffic in those precious stones. (B.) Golconda is situated a few miles to the W. of the city of Hydrahad. Lat. 17~ 23' N., Lon. 780 26' E. GOLDBERG, goltt-beRG, a manufacturing t. of Prussian Silesia. Lat. 51~ 4' N., Lon. 150 56' E. Pop. 6,400. (B.) GOLD COAST, a part of Guinea, the limits of which are not exactly defined. In its most extensive application, the name comprises a maritime tract extending from the little r. Assinee (about 3~ 20' W. Lon.) to the eastern mouth of the r. Lagos, (4~ 20' E. Lon.) That portion, however, which lies E. of the r. Volta, is often called the Slave Coast. Some writers describe the Gold Coast as limited on the W. by Cape Three Points (about 2~ 10' W. Lon.); others make Cape Apollonia the western boundary. Of all parts of Guinea, and indeed of the African coast, this is the one where European settlements and trade have been carried to the greatest extent. Its name sufficiently indicates the cause. It appears, however, that the gold for which this region formerly enjoyed an exaggerated celebrity, was chiefly procured from other portions of Africa. GOLNOW, golf-nov, a t. of Prussia, in Pomerania, 18 m. N. E. of Stettin. Pop. 3,600. (B.) GOM-BROON/, called, also, BUNI-DER AB-BASI-SX, a t. of Persia, situated at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, opposite to the far-famed island of Ormuz. Formerly it carried on an extensive trade, and its population is said to have amounted to 30,000; it is now reduced to 3,000 or 4,000. (P. C.) According to Balbi, it is still populous during the winter season. Lat. about 27~ 12' N., Lon. 56~ 3' E. GOMERA, go-mal-ra, one of the Canarv Islands, situated between 280 and 28~ 13' N. Lat., and 17~ 15' and 17~ 35' W. Lon. It is about 20 m. long, and contains an area of 102 sq. leagues. Pop. 11,742. (P. C.) GONAYvES, LES, 1S go'-nivef, a small seaport t. of Hayti, cap. of the dep. of Artibonite. Lat. 19~ 20' N., Lon. 72~ 30' W. GONI-DAR, a city of Abyssinia, formerly the cap. of the whole empire; at present the chief town of the kingdom of Amhara, is situated in a plain between 20 and 30 m. N. of Lake Dembea.. The houses are mostly covered with straw; they are isolated, so that the city occupies a large space in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Lat. about 120 30' N., Lon. 370 32' E. Pop. 6,000 (B.); others, however, have estimated it much higher, but have probably been deceived by the extent of ground which the town occupies. GOOCH/-LAND, a co. in the E. central part of Va., N. of, and bordering on James r. Pop. 10,352. Seat of justice, Goochland c. h. GOOLDI-SHA (Guldscha), called, also, ILI, (eef-le), an important commercial t. of Central Asia, situated in Chinese Toorkistan. It is said GeOO-GOT 249 o, as in our, th, as rin thin; HII, as in Mhis, N, nearly like ng; 9(, like j. to be well built, and to be surrounded by mud walls, with six gates; and is estimated to contain 10,000 houses. (B.) Lat. about 430 30' N., Lon. 82~ 30' E. GOOMI-TY, a r. of IIindostan, which flows into the Ganges. GoRl-InUM, a fortified t. of S. Holland, situated on the Merwe. Lat. 51~ 50' N., Lon. 40 58' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) GoRI-LI'rz, a fortified t. of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, situated on the Neisse (nil-ceh). It has a gymnasium and several other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 51~ 9' N., Lon. 15~ 1' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) GORTZ (It. Gorizia, go-rid/-se-a-), an archiepiscopal t. of the kingdom of Illyria, cap. of a large circle of the same name. It has an academical gymnasium, a public library, and various other institutions. LMt. 450 57' N., Lon. 13~ 29' E. Pop. 9,700. (P. C.) GOS-LAR, an ancient t. of Hanover, in Hildesheim, celebrated for its mines of silver, lead, and copper, which are possessed in common by the king of Hanover, and the duke of Brunswick. Lat. 510 54' N., Lon. 100 26' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Gosl-PbRiT, a fortified seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, situated on the W. side of Portsmouth harbour, 68 m. S. by W. from London. Pop. of the chapelry, 8,862. S. of the town stands the Royal Hospital of Haslar, containing accommodations for more than 2,000 patients. GOSPORT. See NORFOLK. GOTHA, gof-ta', a handsome t. of Germany, formerly the cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, now of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, is situted 78 m. W. by S. from Leipsic. Among its numerous literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned the Gymnasium, one of the best in Germany; the National Library, with 60,000, and the Ducal Library, with 20,000 vols.; and the celebrated collection of coins, one of the finest in the world, contained in the palace of Friedenstein (freefden-stine), besides various collections in natural history and in the arts. Pop. 12,000. (B.) The Observatory of Seeberg (shl-biRG), in the vicinity of Gotha, is in Lat. 500 56' 5" N., Lon. 10~ 44' 6" E. GOTHA, PRINCIPALITY OF. See SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA. GiTHEBORG, gol-te-borg, or GOTI-HEN-BURG, an important t. of Sweden, on the Gotha-elf (or " Gtha River"), about 3 m. from its entrance into the Cattegat. The river widens at this place to near a mile, and forms an excellent harbour. The Royal Academy of Sciences, the Gymnasium, and the School of Navigation, may be noticed among the literary and scientific institutions of Gotheborg. With respect to corn merce, manufactures, and population, this town is the second in the kingdom. Lat. 570 42' N., Lon. 11~ 58' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) GOTHI-LIND (Sw. Gbtaland, ySi-ta-land, or Gothland, yotf-land, the "land of the Goths;" Lat. Golthia); a name formerly applied to the southern portion of Sweden, which was divided into East, West, and South Gothland. None of these appellations, however, are recognised in the recent distribution of Sweden into provinces. (E. G.) GOTHI-LAND, or more properly, GOTTI-LAND, (i. e. "good land,") an i. in the Baltic. situated between 56~ 55' and 58~ N. Lat., and 180 1C 250 GOT-GRA Fhte, fear, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good ~ and 19~ 13' E. Ion. It is near 80 m. in length; its greatest breadth is above 30 m. The area is computed at 1,118 sq. m. The pop. in 1833 was estimated at 39,800. (P. C.) GOTTINGEN or GE'rTINGEN, getl-ting-en, a celebrated city of Germany, in Hanover, the cap. of a principality of the same name, situated on the New Leine (lit-ne9h), a canal derived from the river Leine, an affluent of the Aller. It is chiefly remarkable for its university, founded by George II., of England, in 1734, which is justly regarded as one of the very first in Europe, and which contains a library of above 300,000 vols., considered the richest in the world with respect to modern literature. Among the numerous other literary and scientific institutions ofIGottingen, we may mention the Royal Society of Sciences; the Botanic Garden, one of the finest in Europe; the Academical Museum; and the Veterinary School. Lat. of the Observatory, 51~ 31' 48" N., Lon. 9~ 56' 37" E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) GoU'-Dm or HOwl-da, a t. of Holland, on the Yssel, 12 m. N. E. of Rotterdam. The church of St. John, of this place, is a handsome edifice; its painted windows are esteemed among the finest in Europe. Gouda, though not regularly fortified, is surrounded by wide and deep ditches; and, by means of sluices, the surrounding country can be laid under water in a few hours. Lat. 52~ N., Lon. 40 43' E. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) GoYAz, go'-yazt, a large prov. in the central part of Brazil, extending firom about 6~ to 210 40' S. Lat. GOYAZ, called, also, VIL/LA BOI-A, the cap. of the above, is situated on the r. Vermelho (veR-mell-yo), near its source, about 170 m., in a straight line, from its entrance into the Araguay. Lat. about 16~ 20' -S., Lon. 500 30' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Gozzo, gott-so, (Anc. Gauldus,) an i. in the Mediterranean, situated N. W. of Malta, to which it belongs. It is intersected by the parallel of 36~ N. Lat., and by the meridian of 140 15' E. Lon. The area is near 40 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. Gozzo, the principal town, contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) GRACIAS A Dios, gra'-se-as a deet-oce, a cape on the E. coast of Central America. Lat. about 14~ 55' N., Lon. 83~ 12' W. GRACIOsA, agra-se-of-sa, one of the Azores, intersected by the 39th parallel of N. Lat., and 28th meridian of W. Lon. It is only about 20 m. in circumference. Pop. 7,500. (P. C.) GRADISCA, gra-disf-ka, a small t. in Austrian Italy, important on account of its fortifications. Lat. 450 53' N., Lon. 13~ 25' E. GRIETZ. See GrXTz. GnRAFI-TON, a co. of N. H., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop 42,343. Co. towns, Haverhill and Plymouth. GRAMMONT, gra'-moNW, a t. of E. Flanders, situated on the r. Dender, 18 m. S. S. E. of Ghent. Lat. 50~ 41' N., Lon. 30 50' E. Pop. in 1834, 7,349. (P. C.) GRAMI-P-.AN HILLS, a chain of mountains in Scotland, which stretches like a mighty wall along the southern front of the Highlands, GRA-GRA 251 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; 9, like j. running from Argyleshire, on the Atlantic, across the island, into Aberdeenshire, on the German Ocean, and then forming another ridge in a north-westerly direction, extends to the county of Moray, and the borders of Inverness. There appears, however, to be considerable diversitv among geographers respecting the application of the name Grampian. The term is not used by the natives of that part of Britain. It is derived from the Mons Grampius, mentioned by Tacitus in his Agricola. In its most extensive application, it appears to comprehend all the mountain ranges N. of a line drawn from the Frith of Clyde to the Frith of Tay, thus including all the higher mountains of Scotland. Ben Ne/vis, in Inverness-shire, is the highest of the Grampian system, and of all the mountains in Great Britain, rising 4,368 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Mac Dhu, situated in the W. part of Aberdeenshire, is second only to Ben Nevis, having an elevation of 4,305ft. above the sea; Ben Cruachan (croo/-Kan), in Argyleshire, S. of Loch Etive, is 3,669 ft. high. Ben Lb!-mond, in Stirlingshire, is perhaps the best known of the mountains of Scotland, on account of its forming the southern extremity of the Highlands. It rises 3,197 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Ven-ul, in Perthshire, extends along the southern shores of Loch Katrine, and presents the most striking features in the picturesque scenery for which that lake is so remarkable. Ben Vorlich (vorl-liK) or Voirlich, in Perthshire, is second only to Ben Venu, among all the mountains of Scotland, for wild and variegated scenery. GRAN, gran, (Hung. Esztergom, es-teR-gom,) an archiepiscopal and royal free t. in the central part of Hungary, cap. of a co. of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Danube. At the foot of the castle, which stands on an island in the river, connected with the town by a flying bridge, is an establishment for warm baths. Lat. 470 47' N., Lon. 18~ 45' E. Pop. about 10,9.5)0. (P. C.) GRANADA, gran-UA-da,* (Sp. pron. gra-naV-Da,) a kingdom or prov. of Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on Murcia -and the Mediterranean. It is sometimes called Upper Andalusia. GRANADA, an archiepiscopal city of Spain, the cap. of the above, is situated near the river Genil (Ha-neel/),in the midst of a plain celebrated for its fertility and for its delicious climate. This town was built by the Saracens, in the 10th century. After the overthrow of the kingdom of Cordova, Granada became, in 1238, the cap. of the new kingdom and the last bulwark of the Moslems in Spain. Towards the zlose of the Moorish dominion, its population amounted to 400,000 (B.), and, in 1491, its walls were defended against the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella, by 100,000 men; but it was at last reduced, on the second day of the year 1492. The Alhambra, formerly the palace and fortress of the Moslem kings, an edifice of almost unequalled magnificence, is 3 This accentuation not only corresponds with the Spanish, but is supported by the usage of nearly all our best poets (see Int. I.); nevertheless, in the " carefuilly revised" edition of Stewart's Modern Geography, published at Edinburgh in 1843, the name is thrice given with the accent on the first syllable. 252 GRA-GRA F'Ate, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; justly regarded as the finest existing monument of Moorish architecture. Granada possesses a number of literary institutions, among which tile University stands pre-eminent. Lat. 370 17' N., Lon. 30 50' W. Pop. computed at 80,000. (B.) GRANADA, NEW. See NEW GRANADA. GRAND ISLE, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 4,145. Co. t. North Hero. GRAND RIVER. See OTTAWA. GRAND RIVER, a r. of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan. GRAND RIVER, a r. which rises in Iowa, and, flowing through the N. part of Missouri, falls into the r. Missouri. GRANGER, granef-jer, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., between the Holston and Clinch rivers. Pop. 12,370. Co. t. Rutledge. GRANT, a co. in the N. part of Ky., a little E. of the Kentucky r. Pop. 6,531. Co. t. Williamstown. GRANT, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ind., a little S. of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,092. Co. t. Marion. GRANT, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Wisconsin. P. 16,170. GRANTI-HAM, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m., in a straight line, N. by W., from London. Pop. of the parish, 4,683. GRANI-VILLE, a co. in the N. part of N, C., bordering on Virginia. Pop. 21,249. Co. Oxford.. GRANVILLE, graiN'-villf, an important seaport t. of France, in the dep. Of Manche. Lat. 48~ 50' N., Lon. 1~ 36' W. Pop. in 1832, 7,350. (P. C.) GRASSE, grass, a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, with a college and some other institutions. Lato 430 39'N., Lon. 6~ 55' E. Pop. in 1832, 7,552. (P. C.) GRATIOT, grash/-e-ot, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. GRXTZ, grets, the cap. of Styria, as well as of a circle of its own name, is situated on the r. Mur (moor), a branch of the Drave, about 90 m. S. S. W. of Vienna. This place holds a distinguished rank among the towns of Austria, as a seat of literature and science. Among its institutions may be mentioned the University, attended by from 300 to 350 students; the Public Library, one of the richest in the empire; and an institution called the Johanneum, named in honour of the Archduke John, by whom it was founded in 1811. Lat. 470 4' N., Lon. 15~ 27 E. Pop. above 40,000. (B.) GRAUDENZ, grouf-dents, a t. and fortress of Prussia, situated on the Vistula, 60m. S. of Dantzic. It has a progymnasium and a large house of correction, serving for the whole of W. Prussia. Pop., exclusive of the military and the prisoners, 5,500. (B.) GRAVELINES, grAv'-leenf, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Aa, near its mouth. Lat. 50~ 59' N., Lon. 20 8' E. GRAVES, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on Tennessee. Pop. 11,397. Co. t. Mayfield. GRAVES'-ENDf, a t. of England, in Kent, on the right bank.of the Thames, about 20 m. E. of London. It is the common landing place GRA-GRE 253 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; 4Q, like j. for seamen and strangers, in their passage to the metropolis. Here every outward-bound vessel must come to anchor, to be examined and obtain its clearance; in like manner, every vessel coming up the river must be examined by the custom-house officers, a number of whom are constantly stationed here. Pop. 6,414. GRAY/-SON, a cO. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River, and bordering on North Carolina. Pop. 6,677. Seat of justice, Grayson c. h. GRAYSON, a co. in the W. central part of Ky., a little N. of Green River. Pop. 6,837. Co. t. Litchfield. GREAT BRIT/-AIN, (Anc. Al/bion, afterwards Britantnia or Britannia Major-major, i. e. "greater," being added, in order to distinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called Britannia or Britannia Minor, i. e. " Lesser Britain,") the largest island of Europe, containing the countries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, the most southern part, is in Lat. 490 57' 30" N; Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most northern point, in Lat. 58~ 41' N. The most eastern point is Lowestoft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1~ 46' E. Lon. The most western, Airdnarnurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6~ 13'. W. Lon. The distance from Lizard Point to Dunnet Head, is about 608 m. The greatest breadth of the island, from Land's-end to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. Area 83,827 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1851. amounts to 20,919,531. Great Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong to England,* 12to Wales,t and 32 to Scotland.t Great Britain and Ireland form together what is termed the United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the parliament, consisting of the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons. The king is regarded as the fountain of justice and the supreme head of the church. He is the commander-in-chief of all the forces of the empire, both on land and sea. To him belongs the exclusive prerogative of granting pardons and of commuting punishments. The house of lords consists of the temporal peers of England, who are hereditary, the elective peers of Scotland and Ireland, the bishops of England, and four Irish lords * Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamshire), Cambridge, Chester (or Che. shire), Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon. Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster (or Lancashire), Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex., Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or Shropshire), Somerset, Southampton (or Hampshire), Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts. WVorcester, York. tAnglesey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire), Cardigan, Caermarthen, Caernarvon, D)enbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, Radnor. t Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll), Ayr, Banff. Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clack mannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Elgin (or Moray), Fife, Forfar, Haddington, Inverness, Kincardine, Kinioss, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney and Shetland, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, Wigtown. 22 254 GRE-GRE Fate, far, fill, fat; mn, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66, as in good, spiritual. The house of lords is also the supreme court of appeal for Great Britain and Ireland. The house of commons consists of men elected by the different counties, cities, boroughs, and universities, to represent them in parliament. It is required by law that the candidates be possessed of a certain amount of property, excepting the sons of peers, and those who are to represent the universities. The number of members of the house of commons, at present, amounts to 658, of whom 471 are chosen by England, 29 by Wales, 53 by Scotland, and 105 by Ireland.-Adj. BarIT-IsH; inhab. BRITI-QN. GREECE, (Anc. Gr.'Emxas, Hellas; Lat. Grae/cia,) a country in the S. E. part of Europe, once distinguished above all others as the seat of civilization, learning, and the arts. Passing over that period of Grecian history which was so brilliant, and is so well known, we will merely observe that, after undergoing various vicissitudes, during the decline of the Roman power, Greece at last became permanently incorporated with the Ottoman empire, on the fall of Constantinople, 1453, and remained in this condition till 1821, when the last successful struggle for Grecian freedom commenced. After a long and sanguinary contest, through the interference of England, France, and Russia, the independence of Greece was at length recognised by the Turkish sultan, in 1829. The present kingdom of Greece is situated between 36~ 23' and 390 14' N. Lat., and 20~ 43' and 24~ 35' E. Lon., including the island of Negropont. The northern boundary of the continental portion extends, in a somewhat tortuous line, from the Gulf of Volo, on the E., to the Gulf of Arta on the W. A considerable part of it is formed by the mountain ridge called Othrys, which runs nearly E. and W., a little N. of the 39th parallel. All the principal islands of the AEgean Sea lying W. of the 26th meridian of E. Lon., with the exception of Crete, belong also to the kingdom of Greece. Area estimated at 18,500 sq. m. Pop. 700,000. (B.) The government is a limited hereditary monarchy, under the protection of England, France, and Russia. Athens is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. GREE-K and GRECIAN, greef-shun. GREEN, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 933. GREEN BAY, a large bay on the vV. side of L. Michigan, above 100 m. long, and from 15 In. to 35 m. broad. GREEN MOUNTAINS, a range which commences in Vt., near the Canada line, and running S., through the western part of this state, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, terminates at West Rock, near New Haven. Those portions situated within Massachusetts and Connecticut are not usually called by the general name. GREEN RIVER, a r. of Ky., which rises in the E. central part of the state, and, flowing westerly for more than half of its course, and after wards in a general north-westerly direction, empties itself into the Ohio r. It is navigable, for boats, about 200 m. GREENI-BRI-ER, a r. in the WV. part of Va., flowing into New River. GREENBRIER, a co. in the W. part of Va., intersected by the above, and bordering on New River. Pop. 10,022. Co. t. Lewisburg. GRE-GRE 255 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; 9(, like j. GREENE, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., W. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 33,126. Co. t. Catskill. GREENE, a co. forming the S. WV. extremity of Pa. Pop. 22,136. Co. t. Waynesburg. GREENE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 4,400. GREENE, a co. in the E. central part of N. C., a little to the N. of Neuse River. Pop. 6,619. Co. t. Snow Hill. GREENE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 13,068. Co. t. Greensborough. GREENE, a co. in the WV. part of Ala., intersected by the Black Warrior, and bordering on the Tombigbee. Pop. 31,441. Co. t. Erie. GREENE, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Alabama. Pop. 2,018. Co. seat, Leakeville. GREENE, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ark., bordering on the St. Francis. Pop. 2,593. GREENE, a co. near the E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on North Carolina and the French Broad r. Pop 17,824. Co. t. Greenville. GREENE, a co. near the centre of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 9,060. Co. t. Greensburg. GREENE, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little to the E. of the Miami r. Pop. 21,946. Co. t. Xenia. GREENE, a co. in the W. S. XV. part of Ind., intersected by the W. Fork of the White r. Pop. 12,31-3. Co. t. Bloomfield. GREENE, a co. in the W. part of Ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 12,429. Co. t. Carrollton. GREENE, a CO. in the S. W. part of Mo. Pop. 12,785. Co. t. Springfield. GREENI-L.ND, (Dan. Gr6nf-land or Groenland, being the same in signification with the English name.) It appears to be now ascertained that Greenland is not, as was formerly supposed, a peninsula of the new continent, but an insular group, consisting of two or three large islands, surrounded by several other smaller ones. (B.) That portion which is the best known is situated between Iceland and the American continent. The most southern point is Cape Farewell, Lat. 590 49' N., Lon. 430 54' W. A large portion of the eastern, as well as the whole northern coast, is still unexplored. The whole country may be regarded as one enormous mass of rocks; in many places it rises close to the water's edge into precipitous and lofty mountains, crowned with inaccessible cliffs. The climate, as might be expected, is extremely cold, but is considered very healthy. Generally speaking, July is the only month in which there is no snow. Graah observes that, on the eastern coast, S. of 65~ N. Lat., in 1830, the sea every night was covered with a crust of new ice, as early as the close of August. He states, however, that in February, the thermometer did not sink lower than 6~ below the zero of Fahrenheit. Vegetation must, of course, be very scanty in such a country and climate. It appears that no kind of grain succeeds here. Potatoes are planted only towards the most 256 GRE —GRE Fate, far, fll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good, southern extremity. The only domestic animal of the Greenlanders is the dog, which is used to draw the sledges. Rein-deer, hares, foxes, and white bears appear to be the only wild animals among quadrupeds. Land-birds are not numerous, but sea-fowl are exceedingly abundant, as are also many kinds of fish. Greenland belongs to the crown of Denmark.-Inhab. GREENI-LAND-ER. GREENI/-OCE, an important manufacturing and commercial t. of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, on the S. side of the Frith of Clyde, 21 m. W. by N. from Glasgow. The harbour has sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and good anchorage. Steamboats run daily from this town to Belfast, in Ireland. Lat. 55~ 58' N., Lon. 40 44' W. The pop., according to the last census, amounts to 36,135, exceeding that of 1831 by more than 9,000. GREENSI-VILLE, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Meherrin r., and bordering on N. C. Pop. 5,639. Co. t. Hicksford. GREEN!I-UP, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 9,654. Co. t. Greenup. GREENI-VILLE, a dist. in the N. W. part of S. C., bordering on N. C. Pop. 20,156. Seat of justice Greenville c. h. GREENWICH, grint-idge, a t. of England, in Kent, situated on the right bank of the Thames, 5 m. E. S. E. of London. Here is a hospital for disabled seamen, which is considered one of the finest in the world, containing accommodations for about 3,000 persons. The money received from visiters and from other sources is appropriated to the support of a school, in which about 200 of the children of the inmates are instructed in those branches which relate to a seafaring life. Greenwich is also distinguished as the seat of the Royal Observatory, from the meridian of which, English astronomers and geographers compute the longitude. Lat. 51C 28' 39", Lon. 0~ 0' 0". Pop., including an area of about 3 sq. m., 29,755. GREIFSWALDE, grifs'-wall-deh, formerly GRIPESWOLD, a t. of Prussia, in Pornerania, situated near a little bay which projects from the Baltic. Here is a university, the buildings of which constitute the chief ornament of the town. It has thirty professors, and a library of above 32,000 vols. Lat. 540 4' N., Lon. 13~ 33' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) GRENADA, gren-ka-dai, one of the Lesser Antilles, about 20 m. long and 9 m. broad. It is intersected by the 12th parallel of N. Lat., and by the meridian of 610 45' W. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 25,422. (P. C.) GR.EN'-OBLE, a fortified city of France, the cap. of the dep. of lsere, and formerly of Dauphin6, on the r. Isere, 296 m. S. S. E. of Paris. This place is famous for the manufacture of gloves, which, according to official documents, amounts to 3,600,000 pair annually. Amrlong the various literary and scientific institutions of Grenoble, may be men tioned the Acadnmie Universitaire, the College Royal, and the Society:of Science and Arts. In the time of the Romans this town was known by the name of Cularo, which was afterwards, in the fourth century, changed, in honour of the emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis, of which GRTI-GRU 257 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; 4(, like j. the modern Grenoble is a corruption. Lat. 450 12' N., Lon. 50 44' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) GRINDELWALD, grinf-del-walt', a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, situated in a romantic valley of the same name, which is intersected by the parallel of 46~ 39' N. Lat., and the 8th meridian of E. Lon. In the vicinity is the immense glacier of Grindelwald. GRISONS, gre'-zbNI, (Ger. Graubtindten, groul-bfint-cn,) the largest* canton of Switzerland, occupying the S. E. extremity of that country. Its greatest length, from E. to W., is about 87 m.; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., is about 54 in. The area is computed at about 3,000 sq. m. Pop. 96,000. (P. C.) Capital, Coire. Grisons in French signifies "gray," and Graubundten in German, the "gray allies." The name originated in the following circumstance. In the year 1424, the chief inhabitants of this portion of the country, having become weary of the oppression of their feudal lords, met under a large maple, in a forest near the village of Trons, and entered into a solemn compact to defend each other's property and persons, and to oblige their lords to respect the same. This was called the Gray League (Graubund, groun-boont), from their being dressed in gray frocks. The maple tree of Trons remained standing till near the close of the last century: it was felled during the French invasion. GROD/-NO, an ancient t. in the S. W. part of European Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, situated on the Niemen, 156 rn. N. E. of Warsaw. The Polish and Lithuanian Diets were formerly sometimes held here. Lat. 530 40' N., Lon. 23~ 50' E. Pop. above 10,000. (P. C.) GRONI-ING-EN or Hr5/-nin-g-en, a prov. occupying the N. extremity of Holland, bordering on the kingdom of Hanover and the German Ocean. The area is 770 sq. m. Pop. in 1824, 153,860. GRONINGEN, the cap. of the above, and the most important town in the N. of Holland, is situated on the Hunt-se, about 12 m. from its entrance into the Lauwer Zee (lout-wer zay). The great church of St. Martin is the most remarkable edifice. Among the literary and scientific institutions of Groningen, the University and the Botanic Garden may be mentioned. Lat. 530 12' N., Lon. 6~ 31' E. Pop. above 24,000. (B.) GRUNDY, a co. in the N. E. part of Ill., intersected by the Illinois r. Pop. 3,023. GRUNDY, a CO. in the N. part of Mo., on Grand r. Pop. 3,006. Gnoss WARDEIN, groce'-waR-dine', (Hung. Nagy Vfrad, n6dy V~aR6d,) a t. of Hungary, on the Kbors (kb-rosh), a tributary of the Theiss, with an academy (which is a sort of university), and other literary institutions. Lat. 47~ 2' N., Lon. 21~ 53' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) GRtINBERG, griin-beRG, or GRtji-NE-BERG', a walled t. in the N. part of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, with flourish" Balbi gives 1,938 geographical sq. m. for the area of Grisons, and 1,933 foi that of Berne According to the P. C., Berne has the greater area. 22* 258 GUA-GUA FAte, far, fall, fit; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as ingood; ing manufactures. Lat. 52~ 3' N., Lon. 15~ 32' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) GUADALAJARA or G UADALAXARA, gWA'-DA-l'-HA'-ra, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the r. Henares, a branch of the Jamara, 33 m. N. E. by E. of Madrid. Pop. 7,000. (B.) GUADALAJARA or GUADALAXARA, a large and handsome city of Mexico, the cap. of the state of Xalisco, situated on the r. Santiago. The streets are regular and spacious; there are fourteen squares and twelve fountains, and many fine edifices. The town contains several convents, and a number of churches, among which the Cathedral is perhaps the most remarkable, being considered one of the most magnificent in Mexico. Guadalaxara has a university and several other institutions for education. Four newspapers were published here in 1826. Lat. 21~ 9' N., Lon. 103~ 2' W. The pop. is variously estimated; Balbi gives 45,000, but some rate it as high as 70,000. GUADALOUPE, gau'-da-loopl or gA'-dA'-loopt, an island, or, more correctly, two islands, divided from each other by a very narrow channel, belonging to the group of Lesser Antilles. It is from 60 to 70 m. in length; its greatest breadth is about 25 m. (P. C.) The most important town is Basse Terre, situated near the S. W. point of the island. Lat. 15~ 59' N., Lon. 610 45' W. GUADALqUIVIR, commonly pronounced in English gau'-d'l-quivf-er, (Sp. pron. #waD-al-ke-vee/R; Anc. Bmetis;) or the "Great River,"* a r. in the S. of Spain, which rises in the mountains on the N. E. confines of Granada, and, running in a very circuitous course, falls into the Atlantic, in about 36~ 44' N. Lat., and 6~ 20' W. Lon. Its length is above 300 m. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Seville. GUADIANA, gau-de-an/-a or gwt-De-ai-na, (Anc. Anas,) a r. of Spain, which rises in New Castile, and flowing easterly into Portugal, and afterwards forming a part of the boundary between Spain and Portugal, falls into the Atlantic, in about 370 10' N. Lat., and 70 14' W. Lon. GUANAXUATO, gwa-na-fwa-to, a t. of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, situated on the table land, 6,835 ft. above the level of the sea, and surrounded by the richest silver mines in the world, to which it owes its origin and present magnificence. These mines from 1766 to 1820 produced not less than 225,935,736 Spanish dollars. Lat. 21~ N., Lon. 1000 55' W. The pop. of this place was exceedingly reduced by the war of independence, but at present it is said to amount to 60,000, including that of the suburbs. (B.) GUANCAVELICA, gwang'-kA-vA-leet-ka, also written HUANCABELICA, a t. of Peru, situated at the height of 12,312 ft. above the level of the sea, The name is of Moorish origin. Guad, which forms the prefix of the namer of so many streams in the S. of Spain, is essentially the same word as Wad or Wady (see Int. XXVII., 10.), and signifies "river:" al-quzvir is merely a cor rlption of the Arabic al-kebeer (or al-kebir); i. e. "the great." GUA-GUE 259 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; C, like j. important on account of its rich mine of mercury. Lat. about 120 5.3 S., Lon. 750 6' W. Pop. near 12,000. (B.) (GUARDAFUI, gwar'-d.-fweef, CAPE, the most eastern point of Africa. GUASTALLA, gwAs-talf-la, a fortified t. of Italy, in the duchy of Parma. Lat. 44~ 55' N., Lon. 10~ 40' E. Pop. estimated at 6,000.. (B.) GUATEMALA, gau'-te-ma'-la or gwa-t'a-mU-la, formerly a prov. of Spanish America, occupying the territory now included in the republic of Central America. Also, the name of two towns in this republic, distinguished as Ancient and New Guatemala. ANCIENT GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA ANTIGUA, or simply LA ANTIGUA (la-an-teef-g wd), the cap. of the state of Guatemala, is built near the site of Old Guatemala (Guatemala la Vieja, -ve —a-Hn-), which was destroyed in 1541, it is said, by enormous masses of water bursting forth from a neighbouring volcano, called, from this circumstance, the Volcano de Agua (vol-k-al-no da YA-gwA), or the " water volcano." Guatemala la Antigua has suffered greatly from earthquakes, as well as from two neighbouring volcanoes. Its pop., however, is still considerable, amounting, according to Ba]lbi, to 18,000. Lat. about 14~ 26 N., Lon. 900 23' W. NEW GUATEMALA or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (nwA/-va), the cap. of the federal district of Central America, and, provisionally, of tile whole confederation, is situated about 30 m. E. N. E. of the preceding. The streets are regular, crossing each other at right angles, and are 40 ft. in width. The houses have only one story, on account of the frequent earthquakes. Guatemala is the residence of an archbishop. It contains several literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention the University, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Public Library. Lat. about 14~ 35' N., Lon. 90~ 10' W. The pop., including that of the immediate environs, is computed at about 50,500. (B.) GUAXACA. See OAXACA. GUA*YAQUIL, gwi-&-keel/, an important seaport t. of S. America, in Ecuauor, and the cap. of a dep. of the same name, is situated on the r. Guayaquil, about 40m. from its entrance into the Pacific. Vessels of considerable size can readily sail up to the town, at high tide, which, at the full and change of the moon, rises 24 ft. The harbour of Guayaquil is the ordinary station for the navy of the republic. Lat. 2~ 11' N., Lon. 79~ 56' W. Pop. estimated at 22,000. (B.) GUAYRA. See LA GUAYRA. GUBEN, goof-ben, a walled t. in the Prussian prov. of Brandenburg, the cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated on the Neisse (nlf-ceh). Lat. 510 57' N., Lon. 14~ 44' E. Pop. 7,300. (B.) GUELDERLAND. See GELDERLAND. GUERET, gA'-rV, the cap. of the dep. of Creuse, in France. It contains a college or high-school, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 460 10' N., Lon. 1~ 50' E. GUERNSEY, gernl-ze, an i. off the N. coast of France, subject to the British crown, intersected by the parallel of 490 30' N. Lat., and the meridian of 2~ 35' W; Lon. Its shape is triangular; its length is about 9 m. Pop. 26,649. R o200 @UI-GUE-GUN Fate, far, fll, fat; me, mnt; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66, as in good, GUERNSEY, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio I. Pop. 30,438. Co. t. Cambridge. GUIANA, ge-Al-na, GUYANA or GUAYANA, a narle applied to the N. E. portion of S. America, extending along the coast from the r. Orinoco, or near it, to the r. Oyapok. It is divided into English, Dutch, and French Guiana. ENGLISH GUIANA lies the farthest west, and is separated from'Dutch Guiana by the r. Corantyn (ko'-ran-tinef). On the side towards Venezuela, the boundary has never been determined: it may perhaps be considered to -lie about midway between the Essequebo (es-se-ka/-bo -less correctly, Essequibo), and the Orinoco. Pop. in 1834, 96,581. (M.) Capital, Georgetown. DUTCH G. or SURINAM, soo'-re-naml, borders English Guiana on the E., and is divided from French Guiana by the r. Maroni (ma-ronee/). Pop. probably 65,000. (M.) Capital, Paramaribo. FRENCH G. or GUIANE, ge'-anl, lies E. of Dutch Guiana, and extends to the r. Oyapok. Pop. in 1837, 21,648. (M.) Capital, Cayenne. GUIENNE, ge'-ennt, a former prov. in the S. W. of France, lying N. of Gascony, from which it was partly separated by the r. Garonne. It is now distributed chiefly among the deps. of Aveyron, Dordogne, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Tarn and Garonne, and Gironde. Guienne is supposed to be derived from the ancient Aquitania, the name given to this country in the time of the Romans. In the early periods of the French monarchy it was called Aquitaine. GUvILI-F(RD, a co. in the N.W. centre of N. C. Pop. 19,754. Co. t. Greensborough. GUINEA, gin/-e, an extensive country on the W. coast of Africa, between 40 and 10~ N. Lat., and 50 E. and 13~ W. Lon. The interior is but little known; the countries along the coast are known to European sailors under six names, Sierra Leone, Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, and Benin. GUINGAMP, gaN'-gaNI, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Cotes du Nord. Lat. 48~ 34' N., Lon. 3~ 8' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,100. (P. C.) GUIPUZCOA, ge-poosl-ko-a, (Sp. pron. ge-poothf-ko-a,) a small prov. on the N. coast of Spain, bordering on the Bay of Biscay, between 1~ 40' and 2~ 36' W. Lon., remarkable for its manufactures in iron. The metal is obtained from native ore, of an excellent quality.-Adj. and inhab. GUIPUZCOAN, ge-poosl-co-an. GUJERAT. See GUZERAT. GUMBINNEN, gb6m-binl-nen, a t. of E. Prussia. Lat. 540 35' N., Lon. 220 12' E. Pop. 6,200. (B.) GUND-WIA-NA, a former prov. of Hindostan, situated partly in the present kingdom of Nagpoor. G iNTZBURG, giints/-b55RG, a small t. of Bavaria, on the Danube, with a fine bridge over this river. Lat. 480 27' N., Lon. 100 16' E. Pop. 3,000. (B.) GUR-HAG 261 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. GUR\-WiLI, a prov. in the N. of Hindostan, bordering on the Himalaya Mountains. GUSTROW, gust-trov, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Lat. 53~ 47' N., Lon. 12~ 18' E. Pop. 8,400. (B.) GUYANA or GUAYANA. See GUIANA. GuYANDoTT,gi-an-dotf, a r. in the W. part of Va., which flows into the Ohio. GUZ'-ER-ATI, a prov. in the W. of Hindostan, bordering on the sea, and situated partly between the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Cutch. GWIN-NETTI, a co. towards the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 11,257. Co. t. Lawrenceville. GYULA. See KARLSBURG. HAARLEM, HAERLEM, or HARLEM, haaIR-lem, a city of the Netherlands, cap. of North Holland, situated about 1I m. W. of Amsterdam, on the navigable river Spaaren (spaArf-en), which runs from the lake of Haarlem into the river Y. It is fortified in the old style, and was formerly considered a place of great strength. Haarlem was a flourishing manufacturing town in the middle of the 12th century, and acted an important part in the wars between the Dutch and Frieslanders. It attained its highest prosperity in the 17th century, since which time it has greatly declined. Its manufactures, once among the most celebrated in Europe, have fallen into decay. It is still renowned for its gardens, the flowers from which constitute an important object of commerce. Haarlem possesses a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which are an anatomical theatre, an academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture, a public library, and a fine botanic garden. Lat. 52~ 23' N., Lon. 40 38' E. Pop. about 22,000. (B.) HIAARLEMMER MrER, huaR.I-lem-mer mair, or THE LAKE OF HAARLEM, situated between the town of Haarlem and Amsterdam, is about 18 m. long, and from 4 to 7 wide, but is said to be only 6 ft. deep. HABANA. See HAVANA. HABI-ER-SH..M, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ga. Pop. 8,895. Co. t. Clarksville. HADI-DING-TON, the cap. of Haddingtonshire, situated about 17 m. E. of Edinburgh. Here the celebrated John Knox was born. Pop. 2,786. HADI-DING-TON-SHIRE or EAsr LOTHIAN (lo-THe-an), a co. in the E. part of Scotland, S. of, and bordering on the Frith of Forth. Pop. 35,886. HAD-R.-MAUTI, a prov. of Arabia, situated E. of Yemen, and bordering on the sea. HNAERLEM. See HIAARLEM. HAFF, hbf, a name used on the German coast of the Baltic, for an expanse of water communicating with the sea, but nearly enclosed by land. HAI-GERS-TOWN, the cap. of Washington co., Md., 68 m. N. N. W. of Washington, situated at the termination of the Cumberland Valley 262 HAG-HAL F'ate, fear, fAll, fat; me, mint; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good Railroad, by which it is connected with Harrisburg. Lat. 390 37' N., Lon. "7~ 35' W. Pop. 3,884. HAGUE, haig, (Dutch, S'Gravenhaag, s'graf-ven-haag/,) a large and beautiful town in the Netherlands, the cap. of South Holland, is situated about 3 m. from the sea; communicating, by means of canals, with all the principal places of the kingdom. It is not regularly fortified, but surrounded with a moat, with drawbridges over it. Many of the streets are planted with rows of trees, and paved with coloured bricks. Among the remarkable buildings [nay be mentioned, the king's palace, distinguished rather for its great dimensions than for the beauty of its architecture; and the palace of the Prince of Orange. The Hague contains a royal museum, with a gallery of: paintings, a royal library, and various other literary and scientific institutions. This place, though traversed by a great number of canals, has but little' commerce, and its manufactures are not numerous; its importance is chiefly owing to its having been the cap. of the Netherlands, and to its still being one of the residences of the king, and the seat of the supreme court of justice of the kingdom. S' Gravenhaag signifies literally " the count's wood," and appears to have owed its origin to a hunting seat of the counts of Holland, situated in a wood. This, however, became a palace as early as 1250, and around it many other houses were soon erected. The Hague is about 32 m. S. WV. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52~ 5' N., Lon. 40 16' E. Pop. above 55,000. (B.) HAGUENAU, ag'-n6l, a t. in the N. E. part-of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, 17 m. N. of Strasburg. Pop. about 8,000. (M.) HAJAR or HADJAR. See LAHSA. HAYNAN, hi'-nanl, an important i. in the China Sea, near the S. extremity of the prov. of Canton (Quang-tong), to which it belongs, and from which it is divided by the channel of the Junks, which is only 15 or 16m. wide. (P. C.) It lies between 18~ 10' and 20~ 6' N. Lat., and 1080 30' and 111~ 5' E. Lon. Length about 180m.; greatest breadth about 100 m. The area is estimated at above 16,000 sq. m. Khioong-tcheoo (Ke-oongl-cheoo'), the cap., situated on the N. coast, is said to contain 200,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) The interior is occupied by independent savages. HAINAULT, a'-n6b, (Flem. Henegouwen, hen-e-Houl-wen,) a prov. in the S. of Belgium, bordering on France. The area is 1,438 sq. m. Pop. in 1830, 604,957. (P. C.) HALBERSTADT, half-ber-statt', a t. of Germany, in the Prussian government of Magdeburg, cap. of a circle of the same name. It has a number of institutions for education, and a superb cathedral, dedicated to St. Stephen. Lat. 510 54' N., Lon. 110 4' E. Pop. about 17,000. (B.) HALEB. See ALEPPO. HAL/-I-FAX, a t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, situated near the iunction of the Rochdale Canal with the r. Calder, 22 m. N. E. of Manchester. It ranks next to Leeds and Bradford as a seat of the wooilen and worsted manufactures. Pop. of the borough, including HAL-HAM 2G3 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the township of Halifax, and parts of the townships of N. and S. Owram, 26,694. HALIFAX, the cap. of Nova Scotia, situated on Chebucto Bay, with a harbour spacious, secure, and accessible at all seasons of the year. It is regularly built, with wide and straight streets, though the houses are mostly of wood. Among the public edifices, the most remarkable is the Province Building, said to be the finest structure in British America. It contains chambers of meeting for the legislative bodies, the custom-house, the offices of the provincial government, and the supe. rior law courts. Halifax contains a well-appointed naval arsenal, and a harbour sufficiently large for 1,000 vessels to ride in safety, which is the ordinary station of the navy in time of war. This town has a college and several other institutions for education. Lat. 440 40' N., Lon. 63~ 37' W. Pop. in 1833, exclusive of the military, about 18,000. (M.) HALIFAX, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N C. and the r. Staunton. Pop. 25,962. Seat of justice, Halifax c. h. HALIFAX, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C., bordering on the Roanoke. Pop. 16,589. Co. t. Halifax. HALL, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee. Pop. 8,713. Co. t. Gainesville. HALL, hall, a t. of Tyrol, with extensive salt-works. The rock-salt is brought from the Salzberg (sa'ltsf-baRG), i. e. "Salt-mountain," which is 10 m. distant, and above 5,000 ft. in height. Lat. 47~ 18' N., Lon. 11~ 31' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) HALL, SWABIAN, in the kingdom of Wiirtemberg, formerly a free imperial city, is situated about 34 m. N. E. of Stuttgart. It contains some valuable salt-works, and about 6,500 inhabitants. (B.) HALLE, halt-leh, the principal t. in the government of Merseburg, in Prussian Saxony, remarkable for its salt-works and other manufactures, its commerce, and especially for its literary and scientific institutions, among which the University stands pre-eminent. This has above 40 professors; the number of students fluctuates between 800 and 900; at one time it amounted to 1,300. Of the numerous charitable establishments of Halle, the Orphan Asylum (Waisenhaus, wif-zen-house'), founded by Francke, deserves to be particularly mentioned. The workmen engaged in the salt-works are called Hal-lb-ren (sing. Hallbr), and are a peculiar race, distinguished by their physiognomy, costume, and customs, supposed to be descended from the aboriginal inhabitants. They enjoy many privileges and immunities. Lat. 51~ 29' N., Lon. 11~ 58' E. Pop. of Halle itself, about 17,000 (P. C.); including its immediate environs, 26,000. (B.) HALLOWELL, holl-lo-well, a flourishing t. of Kennebee.,:o., Maine, on the r. Kennebeck, 2 m. below Augusta. Lat. 440 17 N., Lon. 69~ 50' W. Pop. 4,769. HAMI-BURG (Ger. pron. haml-b5R6a), the most important emporium, and, after Vienna and Berlin, the largest city of Germany, situated on the N. bank of the Elbe, at its confluence with the Alster (alI-ster). 264 HAM-HAM Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good e about 75 m. from the German Ocean. The origin of this town is attributed to Charlemagne. It had attained to considerable commercial importance at the beginning of the 12th century. In the 13th, it concurred in the formation of the Hanseatic league. (See HANSE TowvNs.) It suffered extremely from its occupation by the French, during the early part of the present century, especially in 1813 and 1814; in consequence of which, its population was reduced to about 60,000, though it appears, at the present time, to have entirely recovered from the loss which it then sustained. Like most of the old towns of Germany, Hamburg is well fortified. The greater part of the city is irregularly built, and presents but a gloomy appearance, though, in the newer portion, there are several pleasant streets and fine buildings. The most remarkable edifice is, perhaps, the church of St. Michael; it is capable of accommodating 6,000 persons (M.); the steeple is said to be 456 ft. in height. This city contains a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which are two gymnasia, an anatomical institute, a fine botanic garden, and a public library, called the City Library, with nearly 200,000 vols., besides 3,000 manuscripts. Our limits will not permit us to mention even the principal among the multitude of charitable institutions which Hamburg possesses; suffice it to say, that they are on the most liberal plan, and managed in the most exemplary manner. The city of Hamburg, with its territory, constitutes a sovereign state, which is a member of the Germanic confederation. The government is republican. The territory, which contains about 150 sq. m., is bounded on the S. by the Elbe, on all other sides by the Danish possessions of Holstein and Lauenburg. The entire pop., in 1826, according to Balbi, was 148,000. The present pop. of the city is above 137,000. Lat. 550 33' N., Lon. 9~ 59' E. HAMELN, hal-meln, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, on the Weiser, with a large house of correction. Lat. 52~ 5' N., Lon. 90 20' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) HAMI-IL-TON, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, on the Clyde, 10 m. S. E. of Glasgow. Pop. 8,876. HAMILTON, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., on the head waters of the Hudson. Pop. 2,188. HAMILTON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on Ga. and the Suwanee. Pop. 2,469. Co. t. Miccotown. HAMILTON, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 10,075. Seat of justice, Hamilton c. h. HAMILTON, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ohio. P. 156,843. Co. t. Cincinnati. HAMILTON, a co. in the centre of Ind., intersected by the White r. Pop 12,684. Co. t. Noblesville. HAMILTON, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., near the Little Wabash r. Pop. 6,362. Co. t. McLeansboro. HAMM, hamm, a t. of the Prussian states, on the Lippe. Lat. 510 41' N., Lon. 7~ 47' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) HAMI-M.ER-SMITU, a village of England, on the N. bank of the HAM-HAN 265 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Thames, near London, with a Catholic boarding-school for young ladies (nunnery), and a fine suspension bridge over the r. Thames. Pop. of the parish, 9,888. HAMPI-DEN, a co. in the S. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Connecticut r. Pop. 51,281. Co. t. Springfield. HAMPI-SHIRE (i. e. the county of Hants), called also SOUTHAMPTON, a co. in the S. of England, bordering on the English Channel; it includes the Isle of Wight. Pop. 355,004. HAMPSHIRE, a co. in the W. part of Mass., intersected by the Connecticut r. Pop. 35,732. Co. t. Northampton. HAMPSHIRE, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the Potomac. Pop. 14,036. Co. t. Romney. HANAU, hal-nou, the first manufacturing t. in the electorate of HesseCassel, Germany, and the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Kinzig (kint/-siG), near its junction with the Main. It is a flourishing place, and has an extensive trade. Lat. 50~ 9' N., Lon. 80 52' E. Pop. estimated at above 13,000. (B.) HANI-COCK, a co. in the S. E. part of Maine, bordering on the sea. Pop. 34,372. Co. t. Ellsworth. HANCOCK, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee r. Pop. 11,578. Co. t. Sparta. HANCOCK, a co. in the S. part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. and L. Borgne. Pop. 3,672. Co. seat, Shieldsborough. HANcocK, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., E. of Green r. and borderino on the Ohio. Pop. 3,853. Co. t. Hawesville. HANCOCK, a co. in the N.W. part of Ohio, E. of the Miami Canal. Pop. 16,751. Co. t. Findlay. HANCOCK, a co. in the E. central part of Ind., E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 9,698. Co. t. Greenfield. HANCOCK, a co. in the W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 14,652. Co. t. Carthage. HANG-TCHEOO (or -tcheou), a large commercial city of China, situated near the mouth of the r. Tsien-tang, with a harbour; it has fortifications, with a numerous garrison, and a population which is estimated at between 600,000 and 700,000. (B.) Lat. about 30~ 10' N., Lon. 119~ 12' E. HANI-O-VER, (Ger. Hannover, hAn-not-ver,) a kingdom in the N. W. of Germany, situated between 51~ 18' and 530 52' N. Lat., and 60 48 and 11~ 40' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. VW. by the German Ocean, N. and N. E. by the Elbe (which separates it from the territories of Hamburg, Denmark, and Mecklenburg) and by Mecklenburg, E. and S. E. by Prussia and Brunswick, S. W. by Hesse-Cassel, Lippe, and the Prussian territory of Westphalia, and W. by Holland. It may be regarded as consisting principally of three portions, the two larger of which lie within nearly the same latitudes, and are almost, though not quite, divided from each other by the grand-duchy of Oldenburg; the third is much smaller, and is separated from the more easterly of the other two by the territory of Brunswick. The whole contains an area 23 2G6 HAN-HAN F'te, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in gooid; of 14,570 sq. m. Total pop. 1,662,500. (P. C.) The government is a limited monarchy.-Adj. and inhab. HAN-O-VEI-RX-4N. HANOVER, the cap. of the above kingdom, and of the principality of Calenburg, is situated on the r. Leine (ll-neh), which is navigable from the town to its junction with the Weser. The city consists of three parts; the Old Town, the iEgidian New Town, and the New Town on the left bank of the river. The walls, with five gates, were partly levelled in 1780, and laid out in streets. Among the numerous scientific and literary institutions of Hanover, may be cited the Lyceum, and the City Library with 40,000 vols. Lat. 52~ 22' N., Lon. 90 43! E. Pop. above 28,000. (B.) HANOVER, a t. of Grafton co., N. H., the seat of Dartmouth College, which was founded in 1770, and received its name from the Earl of Dartmouth, one of its principal patrons. It has a library of 16,500 vols.; number of students, 340. The New Hampshire Medical School, founded in 1797, is connected with the above. HANOVER, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of Richmond. Pop. 15,153. Seat of justice, Hanover c. h. HANSE TOWNS, called also the HANSA and HANSEATIC LEAGUE, a celebrated commercial confederacy, which derives its name fromr the ancient German word Hanse, signifying an "association for mutual support." In the middle ages, Hamburg, Liibeck, and afterwards Brunswick, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great number of other towns, entered into an alliance, in order to defend their commerce against the numerous banditti and pirates, who then infested Germany and the neighbouring seas. This alliance was termed the Hanseatic League. The confederated or Hanse towns, were each bound to contribute towards maintaining ships and soldiers for their mutual protection, not only against pirates and robbers, but also against the encroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the neighbouring nobles and kings. The number of towns composing the league fluctuated; at one time it is said to have amounted to S5, amonyg which were Bergen in Norway, Berlin, Kbnigsbero, and Cracow. This powerful confederacy formed the first systematic plan of commerce known in the middle ages. The cities enjoyed in England the privilege of exporting goods duty free, and in Denmark, of importing them duty fiee. Their alliance was coveted, and their hostility feared, by the greatest powers. Several kings were defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was deposed by them. Lfibeck was the place of assemblage, and was regarded as the capital of the league, and issued the summons for the regular assemblies of the deputies from all the cities, which were held once in three years; and also for the extraordinary assemblies generally held once in ten years. The epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy may be stated at 1630. However, Hamburg, Lilbeck, and BIemen, still constitute an association of a similar character, and, with Frankfort on the Main, are called the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic con federation.-Adj. HANSE and HAN'-SE-ATI-IC. HIANTS. See HAMPSHIRE. HAR-HAR 267 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. HARI-DJ.-MAN, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Miss. Pop. 17,456. Co. t. Bolivar. HAR/-DIN, a co. in the S. WV. part of Tenn., intersected by the r. Tennessee, and bordering on Miss. and Ala. Pop. 10,328. Co. t. Savannah. HARDIN, a co. in the N. or N. W. central part of Ky., S. of Louisville. Pop. 14,525. Co. t. Elizabethtown. HARDIN, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ohio, on the sources of the Sciota r. Pop. 8,251. Co. t. Kenton. HARDIN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 2,887. HARDI-WICK, a village and port of entry of Ga., in Bryan co., on the W. side of the Ogeechee r. HARI-DY, a co. in the N. part of Va., intersected by the S. branch of the Potomac. Pop. 9,543. Co. t. Moorfield. HARrLEUR, har'-fivR/, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 4 m. E. of Havre de Grace, with which it is connected by a canal. HAR/-FQRD, a co. in the N. E. part of Md., W'. of, arid bordering on the Susquehanna and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 19,356. Co. t. Bel-Air. HARI-La4N, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Va. Pop. 4,268. Co. t. Mt. Pleasant. HARt-RIS, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 14,721. Co. t. Hamilton. HARI-RRs-BURG, the cap. of the state of Pa., and seat of justice of Dauphin co., is situated on the E. bank of the Susquehanna, about 94 m., in a straight line, nearly W. from Philadelphia. It stands on the Pennsylvania Canal, and, by means of various railroads, is connected with Chambersburg, Hagerstown, Lancaster, York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Lat. 40~ 16' N., Lon. 76~ 50' W. Pop. 8,173. HA.R-RP.-SON, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the head waters of the Monongahela. Pop. 11,728. Co. t. Clarkesburg. HARRISON, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Licking r. Pop. 13,064. Co. t. Cynthiana. HARRISON, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio r. Pop. 20,157. Co. t. Cadiz. HARRISON, a co. in the S. part of Ild., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 15,286. Co. t. Corydon. HARI-ROW-GATE, a village of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, celebrated for its mineral springs, situated about 20 m. nearly W. from York. This place is much resorted to, both on account of its sulphurous and its chalybeate springs. The former are regarded as the strongest sulphurous waters in England. HART, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 9,093. Co. t. Munfordsville. HARTI-FCRD, a co. in the N. part of Conn., intersected by the Connecticut r. Pop. 69,966. HARTFORD, the cap. of the above co., and one of the seats of govern. 268 HAR- HAV Fate, far, fAll, fit; me, mft; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as ingood; ment of the state of Conn., is situated on the Connecticut r., at the head of sloop navigation, in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country. Among the institutions of this city, we may mention a retreat for the insane, a deaf and dumb asylum (regarded as the first institution of the kind in the U. S.), and the Washington College, founded in 1824. The State House is in 410 45' 59" N. Lat., and 72~ 40' 45" W. Lon. Pop. of the city and township, 17,851; of the city alone, 13,555. HARVARD UNIVEnSITY. See CAMBRIDGE. HARWICH, usually pronounced har/-ridge, a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Essex, 66 m. E. N. E. of London, with a good harbour and a light-house. The name is derived from two Saxon words, here, signifying " army," and wic, a " fortification;" whence it is inferred that it was once the station of a Saxon army. At present the town appears to be on the decline. Pop., including an area of 3 sq. m., 3,829. HASSELT, hasf-selt, a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Limburg, 15 m. W. N. W. of Maestricht. Pop. 7,000. (B.) HASTINGS, hastel-ings, an ancient seaport town of England, in the co. of Sussex; 54 m. S. S. E. from London. It is one of the Cinque Ports, in importance second only to Dover. In the neighbourhood of this place, Harold IT. was defeated by William the Conqueror, in the year 1066..Lat. 50~ 52' N., Lon. () 31' E. Pop. 11,617. HAV-ANI-A (Sp. pron. A-v;f-na), the cap. of Cuba, is situated on the N. coast of the island. Its harbour, which is very spacious and one of the most secure and commodious in'the world, communicates with the sea by a channel rather more than half a mile in length, and from 300 to 350 yards wide, with a depth varying fioro 8 to 10 fathoms. This channel is protected by two strong fortresses, and a series of fortifications along both shores. The harbour itself is surrounded by heights which shelter it from every wind. Seen from the entrance of the port, Havana presents a beautiful and charming spectacle, but the interior of the town is far from fulfilling the expectations excited in the traveller by the external view. The streets are narrow, crooked, and generally unpaved; and, in the- rainy season, they are full of mud. The town is defended by numerous fortifications, which, with the advantage of its natural position, render it one of the strongest fortresses in the world. Havana possesses a university, a botanic garden, and various other literary and scientific institutions. In one of the churches of this town are deposited the remains of Christopher Columbus. Lat. 23~ 9' N.' Lon. 820 23' W. The pop., including that of the suburbs, was, in' 1827, 112,023. (B.) It is now about 150,000. HAVI-ER-FORD-WEST/, chief t. of Pembrokeshire, Wales. Lat. 510 47' N., Lon. 4~ 56' W. Pop. 5,941. HAVERHILL, commonly pronounced hba-ver-il, a flourishing and handsome t. of Mass., in Essex co., situated on the N. bank of the Merrimack, at the head of sloop navigation, about 28 m., in a straight line, N. of Boston, and on the railroad which runs from the Lowel Railroad to Portland, in Maine. Pop. of the township, 6,000. HAVRa DE GRACE, hav'r deh gras, or simply LE HAVRE, leh hav'r, a HAV-I;IAY 269 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. fortified seaport t., and, after Marseilles, the most important commercial t. of France (B.), is situated on the right bank of the Seine, at its mouth, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 110 m. W. N. W. of Paris. Before the time of Louis XII., it was a mere fishing town, with a small chapel, dedicated to Notre Dame de Grace (our Gracious Lady), alld was hence called Le Havre de Grace, or the " haven of grace." Louis laid the foundation of the importance of the place, since which time it has been gradually advancing to its present distinguished rank among the towns of France. Le Havre is the principal port of Paris; it has regular communication by packets with Southampton, Hamburg, Lisbon, New York, Vera Cruz, and Bahia. Steamboats ply between Le Havre, Rouen, and Paris. This place contains a public library, a' museum of natural history, and various other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 490 29' N., Lon. 0~ 7' E. Pop. in 1836, 25,618. (P. C.) HAVRE DE GRACE, hav'-er-de-grassf, a small t. in Hartford co., Md., situated at the head of Chesapeake Bay, on the railroad between Philadelphia and Baltimore, about 34 inm., in a straight line, E. N. E. of the latter city. HAWAII, ha-wif-ee, also written OWHYHEE, the largest of the Sandwich islands, situated in the Pacific, between 1.8 50' and 20~ 20' N. Lat., and 154~ 45' and 156~ 10' W. Lon. Its length is about 100 m.; its greatest breadth, about 90 m. The pop. in 1850 was 27,294. For the character and present condition of the inhabitants, see SANDwICII ISLANDS. —Adj. and inhab. HAWAIIAN, ha-wvi-y.an. HAWI-KINS, a Co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., intersected by the Clinch and Holston rivers, and bordering on Va. Pop. 13,370. Co. t. Rogersville. HAYTI or HAITI, ha1-te, (Fr. Haiti, At-e -te/,) called also ST. DoMINGO (do-mingl-go) and HIS-PAN-X-O'-L., next to Cuba the largest of the W. India Islands, is situated between 170 41' and 190 59' N. Lat. and 680 25' and 740 34' W. Lon. Its extreme length, from E. to W., is about 410 m.; its greatest breadth, firom N. to S., is near 160 m. The area is computed at about 25,000 sq. m. The pop. in 1826 was, according to Balbi, 800,000, but some others estimate it considerably higher. Hayti is justly considered the most fertile island in the West Indies. There are several mountain ranges in the interior, the elevation of which has not been ascertained, but it is supposed the highest summits do not fall short of 8,000 feet. This island was discovered by Columbus, in his first voyage, and from him received the name of Hispanola (is-pan-yof-la), i. e. " Little Spain." It was called, afterwards, St. Domingo, from the town of this Iame, which was one of the first settlements made on the island. The name of Haiti was given to it by Dessalines, after he had expelled the French in 1803. It is said to be the original Indian name of the island, and to signify "mountain. ous." Haytl, till recently, formed a republic, with a president chosen for life, and assisted:by a legislature, consisting of two houses, a senate and a house of' representatives. But on the expulsion of the late president Boyer, tle eastern or Spanish portion of the island separated itself 23* 270 HAY —HEL Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; me, met; pline or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good, from the former government, and now constitutes the independent republic of St. Domingo. Port au Prince is the capital of the old, and St. Domingo, of the new republic.-Adj. and inhab. HAII-T.-4r. HAYI-wooD, a co. in the W. part of N. C., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,074. Co. t. Waynesville. HAYWOOD, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., near the Mississippi r. Pop. 17,259. Co. t. Brownsville.' HAZEBROUCK, az'-brookf, a handsome t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 135 m. almost due N. from Paris. Lat. 50~ 43' N., Lon. 2~ 32' E. Pop. 7,674. (P. C.) HEARD, hurd, a co. in the W. part of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee, and bordering on Ala. Pop. 6,923. Co. t. Franklin. HEBRIDES, hebl-rid-tez, or the WESTERN ISLANDS, are scattered in the Atlantic, along the W. coast of Scotland, between 550 35' and 590 N. Lat., and 5~ and 8~ W. Lon. Their whole number amounts to nearly 200, but more than one-half are so small or so sterile as not to be inhabited.-Adj. and inhab. HEB-RIDI-E-AN (Scott). HECHINGEN, heKI-ing-Qn, a small t. of Germany, cap. of Hohenzo:lernHechingen. Lat. 48~ 21' N., Lon. 8~ 59' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) HECLA. See ICELAND. HEDJAZ, hej'-az/, sometimes written HEDSJAZ, a country of Arabia, extending along the Red Sea, from Mount Sinai to the frontier of Yemen. HEIDELBERC, hif-del-beRRG', an ancient city in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Neckar, in one of the most beautiful portions of Ger. many. Over the river there is a covered stone bridge, 702ft. long, and 30 ft. wide, which rests upon nine arches. This towni has, among other institutions, a celebrated university, founded in 1386, the oldest in Germany, except that at Prague. Its library is said to contain 120,000 vols. The pop. of Heidelberg, though at present increasing, is much less than it was formerly. Lat. 490 24' N., Lon. 8~ 43' E. Number of inhabitants, about 12,000. (P. C.) HEILBRONN, hile-bronn', a t. of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, said to have been founded by Charlemagne, and natned by him Heilbronn or the "spring of health," from a medicinal spring in the vicinity. Lat. 490 7' N., Lon. 90 14' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) HEL-E/-NA, ST.,* an i. in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,200 m. W. of the coast of Africa, chiefly interesting as the place of banishment of Napoleon, who was confined here from October, 1815, until his death, which occurred the 5th of May, 1821. James Town, the only towr * Some persons, aiming to be more accurate than ordinary speakers, place the accent on the first sylla-ble-Hel'-e-na. This is unquestionably the correct accentuation of the name of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great; and though it is perhaps probable that the island derived its appellation originally from her, the present pronunciation of its name is so thoroughly established that it would be idle to attempt to change it. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to corroborate, by other authority, what is so universally sanctioned by the practice of our best IEEL-HEN 271 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TN, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and port in St. Helena, is in Lat. 150 55' S., Lon. 50 49' WT. The whole circumference of the island is about 28 m. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, about 5,000. (P. C.) HELENA, ST., a parish of La., lying a little E. of tile Mississippi r. and bordering on the state of Miss. Pop. 4,561. Seat of justice, St. Helena. HEL-MUND!, a considerable r. of Afghanistan, which does not communicate with any sea, its waters being lost in the sand. (B.) HELI-GO-LAND or HELI-1-GO-LAND, a group of small islands in the German Ocean, between 30 and 40 miles from the mouth of the Elbe. They belong to the English. HELLESPONT. See DARDANELLES. HELMSTEDT, helmf-st'tt, a t. of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, formerly the seat of a flourishing university. Lat. 520 14' N., Lon. 110 1' E. Pop. 6,300. (B.) HIEL-SING-FORS', the cap. of the Russian government of Finland, is situated on the N. side of the Gulf of Finland. The former University of Abo was transferred to this place in 1827. It had, in 1839, 22 professors, and above 400 students. Lat. 60~ 10' N., Lon. 25~ E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Near Helsingfors is the fortress of Sweaborg or Sveaborg, regarded as the Gibraltar of the Baltic. A great part of its fortifications are cut in the rock. HEL-VELI-LYN, a mountain of England, in the co. of Cumberland, 3,055 ft. above the level of the sea. HELVOETSLUYS, hel'-v06t-sloisl, a small t. of S. Holland, situated on the S. side of the island of Voorne, important on account of its fortifications, its dock-yards, and its fine harbour. Lat. 51~ 49' N., Lon. 40 8' E. HEMrI-STEAD, a co. in the S.W. part of Ark., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 7,672. Seat of justice, Hempstead c. h. HENf-DER-SQN, a co. in the W. part of N. C., bordering on S. C. Pop. 6,853. HENDERSON, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 13,164. Co. t. Lexington. HENDERSON, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 12,171. Co. t. Henderson. HENDERSON, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 4,612. speakers; we may, however, be permitted to cite two passages from two distin guished living poets. "Arran!* a single-crested Teneriffe, A ST. HELENA next in shape and hue, Varying her crowded peaks and ridges blue."-WORDSWORTH. "ST. HELENA'S dungeon keep Scowls defiance o'er the deep; There a hero's relics sleep."-MoNTGOMERY. + See ARRAN. 272 HEN-HER Fate, far, fall, f'at; ml, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good: HENI-DRICKS, a co. in the W. central part of Ind., W. of Indianapo lis. Pop. 14,083. Co. t. Danville. HIEN-Ri/-CO, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 43,572. Co. t. Richmond. HENRY, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 8,872. Co. t. Martinsville. HENRY, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oc mulgee r. Pop. 14,726. Co. t. McDonough. HENRY, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 9,019. Co. t. Columbia. HENRY, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 18,233. Co. t. Paris. HENRY, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 11,442. Co. t. New Castle. HIENRY, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ohio, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 3,435. Co. t. Damascus. HENRY, a co. in the E. part of Ind., intersected by the Blue r., a branch of the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 17,605. Co. t. New Castle. HENRY, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., bordering on Rock r. Pop. 3,807. HENRY, a co. in the W. part of' Mo., N. of Osage r. Pop. 4,052. HENRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Skunk r. Pop. 8,707. HERAT, her-at/ or her-At'h/, a large fortified city of Persia, situated in the midst of a populous and highly cultivated valley. The streets are narrow and irregular, and the houses mostly of brick. Herat is the centre of an extensive commerce, and possesses flourishing manufactures. The rose-water made here is held in high estimation. This town is the capital of the kingdom of Herat, which is tributary to the king of Persia. Lat. about 340 30' N., Lon. 61~ 10' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, estimated at 100,000. (B.) HERAULT, /A-r6/, a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Mediterranean, and intersected by a small river of the same name. Pop. 357,846. Capital, Montpellier. HERCULANEUM. See POMPEII. HERI-E-F.RD, an ancient city of England, cap. of Herefordshire, is situated on the r. Wye, 115 m. W. N. W. of London. Lat. 52~ 3' N., Lon. 2~ 43' W. Pop., including the liberties, 10,921. HER/-E-FORD-SHIRE, a co. in the W. of England, bordering on Wales, Pop. 113,878. HE.RI-KIM-ER, a co. in the N. E. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 38,244. Co. t. Herkimer, HERMANSTADT, hen/-man-statt, (fHung. Nagy-Szeben n6dy sa-ben,) an important t., formerly the cap. of Transylvania, is situated about 72 m. S. by E. from Klausenburg. It is the chief t. of the Saxon set tiers in Transylvania, and contains a national museum, two gymnasia, and several other institutions. Lat. 450 48' N., Lon. 24~ 7' E. Pop above 18,000. (B.) HER — HIG 273 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. HERRNHUT, heRRnf-hoot, a little t. in the kingdom of Saxony, founded by count Zinzendorf, in 1722, remarkable as the earliest and most important settlement of the Moravian brethren. HERSFELD, heRsf-fc-lt, a t. of Germany, in the electorate of HesseCassel, situated on the Fulda. Lat. 50~ 51' N., Lon. 90 41' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) HERTFORD, hart-ford, the cap. of Hertfordshire, England, on the r. Lea, 21 m. N. of London. Pop., including an area of about 5 sq. m., 5,450. HERTI-FORD, a co. in the N. E. part of N.C., bordering on the Chowan r. Pop. 8,142. Co. t. Winton. HERTFORDSHIRE, harl-ford-shir, a co. in the S. E. central part of England, N. of London. Pop. 157,207. HESsE-CAsI-SEL (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hest-sen kslf-sel), an electorate of Germany, consisting of three distinct portions, the largest of which is situated between 500 6' and 51~ 39' N. Lat., and 8~ 25' and 10~ 15' E. Lon. One of the others lies a little to the E., intersected by the parallel of 50~ 45' N. Lat., and by the meridian of 100 25' E. Lon.; the third is farther N., being intersected by a line drawn in 52~ 20' N. Lat.; it is surrounded by Hanover and Lippe. The area of the whole is 4,350 sq. m.; entire pop. in 1835, 700,533. (P. C.) The government of Hesse-Cassel may be styled a limited monarchy, of which the head still retains the title of elector, although there is now no emperor of Germany, so that the dignity is merely nominal. Cassel is the capital. HESSE-DARMSTADT, hess daRmf-sthtt, a grand-duchy of Germany, consisting principally of two large portions, separated from each other by a long strip of land, belonging to Frankfort and Hesse-Cassel, and situated between 49~ 23' and 50~ 50' N. Lat., and 7~ 50' and 90 36' E. Lon. The area of the whole is about 5,000 sq. m. Entire pop. 718,000. (PO C.) Darmstadt is the capital. HEssE-HoMI-BURG (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hesf-sen homl-b66RG), a landgraviate of Germany, consisting of two portions; viz., the lordship of Hornburg, situated a little to the N. of Frankfort on the Main, and containing about 750 sq. m., with 8,800 inhabitants; and the lordship of Meisenheim (mil-zen-hime'), lying on the other side of the Rhine, between the Bavarian territory of the Rhine and the dominions of Prussia, with an area of 126 sq. m., and a pop. of 15,200. (P. C.) Homburg is the capital of the whole landgraviate, as well as of the lordship of this name. HICKI-MAN, a co. in the W. central part of Tenn., intersected by Duck r. Pop. 9,397. Co. t. Vernon. HICKMAN, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Ky. Pop. 4,791. Co. t. Columbus. HIWH —LAND, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 25,781. Co. t. Hillsborough. HIGHI-L.AND5 (commonly pronounced in Scotland, heet-landz), a natural divisiot of Scotland, comprehending the country to the N. and 27 4 HIG-HIN Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nS, not; 66 as in good; N. XW., in contradistinction to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S. E. districts. The appellation of Highlands extends also to the Hebrides or Western Isles. HIGHLANDS, a mountainous region of N. Y., lying on both sides of the Hudson, in the cos. of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable fbr its picturesque and romantic scenery. HIGHTOWER.. See ETOWAH. HILDBURGHAUSEN, hilt1-b6IRG-hout-zen, a t. of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildbur(rhausen, formerly the cap. of SaxeHildburghausen, is situated on the Werra. Lat. 50~ 25' N., Lon. 10C 40' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) HILDESHEIM, hill-des-hime', a t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a principality of the same name, containing a Roman Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 520 9' N., Lon. 9~ 56' E. Pop. 13,100. (P. C.) HILLs-BQ9-RouCH, a co. in the S. part of N. H., intersected by the Merrimack, and bordering on Mass. Pop. 57,477. Co. t. Amherst. HILLSBOROUGH, a co. in the W. part of the peninsula of Florida, borderino on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,377. HILLm/-DALE, a co. in the S. of Mich., bordering on Ind. and Ohio. Pop. 16,159. Co. t. Jonesville. HIMALAYAS, him'-a-lif-az, or HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS, extend along the N. E. border of Hindostan, and are situated between 27~ and 350 N. Lat., and 73~ and 98" E. Lon. The Dhawalaghiri (da-wal-.-a-gherlre), in about 29~ N. Lat., and between 83~ and 84~ E: Lon., is supposed to be the highest of the Himalayas, and of all the mountains in the world, having an elevation of 4,390 toises, or above 28,000 English ft. The Himalayas are also frequently called the HIMMALEH (him-mrl-leh) MOUNTAINS. Himalaya is a Sanscrit word, signifying the "abode of frost or snow." Imaus, the name under which at least a part of this vast mountain range appears to have been known to the ancients, had, according to Pliny, a similar signification. HIN'-DOS-TANI, (i. e. in Persian, the "country of the Hindoos"), an extensive country in the S. of Asia, between 8" 4' and 35~ N. Lat., and 67~ and 91~ E. Lon., extending from Cape Comorin, on the S., to the Himalaya Mountains on the N., and from the head of the Bay of Bengal, on the E., to the western border of the valley of Indus, on the W. The length, from N. to. S., is near 1,900 m.; breadth, from E. to W., between 1,400 and 1,500m. The eastern boundary is not definitely fixed. If, as some propose, we allow the possessions of the East India Company to determine its extent in that quarter, we shall obviously violate the natural though somewhat vague distinction between India Proper and Farther India, since, in that case, we must comprise within the limits of Hindostan, a considerable part of that region styled "the Peninsula beyond the Ganges," or " India beyond the Ganges." Malte Brun, who is justly regarded as one of the highest authorities in questions relating to geography, considers that region " which is watered by the Ganges and its tributaries," as properly belongring to Hindostan, HIN 275 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; THI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. while he appears to include all the country immediately E. of this, in that division of Asia which he calls Chin India. It will be perceived that this is much the same as if he had made the head of the Bay of Bengal the eastern limit of Hindostan. The area of Hindostan is estimated at above 1,000,000 sq. m. The number of inhabitants is computed to exceed one hundred millions. (E. G.) According to lIalteBrun, the population of Hindostan is not less than 134,)00,000; tile P. C. estimates it at between 110,000,009 and 120,000,000. A large portion of this vast country is subject to the English. The East India Company shares with the king of' Great Britain the sovereignty over almost all the provinces which combine to form the Anglo-Indian empire. This company, without possessing the title, enjoys nearly all the rights of royalty. Its authority, however, is dependent on the British Parliament, to which the officers of the East India government are directly responsible. The territory, under the administration of the company, is divided into three governments, designated as the presidency of Bengal, the presidency of Madras, and the presidency of Bombay. The inhabitants of Hindostan may be divided into three principal classes, viz.: the aborigines, the Asiatics of foreign extraction, and the Europeans. The first, or Hindoos, strictly speaking, are by far the most numerous. They are characterized by a multitude of peculiar customs and institutions, many of which appear to have been in existence from the most remote antiquity. Of these, one of the most remarkable is the distinction of caste.* The Hindoo writers recognise four pure and original castes, viz.: the brahl-mins or priests; the kshatriyas (shHtf-re-ais) or soldiers, including the princes and sovereigns; the vaisyas (vif-se-as), consisting of agriculturists and shepherds; and the sudras (soof-dras) or labourers. Besides these four original classes, there are a great number of impure races which have sprung from the mixture of the pure castes. One of the best known is that of the-pariahs (pa/-re-as), who form a very numerous class. They are among the most abject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected to the most cruel and degrading servitude. The different races are kept distinct from each other by the most rigorous laws. No person, whatever be his merit or genius, can, in any case, rise above the caste in which he is born, though he may forfeit his birth-right by certain misdemeanors and crimes. It is not however, true, as has been frequently asserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the castes beneath him, but not from those above him. Thus a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter of a Sudra, though the offspring of such a marriage does not inherit the father's rank, but belongs to one of the mixed races. But a Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter of a Brahmin; and children sprung from such a union are considered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahmin and a Sudra woman. The ancient religion of the Hindoos is peculiar, and, in some respects, very remarkable; but' From the Portuguese word casta, i. e. "race." 276 HIN-ItOB Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 56 as ingood, we must refer the reader to other sources for information on this point. as our limits will not permit us to enter upon a subject so intricate and extensive. We may, however, observe, that with the exception of the Brahmins, a majority of whom still adhere to the ancient faith, tile sects into which the Hindoos are at present divided, are of comparatively modern origin; and that the various political changes resulting formerly, from the Mahometal, and, more lately, from the European conquests, by diminishing the authority of the Brahmins, have greatly contributed to the rise of new systems of belief among the common people, as well as facilitated the introduction of the religion of other nations. The number of Mahometans in Hindostan may be vaguely estimated at about 10,000,000. Most of these are supposed to be the descendants of Asiatic foreigners. It appears, however, that many of the Hindoos, without fully embracing the Moslem faith, have allowed their original doctrines and practices to be considerably modified by it. The two religions in some parts are on perfectly friendly terms, and the people apply frequently to one another's saints and deities, when their own appear to fail. The European inhabitants of Hindostan may be estimated at about 2,000,000. They are chiefly the descendants of Portuguese. The British, though they are in actual possession of nearly one-half of the country, and dictate to more than three-fourths of it, are said not to exceed 60,000.-Adj. and inhab. HINI-DOO. HINDUSTANI or HINDOSTANEE, hin-dos-tal-ne, is an epithet applied to the language adopted after the Mahometan conquest, as the general means of communication between the Hindoos and Mahometans. It is based on an original Hindoo dialect, with which, however, many Persian and Arabic words have become incorporated. HINDS, hindz, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Pearl and Big Black rivers. Pop. 25,340. Co. seat, Raymond. HISPANIOLLA. See HAYTI. HI-IANGfoHO'* or whangl-hot, (i. e. the "Yellow River," so named from the colour which the yellow clay along its banks gives to its waters,) one of the largest rivers of China, which rises near 350 N. Lat. and 98~ E. Lon., and, after flowing in a very circuitous course, in which it passes beyond 41~ N. Lat., empties itself into the Yellow Sea, in about 330 50' N. Lat., and 1200 10' E. Lon. Its length is estimated at 2,400 m. HIOI-BART TOWN (commonly pronounced by the colonists HobL-ar-ton), the cap. of the British colony'of Van Diemen's Land, is situated on the estuary of the r. Derwent, in the S. E. part of the island. Lat. 42~ 54' S., Lon. 1470 27' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) HOI-BO-KEN, in the co. of Bergen, N. J., on the Hudson, opposite to New York, is chiefly remarkable as a place of resort for the inhabitants of that city. * "By Oton-tala, like a sea of stars, The hundred sources of HoANG-HO burst." SOUTHEY'S Thalaeba, Boc k VI. HOC-HOL 277 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this;. N, nearly like ng. HOCKI-ING, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Ohio r. Pop. 14,119. Co. t. Logan. HOF, a manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on the r. Saale, near its source. Lat. 50~ 17' N., Lon. 11~ 53' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) HOHENZOLLERN, ho'-en-tsol/-lern, a sovereign principality of Germany, lying on both sides of the Danube, surrounded by Baden and Wtirtemberg, and intersected by the 48th parallel of N. Lat. and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. It is divided into Hohenzollern-Sigmaringlen, and Hohenzollern-Hechingen (heKl-ing.en), which belong to two different branches of the house of Hohenzollern. The total area is 580 sq. m. Pop. 64,420; about two-thirds of whom belong to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. (P. C.) Sigmaringen, a little town on the Danube, with a pop. of 1,600 (B.), is the capital of this principality. Hechingen is the capital of the other division. HOLI-BEACH, a small t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 90 m. N. of London. HOLI-LAND, (Dutch pron. holf-lint; originally Ollant, i. e. " muddy or marshy land,") a kingdom in the W. of Europe, situated between 50~ 45' and 530 30' N. Lat., and 3~ 20' and 7~ 8' E. Lon., (not including the province of Luxemburg;) bounded on the N. by the North Sea, E. by Germany, S. by Belgium, and W. by the North Sea. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 185 m.; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., is about 120 n. The area is about 11,000 sq. m. The pop., in 1839, was 2,583,271. (P. C.) According to the census of 1844, it is stated to be 2,953,618. The face of this country is remarkably flat and low, some parts lying even below the level of the sea, against the inroads of which, they are protected partly by immense dikes or artificial banks of earth, and partly by sand-hills cast up by the ocean. From this natural peculiarity the name Netherlands, i. e. " Lowlands," is derived. Holland is divided into twelve provinces; viz., Brabant (North), Drenthe, Friesland, Gelders, Groningen, North and South Holland, Limburg, Luxemburg, Overyssel, Utrecht, and Zealand. The Hague is the ordinary residence of the king and court.-Adj. DUTCH; inhab. DUTCH/-MAN or HOL1-LAND-ER. HOLLAND, an important prov. of the above kingdom, bordering on the North Sea, which has given its name to the whole country. It is divided into North and South Holland. Pop. of the former, 22,503; of the latter, 503,354. (P. C.) HbLMES, a co. in the N. W. central part of Miss., bordering on the Yazoo r. Pop. 13,928. Co. seat, Lexington. tIoLMEs, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ohio. Pop. 20,452. Co. t. Millersburg. HOLSTEIN, holl-stine, a duchy in the N. of Germany, belonging to Denmark, situated between 530 30' and 540 26' N. Lat., and 8~ 46' and 110 7' E. Lon. Area, 3,250 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 435,596. (P. C.) Glfickstadt is the capital. HOLr-STQN, a r. which rises in the Alleghany Mountains of Va.. and flowing into Tenn., unites with the Tennessee r. 24 278 HOL —HOR Fate, far, fall, fat; me,. met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good, HOLT, a co. forming the N. XV. extremity of Mo. Pop. 3,957. HOLYHEAD, holf-e-hed', a seaport t. of Wales, situated on a small island of the same name, at the western extremity of the island of Anglesey, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge of cast iron. It is the station of the post-office packets, which sail daily between this port and Dublin, Lat. 530 19' N., Lon. 40 37' WV. Pop. 3,869. HOLf-Y-WELL, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Wales, in Fliritshire, situated near the S. side of the estuary of the r. Dee, about 10 m. E. of St. Asaph. The machinery belonging to the manufacturing establishments of this place, is for the most part workled by a stream which issues from the Holy Well of St. Winifred, once so celebrated for the healing virtue of its waters. This spring boils up out of the rock with violence, as from a cauldron, and is said to discharge above 20 tons of water in a minute. It was formerly resorted to by a great number of pilgrims. Pop. of the parish, 10,834. HOMBURG. See HESsE-HoMBURG. H6MS or HUMS (Anc. Emtesa), a decayed t. of Syria, situated near the Orontes. Lat. 34~ 50' N., Lon. 36~ 39' E. HONDA, onf-da, a t. of S. America, in New Granada, situated on the r. Magdalena. Lat. 50 12' N., Lon. 74~ 53' W. Pop. estimated at above 5,000. (B.) HONDURAS, hon-doof-ras, one of the states of Central America, situated S. of, and bordering on the Bay of Honduras. Comayagua is the capital. HONDURAS, BAY OF, is situated on the E. coast of Central America, between the Cape of Honduras, near 16~ N. Lat. and 86~ W. Lon., and Cape Catoche (kla-tof-cha), in about 21~ 35' N. Lat., and 87~ W. Lon. HONFLEUR, bN'-flURI, a seaport t. of France. in the dep. of Calvados, situated on the left bank of the Seine, almost at its mouth. Lat. 490 25' N., Lon. 0~ 14' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,409. (P. C.) HONITON, hun/-e-ton, a small t. of England, in Devonshire, 16 m. E. by N. from Exeter. Pop. of the parish, 3,895. HONOLULU. See OAHU. HOooG-LY, an important arm of the Ganges, on which Calcutta is situated. It is navigable for ships only as far as the tide reaches; that is, about 30 m. above Calcutta. Near this town, its breadth is about three-quarters of a mile, but at its mouth it amounts to near 10 m. HOORN, hORn, an important seaport t. of North Holland, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, with the best harbour on the Zuyder Zee. Lat. 52~ 38' N., Lon. 50 1' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) HoPl-KINS, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. 12,441. Co. t. Madisonville. HORN, CAPE. See CAPE HORN. ItORI-RY, a dist. forming the E. extremity of S. C. Pop..7,646. Sea of justice, Conwayborough. HORSI-HAM, a small t. of England, in Sussex, 383 m. S. by W. from London. HORTA. See FATAL. HOT —HUD 279 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIt, as in this; N, nearly like i.g. HOT SPRING, a large co. in the W. part of Ark. Pop. 3,609. Co. t. Hot Spring. HOTI-TEN-TOTS, a people of S. Africa, inhabiting the country bordering on the Cape Colony. They are represented as a mild, timid people, perfectly harmless, honest, faithful, and capable of strong attachment. They are a good-natured, and, on the whole, a good-looking race, having, many of them, finely-formed foreheads and prominent features. Their hands and feet are remarkably small, while their limbs' are in general well proportioned. Their great defect, or rather vice, is indolence, accompanied by its almost inseparable attendants, degradation and filth. The male Hottentots go nearly naked; the females wear an apron attached to a girdle round the waist, which, however, does not reach to the knees. Their dress is formed of the slain of some animal, commonly of sheep-skin. They lead a wandering life, living chiefly on the milk of their cattle. Their huts are constructed of mats stretched over a frame of sticks, in the shape of a bee-hive, and are easily removed on their pack-oxen, as they migrate from place to place. But few, however, of the tribes have preserved their independence and their original customs, unaltered by the neighbourhood of European civilization, and, we may add, of European vice and cruelty. The state of servitude to which many of these people were formerly subjected, particularly by the Dutch colonists, appears to have nearly deprived them of the little energy and spirit which they derived from nature, and to have greatly reduced the number of those dwelling within the limits of the colony. It is, however, proper to state that slavery was abolished, in this part of the British possessions, by an act which went into operation on August 1st, 1834. Some of the Hottentots, especially the Griguas or Griquas (greet-quas), have made considerable progress in civilization, which they owe to the missionaries established among them. HOUSATONIC, hoo'-sa-tont-ik, a r. which rises in Mass., and, flowing southward through Conn., falls into Long Island Sound, about 14 m. S. WV. of New Haven. HOUsTON, hews/-ton, a co. in the S. central part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ocmulgee. Pop. 16,450. Co. t. Perry. HoUsToN, a t., formerly the cap. of Texas, on a small creek which flows into Galveston Bay. Lat. about 30~ N., Lon. 95~ 30' W. Pop. estimated at 6,000. HOW/-ARD, a co. in the N. central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 13,969. Co. t. Fayette. HUDI-DERs-FIELD, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 24 m. N. W. of Sheffield. It is situated on the Huddersfield Canal, by which it is put in communication with all the principal places of the kingdom. Where this canal passes under Stanedge Hill, there is a tunnel, which is 5,451 yards (above 3 n.) in length, and in one place 222 yards below the surface. The manufactures of Huddersfield are chiefly in woollen. The pop. of this t. in 280 HUD —HUM Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as in good, 1811 was only 9,671 (E. G.); in 1841 it amounted to 25,068. It includes an area of about 6 sq. m. HUDI-SON or NORTH RIVER, one of the finest and most important rivers in the U. S., which rises in the N. E. part of N. Y., and, flowing nearly due S. in its general course, communicates with the Atlantic, about 10 m. below New York. Its whole length is estimated at about 300m. It is navigable for the largest ships to the city of Hudson, about 130 m., and for sloops to Troy, 166 m. HUDSON, a city of N. Y., the cap. of Columbia co., is situated on the E. bank of the Hudson, at the head of ship navigation, 130 m. above New York. Lat. 42~ 14' N., Lon. 730 46' W. Pop. 6,286. HUDSON, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 21,821. Co. t. Jersey City. HuDSON'S BAY, a large bay, extending from the Atlantic westward nearly into the centre of British N. America, is situated between 510 and 64~ N. Lat., and 76~ and 950 30' W. Lon. Its length, from S. S. E. to N. N. W., is nearly 1000 m.; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 600 in. It is connected with the Atlantic by Hudson's Strait, which is more than 300 m. long, and in its narrowest part is perhaps about 60 m. wide. The southern part, extending from about 510 to 550 N. Lat., is called James's Bay. HUEIVA, well-va, a seaport t. of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on a little bay projecting from the Atlantic. Lat. 370 15' N., Lon. 6~ 49' W. Pop. 8,000. (B.) HUESCA, west-ca, (Anc. Os/ca,) a t. of Spain, in Aragon, chiefly remarkable for its university. Lat. 42~ 6' N., Lon. 00 19' W. Pop. 9,200. (M.) HULL, or KINGSt-TON-UPON-HULL, an important seaport t. of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, on the N. side of the estuary of the Humber, where it is joined by the r. Hull, 34m. S. E. of York. This town communicates, by means of canals and railways, with York, Manchester, Liverpool, and all the other principal places of England. Its docks and basins are considered as among the finest in the kingdom. It is the great entrepot of the commerce of the N. of England, and of that which this country carries on with the northern parts of Europe. The prosperity of this place has been greatly increased by the progress of steam navigation, of which it may be considered as the second great centre on the eastern coast. Hull forms a co. of itself, which contains an area of about 18 sq. m. Lat. 530 45' N., Lon. 0~ 20' W. Pop. of the town, 41,629; of the co., exclusive of the town, 3,544. HULST, a small fortified. t. of Holland, in Zealand. Lat. 510 17' N., Lon. 40 3' E. HUMI-BER, a r. or estuary in the N. E. part of England, formed principally by the Junction of the Ouse and the Trent. At its commencement, the Humber is rather more than a mile wide, but where it joins the sea it is above seven miles in breadth. Its whole length is near 40 m. HUM-IHUR 281 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. HUMPHREYS, um1-frez, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., E. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 6,422. Co. t. Reynoldsburg. HUNGARY, hung/-g.a-re, (Hung. Magyar-Orszftg, mbd-y6R OR-S'aag; Ger. Ungarn, 66ngl-garn;) an extensive country of Europe, forming a part of the Austrian empire, situated between 440 28' and 490 36' N. Lat., and 16~ and 250 E. Lon.; bounded on the N. and N. E. by Moravia and Galicia, E. by Transylvania, S. by Turkey, Slavonia and{ Croatia, and W. by Styria and Austria. Its extreme length, from E. to, W. is about 420 m.; the greatest breadth, from N. to S., is about 330 m. The area is computed at 78,822 sq. m. Pop. uncertain, but estimated at upwards of 10,000,000. (M.) The kingdom of Hungary includes, besides Hungary Proper, Slavonia, Croatia, and several districts of less importance. The government is called a limited, monarchy, but aristocracy is predominant, and the nobles have great power, while the great mass of the peasantry are in a state of extreme degradation. The kingdom of Hungary formerly included, besides its present territories, Transylvania, Dalmatia, and the Military Frontier; which countries, since their annexation to the crown of Austria, still go under the general name of the Hungarian dominions. The name, Hungary, is derived from the Hunni or Huns, a people of Asiatic origin, who invaded and took possession of the country immediately N. of the Danube, towards the close of the fourth century, during the reign of the Roman emperor Valens. The present Hungarians, however, are the descendants of the Magyars, another Asiatic nation, who established themselves here in the ninth century, whence the country is called Magyar-Orszhg, i. e. the "6 land of the Magyars." —Adj. and inhab. HUNGARIAN, hung-gh/-re-an. HUNI-TER-DQN, a co. in the N. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 28,989. Co. t. Flemington. HUNTI-ING-DON, a t. of England, the cap. of Huntingdonshire, is situated on the r. Ouse, about 60 m. N. of London. Pop. 3,507. HUNTINGDON, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., on the head streams of the Juniata. Pop. 24,786. Co. t. Huntingdon. HUNTI-ING-DQN-SHIRE, a co. in the E. central part of England, intersected by the r. Ouse. Pop. 58,549. HUNT,-ING-TON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 7,850. Co. t. Huntington. HUNTSI-VILLE, a flourishing t. in the N. part of Ala., cap. of Madison co., situated at the termination of the Huntsville Canal, which communicates with the Tennessee r., and is about 16 m. long. Lat. 34~ 36' N., Lon. 86~ 57' W. Pop. 2,863. HURD'-WARI, a t. of Hindostan, celebrated as one of the principal places of Hindoo pilgrimage, and the seat of the greatest fair in India. It is said that sometimes above a million pilgrims are assembled here at once. Lat. 290 57' N., Lon. 78~ 2' E. I-HUI-RON, a large lake of N. America, lying between 43~ and 46~ 15 N. Lat., and 80~ and 830 40' W. Lon. Its length, from S. S. E. to N. N. W., following the curve, ig about 280 m.; its greatest breadth 24* 282 HUR-ICE Fate, far, fAll, fat; mi, m&t; pine or pine, pin; n6, nAt; 66 as in good; from E. to W., exclusive of Georgian Bay, is near 100 m. Area estimated at about 19,000 sq. m. The greatest depth is at least 1000 ft. Lake Huron is divided into two unequal portions by a long peninsula and the Manitoulin chain of islands; the parts to the N. and E. are called North Channel and Georgian Bay. HURON, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, near Lake Erie. Pop. 26,203. Co. t. Norwalk. HUY, hoi, a.t. of Belgium, on the Meuse, 20 m. S. W. of Liege. Pop. 7,000. (B.) HYDE, a co. in the E. part of N. C., on Pamlico Sound. Pop. 7,636. Co. t. Lake Landing. HYDERABAD, hif-der-a-badf, or HYDRABAD, a city of Hindostan, the cap.. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 17~ 22' N., Lon. 780 35' E. Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at above 200,000. (B.) HYDERABAD, a fortified t. of Hindostan, in Sinde, cap. of a princi. pality of the same name, is situated in the delta of the Indus, about 90 m. from the sea. Lat. 25~ 22' N., Lon. 680 41' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) HYTHE, hiTH, a t., and one of the Cinque Ports, of England, in Kent, situated on the Strait of Dover, about 60 m. E. S. E. of London, and 10 m. W. S. W. of Dover. Pop. 2,265. IAROSLAV. See YAROSLAF. IBARRA, e-barf-ra, a t. of S. America, in Ecuador, 50 m. N. E. of Quito. Lat. 0~ 21' N., Lon. 78~ 18' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) -I-BER-VILLE, a parish in the S. E. central part of Louisiana, intersected by the Mississippi r. Pop. 12,214. Seat of justice, Iberville. ICEI-L4ND (Ist-land in the native language), a large i. in the N. Atlantic, belonging to Denmark, situated between 63~ 30' and 66~ 40' N. Lat., and 16~ and 24~ 30' W. Lon. Its extreme length is about 250 m.; its greatest breadth about 200 m. The area is vaguely estimated at 40,000sq. m. The pop. in 1834 was 56,000. (M.) The interior of Iceland is a dreary desert, without a single inhabitant. One mass of icy mountains, called Klofa Jokul (ybl-kul), in the S. E. part of the island, is said to have an extent of not less than 3000 sq. m. The rocks and mountains of this country appear to be chiefly of volcanic origin. In the year 1783, a mountain named Skaptar J6kul poured forth an immense quantity of lava, which destroyed no fewer than 20 villages and 9,000 people, amounting to more than one-fifth of the then population of the island. It was estimated that the whole of the lava dis charged would be sufficient to cover an area of 1,400 sq.m. to the depth of 150 ft. Hecla, a celebrated volcanic mountain in the S. W. part of Iceland, about 30 m. from the sea, is 5,530 ft. in height. The Oerafe J6kul is the loftiest mountain in Iceland, of which any accurate measurement has been made, having an elevation of 6,650 ft. (B.) Among the most remarkable natural curiosities of this country are the Geysers (gif-sers) boiling springs, or rather water-volcanoes. One of these, called the Great Geyser, is said sometimes to project its contents ICO-ILL ~83 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, a6 in this; N, nearly like ng. to the height of from 100 to 200 ft. The climate of Iceland is said to be mild, considering the latitude. Dr. Henderson found the winter that he passed here not severer than the hMildest which he experienced in Southern Sweden and Denmark. It appears that corn was once cultivated to a considerable extent, but the inhabitants find it more to their advantage to attend exclusively to the rearing of cattle. Hay is the great harvest of Iceland. The common food of the people is butter, milk, and fish; fresh meat and rye bread are holy-day fare. Fish are verv abundant. The reindeer, which were at first introduced from Norway, have greatly multiplied, and live in a wild state. Reikiavik (ri/-ke-a-vik), a little town on the W. coast, is regarded as the cap. of the island. Although its permanent population scarcely exceeds 500, it contains a number of institutions for education, three literary and scientific societies, and a library of 5,000 vols. In its immediate vicinity there is an observatory.-Adj. ICE-LAN/-DIC; inhab. ICE/-LAND-ER. ICOLMKILL. See IONA. IDRIA, idl-re-a', a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carniola, celebrated for its mines of quicksilver, which, after those of Almaden, in Spain, are considered to be the richest in Europe. The mine is rather more than 1,000 ft. in depth. Lat. 46~ N., Lon. 14~ 3' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) IEKATARINBURG. See EKATARINBURG. IGLAU, igf-lou, a manufacturing t. of the Austrian empire, in Moravia. Lat. 490 23' N., Lon. 150 36' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) IGUALADA, e-gwa-la-DU', (Anc. A'qum La/tal,) a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 37 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 7,731. (M.) ILI-CHES-TER, sometimes written IVELCHESTER (Anc. Ischalis), a little t. of England, in Somersetshire, situated on the Yeo or Ivel, 18 m. E. of Taunton. It appears to have once been a very important Roman station. Its name signifies the " station of the Ivil." ILE DE FRANCE. See FRANCE, ISLE OF. ILFRACOMBE, ill-fra-coom', a seaport t. of Enland, in Devonshire, situated on the Bristol Channel, 41 m. N. W. of Exeter. Pop. 2,855. ILLE A'ND VILAINE, (Fr. Ille et Vilaine, eel A ve'-lane/,) a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 547,249. (B.) Capital, Rennes. ILLIMANI, NEVADO DE, na-val-Do dA eel-ya-mAf-ne, a mountain summit of S. America, in Bolivia, next to the Nevado de Sorata, the most elevated on the American continent. Lat. about 16~ 40' N., Lon. 670 40' W. Height, 3,753 toises, or about 24,000 English ft. (B.) ILLINOIS, il'-lin-oif, one of the U. S., situated between 37~ and 420 30' N. Lat., and 87~ 30' and 910 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Wisconsin, E. by Indiana, S. E. and S. by the Ohio r., which separates it from Kentucky, S. W. and W. by the Mississippi r., which divides it from Missouri and Iowa; and divided into100 counties.* Length, from c Adams, Alexander, Bond, Boone, Brown,. Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass, Champaign, Christian, Clair St., Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook, Crawford, Cumberland, De Kalb, DeWitt, Du Page, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, 284 ILL-IND Fate, far, fAll, fat; me, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; N. to S., 387 m.; greatest breadth about 200. The area is variously estimated from 55,000 to 59,003 sq. In. Pop. 851,470. Springfield is the capital. Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818. ILLINOIs, a r. of the above state, which rises near Lake Michigan, and, flowing south-westerly, falls into the Mississippi. The whole length is about 400 m. It is navigable for boats nearly to its source. IL-LYR/-j. —, a kingdom forming a part of the Austrian empire, situated between 44~ 25' and 470 7' N. Lat., and 12~ 40' and 15~ 45' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Austria and Styria, E. by Styria and Croatia, S. by the Adriatic, and tW. by Italy and Tyrol. The area is 10,801 sq. m. Pop. 1,212,753. (M.) Laybach is the capital.-Adj. and inlhab. IL-LYRI-I-AN. IMOLA, e-moo-la, (Anc. Forrum Cornellii,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bologna. Pop. 8,(J00. (B.) INDEPENDENCE, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., intersected by the White r. Pop. 7,767. Co. t. Batesville. INDEPENDENT TARTARY. See TOORKISTrAN. INI-DL-4, the name given by the ancients to a country of indefinite extent, in the S. E. part of Asia. It appears to have included Hindostan Proper, the island of Ceylon, and the still undefined region of Farther India. The name is supposed to be derived from that of the Indus, Sind or Hind.-Adj. and inhab. INI-DI-AN. The name, EAST INDIES, has an application nearly co-extensive with that of India, though the former seenls to be often employed somewhat loosely to denote, besides the Indian continent, not only Ceylon (which has always been considered as a part of India), but also many other islands of the eastern seas, especially those lying near the Asiatic coast, such as Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the group of Japan. INDIAN OCEAN, is situated between Africa, Asia, and Malaisia. Its greatest extent, from E. to W., is above 4,0(00 m. IN'-DI-ANI —A, one of the U. S., situated between 370 50' and 41~ 50 N. Lat., and 84C 44' and 88~ XW. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Michigan and Lake Michigan, E. by Ohio, S. E. and S. by Kentucky, and W. by Illinois, and divided into 91 counties*. Length, from N. to S., Franklin, Fulton,Gallatin,Green,Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, H1ardin,Htenderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marquette, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Massac, McDonough, McHenry, McLean, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan,Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Saline, Sancgamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark, Stephenson, Tazewell, Union, Vermilion, Wabash, Warren, Washington, Wayne, White, Whiteside, Will, Williamson, Winnebago, Woodford. Adams, Allen, Bartholomew, Benton, Blackford, Boone, Brown, Carroll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dearborn, Decatur, De Kalb, Delaware, Dubois, Elkhart, Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, Fulton, Gibson, Grant, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock,. Harrison, Hendricks, Henry, Howard, HIuntington, Jackson, Jasper, Jay, Jefferson, Jennings, Johnson, Joseph St., Knox, Kosciusko, La Grange, Lake, La Porte, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Martin, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Noble, Ohio, Orange, IND-INN 285 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 275 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 150 m. The area is estimated at 36,000 sq. m. Pop. 988,416. Indianapolis is the capital. Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816. INDIANA, a co. in the W. part of Pa., bordering on Conemaugh creek, a branch of the Alleghany r. Pop. 27,170. Co. t. Indiana. IN'-Dt-XN-APf-O-LIS, the cap. of Indiana, and seat of justice of Marion co., is situated on White r., nearly in the centre of the state. Lat. 390 55' N., Lon. 86~ 5' W. Pop. 8,034. IND-OORI or INDORE, a city of Hindostan, cap. of a kingdom of the same name, in the prov. of Malwah. It has risen entirely since the year 1818, on the site of the old town of the same name, which was burned to the ground, in 1801, by Sindia, who was at war with Holcar, the chief of Indoor. Lat. 22~ 42' N., Lon. 75~ 50' E. Present pop. estimated from 60,000 to 90,000. INDOSTAN. See HINDOSTAN. INDRE, aNdr, a dep. near the centre of France, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 257,350. (B.) Capital, Chateauroux. INDRE AND LOIRE (Fr. Indre et Loire, aNdr i IWAR), a dep. of France, N. W. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 304,271. Capital, Tours. INI-DUS or SINDH (in Sanscrit, Sindhoo), a large r. in the S. of Asia, which rises on the northern declivity of the Himalaya Mountains, and flowing, first north-westerly, and afterwards south-westerly, empties itself into the Indian Ocean by several mouths, in about 240 N. Lat. and 68~ E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 1,700 m. In consequence of the sand-banks which obstruct the different arms of this river, it is not navigable, in the lower part of its course, except for very small vessels. INGI-HAM, a co. in the S. part of Mich., near the sources of Grand r. Pop. 8,631. INGOLSTADT, ing-gol-stAtt', a t. and important fortress of Germany, in Bavaria, on the Danube, 33 m. S. W. of Ratisbon. Its celebrated university, fbunded in 1472, was transferred to Landshut in 1800, but has since been removed to Munich. Lat. 48~ 46' N., Lon. 110 26' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) INN, a r. which rises in the E. part of Switzerland, flows through Tyrol, and after forming a part of the boundary between Bavaria and Austria, falls into the Danube at Passau. INNSPRUCK, insf-prd6k, or INNSBRUCK, (i. e. Innsbrficke, or the "bridge of the Inn,") the cap. of Tyrol, situated on the r. Inn. Its situation is highly picturesque. It stands in the midst of a valley, the sides of which are formed by mountains from 6,000 to 8,000 ft. in height. The Inn is crossed by a wooden bridge, from which a magnificent prospect is obtained. Innsbruck contains seveOwen, Parke Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Ripley, Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Stark, SteLuben, Sullivan, Switzerland, Tippecanoe, Tipton, Union, Vanderburg, Vermilion, Vigo, Wabash, Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, Wells, White, Whitley. 286 INV —IOW Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n't; 66, as in good; ral literary and scientific institutions; amongr which is a university, founded in 1672, afterwards abolished, and finally re-established in 1826. Lat. 470 16' N., Lon. 110 24' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) IN-VER-AI-RY, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Argyleshire, situated near the head of Loch Fyne, on the W. coast, 25 m. N. W. of Glasgow. Pop. 1,233. INVERKEITHING, in'-ver-keef-THing, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Fifeshire, situated on the N. bank of the Frith of Forth, 10 m. N. WV. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1,674. IN'-VER-NESSf, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Inverness-shire, on the r. Ness, about a mile above its influx into Moray Frith. It is the principal town, as regards manufactures and commerce, in the N. of Scotland. By means of the Caledonian canal, which connects the North Sea with the Atlantic, Inverness has an almost direct communication with the latter. Lat. 57' 28' N., Lon. 4~ 12' W. Pop. 9,100. IN'-VER-NESS1-SH1.a, the largest co. of Scotland, extends across the island, from the Atlantic to Moray Frith. It also includes the islands of Skye, Harris, N. and S. Uist, &c. Pop. 97,799. IN'-vE-aUf-aY, a t. of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, at the confluence of the Don and Ury, 16 in. N. W. of Aberdeen, with which town iit communicates by means of the Aberdeenshire Canal. Pop. 1,619. IONA, e-ot-na, or IC'-OLM-KILLI, (the native name is I, pronounced like ee, and signifying " island,") one of the Hebrides, situated near the W. extremity of the island of Mull, intersected by the parallel of 56~ 22' N. Lat., and the meridian of 6~ 26' W. Lon. Length about 3 in. It is chiefly interesting on account of its ruins and historical rememo brances. While western Europe lay buried in ignorance and barbarity, this island was remarkable as the seat of learning and of the Christian religion, which was introduced near the middle of the 6th century, by St. Columba, a native of Ireland. The name Icolmkill is a contraction of I-Columb-kill, i. e. the " island of Columba's cell or monastery," kill or kil signifying any religious residence. I-of-NI-A, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mich., intersected by Grand r. Pop. 7,597. Co. t. Ionia. I-of-NI-AN ISLANDS, situated along the S. W. coast of Greece, and consisting of the seven principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Theaki, Cerigo, and Paxo, form what is termed the Ionian Republic, or the Republic of Seven Islands. The total area is 1,097 sq. m.; the entire pop. in 1836 was 204,266. This republic is under the protection of Great Britain represented by a lord high commissioner, who resides at Corfu, and, with the president of the senate (who represents the executive power of the republic), directs the most important affairs of the state. Corfu is the seat of government. I-osf-co (Kanotin), a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Saginaw Bay. It-O-WA, one of the United States, created from a territory of the same name in 1846, lies between 40~ 30' and 43~ 30' N. lat., and between 90~ and 970 W. ion., being about 275 miles in length from E. to W., IOW-IOW 287 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and 210 in breadth from N. to S.; including an area of about 50,914 sq. miles. It is bounded on the N. by Minnesota, E. by Wisconsin and Illinois, S. by Missouri, and W. by Indian Ter. and Minnesota. The Mississippi forms the eastern, and the Missouri and Sioux the western boundary of the State: By the census of 1850, Iowa had 192,214 inhabitants; of whom 191,879 were white, and 335 coloured persons. There were 2044 deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, or a fraction more than ten in every thousand. Iowa was divided in 1850, into 52 counties.* Rivers.-Besides the Missouri and Mississippi, which wash its western and eastern boundaries, the principal rivers in Iowa are the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Red Cedar, Wapsipinicon, Mako'queta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. All these run in a S. E. direction, and, except the Red Cedar, which is a tributary of the Iowa, all empty into the Mississippi. The sources of the Des Moines, Red Cedar, and Upper Iowa are in Minnesota. The Des Moines, which is about 400 m. long, traverses the central part of the state from the N. boundary to the S. E. extremity. This river might be made navigable for 300 miles by very moderate improvements. The Iowa river is about 300 m. long, and is navigable for small steamboats to Iowa city, 80 miles from its mouth. The other rivers mentioned are from 100 to 200 miles in length, and several of them furnish abundant water-power. The tributaries of the Missouri river from this state are small. There are no lakes in the state which seem worthy of notice in a general description. lFace of the Country, Soil, and Productions. —The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies, and there is nothing within its limits that approaches to the height of a mountain. A plateau called the Coteau des Prairies,t extends from Minnesota into the N. W. corner of this state, and a small section on the Mississippi in the N. E. is too rugged for cultivation. The soil, in general, is extremely fertile and easy of cultivation; and the surface is diversified with prairies and woodlands in convenient proportions. Among the forest-trees are several species of oak, walnut, ash, elm, sugar-maple, hickory, locust, poplar and iron-wood. The grape, gooseberry, and wild plum are among the indigenous fruits. By the census of 1850, there were in Iowa 814,713 acres of land under cultivation, producing 1,442,074 bus. of wheat, 8,475,027 bus. of Indian corn, 2,012 lbs. of tobacco, 363,398 lbs. of wool, 420 gals. of wine, 1,933,128 lbs. of butter, 198,444 lbs. of cheese, 84,598 tons * Alamakee, Appanoose, Benton, Black Hawk, Boone, Buchanan, Cedar, Clark, Clayton, Clinton,.Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Fremont, Henry, Iowa, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Muscatine, Page, Polk, Pottawatomie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Scott, Story, Tama, Taylor, Van lBuren, Wapello, Warren, Washington, Wayne, and Winneshiek. t See Minnesotta. 288 IOW- IOW Fhte, fir,'fl, fat; m6, mdt; pine, or pine, pin; nb, not; 56 as in good; of hay, 1,280 tons of hemp, and 70,680 lbs. of maple-sugar. The value of the live-stock was $3,602,709. Rich mines of lead have been opened in the counties of Dubuque and Clayton, bordering on Wisconsin. The ore lies deeper than on the east side of the Mississippi. Zinc also is found in connection with the lead. Between the Wapsipin'icon and the Mako'queta rivers there is a tract which abounds in iron-ore, and immense beds of bituminous coal occur in several parts of the state, being a continuation of the great coal field of Illinois. Salt and saltpetre are among the minerals of this state. Manufactures.-According to the census of 1850, there were 482 manufacturing establishments in Iowa, producing $500 and upwards annually. The value of homemade manufactures at the same period was $202,533. Towns.-Ke'okuk, a flourishing commercial t., is situated on the Mississippi r., at the foot of the lower rapids, 2b)5 m. above St. Louis, and 125 m. S. from Iowa city, lat. 400 21' N. It is at the head of navigation for the largest steamers, and owes its importance and rapid growth to this circumstance. The cargoes of steamboats ascending the river are here transfered to flat-boats, and drawn up the rapids by horses, while the steamboat passes over empty. Keokuk has daily communication with St. Louis, by a line of splendid steam-packets. The trade of this place in 1850 was estimated at $5,000,000. The medical department of the Iowa university is located here. Pop. in 1850, about 4000. Burlington, one of the oldest towns, and formerly the capital of the state, is situated on the Mississippi r. about 250 m. above St. Louis. It is pleasantly situated and regularly laid out. The houses are subtantially built, and more than half of them are of brick. It has a good landing, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 4,080. Muscatine City, situated on the Mississippi r., 312 m. above St. Louis, is rapidly improving in business and population. The first settlement was made here in 1836, and it now contains about 4,000 inhabitants. The west bank of the river at this place presents a series of bold rocky bluffs, and the situation is remarkably healthy. Iowa City, the capital of the state, is situated at the head of navigation, on the Iowa river, about 80 miles from the Mississippi r. by water, and 30 in a direct line. The State capital is a fine building in the Doric style, and cost $100,000. Pop. 1,250. Dubuque (Du-book', oo as in moon) is an important town on the Mississippi r. about 460 m. above St. Louis, and in the midst of the lead-mining region. Pop. 3,700. Davenport and Fort Madison, are also considerable towns, with a pop. of about 3,000 each and are rapidly improving. Finances, Banks, &c.-The funded debt of the State is $79,442. The ordinary expenses of government; exclusive of debts and schools, $25,000 per annum. Assessed value of property in 1850, $22,623,334. There is but one bank in the State, with a capital of $200,000. IOW —IRE 289 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Government.-The executive power is vested in a governor elected by the people for four years, and receiving $1,000 per annum. The senate consists of 19 members, also elected for four years, and the house of representatives of 39 members, elected for two years. The legislature meets biennially, and the members receive $2 per day for the first fifty days of the session, and but $1 per day for the time they sit after that. The judges of the Supreme Court are elected by the legislature for six years, and the judges of the District Courts, by the voters in their respective districts, for five years. A system of common schools is provided, and a superintendent of public instruction is directed by the constitution to be chosen by the people for three years. A revenue derived from public lands, and other sources, is set apart for the support of common schools. The fund in 1848 was $132,908,52. IOWA, a co. in Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 9,530. IPSf-wICH, a t. of England, cap. of the co. of Suffo]lk, on the Orwell, a branch of the Stour, 63 m. N. E. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of nearly 11 sq. m., 25,384. IPSWICH, a t. and port of entry of Mass., in Essex co., on a r. of its own name, and on the railroad connecting Boston with Portsmouth, 24 m. in a straight line N. E. of the former city. Lat. 42~ 41' N., Lon. 70~ 46' W. Pop. of the township, 3,000. IRAK ADJEMI, e'-rakf Ajf-6h-me', an extensive prov. in the N. W. central part of Persia, nearly corresponding to the Great Media of the ancients. With the Arabians, Irak signifies Babylonia; Adjemi is their name for the Persians; the appellation of the prov., therefore, signifies " Persian Babylonia." (M. B.) IREf-DELL, a co. in the WV. part of N. C., E. of, and bordering on the Catawba r. Pop. 14,719. Co. t. Statesville. IREI-LAND (Gr. IEg7v; Lat. Hibertnia; Irish, El-rin), a large i. in the N. Atlantic, lying W. of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the North Channel at the N., by the Irish Sea in the middle, and by St. George's Channel at the S. It is situated between 51~ 25' and 550 23' N. Lat., and 50 27' and 10~ 30' W. Lon. Its length, from N. N. E. to S. S.W., is near 300 m.; its greatest breadth, from E. N. E. toW. N.W., 185 m. The area is estimated at 28,800 sq. m. The pop. according to the census of 1841, was 8,175,273; in 1851 it was reduced to 6,515,794. (American Almanac.) Formerly, Ireland had a parliament of its own, which was subordinate to that of Great Britain; but, in 1800, the two were united, and afterwards received the title of the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, while the two countries, thus represented in one legislative assembly, were styled the United Kingdom. Ireland is divided into four provinces, viz.: Ulster in the N., Leinster in the E., Munster in the S., and Connaught in the W. These are subdivided into counties, of which Ulster contains 9 25 290 IRK-ISE Fate, far, fAll, fat; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good: Leinster 12, Munster 6, and Connaught 5, amounting in all to 32. The administration of the government is vested chiefly in the lord-lieutenant and privy council, who are appointed by the crown. Dublin is the capital.-Adj. 11-RISI, and Hj-nBER-NA-AN (poetical): inhab. I/-RIsH-MANr and HIBERNIAN. IR-KOOTSKI (Irkutsk), a city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a government of the same name, and of E. Siberia, on the Angara, which at this place is about 1,000 ft. wide. The houses are built chiefly of wood. Irkootsk contains a number of institutions for education; it also possesses some important manufacturing establishments and an extensive trade, being the great entrepot for the commerce of the N. E. of Asia. Lat. 52~ 16' N., Lon. 104~ 20' E. Balbi estimates the pop. at not less than 25,000. IR'-o-QUoisI, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on Ind. Pop. 4,149. Co. t. Montgomery. IR'-R_-WkDI-DY (or Irrawadi) i. e. the " great river," a large r. of Asia, which is supposed to have its source in Thibet, near the E. extremity of the Himalaya Mountains. Its general course is S., and after traversing the whole length of the Birman empire, it empties itself into the Gulf of Martaban, by several mouths. The entire length is estimated at 1,200 m. It may be ascended at all seasons of the year, by vessels of 200 tons, as far as Ava, near 22~ N. Lat. and 960 E. Lon., a distance of perhaps 450 m., and, during the rainy season, several hundred miles further. From the apex of the Delta to some distance above Ava, the breadth of the Irrawaddy is seldom less than 1 m., and is sometimes 4 m. IR-TYSHI or IRTISH (Russ. pron. e6R-tishl), a r. in the N. W. part of Asia, which rises in the Chinese empire, and flowing through the lake Saisan or Dzaisan, falls into the Oby, in the Russian government of Tobolsk. Its whole length is perhaps 1,500 m. IR!-VINE, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Ayrshire, situated on a r. of the same name, the estuary of which forms its harbour. It is about 23 m. S. W. of Glasgow. Pop. of the parish, 5,214. IRl-WELL, a r. of Lancashire, in the N. W. of England, which flows into the Mersey. IRW-WIN, a co. in the S. part of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee r. Pop. 3,334. Co. t. Irwinsville. I.-A-BELt-LA, a co. near the centre of Mich. IscHIA, is/-ke-a, (Anc. /Enalria, Inarlime, and Pithecursme,) a fertile and beautiful i. in the Mediterranean, belonging to the kingdom of Naples, situated scarcely 8m. from the promontory of Misenum. It is about 7 m. long, and has an area of 21 sq. m. Pop. about 24,000. Ischia, the principal town, stands on the eastern part of the island, in Lat. 40~ 43' N., Lon. 130 56' E., and contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (M.) ISER or ISAR, eet-zer, a r. of Bavaria, which rises on the borders of Tyrol, and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Danube. Its whole length is perhaps 150 m. ISE —ISS 2931 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ISERE, e\-zaRel, a small r. which rises in Savoy, and, flowing through the French dep. of its own name, falls into the Rhone. IsEaE, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone and the duchy of Savoy. Pop. 57t3,643. (B.) Capital, Grenoble. ISERLOHN, ee'-zer-l1net, a t. of Westphalia, about 45 m. N. E. of Cologne. In its vicinity are rich mines of calamine, which furnish the material for several of its numerous manufactures. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Isis. See THAMES. ISKENDEROON. See ALEXANDRETTA. ISLAMABAD, is-lAm'-a-badf, a t. of British India, cap. of the dist. of Chittagong, situated near the E. coast of the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 220 20' N., Lon. 91~ 45' E. Pop. 12,000. (M.) ISLA, il/-la, or ISLAY, il-lh, the most southern of the Hebrides. It is about 26 in. long, and 21) m. broad. This island, together with those of Jura and Colonsay, belong to Argyleshire, and form the dist. of Isla, the pop. of which amounts to 18,071. ISLE OF FRANCE. See FRANCE, ISLE OF, and MAURITIUS. ISLE OF WIGHT, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r., near its mouth. Pop. 9,353. Co. t. Smithfield. ISLE OF WIGHT. See WIGHT, ISLE OF. Ih'-LING-TON, formerly a village of Middlesex co., England, near London. It is now entirely united with the metropolis. IsMAYL, is-ma-eell, an. important fortress of Russia, in Bessarabia, situated on the Kilian arm of the Danube, about 43 m. from the Black Sea. It was taken from the Turks by Suwarrow, in 1790. Lat. 450 21' N., Lon. 280 50' E. Pop. 9,000. (P. C.) ISPAHAN, is'-p.a-hanf, or ISFAHAN, (commonly pronounced by the inhabitants spa-hb5nf,) a celebrated city, formerly the cap. of Persia, situated on the Zenderood, which is said to be about 600 ft. broad at this place, but which is afterwards lost in the sands of the desert. Though still a large city, Ispahan has greatly declined since the time of Abbas the Great, in the 17th century, when its population is said to have amounted to 700,000. At present, however, it appears to be rising slowly from its decay. Balbi estimates the number of its inhabitants at about 200,000, though many others rate it considerably lower. It is still considered as the first manufacturing and commercial town in Persia. Among the interesting structures of Ispahan, we may briefly notice, the royal palace, which contains within itself several other remarkable edifices; and the numerous noble bridges built over the Zenderood, some of which are fallen into stately ruins, while others are still almost entire. This city is the seat of several colleges, among which, that of the Royal Mosque, which may be styled a Maho'metan university, is especially distinguished. Lat. 32~ 24' N., Lon. 51- 50'E. ISSOIRE, is'-sWARI, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de DBme, 19 m. S. S. E. of Clermont. Pop. 5,741. (Mi.) ISSOUDUN, is'-soo'-duNI, the most important t. in the French dep. of Indre, 19l n. N. E. of Chateauroux. Pop. 11,654. (P C.) T 292 IST-ITA Ffte, fur, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as in good, ISI-TRX-4A, a peninsula of the Austrian empire, in Illyria, formed by the Gulfs of Trieste and Fiume, bounded on the N. by Carniola. ITI-A-LY (Lat. Ital/ia; It. pron. e-ta/-le-a); a fertile and beautiful country of Europe, remarkable as the seat of the ancient Roman empire, and as the nursery of learning and the arts in the middle ages, is principally formed of a peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, which extends from 37~ 56' to about 45~ N. Lat., and from about 90 to 18~ 30' E. Lon. In figure it resembles a boot, of which the heel forms the S. E., and the top the N. W. extremity. Its length is about 600 m.; its greatest breadth (measuring from Ancona to the little point of land S. W. of the mouth of the river Albegna, albanef-ya), is about 150 m. Besides the above peninsula, Italy includes a considerable territory N. of it, extending as far as 46~ 40' N. Lat. Considered according to its natural limits, the northern part of Italy comprehends all the southern declivity of the Alps, from the branch called the Cottian to that called the Julian Alps. But these national limits have been modified by political boundaries; so that at present this country is considered to extend from the Gulf of Trieste on the E. to the Rhone on the W. The boundary, however, does not follow this river farther S. than about 450 38' N. Lat. Italy then, in the most extensive application of the name, will reach from 370 56' to 46~ 40' N. Lat., and from about 50 40' to 18~ 30' E. Lon. The greatest breadth of the northern part, measuring nearly from E. to W., is about 380 m. The total area is estimated at about 100,000 sq. m. The population may be stated in round numbers at 20,500,000. Italy, with its dependent islands, is distributed, according to Balbi, into 13 political divisions; viz., Austrian Italy, Swiss Italy, the kingdom of Sardinia, the principality of Monaco, the duchies of Parma, Modena, and Lucca, the grand-duchy of Tuscany, the republic of San Marino, the Papal State, the kingdom of the two Sicilies, French Italy (the island of Corsica), and English Italy (the islands of Malta, Gozzo, &c.) These will be treated of under their respective names.-Adj. and inhab. ITALIAN, e-talf-yun. ITALY, AUSTRIAN, comprehends the N. E. portion of this country, and includes what is termed the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, and, according to some geographers, the gov. of Trieste; but the latter more properly belongs to Illyria, of which kingdom it forms a part. Austrian Italy, in its strictest signification, extends from about 440 48' to 460 40' N. Lat., and from 80 32' to 13~ 44' E. Lon., being bounded on the N. W. and N. by Switzerland, Tyrol, and Illyria, E. by Illyria and the Adriatic, S., S. W., and W. by the Papal State, Parma, Modena, and the Sardinian territories. Length near 250m.; greatest breadth above 120 m. The area is 18,063 sq. m. Pop. about 4,700,000. (M.) Milan is the seat of government. ITALY, Swiss, comprehends that part of Switzerland in which the Italian is the prevailing language; namely, the canton of Tessin or Ticino, and some portions of Grisons and Valais. ITAPICURU, e-tA-pe-koo-root, a r. in the N. E. part of Brazil, which ITA-JAC 293 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. rises in about 6~ 30' S. Lat., and 46~ W. Lon., and, flowing north-east. erly, falls into the Bay of San Jose, at the mouth of the r. Maranham, near 2~ 40' S. Lat., and 440 W. Lon. Length above 400 m. IT-A-WAMf-BA, a co. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 13,528. Co. seat, Fulton. ITHACA. See THEAKI. ITHI-A-C.A, a flourishing t. of N. Y., cap. of Tonmkins co., situated near the S. extremity of the Cayuga Lake, at the termination of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad, about 34 m., in a straight line, S. of Auburn. During the summer season a steamboat plies daily between this place and the village of Cayuga, near the N. extremity of the lake. Pop. 6,909. IVICA, IVIZA, or IBIZA, e-veel-sa or e-veef-tha, (Anc. Ebusus,) one of the Balearic Islands, situated about 46 m. S. W. of the nearest part of Majorca, between 38~ 50' and 390 7' N. Lat., and 1I 22' and 1~ 46' E. Lon. It is about 25 in. long; its greatest breadth is near 14 in. Iviga, the cap., situated on the S. E. coast, is fortified, has a good harbour, and contains a pop. of about 6,600. (P. C.) The two islands of Iviga and Formentera were anciently called Pityufsm, a name supposed to be derived from the number of pine trees growing on them; 7.fvvS (pitus) in Greek signifying a " pine."-Adj. and inhab. IVUIAN, e-veef-san. IVORY COAST, a part of the coast of Guinea, extending from Apollonia, in about 2~ 30' to about 70 30' W. Lon. It owes its name to the great quantities of elephants' teeth brought here from the interior of the continent, to be sold to the European traders. IVREA, e-vral-a, (Anc. Eporefdia,) a t. of northern Italy, in the Sardinian dominions, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Dora-Baltea (dol-ri baM-ta'-a), a branch of the Po, 30 m. N. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 8,0(00. (P. C.) IZI-ARD, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo., and intersected by the White r. Pop. 3,213. Seat of justice, Izard c. h. JACA, nah-ka, (Anc. Jacfca,) a Small t. of Spain, in Aragon, important on account of its fortifications. Lat. 42~ 31' N., Lon. 0~ 32' W. Pop. 3,000. (B.) JACKI-SON, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,544. Seat of justice, Jackson c. h. JACKSON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Oconee. Pop. 9,768. Co. t. Jefferson. JACKSON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, W. of, and bordering on the Apalachicola. Pop. 6,639. Co. t. Mariana. JACKSON, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 14,088. Co. t. Bellefonte. JACKSON, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Miss. Pop. 3,196. Seat of justice, Jackson c. h. JACKSON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the White r Pop. 3,086. Co. t. Litchfield. 25* 294 JAC-JAM Ff'te, far, fAll, fat; mk, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n't; 66 as in good; JACKSON, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky., and intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 15,673. Co. t. Gainesborough. JACKSON, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ohio, a little E. of the Scioto r. Pop. 12,721. Co. t. Jackson. JACKSON, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Central Railroad. Pop. 19,431. Co. t. Jackson. JACKSON, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 11,047. Co. t. Brownstown. JACKSON, a co. in the S.W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi ro Pop. 5,862. Co. t. Brownsville. JACKSON, a co. on the western frontier of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 14,000. Co. t. Independence. JACKSON, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,210. Co. t. Bellevue. JACKSON, the cap. of the state of Miss., is a small t. situated in Hinds co., on Pearl r. A railroad, 45 m. in length, connects it with Vicksburg. Lat. 32~ 23' N., Lon. 90~ 8 W. Pop. 3,000. JACKI-SON-VILLE, the cap. of Morgan co., Ill., situated about 31m1nW. of Springfield, with which town it is connected by a railroad. It is the seat of the Illinois College, founded in 1829. JAEN, Ha-enl a city of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Jaen, a tributary of the Guadalquivir, 37 m. N. of Granada. Pop. 19,000. (B.) JAFI-FA, or, more properly, yaf/-fa, (Anc. Jopfpa,) a seaport t. of Palestine, 32 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by an earthquake in 1837. (B.) From the manner in which Joppa is spoken of in the Bible, it appears to have once been a place of considerable importance. Lat. 32~ 3' N., Lon..34~ 46' E. Pop., previously to 1837, from 4,000 to 5,000. (B.) JAF'-NP&-ATAM/, a fortified t. on an island of the same name, which is situated at the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 90 36' N., Lon. 80~ 9' E. JAGO, ST. See SANTIAGO. JAYK or YAYK. See URAL. JAMAICA, j.L-mUf-ka, the largest and most valuable of the British W. India Islands, is situated between 17~ 44' and 18~ 30' N. Lat., and 760 12' and 780 25' W. Lon. Its length is about 150 m.; its greatest breadth is near 50m. The area is estimated variously, but is probably between 4,00t) and 5,000 sq. m. As no complete census has ever been taken, the population is not accurately known. It is, however, estimated at near 400,000. In 1834 there were 297,186 negro slaves (P. C.), all of whom were set free on the 1st of August, 1838. Spanish Town is the capital. JAMES' BAY. See HUDSON'S BAY. JAMES CITY, a co. in the E. part of Va., between James and York rivers. Pop. 4,020. Co. t. Williamsburg. JAMES RIVER, a r. in Va., which rises in the Alleghany Mountains, and flowing easterly, falls into the Chesapeake Bay, a little S. of the JAM-JAP 295 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 37th parallel of N. Lat. Its whole length is estimated at near 600 m. It is navigable for sloops 120 m.; for boats, 230 m. farther. JAMES, Sr., a parish in the S. E. part of La., N. of, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 11,098. Seat of justice, Bringiers. JAMESI-TOWN, the oldest European settlement in the U. S., situated on James r., in the co. of James City. It was founded in 1608, but is said to be now entirely deserted. JANINA, y'k/-ne-na,* often written YANINA, formerly an important t. of European Turkey, the cap. of Albania, situated on the W. bank of the lake of the same name, 80 m. WV. by N. from Larissa. Twentyfive years ago, under the administration of the able, though tyrannical Ali Pasha, its population amounted to 40,000 (B.), but it is said to be now reduced to about 12,000. Lat. 39~ 47' N., Lon. 21~ E. JAP-AN/ (called Niph-onl by the Japanese; Yang-hoo, and Je-pen or Je-poon by the Chineset), an empire in the E. part of Asia, consisting of three large and a great number of smaller islands. It is situated between the 30th and 48th parallels of N. Lat., and the 129th and -150th meridians of E. Lon. The three principal islands are Niphon or Nipon, Keooseoo (Kiousiou), and Sitkokf. Keooseoo, the most western, is perhaps 200 m. long, with an average breadth'of about 80 m. It is separated by the channel of 3oongo, from Sitkokf. This island is estimated to be about 150 m. in length, and 70 m. in its average breadth. Niphon is by far the largest and most important of the Japanese islands. It is situated between 330 30' and 41~ 20' N. Lat., and 131~ 20' and 142~ 30' E. Lon. Its form is somewhat curved, and has been compared to the jaw-bone of an animal. Its length, following the curve, is nearly 900 m., and its mean breadth is estimated at above 100 m. Among the dependencies of Japan is the large island of Yesso (Jesso), lying N. of Niphon, between 41~ and 450 30' N. Lat., and 140~ and 147~ E. Lon. It is above 250 m. in length, with a mean breadth of perhaps 100 in. Balbi estimates the area of the Japanese empire at about 240,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 25.000,000. All these islands are very imperfectly known: not even the coasts are laid down with any degree of correctness. This is owing partly to natural and partly to political causes. Nearly all the coasts are very difficult of access, being surrounded by numerous rocks and islands, and by a very shallow sea. On the other hand, the Japanese government and laws are less favourable to intercourse with foreigners than those of any other country on the globe, China not excepted. The Chinese and the Dutch are the only foreign nations with whom the Japanese have any commercial intercourse. Of the three principal islands which constitute Japan Proper, Niphon is the best known. It contains a regular mountain chain, of which the highest summit is said to rise more than 12,000 ft. above the level of the sea. The climate, in a country extending over so 0 "Unseen is YANINA, though not remote."-Childe Harold, Canto II. t Yang —hoo signifies. the "workshop of the sun;" Je-poon, the " country of the rising run." (M. B.) 296 JAP Fate, f.ar, fall, fat; m6, imnt; pine or pine, pin; n5, nut; 56, as in good; many parallels of latitude, must of course vary extremely. As a gene ral remark, the weather in the Japanese islands may be said to be exceedingly changeable; rains are abundant all the year round, but especially so in the months of June and July. Violent gales and thiunder-stormls are common, and water-spouts are stated to be of frequent occurrence in the adjoining seas. Earthquakes have at different times destroyed a great part of the most populous towns. Only a few spots appear to be exempt from these terrible phenomena. Japan abounds in mineral wealth. Gold appears to be very plentiful in some of the provinces. Copper is extensively worked, and supplies the most important article of export. In no part of the world is agriculture carried to a higher degree of perfection than in Japan. The raising of rice is the principal object, but wheat, barley, and rye are also cultivated, though to a much smaller extent. The orchards are stocked with the fruittrees of southern Europe, such as oranges, lemons, figs, chesnuts, pears, peaches, cherries, and grapes. Apples are not mentioned among the number of Japanese fruits. In their physical character, the people of Japan resemble the Chinese, belonging to the Mongolian race. Their complexion is yellowish; their hair is black, thick. and shining, and their eyes are small, oblong, and deeply sunk in the head. In point of capacity and industry, they appear to be inferior to none of the Asiatic nations. In education, especially in institutions for the instruction of the lower classes, they are perhaps equal to any people on the globe. Unlike the Chinese, whose unreasonable pride conternns all knowledge which has not originated with themselves, the Japanese adopt with willingness, and even avidity, the arts and sciences of Europe-; but, unhappily, the government seems to do all in its power to check this tendency in the people. The higher classes appear generally to understand the Dutch language, and, through the newspapers of Holland, they become acquainted with the important occurrences as they transpire in Europe. The Japanese have adopted the European method in the projection and graduation of their maps and charts. They construct excellent clocks and watches; they also make telescopes and thermometers. Their lacker-ware is superior to that of every other country, and hence the name of "Japan," by which this manufacture is so generally known. As an evidence of the superior civilization of the Japanese, we may adduce the great attention which is paid to female education, and the general respect shown to that sex-a respect which is without a parallel among the nations of Asia. In their moral character, the people of Japan are represented as manly, honest, and brave, and as entertaining a high sense of honour. The prevailing religion is Boodhism, variously modified by other superstitions. The government is despotic; but the emperor himself is considered as subject to the laws, which are of long standing and cannot be easily changed. Yeddo (Jeddo) on the island of Niphon, is the capital.-Adj. and inhah. JAPAN, SEA OF, is situated between the Japanese islands and the E. coast of Asia, extending from about 34~ to 520 N. Lat. (if we include JAP-JAV 297 ou, as in our; th, as in thinm; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the Gulf of Tartary, at the N. extremity), and from 127~ 20' to 142~ E. Lon. Its length is about 1,400 m.; greatest breadth above 500 m. JAPURA, Ha-poot-ra, (sometimes written Hyapura and Yupura; called also, in the upper part of its course, the Caqueta, ka-kUh-ta,) a large r. of S. America, which rises in' New Granada, and, flowing south-easterly into Brazil, empties itself into the Amazon, in about 30 30' S. Lat., and 750 W. Lon. Its whole length may be estimated at 1,200 m. JAROSLAW, yArl-o-sl'v', a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Galicia, situated on the San, a branch of the Vistula, 16 m. N. N. W. of Przernysl. Pop. 8,000. (B.) JAROSLAW (Russia). See YAROSLAF. JASf-PER, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee. Pop. 11,486. Co. t. Monticello. JASPER, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss. Pop. 6,184. Co. seat, Paulding. JASPER, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on Ill. Pop. 3,540. JASPER, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill.,-N. W. of Vincennes. Pop. 3,220. Co. t. Newton. JASPER, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., bordering on the Indian Territory. Pop. 4,223. JASsY, yasf-se (Ger. Jasch, yash), a t. of European Turkey, cap. of Moldavia, situated about 12 m. W. of the Pruth, on a small stream which flows into that river. Before the late war, and the two conflagrations of 1827, its population was estimated at near 40,000 (B.); at present it is said to amount to scarcely half this number. Jassy possesses considerable trade: it is, moreover, the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 47~ 8' N., Lon. 27~ 30' E. JASZBERENY, yaass-ba-raifi, a t. of Hungary, about 40 m. E. of Pesth. Pop. 15,530. (M.) JAUER, your-er, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 510 2' N., Lon. 16~ 13' E. Pop. 5,400. (B.) JAVA, jaf-v;a, a large and fertile i. of Malaisia, situated between 50 50' and 8~ 50' S. Lat., and 1050 10' and 114~ 30' E. Lon. Its length is about 660 in.; its greatest breadth is above 130 m. The island of Madura (ma-doof-ra), near the N. E. extremity of Java, is commonly included with the latter. It is about 90 m. long, and 30 m. wide, and is separated from Java by the Strait of Madura, which, in the narrowest part, is only 1 m. wide. The area of both is estimated at 50,000 sq. m. The pop. in 1815, amounted to about 4,620,000 (P. C.); at present, it probably exceeds 5,000,000. The greatest part of Java is in possession of the Dutch. Batavia is their capital. The S. coast and the adjacent countries are subject to two native princes. whose dominions occupy about one-fourth of the whole island. Or o jf these sovereigns, called Soo-soo-hoofnan, or emperor, has his residence at Soorakerta, a town containing about 105,000 inhabitants (P. C.); Yugyakerta (or, as some write it, Djokjo-kerta), the capital of the other prince, or sultan, stands near the southern coast, in about 110~ 20' E. Lon. Pop. 90,000. The native Javanese belong to the Malay race-, 298 JAY-JEF FAte, far, fall, fit; m', met; plne or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 56 as in good, in civilization, they are much superior to all other nations of Malaisia. In some kinds of manufacture, and especially in agriculture, they possess considerable skill, though they are inferior, in these respects, to the Chinese, and perhaps to the Hindoos. Their religion is a mixture of Mahometism and Boodhism. Java is extremely well adapted for an extensive commerce. The island itself not only abounds in the various productions common to the tropics, but the northern coasts, which lie opposite to the richest countries of Asia, are accessible to vessels all the year round. Besides this, the Dutch government has made it the centre of all the trade which Holland carries on with its extensive settlements in the Indian Archipelago. Favoured by these circumstances, the commerce of Java has increased astonishingly within the last few years. From 1828 to 1837, inclusive, the amount of almost every important article exported, augmented regularly and rapidly; that of nutrnegs and rice was more than doubled, that of coffee trebled, while there was more than 30 times as much indigo, and about 26 times as much sugar exported in 1837 as in 1828.-Adj. and inhab. JAV'-AN-EEI. JAY, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 7,047. Co. t. Portland. JEAN DIANGEfLY S'I'., SN zhaN daNX-zhAi-lef, (Lat. Angeriacum,) an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente. It was, during the decline of the western Roman empire, the residence of the dukes of Aquitaine. Lat. 450 57' N., Lon. 0~ 31' W. Pop. 5,342. (M.) JEDBURGHI, jed;-bur-reh, a t. of Scotland, cap. of the co. of Roxburgh, on the r. Jed, 2 m. above its junction with the Teviot, and 40 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 5,116. JEDDO. See YEDDO. JEFI-FER-SQN, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Pop. 68,153. Co. t. Watertown. JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., a little E. of the Alleghany r. Pop. 13,518. Co. t. Brookville. JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 15,357. Co. t. Charleston. JEFFERSON, a co. in the E. part of Ga., intersected by the Ogeechee. Pop. 9,131. Co. t. Louisville. JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the state of Ga. and the sea. Pop. 7,718. Co. t. Monticello. JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. central part of Ala., on the Black Warrior r. Pop. 8,989. Co. t. Elyton. JEFFERSON, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 13,193. Co. seat, Fayette. JEFFERSON, a parish in the S. E. part of La., extending from L. Pont. chartrain to the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 25,091. Seat of justice, Lafayette. JEFFERSON, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 5,834. Co. t. Pinebluff. JEFFERSON, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Holston and French Broad rivers. Pop. 13,204. Co. t. Dandridge. JEF-JEY 299 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 59,831. Co. t. Louisville. JEFFERSON, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 29,132. Co. t. Steubenville. JEFFERSON, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 23,916. Co. t. Madison. JEFFERSON, a co. in the S. part of Ill., S. of Vandalia. Pop. 8,109. Co. t. Mt. Vernon. JEFFERSON, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 6,928. Co. t. Herculaneum. JEFFERSON, a CO. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin. Pop. 15,317. JEFFERSON, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa. Pop. 9,904. Co. t. Fairfield. JEFFERSON CITY, the cap. of the state of Mo., and seat of justice of Cole co., is a small town situated on the r. Missouri. Lat. 38~ 36' N., Lon. 92~ 8' W. Pop. 3,721. JENr-. (Ger. pron. ya.-n.a) a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar, with a celebrated university. It was in the neiohbourhood of this town that the great battle was fought in 1806, between the French and Prussians, which proved so fatal to the latter. Lat. 500 56' N., Lon. 11~ 37' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) JENI-NINGS, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., intersected by the railroad which runs from Madison to Columbus. Pop. 12,096. Co. t. Vernon. JERf-,EY, an i. in the English Channel, belonging to Great Britain, situated about 13 m. W. of the coast of France. It is above 12 m. long, and has an area of about 62 sq. m., with a pop. of 47,544. JERSEY, a co. in the W. part of Ill., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 7,354. Co. t. Jerseyville. JE-RUI-SA-LEM (also Kadushah in Heb.; Gr. KacSvqS and'Ispoiov/ua; Lat. Cadyltis and Hierosollyma; Arab. El-KaIds); a celebrated city of Palestine, remarkable as the ancient capital of Judea, and as the cradle of the Christian religion; and in modern times as the second sanctuary of Mahometanism, and as the object and principal theatre of the crusades, which have exercised so extraordinary an influence over the character and destinies of Europe, is situated on a hill, 128 m. S. S. W. of Damascus. It is surrounded by walls of hewn stone, flanked with towers. The edifices and localities within are chiefly interesting for their historical associations; our narrow limits will not permit us to notice them in detail. Lat. 31~ 48' N., Lon. about 350 20' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) JESI, yYt-se, (Anc. AzEsis,) a walled t. of Central Italy, 16 m. W. S.W. of Ancona. Pop. about 6,000. (M.) JEST-S.A-1INE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 10,249. Co. t. Nicholasville. JEsso or YEsso. See JAPAN. JEYPOOR, ji'-poorl, also written JYEPOOR, a walled city of Hindostan, the cap. of a principality of the same name, and one of the most regularly built and handsome towns in all India, is situated in a barren 300 JID-JOL Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; valley about 150 m. S. W. of Delhi. Lat. 260 55' N., Lrn. 75~ 50' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (M.) JIDI-D4. or DJIDDA, the port of Mecca, and one of the chief entrep6ts for foreign commerce, as well as one of the handsomest towns in Arabia, is situated in the prov. of Hedjaz, on the coast of the Red Sea, about 55 m. W. of Mecca. The pop. is estimated by Riippell at 40,000 (B.); but it is said to vary greatly at different seasons of the year. Jidda is fortified, and contains a numerous garrison, dependent on the viceroy of Egypt. JOANNINA. See JANINA. Jo DAf-VIwss, a co. occupying the N. W. extremity of Ill. P. 18,604. Co. t. Galena. JOHN BAPTIST, ST., a parish in the S. E. part of La., intersected by the Mississippi, and bordering on the W. extremity of L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 7,317. Seat of justice, Bonnet Carr6. JOHN, ST., or ST. JOHN'S RIVER (called by the Indians Looshtook, o0 the "long river"), the principal stream in New Brunswick, and, after the St. Lawrence, perhaps the finest in British America, rises from several sources near the northern border of Maine, and, flowing in a general south-easterly course, falls into the Bay of Fundy, in about 450 10' N. Lat., 66~ 3' W. Lon. The whole course is estimated at 380 m. It is navigable for vessels of 20 tons about 200 m. JOHN'S, ST., a city and seaport of New Brunswick, situated on the N. side of St. John's r., near its mouth. Though not the capital, it is the largest and most important town in the colony. It is a free port. Lat. 45~ 15' N., Lon. 66~ 3' W. Pop. in 1834, 12,885. (M.) JOHN'S, ST., the cap. of the i. of Newfoundland, situated on the E. coast, is fortified, and has a fine harbour. The pop., during winter, is estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000 (B.), but in summer it is often not nearly so great, as then several thousand persons are sometimes absent on fishing expeditions. Lat. 470 33' N., Lon. 52~ 40' W. JoHNI-SoN, a co. in the E. central part of N. C., intersected by the Neuse r. Pop. 13,726. Co. t. Smithfield. JOHNSON, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 5,227. Seat of justice, Johnson c. h. JOHNSON, a co. in the S. central part of Ind., on the White r. Pop. 12,101. Co. t. Franklin. JOHNSON, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 3,705. Co. t. Taylorsville. JOHNSON, a co. in the S. part of Ill., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 4,113. Co. t. Vienna. JOHNSON, a co. in the W. part of Mo., S. of Missouri r. Pop. 7,464. Co. t. Warrensburg. JOHNSON, a co. in the S. E. of Iowa, intersected by Iowa r. Pop, 4,472. JOHNSf-TON, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, 10 m. W. by S. from Glasgow. Pop. 5,824. JOLIBA. See NIGER. JON —JUG 301 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. JONES, a co. in the E. part of N. C., S. of the Neuse r. Pop. 5,038. Co. t. Trenton. JON[ES, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee. Pop. 10,224, Co. t. Clinton. JONES, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., intersected by Leaf r. Pop. 2,164. Co. seat, Ellisville. JONES, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, intersected by the Wapisipinecone r. Pop. 3,007. Co. t. Edinburg. JONKOPING or JONKJOPING, yont-chb-ping, a t. of Sweden in Gothland, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, situated at the S. extremity of L. Wetter. Lat. 57~ 47' N., Lon. 14~ 10' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) JooD\'-PooR or MAR'-WAR', a state of Hindostan, in Rajpootana, situated between 24~ and 28~ N. Lat., and 70~ 20' and 750 30' E. Lon. JOODPOOR, the cap. and largest t. of the above state, is situated about 100 m. W. of Ajmere. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.) JORa-DAN, a celebrated r. of Palestine, which rises in the Anti-Libanus, or Mount Hermon, and, flowing S. through the L. of Tiberias, empties itself into the Dead Sea. Its length is about 150 m. JORULLO, HO-roolf-yo, often pronounced no-roof-yo, a recently formed volcanic mountain of Mexico, about 70 m. S. W. of Valladolid. In 1759, from the midst of cultivated fields of sugar cane and indigo, a mountain arose in one night 1,600 ft. above the previous level of the plain. Flames are said to have issued from an extent of more than half a square league, while fragments of burning rocks were thrown up to a prodigious height, and through a thick cloud of ashes, illumined by volcanic fire, the softened surface of the earth was seen to swell like an agitated sea. The numerous apertures of this volcanic mass, which is 3 or 4 miles in extent, continue still, it is said, to emit smoke. Lat. 180 45' N., Lon. 101~ 30' WV. JOSEPH, ST., a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Ind., and intersected by the St. Joseph's r. Pop.12,725. Co. t. Centreville. JOSEPH, ST., a co. in the N. part of Ind., intersected by St. Joseph's r., bordering on Mich. Pop. 10,954. Co. t. South Bend. JOSEPH'S, ST., a r. which rises in the S. part of Mich., and flowing into Ind., afterwards returns into Mich., and empties itself into L. Michioan.-Another small r. of the same name rises in the S. part of Mich., near the sources of the above, and flowing into Ind., unites with St. Mary's r. to form the Maumee. JOUDPOOR. See JOODPOOR. JUAN, ST. See SAN JUAN. JuI-AN FER-NANI-DEZ (Sp. pron. Hoo-Anf feR-nanf-deth), a group of islands in the S. Pacific, situated about 400 m. W. of the coast of Chili, near 33~ 40' S. Lat., and 790 W. Lon. The largest one, called Ju,n Fernandez, from the name of the discoverer, is 10 or 12 m. in length, and perhaps 6 in breadth. It is chiefly remarkable for having been, in the 17th century, the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk, during a period of more than four years. JJTG'-GER-NAUTf, a t. and celebrated temple of Hindostan, and one of 26 302 JUJ-JUT FPte, far, f/ll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66oo as in good; the principal places of Hindoo pilgrimage, is situated in the prov. of Orissa, on the sea-coast, 260m. S. W. of Calcutta. The temple of Juggernaut is said to be regarded by the natives as the most sacred religious establishment in all India. Lat. 19~ 49' N., Lon. 85~ 54' E. Permanent pop. estimated at 30,01j0. (B.) JUJUY, Hoo-Hweef, a state of S. America, formerly belonging to the confederation of La Plata, but which is now entirely separated, and may be regarded as an independent republic. (B.) It is situated on a river of the same nanme, which flows into the Vermejo, near 23~ S. Lat. and 62~ W. Lon. JULIERS, zhii'-le-Yt1, (Ger. Jiilich, yoo/-liK,) an ancient t. and fortress of Rhenish Prussia, situated about 23 m. W. of Cologne. Pop., exclusive of the military, 2,800. (B.) JUMI-NA, a r. of Hindostan, the principal tributary of the Ganges, rises on the S. W. declivity of the Himalayas, near 31~ N. Lat., and 78~ 30' E. Lon., and flowing at first in a southerly, and afterwards south-easterly direction, joins the Ganges at Allahabad, where its breadth is quite as great as that of the latter river. Its whole length is estimated at 780 m. JUNGFRAU, yoongl-frou,* (i. e. the "virgin,") or the "Virgin Mountain,"t a magnificent and lofty mountain of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, surrounded by formidable rocks and precipices, in consequence of which it was formerly deemed inaccessible. Height, 2,145 toises, or 13,719 ft. above the level of the sea. Lat. 46~ 33' N., Lon. 7` 57' E. JU'-NX-ATI-A, a r. of Pa., which rises in the S. central part of the state, and, flowing easterly, falls into the Susquehanna, about 14 m. above Harrisburg. JUN1ATA, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., intersected by the above r. Pop. 13,029. Co. t. Mifflin. JvU-RA, an i. of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, lying W. of Argyleshire, of which county it forms a part. It is about 26 m. in length, and near 9 m. in its greatest breadth. JURA, a mountain chain of Europe, which commences near Geneva, and runs northward along the frontier ofFrance and Switzerland. The whole. length is perhaps 160 m., and the average breadth about 30 m. The culminating point of this chain is Le Recullet (ler' kiil'-Itf) in the French dep. of Ain, which is only about 880 toises, or.5,628 ft. above the level of the sea. JURA (Fr. pron. zhA-ra/), a dep. in the E. of France, bordering on Switzerland. It derives its name from the Jura Mountains, by which it is traversed. Pop. 315,355. Capital, Lons-le-Saulnier. JUTr-L4ND (Dan. Jylland, yfilf-land), a territory of Denmark, which *tbr~6mly occupied the whole peninsula, between the Baltic, the Catte* "But I have seen the soaring JUNGFRAU rear Her never trodden snow."-Childe Harold., Canto IV. t" The VIRGIN MOUNTAIN wearing like a queen A brilliant crown of everlasting snow."-WoRDSWORTH. KAF- KAL 303 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nig. gat, the Skager Rack, and the North Sea; the N. boundary being fbrmed by the r. Eyder (if-der). At present, Jutland comprises thu(, northern portion of the peninsula, extending from 55~ 23' to 570 44' N. Lat., and from 8~ 5' to 10~ 57' E. Lon. This province, however, is sometimes called North Jutland, while the duchy of Sleswick is termed South Jutland. The length of the whole peninsula is about 240 rn.; the greatest breadth, 108 m. The length of North Jutland is above 170 m. Its area is 9,550sq. m. Pop. about 525,900. (P. C.) For South Jutland, see SLESWICK. The name of Jutland is derived from the Jutes, a nation who anciently inhabited this country.-Adj. JUTI-I'ANDiSji; inhab. JUTI-LAND-ER. KAFI-FA or FEODOSIA, f'l-o-dol-se-a, (Anc. Theodotsia,) a t. and free port of Russia, situated on the S. E. shore of the Crimea. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, when this place was in the possession of the Genoese, its commerce was very extensive, and its inhabitants are said at one time to have amounted to 80,000 (P. C.); but at present it does not contain the tenth part of that number. It appears, however, to be slowly rising from its decay. Lat. 450 2' N., Lon. 350 13' E. KAHIPA. See CAIRO. KIAIR'-wANt, a large city of Barbary, in the regency of Tunis, formerly the cap. of the Mahometan dominions in N. Africa, is situated about 80 m. S. of Tunis. Lat. 350 38' N., Lon. 100 17' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at about 40,000, but by some other writers as high as 50,000, KAISARIEH, ki-sar-eet-eh, (Anc. Cwesareta,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, the ancient cap. of Cappadocia, situated on a branch of the Euphrates, 156 m. S. E. of Angora. Previously to its capture by the Persian king Sapor, about 260 A. D., it is said to have contained 400,000 inhabitants; but the present pop. is estimated at only about 25,000. (B.) Lat. 38~ 42' N., Lon. 35~ 22' E. KAI -A-Mk-ZOO1, a r. in the S. W. part of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan. KALAMAZOO, a co. in the S. W. part of Mich., intersected by the above river. Pop. 13,179. Co. t. Kalamazoo. KALSz, kat-lish, one of the handsomest towns in Poland, the cap. of a palatinate of the same name, is situated near the W. frontier of the Russian dominions, 128 m. W. by S. from Warsaw. It is surrounded by walls flanked with towers, and has five gates. The streets are broad and well paved, and the houses are generally good. Kalisz is the seat of numerous manufactures, and contains several important literary and scientific institutions. This city was founded about 655, and was long the residence of the dukes of Great Poland. Lat. 510 45' N., Lon. 18~ 5' E. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (M.) KAL-ool-Ga (Kaluga), an important manufacturing and commercial t in the S. central part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated on the Oka, about 100 m. S. W. of Moscow. Lat. 540 30' N., Lou. 36~ 5' E. Pop. in 1836, 32,345. (P. C.) 304 KAM —KAN Ftte, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; KAMA, kaf-mA, an important r. in the E. part of European Russia, the largest of the affluents of the Volga. It rises in the government of Viatka, near 583 N. Lat., and 530 30' E. Lon., and flowing in a very circuitous course, at length falls into the Volga, below Kasan, bringing with it a volume of water nearly equal to that of the main river. The length is estimated at near 500 m. It is said to be more useful for navigation than the Volga. KAMIENIEC, kAm'-yenr-yeyets', sometimes written KAMINIETZ, an archieopiscopal t. of Russian Poland, cap. of the gov. of Podolia, on an affluent of the Dniester, about 10 m. from this river. Lat. 48~ 41' N., Lon. 270 1' E. Pop. stated at above 15,000, but this is probably an exaggeration. (M.) KAMT-CHATI-EK or KAMTSCHATKA (often pronounced in English kamskatl-ka*), a large peninsula near the N. E. extremity of Asia, situated between the 51st and 62d parallels of N. Lat., and the 155th and 170th meridians of E. Lon. It is near 800 m. in length, and about 290 m. in its greatest breadth; while the narrowest part of the isthmus is rather less than 100 nm. wide. Cape Lopatka, in 51~ 0' 15" N. Lat., and 156~ 42' 30" E. Lon. forms the S. extremity of Kamtschatka. From near this point, a chain of volcanic mountains appears to extend through the. whole length of the peninsula. The Klioo'-tchev-skoi! (Kliutschevskaja), the most formidable of the active volcanoes, is about 16,000 ft. in height. Avatchka, another, near Avatchka (or Awatska) Bay, on the S. E. coast, has an elevation of 9,594 ft. The height of the peak of Klintchevska is stated by Balbi at 3,134 toises, or about 20,040 Enolish ft. The principal inhabitants of this country are the Kamtschadales, who belong to the Mongolian race. They occupy the S. portion of the peninsula, as far as 58~ N. Lat., and have fixed habitations. Their chief employment is hunting and fishing; dogs are used to draw their sledges in winter. The Koriaks, a wandering tribe who possess the N. part of Kamtskatka, and who are scattered over a considerable tract of country between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Polar Sea, travel on sledges drawn by reindeer. Kamtschatka forms a district of the Russian dominions, of which Petropaulovsk (called also Awatska or Avatchka) is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. KAMT-CHATIKAN and KAMT' CHA-DALE1. KANAWHA, kan-awl-wa, (Great,) a r. in the W. part of Va., which rises in N. C., and, flowing northerly, empties itself into the Ohio r., in about 38~ 50' N. Lat. In the upper part of its course, it is sometimes called New River. KANAWHA, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., intersected by the above river. Pop. 15,353. Seat of Justice, Kanawha c. h. KANDAHAR. See CANDAHAR. I* t may be remarked, that Kamtschatka is the German, while Kamtchatka is the French spelling. Tch in French being equivalent to tsch in German, or ch in English, it will be perceived that, in either case, the name should be pronounced Kamchatka. KAN-KEI[ 305 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. KANE, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ill. Pop. 16,703. KANI-ZAS or KONI-ZMS, a r. of the U. S., in the Indian Territory, which joins the Missouri r. at the western border of the state of Missouri. KARA-HISSAR, k'-rtfl-his-sarf, i. e. the "black castle," or AF-EE-OOM/ (Afium), KARA-HISSAR, the " black castle of opium," an important manufacturing t. of Asiatic Turkey, remarkable for the immense quantities of opium cultivated in its vicinity. Lat. 38~ 45' N., Lon. 30~ 43' E. Pop. estimated at 60,0(0. (B.) KARAMANIA. See CARAMANIA. KARLSI-BURG, or kaals/-b66RG, (Lat. Altba-Jullia; Hung.Gyula Fejervar, dyoo-16h fa-yaiR-viar,) a fortified t. of Transylvania, situated on the right bank of the Marosch, 32 m. N. W. of Hermanstadt. It contains a mint, and an observatory: in its vicinity, at the distance of a few miles, are the richest gold mines in the Austrian empire. Pop. 6,000. (B.) KASAN or KIa-zanf, an archiepiscopal city in the E. part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated about 4 m. from the left bank of the Volga. This t. has increased very rapidly of late; though destroyed by fire in 1774, and again half burnt down in 1815, it has arisen more flourishing and beautiful than ever. It is the seat of numerous manufactures, and the commercial entrepot between European and Asiatic Russia. It contains a university, which was first opened in 1814, with a library of above 28,000 vols. (M.), and various other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 550 48' N., Lon. 49~ 21' E. Pop. in 1833, 57,000. (M.) KASCHAU, kashf-ou, (Hung. Kassa, k6sh-shb6h,) a flourishing manufacturing and commercial t. of Hungary, with a royal academy containing a library of 10,000 vols., and several other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 48~ 38' N., Lon. 21~ 16' E. Pop. 13,600. (M.) -KS-KASI-KI.-A, a r. which rises in the E. central part of Ill., and flowing south-westerly, falls into the Mississippi r. a little S. of the 38th parallel of N. Lat. On this river, near its mouth, is the village of Kaskaskia, which was founded by the French, in 1683, and is the oldest settlement in the valley of the Mississippi. KATMANDOO. See CATMANDOO. KATRINE, LOCH, 0lo kfi-trin, a lake of Scotland, in the S. W. part of Perthshire, 5 m. E. of Loch Lomond, about 10- m. in length, and from 1 m. to 2 m. in breadth. It is surrounded by lofty mountains, divided by deep ravines, and exhibits every variety of wild and picturesque scenery. KECSKEMET, kech'-kem'-aitf, a't. of Hungary, about 50 In. S. E. of Pesth. Lat. 460 54' N., Lon. 19~ 43' E. Pop. estimated at above 34,000. (B.) KEIGHLEY, usually pronounced keethl-le, a t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 16 m. W. N. WV. of Leeds. Pop. 9,255. KEITH, keeth, a t. of Scotland, 42 m. N. W. of Aberdeen. The 26* 306 KEL-KEN Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; me', met; pine or pine, pin; no, nbt; 56, as in good, parish, which is partly in Banffshire, and partly in the co. of Elgin, contains 4,456 inhabitants. KELAT, kiil-atl, or KEL-AT'H, the chief t. of Beloochistan, situated on an elevated plain, in about 29~ 5' N. Lat., and 650 45' E. Lon. It is surrounded by a mud wall, with bastions, and contains about 20,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) KEL/-SO, a beautiful t. of Scotland, in the co. of Roxburgh, situated on the Tweed, 38 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Over the river there is a bridge, 494 ft. in length. Pop. 4,594. KEMPI-TEN, a t. of Bavaria, situated on the Iller, an affluent of the Danube. Lat. 470 44' N., Lon. 10~ 19' E. Pop. about 6,0)(). (B.) KENI-DAL or KIRBY KENDAL, a manufacturing t. of England, in the co. of Westmoreland, situated at the termination of the Lancaster canal, 40 m. S. of Carlisle, and 20 m. N. of Lancaster. Pop. 10,225. KrEN-DALL, a co. in the N. E. part of Ill., S. W. of Chicago. p.7,730. KENEH, ken'-a'hl, or QENE, (Anc. Cieneplolis* or Neaptolis,) a t. of Upper Egypt, near the right bank of the Nile, with a celebrated manufacture of water-jars. Lat. 26~ 11' N., Lon. 32~ 45' E. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (B.) KEN'-NE-BECKI, a r. of Maine, which rises from two sources; the eastern and principal branch originates in Moosehead Lake, and, after a course of about 20 m., is joined by the W. branch or Dead r., which rises near the borders of Canada. After this- union, the river flows nearly due S. in its general direction, and falls into the Atlantic about 25 m. E. of Portland. The whole length is above 200 m.; it is navigable for boats only about 60 in. KENNEBECK, a co. in the S. part of Maine, intersected by the above river. Pop. 62,521. Co. t. Augusta. KEN'-NE-BUNKI, a port of entry in York co., Maine, 25 m. S. W. of Portland. Pop. 2,650. KENS,-ING-TQN, a parish of England, in the co. of Middlesex, forming a part of the suburbs of London. KENSINGTON, a district N. E. of Philadelphia, which forms one of the suburbs of that city. KENT, a co. in the S. E. part of England, bordering on the sea. Pop. 548,337. KENT, a co. in the middle of R. 1., bordering on Conn. and Narraganset Bay. Pop. 15,068. Co. t. East Greenwich. KENT, the middle co. of Del.; it extends from the Delaware Bay to the borders of Md. Pop. 22,816. Co. t. Dover. KENT, a Co. in the N. E. part of Md., bordering on the state of Del. and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 11,386. Co. t. Chestertown. KENT, a co. in the W. part of Mich., intersected by Grand r. Pop. 12,016. Co. t. Grand Rapids. s Gr. KaLvrnroXz;. This, as well as Neapolis, signifies " new city." Keneh ap pears to be a corruption of Kazviq, "new." KEN —KHA 307 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. KENT/-ON, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 17,038. Co. t. Covington. KIEN-TUCKI-Y, one of the U. S., situated between 360 30' and 390 10 N. Lat., and 82~ and 89~ 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. W. and N. by the Ohio r., which separates it from Illinois, Indiana. and Ohio, E. and S. E. by Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. by the Mississippi r., which divides it from MisSouri; and dividedinto100counties.* Length, fiom E. N. E. to W. S. W., about 395 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about. 170 m. The area is estimated at 40,000 sq. m. Total pop. 982,405, of whom 761,688 are whites, 9,736 free coloured, and 210,981 slaves. Frankfort is the capital. Kentucky originally formed a part of Virginia. A separation took place, and it was admitted into the Union, in 1792. —Inhab. KEN-TUCKl-I-AN. KENTUCKY, a r. of the above state, which rises near the borders of Va., and, flowing in a general north-westerly course, falls into the Ohio, about 37 m. N. N. W. of Frankfort. It is about 200 m. long, and is navig'able for boats about 150 m. KERMAN. See KIRMAN. KERI-RY, a co. in the S. W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 263,126. (P. C.) KER-SHAwl, a dist. in the N. central part of S. C., intersected by the Wateree r. Pop. 14,473. Seat of justice, Camden. KESZTHELY, kest'-helf, a t. of Hungary, near the W. end of the Platten See; the seat of a celebrated school of agriculture, called the Georgicon, founded by Count Festetits. Lat. 46~ 46' N., Lon. 17~ 18' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) McCulloch, however, states it at 7,00(0. KETSKEMET. See KECSKEMET. KEY WEST, a t. and port of entry of Florida, cap. of Monroe co., situated at the W. extremity of an island of its own name, with a fine harbour. KHAR-KOFI (Kharkow), a t. in the S. part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name. It contains a flourishing university, erected in 1803, with a library of 20,000 vols., and several other institutions for education. Lat. 500 N., Lon. 36~ 26' E. Pop. about 18,000. (P. C.) KHAR-TOOM! (Khartum or Khartoum), a t. of Nubia, situated at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile. Lat. 15~ 34' N., Lon. 32~ " Adair, Allen, Anderson, Ballard, Barren, Bath, Boone, Bourbon, Boyle, Breathitt, Brecken, Breckenridge, Bullit, Butler, Caldwell, Calloway, Campbell, Carroll, Carter, Casey, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crittenden, Cumberland, Daviess, Edmondson, Estill, Fayette, Fleming, Floyd, Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin, Garrard, Grant, Graves, Grayson, Greene, Greenup, Hancock, Hardin, Harlan, Harrison, Hart, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Hopkins, Jefferson, Jessamine, Johnson, Kenton, Knox, La Rue, Laurel, Lawrence, Letcher, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, Logan, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McCracken, Meade, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Muhlenburg, Nelson, Nicholas, Ohio, Ollham, Owsley, Owen, Pendleton, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Russel, Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Spencer, Taylor, Todd, Trigg, Trimble, Union, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Whitley, Woodford. 308 KIN-KIR Fate, f ar, fAll, fat; me, matt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good: KING and QUEEN, a co. in the. E. part of Va., on the Mattapony r. Pop. 10,319. Seat of justice, King and Queen c. h. KING GEORGE, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 5,971. Seat of justice, King George c. h. KING WILLIAM, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Mattapony. Pop. 8,779. Seat of justice, King William c. h. KING'S COUNTY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 144,225. (P. C.) KING'S COUNTY, a co. of N. Y., occupying the W. extremity of Long Island. Pop. 138,882. Co. t. Brooklyn. KINGSTON-ON-IIULL. See HULL. KINGSI/TON-ON-THAMES, a t. of England in the co. of Surrey, situated on the Thames, 12 m. S. W. of London. It received its name, King's town, from its having been the residence of the Saxon monarchs, eight of whom were crowned here. Pop. of parish, 8,147. KINGSTON, formerly the cap. of Upper Canada, and more recently of Canada, is situated at the N. E. extremity of L. Ontario. It has a good harbour, and the principal naval dock-yard in the colony. Lat. 140 8' N., Lon. 76~ 40' W. Pop. in 1846, 6,123. KINGSTON, the largest and most commercial t., though not the cap., of Jamaica, is situated on the coast, in the S. E. part of the island, with a fine harbour. The pop. is stated to be above 33,000 (P. C.), but no accurate census has ever been taken. Lat. 17~ 56' N., Lon. 76~ 53; W. KIN-ROSS/, a t. of Scotland, the cap. of Kinross-shire, situated on the W. bank of the Loch Levin, 20 m. N. N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 2,822. KIN-ROSSI-SHIRE, a small inland co. in the E. of Scotland. Pop. 8,763. KIR-KIRL-DY or kir-kaul-de, a seaport and manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Fifeshire, situated on the N. side of the Frith of Forth, 12 m. N. of Edinburfgh. Pop. of the parish, 5,275. KIRKCUDBRIGHT, kir-kool-bre, a co. in the S. part of Scotland, bordering on Solway Frith. Pop. 41,119. KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the above co., on the Dee, about 6 m. above its entrance into Solway Frith, and 85 m. S. S. VW. of Edinburgh. Its harbour is esteemed the best in the S. of Scotland. Pop. 2,692. KIRK-WiLLI, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the Orkney Islands, situated on the N. E. coast of Mainland or Pomona. Lat. 590 N., Lon. 2~ 57' W. Pop. 2,205. KIRMAN, k66r-mnn/, or KERMAN (Anc. Caramafnia), a prov. in the S. E. part of Persia, bordering on Beloochistan and the Persian Gulf. KIRMAN or SIRJAN, se6r-janf, a manufacturing city of Persia, cap. of the above. Lat. about 300 N., Lon. 56' E. Pop. esteniated at 30,000. (B.) KIRMANSH'AH or KIR'-MAN-SHAWf, a large manufacturing city, cap. of Persian Koordistan, on the r. Kerah, which flows into the Shat-elArab. It is surrounded by strong brick walls, with a citadel. Lat. 34~ 26' N., Lon. about 47~ 30' E. Pop. estimated at about 40,000. (B.) U KIE-KIN 309 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and was for a considerable period the capital of the empire. Among the remarkable edifices of Kief we may mention the cathedral of St. Sophia, which is interesting on account of its antiquity, and is besides one of the finest churches in Russia. This place has an university called St. Vladimir's, founded in 1834. Kief is also the seat of the oldest Greek ecclesiastical academy in Russia, founded in 1588, and attended at present by about 1,500 students. (B.) Lat. 50~ 27' N., Lon. 30~ 27'E. Pop. about 40(,000. (P. C.) KIEL, keel, a t. of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein,* on a bay of the Baltic, called Kielerfiord (keef-ler-fe-ordf), which forms an excellent harbour. It is surrounded by walls, with five gates. The university of Kiel, founded in 1665, has a library of 70,000 vols, and is attended by about 300 students. Lat. 540 20' N., Lon. 100 8' E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) KIL-DAREI, an inland co. in the E. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 108,424. (P. C.) KILIA, keel-le-a, a small t. of European Russia, situated on one of the arms of the Danube (called also Kilia), about 8 m. from its mouth.Adj. KILIAN, keel-le-an. KIL-KENI-NY, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the city and its liberties, 169,945. (P. C.) KILKENNY, a city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., situated on the Nore, a branch of the Barrow, 62 m. S. W. of Dublin. The t. and its liberties, occupying an area of above 37 sq. m., form what is called the county of the city of Kilkenny. Total pop. in 1831, 23,741. (P. C.) KIL-LARI-NEY, a t. in the S. W. part of Ireland, in the co. of Kerry, celebrated for the beauty of the scenery in its vicinity, is situated near a small lake of the same name, 44 m. W. by N. of Cork. Pop. in 1.831, 7,910. (P. C.) KIL-MAR/-NOCK, an important manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Ayrshire, situated on the r. Irvine, about 7 m., in a straight line, from its entrance into the sea, and 56 m. W. S. VVW. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 19,956. KINCARDINE, king-karl-din, a seaport t. of Scotland, situated in a detached portion of Perthshire, 21 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish in 1841, 2,232, a considerable diminution in the number of inhabitants having occurred since 1831, owing to the depression of trade. KINCARDINESHIRE, king-karf-din-shir, or the MEARNS, a co. in the W. of Scotland, situated between Forfarshire and Aberdeenshire, and'ordering on the German Ocean. Pop. 33,075. " Both McCulloch and the Penny Cyclopwadia state that KIEL is the capital of Holstein, while both also agree in asserting in another place that GLUCKSTADT is the t.apital of the duchy! Balbi says nothing of Kiel being the seat of government, but ells us that Gluckstadt is important as being le siege du college administratifetjuticiaire (the seat of the administrative and judiciary college) of Holstein. 310 KHE-KIE Fate, fAr, f'All, f'at; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66, as in good, 31' E. Though founded but a few years ago, it is said to have a pop. of 30,000. KIIERSON, IeR-sonel, a t. in the S. part of Russia, cap. of a. gov. of the same name, on the estuary of the Dnieper. Lat. 46~ 38' N., Lon. 320 40' E. Pop. 14,000. (P. C.) KHIVA, KHEEI-VA, or OORGHENJ, an independent khanat of Toorkistan, in Central Asia, which has of late years established its supremacy over a number of the wandering Toorcoman hordes. Its dominion is believed to extend from about the 36th to the 44th degree of N. Lat., and from the 52d to the 64th of E. Lon., but a large portion of the surface is desert.-Adj. and inhab. KHIVAN, Keel-van. KHIVA, the cap. of the above, is situated on a canal derived from the Amoo, in the midst of a fertile country. Lat. about 41~ 30' N., Lon. 590 10' E. Permanent pop. estimated at 6,000. (B.) KHOI, KOy, a fortified t. of Persia, in the prov. of Azerbaijan. Lat. about 38~ 30' N., Lon. 44~ 50' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) KHO-JENDI, a t. of Central Asia, in Independent Toorkistanf. According to Balbi, it is estimated to be equal in size to Bokhara, which is said to contain above 100,000 inhabitants. Lat. about 41~ 15' N., Lon. 68~ 30' E. KHOKAND, Ko-kandt, (or Kho-kan',) a city of Central Asia, the cap. of a khanat of the same name, in Independent Toorkistan on the Syr Deria (or Sihon). It is estimated to be equal in size and pop. to Bokhara. (B.) Khokand is said to contain 500 mosques and 100 schools, and to be a distinguished seat of Persian literature. Lat. about 410 40' N., Lon. 69~ 30' E. KHOOZISTAN (Khuzistan), Koo'-zis-tant, a prov. in the S. W. part of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf. KHORASSAN, KO\-rAS-sanf, (i. e. the "region of the sun,"*) a large prov. in the N. E. part of Persia, bordering on Toorkistan and the kingdom of Cabool. KIAKIHTA, ke-aKt-ta, a t. of Asiatic Russia, situated on a r. of the same name, which flows into the Selenga. It is important as being the great centre of trade and political intercourse between the Russian and Chinese empires. Lat. 50~ 21' N., Lon. 106~ 30' E. Pop. 4,862. (P. C.) KID'-DER-MINI-STER, a manufacturing t. of England, in Worcestershire, 16 m. W. S. W. of Birmingham. Pop. 14,399. KI-EFI (also written Kiew), an ancient t. in the southern part of European Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated on the Dnieper, a little below the confluence of the Desna with that river. It was the earliest seat of the Christian religion in that part of Europe. w The origin of the name is prettily suggested by Moore, at the commencement of the first poem of Lalla Rookh"' In that delightful Province of the Sun, The first of Persian lands he shines upon" KIR-KON 311 ou, as in ourn; th, as in thin; TH, as in this;' N, nearly like ng. KIRRIEMUIR, ker'-re-murer, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Forfarshire, 16 m. N. of Dundee. Pop. 3,067. KISHM or KISHI-MA (Anc. Oaraclta), the largest i. in the Persian Gulf, intersected by the 27th parallel of N. Lat., and the 56th meridian of E. Lon. Length about 60 m.; breadth 12 m. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (M.) KIZI-IL IRI-MAK, i. e. the "red river," (Turk. pron. kiz'-eell ieaR' makf; Anc. Haqlys,) the largest and finest r. in Asia Minor, rises N. E. of Kaisarieh, near the 39th degree of N. Lat., and the 37th of E. Lon., and flowing at first westerly, and afterwards in a general N. E. direction, falls into the Black Sea, in about 41~ 45' N. Lat., and 360 E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 450 m. KLAGENFURTH. See CLAGENFURTH. KLATTAU, kl~ltf-tou, a t. of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the same name, 70 m. S. W. of Prague. Pop. 5,700. (M.) KLAUI-SEN-BURG\, i. e. the "castle of the defile," (Ger. pron. kloutzen-b66RG; Hung. Kolozsvdr, ko-lozh-vaaR; A.nc. Claufdia, afterwards Claudiop/olis;) the cap. of Transylvania, situated on the r. Szdmos (saa-mosh), near a mountain defile, whence its name. It is surrounded by lofty walls, with towers, which divide the city proper, called Ovdr, or 4" Old Town," from the Ujvdr (oo-e-vaar), or " New Town." The latter, though of small extent, has some handsome streets, and a very pleasing appearance. Klausenburg possesses a lyceum and several other important literary institutions. Lat. 46~ 45' N., Lon. 23~ 32' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) KTNOX, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Holston r. Pop. 18,755. Co. t. Knoxville. KNOX, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,050. Co. t. Barbourville. KNOX, a co. in the E. central part of Ohio, N. E. of Columbus. Pop. 28,873 Co. t. Mount Vernon. KNOX, a co. in the S. W. part of Tnd., between the Wabash and White r. Pop. 11,084. Co. t. Vincennes. Knox, a co. in the N. WV. part of Ill., a little W. of the Illinois r. Pop. 13,279. Co. t. Knoxville. KOAHOMA. See COAHOMA. KOENIGINGRAETZ. See K6NIGINGRXTZ. KOLIN, ko-leent, a t. of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 34 m. E. of Prague. Here Frederick II., of Prussia, was defeated with great loss by the Austrians, in 1755. KoMORN. See COMORN. KONGSBERG, kongsf-beRg, a small t. of Norway, about 44 m. W.S.W. of Christiania, important on account of its silver mines and its mint, Pop. 4,000. (B.) KOI-NI-EH or KONIA (Anc. Icotnium), a t. of Asiatic Turkey, the cap. of a pashalic of the same name, formerly the residence of the Seljook (Seljuk) sultans of Room, is situated in the midst of a fertile and well 312 KcON-KOO F'te, fAr, fill, fAt; mA, mft; pine or pine, pin; n6, nst; 66, as in good; watered plain, about 140 m. S. of Angora. Though at present much decayed, this town is still important on account of its manufactures, and its numerous madressas or colleges; it contains, also, some highly interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 37~ 50' N., Lon. 32~ 45' E. Pop. estimated at about 30,000. (B.) KiNIGINGR'XTZ, kbf-niG-in-grets, or KO/-NIG-GRXTZ, (Bohemian, Kralowy Hradecs, kra-lot-ve hra-detsf,) a fortified t. of Bohemia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated on the Elbe, 63 m. E. by N. of Prague. Pop., exclusive of the military, 6,000. (B.) KiNIGSBERG, kent-igs-berg, (Ger. pron. kol-niGs-b6aG,) a large city of Germany, cap. of Prussia Proper, on the Pregel, near its entrance into the Frische Haff. A bar at the mouth of the river prevents veossels drawing more than 5 or 6 ft. water from ascending to the city, so that the port of Kbnigsberg is properly at Pillau (pill-lou), situated at the junction of the Frische Haff with the Baltic. The impression which the interior of the town makes on a stranger is not favourable. The streets, though straight, are, for the most part, narrow, dirty, and badly paved, while the few handsome public or private edifices are scattered over the whole city. Among the literary and scientific institutions of this town, we may mention the University, founded in 1544, and attended at present by about 450 students. —The celebrated Kant, who was born at Konigsberg, in 1724, and died here in 1804, was one of its professors; —and the Observatory, which has of late years attained great celebrity from the astronomical observations of Professor Bessel. There are besides, three gymnasia, with numerous other schools. The Observatory is in 540 42' 50" N. Lat., and 20~ 30' 7" E. Lon. Pop. above 68,C(00. (B.) KoOR, written also KUR, (Gr. Kvpo5, Kuros; Lat. Cytrus,) a r. of W. Asia, which rises in the Turkish dominions, near 40~ 40' N. Lat., and 42~ 40' E. Lon., and, flowing north-easterly, passes into the Russian prov. of Georgia, then changes its course, and runs south-easterly to the Caspian Sea, which it enters by several mouths, near 390 15' N. Lat., and 490 E. Lon. Its entire length is about 560 m. KOORDISTAN or KURDISTAN, koor-dis-tanf, i. e. the "country of the Koords," an extensive country in the western part of Asia, situated partly in the Turkish dominions and partly in Persia; being bounded on the N. by Armenia, E. by Azerbaijan and Irak Adjemi, S. by Khoozistan and the pashalic of Bagdad, W. by Algezira or Aljezeereh (Mesopotamia) and Diarbekir. Length about 300 m.; breadth perhaps 150 m. The inhabitants are mostly shepherds, though some are employed in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Persian Koords are said to be for the most part wandering tribes, while those of Turkey have generally fixed habitations. Like their ancestors, the ancient Kardu/chi, the Koords are active, brave, and impatient of control. Though nominally subject to the Ottoman or Persian government, they appear to pay but little respect to the orders of their sovereign. The Koordish women, unlike those of most other Asiatic nations, are said to be KOO-KUR 313 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. treated with much respect, while marriage is regarded as a sacred and indissoluble tie.-Adj. KOORaI.DISH; inhab. KooRD. KOORILE or KURILE (koof-ril) ISLANDS,* a chain of small islands connecting the peninsula of Karntchatka with the large islands which form the empire of Japan. They extend in length more than 700 m. The inhabitants are partly Kamtchadales and partly Ainos (if-noce), a tribe which appears to belong to the same race as the Japanese.Inhab. KOO-RIL1-LJ-.AN. KOORI-L&AND (Courland or Kurland), a prov. in the W. part of Russia, bordering on the Gulf of Riga. Capital, Mittau. KOORSK (Koursk or Kursk), a t. in the S. part of European Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, with one of the first ecclesiastical seminaries in the empire. The prov. of Koorsk is remarkable for its fertility, and celebrated for its fine fruits; among which are melons, apples, cherries, and various sorts of plums. Watermelons are grown in the open fields. Lat. of the town, 510 43' N., Lon. 360 28' E. Pop. 24,000. (P. C.) KOR-DO-FAN/, a country S. of Nubia, W. of, and bordering on the Nile. KOsclusSo, kos-se-us/-ko, a co. in the N. part of Ind., on the head waters of the Tippecanoe r. Pop. 10,243. Co. t. Warsaw. KOS-TROI-MA, a manufacturing t. in the central part of European Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, situated at the confluence of the r. Kostroma with the Volga. Lat 570 46' N., Lon. 41~ 13' E. Pop. about,10,000. (P. C.) KRASNOYAASK, written also KRASNOYARSK and KRASNOJARSK, krAs'no-yarskt, a small but handsome t. of Asiatic Russia, cap. of the gov. of Yeniseisk, containing several excellent literary institutions. It is also a place of considerable trade. Lat. 56~ 1' N., Lon. 92~ 21' E. Pop. about 4,000. (M.) KREMI-NITZ (Hung. Kirmecz Banya, ki5R-mets baan-y6h), a t. of Hungary, important on account of its rich mines of gold and silver, and its mint. Lat. 480 39' N., Lon. 1~ 50' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) KREUZNACH, kroitsf-naK, a t. of the Prussian states, 18 m. S. WV. of Mentz. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) KRISHI-NA or KISTI-NA, an important r. of Hindostan, which rises in the W. Ghauts, near 18~ N. Lat., and 74~ E. Lon., and flowing in a very tortuous course, falls into the ocean on the Coromandel Coast, by several mouths, near 16~ N. Lat., 81~ E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 700 m. KULDSHA. See GOOLDSHA. KUR. See KoOR. KURDISTAN. See KOORDIsTAN. KURILE. See KoORILE. KURaSCHE HAFF, kool-rish-eh h/ff, a bay or lagoon in the N. E. part of Prussia, about 56 m. in length, and 20 m. in its greatest breadth. * KOORILE is supposed to be derived from Kooroo Jliitsi, i. e. the " road of sea-weeds" ~kooroo signifying a " sea-weed"), which is the name bestowed by the inhablitauts of' Yesso upon this insular chain. (M. B.) 27 314 KUR-LAD Fate, far, fll, fat; m6, mnt; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 56 as in good, The strait by which it communicates with the Baltic is only about 1,200 ft. wide. The waters, like those of the Frische Haff, are fresh, and from similar causes. (See FRISCHE HAFF.) The narrow strip or bank of land which separates this Haff from the Baltic, is called the.Kurische Nehrung. KURLAND. See KOORLAND. KUTAIYEH or KOOTAiAH, koo-ti'-yah, (Cotyve'ium,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, the cap. of the prov. of Natolia or Anatoli. Lat. 390 25' N., Lon. 300 15'E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) LAALAND, lau'-land, or LOL'-LAND, a fertile island belonging to Denmark, situated in the Baltic, between 540 38' and 540 58' N. Lat., and 100 57' and 110 52' E. Lon. It is about 36 m. in length, and 18 m. in its greatest breadth. Area, 460 sq. m. Pop. about 45,000. (P. C.) LAB'-RA-DOR', a vast peninsula in the E. part of British America; bounded N. by Hudson's Strait, E. by the Atlantic, S. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cahada, and W. by Hudsoa's Bay. It extends from about the 50th to near the 63d degree of N. Lat., and from the 56th to near the 79th of W. Lon. Its extreme length, from E. S. E. to W. N. W., is about 1,100 in.; its greatest breadth, from E. to WV., 900 m. Labrador is commonly described as one of the most dreary and naked regions of' the globe, exhibiting scarcely anything but rocks destitute of vegetation. But though this be its appearance when seen from the coast, on penetrating into the interior the surface is found to be thickly covered with pines, birches, and poplars, while various sorts of delicious berries are said to abound. No country is better supplied with water; streams, as well as ponds and lakes, are extremely numerous. The native inhabitants of Labrador are limited chiefly, if not entirely, to the Esquimaux. The Moravian missionaries, who formed their first settlement among them in 1752, are said to have exercised a very beneficial influence upon these degraded people, improving both their moral and physical condition. The coast of Labrador was discovered in 1496, by Sebastian Cabot (as is supposed), and was afterwards named TERRA LABRADOR or " cultivable land," to distinguish it fromn Greenland. LACI-CA-DivEs' or the LACCADIVE ISLANDS (called by the natives Lakaradeevh), a group of islets in the Indian Ocean, about 75 Inm. W. of the coast of Malabar, between 10~ and 120 N. Lat., and 72~ and 740 30' E. Lon. LACK'-A-W:AN-NCCK or LACK'-A-WANI-NA, a small r. of Pa., which flows into the Susquehanna, on the left. Nearly the whole course is within Luzerne co. On its banks are extensive mines of anthracite coal. LADAKIR, la'-daKI, a considerable country in the S. central part of Asia, between Cashmere and Thibet. Its length, from N. to S., is above 200 m.; its average breadth, 150 m. (M.) The inhabitants belong to the same race as the Thibetans. They are a very industrious and frugal people, and well acquainted with the arts of civilized life. They are said to possess extraordinary skill in agriculture, overcoming, LAD-LAF 315 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. to a great extent, by industry, art, and the disadvantages of a mountainous country and naturally unproductive soil. Ladakh is usually considered as belonging to the empire of China, but, according to McCulloch, it never formed a part of the possessions of that power, though it was for a time a sort of tributary to the Mogul emperor. It afterwards became subject to Runjeet Singh, but, since his death, there is reason to believe that the country has recovered its former independence.. The religion of Ladakh is similar to that of Thibet, Boodhism being the prevailing belief, though Mahometanism is said to have made great progress of late. The government, as regards the people, is despotic, but the rajah has very little real power, being controlled by the lamas or priests, by whom he is occasionally deposed. Lehfll, (or Le!) la!-e, the capital of Ladakh, is the centre of an active commerce, which is carried on between the other countries of Asia. It is said to contain 1,000 houses (P. C.). Lat. about 330 50' N., Lon. 78~ 20' E. LD-01-GA, a L. of Russia, the largest collection of fresh water in Europe, is situated between 59~ 52' and 61~ 46' N. Lat., and 290 50' and 32~ 55' E. Lon. It is about 130 m. in lenoth, and 75 m. in its greatest breadth. The area is estimated at 6,300 sq. m. It has several islands, chiefly towards the N. extremity, and is so full of rocks and quicksands that it is ill adapted to the purposes of navigation. LAD-RONE.SI (Sp. pron. laD-rol-nes) or the LAD-RONEI ISLANDS, called also the MARIANNE ISLANDS, a group in the N. Pacific, situated between 13~ and 20~ 30 N. Lat., and 144~ 40' and 146~ 20' E. Lon. The principal island, Guajan, gwa-jant, (Sp. pron. gwa-Hanl!,) called also Guam, gwAm, is about 80 m. in circumference, and contained, in 1816, a pop. of 5,389. (P. C.) The aboriginal inhabitants of the Ladrones, who, in the middle of the 17th century, are said to have amounted to 150,000, seem to have become almost extinct on some of the islands. From the extensive ruins found on Tinian (tee-ne-Anf) and Rotta, it appears evident that these islands were once inhabited by a people well acquainted with the arts of civilization. The Ladrones were discovered by Magellan, in 1521, and called Las Islas de los Ladrones, i. e. the "islands of the thieves," fiom the thievish disposition of the natives. They were also named the MARIANA ISLANDS, in honour of the queen of Philip IV. of Spain. LA FAYETTE, laf-a —yettf, a co. in the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Tallahatchie r. Pop. 14,069. Co. seat, Oxford. LA FAYETTE, a parish in the S. part of La., bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 6,720. Seat of justice, Vermillionville. LA FAYETTE, a co. forming the S. S. W. extremity of Ark. Pop 5,220. Seat of justice, La Fayette c. h. LA FAYETTE, a co. in the W. part of Mo., S. of, and bordering on the r, Missouri. Pop. 13,690. Co. t. Lexington. LA FOURCHE, laf'-oorshf, a bayou in La., which detaches itself from the right side of the Mississippi, and, after a course of more than 90 m., falls into the Gulf of Mexico, near the E. extremity of Timbalier Bay 31G LAF-LAH Fate, far, fall, fat; me', m't; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66, as in good, LA FOURCIIE INTERIOR, a parish in the S. part of La., intersected by the above r. Pop. 9,533. Seat of justice, Thibadauxville. LA GRANGE, ldh-granj, a co. near the-N. E. extremity of Ind., bordering on Mich. Pop. 8,387. Co. t. Lima. LA GUAYRA, la-gwil-ra, the port of Caraccas, an important commercial t. of the rep. of Venezuela, in S. America. Lat. 100 36' N., Lon. 67~ 7' W. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) LAGUNA, l6-goor-na, the cap. of Teneriffe, has an inland situation in the N. E. part of the island, about 6 m. W. N. W. of Santa Cruz. Pop. estimated at 8,000. (B.) LA HAYE. See HAGUE. LAHN, laan, a r. of Germany, flowing into the Rhine, near Coblentz. LAHORE, lA-horef, a prov., or rather kingdom, in the N. W. part of Hindostan, lying between 29~ 30' and 34~ 40' N. Lat., and 71~ and 78~ E. Lon. This territory was till recently governed by Runjeet Singh, who was completely independent of the British government, and the most powerful of all the native princes of India. His kingdom is geographically divided into two parts: 1st, the PUNJAUB (or Panj-ab), i. e. the " five rivers," so named from its lying among the five great arms of the Indus; viz., the Sind or Indus Proper, the Jhylum or Behul (Anc. Hydas/pes), the Chenaub or Chenab (Anc. Acesi/nes), the Ravee (Anc. Hydraottes), and the Sutledge (Anc.Hysutdrus), which takes the name of Gharra (Anc. Hyphlasis), after having received the Beeas, which appears to have been considered by the ancients as the upper portion of the Hyphasis: 2d, KOHISTAN (ko-his-tanl), i.e. the "hill country." The Seiks, now the ruling power in this part of the world, first appeared as a sect of Hindoo religionists, about the middle of the 15th century; but, stung by persecution from the Mahometans, they turned their thoughts to warlike pursuits, and afterwards became a nation of formidable soldiers. Steel, from being an especial object of attention, was finally converted into one of their gods. Their supreme divinity was denominated by them "All Steel." Owing, however, to their continual dissensions, they were unable to make head against a powerful enemy, until the early part of the present century, when Runjeet Singh, having subdued the other Seik chieftains, established an independent kingdom, which he ruled with great energy and wisdom. He maintained an army of 80,000 men, of whom 50,000 were cavalry, disciplined according to the European system. (P. C.) But since his death, which occurred in 1839, no successor adequate to the task of government seems to have appeared, and it is not improbable that this territory will, at no distant period, be incorporated with the other British dominions of India. LAHORE, the cap. of the above kingdom, situated on the Ravee, in the midst of a fertile and well-cultivated plain. This city is one of high antiquity, and was the residence of the first Mahometan conquer ors of Hindostan, before they succeeded in establishing themselves in the central parts of the peninsula. Though greatly fallen from its ancient splendour, it is still a large and populous town, but nearly all the LAH-LAN 317 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. noble or interesting buildings appear to have been the work of a former age. The magnificent mosque erected by Aurungzebe has been converted into a powder magazine. The private dwellings present, for the most part, but a mean appearance. Lat. 310 30' N., Lon: 74~ 20' E. Pop. estimated from 80,000 to 100,000. (B.) LAHSA or LACHSA, l'u'-Sa, or Hhjf-ar, a prov. of Arabia, extending along the W. shore of the Persian Gulf. That part immediately along the coast, is sometimes called BAHREIN (bah-rane/). LAIBACI1. See LAYBaCH. LAKE, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 14,654. Co. t. Painesville. LAKE (Aishcum), a co. in the EW. part of Mich. LAKE, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ind., and bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 3,991. LAKE, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ill., and bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 14,226. LLALND. See LAALAND. LAMEGO, lA-mAf-go, a t. of Portugal, in the prov. of Beira, cap. of a cornarca of the same name, situated 2 or 3 m. from the S. bank of the Douro. Lat. 41~ 13' N., Lon. 70 43' W. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) L4-MOILEI, a co. in the N. part of Vt., intersected by a r. of the same name, which flows into L. Champlain. Pop. 10,872. Co. t. Hyde Park. LANAY, 1AW-ni, or RANAY, one of the smaller of the Sandwich Islands, near 21~ N. Lat., and intersected by the 157th meridian of W. Lon. It is near 20 m. long and 10 broad. Pop. 2,000. LAN_-ARK, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, cap. of Lanarkshire, situated 1- m. from the right bank of the Clyde, and 30 m. W. S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 4,831. LAN/-AR.I-SHIRE or CLYDESI-DALE, an inland co. in the southern part of Scotland, intersected by the r. Clyde. Pop. 426,972. LANCI-A-SHIRE, or the COUNTY OF LANCASTER, a co. in the N. W. part of England, bordering on the sea. Pop. 1,667,054. LANCI-4S-TER, a seaport t. of England, the cap. of the above co., on the r. Lune, about 6 m. from its entrance into Lancaster Bay, and 46 m. N. by E. of Liverpool. It is situated at the termination of the Lancaster and Preston junction-railway, while the Lancaster Canal, which connects Kendal and Liverpool, skirts the town. Over the Lune there is a noble aqueduct-bridge, of five arches, erected at a cost of 48,0001. sterling. Pop. 13,531. LANCASTER, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on Md. and the r. Susquehanna. Pop. 98,944. LANCASTER, a city of Pa., the cap. of the above co., is situated on a branch of the Susquehanna, in the midst' of a fertile and highly cultivated country, abont 62 m., in a straight line, W. of Philadelphia. Lat. 40~ 2' 30' N., Lon. 760 20' 30"'W. Pop. 12,365. LANCASTER, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of the Rappahannock. Pop. 4,708. Seat of justice, Lancaster c. h. 27* 318 LAN- LAN Fate, far, fAll, fAt; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as ingood, LANCASTER, a dist. on the N. border of S. C., E. of, and bordering on the Catawba r. Pop. 10,988. Seat of justice, Lancaster c. h. LAN-CER-O-TA or LANZAROTE (Sp. pron. lan-tha-ro'-ta), one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the 29th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 13~ 40' W. Lon. It is about 36 m. in length; its greatest breadth is about 12 m. Area, 32sq. leagues. Pop. in 1835, 17,434. (P. C.) LANCIANO, lan-che-Af-no, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Citra, 6 m. from the Adriatic. Its manufactures and commerce were during the middle ages far more extensive than at present; but it is still regarded as the principal commercial place in all Abruzzo. Lat. 420 14' N., Lon. 14~ 24' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) LANDAFF. See LLANDAFF. LANI-DAU or lanf-dou, a strong fortress of Germany, in the Bavarian territory of the Rhine, celebrated in history for having sustained several memorable sieges. Lat. 49~ 12' N., Lon. 8~ 7' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) LANDES, laNd, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 284,918. (B.) Capital, Mont-de-Marsan. LANI-DRY, ST., a parish in the S.W. central part of La. Pop. 22,253. Seat of justice, Opelousas. LANDS/-BERG (Get. pron. lIntsf-beRG), a manufacturing and commercial t. of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Warthe or Warn-ta, a tributary of the Netze, 38 m. N. E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Lat. 52~ 44' N., Lon. 15~ 14' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) LANDSCRONA, landsf-kroo-na, a strongly fortified t. of Sweden, in the prov.of Skane (Skonen). Lat. 55~ 52' N., Lon. 12~ 51' E. Pop. estimated at above 4,000. (P. C.) LAND'S END, a promontory in Cornwall, remarkable as being the most westerly point of land in England. Lat. 50~ 4' N., Lon. 50 42' W. LANDSHUT, landsl-hoot, (Ger. pron. lants/-hoot,) one of the prettiest and most agreeable towns in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Iser, in the midst of a delightful country, 38 m. N. E. of Munich. Pop. 8,000. (B.) LANGELAND, langl-e-land, an i. of Denmark, situated in the Baltic, between Laaland and Fuinen, and intersected by the 55th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 10~ 50' E; Lon. Its length is 32 m.; its average breadth only about 22 m. Area, 80 sq. m. Pop. about 17,000. (M.) LANGENSALZA, langf-en-saltl-sa, a flourishing little t. of Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51~ 7' N., Lon. 10~ 38' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) LANGHOLM, lang/-um, a little t. of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, 55 m. S. by E. of Edinburgh. LANGRES, laNgr, (Anc. Andematufnum, afterwards Lintgones), the largest t., though not the cap., of the French dep. of Upper Marne, 18m. S. S. E. of Chaumont. This place was one of great importance under the Romans. Many antique remains have been found here. It contains several institutions for education, and a public library of 30,000 vols. (P. C.) Lat. 470 52' N., Lon. 5~ 20' E. Pop. 6,191. (M.) LAN-LAR 319 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. IANGUEDOC, laNg'-gelh-dokf, formerly an extensive prov. in the S.W of France, now distributed among the deps. of Ard6che, Aude, Gard Upper Garonne, Herault, Upper Loire, Loz6re, and Tarn. LANI-SING, cap. of the state of Michigan, situated in Ingham co., about 110 m. W. N. W. of Detroit. LAON, laN, a fortified t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Aisne, 78 m. N. E. of Paris, with a public library of 12,000 vols., besides other institutions. Lat. 490 34' N., Lon. 30 37' E. Pop. 7,826. (B.) LAos, lat-oce. The country of the Laos comprehends the central portion of Chin India, lying between 15~ and 24~ N. Lat., and 98~ and 106 E. Lon. On the S. it borders on Siam and Cochin China, and W. on the Birman empire. Little ix known with certainty respecting the interior of this country. The Laos seem to be the original stock of a nation which is widely dispersed over Farther India. They resemble the Siamese in the form of their bodies, in language, and in religion. Lantchang or Lant-Shang, the chief town, is said to'be surrounded by a wall of stone, and to contain a garrison of 50,000 men, and a splendid court. LAP-EERI, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mich. N. of Detroit. Pop. 7,029. Co. t. Lapeer. LAPI-LAND the most northerly country of Europe, occupying the N, and N. E. parts of the Scandinavian peninsula, the N. part of the Russian prov. of Finland, and the N. W. portion of the gov. of Archangel. It is difficult to assign its limits, as they correspond with no natural or political boundaries. It appears that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries all the country N. of 64~ N. Lat., between the White Sea on the E., and the Norwegian Sea on the W., was entirely in the possession of the Laplanders or Lapps. The people who have given their name to this region constitute a distinct and remarkable variety of the human race; they are of very short stature, seldom exceeding in height five feet and two or three inches; their copper complexion is rather the result of habitual residence in smoky huts than the character of the race.-Inhab. LAP/-LAND-ER and LAPP. LA PORTE, lap-6rtf, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan and Lake Michigan. Pop. 12,145. LA PUEBLA, or LA PIUEBLA DE LOS ANGELES; la pwebl-la dh loce anglHel-6s, (i. e. "the habitation of the angels,) a large and beautiful city of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, in an elevated plain remarkable for its fertility and the salubrity of its climate. It contains many fine buildings, and is the seat of extensive manufactures. Lat. about 190 N., Lon. 98" W. Pop. 70,000. (B.) The state of LA PUEBLA borders that of Mexico on the E. Area 21,000 sq. m. Pop. 820,000. LAR-ISf-sk (Turk. Yenishehr, yenf-e-shaih'rf, i.e. "New Town"), an archiepiscopal t. of European'urkey, on the Selembria (Ane. l'ee ne/us), which is here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. It is believed to occupy the same site as the ancient Larissa. Lat. 390 38' N., Lon, 22~ 30' E. Before the late war the pop. was estimated at 30,000.. (B.) LARISTAN, lar-is-tanf, a prov. in the S. part of Persia, borderingf on the Persian Gulf. LAR, the cap. of the above, though greatly fallen 320 JIAR-LAU Fate, far, fAll, feet; mA, m(et; pine or pine, pin; nA, not; 66 as in good, from its former splendour, contains, it is said, above 15,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. about 27~ 30' N., Lon. 54~ E. LAR/-Na-RA, a seaport t. on the S. E. coast of the i. of Cyprus. Lat. 34~ 54' 30" N., Lon. 33C 41' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) LA SAI.LE, lah-sal/, a co. in the northern part of Ill., intersected by the Illinois r. Pop. 17,815. Co. t. Ottawa. LAs/-sA or H'LASSA, a city of S. Asia, the cap. of Thibet, on a tribu. tary of the Sanpoo (or Dzangbo), in an extensive and fertile plain, surroinded by lofty mountains. The great temple of Boodha, which is likewise the residence of the Dalai Lama, the pontifical sovereign of Thibet, stands in the W. part of the city, and consists of an extensive range of square-shaped buildings, crowned in the centre with a gilded dome. The permanent pop. of Lassa is said to have amounted, in the beginning of the last century, to 80,000. (B.) The floating pop. is always very great, owing to the multitudes of pilgrims, who come from the remotest parts of Asia to visit this sanctuary of Lamaism. Lat. about 290 30' N., Lon. 91~ 40' E. LATAKIA, lat-a-kee/-a, or LADIKIA, (Anc. Laodicela,) a seaport t. of Syria, on the Mediterranean, about 90 m. S. W. of Aleppo. Here are the remains of an ancient triumphal arch, which is still almost entire, supposed to have been erected in honour of one of the early Roman emperors. Lat. 350 30' N., Lon. 35~ 48' E. Pop. estimated at from 5,000 to 10,000. (M.) LAUBAN, lout-ban, a t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 510 6' N., Lon. 15~ 18' E. Pop. 5,400. (B.) LAUENBURG, lou/-en-burg' or lou/-en-b66RG', or SAXE-LAUENBURG, a duchy in Germany, subject to the kings of Denmark, situated on the right side of the Elbe, between 530 22' and 530 48' N. Lat., and 100 13' and 11~ 5' E. Lon. Area, 420 sq. m. Pop. 37,500. (P. C.) LAUENBURG, a t. in the above duchy, on the Elbe, 30 m. S. E. of Hamburg. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) LAUI-DER-DALE', a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ala. - Pop. 17,172. Co. t. Florence. LAUDERDALE, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 8,717. Co. seat, Marion. LAUDERDALE, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 5,169. LAUNCESTON, lansf-tQn, a t. of England, in the co. of Cornwall, 20 m. N. N. W. of Plymouth. Pop. of the parish, 2,460. LAUI-REL, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., a little N. E. of the Cumber. land r. Pop. 4,145. Co. t. London. LAUI-RENS, a dist. in the N.W. part of S. C., bordering on the Saluda r. Pop. 23,407. Seat of justice, Laurensville. LAURENS, a co.'in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by the Oconee. Pop. 6,442. Co. t. Dublin. LAUSANNE, 16-zannf, a city of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Vaud 30 m. N. E. of Geneva, and about a mile and a half from the N. shore of L. Leman. Among the literary and scientific institutions of this LAV-LAY 321 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. place, we may mention the Academy, which might be termed a university, the Cantonal Library, with 33,000 vols., and a museum, containing collections in the various sciences. The penitentiary of Lausanne, established in 1822, is considered one of the finest in Europe. Lat. 46~ 31' N., Lon. 6~ 45' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) LAVAL, lA'-vall, a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Mayenne, is situated on the r. Mayenne, 150 m. W.S.W. of Paris. Lat. 480 5' N., Lon. 00 46' W. Pop. 16,000. (B.) LAVORo, TERRA DI, terl-ra de la-vof-ro, (literally, the "land of labour," but signifying, properly, good arable land, or that which is susceptible of being worked,) a prov. in the W. part of the kingdom of Naples, bordering on the dominions of the pope and the Mediterranean. LAW/-RENCE, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 15,258. Co. t. Moulton, molel-t9n. LAWRENCE, a co. in the S. part of Miss., intersected by the Pearl r. Pop. 6,478. Co. seat, Monticello. L.aWRENCE, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 5,274. Co. t. Jackson. LAWRERNCE, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 9,280. Co. t. Lawrenceburg. LAWRENCE, a co. in the E. part of Ky., bordering on Sandy r. Pop. 6,281. Co. t. Louisa. LAWRENCE, a CO. occupying the S. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 15,246. Co. t. Burlington. LAWRENCE, a co. in the S. part of Ind., intersected by the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 12,097. Co. t. Bedford. LAWRENCE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 6,121. Co. t. Lawrenceville. LAWRENCE, ST., one of the largest rivers of N. America, which issues from L. Ontario, in about 440 10' N. Lat., and 76~ 30' W. Lon., and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in about 490 30' N. Lat., and 64~ W. Lon. Viewing this river in connexion with the great western lakes, of which it forms the outlet, it may be said to rise at the sources of the St. Louis, which flows into L. Superior. Receiving different names in different parts of its course, between L. Superior and Huron, it is called the St. IViary; between L, Huron and Erie, the St. Clair and Detroit; between L. Erie and Ontario, the Niagara; between L. Ontario and the sea, it takes the name of St. Lawrence. Its whole length, including the chain of lakes, is estimated at 2,200 m. LAWRENCE, ST., a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on the above river. Pop. 68,617. Co. t. Canton. LAYBACH or LAIBACH, lit-b3aK, (Ill. Lublana, loob-lIt-nn; Anc. 2Emo.na;) the cap. of the kingdom of Illyria, situated on a navigable river of the same same, which flows into the Save. It contains a lyceum, a gymnasium, and many other excellent public institutions. Lat. 460 2 N,Lon. 140 47' E. Pop. above 10,000. (B.) 322 LEA-LEG Fate, ffar, fAll, fat; mi, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, nAt; 66, as in good; LEiAKE, a co. in the centre part of Miss. Pop. 5,533. Co. seat, Carthage. LEAMINGTON, leml-ing-ton, a flourishing t. and watering-place of England, in Warwickshire, 2 m. E. of Warwick, and about 80 m. N. W. of London. The pop. of the parish in 1821 was only 2,183; in 1841 it amounted to 12,864. This extraordinary increase is to be ascribed to the growing celebrity of its mineral waters, and its many attractions as a place of fashionable resort. LEBF-4-NON, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 26,071. Co. t. Lebanon. LECCE, let/-cha, a fortified t. of Naples, the cap. of the prov. Terra di Otranto, about 22 m. N. N. W. of Otranto. It is one of the bestbuilt and liveliest towns in the kingdom, with wide streets, a handsome market-place, several fine churches, a royal college, and about 14,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 400 21' N., Lon. 18~ 10' E. LEE, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Va. Pop. 10,267. Co. t. Jonesville. LEE, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r. Pop. 6,659. Co. t. Starkville. LEE, a co. in the N. part of Ill., intersected by Rock r. Pop. 5,292. LEE, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Iowa. Pop. 18,860. Co. t. Fort Madison. LEEDS, a celebrated manufacturing and commercial t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Aire, at the termination of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 23 m. W. S. W. of York. Besides the water communication with Liverpool, already alluded to, Leeds is connected with this and most of the other important towns of England, by means of railways. This town is not only the principal seat of the woollen manufactures, but it is the great emporium of England for these articles. Leeds contains a philosophical and literary society, a public library founded by Priestly, besides other institutions. Lat. 530 47' N., Lon. 1~ 32' W. Pop. of the township, 88,741; of the borough, 152,054. LEER, a manufacturing t. of England, in Staffordshire, 134 m. N.W. of London. Pop. of Leek and Lowe township, 7,233. LEEUWARDEN, la-wARtf-den, a t. of Holland, the cap. of the prov. of Friesland, situated 32 m. W. of Groningen, and intersected by numerous canals. Lat. 530 12' N., Lon. 5~ 45' E. Pop. estimated at above 17,000. (B.) LEG-HORN/ or legf-horn, (It. LX-voRI-no; Fr. Livourne, le'-vooRnf,) a seaport t., the chief emporium of Italy, and one of the principal commercial places in Europe, situated in Tuscany, on the Mediterranean, 62 m. W. S. W. of Florence. It is a neat, and, for the most part, regularly-built city, with a well-fortified harbour. The N. part of Leghorn is called Venezia Nuova (ven-edf-ze-a noo-oL-va), or New Venice, on account of the numerous canals by which it is intersected, and by means of which, as in Venice, merchandise is conveyed to the very LEG -LEI 323 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. doors of the store-houses. Lat. 43~ 33' N., Lon. 100 17' E. Pop., including the suburbs, in 1836, 76,397. (M.) LtE;GNANo, l:~n-ya'-no, a fortified t. of Austrian Italy, on the r. Adige. Lat. 450~ 11' N., Lon. 11~ 19' E. Pop., including its suburb, Porto-Legnano, near 10,000. (B.) LEH or LEI. See LADAKH. LEf-HImH, a r. in the E. part of Pa., which flows into the Delaware. LEHIGH, a co. of Pa., on the above r. Pop. 32,479. Co. t. Allentown. LEICESTER, les/-ter, an important manufacturing t. of England, cap. of Leicestershire, 87 m. N. W. of London. It is connected by a railway with the London and Birmingham line, and with the r. Trent by a canal. Lat. 22~ 38' N., Lon. 1~ 8' W. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 6 sq. m., 48,167. LEICESTERSHIRE, lesf-ter-shir, a co. nearly in the centre of England. Pop. 215,867. LEIDEN. See LEYDEN. LEIGH, lee, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 12 im. W. of Manchester. Pop. of West Leigh and Pennington townships, comprising the town of Leigh, 6,838. LiFINSTER, lin'-ster, or leen'-ster, one of the four provinces into which Ireland is divided, occupying the E. portion of the island. It comprises the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's and Queen's, Longford, Louth, Meath, West Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow. LEIPsTc, lipe'-sik, (Ger. Leipzig, lipe'-tsiG,) the second city of the kingdom of Saxony, is situated in a delightful plain, watered by the r. Pleisse and its branches, 60 in. WV. N. WV. of Dresden. Its streets are irregular and narrow, though well paved, and adorned by numerous fine edifices, both public and private. Leipsic possesses a multitude of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may name the University, founded in 1409, one of the most celebrated and flourishing in Europe, with a library of above 100,000 vols.; it has 120 professors and teachers, and between 1,100 and 1,200 students: the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, which is the oldest establishment of the kind in Europe: the Academy of Fine Arts, &c. Leipsic is the centre of an extensive trade, being the most commercial town in the kingdom, and is regarded as the first book emporium in the world. The concentration of the German book-trade here, has been in fact the principal cause of the celebrity and wealth of this city. Lat. 510 20' N., Lon. 12~ 22' E. Pop. in 1846, 54,519. LEIRIA or LEYRIA, ldi-reef-a', a small but ancient t. of Portugal, in Estremadura, 72 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2,000. (B.) In its vicinity is the village of Marinha-grande (ma-reent-.ya gran/-dh), with an extensive glass manufactory. LEITH, leeth, a seaport t. of Scotland, in the co. of Mid-Lothian, ou s "Sustained by thoughts like these, from morn till eve He journeyed, and drew near LEYRIA'S walls:"SOUTHEY'S Roderick, Book III. V 324 LEI-LEO F{te, far, f1ll, fit; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as in good a river of the same name, at its entrance into the Frith of Forth, 2 m. N. by E. of the centre of Edinburgh, with which it is connected by a small street called Leith Walk. It is irregularly built, and ill paved, but contains many handsome houses of recent erection. Leith is considered as the port of Edinburgh. Pop. 26,433. LEITMERITZ, liter-mer-its, a t. of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Elbe, which is here crossed by a bridge, 843 ft. in length. The neighbouring country is so fertile and well cultivated, that it is called the Bohemian paradise. Lat. 50~ 30' N., Lon. 140 5' B. Pop. 3,900. (B.) Near Leitmeritz, at the junction of the Eger and Elbe, is Theresienstadt (t{-rl/-ze-en-statt'), an important fortress. LEITRIM, leer-trim, a co. in the N. W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Connaught, and bordering on Donegal Bay. Pop. in 1831,141,524. (P.C.) LE-MAN (Lat. Lemafnus, or Leman/nus), otherwise called the LAKE OF GENEVA, a L. in the W. part of Switzerland, situated 1,150 ft. above the sea. Its form resembles a crescent. Length, about 50 m; greatest breadth, 9 m.; greatest depth, 906 ft. It is traversed by a steamboat. The Rhone flows through L. Leman. LEMI-BERG (Ger. pron. lem/-beRG; Polish, Lwow Iwof; Lat. Leoptolis), a city of the Austrian empire, the cap. of Galicia, situated on the Peltew (pell-tef), a tributary of the Bug. Its streets, unlike those of most Polish towns, are wide, straight, well paved, and clean. Lemberg is the residence of a Roman Catholic, an Armenian, and a Greek archbishop: it contains a university, two gymnasia, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 490 52'N., Lon. 24~ 3' E. Pop. above 60,000. (B.) LEM/-NOS or STAL-TMI-E'NE (called by the Turks Liml-no or Limf-nee), an i. in the N. part of the _Egean Sea, intersected by the parallel of 39~ 50' N. Lat., and the meridian of 250 10' E. Lon. Its greatest length is above 20 m. Its area is estimated at 147 sq. m. Pop. 8,000. (P. C.) LE/-N4 (Siberian pron. I&-nal), the principal r. of Eastern Siberia, rises in the mountains which skirt the N. W. shore of Lake Baikal, in about 530 N. Lat. and 106~ E. Lon. It first runs northerly, and then in a general E. N. E. direction, till it reaches Yakootsk; after which it flows N. to the Frozen Ocean, which it enters by several mouths, in about 730 N. Lat. and 1270 30' E. Lon. Near its termination, the river is very broad, and several of its numerous arms (among which are extensive deltas or islands) present the appearance of wide estuaries. The whole length of the Lena is estimated at 2,500 m. It is said to be safely navigable for the greater part of its course. LEN'-A-WEE', a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 26,372. Co. t. Adrian. LENOIR, le-nore', a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C., intersected by the Neuse r. Pop. 7,828. Co. t. Kingston. LENTINI, len-tee'-ne (Anc. Leon'tium), a t. of Sicily, near a lake of the same name, 14 m. S. S. W. of Catania. Pop. in 1831, 7,276. (M.) LEOM'-IN-STER, a t. of England, in Herefordshire, 11 m. N. of Hereford. Pop. 3,892. LE'ON (Sp. pron. l&-one'), a prov. of Spain, forming a part of the an LEO-LES 325 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. cient kingdom of this name; bounded on the N. by Asturia, E. by Palencia. S. by Valladolid, Toro, and Zamora, and W. by Galicia. It is about 140 m. from E. to W., and above 50 m. from N. to S. LEON (Anc. Lelgio Sepltima), an old and decayed city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., and once the residence of the kings of Leon. Its cathedral is regarded as the finest in Spain. Lat. 42 831' N., Lon. 5~ 36' W. Pop. 5,500. (B.) LEON, a regularly built and beautiful t. of Mexico, in the state of Guanaxuato, 36 m. W. N. W. of Guanaxuato. Pop. estimated at about 6,500. (M.) LEON, a city of Central America, the former cap. of the state of Nicaragua.* It contains a university, established in 1812. Lat. about 12~ 25' N., Lon. 860 50' W. The pop., a few years ago, amounted to 32,000; but the civil contentions within the town have reduced it to half that number. (P. C.) LEON, a co. of Florida, extending from Ga. to the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 11,442. Co. t. Tallahassee. LEON, ISLE OF (Sp. Isla de Leon, eest-la d8 la-onef), an i. close to the S. coast of' Spain, about 11 m. in length. Cadiz stands on the N. W. extremity, and San Fernando (san fRea-nanf-do), called also Isla de Leon, in the S. E. part of the island, in Lat. 36~ 28'N., Lon. 6~ 12' W. This town contains a fine observatory, and about 18,000 inhabitants. (B.) It appears to have greatly declined from what it was in the early part of. the present century; its great naval school is said to be quite deserted. LE-PANI-TO (Anc. Naupacttus), a small seaport t. of Greece, on the gulf to which it has given its name. ~Lat. 380 23' N., Lon. 210 51' E. LEPANTO, GULF OF (Anc. Sinus Corinthiacus or "Bay of Corinth"), extends from near Patras, eastward, to within a few miles of the Gulf of XEgina. It is about 77 m. in length, and more than 20 m. in its greatest breadth. At its narrowest part, where it communicates with the Gulf of Patras, it is scarcely a mile and a half wide. Lepanto has given its name to a celebrated naval battle between the Turks and Christians, fought on this gulf in 1571, in which the former were utterly defeated. LERIDA, leRl-e-dda (Anc. Ilerlda), a fortified t. of Spain, in Catalonia. Lat 41~ 39' N., Lon. 0~ 30' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) LERWICK, lerl-rik, the chief t. of the Shetland Islands, is situated on Mainland. Lat. 600 11' N., Lon. 10 10' W. Pop. 2,787. LESINA, lesf-e-nam, (Anc. Phafrus,) and List-s4 (Is/sa), two islands in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia, near 430 N. Lat. and 17~ E. Lon. United area, 260 sq. m. Pop. about 14,000. (M.) LESEIEARD. See LISKEARD. * Balbi and the Penny Cyclopaedia give Leon as the cap. of Nicaragua. McCulloch, however, calls it the former capital, and states that the seat of government has been removed to Grenada. The works previously cited, probably refer to a former date. 28 326. LES —LEY FAte, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66, as in good, LESTW1THIEL. See LOSTWITHIEL. LEUTSCHAU, loitf-shou, (Hung. Ltcse, 16-chi), a royal free t. of Hun. gary, cap. of the co. of Zips. Lat. 48~ 57' N., Lon. 20~ 33' E. Pop. in 1837, 5,175. (M.) LE-VANT/ (i. e. literally the "rising," but, like the Latin Oriens, signifying the "i East"), a name of French derivation, usually applied to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, extending from the western part of Greece round to the western border of Egypt.-Adj. and inhab. LEVANTINE, lev'-an-teenl,* (It. Levantino, lev-An-tee/-no). LEWES, lul-is, a t. of England, in the co. of Sussex, on the Ouse, 43 m. S. of London. Pop. 9,199. LEWI-Is, the largest of the Hebrides, is situated about 27 m. W.from the mainland of Ross-shire, Scotland, between 570 42' and 58~ 33' N. Lat., and 6~ 10' and 70 10' W. Lon. Length, 60 m.; greatest breadth, 30 m. Area, including the subsidiary islets, 748 sq. m. The S. part of the island, forming a peninsula, is called the Island of Harris. This portion belongs to Inverness-shire; the remainder, usually denominated the Island of Lewis, to Ross-shire. Entire pop. 21,466. LEWIS, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., E. of L. Ontario, intersected by the Black r. Pop. 24,564. Co. t. Martinsburg. LEwis, a co. in the N. W. part of Va. Pop. 10,031. Co. t. Weston. LEwls, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 7,202. Co. t. Clarkesburg. LEwIs, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop.'6,578. Co. t. Monticello. LEWI-ISH-AM, a village of England, in Kent, 5 m. S. E. of London. Pop. of the parish, 9,361. LEW/-IS-TON, a port cf entry of N. Y., in Niagara co., on the Niagara r., 7 m. above its entrance into L. Ontario. LEXI-ING-TON, the cap. of Rockbridge co., Va., and the seat of Washington College, founded in 1812, situated on a branch of James r., about 110 m. W. by N. from Richmond. LEXINGTON, the cap. of Fayette co., and formerly the seat of the state government, is the oldest and perhaps the handsomest town in Kentucky, situated at the E. extremity of the Lexington and Ohio railroad. Here is the Transylvania University, a flourishing institution, founded in 1798. Lexington is also the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum. Lat. 38~ 6' N., Lon. 84~ 18' W. Pop. about, 10,000. LEXINGTON, a village and township of Middlesex co. Mass., 11 m. N. XV. of Boston. HI-ere the first blood was shed in the Revolutionary contest, April 19th, 1775. LEYDEN, li/-den, a celebrated city of the Netherlands, in the prov, of "he Perceived it was the Pyrrhic dance so martial, To which the LEVANTINES are very partial."-BYRoN. Cowper, however, using a poet's license, places the accent on the penultima (See Task, Book III., line 583.) LIB —LIE 327 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. S. Holland, 10 m. N. E. of the Hague. It is pleasantly situated on a branch of the Rhine, in a level part of the country, traversed by numerous canals bordered with trees. The town is well built, and the principal streets are broad and well paved. Leyden is chiefly remarkable as a seat of learning. Its university, founded in 1575, is justly renowned; it was attended, in 1835, by 647 students; and possesses a library of 60,000 vols., and 14,000 manuscripts; an observatory, a botanic garden, and other subsidiary institutions. The most remarkable event in the history of Leyden is the siege by the Spaniards, in 1573, which it Successfully resisted, though 6,000 of its inhabitants perished by famine and pestilence. To reward the valour of the citizens, an offer was made them, either of an exemption from taxes for a certain number of years, or the foundation of a university. Their choice is already known. Lat. 52~ 9' N., Lon. 40 29' E. Pop. 36,000 (P. C.) LI-BEI-RX-A, a dist. on the W. coast of Africa, lying on both sides of' the r. St. Paul, which falls into the Atlantic in about 6~ 20' N. Lat., and 10~ 46' W. Lon. A portion of this country was purchased by the American Colonization Society, in 1821, for the purpose of colonizing such of the African race as had been, or thereafter should be, manumitted in different parts of the United States.*-Adj. and inhab. Li-BEIRX-4N. LIBERTY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the sea. Pop. 7,926. Co. t. Riceboro. LIBOURNE, le'-bnoRnf, a t. of France, in the dep. of Gironde, on the Dordogne, 18 m. E. N. E. of Bordeaux. It was founded by Edward T., of England (at that time duke of Guienne). Pop. in 1831, 8,046. (P. C.) LTCH/-FJELD, a city of England, in Staffordshire, 15 m. N. of Birmingham. The city forms a small co. of itself. It was the birth-place of Dr. Johnson. Pop., including an area of near 5 sq. in., 6,761. LICHTENSTEIN, liKl-ten-stine", or LTECHTENSTEIN, leeKI-ten-stine', PRINCIPALITY OF, a small independent state of Germany, intersected by the parallel of 470 10' N. Lat., and the meridian of 90 32' E. Lon. It is separated by the Rhine from the Swiss canton of St. Gall. Area, 53 sq. m. Pop. 6,000. (B.) LICKI-ING, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 38,846. Co. t. Newark. LIEGE, leej, (Fr. pron. le-aizht; Dutch, Luyk or Luik, loik; Ger. Ltittich, liit-tiK/;) an important commercial and manufacturing city of * The most contradictory accounts respecting the present condition and prospects of this colony, are to be found in works of a highly respectable character. McCulloch represents them in a very unfavourable light, while Balbi, who appears to base his statements on the testimony of impartial observers, says that they are tolerably prosperous (assez prospere), and that the noble object for which the colony was established-that of diffusing civilization and Christianity among the benighted Africans-has, to a considerable extent, already been attained. If we t,',n from these works to the publications of our own country, we shall find a PI more striking discrepancy to prevail. 328 LIE- LIM FAte, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in good; Belgium, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Meuse, 54 m. E. by S. of Brussels. In its vicinity are inexhaustible mines of coal, which have been worked since the year 1178. Liege contains a university, founded in 181.7, a college royal, a mining school, and numerous other institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts. Lat. 50~ 39' N., Lon. 5~ 32' E. Pop. 58,000. (B.) LIEGE, a prov. taking its name from the above city, in the E. part of Belgium, and bordering on the Prussian dominions. Pop. 371,000. (P. C.) LIEGtNITZ, leeGl-nits, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle and gov. of the same name, on the Katzbach (katsf-baK), a branch of the Oder. It contains a gymnasium, a royal equestrian academy, and other institutions. Lat. 51~ 12' N., Lon. 160 12' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) LIER, leer, (Fr. Lierre, le-aiaR,) a manufacturing t. of Belgium, 10 m. S. E. of Antwerp. Pop. 13,000. (B.) LILLE or LISLE, leel, an important manufacturing and commercial city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Nord, situated on the canal of the Deule (which communicates with the Lys), in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country. The town is well laid out, with nearly thirty market-places or other open spaces, and most of the streets are wide. Its admirable citadel, and other fortifications, render Lille one of the strongest cities of Europe. Of literary institutions, there are a considerable number, including a public library of 20,000 vols, a high school, &c. Lat. 50~ 38' N., Lon. 30 4' E. Pop. 72,005. (B.) LIMA, leel-ma, an archiepiscopal city of S. America, formerly the cap. of the viceroyalty of Peru, and at present of the dep. of Lima and of the Peruvian republic. It is situated in a fertile and spacious valley, on a small r. called Rimac, which name has been corrupted by the Spaniards into Lima. The streets are regular and wide, but they are very badly paved. In the middle of the town is the Plaza Mayor (plaf-tha mi-ogel), or "great square," one of the finest in America, in which is a large fountain, with a bronze statue of Fame in the centro. Lima possesses a university, founded in 1571, a college of medicine and surgery, a national library, and several other institutions. Lat. 12~ 2' 34" S., Lon. 77~ 7' W. Pop. 70,000. (B.) LIMf-BURG (Fr. Limbourg, la'm-booRf), a prov. in the E. part of the Netherlands, bordering on the Prussian dominions, divided since the revolution of 1830 between Holland and Belgium. Area of the Belgian prov., 970 sq. m. Pop. 227,000. Area of the part belonging to Holland, 530 sq. m. Pop. 156,000. (P. C.) LIM/-ER-ICK, an inland co. in the S.W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the estuary of the Shannon, Pop., exclusive of the co. of the town of Limerick, 248,801. (P. C.) LiMERICK, an ancient city of Ireland. the cap. of the above co., on the S. side of the Shannon. This town is the centre of an extensive trade, but its manufactures are very limited. One of the most remarkable objects of this place are the hanging gardens, constructed in 1808 by Mr. Roche, which contain a surface of more than an English acre. LIM-LIN 329 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. The co. of the city of Limerick has an area of more than 41 sq. m. with a pop. (in 1831) of 66,554. (P. C.) Pop. of the town and suburbs, 44,10)0. Lat. 52~ 40' N., Lon. 8~ 38' W. LIMESTONE, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 16,483. Co. t. Athens. LIMOGES, le'-mozhf, (Anc. Augustori/tum, afterwards Lemov/ices,) a manufacturing city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Upper Vienne, and formerly of the prov. of Limousin, on the Vienne, 110 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. It contains an academie universitaire, a royal college or high school, a school of anatomy, and various other literary and scientific establishments. Lat. 45~ 50' N., Lon. 1~ 16' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) LIMOUSIN, le'-moo'-saNl, or LIMOSIN, one of the former provinces of France, now comprehended in the deps. of Correze and Upper Vienne. This name, as well as that of Limoges, is derived from the Lemovices, a people who inhabited this district in the time of the ancient Romans. LIMoux, le'-mrnoof, a t. of France, in the dep. of A ude, on the r. Aude, 13 m. S. S. E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 6,666. (M.) LINCOLN, linkt-on, (Anc. Linfdum,) a city of England, the cap. of Lincolnshire, 121 m. N. of London. Its cathedral is esteemed one of the most beautiful in England. Lat. 530 24' N., Lon. 0~ 36' W. Pop. 13,896. LINCOLN, a co. in the S. part of Me., intersected by the Kennebeck r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 74,875. Co; t. Wiscasset. LINCOLN, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C., bordering on the Catawba and S. C. Pop. 7,746. Co. t. Lincolnton. LINCOLN, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 5,998. Co. t. Lincolnton. LINCOLN, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 23,492. Co. t. Fayetteville. LINCOLN, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., S. of Lexington. Pop. 10,093. Co. t. Stanford. LINCOLN, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Missouri r. Pop. 9,421. Co. t. Troy. LINCOLNSHIRE, linkf-on-shir, a co. in the E. part of England, bordering on the r. Humber and the sea. Pop. 362,602. LIN-LITHI-GOW or WVEST LOTHIAN (lot-THe-an), a co. of Scotland, lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 26,872. LINLITHGOW, the cap. of the above co., on the S. bank of a lake of the same name, 17 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 3,872. LINN, a co. in the N. part of Mo., E. of Grand r. Pop. 4,058. LINN, a co. of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 5,444. Co. t Marion. LINTZ or LINz, lints, a beautiful city and fortress ~ the Austrian empire, cap. of Upper Austria, on the Danube, which is here crossed by a bridge 280 yards in length. A fine railway (the first ever constructed in Germany) connects it with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lintz possesses a lyceum, a gymnasium, and various other literary and scien28* 330 LIP-LIS Fate, f'ar, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; rnb, not; 66 as ingood; tific institutions; it also has some extensive manufactures. Lat. 480 19' N., Lon. 140 17' E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) LIP-A.-R, or leef-pa-re 1sLANDs,(Anc.iEofli e Infsulce,)a group in the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Sicily, consisting of seven principal islands, besides several islets and rocks. Lipari (Anc. Liplara), the largest, intersected by the parallel of 38S 30' N. Lat., and the meridian of 140 55' E. Lon, is about 8 m. in length. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Among the others, Stromtboli (Anc. Stron/gyle), an insular mountain, nearly 3,000 ft. in height, is remarkable for its constantly burning volcano, which serves for a light-house to the sailors in that sea. The Lipari islands are evidently of volcanic origin. They were sometimes called Vulcanioe by the ancient Romans, from the supposition, probably, that Vulcan had his workshops here as well as in.AEtna. LIPPE, liptpe.h, a small r. of Germany, which flows into the Rhine on the right. LIPPE-DETMOLD (-detf-molt), a principality of Germany, on the sources of the above r., from which circumstance it is supposed to take its name. It consists of the counties of Lippe and Sternberg, being situated between 510 48' and 52~ 12' N. Lat., and 8~ 35' and 90 10' E. Lon. Area, 435 sq. m. Pop. 80,000. (P. C.) DETMOLD, the cap., situated on the Werra, contains 2,800 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 51~ 56' N., Lon. 80 50' E. LIPPE-SCHAUENBURG (-shouf-en-booRa or shoul-en-burg), often, though incorrectly, written SCHAUMBURG, a small principality of Germany, intersected by the parallel of 52~ 20' N. Lat., and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. Area, 210 sq. m. Pop. 25,000. BUtCKEBURG (biikt-keh-b66Ri), the cap., contains 2,100 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 52~ 16' N., Lon. 9~ E. LIRIA, leef-re-A, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in the prov. of Valencia, 15 m. N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 12,000. (B.) LIBI-BON (Port. Lis-bof-a: Anc. Olisipo),the cap.ofPortugal,on the N. bank of the Tagus, about 9 m. above its entrance into the sea. The river at the W. end of Lisbon is but little more than a mile in breadth, but opposite to the centre of the city it widens considerably, and above forms a bay several miles in extent, which furnishes a safe and magnificent harbour, capable of containing all the fleets of Europe. In the old portion of the town, the streets are irregular, narrow, ill-paved, and dirty. But in that part which has been rebuilt since the great earthquake of 1755, the houses are handsome, the streets regular and very clean. Perhaps the most remarkable edifice of Lisbon is the palace of Ajuda (&-zhoof-da), which, when finished, will rank among the finest in Europe. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions of this city, we may mention the Royal Academy of Sciences, the College of the Nobles, the Royal Academy of Marine, with an observatory, and the Royal Military College. The commerce of Lisbon, though much diminished since the loss of Brazil, is still considerable. Among its manufactures, those in gold and jewelry are perhaps the most reinarka. ble. We may observe, that the want of industry, as well as the ignorance, of the Portuguese, has been much exaggerated by travellers. LIS-LIV 331 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. The Observatory is in 380 42' 24" N. Lat., and 9~ 8' 21" W. Lon. Pop. about 260,000. (B.) LIEI-BURN, one of the handsomest towns in the N. of Ireland, in the co. of Antrirn, 8 m. S. S. W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1831, 5,745. (P. C.) LIsIEUx, le'-ze-vhl, (Anc. Noviom/agus or Nceomfagus, afterwards Lexovlii), a manufacturing t. of P'rance, in the dep. of Calvados, 93 m. W. by N. from Paris. Lat. 49~ 9' N., Lon. 0~ 14' E. Pop. 11,473. (P. C.) LS-KEARD! or LES-1KEARD/,,a small t. of England, in Cornwall. Lat. 50~ 27' N., Lon. 40 26' W. LISLE. See LILLE. LIs-MORE/, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Waterford, on the Blackwater r., 28 m. E. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 2,998. (P. C.) LIs/-sA (Polish, Leszno, lesh/-no), a manufacturing t. of Prussia, on the borders of Silesia. Lat. 510 52' N., Lon. 160 36' E. Pop. 7,500. (B.) LITCHI-FrIELD, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Conn. Pop. 45,253. LITCHFIELD, the cap. of the above co., situated about 33 m., in a straight line, N. N. W. of New Haven. Here is a female seminary of distinguished reputation. Pop. 3,953. LITH-U-.A/-NX-A (see Int. XI.), a country of Europe, which constituted an independent and powerful state, from about the year 1206 to 1385, when it was united with Poland, by the marriage of king Yaguellon with the Polish queen Hedvige. Olghord, the father of Yaguellon, and the most powerful of the Lithuanian princes, had extended his dominions to the banks of the Don and the shores of the Black Sea, and thrice presented himself in triumph before the gates of Moscow. A great part of these possessions was afterwards lost under the reign of Casimir III., and of several succeeding princes. The territory which constituted the duchy of Lithuania, at the time of the first dismemberment of Poland, in 1772, now forms the Russian governments of Vilna, Grodno, Bialystock, Vitepsk, Mohelef, Minsk, and Augustov or Augustow.-Adj. and inhab. LITH-U-AI-NI-.AN. LITTLE ROCK) the cap. of the state of Arkansas, on the right bank of the Arkansas r. Lat. 340 40' N., Lon. 83~ 10' W. Pop. about 4,000. LIVADIA or LIBADIA,* le-vA-Dee/-a, (Anc. Lebadefa,) a t. of Greece, which, under the Turkish government, gave its name to the prov. in which it was situated. Before the war of independence, the pop. was estimated at 10,000 (B.), but it is said to have been entirely ruined in that contest. The ancient town was remarkable as the seat of the famous oracle or cavern of Trophonius. Lat. 35~ 24' N., Lon. 22~ 58' E. Liv/-FR-POOL', a city of England, in Lancashire, and, next to London, the greatest commercial emporium of the British empire, is situated on the estuary of Mersey, 3 or 4m. from the sea. Before the middle of' the last century, the streets of this town were narrow and inconvenient, and the buildings wholly devoid of architectual beauty; but successive alterations have given it a degree of commodiousness and elegance not to be met with in any other commercial port in EngsSee Introduction, XXI. 11. 332 LIV-LLA Fate, far, fll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66 as in good; land. By means of canals and railways, Liverpool has ready commuPication with all the more important places in the interior of the country; a circumstance which, with its proximity to Manchester, has contributed, perhaps not less than its maritime trade, to its extraordinary commercial prosperity. Among the numerous literary and scientific establishments of this city, we may mention the Royal Institution, founded in 1814, by the celebrated William Roscoe, and containing an extensive museum of natural history, many valuable paintings, &c.; courses of lectures are given on literature and the various branches of physical science. Like most of the great towns of England, Liverpool is furnished with water and gas, which are distributed to the private houses. With the exception of London, this town is the most populous in Great Britain. Its growth has been extremely rapid; in 1700, its pop. was only 5,714; in 1801, it was 77,708; in 1831, 165,221 (M.), and in 1851, including the parish and the adjoining townships, 384,263. Liverpool now far exceeds London in the value of its exports, which in 1851 amounted to ~35,000,000, while those of London were about ~14,000,000. Lat. 530 24/ N., Lon. 2058/ W. LIVf-INGS-TQN, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Genesee r. Pop. 40,875. Co. t. Geneseo. LIVINGSTON, a parish in the E. part of La., on the Amite r. and Pontchartrain L. Pop. 3,385. LIVINGSTON, a co. in the N. W. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio and Tennessee rivers. Pop. 6,578. Co. t. Salem. LIVINGSTON, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., W. N. W. of Detroit. Pop. 13,485. Co. t. Howell. LIVINGSTON, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ill., a little S. of the Illinois r. Pop. 1,552. LiVINGSTON, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., on the Grand r. Pop. 4,247. LI-voI-NI-A (Ger. Liefland, leef/-lAint), a gov. in the W. part of Eu. ropean Russia, between the Gulf of Livonia and Lake Peipus. Capital, Riga.-Adj. and inhab. Li.-VOf-NI-AN. LIVONIA, GULF OF, a portion of the Baltic, situated S. of the Gulf of Finland, between 56~ 55' and 570 30' N. Lat., and 22~ and 24~ 40' E. Lon. It is sometimes called the Gulf of Riga. LMORNo. See LEGHORN. LIZARD POINT, a bold headland in the British Channel, on the S. coast of Cornwall, forming the most southerly part of England. Lat 49~ 57' 30" N., Lon. 50 11' W. LJUSNE, lyoosl-ne, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, near Lat. 61~ 10' N. LLAN-DAFFI, a small decayed t. of S. Wales, in Glamorganshire, 27 m. W. of Bristol, only remarkable for being a bishop's see, and for its ancient cathedral. LLANELLY, lan-ethf-le. a seaport t. of S. Wales, in Caermarthenshire, 13m. S. E. of Caermarthen. Pop. of the borough, 6,818. LLA-LOF 333 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. LLLANGOLLEN, lan-gothf-lcn, a t. of N. IWales, in Denbighshire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Denbigh. Pop. of the parish, 4,906. LLANIDLOES, lanf-id-less, a t. of N. Wales in Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, near its source, 19 m. W. S. W. of Montgomery. Pop. 2,742. LLANOS, lyal-noce, (i. e. in Spanish the "plains,") a name applied to the extensive plains of S. America, particularly to those lying between the r. Caqueta and the Orinoco, which are comprised chiefly within the republics of New Grenada and Venezuela. LLERENA, ly'-rhl-na, a t. of Estremadura, Spain. Lat. 380 15' N., Lon. 6~ 3' W. Pop. 6,495. (M.) L6, SAINT (Fr. pron. saN 16), a manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Manche. Among its literary and scientific institutions, there is a public library of 5,000 vols. Lat. 490 8' N., Lon. 10 5' W. Pop. 8,820. (B) LOANrGO, lo-angf-go, a kingdom on the WV. coast of Africa, lying between the equator and the r. Congo or Zaire, in about 6~ S. Lat. The people of this country are very ignorant and superstitious; the government is an absolute despotism. Loango, the cap., stands about 3 m. from the sea. Lat. 40 36' S., Lon. 120 20' E. Pop. 15,000. LoCKI-PoRT, a flourishing t. of N. Y., cap. of Niagara co., on the Erie Canal, about 60 m. W. of Rochester. It derives its name from the locks where the canal descends a terrace called the Mountain Ridge: there is at this place about 60 ft. lockage. Pop. of township, 12 323. LODkVE, lo'-daver (Anc. Lutelva or Lotelva), a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of H6ratlt. Lat. 430 44' N., Lon. 30 19' E. Pop. 11,071. (M.) LODI, lot-de, a t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of a delegation of the same name, on the Adda, 18 m. S. E. of Milan. It contains a royal lyceum, two gymnasia, a college or high-school for girls, and other institutions. Lodi is memorable in history as the scene of one of Napoleon's most brilliant victories, which was gained over the Austrians on the 10th of May, 1796. Lat. 450 18' N., Lon. 90 31' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) LOF-Fof-D.EN* or LOFODEN ISLES, a group on the coast of Norway, between 67~ 30' and 69~ 30' N. Lat., and 110 and 16~ 30' E. Lon. It consists of 5 principal islands. Hindben, the largest, is about 50 in. long, with perhaps an average breadth of 25 m. The aggregate pop. is estimated at between 3,000 and 4,000. (M.) Near the southern extremity of this group is the MAELSTRIOM (malel-strum),t a great whirl" We frequently hear this name pronounced with the accent on the first syllable; but the accentuation, as given above, is supported (as we are informed) by the practice of the people of Sweden and Norway. It is also sanctioned by the au. thority of one of our most distinguished poets. "' Round the rocks, where loud LOFFODEN Whirls to death the roaring whale; Round the hall, where Runic Odin Howls his war-song to the gale."-CAMPBELL. t Literally, " mill-stream," so named probably from its whirling like a mill.stone, and crushing or breaking whatever is thrown into it. 334 LOG-LOM Fhte, far, fall, filt; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not;.66 as in good. pool, a mile and a half in diameter, which sometimes draws within its vortex ships, as well as whales and other animals, and dashes them on the rocks beneath. An American captain who visited the Maelstrbm, some years since, says there'" is evidently a subterranean passage." He adds, "I should not doubt that instant destruction would be the fate of a dozen of our largest ships, were they drawn in at the same moment." (Goodrich's Pictorial Geography, page 782.) No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of this wonderful phenomenon. LOt-GAN, a co. in the XV. part of Va., on the Guyandotte. Pop. 3,620. Seat of justice, Logan c. h. LOGAN, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 16,581. Co. t. Russelville. LOGAN, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 19,162. Co. t. Belle Fontaine. LOGAN, a co. near the centre of Ill. Pop. 5,128. Co. t. Postville. LOGROiO, lo-gronel-yo, a t. of Spain, in Old Castile. Lat. 42~ 24' N., Lon. 2~ 28' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) LoIR AND CHER, lwiR and share, (Fr. Loir-et-Cher, IwiR a shaRe,) a dep. in the N. WV. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Loir and Cher, the latter of which flows into the Loire; the former into the Sarthe. Pop. 244,043. (B.) Capital, Blois. LOIRE, lwRa, (Anc. Li/ger,) a r. which rises in the S. E. part of France, in the dep. of Ardeche, and flowing, first in a general northerly and afterwards westerly course, falls into the Bay of Biscay, in about 470 15' N. Lat., and 2~ 12' W. Lon. It is the longest r. of France, its whole length being estimated at 670 m.; of which about 512 are navigable. LOIRE, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and bordering on Upper Loire. Pop. 412,497. (B.) Capital, Montbrison. LOIRE, LOWER (Fr. Loire Infdrieure, IwaR aN'-fi'-re'-uRt), a dep. in the W. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 470,768. (B.) Capital, Nantes. LOIRE, UPPER (Fr. Haute-Loire, 6te lwaR), a dep. in the S. E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, near its source. Pop. 295,384. (B.) Capital, Le Puy. LOIRET, IwAR'-ml, a dep. in the N. central part of France, on a little stream of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 316,189. (B.) Capital, Orleans. LoJA, ]Ot-Ha, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Genil (ai-neelt), 26 m. W. S. WV. of Granada. Lat. 370 10' N., Lon. 4~ 18' W. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) LOKEREN, lol-ker-en, a manufacturing t. of Belgium, in the prov. of E. Flanders, 12 m. E. N. E. of Ghent. Pop. 16,000. (B.) LOMI-BAR-DY (It. Lombardia, lom-baR-dee/-a), a country in the N. of Italy, of rather indefinite limits, which derives its name from the Longobards or Longobardi, a nation of German extraction, who established themselves here in the latter part of the 6th century. It includes the greater part of the basin of the Po, consisting of a vast plain nearly LOM-LON 335 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 200 m. in length, and from 60 m. to 70 m. in breadth. This territory now belongs to Austria. (See ITALY, AUSTRIAN.) LoAIOND, BEN. See GRAMPIAN HILLS. LOMOND, LOCH, IOK lof-mond, the largest lake of Great Britain,* is situated in Scotland, between the counties of Stirling and Dunbarton, Its length is about 22 m.; its greatest breadth about 5 m. The greatest depth is about 120 fathoms. The superficial extent is stated to be 45 sq. m. LONDON, lunf-d'n, (Anc. Londinlium,) the cap. of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the most commercial and probably the most populous city on the globe, is situated on the Thames, about 45 m. above its entrance into the sea, and 15 m. below the highest tideway. The greater part of the town stands on a slight elevation, on the left bank of the r., in the co. of Middlesex; the remainder, 6n the right bank, in the co. of Surrey. London may be considered as consistinrg of five principal portions, viz., Westminster and WVest-End, in the W. part of the city; the city proper, which forms the central and most ancient quarter of the town; East-End; and Southwark. Six noble bridges cross the Thames; the Waterloo, the London, the Westminster, the Blackfriars', the Southwark, and the Vauxhall. Of these, the Waterloo bridge, built of granite, and 1,242 ft. in length, is the largest and most beautiful. The Southwark bridge, constructed of iron, and 708 ft. in length, is remarkable for the extent of the central arch, which has a span of 240 ft. The Thames is also traversed by a tunnel or subterraneous passage, consisting of a brick cylinder or pipe, divided into two roadways, each 15 ft. high, and 12 ft. broad. This tunnel, which is about 2 m. below the London bridge, has been constructed for the purpose of uniting the two banks without injury to the shipping interest, which could not have been effected by the erection of a bridge. Among the great number of public edifices which adorn the metropolis of the British empire, the most remarkable are-the palace of St. James, situated N. of a park of the same name; since the year 1695, it has been the residence of the English kings; but, notwithstanding the richness and elegance of the interior, the building being only of brick, and irregular in its form, the exterior exhibits none of that magnificence by which many other of the palaces of Europe are distinguished: the Tower, a vast and ancient fortress, founded by William the Conqueror, and formerly inhabited as a palace by several English sovereigns. Since the reign of queen Elizabeth, it has been employed as an arsenal, and a repository for the jewels, records, &c., belonging to the crown, and sometimes as a state prison. It should be observed that extensive additions have been made to it at different times, so that the original tower, which is called the White Tower, at present forms but a, small part of this vast edifice. Unhappily, on the 30th of October, 1841, that portion of the Tower of London, denominated the Grand Store-house, and' The largest lake, properly speaking, but not the largest loch-it will be re, collected that the latter term is often applied, in Scotland, to arms of the sea. 336 LON Mate, fAr, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nSt; 66 as in good; Small Armoury, with its contents, an inestimable collection of trophies, antiquities, &c., together with nearly 250,000 stand of arms, was reduced by fire to a mingled heap of ruins: an occurrence the more to be deplored, because, friom the peculiar character of a large part of the articles destroyed, it is impossible that they should ever be replaced. Among the churches may be mentioned St. Paul's Cathedral, which is regarded as the most remarkable work of architecture in Great Britain, and, as a temple, the most sumptuous and vast that has ever been erected in Protestant Christendom; it was begun in 1.675 and finished in 1710; one architect, Sir Christopher Wren, having superintended the work from its commencement to its completion; the extreme length of the cathedral is 510 ft.; height from the floor to the top of the cross, 362 ft.: and Westminster Abbey, one of the finest Gothic buildings in Europe, in which repose the ashes of many of the English kings, and others of the royal family, as well as of those who, by their talents or exploits, have added to the glory of the British name. -Amonog the almost countless multitude of institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts, of which London can boast, our limits will permit us to notice only a few of the most remarkable. These are: the University of London, founded on a new plan, excluding theological studies, and admitting to its course, without distinction, all those who wish to attend it; this institution was incorporated in 1837: King's College, another university, which excludes students not professing with the established church: The Royal Society of London, instituted in the early part of the 17th century, and incorporated in 1663, one of the most distinguished as well as one of the oldest associations of the kind in Europe; its object is the promotion of general science: the Royal Institution of -Great Britain, incorporated in 1800; it possesses a magnificent chemical laboratory, an extensive library, &c.-Professor Davy, afterwards Sir Humphry Davy, was connected with this institution, when, in 1807, he made the discovery of the composition of the fixed alkalies, a discovery which, viewed in all its relations, may be regarded as one of the most important, as well as one of the most brilliant, recorded in the annals of science:-the Linnean Society, incorporated in 1802, with a valuable library and one of the most extensive botanical collections in the world; the East India Company has recently presented to this society all those invaluable collections, which have been made at different times by its agents in India (B.): the Zoological Society, incorporated in 1829, connected with which are the Zoological Gardens, with a menagerie stocked with animals from every region of the globe: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, founded in 1826, incorporated in 1832; the great object of which is to distribute, among the middling and poorer classes, works on science, &c.; at a low price; this is in every respect a useful and admirable institution, and possesses among its numerous members a large share of the talent and learning, as well as some of the most distinguished names, of Great Britain: The Royal Geographical Society, founded in 1830; an association which, though in its infancy, has LON 337 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. already done much towards advancing the interests of this important science. Another institution, of a different kind, especially deserving the attention of a stranger in the metropolis, is the British Museum, at rich and almost unrivalled collection of books, manuscripts, statues, coins, and other antiquities, besides specimens in the various departments of natural history.-As regfards extent and activity of commerce, London is without a rival among all the cities of the globe.- In 1825, the tonnage of the ships belonging to this port amounted to 876,400; about the same time, that of all the merchant vessels of France was only 689,448 (B.); so that the tonnage of the British capital alone considerably exceeded all that of the third commercial power in the world! At the same time, the tonnage of New York, which, in this respect, is the second city on the globe, amounted to only 304,500; Newcastle, the second port of the United Kingdom, and the third in the world, had only 193,100 tons. If we compare the value of the imports and exports of the most important commercial places in the world, we shall find that, in this respect, London is far before every other, while Liverpool holds the second and New York the third rank. "Where has commerce such a mart, So rich, so thronged, so drained, and so supplied, As London-opulent, enlarged, and still Increasing London? Babylon of old Not more the glory of the earth than she, A more accomplished world's chief glory now. Now mark a spot or two Which so much beauty would do well to purge." "However imposing, however wonderful may be the picture presented to the thoughtless observer, or to him who contemplates London only from a distance-when we reflect what multitudes of her citizens are condemned to continual labour, which does not yield them a sufficiency of the necessaries of life, but whose efforts, like those of Sisyphus, are ever unsuccessful, and yet may never be remitted; and how many there are who have not the virtue, if they have the ability, to struggle manfully with want, but are supported by a charity which perhaps fear alone inspires, or by those dishonest practices which are the last resource of the idle, we shall find far more cause for abasement and sorrow, than for pride and exultation." It appears that, in 1838, there were in London 4,430 pickpockets and common thieves known to the police, 217 burglars and housebreakers, 2,295 vagrants, 2,786 habitual disorderlies (M.), besides various other classes of offenders. It is estimated that more than 14,000 persons are supported by street alms; a large portion of these mendicants are among the worst class of impostors. The pop. of London, as will be seen by the following statement, has increased far more rapidly during the present than the east century. The total pop. in 1700 was 674,350; in 1750, 676,250; in 1801, 888,198; in 1831, 1,508,469; in 1851, 2,361,640. St. Paul's Cathedral, situated nearly in the centre of London, is in 510 30' 48" N, Lat., and 0~ 5' 48" W. Lon.-Inhab. LONDONER, lunt-don-er, 29 338 LON-LOR Fhte, far, fall, fit; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o6 as in good, LONDONDERRY, lun'-dQn-dlrf-re, a co. in the N. of Ireland, prov. of Ulster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 222,012. (P. C.) LONDONDERRY, or simply DERRY, a commercial city of Ireland, the.cap. of the above co., situated on the r. Foyle, about 5 m. above where it falls into Lough Foyle. Lat. 540 59' N., Lon. 70 19' W. Pop. in 1831, 10,130. (P. C.) LOCNGI-FQRD, an inland co., near the centre of Ireland, prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 112,558. (P. C.) LONGFORD, the cap. of the above co., situated on a tributary of the Shannon, 65 m. W. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,516. (P. C.) LONG ISLAND, an i. on the E. coast of the U. S., forming a part of the state of New York, situated between 40~ 33' and 41~ 6' N. Lat., and 72~ and 74~ 2' W. Lon. Its length is about 115 m.; its greatest breadth near 20 m. This i. is separated from the continent by Long Island Sound, which, near the city of New York, is but three-quarters of a mile wide, and is there called the East River, but, opposite to New Haven, its breadth is about 25 m. LONS-LE-SAULNIER, 1N leh s&-ne-AI, the cap. of the French dep. of Jura. Lat. 460 39' N., Lon. 5~ 33' E. Pop. 7,684. (B.) Loo-CHoo (or Lieou-Khieou) ISLANDS, a group in the N. Pacific, E. of China, between 26~ and 28~ N. Lat., and 127~ and 129~ E. Lon. They are all small, with the exception of one called the Great Loochoo, which is about 70 m. in length, and from 12 to 15 m. in breadth. These isla nds are tributary to China. LO-RANI/, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 26,086. Co. t. Elvria. LORCA, loaf-ka, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia, with manufactures of saltpetre, woollen, and linen cloths, &c. Lat. 370 42' N., Lon. 10 53' W. Pop. stated at 40,366. (B.) LO-RETI-TO (It. Loreto, lo-ri/-to), a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, about 3 m. from the Adriatic, and 15 in. S. S. E. of Ancona, celebrated for its sanctuary of the Virgin Mary, called La Santa Casa, i. e. the " holy house," said to have been the dwelling of Mary at Nazareth, and to have been transported, by supernatural power, to Italy, after the Mahometans had taken possession of Palestine, in the 13th century. The town is annually visited by numerous pilgrims. Lat. 430 27' N., Lon. 13 36' FE Pop. about 8,000. (B.) L'ORIENT, lo'-re'-ANs, or LORIENT, a seaport t. and fortress of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, situated at the head of the Bay of Port Louis. L'Orient is well built, with wide and well-paved streets, and may be ranked among the handsomest towns of France. Its commerce, though much less than formerly, is still considerable; and it is the seat of several literary and scientific institutions, among which there are, a school for the special instruction of students destined for the navy; and an observatory. Lat. 47~ 45' N., Lon. 30 21' W. Pop. 18,000. (B.) LORa'RAINEr, one of the largest of the former provinces of France, situated in the N. E. part of that kingdom, a small portion of which LOS-LOU 339 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. was ceded to Prussia in 1815; the remainder constitutes the departments of Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, and Vosges. LOST-WITH/-IEL or LEST-WITHI-iEL, a small t. of England, in-Cornwall, on the Fowey. Lat. 500 24' N., Lon. 40 39' W. LOT, lot, a r. in the S. W. part of France, which flows into the Garonne. Its length is about 220 m., for 70 m. of which it is navigable. LOT, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 287,003. (B.) Capital, Cahors. LOT AND GARONNE (Fr. Lot-et-Garonne, lot h gar'-onnf), a dep. in the S. W. of France, on the rivers from which it takes its name. Pop. 346,0(10. (B.) Capital, Agen. LOTHIAN, lo1-THe-an, an extensive and fertile district of Scotland, lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth, divided into the counties of East Lothian or Haddington, Mid-Lothian or Edinburgh, and West Lothian or Linlithgow. (See HADDINGTONSHIRE, EDINBURGHSHIRE, and LINLITHGOWSHIRE.) Lout-DON, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 22,079. Co. t. Leesburg. LOUGHBOROUGH, lufff-bur-re7h, a manufacturing t. in the central part of England, in Leicestershire, on a canal which communicates with Nottingham and Leicestershire, 10 m. N. by W. of the latter town. Pop. of the entire parish, 10,170. LOUGHREA, 1Hn'-rh, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, on a small lake of the same name. Lat. 53~ 12'N., Lon. 80 35' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,007. (M.) Louis, ST., (sent loo'-is, or loo'-e,) the commercial cap. of Mo., and seat of justice of St. Louis co., is situated on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 18 m. below the mouth of the Missouri; 808 m. W. from Washington, and about 1150 m. by water above New Orleans. Lat. 38~ 36' N. Lon. 890 36' W. The position of this city, on one of the largest rivers of the world, near its union with the Missouri'and Illinois, and in the centre of the most extensive system of internal navigation in America, is in the highest degree favourable to its commercial prosperity; and, in all probability, it is destined to become in a few years one of the greatest emporiums of the new continent. The growth of St. Louis has been astonishingly rapid. In 1816 the pop. was only 2,000; in 1830 it was 5,832; in 1840, 16,469; and, in 1850, it amounted to 77,860. The co. of St. Louis has a pop. of 104,978. Its site is elevated, and protected from floods by a barrier of limestone, which extends nearly two miles. On the first bank, which is elevated about 20 feet, are several streets running parallel with the river, in which the heavy produce and shipping business is transacted. Front street, which is open on the eastern side, displays a range of four-storied limestone warehouses, which have an imposing appearance from the water. These streets are crossed at right angles by others, which lead, by a gentle ascent, to a second plateau, which is 40 feet above the level of the first, and affords a fine view of the w 340 LOU-LOU FAte, fir, fAMl, ft; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 55 as in good; river, the city, and its environs. This part of the city is laid out in broad avenues and streets, and adorned with elegant mansions. The more recent houses are mostly built of brick, or of a kind of limestone, found on the spot, which is soft when first quarried, but becomes hard by exposure. The streets are lighted with gas, and the water of the river is distributed through them from a reservoir on the top of an artificial mound, supposed to be the work of the aborigines. Among the principal public buildings and institutions are the City Hall, the Catholic cathedral, and the University of St. Louis, with a library of 12,000 volumes. There is also an Academy of Sciences, a Museum, a Convent, two Orphan Asylums, a U. S. Arsenal, and several academies. In amount of shipping, St. Louis will compare favourably with any of the western cities. In the year 1850, 240 steamboats were employed in her commerce, the largest of which carried 938 tons; and the number of steamboat arrivals, in that year, amounted to 2900. The tonnage of the steamboats owned here in 1848, (126 in number), was 35,578. The quantities of the leading articles of produce received here, in 1850, were as follows: 927,346 sacks of wheat; 330,000 bbls. of flour; 573,500 pigs of lead; 60,862 bales of hemp; and 9,055 hhds. of tobacco. Abundance of coal and marble is found in the immediate vicinity, and iron in some parts of the county. The trade of St. Louis, in 1851, was estimated by a committee of the Chamber of Commerce, at 60 millions of dollars. This place is also the seat of various manufactures, among which are numerous iron-foundries, rope-factories glass-works, oil-mills, and saw-mills. LOUIS, SAINT, (Fr. pron. sAN loo'-ee',) a t. of West Africa, the cap. of the French possessions in Senegambia, on an island of the same name, in the Senegal, near its mouth. Lat. about 16~ N., Lon. 160 30' W. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) LOUISA, (loo-ee'-za,) a co. in the E. central part of Va., N. W. of Richmond. Pop. 16,691. Seat of justice, Louisa c. h. LoUIsA, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 4,939. LOUISIANA, (looN-e-ze-an'a,) one of the U. S., forming the S. W. extremity of the Union, situated between 290 and 330 N. Lat., and 880 50' and 940 20' W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Arkansas and Mississippi, E. by Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, and divided into 47 parishes.* Length, from E. to W. about 290 m.; breadth, from N. to S., 230. Area,' Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Baton Rouge, East, Baton Rouge, West, Barnard, St., Bienville, Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Caldwell, Carrol, Catahoula, Charles, St., Claiborne, Concordia, De Soto, Feliciana, East, Feliciana, West, Franklin, Helena, St., Iberville, James, St., Jackson, Jefferson, John Baptist, St., Lafayette, Lafourche Interior, Landry, St., Livingston, Madison, Martin's, St., Mary's, St., Morehouse, Natchitoches, Orleans, Plaquemines, Point Coup6e, Rapides, Sabine, Tammany, St., Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Vermilion, Washington, Washita. LOU-LOW 341 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. estimated at 48,500 sq. m. Pop. 511,974, of whom 255,416 are whites, 17,537 free coloured, and 239,021 slaves. Baton Rouge is the capital. Louisiana, which originally comprehended, besides the present state, all the territory N. of Texas between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was ceded by the French to the United States, in 1803. The state was admitted into the Union in 1812. LOUISVILLE, (loo'-is-vill',) the most populous and commercial city of Kentucky, and cap. of Jefferson co., on the S. bank of the Ohio, about 130 m. below Cincinnati, and 250 by direct line from St. Louis. Lat. 38~ 3' N. Lon. 85~ 30' WV. Pop. in 1850, 43,196. A little above the city the Beargrass cr. falls into the Ohio, affording a harbour for steamboats and river craft. The city, which is chiefly built of brick, is situated on a beautiful plain, elevated about 70 feet above the river. The streets are straight, well-paved, and lighted with gas. There are a number of streets parallel with the river, which vary in width from 60 to 100 feet, and are crossed, at right angles, by thirty others, each of which is 60 feet wide. Anong the public edifices and institutions may be mentioned the City Hall, the Medical Institute, the Asylum for the Blind, a hospital, the University of Louisville, and several fine places of worship. Some of these are beautiful specimens of architecture. Louisville is the terminus of a railroad 93 m. long, which connects it with Frankfort and Lexington. The Louisville and Portland canal, passing round the falls which obstruct the navigation of the Ohio at this place, is one of the most important works in the country. It is about two m. long, and sufficiently wide and deep to admit large steamers. There are four locks, constructed in the most durable manner, with a total lockage of 22 feet. This town, besides being one of the most important commercial places in the Western country, is the seat of several extensive manufactories. Among these are numerous iron-foundries, engine-shops, boat-yards, rope-factories, bagging-factories, glass-works, &c. LOUTH, louTH, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 107,481. (P. C.) LOUTH, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 127 m. N. of London. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 5 sq. m., 8.848. LOUVAIN, loo-vanet, (Fr. pron. loo'-vaN/, Flem. Leul-ven,) a t. of Belgium, prov. of Brabant, on the Dyle and on the railway between Brussels and Liege. Its pop. in the 14th century is said to have amounted to near 200,000, though it does not now exceed 26,000. (B.) Louvain is the seat of a celebrated and flourishing university, founded in 1426, and attended by about 500 students. Lat. 500 53' N., Lon. 4~ 42' E. LoUVIERS, loo'-ve-Y, formerly LovIERs, a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, on the r. Eure, 17m. S. by E. of Rouen. Its manufactures of woollen cloths and kerseymeres, first introduced in 1681, are the most important of the kind in the kingdom. There are in all upwards of 40 factories. Lat. 490 12' N., Lon. 1~ 9' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) LwWI-ELL, a flourishing t. of Mass., in the county of Middlesex, on 29* 342 LOW-LUC FAte, ftr, f1ill, fAt; mn6, mrt; pine or pine, pin; nri, nht; oo as in good; the Merrimack, at the influx of the Concord r., about 23 m., in a straight line, N. N. W. of Boston, remarkable for its extensive cotton manufactures. The site on which the town stands had in 1820 only about 100 inhabitants; in 1822 the first cotton-mill was erected; in 1830 the pop. amounted to 6,474; and in 1850 to 33,383! Lowell is situated on the railroad which connects Boston with Concord, in New Hampshire. I/at. 42~ 39' N., Lon. 71~ 19' W. LoWNDES, lounz, a co. in the S. of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop. 8,351. Co. t. Franklinville. LOWNDES, a co. in the S. central part of Ala., bordering on the Alabama r. Pop. 21,915. Co. t. Haynesville. LOWNDES, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 19,544. Co. seat, Columbus. LowOSITZ, lol-vo-sits, a village of Bohemia, near Leitmeritz, remarkable as the scene of an important victory gained by Frederic the Great over the Austrians, in 1756. LoXA. See LOJA. LoZkRE, lo'-zaRef, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the r. Lot, near its source. Pop. 141,733. (B.) Capital, Mende. LiDY-BECK, an important commercial city of Germany, formerly the head of the Hanseatic League, and still the cap. of the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic confederation, is situated on the Trave (traf-veh), 36 m. N. E. of Hamburg. This town, with its territory, containing an area of about 117 sq. m., constitutes an independent republic, which is a member of the Germanic confederation. Among the edifices of Lubeck, the Senate-House (Rathhaus, rat/f-house), in which the Hanseatic deputies formerly met, deserves especially to be mentioned. Lat. 53~ 51' N., Lon. 100 41' E. Pop. of the town, about 26,(100; total pop. of the republic, 46,000. (B.) LUBLIN, loobf-lin, a t. of Russian Poland, the cap. of a palatinate of the same name, 97 m. S. E. of Warsaw; it contains several respectable literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 51~ 16' N., Lon. 22~ 36' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) LvU-cAs, a co. in the N. W. part of Ohio, bordering on. Mich. and L. Erie. Pop. 12,363. Co. t. Toledo. Lvcf-cA (It. pron. ]ookf-ka), DUCHY OF, a small state of Italy, N. of Tuscany, and bordering on the Mediterranean. It is intersected by the 44th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 10~ 30' E. Lon. Area about 416 sq. m. LUccA (Anc. Lu/ca), an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the above duchy, situated -in a rich plain, near the r. Serchio (seRa-ke-o) about 12 lm. from the sea. This town holds an important place in the history of modern Italy, and was at one time, with Pisa, the head of the Ghibeline party. Lucca contains a lyceum, which may be regarded as a university: in the ducal palace there is a gallery of valuable paintings; also a library of 25,000 vols. The female seminary of this place is said to be one of the very best institutions of the kind. Lat. 430 51' N., Lon. LUC-LIJD 343 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; THI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 100 31' E. Pop. estimated at 22,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. LUccHESE, luk-kezet. LU-CE!-NA (Sp. pron. loo-thaf/-nA), a t. of Spain, in Andalusia. Lat. 37c 28' N., Lon. 40 28' W. Pop. said to be 19,716. (M.) LUCERA, loo-chia-ra, (Anc. Lucefria,) a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Capitanata. Lat. 41C 29' N., Lon. 15~ 16' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Lu-cERNE_ (Fr. pron. lft'-seaRn; Ger. Luzern, loot-sean/); a canton in the N. central part of Switzerland. Area estimated at 657sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 123,407. (P. C.) LUCERNE, the cap. of the above, is situated at the W. extremity of the L. of Lucerne, on both sides of the Reuss, which forms its outlet. The town is surrounded by old walls, flanked with towers. Lucerne contains a lyceum, a gymnasium, and numerous other institutions. One of the most remarkable things at this place is the topographic map, in relief, constructed by Gen. Pfyffer. This extraordinary work is 22 ft. long and 13 wide, and represents an extent of 180 sq. leagues, of which the L. of Lucerne forms the centre. The materials are pasteboard, wax, and resin. Gen. Pfyffer is said to have spent more than 10 years in making this topographical model. In the vicinity of Lucerne is the monument erected in 1821 to the memory of the Swiss Guards who died in defence of the Tuileries against the mob of Paris, on the 10th of August, 1792. It is the image of a wounded and dying lion of colossal size, sculptured in the side of a rock. Lat. 470 3' N., Lon. 80 18' E. Pop. 8,150. (P. C.) LUCERNE, LAKE OF (Ger. Waldst'tter See, wdltl-stet-ter sh), situated nearly in the centre of Switzerland, is one of the most picturesque pieces of water in Europe. It is nearly cruciform, with an addition to its E. end, called the.L. of Uri. Its entire length is about 25m., but the breadth of any of its arms is seldom more than 2 or 3 m. The surface is 1,380 ft. above the level of the sea. The greatest depth is stated to be near 900 ft. LUcIA luI-she-a, ST., one of the British W. India Islands, intersected by the 14th parallel of N. Lat., and the 61st meridian of W. Lon. It is above 30 m. in length, and about 17 in its greatest breadth, and contains an area of about 350 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 16,116. (P. C.) Lucic'-Now/, a large t. of Hindostan, since 1775 the cap. of Oude, is situated on the Goomty r. It consists of three distinct portions: the ancient, and much the largest part of the city is badly built, with dirty and narrow streets; another quarter, which contains the residences of the king and of the royal family, is comparatively new, and the houses are constructed and filrnished after the English fashion; the remaining portion of the town is built in the oriental style, and has many fine houses and religious edifices. Lat. 26~ 51' N., Lon. 800 50t E. Pop. estimated at above 300,000. (B.) LUDI-L.W, a t. of England, in Shropshire, 24 m. S. of Shrewsbury, and 126 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. 5,064. LvUDWIGSBUR, loodf-wigs-burg' or 1oodt-wiGs-b66RG', a handsome t. of Germany, in Wtirtemberg, the cap. of the circle of the Neckar, with 344 LUD —LUT Ftte, fiar, fMl, fit; m6, mnt; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; o5 as in good; a lyceum, an arsenal, and a military school. Lat. 480 53' N., Lon. 9~ 13' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, estimated at 7,000. (B.) LUDWIGSLUST, loodf-wiGs-1b6st', or LUDWIGSBURG, a small t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, about 18 m. S. of Schwerin: it is the ordinary residence of the grand-duke. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) LUGANO, loo-gaW-no, one of the principal towns of the Swiss canton of Tessin, situated on a lake of the same name. Lat. 45~ 59' N., Lon. 8~ 57' E. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) LUGANO, LAKE OF (Anc. Cerelsius), is situated partly in the canton of Tessin and partly in Austrian Italy. Its form is very irregular; the whole length is perhaps about 20 m.; the breadth varies from a half or three-quarters of a mile to about 2 m. LUGO, loot-go, (Anc. Lu/cus Augusfti,) a t. of Spain, in Galicia, on the Minho, with warm mineral springs. Its walls were built by the ancient Romans. Lat. 430 N., Lon. 70~ 5' W. Pop. 12,(000. (B.) LUMPI-KIN, a co. in the N. part of Ga., on the Etowah r. Pop. 8,954. Co. t. Dahlonega. LUND, loond, a t. of Sweden, in the prov. of Skane, with a celebrated university, established in 1668, and containing a library of near 40,000 vols.; the number of students in 1830 was 632; the celebrated Puffendorf was appointed professor of law in this institution in 1.670; Linneus was for some time a pupil here. Lat. 550 42' N., Lon. 13~ 13' E. Pop. 4,120. (M.) LVJNEBURG, lut-neh-burg', or lii-ne1h-b66Ro', a t. of Germany, in Hanover, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Ilmenau (ilt-men-ou), with very productive salt works, an active commerce, and above 12,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 530 15' N., Lon. 100 24' E. LUNEL, lif'-nelt, a t. in the S. of France, dep. of Hdrault, 14 m. E. N.E. of Montpellier, famous for its wine. By the canal of Lunel, it communicates with the Rhone, the Mediterranean, and with the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi). Pop. 6,021. (M.) LUv-NEN-BURG', a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the Meherrin r., near its source. Pop. 11,692. Co. t. Lewistown. LUNEVILLE, lu'-ne-vill', or lii-n.v'-illl, a t. of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, 16 m. S. E. of Nancy. The treaty of Lundville, between France and Austria, was signed here in 1801. Lat. 48~ 37' N., Lon. 6~ 29' E. Pop. 12,661. (M.) LUSATIA, lu-stf-she-a, (Ger. Lausitz, louf-zits; Fr. Lusace, lfi'-zAssf;) a former margraviate of Germany, between 50~ 50' and 520 16' N. Lat., and 130 20' and 150 15' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Brandenberg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, and W. by Saxony. Area, 4,336 sq. m. It is now divided into Upper and Lower Lusatia. The whole of the latter portion, and the half of the former, belong to Prussia; the remainder, forming the circle of Upper Lusatia, is possessed by Saxo,:y. (P. C.) LETZEN, lutt-sen or lfitt-sen, a little t. of Prussian Saxony, 12 nm. W. S. W. of Leipsic, remarkable as the scene of two great battles: the LUX —LYM 345 ou, as in our; th, as in thi7n; TH, as in this: N, nearly like ng, first in 1632, between the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, and the Imperialists, under Wallenstein, in which the former were victorious, though their king was slain; the other in 1813, between the army of Napoleon and the allies, encouraged by the presence of the emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia, in which the French gained a dearly-bought victory. LUXt-EM-BURG' (Fr. Luxembourg, lfix'-aM'-booR!), a prov. or grandduchy forming the S. E. extremity of the Netherlands, partitioned by the treaty of April, 1839, between Holland and Belgium; the E. portion, with an area of about 1,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 160,000, being assigned to the former, and the remainder, with an area of 1,700 sq. m., and a pop. of 168,000, to the latter kingdom. The title of the grandduke of Luxemburg, with the right of suffrage in the Germanic confederation, is enjoyed by the king of Holland. LUXEMBURG, a city of the Netherlands, the cap. of the grand-duchy of this name, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, situated about 116 m. S. E. of Brussels. It is surrounded by strong walls and deep ditches, with a double line of outworks, in the form of a heptagon. As a fortress, Luxemburg belongs to the Germanic confederation, and is occupied by their troops. Lat. 49~ 38' N., Lon. 6~ 10' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) LUXEUIL, lix'-ul/, (Anc. Luxofvium,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Saone, remarkable fbr its warm mineral springs, which were resorted to by the Romans. Lat. 47~ 50' N., Lon. 6~ 22' E. Pop. 3,628. (M.) LUZERN. See LUCERNE. LU-ZERNE1, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 56,072. Co. t. Wilkest-bar-re. LUZON, loo-zonel, or LUGON (Sp. pron. loo-thonef), the largest of the Philippine Islands, situated between 12~ 20' and 19~ N. Lat., and 1190 30' and 124~ 30' E. Lon. Its form is very irregular. The whole length, following the bend of island, is about 580m.; the greatest breadth is about 150 in. Area estimated at 50,000 sq. m. The pop. is stated at 2,264,807. (M.) According to Balbi, the part of Luzon which is under the government of the Spaniards is divided into 16 provinces. Manilla or Manila (mla-neef-l'a), situated at the head of a considerable bay in the S. W. part of the island, is the cap. of Luzon, as well as of all the Spanish possessions in the Philippine Islands. This town is regularly laid out, and some portions of it are said to be exceedingly well built, clean, and handsome, with broad and well-paved streets. Balbi estimates its pop. at near 140,000. That portion of Luzon which is not subject to the Spaniards, is inhabited by independent savages. (See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.) LYCOM1NG, li-komf-ing, a co. in the N. part of Pa., intersected by the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 26,257. Co. t. Williamsport. LYME-REGIS, lime rel-jis, a seaport t. of England, in Dorsetshire, somewhat frequented in summer as a watering-place. Lat. 50~ 43' N., Lon. 20 55' W. Pon. 2,756. 346 LYM —LYS Fate, fir, fill, fit; mn, nmt; pine or pine, pin; nB, n6t; oi as in good; LYM'-riF-ORD! or lfim'-fe-ordf, a remarkable arm of the sea, extending from the Cattegat, in about 570 N. Lat., westward to the German Ocean. Previously to 1825 it was separated from the ocean by a narrow strip of land, a mile or so in breadth, over which the sea occ;asionally broke; but the communication is now permanent. Its whole length is perhaps 100 m.; the breadth varies from 1 mn. or less to about 15 m. The Lymfiord is shallow and of difficult navigation. (P. C.) LYMI-ING-TON, a seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, about 80 m. W. S. W. of London. Lat. 50~ 41' N., Lon. 1~ 32' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,813. LYNCHl-BURG, a flourishing t. of Va., the cap. of Campbell co., on James r., about 90 m., in a direct line, W. by S. of Richmond. Lato 37~ 36' N., Lon. 790 22' W. Pop. 8,071. LYNN, a flourishing and pleasant t. of Mass., in Essex co., on the seacoast, about 9 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Boston, chiefly remarkable for its extensive manufacture of shoes. It stands on the Eastern Railroad, which connects Boston with Portsmouth, in New Hampshire. Lat. 420 28' N., Lon. 70~ 57' W. Pop. of the township, 14,257. LYNN-REGIS (ref-jis), a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Norfolk, on the Ouse, near its mouth. Lat. 52~ 46' N., Lon. 0~ 24' E. Pop. of the borough, which includes an area of ab6ut 4 sq. m., 16,039. LYONNAIS, le'-on'-nhI, or LYONAIS, a former prov. of France, deriving its name from its cap., the city of Lyons; now divided into the deps. of Rhone and Loire. LWQNS (Fr. Lyon, le'bNt; Anc. Lugdulnum); the second city of France, as regards population, wealth, and commerce, is situated on the Rhone, at its junction with the Saone, 275 m. E. N. E. of Bordeaux, and 245 m. S. S. E. of Paris. Much the greater part of the town is built on the tongue of land between the Saone and the Rhone, which is about 3 m. in length, with an average breadth of about 3 furlongs; Some extensive and important quarters, however, are situated on the W. or right bank of the Sa6ne. South of the city is a new and handsome suburb, on a tract of land gained by altering the bed of the Rhone, called, from the architect who planned it, the Presqu' ile Perrache (presk eel per'-rasht), or the " peninsula Perrache." Lyons is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric, and a Protestant consistory; it also possesses a great number of institutions for the advancement of literature and science, among which we may name the Academie Universitaire, the National College, the Academy of Science, Belles-lettres, and Arts, and the Public Library, containing 92,000 vols., besides nearly 1,000 manuscripts. Lyons is the largest manufacturing town in France; indeed, as regards the manufacture of silk, it is unequalled in Europe. The greater part of the silk produced in France is worked in the looms of this city, besides a large quantity imported from Italy. Lat. 450 46' N., Lon. 40 50' E. Pop. in 1846, 159,783. Adj. and inhab. LYoNAIs, le`-o -nh'; feminine, LYONAISE, le'-om-naze'. LYs, leece, (Dutch pron. lice,) a small r. which rises in France, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, and, flowing north-easterly into Belgium, joins the Scheldt at Ghent. MAA-MCL 347 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MAASLUYS, maAii-slois. or MAASLANDSLUYS, maMs1-lant-s1ois', a t. or Holland, on an arm of the Maas or Meuse. about 10 m. W. by N. of Rotterdam. Lat. 51~ 55' N., Lon. 4~ 10' E. Pop. near 5,000. (B.) MAASTRICHT. See MAESTRICHT. MACAO, ma-cal-o; or ma-kout, a seaport t. and Portuguese settlement in China, on an i. of the same name, forming a part of the Chinese prov. of Quang-tong. This town is remarkable as having been the centre of European trade in the E., during the time that the Portuguese had the sway in those seas; and may be regarded as the cradle of that extensive commerce which is now concentrated at Canton. Lat. 22~ 13' N.. Lon. 113~ 35' E. Pop. about 30,000. (B.) MACI-CLES-FIELD', a manufacturing t. of England, in Cheshire, 16 m. S. by E. of Manchester. It is regarded as the centre of the silk manufacture in England: to this branch of industry it is chiefly indebted for its prosperity, which, however, has received some severe checks within the last few years. Pop. 24,137. McCRACKL-EN, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,067. Co. t. Paduca. McDQNI-ouv, a co. in the W. part of Ill., midway between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 7,616. Co. t. Macomb. McDowJ-ELL, a co. in the WV. part of N. C., on the sources of the Catawba. Pop. 6,246. MACERATA, mi-ch'-r}-tai, a city of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 21 m. S. by W. of Ancona. It is a neat, wellbuilt town, and has a university, with a library of 20,000 vols., a college, and other literary institutions. Lat. 430 19' N., Lon. 130 26' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) McHENRY, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ill., bordering on Wisconsin. Pop. 14,979. Co. t. McHenry. MAcmIAS, match-if-as, a small t. and port of entry of Maine, cap. of Washington co., on a bay of the same name. Lat. 44~ 38' N., Lon. 67~ 25'W. MACWK-IN-AW', formerly MICHILIMACKINAC, mish'-il-e-mackf-in-aw', a strait which connects L. Huron with L. Michigan. In the narrowest part, it is from 2 m. to 4 m. wide. MACKINAW or MICHILIMACKINAC, a co. of Mich., N. of and bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 923. MAC KINAW, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., situated on the S. E. extremity of an island of the same name. Lat. about 450 55' N., Lon. 840 40' W. MC&-IN-TOSH', a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Altamaha and the sea. Pop. 6,028. Co. t. Darien. MAC-RENf-Z!E'S RIVER, a large r. of N. America, which originates in the Great Slave Lake, and, flowing north-westerly, empties itself into the Arctic Ocean, in about 69~ N. Lat., and 135~ W. Lon. Its length is estimated at 1,600 m. McLEAN, mac-lanel, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ill., a little E. of the Illinois r. Pop. 10,163. Co. t. Bloomington. 348 MCM-MAD Fhte, frSr, fM1, fAt; mr, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; MCMINN, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 13,906. Co. t. Athens. McNAII-RY, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Miss. Pop. 12,864. Co. t. Purdy. MACOMB, ma-koomf, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. St. Clair. Pop. 15,530. Co. t. Mt. Clemens. MACON, ma'-ko6N, formerly written MASCON, (Anc. Matis'co,) a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Sa6ne and Loire, on the Sa6ne. This is a very ancient place, and contains several interesting ruins; among others, the remains of the temple of Janus and of a triumphal arch. There is a bridge over the Saone, which some suppose to have been built by Cuesar. Lat. 46~ 18' N., Lon. 40 50' E. Pop. 11.944. (B.) MAI-CON, a co. near the W. extremity of N. C., bordering on Tenn. and Ga. Pop. 6,389. Co. t. Franklin; MACON, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by Flint r. Pop. 7,052. MACON, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ala., bordering on the'alla' poosa r. Pop. 26,898. Co. t. Tuskegee. MACON, a co. near the centre of Ill., intersected by the Sangamon r. Pop. 3,988. Co. t. Decatur. MACON, a co. in the N. part of Mo. Pop. 6,565. MACON, a city of Ga., cap. of Bibb co., on the Ocmulgee, at the head of steamboat navigation, 30 m. S. W. of Milledgeville. Pop. 5,953. MAcoUPIN, ma-koof-pin, a co. in the W. part of Ill., S. W. of Springfield. Pop. 12,355. Co. t. Carlinville. MAC-QUARf-RXE, the name of a river and small lake in the E. part of the Australian continent. MAD'-A-OAS/-CAR (called by the natives Mad-e-cassef or Mad-e-gasser), a large i. in the Indian Ocean, about 240 m. from the E. coast of Africa, extending from about 12~ to 250 40' S. Lat., and from about 430 10' to 50~ 30' E. Lon. It is 960 m. long, with a breadth varying from 200 m. to 360m. The area is estimated at 225,000(sq. m. Until the commencement of the present century, this island appears to have been divided among a great number of independent tribes, but, of latter times, it may be regarded as consisting of the kingdom of Madagascar, which occupies the larger portion, and several other parts under the government of independent chiefs. The whole pop. is estimated at between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. Among the different nations into which the inhabitants of Madagascar are divided, the Ovahs, who occupy the interior of the island, are the most deserving of notice. They are the most industrious, powerful, and civilized of all the Madecasses. In height, they are rather above the European standard, portly in their person, of handsome features, and usually of a copper colour (though sometimes nearly or quite black), with dark and lank hair. The Madecasses evidently belong to the great Malay race. (B.) The prevailing religion is idolatry. The kingdom of Madagascar owes its origin to the late prince Radama, the chief of the Ovahs, who, in energy and enlightened policy, resembled Peter the Great. This ex MAD-MAD 349 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. traordinary man, after conquering a great part of the island, commenced the difficult but glorious enterprise of introducing into his empire the civilization and arts of Europe. He received and protected the missionaries, and promoted the establishment of schools, which, at the time of his death, had increased to more than 100, and in which nearly 5,000 children were taught. Several young persons were sent to Mauritius, and even to England, to receive instruction. Through the intercession of the English, Radama also abolished the slave trade in his dominions. He was on the point of seeing his vast projects crowned with the most brilliant success, when his queen, a second Clytemnestra, caused him to be poisoned in July, 1828. She. with her infamous accomplice, succeeded to the throne; and it is not improbable that this great kingdom will, ere long, be resolved into its original elements, if, indeed, this has not already taken place. Since the death of Radama, Europeans have had but little if any intercourse with Madagascar, so that nothing certain is known respecting the present condition of the island.-Adj.and inhab. MAD'-E-CASSEI or MAL-GAsHI(Malegache). MADDALONvI, mad-da-lol-ne, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra-diLavoro, with a royal college, 14 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Pop. 10,000. (P. C.) MADEIRA, mad-eel-ra, (Port. pron. ma-dA/e-ra,) an i. in the N. Atlantic, between 32~ 36' and 32~ 53' N. Lat., and 16~ 40' and 17~ 20' W. Lon. It is about 37 m. in length, and 15 m. in its greatest breadth. Area computed at above 300 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 80,000. (P. C.) This island is a mass of basaltic rock; of which the highest part is 5,450 ft. above the sea, and is covered with vegetation to its summit. The cliffs on all sides are very lofty; one on the N. coast is above 1,000 ft. in height. The mountain scenery in the interior is bold and highly romantic. Every part of the island not encumbered with rocks is extremely fertile. The climate of Madeira is perhaps more equable and mild than that of any other country, not within the tropics. The thermometer seldom falls below 53~ in the severest weather, while the mean temperature of the summer is between 730 and 740; that c. winter is about 63~. The place is considered very healthy, and is much resorted to by invalids, particularly those suffering from pulmonary affections. Funchal is the capital. MADEIRA, a r. of S. America, the largest affluent of the Amazon, into which it falls in about 30 20' S. Lat., and 580 30' W. Lon. MADI-IS-QN, a co. in the central part of N. Y., bordering on the Oneida L. Pop. 43,072. Co. t. Morrisville. MADISON, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., a little S. E. of the Shenandoah r. Pop. 9,331. Co. t. Madison. MADIsoN, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on Broad r., a branch of the Savannah. Pop. 5,603. Co. t. Danielsville. MADISON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on Ga. and the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 5,490. Co. t. Madison. MADISON, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 26,427. Co. t. Huntsville. 30 350 MAD-MAD Fate, fMr, fMll, fMt; me, mkt; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; 05 as in good; MADISON, a co. in the W. central part of Miss., between the Bi, Black and Pearl rivers. Pop. 18,173. Co. seat, Canton. MADISON, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ark., bordering on Mo Pop. 4,823. Co. t. Sevierville. MADISON, a co. in the WV part of Tenn., midway between the Mi[" aissippi and Tennessee rivers. Pop. 21,470. Co. t. Jackson. MADISON, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., S. of, and bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 15,727. Co. t. Richmond. MADISON, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, W. of Columbas. Pop. 10,015. Co. t. London. MADISON, a co. in the E. central part of Ind., intersected by the White r. Pop. 12,375. Co. t. Andersontown. MADISON, a co. in the south-westerly part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 20,436. Co. t. Edwardsville. MADISON, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., on the St. Francis r., near its source. Pop. 6,003. Co. t. Fredericktown. MADISON, a city of Ind., cap. of Jefferson co., on the Ohio, 85 m., in a straight line, S. S. E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 8,037. MADISON. See WISCONSIN. MAD-RASI or FORT ST. GEORGE, the cap. of Southern India, situated on the Coromandel Coast. The position of this town is very unfavourable to maritime commerce, on account of the rapid current which runs along the coast, and the dangerous surf which beats against the shore. Fort St. George was founded by the English in 1639; it was soon after surrounded by a town, which has since become very populous. The number of inhabitants, in 1822, amounted to 462,000, of whom nearly all are natives. The Observatory is in 13~ 4' 9" N. Lat., and 80~ 15' 56" E. Lon. Madras also gives its name to the most southerly of the three presidencies into which the British empire in India is divided, comprehending the whole of Hindostan, S. of the r. Krishna, besides some other districts. MAD-RID! (Sp. pron. maD-ReeDI, almost miTH-ReeT'r), the cap. of Spain, is situated nearly in the centre of the Spanish peninsula, in a sterile plain surrounded by mountains, at an elevation of more than 2,000 ft. above the level of the sea. It is enclosed by a brick wall 20 ft. high, with 15 gates, which are mostly built of coarse gray granite. Owing to the sterility of the surrounding country, and the total absence of good houses and pleasure-gardens in the neighbourhood, the exterior view of the town is any thing but inviting. The interior, however, is not devoid of beauty. The houses are well constructed, and the principal streets are, with few exceptions, wide and handsome. Among the remarkable edifices of Madrid, we may notice the new palace of the king, which is perhaps the finest royal residence in Europe. It has four fronts, 470 ft. in length and 100 ft. high; and its interior is decorated in a style of costly magnificence. The Spanish capital contains a great nlumber of literary and scientific establishments, but they are said, not generally to have kept pace with the march of improvement in other parts of Europe. There are, however, several institutions which enjoy a high reputation; among which we may cite the Spanish MAD-MAG 351 ou, as in our; th, as in tAlil; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Academy (La Academia de la Lengua, i. e. " the Academy of the Language"), founded in 1724, in imitation of the French Academy, and intended to be, like that body, the supreme tribunal in matters of literature: the Museum of Natural History, in which public lectures are given on various sciences, including mathematics, and which contains a splendid collection of minerals from the Spanish dominions in America, besides specimens in the other departments of natural history. There are two extensive libraries open to the public; one founded by Philip V., in 1712, which contains 150,(600 vols., besides a very large collection of manuscripts, and a museum of medals and antiquities. Lat. 400 25' N., Lon. 3~ 42' W. The population in 1845 was 206,740. -Adj. and inhab. MAD'-RI-LE-Nj.-AN (Borrow)-Spanish, MADRILENO, maid-re-lanel-yo. MADURA. See JAVA. MAELA.REN. See MXLAREN. MAELSTROM. See LOFFODEN. MAESE. See MEUsE. MAESTRICHT or MAASTRICIHT, masts-triKt, (Anc. Trajecttum ad Mot. sam,*) a strongly fortified t. of Holland, cap. of the Dutch part of the prov. of Limburg, on the Meuse or Maas, 14 m. N. by E. of Liege. In the vicinity is the mountain of St. Peter (Petersberg), remarkable for its immense stone quarries, which extend over a tract of 12 leagues in circumference, traversed, it is said, by 20,000 passages, which cross each other in all directions, forming such an intricate labyrinth that it is dangerous to enter it without an experienced guide. The inhabitants of the surrounding country, it is said, have found, in time of war, a safe refuge in this quarry, both for themselves and their cattle. Some parts of this mountain are supposed to have been worked 2,000 years ago. Lat. of the town, 50~ 51' N., Lon. 50 41' E. Pop. 22,000. (P. C.) MAG-A-DOXI-A or MAG-A-DOXI-O (Port. pron. mag-a-dol-sho: called by the inhabitants Mak'o-Ajoot), a t. on the E. coast of Africa, cap. of a kingdom of the same name, of which very little is known to Europeans. Lat. about 20 N., Lon. 450 20' E. MAG-DA-LEf-NA (Sp. pron. mag-d'a-lt-na), the principal r. of New Granada, in S. America. It rises in the little lake Papas (palf-ps), among the Andes, in about 1~ 50' N. Lat. and 76~ 30' W. Lon., and, flowing northerly, empties itself into the Caribbean Sea, in about 11~ 10' N. Lat. and 740 45' W. Lon. Its entire length is estimated at above 800 m. It is navigable as far as Honda, more than 500 m. MAGI-DE-VBURG (Ger. pron. maAGf-deh-b65oG'), a city of Germany, cap. of the prov. of Prussian Saxony and of a gov. of its own name, on the Elbe, 74 m. S. W. of Berlin. This place is very strongly fortified, and is one of the most important bulwarks of the Prussian monarchy. It * Maestricht is supposed to be a corruption of Mos&e Trajectum, i. e. the'' bridge or passage of the Meuse," there having been a bridge over the river, at this place, in very early times. 352 M1AG-MIAI Fate, fir, fill, fAt; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; is also the centre of an active commerce, and possesses various and extensive manufactures. Among the buildings we may mention the Cathedral, remarkable for its size; it has two steeples, 350 ft. in height, and one of the largest bells in Europe. The literary and scientific institutions, as well as the charitable establishments of this town, are numerous and well conducted. Lat. 52~ 8' N., Lon. 11~ 39' E. Pop. 50,000. (P. C.) MAGELLAN, maj-elf-lan,* (Sp. pron. mi-HSl-yant,) STRAIT OF, at the S. extremity of S. America, between Patagonia and Terra del Fuego. Its whole length, following its windings, is more than 300 m. It was discovered in 1520, by the great Portuguese navigator, Magalhaens (mag-al-ya'-ens), then in the service of Spain, and called, in honour of him, the Strait of Magalhaens. The Spaniards changed the name to Magellan, which, in their language, expresses a sound not very different from that of the Portuguese Magalhaens. MAGGIORE, LAGO, laf-go maj-jot-ri, or the " large lake," (Anc. Lalcus Verbalnus; Ger. Langensee, lIngf-en-sIl, or long lake,") next to Garda the largest lake in Italy, lying partly between Piedmont and Lombardy, and partly in the Swiss canton of Tessin or Ticino. It is intersected by the 46th parallel of N. Lat. and the meridian of 8~ 40' E. Lon.; having a length of above 40 m., with a breadth varying from 1 to 6 m. Its surface is 578 ft. above the level of the sea; its greatest depth is stated by McCulloch to be not less than 300 fathoms! MAGINDANAO. See MINDANAO. MAGNESIA. See MANISSA. MAHANUDDY, mdh'-hba-nud/-de, a r. of Hindostan, which rises in about 21~ 30' N. Lat. and 81~ E. Lon., and, flowing easterly, enters the Bay of Bengal, by several mouths, in about 20~ 10' N. Lat., after a course of more than 500 m. MAHON, ma-honel or ma-one/, or PORT MAHON, a seaport t. near the E. S. E. extremity of the island of Minorca, remarkable for possessing one of the finest and safest harbours in the world. Lat. 390 51' N., Lon. 40 18' E. Pop. unknown.t MAID/-STONE, a t. of England, in Kent, 31 m. E. S. E. of London. Pop. of the borough, including an area of near 7 sq. m., 18,086. MAIN or MAYN, mine, a r. of Germany, which rises in the northern part of Bavaria, and after a very circuitous course, falls into the Rhine, nearly opposite to Mentz. The whole length is about 230 m. Though # "From cold Estotiland and south as far Beneath MAGELLAN."-MILTON'S Paradise Lost, Book X. "Gliding through MAGELAN'S straits, Where two oceans ope their gates, What a spectacle awaits!" MONTGOMERY'S Voyage round the World. t McCulloch states the population of Port Mahon at about 19,000, but this is evidently a mistake. The P. C. gives 19,000 for the population of the district or trmino of Mahon; that of the whole island is only about 35,000. MAI-MALe 353 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. shallow, it is of nearly uniform depth, and navigable throughout seveneighths of its course. MAINE, mane, one of the former provinces of France, now chiefly distributed among the departments of Sarthe, Mayenne, and Orne. MAINE. one of the U. S., situated between 430 4' and 47~ 30' N. Lat., and 66~ 50' and 710~ V. Lon.; bounded on the E. by New Brunswick, N. and W. by Canada and New Hampshire, and S. by the Atlantic; and divided into 13 counties.* Extreme length, according to the boundary established in 1842, about 320m.; greatest breadth, from E. to WV., about 200 m. The area is estimated at 32,000 sq. m.; according to the former boundary it is supposed to have exceeded 35,000 sq. m. Pop. 583,088. Augusta is the capital. Maine originally formed a part of the territory of Massachusetts: it was separated, and became an independent state in 1820. MAINE AND LOIRE (Fr. Maine-et-Loire, mane a lwaR), a dep. in the W. part of France, on the rivers Mayenne and Loire. Pop. 477,270. (B.) Capital, Angers. MAINI-L.&ND, the largest and most southerly of the Shetland Islands, is about 52 m. in length, and 20 in its greatest breadth. The form is very irregular, and the island, for the most part, craggy, mountainous, and barren. MAJ-ORa-cA (Sp. Mallorca, mal-yoRa-ca), the largest of the Balearic Isles, situated in the Mediterranean, between 390 15' and 400 N. Lat., and 2~ 23' and 30 32' E. Lon. It is about 60 m. long, measuring nearly E. and W.; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., is 47 m. Majorca belongs to Spain, from the nearest part of which it is distant nearly 110 m. This island is very fertile, though the general surface of the country is hilly. Pop. about 140,000. (P. C.) The climate is described as being exceedingly mild and delightful. Palma is the capital, and the largest town on the island. Majorca and Minorca were. anciently named Gymnesim; while the epithet of Major, or " the larger," was given the former, and that of Minor, or " the smaller," to the latter island.-Adj. and inhab. MAJ-OR/-CAN or MALLORQUINE, mal'-lor-keenf; (Sp. Mallorquin, mal-yoa-keent.) MAL'-A-BARI, a name usually applied to the whole W. coast of Hin dostan, from Cape Comorin to Bombay; but, strictly speaking, it denotes only that dist. or prov., with the adjoining coast, in which the Malabaric language is spoken, which does not extend beyond 120 30' N. Lat. -Adj. MAL'-A-BARf-IC. MA.-LXAC-CA a t. of S. Asia, the cap. of a small colony of the same name, belonging to Great Britain, is situated on the W. coast of the Malay peninsula. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, but since the foundation of Singapore, in 1819, it has sunk into compa. rative insignificance. Lat. 2~ 10' N., Lon. 1020 5' E. Pop. in 1822 12,000. (P. C.) Aroostook, Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Kennebec, Lincoln Oxford, Pe. nobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset, V Waldo, Washington, York. 30* 354 MAL-MAL Fhte, fMr, fll, ft; m&, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; MALACCA, STRAIT OF, is situated between the Malay peninsula and the island of Sumatra. Its breadth in some places is less than 30 m.; its whole length is about 600 m. MAL/ —G4. or mial/-a'-g (Anc. Malfaca), the principal seaport of the Spanish prov. of Granada, situated on a bay in the Mediterranean, with a fine harbour. From the earliest ages, under all the nations who have possessed it, this place has been renowned for its commerce; and at present it is the only flourishing city in Andalusia. (P. C.) Lat. 36~ 43' N., Lon. 4~ 25' W. Pop. stated at 52,000. (B.) MALAISIA, mal-af-she-a, (Fr. Malaisle, mA'-l1'-zef,) or the MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, called also the INDIAN, and sometimes the EASTErN ARCHIPELAGO, the most western and most important of the three great divisions of Oceanica, is situated between 12~ S. and 21~ N. Lat., and 950 and 133~ E. Lon. It comprehends the Philippine and Molucca groups, the large islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and a multitude of smaller islands. The line which separates Malaisia from Polynesia, runs W. of Papua and E. of Gilolo, Mysol, and Ceram. (See OCEANICA.) Malaisia derives its name from the circumstance that the inhabitants, for the most part, belong to the great Malay race.-Adj. MALAISIAN, mal-at-she-an. MXLAREN, mhf-lar-en, a lake of Sweden, about 70 m. in length, which communicates with the Baltic at Stockholm. MALAY PENINSULA, called also the PENINSULA OF MALACCA or MALAYA (mal-a-ya), a long and narrow territory in Chin India, forming the most southern part of the continent of Asia, situated between 1~ 15' and about 12~ N. Lat., and 980 and 1040 20' E. Lon. It is about 800 m. long, with a breadth varying from 50 to above 180 m. Area estimated at 80,000 sq. m. The soil appears to be, in general, not distinguished for fertility; but the mineral wealth of this region is remarkable. Gold is found in all the rivers, and is also obtained from mines in quantities sufficient to justify the name of Chersonesus Aurea, or the "' golden peninsula," which the ancients gave to this country. Tin is also found in abundance. The inhabitants of the peninsula are Siamese and Malays; the former occupy that portion which is N. of the 5th or 6th degree of N. Lat., and the Malays the remainder.-Adj. MAL-AYIAN and MAL-AYI; inhab. MALAY. The MALAYS, according to Blumenbach, constitute the fourth grand division of the human race. In form they are short and robust. The medium height of the men may be 5 ft. 2 inches; that of the women 4 ft. 11 inches. The face is round, the mouth wide, and the teeth, in general, remarkably fine. These people have great mental activity, and eagerly apply themselves to commerce and navigation. (P. C.) Some of them appear to have made considerable advancement in civilization, and to be well acquainted with agriculture and the mechanic arts. They have also made some progress in medicine and in music. The Malays are spread not only over the islands of the Malay Archipelago, Madagascar, and the southern part of the Asiatic continent, but appear also to be found even in the relotest parts of Polynesia. 1MAL-MAN 355 ou, as in our; th, as in thill; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MALf-DiVE, or MALI-DIVE ISLANDS (called by the natives Mal-e-deet. va, from Mal6, the principal island, and deeva, a word signifying " island"), a chain of small islands in the Indian Ocean, extendino from about 1~ S. to 70 N. Lat., and situated between 72~ 30' and 740 E. Lon. The whole number is near 700. Total pop. stated at 19,000. MALI-LOW, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, 18 m. N. by W. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 7,099. (M.) M.LM, mall-m6, a fortified seaport t. of Sweden, in the prov. of Skane, the cap. of the dist. of Malm6hus (malt-mo-hooce), situated on the sound nearly opposite to Copenhagen. Lat. 550 37' N., Lon. 13~ 1' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) MALO, SAINT, SAN ma'-l6t, a fortified and walled t. of France, in the Ille and Vilaine, situated on the Channel (La Manche), with a harbour large and safe, but difficult of access, on acount of the narrowness of its entrance, and of the rocks and shoals which obstruct it. The tide here is said to be higher than in any other part of the European coast. St. Malo has an active commerce and considerable manufactures. Lat. 48~ 39' N., Lon. 2~ 1' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) MAL-TA (Anc. Mellita), an i. in the Mediterranean, belonging to the English, about 55 m. S. from the nearest part of Sicily, and intersected by the parallel of 350 50' N. Lat., and the meridian of 14~ 30' E. Lon. It is about 17 m. in length, and 9 in its greatest breadth. Pop. in 1837, 104,521. (P. C.) Valetta is the capital. —Adj. and inhab. MATESE. kMLl-W4A, a prov. of Hindostan, on the r. Nerbuddah, situated principally between 220 and 26~ N. Lat., and 740 and 80~ E. Lon. MAN, ISLE OF (Anc. Molna, Monalpia, and Monarda), a small i. belonging to Great Britain, in the Irish Sea, about 28 m. from the nearest part of Cumberland. Length, 35 m.; greatest breadth about 13 m. Pop. 47,975.-Adj. MANX. MAN-AARI, GULF OF, is situated between the Island of Ceylon and the S. extremity of Hindostan. MANCHA, LA, la mAnf-chA, a prov. of Spain, in the S. part of New Castile, bordering on Andalusia. —Adj. and inhab. MAN-CHEI-GAN; (Sp Manchego, man-cha/-go.) MANCHE, maNsh, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the English Channel (called by the French La Manche). Pop. 594,382. (B.) Capital, St. L6. MANI-CHES-TER, the great centre of the cotton manufacture of Great Britain, and the principal manufacturing town in the world, is situated in Lancashire, on the Irwell, a branch of the Mersey, 31 m. E. of Liverpool, and 163 N. N. W. of London. A multitude of mean-looking houses, in which the manufacturers lodge, a number of irregular, narrow, and ill-paved streets, and the continual smoke which rises from so many steam-engines, render the general aspect of this place rather repulsive. The newer parts of the town, however, are, for the most part, of a very different character. The streets are handsome, and several of the public edifices might be accounted ornaments to any x 356 MAN —MAN Fhte, fir, fIll, fMt; mr, mSt; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; oo as in qood; capital in the world. Manchester contains two colleges, besides numnerous other literary institutions. In point of population, it is the third town in the kingdom. Its growth has been greatly promoted by the different canals which terminate here, and by the railways, through which it communicates with all the principal places in England. In 1773, the pop. of this town was estimated to be less than 23,000; in 180()1, it was 76,788; in 1831, it amounted to 187,022; and in 1841, to 242,983. The borough includes an area of above 9 sq. m. Lat. 53~ 29' N., Lon. 2~ 15' W. MANCHOORIA. See MANTCHOORIA. MANI-D4-VEE', a seaport t. of Hindostan, the most populous and commercial t. of Cutch, on the S. coast. Lat. 22~ 50' N., Lon. 69~ 27' E. Pop. in 1818 estimated at 35,000. (B.) MAN-FRE-DOI-NI-A or man-frh-do!-ne-a, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, on a gulf of the Adriatic of the same name. Lat. 4i1~ 38' N., Lon. 15~ 56' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) MANGALORE, mang'-ga-lorel, a seaport t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Canara. Lat. 120 52' N., Lon. 740 54' E. Pop. estimated at above 30,000. (B.) MANHEIM or MANNHEIM, mannt-hime, a handsome t. of Germany, the largest in the grand-duchy of Baden, and the cap. of the circle of the Lower Rhine, is situated on the Rhine, where it is joined by the Neckar, 32 m. N. of Carlsruhe. It is regularly and handsomely built, with broad streets. The palace of the grand-duke is one of the finest buildings of the kind in Germany. The right wing of this edifice contains a gallery of pictures, a cabinet of natural history, a collection of antiquities and of plaster casts of the finest ancient statues, and a library of 60,000 vols. Manheim has also a gymnasium, an academy of paintings and sculpture, and various other institutions. This place is a free port, and has an extensive trade. The observatory is in 49~ 29' 14" N. Lat., and 8~ 27' 51" E. Lon. Pop. above 22,000. (B.) MANILLA. See LuzoN. MAN-TSI-SA (Anc. Magnelsia), a commercial t. of Asia Minor, 25 m. N. E. of Smyrna. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (B.) MANITOUWOC, man'-e-too-wokf, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bor dering on L. Michigan. Pop. 235. MANRESA, man-rka-sa, (Anc. Minorisa,) a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 34 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 13,000. (M.) MANS, LE, leh maiN, (Anc. Suindinum, afterwards Cenomani,) the cap of the French dep. of Sarthe, and formerly of the prov. of Maine, is situated on the r. Sarthe, 115 m. W. S. W. of Paris. It contains a public library of 45,000 vols., and several other institutions. Lat. 48~ N., Lon. 0~ 12' E. Pop. 20,000. (B.) MANT-CHoot-RX%- or MANDSHOORIA, a country in the N. E. part of Asia, belonging to China, between 41~ and 56~ N. Lat., and 117~ and 140~ E. Lon., and bordering on the Sea of Japan. It is chiefly remarkable as the original seat of the present ruling dynasty of China. The'nhabitants are Tartars.-Adj. and inhab. MANTI-CHOO. MAN —MAR 357 on, as in our; th, as in thin; Ti, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MANI-TU-A (It. Mantova, mAnl-to-vA), an ancient and celebrated t. in the N. of Italy, the cap. of a delegation of the same name, on the Mincio, 21 m. S. S. W. of Verona. - It is nearly surrounded by lakes, partly natural and partly formed by the damming up of the river. It is regularly fortified, and is perhaps the strongest bulwark of Austrian Italy. Among the remarkable buildings of Mantua, we may notice the Cathedral, one of the finest in Italy, adorned with many excellent paintings; and the Public Library and Museum, containing 80,000 printed vols., besides many manuscripts, and a sculpture gallery, which ranks next after those of Rome, Florence, and Naples. That which perhaps has contributed more than anything else to the fame of Mantua. is the circumstance that Virgil was born in the vicinity of this town, whence he has been ca]led the " Mantuan bard." Lat. 450 9' N., Lon. 10~ 48' E. Pop. 28,000. (B.) MANZANARES, man-thamn-~A-res, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of La Mancha, about 100m. S. of Madrid. Lat. 390 N., Lon. 30 23' W. Pop. 9,100. (M.) MARACAYBO or MARACAIsO, mar-a-kil-bo, a fortified city of Venezuela, cap. of the dep. of Zulia, on the W. shore of the strait connecting L. Maracaybo with the sea. Lat. 100 39' N., Lon. 710 40' W. Pop. about 20,000. (B.) MARACAYBO, LAKE OF, is situated in the N. part of Venezuela, extending frtom about 9~ to ]0~ 40' N. Lat., and from about 70~ 50' to 72~ 10' W. Lon. Length above 110 m.; greatest breadth about 80 in. In its form it resembles a decanter. The strait by which it is connected with the Gulf of Maracaybo is scarcely 5 m. wide. MAR'-A-NHAM! or MARANHXO, mar'-an-ya!-o, (Port. pron. of both words, mar-an-yai-bN,) or SAN Luis, a seaport t. of Brazil, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the W. coast of the Island of Maranham, with a good harbour. Lat. 2~ 32' S., Lon. 440 16' W. Pop. estimated at 28,000. (B.) The ISLAND OF MARANHAM or MARANHXO, situated at the mouth of a r. of the same name, is about 30 m. in length, and 18 in breadth. MARAVEE (Maravi), ma-riA-ve, a large lake in the interior of Africa intersected by the 10th parallel of S. Lat., and the 34th meridian of E. Lon. It is supposed to be above 200 m. long, but little is known with certainty respecting it. MARAANON. See AMAZON. MARBELLA, maa-bell-ya, (Anc. Salduba,) a seaport t. of Spain, in Andalusia. Lat. 36~ 31' N., Lon. 40 53' W. Pop. 4,300. (B.) MARI-BLE-HEAD, a port of entry of Mass., in Essex co., on a peninsula projecting into Massachusetts Bay. Lat. 42~ 30' N., Lon. 70~ 51 W. Pop. of the township, 6,167. MAR/-BURG (Ger. pron. maRl-b6Rac), a t. of Hesse-Cassel, Germany, the cap. of the prov. of Upper Hesse, with a university, founded in 1527, containing a library of 100,000 vols, and attended by about 456 students. Lat. 500 48' N., Lon. 8S 40' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) 358 MAR-MAR Fhte, fMtr, fMll, fMt; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; o5 as in good; MARBURG, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Styria, on the Drave. Lat. 46~ 35' N., Lon. 15~ 43' E. Pop. 4,578. (M.) MARCHE, LA, la-maRsh, one of the provinces into which France was divided before the revolution, now chiefly included in the deps. of Creuse and Upper Vienne. MAR-DEMEN/ (Mardin), a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Mesopotamia, built on a mountain of limestone. Lat. 37~ 20' N., Lon. 40~ 35' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) MAR-EN/-GO, a village of N. Italy, in the Sardinian states, 31 m. E. S. E. of Alessandria, memorable fbr a great victory won by Napoleon over the Austrians, in 1800. MARENGO, a co. in the W. part of Ala., bordering on the Tombigbee. Pop. 27,831. Co. t. Linden. MARGARITA, mar-ga-reel-ta, an i. off the N. coast of SO America, belonging to Venezuela. Lat. about 110 N. Lon. 640 W. Length about 45 tn.; greatest breadth above 20 m. MARGATE, marf-get, a seaport, watering-place, and one of the prettiest towns of England, in Kent, on the Isle of Thanet, 65 m. E. by S. of London. Its fine baths are said to be frequented by 30,000 or 40,000 persons annually. Pop. of the parish, with an area of near 6 sq. m., 11,050. MAI-RX-ENN-BERG' (Ger. pron. m~a-reel-en-beRG', a t. in the kingdom of Saxony, 2,000 ft. above the level of the sea, with mines of silver, iron, tin, and cobalt, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 500 40' N., Lon. 13~ 5' E. M'A/-RX-EN-BURaG' (Ger. pron. ma-reel-en-b55RG'), a t. of W. Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated on the Nogath (nofgaat), an arm of the Vistula, 27 m. S. S. E. of Dantzic. It is chiefly celebrated as having been the seat of the grand-master of the Teutonic Order from 1309 to 1466. The remains of the palace of the Order are represented as extremely grand. Lat. 540 1' N., Lon. 19~ 2' E. Pop. 5,600. (B.) MAI,-RX-EN-W.ER-DER (Ger. pron. ma-reef-en-WeRt-der), a well-built t. of Prussia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, 2 or 3 m. from the right bank of Vistula, and 44 m. S. by E. of Dantzic. Pop. 5,520. (M.) MARIENZELL, ma-reef-en-tsellf, or MARIAZELL, mi-reel-A-tsellt, i. e. the "cell or shrine of [Saint] Mary," a small t. of Styria, with a church and famous statue of the Virgin. It has been called the Loretto of Austria, being the most celebrated place of pilgrimage in the empire. It is said to be annually visited by about 100,000 persons. Distant 56 m. S. W. from Vienna. MARIGLIANO, ma-reel-ya'-no, a t. of Naples, 12 m. N. E. of the capital. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (M.) MAIRINO, SAN. See SAN-MARINO. MA/-RI-QN, a dist. in the E. of S. C., intersected by the Great Pedee, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 17,407. Seat of justice, Marion c. h. MARIoN, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers. Pop. 10,280. Co. t. Tazewell. MAR-MAR 359 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MARION, a co. in the N. VW. part of Ala., bordering on Miss. Pop. 7,833. Co. t. Pikeville. MARION, a co. in the S. part of Miss., intersected by Pearl r., and bordering on La. Pop. 4,410. Co. seat, Columbia. MARION, a co. in the N. part of Ark., intersected by the White r., and bordering on Mo. Pop. 2,302. Co. t. Yellville. MARION, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. and Ga. Pop. 6,314. Co. t. Jasper. MARiON, a co. nearly in the centre of Ky. Pop. 11,765. Co. t. Lebanon. MARION, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ohio, on the Scioto. Pop. 12,618. Co. t. Marion. MARION, a co. in the centre of Ind., intersected by the White r. Pop. 24,013. Co. t. Indianapolis. MARION, a co. in the S. central part of Ill., a little E. of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 6,720. Co. t. Salem. MARION, a co. in the No. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 12,230. Co. t. Palmyra. MARITZA, mna-ritf-sa, or MAR-W1-s.A (Anc. Hefbrus), a r. of European Turkey, which has its source in the Balkan Mountains, and flowing first easterly, and then southerly, empties itself into a small bay of the Archipelago, called the Gulf of Enos. Its whole course is above 300 m. MARLn-1o0-Rouau, a dist. forming the N. E. extremity of S. C. Pop. 10,789. Seat of justice, Marlborough c. h. MARI-Mo-aXQ or MAR-MA-RA, SEA, OF (Anc. Proponttis), is situated between Europe and Asia, communicating with the Grecian Archipelago by the strait of the Dardanelles, and with the Black Sda by the Bosphorus. Its extreme length is above 160 m.; its greatest breadth near 50 m. This sea receives its appellation from Marmora (Anc. Proconnetsus), a small island towards its western extremity, which has long been celebrated for its marble quarries, whence it is supposed to derive its name; marmor (in the plural marmora) being the Latin word for "6 marble." MARNE, a r. in the N. of France, which flows into the Seine, 2 m. or 3 m. above Paris. MARNE, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the r. Marne. Pop. 345,245. (B.) Capital, Chhlons-sur-Marne. MARNE, UPPER, (Fr. Haute Marne, ote maRn,) a dep. in the N. E. part of France, intersected by the r. Marne, and bordering on the preceding dep. Pop. 255,969. (B.) Capital, Chaumont. MAROScH, mAl-rosh, (Hung. Maros, mbr-osh,) a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in the E. part of Transylvania, and flowing west. erly, falls into the Theiss, opposite to Szegedin, in Hungary. Its length is above 300 m. "s "And you and I may chance ere morning rise To find our way to MARMORA without boats."-BYRoN. 3G0 MAR-MAR Fhte, far, fall, fAt; mI, m6t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t,; o5 as in good; MAROS-V.SrIAtHELY, mdr'-oshf-vaa-sh6R'-heVI, or Szekely (si-kel) Vdsarhely, (Ger. Neumarkt, noif-lnaRkt, i. e. "new market,'") a royal free t. of Transylvania, on the r. Marosch, 53 m. N. N. E. of Hermanstadt. It contains a Protestant college, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, and a noble library of 80,000 vols., which is open to the public. Lat. 46~ 31' N., Lon. 24~ 31' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) MARQUESAS, mar-k l/-sas, sometimes called the MENDAfiA (men-danfya) ARCHIPELAGO, from the name of the discoverer, a group of small islands in the Pacific, between 70 50' and 10~ 30' S. Lat., and 138~ and 141~ W. Lon. Nukahiva (noo-ka-heef-va), the largest, is about 20 m. long, and 1.2 ml. broad. MARQUETTE, mar-kettt, a co. in the central part of Wisconsin, a little E. of the Wisconsin r. Pop. 8,642. Co. t. Marquette. MARSALA, maa-sad-l', a seaport t. at the W. extremity of Sicily, near the site of the ancient Lilybcefum or Lilybieum, celebrated for its wines, which form an important article of exportation. It has a royal college, and about 21,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 37~ 48' N., Lon. 12~ 27' E. MARSEILLES, mar-sailzf, (Fr. Marseille, maR'-saiil or maR'-s'le; Lat. Massillia; Gr. Macamk,) a large commercial city and seaport of France, the cap of the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, situated on the E. side of a small bay of the Gulf of Lyons. Its harbour is a fine basin, about 1,000 yards in length, and extending into the very centre of the city. Its depth varies from 12 to 24 ft., so that it is exceedingly well adapted for moderate-sized merchantmen, but not for ships of the largest dimensions. The trade of Marseilles is very extensive and rapidly increasing; and the revenue derived from customs is greatei than that of any other town in France, not even excepting Le Havre. This city contains, among other institutions, a national college, a school of navigation, an academy of sciences, belles-lettres and arts, and a public library of 60,000 vols. Massilia was founded about 600 years before Christ, by a colony of Greeks, from Phocea. It was evidently a place of great importance, in the time of Julius Caesar. In the middile ages, we find it holding a distinguished place both as a commercial and warlike power. The Marseillais appear to have been actively engaged in the crusades; and in the third crusade, several armaments sailed from their port. For a short time in the early part of the 13th century, Marseilles constituted an independent republic. The Observa. tory is in Lat. 43~ 17' 50" N., Lon. 5~ 22' 15" E. The pop. of the whole commune, in 1836, was 146,239 (B.), but at present it is said to exceed 170,000.-Adj. and inhab. MARSEILLAIS or MARSEILLOIS, mar'-sale'-yh/ or mar'-sk'-ya; feminine, MARSEILLAISE, mnar'-sale'-yazel; and MASSILt-X.-AN, when the ancient town is referred to. MARI-SHALL, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 10,138. Co. t. Elizabethtown. See Int. XIX., 18. MAR-MAR 361 ou, as in our; th, as'in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MARSHALL, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., intersected by the Tennessee r. Pop. 8,846. MARSHALL, a co. in the N. part of Miss., bordering on Tennessee. Pop. 29,689. Co. seat, Holly Springs. MARSHALL, a co. in the S. W. central part of Tenn., on the head waters of the Duck r. Pop. 15,616. MARSHALL, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., on Tet n. r. p. 5,269. MARSHALL, a co. in the N. part of Ind., midway between the Wabash and Erie Canal and the S. border of Mich.. Pop. 5,348. Co. t. Plymouth. MARSHALL, a co. in the N. central part of Ill., intersected by Illi-.ois r. Pop. 5,180. Co. t. Lacon. MAR'-Tk-BAN1, a t. of the Birman empire, formerly the cap. of a prov of the same name, on the r. Salwin (Than-lyeng), near its mouth. Lat 16~ 28' N., Lon. 97~ 40' E. Pop. uncertain. MARTA SANTA. See SANTA MARTA. MARTIGUES, LES, 1B maa'-teegl, a well-built t. in the S. of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone. Lat. 430 23' N., Lon. 5~ 2' E. Pop. in 1831, 5,335. (P. C.) MAR/-TIN, a co. in the E. part of N. C., bordering on the Roanoke, Pop. 8,307. Co. t. Williamston. MARTIN, a co. in the S. part of Ind.. intersected by the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 5,941. Co. t. Mt. Pleasant. MARTINIQUE, mar'-tin-eekt, (Sp. Martinico, maR-te-neef-ko,) one of the West India Islands, belonging to the French, intersected by the parallel of 140 40' N. Lat. and 61st meridian of W. Lon. Length about 45 m.; mean breadth about 12 m. Pop. in 1836, 117,502. (M.) Fort Royal, in the S. W. part of the island, is the capital. Pop. 7,000. (B.) The celebrated empress of France, Josephine, was a native of Martinique. MARTINS, ST., a parish in the S. part of La., W. of, and bordering on the Atchafalaya r. Pop. 11,107. Seat of justice, St. Martinsville. MARWAR. See JOODPOOR. MA/-RY-LAND, one of the thirteen original U. S., extending from about 38~ to 390 42' N. Lat., and from about 750 toR9~0 25' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the Atlantic, and S. and W. by Virginia; and divided into 19 counties.* The length, from E. to W., according to Tanner's Map, is only about 208 m.; but some others make it near 230 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 120 m. Area estimated from about 9,500 to near 14,000 sq. m. Pop. 583,035; consisting of 418,590 whites, 74,077 free coloured persons, and 90,368 slaves. Annapolis is the capital-Inhab. MAI-RY-LAND-ER. MAI-RY-PORT, a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Cumberland, on Solway Frith, 25m. S. W. of Carlisle. Pop. 5,311. * Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Caroline, Cecil, Charles, Dorchester, Frederick, Harford, Kent, Mary's, St., Montgomery, Prince George's, Queen Anne's, Somerset, Talbot, Washington, Worcester. 31 362 MAR-MAT FAte, fhr, fll, fat; m6, m6t; pine or pine, pin nb, n6t; io as in good; MARY'S, ST.; a co. of Maryland, occupying the angle between the Potomac and the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 13,698. Co. t. Leonf-ardtown. MARY'S, ST., a parish in the S. part of La., at the mouth of the Atchafalaya r. Pop. 8,808. Seat of justice, Franklin. MARY'S, ST., a port of entry of Ga., in Camden co., on a r. of its ~wn naine. MA/-SQN, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., intersected by the Kanawha, and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 7,539. Co. t. Point Pleasant. MASON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 18,344. Co. t. Washington. MASON (Notipescago), a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan. Pop.93. MASON, a co. in the W. central part of Ill., on the Illinois r., at the mouth, of the Sangamon. Pop. 5,921. MAS'-S4-CHUI-SETTS, one of the thirteen original U. S., extending from 410 30' to 42~ 53' N. Lat., and from about 70~ to 730 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by New Hampshire and Vermont, E. by the Atlantic, S. by the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and W. by New York; and divided into 14 counties.* Length, from the S. W. extremity to the most easterly part of the peninsula of Cape Cod, above 180 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 93 m. Area, 7,800 sq. m. Pop. 994,499. Boston is the seat of government. MASULIPATAM, mas-soo'-le-pa-tamf, a fortified seaport t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of the Northern Circars, at the mouth of one of the arms of the Krishna, and the cap. of a dist. of the same name; its harbour is the best on the Coromandel Coast. This town has long been famous for the manufacture of chintzes. Lat. 16 11' N., Lon. 81~ 13' E. Pop. supposed to be about 75,000. (B.) MAT-ANI-ZAS or ma-tAnf-thas, aseaport t. of Cuba, second only to Havana in commercial importance. Lat. 22' 2' N., Lon. 81" 38' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (M.) MAT-A-PANI, CAPE (Anc. T'nafrium Promonto/riuin), the most southern point of Greece. Lat. 36~ 23' 20" N., Lon. 22~ 30' E. MATARO, ma-ta-rof, a seaport and manufacturing t. of Spain, in Cata. lonia. Lat. 41~ 32' N., Lon. 2~ 27'E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.) MAT-AR-EE/-YEH, often written MATARIA or MATARYEH, (Anc. Heliop'olis, i. e. the " city of the sun,") a village of Lower Egypt, remarkable for the remains of edifices belonging to the ancient On or Hon, called afterwards Heliopolis, by the Greeks, on account of its magnificent temple, dedicated to the sun. Lat. 30~ 48' N., Lon., 31~ 58' E. MATTHEWS, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering or Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 6,714. Seat of justice, Matthews c. h. MATHURA, matf-oo-r6a, sometimes written, and usually pronounced MUT/-TRA, an ancient t. of Hindostan, supposed to have been the birth" Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Worcester. MAT-MAY 363 on, as in our; tll, as in tihin; TIT, as in this; N, nearly like ng. place of the deity Krishna, on which account it is highly venerated by the Hindoos. Lat. 270 31' N., Lon. 770 33' E. MATURA, ma-tootfra, a small fortified t. at the S. extremity of Ceylon, remarkable for a celebrated temple of Boodha, in its vicinity. Lat. 5~ 58' N., Lon. 800 39' E. MAUCH CHUNK, a town of Pa., capital of Carbon co., on the r. Lehigh, about 70 m. in a straight line N. N. W. of Philadelphia. A railroad, about 8 m. in length, down an inclined plane, connects the coal-mines of Mauch Chunk with the town. The cars, when laden with coal, run the whole distance by their own weight, and require no other attention than to have their velocity occasionally moderated by means of a brake. They are drawn up by mules, which are rewarded for their severe labours by being allowed to ride down, in vehicles made for their especial accommodation. It is a curious fact, that after having become accustomed to the indulgence of riding, no severity or persuasion will induce them to walk down the inclined plane. MAUI, mout-e, sometimes written MOWEE, one of the largest of'the Sandwich Islands. about 25 m. distant from the' N. extremity of Hawaii, and intersected by the 21st parallel of N. Lat. and the meridian of 156~ 30' W. Lon. Length, about 50 m.; greatest breadth, 30 m. Pop. 18,671. Lahaina (la-hif-na) is the principal town. MAU-MEE,I a r. which commences in Indiana, and, flowing through the N. W. part of Ohio, empties itself into Maumee Bay, at the W. end of L. Erie. MAUMEE, a port of entry of Ohio, in Lucas co., on the above r., at the head of boat navigation. M&URA, SANTA. See SANTA MAURA. MAUREPAS, mof-re-pt', a small L. in the eastern part of La., W. of, and communicating with L. Pontchartrain. MAvRITIUS, mau-rishl-e-us, or IsLE OF FRANCE, an i. of the Indian Ocean, intersected by the 20th parallel of S. Lat. and the meridian of 570 30' E. Lon. Length, near 40m.; greatest breadth, about 25m. The area is estimated at 700 m.; the pop. at 100,000 (P. C.); about threefourths of whom were originally negro slaves, now free. Port Louis or Port North West, on the N. W. side of the island, is the capital. Lat. 200 100 S., Lon. 570 29' E. Pop. 26,000. (P. C.) Mauritius, with the neighbouringl island of Bourbon, was discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, and the whole group was called the Mascarenhas (mas-ka-renf-yasl) Islands, from the name of the discoverer. The Dutch afterwards took possession of Mauritius, which they named in honour of Maurice (in Latin Mauritius), the stadtholder cf the Netherlands. In 1715, it fell into the hands of the French, who called it the Isle de France, but, in 1810, it was taken from them by the British, in whose possession it has since remained. MAU!-RY, a co. in the S. W. central part of Tenn., intersected by Duck r. Pop. 29,520. Co. t. Columbia. MAYENNE, mA'-yennt, a dep. in the W. N. W. part of France, inter 36t4 MAY-MEC Fate, far, fMl, fMt; md, mdt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo5 as in good; sected by a r. of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 361,765. (B.) Capital, Laval. MAYENNE, a manufacturing t. of France, in the above dep., on the r. Mayenne, 18 m. N. N. E. of Laval. Pop. 8,790. (M.) MAYN. See MAIN. MAYI-O, a co. in the W. part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 367,956. (P. C.) MAYI-VILLE, a t. of Ky., in Mason co., on the Ohio, about 60 m. N. E. of Lexington. Pop. 4,255. MAZANDERAN, mt-zanl-der-anf, usually pronounced, by the Persians, Ma-zAnf-der-oon/, a prov. in the N. of Persia, S. of, and bordering on the Caspian Sea. MAZZARA mat-sal-ra, (Anc. Mazarum,) a fortified seaport t. of Sicily. on the S. W. coast, near the W. extremity of the island. Lat. 370 40' N., Lon. 12~ 34' E. Pop. estimated at 8,00f). (B.) MEADE, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 7,393. Co. t. Brandenburg. MEAD!-VILLE, the cap. of Crawford co., Pa., on French creek, a branch of the Alleghany r., about 32 m., in a straight line, S. of Erie. It is the seat of Alleghany College, founded in 1815. MEATH, meeTH, a co. in the E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, bordering on the sea. Pop. 176,826. (P. C.) MEAUX, mr, (Anc. Jatinum, afterwards Meldi,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Marne, on the r. Marne, 25 m. E. N. E. of Paris. It contains a museum, a public library of 11,000 vols., and other institutions. Lat. 480 58' N., Lono 2~ 53' E. Pop. in 1831, 8,481. (P. C.) MEc/-cA, a celebrated city of Arabia, in the prov. of Hedjaz, remarkable as being the birth-place of Mahomet, and the great centre or capital of the Moslem religion. It is situated in a sterile valley, in the midst of mountains, about two days' journey E. of its port Jidda, on the Red Sea. The most remarkable edifice is the temple of the Kaaba (kaal-ba); a massive structure, forming an oblong square, 18 paces long, 14 broad, and nearly 40 ft. high, covered by an immense curtain of black silk, on which is inscribed, in letters of gold, the sentence which imbodies the essential part of the Mahometan's creed: "There is no god but God; Mahomet is the prophet of God." The sacred fountain of Zem-zem —said to be that found by Hagar, when her son Ishmael was dying of thirst-is enclosed in a substantial square building, with marble basins for ablution, and a room appropriated for pilgrims, who come in crowds to taste, and to be purified by, its waters. Mecca appears to have lost the reputation which it once possessed as a seat of Mahometan learning. Lat. about 210 30' N., Lon. 400 15' E. Pop. uncertain, said to be above 80,000 during the period of pilgrimage (B.); at other times it may be between 20,000 and 30,00()-Adj. and inhab. MECcAWEE, mekf-kai-wee', sometimes written MECCAWAY. MECHLIN, mekf-lin, or MECHELEN, meKf-el-en, (Fr. Malines, ma'leen:') an archiepiscopal city of Belgium, in the prov. of Antwerp, on the Dyle, 14 m. N. N. E. of Brussels. It is regularly -laid out with MEC -MED 365 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIr, as in this; N, nearly like ng. broad, clean, and well-paved streets. The lace manufactured in Mechlin has long been in high repute, and brings a great price: it is said, however, that this branch of business has declined of late. The town has recently acquired additional importance from being the central point at which several railways in Belgium meet. The archbishop of Mechlin is the primate of the kingdom. Lat. 510 2' N., Lon. 40 29 E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) MECKI-LEN-BURG (Ger. pron. mekt-len-b66oR&), a territory of Ger manv, between 530 3' and 540 20' N. Lat., and 10~ 40' and 14~ E. Lon., and divided into two grand-duchies, viz., Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. MECuLENBURG-ScHWERIN (shweR-eenf) constitutes the western and much the larger division of the above territory. Area, 4,833 sq. m. Pop. 482,925. (M.) Schwerin is the capital. MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ (strel'-its) is bounded on the W. by the above, and contains an area of 997 sq. m. Pop. 89,528. (M.) Strelitz is the capital. MECKLENBURG, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Roanoke, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 20,630. Co. t. Boydtown. MECKLENBURG, a co. in the S. S. W. part of N. C., bordering on the Catawba and S. C. Pop. 13,914. Co. t. Charlotte. MEDINA, med-eel-na, (i. e. the " city," so called by way of eminence,) one of the cities held sacred by Mahometans, and, next to Mecca, their principal place of pilgrimage, is situated about 260 tn. N. of Mecca, and about 100 m. N. E. of its port Yembo, on the Red Sea. It is not open, like Mecca, but surrounded with walls about 40 ft. high,* flanked by 30 towers (M.), and is entered by three fine gates. The glory of Medina, is the possession of the tomb which contains the remains of the Prophet. We may remark, that the story long current in Europe, of Mahomet's coffin being suspended in the air by a loadstone, is tiun known in the East. Medina has but little commerce, and scarcely any manufactures. The inhabitants, too numerous to be supported by the productions of the sterile country by which they are surrounded, are said to be maintained, in a great measure, by the gifts which are sent or brought to them by the faithful. Pop. estimated at 18,000. (M.) ME-DiJ-NA, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 24,441. Co. t. Medina. MEDINA SIDONTA, med-eef-nA se-dol-ne-a, an ancient t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 22 m. E. by S. of Cadiz, with extensive manufactures of earthenware. Pop. 9,000. (B.) MED'-IT-ER-RAL-NE-AN SEA (Lat. Matre Mediterralneum; i. e. " midland sea," and Matre Intertnum; i. e. the " inner or inland sea"); a large inland sea, situated between Africa, on the S., and Europe and Asia on the N., extending from about 30~ 20' to 450 40' N. Lat., and from * Balbi says "ninety feet high" (hauts de 90 pieds). This, however, is perhaps a vtypographical error. 31* 3W6 MED-MEL Fate, fir, fMl, fMt; m6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; no, nat; oo as in good; about 5~ 30' W. to 36~ E. Lon. It is rather more than 2,200 m. in length; its greatest breadth, from Venice to the S. extremity of the Bay of Sidra, is about 1,100 m. Area estimated at 690,000 sq. m. The Mediterranean communicates with the Atlantic by the Strait of Gibraltar, with the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marnmora, and the Bosporus. The depth of this sea is very great, it being, in most places, unfathomable. It is said, however, that between Sicily and Tunis, the channel is nowhere more than 30 fathoms deep. The Mediterranean, though poetically termed a "'tideless sea," is not strictly so: in the Adriatic, as well as between that sea and the coast of Africa, the tides rise from 5 to 7 feet, and their influence is also felt more or less along the shores of Sicily and the W. side of the Morea. A great number of rivers flow into the Mediterranean, particularly from the N., and a strong current comes down through the Dardanelles from the Black Sea; yet, so rapid is the evaporation, that a constant influx takes place through the Strait of Gibraltar, in order to preserve its equilibrium with the Atlantic. MEDI-WAY, a r. in the S. E. of England, which flows into the estuary of the Thames, on the right. MEGNA. See BRAHMAPOOTRA. MEHALLET-EL-KEBEER (or el-kebir), meh-hall-let-el-keh-beeRt, i. e. "the great place," an important t. of Lower Egypt, though now much decayed, situated on a canal communicating with the E. branch of the Nile. Lat. 31~ N., Lon. 31~ 12' E. Pop. estimated at above 17,000. (B.) MEiGs, megz, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 4,879. MEIOs, a co.in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 17,971. Co. t. Chester. MEINAM (mA-naml). See CAMBODIA. MEININGEN, mi-ning-en, or MEINuINGEN, mi/-n66ng-en, a small t. of Germany, cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on the Werra. It is -regularly laid out, and well built; and contains a lyceum, a library of 25,000 vols., and other institutions. Lat. 50~ 35' N., Lon. 100 24' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) MEISSEN, mil-cen, a manufacturing t. of the kingdom of Saxony, in a circle of the same name, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, 15 m. N. W. of Dresden. The porcelain manufactured at Meissen is said to rival or surpass that of China in beauty and durability. Pop. 5,000. (B.) MEKI-I-NEZ' or MEKI-NAS, also written MEQUINEZ, a large t. of Morocco, situated in a beautiful and well-watered valley, about 35 m. W: by S. from Fez. Among its-various manufactures, that of leather is the most important. Lat. about 340 N., Lon. 5~ 30' WV. Pop. 56,000. (P. C.) MEL-ROSEI, a small village of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, remarkable for the remains of Melrose Abbey, the finest monastic ruin in that country. It is about 31 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. MEL-MEN 367 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MELI-TON-MOWI-BRAY (m6l-bre), a small t. of England, in Leicestershire, 92 m. N. by W. of London. Pop. of the parish, 3,740. ME-LUNI (Fr. pron. m'luNI; Anc. Melodulnum); cap. of the French dep. of Seine and Marne, situated on the Marne, 25 m. S. E. of Paris. Pop. 6,830. (B.) MEM/-EL or maf-mel, a fortified seaport t. of E. Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, and the most northern town in the Prussian dominions, situated near the N. extremity of the Kurische Haff, about 50 m. N. N. W. of Tilsit. It has a large and safe harbour, with deep water, and a flourishing commerce. Lat. 550 42' N., Lon. 21~ 8' E. Pop. near 10,01)0. (B.) MEMEL RIVER. See NIEMEN. MEM/-MING-EN, a commercial and manufacturing t. of Bavaria, 44 m. S. W. of Augsburg, with a, lyceum and several other institutions. Lat. about 48~ N., Lon. 10~ 12' E. Pop. above 7,000. (B.) MEN-ARDI, a co. in the W. central part of Ill., intersected by the Sangamon. Pop. 6,349. Co. t. Petersburg. MENDE or m~aNd, an ancient t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Lozere, on the Lot. It is badly built, but is well supplied with water from numerous public fountains. Lat. 440 31' N., Lon. 30 30' E. Pop. 5,109. (B.) MEN-Do'-ZA (Sp. pron. men-do'-tha), a t. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the W. side of the L. of Mendoza. Lat. about 320 50' S., Lon. 69~ 15' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 7,000 or 8,000, but some other geographers state it as high as 20,000. MENIN, me-naNt, (Flemish, Meenen, mar-ncn,) a manufacturing t. and fortress of Belgium, in the prov. of W. Flanders, on the Lys, 11 m. N. of Lille. Lat. 500 49' N., Lon. 30 5' E. Pop. 7,909. (P. C.) MENTZ, ments, or MAINZ, mints, (Fr. Mayence, mA'-ytANcel; Anc. Magontiacum or Moguntiacum,) a fortified city of Germany, the cap. of the prov. of Rheinhessen, in Ilesse-Darmstadt, and formerly of the electorate of its own name, is situated on the W.: bank of the Rhine, nearly opposite to its junction with the Main. It is one of the strongest fortresses of Europe, and the chief bulwark of Germany against France. The village of Kastel or Kassel, on the opposite side of the Rhine, is included within its system of fortifications, and is connected with Mentz by a bridge of boats, about 1,800 ft. in length. The town is old fashioned, and, on the whole, badly built, and the streets, with few exceptions, are narrow, crooked, and gloomy. Among the remarkable edifices, we may mention the church of St. Ignatius, which is considered a model of beautiful ecclesiastical architecture; and the magnificent grand-ducal palace, formerly the house of the Teutonic Order. Mentz is remarkable for having given to the world the first complete specimnen of a printed book, and for being the centre whence the typographical art has spread itself over the globe. One of the squares of the city is named in honour of Gutenberg (goof-ten-berg), the inventor of the art of printing with moveable types, and a splendid monument 368 IMEN-MER Fhte, Mfr, fill, fit; m6, nmt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; has recently been erected to his memory. Among its various literary and scientific institutions, Mentz contains a city library of above 90,000 vols., in which are preserved some of the earliest extant specimens of printing. The remains of a Roman bridge over the Rhine, and an aqueduct in the vicinity, among other monuments, attest the ancient origin of Mentz. Magontiacurn, whence the modern town derives its name, was founded by Drusus, about 10 years before the Christian era. Lat. 50~ N., Lon. 8~ 11' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison (which amounts to about 6,000), 31,000. (B.) MENZALEH, men-zal-leeh, a small t. of Lower Egypt, near an extensive lagoon to which it gives its name. Lat. 30~ 45' N., Lon. 31~ 55' E. Lake Menzaleh is above 50 m. long, and near 30 m. wide. MEQUINEZ. See MEKINEZ. MERI-CER, a co. in the middle part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 27,992. Co. t. Trenton. MERCER, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 33,172. Co. t. Mercer. MERCER, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., bordering on New r. Pop. 4,222. MERCER, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 14,067. Co. t. Harrodsburg. MERCER, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 7,712 Co. t. St. Mary's. MERCER, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 5,246. Co. t. New Boston. MERDIN. See MARDEEN. MERGUI or MERGer, mer-geel, a t. of Farther India, cap. of a British prov. of the same name, at the mouth of the r. Tenasserim, with a good harbour. Lat. 12~ 30' N., Lon. 98~ 35' E. Pop. in 1825, about 8,000. (B.) MERI-X-DA (Anc. Augustta Emerlita), a decayed t. of Spain, in Estremadura, on the right bank of the Guadiana, remarkable for its magnificent ruins. Among these we may mention a triumphal arch which has been attributed to Trajan, and a bridge over the Guadiana, one of the largest in Europe, remarkable for its solidity and fine preservation. Augusta Emerita was founded by a Roman general, under the Emperor Augustus: it afterwards became the capital of Lusitania, and the most magnificent city in Roman Spain. At the time of the Arab invasion, it was, according to a Moslem historian, 8 m. in circumference, and garrisoned by 90,000 men. Lat. 38~ 51' N., Lon. 6~ 15' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) MERIDA, the cap. of the Mexican state of Yucatan, situated about 50 m. from the sea. Lat. about 20~ 50' N., Lon. 89~ 40' W. Pop. 283000. (P. C.) MERIDA, a t. of Venezuela, in the dep. of Zulia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a university. Lat. about 80 15' N., Lon. 71~ 14' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) MEP —MES 369 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TII, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MEaRI-X-ON'-ETH-SHIRE, a co. in the N. W. part of Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 39,332. MERI-I-WETH'-ER, a co. in the WV. part of Ga., bordering on the Flint r., near its source. Pop. 16,475. Co. t. Greeneville. MERI-R.-MACK', a r. of New England, which rises in the N. central part of New Hampshire, and, flowing southerly into Massachusetts, afterwards changes its course to the N. E., and empties itself into the Atlantic about 20 m. S. of Portsmouth. Its whole length is near 200 m. The navigation is obstructed, especially in the upper part of its course, by a number of rapids and falls. MERRIMACK or MAR-A-MEi- c', a r. of Mo., which falls into the Mississippi about 20 m. below St. Louis. MERRIMACK, a co. in the S. central part of N. H., intersected by the Merrimack r. Pop. 38,445. Co. t. Concord. MIERI-S.E-BUR' (Ger. pron. meI/-seh-bb6RGa'), a manufacturing and commercial t. of Prussian Saxony, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the r. Saale, 18 m. W. of Leipsic. It has a fine cathedral, with one of the largest organs in Germany. Lat. 51~ 22' N., Lon. 120 E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.). MERI-S. EY, an important r. in the W. N. W. part of England, which flows into the Irish Sea. About 15 m. from its mouth, it expands into an estuary, which, at its broadest part, is about 3 m. wide. The Mersey and Irwell have been rendered navigable as far as Manchester. MERTHYR TYDVIL or TYDFIL, merl-thir tid/-vil, a t. of Wales, in Glamorganshire, 19 m. N. by W. of Cardiff, with rich mines of coal and iron ore. It has increased very rapidly within the last few years. Lat. 51~ 44' N., Lon. 2~ 20' W. Pop. of the entire parish, 34,977. M.ESHi-ED', often written MUSHED, a decayed city of Persia, in Khorassan, remarkable for the mausoleum of Imim Reza, "the magnificence of which, with its silver gates, jewelled doors, rails once of solid gold, glittering domes and minarets, and handsome arcades, is almost unequalled in Persia." (M.) This city carries on considerable trade with the neighbouring towns of central Asia, and has some important manufactures. Lat. 360 18' N., Lon. 590 35' E. Pop. 45,000. It is, however, often doubled by the number of pilgrims who visit the shrine of Imtim Reza. (P. C.) MES'-O-PO-TAI-MX.-A (Arab. Al Jezira or El-Jez-eel-reh, " the island"), the name given by the ancient Greeks to a country of Asia, which lies between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its length, from N. W. to S. E., is between 600 m. and 700m.; its greatest breadth is near 200m. Mesopotamia signifies literally "between the rivers." MEssINA, mes-seet.na, (Anc. Zan/cle and Messetne or Messalna,) a fortified city of Sicily, cap. of a prov. of the same name, near the N. E. extremity of the island, with the best harbour in the kingdom of the two Sicilies. The port of Messina is formed by a semicircular strip of land, which, from its resemblance to a sickle, suggested the original name of the town; Zancle (in Greek, ZaWyx,) signifying a "sickle," or "pruning-hook." This city contains several remarkable buildings, 370 MET-MEX Fate, frl, fhll, fAt; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oi as in good; a roval college, and an extensive public library, which is rich in Greek manuscripts; it also possesses the most extensive commerce and manufactures of all the towns of Sicily. Lat. 38~ 14' N., Lon. 15~ 35' E. Pop. 60,000. (P. C.) METZ, mets, (Fr. pron. mace; Anc. Divodu/rum; afterwards Medio. mat/rici, and Met/tis or Meftis,) a city and fortress in the N. E. part of France, the cap. of the dep. of Moselle, situated on the Moselle, about 80 nm. W. N. W. of Strasburg. The interior of the town is in general handsome; the streets are straight, wide, and well paved. The most remarkable of the public edifices is perhaps the cathedral, a Gothic building remarkable for the boldness and lightness of its architecture. Its length is about 387 ft., and the height of the tower near 400 ft. Metz contains an acaddm/ie universilaire, a national college, an academy of letters and arts, a practical school of artillery and military engineering (the finest institution of the kind in Europe), a public library of 31,000 vols., and numerous other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 490 7' N., Lon. 6~ 10' E. Pop. 42,793. (B.) MEURTHE, muRt, a dep. in the N. E. part of France, intersected by the r. Moselle. Pop. 424,366. (B.) Capital, Nancy. MEUSE, muze, (Fr. pron. muz; Dutch, Maas, maas; Anc. Motsa,) a r. which rises in the N. E. part of France, and, flowing through Belgium and the southern part of Holland, falls into the N. Sea, in about 51~ 56' N. Lat., and 4~ 3' E. Lon. Above 40 m. from its mouth, its waters unite with those of the Rhine or Whaal, but the stream thus formed still retains the name of Maas. The entire length of this river is estimated at 400 m. It is navigable to Verdun, in France, or about threefourths of its course. MEUSE, a dep. in tl-e N. E. part of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on Belgium. Pop. 317,701. (B.) Capital, Bar-le-Dtlc. MEx'-I-CO, (Sp. pron. MWh'-He-ko,) THE UNITED STATES OF, a federal republic of North America, situated between 16~ and 330 N. Lat. and 91~ and 117~ W. Lon., bounded on the N. and E. by the United States and Gulf of Mexico; S. and W. by the United States of Central America and the Pacific Ocean. Extreme length from S. E. to N.W. about 1900 m.; greatest breadth from E. to W. about 800 m. The area is estimated at 800,000 sq. m. The pop. is probably about 7,000,000. Owing to the civil dissensions of the Mexicans, and other causes, it appears impossible to obtain any entirely satisfactory information respecting the political condition of this republic.* It is divided into 19 states and the federal district, besides several territories. The following is a list of the states:-Chiapa (che-af-p-), Yuca-tan (yoo-hk(tAnl), Tabasco (ta-basl-ko), Oaxaca. (wa-Ha/'-k'a), Vera Crlz (vml-rl krooce), Puebla (pwebl-la), Mexico, Michoacan (me'-cho-A-k'anl), Xa. * In consequence of the late war between Mexico and the United States the former was compelled to cede to the latter the territories of New Mexico and Upper California. In 1845 the state of Yucatan declared itself independent for the second time. MEX-MEX 371 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this: x, nearly like ng. lisco or Jalisco (Ha-leesf-ko), Guanaxuato (!wAn-A-HwAt-to), Queretaro (ker-t-t.fl-ro), San Luis Potosi (san loo-is/ po-to-seef), Zacatecas (sa-kata'-kAs), Durango (doo-rangl-go), Occidente (ok-se-dent-th), So-nof-ra and Cinaloa (se-na-lo'-A), Chihuahua (che-wAf-wa), Cohahuila (ko-Awee'-la), Nuevo Leon (nvw'-vo-la-one'), TamaulBpas (tk-mou-lee'-pas). The territories are:-Colima (ko-lee'-ma), Tlascala (tls-kA'-lA), and Lower California. The climate of Mexico, as might be expected in a country of such vast extent, varies greatly in different parts. In the neighbourhood of the capital, at an elevation of more than7,000 ft.above the sea, the thermometer rarely falls below freezing point. The winter may be compared to that of Naples, while in summer the temperature is seldom above 75~, in the shade. On the table-land of Toluca (S. S.W. of the city of Mexico),which has an elevation of near 9,000 ft. above the sea, the air is so cold, during the greater part of the day, that the thermometer generally ranges from 42~ to 46~, so that even those persons who have been brought up in northern regions, find the climate very unpleasant. (P. C.) In the southern portions of the country, on the low lands, the climate is very hot, as in other intertropical regions. Humboldt has asserted, that in this country may be grown almost all the vegetable productions, which are found between the equator and the poles. Maize constitutes the principal food of the lower classes, and is produced everywhere, even on the highest table-lands, where wheat will not grow. On the low lands, bananas are extensively cultivated, or, to speak more correctly, are produced abundantly, with scarcely any cultivation. " Humboldt affirms that half a hectare (about an acre) of land, planted with bananas, will furnish food for more than fifty individuals; whereas the same extent of land, if sown with wheat in Europe, would not support more than two individuals." (M.) But this facility of obtaining a subsistence, appears to have exerted a most baneful influence on the character of the Mexicans, by fostering improvidence and sloth. Mexico is especially remarkable for its mineral wealth. Not only gold and silver, but copper, iron, and lead, exist in abundance. Quicksilver is also found. The carbonate of soda, which is necessary for the smelting of the silver ore, is collected in several lakes, where it is found crystallized on the surface, in great abundance. -Adj. and inhab. MEXI-X-CAN (Sp. Mexicalno, meh-He-kAl-no). MEXICO (called by the aborigines Tenochtitlan), the cap. of the united Mexican states, one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and, till recently, the largest in America, is situated in the midst of an elevated plain, surrounded by mountains, at the height of 7,468 ft. above the level of the sea. The streets are wide, well paved, and flagged, and cross each other almost uniformly at right angles. The Great Square (Plaza Mayor, plaf-sa mA-yoael) is one of the finest to be seen in any metropolis: in its centre is a colossal statue of Charles IV. of Spain, said to be superior to any other work of this kind existing in the New World. The Cathedral, on the N. side of the Great Square, is regarded as the finest ecclesiastical edifice in America. There. Y 372 MEX —MIC Fhte, fkr, flI, fat; me, mlt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; are, besides, a number of churches, remarkable for the magnificence of their architecture, and the costliness of their paintings, sculpt-Ire, and other decorations. Mexico was formerly inferior to none of the American cities, as a seat of science and literature; but, in these as in most other respects, its course has been retrograde for several years past. There is a university, a college of mines, with a rich collection of minerals, and a number of other institutions, most of which, however, are said to be in a state of decay. Lat. 19~ 26' N., Lon. 99~ 5' W. Pop. estimated at 180,000. (B.) MEXIco, GULF OF, on the S. E. coast of N. America, between about 18~ 10' and 30~ 20' N. Lat., and 81~ and 98~ WV. Lon. Its length, from N. E. to S. W., is near 1,100 m.; its greatest breadth, above 600 m. MRZIERES, miez'-e-aiRt, a strongly fortified t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Ardennes, on the Meuse. Lat. 49~ 46' N., Lon. 40 44' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) MIACO, me-Al-ko, or KEEI-o, a large city of the Japanese empire, situated on the island of Niphon, 230 m. WV. by S. of Yeddo. It was formerly the capital of Japan, and is now the residence of the Dairi (da-ee-ree) or chief priest, and contains a number of remarkable edifices. One of the temples has a colossal image of the god Daiboots, or the Grand Boodha, made of wood and covered with gilt paper, represented, like the Hindoo idols, sitting on a flower of lotus. The total height is more than 90 ft., the statue being about 80, and the flower above 10 ft. high. The image is 25 ft. (4 toises) between the shoulders, and is capable of containing several people in the palm of the hand. In a neighbouring building is suspended the largest bell in the known world. It is about 18 ft. high, and weighs 2,040,000 Dutch pounds, or about 1,000 tons! (B.) Miaco is the first manufacturing and probably the first commercial town in Japan. Here, also, all the money of the empire is coined. Miaco signifies "capital;" Keeo (or Kio), a " residence." Lat. about 340 30' N., Lon. 136~ E. The pop. probably exceeds 500,000. (B.) Mi-AMI-,, a r. which rises in the N. W. central part of Ohio, and, flowing south-westerly, joins the Ohio at the S. W. extremity. of the state, about 20 m. below Cincinnati. Its whole length is probably 150 m. MIAMI, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the above r. Pop. 24,996. Co. t. Troy. MIAMI, a co. in the N. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,304. Co. t. Peru. MICHAEL, ST., (Port. Sam Miguel, sA'd6N (almost soung) me-gelt), the largest i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 370 50' N. Lat. and the meridian of 25~ 30' W. Lon. Length above 40 m.; greatest breadth, 14 m. Ponte Delgada is the chief town. MICHarAN, mishf-e-gan, one of the five great lakes of N. America connected with the r. St. Lawrence, situated between 410 30' and 46~ N. Lat., and 850 50' and 88~ W. Lon. Its length, following the curve, is near 350 m.; its greatest breadth, about 90 m. The surface of this MIC-MID 373 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. lake is about 600 ft. above the level of the sea; its depth is stated to ke 900 ft. Lake Michigan is connected, at its N. E. extremity, by the Strait of Mackinaw, with Lake Huron. MICHIGAN, one of the U. S., situated between 41~ 40' and 48~ N. Lat., and 82~ 10' and 91~ W. Lon. It consists of two great natural divisions, viz., the lower peninsula, bounded on the W. and N. W. by Lake Michigan, on the N. E. and E. by Lake Huron, the r. and Lake St. Clair, the Detroit r. and Lake Eete, and on the S. by Ohio and Indiana; length, from N. to S., about 290 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., rather more than 200 m.: and the upper peninsula, situated between the lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan, and bounded on the S. W. by Wisconsin; its length is near 330 m., with a mean breadth of 50 or 60 m. The total area is estimated at above 60,000 sq. m. The state is divided into 72 counties.* Pop. 397,654. Lansing is the seat of government. Michigan was admitted into the Union in 1836. MICHILIMACKINAC. See MACKINAW. MIDI-DEL-BURG', an ancient t. of Holland, in the i. of Walcheren, cap. of the prov. of Zealand. Among its literary institutions, the Athenaeum or Academy deserves to be mentioned. Lat. 510 30' N., Lon. 30 37' E. Pop. 3,500. (M.) MIDDLEBURY, midt-del-ber-re, the cap. of Addison co., Vt., on Otter creek, 33 In., in a straight line, S. W. of Montpelier. Pop. of the township, 3,517. Middlebury College, of this place, was founded in 1800. MIDf-DLES-B6o-ROUGU, a t. and river port of England, in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Tees, 16 m. E. by N. of Darlington, with which it is connected by a railway. Pop. 5,463; in 1831, it was only 154. (M.) MID/-DLE-SEX', a co. in the S. E. part of England, N. of, and bordering on the Thames. It comprises within its limits the greater part of the metropolis. Pop. 1,576,636. MIDDLESEX, a co. in the N. E. part of Mass., bordering on N. H. Pop. 161,383. Co. towns, Cambridge and Concord. MIDDLESEX, a CO. in the S. part of Conn., intersected by the Connecticut r., and bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 30,680. Co. t. Middletown. MIDDLESEX, a co. in the E. part of N. J., on the Raritan r. and bay. Pop. 28,635. Co. t. New Brunswick. * Alcona (Negwegon), Allegan, Alpena (Anamickee), Antrim (Megissee), Arenac, Barry, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Charlevoix (Kishkawkee), Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clair St., Clare (Kaykakee), Clinton, Crawford (Shawwano) Eaton, Emmet (Tonedagana), Genesee, Gladwin, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Ingham, lonia, losco (Kanotin), Isabella, Jackson, Joseph St., Kalamazoo, Kalcasca (Warbassee), Kent, Lake (Aishcum), Lapeer, Leelenaw, Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Manistee, Mason (Notipeskago), Michilimackinac, Midland, Missaukee, Monroe, Montcalm, Montmorency (Cheonoquet), Necosta, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana, Ogemaw, Omeena, Osceola (Unwattin), Oscoda, Ottawa, Otsego (Okkuddo), Presque Isle, Roscommon (Mickenauk), Saginaw, Shiawassee, Van Buren, Washtenaw, Wayne, Wexford (Kawtawwabet), Wyandot, Delta, Houghton, Huron, Marquette, Ontonagon, Schooleraft, Tuscola. 32 374 MID-MIL Fate, far, fll, fat; m6, mAt; pine or pine, pin; no, nAt; 0oo as in good; MIDDLESEX, a co. in the E. part of Va., S. of, and bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop. 4,394. Co. t. Urbanna. MIDI-DLE-TON, a manufacturing t. of Enlgland, in Lancashire, 5 m. N. N. E. of Manchester. Pop., including an area of near 3 sq. m., 7.740. MIDI-DLE-TOWN', a city and port of entry in Middlesex co., Conn.. on the W. bank of the Connecticut r., about 22 m., in a straight line, N. E. of New Haven,with numerous manufactures, of which that of swords and fire-arms is perhaps the most remarkable. The Wesleyan University founded in 1831, is situated in Lat. 41~ 33' N., and Lon. 72~ 39' W. Pop. of the city of Middletown, 3,511. MIDLAND, a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Saginaw Bay. Pop. 65. MIFa-FLIN, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., on the Juniata. Pop. 14,980. Co. t. Lewistown. MILh-AN* (It. Milano, me-laY-no; Lat. Mediolalnum), the principal city of N. Italy, and the third in the Italian peninsula (being inferior only to Naples and Rome), is situated between the Olona and Lambro, on the Naviglio Grande (na-veellyo gran/-dh) or "great canal," which connects these rivers with each other, and flows all round the original town or city proper, of which it marks the boundary. The suburbs which have been built outside of this boundary, occupy more space than the original city. They are surrounded with a. line of ramparts, which is planted with trees, and serves as a promenade. Much of the space, however, between the ramparts and the Naviglio, is occupied by gardens. Among the number of magnificent buildings that adorn Milan, the most remarkable is the Duomo or Cathedral, which, after St. Peter's, at Rome, is the largest and most sumptuous'ecclesiastical edifice in Italy, and one of the finest in Christendom. The exterior, with its hundred spires, and its three thousand statues of various sizes, looks like a forest of marble. Milan is distinguished as a centre of learning and the arts; and it is said that more books are published here than in all the rest of Italy put together. Among other institutions, this city contains an academy of fine arts, one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in Europe, and a picture gallery, rich in the choicest productions of the ancient Italian masters. The library of Brera (bra/-rA) contains 100,000 vols., and is open to the public. Milan is the residence of an archbishop, of the Austrian viceroy, and of the governor-general of the Lombard provinces. The Observatory, which is considered the first in Italy, is in Lat. 45~ 2,S' 1" N., Lon. 90 11' 48" E. The pop., according to Balbi, is above t155,000, and increases rapidly from year to year. —Adj. and inhab. MIL'.AN-EISE. MILAZZO, me-lAt/-so, or MELAZZO, mat-latf-so, (Anc. Myl]re,) a fortified seaport t. on the N. coast of Sicily, near the N. E. angle of the island, * All the poets place the accent on the first syllable of this nane. Byron and Monre rhyme it with villain. This appears to be the prevailing, if not universal pronunciation, among correct speakers. MIL-MIN 375 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TII, as in this; N, nearly like nig. on the W. side of a small bay, to which it gives its name. Lat. 380 15' N., Lon. 15~ 14' E. Pop. in 1831, 9,206. (M.) MILf-F.ORD, a small t. of S. Wales, in Pembrokeshire, on the N. side of an extensive basin or inlet of the sea, called MILFORD HAVEN. Lat. 51~ 43' N., Lon. 5~ TW. MILHAU, me'-llo, a t. of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, on the Tarn Lat. 440 5' N., Lon. 30 5' E. Pop. 9,437. (M.) MILITARY FRONTIER, the name given to a tract of country extending along the S. and S. E. frontier of the Austrian empire, firom the Adriatic to the E. extremity of Transylvania. It is distinguished from the rest of the empire by having a purely military government. The object of this establishment was originally to secure the frontier against the inroads of the Turks. All the peasants are soldiers, and hold their lands from the state as fiefs, on tenure of military and civil service. In time of peace, 45,000 men are always under arms, who feed and clothe themselves, and perform their appointed services without any expense to the Austrian government. In time of war, they serve the state in the same manner as the rest of the army, and march out of the country, if required, and they receive the usual pay. It is said that, in any extremity, they can muster 200,000 men, and that, by means of alarm-fires and bells, this immense force can be summoned together, throughout the whole extent of the frontier, in the space of four hours! (M.) MILI-LEDGE-VILLE', the seat of justice of Baldwin co., Ga., and the cap. of the state, situated on the Oconee, at the head of steamboat navigation. Lat. 33~ 7' N., Lon. 830 20' W. Pop. 2,216. MILLER, a co. in the S. central part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 3,834. Co. t. Tuscumbia. MILo, mel-lo, (Anc. Metlos,) an i. in the AEgean Sea, about 70 m. E. of the Morea. It is about 14 m. long, and 8 m. wide. The N. coast is indented by a deep bay, which forms one of the best and safest harbours in the Levant. The Lat. of this port is 360 42' N., Lon. 24~ 14 E. Pop. of the island about 7,000. (B.) MILWAUKIE CITY. See WIscoNsIN. MIL-WAU'-KRE, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 31,077. Co. t. Milwaukie. MINCIO, mint-cho, (Anc. Minlcius,) a r. in the N. of Italy, which has its source in the lake of Garda, and, flowing southerly, passes by Mantua, and joins the Po, 12 m. S. E. of that city. MINDANAO, min-da-n' -o, or MAGINDANAO, (Sp. pron. mNa-Heen-d nAI-o,) the most southern, and, after Luzon, the largest of the Philippine Islands, is situated between 50 and 100 N. Lat., and 121~ 30' and 126~ E. Lon. It appears like two islands, connected with each other by a narrow isthmus. The eastern portion is above 300 m. in length, from N. to S., with a mean breadth of 80 or 90 m.; the western is about 170 m. long, and, on an average, perhaps 50 m. broad. The area is estimated at about 34,000 sq. m. The inhabitants appear to be chiefly Malays. (See PHILIPPINE ISlANDS.) MINI-DEN, an ancient t. and fortress of the Prussian dominions, in 376 MIN-MIN Fhte, fMtr, fill, fit; m6, mkt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 0o as in good; Westphalia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Weser. Lat. 52~ 18' N., Lon. 8~ 53' E. Pop. 8,000. MIN-DOf-RO, one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the 13th par. of N. Lat., and the 121st mer. of E. Lon.. Length 100 m., breadth 50 m. MIN'-E-SOITA or MINNESOTA (originally spelled Minnay-Sotor), a territory of the Urnited States; bounded on the N. by British America, E. by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, S., S. W., and W. by Iowa and the Missouri and White-Earth rivers. Area estimated at 120,000 sq. m. MINHO in Portuguese, and Mifio in Spanish, pronounced alike, meenf-yo (Anc. Minfiuns), a r. in the N. W. part of the Spanish peninsula, which rises in the N. part of Galicia, and, flowing south-westerly, falls into the Atlantic in about 41~ 53' N. Lat., and 8~ 47' W. Lon. In the latter part of its course, it forms a portion of the boundary between Spain and Portugal. MIN-NE-SO'-TA, a Territory of the United States, a portion of the old North West Territory, and more recently of Wisconsin and Iowa, lies between 42~ 30' and 49~ N. Lat.; and between 890 30' and 1030 30' W. Lon., having a mean length from E. to W. of about 410 miles, and an average breadth of 390 miles; including an area of nearly 166,000 sq. miles. It is bounded on the N. by British America; E. by Lake Superior and the State of Wisconsin; S. by Iowa and Missouri Ter.; and W. by Missouri Ter. The Lake of the Woods, with a chain of small lakes, and their outlets, form a part of the N. boundary, the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers a part of the E., and the Missouri and White Earth rivers form the W. boundary. Population.-By the census of 1850, Minnesota had 6,077 inhabitants, of whom 6,038 were white, and 39 colored persons. The deaths for the year ending June 30th, 1850, were 30, or only five in every one thousand. Governor Ramsey estimated the Indian population in 1852 at 25,000. Counties.-Minnesota is divided into nine counties, viz. Benton, Dacota, Itasca, Mahkahta, Pembina, Ramsey, Wabasha, Wahnahto, and Washington. The capital is St. Paul's. Face of the Country. —Though there are no mountains in Minnesota, it is the most elevated tract of land between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. A plateau of about 200 miles in length, and from 15 to 40 miles in breadth, known as the "Coteau des Prairies," or Prairie Heights, runs through the middle of the southern part of Minnesota. Its greatest elevation is about 1916 feet above the level of the sea, and its average elevation is about 1450 feet. The northern and highest portion is about 890 feet above Big Stone Lake, which lies in its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's river, we come upon another range of heights, callSd the " Coteau du Grand Bois," or the Wooded Highlands, which extend for more than 100 miles nearly parallel with the Coteau des Prairies, and form the eastern wall of the valley of St. Peter's. These heights are mostly covered with an extensive forest of hard wood. Through the middle of the triangle which occupies the N. E. part of MIN-MIN 377 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the territory runs another range of heights, known as the 5"Iauteur de Terre," or "High Lands," which extends west by south about 300 miles, and forms the dividing ridge between the waters which flow into Hudson's Bay and those which flow into the Gulf of Mexico. A range of highlands extends north from the Coteau des Prairies, and forms with them the water shed of the rivers flowing into the Mississippi and Red rivers on the east, and the Missouri on the west. The other parts of the territory, as far as known, are varied with rolling prairies, extensive woodlands, and rich meadows. Lakes and Rivers. —Minnesota abounds in lakes, giving origin to rivers which flow toward every point of the compass, and whose waters mingle with those of the Gulf of Mexico, Hudson's Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. The'largest of the lakes, with the exception of Lake Superior, which bounds about 70 miles of the N. E. of Minnesota, are the Lake of the Woods, Red Lake, Mini-Wakan or Devil Lake, Rainy Lake, Leech Lake, and Mille Lac or Spirit Lake. Besides these, there are hundreds of smaller lakes, varying from mere ponds to lakes of 30 miles in length. These generally have clear pebbly bottoms, and are well stocked with fish, among which are the white fish, pike, pickerel, maskelonge, sucker, perch, and trout. The wild rice grows on the shores of many of these lakes, especially in the north. Devil Lake, which is on the 48th parallel of lat. in the N. WV. of the territory, is 40 miles in length by about 15 in breadth. It *has no outlet, and the waters are brackish. RedLake, on the same parallel, E. of the Red River, with which it communicates, is about the same size as Devil Lake. Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake are both on the N. boundary line; the former is quite a large lake. The rivers and streams of Minnesota are almost as numerous as its lakes. The far-famed Mississippi river issues out of Itasca Lake, N. E. from the centre of the territory, in lat. 470 13' N. and at an elevation of 1575 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. It has a course of about 800 miles within Minnesota, of which 500 are navigable; 200 below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 300 above. In the S. E., where it forms the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin, its banks are very precipitous, reaching an elevation of from 200 to 500 feet. The Rum and St. Croix, noted for the pine forests in their vicinity, are the principal tributaries from the E.; and Crow-Wing, Crow, and St. Peter's from the W. The latter has a course of about 470 miles through a very fertile country, and is navigable, at high water, 120 miles. The St. Croix is navigable to the falls, about 80 miles. The Red River of the north drains all the northern slope tending to Hudson's Bay. It has a course of 800 miles, of which 500 are within Minnesota, and of this portion of its course 400 are said to be navigable. The Riviere i Jacques (reeX-ve-air' ah zhak) about 600 miles long, and the Sioux, 350, are tributaries of the Missouri on the W. from this State. They run south. Soil and Production..-About 60,000 sq. miles in the N. E. of the territory are mostly composed of volcanic rocks, or arid, san(ly hills 32* 378 MIN -MIN Fhte, ffir, fMll, fMt; mi, mtt; pine, or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good, and plains. The rest of the territory is believed to be mostly fertile, consisting of woods and prairies, and well adapted to agricultural settlements. The valley of the St. Peter's is especially fertile. Governor Ramsey, in one of his messages, thus speaks: " Experience has demonstrated that, beyond all doubt, we can produce from the soil in its natural state, in every part of Minnesota in which the test has been made, wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes, in quality equal to that produced in any of the States of the Union, and in quantity that astonishes even those who have been familiar with the most fertile bottom lands of Indiana and Illinois." Under the 48th parallel, wheat and corn grow luxuriantly, and the best of wheat is produced at the Red river settlement in 49~ N. Among the indigenous products are cranberries in great quantities, maple-sugar trees in abundance, strawberries, crab-apples, wild rice, plums, currants, grapes, &c. Timber is abundant in different parts of Minnesota. Pine forests of great extent exist on the St. Croix and Rum rivers. In the winter of 1850-1, it was computed that 21,000,000 feet of lumber were cut on the St. Croix and its tributaries. The other forest-trees are oak, elm, ash, birch, maple (sugar), hickory, linden, poplar, cedar, spruce, fir. tamarack, &c. The mineral resources of Minnesota have not yet been much developed; but lead, copper, iron, limestone, and the red pipe-stone are found. From the latter the Indians manufacture their pipes. This mineral is believed to be peculiar to the region of the " Coteau des Prairies." The animals are abundant, and this has always been a favorite hunting-ground of the Indians. The buffalo, deer, black bear, gray antelope, wolverine, beaver, otter, muskrat, mink, martin, fisher, wolf, raccoon, and other fur-bearing animals abound. The moose, elk, grizzly bear, and American reindeer are sometimes met with. Climate, Meteorology, &c.-The climate of Minnesota compares favourably with New England and Northern New York, though extending several degrees farther north. The winters being drier, and the ground.frozen less deeply, favours the wheat crop. Bilious fevers prevail but little, and fever and ague are almost unknown. Observations kept at St. Paul's, in 44~ 56' N. lat. in Dec., Jan., and Feb. of the winter of 1850-1, give the following results: Clear days, 22; variable, 45; cloudy, 23; rain, 5, snow, 24; and hail, one. Greatest height of the mercury, 47~; least height, 320 5'; average of the winter, 15~ 23/; coldest day, (Jan. 30,) 20~; mildest day, (Feb. 25,) 36~ 6'. Mercury 37 days below zero; 31 days at or above freezing. Thawed in the sun 33 days. Winds N. N. W. to N., 50 days; S. E. to E. N. E., 20 days; variable, 20 days. The amount of rain for this winter is stated as being unusually large, from which the dryness of the atmosphere may be inferred. The earliest closing of the navigation by ice, between 1844 and 1850, was Nov. 8; the latest, Dec. 8. The earliest opening in the same year was March 31; the latest, April 19. MIN-MIS 379 ou, as in our;. th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Towns.-St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, and the largest town, is situated on the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, in lat. 44~ 50' N. It is 9 mniles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony. Steamboats connect it with St. Louis and other towns on the Mississippi. Pop. about 1500. St. Anthony, on the E. side of the Mississippi, at the Falls of St. Anthony, is destined, from its great amount of water-power, to be an important manufacturing town. Pop. about 1000. Stillwater and St. Croix, both on the St. Croix, are largely engaged in the lumber trade. The former has 800 and the latter 600 inhabitants. The penitentiary is at Stillwater. Wabasha, below Lake Pepin, is open 5 or 6 weeks in the year longer than the towns above. MIN-OR/-CA, sometimes written MENORCA, (anciently one of the Gymnesia: see MAJORCA,) one of the Balearic Isles. intersected by the 40th parallel of N. Lat. and the 4th meridian of E. Lon. It is 32 m. in length, and about 13 m. in its greatest breadth. Area about 300 sq. m. Pop. 35,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. MINORQUINE, min-orkeen/, or MIN-ORI-CAN. MINSK, an archiepiscopal t. of Russian Poland, the cap. of a gov. of the same name. Lat. 530 57' N., Lon. 27~ 40' E. Pop. stated at 20,000. (P. C.) MIRAMnC1In, rmr'-'-me-sheef, a r. and bay in the E. part of New Brunswick, near 47~ N. Lat. and 65~ W. Lon. MIRANDOLA, me-ranf-do-la, a fortified t. of N. Italy, in the duchy of Modena. Lat. 440 50' N., Lon. 11~ 7' E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) MIREPOIX, mlr'-eh-pwal, or meeR'-pwa', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Aridge. Lat. 430 5' N., Lon. 1~ 52' E. Pop. about 4,000. (M.) MISK6LCZ, mish-k6ltsl, a large t. of Hungary, with a Protestant and a Roman Catholic gymnasium. Lat. 48~ 7' N., Lon. 20~ 47' E. Pop. estimated at about 28,000. (B.) Mis'-sis-sIP/-Pi (i. e. the "great water"), a large r. of N. America, which forms with the Missouri, its principal affluent, the longest river in the world. It rises from two small lakes, in about 470 20' N. Lat., and 950 3()' W. Lon., which are estimated to be about 1,500 ft. above the level of the sea. Its general course is nearly S.; it enters the Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, in about 29~ N. Lat., and 890 20' W. Lon. The waters of the Mississippi, as it advances southward, are swollen by a number of important tributaries, viz., the Wisconsin, Illinois, and Ohio on the left, and the St. Peters, Desmoines, Missouri, Arkansas, and Red River on the right. Below the entrance of the Ohio, the breadth of the main river averages about 900 yards, and its mean depth varies from 90 to 120 ft. The velocity of the stream, below the mouth of the Missouri, is on average from 60 to 70 m. a day. In the latter part of its course, however, a number of bayous (see BAYOU), leaving the principal stream, very materially diminish the body of 380 MIS-MIS Fate, far, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66, as in good; water, and the rapidity of the current. The length of this mighty river is about 3,200 m., or, if we measure from the head of the Missouri, which may be regarded as its true source, it will amount to 4,400 m. It is navigable, at all seasons of the year, considerably above its junction with the Missouri, or more than 2,000 in. above its mouth. MIssissippi, one of the U. S., situated between the 30th and 35th degrees of N. Lat., and 88~ 10' and 910 50' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiaria, and W. by Louisiana and Arkansas, from which it is separated by the Mississippi r.; and divided into 59 counties.* Length, from N. to S., about 340 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 184 m. The area is estimated at 48,000 sq. m. Pop. 606,555; consisting of 295,758 whites, 899 free coloured persons, and 309,898 slaves. Jackson is the capital. Mississippi was admitted into the Union in 1819.-Inhab. Mrs'-sIS-SIPf-P.-AN. MIssOLoNGaHI, mis'-so-longl-ge, a fortified t. of Greece, on a bay or lagoon on the N. side of the Gulf of Patras, which was taken and destroyed by the Turks in 1826, after a long siege. Lord Byron died here, April 19, 1824. Lat. 38~ 23' N., Lon. 21~ 28' E. MIssoURI, mis-soot-re, a large r. of N. America, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, in about 45" N. Lat., and 110~ 30' W. Lon., and, after a very tortuous course of about 3,000 m., falls into the Mississippi, in about 38~ 50' N. Lat., and 90~ 10' W. Lon. It is navigable to the Great Falls, or about 2,500m. from its mouth. The waters of this river are remarkably turbid, from which circumstance, it is said, the name, signifying "mud river," is derived. MIssoURI, one of the U. S., situated between 36~ and 40~ 40' N. Lat., and 89~ and 950 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Iowa, E. by Illinois and Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Mississippi, S by Arkansas, and W. by the Indian territory; and divided into 79 counties.t Greatest extent, from E. to W., about 300 m.; fiom N. to S., * Adams, Amite, Attala, Bolivar, Carroll, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Claiborne, Clarke, Coahoma, Copia, Covington, De Soto, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Har*rison, Hinds, Holmes, Issaquena, Itawanmba, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Kemper, Lafayette, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Leake, Lowndes, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Nashoba, Newton, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Panola, Perry, Pike, Pontotoc, Rankin, Scott, Simpson, Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tippah, Tishamingo, Tuncia, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkinson, Winston, Yalabusha, Yazoo. tAdair, Andrew, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Bates, Benton, Boone, Buchanan, Butler, Caldwell, Callaway, Camden, Cape Girardeau, Cass, Carroll, Cedar, Chariton, Charles St., Clair St., Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, DeKalb, Dodge, Dunklin, Francois St., Franklin, Gasconade, Genevieve St., Gentry, Greene, Grundy, Harrison, Henry, Hickory, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, La Clede, Lafayette, Lawrence,'Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Louis St., Macon, Madison, Marion, McDonald, Mercer, Miller, Mississippi, Moniteau, Monroe, Morgpn, Montgomery, New Madrid, Newton, Nodaway, Oregon, Osage, Ozark, Perry, Pettis, Platte, Pike, Polk, Putnam, Pulaski, Ralls, Randolph, Ray, Reynolds, Ripley, Saline, Scott, Scotland, Schuyler, Shannon, Shelby, Stoddard, Sullivan, Taney, Texas, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wright. MIT-MOG 381 ou, as in oure; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. about 290 m. Area estimated at 68,000 sq. m. Pop. 682,043, of whom 592,077 were whites, 2,544 free coloured, and 87,422 slaves. Jefferson City is the seat of government. Missouri was admitted into the Union in 1821. MITTAU, mitl-tou, a t. of European Russia, the cap. of the prov. of Koorland, remarkable for its literary institutions, among which its gymnasium, with an observatory and a library of 24,000 vols., may be mentioned. Lat. 560 39' N., Lon. 23~ 44 E. Pop. 16,500. (P. C.) MOBILE, mo-beelP, a r. of Ala., formed by the union of the Tombig. bee and Alabama rivers; after a course of 4 or 5 miles it divides into several branches; the western or main channel is called the Mobile, the eastern the Tensaw r. They flow S., and terminate in Mobile Bay, which communicates with the Gulf of Mexico. MOBILE, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ala. Total pop. 27,600. MOBILE, a city and port of entry of Ala., cap. of the above co., situated on the W. side of the Mobile r., nea.r its mouth. It is by far the most considerable town in the state, both as regards population and commerce, and, next to New Orleans and Charleston, is the greatest market for cotton in the whole country. The situation of this town was formerly very unhealthy, but it has of late been much improved by drainage. Lat. 30~ 40' N., Lon. 88~ 11' W. Pop. 20,513. Mof-cHA (Arab. pron. mot-KrA'), a decayed, though still important seaport t. of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea. Lat. 13~ 16' N., Lon. 430 10' E. Pop. estimated at from 5,000 to 7,000. (B. and M.) MOD/-EN-4 or modl-en-a* (Anc. Multina), a well-built city of Italy, cap. of a duchy of the same name, situated near the right bank of the Secchia (sekt-ke-a), a tributary of the Po, 24 m. W. N. W. of Bologna. The ducal palace is vast, splendid, and richly furnished. It contains a gallery of paintings, executed by some of the most distinguished Italian masters, and a library of 90,000 printed vols., besides 3,000 manuscripts. There is also a university, a college of nobles, of distinguished reputation, with 28 professors and teachers, and various other institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 440 38' 53" N., Lon. 10~ 55' 48" E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.) The duchy of Modena has an area of about 2,000 sq. m. Pop. esti. mated at 403,000. (M.)-Adj. and inhab. MOD'-EN-EEI/. MODICA, modf-e-ka, (Anc. Motyca,) a t. of Sicily, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, near the S. E. extremity of the island. Lat. 36fi 53' N., Lon. 14~ 45' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) MOG'-A-DOREI (called by the Moors Sweef-ra.), a fortified t. of Morocco, the principal place for maritime commerce in the empire, is situ. *, If ever you should come to MODENA, Stop at a palace near the Reggio gate." ROGERs' Italy, Part First, XVIII. 382 MOG-MON Fate, far, faill, fAt; me, mrt; pine or pine, pin; nS), not; 66 as in good, ated on the Atlantic coast. Lat. 31~ 30' N., Lon. 9~ 40' W. Pop. estimated at 10.000. (M.) MOGUL. See MONGTOLIA. MOHA'CS, mo'-haachf, a t. of Hungary, on the Danube. Iat. 450 58 N., Lon. 18~ 44' E. Pop. 8,300. (M.) MOL-HAWK, a r. of N. Y., which rises in Lewis co., and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Hudson, about 3 m. above Troy. Its who.le length is estimated at near 140 m. MO-IIEEI-LEF (often written Mohilew or Moghilev), a commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dnieper. It is the residence of a Greek and a Roman Catholic archbishop. Lat. 530 54' N., Lon. 30~ 25' E. Pop. stated at 21,800. (P. C.) MoIssAC. mwa'-sak1, a t. of France, in the dep. of Tarn and Garonne, on the Tarn (which is here navigable), 97 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 6,190. (M.) MOLDAU, mol!-dou, a r. of Bohemia, which rises in the Bbhmer-wald Mountains, on the south-western frontier, and, flowing northerly, joins the Elbe, at Melnik, about 20 m. N. of Prague. Its length is estimated at above 200 m. It is navigable for boats to Bud weis. MOL-DAl-V.-!y (Turk. Bogh'-dant), a principality nominally included in European Turkey, of which it forms the most northern part, but in reality under the protection of Russia. (See WALLACmH1A.) —Adj. and inhab. MOL-DI/-VI-A N. MOL-FETI-TA (Anc. Restpa), a manufacturing and commercial t. and seaport of Naples, on the Adriatic. Lat. 41~ 13' N., Lon. 16~ 37' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) MOLOKAY, mo'-lo-ki/, or MOROKAY, one of the Sandwich Islands, near 210 10' N. Lat., and intersected by the 157th meridian of W. Lon. Length near 40 in.; greatest breadth, about 8 m. Pop. 3,000. MO-LUC/-CAS or MOLUCCA ISLES, a group belonging to the Malay archipelago, between 50 N. and 90 S. Lat. and 1253 and 131~ E. Lon. In a more limited sense, the Moluccas include only the Spice Islands; namely, Amboyna, Banda, Ceram, Ternate, Tidore, and Batchian. Balbi distributes the Moluccas into three groups, as follows: 1st, the GROUP OF AMBOYNA, comprising the island of this name, Ceram, Booroo, and the adjacent islets; 2dly, the GRouP OF BANDA, consisting of ten small islands, near 4~ 30' N. Lat., and 130~ E. Lon.; and 3dly, the GROUP OF THE MOLuccAS, properly so called, comprehending the large island of Gilolo, with the smaller ones of Batchian, Morty or Mortay, Mysol, Tidore, Ternate, and numerous others lying immediately around Gilolo. Almost all the islands of these different groups are dependent on the Dutch, who carry on an important commerce in the various natural productions, among which cloves and nutmegs are almost the only articles that are sent to Europe or this country. MoM-Pox! (Sp. pron. mom-pour), a t. of S. America, in New Granada, on the Magdalena. Lat. 90 14' N., Lon. 740 27' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) MONACO, monf-a-ko, PRINCIPAITY OF, a small state of N. Italy, under MON-MON 383 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the protection of Sardinia, situated between Nice and Genoa, and bordering on the Mediterranean. -Area, 51 sq. m. Pop. about 7,000. (M.) Monaco, a little town on the Mediterranean, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, is the capital. Lat. 430 42' N., Lon. 70 28' E.'MONAGNAN, mon1-.a-uan, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S. part of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. in 1831, 195,536. (M.) MONAGHAN, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 68 m. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,848. (M.) MONDEGO, mon-daf-go, a r. of Portugal, which falls into the Atlantic near 40~ 10' N. Lat., and 8S 50' W. Lon. MONpDOiEDO, mon-don-yal-Do, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Galicia. Lat. 430 24' N., Lon. 70 25' W. Pop. 6,000. (B.) MoNDoVI, mon-do-veer, a fortified t. of N. Italy, in Sardinia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with manufactures of cloth, silk, and paper. Lat. 44C 28' N., Lon. 7~ 59' E. Pop. 15,700. (P. C.) MONFERRATO, mon-fer-ra'-to, a former principality of N. Italy, S. of, and bordering on the Po, now forming a part of the Sardinian territories. MONGHIR, mung-geerl, a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Bahar, sometimes called, on account of its extensive manufactures in iron and steel, the Birmingham of India. Lat. 25~ 23' N., Lon. 86~ 40' E. Pop. probably above 30,000. (B.) MON-GOI-LI-.% an extensive country in the N. E. part of Asia, belonging to China, between 38~ and 530 N. Lat., and 840 and 124~ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Asiatic Russia, E. by Mantchooria, S. by China and Thibet; on the W. its limits do not appear to be known. Indeed, its extent towards the S. or E. can be only very vaguely stated. The length, from E. to W., is perhaps 1,700 m.; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., may amount to near 1,000 m. The pop. is loosely estimated at 2,000,000. (P. C.) —Adj. MON-GOI-L.-AN, and MON-GOL or MON-GULI; inhab. MONGOL.-The name MO-GULI, though evidently of the same origin with Mongol, is properly restricted to the empire founded in HIindostan by Baber (a descendant of the great Mongol conqueror, Tamerlane), about the year 1526. MONI-MOUTH, a co. in the W. of England, bordering on the Bristol Channel. Pop. 134,355. MONMOUTH, a t. of England, the cap. of the above co., on the Wye, 25 m. N. by W. of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 5,446. MONMOUTH, a co. in the E. middle part of N. J., bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. 30,313. Co. t. Freehold. MO-NON'-GA-HE1-L&, a r. which rises in the N. part of Va., and, flowing into Pa., unites with the Alleghany to form the Ohio. MO-NON-GAI-LI-A, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Va., bordering on Pa. Pop. 13,387. Co. t. Morgantown. MO-NOPr-O-LX, a fortified seaport t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari, remnarkable for the subterranean dwellings found in its vicinity, which are 384 MON-MON Fate, far, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in good; supposed to have been excavated in the remotest antiquity. Lat. 40~ 56 N., Lon. 16~ 58' E. Pop. in 1833, 15,535. (M.) MON-ROE/, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Genesee r., and bordering on L. Ontario. Co. t. Rochester. Pop. 87,650. MONROE, a co. in the E. part of Pa., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 13,270. Co. t. Stroudsburg. MONROE, a co. towards the W. part of Va., on the Greenbrier and New rivers. Pop. 10,204. Co. t. Union. MONROE, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee. Pop. 16,985. Co. t. Forsyth. MONROE, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of the peninsula of Florida. Co. t. Key West. Pop. 2,643. MONROE, a co. in the S. WV. part of Ala., intersected by the Alabama r. Pop. 12,013. Co. t. Monroeville. MONROE, a co. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 21,172. Co. seat, Athens. MONROE, a co. in the E. part of Ark., intersected by the White r. Pop.2,049. Co. t. Clarendon. MONROE, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee r. Pop. 11,874. Co. t. Madisonville. MONROE, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,756. Co. t. Tompkinsville. MONROE, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 28,351. Co. t. Woodsfield. MONROE, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Mich. Pop. 14,698. Co. t. Monroe. MONROE, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ind., on the W. fork of the White r. Pop. 11,286. Co. t. Bloomington. MONROE, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,679. Co. t. Waterloo. MONROE, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Mississippi r. Pop. 10,541. Co. t. Paris. MONS, m6N, (Flemish, Bergen, beRI-nHen,) a strongly fortified city of Belgium, the cap. of the prov. of Hainault, situated on the Mons and Cond6 Canal, 32 m. S. W. of Brussels. It contains a college, a medical school, and other institutions. Lat. 500 26' N., Lon. 40 E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) MONTAGNANA, mon-tan-ytaf-na, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Italy, 22 m. S. E. of Padua, with a noted college for young ladies. Pop. 8,000. (B.) MONTARGIS, m6NtV-aR'-zhet, a t. of France, in the dep. of Loiret, 39 m. E. by N. of Orleans. Pop. 7,757. (M.) MONTAUBAN, miNt'-o'-baINt, a manufacturing t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Tarn and Garonne, is situated on the Tarn, 112 m. E. S. E. of Bordeaux. It has long been one of the principal seats of the reformed religion in France; on account of which, it suffered much during the reigns of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. Among its literary MON-MON 385 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. institutions, are a Protestant theological seminary, and a public library of 10,000 vols. Lat. 440 1' N., Lon. 1~ 21' E. Pop. 17,531. (B.) MONTBRISON, mbN'-bre'-zINI, the cap. of the French dep. of Loire. Lat. 450 37' N., Lon. 40 4' E. Pop. 6,020. (B.) MONTCALM, mont-kamf, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mich., a little N. of Grand r. Pop. 891. MONT-DE-MARSAN, mbN' deh maRl-SANf, the cap. of the French dep. of Landes, 64 m. S. of Bordeaux. Pop. 3,924. (B.) MONTE-LEONE, monf-th lil-ol-na, a t. of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. Lat. 385 42' N., Lon. 16 10' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) MONTErLIMART, In N'-tel'-e'-maRf, an ancient fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Dr6me. Lat. 440 33' N., Lon. 40 44' E. Pop. 6,150. (M.) MONTEREY, mon-ta-rayl, a t. of Mexico, the cap. of the statue of Nuevo Leon. Lat. about 25~ 45' N., Lon. 1000 25' W. Pop. 15,000. MONTEREY (California). See APPENDIX. MON-TE-VAI-DE-O or mon'-ta-veef-da-o, the cap. of the republic of Uruguay, in S. America, situated on the left bank of the Rio de la Plata, which is here 70 m. wide. This town has suffered greatly in the recent wars. The pop., which was formerly estimated at 26,000, amounts, at present, only to about 10,000. (B.) Lat. 340 55' S., Lon. 560 14' W. MIONTGOMERY, m9nt-gumf-er-e, an inland co. of N. Wales, on the sources of the Severn. Pop. 69,219.-Also a small t., cap. of the above. Lat. 52~ 34' N., Lon. 30 8' W. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., intersected by the Mohawk. Pop. 31,992. Co. t. Canajoharie. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., intersected by the Schuylkill. Pop. 58,291. Co. t. Norristown. MONTGOMERY, a co. of Md., bordering on the Potomac and the District of Columbia. Pop. 15,860. Co. t. Rockville. MONTGOMERY, a co. towards the S. W. extremity of Va., E. of, and bordering on New r. Pop. 8,359. Co. t. Christiansburg. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the S. W. central part of N. C., E. of, and bordering on the Yadkin. Pop. 6,872. Co. t. Lawrenceville. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by the Oconee. Pop. 2,154. Co. t. Mt. Vernon. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ala., on the Talapoosa and Alabama rivers. Pop. 29,795. Co. t. Montgomery. MONTGOMERY, the cap. of the above co., and of the state of Ala., P. 4,955. on the Alabama r., about 100 m. S. E. of Tuscaloosa. MONTGOMERY. a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn.. bordering on Ky., and intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop 21,045. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the eastern part of Ky., a little S. W. of the Licking r. Pop. 9,903. Co. t. Mt. Sterling. MONTGOMERY, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 38,219. Co. t. Dayton. MONTGOMmERY, a co. in the DW. part of Ind., a little E. of the Wabash r. Pop. 18,084 Co. t. Crawfordsvi'le.:33 986 R'6MON-MOO Fite, fa'r, f All, fat; met, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66, as in good; MONTGOMERY, a co. in the S. central part of 11., S. of Springfield. Pop. 6,276. Co. t. Hillsborough. MOCNTGOMERV, a co. in the eastern part of Mo., N. of, and bordering cn the r. Missouri. Pop. 5,489. Co. t. Danville. MONTILLA, mon-teelf-ya, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 19 m. S. by E. of Cordova. Pop. estimated at 12,800. (M.) MONTMARTRE, mbN'-maatr!, a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine, in the immediate vicinity and N. of Paris. Pop. 6,234. (M.) MONT'-MO-RENI-CI (Cheonoquet), a co. in the N. E. part of Mich. MONT-PEl-L.J-.R, a small t. of Vt., the cap. of the state and the seat of justice of Washington co., situated on the Onion r. Lat. 440 17' N., Lon. 72~ 36' W. Pop. 3,757. MONT-PELI-LJ.-ER (Fr. pron. rnoN'-pel'-le'-AI), an important manufacturing and commercial t. in the S. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Herault, is beautifully situated on a hill commanding a view of the sea, which is about 5 m. distant. *Amonog its numerous literary and scientific institutions may be mentioned the Acadnmie Uhniversitaire, with a library of 35,000 vols.; the medical department of this institution enjoys a distinguished reputation: the Royal College: and the Botanic Garden, the most ancient, and one of the best institutions of the kind in France. The Observatory is in Lat. 430 36' 16" N., Lon. 30 52' 54" E. Pop. 36,000. (B.) MONTREAL, nmont'-re-aull, (Fr. Montr6al, mrnN'-ra'-al,) the cap. and principal emporium of Canada, situated on the S. E. side of an i. in the St. Lawrence, 142 m. S. W. of Quebec. Its most remarkable edifice is the new Roman Catholic Cathedral, opened in 1829; one of the largest churches on the New Continent, and capable of containing from 10,000 to 12,000 persons. Montreal possesses a college, erected in 1819, and attended by about 300 students; an English university, chartered in 1821; and a number of other institutions for education. Lat 450 31' N., Lon. 730 34' W. Pop. in 1851, including the suburbs, 57,517. MONTREALE, mnont-rA-41-lA, or, more properly, MONREALE, an archiepiscopal t. near the N. coast of Sicily, 7 m. S. W. of Palermo. Pop. near 13,000. (B.) MONT-RO5EI, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Forfarshire, 60 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, with a good harbour. This town has long been celebrated for its schools. It was the first place in Scotland in which Greek was taught, and has since preserved the character which it so early (1534) attained. (M.) Pop. 13,402. MONZA, monl-zl, (Anc. Modilcia or Modm'tia), a t. of Austrian Italy, on the Lambro, 9 m. N. N. E. of Milan, remarkable for having been the cap. of the Lombard kings. The iron crown of Lombardy, and other relics, are kept in the ancient cathedral, supposed to have been built in the 7th century. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) MOOLTAN or MOULTAN, mool-tan', an ancient and decayed city of Hindostan, in the Punjaub, on the Chenhub. Lat. 30~ 9' N., Lon. about 710 30'E. Pop. 60,000. (B.) MOO-MOR 387 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in th-is; N, nearly like ng. MOORE, a co. in the S. central part of N. C., W. of Cape Fear r. Pop. 9,342. Co. t. Carthage. MOORSHEDABAD, moor'-she-da-badf, a large but badly built city of Hindostan, in Bengal, of which, previously to the British conquest, it was the capital. It stands on one of the arms of the Ganges, 115 m. N. of Calcutta. Pop. estimated at 165,000. (B.) MOOR-zOOr/, a walled t. of N. Africa, the cap. of Fezzan. Lat. 250 54' N., Lon. about 14~ 30)' E. MOOSE-HEAD LAKE, the principal source of the Kennebeck r., in Maine, and the largest lake in the state, situated between the counties of Somerset and Piscataquis. Its form is very irregular. The length is above 35 m.; the breadth varies from about 2 m. to 6 or 7 m. MORAVA, mo-ra'f-va, (Morawa,) a r. in the N. part of European Turkey, which falls into the Danube. Mo-RAJI-v.I- (Ger. Mahren, mA'-ren), an important prov. of the Austrian empire, between 48~ 40' and 50~ 25' N. Lat., and 15~ 10' and about 190 E. Lon. Length, near 180 m.; greatest breadth, above 100 m. Area estimated at 10,240 sq. m. Pop. 2,143,052. (M.) Brtinn is the capital. —Adj. and inhab. MO-RA-VI-ASN. MORAY, pronounced, and often written, MURI-RAY. (See ELoIN.) MORAY FRITH (Anc. _Estuarium Vararis), a bay on the E. coast of Scotland, between Ross-shire and Elginshire. MORBIHAN, mOR'-be'-ANI, a dep. in the W. of France, N. of, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 449,743. Capital, Vannes. Mo-RaE-A,* THE, (Anc. Peloponne/sus,) a peninsula forming the S. extremity of continental Greece. Its length is near 160 m.; its breadth about 100 m. Area estimated at 8,800 sq. m. In shape, it is supposed to resemble a mulberry leaf. The name Morea was given to this peninsula by the Italians, from the quantity of mulberries (in their language "more") which it produces. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. MolRE-OT MORf-G.N, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 3,557. Co. t. Bath. MORGAN, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 10,744. Co. t. Madison. MORGAN, a co. in the N. part of Ala., S. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 10,125. Co. t. Somerville. MORGAN, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Tenn., a little N. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 3,430. Co. t. Montrgomery. MORGAN, a co. in the E. part of Ky., intersected by the Licking r. Pop. 7,620. Co. t. West Liberty. MORGAN, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Muskingum. Pop. 28,585. Co. t. McConnelsville. MORGAN, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ind., intersected by the White r. Pop. 14,576. Co. t. Martinsville. "Slow sinks, more lovely ere his race be run, Along MOREA'S hills the setting sun."-BYRON z 388 MOR — MOR Fate, far, fAll, f'at; mS, me't; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66, as in good, MORGAN, a co. in the W. part of Ill., E. of, and bordering on the Illi. nois r. Pop. 16,064. Co. t. Jacksonville. MoRGAN, a co. near the centre of Mo., bordering on the Osage I. Pop. 4,650. Co. t. Versailles. MORLAIX, moR'-lt, a seaport and manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Finistere: it was the birth-place of General Moreau. Lat. 48~ 35' N., Lon. 30 52' W. Pop. 7,800. (M.) Mo-Rocf-co, EMPIRE OF, (called by the natives Moohrib ul Acsa, molGrib ool akt-sa, i. e. the "farthest west:" the Mauritafnia Tingitafna of the ancient Romans,) is situated in the N. W. of Africa, between the 28th and 36th degrees of N. Lat. and the 1st and 12th of W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean and Strait of Gibraltar, E. by Algiers, S. by the Sahara, and W. and N. W. by the Atlantic. Length, from N. E. to S. W., above 700 m.; greatest breadth, perhaps 300 in. Area estimated at 175,000 sq. m. Pop. 6,000,000. (B.) The climate of Morocco is not so hot as might be expected from its position, a circumstance which is chiefly owing to the alternation of sea and land breezes, and to the influence of the various mountain ranges by which this country is intersected. The thermometer rarely rises, in the hottest places, so high as 900; and along the sea, it seldom, if ever, falls below 390 or 400. The seasons are divided into wet and dry. The wet season corresponds with our winter, and usually continues, with slight interruptions, from October to March. During the dry season or summer, showers are of rare occurrence. The fruits of this country, and the vegetable productions generally, are, with slight exceptions, like those of Southern Europe. The prevailing religion of Morocco is Mahometanism. Among all the followers of the prophet, the Moors are said to be most bigoted. The government is an absolute despotism, the sultan being the head of both church and state, and having unlimited power over the property and lives of his subjects.Adj. MooRI-Isu and MORESQUE, mo-resk'; inhab. MooR and Mol. GHREB-IN (Arab. Mof-ghra-bee'; in the plural, Mo'-ghaR/-b'.-See Int. XVI., Obs. 4). MoRocco (Arab. Ma-raksh/), a large though decayed city of Africa, the cap. of the above empire, situated near the r. Tensift, about 110 m. from the Atlantic. It is surrounded by a strong wall, 30 ft. high and near 6 m. in circuit. The area enclosed contains several large gardens and open spaces, The most remarkable building is the sultan's palace, which occupies an oblong space on the outside of the main wall, about 1,500 yards in length, and 600 in breadth; which includes, besides the sultan's residence, a number of gardens and detached pavilions. The most important branch of industry in Morocco is the manufacture of leather. The tanners possess the art of tanning the skins of lions and panthers, and giving them a snow-white colour, with the softness of silk. (P. C.) Their bright colours are considered inimitable in Europe. Lat. 31~ 37' N., Lon. 7~ 36' W. Pop. probably between 50,000 and 60,000. (B.) MOR-MOS 389 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MoaR-RIs, a co. in the N. part of N. J., intersected by the Morris Canal. Pop. 30,158. Co. t. Morristown. Most-c6w (Russ. Mos-kwAr), a large city of European Russia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly the seat of the imperial government, is situated in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country, on the r. Moskwa, about 380 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. The view of the city from a distance has excited the admiration of all travellers. The innumerable towers, some with cupolas, either gilt or painted green, others rising in the form of minarets, and the many gardens and trees intermixed with houses, give the city quite an Oriental appearance. Sinice, however, the conflagration of 1812, the aspect of Moscow has been considerably changed, and it is becoming more and more like the capitals of western Europe. Among the remarkable buildings, may be mentioned the Kremlin, the old residence of the czars, which has been repaired since the attempts of the French to blow it up in 1812, and still retains its ancient irregularity and grandeur: the Great Hall for exercising the troops in bad weather, which is about 560 ft. long, 180 ft. wide, and 50 ft. high; the ceiling of such vast extent has not a single pillar to support it: and the building of the Foundling Hospital, regarded as the handsomest and most extensive of the kind in Europe. The ancient capital of Russia possesses a great number of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may notice the University, the first in the empire for the number of its professors and students; its library, partly destroyed. in 1812, has been restored, and contained in 1835 about 45,000 volumes (M.): the Anatomical Museum, one of the most extensive in the world: the Imperial Society of Naturalists; and the Society of Amateurs of Russian History and Antiquities. Moscow is the great entrep6t for the internal commerce of European Russia: it is also the residence of two archbishops. Lat. 550 46' N., Lon. 35~ 33' E.;Balbi estimated the pop. at 250,000; Johnston, in 1846, at 350,000. MO-.SELLEt (Ger. Mosel, mol-zeI; Anc. Moseltla or " Little Meuse") i a r. which rises in the mountains between the deps. of Vosges and Upper Rhine, in France, and, flowing northerly, crosses the French frontier, and, passing through the Prussian territory, joins the Rhine at Coblentz. Its whole course is about 280 m., for 170 of which it is navigable. MOSELLE, a dep. in the N. E. of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on the grand-duchy of Luxemburg and the Prussian territories. Pop. 427,250. (P. C.) Capital, Metz. MOSKI-WA (Russ. pron. mos-kWWA), a r. in the central part of European Russia, which flows into the Oka. MosQUITO, mos-kee/-to, a co. in the E. part of Florida, bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. 73. Co. t. New Smyrna. Mof-sUL or Moot-sUL, a decayed city of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalik of Bagdad, on the W. bank of the Tigris. A bridge of boats connects the town with the E. side of the river, where some mounds are supoosed to maik the site of the ancient Nineveh. The manufactures 33* 390 MOU-MUN Fate, f, fall, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in good; in cotton, for which Mosul was once so celebrated,' have greatly declined, though they are still extensive. Lat. 36~ 21' N., Lon. about 43~ E. Pop. probably above 60,000. (B.) MOULINS, moo'-laNf, a commercial and manufacturing t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Allier, on the r. Allier (here crossed by a fine stone bridge, above 700 ft. in length), 165 m. S. S. E. of Paris. It possesses a royal college, a public library of 20,000 vols, and some other institutions. Lat. 46~ 34' N., Lon. 30 19' E. Pop. 14,502. (B.) MOURZOUK. See MooRzooK. MOZAMBIQUE, mo'-zam-beekl, (called by the natives Mas-am-beekl,) a seaport t. of E. Africa, the cap. of a Portuguese colony of the same name. Lat. 14~ 49' S., Lon. 40~ 45' E. Pop. unknown. MUHL/-LEN-BURG', a co. in the WV. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. 9,809. Co. t. Greenville. MtiHLHAITSEN, mfilel-hou'-zen, a walled t. in Prussian Saxony, on the Unstrut, with numerous manufactures and an active commerce. Lat, 51~ 13' N., Lon. 10~ 29' E. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.) MUHLHAUSEN, mule'-houf-ze.n, (Fr. Mulhouse, mill'-oozel,) a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Rhine, on the Ill, a tributary of the Rhine. It is the great centre of the manufacture of printed cottons and silks, so inuch esteemed for their brilliant and indelible colours. This business is carried here to a higher degree of perfection, and conducted on a more extensive scale than in any other place in the world. The manufactures of Muhlhausen and its immediate vicinity, occupy near 60,000 workmen, the annual value of whose productions is estimated at 50,()00,000 francs. (B.) Lat. 470 47' N., Lon. 70 21' E. The present pop., according to Balbi, amounts to more than 24,000, having quadrupled itself since the commencement of the present century. MIUHLHEIM, mille/-hime, a manufacturing t. of the Prussian states, on the Ruhr (roor), an affluent of the Rhine. Lat. 510 26' N., Lon. 6~ 53' E. Pop. 6,400. (B.) MULL, one of the Hebrides, forming a part of Argyleshire, and separated from the main land of Scotland by a channel called the Sound of Mull. It is about 35 m. in length and 14 in its greatest breadth, containing an area of about 300 sq. m. MUL'-LIN-GARI, the cap. of the co. of Westmeath, Ireland, situated 44 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,295. (M.) MUN/-DEN, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Germany, in Hanover, at the confluence of the Fulda and Werra, whose united streams here take the name of Weser. Lat. 510 26' N., Lon. 90 38' E. Pop 5,300. (B.) MUI-NICH (Ger. Miinchen, mfin-aHen), a city of Bavaria, the cap. of the circle of the Isar, and of the whole kingdom, is situated on the Isar, 225 in. W. of Vienna. This town has been greatly improved and enlarged since the beginning of the present century, and now ranks *From the name of this town, the word muslin has been derived. MUN-MUR 391 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. among the handsomest in Germany. New and splendid streets are seen extending in all directions, adorned with elegant houses and magnificent public buildings. The king's palace, when the important alterations undertaken by the reigning sovereign shall have been completed, will probably be the richest and most beautiful royal residence in the Germanic empire. As a seat of learning and the arts, Munich stands in the first rank of European cities. Among the most remarkable institutions, we may name the University, formerly established at Inogolstadt, whence it was removed, in 1800, to Landshut, and in 1827 transferred to the Bavarian capital; there are 58 ordinary and 10 extraordinary professors, and between 1,300 and 1,400 students; the University library contains 105,0!0 vols.: the Public Library, with 400,000 printed vols. and 8,500 manuscripts: the Royal Academy of Arts: and the Military Academy. Munich is greatly indebted to the taste and liberality of the present sovereign, Ludwig I., not only for the recent improvement in the buildings and general appearance of the city, but especially for its distinguished reputation as a seat of the fine arts. The magnificent collections in painting and sculpture, deposited in the Pinacotheca, " picture-repository," and the Glyptotheca, " sculpture-repository," are regarded as the chief glory of the Bavarian capital, and may rank among the finest establishments of the kind in the world. The observatory of Munich, one of the best in Europe, is in Lat. 480 8' 45" N.. Lon. 110 36' 37" E. Pop. about 100,000. (B.) MUNI-STER (Ger. Mfinl-ster), a city of the Prussian dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and of the whole prov. of Westphalia, is situated on the Aa, a tributary of the Ems, with which river it also communicates by a canal. It was formerly strongly fortified, but in 1765 the fortifications were destroyed, and the ramparts planted with linden trees and converted into a promenade. Munster has an academy, attended by 3~50 students, with a faculty of philosophy, and one of theology (for the Roman Catholics); and a gymnasium, attended by nearly 400 students, with a library of 25,000 vols. Lat. 51~ 58' N., Lon. 70 36' E. Pop. 21,000. (B.) MVUN-STER, one of the four provinces into which Ireland is divided, occupying the S. W. portion of the island, comprising the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. MURCIA, mur/-she-a, (Sp. pron. mooRt-the-k,) a prov. and formerly a kingdom in the S. E. of Spain, bordering on Andalusia and the Mediterranean. Extreme length, from N. to S., about 130m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., near 110 m.-Adj. and inhab. MIURCIAN, murlshe-an; (Sp. Murciano, mooR-the-At-no.) MURCIA, a city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, watered by the r. Segura (seg-oof-ra), about 26 m., in a straight line, from the sea. It is the seat of several colleges and other institutions. The silk manufactures of this place are said to have formerly employed 16,000 hands, but now only 400. The inhabitants of the capital, like those of the province generally, are described as slothful, gloomy, and reserved, on which account Murcia is 392 MUR-NAG Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; o6 as ingood, said to be one of the dullest cities in Spain. Lat. 38~ N., Lon. 1~ 14 -W. Pop. 36,000. (B.) MURI-FREE —BQ-ROUTIH, a small t. of Tenn., the seat of justice of Rutherford co., and formerly the cap. of the state, situated 32 m., in a straight line, S. E. of Nashville. MURRAY. See ELGIN. MURI-RAY, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 14,433. Co. t. Springplace. MURRAY FRITH. See MORAY FRITH. MURVIEDRO, mooR-ve-a/-dro, (Anc. Sagunttum, afterwards Murvetum or Mu/ri Vetteres, i. e. "6 old walls,") a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Valencia, chiefly interesting on account of its antiquities. Lat. 390 41' N., Lon. 0~ 17' W. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Mus-cAT1, a fortified seaport t. of Arabia, the cap. of the prov. of Oman, important as the great entrep6t for the merchandise brought through the Persian Gulf from India to Persia and Arabia, and as the centre of the trade in pearls, which are found in such abundance in the Persian Gulf. Lat. about 230 30' N., Lon. 58~ 39' E. Pop. ordinarily estimated at about 12,000 (B.), though some rate it much higher. The imarn (or sacerdotal prince) of Muscat is an independent sovereign, possessing, besides the little state of Muscat, the island of Zanzibar, of Africa, and some territory on the opposite coast. MUSCATINE, mus'-ka-teenf, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 5,731. Co. t. Muscatine. MUS-COt-GEE (G hard), a co. i.l the W. part of Georgia, bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 18,578. Co. t. Columbus. MUSKINGUM, mus-king/-gum, a r. in the S. E. part of Ohio, which flows into the Ohio r. It is navigable for boats about 100 m. MUSKINGUM, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected bV the above river. Pop. 45,049. Co. t. Zanesville. MUSSELBURGH, musf-sel-bur'-reh, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Edin. burgshire, on the Frith of Forth, at the mouth of the Esk, 5 m. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 6,331. MYSORE, mi-sore1, a large prov. in the S. of Hindostan, belonging to the presidency of Madras, between 11~ 30' and 15~ N. Lat., and 740 45' and 78~ 40' E. Lon. Pop. estimated at 2,500,000. (M.) MYSORE, the cap. of the above, occupies a considerable space ot ground, which is enclosed by a wall. Lat. 12~ 19' N., Lon. 76~ 42' E Pop. probably above 50,000. (B.) NAAS, nace, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, 18 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,808. NAG-POOR/, a large but badly built city of Hindostan, in the prov. of Gundwana, the cap. of a kingdom of the same name. Lat. 21~ 9' N., Lon. 79~ 10' E. Pop. in 1825, 115,000. (B.) NAGY ENYED, nody (almost nodge-see lnt. XXII., 16 and 17) en'yedf, a large village of Transylvania, near the right bank of the AMarosch, remarkable for its Protestant college, which is regarded as the NAG-NAN 393 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. first institution of the kind in that country. Lat. 46~ 18' N., Lon. 230 41' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) NAGY KX'ROLY, n6dy kaAf-ro!', a t. in the E. part of Hungary, 37 m. E. by N. of Debreczin, Pop. above 11,000. (P. C.) NAGY SZOMBATH. See TYRNAU. N aGY VARAD. See GROSS-WARDEIN. NAIRNI-SHIRE, a co. of Scotland, S. of, and bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 9,217. NAIRN, the cap. of the above, is a seaport t. at the mouth of a small river of the same name, which flows into Moray Frith. Pop. 2,672. NAI-MUR (Fr. pron. na'-miiR/; Flem. Namen, nal-men); a prov. in the S. E. part of Belgium, bordering on France. Area, 1,413 sq. m. Pop. 212,725. (P. C.) NAMUR (Lat. Namurfcum), the cap. of the above prov., situated at the confluence of the Sambre and the Meuse. It is regarded as the strongest fortress in Belgium, and is the seat of various manufactures, particularly of arms and cutlery. Lat. 50~ 28'N., Lon. 4~ 51' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) NANCY (Fr. pron. naN'-sel), a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Meurthe, and formerly of Lorraine, near the r. Meurthe, 30 m. S. of Metz. It has an academie universitaire, a royal college, a rich museum, a public library of 23,000 vols., and other institutions. Lat. 480 42' N., Lon. 6~ 10' E. Pop. 30,000. (B.) NANGASAKI, nang'-g.a-sa/-ke, a seaport t. of Japan, on the island of Keoo-seoo (Kiu-siu), the only place in the empire which is open to Europeans. The streets are narrow and winding; but the numerous temples render the appearance of the town picturesque to those approaching from a distance. Lat. 32~ 46' N., Lon. 129~ 52' E. Pop. variously estimated from 15,000 or 18,000 (P. C.), to 60,000 or 70,000 (M.) This great difference may perhaps be accounted for by the occasional influx of foreigners. NAN-KIN/ or NAN-INGI! called also KIANG NINGs a large city of China, formerly the cap. of the empire, situated near the right bank of the river Yang-tse-kiang, about 120 m. from its mouth. It is enclosed by walls, nearly 20 m. in circuit, composed of limestone, cemented by sunburnt clay. The city has declined much, both in size and splendour, since the end of the 13th century, when Kublai-Khan removed the imperial residence to Pekin. At that time, Nankin was the largest town on the globe. The streets of this city, though not so wide as those of Pekin, are regular and generally handsome, clean, well-paved, and bordered with wellfurnished shops. The most remarkable edifice is the famous porcelain tower, an octagonal building, above 200 ft. high: each side of the base is 40 ft. long. There are 9 stories, of equal height; at the termination of each, a roof, built in fhe Chinese fashion, projects some feet on the outside, and under it is a passage round the tower. At the projecting corners of these roofs small bells are fastened, which sound with the slightest breeze. The material of which the walls are constructed is said to be a kind of white brick, made of fine clay. Nearly the whol' * 394 N ~NAN-NAP Fate, far, fall, fa't; mr, met; pine or pine, pin; nS, not; 66 as in good; of the interior is gilded. Nankin is connected by canals with the Yanotse-Kiang; it carries on an active commerce, and is the seat of numerous manufactures. It is also distinguished as a centre of learn. ing and the arts. Lat. 32~ 5' N., Lon. 118~ 47' E. The pop., which is eaid to have once been 4,000,000, is at present estimated by Balbi at about 500,000. NANI-SE-MOND\, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 12,283. Co. t. Suffolk. NANTES (Fr. pron. naNt: Anc. Condevic/num; afterwards Namnettes), a city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Lower Loire, delightfully situated on the N. bank of the Loire, 210 m.W. S. W. of Paris. It is, for the most part, well built, and contains about 20 places or squares. Among its various literary and scientific institutions, this town possesses a royal college, a school of medicine, a museum of antiquities, a valuable cabinet of natural history, a public library of 30,000, vols., &c. Nantes is one of the most commercial places in France, and is the seat of numerous manufactures. Lat. 470 13' N., Lon. 1~ 32' W. Pop. 75,150. (B.) NAN-TUCII-ET, an i. in the Atlantic, belonging to Massachusetts, from the main land of which it is distant about 20 m. It is about 16m. in length, with a mean breadth of 4 or 5m. It forms the co. of Nantucket, which has a pop. of 8,452. NANTUCKET, a port of entry, cap. of the above, is situated on the N. side of the i., with a good harbour. Lat. 41~ 17' N., Lon. 70~ 6' W. NANT/-WlCH, a t. of England, in? Cheshire, 18 m. S. E. of Chester. Pop. 5,489. NAL-PLE, (It. Napoli, nl-po-]le: Anc. Parthenlope and Neapfolis). an archiepiscopal city and seaport of Italy, the cap. of a kingdom to which it gives its name, is situated on the N. side of a small bay of the Mediterranean, called the Gulf of Naples, 118 m. S. E. of Rome. It con. tains but few buildings deserving admiration for their architecture; they are generally either disproportionate in their parts, or overloaded with ornaments. The houses of Naples are flat-roofed and covered with a kind of stucco, which becomes indurated on exposure to the atmosphere. Most of them have balconies in front, making the streets, which are generally narrow, appear still narrower. The most remarkable edifices are: the royal palace (La Reggia, la red/-ja), a large mass of buildings, constructed at different times; the new palace has a front nearly 400 ft. in length, with three orders of pillars, one above the other, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian; the apartments are adorned with valuable paintings of the old Italian masters: the Palazzo degli Studj Publici (pa-litl-so del-ye stoot-de-e, poobt-le-che), erected in the early part of the 17th century, originally intended anid used for a university, but afterwards, in 1790, converted into a great national museum; this, called Museo Borbonico (moo-shi-o boR-bonf-e-ko), is said to be unrivalled in its collection of various antiquities; it contains also the Royal Library of 150,000 vols., which is open to the public. Naples possesses a great number of institutions for education, among which we may cite NAP-NAT 3905 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. tre University, founded in 1224, and attended at present by about 1,500 students: the Lyceum del Salvatore: an establishment for unrolling and decyphering the manuscripts found at Herculaneum, and other ancient towns: a botanic garden, one of the richest in Italy: and a " Royal House for the Poor," where nearly 6,000 children are taught the different arts and trades, at the expense of the government. Naples is celebrated for its delicious climate and for the beauty of the surrounding country. The Observatory is in Lat. 40~ 51' 46" N., Lon. 14~ 15' 4"' E. Pop. in 1835, exclusive of the garrison and non-resident foreigners,'50,000. in 1845 400,800. Adj. and inhab. NE\-A-PoL'-.-TAN. NAPLES, KINGDOM OF, otherwise called THE KINGDOM OF THE Two SICILIEs, a state comprising the S. portion of Italy, with Sicily and the adjacent islands, situated between 36~ 30' and 430 N., Lat. and 11~ 50' and 18~ 30' E. Lon. The length of the peninsular portion, follow. ing the curve, is near 390 m.; the breadth varies from about 13 m. to above 130 m. Area of the whole kingdom estimated at 42,000 sq. m. Population 8,423,316. The kingdom of Naples is divided into 22 provinces, or intendencies, 15 belonging to the peninsula, and 7 to Sicily. The gov. is nominally a limited monarchy, but approaches very nearly to a despotism. The reigning family is a branch of the house of Bourboil. NAR-BONNE1 (Anc. Narlbo Marftius), a city of France, in the dep. of Aude, 6 or 7 m. from the Mediterranean, on a canal which communicates with this sea and the r. Aude. It is surrounded by a wall flanked with towers, and entered by four gates. A Roman colony was planted here about 116 years before the Christian era. Narbo is afterwards mentioned by Cicero and Strabo as one of the most important cities of Gaul. Several fragments of Roman architecture may be seen here, incorporated in the walls of the town, and a number of inscriptions exist in excellent preservation. The pop. of Narbonne, which in the middle ages amounted to more than 40,000, is now only 10,000. (B.) Lat. 430 11' N., Lon. 30 E. NASH, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C., intersected by Tar r. Pop. 10,657. Co. t. Nashville. NASH-O-BA, a co. in the E. central part of Miss., intersected by Pearl r. Pop. 2,437. Co. seat, Philadelphia. NASH/-VWTLuL, the largest t. in Tenn., the cap. of Davidson co. and of the state, is situated on the S. bank of the Cumberland r., which is navigable for steamboats to this place. It is the centre of an active trade. The University of Nashville, founded in 1806, is the principal literary establishment. Lat. 836 9' N., Lon. 86~ 49' W. Pop. 10,478. NASt-sAU (Ger. pron. nasf-sou), DUcHY OF, a state of Germany, between 490 55' and 50~ 50' N. Lat., and 70 31' and 8~ 35' E. Lon. The area is variously estimated, but is probably about 1,900 sq. m. Pop. in 1838, 379,272. (P. C.) The capital is Wisbaden. NASSAU (usually pronounced Nas-saut), a co. forming the N. E. extremity of-Florida. Pop. 2,164. Co. t. Fernandina. NATCHI-Ez, a port of entry and the principal t. of Miss., on the Mis 396 NAT-NAX Fate,. far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66, as in good, sissippi r., near the S. W'. extremity of the state. It is the centre of an extensive commerce, but the insalubrity of the climate has somewhat retarded its growth. Lat. 31~ 34' N., Lon. 91~ 25' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. NATCH'-A-TOCHIt-E, sometimes pronounced nak'-e-tushf, a parish in the W. part of La., on the Red r. Pop. 14,201. Capital, Natchitoches. NAT-O!-LxI-4, AN'-A-TO!-.L-A or AN-A-DOI-LI, (from the Greek avaroan, i. e. the " rising or east," being equivalent to the French word levant,) a part of Asiatic Turkey, now generally considered as synonymous with the Asia Minor of the ancients. Natolia or Anadoli, in a more restricted sense, is employed to denote an extensive province, occupying the W. and N. W. portions of Asia Minor. NAUM/-BURG (Ger. pron. noum!-b6aRG), a flourishing t. of Prussian Saxony, on the Saale, near its junction with the Unstrut. It is the seat of the supreme tribunal for the governments of Merseburg and Erfurt. Lat. 51~ 9' N., Lon. 110 40' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) NAUI-PLI.-. or NAPOLI DI ROMANIA, na'-po-le de ro-ma-neef-a, a seaport t. of Greece, in the E. part of the Morea, on a bay of the same name. The ancient Nauplia was the port and arsenal of Argos, during the flourishing period of Grecian history, but was almost or quite deserted in the time of the early Roman emperors. Under the Byzantine sovereigns it revived, and afterwards became the chief settlement of the Venetians in the Morea, until it was taken by the sultan Solyman, in 1537. Its situation, so picturesque and so advantageous for commerce and defence, caused it to be chosen, after the war of independence, for the capital of Greece; but, in 1834, the seat of government was transferred to Athens. Lat. 370 34' N., Lon. 22~ 47' E. Pop. probably near 12,000. (B.) NAV/-AN, a t. of Ireland, at the confluence of the rivers Blackwater and Boyne, 26 m. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, including the suburbs, about 6,000. (M.) NAVARrNO, nav-a-reel-no, or NEOCAsTRo, nA'-o-kasf-tro, a small t. an3 fortress of Greece, in the S.W. part of the Morea, on a bay of the same name, remarkable as the scene of a great naval contest, October 20th, 1827, between the combined fleet of the French, English, and Russians, under Admiral Codrington, and the Turco-Egyptian fleet, commanded by Ibrahim Pasha. The allies gained a complete victory, which established the independence of Greece. NAV-ARREI (Sp. pron. Navarra, na-varl-ra), a prov. and formerly a kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by France, S. E. by Aragon, S.W. by Old Castile, and W. by the Basque provinces or Biscay. Length from N. to S., about 80 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 64 m. Pamplona is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. NAV'-AR-RESE1. NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific, between 13~ and 15" S. Lat., and 169~ and 173~ W. Lon. NAXIA, nax-eel-.a (Anc. Naxlos), a Grecian i., the most tertile of the Cyclades, intersected by the 37th parallel of N. Lat. and the neridian NEA-NES 397 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; rT, as in this; N, nearly like ng. of 25~ 30' E. Lon. Length, 21 m.; greatest breadth, 15 m. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (P. C.) The chief town, called also Naxia, is on the N. W. side of the island. Pop. 4,000. (M.) NEAGIT, LOUGH, 16H na, the largest lake in the United Kingdom, is situated in the N. E. part of Ireland, about 90 m. N. of Dublin. Its form resembles a parallelogram. Length about 20 min.; greatest breadth, rather more than 10 m.; greatest depth, about 100 ft. NECKI-AR, a r. in the S. W. of Germany, which flows through Wiirtemberg and Baden, and joins the Rhine at Manheim. NE-COs/-TA, a co. in the W. central part of Mich. NEDJD, nej'd, or NEDJI-]D, an extensive prov. occupying the central part of Arabia, inhabited chiefly by wandering tribes of Bedouins. NEG/-RO-PONT' or EG'-RA-PO (Anc. Euboeta), a large i. near the E. coast of continental Greece, between 370 57' and 390 4' N. Lat. and 22~ 57' and 24~ 35' E. Lon. It is about 110 m. long, and from 3 or 4 to 26 m. wide. The channel (Anc. Euri/pus) which separates this island from the main land varies from 40 yards to about 14m. in breadth. On the narrowest part is situated Egripos or Negropont (Anc. Chal/cis), the chief town of the island. Lat. 38~ 30' N., Lon. 230 54' E. - Pop., before the war of independence, estimated at 16,000. (B.) NEISSE, nif-ceh, a well-built t. and fortress of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a principality of the same name, which belongs partly to Prussia and partly to Austria. The town is situated on the r. Neisse, a branch of the Oder, and is regarded as one of the most important fortresses in the Prussian dominions. In case of a siege, the adjacent country can be laid under water. It contains, besides other manufactories, a powdermill and a royal manufactory of arms. Lat. 50~ 25' N., Lon. 170 16' E. Pop. above 10,000. (B.) NELI-SON, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 12,758. Co. t. Livingston. NELSON, a co. in the N. central part of Ky., S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 14,789. Co. t. Bardstown. NELSON RIVER. See SASKATCHAWAN. NENAGH, nwV-na, a t. of Tipperary, Ireland, near a r. of the same name, which flows into the Shannon, 87 m. W. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 8,446. (M.) NEOT'S, ST., sent neets, or s'n neets. a small t. of England, in Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse, 50 m. N. by W. of London. NE-PAUL! or NEPAL, an independent kingdom of Hindostan, situated between 260 30' and 30~ 50' N. Lat., and 80~ and 88~ E. Lon. Length above 500 m.; mean breadth about 100 m. Pop. 2,500,000. (B.) The government is despotic; the prevailing religion is Boodhism. Catmandoo is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. NEP'-AUL-EEI. NER-BUDI-DAH or Nar-min-da, a large r. of Hindostan, which rises in the prov. of Gundwana,' in about 22' 40' N. Lat. and 82~ E. Lon., and, flowing westerly, falls into the Gulf of Cambay, in Lat. 21~ 36 N., Lon. 72~ 50' E., after a course of about 700 m. NESS, Locir, loK ness, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness-shire; it is 34 398 NET-NEU FMtte, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66, as in good, about 22 m. long, and from about three-quarters of a mile to near 2 m. wide. NETH!-ER-LANDS (Dutch, Nederland, n't-der-lant'; Gcr. Niederlande, neet-der-lan-deh; Fr. Pays Bas, pae-ba; each name signifiying, in its respective language, " low land or low countries"), the name formerly applied to the whole country which constitutes the territories of Holland and Belgium, but now usually employed to denote the kingdom of Holland only. In the beginning of the 16th century, almost the whole of the Netherlands belonged to the house of Austria; but Charles V., emperor of Germany, united them in 1548 to the crown of Spain. In consequence of the cruel persecution of the Protestants, during the reign of his son Philip II., king of Spain, seven of the provinces, viz. Holland, Gelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, and Groningen, revolted and formed the celebrated republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was afterwards generally called Holland, from the name of the largest and most influential province. To these were afterwards added, by conquest and treaty, other territories, including Drenthe and N. Brabant. The remaining provinces, including S. Brabant, continued united to the Spanish crown till 1706, when, after the battle of Ramilies, they acknowledged as their sovereign Charles VI., afterwards emperor of Germany, and were thenceforward known as the AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS. In the seven Dutch provinces, the house of Orange obtained the hereditary dignity of Stadtholder, in 1747. After the fall of Napoleon, in 1813, the Prince, who, during the ascendancy of the French influence, had been compelled to live in exile, was recalled and governed the country, with the title of " Sovereign Prince." -In 1815, the seven northern and ten southern provinces, after a separation of 200 years, were again united under the name of the kingdom of the Netherlands. This union continued for 15 years, till the revolt of the Belgians, in 1830. (See BELGIUM and HOLLAND.) NEUI-BURG (Ger. pron. noi/-b66Ra), a handsome t. of Bavaria, on the Danube, 45 m. W. S. W. of Ratisbon. Lat. 48~ 44' N., Lon. I.1~ 11 E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) NEUFCHA'rEL, nush'-A-tell, often written NEUCHATEL (Ger. Neuenburg, noil-en-b66Ro), a small canton in the N. W. part of Switzerland, bordering on France. Area, about 250 sq. m. Pop. in 1837, 58,616. (P. C.) Neufchatel is a principality, of which the king of Prussia is the sovereign prince; it has, however, a legislative body, seven-eighths of whom are elected from the various districts of the canton. Neufchatel, the capital, on the N. W. side of the lake of the same name, is distinguished for its manufacturing industry. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) NEUFCH.TEL, LAKE OF (Ger. Neuenburger-See, noil-en-b6o6R'-er sa), called also the LAKE OF YVERDUN, e'-veR'-dUN/, on the S. E. side of the above canton, is 25 m. in length, and about 5 m. in its greatest breadth; greatest depth, about 400 ft. The surface is estimated to be 1,320 ft. above the level of the sea. NEU-RUPPIN. See RUPPiN, NEW. NEU'-SATZ or noil-sats (Hung. Ujvid6k, oo-e-ve-daik), a royal free t. NEU —NEW 399 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite to Peterwardein, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats, 46 m. N. W. of Belgrade. It is the centre of an extensive trade. Pop. above 17,000. (B.) NEUSE, a r. of N. C., flowing into the S. W. extremity of Pamlico Sound. Length about 300 m. It is navigable for boats 200 m. NEUt-SOUL or noif-sole (Hung. Besztercze B'nya, bes-tiRt-sA baAny6h), a royal free t. of Hungary, remarkable for the copper mines in its vicinity. Lat. 48~ 40' N., Lon. 19~ 3' E. Pop. 10,000. NEUI-STADT or noif-statt (often called Wiener (weel-ner) Neustadt, from its proximity to Vienna), a handsome, flourishing, and well-fortified t. of Lower Austria, 27 m. S. by W. of Vienna, with which it coimmunicates by a canal. It is the seat of a celebrated military academy, attended by about 500 pupils, and contains a number of flourishing manufactures. Lat. 470 48' N., Lon. 160 13 E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) NEUSTADT (Hung. Nagy-Bdnya, n6dy-(almost n6dge) baan-y6h), a t. of Hungary, near the N. frontier of Transylvania, remarkable for its rich mines of gold, silver, and lead. Lat. 470 39' N., Lon. 230 32' E. Pop. above 4,000. (B.) NEnu-w.uED,or noi/-weet, a manufacturing t.of Prussia, on the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. W. of Coblentz, with a gymnasium, a valuable collection of Roman antiquities, and of specimens in natural history, and 5,200 inhabitants, who are chiefly Moravians. NEI-VA (Russ. pron. nat-va), a r. of Russia, which forms the outlet of L. Ladoga, and joins the Gulf of Finland, at St. Petersburg. NEVADA, LA SIERRA. See the next article. NEVADO, na'-vAt-Do, a Spanish word signifying " covered with snow," which has been applied to numerous mountain peaks in S. America and Mexico. LA SIERRA NEVADA (la se-ert-ra na-vAl-Da), or the " snow.clad ridge," is a chain of mountains in Granada, Spain, which runs due E. and W., and is about 60 m. in length. The peak of Mulahacen (moo-la-A-thenf), near the centre of this chain, in 370 10' N. Lat., and 3~ 28' W. Lon., is the highest mountain summit in the Spanish peninsula, and, with the exception of the Alps, the highest in Europe, having an elevation of,11,658 ft. above the level of the sea. The Sierra Nevada is perpetually covered with snow above the height of 9,500 ft. NEVADO DE SORATA. See SORATA. NEvERs, neh-vaRet, (Anc. Noviodulnum, afterwards Nivertnum or Nevirtnum,) a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Nievre, on the Loire, at the junction of the little r. Nidvre, 133 m. S. by E. of Paris. It contains a royal cannon foundry, and other extensive manufactures in iron. The crockery made here is regarded as the best in France. Lat. 460 59' N., Lon. 30 10' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) NEWI-ARK, a t. of England, in Nottinghamshire, on the Trent, 110 m. N. by W. of London. Pop., including an area of about 3 sq. m., 10,220. NFWARK, a port of entry of N. J., the cap. of Essex co., and the 400 NEW -NEW FPte, fir, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as ingood, largest t. in the state, is situated on the Passaic, 9 m. W. of New Yorii, The river is navigable for sloops of 80 tons to this place; 4 m. below the t. it falls into Newark Bay. The position of this city is very favourable for trade, standing, as it does, on the railroad between New York and Philadelphia, and communicating with the Delaware at Easton, by means of the Morris Canal. It is the seat of numerous and flourishing manufactures, and contained, in 1850, 38,894 inhabitants, exhibiting an increase of more than21,000sincethe census of 1840. Lat. 40~ 45' N., Lon. 740 10' W. NEWARK BAY is formed by the junction of the Passaic and Hackensack rivers. It is 6 or 7 m. long, and above 2 m. wide, communicating at its S. extremity with Staten Island Sound. NEW BEDI-FORD, a seaport t. and port of entry of Mass., in Bristol co., of which it is one of the seats of justice, on an arm of Buzzard's Bay, about 50 m., in a straight line, S. by E. of Boston. The inhabitants of this town own a large amount of shipping, and are very extensively engaged in the whale fishery. Lat. 41~ 38' N., Lon. 70~ 56' W. Pop. 16,464. NEWI-BERN, a port of entry of N. C., cap. of Craven co., is situated at the confluence of the Trent and Neuse, about 100 m. E. S. E. of Raleigh. Lat. 350 20' N., Lon. 770 5' W. Pop. 4,722. NEW/-BER-RY, a dist. in the N. WV. central part of S. C., between the Saluda and Broad rivers. Pop. 20,143. Seat of justice Newberry c. h. NEw BRTUNS-wICIi, a prov. of British America, lying on the W. side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Length, from N. to S., about 190 m.; average breadth estimated at 150 m. Pop. in 1834, 119,457. (P. C.) Frederickton is the capital. NEW BRUNSWICK, a t. of N. J., the cap. of Middlesex co., on the Raritan, where it is crossed by the New York and Philadelphia railroad, 28 m., in a straight line, S. W. of New York. With this city it has daily intercourse, by means of steamboats on the Raritan, as well as by the railroad, while, through the Delaware and Raritan canal, it has a water communication with Trenton and Philadelphia. Pop. 10,019. NEWI-BURG, a well-built t. of N. Y., in Orange co., on the Hudson, about 60 m., by water, from New York. It is alternately with Goshen the co. t. Lat. 41~ 31' N., Lon. 740 1' W. Pop. 11,415. NEWBURYPORT, nu1-ber-re-p6rt', a beautiful t. and port of entry in Essex co., Mass., at the mouth of the Merrimack. It was formerly very flourishing, but in 1811 a fire destroyed nearly 300 buildings, from the effects of which calamity it has never recovered. Lat. 42~ 48' N., Lon. 700 50' W. Pop. 9,534. NEWCASTLE, nuf-kas-s'l, the most northern of the three counties of Del. Pop. 42,784. Co. t. Newcastle. NEW-CAsf-TLE.-vUPN-TYNE, an important commercial t. and river-port of England, in Northumberland, on the N. bank of the Tyne, 10 mn, from its mouth. It is connected with'Gateshead, on the opposite side of the river, in the co. of Durham, by a handsome stone bridge, with 9 NEW-NEWX 401 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. elliptical arches. This town owes its importance and prosperity to its extensive commerce in coal, which is procured from numerous pits, situated on both sides of the Tyne, from within 2 m. of its mouth to 16 or 18 m. up the river. Newcastle forms a little county of itself, withl an area of only 2,000 acres. It has nearly doubled in pop. during the present century. Lat. 50~ 58' N., Lon. 1~ 37' W. Pop. of the t. and co. of Newcastle, 48,860. Gateshead, which is regarded by some as a suburb of the above, contains about 19,000 inhabitants. NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME or LYNEv, a t. of England, in Staffordshire, 135 m. N. W. of London. Pop. 9,838. NEw ENGLAND, a name given to the N. E. portion of the U. S., includinff the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The whole area may be estimated at about 67,000 sq. m., being rather less than that of Virginia. Total pop. 2,727,397. The inhabitants of New England are distin. guished for their intelligence and enterprise. There is probably no country on the globe, in which the obligations of morality and religion are more generally respected and obeyed. NEW'-FOUND-LANDI, a large i. of British America, situated in the Atlantic, S. E. of Labrador, from which it is separated by the Strait of Belle Isle, between 46~ 40' and 51~ 37' N. Lat., and 52~ 25' and 590 15' W. Lon. Its form approaches that of a triangle. The length, measuring nearly N. and S., is about 320 m.; greatest breadth, near 300 m. Area estimated at 50,000 sq. m. Pop. fluctuating, in consequence of many persons, who visit the island in the fishing season, leaving it during winter: according to the census of 1836, it amounted to 73,705. (P. C.) Little is known of the interior of Newfoundland. It appears, however, to be generally barren. The inhabitants depend chiefly on fishing for their subsistence. NEW GRANADA, gra-nA/-dA,t (Sp. Nueva Granada, nwha-va gr'a-nalDa,) one of the three republics of S. America, into which, in 1836, Colombia was divided. (See COLOMBIA.) The boundary line between Granada and Ecuador, appears not to be exactly settled, but it lies between 1~ and 2" N. Lat.: towards the N. this republic extends to 12~ 30' N. Lat.: it is situated between 690 and 830 W. Lon; bounded on the N. by the Caribbean sea, E. by Venezuela and Brazil, S. by Brazil and Ecuador, and W. by the Pacific and Central America. The greatest length, from N. to S., is near 800 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 650m. Area estimated at 400,000sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 1,320,000. (B.) There is reason to believe that, in consequence of the unsettled state of the country, it has not materially increased since that period. Bogota is the capital. It appears from old records that an ancient forest on the borders of Cheshire was called Lyme or Lime (probably from limes, a " boundary"); from their proximity to which, a number of places are supposed to have received the addition to their names of under lyme or lyne. t See note under GRANADA. 34* 402 NEW-NEW Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 65 as in good; NEW GUINEA. See PAPUA. NEW HIMP/-SHIRE, one of the thirteen original U. S., situated between 42~ 40' and 450 20' N. Lat., and 70' 40' and 72~ 30' W. Lon., bounded on the E. by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Massachusetts, W. N. W. and N. by Vermont and Canada, and divided into 10 counties.* Length, 193m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., S7m. Area estimated from 8,000 to near 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 317,864. Concord is the seat of government. NEW HANI-O-VER, a co. in the S. part of N. C., intersected by Capi Fear r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 17,668. Co. t. Wilmington. NEW HA-IVBN, a co. in the S. part of Conn., bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 62,126. NEW HAVEN, a port of entry, the largest t. in Conn., the cap. of the above, and, alternately with Hartford, the seat of the state government, situated at the head of a small bay, projecting from Long Island Sound, about 34 m., in a straight line, S. S. W. of Hartford, with which town it is connected by a railroad. The general appearance of New Haven is neat, and even elegant. The state-house, built on a Grecian model, is perhaps the most remarkable edifice. This town is the seat of Yale College, founded in 1700, and one of the most flourishing collegiate institutions in the whole country. The collection of minerals is said to be the finest in the United States. The college is in Lat. 41~ 18' 30" N., Lon. 72~ 56' 45" W. Pop. of the township of New Haven, 22,500; of the city alone, 20,345. NEW HOLLAND. See AUSTRALIA. NEW JER/-SEY, one of the original U. S., between 38~ 56' and 41~ 20' N. Lat., and 730 54' and 750 33' W. Lon.; bounded on the N.by the state of New York, E. by the Hudson r. and Staten Island Sound (which divide it from New York), and by the Atlantic Ocean, S. and S. W. by the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, and W. by the states of De. laware and Pennsylvania, from which it is separated by the r. Delaware; and divided into 20 counties.t Length, 170 m.; greatest breadth, 74 m. At its narrowest part, near the middle, it is only 37 m. broad, Area estimated at 8,000 sq. m. Pop. 489,555. Trenton is the seat of government. NEW KIENT, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Pamunky and York rivers. Pop. 6,064. Seat of justice, New Kent c. h. NEW LEBI-A-N9N, a village of Columbia co., N. Y., 24 m. E. S. E. of Albany, remarkable as being one of the principal settlements of the Shakers in the United States. NEW LONDON (lunf-don), a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Conn. Pop. 51,821. Co. towns, New London and Norwich. Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rock ingharmn Strafford, Sullivan. t Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Cumberland, Essex, Gloucester, Hu.d son, Hfunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Salem, Somer set. Sussex, Warren, Camden, Ocean. NEW-NEW 403 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Ti, as in this; N, nearly like ng. NEW LONDON, a city and port of entry of Connecticut, in the pro-;:eding county, of which it is one of the seats of justice, on the Thames, 3 rn. from its mouth, and 44 m., in a straight line, E. of New Haven. Its harbour is the best in the state. Lat. 41~ 22' N., Lon. 720 9' W. Pop. 8,994. NEW MAD-RaID, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Mo. Pop. 5,541. Co. t. New Madrid. NEWr, MExIco.-New Mexico is a territory of the United States, formed in 1850, from the Mexican province of that name (acquired by the treaty with Mexico in 1848) and from portions of California and Texas. It lies between 320 and 38~ of N. lat.; and 1030 and 117 of W. ion.; being about 700 miles in average length, and about 350 in mean breadth, including an area of about 210,744 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Utah, and Indian Territory; E. by Indian Territory and Texas; S. by Texas and Mexico, and W. by the State of California, from which it is partly separated by the Colorado river. The population, by the census of 1850, was 61,505; of which 61,488 were white, and 17 coloured persons. Deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, 1,507, or more than 24 in every thousand. This territory is divided into seven counties.* Rivers.-The Rio Grande' (see Rio Bravo del Norte') and its branches drain the eastern part of New Mexico. This river passes through the territory from N. to S. between two ranges of the Rocky Mts., forming the valley of the Rio Grande. The Pecos is the principal branch on the east. See Appendix. The Puerco, (pwhr'ko,) the principal western branch of the Rio Grande, rises in the Sierra Madre Mts., and, though running over 100 miles, its channel is often entirely destitute of water, during the dry season, in the lower part of its course. The Canadian, a branch of the Arkansas, drains a mountain valley in the N. E. of this territory. See Appendix. The Colorado of the West enters New Mexico from Utah, and traversing the N. W. part, strikes the W. boundary on the 350 of N. lat. From this point to the Mexican frontier it forms the boundary between New Mexico and California. None of the rivers of this territory are navigable, unless it may be the Colorado and Gila near their mouths. Most of the smaller rivers, except near their sources, for a great part of the year have either dry channels, or are a series of sandy pools. Even the Rio Grande itself, Major Emory found but 25 yards wide, and hub deep, at Albuquerque, nearly 300 miles from its source. He also states that it seldom rises more than two feet. More than 150 miles farther south, at the same season, it was but 118 feet wide and 14 inches deep. Lieut. Simpson, however, in his journal, Sept. 22d, 1849, at the same place, has this passage:-" The river at this point is about 200 yards wide, the stream rapid, and its depth.s Bernallillo, Rio-Ariba, Santa-Anna, Santa-F6, San-Miguel, Taos, and Valencia. 2A 404 NEW-NEW Fate, far, f11ll, fAt, me, mit; pine, or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; four feet." He afterwards mentions croosing in a ferry-boat at Albuquerque and Socorro. The Gila (hee'lh) river rises in the Sierra Madre Mts., and running nearly west on the southern boundary, discharges itself into the Colorado, after a course of about 500 miles. It is hemmed in by mountains for more than half its course, forming a narrow valley, in some parts not more than 300 feet wide. Face of the Coluntry, Mountains, &c.-This extensive territory is for the most part a high table land, crossed by several ranges of mountains, and generally destined to hopeless sterility. The eastern section comprises the valleys of the Rio Grande and its tributaries, and lies among the different ranges of the Rocky Mountains, which cross the country in a direction nearly N. and S. The larger portion lies west of the Sierra Madre mountains, and, as far as known, partakes of the general characteristics of the great Fremont Basin. (See Utah.) The Colorado on the west, and the Gila on the south, with their tributaries, drain this portion. The mountain ranges, commencing at the east, are first the Guadalupe Mts., which diverge from the main chain of the Rocky Mts. and pass off in a S. E. direction into Texas. Next are the Sierra Grande, a chain of mountains which separate the valleys of the Rio Grande and Pecos, and passing south into Texas, approach the former river nearly to its banks, which they coast to the mouth of the Pecos. The Sierra Madre Mts. form the western limit of the valley of the Rio Grande, and run from N. to S. through New Mexico. In the valley of the Rio Grande, which is itself a table land of 6000 feet elevation in the northern part, there are various detached mountains, bearing local names; one, about half a degree south of Santa Fe, has been called Gold Mountain, from its containing that metal. A portion of the great American Desert enters the N. E. corner of N. Mexico. Passing the Sierra Madre Mts., we enter upon ground that has been little explored, except a small portion between 35~ and 36~~ N. lat., and between 107~ and 110~ W. Ion., which was traversed by Lt. Simpson of the Topographical Corps of Engineers in 1849, who describes the country as " one entire naked barren waste, sparsely covered with cedar and pine of a scrub growth, thickly sprinkled with sage and artemisia, and having a yellow, buff-coloured soil." The exception to this general sterility is in the valleys, where there is some ground cultivated by the Pueblo Indians. A range of mountains hem in the Gila to the north, as far as the 112th degree of W. lon. One of the peaks of this range Major Emory estimated at 5724 feet above the sea, and the upper end of the valley of the Gila at 4347 feet. Soil and Productions. —We have characterized this territory as generally sterile, but it is not without considerable exceptions. Many parts of the valley of the Rio Grande, as well as the valleys of other rivers and streams, are exceedingly fertile, and produce fint crops of wheat, Indian corn, and other grains, besides grapes, melons, peaches, and other fruits and garden vegetables:. But everywhere in New Mexico irrigation is necessary to successful agricultural opera NEW- NEW 405 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. tions. During the dry season, however, even this resource fails, as many of the rivers, except near their sources in the mountains, are completely dried up or reduced to a series of pools. On the tablelands, which are utterly useless for agriculture, there grows a peculiar grass which, in the dry season, cures and preserves its nutritious qualities. On this grass the cattle, sheep, horses and mules feed all. winter, and preserve themselves in excellent condition, till the rainy season causes the green grass to spring up anew. Pasturage is the principal source of wealth in New Mexico. The herds and flocks, however, are subject to be driven off by Indian depredators. The mutton of New Mexico is excellent, but the wool almost valueless for want of a market. Only a small portion of the surface is covered with forests, and the country is almost entirely destitute of the hard woods. Some of the streams are fringed with the cotton-wood, and pine of an inferior quality occurs on the mountains. The sycamore, ash, cedar, walnut, evergreen oak, and willow are found in small quantities. From the great number of ruined pueblos, or Indian habitations, in the valleys west of the Sierra Madre Mts., it would seem that a greater population existed here formerly. than at present; supported, probably, by a system of irrigation. Minerals. —The geological structure of the country indicates that New Mexico conceals in its bowels rich mineral treasures; but these have not as yet been much developed. Gold-mines have been known and worked for a long time in this region, but hitherto with no great success, either through the jealousy of the Indians or for want of skilful mining. Reports have reached us, that appear to be well founded, of the discovery of gold in several places on the Gila river, and of silver at El Paso. Copper, iron, salt, coal, and other minerals have also been found. Animals.-Deer, mountain sheep, wild hogs, turkeys, geese, brant, swans, ducks, scorpions, and lizards, are met with; though animal does not appear to be more prolific than vegetable life in this region. Towns.-Santa Fe, (san'ta-ft,) the capital and largest town in New Mexico, is situated on the Santa Fe r., a branch of the Rio Grande, from which it is but a few miles distant in an air line. Lat. 35~ 40' N. It is the great emporium of the overland trade that has been carried on since 1822 with the State of Missouri. It is principally built of adobes, or unburnt brick. The houses form a square, with a court within, upon which nearly all the apartments open. There is generally but one entrance from the street, which is wide and high enough to admit animals with their packs. The town, however, presents but a poor appearance. Pop. 7,713. Albuquerque (al-boo-ker'kay) is situated on the Rio Grande, about 50 m. south of Santa Fe, in the midst of some of the most fertile land in New Mexico. Pop. about 1,000. San'ta Domin'go, a pueblo, or Indian town, is situated on the Rio Grande, about 25 miles S. W. of Santa Fe. The houses are of two stories, the upper being set retreatingly on the lower, so that the roof of the lower story serves for a terrace to the upper. The houses 406 NEW-NEW Fite, far, fIll, f~t; m6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; o5 as in good; are entered by ladders ascending to this terrace, there being no doors to the lower story. This is a description of all the pueblos in New Mexico. Pop. about 800. Zuhii, (soon —ye,) Lagguna, (la-goo'-nS,) and Jemez, are situated from 30 to 100 m. W. of the Rio Grande, and inhabited by Indians who have herds of cattle, horses and sheep. Their populations are, respectively, about 1,200, 800, and 400. NEW OR'LEANS,* a city and port of entry of Louisiana, and seat of justice of the parish of Orleans, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi river, 105 m. by water, and 80 m. in a direct line from its mouth. Lat. 29~ 58/ N., Long. 90~ 7' W. Pop. of the parish 119,461, of whom 18,068 are slaves. Its site is an alluvial flat, which is several feet below the surface of the river at high water, and is so marshy that there are no cellars to any of the houses. To prevent inundations, an embankment, or lev6e, has been raised, which extends more than 100 miles above the city, and in some places is 30 feet high. This forms a convenient landing for the cargoes of vessels. The river, which is here more than 100 feet deep, makes a curve to the left, from which the familiar name of " Crescent City" is derived. The city, which extends about 5 miles along the river and half a mile back, is divided into three municipalities. The first, which includes the city proper, or middle section, is the most populous; the second, which includes the upper suburbs, contains the finest residences; and the third comprises the lower section. The houses are chiefly built of brick, and the streets are straight, regularly laid out, and lighted with gas. The principal edifices are a large Roman Catholic cathedral, a state-house, custom-house, a U. S. branch mint, an exchange, and a college. It also contains several hospitals, and 38 churches, of which 12 are Roman Catholic. A large proportion of the citizens are of French and Spanish descent, and perhaps no city presents a greater mixture of races and languages. The low situation renders the air, in the warm season, very unhealthy: the yellow fever often commits fearful ravages. But notwithstanding these drawbacks, the town is increasing in wealth and population, its commerce attracting multitudes from every quarter of the globe. As a place of trade, New Orleans enjoys unequalled advantages. It is the outport of all the commerce of the Mississippi and its tributaries. It is accessible for ships of the largest size, while its levte is thronged with smaller vessels of every description. Sometimes 50 steamboats may be seen at once. The chief article of export is cotton, of which a million bales have been received here in one year. In the value of its exports, New Orleans exceeds every other city in the Union. In the year ending September 1, 1851, the exports amounted to $81,216,900, of which 54 millions were to foreign countries, and 27 millions to other ports of the United States. The number of arrivals of steamers and other vessels in 1851, was 5,050. NEW'P6RT, a port of entry of' It. I., the cap. of a co. of the same ~ See note to ORLEANS. NEW —NEW 407 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, aS in this; N, nearly like ng. name, and one of the seats of the state government, is situated near the mouth of Narragansett Bay, on one of the finest harbours in the world. It stands on the S. W. side of Rhode Island, about 5 m. from the sea, and 22 mn. in a straight line, S. by E. of Providence. The beauty of its situation, and the salubrity of its climate, have made this town a place of fashionable resort for persons from the southern and middle states, during the summer months. Lat. 41~ 28' N., Lon. 71~ 21' W. The pop. of Newport was greater before the revolution than at the present time, though it is now on the advance: in 1840, it was 8,333. Pop. of the co. of Newport, 20,007. NEW SARUM. See SALISBURY. NEW SOUTH WALES, a colonial territory of Great Britain, occupies the eastern portion of the Australian continent. Its northern and western limits are not vet determined. On the east it is bounded by the South Pacific Ocean, and on the south by the province of Victoria. A colony of convicts was established here in 1788. In 1840, the transportation ceased, and at present there are but very few convicts in the country. The pop. in 1848, was 220,474, and since the recent discovery of gold, has been rapidly increasing. A mountain ridge extends for many hundred miles nearly parallel with the coast, at an average distance of 40 or 50 miles, and with a mean altitude of 3,500 feet. Different parts of this ridge are called the Blue Mountains, and the Australian Alps. The region west of this range is drained by the Macquarrie, Lachlan, and Darling rivers, none of which are navigable. Those which intersect the space between the mountains and the sea are quite small, and furnish very limited communication with the interior. The coast is indented with several good harbours, among which are Port Jackson, Port Macquarrie, and Botany Bay. The country next to the sea, for five or six miles, is occupied by barren ridges, producing a few stunted trees and bushes. As we advance toward the interior it improves in appearance, and at the distance of twenty or twenty-five miles it presents a beautiful undulating surface, clothed with luxuriant herbage, and adorned with groves, which are lofty, but not dense. The forests of Australia are less dense than those of other continents. The soil is generally fertile and better adapted to pasturage than to tillage. Wheat, maize, oats, and the grape are cultivated successfully; but it is chiefly by the production of wool that this colony is rising into commercial importance. In 1850, 32 million pounds of wool were exported from this province and Victoria. The climate is warm, and subject to drought, but is very salubrious. The chief towns are Sydney, the capital, Paramatta, Bathurst, and Goulbourn. See AUSTRALIA and SYDNEY. NEWrTON, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., bordering on the Ocmnulgee, near its source. Pop. 13,296. Co. t. Covington. NEWTON, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss., E. of Jackson Pop. 4,465. Co. seat., Decatur. NEWTON, at co. forming the S. W. extremity of Mo. Pop. 4,268. 408 NEW —NEW Fhte, fir, f1I, fit; me, mat: pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o60 as in good; NEW YORK, one of the original U. S., between 400 30' and 45~ N. Lat., and 720 and 790 50' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. N. W. and W. by Canada, the r. St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, the Niagara r., Lake Erie, and Pennsylvania; S. and S. W. by Pennsylvania and New Jersey, E. by Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. These limits, however, do not include Long Island, which extends from near the S. E. extremity of the continental portion of the state, more than 100 m. in an easterly direction. (See LONG ISLAND.) The greatest length of N. Y., from E. to W., is 322 m.; extreme breadth, from N. to S., about 300 m. Area estimated at 49,000 sq. m. Pop. 3,097,394. The state is divided into 59 counties.* New York, though not the largest, is in almost every other respect the leading state in the Union; its pop. exceeds that of Pennsylvania (the second of the United States, as regards the number of its inhabitants), by more than 700,000, and surpasses the whole population of the six New England states, by nearly 200,000. To New York is due the honour of having first undertaken and brought into successful operation those extensive internal improvements which have since, though on a smaller scale, been extended to almost every portion of the Union. Albany is the capital. NEW YORK, the metropolis of the above state, the most populous city and greatest emporium in the New World, and with its suburbs, Brooklyn and Williamsburg (as legitimately a part of New York as Southwark is of London), the third in point of wealth and population of the cities of Europe and America, is situated on the southern extremity of Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson, about 18 m. from the Atlantic, and 80 m., in a direct line, N. E. of Philadelphia. The city and county have the same limits, comprising the whole of Manhattan island, which is 131 m. in length, and 2 m. in its greatest breadth. The densely inhabited portion of the city is situated on the S. extremity of the island, extending northward 3 or 4 m. In the old or southern quarter of the town, the streets are for the most part narrow and irregular, but nearly all the northern or newer part is remarkable for the regularity and beauty of the streets, as well as for the elegance of the houses. Broadway, the principal street, and one of the finest to be seen in any city, is 80 ft. wide, and about 3 m. long. Commencing at the Battery (an open space planted with trees at the S. extremity of the island), it extends N. N. E. through nearly the whole length of the town. It may be compared to a great river; the streets which terminate in it, and those which *- Albany, Alleghany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chatauque,Chemung, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Genessee, Green, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, King's, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, New York, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Queen's, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Seneca, Steuben, St. Lawrence, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westchester, Wyoming, Yates. NEW —NEW 409 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. it intercepts, being tributaries that supply a constantly increasing throng of people, and vehicles of every description, as we advance towards its southern extremity. Perhaps the most important of these affluents is Chatham street, which forms the outlet of the Bowery, East Broadway, and several other considerable streets, and unites with Broadway at the lower extremity of the Park. The city contains a number of public squares or open spaces, adorned with trees and resorted to as places of promenade; the most remarkable of which are the Battery (already mentioned), the Park, a triangular enclosure, situated about three-quarters of a mile from the Battery, midway between the Hudson and East River; it contains the City Hall, the Hall of Records, and other buildings; and Washington Square, in the N. W. part of the city. The principal business of New York is carried on in the lower or southern section of the town, where, along the wharves, in every direction, may be seen forests of masts, and where countless vessels, of every description, and from every part of the globe, pour their rich tribute. into the lap of this queen of commercial cities. Steamers of such size, splendour, and speed, as the world has never before seen, forming regular lines of packets to Liverpool, Southampton, Glasgow, Havre, Bremen, San Francisco and other ports in the Union, arrive at, and depart from its docks almost daily, loaded with passengers and merchandise. The registered tonnage of this port amounts to 694,843. The total value of exports in 1851, was $87,653,849; of imports in the same year, $131,356,952, (about two-thirds of the imports of the whole U. S.) New York is fast approaching the European capitals in the stateliness of its private mansions and the solidity and grandeur of its public buildings. Among the most remarkable of the latter class may be mentioned the City Hall, situated in the Park; it is 216 ft. in length, 105 ft. in breadth, with a front of white marble: the Merchants' Exchange, in Wall street, a magnificent edifice of granite: the Custom House, a vast and costly structure, situated in the same street: the Astor House, on Broadway, opposite to Chatham street, an immense hotel of granite, containing 390 rooms: and Trinity Church, on Broadway, lately rebuilt, which may rank among the finest modern specimens of Gothic architecture. Among its 250 churches, there are at least 20 structures of brown sandstone and marble, of no mean architectural merit. Grace Church especially, built of white marble, at an angle in Broadway, two miles from the Battery, cannot fail to arrest the attention of every stranger. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions, we may cite Columbia College, founded in 1754: the University of New York, founded in 1831; including the faculties of medicine and law: the Astor Library which is about to be opened (1852), with 100,000 vols., in a building erected for the purpose in Lafayette Place: the Society Library, with nearly 40,000 vols,: the mercantile Library Association, with above 33,000 vols.: and the Academy of Fine Arts: the American Art Union: the Dusseldorf Gallery: and a.. 410 NEW —NEW Fhte, fir, fMll, fat; me, mrt; pine, or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; the Lyceum of Natural History. This city also contains a great number of charitable establishments: the most important of which are the City Hospital; the Alms House, which is situated at Bellevue, near the East river, at some distance above the thickly settled portion of the city; the New York Hospital; the Bloomingdale Lunatic Asylum; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum; the Blind Asylum; and other institutions of a kindred character. Stewart's store, a building of white marble, occupying an entire block on Broadway, is perhaps unsurpassed in any city as a private mart of merchandise. New York particularly excels in the size and number of its hotels, which are thronged with strangers visiting this grand centre of pleasure and business for half a continent. Besides the Astor House, already mentioned, a vast pile of buildings has been erected on the site of Niblo's Garden, which is to be devoted to the purposes of a hotel, under the name of the Metropolitan. Brooklyn adds a number of fine edifices to adorn this great metropolis; prominent among which are its City HIall, a structure of white marble, in the Ionic style; the Church of the Pilgrims, of gray stone; and several other churches. Two miles S. E. of Brooklyn is Greenwood Cemetery, occupying 242 acres of ground, perhaps the most extensive place of sepulture of modern times. The grounds are as varied as extensive, composed of constant alternations of hill and dale and wood and water. New York is plentifully supplied with excellent water from the Croton river, by means of the recently constructed hydraulic works. The aqueduct which conveys the water to the reservoir from which it is distributed to the city, is above 40 m. in length. It is an irregular hollow cylinder, formed of hydraulic stone and brick masonry, (except where the water is conveyed across two valleys, and from the receiving to the distributing reservoirs, in which case iron pipes are employed:) the greatest interior breadth is 7 ft. 5 inches; the greatest height is 8 ft. 5~ inches. The total cost of the aqueduct, from the Croton dam to the distributing reservoir inclusive, is estimated at 9,000,000 of dollars. The City Hall is in Lat. 40~ 42' 40" N., Lon. 74~ 1' 8" W. The pop. of the city and county in 1850 was 515,547. Including the suburbs, it was 650,000. NEw ZEA'LAND, an insular group in the Pacific Ocean, between 340 and 47~ S. Lat., and 1660 and 1790 E. Lon. It consists principally of two large islands, of which the more southern, called New Munster, is the larger, being about 520 m. in length, and 150 m. in its greatest breadth: the other, named New Ulster, is nearly 500 m. in length, and 200 m. in its greatest breadth, but its mean breadth is considerably less than that of the former. The area of all the islands is estimated at 86,000 sq. m. A range of mountains runs through the middle island, some of whose peaks rise from 12,000 to 14,000 ft. above the sea. This range is continued in the N. island; in the S.W. of which is Mt. Egmont, an extinct volcano, of from 9,000 to 10,000 ft. elevation. There are several active volcanoes. Much of the soil is too ru-fged for cultivation, but there are large tracts of arable NEW —NEW 411 ou, as in our; th, as in thint; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. land. There are ten principal settlements; among the most populous of which are Auckland district, with a population of 7,000, and Wellington, with about 5,000, the former in the N. E., and the latter in the S. of the N. island. European pop. of the group, about 20,000; aborigines, 120,000. Auckland, the capital, has about 3,500 inhabitants. Inhab. NEW ZEA'-LAND-ER. NEZH-EENI (Nejin or Neschin), a flourishing and beautiful t. of European Russia, in the gov. of Tchernigof. Lat. 51~ 3' N., Lon. 31~ 50' E. Pop. 16,000. (M.) N]-AGI-A-Rg or ni-agf-ra (see Int. XII., Obs. 2), a r. of N. America, which forms the outlet of L. Erie, and a part of the boundary between the state of New York and Canada. About 3 m. below its commencement, it divides into two arms, which embrace an island, called Grand Island, 12 m. long, and from 2 to 7 m. wide. A mile and a half below Grand Island, the entire waters of the Niagara are precipitated over a ledge of rocks about 160 ft. in perpendicular height, forming the Niagara Falls, the most stupendous cataract on the globe. The entire breadth of the river at the falls (including Goat Island, which divides the waters so as to form two distinct cataracts), is about 1,300 yards, but a little below it contracts to less than 200 yards in width. The whole length is about 35 m. NIAGARA, a co. forming the N.W. extremity of N. Y.; bordering on Niagara r. and L. Ontario. Pop. 42,276. Co. t. Lockport. NICARAGUA (nik-ar-a/-wwa), LAKE OF, situated in the state of the same name, in Central America, about 12 m. from the nearest part of the Pacific, and 70 from the Caribbean Sea, with which it communicates through the river San Juan. It is about 110 m. in length, and 40 in its greatest breadth. NicE, nece, (It. Nizza, nitl-sa; Anc. Nicaea;) a city and seaport of the Sardinian dominions, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is beautifully situated near the foot of the Alps, on the Mediterranean, 95 m. S. W. of Genoa. It is much resorted to by strangers as a winter residence. Lat. 43~ 41' N., Lon. 7~ 17' E. Pop. estimated at near 30,000. (P. C.) NICHt-o-LAs, a co. in the W. central part of Va., on the r. Kanawha. Pop. 3,963. Co. t. Summersville. NICHOLAS, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., intersected by tlie Licking r. Pop. 10,361. Co. t. Carlisle. NIC -O-BAR! ISLANDS, a group in the Indian Ocean, N. W. of Sumatra, between 6~ 30' and 90 30' N. Lat., and 930 and 940 20' E. Lon., consisting of two large and a number of smaller islands. The largest is about 40 m. long, and near 20 m. broad. The great insalubrity of the climate has prevented any permanent settlements being made among the Nicobars by Europeans. NICI-O-LAs, SAINT (Fr. pron. saN ne'-ko'-la1), a flourishing t. of Bel gium, 12 m. W. S. W. of Antwerp. Pop. 16,000. (B.) NI-coPI-O-LX (Anc. Nicopfolis), a fortified t. of European Turkey, on 412 NIC-NIK Fate, fMr, fll, fat; m6, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; the Danube; it is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 430 46' N., Lon. 24~ 53' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Nx-co-sX-A, the principal t. of Cyprus, situated near the centre of the island. Lat. 350 13' N., Lon. about 330 40' E. Pop. estimated from 12,000 to 16,000. (B.) NXEI-MEN (Polish pron. nyemrn-en), a r. which rises in the S. W. part of Russia, near the t. of Minsk, and after a very winding course, enters the Prussian territories, where it takes the name of Memel (memf-el), and finally falls into the Kurische Haff, in about 550 20' N. Lat., and 210 20' E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at near 400 m. The Niemen is remarkable among the rivers of Europe for its great and destructive inundations. At the melting of the snows, in spring, its waters are said sometimes to rise, in the short space of 10 or 14 days, 30 ft. above the ordinary level. NIEVRE, ne-aivrl, a dep. in the E. central part of France, intersected by the Loire. Pop. 297,550. (B.) Capital, Nevers. NIGER, nil-jer, or QUORf-RA, in the upper part of its course called jOLt-.-BA, a large r. in the W. part of Africa, which rises in about 8~ N. Lat., and 6~ W. Lon., and flowing at first north-easterly, then south-easterly, and afterwards southerly, falls into the Gulf of Guinea by numerous mouths, in about 50 N. Lat., and 6~ E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at above 2,300 m. The Joliba or upper portion of the Niger appears to have been known to the ancients, though they were probably entirely ignorant of its termination. Mungo Park, sent out by the African Association in 1795, was the first European who explored the upper portion of the Niger, but he was unable to throw any light upon the question as to what became of its waters. Various hypotheses had been and were still entertained;. some geographers supposed that they were lost in the sands in the interior of the continent, or flowing into some inland lake were evaporated, like those of the Desaguadero of Bolivia, in S. America; others adopted an opinion very prevalent among the natives of Northern Africa, that the Niger flowed eastward and joined the Nile, being in fact the Nile itself: another generally received hypothesis, and one which Park himself adopted, was, that the waters of the mysterious river, after travelling a long course through Central and Southern Africa, were finally poured into the Atlantic, through the estuary of the Congo. But all the doubts and conjectures respecting the course of this remarkable stream were at length set at rest by the brothers Richard and John Lander, who, in the year 1830, sailed from Boossa (to which place the Niger had been previously explored by Park) to the mouth of the river previously called the Nun, in the Bight of Benin. NIJNI. See NIZHNEE. NIKOLAYEF or NIKOLAYEEW, ne'-ko-ll1-ef, a t. of European Russia, in the gov. of Kherson, on the r. Bug (boog), about 20 m. above its entrance into the estuary cf the Dnieper. Lat. 46~ 59' N., Lon. 32~ 1' E. Pop. 8,500. (M.) NIK-NIM 413 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. NIKI-OLS-BURG' (Ger. pron. nel-kols-b66Ra'), a manufacturing t. of Moravia, 28 m. S. of Brin. Pop. 7,000. (B.) NILE (Gr. NEowos; Lat. Nil-lus; Arab. BAhr-Nil); a great and celebrated r. in the N. E. part of Africa, which is formed by the junction of two streams (in 1.5~ 34' N. Lat., and 32~ 31' E. Lon.), of which one, called the Blue River (Bahr-el-Azrek), rises in Abyssinia, in about 11~ N. Lat., and 360 55' E. Lon.; the other, named the White River (Bahrel-Abiad), has its sources considerably farther west, probably on the northern declivity of the Mountains of the Moon. These branches, which are sometimes denominated the Blue and White Nile, derive their names from the colour of their respective waters;-those of the Bahr-el-Abiad being coloured by a fine white clay which is usually suspended in them. The Nile, in the upper part of its course, makes two extensive circuits, which, together, resemble the form of the letter S; but below the cataracts, its general direction is almost north, with comparatively few deviations. The whole length of this r., from the highest sources with which we are acquainted, is estimated at 2,750 in. The most remarkable phenomena connected with the Nile, are perhaps its annual inundations, to which Ecrypt may be said to owe its existence as a habitable country. The cause of these inundations is now ascertained to be the periodical rains which fall around the sources of the river within the tropics. The rise of the Nile commences in June, and continues increasing till September. The Delta then looks like an immense marsh, interspersed with numerous islands, with villages, towns, and plantations of trees, just above the water. The inundation having remained stationary for a few days, begins to subside, and about the end of November most of the fields are left dry, covered with a fresh layer of rich brown slime: at this time the lands are put under culture. From its junction with the Tacazz6(in 17~ 45' N. Lat.) to its termination, a distance of about 1,350 in., the Nile does not receive a single affluent on either side; an instance which is without a parallel in the geography of the globe. This great r. is navigable, without any obstruction, to the cataracts, or, more properly speaking, rapids, in Lat. 24~ 8' N., which are regarded as constituting the southern limit of Egypt. (For further particulars respecting the Nile, see EGYPT.)-Adj. NI-LOTJ-IC. NIMEGrErN. See NIMWEGEN. NiMrES or NISMEs, neem, (Anc. Nemautsus,) a city in the S. of France, cap. of the dep. of Gard, 30 m. N. E. of Montpellier. As a seat of manufactures and commerce, it ranks among the first towns in the country; but it is chiefly interesting to the traveller and antiquary for its striking monuments of ancient grandeur. The Maison Carr6e (mh'-zoNl kar'-rUa), i. e. literally the " square house," though it is in fact a parallelogram, is regarded as an extraordinary specimen of architectural beauty. This ancient temple appears to be in good preservation, and is now used as a museum for objects of antiquity. The State House at Richmond, in Va., is a copy of the Maison Carree, the plan and drawings having been sent to Virginia by Jefferson, when ho 35* 414 NIMI-NOL Fate, fMr, fMll, fMt; mn, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; was the minister of the United States at Paris. Nimes contains an academie universitaire, a royal college, an extensive public library, and numerous other institutions. Lat. 430 50' N., Lon. 40 22' E. Pop. 41,194. (B.) NIMWEGEN, nim-WA/-Gen, or more correctly NYMWEGEN, nime-walGen, (supposed to be on the site of the ancient Noviomfagus,) a strongly fortified t. of Holland, in the prov. of Guelderland, on the Waal. Lat. 51' 511 N., Lon. 50 51' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) NING-PO (called formerly Liampo), a seaport city of China, of the first rank, situated at the confluence of the rivers Kin and Yaoo, near their entrance into the harbour of Chusan, about 200 m. S. E. of Nanking. Lat. 29~ 58' N., Lon. 120~ 18' E. Pop. estimated from 200,000 to 400,000. (M.) NMORT, ne-oRI, a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of the Two Sdvres (Deux-Sevres), on the S6vre-Niortaise (which is navigable from this place), 43 m. WV. S. W. of Poitiers. It contains a college, a public library of 15,000 vols., and several other institutions. Lat. 46~ 18' N., Lon. 0 19' WXV. Pop. 18,015. (B.) NIPHON. See JAPAN. NISCHNEI. See NIZHNEE. NISH'\ —-POORf, an ancient city of Persia, in Khorassan, for a long time the residence of the Seljook sultans. It is surrounded by a mud wall, but the greater part of the enclosed area is covered with ruins. In its neighbourhood, about 40m. towards the W. N. W., are the famous Turquoise mines: these gems constitute the only article of foreign trade, to the inhabitants of Nishapoor. Lat. 36~ 8' N., Lon. 580 55' E. Pop. 8,000. (P. C.) NIVELLES, ne'-vellf, (Flem. Nyvel, nif-vel,) a manufacturing t. of Belgium, in S. Brabant, 17 m. S. of Brussels. Pop. 7,000. (B.) NIZHI-NEE (Nijni) Nov'-GO-RoDI, a flourishing manufacturing and commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, at the confluence of the Oka with the Volga. Here, at present, is held the great annual fair, which a few years since gave so much importance to the little town of Makarieff, situated on the Volga, 50 in. E. S. E. of Nizhnee Novgorod. The value of goods sold at this fair in 1836, amounted to 126,514,046 rubles, or above $100,000,000! (P. C.). The fair is attended, as is estimated, by not less than 300,000 strangers. It begins on the 1st of July, and continues a month or six weeks. Between 4,000 and 5,000 warehouses and booths, presenting, for ten months of the year, the silence of a desert, are exclusively appropriated to the business of the fair. Lat. 56~ 20' N., Lon. 440 28' E. Permanent pop. about 25,000. (P. C.) NOBLE, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 7,946. Co. t. Augusta. NocERA, no-chaU-ra, (Anc. Nucefria,) a t. of Naples, on the Sarno. L,at. 4307' N., Lon. 12~ 46' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) No/-LA, an ancient t. of Italy, in the Neapolitan dominions, in a forlite plain (the Campania Felix of the ancients), 14 m. E. N. E. of Na NOR-NOR~ 415 ou, as in our; th, as in thiln; TIT, as in this; N, nearly like nig. ples. It contains several interest;ng remains of antiquity. Pop. about 9.000. (B.) NORD, noR, a dep. forming the N. extremity of France, whence it is called the dep. du Nord, i. e. "of the north." Pop. 1,026,417. (B.) Co. t. Lille. NORDIJAUSEN, noRt-hout-zen, a flourishing commercial and manufacturing t. of Prussian Saxony. Lat. 51~ 31' N., Lon. 100 47' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) NORDLINGEN, noatf-ling-en, a flourishingo manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on the Eger. Lat. 480 51' N., Lon. 10~ 28' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) NORI-FLEK, a co. in the E. part of England, bordering on the Wash and the N. Sea. Pop. 412,664. NORFOLK, a co. in the E. part of Mass., bordering on Massachusetts Bay and R. I. Co. t. Dedham. Pop. 78,892. NORFOLK, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Va., bordering on the Chesapeake and N. C. Pop. 33,036. Co. t. Norfolk. NORFOLK, a port of entry, the cap. of the above co., is situated on Elizabeth r., 8 m. from Hampton Roads, in Chesapeake Bay, with a large, safe, and convenient harbour. Lat. 36~ 51' N., Lon. 76~ 19' W. Pop. 14,300. On the opposite side of the r. is Gosport, with a U. S. Navy Yard and an extensive dry-dock. NORI-MN-DY (Fr. Normandie, noa'-msN'-def), a former prov. of France,' now distributed among the departments of Calvados, Eure Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine. This country was conquered by the Normans or Northmen (Danes or Norwegians), near the close of the 9th century, and from them received its name. —Adj. and inhab. NORtMAN (Fr. NORMAND, nORa-maN/). NORRKOPING, noRI-cho-ping, an important manufacturing and commercial t. of Sweden, on the r. Motala, near its mouth, in the Baltic, with a commodious harbour, 85 in. S. WV. of Stockholm. Lat. 58~ 35' N., Lon. 16~ 11' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) NOR-THAMP!-TON, a flourishing manufacturing and trading t. of England, cap. of Northamptonshire, on the great N. road and on the r. Nen, 60 m. N. W. of London. Pop. 21,242. NORTHAMPTON, a co. in the E. part of Pa., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 40,235. Co. t. Easton. NORTHAMPTON, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., E. of the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 7,498. Co. t. Eastville. NORTHAMPTON, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on the Roanoke r. and Va. Pop. 13,335. Co. t. Jackson. NOR-THAMP/ITQN-SHlRE a co. in the E. central part of England, lying N. W. of London. Pop. 199,228. NORTH SEA or GERMAN OCEAN is situated between Great Britain and the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Norway. It is considered to extend from the Strait of Dover to the northernmost of the Shetland Islands. Length, 650 m.; greatest breadth, about 400 m. NOR-THUM/-BER-LN)ND (Lat. Northumlbria), the most northerly co. of 416 NOR-NOT Fate, far, fll, fAt; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; England, bordering on Scotland and the N. Sea. Pop. 250,278. —Adj. and inhab. NOR-THUM/-BRA-AN. NORTHUMBERLAND, a co. in the E. central part of Pa., on the Susquehanna. Pop. 23,272. Co. t. Sunbury. NORTHUMBERLAND, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of the Potomac. Pop. 7,346. Co. t. Heathsville. NORTHI W.ESr TERRITORY, a region lying W. and N. W. of 1. Michigan. This name is now scarcely used; Wisconsin, which essentially coincides with it in limits, having been substituted for it. NOR/-WAY (Lat. Norwergia; in Norw. Norge, noat-ga), a country in the N. of Europe, comprehending the western portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, and extending, if we include Norwegian Lapland, from 580 to 710 N. Lat., and from 5~ to 31~ E. Lon. Its length is above 1,000 m.; its ggreatest breadth about 250 In. The area is estimated at about 130,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,150,000. (P. C.) Norway formerly constituted a kingdom of itself, but at present is united to the crown of Sweden. (See SWEDEN.)-Adj. and inhab. NoR-wEI-GIoX-N or nor-wee/-jun. NORWICH, nort-ridge, an important manufacturing city of England, cap. of the co. of Norfolk, forming also a little co. of itself, is situated on the r. Wensum, 96 m. N. N. E. of London. This town has been celebrated for its manufactures of woollens since the era of Henry I.. when the Flemings first settled here and introduced the spinning and weaving of worsteds. Norwich is especially interesting to the naturalist, from its containing the magnificent botanical museum of Sir James Edward Smith (the founder of the Linneean Society of London), which is one of the richest and best chosen collections of the kind in the world; here may also be seen specimens in other departments of natural history, collected by Linnveus himself, together with some of the unpublished manuscripts of that illustrious naturalist. The co. of Norwich has an area of about 9 sq. m., with a pop. of 62,344. NOR/-WICH, a city of Conn., and one of the seats of justice of New London co., situated at the head of navigation, on the Thames, 12m. N. of New London. Lat. 41~ 33' N., Lon. 72~ 7' W. Pop., exclusive of the township, 10,265. Not-TO, a t. of Sicily, near the site of the ancient Necetum, 16 m. S. W. of Syracuse. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) NOT/-TA-WAY, a r. which rises in the southeastern part of Va., and, flowing into N. C., contributes to form the Chowan. NOTTAWAY, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the sources of the above r. Pop. 8,437. Seat of justice, Nottawvay c. h. NOTI-TING-HrAM, a handsome and important manufacturing t. of England, cap. of Nottinghamshire, on the r. Lene or Leen, about threequarters of a mile from its junction with the Trent, 108 m. N. N. WV. of London. Connected with the Grand Trunk or Trent and Mersey Canal, iakhas ready communication with several of the principal places in the kingdom. This town is celebrated as the great centre of the bobbin-net and lace manufacture; it is also extensively engaged in the NOT-NOV 417 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. hosiery business.'Nottingham forms a little county of itself, with an area of about 4 sq. m., and a pop. of 53,091. NOTV-TING-HAbM-SH!RE, a co. in the N. E. central part of England, intersected by the Trent. Pop. 249,910. NOVARA, no-val-ra, (Anc. Novalria,) a fortified t. of the Sardinian states, cap. of a prov. of the same name, near the Gogna (gonet.ya). an affluent of the Po, 27 m. W. by S. of Milan. Lat. 450 27' N., Lon. 8~ 38' E. Pop. 15,300. (P. C.) NoVA SCOTIA, not-va skof-she-a (i. e. " New Scotland"), a British colony of N. America, between 43~ 20' and 46~ N. Lat., and 6l~ and 66~ 20' W. Lon. It is surrounded by the sea, except at its N. W. extremity, where it is connected with the territory of New Brunswick by an isthmus about 9 m. wide. Its length, from Cape Canso on the E., to Cape St. Mary on the W., is above 260 m.; its greatest breadth, measuring on a line at right angles with the preceding, is about 100 m. Area estimated at 15,620 sq. mi. Pop. in 1838, 155,000. (M.) The prov. or gov. of Nova Scotia comprehends, in addition to the above peninsula, the i. of Cape Breton. No0-v. ZEMf-BLA (a corruption of the Russian name Novaja Zemla, not-vi-A zem-laf or "new land"), an i. in the Arctic Ocean, between 70~ 30' and 770 N. Lat., and 52~ and 780 E. Lon. Length, nearly 400 m.; mean breadth, about 50 m. There appears to be no vegetation on this island, except lichens and mosses; but white bears, foxes, walruses, and seals abound. Though several expeditions for this purpose have been sent out by the Russian government, the island has not yet been fully explored. Nov'-GO-RODI or NOt-VO-GO-RODI VELI-I.-KEE (i. e. the "Great New City") an ancient and decayed city of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated on the Volkhof, at its exit from L. Ilmen, 100 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. This town is one of the most ancient, and was formerly the most important, in the Russian empire, having been founded, it is said, in the 5th century. In the 9th century, it had its own prince, and in the 12th, a republic was established here, which soon became very powerful, and extended its territory, it is said, from Livonia on the'W. to Siberia on the E., and, if we may believe the testimony of several historians, the pop. of the city at one time amounted to 400,000! (B.) In 1477, it was conquered by the grand duke of Russia, since which time it appears to have gradually declined. Its present pop. does not exceed 10,000. (P. C.) Yet, when viewed from a distance, it has a very striking appearance, owing to its fine situation and the gilded domes of its 63 churches, which remain as monuments of its ancient splendour. Its commerce and manufactures are still considerable. It is the residence of an archbishop. Lat. 580 32' N., Lon. 31~ 16' E. Not-v!, a pleasant, well-built t. of Italy, in the Sardinian territories. cap. of a prov. of the same name, with an active trade. Lat. 44~ 47 N., Lon. 80~ 48' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) 418 NOX —OAH Fhte, fkr, fh11, fat; mA, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; on as in good; Noxf-u-BEE, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 16,299. Co. seat, Macon. NoYON, noh'-y5N', (Anc. Noviom'agus Veromanduotrum,) a small t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on a branch of the r. Oise, once the residence of the courf of Charlemagne, and remarkable, in later times, as the birth-place of John Calvin. Lat. 49~ 35' N., Lon. 3~ 1' E. Pop. 3,473. (M.) Nvl-Bi-4 (Anc. XEthiotpia?),an extensive country in the N. E. part of Africa, between Egypt and Abyssinia, and included between the 24th and 10th parallels of N. Lat., and the 30th and 39th meridians of E. Lon. The term Nubia appears to be of very vague application. The natives apply the name Nooba (Nouba) or Wady el Nooba to a comparatively small tract between Derr and Dongola, while in Egypt, it is loosely employed to denote the region of Sennaar and the countries S. of it. This portion of the African continent, since the conquests made by his son Ismael Pasha, in 1821, may be regarded as forming a part of the extensive dominions of Mehemet All, the vice-roy of Egypt. It is divided into Lower Nubia or Nubia Proper, extending N. to the mouth of the r. Tacazz6, and Upper Nubia, which includes Shendy, Halfay (Anc. Merloe) and Sennaar. Area and pop. unknown. In the northern portion of this country, as far S. as 17~ 30' N. Lat., heavy rains occasionally tfall throughout the year; but, further S., the rains are periodical, beginning in the early part of spring, and continuing about three months, thus producing the annual swelling of the Nile.Adj. and inhab. Nu-nBI-AN. NUECES, noo-Y-ses, or nwa/-ces, a r. of Texas, flowing into a bay of the same name, near 27~ 30' N. Lat., and 980 W. Lon. NUI-REM-BERG (Ger. Niirnberg, nfan/-beRG), a city of Bavaria, on a branch of the Regnitz, 93 m. N. N. W. of Munich. In the middle ages, this town, in wealth, commerce, and manufactures, ranked among the first cities of Europe. Its pop. was then about 90,000. (B.) Though many circumstances have contributed to diminish its ancient prosperity, its trade and manufacturing industry assign it still a distinguished rank among the towns of Germany. It is also remarkable for its numerous and well conducted public institutions of every kind, among which, its celebrated gymnasium and its polytechnic school may be particularly mentioned. The world is indebted to Nuremberg for the invention of watches, of brass, and of the lock for fire-arms, and of some other articles of less importance. Albert Diirer, the distinguished painter, was a native of this town. Lat. 490 27' N., Lon. 11~ 4' E. Pop. 41,000. (P. C.) OAHU, w6h/-hoo, one of the most important of the Sallwich Islands, lying about 130 m. N. W. of Hawaii, and intersected by the parallel of 21~ 30' N. Lat., and the 158th meridian of W. Lon. Length, 43 m.; greatest breadth, 24 m. Pop. in 1850, 23,145. Honolulu (hob-noloo'-loo), situated on a bay of the same name, on the S. side of the island, is the chief town of Oahu, the cap. of the whole group (see SANDWICH ISLANDS), and the great centre of civilization in the Ha OAK —OI)E 419 ou, as in our; th, as in thinz; TII, as in this; N, nearly like ng. waiian Archipelago. Two newspapers are now printed in this town. Pop. 8,000. OAKI-LAND, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., a little N. W. of Detroit r. Pop. 31,270. Co. t. Pontiac. OAXACA, wa'-hal-ka', written also GUAXACA, a beautiful city of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, on the Rio Verde (reel-o vR/-daL), 165 m. S. W. of Vera Cruz. Lat. 170 3' N., Lon. 970 15' W. Pop., including the immediate environs, estimated at 40,000. (B.) O!-BI, or, more properly, OB, a large r. of Asiatic Russia, rises near the 50th parallel of N. Lat. and the 89th meridian of E. Lon. Its course is south-westerly, till its junction with the Irtish, in about 61~ N. Lat. and 69~ E. Lon., when it changes to the N., and continues in this direction to its termination in the Gulf of Obi. Lat. 66~ 40' N., Lon. about 67~ E. The whole lenoth, measuring from the source of the Irtish, is estimated at near 3,000 m. O-B1I-QN, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 7,633. Co. t. Troy. OCAfiA, o-kant-ya, an ancient t. of New Castile, Spain, 34 m. S. by E. of Madrid. Lat. 390 56' N., Lon. 3~ 31' W. Pop. stated at about 5,000. (M.) OCEANA, o-she-anl-a, a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 300. OCEANICA, o-she-anl-e-ka, (Fr. Oceanie, o'-sh'-A'-ne/,) the name of the fifth division of the globe, which includes the continent of Australia, and all the islands in the Eastern and Pacific Ocean, between 95~ E. and 100~ W. Lon., which are not considered, from their proximity, to belong to the continents of Asia or America. Its limits are somewhat indefinite, but it may be said to be bounded on the N. W. and N. by a line running through the Strait of Malacca and the China Sea northeastward (excluding the island of Formosa and the Japan islands), to the 35th parallel of N. Lat., thence eastward to about the 160th meridian of W. Lon., on the N. E. and E. by a line drawn from this meridian due S. E. to the 100th meridian of W. Lon., and thence S. to the 56th parallel of S. Lat. This parallel may be taken for the southern, and the 95th meridian of E. Lon. for the western boundary of Oceanica. This grand division of the world is subdivided into three parts, viz. MALAISIA or Western Oceanica, POLYNESIA or Eastern Oceanica, and AUSTRALIA, which see. OC-MULG/-EE, a r. of Ga., which rises in the N. part of the state, and, flowing in a general south-easterly course, unites with the Oconee to form the Altamaha. It is navigable for steamboats to Macon. O-COI-NEE, a r. which rises in the N. E. part of Ga., and, flowing S. S. E., unites with the above. It is navigable for steamboats to Milledgeville. ODENSE, ot-den-seh, one of the prettiest towns in the kingdom of Denmark, on the island of Ffinen, of which it is the capital. It has several literary institutions. Its cathedral is one of the finest in Den. mark. Lat. 55~ 24' N., Lon. 10~ 24' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) 2B 420 ODE-OGE F'te, far, fll, fMt; m., met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oio as in good; OI-DER, a large r. of Germany, which rises in the E. part of Moravia, and, flowing in a general north-westerly course through the Prussian dominions, empties itself into the Stettiner Haff;, near Stettin, by several mouths. Length 460m. It is navigable for barges of 40 or 50 tons as high as Breslau, near 510 N. Lat., and 170 E. Lon. O-DEs'-s., a seaport and important commercial t. of Southern Russia, in the gov. of Kherson, on the N. W. coast of the Black Sea. This town was a miserable village in 1791, when the empress Catharine obtained possession of Otchakof (Oczakow). The new town was begun in 1794, in 1817 it was declared a free port for 30 years, and Odessa has now become the first commercial place on the Black Sea. Much of the prosperity of this city is owing to the enlightened administration of the Duke of Richelieu, a French emigrant nobleman, who was appointed governor by the emperor Alexander. The town is well built; the streets are broad and straight, but *not paved. The principal institution for education, among many, is the Lyceum, founded by the Duke of Richelieu, and called by his name. Lat. 46~ 30' N., Lon. 30~ 45' E. Pop., including the suburbs, in 1837, 63,000. (P. C.) and in 1845 78,000. OEL-DEN-BURG' or Bt-den-b66RG', (Hung. Soprony, sho-profi; Anc. Soprotnium), a royal free t. of Hungary, cap. of a palatinate of the same name, 37 m. S. S. E. of Vienna, long noted for its excellent wines. Lat. 47~ 41' N., Lon. 16~ 34' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) OE/-LAND or 61-land, a long and narrow i. in the Baltic, belonging to Sweden, between 56~ 11' and 57~'22' N. Lat., and 16~ 20' and 17~ 12 E. Lon. Length about 85 m.; breadth, varying from 3 to 11 m. Area estimated at 400 sq. m. Pop. at 31,000. (M.) OELS, els, a t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a principality of the sanle name. Lat. 51~ 25' N., Lon. 17~ 22' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) OERI-E-BRao or i/-re-bro, a handsome commercial t. of Sweden, cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 59~ 17' N., Lon. 15~ 13' E. Pop. 4,135. (M.) OEL-SEL or 6-sel, an i. in the Baltic, belonging to Russia, intersected by the parallel of 58~ 30' N. Lat., and by the 22d and 23d meridian of E. Lon. Length about 60 m.; greatest breadth near 30 m. Area estimated at 1,150 sq. m. Pop., including the adjacent islands, about 35,000. (M.) OETTINGEN, etf-ting-en, (Ger. pron. btt-ting-en), a manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on the Wernitz, an affluent of the Danube. Lat. 48~ 57' N., Lon. 100 36' E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) OPEN. See BUDA. OFFENBAcH, of/-fen-bait', an important manufacturing and commercial t. of Ger., in the grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, 5 m. E. by S. of Frankfort. Pop. 8,000. (B.) OGI-DENM-BURG', a port of entry of N. Y., in St. Lawrence co., on the r St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie. O-oER-OCHEE (G hard), a r. in the S. E. part of Ga., which flows into OGL-OKA 421 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like fig. the Atlantic, near 31~ 50; N. Lat., and 81~ 10 W. Lon. It is navigable for sloops 30 or 40 m. from its mouth. O/-GLE, a co. in the N. part of Ill., intersected by Rock r. Pop. 10,020. O-GLE-THORP, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee Pop. 12,259. Co. t. Lexington. O-HIm-o, one of the largest rivers in the U. S., formed by the union of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, at Pittsburcg, in the W. part of Pa. It flows in a general south-westerly direction, separating Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois on the right, from Virginia and Kentucky on the left, and enters the Mississippi in 370 N. Lat., and about 890 10' W. Lon. Its whole length is about 950 m. Its breadth varies from 400 to 1,400 yards. At Cincinnati it is about 800 yards wide, which may be regarded as the mean breadth. The current is very gentle, and is no where broken by any considerable falls, except at Louisville, where the river descends 22-2 ft. in 2 m., producing a very rapid current, which, however, boats have frequently ascended. (Morse.) A canal for steamboats has been constructed round these rapids. (See LoUISVILLE.) The difference between high and low water on the Ohio, is usually about 50 ft. and is sometimes 60 ft. When lowest, it may be forded in several places above Louisville. OHIO, one of the U. S., situated between 38~ 30' and 42~ N. Lat., and 80~ 30' and 840 40' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Michigan and L. Erie, E. and S. E. by Pennsylvania and Virginia, S. by Kentucky, and W. by Indiana; and divided into 87 counties.* Greatest length, from E. to W., about 220 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 210 m. Area estimated at 44,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,980,408. Columbus is the seat of government. Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1802. OHIO, a co. near the N. N. W. extremity of Va., bordering on the Ohio r. and Pa. Pop. 18,006. Co. t. Wheeling. OHIO, a co. in the western part of Ky., N. of, and bordering on Green r. Pop. 9,749. Co. t. Hartford. OISE (Fr. pron. waz, almost wize), a r. in the N. of France, which flows into the Seine. OISE, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the above r. Pep. 398,641. (B.) Capital, Beauvais. Of-KA, a considerable r. in the central part of European Russia, which flows into the Volga. Adams, Allen, Ashtabula, Athens, Belmont, Brown, Butler, Carroll, Cham paign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Columbiana, Coshocton, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Darke, Delaware, Erie, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Gallia, Geauga, Greene Guernsey, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Highland, Hocking, Holmes, Huron, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lake, Lawrence, Licking, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Madison, Marion, Medina, Meigs, Mercer, Miami, Monroe, Mont. gomery, Morgan, Muskingum, Ottawa, Paulding, Perry, Pickaway, Pike, Portage, Preble, Putnam, Richland, Ross, Sandusky, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Stark, Sum mnit. Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Union, Van Wert, Warren, Washington, Wayne. Williams, Wood, Wyandot, Morrow, Vinton, Ashland, Auglaize, Defiance, Fulton, Mahoning. 422 OKII —OLO F'te, fMtr, f11, fit; m6, my t; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 65 as in good; O-KHOTSKI (Russ. pron. o-Iotskf), a small t. of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a dist. of the same name, on the N. side of the Sea of Okhotsk, important as the only place by which intercourse is carried on between Siberia and the Russian dominions in N. America, or between Siberia and Kamtchatka. Lat. 590 20' N., Lon. 143~ 14' E. OKHOTSK, SEA OF, a large gulf in the N. E. of Asia, between the peninsula of Kamtchatka on the E. and the eastern part of Siberia and the island of Saghalien on the W. It is separated from the Pacific Ocean on the S. E. by the chain of Koorile islands. Extreme length, above 1,200 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., rather more than 700 m. OKTIBBEHA, ok-tibl-be-haw', a co. in the E. N. E. part of Miss., a little W. of the Tombigbee r. Pop. 9,171. Co. seat, Starksville. OL/-DEN-BURG (Ger. pron. olf-den-b66Oa'), GRAND-DUCHY OF, a state in the N. W. of Germany, consisting (exclusive of some detached portions enclosed by the duchy of Holstein) of an oblong territory, between 520 29' and 530 43' N. Lat., and 70 35' and 8' 46' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, E., S., and W. by the territories of Hanover. Area, 2,512 sq. m. Pop. 265,570. (M.) OLDENBURG, a flourishing t. of Germany, cap. of the above grandduchy, on the navigable r. Hunte (hdnlf-teh), an affluent of the Weser. It contains, among other institutions for the promotion of knowledge, a library of 45,000 vols., and a rich collection of German antiquities, consisting chiefly of those found in the grand-duchy. Lat. 530 9' N., Lon. 8~ 15' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) OLDI-HAM, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 7 m. N. E. of Manchester. The township, with an area of near 7 sq. m., has a pop. of 42,595. OLDHAM, a co. in the N. part of Ky., on the Ohio. Pop. 7,629. Co. t. La Grange. OLERON, o'-l]~-r6NI, or OLORON (Anc. Iluro), a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees. Lat. 430 11' N., Lon. 0~ 36' E. Pop. 6,620. (P. C.) O-LINI-DA or o-leenf-da, a decayed t. on the E. coast of Brazil, in the immediate vicinity of Pernambuco. Lat. 8~ 13' S., Lon. 35~ 5' W. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) OL-.-VENf-Z.A or OLIVENgA (Sp. pron. ol-e-venf-thA), a fortified t. of Spain, in Estremadura, about 6 m. from the left bank of the Guadiana. Lat. 380 42' N., Lon. 6~ 55' XV. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) OLI-MijTZ or OLLMiJTZ, an archiepiscopal t. of Moravia (of which it was formerly the cap.), and one of the strongest fortresses in the Austrian dominions, situated between two arms of the r. March. It contains a university, with a library of above 50,000 vols., and several noble public edifices. Lat. 490 36' N., Lon. 17~ 16' E. Pop., including the military, 19,000. (B.) O-LO-NETSI or OLONETZ, a gov. in the N. part of European Russia, bordering on L. Ladoga-Also a small town, the former capital of the OLO-OOJ 423 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. above. Lat. 610 N., Lon. 32~ 50' E. Petrozavodsk is the present capital. O-LOTI, a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 53 m. N. N. E. of Barcelona. Its vicinity is interesting to the geologist, on account of the number of extinct volcanoes which it contains: the largest, called Santa Marga. rita, has a crater 455 ft. deep, and about a mile in circumference. Of-MER, SAINT, (Fr. pron. saNt o'-maiRt,) a manufacturing and comrmercial t. and important fortress of France, in the dep. of Pas de Calais, on the r. Aa, and on the canal of St. Omer, which connects the town with the Lys. Lat. 50~ 45' N., Lon. 2~ 15' E. Pop. 18,789. (M.) OMSi, a small but well fortified t. of Siberia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Irtysh. Lat. about 550 N., Lon. 73~ 30' E. Of)ATE, 6n-yaf-th, a t. of Spain, in Biscay, 28 m. E. S. E. of Bilbao, with a university. In its vicinity are extensive iron foundries. Pop. stated at 12,000. (M.) O-NEI-G. (Russ. pron. o-nal-ga), next to Ladoga, the largest L. in Europe, is situated in the gov. of Olonets, being intersected by the 61st and 62d parallels of N. Lat., and by the 35th and 36th meridians of E. Lon. Length, about 140 m.; greatest breadth, 45 m. Its navigation is impeded by sand-banks. ONEIDA, o-nif-da, a co. in the N. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Erie Canal. Pop. 99,566. Co. towns, Utica, Rome, and Whitesboro. ONEIDA, a L. in the N. central part of N. Y., lying partly within the above co. Length about 20 m.; greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. The outlet of this lake, called the Oneida r., 16 m. long, flows westerly, and joins the Seneca to form the Oswego r. ONONDAGA, on'-on-dauf-ga, a co. in the N. W. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Erie Canal, and bordering the Oneida L. Pop. 85,890. Co. t. Syracuse. ON,.t-LbW, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., bordering on the sea. Pop. 8,283. Seat of justice, Onslow c. h. ON-TAI-RX-o, LAKE, the smallest and most easterly of the five great lakes which communicate with the r. St. Lawrence, situated between 430 10' and 440 10' N. Lat.. and 76~ and 80~ W. Lon. Length, about 180 m.; greatest breadth, 55 m. Area estimated at 5,400 sq. m. The surface is about 334 ft. below that of L. Erie, and 231 ft. above the tidewater in the St. Lawrence and Hudson. The greatest depth is upwards of 600 ft. ONTARIO, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little S. of the Erie canal, and bordering on Seneca lake. Pop. 43,929. Co. t. Canandaigua. OOJEIN, oo-janef, (Anc. Ozene,) one of the best built cities of Hin. dostan, and formerly the cap. of the kingdom of Sindhia. It is distinguished for its schools and its observatory, regarded as the first in the country; from this the Hindoo geographers reckon their longitudes. Ancient Oojein stood about a mile N. of the modern town. 424 00OR-ORA Fhte, for, fll, fAt; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5 as in good; Lat. 23~ 11' N., Lon. 750 51' E. Pop. unknown, but probably near 100,(100). (B.) OoRt-FA, (Anc. Edestsa), a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, 80 m. S. WV. of Diarbekir, important on account of its population as well as its commerce and manufactures. Lat. about 370 10' N., Lon. 38~ 50' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) McCulloch, however, states it at 30,000. OO-ROO-MEaE-a (Urumiya; commonly written Ourmiah or Urmia), a salt lake in the N. of Persia, intersected by the 38th parallel of N. Lat., and the 46th meridian of E. Lon. Length, about 90 m.; greatest breadth near 40 m. OOSTERHOUT, 6ce-ter-hout', a t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, 5 m. N. E. of Breda, with extensive manufactures of earthenware. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) OOS'-TI-OOG! VELI-i-rEE (Ustiug Veliki), a commercial t. of European Russia, at the confluence of the Yoog (Jug), and Sookhona, which, by their junction, form the Dwina. Lat. 600 45' N., Lon. about 46~ 10' E. Pop. 8,000. (M.) O-POR-oTO (i. e. o Porto, or " the Port"), an important commercial city, and seaport of Portugal, is delightfully situated on two hills, near the mouth of the Douro, in the prov. of Minho. It contains several institutions for public instruction, among which may be mentioned the Academy of Navigation and Commerce, and the School of Surgery and Anatomy. The well-known red wine, called Port, is produced in the interior of Portugal, and derives its name from being exclusively shipped at this city. Lat. 41~ 9' N., Lon. 80 37' W. Pop. about 70,000. (B.) OPI-PELN, a walled t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the Oder. Lat. 50~ 36' N., Lon. about 18~ E. Pop. 6,300. (B.) ORI-ANGE (Fr. pron. o'-raNzhb; Anc. Arau/sio); a t. in the S. E. of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, remarkable for the Roman antiquities found in its vicinity, among which there is a splendid triumphal arch, almost entire, about 64 ft. in length and breadth, and rather more in height. In the middle ages, this town was the capital of a principality, which, for a considerable period, belonged to the house of Nassau. On the death of William III. of England, his heir, the king of Prussia, ceded it to France, but the title of Prince of Orange is still retained by the royal family of Holland. Lat. 440 8' N., Lon. 4~ 48' E. Pop. 5,897. (M.) OltANGE, a co. in the E. part of Vt., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop, 27,296. Co. t. Chelsea. ORANGE, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on N. J. and the Hudson r. Pop. 57,145. Co. towns, Goshen and Newburg. ORANGE, a co. in the E. central part of Va., on a branch of the Rappahannock. Pop. 10,067. Seat of justice, Orange c. h. ORANGE, a co. in the N. part of N. C., on the head waters of Cape Fear r. Pop. 17,055. Co. t. Hillsborough. ORA-ORE 425 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TR, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ORANGE, a co. in the S. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the E. fork of White r. Pop. 10,809. Co. t. Paoli. ORI-ANGE-BURG', a dist. in the S. central part of S. C., on the Edisto r. Pop. 23,582. Seat of justice, Orangeburg. OREnRO. See OEREBRO. ORI-E-GON RIVER or COLUMBIA RIVER, a large r. of N. America, which rises on the W. declivity of the Rocky Mountains, near 50( N. Lat. and 116~ W. Lon., and, flowing in a very circuitous course, falls into the Pacific, in about 46~ 15' N. Lat., and 124~ W. Lon. The entire length is estimated at 1,200 m. It is navigable all seasons of the year, for vessels drawing 12 ft. water, to the Cascades, about 150 in. by water from its mouth. OREGON TERRITORY, the extreme northwestern portion of the possessions of the American Confederacy, lies between 420 and 49~ N. Lat., and between 1090 and 1250 W. Lon., being about 600 miles in mean length from E. to W., and about 486 in breadth from N. to S., and including an area of 241,463 sq. miles, or nearly 220,00,000 acres. It is bounded on the N. by British America, E. by the Rocky Mountains, which separate it from Missouri or N. W. Territory, and a small portion of Indian territory; south by the 42d degree of N. Lat., which separates it from Utah and California, and W. by the Pacific. A small part of the N. W. boundary is formed by the straits of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, which separate it from Vancouver's Island. The population by the census of 1850, was 13,293; of whom 12,087 were white, and 206 colored persons. Deaths in the year preceding June, 1850, forty-seven, or less than four in every thousand. There were in that year 2,374 families inhabiting the same number of dwellings. The Indians, of whom there are many tribes, are not included in the census returns. Oregon is divided into ten counties.* Rivers, Lakes, Harbours, &c.-The Oregon or Columbia, —the principal river not only of this territory but of the whole Pacific slope, and the only important channel of communication between the inland regions and the sea-has its sources in the Rocky Mountains, within the British dominions. The two principal branches take their rise in about 50~ N. Lat,., but pursuing opposite directions, they enclose an elliptical area of about 250 miles in extent from north to south. The north branch or Columbia proper, runs N. W. to nearly the 52d degree of lat., then turning S. passes through a series of lakes, and joins the south branch just within the Oregon limits. The south branch, McGillivray's, Kootanie, or Flat Bow river, (for it has received all these different names,) runs first in a S. W. and then in a N. W. direction, and joins the north branch as just stated. About 100 miles from its mouth the south branch expands into Flat Bow Lake. The Columbia now pursues a S. W. course for about 150 * Benton, Clackamas, Clark, Clastop, Linn, Lewis, Marion, Polk, Washington, and Yam Iill, 36* 2C 426 ORE —ORE Fhte, fMr, fMl1, fMt; m1, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; 6o as in good; miles, receiving the Clarke or Flathead and Spokain rivers from the south, and the Okonag'an or Okanag'an from the north. It next runs almost directly south for about 200 miles, receiving the Lewis, called also the Saptin or Snake river, from the E., and the Yakima from the W. Below Fort Wallawalla it pursues a westerly, and for the last 80 miles a N. WV. direction to its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. In this part of its course its affluents from the south are the John Day's, Falls, and Willam'ette rivers; and from the north the Cowlitz. We will now retrace our steps; starting at the Cascade Range of Mountains, 150 miles from the sea, to which point the Columbia river is navigable for vessels drawing 12 feet water. Here the river is narrowed to a channel of 150 yards in width, and descends 40 feet in two miles. It is then navigable 40 miles further up to the Dalles, where it is again compressed within a channel of 100 yards. This channel is formed by high basaltic rocks, and is half a mile in length. The river here descends 50 feet in two miles; but in freshets rises 60 feet, when the Dalles can be passed by boats both up and down. But many fatal accidents have occurred from attempts to pass when the water was not in a proper stage. From thence (with many interruptions, however, by falls and rapids, which are passed by portages,) the river is navigable for small boats up to the Dalles de Morts, near the 52d degree of N. Lat. Near the north boundary are Kettle Falls. Again descending the Columbia, we have Clarke river rising in the Rocky Mountains in the E. of Oregon, pursuing a N. WV. course through Lake Kulluspelm, and joining the Columbia after a course of about 600 miles. But the great tributary of the Columbia, the Lewis or Saptin, rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the S. E. of Oregon, and running first in a S. W. and then in a N. W course from 800 to 1,000 miles, joins the parent stream, after receiving the Breneau, Owyhee, and Malheur from the west, and the Sickly, Reid, Fayette, Salmon, and Kooskooskie rivers from the east. The Lewis is only navigable in particular parts, being obstructed by the Salmon and American Falls, and other impediments to navigation. The Fall river on the east side of the Cascade range, and the Willam'ette on the west, each have a north course of about 200 miles. The Okanagan, the largest affluent of the Columbia on the right bank, has its course principally in British America. There are several small lakes in the S. W., between the Cascade range and the Blue mountains, and also in the S. E. near the Rocky Mountains. The best harbours in Oregon are in Puget's Sound, Hood's Canal, and Admiralty Inlet-arms of the straits of Juan de Fuca. Here, such is the depth of the water, and the boldness of the shores, that a vessel's side will strike before her keel. Between these and the mouth of the Columbia is Gray's Harbour-but its anchorage is limited. The Columbia river itself is much obstructed at its mouth by bars and shifting sands, which render the navigation dangerous. The Klamet and Umpqua rivers in the S. W. are navigable for a small distance. The Klarnet has only two fathoms water on the bar, but ORE-ORE 427 ou, as in Ottur; th, as in thin; TI-I, as in this; N, nearly like ng. four or five within. The Umpqua admits vessels of 12 feet draught, and light steamboats can ascend 25 miles. A port of entry has been established at its mouth. The Willam'ette, which enters the Columbia 90 miles from the sea, is navigable for vessels of the largest class to Portland, 15 miles from its mouth, and sometimes even as high as Milwaukie, seven miles farther up. It is navigable for small steamboats 60 miles above the falls. Face of the country, Mountains, &c.-Oregon is usually divided into three sections, viz. the Lower Country, or portion next the sea; the Middle Country, or portion which lies between the Cascade range and Blue mountains; and the Upper Country, or portion which lies between the Blue and Rocky mountains. On approaching Oregon from the sea, it presents the same bold, iron-bound coast as California; but with this difference, at least south of the Columbia, that the coast range, instead of running parallel with the Pacific, is composed of a series of highlands nearly at right angles to the shore, through the valleys of which the rivers of the Callapuya or Callapooya mountains,-the western limit of the Willam'ette valley, -descend to the ocean. This section has a breadth varying from 75 to 120 miles between the Pacific and the Cascade range; and although its general features present a rugged aspect, yet this is the garden of Oregon, the agricultural store-house of the territory, and here are the rich valleys of the Willam'ette, the Umpqua, and Rogue's river, south of the Columbia, and of the Cowlitz and Chahales, north of the same river, besides various alluvial basins on the Columbia, and the scattered valleys of the smaller streams. The larger valleys vary in length from 40 to 150 miles, and in breadth from 5 to 85 m. One remarkable feature of the Willam'ette valley, is the buttes, (pronounced butes,) high conical hills, which are generally insulated. Near the mouth of the Coup6 r. there are two Buttes, called Pisgah and Sinai, which are half a mile apart at their bases, and about 1,000 ft. above the plain, with a level country all around them for 20 miles. From one part of the Willam'ette valley, near the Rickreall, seven peaks of the Cascade mountains, crowned with everlasting snow, may be seen at once. This scene, viewed from the valley, covered with its golden harvests, has a very picturesque effect. The Willam'ette river has a great number of tributary streams. Conmmencing at its mouth, on the west side, and proceeding in order, we have the Tuality (twol'-e-te), Yam Hill, Rickreal (rick'-re-awl), Luckimiute (luck'-e-me-oot'), Mary's, and Long Tom rivers, all rising in or at the base of the Callapooya mountains. Turning, and descending on the right bank, we pass the Mackenzie's, Sexton's,C6up6 (koo-pay'), Sandyam, Pudding, Clackamus, and Milwaukie rivers. Several of these affluents are nearly one-fourth of a mile wide at their mouths; others are what are called, in the Middle States, creeks. These are bounded by fertile valleys, which offer great inducements to the settler. The eastern branches rise in the Cascade range. Passing the lofty summits of the Cascade range, reaching from 428 ORE —ORE Ftte, fitr, fill, fat; mn, mnt: pine or pine, pin; n6, nt; o6 as in good; 10,000 to 14,000 ft. in elevation, and forming part of a chain of mountains extending from 60~ N. Lat. to the southern point of Old Cali fornia, we enter the second region, or Middle Country of Oregon. This section extends from N. to S. through the entire territory, covering a breadth of about 160 miles; and may be characterized as the pastoral portion. The part south of the Columbia is drained by the Fall's, John Day, Unatilla, and Wallawalla rivers, which run N. into the Columbia; and also by a number of western affluents of the Lewis or Snake river. The northern part of this plateau is drained by the Barrier, Pischous, Yakima, and other branches of the Columbia. In the southern part, the Blue mountains cross this section in irregular E. and IW. directions. Most of the rivers lying on the emigrant's route, are sunk in deep perpendicular channels of lava, with rugged sterile banks, and few alluvial bottoms, which fact has given to the whole country a worse character than it deserves. At some distance back from the rivers are large plains, covered with a nutritious grass, and there are streams whose valleys would repay agricultural labour. Crossing the Blue mountains (which sometimes rise to the snow-line, but whose general elevation is from 3,000 to 4,000 ft.), we arrive at the Upper Country, which reaches to the base of the Rocky mountains, and is mostly a sterile and cheerless region, of about 150 m. in breadth. The northern portion above the Salmon river is wooded. The southern is covered with volcanic mountains and plains. The rivers of this section are somewhat peculiar, running in deep troughs, called canions, sometimes from 500 to 1,500 ft. below the surface of the surrounding country, and inaccessible to the traveller. There are some places adapted to grazing, but it is generally too cold for agriculture. Soil and Productions.-In the Lower Country, where alone agricultural operations are carried on to any extent, wheat is the staple production; but owing to the cool evenings, and the drought in the latter part of summer, Indian corn does not mature well. Besides these, oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits of the Middle States flourish. The want of rain is unfavourable to the potato. Among the indigenous fruits are the crab-apple, a large red plum, strawberries, a yellow raspberry, and some other berries. The most fertile portions of Oregon are the lower valley of the Willam'ette and parts of the Umpqua valley, which possess a surpassingly luxuriant soil. A species of fir, called Lambert's pine, grows in the lower region to an enormous size, sometimes attaining a height of nearly 300, and a girth of 40 ft.-often of 24 to 36 ft. This is the great wood of the country, and large quantities are exported to the Sandwich Islands, and perhaps now to California. The other timber, of which there is not a great variety or great abundance, is the cedar, oak, ash, maple, laurel, pine, willow, dogwood, cottonwood, and alder. The oak, next to the fir, is the most valuable wood, and is found most abundantly in the Willam'ette and Umpqua valleys. In the middle region, timber is not abundant, and consists mostly ORE-ORE 429 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in tlis; N, nearly like rng. of soft wood. On the Blue mountains, and in parts N. of the Co — lumbia, the pine grows. By the census of 1850, there were 135,357 acres of land under cultivation, producing 228,882 bushels of wheat; 2,928 bushels of Indian corn, 325 lb of tobacco, 29,596 lb of wool, 211,734 lb of butter, 36,030 lb of cheese, 380 tons of hay, and employing farming implements and machinery to the value of $183,403. Value of live stock $1,875,987. Climate and Meteorology.-In common with the western shores of all continents, Oregon has a milder climate than the same latitudes on the Atlantic border. The coast region is the mildest, and the Upper Region the most rigorous. In the first, the winters last only from December to February, snow seldom falls, and S. and S. W. winds prevail, mitigating the severity of the weather. From April to November but little rain falls. At Puget's Sound, between May and July, the mean temperature was 670, maximum 980, minimum 39~; at Ft. Vancouver, from June to September, the mean was 660, maximum 87~, minimum 51~. Of 106 days, 76 were fair, 19 cloudy, and 11 rainy. The winter somewhat resembles that of England. In the Middle Region, the summers are much drier and warmer, and the winters colder than in the Coast Region, the extremes varying from 1080 to 18~. Daily range 400. No dews fall here. The Upper Country is very variable, having in each day all the changes of the seasons, and is therefore unfitted for agricultural operations. Animals, fish, &c.-The wild animals are deer, black and grizzly bears, elk, wolves, antelopes, foxes, musk-rats, martens, andbeavers. The latter are fast diminishing. There are some buffaloes in the eastern portion. But little game is found in the Middle section. In spring and fall, geese, ducks, and other water-fowl are abundant. The fish are, salmon in great abundance and excellent quality, (caught from May till October), sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, ray, perch, herring, and smelt, with large quantities of crabs, clams, oysters, and mussels. History. —Oregon seems to have been first trodden by European feet about 1775, when a Spanish navigator visited Juan de Fuca straits. Cook coasted along its shores in 1778. The Columbia r. is believed to have been first made known to the civilized world, in 1791, by Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia of Boston, U. S., who saw the mouth of the river, but did not enter it till May of the next year, when he gave it the name of his ship. From this time up to 1804 the coast of Oregon was occasionally visited by British and American fur-traders. In that year, President Jefferson sent out an exploring party under Lewis and Clark, who passed the winters of 1805 and'6 at the mouth of the Columbia. After this period, overland expeditions by fur-traders became common, and these, with the British Hudson Bay Company, held joint possession of the country (but not without jealous rivalries and bloody contests), till the treaty of 1846, which gave all below 49~ N. Lat. to the United States. 430 ORE-ORE Fhte, fir, fll, fat; me, ne&t; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; o5 as in good; Emigration from the U. S. for the purpose of settlement, commenced in 1839. Its growth for the time is probably retarded by the goldmines of California attracting nearly all travellers and settlers, but their ultimate prosperity will most likely be mutual, the mining population of the one furnishing a market for the agriculturists of the other. There is no doubt that in future times Oregon will play an important part in the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, and particularly that of the Polynesian groups. The government of Oregon is similar to all other territorial governments. The governor receives a salary of $3,000, and is besides superintendent of Indian Affairs. His secretary receives $1,800 per annum. Great interest is taken in the cause of education. The Methodists have an institute at Salem, and the Presbyterians have an academy at Tualatin Plains, both flourishing institutions. There are two female institutes at Oregon City, and good schools at Portland, Lafayette, and other small towns. Towns.-Portland, on the Willam'ette, 15 m. from its mouth, is at the head of ship navigation, and is the largest and most commercial town in Oregon. Pop. estimated at about 1,000. Oregon City, in a canion* (kan yon) on the E. side of the Willam'ette, 25 miles from its mouth, is the present capital, and has excellent manufacturing facilities, derived from the falls in the river at this place. Pop. about 700. Salem, also on the Willam'ette, 60 m. above Oregon City, is beautifully located in a rich prairie country, and is one of the most flourishing towns in the territory. It is in contemplation to remove the capital thither. Pop. about 600. Oregon Institute, organized in 1844, is on a commanding site, about 6 miles from Salem. It has at present from 75 to 100 pupils. Lafayette, at the falls of the Yam Hill, a western tributary of the Willam'ette, has about 400 inhabitants. Marysville is situated on the W. side of the Willam'ette, at the mouth of the Mary's r. Pop. 200. OREGON, a co. in the S. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 1,432. ORFA. See OORFA. O-REL' or On-LOF', a flourishing city in the S. central part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name on the Oka. It has an extensive trade in grain, and may be regarded as the great commercial entrepat for the interior of Russia; it is also the seat of various manufactures. Lat. 520 57' N., Lon. 35~ 57' E. The pop. in 1820 was 20,000; in 1830 it was stated at 31,000 (P. C.); at present it probably exceeds 40,000. a This is a Spanish word signifying a " channel or passage." It is usually employed, west of the Rocky Mountains, to denote the narrow channel of a stream flowing between precipitous banks. Sometimes, as in the case of the cafion at Oregon City, the stream does not occupy the entire channel, but leaves a flat space between the river and the precipitous bank or wall which encloses it. ORE -ORL 431 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ORELLANA. See AMAZON. O/-REN-BOORG' (Orenburg), an extensive gov. of Russia, situated partly in Europe and partly in Asia. Oof-fA (Ufa), the cap., is on a r. of the same name, in Lat. 540 42' N., Lon. about 56~ E. Pop. 6,000. (P. C.) ORENBOORG, the principal t. of the above gov., situated on the r. Ural, is regularly built and well fortified. It carries on an extensive trade with Bokhara. Lat. 510 46' N., Lon. 550 5' E. Pop. stated at 20,000. (P. C.) ORIHUELA, o-re-w7I-llH, a city in the Spanish prov. of Valencia, on the r. Segura, in a fertile plain, which has been justly styled " the Garden of Spain." It contains a university and several other institutions. Lat. 38~ 8' N., Lon. 10 W. Pop. 26,000. (B.) O-R!-Nof-co (i. e. the " coiled serpent"), a large r. of S. America, the sources of which have never been visited by Europeans. As it is usually laid down on our maps, it strikingly resembles, in its general course, the form of a coiled serpent, as its name implies. From about 40 S. Lat., and 68~ W. Lon., it flows northerly above 200 m., then northeasterly, and at last almost E., to the Atlantic, which it enters near 90 N. Lat., and 61~ W. Lon., by a multitude of mouths, called the Carios (kanf-yoce) or 1" channels" of the Orinoco. The whole length is estimated at near 1,300 m. The delta commences about 100 m. from the sea. The tides are sometimes perceptible as far as Angostura, or about 250 m. from the mouth of the Orinoco. During the rainy season, which corresponds to our summer, the river overflows the Llanos (lyAl-n6s) or plains which lie N. of it to a great extent, presenting a vast expanse of waters, said sometimes to exceed 150 m. in breadth. In the upper part of its course, the rise is said to amount to 13 fathoms, which is somewhat more than the greatest rise on the Ohio. O-RIsL-sA, a prov. of Hinldostan, between the 18th and 23d degrees of N. Lat., and bordering on the Bay of Bengal. ORIZABA, o-re-sL-ba, a flourishing t. of Mexico, 70 m. W. S. W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. between 8,000 and 10,000. (M.) Near it, in Lat. 190 2' N., Lon. 970 15' W., rises the volcanic mountain of Orizaba (now extinct) to the height of 17,380 ft. above the Atlantic. ORII-NEY ISLANDS (Lat. Orfcades), a group belonging to Great Britain, situated near the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland, between 58~ 44' and 590 24' N. Lat. They are separated from the main land of Scotland by the Pentland Frith, which, in the narrowest part, is about 6 m. wide. The group contains in all 67 islands or islets, 27 of which are permanently inhabited. The largest is Pomona or Mainland. (See POMONA.) Total area estimated at 440 sq. m. Pop. 30,507. ORLEANAIS or ORLEANOI., OR'-la'-n'-JI, one of the former provinces of France, now distributed among the departments of Eure and Loir, Loir and Cher, and Loiret. OR/LE-ANr.t/* (Fr. pron. oRa'-l'-ANf; Anc. Genatbum, afterwards Aure-'Ve often hear this I ame pronounced in two syllables, with the accent on 432 ORL-ORT Abate, fir, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as ingood; liatni, of which Orleans is a corruption); a manufacturing and commercial city, in the N. central part of France, cap. of the dep. of Loiret, situated on the right bank of the Loire, 68 In. S. S. W. of Paris, with which it is connected by a railway. Among its numerous literary institutions, we may name the Academie Universitaire, a national College, and the Public Library, containing 25,000vols. Genabum ap.. pears to have been a place of considerable importance among the ancient Carnutes. In retaliation for the massacre of some Romans residing in the town, it was plundered and burned by Caesar (about 50 B. C.) In later times, Orleans has undergone two of the most remarkable sieges recorded in history. The first was during the invasion of Attila (A. D. 451), in which that hitherto victorious destroyer was successfully resisted. The other took place in 1428, during the English invasion, when Joan of Arc, called afterwards the Maid of Orleans, commenced her wonderful career, by delivering the city, with the signal defeat of its besiegers. Lat. 470 54' N., Lon. 20 46' E. Pop. 64,000. (B.) ORLEANS, a co. in the N. part of Vt., bordering on Canada. Pop. 15,707'. Co. t. Irasburg. ORLEANS, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario. Pop. 28,501. Co. t. Albion. ORLEANS, a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering on the Mississippi and L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 119,461. Seat of justice, New Orleans. OR/-MUs* or ORMUZ (Pers. Hor-mooz1), a small i. situated at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, near 27~ N. Lat. and 56~ 30' E. Lon. Though now a barren rock, only 12 m. in circumference, in the latter part of the 16th century, while in the possession of the Portuguese, it contained a town of 40,000 inhabitants, which was one of the wealthiest and most important emporiums in all the east. It was taken and destroyed by Shah Abbas the Great, in 1622. ORNE, a small r. in the N. W. of France, which flows into the English Channel. ORNE, a dep. of France, on the sources of the above r. Pop. 443,688. Capital, Alengon. O-RONW-TE. (Arab. El Aasy, aLf-se), a celebrated r. of Syria, which falls into the Mediterranean, in 36~ 2' N. Lat., and 35~ 57' E. Lot4. Length estimated at 240 m. ORTHEZ or ORTHES, OR'-th/, a t. in the S. W. of France, in the dep the last; but all our best speakers appear to concur in making it a trisyllable, with the accent on the first. This is evidently the manner in which Shakspeare pro. nounced Orleans..-..... — " This dreadful lord Retiring from the siege of ORLEANS." "Was not the duke of ORLEANS thy foe?"-Henry VI. Part I. * "High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of ORMUS or of Ind, —a" MILTON'S Paradise Lost, Book II. ORV-OTS 433 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, az in this; N, nearly like ng. of the Lower Pyrenees. Lat. 43~ 30' N., Lon. 00 46' W. Pop. 5,267. (M.) ORVIETO, oR-ve-if-to, (formerly Urbs Vetus,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, on the Paglia (pal'-ya), an affluent of the Tiber, 59 mn. N. N. W. of Rome, with a handsome Gothic cathedral. Pop. estimated at near 8,000. (B.) O\-SAGEI, a r. which rises in the Indian Territory, near 370 N. Lat. and 95~ W. Lon., and, flowing south-easterly, passes into the state of Missouri, and joins the Missouri r. about 10 m. below Jefferson City. OSAGE, a co. of Mo., at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 6,704. Os-cE-ol-LA (Unwattin), a co. in the W. central part of Mich., intersected by Maskego r. Osl-x-mo (Anc. Auxtimum), a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, 9 m. S. by XV. of Ancona. Lat. 430 30' N. Lon. 13~ 27' E. Pop. about 7,000. (M.) Osn-Moo-NEYNf-n'ne (Achmouneyn), a large village of Egypt, W. of the Nile, on the site of the ancient Hermoplolis Magfna. Lat. 27~ 50' N., Lon. about 30~ 50' E. Pop. estimated at from 4,000 to 10,000. (l3.) In its vicinity are some highly interesting remains of antiquity. OS/-N-BRUiCK' or osf-na-br6bk', often called in English, OQs-NA-BURn', a commercial t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Hase (hl-selh), an affluent of the Ems. It is surrounded with a ditch and wall, with five gates. The linens called Osnaburgs derive their name from this place. Lat. 52~ 17' N., Lon. 8~ 1' E. Pop. 1ll,000. (B.) OSSUNA, os-sool-na, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 36 m. E. by S. of Seville. Pop. 15,000. (B.) OS-TEND/,* a fortified seaport t. of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 14 m. WV. of Bruges, with which city it communicates by a canal of sufficient dimensions to allow the largest Indiarnen to pass through it. It is also connected with the principal towns of Belgium by railways. Lat.51~ 14' N., Lon. 2~ 55' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) OS-WE/-GO, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario. Pop. 62,198. Co. towns, Oswego and Pulaski. OSWEGO, a flourishing t. and port of entry in the above co., situated on the S. E. shore of L. Ontario, about 68 in., in a straight line, W. N. W. of Utica. The Oswego Canal, 38 m. in length, connects it with Syracuse, on the Erie Canal. Pop. 12,205. OTAHEITE. See TAHITI. O-TRANI-TO (Arnc. Hydrunltum), a small but once flourishing t., situated near the S. E. extremity of Italy. Lat. 40~ 9' N., Lon. 18~ 29' E. From this town, the prov. in which it is situated is called Terra di (terl-rA de) Otranto or the " land of Otranto." OT-SEI-GO, a co. in the S. E. central part of N. Y., on the sources of the Susquehanna. Pop. 48,638. Co. t. Cooperstown. "Thy muse'-' in bells delighting, finds a friend, In every chime that jingled from OSTEND."'-BYON. 37 434 OTS-OXF Fate, fir, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nB, not; 66 as in good; OTSEGO (Okkuddo), a co. in the N. part of Mich., E. of Traverse Bay. OTTAJANO, ot-t'a-yA/-no, a t. of Naples, at the E. foot of Mt. Vesuvius, 12 m. E. of the capital. Pop. 15,000. (B.) OTTAWA, ot/-ta-wa or otl-t'L-wA', a co. in the N. N.W. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 3,308. OTTAWA, a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan, and intersected by Grand r. Pop. 5,587. Co. t. Grand Haven. OTTAWA, a r. of Canada, flowing into the St. Lawrence, near Montreal. It forms the boundary between Upper and Lower Canada. OUDE, ood, a prov. and kingdom under the protection of the British, in the N. of Hindostan, between 25~ 30' and 28~ 40' N. Lat., and 79~ and 83~ E. Lon. OUDENARDE, ou'-den-aRt-deh, or OUDENAARDEN, (Fr. Audenarde, 6-den-aRDl), a t. of Belg ium, on the Scheldt, 14 m. W. of Ghent. Pop. 5,000. (B.) OURAL. See URAL. OURFA. See OORFA. OUSE, ooz, a r. in the N. E. part of England, which forms the principal branch of the Humber. OUSE, GREAT, a r. in the E. of England, which rises in Northamrptonshire, and flows into the Wash. Of-vER-TQN, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky. Pop. 11,211. Co. t. Monroe. OVIEDO, o-ve-Al-Do, (Lat. Ovetum), a city in the N. W. part of Spain, cap. of the prov. of Asturias, supposed to have been built near the middle of the 8th century. During the middle ages, Oviedo was known throughout Christendom as " the City of the Bishops" (Civitas Episcoporum), owing, it is said, to the great number of the clergy who took refuge here from the persecutions of the Moors. The ancient cathedral is a magnificent structure of the pure Gothic style, equalled, perhaps, by none in the Spanish peninsula. The University, founded in 1580, is well endowed, and has a large library. Lat. 43~ 22' N., Lon. 50 57' W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) O-WEJ-oo, a flourishing t. in the S. part of N. Y., on the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and at the junction of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad (29 m. long) with the New York and Erie Railroad, about 84 m., in a direct line, S. W. of Utica. Pop. 7,159. OWI-EN, a co. in the N. part of Ky., E. of, and bordering on Kentucky r. Pop. 10,444. Co. t. New Liberty. OWEN, a co. in the S. W. central part of Indiana, intersected by the W. fork of White r. Pop. 12,106. Co. t. Spencer. OWHYHEE. See HAWAII. OXI-FORD (Lat. Oxolnia), a beautiful city and celebrated seat of learning of England, the cap. of Oxfordshire, is situated on the Isis, a branch of the Thames, 53 m. W. N. W. of London. The date of the university is unknown; it is, however, certain that Oxford was a place of study in the reign of Edward the Confessor, if not earlier. The University of Oxford at present consists of 19 colleges and 5 halls. OXF —PAD 435 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. The total number of members on the books in 1841, was 5,515. Amolng the different libraries of Oxford, we ought especially to notice the celebrated Bodleian Library, named in honour of Sir Thomas Bodley, by whom it was founded, in 1597. It contains about 300,00() printed vols., besides a great number of valuable manuscripts. The Observatory is in Lat. 51~ 45' 40" N., Lon. 1~ 15' 22" W. Pop., including the university, with an area of above 4 sq. rn., 23,834. A student at Oxford is called an OXO0-NI-AN. OXFORD, a CO. in the W. part of Maine, bordering on N. H. Pop. 39,663 Co. t. Paris. OX~-FORD-SHIRIE, a co. in the S. central part of England, on the Thames. Pop. 161,643. Oxl-us (called by the natives Amoo, AiA-moot, or JE-HOONI), a great r. of Central Asia, which rises from a mountain lake in 370 27' N. Lat., and 73~ 40' E. Lon., at an elevation of 15,600 ft. above the level of the sea. (M.) Its general direction is north-westerly: it enters the sea of Aral near 430 80' N. Lat., and 58~ E. Lon., after a course of about 1,300 min. Sir A. Burns crossed it on his way to Bokhara, and found it upwards of 800 yards in breadth, about 20 ft. in depth, with muddy waters, and a current of about 3- m. an hour. (M.) O-ZARKI, a co. in the S. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 2,294. PACIFIC OCEAN (sometimes, though improperly, called the SOUTI SEA), a vast expanse of water, extending from the western shores of America to the eastern shores of Asia and Australia. Its most northern limit is Behring's Strait, in about 66~ N. Lat.: towards the southern extremity, it is divided from the Atlantic by a line drawn from Cape Horn to the S. pole. It extends from 1200 E. to 70~ W. Lon., a distance of above 11,000 m. Its extent, from N. to S., is somewhat less than 10,000 m. The Pacific received its name from Magellan, the first European who traversed it, in consequence of the prosperous weather which he met with while navigating its surface. Though this ocean is subject to violent gales and storms (at least in many parts of it), it would seem that the winds and water-currents are generally more regular and uniform, and in so far less hostile, than those in the Atlantic. This may be accounted for by its great extent, which pre-vents the regular prevailing winds from being broken by those irregular currents, calms, and storms which the vicinity of a large tract of land, especially of mountain land, is so apt to produce. PADERBORN, pa'-der-boan', a commercial t. of Prussia, in Westphalia, cap. of a circle of the same name. It is an ancient place, tolerably well built, and surrounded by a wall with five gates. It is said to have been for a time the residence of Charlemaogne. Lat. 51~ 44' N., Lon. 80 44' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) PADI-U-A (It. Padova, paf-do-va; Anc. Patalvium), a city and distinguished seat of learning, in Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated on the Bacchiglione (bak-keel-yof-nQ), a small r. which flows into the Adriatic. It is fortified with walls, ditches, and bastions. 436 PAG-PAL Fate, far, fAll, fat; m6, mnEt; pilne or pine, pin; nrb, not; 66, as in good, and is above 6 m. in circumference, but is thinly inhabited. At the head of its numerous scientific and literary institutions, stands the University, one of the most celebrated and most flourishing in Europe. It was founded in the early part of the 13th century, and attained its greatest popularity during the 15th and 16th centuries, when it wus attended not only by a multitude of students from all parts of Europe, but even by some from Mahometan countries. Its medical school was particularly celebrated. Fallopius, Morgagni, and the great Galileo, have been among its professors: Dante, Petrarch, and Tasso have been of the number of its pupils. The University at present is attended by 1,000 students, but, during its most flourishing period, it is said to have had six times that number: there are four faculties; theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, with about 60 professors: the botanic garden, connected with the University, is regarded as the oldest in Europe: the library contains upwards of 70,000 vols. The clerical college or seminary is noted for its printing presses, which have lono supplied Italy with school-books and with good editions of other works. Its library contains above 55,000 vols. At Padua, Forcellini compiled his great Latin Lexicon, upon which he spent 40 years of his life. Patavium was considered in the Roman times as one of the oldest towns in Italy. It is distinguished as the birth-place of Livy. The Observatory is in Lat. 450 24' 2" N., Lon. 113 52' 18" E. Pop. 51,000. (B.) -Adj. and inhab. PADI-U-AN. PAGE, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenandoah r. Pop. 7,600. PAI.S-LEY, a manufacturing t., the third in Scotland for population and commercial i importance, situated in Renfrewshire, on the White Cart r., 3 m. above its junction with the Clyde, and 8 m. W. by S. of Glasgow. Lat. 550 51' N., Lon. 40 26' W. The pop. of the parish of Paisley, in the middle of the last century, was about 6,000; in 1801, it was 31,179; in 1841, it amounted to 60,487: that of the town alone to 48,426. PAL'-A —wANf, one of the Philippine Islands, extending from 8S 20' to 110 30' N. Lat., and from 117~ 30' to 119~ 40' E. Lon. Length about 270 m. Mean breadth, perhaps 25 m. Little is known of the interior. PALENCIA, pal-ent-she-a, (Sp. pron. pa-lent-the-?a; Anc. Pallanftia,) a city of Spain, in Leon, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Pisuerga (pe-sweR!-gaf), which flows into the Douro. Its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in Spain. Lat. 42~ 2' N., Lon. 40 28' WV. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) PALENQUE, pal-lenk!-a, or more properly CULHUACAN, kool-wa-kanf, an ancient city of Mexico, remarkable for its magnificent ruins, said to be the most interesting, and on the largest scale, of any in the New World. PAI.-ERf-MO or pa-leRf-mo (Anc. Panor/mus), the principal seaport and cap. of Sicily, and the second city of the kingdom of the two Sicilies; is pleasantly situated on the N. coast, towards its W. extremity. The town forms an oblong parallelogram, surrounded by walls, and furnished PAL —PAN 437 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. with bastions. The royal palace is an old building, fortified like a castle, with a magnificent chapel, built by Roger of Sicily, in 1129. On the summit of the palace is the observatory where Piazzi discovered, in 1801, the planet Ceres. Palermo is the see of an archbishop; and the seat of a university, founded in 1447, and attended by about 600 students, with a library of 40,000 volumes. Panormus appears to have been a place of considerable consequence in ancient times; the name signifying "All-port," may be regarded as indicating its early commercial importance. The observatory is in Iat. 38~ 6' 44" N., Lon. 13~ 21' 24" E. Pop. about 168,000. (B.) PALI-ES-TINE' (Lat. Palestitna, usually called by the Romans Judaea), the name commonly applied to the land anciently inhabited by the Israelites, including the country of the Philistines. Its precise boundaries are not well defined. It appears, however, to have been situated between 31~ and 33~ 30' N. Lat., and 340 and 36~ 30' E. Lon., being bounded on the N. and E. by Syria, S. E. and S. by the desert, and W. by the Mediterranean. Length, perhaps 180 m.; greatest breadth about 80 m. Area estimated at 11,000 sq. m. (P. C.) PALMA, palt-maI, one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the parallel of 28~ 30' N. Lat., and the 18th meridian of W. Lon. Length about 26 m.; greatest breadth about 16 nm. Area 19 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1835, 33,089. (P. C.) PALMA, a fortified t., the cap. of Majorca and of all the Balearic Islands, is situated on the S. W. coast, on a bay of the same name, which forms a good harbour. In the 13th century, Palma was one of the chief trading places in Europe, but at present its commerce is comparatively unimportant. Lat. 390 34' N., Lon. 2~ 44' E. Pop. estimated at 34,000. (B.) PALMAS or LAs PALMAS, las pAl/-mAs, the chief t. of the Grand Caqary, and the cap. of all the Canaries, is situated on the N. E. coast. Lat. 28~ 8' N., Lon. 15~ 26' W. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) PAM'-LX-CO (called in the upper part of its course Tar River), a r. of N.C., flowing into Pamlico Sound, near 35015'N.Lat. and 76030'W. Lon. PAMPLONA, pam-p]o-na, or PAMPELUNA, pAm-ph-loot-na (Anc. PompeIon or Pompeiop/olis), a fortified t. of Spain, cap. of the prov. of Navarre, and formerly the residence of the Navarrese kings, is situated on the r. Arga, an affluent of the Ebro. Lat. 42~ 50', Lon. 1~ 42' W. Pop. 15,000. (B.) PANAMA, pan-a-ma/, a fortified seaport t. of New Granada, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and of the dep. of the Isthmus (Istmo), situated on the Bay of Panama. Lat. 8~ 59 N., Lon. 790 270 W. Pop. not 10,000, (B.), but the statements of several other writers make it considerably above this number. PANAMA, ISTHMUS OF, called also the ISTHMUS OF DARIEN (dal-re-en), the narrow neck of land which unites North and South America, situated between 7~ and 90 30' N. Lat., and 770 and 83' W. Lon. The narrowest part is about 20 m. E. of Panama, between 90 and 90 30' N Lat., and near 790 W. Lon., where it is scarcely 30 m. wide. 37* 438 PAN-PAR Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nS, not; 66 as in good; PANAY, pa-ni!, one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the 11th parallel of N. Lat., and the 117th and 118th meridians of E. Lon. Length, about 110 m.; greatest breadth, near 90 m. Its form is almost an equilateral triangle. It is one of the most important and populous islands in the whole group. Pop. estimated, in 1837, at about 406,(00. (P.C.) PA'NCSOVA, p'an1-cho'-v6h', a trading t. in the S. E. part of Hungary, on the Temes (tem/-esh'), near its junction with the Danube, 10 m. E. N. E. of Belgrade. Pop. 9,000. (B.) PA-NOI-L., a co. in the N. WV. part of Miss., intersected by the Tallahatchie r. Pop. 11,444. Co. seat, Panola. PA'PA, pa'at-p6h, a large t. of Hungary, about 80 m. S. E. of Vienna. Pop. 14,000. (B.) PAPAL STATE (It., Stato Pontificio, stat-to pon-te-feef-che-o, or Stato della Chiesa,sta/-todiel-la ke-aI-sa, i. e. "6 state of the church"), a division of Italy, comprehending the dominions of the see of Rome, of which the Pope is the monarch. It is principally situated between 41~ 10' and 450 N. Lat., and 11~ and 14~ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Austrian dominions, N. E. and E. by the Adriatic and kingdom of Naples, S. W. by the Mediterranean, and W. and N. W. by Tuscany and Modena. Its length is about 270 m.; the breadth varies greatly; in one part it extends across the Italian peninsula, and is near 140 m. broad. Area estimated at 17,200 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 2,732,036. (M.) The seat of gov. is at Rome. PAPUA, papl-oo-a or paf-poo-a, called also New Guinea, a large i., or perhaps cluster of islands, in the Eastern seas, between 1300 and 150~ E. Lon., and 0~ and 10~ S. Lat. Not only its interior, but even its coast line is in many parts unknown. Europeans have little or no commercial intercourse with this island. The inhabitants consist of two and perhaps more classes; the Papuas, who inhabit the western portion of the island, received their name from the Malays, in whose language it signifies " frizzled hair;" and the Haraforas, who are said to occupy the interior and eastern coasts. Both these races appear to live in a state of great barbarism. The Papuas are said to resemble the Australians, though they are perhaps rather less degraded.-Adj. PAPUAN, papl-oo-an. PARA, pa-raf, called formerly BELEM, bA-leN' or bh-lenag, a seaport t. of Brazil, cap. of a prov. of its own name, is situated on the river or estuary of Para, formed by the union of the Tocantins with the Tagipuru (ta-zhe-poo-rool), the southern arm of the Amazon. Lat. 1~ 28' S., Lon. 48~ 22' W. Pop. estimated at nearly 20,000 (B.), though some say that the troubles and massacres which occurred in Para, in 1834-5, have greatly reduced the number of its inhabitants. PARAGUAY, par-a-gwAl or par-a-gwil, a r. of S. America, which rises in Brazil, in about 130 30' S. Lat., and 560 20' W. Lon.; it flows soultherly, separating the state of Paraguay from Bolivia and La Plata, and empties itself into. the Parana, in about 270 20' S. Lat., and 58~ 40' W. Lon. Its length is estimated at above 1,100 m. Vessels of 300 tons PAR-PAR 439 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tii, as in this; N, nearly like ng. may ascend as far as Assumption, and smaller vessels several hundred miles within the boundary of Brazil. PARAGUAY, an independent state of S. America, situated between 19~ and 27~ 30 S. Lat., and 540 and 59~ WV. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by Brazil, S. by La Plata, and W. by La Plata and Bolivia. Length, from N. to S., near 600 m.; greatest breadth, about 210 m. Area estimated at 90,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 250,000 (B.), at present it probably exceeds 300,000. T'he Guaranis (gwa-ra-neesl), a tribe of aborigines, constitute the principal portion of the inhabitants. Dr. Francia, the late dictator,'through his wise, though arbitrary government, appears to have succeeded in bringing these people into a more perfect state of subordination and civilization, than has ever been done before with any nation of American aborigines; and, at the same time, he has preserved the country from those dissensions and civil wars from which the other S. American states have suffered so deeply. His policy of rigorously excluding fromn his dominions all foreigners, without exception, has doubtless contributed greatly not only to preserve the tranquillity of the country, but also to consolidate the different elements of the population into one mass, and to form them into a nation. Little is known with certainty respecting the present condition of this country. Assumption (Asuncion) is the capital. PARAHYBA or PARAIBA, pa-ra-eel-ba, a r. in the S. E. part of Brazil, which rises about 80 m. W. of Rio Janeiro, and after a very circuitous course of above 500 in., falls into the Atlantic, about 170 m. N. E. of the Brazilian capital, in 21~ 40' S. Lat., and near 41~ W. Lon. PARAMARIBO, par'-a-nmarl-e-bo, the cap. of Dutch Guiana, in S. America, is situated on the r. Surinam, about 20 m. from its mouth. Lat. 5~ 45' N., Lon. 550 24' W. Pop. estimated at from 18,000 to 20,01)0. (B.) PARANA, pa-ra-na', a large r. of S. America, which rises in the S. E. part of Brazil, near 220 S. Lat. and 450 W. Lon., and, flowing in a general westerly course, receives the Parana-Iba* (par'-a-na eel-ba) in 200 40' S. Lat., and 52~ 20' W. Lon., after which it runs at first southerly, then westerly, to its junction with the Paraguay. On receiving this great tributary, it again takes a southerly course to its termination (Lat. 340 S., Lon. 580 30' W.), where, by its union with the Uruguay, it forms the Rio de la Plata. The whole length of the Parana may be estimated at 2,000 m. It is navigable about 750 m. for vessels of 300 tons. PARANA-IBA or PARANAHYBA. See the preceding article. PARANAIYBA, par-A-nA-eef-ba, or PARNAHIBA, pHR-na-eel-ba, a r. in the N. E. part of Brazil, which flows into the Atlantic, in 20 50' S. Lat., and near 42~ W. Lon. Length above 700 m. It is navigable above 400 m. for vessels of from 15 to 40 tons. m Some geographers call that portion of the river which is above the junction of the Parana-lba, the Rio Grande (ree'-o gran'-da), considering the Parana to be formed by the union of these two branches. 440 PAR Fite, fBr, fAll, fat; mre, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good, PARIS, par/-is, (Fr. pron. pa'-ref; Anc. Luteltia, afterwards Paris.sii;) a great city and distinguished seat of civilization, learning, and the arts, the cap. of the dep. of Seine, and the metropolis of France, is situated on both sides of the r. Seine, about 110 m., in a direct line, from its mouth, and 210 m. S. E. of London. The limits of the town are defined by a wall erected in the reign of Louis XVI., in order to prevent the introduction of commodities without the payment of local taxes. The outline thus formed, though irregular, approximates to an oval. Through the wall there are 58~ entrances, at each of which is a toll-house. (M.) Round the walls, on the outer side, is a road planted with rows of trees, what are termed the exterior boulevards. The entire circuit of these boulevards is rather more than 15 m.; the area included within the walls is about 8,500 acres, or 134 sq. m. Paris is, for the most part, irregularly built, with lofty houses and narrow streets: a few of these, however, are truly magnificent, such as the Rue de la Paix (ru d'la ph), de Castiglione (deh kas'-tig'-le'-onl), de Rivoli (d're'vo1'-el), &c. As in London, the fashionable part of the city is at the WV. end. The more densely inhabited portion of Paris is encircled by the interior boulevards, between which and the walls, are the suburbs orfaubourgs (f6'-booRa), forming some of the best built quarters of the town. There are in Paris about 70 places or squares, the principal of which are-the Place de la Concorde (plas d'lW kong'-koRd/), an open space W. of the garden of the Tuileries, in the centre orf which is the obelisk lately brought from Luxor, in Egypt; the Place Vend6me; the Place des Victoires (da vic'-twafR); the Place du Tr6ne; the Place du Carrousel (kar'-roo —zel/); and the Place Royale. There are several public gardens, as the garden of the Tuileries (tweef-ler-eez), the Luxembourg, and the Champs Elys6es (shaNz el'-e'-za/), or " Elysian Fields." The Champ de Mars (shaN d'maa), i. e. " Field of Mars," is a very large oblong enclosure, bordered by a double avenue of trees, for reviewing troops, horse-racing, &c. Among the remarkable buildings of Paris, we may mention the Tuileries, a palace of vast dimensions, but not to be admired for its architecture; the Louvre (loovr), formerly a royal residence, a striking and magnificent edifice, connected with the Tuileries by a long gallery, containing a superb collection of pictures, one of the finest in the world: the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, founded in the 11th century, one of the noblest existing specimens of Gothic architecture: Sainte Genevi6ve, or the Pantheon, considered by many as the finest church in the French metropolis: and the new church of Madeleine (mad'-lane/) or " Magdalen," an imitation of a Corinthian temple, regarded as the most imposing and chaste specimen of this kind of architecture which has ever been produced in modern times. There are in Paris several splendid triumphal arches, of which the Arc de l'Etoile (aac dlA'-twAl/) is the most remarkable, being indeed the most stupendous structure of the kind ever erected, either in ancient " The Penny Cyclopedia states that in 1830 the entrances were reduced to 50 PAR-PAR 441 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. or modern times. It forms a mass, of which the plan is 147 ft. by 73 ft. the height is 162 ft. The effect of its extraordinary dimensions is greatly enhanced by the simplicity of its form, and by its position; for, standing quite separate from any other building, it is seen to the very best advantage. Paris is perhaps superior to every other city in the world, with respect to the number and character of its scientific and literary establishments. Of these, our limits will permit us to notice but a very few. The most remarkable are: the Academie Universitaire, or the University (date unknown), attended by 7,446 students, (B.) being the most frequented of any in the world; the College of France, which may be regarded as equivalent to a university, attended by near 1,000 students; the Museum of Natural History, the richest collection of the kind that exists, with a menagerie and botanic garden; the lectures on the natural sciences, at the Botanic garden (Jardin des Plantes, zhaRa-dAN' dia pliNt), are attended by near 3,000 persons: the Polytechnic School, a distinguished institution, which has been imitated in several other countries: and the school of Astronomy (at the Observatory), one of the first establishments of the kind existing in any country. The following libraries are open to the public: the National Library, containing above 500,000 vols., 80,000 manuscripts, 1,600,000 engravings, and 100,000 medals and coins: the Library of the Arsenal, with 180,000 vols. and 5,000 manuscripts: and the Library of Sainte Genevieve, with 112,000 vols. The Library of the Institute (not public) contains 70,000 vols. There are, in the French capital, numerous learned societies, at the head of which is the National Institute; this establishment for a long time comprehended four departrnents, called academies, viz., the French Academy, (L'Acad6mie Frangaise, li'-kia-dem'-e1 fraN'-sazef,) the office of which is the regulation and improvement of the French language: the Academy of Sciences; Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres; and the Academy of the Fine Arts. A fifth academy, of the moral and political sciences, has been added by Louis Philippe, the last king. Among the multitude of charitable institutions in Paris, there are 17 hospitals, 5 of which are for the military. The Observatory is in Lat. 480 50' 13" N., Lon. 20 20' 22//" E. Pop. 1,053,897.-Adj. and inhab. PAR[ISAN, par-ishl-un (Fr. Parisien, pA'-re'-ze-aN/ (masculine), and Parin sienne, pa'-re'-ze-enn! (feminine). PARK, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 14,968. Co. t. Rockville. PAR/-MA. or paRr-ma, DUCHY OF, an independent state of Northern Italy, between 44~ 22' and 450 8' N. Lat. and 90 20' and 10~ 37' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Austrian dominions, from which it is separated by the Po, E. by Modena, S. by the Modenese, Tuscan, and Sardi. nian territories, and W. by the dominions of Sardinia. Its extent, from E. to W., is above 60 m.; from N. to S., near 50 m. Area estimated at 2,280 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 465,673. (M.)-Adj. and inhab. PAR'-ME-,AN/. PARMA, the cap of the preceding duchy, situated in a fine plain, about 2 D 442 PAR-PAT Fte, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nS, nbt; 66, as in gooi 12 m. S. of the Po. It is surrounded by walls, and is rather more tharn 4 m. in circumference. The streets are wide and straight, but appear somewhat dull and deserted. Parma has a superior school or lyceum, with the chairs of theology, medicine, and philosophy, attended by about 400 students; a public library, with 80,000 printed vols. and 4,000 manuscripts; and several other literary institutions. The Ducal Gallery has many valuable paintings, by some of the first Italian masters: most of the churches of Parma are adorned with those of Corregio. The ancient Parma was a town of the Etruscans: it became a Roman colony at the same time as Mutina (now Modena), 183 years before Christ. Lat. 440 48' N., Lon. 100 27'E. Pop. about 36,000. (P. C. and M.) Balbi, however, states it at about 30,000. PARSONSTrOWN. See BIRR. PASCAGOULA, pas'-ka-goo-la, a r. in the S. E. part of Miss., which flows into a bay of the same name. PAsco or CERRO PASCO, seR/-RO pals-ko, a t. of Peru, situated 14,278 ft. (P. C.) above the level of the sea, remarkable for its silver mines, which are among the richest in the world. Lat. about 100 40' S., Lon. 750 43' W. Pop. fluctuating, between 12,000 and 16,000. (P. C.) PAS-DE-CALAIS, p d' d' ki-lI, or the "Strait of Calais," a dep. near the N. extremity of France, bordering on the Strait of Dover. Pop. 664,654. (B.) Capital, Arras. PAS1-QUO-TANK', a co. near the N. E. extremity of N. C., bordering on Albemarle Sound. Pop. 8,950. Co. t. Elizabeth City. PAs-sA/-Ic, a small r. in the N. E. part of N. J., flowing into Newark Bay. Near Paterson it has a perpendicular descent of 50 ft. and a total fall of 70 ft., affording an immense water-power. PASSAIc, a co. in the N. part of N. J., bordering on N. Y. Pop. 22,575. Co. t. Paterson. PASSAU, palsf-sou, a t. and important fortress of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Lower Danube, at the confluence of the Inn and the Ilz (ilts) with the Danube. A handsome bridge, resting on 7 piers of granite, crosses the last-named river, which is 754 ft. wide. Two suburbs, the one on the right bank of the Inn, and the other on the left bank of the lNz, are called respectively Innstadt and llzstadt. Passau is in 480 34' N. Lat., and 13~ 28'E. Lon. Pop., including the suburbs, about 10,500. (P. C.) PAT'-.A-GO.-N-A, an extensive country of S. America, occupying the S. extremity of the continent, and extending from 390 to near 540 S. Lat., and from 63~ to 750 40' W. Lon. It is separated on the N. from the territories of La Plata by the r. Negro; the line which divides it from Chili is not accurately determined: on all other sides it is bounded by the sea. Length, from N. to S., about 1,060 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 600 m. The area is probably above 300,000 sq. m. The natives of this country are called PATAGONIANS; a name which they received from Magellan, on account of the supposed magnitude of their PAT-PAV 443 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like n-g. feet,* which, being wrapped up in skins, probably appeared to him much above their actual size. The Patagonians have in fact comparatively small feet and hands. About the middle of the last century, Captain Byron met with a number of these people, who, if we may trust his statements, were not less than 8 ft., some even exceeding 9 ft. in h6ight. It appears, however, to be now generally admitted that there has been great exaggeration respecting the stature of the Patagonians: nevertheless they are, according to the most authentic information we possess, the tallest people of whom we have any knowledge; the average height being probably above 6 ft. The plains of Patagonia appear to be generally sterile, owing partly to the nature of the soil and partly to a deficiency of rain. The climate, though cold in winter, is said to be healthy, and generally pleasant.-Adj. and inhab. PAT'-A-GOI-Nt-A N. PAT/-.ER-SON, a flourishing manufacturing t. of N. J., cap. of Passaic co., on the Passaic r., near the falls, 17 m. N. N. W. of N. Y. Pop. 1,341. PATI-NA, a large city of British India, cap. of the prov. of Bahar, situated on the Ganges, near 300 m. N. W. of Calcutta. Lat. 250~37' N., Lon. 850 15' E. Pop. estimated at above 300,000. (M.) PA-TRAS/ (Anc. Pat/re), a seaport t. of Greece, on the N. N. W. coast of the Morea. It suffered extremely in the war of independence, but appears now to be rapidly recovering its former prosperity. Lat. 38~ 14' N., Lon. 21~ 47' E. Pop. probably above 8,000. (B.) PATI-RICK, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge and N. C. Pop. 9,609. Co. t. Taylorsville. PAU, pO, a t. in the S. W. part of France, cap. of the dep. of the Lower Pyrenees, on a small river called the Gave de Pau (gav d' pb), an affluent of the Adour. It is regularly laid out and well built. As a pleasant and healthy residence, it is much resorted to by strangers, especially by the English. It contains an acadimie universitaire, a royal college, and other institutions. Pau is remarkable as the birthplace of Henry IV. of France, and of Bernadotte, the late king of Sweden. Lat. 430 180 N., Lon. 0~ 22' W. Pop. 11,959. (M.) PAULI-DING, a co. in the l~. W. part of Ga., bordering on Ala. Pop. 7,039. Seat of justice, Paulding c. h. PAULDING, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 1,766. Co. t. Paulding. PAVIA, pa-veef-a,f (Anc. Tici/num,) a city and celebrated seat of learning in Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Ticino, 19 m. S. of Milan. At the head of its numerous literary and scientific institutions, stands the University, the first in Italy, which, among its professors in our own times, can boast of Scarpa, * Patagon (pat.a-gone') in Spanish signifies a large foot. i 1" And now appear as on a phosphor sea, Numberless barks from Milan, from PAvfA." RoGaERas' Italy, Part First; VII 444 PAX —PEI Fate, fir, fall, fat; me, nimet; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in good; Voita Configliacchi, and other distinguished men. It has three faculties, those of law, medicine and philosophy. It is particularly celebrated as a school of medicine. The University of Pavia was founded by Charlemnagne, and restored in the 14th century by Galeazzo Visconti; but it owes its present form and institutions to thy empress Maria Theresa, and her enlightened minister, count Firmian. The number of students is about 1,400. Pavia was formerly the residence of the Lombard kings, and was afterwards the capital of one of the short-lived Italian republics. From its numerous public edifices, it was called " the City of a Hundred Towers," but its magnificence and fame belong to another age, and it has lono been in a state of paralysis and decay. Lat. 450 11' N., Lon. 9~ 10' E. Pop. near 24,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. PAvIAN, pa-vee/-an. PAxI-o (Anc. Pax/os), the smallest of the seven Ionian Islands, situated about 10 m. S. by E. of Corfu. It is scarcely 5 m. long. Pop. in 1836, 5,287. (M.) PAZ, LA, la paz, (Sp. pron. la path,) an important commercial city of S. America, in Bolivia, cap. of a dep. of the same name, on the E. declivity of the Andes, 12,170 ft. above the level of the sea, near 16~ 30' S. Lat., and 68'~10' W. Lon. Pop. above 20,000. (P. C.) PEARL RIVER, a r. which rises in the N. E. central part of Miss., and flowing southerly, falls into L. Borgne. Its length is above 250 m., but its navigation is impeded by drift-wood, shallows, and sand-bars. PEARLt-ING-TON, a port of entry of Miss., in Hancock co., on the E. side of Pearl r. PEEI-BLE.S, an inland co. in the S. of Scotland. Pop. 10,499.-Also, a small t., cap. of the above, on the Tweed, 22 m. S. of Edinburgh. PE'-DEEI, GREAT, a r. that rises in the N. W. part of N. C., in which state it is called the Yadl-kin, and flowing in a general south-easterly direction through S. C., falls into the Atlantic near 330 10' N. Lat. Near its mouth it is joined by the Little Pedee, and other streams, which form an estuary named Winyaw bay. It has a sloop navigation of 130 m. PEGU, pe-gool, a former kingdom of Chin-India, now forming the S. portion of the Birman empire.-Adj. and inhab. PEGUAN, pe-goo'-an. PEGU (called Ba-goof by the natives), a decayed city of the Birman empire, the ancient cap. of the above kingdom, on a river of the same name, an affluent of the Irrawaddy. Here is the famous temple of Shoomadoo, being a pyramid of brick, 331 ft. high, with a base 162 ft. square. It is surmounted by a sort of umbrella, made of iron, and gilt, nearly 20 ft. in diameter. Lat. 17~ 40' N., Lon. 96~ 20' E. The pop. of Pegu is said to have formerly amounted to 150,000, but the place is now in ruins, and almost deserted. PErPUS, pa/e-pooce or TcHOODI-sKo-E, a large lake in the W. part of European Russia, between 570 48' and 590 N. Lat., and 26~ 56' and 28~ 10' E. Lon. Extreme length, about 85 m.; greatest breadth, 32 m. The southern portion, which is joined to the rest by a strait not 2 m. wide, is called the L. of Pskof, being situated principally within that PEK-PEN 445 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. government. The Peipus communicates with the Gulf of Finland by the r. Narova or Narva. PE'KING or PE'KINI (signifying, it is said, the " Northern Capital"), the largest city of China, and the seat of the imperial government, is situated not far from the left bank of the Pei-Ho (ph-hol), with which river it is connected by a narrow canal, about a hundred m. W. N. W. of the Gulf of Petchelee. It is about 19 m. (15,400 toises) in circumference, exclusive of the suburbs. Peking is composed of two parts, entirely distinct from each other, viz. the Imperial Town (called also the Tartar Town, because it was founded by the present Tartar dynasty, and because the greater number of the inhabitants are Mantchoos), containing the imperial palace, and the great offices for the administration of the empire; and the Chinese Town, called likewise the External Town, from its being situated without the walls of the principal city. Though itself enclosed by walls, this is, properly speaking, only a suburb. The walls are about 40 ft. high and twenty feet thick at the base. There are 16 gates, over each of which is a watch-tower 9 stories high, and in each story are port-holes for cannon. The roads leading to Peking are paved with blocks of granite; the streets of the city are not paved, but are constantly watered to keep down the dust. The streets of the Imperial Town are broad, straight, and very clean. The principal ones vary from 140 to 200 ft. in breadth. (P. C.) The houses are usually not higher than one story. The wooden columns in front of the shops are painted red and blue, and are sometimes gilt. In many places arches resembling the triumphal arches of Europe, built of wood, and richly decorated, cross the streets. These structures are erected for the purpose of honouring such persons of either sex as have been distinguished for their virtue, their learning, or for important services rendered to the state. The imperial buildings are covered with yellow tiles, those of the princes with green, and all the other houses with gray tiles. Peking is the seat of the great National College or University, in which is said to be concentrated all the learning of China. The Imperial Library is unquestionably the largest which exists out of Europe: it is estimated to contain what is equivalent to at least 300,000 of our octavo volumes. (B.) In the cabinet of natural history, belonging to the emperor, the specimens are accompanied by representations in painting, which are executed with scrupulous fidelity. The Imperial Observatory is in 390 54' 13" N. Lat., and 116~ 27' 54" E. Lon. The pop. of Peking is variously estimated, from 600,000 or 700,000 to 3,000,000; Balbi gives 1,300,000 as the most probable estimate. The garrison is supposed to amount to 80,000. PEMBROKE, peml-brb6k, a seaport town of Wales, cap. of Pembroke. shire, on the margin of Dounpool, an inlet on the S. side of Milford Haven. Lat. 51~ 40' N., Lon. 40 53' W. PEMBROKESHIRE, pemf-brb6k-shir, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Wales. Pop. 88,044. PENI-DLE-TON, a co. in the N. central part of Va., on the S. branch of the Potomac. Pop. 5,795. Co. t. Franklin. 38 446 PEN-PEN FPhte, far, fAll, fiat; mrn, met; pine, or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in good' PENDLETON, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Kentucky, intersected by the Licking r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 6,774. Co. t. Fal. mouth. PENN'-SYL-VAI-NI-A4, one of the thirteen original U. S., situated between'390 40' and 42~ 16' N. Lat. (almost the whole of the northern boundary runs upon the 42d parallel), and 74~ 45' and 80~ 30' W. Lon.; bounded oil the N. by L. Erie and New York, E. by New York and New Jersey, fromn which it is separated by the r. Delaware, S. by Maryland and Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio; and divided into 63 counties.- Length, from E. to W., about 300 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 170 m.; with the exception, however, of the most western portion, the breadth is equal in all parts, being rather more than 150 m. Area estimated at 46,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,311,786. Pennsylvania is distinguished above the other states of the Union, by her extraordinary mineral wealth. Anthracite coal is found in exceeding abundance in the counties of Schuylkill, Carbon and Luzerne, in the eastern part of the state. Bituminous coal occurs in great quantities in the neighbourhood of Pittsburg, on the western declivity of the Alleghanies, and in other places. There are also rich mines of iron ore and extensive quarries of marble. Harrisburg is the capital.-Inhab. PENN'-SYL-VAI-NI.-.AN. PE-NOB/-SCOT, the largest r. in Maine, of which the principal branch rises in the N. W. part of the state, and, flowing at first south-easterly, traverses Chesuncook lake. Afterwards, having received the eastern branch, it takes a southerly course, and falls into the Atlantic in about 440 N. Lat. and 69~ W. Lon. Its length is estimated at above 250 m. It is navigable for large vessels to Bangor, more than 50 m. from the sea. PENOBSCOT, a co. of Maine, on the above r., extending from near the Atlantic coast, northward, to the border of Canada. Pop. 63,089. Co. t. Bangor. PEN-RYN/, a t. of England, in Cornwall, 11 m. N. W. of Falmouth. Pop. 3,337. PEN'-SA-COf-LA, a port of entry of Florida, in Escambia co., situated on Pensacola Bay, 10 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,164. Lat. 30~ 28' N., Lon. 870 12' W. PEN/-ZA or PENSA, a flourishing t. in the S. E. central part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Soora (Sura), an affluent of the Volga. Lat. 530 12' N., Lon. about 440 30' E. Pop. 11,000. (P. C.) PEN-ZANCE/, a seaport t. of England, in Cornwall, 8 m. E. by N. of Land's-end. Pop. 8,578. Adams, Alleghany, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Crawford, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Franklin,Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Juniata, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Montgomery, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry, Philadelphia, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Somerset, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, Wyoming, York, Blair, Carbon, Clarion, Fulton, Lawrence, Montour, Sullivan. PEO-PER 447 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. PE-OI-RT.-4, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 17,547. Co. t. Peoria. PER1GUEUX, per'-re6-guhl, (Anc. Vesunfna; afterwards Petrocofrii,) a commercial and manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Dordogne, on the Isle (eel), an affluent of the Dordogne. There are a number of interesting antiquities in its vicinity. Lat 45~ 11' N., Lon. 0~ 44' E. Pop. 9,329. (B.) PERM (Russ. pron. peSm), a t. in the E. part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the r. Kama. Lat. 58" 1' N., Lon. 56~ 26' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) PERNAMBUCO, pea-nam-boof-ko, called also CIDADE DO RECIFE, sedal-dh do ra-seef-fa, (i. e. the "city of the reef," so named from the extensive reef which defends the harbour from the swell of the ocean,) a flourishing city and seaport of Brazil, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the r. Capabaribe, 210 m. N. E. of Bahia. It is the third town of Brazil, in commercial importance. Lat. 8~ 4' S., Lon. 34~ 50' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 60,000. PERNAU, peRf-nou, a seaport t. of European Russia, on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lat. 580 22' N., Lon. 24~ 31' E. Pop. 9,000. (M.) PERPIGNAN, peR'-peen'-yaNf, a strongly fortified t. of France, cap. of the dep. of the Eastern Pyrenees, on the r. Thet, about 80 m. S. W. of Montpellier. It possesses a library of 15,000 vols., and other literary institutions. Lat. 420 42' N., Lon. 2~ 54' E. Pop. 16,733. (M.) PER-qUIMr-ANS, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., N. of, and bordering on Albemarle Sound. Pop. 7,331. Co. t. Hertford. PERI-RY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Pa., on the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers. Pop. 20,088. Co. t. Bloomfield. PERRY, a co. in the W. central part of Ala., intersected by the Cahawba r. Pop. 22,285. Co. t. Marion. PERRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., intersected by Leaf r., a branch of the Pascagoula. Pop. 2,438. Co. seat, Augusta. PERRY, a co. in the W. central part of Ark., bordering on the Arkansas r. Pop. 978. PERRY, a co. in the western part of Tenn., intersected by the Tennessee r. Pop. 5,822. Co. t. Perrysburg. PERRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the sources of the Kentucky r. Pop. 2,192. Co. t. Hazard. PERRY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, between the Hocking and Muskingum rivers. Pop. 20,775. Co. t. Somerset. PERRY, a co. in the S. part of Tnd., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop 7,268. Co. t. Rome. PERRY, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., a little E. of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 5,278. Co. t. Pinckneyville. PERRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., opposite to the mouth of Kaskaskia r. Pop. 7,215. Co. t. Perrysville. PERSIA, perf-she-a, (called by the natives Iran ee'-rnl!; Gr. Ipo{s) 448 PER-PER Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; an extensive country in the S. S. W. part of Asia, between 250 and 400 N. Lat., and 440 and 62~ E. Lon. Its political boundaries have varied greatly at different epochs, sometimes including Armenia, Georgia, Bokhara, and sometimes reduced to less than its natural limits. These are, on the S. the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf; on the S. W. and W. the Tigris; on the N. the Aras and the Caspian Sea; and on the E. the Indus. The north-eastern limit is not determined by any natural boundary. At present, however, the territories of Persia are much more circumscribed; the extensive provinces of Afghanistan and Beloochistan are quite independent, while a considerable tract of land E. of the Tigris is possessed by Turkey. The greatest extent of Persia (with its present boundaries), from E. to W., may be near 1,000 m.; from N. to S., about 800 m. Area, 450,000 sq. m. Pop. 9,000,000. (B.) The greater part of Persia is an elevated plain, a considerable portion of which is desert. Indeed, the whole country, with slight exceptions, is very sparingly watered; much, however, is done by irrigation, to overcome this natural defect. -Persia has nearly all the agricultural products of southern Europe, besides several that are ordinarily found only in the tropics. The religion is Mahometanism; the government a military despotism. Teheran is the capital.-Adj. and'inhab. PERSIAN, per/-she-an. PERSIAN GULF, an extensive arm of the Indian Ocean, situated between Persia and Arabia, and extending from 240 to 300 10' N. Lat., and from 48~ to 570 E. Lon. Length about 600 m.; greatest breadth near 230 m. PER/-SQN, a co. in the N. part of N. C., on the sources of the Neuse, and bordering on Va. Pop. 10,781. Co. t. Roxboro. PERTH, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, and once the residence of the Scottish kings, cap. of Perthshire, is situated on the Tay, 33 m. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56~ 24' N., Lon. 30~ 25' W. Pop. 19,293. PERTH AMBOY. See AMBoY. PERTHI-SHIRE, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the Frith of Tay. Pop. 137,390. PERU, pe-rool, (Lat. Peru/via,) a country of S. America, situated between 30 20' and 22~ S. Lat., and 68~ and 81~ 20' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Ecuador, E. by Brazil, S. by Bolivia, S.W. and W. by the Pacific. Length, from N. N. W. to S. S. E., near 1;500 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., above 900 rn.; area estimated at 500,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,700,000. (B.) It may be observed that the namne of Peru was formerly applied to a country far more extensive than the territories of the present republic; but the southern portion, called Upper Peru, after the Spanish power was overthrown in 1824, was formed into an independent state (in 1825), and received the appellation of Bolivia. The climate of this extensive country varies according to the elevation of the land, its proximity to the sea, and other circumstances. Along the whole coast S. of Cape Blanco, a drop of rain never falls; but for nearly five months, from June to November, the earth is covered with a fog. During this period, the ground is constantly moistened and fertilized by PER-PES 449 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the dew caused by the condensation of the fog. During this period, which may be said to constitute the winter of the lower countries, the higher regions enjoy fine weather and have their summer. But in January, the rains on the mountains commence, and continue about three months. The climate of Peru is not so hot as might be supposed. In summer, the weather is delightfully fine, and the heat is moderated by the sea and land breezes. The mean annual temperature, according to Humboldt, is 72~, the maximum 82~, and the minimum 55'!. Nearly all the animals peculiar to S. America are found in Peru, as the jaguar, the puma, the sloth, the armadillo, the ant-eater, &c. Amono the vegetable productions of this country, we may particularly notice the cinchona, the tree or shrub which yields the Peruvian bark. This plant, which is pecular to S. America, and is most abundantly found in the extensive country formerly comprehended under the name of Peru, requires a temperature considerably lower than that which usually prevails in tropical regions, and is said seldom to grow at a less elevation than 4,000 ft. above the sea. Peru is particularly noted for its wealth in silver and gold; but many of the mines, which were formerly very productive, have either become exhausted, or from other causes are no longer worked. The government of Peru is a federal republic, resembling, in many of its features, that of the United States. Lima is the capital. —Adj. and inhab. PE-RU/-VA-AN. (Sp. Peruano, pA-roo-aJ-no.) PERUGIA, pa-roof-ja, (Anc. Perulsia,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on a hill not far from the right bank of the Tiber, 85 m. N. of Rome. It has a university, attended by 300 or 400 students, with a library of 30,000vols. Perusia. was an important city of ancient Etruria, and some highly interesting Etruscan antiquities have been recently found in the present town and its vicinity. Lat. 430 7' N., Lon. 12~ 22' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B. and M.)* PESARO, pal-sa-ro, (Anc. Pisautrum), a seaport t. of Italy, in the Papal state, on the Foglia (fole!-yA), near its entrance into the Adriatic. Lat. 430 55' N., Lon. 12~ 54' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) PESHAWER, pesh'-ourl, a city of Afghanistan, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly one of the residences of the kings of Cabool, is situated in the midst of an extensive plain, watered by several branches of the Cabool r. Lat. 340.6' N., Lon. about 710 30' E. Pop. estimated in 1809 at 100,000, but at present it is probably below 70,000. (B.) PESTH (Hung. pron. pesht), the handsomest, most populous, and most commercial t. of Hungary, situated on the left bank of the Danube, opposite to Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. The streets are, for the most part, wide and straight, and are adorned with several handsome public buildings. Though Buda is the residence of the viceroy and the cap. of the kingdom, Pesth is the seat of the chief judicial courts of Hungary. This town possesses a university founded * The population of Perugia, with its suburbs, is stated by the P. C. (on the authority of Calindri) at 15,00Q 38* 4-O0 PET- PET Ffte, far, f ill, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66, as in good; in 1635, at Tyrnau; which in 1777 was transferred to Buda, and in 1784 to Pesth. It is one of the most richly endowed in Europe, and possesses a library of 60,000 vols., a cabinet of natural history, and several other similar establishments. There are 49 professors, and above 1,000 students. The National Museum of Pesth is one of the most remarkable in Europe, as well for its rich collection of coins and medals, as. for its valuable library, which contains, among other works, numerous manuscripts from distinguished Hungarian writers. Lat. 470 30' N., Lon. 19~ 4' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at above 75,000. PEI-TER-BO1-ROUGH, also written PETERBURGiH, a small city of Engfand, in Northamptonshire, 75 m. N. by E. of London. Pop. 6,107. PEr-TER-HEAD, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, on the German Ocean. Lat. 570 32' N., Lon. 1~ 47' W. Pop. 4,586. PE1-TERS-BURG, ST. (Russ. Peterburg, phl-ter-boorg'), the largest city of the Russian empire, and the seat of the imperial government, situated at the E. extremity of the Gulf of Finland, where it receives the r. Neva. The ground on which tile city stands is low and swampy, and the surrounding country is a morass and forest, except where it has been ameliorated by industry and art. St. Petersburg, now regarded as the most magnificent city in the world, was founded in 1703, by Peter the Great, but is chiefly indebted for its beauty and grandeur to the empress Catharine II. Since her time, it has been still further improved, and at present is altogether unrivalled among the capitals of Europe for the width and regularity of its streets, the length and magnificence of its quays, and the elegance of its squares and public buildings. The streets are from 60 to 120 ft. wide, and appear to be lined with palaces. Among the multitude of remarkable edifices, we may name the Cathedral of Kasan: the Church of St. Isaac, built entirely of marble; when finished, it will probably be the most beautiful in the Russian capital: the Palace of the Hermitage, the favourite residence of Catharine II., by whom it was built; it contains a costly library, a collection of paintings, and other treasures: and the New Michailof (me-Kll-]of) Palace, the residence of the grand-duke Michael. St. Petersburg contains several noble monuments, at the head of which stands the magnificent equestrian statue of Peter the Great. The Field of Mars, ador ied with a statue of Suvarof (Suwarow), will admit of 40,000 or 50,000 imen being reviewed in it. Among the literary and scientific institutions of the Russian metropolis, may be mentioned the University, founded:in 1819: the Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter the Great, on the plan of Leibnitz, with a library of 100,000 vols.: the Medico-Chirurgical Academy, founded by Peter the Great, and reorganized by Alexander; connected with it are two extensive hospitals: and the Imperial Public Library, containing above 400,000 vols. The hospitals and charitable institutions of all descriptions are numerous and well supported, the virtue of charity being one of the most prominent features of the Russian character. St. Petersburg is the greatest manufacturing city, and has the most extensive foreign trade, of any in the empire. It is the residence of a Roman Catholic archbishop and a PET —PII 451 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Greek Metropolitan. The observatory is in 590 56' 31// N. Lat., and 30~ 18' 57" E. Lon. Pop. in 1846, 500,000; deducting the military and strangers, the number of inhabitants is said not to exceed 400,000. PEr-TERS-BURG, a flourishing, t. and port of entry in Va., on the Appoimattox, 21 m. S. by E. of Richmond. It is well built, and has an active trade, and considerable manufactures. Lat. 370 14' N., Lon. 770 20' W. Pop. 11,136. PETERWARDEIN, pe'-ter-warf-dine, (Ger. pron. ph-ter-W'at-dine,) a small t. and important frontier fortress of Slavonia, on the Danube. It is a place of extraordinary strength, both by nature and art, and has been styled "the Gibraltar of Hungary." Lat. 450 15' N., Lon. 190 55' E. Pop., including the garrison, stated at 6,500. (P. C.) PETI-Tls, a co. in the W. central part of Mo., a little S. of the Missouri r. Pop. 5,150. Co. t. Georgetown. PEZENAS, p8z'-nal, (Anc. Piscena,) a t. in the S. of France, in the dep. of Hirault, 24 m. W. S. WV. of Montpellier. Pop. 7,490. (M.) PHmI'-A-Dr-Ei-PH.-A, a port of entry, the second city of the United States, and the metropolis of Pennsylvania, is situated between the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, about 6 m. above their confluence, and about 130 m. in a straight line, N. E. by E. from Washington. It is laid out with extreme regularity; the streets, with scarcely an exception, crossing each other at right angles. The city has an air of remarkable neatness, and many of the streets are very handsome, though there is but little variety in the appearance of the houses. Among the remarkable edifices may be mentioned the State House, a plain brick building', situated in Chesnut street, a third of a mile from the Delaware, remarkable for containing the hall in which the Declaration of Independence was signed: the Custom House, formerly the United States Bank, situated in the same street, E. of and near the State House, n marble edifice, built on the model of the Parthenon: the United States Mint, built also of marble, in Cllesnut street about midway between the Delaware and Schuylkill; it is the principal, and was, until recently, the only place in the Union where coin is struck: the Girard College for Orphans, situated about 2 m. N. W. of the centre of the city, a magnificent structure, which is entirely surrounded by Corinthian columns; not only the walls and columns, but even the roof and floors are of marble: and the Eastern Penitentiary, an establishment in which the system of solitary confinement has been resorted to with distinguished success. In literary and scientific institutions, Philadelphia, perhaps, ranks higher than any other city in the United States. The Philadelphia Library, commenced in 1731, by Franklin, now contains about 65,000 volumes; the American Philosophical Society, founded in 1843, has, among its members distinguished men in all parts of the world; its library contains 14,000 volumes; the Academy of Natural Sciences possesses a well-chosen scientific library of about 12,000 volumes, and, besides numerous specimens in the other departments of natural his 452 PHI —PIII Fate, fAr, fill, fit; m&, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, nat; O0i as in good; tory, the most extensive collection of plants in America: the Philadelphia Athenoeum, founded in 1814, has a library of near 10,000 vols.: the Franklin Institute for the promotion of the mechanic and useful arts, has annual exhibitions of American manufactures and inventions. Philadelphia is particularly distinguished as a seat of medical science: the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1765, and the Jefferson Medical College, founded in 1824, arejustlyregarded as the first institutions of the kind in America. Among the charitable establishments of this city, we may mention the -Alms House, situated on the W. bank of the Schuylkill, S. W. of the City Proper, and the Pennsylvania Hospital, containing an extensive Inedical library, and a painting, by WVest, of Christ healing the Sick, presented to the institution by the illustrious artist himself. Philadelphia is the greatest manufacturing town in the Union, and the multitude of ignorant and degraded persons who are usually congregated in such places, has doubtless been an influential cause of the riots with which the city has so frequently of late been afflicted and disgraced. Philadelphia is abundantly supplied with excellent water from the Schuylkill. Water-wheels, turned by the river, are employed to force the water up into extensive reservoirs, situated on the top of Fairmount, (about 12 m. W. N. W. of the densely inhabited part of the city,) whence it is distributed to every part of the town. The scenery around the water-works, including Fairmount, with its six reservoirs, resembling so many beautiful lakes, is truly enchanting. The water supplying the suburbs of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties is raised from the river by means of steam, a separate system of waterworks having recently been constructed. At Fairmount the Schuylkill is crossed by a handsome wire suspension-bridge, 343 ft. in length, the first of the kind which has been erected in this country. Philadelphia contains a navy yard, in which have been built several of the finest vessels in the United States' navy. Lat. of the High School Observatory, 390 57' 8" N., Lon. 750 10' 29" WV. Pop., including the suburbs, 374,232.-Inhiab. PHI['-A-DELI-PHI-AN. PHILADELPHIA, a co. of Pa.. including the above city, which is its seat of justice. Entire pop. 408,762. PHIL-IP-PINE ISLANDS, a numerous group, situated in the eastern seas, between 50 and 19~ N. Lat., and 1170 and 126~ E. Lon. The principal are Luzon, Mindinao, Panay, Palawan, Samar, Zebu or Cebu, and Mindoro, which are noticed under their respective names. The Philippines were discovered in 1521, by Magellan, (who was killed in one of the islands,) since which time they have remained in the possession of the Spanish, who appear to have settlements on all the larger islands. The aboriginal inhabitants consist of two races, the Malays, and a tribe of negroes called Negritos (nh-greet-toce). The former have, with some exceptions, submitted to the sway of the Spaniards, and embraced Christianity. They are the proprietors of the soil, and are treated by the Spaniards as free subjects. They are said to be wedl lodged, clothed, and abundantly supplied with food, so that their con PHI-PIE 453 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. dition is perhaps superior to that of the peasantry in many parts of Europe. The Negritos inhabit the mountain fastnesses, and are generally independent. Some. of them, however, are said to have embraced Christianity. The most important Spanish settlements are on the islands of Luzon and Panay. Much the greater part of Mindinao (the second in size) is inhabited by independent savages, some of whoim are daring pirates. The principal productions of the Philippine islands are sugar, indigo, tobacco, and rice. Cocoa of a superior quality is produced, but not exported, being extensively consumed at home. PHIIIPS, a co. in the E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 6,935. Co. t. Helena. PIACENZA, pe-a-chen/-za, (Anc. Placen/tia,) a fortified city of Northern Italy, in the duchy of Parma, cap. of a duchy of its own name, situated near the right bank of the Po. It possesses a public library of 30,000 volumes, and other institutions. This town holds a conspicuous place in ancient and modern history. In 1447, it was taken and pillaged by the soldiers of the Milanese commander Sforza, since which time it has never recovered its former prosperity. Lat. 450 3'N., Lon. 9~ 43' E. Pop. about 28,000. (B.) PI/-ATT, a co. in the E. central part of Ill., intersected by the r. Sangamon. Co. t. Monticello. Pop. 1,606. PICr-AR-DY, (Fr. La Picardie, la-pe'-kaR'-deer,) a former prov. of France, now divided among the deps. of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, Aisne, and Oise. PICKI-A-WAY, a co. in the S. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 21,008. Co. t. Circleville. PICKI-ENS, a dist. forming the N. W. extremity of S. C. Pop. 16,904. Seat of justice, Pickens c. h. PICKENS, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ala., bordering on Miss. Pop. 21,512. Co. t. Carrollton. Pico, peel-ko, or the " PEAK," an i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 38~ 25' N. Lat., and the meridian of 28~ 30' W. Lon. Length about 30 m.; greatest breadth 10 m. Seen 6 or 7 leagues from the westward, it appears like a steep conical mountain rising directly from the sea, whence its name. The height is estimated at 7,000 ft. PIEDMONT, peed/-mont, (It. Piemonte, pe-a-monl-th, i. e. Pie di Monte, or the " foot of the mountain,") an extensive tract of country in the N. W. part of Italy, included within the dominions of Sardinia, and comprising the western portion of the basin of the Po. Its natural boundaries on the N., W., and S., are formed by the Alps; on the S. E. by the Apennines, which skirt the Gulf of Genoa. Its extent, from N. to S., is about 120m.; from E. to W., near 100 m.-Adj. and inhab. PIED'-MON-TE.SE/. PIERRE, SAINT, s'nt peer, (Fr. pron. saN pe-aiRy,) the largest t. on the island of Martinique, in the W. Indies, situated on the W. coast. Lat. 140 44' N., Lon. 61~ 12' W. Pop. 18,000. (B.) 45-1 PIK-PIS FAte, far, fAll, f'at; me, mi't; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; PIKE, a co. forming the E. N. E. extremity of Pa., and bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 5,881. Co. t. Milford. PIKE, a Co. in the W. central part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 14,305. Co. t. Zebulon. PIKE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ala., a little S. of the Tallapoosa r. Pop. 15,920. Seat of justice, Pike c. h. PIKE, a co. in the S. part of Miss., W. of Pearl r., and bordering on La. Pop. 7,360. Co. seat, Holmesville. PIKE, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ark., a little N. of Reed r. Pop. 1,861. Co. t. Zebulon. PIKE, a co. forming the E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 5,365. Co. t. Piketon. PIKE, a Co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 10,953. Co. t. Piketon. PIKE, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., S. of, and bordering on the White r. Pop. 7,720. Co. t. Petersburg. PIKE, a co. in the W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Pop. 18,819. Co. t. Pittsfield. PIKE, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 13,609. Co. t. Bowling-Green. PILLAU, pill-lou, a seaport t. of Prussia, situated on a point of land at the entrance of the Frische Haff, 25 m. W. by S. from KBnigsberg, of which it may be said to be the port: vessels of a large size, which, on account of the shallowness of the Frische Haff, cannot ascend to Konigsberg, stop at Pillau, in consequence of which it is a place of considerable importance. Lat. 54~ 34' N., Lon. 19~ 53' E. Pop. scarcely 4,000. (B.) PILI-SEN, a fortified t. of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Beraun (bA-rounf), an affluent of the Moldau, with an active trade and numerous manufactures. Lat. 49~ 45' N., Lon. 13~ 23' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) PINEROLO, pe-na-rol~-o, (Fr. Pignerol, peen'-yer-oll) a t. and formerly an important fortress of Piedmont, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated at the foot of the Alps, 25 m. S. W. of Turin. Pop. about 11,500. (P. C.) PISA, peef-za or peef-sa, (Anc. Pilsm,) a decayed archiepiscopal city of Central Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, in the grand-duchy of Tuscany, on the Arno, about 8 m. from its mouth. In the middle ages this town was the cap. of a celebrated and powerful republic, when it is said to have possessed a population of 150,000; at present, the number of its inhabitants is not more than about 20,000. (B.) Among its buildings, may be mentioned the famous leaning tower, called the Belfry (Campanile, kam-pa-nee/-la); it is 190 ft. in height, and the topmost story overhangs the base, on one side, about 15 ft. The view from the summit is alike extensive and beautiful, but when the spectator looks down towards the base, from the overhanging side, the effect is terrific. The University of Pisa is the first in Tuscany, and was formerly one of the most celebrated in Italy. It is at present at PIS-PLA 455 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng tended by about 400 students: its library contains 55,000 vols. The Observatory is in Lat. 430 43' 11" N., Lon. 100 24' 9" E.-Adi. and inhab. PISAN, peef-zan. PISCATAQUA, pis-katl-a-qua, a r. of N. England, which forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Hampshire, and flows into the Atlantic. PIs-cATI-A-QUiS, a co. forming the N. extremity of Me., and extending S. beyond the centre. Pop. 14,735. Co. t. Dover. PISTOJA, pis-tof-ya, (Anc. Pistotria or Pistotrium,) a well built town of Central Italy, in the grand-duchy of Tuscany, 20 m. N. W. of Florence. It possesses various manufactures: those of organs and firearms may be particularly mentioned. Pistols are said to have derived their name from this town. Pop. 12,000. (B.) PIT-CAIRN'S! ISLAND, a small i. in the Pacific, near 250 S. Lat., and 130~ W. Lon. PITEr, pitl-e-b, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which enters the Gulf of Bothnia, near 65~ 10' N. Lat. PITT, a co. in the E. part of N. C., intersected by the Tar r. Pop. 13,397. Co. t. Greenville. PITTSI-BURG, the cap. of Alleghany co., in Pa., and, as regards population, manufactures, and commerce, the second town in the state, is situated at the confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers (whose junction forms the Ohio), near 250 m., in a straight line, W. by N. from Philadelphia. Its position is very advantageous for trade, as it has a ready communication with all the great towns on the Ohio and Mississippi, but it is especially distinguished for its extensive and flourishing manufactures in iron, glass, and other articles. The surrounding country is exceedingly rich in bituminous coal, the constant burning of which, as fuel, causes a perpetual cloud of black smoke to hang over the place. The suburbs, Birmingham and Alleghany, are respectively situated on the left side of the Monongahela, and the right side of the Alleghany rivers, and communicate with the city by bridges. A conflagration, almost without a parallel in the history of our country, has recently (April 10, 1845) desolated Pittsburg. It is estimated that 1,100 or 1,200 houses, including nearly all the business portion of the city, have been consumed. Lat. 40~ 32' N., Lon. 800 2' W. Pop. in 1850 including the suburbs, 84,000. PITT-SYL-VA/-NI —A, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop 28,796. Co. t. Competition. PLAQUEMINE, plak-meenl, a parish forming the S. E. entremity of La., intersected by the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,390. Seat of justice, Fort Jackson. PLA9ENCIA, pli-senf-she-a, (Sp. pron. pla'-senf-the-a,) a fortified t. of Spain, in Estremadura, remarkable for a number of Roman antiquities, among which there is a fine aqueduct of 80 arches, which conveys wa. ter to the town. Lat. 400 7' N., Lon. 50 55' W. Pop. 7,000. (B.) PLATA, RIO DE LA, reel-o del 1l plWA-ta, a large r. or rather estuary of S. America, formed by the confluence of the rivers Parana and Uru 456 PLA F'te. f r, fall, fat; me, met; pine, or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good; guay. Its length is about 160 m.; its breadth varies from about 30 to 130 in. The name Rio de la Plata, or " river of silver," was given to it by Sebastian Cabot, who first penetrated beyond the junction of the Parana and Paraguay, in consequence of his having obtained a considerable booty of silver and gold from the Indians of the adjacent country, whom he defeated: there are no precious metals on its banks. (E. G..) PLATA, LA, l' plat-ta, called also the ARGENTINE REPUBLIC (Repub lica Argentina, ra-poobf-le-ka aR-Hen-teel-nh), a republic of S. America, situated between 22~ and 410 S. Lat., and 52~ and 72~ W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Bolivia, E. by Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic, S. by the Atlantic and Patagonia, and W. by Chili and Bolivia. Greatest length, from N. to S., about 1,300 nm.; mean breadth, from E. to W.,.near 700 m. Area estimated at above 9U0,000 sq. m. Pop. 700,000. (B.) The names of the United Provinces of La Plata are as follows-Buenos Ayres, Santa Fe, Entre Rios (enl-trh reel-oce), Corrientes (cor-re-enl-tes), Cordova, Santiago del Estero (san-te-a'-go del cs-th!-ro), Tucuman (too-koo-manm), Salta, Catamarca, Rioga (re-of-ga), San Luis, Mendoza, San Juan. Owing to the dissensions between these different states, it is difficult to say what is the present political condition of this country. Though nominally a republican confederation, La Plata appears to be divided into a number of independent governments, which are, for the most part, ruled by dictators. The country of La Plata is characterized by some striking natural peculiarities. Between 28~ and 300 S. Lat., a desert plain extends from near the Rio Dulce, westward, to about the 68th meridian of W. Lon., a distance of perhaps 280 m.: near its eastern extremity, it is about 60 m. in breadth, but farther west it is much broader. Though more than 700 m. from the Atlantic, the surface of the ground is but a few feet above the level of the sea, and is for the most part covered with a thick efflorescence of salt. Hence this desert has received the name of the Great Salina (Gran Salina, gran sa-lee/-na). The vegetation is limited to a species of Salsola, from the ashes of which soda is extracted. The wind from this desert appears sometimes to resemble the sirocco of Africa. In December, 1825, for several days the wind was so hot in Santiago del Estero, that it blistered the face and hands even of those who remained in their houses; leaves fell scorched from the trees; the bolts, keys, and locks of the doors were so hot that they could not be retained in the hand; and the inhabitants seemed to be threatened with suffocation. In the Despoblado (des-po-blha-Do), or " uninhabited" country, an extensive and elevated region supposed to be more than 13,000 feet above the sea, situated on the E. side of the Andes, in the N. W. part of La Plata and the adjoining territories of Bolivia, a large portion of the surface of the ground is covered with salt. Where this mineral is so extensively diffused, we need not be surprised to find, what is actually the case, that the waters of a large number of the rivers and lakes are saline; especially in the central and western portions of the country. The vegetable productions of La Plata vary according to the PLA-PLY 457 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TII, as in this; N, nearly like nig. position of the different parts of the country. North of the Great Salina, they resemble those of the intertropical regions; rice and Indian corn are produced in the lower valleys, and in the more elevated tracts, cotton and tobacco are cultivated on a large scale. South of the great salt desert, the agriculture resembles that of southern Europe; wheat and Indian corn are the principal crops; while among the fruit trees are to be found the orange, peach, apricot, pear, apple, fig, and vine. PLATTE, a r. which rises on the E. declivity of the Rocky Mountains, and flows into the Missouri, near 41~ N. Lat., and 950 40' W. Lon., after a course of 1,600 m. It is not navigable. PLATTE, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Mo., on the Missouri r. Pop. 16,845. PLATTEN-SEE, plAtf-ten sa, or LAKE BA'LATONY (baAI-lA-toWi) a lake in the W. part of Hungary, intersected by the 47th parallel of N. Lat., and the 18th meridian of E. Lon. Length about 50 m.; greatest breadth 10 m. Its waters are said to be fresh at its S. W. extremity, but in other parts salt. PLATTSI-BURG, a port of entry of N. Y., cap. of Clinton co., situated on L. Champlain, at the mouth of the Saranac r. On the lake, near this town, the British squadron was captured by the Americans, under Commodore McDonough, Sept. 11, 1814. Pop. 5,618. PLAUEN, plou'-en, an important manufacturing t. in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Elster, 60 m. S. by W. of Leipsic. Pop. near 9,000. (P. C.) PLEISSE, pllf-ceh, a small r. of Saxony, which joins the Elster near Leipsic. PLOCK, plotsk, a t. of Poland, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Vistula. Lat. 52~ 34' N., Lon. 19~ 47' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) PLYMI-OUTH, a seaport t. of England, which, with Devonport, forms the second naval port of Great Britain, is situated in Devonshire, on a rocky promontory at the N. end of Plymouth Sound, between the estuaries of the rivers Tamar and Plym. Though many of the streets of this town are irregular and narrow, it is, on the whole, remarkable for the neatness, and even elegance of its houses, and contains a number of very handsome public buildings. The dock of Plymouth is situated II m. W. of this town, at Devonport, which was formerly called Plymouth Dock. (See DEVONPORT.) The harbour, one of the finest in the world, is double; consisting of the Catwater, formed by the estuary of the Plym, and the Hamoaze (haml-oze), formed by that of the Tamar. The latter is destined to receive the vessels of the royal navy; it is four miles in length, and half a mile in breadth; its average depth is 9 fathoms at low tide, and the largest ships float close to the quays. The bay, or arm of the sea, into which these harbours open, is a spacious and safe asylum for all sorts of ships in stormy weather. To defend it from the heavy swell of the sea, which formerly rendered it very unsafe for anchoring, a stupendous breakwater, about a mile in length, has been formed in the middle of the sound. Plymouth was formerly called Sutton (i. e. " South Town"), a name which is still re39 2E 458 PLY-POI FAte. far, fAlil, fat; mS, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 66, as in good; tained by an inlet of the sound, Sutton Pool, on which the town is partly built. Lat. 50~ 22' N., Lon. 40 7' 30" W. Pop. 36,527; including the adjacent towns of Devonport and Stonehouse, it will amount to 80,059. PLYMOUTH, a co. in the S. E. part of Mass., bordering on the sea. Pop. 55,697. PLrYMOUTH, the cap. of the above, is situated on a small bay of the same name, 35 m., in a straight line, S. S. E. of Boston. It is remarkable as being the place where the first settlers of New England landed, December 22d, 1620. Lat. of.the court-house, 410 57' 28" N., Lon. 70~ 40' 28" W. Pop. of the whole township, 8,000. PLYMOUTH, a port of entry of N. C., cap. of Washington co., on the Roanoke, 8 m. from its mouth. Po (Anc. Erid/anus and Pafdus), the largest r. of Italy, rises on the E. side of Mount Viso, in about 440 40' N. Lat., and 7~ E. Lon. It flows at first easterly, then northerly, till it reaches the point of about 450 13' N. Lat., and 70 50' E. Lon., when its general course becomes and continues almost due E. After passing, with a multitude of windings, through one of the most fertile plains in the world, it empties itself into the Adriatic by numerous mouths, near 450 N. Lat., and 120 30' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated at 450 m. The principal channel or mouth, which joins the sea almost under the 45th parallel, is called the Maestra (mA-acef-tra), and is always navigable for merchant vessels. Boats of 60 tons can, in all seasons, ascend the river as high as Cremona, and, except in times of great drought, as far as Casale (kA-sa/-lA), in Piedmont, in Lon. 80 27' E. PO'-CA-IONI-TAS, a co. in the W. central part of Va., on the sources of the Greenbrier r. Pop. 3,598. Co. t. Huntersville. PODLACHIA, pod-laKt-e-a, a gov. of Poland, N. E. of, and bordering on the Vistula; the Bug runs on its N. W. frontier. Capital, Siedlec. PO-DO-LX-.A, a gov. in the S. part of European Russia, bordering on Austrian Galicia. Capital, Kamieniec. POINI-SETT, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., on the r. St. Francis. Pop. 2,308. POINT COUPiE, koo-peet, a parish in La., on the Mississippi r. P. p. 11,339. Seat of justice, Point Coupee. POITIERS or PoIcTIERs, poi-teerzf,* (Fr. pwA'-te-At, almost pwi-te-At; Anc. Limofnum or Lemonum, afterwards Pictafvi;) a city in the W. or W. central part of France, cap. of the dep. of Vienne, and formerly of the prov. of Poitou, situated on an affluent of the r. Vienne. It is surrounded by an ancient wall (sufficiently large to enclose four or five times as many houses as are actually contained in the town), with six gates. Poitiers possesses, among other literary institutions, an academie universitaire, a royal college, and a public library of 22,000 vols. This town occupies a conspicuous place in both ancient and modern R See Introduction I., page 22. POI —POM 459 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. history, but it is especially memorable for two great battles: the one occurred in 732, in which the Franks, under Charles Martel, totally defeated an immense host of invading Saracens; the other in 1356, when the army of Edward, the Black Prince, routed a greatly superior French force, under king John, and took a great number of prisoners, among whom was the French king himself. Lat. 46~ 35' N., Lon. 0~ 21' E. Pop. 22,000. (B.) POITOU or POICTOU, poi-too1, (Fr. pron. pwA.toof,) a former prov. of France, now divided among the deps. of Vienne, Deux Sevres, Vend6e, Indre-et-Loire, and Charente. POI-LA, a decayed seaport t. and once splendid city of Istria. on the N. E. coast of the Adriatic. It is now only remarkable for its fine harbour, which was anciently a station for one of the divisions of the Roman fleet; and for its numerous interesting antiquities, among which is a vast amphitheatre, not much inferior in magnificence to the Coliseum of Rome. Lat. 440 52' N., Lon. 13~ 50' E. Present pop. about 800. (B.) POI-LAND (Polish, Polska, polef-ska), formerly an independent and extensive country of Europe, extending from the 48th to the 58th parallel of N. Lat., and from the 15th to the 33d meridian of E. Lon., including a large portion of the present territories of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. But the existing kingdom of Poland, constituted by the congress of Vienna, in 1815, and now united with the Russian empire, is of comparatively limited dimensions; being situated principally between 50~ and 55~ N. Lat., and 18~ and 240 E. Lon.; bounded on the W. and N. XV. by the dominions of Prussia, N. and E. by the Russian governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Volhynia, and S. by the Austrian prov. of Galicia and the republic of Cracow. Area estimated at about 50,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1847, 4,857,700. (B.)-Adj. POI-LISH; inhab. POLE, and POI-LAK (now obsolete). POLK, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 6,338. POLK, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mo., a little S. of the Osage r. Pop. 6,186. Co. t. Bolivar. POLTAVA, pol-tat-Va, (sometimes incorrectly written Pultowa,) t t. in the S. part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, remarkable for a great battle fought in its vicinity, in 1709, between Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the former gained a complete victory. Lat. 49~ 33' N., Lon. 340 40' E. Pop. 10,000. (P. C.) POLYNESIA, pol-e-neet-she-a, (or Eastern Oceanica,) a name signifying "many islands," applied to one of the three divisions of Oceanica. It comprises the various islands or insular groups in the Pacific Ocean, between 130~ E. and 1000 W. Lon., with the exception of those adjacent to the eastern or western continent, and of those belonging to Australia, Malaisia, and the Aleutian group. (See AUSTRALIA and MALAISrA.) —Adj. and inhab. POLYNESIAN, pol-e-neef-she-an. PoN'-ER-A'-NX-A (Ger. Poml-mern), an extensive prov. of the Prussian monarchy, lying along the S. coast of the Baltic, between 530 and 54~ 460 POM —POO Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nlt; 66, as in good, 50' N. Lat. and 12~ 30' and 180 E. Lon. Capital, Stettin.-Adj. and inhab. POM-ER-A/-N.-AN. PO-MOI-N4, or MAINLAND, the largest of the Orkneys, situated between 58~ 53' and 59~ 10' N. Lat., and 2~ 43' and 30 22' W. Lon. Length, 24 m.; greatest breadth, near 14 m. Pop. 16,141. POMPEII, pom-phI-ye, an ancient city of Italy, situated near the sea, 15 m. S. E. of Naples. In the year 79, A.D., it was overwhelmed, to. gether with Herculaneum and some other towns, by an eruption of Vesuvius, from the crater of which it is distant about 5 m. For more than 16 centuries its existence appeared to be unknown, and its name almost forgotten. But in 1748, some peasants employed in cutting a ditch, met with the ruins of Pompeii, which soon became an object of interest and attention. In consequence of the extensive excavations commenced in 1755, and continued to the present time, a great number of highly interesting antiquities have been brought to light. One may, indeed, at present promenade the streets, and visit the shops, theatres, and temples of this long-forgotten city. Every thing seems to be in a state of extraordinary preservation. Not only statues, medals, jewels, and nearly every kind of household furniture, have been found almost unaltered, but even books and paintings mav be seen, far less injured than might have been supposed, when we take into consideration the violent catastrophe which destroyed the town, and the subsequent lapse of so many ages. Pompeii not having been buried by lava, but with tufa, ashes and scorike, the excavations are much more easily effected here than at Herculaneum. PONDICHERRY, pon'-de-sherf-re, (Fr. Pondichdry, poN'-de'-sh'-Rel,) a t. of Hindostan, and the principal French settlement on the Asiatic continent, is situated on the Coromandel coast, 83 m. S. S. W. of Madras. It is a handsome and well-built town, and has, from the sea, a very imposing appearance. Lat. 11~ 56' N.. Lon. 790 52' E. Pop. about 40,000. (B.) PONTA-DELGADA, ponr-ta del-ga/-da, the principal t. though not the cap. of the Azores, situated on the S. side of the island of St. Michael. Lat. 37~ 40' N., Lon. 250 50' W. Pop. probably about 16,000. (B.) PONTCH'-AR-TRAIN/, a lake in the S. E. part of La., communicating, by several outlets, called the Rigolets, with L. Borgne. Length, about 45 m.; greatest breadth, 23 m. PONTEFRACT, poml-fret, a small t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 21 m. S. W. of York. Pop. of the township, 4,669. PON/I-T-TOC', a co. in the N. part of Miss., on one of the sources of the Tombigbee. Pop. 17,112. Co. seat, Pontotoc. POOLE, a t. forming a little county of itself, with an area of only 170 acres, in Dorsetshire, England, 97 m. W. S. XV. of London. Pop. 6,093. POOL-NAU, a city in the W. part of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, and formerly of the Mahratta dominions, situated about 80 m. S. E. of Bombay. It is well built, with wide and generally handsome streets, but it has much diminished in population since 1818, POP-POR 461on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. when it ceased to be the residence of the Peishwa or chief of the Mahratta confederation. Lat. 180 30' N., Lon. 740 2' E. Pop. estimated in 1819, at 115,000. (B.) The district of Poonah now forms a portion of the presidency of Bombay. POPAYAN, po-pi-yanfl, a t. of New Granada, cap. of the dep. of Cauca, situated near the source of the river Cauca. It possesses a university, a mint, and other public establishments. Lat. 2~ 26' N., Lon. 760 40' W. The population, greatly diminished since the war, is said not now to exceed 7,000. (B.) POPE, a co. in the N. W. or N. W. central part of Ark., bordering on the Arkansas r. Pop. 4,710. Co. t. Dwight. POPE, a co. forming the S. S. E. extremity of Ill. Pop. 3,975. Co. t. Golconda. PO-PER-INGI-E-N, (Fr. Poperingue, pop'-Cr-aN'gf,) a flourishing t. of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 7 m. WV. of Ypres. Pop. 10,000. (B.) PO-PO-CAT-A-PETLI, a volcanic mountain of Mexico, the most elevated mountain summit in North America, among those which have been measured with any accuracy. Height, 2,771 toises, or 17,723 ft. (B.) Lat. about 19~ N., Lon. 98~0 33' W. P6RTI-AGE, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. Pop. 24,419. Co. t. Ravenna. PORTAGE, a co. in the S. central part of Wisconsin, on the E. side of the Wisconsin r. Pop. 1,250. PORT-AU-PRINCE, port o prince, (Fr. pron. poRt 6 prance,) or PORT REPUBLICAN, a seaport t. of Hayti, cap. of the dep. of tile West, and of the whole Republic, situated on the Gulf of Gonave, with a safe and convenient harbour. Though the situation is unhealthy, this town is the most flourishing in the whole island. It possesses a lyceum, a school of medicine attached to the Hospital, and a great number of elementary schools. Lat. 18~ 34' N., Lon. 72~ 27' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi at about 15,000. PRIt-TER, a co. in the N. WV. part of Ind., bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 5,234. Co. t. Valparaiso. PORT GLASGOW. See GLASGOW. PORT/-LAND, a city and port of entry, formerly the cap. of Maine, situated on a peninsula in Casco Bay, not far from the S. W. extremity of the state. The harbour is safe, and, though not large, is easy of access, and is defended by two forts. Portland is far before every other town. in Maine, in population, wealth and commerce. It is connected with Portsmouth and Boston by a railroad. Lat. 430 39' N., Lon. 70~ 20' W. Pop. 20,815. PORTLAND, a small i. or rather peninsula on the S. coast of England, belonging to Dorsetshire. It is about 41 m. in length (exclusive of the:sthmus, consisting of a narrow ridge of pebbles, about 8 m. long); 2 m. in its greatest breadth; and consists of almost one continuous mass of free-stone, forming the famous Portland stone, of which such quantities are exported to the metropolis and other places. PORTLAND. See OREGON. 39* 462 POR-POR Fhte, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66 as in gooed PORT LEt-ON, a port of entry of Florida, in Leon co., on the Wa. kulla r. PORT Louis. See MAURITIUS. PORT MAHON. See MAHON. PORTO. See OPORTO. PORt-TO BELI-LO (Sp. Puerto Bello, pweRt-to bell-yo, i. e. " beautiful harbour"), a decayed seaport t. of New Granada, situated on the Caribbean Sea, on the N. side of the isthmus of Panama, now only remarkable for its fine harbour. It was formerly the seat of a celebrated fair, and a great entrep6t for the merchandise and wealth of Spain and Peru. Lat. 9~ 33' N., Lon. 79~ 35' W. PoRTro Rico, pbrl-to reel-ko, (Sp. Puerto Rico, pweRf-to reel-ko, i. e. "' rich port,") one of the W. India islands, belonging to Spain, and deriving its name from its chief town (see next article), the smallest and most easterly of the Greater Antilles, situated between 17~ 50' and 18~ 32' N. Lat., and 65~ 43' and 67~ 20' W. Lon. Length near 110 m.; greatest breadth about 40 m. Its form is almost a parallelogram, the N. and S. coast-lines running nearly due E. and W. Area, 3,700 sq. m. Pop. in 1837, 357,086. (P. C.) The soil of Porto Rico is of the richest and most varied description; the different kinds being respectively and admirably adapted to the cultivation of sugar-cane, coffee, rice, and cocoa. PORTO RIco or SAN JUAN DE PORTO RICO, the cap. and largest t. of the above island, and one of the strongest fortresses in America, is situated on the N. coast, with a deep, secure, and spacious harbour. Lat. 18~ 29' N., Lon. 660 13' W. Pop. estimated at near 30,000. (B.) PORTSEA. See next article. P6RTSI-MOUTH, a seaport t. of Hampshire, England, the principal naval arsenal, and the grand station of the fleet of Great Britain, situated on the W. side of Portsea Island, 65 m. S. W. of London. The town consists of two distinct parts, Portsmouth Proper and Portsea; the latter is much the larger place, and contains the dock-yard, which occupies an area of near 120 acres. The harbour, which is unequalled in Great Britain, has a narrow entrance, not exceeding 220 yards in width, but afterwards it expands into a noble basin, capable of containing the greater part of the British navy, and deep enough to float the largest men-of-war at any time of the tide. Portsmouth is well fortified, and is one of the strongest places in Europe. The Observatory is in Lat. 500 48' 3" N., Lon. 1~ 5' 58" W. Pop. of the whole borough, containing an area of near 8 sq. m., 53,032. PORTSMOUTH, a port of entry, one of the seats of justice of Rockingham co., N. H., and the largest town in the state, situated on the Piscataqua r., about 3 m. from the sea, and communicating with Boston and Portland by a railroad. Its harbour is one of the best in America, being completely land-locked, never frozen, and accessible to the largest ships. It is defended by several forts and batteries, and contains a number of islands, on one of which is a United States' navy, yard. Lat. 430~ 5 N., Lon. 70~ 46' W. Pop. 8,122. POR-POT 463 on, as in our; th, as in thil; THI, aS in this; N, nearly like ng. PhRa-TU-GAL (Port. pron. poR-too-1al/; Anc. Lusitafnia); a kingdom of Europe, occupying the S. W. portion of the Spanish peninsula, situated between 36~ 56' and 42~ 8' N. Lat., and 6~ 13' and 90 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by Spain, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. Length, from N. to S., near 360 mn.; greatest breadth 142 m. Area, 38,800 sq. m. Pop. 3,530,000. (B.) Portugal is divided into six provinces; viz., Entre Douro e Minho, Tras os Montes, Beira, Estremadura, Alentejo, and Algarve, which are treated of under their respective heads. Lisbon is the seat of government. —Adj. and inhab. P6R'-TUGU ESEI. POSEN, pof-zen, an archiepiscopal city of Prussia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Wartha. It possesses a gymnasium and several other literary institutions; and is the centre of an active commerce. Lat. 52~ 29' N., Lon. 16~ 53' E. Pop. above 28,000. (B.) Pot-!EY, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ind. Pop.12,549. Co. t. Mount Vernon. PO-TENI/-Z~. (Anc. Potenftia), a t. of Naples, cap. of the prov. Basilicata (ba-sil-e-ka't-t,). Lat. 40~ 36' N., Lon. 15~ 51' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) PO-TOt-MAC, a large r. of the U. S., which rises in the Alleghany Mountains, in about 390 7' N. Lat., and 790 30' W. Lon., and, flowing at first north-easterly, and afterwards in a general south-easterly direction, forms, in its whole course, the boundary between Md. and Va, It falls into the Chesapeake Bay, in about 380 N. Lat., and 76~ 10' W. Lon. Length estimated at 400 m. It is navigable for the largest vessels to Washington, about 120 m. from its mouth, or near 250 m. from the sea. POTOSI, po-to-see! or po-tof-se, a city of Bolivia (formerly Upper Peru), celebrated for its rich silver mines, situated at the height of 13,265 ft. above the sea, on the W. declivity of the Cerro de Potosi, near its base. This mountain, which has the shape of a perfect cone, and rises to an elevation of more than 16,000 ft. above the level of the sea, seems to consist entirely of silver ore, of different degrees of richness. The fact that this precious metal existed here was first discovered in 1545, by an Indian, who, pursuing a llama up the steep declivity, caught hold of a shrub, which being torn from the soil, exposed a mass of solid silver at the roots. From 1556 to 1800, the produce of these mines amounted to the enormous sum of 823,950,508 Spanish dollars. (P. C.) The greatest produce of a single year was in 1593, when it amounted to 7,858,893 dollars. Lat. 19~ 36' S., Lon. about 65~ 30' W. Pop. in 1826, about 12,000 (P. C.), but when the mines were in the most flourishing state, the town was estimated to contain 160,000 inhabitants. (B.) POTOSI, SAN Luis DE, san loo-is! dk po-to-see!, a t. of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, situated near the sources of the r. Tampico. Lat. about 220 N, Lon. 100~ 40' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) POTSDAM, potsf-dnm, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, and, after Berlin, the handsomest town in the Prussian dominions, is situated o'. the Havel (haf-vel), an affluent of the Elbe, 17 m. W. S. W. of Berlin. 464 POT-PRE Fa'te, fa-r, fAll, fat; me, mit; pine or pine, pin; no, nbt; 66, as in good; The beauty of the houses and the magnificent royal palace, have caused this town to be called the Versailles of Prussia. In the vicinity of the city is the palace of Sans Souci (saN soo'-ce/), the favourite residence of Frederic the Great. Lat. 52~ 26' N., Lon. 130 2' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, which varies from 6,000 to 10,000 men, 25,560. (P.C.) POTI-TER, a co. in the N. part of Pa., bordering on N. Y. Pop. 6,048. Cc. t. Coudersport. POTTSI-VILLE, a flourishing t. of Pa., in Schuylkill co., at the termination of the Schuylkill canal, and connected with Reading and Philadelphia by a railroad. It owes its prosperity to the extensive coal mines in its vicinity. Pop. 7,496. POUGIIKEEPSIE, po-kipf-se, a flourishing and handsome t. of N. Y., cap. of Dutchess co., on the E. side of the Hudson, 75m. N. of New York. Lat. 41~ 41' N., Lon. 730 55' W. Pop. 13,944. POULTON, polef-ton, a small t. of England, in Lancashire, 17 m. S. S. W. of Lancaster. POWHATTAN, pou-hat-tant, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., between the Appomattox and James rivers. Pop. 8,178. Co. t. Scottsville. PozzUOLI, pot-soo-ol-le, a t. of Naples, on the sea coast, about 6 m. W. of the capital, remarkable for its delightful situation and its antiquities. Pop. 8,000. (B.) PRAGUE, praig, (Ger. Prag, prao',) an archiepiscopal city, the cap. of Bohemia, situated on both sides of the Moldau, nearly in the centre of the kingdom. Tile two banks of the river are connected by a bridge, more than 1,800 ft. long, which is one of the handsomest in Europe. The town is surrounded by fortifications, with 8 gates, is generally well built, and contains a great number of fine edifices. There are 48 churches and 68 palaces, besides other important buildings, the effect of which, when viewed from a distance, with the commanding position of the city, is singularly grand and imposing. The university of Prague is the oldest in Germany, having been founded by Charles IV. in 1348. It has, at present, 53 professors and above 2,000 students. The medical department, in particular, is most liberally endowed. The library of the university contains 130,000 volumes and 4,000 rare manuscripts. T'he Bohemian National Museum contains a magnificent collection of specimens in the different natural sciences. Prague is the seat of numerous important manufactures, and the centre of an extensive commerce. The observatory is in Lat. 500 5' 18" N., Lon. 140 25' 28" E. iPop., including the garrison, above 120,000. (B.) PRATO, pral-to, a manufacturing t. of Italy, in Tuscany, on an affluent of the Arno, 10 m. N. W. of Florence. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) PRAYA, PORTO, por/-to pril-a, a seaport t., cap. of the Cape Ver6 islands, on the S. coast of St. Jago (Sam Tiago). Lat. 140 55' N., Lon. 230 35' W. Pop. only 1,200. (B.) PREI-BLE, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop 21,736. Co. t. Eaton. PRE-PRI 465 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. PREGI-EL or prAI-Gel, a r. of E. Prussia, which falls into the Frische Haff below Kbnigsberg. PRENZLOW, prentsl-lov, a t. of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 28 ra. W. S. W. of Stettin. Pop. 8,800. (B.) PRESI-BURG or PREssI-BRaG (Ger. pron. pressl-booRG; Hung. Posony, po-shofi; Anc. Posolnium); one of the handsomest towns, and formerly the cap. of Hungary, situated on the left bank of the Danube, 34 m. E. by S. of Vienna. It contains an academy, which is a sort of university, an archigymnasium, a library, belonging to Count Appony (ap-poii), of 50,000 volumes, which is open to the public, and several other important literary institutions. Lat. 48~ 8' N., Lon. 17~ 11' E. Pop. above 41,000. (B.) PRESI-TON, an important and flourishing manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 28 m. N. N. E. of Liverpool. The Lancaster Canal, and the Lancaster and Preston, and other railways, pass through the town. Pop. in 1831, 33,871, in 1841, 50,131. PRESTON, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Va., bordering on Md. and Pa. Pop. 11,708 Co. t. Kingwood. PREV/-E-SA or praf'-v-sA,* a decayed seaport t. of European Turkey, in Albania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta. Pop. formerly estimated at above 8,000. (B.) Lat. 380 58' N., Lon. 20~ 45' E. PRINCE EDWARD, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Va., on the sources of the Appomattox. Pop. 11,857. Seat of justice, Prince Edward c. h. PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, an i. in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, belonging to Great Britain, between 450 56' and 47~0 5' N. Lat., and 620 and 640 25' WV. Lon. Length of a curved line passing through its centre, about 140 m.; greatest breadth, 37 m. Pop. about 33,000. (M.) PRINCE GEORGE, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., S. of, and bordering on James river. Pop. 7,596. Seat of justice, Prince George c. h. PRINCE GEORGE, a co. in the S. W. part of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Potomac and District of Columbia. Pop. 21,550. Co. t. Upper Marlborough. PRINCE WILLIAM, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 8,129. Co. t. Brentsville. PRINCESS ANNE, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Va. Pop. 7,669. Seat of justice, Princess Anne c. h. PRINCEI-TON, a t. of N. J., situated partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset co., 11 m. N. E. of Trenton. It is the seat of a celebrated college, under the direction of the Presbyterians, founded in 1746, and styled the College of New Jersey. Lat. 400 21' N., Lon. 740 39' W. PRINCIPATO, prin-che-pal-to, a prov. of Naples, lying E. and S. E. of the metropolis. It is divided into Principato Citra (cheel-trA), and Principato Ultra (oolI-trA), or "' nearer and farther Principato." PRIP/-ETS or PRIPI-ET, (in Polish, Prypec, pripf-ets,) a r. of Russian * Remember the moment when PREVESA fell, The shrieks of the conquered and conqueror's yell." Childe Harold, Canto II 463 PRO-PRU F'Lte, far, fall, fat; mt', met; pine or pine, pin; n5, nat; 66, as in good; Poland, which rises near 51~ 30' N. Lat., and 24~ E. Lon., and, flowing easterly, falls into the Dnieper, 44 in. N. of Kief. PROVENCE, pRO'-VaNce/, one of the former provinces of France, now divided into the deps. of Lower Alps, Upper Alps, Mouths of the Rhone, Var, and Vaucluse. Provence is derived from provincia, a name given by the ancient Romans to countries or districts beyond the limits of Italy which they had brought under their dominion.-Adj. and inhab. PROVENtAL, prO'-vaN'-Sa/I. PROVI-J-DENCE, a mnanufkcturing and commercial city and port of entry, the semi-capital of R. I. is situated at the head of Narragansett Bay, 42 m., in a direct line, S. W. of Boston, with which city it is connected by a railroad. Its distance from the sea is 35 m., but the largest merchant-ships can come up to the wharves. It is the largest town in the state, and the second in New England. Though irregularly built, it contains many fine edifices. The Arcade is considered to be the handsomest building of the kind in the United States. A line of steamboats keeps up a daily communication between Providence and New York, through Long Island Sound, during the whole of the open season. Brown University, in this city, a flourishing institution, under the direction of the Baptists, was founded in 1764. Lat. 41~ 49' N., Lon. 71~ 25' W. Pop. 41,512. PROVIDENCE COUNTY, of which the above city is the seat of justice, has a pop. of 87,525. PRUSsIA, prool-she-a. or prushf-e-.a, (Ger. Preussen, proisf-sen,) an important kingdom of Europe, situated between 490 50' and 550 52' N. Lat., and 50 50' and 22~ 54' E. Lon. It consists principally of two parts; the larger of which is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, N. E. and E. by Russia and Poland, S. by the dominions of Austria, and W. by Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover, and Mecklenburg, by which states it is separated from the other principal portion. The latter is situated on both sides of the Rhine, and is called Rhenish Prussia (Rhein-Preussen). It has Hanover on the N., the Netherlands on the N. W. and W., and France on the S. W. On the S. and S. E. it borders on the territories of Bavaria, Nassau, and several of the smaller German states. Length of the larger portion, from N. N. E. to S. S.W., 600 m.; greatest breadth about 340 m. Area about 90,000 sq. m. Area of the smaller portion, about 17,000 sq. m. Area of the whole Prussian monarchy, including, besides the above, the canton of Neufchatel, in Switzerland, and several other small detached pieces of territory, about 108,000 sq. m. Total pop. in 1850, 16,330,186. The government of Prussia is a limited monarchy. The royal family belong to the reformed religion, but all denominations of Christians are tolerated, and enjoy nearly the same rights and privileges. Berlin is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. PRUSSIAN, proo'-shun or prush'-e-an. PRUSSIA PROPER, or THE PROVINCE OF PRUSSIA, an extensive prov. forming the N. E. portion of the Prussian monarchy. It was formerly divided into E. and W. Prussia. Area, 24,780 sq. m. Pop. 2,152,873. (P. C.) Capital, Kinigsberg. PRZ-PYR 467 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. PRZEMYSL, pzheml-isl, a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 490 48' N., Lon. 229 53' E. Pop. 7,800. (P. C.) PSKOF (Pskow), a decayed archiepiscopal city of European R s~sia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on a river which flows into L. Pskof. This town, which holds so conspicuous a place in the history of Russia, has now a pop. of only 12,000. Lat. 570 48' N., Lon. 28~ 20' E. PUEBLA. See LA PUEBLA. PUERTO PRINCIPE, pweR/-to prinf-se-pA, or PORTO DEL PRINCIPE, i. e. " the Prince's Portal an inland t. of Cuba, 350 E. S. E. of Havana. It has a pop. of 49,000, but its appearance is anything but inviting, the streets being narrow, crooked, and extremely dirty. (B.) Nuevitas (nwA-veel-tas), the port of the above town, on the N. coast of Cuba, appears formerly to have been called Puerto Principe. PU-LAS/-KI., a co. in the S. S.W. part of Va., intersected by the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 5,118. PULASKI, a co. in the S. central part of Ga., intersected by the Ocmulgee. Pop. 6,627. Co. t. Hawkinsville. PULASKI, in the E: central part of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 5,658. Co. t. Little Rock. PULASKI, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., N. of, and bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 14,195. Co. t. Somerset. PULASKI, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., a little N. W. of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 2,595. PULASKI, a co. in the S. central part of Mo., intersected by the Gasconade r. Pop. 3,998. Co. t. Waynesville. PUNJAB. See LAHORE. PUTI-NAM, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of, and bordering on the Hudson. Pop. 14,138. Co. t. Carmel. PUTNAM, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 10,794. Co. t. Eatonton. PUTNAM, a co. in the N.W. part of Ohio, on the Miami Canal. Pop. 7,221. Co. t. Kalida. PUTNAM, a co. in the W. part of Ind., a little E. of the Wabash r. Pop. 18,615. Co. t. Green Castle. PUTNAM, a co. in the N. part of Ill., intersected by the Illinois r. Pop. 3,924. Co. t. Hennepin. PUY, LE, leh pwee, a manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Loire, situated not fOr from the left bank of the r. Loire. It has a royal college and some other literary institutions. Lat. 450 2' N., Lon. 30 52' E. Pop. 14,738. (B.) PUY DE DOME, pwee d'dome, a dep. in the S. central part of France, intersected by the r. Allier. Pop. 589,438. (B.) Capital, Clermont. PYRI-EN-EErS' (Anc. Pyrenwmi Monltes), a chain of mountains in the S. W. part of Europe, which extends from the Mediterranean to the Bay of Biscay, constituting a natural barrier between France and Spain. The Pic de Nethou (peek d'n?'-tool) of Mount Maladetta, the highest summit in the whole chain, has an elevation of 11,318 ft. above the level of the sea. Mount Maladetta is in about 42~ 37' N. Lat., and 0~ 45' E. Lon. PYRENEES, EASTERN (Fr. Pyrenees Orientales, pe'-r{'-nAf zo'-re-' 468 PYR-QUI FAte, far, fMll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; aN'-tall), a dep. forming the S. extremity of France, bordering on the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. Pop. 164,325. (B.) Capital, Perpignan. PYRENEES, LOWER (Fr. Basses Pyr6ndes, bass pe'-RA'-nh/), a dep. forming the S. W. extremity of France. Pop. 446,398. (B.) Capital, Pau. PYRENEES, UPPER (Fr. HIautes Pyrenees, 6te pe'-r{i-nAf), a dep. ill the S. XV. part of France, E. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 244,170. (B.) Capital, Tarbes. QUE-BECI (Fr. Qu6bec, kU'-bekf), a city and fortress of Canada, formerly the cap. of the British possessions in America, is situated on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, where it receives the St. Charles, about 400 m. from its mouth. It occupies the extremity of a ridge, terminating at the junction of the two rivers, which rises near 340 ft. above the surface of the water. On the summit of this promontory stands the citadel, and the town extends from it down to the water's edge. The commanding position of the city, together with its vast and beautiful harbour, presents, at a distance, a picturesque and magnificent view to the approaching spectator. The town itself, however, is not very attractive; the streets are narrow and irregular, those in the lower portions are dirty and confined. Quebec is strongly fortified, and has been justly called the Gibraltar of America. Among the numerous literary institutions of this town, we may name the French Collegle, and the Public Library, which contains upwards of 6,000 vols. of valuable and standard works. Quebec is situated on the St. Lawrence, above the island of Orleans, where the river suddenly contracts, and is said to take its name from Kebec, an Indian word, signifying 1" narrow." Lat. 46~ 47' 30" N., Lon. 71~ 10' W. Pop. above 30,000. (B.) QUEDI-LIN-BURG' (Ger. pron. quedf-lin-b66RG,'), a t. of Prussian Saxony, on a tributary of the Saale, 32 m. S. W. of Magdeburg. It was the birth-place of the celebrated German poet Klopstock. Lat. 510 48' N., Lon. 110 8' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) QUEEN ANNE, a co. in the N. E. part of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Chesapeake. Pop. 14,484. Co. t. Centreville. QUEEN'S COUNTY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 145,851. (P. C.) QUEENS, a co. of N. Y., on Long Island. Pop. 36,833. Co. t. North Hempstead. QUENI-TIN, SAINT, (Fr. pron. saN kAN'-taN1; Anc. Augustta Veromanduo/rum,) a manufacturing t. in the N. of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the r. Somme. Lat. 490 51' N., Lon. 30 18' E. Pop. 19,892. (M.) QUERETARO, ker-al-tA-ro, one of the handsomest towns of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, situated at an elevation of more than 6,000 ft. above the level of the sea. Lat. 20~ 37' N., Lon. 1000 10' W. Pop., including the suburbs, between 30,000 and 40,000. (P. C.) QUILIMANCY, ke-le-mrna-se, a r. of E. Africa, which falls into the Indian Ocean near 30 S. Lat. QUILIMANE, ke-le-mlrnA, a t. of E. African at the mouth of a river of its own name (i). Lat. about 180 S. QUI-RAM 469 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like nrig. QUILLOTA, keel-yol-ta, a t. of S. America, in Chili, on a r. of the same name, remarkable for its rich mines of copper. Lat. 32~ 55' S., Lon. 71~ 15' W. QUILOA, keel-lo-a, formerly the cap. of a considerable kingdom on the E. coast of Africa, but now a miserable village. Lat. near 90 S., Lon. 390 30' E. QUIMPER, ka'M-paRet, or QU1MPER CORENTIN (ko'-raN'-taNI), a t. in the W. of France, cap. of the dep. Finist6re, on the river Odet (o'-da;), which here becomes navigable. Lat. 470 58' 30" N., Lon. 40 6i W. Pop. 9,715. (B.) QUITO, keel-to, a noted city of S. America, cap. of the republic of Ecuador, situated 9,500 ft. above the sea. The houses are usually but one story high, on account of the frequent earthquakes. Quito ranks high among the Spanish American cities, as a place of education; its university is especially celebrated. Lat. 0~ 13' S., Lon. 78~ 45' W. Pop. uncertain; but it probably amounts to near 70,000. (B.) QUORRA. See NIGER. RAAB, ra'ab, (Hung. Gybr, dybR,) an ancient t. of Hungary, near the junction of the r. Raab with the Danube. It contains, besides other institutions, an academy, which is a sort of university. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Lat. 470 41' N., Lon. 17~ 40' E. RAI-BUN, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ga. Pop. 2,448. Co. t. Clayton. RACINE, ras-seent, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 14,973. Cap. Racine city. See WISCONSIN. RADI-SNR, a co. in the WV of Wales, on the r. Wyo, near its source. Pop. 25,356. RAGUSA, ra-gool-sk, or RAUGIA, rAl-oo-ja, (in Slavonian, Dubrownik, dvo-brov/-nik), a fortified seaport t. of Dalmatia, formerly the cap. of the republic of this name, now the cap. of the circle of Ragusa, is situated on a peninsula in the Adriatic. Though this town has greatly declined from the prosperity which it enjoyed in the 16th century, when it is said to have had a population of 30,000 (P. C.), it is still important on account of its commerce and its fortifications. Lat. 42~ 39' N., Lon. 18~ 6' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. RAGUSAN, ra-gool-san. RAJPOOTANA, raj-poo-tat-na, or RAJASTHAN, ra`-ja;-stAin, (i. e. the'country of princes,") an extensive territory of Hindostan, between 230 30' and 31~ N. Lat., and 70~ and 780 E. Lon. The greater part of this country is divided among the Rajpoot (rAj-pootf) princes, who are under the protection of Great Britain. RALEIGH, raul-le, the cap. of N. C., and the seat of justice of Wake co.,a little W. ofNeuse r., near the centre of the state. Lat. 35 47' N., Lon. 78~ 48' W. Pop. 4,518. RALLL, a co. in the N. E. or E. N. E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 6,151. Co. t. New London. RAMS5-GATE, a seaport t. and watering-place of England, in Kent, on 40 470 RAN-RAT Pi Ate, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66, as in good; the E. coast of the i. of Thanet, 65 m. E. S. E. of London. Lat. 51~ 20' N., Lon. 1l 24' E. Pop. 10,909. RAN/-DOLPH, a co. in the N. part of Va., on the sources of the Monongahela. Pop. 5,243. Co. t. Beverly. RANDOLPH, a co. in the W. central part of N. C., a little E. of the Yadkin. Pop. 15,832. Co. t. Ashboro. RANDOLPH, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chatta. hoochee r. Pop. 12,868. Co. t. Cuthbert. RANDOLPH, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 11,581. RANDOLPH, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 14,725. Co. t. Winchester. RANDOLPH, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Missiseippi, at the mouth of the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 11,079. RANDOLPH, a co. in the N. central part of Mo., a little N. E. of the Missouri r. Pop. 9.439 Co. t. Huntsville. RANDOLPH, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 3,275. RANGOON, rang-goont, a t. and river port, and the principal entrep6t for foreign trade in the Birman empire, is situated in the prov. of Pegu, on the Rangoon r., one of the arms of the Irrawaddy, about 26 in. from the sea. Lat. 16~ 45' N., Lon. 96~ 20' E. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) RANI-KIN, a co. in the S. W. central part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. Pop. 7,227. Co. t. Brandon. RAPIDES, rap-eedl, a parish in the N. W. central part of La., intersected by the Red r. Pop. 16,561 Co. t. Alexandria, RAP'-PA-HANI-NOCK, a r. in the E. part of Va., flowing into Chesapeake Bay. Length estimated at 150 m. It is navigable, for vessels drawing 10 ft. water, to Fredericksburg, about 110 m. from its mouth. RAPPAHANNOCK, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the sources of the above r. Pop. 9,782. RARITAN or RARITON, rar'-e-ton, a r. in the N. part of N. J., flowing into Raritan Bay. Boats of 80 tons can ascend to Brunswick, 17 m. RARITAN BAY, at the mouth of the above r., is situated between Staten Island and Monmouth co., in N. J. RASTADT, rdsl-tatt, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, cap. of the circle of the Middle Rhine, on. the Murg (mooRG), not far from the Rhine, 13 m. S. W. of Carlesruhe. Pop. 5,600.'B.) RATI-rS-BON', (Ger. Regensburg, ra/-Gens-b6oRo; Anc. Regifnum, or Castra Retgia, afterwards Augusfta Tibelrii,) a noted city of Germany, in Bavaria, cap. of the circle of Regen (rl/-Gen), on the Danube, which is here crossed by a stone bridge, 1,100 ft. in length; it is irregularly built, and has rather a gloomy appearance. The most remarkable building is, perhaps, the Town House, (Rathhaus, r6atl-house,) in which the German Diet held its assemblies, from 1662 until its dissolution in 1806. Among the various manufactures, that of beer is much celeo RAV-REG 471: ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; r, nearly like ng. brated. Lat. 490 1' N., Lon. 12~ 6' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) The P. C. gives 21,000. RAv-EN-NX or ra-venl-nAt, an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated about 4, m. from the Adriatic, and 43 m. E. S. E. of Bologna. This town, so flourishing in the time of the Romans, and so populous in the 6th and 7th centuries, when it was the residence of the Exarchs, who governed Italy in thie name of the Byzantine emperors, contains, at present, only about 16,000 inhabitants. (B.) It is now chiefly remarkable for its architectural remains, and for containing the tomb of the immortal Dante. Lat. 442 25' N., Lon. 12~ 11' E. RAY, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 10,373. Co. t. Richmond. READING, redl-ing, a t. of England, cap. of Berkshire, on the Kennet, near its junction with the Thames, 38 m. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of about 3 sq. m., 18,937. READING, a flourishing t. of Pa., cap. of Berks co., on the Schuylkill, about 45 m. in a direct line XV. N. W. of Philadelphia. It is very advantageously situated for trade, being on the Schuylkill Canal, where it is joined by the Union Canal, and having, besides, communication with Philadelphia and Pottsville, by a good railroad. Pop. 15,748. RED RIVER, one of the larger affluents of the Mississippi, which rises in the mountains in the N. part of Texas, near 35~ N. Lat., and 104~ W. Lon., and, flowing at first easterly and afterwards south-easterly, joins the "Great River," in Louisiana, in about 31~ N. Lat., and 91~ 50' W. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at above 1,200 m. The navigation is impeded in several places by trees, which have floated down in great numbers and choked up the channel. REDRUTH, redf-rftth, a small t. of England, in Cornwall, important oni account of its extensive copper and tin mines. Lat. 50~ 14' N., Lon. 50 12' W. RED SEA, called also the ARAnIAN GULF, a large inlet or bay, communicating with the Indian Ocean by the strait of Babel-Mandel and the Gulf of Aden, and extending from 12~ 40' to 30~ N. Lat., and from 32~ 20' to 430 30' E. Lon. Length, about 1,400 m.; greatest breadth, above 200 m. REE, rAt, a lake in the central part of Ireland, 17 m. in length, and perhaps 6 m. in its greatest breadth. REGGIO, redl-jo, (Anc. Rhefgium,) an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, cap. of Calabria Ultra, at the S. extremity of the Italian peninsula, on the strait of Messina. Rhegium was, at an early period, one of the most flourishing commercial cities of Magna Grecia, in the S. of Italy, and is said to have been founded about 700 years before the Christian era. This town has experienced great vicissitudes of fortune, both in ancient and modern times. In the 16th century, it was thrice taken and pillaged by the Turks. The earthquake of 1793 destroyed Reggio so completely, that not a single building remained entire. It has, how 472 REG-REU Fate, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; ever, been since rebuilt on a regular plan, and now contains nearly 20,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 38~ 6' N., Lon. 15~ 40' E. REGGIO (Anc. Relgium Leplidi), a town of N. Italy, in the duchy of Modena, 16 m. W. N. W. of Modena. Among its literary and scientific establishments, is a museum of natural history, which belonged to the celebrated Spallanzani, who was born near Reggio. This town is also distinguished as the birth-place of Ariosto, one of the greatest of the Italian poets. Pop. 17,000. (B.) REICHENBERG, ril-Ken-beR'G, a flourishing t. of Bohemia, the second in the kingdom as respects population, situated on the Neisse, near the N. fiontier, with numerous important manufactures. Lat. 50~ 46' N., Lon. 150 5' E. Pop. near 15,000. (P. C.) REIMS or RHEIMS, reemz, (Fr. pron. raNz; Anc. Durocortolrum, afterwards Relmi;) an archiepiscopal city of France, in the dep. of Marne (of which, though not the cap., it is by far the largest town), 84 m. E. by N. of Paris. It is surrounded with old walls and entered by six gates. One of these, the gate of Mars, consisted formerly of a Roman triumphal arch, which is still standing, though now superseded by a gate of modern construction.. Among the remarkable edifices may be mentioned the Cathedral, one of the largest and most magnificent in Europe. It was erected chiefly in the 13th century, since which time the French kings have, with few exceptions, been consecrated here. Reims possesses extensive manufactures, principally of woollens, or fabrics of wool combined with other materials. Lat. 490 15' N., Lon. 4~ 3' E. Pop. 38,359. (P. C.) RENAIX, r'nA, (Flem. Ronf-se,) a manufacturing t. of Belgium, in E. Flanders, 20 m. S. S. W. of Ghent. Pop. 12,000. (B.) RENDSBORG, rendst-boRa, or RENDSI-BURG, a town and important fortress of Denmark, on the canal which connects the Baltic with the North Sea. It has a fine arsenal, and about 8,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 540 19' N., Lon. 90 40 E. RENI-FREW, a small t. of Scotland, cap. of Renfrewshire, 6 m. W. N. W. of Glasgow. RENI-FREW-SHIRE, a co. in the S.W. part of Scotland, bordering on the river and frith of Clyde. Pop. 155,072. RENNES, Renn, (Anc. Confdate, afterwards Red/ones,) a commercial and manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Ille-et-Vilaine, on the r. Vilaine. It contains a royal college, a public library of 30,000 volumes, with some valuable manuscripts, and numerous other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 48~ 7' N., Lon. 1~ 41' W. Pop. 30,000. (B.) RENSSELAEPR, rent-sel-er, a co. in the E. part of N. Y,, bordering on Vt. and Mass. Pop. 73,363. Co. t. Troy. REquIENA, rA-ka/-na, a t. of Spain, in New Castile, 43 m. W. N. W of Valencia. Pop. 10,893. (M.) REUS, raf-ooce, an important manufacturing t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 5 m. W.. by N. of Tarragona. Pop. stated at 24,600. (B.) REUSs, ruce, (Ger. pron. roiss,) a territory of Germany, between 50~ REU-RHI 473 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 20' and 510 N. Lat., and 11" 30' and 12~ 20' E. Lon.; divided by a part of the possessions of Saxe-Weimar, into two portions. This territory forms two independent principalities (belonging to two branches of the house of Reuss); viz., Reuss-Greitz and Reuss-Schleitz. The prince of the elder branch resides at Greitz (grites), a town on the Elster, with about 7,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 50~ 39' N., Lon. 12~ 10' E. The prince of the younger branch has his residence at Schleitz (shlites), a little town, with a pop. of about 5,000 (B.), 15 m. W. S.W. of Greitz. REUTLINGEN, roitl-ling-en, a t. of Germany, in Wiirternberg, cap. of the circle of Schwarzwald (Black Forest), on a tributary of the Neckar, 19 m. S. of Stuttgart. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.) REV/-EL (Russ. Kol-y-vanl; in Esthonian, Tatlin or Tatleen); the cap. of the Russian gov. of Esthonia, situated on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, about 210 m. W. S. W. of St. Petersburg. It is very strongly fortified, and its harbour is one of the stations for the Russian fleet. Lat. 59~ 27' N., Lon. 24~ 35' E. Pop. 15,000 (P. C.), of whom a large proportion are Germans. RHEA, ray, a co. in the S. E. central part of Tenn., on the Tennessee r. Pop. 4,415. Co. t. Washington. RHEIMS. See REIMS. RHINE (Anc. Rhefnus; Fr. Rhin, raN; Ger. Rhein, rine; Dutch, Rhyn, rine); a celebrated r. of Europe, which has its sources in the Alps. The principal branch, called by the Germans, the Vorder Rhein (i. e. fore Rhine), rises a little N. E. of Mount St. Gothard, in about 460 38' N. Lat., and 80 39' E. Lon. The general course of the river is northerly, to Mentz, thence nearly N.W., to the borders of the Netherlands, whence it takes a westerly direction, and divides into two principal branches; the larger of these, called the Waal or Wahal (wASl), joins the Meuse; the other, which retains the name of the Rhyn, falls into the N. Sea, in 52~ 13' N. Lat. All that portion of the river which lies within or along the boundary of Switzerland, is called the Upper Rhine; from Bale to Cologne it is denominated the Middle Rhine; and the remainder of the course to its mouths, the Lower Rhine. With respect to length, the Rhine is the fourth river of Europe, but it holds the first rank as a channel of commerce. Its whole course amounts to about 950 m. The Lower Rhine may be navigated by seavessels of 300 or 400 tons, though flat river-barges are generally used, on account of the numerous sand-banks. In some parts of the Middle Rhine, the navigation is greatly impeded by the rapidity of the current, as well as by numerous small islands and sand-banks, which are subject to sudden and frequent changes in their form and position. Steamboats have recently been resorted to, with great advantage, in navigating the Rhine. Near Schaffhausen, on the Upper Rhine, the river, running through a narrow channel, between lofty rocks, falls over a ledge of lime-stone, about 70 ft. in height, producing the oelebrated " cataract of the Rhine."-Adj. RHENI-ISH. RHINE, PROVINCE OF THE, forms the more soutnern of the two grea* 40* 2 F 474 RHI —RHO Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine, or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; divisions of Rhenish Prussia. The prov. of Westphalia (constituting.he other division) bounds it on the N. E. Capital, Cologne. RHINE, LOWER (Fr. Bas-Rhin,ba raN), a dep. forming the N. E. ex. tremity of France, and bordering on the Rhine. Pop. 561,859. (B.) Capital, Strasbourg. RHINE, UPPER (Fr. Haut-Rhine, b raN), a dep. on the E. frontier of France, S. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 447,019. (B.) Capi. tal, Colmar. RHODE ISLAND, one of the thirteen original U. S., and the sipallest state in the Union, extending from 41~ 17' to 420 N. Lat., and from 71~ 6' to 71~ 52' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by Connecticut, and divided into 5 counties. Length from N. to S., 46 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 37 m. Area, 1,225 sq. m. Pop. 147,544. Providence and Newport are the capitals.-Inhab. RHODE ISLANDER. RHODE ISLAND, an i. of R. I., in Narragansett Bay, from which the state derives its name. It is near 15 m. long, with an area estimated at 50 sq. m. Newport is the principal town. RHODES (Gr.'Poo5I; Lat. Rhofdus); a fertile i. near the E. extremity of the Mediterranean, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the 36th parallel of N. Lat., and the 28th meridian of E. Lon. Length, 46 m.; greatest breadth about 16 m. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (M.) -Adj. and inhab. RHIOI-DJ-AN. RHODEZ or RODEZ, ro'-da/, (Anc. Segodufnum, afterwards Rutelni,) a t. in the S. of France, cap. of the dep. of Aveyron, on the r. Aveyron. Its cathedral is regarded as one of the finest Gothic edifices in France. Among its literary institutions, may be mentioned the Royal College, and the Public Library, containing 15,000 vols. Lat. 440 21' N., Lon. 2~ 35' E. Pop. 9,158. (B.) RONE (Fr. Rhone; Anc. Rho'danus); a large r. of Europe, which rises in the central part of Switzerland, in about 46~ 35' N. Lat., and 8~ 20' E. Lon., and, flowing at first south-westerly, traverses L. Leman; afterwards, having received the Saone, its course is almost due S., to the Mediterranean, which it enters by several mouths, near 430~ 25' N. Lat., and 4~ 30' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated at 590 m. The current of the Rhone and its larger tributaries is so rapid as to be a great obstacle to navigation with ordinary boats, but the recent introduction of steamers has, in a great measure, obviated that difficulty, and is said to have contributed vastly to the improvement of this portion of France. RHONE, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, on the rivers Rhone and Sa6ne. Pop. 482,024. (B.) Capital, Lyons. RHONE, MOUTHS OF (Fr. Bouches-du-Rhone, boosh dii rone), a dep. in the S. of France, situated, as its name indicates, at the mouths of the Rhone. Pop. 362,325. (B.) Capital, Marseilles. * Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence, Washington. RIA-RIM 475 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Ti, as in this; N, nearly like ng. RIAZAN-, re-a-zanf, (formerly Per-es-lavll,) an archiepiscopal t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Oka. Lat. 540 34' N., Lon. 390 20' E. Pop. about 9,000. (P. C.) RICHI-LAND, a dist. in the centre of S. C., between the Wateree and Congaree rivers. Pop. 20,243. Co. t. Columbia. RIClILAND, a co. in the N. central part of Ohio, N. by E. of Columbus. Pop. 30,879. Co. t. Mansfield. RICHLAND, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ill., a little W. of the Wabash r. Pop. 4,012. RICHLAND, a co. in the S. W. part of Wisconsin, on the N. side of the Wisconsin r. Pop. 903. RICHI-MoND, a t. of England, in Surrey, 10 m. W. by S. of London. Pop. of the parish, 7,760. R1CHMOND, a city and port of entry of Va., the seat of justice of Henrico co., and the cap. of the state, is situated at the head of tide-water on James r., near 100 m., in a straight line, S. by W. of Washington. It is generally well built, and its appearance from a distance is striking and picturesque. This town is very advantageously situated for commerce. It communicates by railroads with the Potomac and Roanoke, and there is a boat navigation of 220 m, on the James r., above Richmond, a canal having been constructed round the falls, just above the city. Lat. (of the capitol) 370 32' 17" N., Lon. 770 27' 28" W. Pop. in 1830, 16,060; in 1850, 27,482. RIcHMOND, a co. of N. Y., comprising Staten Island, at the mouth of the Hudson. Pop. 15,061. Co. t. Richmond. RICHMOND, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. E. of, and bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop. 6,448. Seat of justice, Richmond c. h. RICHMOND, a co. on the S. frontier of N. C., E. of, and bordering on the Yadkin. Pop. 9,818. Co. t. Rockingham. RICHMOND, a co. in the E. part of' Ga., bordering on the Savannah. Pop. 16,246. Co. t. Augusta. RiI-GA or reef-ga, an important commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of Livonia, on the r. Dwina (or Diina), about 9 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of Livonia. The r. is crossed by a handsome bridge of boats, about 2,400 ft. long. A.mong the public buildings, may be mentioned the Cathedral of St. Peter, the tower of which is 440 ft. in height. (M.) Riga is one of the most important fortresses of the Russian empire. Lat. 560 57' N., Lon. 240 8' E. Pop. near 60,000, of whom more than one-half are Protestants, being chiefly Germans or their descendants. RIGA, GULF OF. See LIVONIA, GULF OF. R1G!-O-LET (the diminutive from rigole, a French word signifying a "ditch or channel"). The rigolets in La. are channels connecting L. Pontchartrain with L. Borgne. RIMINI, reel-me-ne, (Anc. Arimlinum,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the r. Marecchia (ma-rekf-ke-a), which is here crossed by a handsome marble bridge. It has a public library of 30,000 vols., and other institutions, but is chiefly interesting on account of its antiquities. Lat. 440 4' N., Lon. 120 33' E. Pop. 13,450. (P. C.) 476 RIO-RIV F'te, far, fA11, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good, Rif-o CO-LOR-AD/-O, i. e. " Red River," or simply COLORADO, a large r. of Texas, which falls into Matagorda Bay, near 28~ 40' N. Lat., and 96~ W. Lon. Length estimated at near 1,000 m. Ri1-o LEL NORTE, called formerly the Rio BRAVO or RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE, (Sp. pron. reef-o brAl-vo del noR/-ta,) i. e. the "rapid river of the North," a large r. of N. America, which rises near 410 N. Lat, and 110 W. Lon., and, flowing in a general soath-easterly direction, falls into the Gulf of Mexico, near 26~ N. Lat. and 97~0 20' W. Lon. Through a great part of its course, it forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Length, above 2,000 m. It is not navigable to any extent. This river is frequently called the Rio GRANDE. Rio JANEIRO, ril-o jan-eef-ro, or simply Rio, or more fully, RIO DE JANEIRO, (Port. pron. reec-o d'a zhan-Ate-ro,) the cap. of the empire of Brazil, as well as of a prov. of its own nanre, and the largest and most commercial city in S. America, situated on a bay of the Atlantic, which forms, in every respect, one of the best harbours in the world. This bay is nearly 24 m. in length, and 15 m. in its greatest breadth; and, being surrounded by high hills, is protected from every wind. The entrance, which is scarcely a mile wide, is defended by several forts. The town is regularly laid out, but the streets are generally narrow, and the houses not remarkable for elegance. Among the literary and scientific institutions of the Brazilian capital, we may name the Public Library, containing from 50,000 to 70,000 vols.; the School of Medicine and Surgery, the Botanic Garden, and the Observatory. The trade of Rio is very extensive, and appears to be still rapidly increasing. The principal export is coffee; of which the quantity shipped at this place is said to be nearly equal to all the exports of coffee from all the other ports in the world. Lat. 22~ 54' S., Lon. 42~ 45' W. Pop. above 200,000; about one-half of whom are negro slaves. RIoM, re'-ONI, a t. of France, in the dep. of Puy-de-Dome, 8 in. N. by E. of Clermont. Lat. 450 53' N., Lon. 30 4' E. Pop. 11,050. (M.) RIP/-LEY, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Ind., W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 14,820. Co. t. Versailles. RIPLEY, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop 2,830. Co. t. Van Buren. RIP-QoN or RIPI-PON, a small t. of England, in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Ure, 22 m. N. W. of York. It was formerly celebrated for its manufacture of spurs, which were in such high repute, that "as true steel as Ripon-rowels," became a proverbial expression for a man of fidelity and courage. RITCH-I.E, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., near the Ohio r. P. 3,902. RIVE-DE-GIER, reev d'zhe-dl, a rapidly-increasing t. of France, in the dep. of Loire, 20 m. S. W. of Lyons. It has extensive manufactures and very productive coal-mines in its vicinity. Pop. in 1836, 9,040. (M.) RIvEs, reevz, (now called Henry,) a co. in the W. part of Mo., on the N. side of Osage r. Pop. 4,726. ROA-ROC 477 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ROANE, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee and Clinch rivers. Pop. 12,185. Co. t. Kingston. RO'-ANNEl, a t. of France, in the dep. of Loire, on the r. Loire, Lat. 46~ 2' N., Lon. 40 4' E. Pop. 9,334. (M.) RO'-AN-OKE1, a r. which rises in the southern part of Va., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direction, passes into N. C., and falls into Albemarle Sound, near 36~ N. Lat., and 760 40' W. Lon. ROANOKE, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., E. of the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 8,477. ROBI-ERT-SON, a co. on the N. border of Tenn., N. of Nashville. Pop. 16,145. Co. t. Springfield. RoBI-E-SOr, a co. near the S. extremity of N. C., bordering on S. C. Pop. 12,826. Co. t. Lurnberton. Rocn-DI)ALE, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, on the Roch, an affluent of the Irwell, 11 in. N. N. E. of Manchester. Pop. about 25,000. RocnEI-FoRT or rosh'-foWr,a fortified t. and naval port of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente, on the r. Charente, about 12 m. (by water) from its mouth. The harbour is formed by the river, which, though not large, affords at all times sufficient depth of water to float the largest vessels. The arsenal is one of the most extensive and finest in the country. There is without the town a naval hospital, which ranks among the most extensive establishments of the kind in Europe. Lat. 45~ 56' N., Lon. 0~ 58' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.) ROCHELLE, LA, la ro'-shelll, a fortified seaport t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Charente, on the Atlantic, 93 m. N. N. W. of Bordeaux. It is the centre of an extensive commerce. Rochelle is rermarkable in history for the celebrated siege which it underwent during the reign of Louis XIII., and the ministry of Richelieu, which resulted in the demolition of the last refuge of the Huguenots, and the ruin of their party. The conquest is said to have cost France 40,000,000 francs. Lat. 46~ 9' N., Lon. 1~ 10' W. Pop. 15,000. (B.) RocHI-ES-TER, an ancient city of England, in Kent, on the Medway, 28 m. E. by S. from London. Pop., including 4 parishes, 11,743. ROCHESTER, a flourishing city and port of entry of N. Y., cap. of Monroe co., on the Genesee r., 7 m. from Lake Ontario. The Erie Canal, and the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, pass through the town. Another railroad communicates with Port Genesee, on L. Ontario. A sloop navigation extends from the lak.e up the Genesee r. to within 2 m. of the city. With these advantages, Rochester possesses a very active and extensive trade, of which the immense quantities of flour manufactured in its numerous mills, form, perhaps, the mcst important article. The site of Rochester was a wilderness in the early part of the present century, the first settlement having been made in 1812; in 1820 the population was only 1,502, but since the opening of the Erie canal, in 1824, the town has increased with astonishing rapidity; in 1830 the population was 9,269, and in 1850 it had amounted to 36,403; and, with its increased facilities of intercourse with other important 478 ROC- ROC Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; places, we may expect that its future advancement will not be less rapid than the past. There are several falls in the Genesee, near Rochester: the principal one is immediately below the town, where the river is precipitated over a ledge of rocks about 95 ft. in perpendicular height. Lat. 43~ 8' N., Lon. 770 51' W. ROCK, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Ill. Pop. 20,708. Co. t. Rockport. ROCK RIVER, a r. which rises in Wisconsin, and, flowing southerly into Ill., falls into the Mississippi, near 410 30' N. Lat., and 90~ 30 W. Lon. ROCI/-BRIDGE, a co. in the S. W. central part of Va., on the head waters of James r. Pop. 16,045. Co. t. Lexington. It derives its name from the natural bridge of rock over Cedar creek, in this county. The bridge, which extends across a fearful chasm, 200 ft. in depth, is about 80 ft. in breadth, and covered with soil and trees. ROCK-CASt-TLE, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., on a river of the same name, an affluent of the Cumberland. Pop. 4,697. Co. t. Mount Vernon. ROCKI-ING-UHA, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of N. H. Pop. 50,986. Co. towns, Portsmouth and Exeter. ROCKINGHAM, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., on the headwaters of the Shenandoah. Pop. 20,294. Co. t. Harrisonburg. ROCKINGHAM, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C., bordering on Va. Pop. 14,495. Co. t. Wentworth. RocK ISLAND, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., at the mouth of Rock r. Pop. 6,937. Co. t. Stephenson. ROCK ISLAND is also the name of a little island, in the above river, at its entrance into the Mississippi. ROCKI-LAND, a co. near the S. E. extremity of N. Y., W. of, and bordering on the Hudson. Pop. 16,692. Co. t. Clarkstown. ROCKY MOUNTAINS, called also the CHIP-PE-WYI-AN MOUNTAINS, a chain in the western part of N. America, which commences in the N. part of Mexico, and runs, nearly N. N. W., through the whole extent of the continent. This chain, though forming a part of the vast mountain system, which extends through the whole length of America, is not, as was formerly supposed, continuous withs the Cordilleras of Mexico. With a large part of the Rocky Mountains we are but very imperfectly acquainted. Mount Brown and Mount Hooper, situated near 530 N. Lat., and between 115~ and 117~ W. ILon., are the highest of this chain that have yet been measured, the former having an elevation of near 16,000 ft., the latter of 15,690 ft. (P. C.)* Between 420 and 42~ 40' N. Lat., and near 1100 W. Lon., there is a break in this mountain chain, called the South Pass, or Fremont's Pass, through * The Rev. Mr. Parker states, that some of the highest mountain peaks [neal the South Pass?] have been found, by measurement, to be 18,000 ft. above th6 level of the sea. (See Parker's "Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moum tains," page 72.) ROE-ROM 479 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ig. which there is an easy road, the ascent and descent being so gradual that it is scarcely preceived. ROERMONDE, rooRI-mondf-deh, (Fr. Ruremonde, ruae'-msNd/), a fortified t. of Holland, in the prov. of Limburg, on the Meuse, where it is joined by the Roer (rooR). Lat. 51~ 12' N., Lon. 5~ 59' E. Pop. 4,500. (B.) ROMANS, ro'-maNf, a t. in the S. of France, in the dep. of Drome, 12 m. N. E. of Valence. Pop. in 1831, 7,677. (P. C.) ROME (Latin and Italian, Roma, rof-ma'), the most celebrated city of the world, either in ancient or modern times, the cap. of the Papal state, and the ecclesiastical metropolis of Catholic Christendom, is situated chiefly on the E. or left bank of the Tiber, about 16 m. fronm its mouth. It is enclosed by walls which are generally understood to occupy the site of those constructed by Aurelian. They describe a polygon, of which the longest diameter (i. e. from N.' W. to S. E.) is 3 m. The whole circuit is between 14 m. and 15 m.; but not half of the space included is occupied with houses. That portion of the city which is situated on the left bank of the Tiber, constitutes Rome Proper: the other is called Transtevere* (trans-thf-va-rA, i. e. " beyond the Tiber"): in this part are the palace of the Vatican and the church of St. Peter. These two divisions of the. town are connected by three bridges. Of the 15 gates of Rome the Porta del Popolo (port-ta del pof-po-lo) on the N., and the Porta Maggiore (mad-jol-ra) on the E., are the most remarkable for their beauty. At the head of the edifices of modern Rome, stands the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter, which is not only the largest and most beautiful church that has ever been erected, but is, without exception, the noblest work of architecture ever produced by the hands of man.t There is some diversity in the statements of its dimensions, given by different authors; but, it appears from the best authorities to which we have access, that its length considerably exceeds 600 ft., and that its greatest breadth is near 500 ft.: the height, from the cross to the floor (which covers an area of nearly 5 acres), is about 460 ft. The whole expense of constructing this vast edifice is estimated at above $60,000,000! The work was begun in 1506, and finished in 1614, with the exception of the colonnade, which was added in 1655-67. The celebrated dome,: which may be regarded as the boldest and most astonishing effort of human architecture, was chiefly constructed by Michael Angelo. Near the great Cathedral is the palace of the Vatican, containing above 4,000 different apartments; it " This name is also, and perhaps most frequently, applied to a subdivision of 7'ranstiberine Rome. t Byron, apostrophizing this unrivalled structure, says"But thou, of temples old, or altars new, Standest alone-with nothing like to thee." "The vast and wondrous dome, To which Diana's marvel was a cell." Childe Harold, Canto IVo 480 ROO-ROS Fhte, fAr, fall, fat; m6, mUt; plne or pine, pin; n6, not; 65, as in good is the largest palace in Europe, but is not remarkable for architectural beauty. There are in Rome above 300 churches, many of which are noble and venerable structures, but there is none which merits to be named by the side of St. Peter's. Our limits will not permit us to mention even the principal among the multitude of magnificent ruins, which, to the traveller, constitute the great attraction of Rome: we must not, however, leave the Coliselum (or Colosseum) without a passing notice. This structure, called also the Flavian Amphitheatre, which was the wonder of ancient Rome, and is now the most august and imposing ruin in the world, consists of a vast ellipse, 620 ft. in length, and 513 ft. in its greatest breadth. In the centre is an open elliptical space or'arena, about 290 ft. in length, and 180 ft. in breadth. Around this arena are the seats of the spectators, which rise, tier above tier, the higher ones still receding, till they almost reach the top of the outer wall, which is about 160 ft. in height. This immense amphitheatre is said to have had seats for above 80,000 spectators, and standing room for 20,000 more. Rome possesses a great number of literary institutions, among which we may name the University, one of the oldest in Europe, and the Roman College, founded by the Jesuits, which may be regarded as another university; to it are annexed a rich library, a collection of antiquities, of specimens in natural history, etc.'he Observatory, connected with the Roman College, is in 410 53' 52" N. Lat., and 120 28' 40" E. Lon. Pop. above 154,000. (B.) Roo-ME-L.X-A or RooMI-E-LEE' (Rumn-Ili), the name of an eyalet of European Turkey, comprehending Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly. The pasha of Roomelia ranks above all the other pashas of Turkey in Europe. Roos'-TCHOOK! (Rustchuk or Rutchouk), a fortified city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the- Danube. It is the residence of a Greek archbishop. Lat. 430 50' N., Lon. about 260 E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) RosBAcH, rost-baK, a village of Prussian Saxony, 16 m. S. of Halle, celebrated as the scene of a great victory gained by Frederic the Great over the French and imperialists, November, 1757. Ros-coM-MoQN, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ireland, pawv. of Connaught, on the r. Shannon. Pop. 249,613. (P. C.) RoscoMMON, the cap. of the above co., situated 78 m. W. by PI. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,306, (P. C.) RoscoMMoN (Mickenauk), a co. in the N. central part of AI'h. N. W. of Saginaw Bay. RosCREA, ros-cra, a t. in the S. central part of Ireland, about 7 1 m W. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,512. (M.) RO-.ETl-TA (Arab. Er Ra-sheedl), one of the most important town: of Lower Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, 36 m. E. N. E. of Ales -n dria. It is said to have been founded by a son of the celebrated i [a roon-er-Rasheed (Haroun-al-Raschid), in about 875 A. D. The p p., which was formerly estimated at 40,000, is now reduced to about 1.;,! 0. (B.) Lat. 31~ 25' N., Lon. 30~ 28' E. ROS-ROU 481 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Ross and CROMI-AR-TY, two counties in the N. of Scotland, intimately connected as respects situation, and also under the same sheriff. Their united territory extends from one side of Scotland to the other, besides including a part of the island of Lewis. Pop. 7S,685. Ross, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 32,074. Co. t. Chillicothe. ROSf-TOCK, a seaport and important commercial t. of N. Germany, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow (WaRtnov), about 9 m. above its mouth in the Baltic. It was formerly a member of the Hanseatic League, and for a long time ranked next to Liubeck among the ports of the Baltic. The dukes of Mecklenburg granted it great privileges, many of which it still enjoys, such as the right of choosing its own magistrates, of taxing itself, and of coining money. It is now the largest and most commercial town in the grandduchy. It possesses a university, founded in 1419, and attended by about 110 students, with a library of above 80,000 vols. Lat. 540 5' N., Lon. 12~ 17' E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.) ROf-TUEN-BURG' (Ger. pron. rot-ten-bo6RG'), a t. of Bavaria, on the Tauber (tour-ber), an affluent of the Main. Lat. 490 25' N., Lon. 100 14' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) ROTHERHAM, roTHI-er-um, a small manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 6 m. E. N. E. of Sheffield. ROTHESAY, rothl-sh, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Buteshire, on the N. E. coast of the island of Bute. Lat. 55~ 51' N., Lon. 50 2' W, Pop. 5,789. ROTI-T.R-DAM', a celebrated commercial t. of Holland, next to Amsterdam the most important in the kingdom, situated on the N. or right bank of the Meuse (Maas), 35 m. S. S. W. of that city. The numerous deep canals by which it is intersected, allow the largest merchantmen to come into the middle of the town, and unload at the very doors of the warehouses. Among its scientific and literary institutions, may be mentioned the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Public Library. Rotterdam is remarkable as the birth-place of the celebrated Erasmus. The name of this city appears to be derived from a dam of the Rotte (rotl-teh), a little river which runs through the city, and falls into the Meuse at this place. Lat. 510 55' N., Lon. 40 39' E. Pop. in 1840, 78,098. (P. C.) RoUBAIx, roo'-bat, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 7 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 13,426. (M.) ROUEN, root-en, (Fr. pron. RWaN; Anc. Rothomlagus or RotomTagus, afterwards Rotomum or Rodomum); an archiepiscopal and noted city of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Seine, and formerly of the prov. of Normandy, on the river Seine, 70 m. N. W. of Paris. The river here is crossed by a bridge of boats, and another of stone, which connect the town with its suburb, St. Sever (sev-aiRf). Rouen has been styled " the Manchester of France," from its being the great centre of the cotton manufactures of that country. Among its literary institu 41 482 ROU-RUS Ffte, fAr, fAll, fat; mk, m~t; pine or pine, pin; n6, nAt; 66, as in good; tions, may be mentioned the Academie Universitaire, a National Col. lege, and the Public Library, in the town hall, estimated to contain about 70,000 vols. Lat. 490 26' N., Lon. 1~ 6' E. Pop. 92,083. (B.) ROULERS, roo'-lAI, a t. of Belgium, 26 m. W. S. W. of Ghent. Pop. 9,000. (B.) ROUMELIA. See ROOMELTA. ROVEREDO, ro-vA-rh-do, (Ger. Rovereith, rot-ver-ite',) a manufacturing t. of Tyrol, 13 m. S. by W. of Trent. Lat. 450 55' N., Lon. 110 1' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) RovorNo, ro-veenf-yo, a seaport and flourishing commercial t. of Austrian Italy, on the Adriatic, 40 m. S. S. W. of Trieste. Pop. 10,000. (B.) ROVIGo, ro-veef-go, a t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Adigetto, or "little Adige," an arm of the Adige. ROXBURGHSHIRE, roxf-bur-reh-shir, a co. in the S. of Scotland, bordering on England. Pop. 46,025. RoxBURv, roxl-ber-re, a t. or village of Mass., in Norfolk co., on the Boston and Providence Railroad, 5 m. S. S. W. of Boston. Pop. of the township, 18,364. ROW-ANI, a co. in the W. central part of N. C., on the Yadkin. Pop. 13,870. Co. t. Salisbury. Rtf-GEN (G hard), an i. in the Baltic, forming a part of the Prussian prov. of Pomerania, intersected by the parallel of 540 30' N. Lat., and the meridian of 130 30' E. Lon. Area, about 340 sq. m. It was formerly much larger, a part of the island, probably one-half, having been swallowed up in the middle ages by the sea. Pop. 29,000. (P. C.) RUM-ILI or RUMELIA. See ROOMELIA. RUPPIN, r66p-peenf, NEW, (Ger. Neu-Ruppin, noi r66p-peenl,) a t. of Prussia, on a lake of the same name, 35 m. N. W. of Berlin. Pop. 8,600. (B.) RUREMONDE. See ROERMONDE. RUSH, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., E. by S. of Indianapolis.'Pop. 16,445. Co. t. Rushville. RvsI-sEL, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Va., bordering on Ky. Pop. 11,919. Co. t. Lebanon. RvssEL, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 19,548. Co. t. Cusseta. RUSSEL, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 5,349. Co. t. Jamestown. RvssIA, root-she-a or rushf-e-a, the most extensive empire, and one of the most powerful on the globe, comprehending the N. E. part of Europe, all the N. part of Asia, and a portion of N. America, situated between 380 and 780 N. Lat., and between 17~ 40' E. and 1300 W. Lon. The length of its territory, on the Eastern continent, is neart 0,000 m.; the greatest breadth is above 2,000. The area of this portion, according to Balbi, is more than 7,390,000 sq. m. The population, RUS-SAA 483 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. in 1826, was estimated by him at 60,100,010. This vast empire is divided into three great parts, viz. European, Asiatic, and American Russia. European Russia, though not comprising the greatest extent of territory, surpasses the others vastly in population and importance. It is situated between 400 40' and 70~ N. Lat., and 17~ 40' and 66~ E. Lon., and is bounded on the W. by the Baltic and Prussia, on the S. by the territories of Austria and Turkey, by the Black Sea, and the Caucasian territories of Russia, which are comprised within the limits of Asia. Its boundaries on the E. and N. are the same as those of Europe. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 1,900 mn.; its greatest estimated breadth, from E. to W., is above 1,600 m. Area, 2,047,600 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 56,500,000, (B.);* in 1846, 60,303,266. [See SIBERIA.] American Russia comprehends the N. W. part of North America, between 54~ 40' and 71~ 20' N. Lat., and 1300 and 168~ W. Lon. Area estimated at 500,000 sq. m., including the Aleutian islands and several other groups. Pop. 50,000. (B.) The established religion of Russia is the Greek Orthodox, identical with that of the Greeks of the Ottoman empire. The government is an absolute and unlimited despotism. St. Petersburg is the capital of the empire. -Adj. RUSSIAN, roof-shun or rushf-un; Inhab. RUSSIAN and Russ, (poetical). RUSTCHUK. See RoosTcnoon. RUTHERFORD, ruTHu-er-ford, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C., bordering on S. C. Pop. 13,550. Co. t. Rutherfordton. RUTHERFORD, a co. near the centre of Tenn., S. E. of Nashville. Pop. 29,122. Co. t. Murfreesborough. RUTHERGLEN, pron. rugf-len, a t. of Scotland, on the Clyde, 21 m. S. E. of Glasgow. Pop. 5,623. RUTI-LAND, the smallest co. of England, situated on the Welland r., about 80 in. N. by W. of London. Pop. 21,302. RUTLAND, a co. in the W. part of Vt., bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop. 33,059. Co. t. Rutland. RYDE, a seaport t. and watering-place of England, situated on the N. E. side of the Isle of Wight. Pop. 5,840. RYE, a t. and cinque port of England, in Sussex, 53 m. S. S. E. of London. Lat. 500 57' N.; Lon. 0~ 44' E. Pop. of borough and parish, 4,031. SAALE, saYl-leh, a r. in the N. W. central part of Germany, flowing into the Elbe, near 52~ N. Lat., and 120 E. Lon. SAALFELD, slAdI-f1lt, a manufacturing t. of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on the Saale. Lat. 50C 37' N., Lon. 110 24' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) SAARBRtiCK, sA'Jl-briik or SAAR-BROPCKI-EN, a manufacturing t. of Ger* Balbi appears not to include in the area and population of Russia in Europe, those portions of the provinces of Caucasus and Georgia, which belong to this section of the globe. 484 SAA-SAI Fate, fAr, fill, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; many, in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, on the Saar, an affluent of the Moselle. The river is crossed by a stone bridge, whence the name of the town, which signifies " Saar-bridge." Lat. 490 14' N., Lon. about 70 E. Pop., including the suburb of St. John, on the other side of the Saar, 7,200. (B.) SAARLOUIS, SAAR-lo0f-is, a t. and fortress of the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, on the Saar, 12 m. W. N. W. of the above town. Pop., including the garrison, about 7,000 (P. C.), of which 4,400 belong to the town. SABINE, sab-eent, a r. which rises in-Texas, and flowing, at first southeasterly, then southerly, forms, through a great part of its course, the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. SACKI-ETT'S HARBOUR, a t. and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson co., on a bay at the E. extremity of L. Ontario. Lat. 43~ 55' N., Lon. 750 57' W. Pop. of the township of Hounsfield, in which it is situated, SAco, sau'-ko, a r. which rises in the E. part of N. H., and flowing south-easterly into Me., falls into the Atlantic, 14 m. S. W. of Portland. SACO, a port of entry of Maine, in York co., situated on the E. side of the Saco r., 6 m. from its mouth. SACRAMENTO CITY. See CALIFORNIA. SAGG HARBOUR, a port of entry of N. Y., in Suffolk co., situated on, a bay of the same name. Pop. 3,500. SAGHAI.EN. See TARAKAY. SAG'-rN-AWf, a co. in the eastern part of Mich., on a river and bay of the same name. Pop. 2,609. Co. t. Saginaw. SAHARA, sa-h-al-ra, also written Zahara, i. e. the "desert," a region of vast extent, which occupies the central parts of N. Africa. It extends from the Atlantic, between Cape Noon (Nun), in 28S 46', and the mouths of the Senegal, in about 16~ 30' N. Lat., eastward to the valley of the Nile. On the N. it is bounded by the Barbary states, on the S. by the countries watered by the Senegal r. and by Soodan. Of the actual limits, however, on the N. and S., very little is known. The length of the Great Desert, from E. to W., is near 3,000 m.; the breadth, from N. to S., may vary from 700 to 1,500 m. The surface appears to be chiefly composed of sandstone or loose sand: every part is almost or entirely destitute of vegetation. SAYD or SAEED. See EGYPT. SAYDA, sit-da, (Anc. Si/don,) a seaport t. of Palestine, celebrated in remote antiquity as one of the greatest emporiums on the Mediterranean, and as being the parent city of Tyre. Lat. 330 34' N., Lon. 350 20' E. Pop. at present estimated at only about 4,000 or 5,000. (M.) SAYGON, si-gonf, or SAY-GONG1 (called by the natives Looknooee), the principal commercial t. of the empire of An-nam, cap. of the prov. of Tsiampa, on a r. of its own name. Lat. 100 47' N., Lon. about 107~ E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 100,000. SAINT DENIS. See DENIS, ST. SAINT GERMAIN. See GERMAIN, ST., and so for all the other articles having the prefix of SAINT. SAI-SAL 485 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SAINTES, SaNt, (Anc. Mediolalnum; afterwards Sanltones, a t. of France; formerly the cap. of Saintonge, on the r. Charente, which is here crossed by a stone bridge. Lat. 450 45' N., Lon. 00 38' W. Pop. 7,823. (M.) SAINTONGE, SaN'-toNzhf, a former prov. of France, now included in the departments of Lower Charente and Charente. It takes its name from the Santones or Santoni, by whom it was anciently inhabited. SALADILLO, Rio, reero sa-la-Deelf-yo, i. e. the "Little Salt River," the name given to several small streams of S. America, in La Plata. SALADO, or Rio SALADO, reef-o sa-lAf-Do, i. e. "' Salt River," the name of a number of rivers of S. America, in the republic of La Plata. The principal one rises in the N. W. part of this country, and flowing, at first, south-easterly, and then almost due S., joins the Parana, near 32~ 20' S. Lat., and 61~ W. Lon. Its whole length is probably above 1,000 m. SAL-.A-MANCI-.A or sadl-a-mangf-ka, (Anc. Salmanltica,) a noted city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Tormes (tort-m('s,-an affluent of the Douro), here crossed by a handsome stone bridge of 27 arches, about one-half of which is the work of the ancient Romans. At the head of the literary institutions of this town, stands its celebrated university, founded about the year 1200, which, during the 15th and 16th centuries, was regarded as the first in Spain, and one of the most distinguished in Europe, and was attended, it is said, by from 10,000 to 15,000 students. It has of later times greatly declined, and is now but little frequented. Lat. 410 5' N. Lon., 50 43' W. Pop. stated at 14,000. (B.) S.VI-LEM, a city and port of entry of Mass., and one of the seats of justice of Essex co., 13 m. in a straight line N. E. of Boston, situated on a tongue of land which projects into the sea. It has a fine museum and an athenaeum with above 12,000 vols. Salem is the second town in the state for wealth and commerce, and possesses, also, extensive manufactures. Lat. 420 31' N., Lon. 700 54' W. Pop. 20,264. SALEM, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 19,467. Co. t. Salem. SAL-ERI-NO or sa'-16R-no, (Anc. Saler/num,) an archiepiscopal city of Naples, pleasantly situated on a gulf of the same name, 28 m. S. E. by E. of the capital. Lat. 40~40'N., Lon. 14~ 46'E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) SALINE, sal-eent, a co. in the S. central part of Ark., on a r. of the same name, which falls into the Washita. Pop. 3,901. Co. t. Benton. SALINE, a co. in the N. W. central part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri. Pop. 8,843. Co. t. Jonesborough. SALISBURY, saulzf-ber-re, or NEW SAf-RuM, a city of England, cap. of Wiltshire, on the Avon, 75 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. 10,086. SALONICA, sal-o-neel-ka, (called by the Turks Sel-A-neekt; Anc. Thessalonilca); a celebrated city and seaport of European Turkey, cap. of a sandjak of the same name, situated at the N. E. extremity of the Gulf of Salonica. It is surrounded by high white-washed walls, with five gates, and defended by a fortress with seven towers. Its ap. 41* 486 SAL-SAM Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nt;- 66, as in good; pearance, when approached from the sea, is very imposing, but the interior presents the irregularity and many of the deformities cornmor to Turkish towns. There are in Salonica a number of highly interesting monuments of antiquity. One of the gates of the city consists of an ancient triumphal arch. Salonica holds the second commercial rank among the towns of European Turkey, being inferior only to Constan. tinople; and is also the seat of some important manufactures. Lat. 400 38' N., Lon. 22~ 56' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 70,000. SALONICA, GULF OF (Anc. Si/nus Thermalicus), is situated at the N. W. extremity of the Egean Sea. Length about 70 m.; greatest breadth above 40 m. SALOP. See SHROPSHIRE. SALTA, sa'l-ta, a t. of S. America, in La Plata, cap. of a state of the same name. Lat. 240 10' S., Lon. 640 20' W. Pop. estimated at 9,000. (B.) SkLTT-COATS, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Ayrshire, on the Frith of Clyde, 24 m. S. W. of Glasgow. The name is derived from the salt works established for the production of salt from sea-water; but this business is now nearly abandoned. Pop. 4,238. SA-LUf-D&, a r. of S. C., uniting with the Broad r. to form the Congaree. SALUZZO, sa-loott-so, a t. of the Sardinian states, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Po, 34 m. S. S. W. of Turin. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) SALVADOR, ST. See BAHIA. SAL-WIN/ or SAL-WEN/ (called by the natives Than-Lyeng or ThanLweng), a r. in the S. E. part of Asia, which is supposed to rise in China, near 27~ N. Lat., and 990 E. Lon.; flowing southerly, it falls into the Gulf of Martaban, a little below the town of this name. Though it brings down a great volume of water, it is not navigable in the lower part of its course. The upper portion has not been explored. SALZBURG or SALTZI-BURG (Ger. pron. saltsf-b66RG), an archiepiscopal city of Upper Austria, cap. of a circle-formerly of a duchy-of the same name, on the Salza (salt/-sA), an affluent of the Inn, 70 m. E. S. E. of Munich. It is surrounded with walls and bastions, and has eightgates. Though irregularly built, the town contains several splendid edifices, chiefly in the Italian style. Salzburg has a lyceum (in the place of its former university), with a library of 30,000 vols.; that belonging to the Monastery of St. Peter contains 40,000 vols. The duchy or principality of Salzburg was formerly governed by archbishops, who possessed very great privileges. It was secularized in 1802, and converted into an electorate of the German empire, and in 1814 it wa, united to Austria. Lat. of the town, 470 48' N., Lon. 13~ 1' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) SALZWEDEL, saltsI-wa'.del, a t. of Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on an affluent of the Elbe. Lat. 52~ 51' N., Lon. 11~ 17' E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) SAM'-A-RA'NGf (or Sam'-'-rangf), a seaport and commercial t. on the SAM-SAN 487 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, neally like ng. N. coast of the island of Java. Lat about 70 S., Lon. 110~ 25' E. Pop. estimated at from 36,000 to 3S,000. (B.) SAM-ARI, one of the Philippine islands, intersected by the 12th parallel of N. Lat., and the 125th meridian of E. Lon. Length near 150 mn.; greatest breadth about 60 m. SAM'-AR-CANDI, a celebrated but now decayed city of Asia, in Independent Tartary, situated in a fertile valley, about 120 m. E. of Bokhara. It was once the capital of the vast empire of Tamerlane, when its pop. is said to have amounted to 150,000. The tomb of that famous conqueror is still in excellent preservation; his remains repose under a lofty dome, the walls of which are superbly adorned with jasper and agate. Lat. 390 50' N., Lon. about 67~ E. Pop. variously estimated at from 10,000 to 30,000, and even 50,000. SAMBOR, saml-bor, a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Dniester. Lat. 490 32' N., Lon. 23~ 17' E. Pop. 9,0ooo0. (B.) SAI-MOS (called by the Turks Soo-samf), a fertile i. of the Greek archipelago, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the parallel of 370 40' N. Lat. and the 27th meridian of E. Lon. It is separated from the coast of Asia Minor by a strait not 2 m. in breadth. Length about 30 m.; greatest breadth 17 m. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Samos contains several interesting monuments of antiquity; among others, some remains of the great temple of Juno, who was worshipped with particular honour in this island, from its having been (as the Samians maintained) the place of her birth.-Adj. and inhab. SAI-MI-AN or SAMI-J-OT'. SAMP!-SQN, a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C., a little E. of Cape Fear r. Pop. 14,585. Co. t. Clinton. SAM-TIAGo, soung-te-AM-go, or ST. JAI-GO, also written SAN-TsrAGo, the largest of the Cape Verde Islands, intersected by the 15th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 23~ 40' W. Lon. Length 36 m.; greatest breadth 18 m. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) Praya is the cap. of this island and of the whole group. SANAA or SANA, sA'-na, a walled city of Arabia, cap. of the prov. of Yemen Proper, about 150 m. N. N. E. of Mocha. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (M.) SAN-DUS!-KY, a r. in the N. part of Ohio, which flows into a bay of the same name, on L. Erie. SANDUSKY, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 14,305. Co. t. Fremont. SANDUSKY, a port of entry of Ohio, in Erie co., on the shore of Sandusky Bay, near its opening into L. Erie. Pop. 5,088. SAND/-wrIH or sandl-widge, one of tae original Cinque Ports of England, in Kent, on the Stour, about 2 m. from its mouth, and 65 m. E. by S. of London. Lat. 51~ 16' 30" N., Lon. 1~ 20' E. Pop. only 2,913. SANDWICH ISLANDS, one of the Polynesian groups, situated in the Pacific, between 18~ 50' and 220 20' N. Lat., and 1540 40' and 160~ 20' W. Lon. The principal islands are Hawaii, Oahu, Atui, Maui, 488 SAN-SAN FAte, fAr, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nDt; 66 as in good; Molokai or Morotai,* Nihau, and Lanai or Ranai,* which are noticed under their respective names. The natives of the Sandwich Islands appear to be a branch of the great Malay race. They are of middle stature, and well formed, with muscular limbs and open countenances, and seem to possess a large share of intelligence and enterprise. When this group was discovered by Cook, in 1778, the inhabitants were observed to have made greater progress in civilization than those of the other Polynesian islands. Since their conversion to Christianity, in 1819, the American missionaries have laboured among them with distinguished success. Books and newspapers are now printed in the native language at Honolulu, and even a map of the islands has been engraved at Lahaina, in Maui. Many of the Sandwich Islanders now dress in the European fashion; and vessels built at Honolulu, manned by natives, traverse the Pacific to the N. W. coast of America, and to Canton.-Inhab. SANDWICH ISLANDER. SAN FRANCISCO. See CALIFORNIA. SANGAMON, sangf1-gaL-mon', a co. in the centre of Ill., intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Illinois. Pop. 19,228. Co. t. Springfield. SAN JUAN. See PORTO RIco. SAN JU/-AN, or SAN- JUAN DE LA FRONTERA (Sp. pron. sian Hoo-an! dM la fron-tai-ra), i. e. " St. Juan of the frontier," a t. of S. America, in La Plata, near the Chilian frontier, remarkable for its wines, which form an important article of commerce. Lat. 310 4' S., Lon. 680 57' W. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) SAN MARINO, san ma-reel-no, a little republic of Italy, under the protection of the pope, situated near 430 55' N. Lat., and 120 30' E. Lon. Area 22 sq. m. Pop. 7,600. (M.) SANQUHAR, sankl-er, a small but ancient t. of Scotland, in Durmfriesshire, on the Nith, 24 m. N. N. W. of Dumfries. SANTA CRUZ, sanf-ta crooce, or ST. CRoix, sent-croil,a fertile i. in the W. Indies, belonging to the Danes, near 30 m. in length, and about 8 m. in its greatest breadth. Iat. about 17~ 40' N., Lon. near 650 W. SANTA MARIA, sanf-ta ma-ree/-a, a t. of Naples, in the immediate vicinity of Capua. Pop. estimated at above 9,000. (B.) SANTA MARIA, one of the Azores or Western Islands, intersected by the 37th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 250 10' W. Lon. * It is stated as a curious fact that the inhabitants of both the Sandwich and.Society Islands are incapable of distinguishing between the sounds of I and r, and of t and k. This does not appear to arise so much from a defect in the organs of speech as of hearing. It is said that they can utter correctly the sounds of the letters just named, but that they cannot distinguish them either when spoken by themselves or by others. It appears that the English missionaries in the Society Islands first adopted the mode of writing names like those above cited with t and r; the Americans in the Sandwich Islands have unfortunately had recourse to a different orthography, whence arises the diversity of spelling which we find in the best works on the Polynesian islands. In connexion with this subject, it may be remarked, that in other languages t and c or k are sometimes changed for each other. Thus in Latin, we find nuncius or nuntites: Lutetie, the ancient name of Paris, appears to have been written also Lucetia (in Greek, AsureKta, Leuketia), and Loticia (AorLKta, Lotikia), SAN —SAP 489 ou, as in our; th, as in thinr; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SANTA MARTA, sanl-ta maRt-ta, a fortified seaport t. of New Granada, on the Caribbean Sea, with a fine harbour. It is a free port. Lat. 110 20' N., Lon. 740 8' W. Pop. estimated at 6,000. (B.) SANTA MAURA, sanf-ta moul-ra, (Anc. Leulcas, or Leucaldia pronounced by the modern Greeks lef-ka-Dee/-a,) one of the Ionian Islands, intersected l)y the parallel of 38~ 40' N. Lat., and the meridian of 200 40' E. Lon. Length 22 m.; greatest breadth 9 m. Area about 180 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, including the troops, 17,385. (M.) SANI-TA RoW-a., a co. near the N. W. extremity of Florida, bordering on Ala. Pop. 2,883. SAN-TANI-DER (Sp. pron. san-tan-daiRt), an important commercial t. and seaport of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the S. side of the Bay of Biscay. Lat. 430 28' N., Lon. 30 42' W. The pop., which has considerably increased of late years, may now be estimated at 30,000. (P. C.) SANTAREM, sanl-t-a-reN1, (almost Sa'Nf-ta-rengf,) an ancient t. of Portugal, on the Tagus, about 50 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has been the residence of several of the Portuguese kings. Lat. 390 16' N., Lon. 8~ 38' W. Pop. estimated at about 8,000. (B.) SAN'-TEEI, a r. of S. C., formed by the junction of the Congaree and Wateree. It flows S. E., and falls into the Atlantic by two mouths, near 33~ 6' N. Lat., and 790 20' W. Lon. Steamboats ascend to Columbia, on the Congaree branch. SAN-THIAGO. See SAM-TIAGO. SANTIAGO. See COMPOSTELA. SANTIAGO, san-te-af-go, a city of. S. America, cap. of the republic of Chili, situated in an extensive plain, about 50 m. from the sea, on an affluent of the r. Maypu (mi-pool). It is regularly and generally well built, and is in fact one of the finest cities in S. America. It contains an institute, which may be regarded as a university, two high schools for girls, and other important literary establishments. Lat. 330 25' S., Lon. 70~ 40' W. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (P. C.) SANTOS, sAnl-tos, a seaport and commercial t. of Brazil, on the i. of St. Vincent. Lat. 23~ 56' S., Lon. about 46~ 10' W. Pop. estimated at 7,000. (M.) SAONE, s6ne, a r. of France, which rises in the dep. of Vosges, and, flowing southerly, joins the Rhone at Lyons. Small steamboats ascend this river as far as Chalons. SA6NE, UPPER, (Fr. Haute-Saone. bte s6ne,) a dep. in the E. N. E. part of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 343,298. (B.) Capital, Vesoul. SAONE AND LoiRE (Fr. Saone-et-Loire, sone & lwa), a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Saone and Loire. Pop. 538,507. (B.) Capital,'Macon. SAP!-TIN or LEWIS RIVER, a r. of Oregon, which falls into the Columbia, near 460 N. Lat. and 1190 40' W. Lon. Length estimated at 800 ra. 490 SAR-SAR Fhte, far, fAll, fat; nrld, met; pine, or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66 as in good; SAR'-A-GOSf-S4 (Sp. Zaragoza, th'a-ra-gol-tha; Anc. Salduba; afterwards Cmesarauguslta), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of Aragon, on the left bank of the Ebro, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge, 600 ft. in length, resting on seven arches. This town formerly contained a number of edifices, distinguished for their magnificence, but the greater part were much injured in the war with the French in the early part of the present century. The church of Nuestra Sefiora del Pilar (nwesf-tra sane-yol-ra del pe-laR/), which is still preserved, is a superb building; the principal altar, built entirely of alabaster, in the Gothic style, is greatly admired as a piece of ancient architecture. Among the institutions for education, may be mentioned the University, founded in 1474, now attended by about 1,500 students. Saragossa will be ever memorable for the heroic and almost unparalleled bravery with which its citizens, under Palafox, resisted the French forces during the peninsular war, in 1808-9. Having been once compelled to raise the siege, the enemy returned the ensuing year, with reinforcements, and, aided by an epidemic within the city, they at length induced the inhabitants to surrender, by granting them honourable terms. Pop. 43,000. (B.) SAR-A-TOFf (Saratow), a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the right bank of the Volga. It is irregularly built, and the houses are mostly of wood. Lat. 51~ 31' N., Lon. about 460 E. Pop. stated at above 41,000. (P. C.) SAR'-A-TO!-GA, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., between and bordering on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. Pop. 45,646. Co. t. Ballston. The township of Saratoga, in the E. part of this county, on the Hudson, at the mouth of Fish creek, is memorable as the scene of the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne's army to the Americans, under Gen. Gates, on the 17th of October, 1777. SARATOGA SPRINGS, the principal watering place in the U. S., situated in the above co., 28 m., in a straight line, N. of Albany. It is an incorporated village, consisting principally of one fine broad street, adorned with trees, with many large and excellent hotels and boarding houses. A great quantity of the mineral waters of Saratoga is bottled and sent to diffcrent parts of the world. Pop. of the township, 3,384. SAR-DINI-x-A (It. Sardegna, saa-danet-ya'; Fr. Sardaigne, saR'-dafiel), an important i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Sardinian states, between 380 51' and 410 17' N. Lat., and 80 4' and 90 50' E. Lon. Its form resembles a parallelogram, the longer sides running nearly N. and S. Extreme length, about 168m.; greatest breadth, near 90 m. Area estimated at 10,000 sq. m., being a trifle larger than Sicily, according to the estimate of some geographers. Pop. 524,633. (M.) The island is generally fertile, but exhibits a considerable variety of soil: it produces almost all the fruits and vegetables of Southern Europe. A large portion of the surface is hilly and mountainous. The climate varies according to the locality: near the coast, the temperature seldom, if ever, falls below the freezing point, while the summits of the mountains in the interior are often capped with snow in SAR-SAU 491 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. winter. Sardinia is governed by a viceroy appointed by the king. Cagliari is the capital.-Adj. SAR-DINI-.SAN; inhab. SARD or SARDI. NIAN. SARDINIAN STATES (It. Stati Sardi, stat-te saR/-de), the name given to the dominions of the house of Savoy. This kingdom comprehends, besides the Island of Sardinia, an extensive territory occupying the N. W. portion of Italy, between 430 40' and 46~ 27' N. Lat., and 50 38' and 100 6' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Switzerland, E. by Austrian Italy, and the territories of Parma, Tuscany, and Modena, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by France. Length, from S. E. to N. W., near 250 m.; greatest breadth, above 200 m. It includes the duchy of Savoy, Piedmont in its more extensive sense, the duchy of Genoa, and the county or province of Nice. Total area of the kingdom, about 29,000 sq. m. Pop. 4,650,368. (M.) Area of the continental portion, about 19,000 sq. m. Pop. about 4,100,000. The prevailing religion of the Sardinian states is Roman Catholicism. The government is a monarchy, hereditary in the male line; and though the regal authority is somewhat circumscribed by a supreme council in the Island of Sardinia, it is absolute in the continental portion of the kingdom. Turin is the capital. SAREE, sA'-ree! (Sari), an ancient city of Persia, in the prov. of Mazanderan, a few miles from the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. Lat. near 360 30' N., Lon. 530 10' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) It is said, however, to have been recently almost depopulated by the plague. SARt-NO, a t. of Naples, at the head of a river of the same name, 13 m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) SARTHE, saRt, a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected by a r. of the same name, which falls into the Mayenne. Pop. 466,888. (B.) Capital, Le Mans. SAI-RUM, OLD, an ancient and now totally ruined city of England, in Wiltshire, 2 m. N. of Salisbury or New Sarum. It is interesting, as affording a striking example of the rotten borough system. It sent two members to the house of commons in the time of Edward III., and after its total decay, without having a, single house or inhabitant, the proprietor of the land, on which it once stood, was still permitted to exercise this important privilege, until the passing of the reform act. SAs-rATCHf-A —WAN', a large r. of British America, rising in the Rocky Mountains, and flowing into L. Winnipeg. The whole length, including Nelson r. (the outlet of L. Winnipeg), which may be regarded as its lower portion, is estimated at above 1,500 m. SAssARI, sasf-sa-re, an archiepiscopal t., cap. of the N. division of the I. of Sardinia, on a small r. about 8 m. from the N. W. coast. It has a university, besides other literary institutions, and about 20,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 40~ 43' N., Lon. 80 26' E. SATALIEH. See ADALIA. SAUK, a co in the S. W. central part of Wisconsin, on the N. W. side of the Wisconsin river. Pop. 4,371. SAUMUR, sO'-miRF, an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Maine and 492 SAV-SAV Fate, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; no, nbt; 66, as in good, Loire, on the Loire (which is here crossed by a stone bridge, nearly 9i00 ft. in length), 28 m. S. E. of Angers. In the time of the Huguenots, this town was one of the principal centres of Protestantism in France; and for a time, commerce, learning, and the arts, flourished here. But its prosperity fell with the fall of the Huguenot party, which followed the revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. Saumur was the birth-place of Madame Dacier. Pop. 11,576. (M.) S4-VANI-NAH, a r. of the U. S., which rises, by several branches, on the S. frontier of N. Carolina, where this state borders on S. Carolina and Georgia; flowing south-easterly, it forms the greater part of the boundary between S. C. and Ga., and falls into the Atlantic near 32~ N. Lat., and 81~ XV. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 600 m. It is navigable for large vessels to Savannah, for steamboats of 150 tons to Augusta (about 250 mi. from the sea), and for smaller vessels, 150 m. further. SAVANNAH, a city and port of entry of Ga., cap. of Chatham co., and the largest and most commercial town in the state, is situated on the right bank of the river of the same name, about 15 m. from its mouth. The streets are wide and regular, with spacious squares, and many handsome buildings. Lat. 32~ 5' N., Lon. 81~ 8' W. Pop. 16,060. SAVE, (Ger. Saun, sou; Anc. Satvus,) a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in Illyria, near 460 30' N. Lat., and 13~ 40' E. Lon. Its general direction is nearly E. S. E.; after a course of about 590 m. it joins the Danube, at Belgrade. It is navigable for vessels of from 150 to 200 tons, to the mouth of the Kulha (koollha), near 450 30' N. Lat., and 160 20' E. Lon. SAVONA, sa-vof-na, a seaport t. of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States, on the Mediterranean, 25 m. S. W. of Genoa. Pop. 15,500. (P. C.) SAVI-OY* or sav-oil, (It. Savoia, sa-voi/-A,) a country of N. Italy, with the title of duchy, between 450 4' and 46~ 25' N. Lat., and 50 37' and 7~ 8' E. Lon. On the N. it borders on L. Leman, and on the W. it is partly bounded by the Rhone, which separates it from France. Area, 4,2J70 sq. m. Pop. 564,137. (M.) Savoy forms the nucleus of the Sardinian monarchy. It was governed as early as the 10th century by its own counts, whose descendants acquired Nice, in 1388, and Piedmont, in 1418. In 1713, Sicily was added to the dominions of the house of Savoy, then first recognized as one of the royal houses of Europe. That island was soon after exchanged for Sardinia, which, at that time, belonged to Austria.-Inhab. SAv'-OY-ARDI.t * "When the blithe son of SAvoY journeying round, With humble wares and pipe of merry sound, From his green vale and shelter'd cabin hies, And scales the Alps to visit foreign skies." ROGERS'S Pleasures of Memory. t We very frequently hear this word pronounced Savoy'ard, but we believe that tle accentuation given above, is generally adopted by the best speakers. " That stern yet kindly spirit who constrains The SAVOYARD to quit his naked rocks." WORDSWORTHI' Excursion, Book 1. SAX-SCA 493 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TIH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SAxE-ALTENBURGa —al/-ten-burg', (Ger. Sachsen-Altenburg, sAkf-senAlf-ten-b66bRG',) a small duchy of Germany, between 50~ 44' and 51~ 6 N. Lat., and 11~ 20' and 12~ 40' E. Lon. It consists of two nearly equal portions, separated from each other by the territory of Reuss. Area, 483 sq. in. Pop. 121,590. (P. C.) Altenburg is the capital. SAXE-COI-BURG-GOTHA, (Ger. Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, sikf-sen kolbbORG gof-ta,) a dudhy of Germany, consisting chiefly of two large portions, viz. the principalities of Coburg (see COBURG), and Gotha. The latter is principally between 500 35' and 510 6' N. Lat., and 10~ 20' and 110 E. Lon. Area about 590 sq. m. Pop. 96,658. Total area of the duchy, about 790 sq. m. Total pop. near 138,000. (P. C.) Gotha is the capital. SAXE-MEININGEN-HILDBURGHAUSE N, sax-mii-ning-en hilt-biuRGc-hou/zen, a duchy of Germany, composed of the ancient duchy Meiningen, the principalities of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld, and some other districts. It lies chiefly between 50~ 12' and 50~ 53' N. Lat., and 10~ 7' and 110~ 40' E. Lon. Area about 882 sq. m. Pop. 144,294. (P. C.) SAxE-WEIMAR or SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENACH, sax-wi/-mar-i/-zen-aIK, (Ger. Sachsen-Weitnar, sak-sen-wil-mar,) a grand-duchy of Germany, consisting of the two principalities of Weimar and Eisenach, composed of several detached portions, between 50~ 25' and 510 30' N. Lat., and 90 50' and 12~ 15' E. Lon. Area about 1,400 sq. m., of which Eisenach occupies about 445. Total pop. 245,813. (P. C.) Weimar is the capital. SAXI-O-NY (Ger. Sachsen, sakl!-sen), in its largest sense, is used to designate an extensive country in the N. of Germany, stretching from the Weser, on the W., to the frontiers of Poland, on the E. Its limits appear never to have been definitely and permanently settled. It was formerly considered to include Westphalia. The name properly denotes the country of the Saxons; and as the boundaries of their dominion often changed with the changing tide of conquest, we may readily understand why the appellation of Saxony has been so variously and vaguely applied. SAXONY, KINGDOM OF, a state in the central part of Germany, between 500 10' and 51~ 28' N. Lat., and 110 55' and 15~ 3' E. Lon. Length above 140 m.; greatest breadth about 75 m. Area 5,788 sq. in. Pop. 1,836,433. (P. C.) The government is an hereditary limited monarchy. Dresden is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. SAXI-ON. SAXONY, PRUSSIAN, a prov. of the Prussian dominions, consisting of the Saxon territories formerly belonging to Prussia, together with those which were dismembered from the kingdom of Saxony in 1815. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S. by the kingdom of Saxony, and W. by Hesse, Brunswick, and Hanover. Its form is very irregular: the area falls but little short of 10,000 sq. m. SCAN-DER-OOON', GULF OF, forms the N. E. extremity of the Mediterranean. It is near 40 m. long and 30 m. broad. SCANDEROON or ISKENDEROOM. See ALEXANDRETTA. 42 494 SCA —SCH Fate, fir, fall, fat; m6, met; pilne or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; SCANoDI-NA/-Vr-.AN PENINSULA comprehends the N. W. portion of Eu rope, between 550 20' and 71~ 6' N. Lat., and 50 and 31~ E. Lon. It is chiefly included between the Baltic, on the E., and the Atlantic, oni the W. and N. W. Length near 1,200 m.; breadth about 470 m. The greater portion of it is covered with sterile mountains, and it is in general thinly inhabited. The appellation is derived from SCANDINAVIA, the ancient name of this country, or at least of that portion of it which was known to the Romans. SCANIA. See SKANE. SCARI-BO-ROUGH, a seaport t. of England, in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, on the N. Sea, 36 m. N. E. of York. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 3 sq. m., 10,060. SCHAFFHAUSEN, shaif-houf-zen, (Fr. Schaffhouse, shaf-oozt,) the most northern of the Swiss cantons, situated on the N. side of the Rhine. Area 116 sq. m. Pop. 31,125. (M.) SCHAFFHAUSEN, a walled t. of Switzerland, cap. of the above canton, on the Rhine, about 50 m. E. by N. of Basle. It possesses a college, with ten professors; a gymnasium; a town library, containing the books belonging to the celebrated Miiller, a native of this place; and other institutions. For the Falls of Schaffhausen, see RHINE. SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE. See LIPPE-SCHAUENBURG. SCHELDT, skelt, (Dutch, Schelde, sKelf-deh; Fr. Escaut, es'-kbt; Anc. Scal/dis;) a r. that rises in France, in the dep. of Aisne, and, flowing into Belgium, with a general N. N. E. course, passes Antwerp, a few miles below which town it divides into two arms, called the East and the West Scheldt. Its length is estimated at 210 m. Ships of war can ascend to Antwerp (where the tide rises 12 feet), and small boats to Cambray, which is only about 20 m. from the source of the river. SCHELESTADT, shell-es-tidf, (Anc. Elcetbus or Elce/bum,) a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, on the Ill, an affluent of the Rhine, 26 m. S. S. W. of Strasburg. The invention of glazing earthenware is ascribed to this town. Pop. in 1831, 9,384. (P. C.) SCHEMNITZ, shemi-nits, (Hllng. Selinecz Banya, shel-mets b~an-y6h,) an important mining town of Hungary, on a river of the same name, 46 m. N. by E. of Gran. Its sold and silver mines are considered as the richest in Hungary. Lat. 480~ 27' N., Lon. 180 50' E. Pop. above 22,000. (B.) SCHENECTADY, sken-ekl-ta-de, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., intersected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 20,054. SCHENECTADY, a city of N. Y., cap. of the above co., 16 m. N. W. of Albany. Lat. 420 48' N., Lon. 730 55' W. Pop. 8,922. Schenectady is the seat of Union College, a flourishing institution, founded in 1795. SCHIEDAM, sKee-dAml, a t. of S. Holland, on the Schie (sKee), an affiuent of the Meuse or Maas, 3 m. W. of Rotterdam. It has acquired a celebrity not very creditable, from its being the great centre of the SCH —SCH 495 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. gin manufacture in the kingdom of Holland, Lat. 510 55' N., Lon. 40 24' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) SCHIRVAN. See SHIRVAN. SCHLEuWIG. See SLESWICK. SCHOA. See SHOA. SCHOHARIE, sko-harl-re, a co. in the E. S. E. or S. E. central part of N. Y., W. of Albany. Pop. 33,548. Co. t. Schoharie. SCHOUWEN, siwouf-wen, an i. of Holland, on the right side of the E. Scheldt, at its mouth, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand. SCHUYLER, skitter, a co. in the W. part of Ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 10,573. Co. t. Rushville. SCHUYLKILL, skoolf-kill, a r. which rises in the E. part of Pa., and flowing south-easterly, falls into the Delaware about 6 m. S. of Philadelphia. Its whole length is estimated at 120 m. It is navigable for sloops to Philadelphia, but a little above that city there are falls; yet, by means of lockage, dams, and side-canals, boats may ascend to Port Carbon, above Pottsville. SCHUYLKILL, a co. in the E. part of Pa., on the sources of the above river. Pop. 60,713. Co. t. Orwigsburg. SCHWABACH, shw.at-baiK, a thriving manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on a r. of the same name, an affluent of the Regnitz, 9 m. S. S. W. of Nuremberg. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) SCHWARZBURG, shwartst-burg or shwARtsf-b66uo, a principality in the central part of Germany, consisting of,two principal portions, the more southern of which is called the Upper County, the more northern, the Lower County. The former lies between 5)~0 34' and 50~ 55' N. Lat., and 10~ 50' and 110 23' E. Lon. The Lower County is situated between 51~ 13' and 51~ 27' N. Lat., and 100 32' and 110 16' E. Lon. The house of Schwarzburg is now divided into two branches, Rudolstadt (rootfdol-statt), and Sondershausen (sonf-ders-hout-zen), each of which has a part both of the Upper and the Lower County. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt contains an area of 408 sq. m. Pop. 65,600. (M.) Rudolstadt, the capital, on the Saale, has a pop. of 4,000. (B.) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, possesses a territory of 360 sq. m. in extent, and about 54,000 inhabitants. (M.) Sondershausen, with a pop. of 3,600 (B.), is the capital. SCHWEIDN[TZ, shwitef-nits, a fortified t. of Prussian Silesia, on the Weistritz (wicel-trits), an affluent of the Oder. Lat. 50~ 51' N., Lon. 160 27' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) SCHWERIN, shwi-reenf, a t. of N. Germany, cap. of the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the W. side of a lake of its own name. Among the remarkable buildings, we may mention the ducal palace, containing a fine picture-gallery and museum. Lat. 530 36' N., Lon. 110 30' E. Pop. above 13,000. (P. C.) SCHWITZ or SCHWYZ, shwits, a canton in the N. E. central part of Switzerland, which has given its name to the whole confederation. It is intersected by the 47th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 80 50' E. Lon., and borders on the L. of Lucerne. Area, 341 sq. m. Pop. 496 SCI-SCO Fate, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66, as in good; 40,650. (P. C.) Schwitz, the capital, stands about 3m. N. E. of the L. of Lucerne, and has a pop. of about 4,000. SCILf-LY ISLANDS, a group belonging to England, lying about 30 m. W. by S. from Land's End. There are a great number of islets and rocks, but only a few islands of any importance; St. Mary's, the largest, contains between 2 and 3 sq. m. The pop. of the entire group in 1831 was only 2,465. (M.) Sci/-o, or sheet-o, (Mod. Gr. CHIo (XCo),Heel-o; Anc. Chilos;) a fertile and beautiful i. belonging to Turkey, ia the XEgean Sea, intersected by the parallel of 38~ 30' N. Lat., and the 26th meridian of E. Lon., and separated from Asia Minor by the Strait of Scio, which is about 5 rn. wide. Length about 35 m.; greatest breadth 13 m. In 1820 the pop. was estimated at 100,000, but, in consequence of so many of the inhabitants having been massacred or carried into slavery, in the late Greek war, it has been reduced, it-is said, to less than 20,000. (P. C.) The wine of Chios is celebrated as among the best in the Levant, and it had the same reputation in ancient times. Chios claims the honour of having given birth to Homer. —idj. and inhab. CHIOT, keel-ot; or CHII-AN. when the ancient island is referred to. Scd-o-Tro, a r. of Ohio, which rises in the S. W. central part of the state, and, flowing at first south-easterly, and afterwards nearly S., falls into the Ohio r. at Portsmouth. It is about 200 rn. long, and is navigable for boats 130 m. SCIOTO, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 18,428. Co. t. Portsmouth. SCOT/-LAND, a country occupying the northern portion of the island of Great Britain, between 540 381 and 58~ 41' N. Lat., and 1~ 46' and 6~ 13' W. Lon. It is bounded on all sides by the sea, except on the S., where it is separated from England by Solway Frith, the Cheviot hills and the Tweed. Length, from N. to S., about 280 m.; greatest breadth above 170 miles. Area 26,014 square miles. The population by the census of 1851 was 2,870,784. The kingdom with its dependencies, is divided into thirty-two counties. Before the accession of James VI. (afterwards James 1. of England), to the English throne, in 1603, Scotland constituted an independent kingdom. Till the Union, which was consummated in the reign of queen Anne, though under the same sovereign with England, it still had its own parliament. According to the Articles of Union, ratified Jan. 16, 1707, the peerage of Scotland is represented in the house of lords of the United Kingdom by 16 peers, chosen by the whole body of Scotch peers at the commencement of each parliament. The counties were to be represented-by 30 members in the house of commons, and the boroughs by 15 members. This arrangement continued till11832, when:the borough representation received an addition of 8 members, making in all 53. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, and was formerly the residence of the Scottish kings.-Adj. SCOTCH or SCOTI-TISHI; inhab. SCOT or SCOTCHI-MAN. SCOTLAND, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on Iowa. Pop. 3,782. SCO-SEG 497 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SCOTT, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Va., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 9,829. Co. t. Estillville. SCOTT, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 3,961. Co. seat, Hillsborough. SCOTT, a co. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on the Indian territory. Pop. 3,083. Co. t. Booneville. SCOTT, a CO. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., E. of Frankfort. Pop. 14,946 Co. t. Georgetown. SCOTT, a co. in the S. part of Ind., near the Ohio r. Pop. 5,885. Co. t. Lexington. SCOTT, a CO. in the W. part of Ill., E. of, and bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 7,914. Co. t. Winchester. SCOTT, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,182. Co. t. Benton. SCOTT, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 5,986. SCRIv/-FN, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 6,847. Co. t. Jacksonbot'ough. SCUTARI, scool-ta-re, (called by the Turks Is'-koo-daRl; Anc. Chrysoptolis,) a commercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, of which it is regarded as a suburb. Pop. estimated at 35,000. (B.) SCUTARI (Turk. Is-kan-der-eetyeh; Illyrian, Scot-dr'a), a town and formerly an important fortress of European Turkey, in Albania, on a lake of its own name. Lat. about 420 N., Lon. 19~ 30' E. The pop. which perhaps formerly amounted to 35,000 or 40,000, cannot, at present, exceed 20,000. (B.) SEARI-CY, a co. in the N. part of Ark., a little S. W. of White r. Pop. 1,979. SEBASTIAN, ST., sent se-bastf-yun, (Sp. pron. San Sebastian, sAn shbas-te-Ant), a seaport t. and fortress of Spain, cap. of Guipuzcoa, on a tongue of land which projects into the Bay of Biscay. It was burnt by the English and Portuguese, in 1813, and has since been rebuilt on a regular plan, and is now one of the handsomest towns in Spain. Lat. 43~ 19' 30" N. Lon. 1~ 58' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) SEDAN, sed-ANI, a fortified t. of France, the largest in the dep. of Ardennes, on the Meuse, 13 m. E. S. E. of Mezieres. It has been noted for its woollen manufactures since the time of Louis XIV. Lat. 490 42' N., Lon. 40 58' E. Pop. 14.000. (B.) SEEVAS, commonly written SIvAS, see'-vAst, (Anc. Cabitra; afterwards Sebasfte,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet of its own name. Lat. 39~ 20' N., Lon. about 370 E. Pop. uncertain: it is said to contain about 6,000 families. (P. C.) SEE-WAH (Siwah), the modern name of the oasis of Ammon, once so celebrated for its temple and oracle of Jupiter. The town of Seewah is in 29~ 12' N. Lat., and 260 17' E. Lon. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) SEao, a city of Africa, cap. of the kingdom of Bambarra, on both 42* 498 SEG-SEN Fate, far, f All, f"at; me, met; pine, or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; sides of the Joliba, near 13~ N. Lat. and 50 W. Lon. Pop. estimated by Park at about 30,000. (P. C.) SEGORBE, si-goRl-ba, (Anc. Segobtriga), a t. of Spain, in Valencia, remarkable for its Roman antiquities. Lat. 39~ 54' N., Lon. 00 30' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) SE-GOI-VX-4 (Sp. pron. sh-gof-ve-?t), an ancient city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated 48 in. N. N. W. of Madrid. It is surrounded by thick walls, built by the Moors, and strengthened at intervals with turrets. Among its public buildings may be mentioned the vast and handsome Cathedral, and the Mint, said to be the oldest place of coinage in the kingdom. Among other antiquities, there is an aqueduct, above 2,100 ft. in length, supposed to have been built by Trajan. Lat. 410 N., Lon. 40 7' W. Pop. 13,000. (B.)^ SEINE, sane, (Anc. Seqluana,) an important r. of France, which rises in the dep. of Cote d'Or, and, flowing in a general north-westerly course, falls into the English Channel (La Manche), in about 490 27' N. Lat., and 0~ 4' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated by Malte Brun at 470 m. Vessels of 250 and 300 tons can ascend to Rouen; the shifting sands at the mouth of the river impede the ascent of larger vessels. The Seine is navigable for boats drawing 6 ft. water, to Paris, and for smaller ones as far as MWry (mer'-rel), in the dep. of Aube. The course of the river below Paris is extremely tortuous, so that the distance to Rouen by water is probably 3 or 4 times as great as it is in a direct line. Steamboats take two days for the descent, and four for the ascent: those passing between Paris and Havre require nearly double the time. (P. C.) SEINE, a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, intersected by the above river. Though the smallest, it is the most populous department in the kingdom. Pop. 1,106,891. (B.) Capital, Paris. SEINE, LowER (Fr. Seine Infdrieure, sane aN'-f'-re-UR/), a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Seine and the English Channel. Pop. 720,525. (B.) Capital, Rouen. SEINE AND MARNE (Fr. Seine-et-Marne, sane A maRn), a dep. in the N. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Seine and Marne. Pop. 325,881. (B.) Capital, Melun. SEINE AND OIsE (Fr. Seine-et-Oise, sane a waz —almost wize), a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, on the rivers Seine and Oise. Pop. 449,582. Capital, Versailles. SELI-KIrJR, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Scotland, about 30 m. S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 7,990. Also, a small t., cap. of the above, on the Ettrick, an affluent of the Tweed, 31 m. S. S. E. of Edinburgh. SEMf-LIN, a commercial t. of the Austrian empire, in Slavonia, on the Danube, 3 m. N. W. of Belgrade. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) SEMPACII, seml-paE, a little t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, on the E. side of a lake to which it gives its name, memorable for a victory gained in its vicinity in 1386, by a Swiss band of about 1.400 men, over an Austrian force of nearly three times that number. SEN-E-C.A, a co. in the W. central part of N. Y., lying chiefly be SEN-SER 499 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; A, nearly like ng. tveen the Seneca and Cayuga lakes. Pop. 25,441. Co. towns, Ovid and Waterloo. SENECA LAKE, a lake in the W. central part of N. Y., 6 or 7 m. W. of the Cayuga Lake, about 35 m. long, and from 2 to 4 m. wide. Steamboats pass up and down it daily in the summer season. SENECA, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky r. Pop. 27,105. Co. t. Tiffin. SEN'-E-GALt, a large r. of W. Africa, the sources of which have not been explored. It is formed by the union of the Ba (ba)* Fing and the Ba Woolima (or Oolema), which takes place near 140 10' N. Lat., and 100 30' W. Lon. About 15 m. below, there is a cataract called the Feeloo Falls, said to be 80 ft. in height. The general course of the river is at first N. W., and afterwards W.; it enters the Atlantic by two channels, between 16~ and 16~ 40' N. Lat., and near 160 30' W. Lon. It is navigable for vessels drawing 10 or 12 ft. water, as far as Podor, near 15~ W. Lon., and for boats several hundred miles further. The tide is perceptible in the Senegal, for upwards of 60 leagues inland. (M.) SEN-E-GAMt-BX-A, a name given by geographers to a region on the W. coast of Africa. Originally, it was applied to the countries settled by Europeans, between the Senegal and Gambia; but it is now used to designate the whole of that part of Africa which is XV. of Soodan, and between the Great Desert and Guinea, lying between the 10th and 17th parallels of N. Lat., and the 6th. and 18th meridians of W. Lon.-Adj. SEN-E-GAMI-BX-.-AN. SENLIS, sAN'-leesf, (Anc. Augustomtagus, afterwards Silvanecetes,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on the Nonette, an affluent of the Marne, 27 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 490~ 12' N., Lon. 2~ 35' E. Pop. 5,016. (P. C.) SENNAAR2 sen-naarf, a country in the N. E. part of Africa, belonging to Egypt, situated at the junction of the two great branches of the Nile, S. of 160 N. Lat. Its boundaries are imperfectly known. It was formerly an independent state, and one of the most powerful in that part of Africa. SENS, SAN, (Anc. Agenfdicum or Agedinrcum, afterwards Senfones,) a commercial and manufacturing t. of France, and the seat of an archbishopric, situated in the dep. of Yonne, on the river Yonne. Lat. 480 12' N., Lon. 30 17' E. Pop. 9,029. (M.) SER\-A1M-PORE or SERAM1POR, a t. of Hindostan, belonging to the English, on the river Hoogly, about 12 m. above Calcutta. Here is a Protestant missionary station, with a press, in which numerous translations of the Bible have been printed; and a college for instructing the natives in the European and Asiatic languages. Lat. 22~ 45' N., Lon. 880 26' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Till lately, this t. belonged to the Danes. SERES, ser-es, an archiepiscopal t. of European Turkey, 47 rn. N. E. " Ba, signifies "water" or "river:" it is probably from the same toot as btahr in Arabic, and ab or aub in Persian. 500 SER-SEV Fite, far, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, n6t; 66, as in good; of Salonica, remarkable as the centre of the cotton culture in this part of the Ottoman empire. It has manufactures in cotton and linen, and carries on an active trade. Lat. 41~ 4' N., Lon. 23~ 36' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.), which number, however, is reduced to 15,000 in summer, on account of the insalubrity of the situation. SERINGAPATAM, ser-ingf-ga-p.4-tamt, a decayed t. and fortress of Hindostan, formerly the cap. of Mysore, on a small i. in the Cauvery. Lat. 12~ 25' N., Lon. 760 42' E. In its immediate vicinity is a rnafg nificent mausoleum, built by Hyder All, under which are interred his remains and those of his son Tippoo Saib. The pop., which, under Hyder Ali and Tippoo, was estimated at 150,000, was reduced, in 1820, to less than 10,000. (B.) SERINGHAM. See TRICHONOPOLY. SERVAN, SAINT, SaN seR -V'tNf, a well-built seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, on the Rance, at its moitbh, in the English Channel, a little S. of St. Malo. Lat. 48~0 38' N., Lon. 2~ W. Pop., including the commune, 9,948. (M.) * SERI-v-.A (Turk. Seerb Vil-a-yetf-ee), a principality in the central part of Turkey in Europe; bounded on the N. and N. E. by the Austrian dominions and Wallachia, from which it is divided by the Save.and the Danube, E. by Bulgaria, S. by Roomelia, and W. by Bosnia. Length, from E. to W., about 170 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 160 m. The pop. is vaguely estimated at between half a million and a million of inhabitants, who are mostly of the Greek church. The Servians enjoy at present a considerable degree of liberty, and possess the exclusive right of taxing themselves. In return they pay a fixed amount of tribute yearly to the Ottoman emperor. Belgrade is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. SERf-VA-AN. SETUBAL, sh-toof-bal, or ST. UBRs, fibz, a seaport and commercial t. of Portugal, in the prov. of Estremadura, on a bay of its own name. Lat. 38~ 29' N., Lon. 80 53'?TW. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) SEV'-AS-TOI-POL, a fortified seaport t. of European Russia, and the principal station of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea, situated on the W. coast of the Crimea. Lat. 440 36' N., Lon. 330 30' E. Pop. 10,000, exclusive of about 30,000 troops, who are employed on the fortifications, or encamped about the town. (P. C.) SEV-EgRN, originally called HAFREN, the second r. of England in magnitude and importance. It rises on the E. side of Mount Plinlimfmon, in Montgomeryshire, Wales, and, flowing at first north-easterly, then E., afterwards south-easterly, and at last south-westerly, term; nates in a wide estuary or bay called the Bristol Channel, after a course of about 200 m. It is navigable to Welshpool, in the E. part of Montgomeryshire, a distance of above 170 m. The Bristol Channel is near 80 m. in length, and 50 in. in its greatest breadth. SEVIER, sev-eerl, a co. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on Red r. and the Indian Territory. Pop. 4,240. Co. t. Paraclifta. SEVIER, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,920, Co. t. Sevierville. SEV-SHA 501 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SEVI-ILLE" or SE-VILLE/ (Sp. Sevilla, sk-veell-ya; Anc. Ispalis or Hispalis; Arab. Ishbeelia); an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Guadalquivir, 66 in. N. N. E. of Cadiz, and about 230 m. S. S. W. of Madrid. Among many remarkable edifices which adorn this city, may be mentioned the Cathedral, a magnificent and imposing structure, said to be the largest church in Spain; the belfry of the cathedral is a lofty square tower, having on its top a colossal bronze statue of Faith, 14 ft. high, and bearing a flag and palm branch, which, though of the enormous weight of 3,600 pounds, turns on a pivot, and is so delicately poised as to indicate the slightest variation of the wind, whence the tower has received the name of Giralda (He-ralf-da) or " Weathercock;" the height of the top of the statue fromn the ground is about 330 English feet: and the Alcazar (Al-kAt.thar-in Arabic Al Kasr), the ancient palace of the Moorish kings. The most remarkable of the monuments of antiquity is the Cafios de Carmona (kUnt-yoce d'a kaa-mol-nd), a superb aqueduct, with 410 arches, built by the Romans, and restored by the Moors; it still supplies the city with water. Seville possesses a university, founded in 1502; a celebrated school of navigation, called San-Telmo; and many other establishments for education. Lat. 370 24' N., Lon. 50 48' W. Pop. about f1,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. SEVILIAN, se-vilY-yun; (Sp. Sevillano, sh-veel-yal-no..) SkVRE, saivr, the name of two small rivers in the W. of France, one of which, the Sevre Nantaise (naN'-taze/), flows into the Loire, near Nantes; the other, called the Sevre Niortaise (ne-oR'-tazel) passes by Niort, and falls into the sea, 33 m. W. of that town. SkVRaEs, THE Two (Fr. Deux-Sevres, duh saivr), a dep. in the W. of France, which derives its name from the above rivers. Pop. 304,105. (B.) Capital, Niort. SHANI-Nr9N, the largest and most important r. in Ireland; it rises in the N. W. part of the co. of: Cavan, and, flowing at first southerly, and afterwards south-westerly, falls into the Atlantic, near 520 30' N. Lat., and 10~ W. Lon. In its course it traverses several lakes, the principal of which are Lough Allen, Lough Ree, and Lough Derg. Towards its termination, the river widens into an estuary from 1 or 2 to 10 m. broad. The whole length of the Shannon is about 220 m., and it is navigable for 214 m., or to within 6 or 7 m. of its source! (M.) SHANNON, a large co. in the south-eastern part of Mo. Pop. 1,199. SHATTt-EL-ARAB, shat-el-h!-rab, a r. of Persia, formed by the union of "'Fair is proud SEVILLE;- let her country boast Her strength, her wealth, her site of ancient days." Clilde Harold, Canto I.' —--- By what reasoning my poor mind Was from the old idolatry reclaimed, None better knows than SEVILLE'S mitred chief. SOUTHEY'S Roderick, Book XX. t Shatt or Shat signifies the bank of a river subject to inundation. 502 SHE —SHI Fahte, fAr, f'all, fat; mu, mft; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good, the Tigris and Euphrates: it discharges itself into the Persian Gulf by numerous mouths. Length about 130 m. SHE-BOYI-GAN, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Mi. chigan. Pop. 8,378. SHEER-NESSI, a small seaport t., fortress, and royal dockyard of England, in Kent, at the confluence of the Medway and Thames, 37 m. E. by S. of London. SHEFI-FIELD, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Ridinog of Yorkshire, 29 m. S. of Leeds, and 140 m. N. N. W. of London. It has communication, by railroads and canals, with all the principal towns of England. The Don, which is navigable to within 3 m. of the town, is connected with it by a side canal. Rich mines of coal and iron exist in the vicinity, and have given direction to the manufacturing industry of the place. Cutlery forms the principal branch of business; and, in this manufacture, Sheffield stands before every other town in the British empire. Pop. 68,186. SHELI-BY, a co. in the N. central part of Ala., W. of, and bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 9,536. Co. t. Columbiana. SHELBY, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 31,157. Co. t. Raleigh. SHELBY, a co. in the N. part of Ky., E. of Louisville. Pop. 17,095. Co. t. Shelbyville. SHELBY, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 13,958. Co. t. Sidney. SHELBY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., a little S. E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 15,502. Co. t. Shelbyville. SHELBY, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ill., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 7,807. Co. t. Shelbyville. SHELBY, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Mississippi r. Pop. 4,253. Co. t. Shelbyville. SHEN'-AN-DOI-AH, a r. in the N. E. part of Va., which flows into the Potomac, at Harper's Ferry. SHENANDOAH, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., W. of, and bordering on the above r. Pop. 13,768. Co. t. Woodstock. SHET-L.AND, a group of islands, about 120 m. N. E. of the N. extremity of Scotland, which, excluding the two detached islands, called Foula and Fair Isle, lie between 590 52' and 600 50' N. Lat., and 0' 45' and 10 45' W. Lon. Total area estimated at 880 sq. m. Pop. 30,558. SHi —wAsf-srEE, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., on a r. of the same name, which flows into the Saginaw r. Pop. 5,230. Co. t. Corunna. SHIELDS, SOUTH, a seaport t. of England, on the Tyne, near its mouth, about 8 m. below Newcastle. Pop., including the chapelry of Westoe, 23,072. SHIRAZ, she'-rAz! or sbeef-raz, a celebrated but decayed city of Per. sia, formerly the cap. of the empire, situated in a beautifiul and fertile SI1 —SIB 503 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. valley, a little more than 200 m. S. S. E. of Ispahan. Lat. 290 36' N., Lon. 52~ 44' E. Pop. probably about 30,000. (B.) SHIRVAN, shir'-vanf, (Schirvan,) lately a prov. of Persia, now belonging to Russia. It borders on Georgia and the Caspian Sea. SHoA, shot-a, (or Shwa,) an independent kingdom in the S. part of Abyssinia. Having suffered less ffom civil wars, it appears to be more populous, and better cultivated, than the other parts of that extensive country. SHOOMLA (Schumla), shoomt-la, sometimes written SHOOMNA, a manufacturing and commercial t. and important fortress of European Turkey, on the road between Roostchook and Constantinople, about 190 m. N. N. W. of the latter town. Lat. 430 15' N., Lon. near 270 E. Pop. estimated at from 20,000 to 30,000. (B. and M.) SHOOSt-TER or SHUI-STER, a decayed city of Persia, formerly the cap. of the prov. of Khoozistan, on the Karoon. Lat. 320 N., Lon. about 490 E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) SHREwsBURY, shrozef-ber-re, or shruzel-ber-re, a t. of England, cap. of Shropshire, on the Severn, 138 m. N. W. of London. Pop. pf the borough, including an area of about 23 sq. m., 18,285. SHROPl-SHIRE, called otherwise the county of SAT-LQP, a co. in the W. part of England, intersected by the Severn, and bordering on Wales. Pop. 239,048. SHUMLA. See SHOOMLAo SHUSTER. See SHOOSTER. S1-AM/ or se'-aml (called, by the Birmese, Yoo-dr&A), an extensive country of Chin-India, between 50 and 200 N. Lat., and about 980 and 1040 E. Lon. Its extent and boundaries, especially towards the N., are very imperfectly known: on the W. it borders on the r. Tenasserim and the British provinces of this name; on the S. it is bounded by in. dependent Malacca and the Gulf of Siam. Population estimated at 3,600,000. (B.) Siam is extremely rich in natural productions. Rice is particularly abundant, and is exported in large quantities. The fruits of this country are noted for their richness and exquisite flavour. Boodhism is the prevailing religion of the Siamese. The government is an absolute despotism. Capital, Bangkok.-Adj. and inhab. Si-AM-E5.tE. SIAM, GULF OF, is situated between the Malay peninsula, on the W., and Cambodia on the E. Length, about 500 m.; greatest breadth, 350 m. Si-BEI-RX-A, a vast territory belonging to Russia, and occupying the whole northern part of the Asiatic continent. It is situated betweer, 470 30' and 770 40' N. Lat., and 590 and 190~ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the K..,inese empire and Independent Tartary, and W. by Europe. Length, from E. to W., about 4,000 m.; greatest breadth, from No to S., near 2,000 mo Area estimated at 5,333,000 sq. mn. The pop., including the Circassian provinces, was estimated by Balbi, in 1826, at 3,600,000.-Adj. and inhab. r,4~-~~ 504 SIC-SIL Fate, far, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in goodi SICILY, sisL-sil-e, (Anc. Sicillia; It. Sicilia, se-cheefl-e-a,) the most important i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Neapolitan kingdom, situated between 36~ 38' and 38~ 19' N. Lat., and 12~ 25' and 15~ 40' E. Lon. It is separated from the S. extremity of Italy by the Strait (or Faro) of Messina, which, in its narrowest part, is only about 2 m. wide. Its form resembles a triangle, whence it was called by the ancients Trinacria.* Length, a little more than 180 m.; greatest breadth, measuring from the N. E. to the S. E. angle of the island, 117 m. Area estimated at 9,900 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, above 2,000,000. (P. C.) Sicily has always been noted for its fertility, and was anciently regarded as the granary of Rome. Palermo is the capital.Adj. and inhab. SICILIAN, se-sil'-yun. SIDI —MouH, a watering place and small seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, 13 m. E. S. E. of Exeter. SI-ENI-NA, or, more properly, SIENA, se-enf-a, (Anc. Seflna Jutlia, or simply Sena,) an archiepiscopal city of Central Italy, in Tuscany, cap. of a prov. of its own name, 30 m. S. by W. of Florence. Among its public edifices may be mentioned the Cathedral, which is one of the oldest in Italy, and may be regarded as a gallery of the fine arts, being richly adorned with the most superb productions in sculpture and painting; the pavement is a kind of mosaic-work: Siena has a university, attended by about 300 students, a town library of 50,000 vols., and several other institutions for the promotion of learning. In the middle ages, Siena was the capital of a republic which acted a conspicuous part in the drama of those times. In the early part of the 14th century, the pop. of the town and suburbs amounted to 180,000. (P. C.) Lat. 430 22' N., Lon. 110 10' E. Present pop. about 19,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. SI'-EN-EfSEf. SI-ERa-RA LE-OI-NE (properly Leona), a cape on the W. coast of Africa, near 80 30' N. Lat.: also, an English colony in its vicinity, established in 1787. Since the abolition of the slave trade, in 1807, the slaves captured by the British cruisers have been settled here, and these now form much the largest portion of the population of the colony. The climate on this part of the African coast is singularly unhealthy, owing to a combination of extreme humidity with a uniformly high temperature. Pop. in 1839, about 42,000. (P. C.) Freetown, the capital, stands on the N. bank of the r. Sierra Leone, near its mouth. Lat. 8~ 30' N., Lon. 13~ 15' W. Pop. above 6,000, among whom are about 120 Europeans. (P. C.) SIGMARINGEN. See HOHENZOLLERN. SILESIA, si-leef-she-a, (Ger. Schlesien, shlWt-se-en n; Polish, Szlask, shlbNsk,) a country in the N. E. part of Germany, lying around the upper portion of the Oder; bounded on the N. by Posen, E. by Poland, S. E. by Austrian Galicia, S. by Moravia, and S. W. by Bohemia; now divided between Austria and Prussia.-Adj. and inhab. SILESIAN, si-leefshe-an. * From rpeLs (treis) "three," and aKpOV (akron), a "point or promontory.' SIL-SKY 505 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SrLESIA, AUSTRIAN, a territory now forming a part of the prov. of Moravia. Area, 1,750 sq. m. Pop. 430,000. (P. C.) SILESIA, PRUSSIAN, an important prov. forming the S. E. portion of the Prussian monarchy. Area, 15,600 sq. m. Pop. 2,868,820. (P. C.) SIL-ISf-TRI-& (called Drist-tra by the Turks), a fortified city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, cap. of an eyalet of the same name, on the Danube, 63 m. E. N. E. of Roostchook. Lat. about 440 10' N., Lon. 27~ 10' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) SIMBIRSK or SIMI-BEERSHI, a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Volga. Lat. 540 15' N., Lon. 48~ 30' E. Pop. 13,500. (P. C.) SIM-PHER-OI-POL (Simferopel) or AKMETCHET, a t. of European Russia, in the Crimea, cap. of the gov. of Taurida. Lat. about 450 N., Lon. 340 4' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) SIMPI-SON, a CO. in the S. central part of Miss., E. of, and bordering on Pearl r. Pop. 4,734. Co. seat, Westville. SIMPSON, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,733. Co. t. Franklin. SINDE, an extensive country in the N. W. part of Hindostan, comprising the lower portion and delta of the Indus, situated between 230 and 28~ N. Lat., and 67~ and 71~ E. Lon. It now belongs to the British. SINGAPORE, sing'-g'a-poref, or SINGAPOOR, an important and flourishing commercial settlement belonging to the British, at the S. extremity of the Malay peninsula, including the island of Singapore (about 25 m. in length), and a number of islets in the vicinity. Its port has been declared free. Pop. in 1836, 29,984. (P. C.) ST-OOT/ (Siout-Anc. Lycopfolis), also written Es-SIOOT, a considerable t., regarded as the cap. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. In its vicinity are many interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 270 13' N., Lon. 31~ 13' E. Pop. estimated at from 12 to 20,000. (B.) Sioux, usually pronounced soo, (Fr. pron. se-ool,) a numerous and powerful nation of Indians inhabiting the territory between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. SIS-TOt-VA or SHTAB, a manufacturing and commercial t. of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. Lat. 43~ 38' N., Lon. 250 20' E. Pop. estimated at 21,000. (B.) SIWAH. See SEEWAr. SKAGtI-ER RACK (i. e. Skagen Rack,* the " crooked strait of Skagen"'.) the channel which connects the Cattegat with the North Sea. SKAGEN (the Skaw) is a cape forming the N. point of Jutland. SKXNE, skbf-nA, a fbrmer prov. occupying the S. part of Sweden. SKIB\-BER-EENI, a thriving t. near the S. W. extremity of Ireland, in the co. of Cork. Lat. 510 33' N., Lon. 90 15' W. Pop. 4,430. (M.) SKYE, an i. of Scotland, after Lewis the largest of the Hebrides, between 570 3' and 570 41' N. Lat., and 50 36' and 6~ 46' W. Lon. It is about 38 m. in length, and 23 m. in its greatest breadth. Area esti* Rack signifies a passage difficult to navigate on account of its sudden bending. It is probably from the same -root as the Anglo-Saxon Hraca or Raca and the German Rac:hcn, signifying " throat." 43 2H 506 SLA-SMY Fhte, fAr, fAll, fat; my, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n)t; 66 as in good; mated at 537 sq. m. Pop. 23,082. It belongs to the co. of Inverness. SLAV-0'-NI-A or SCLAVONIA, a prov. of the Austrian empire, between the r. Save, on the S., and the Danube and Drave, on the N., extending from about 440 40' to near 46~ N. Lat., and from 16~ 40' to 20~ 30' E. Lon. Area 3,600 sq. m. Pop. 315,000. (M.) The Slavonians (Lat. Sclavi/ni; Gr. 1xxca6rvo&), appear to have possessed, during the decline of the Roman empire, the greater portion of E. Europe. The Poles, Bonemians, Illyrians, and Russians are considered to be of Slavonic origin. -Adj. SLAV-O1-NX-iN, SLA.V-OD/-IC, and SLAVI-IC; inhab. SLAVONIAN. SLESf-WICIK (Dan. Slesvig, slesl-vip; Ger. Schleswig, shlest-WiG), a duchy belonging to Denmark, comprising the S. part of the peninsula of Jutland, between 540 15' and 550 30' N. Lat., and 8~ 37' and 100 14' E. Lon. Area 3,450 sq. m. Pop. about 340,000. (P. C.) SLESWICK, a seaport t. of Denmark, cap. of the above duchy, on an arm of the sea called the Slie (slee). Lat. 540 31' N., Lon. 90 34' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) SL,-GO, a co. in the N. W. part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 171,765. (P. C.) SLIGo, a seaport t. of Ireland, cap. of the above county, on a bay of the same name. Lat. 540 17' N., Lon. S8 25' W. Pop. in 1831, 15,152. (P. C.) SLOBODE UKRAINA, slof-bo-dA oo-krA-eet-nA, otherwise called KHARKOF, a gov. in the S. part of European Russia, N. of the Sea of Azof. It derives the prefix of Slobode from its having been settled, in the 17th century, by Cossacks, who founded here five large villages-Slo'bodA signifying a Cossack village. Capital, Kharkof. S.MiLAND, smol-lAnd, a former prov. occupying the S. E.. part of Sweden, now divided into the districts or lans of Calmar, Wexio, and J6nkoping. SMITH, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 4,071. Co. seat, Raleigh. SMITH, a Co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky. and the Cumberland r. Pop. 18,412. Co. t. Carthage. SMO-LENSKI, sometimes written SMOLENSKO, a strongly fortified t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dnieper. It is remarkable as the scene of the first serious conflict between the French and Russians, in the campaign of 1812, when it was set on fire, and two-thirds of it reduced to ruins. Lat. 540 50' N., Lon. about 320 E. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) SMYRNA, smijr-na, (Turk. Iz-meerf,) an ancient and celebrated city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, and the principal emporium of Western Asia, situated on the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the extremity of a gulf of its own name, which forms a convenient and capacious harbour. The town, with its domes and minarets, has a fine appearance when approaching it from the sea, but a great part of the interior consists of mean wooden houses, with narrow, crooked, dirty, ill-paved streets. Smyrna is the residence of a mollah of the first class; also, of a Greek and an Armenian archbishop. Lat. 380 28' N., Lon. 27~ 7' E. Pop. estimated at above 130,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. SMYR'-NI-OT. SMY-SON1 507 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SMYTHE, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., on the sources of the Holstorl r. Pop. 8,162. Co. t. Marion. SN6OW-DCN, a mountain of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, about 10 mn. S. E. of Caernarvon. It is the highest mountain in Great Britain, S. of the Scottish border, having an elevation of 3,571 ft. above the sea. SNOW HILL, a port of entry of Md., cap. of Worcester co., on the Pocomoke r., about 90 m. S. E. of Annapolis. SOCIETY ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific, between 16~ and 18~ S. Lat., and 148~ and 156~ W. Lon. Of these islands, Tahiti or Otaheite is by far the largest and most important. (See TAHITI.) Among the others, we may name Raiatea (ri-a-tki-a), Eimeo or Aimeo (i-mhf-o), Huahine (hoo'-a-heef-nA), Borabora (bo'-rA-bof-ra) or Bolabola,* and Tahaa (t6-haAf) or Otaha. The inhabitants of these islands appear to be inferior in mental capacity to the Sandwich Islanders; but, through the indefatigable labours of the English missionaries, civilization has made very considerable progress among them, and most of them have embraced the Christian religion. They can generally read and write. A press has, for many years, been actively engaged in supplying them with publications in their own language.-Inhab. SOCIETY ISLANDER. SO-COI-TR4 or SO-CO1-TO-RA (Anc. Dioscoridis Insula), an i. in the Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Guardafui, intersected by the parallel of 12~ 30' N. Lat., and the 54th meridian of E. Lon. Length, about 80 m.; greatest breadth, 25 m. A large portion of Socotra is desert, though some parts are covered with abundant vegetation. Among other plants may be mentioned the Aloe Socotrina, yielding the Socotrine aloes of commerce, which forms the principal export of the island.-Adj. So-colTR..N, and SOCI-O-TR1NE; inhab. SOCOTRAN. SOFALA, so-faf-la, (supposed by some to be the Ophir mentioned in the Scriptures,) a decayed t. on the E. coast of Africa, near 20~ S. Lat., once the cap. of a kingdom of the same name, celebrated for the abundence of gold obtained there. It belongs to the Portuguese. SOISSONS, swas'-soNI, almost swi'-s6Nt, (Anc. Augustta Suesfsionum; afterwards Sueslsiones), a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the r. Aisne. Lat. 490 28' N., Lon. 30 20' E. Pop. 7,864. (M.) SOLEURE, SO'-lURf, (Ger. Solothurn, sot-lo-tooanf,) a canton in the N. N. W. part of Switzerland, intersected by the Aar. Area, 256 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 62,400. (P. C.) SOLEURE or SOLOTHURN (Anc. Salodufrum), the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the Aar, 18 m. N. by E. of Berne. The Cathedral of St. Ursus (or Urse), of this place, is regarded as the finest church in Switzerland. The Polish patriot, Kosciusko, died at Soleure, October, 1817, having resided here the last two years of his life. Lat. 470 12' N., Lon. 70 32' E. SOMERSET, sumt-er-set, a co. in the N. W. part of Maine, bordering on Canada. Pop. 35,581. Co. t. Norridgewock. * See SANDWICH ISLANDS: note. 508 SOM-SOU Fate, fAr, fill, fAt; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66, as in good; SOMERSET, a co. in the N. central part of N. J., on the head waters of the Raritan. Pop. 19,688. Co. t. Somerville. SOMERSET, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop. 24,416. Co. t. Somerset. SOMERSET, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on Del. and the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 22,456. Co. t. Princess Anne. SOMERSETSHIRE, suml-er-set-shir, a co. in the S.W. part of England, bordering on the Severn and the Bristol Channel. Pop. 435,982. SOMME, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 552,706. (B.) Capital, Amiens. SOODAN, soo-danf, or Bel-ed/ es Soo-danf, i. e. the "country of the blacks," a name employed to designate all the countries along the S. border of the Great Desert, from Dar Foor on the E. to Senegambia on the W., extending from about 25~ E. to 100 W. Lon. Its limits, on the N. and S., are almost or entirely unknown. SoO'-LOO! ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the Eastern Seas, between Borneo and Mindinao. SOOL-TAN-EEI-YEH (Sultanieh), an ancient city of Persia, once the cap. of that country, under the sovereigns of therace of Gengis-khan. It is now almost or quite deserted, but its magnificent ruins attest its former glory. Lat. about 36~ 30' N., Lon. 48~ 30' E. SOORABAYA (Surabaya), soo-ra'bi/-a, one of the principal seaports of Java, situated on the N. E. coast, at the mouth of a river of its own name. It is, after Batavia, the most flourishing and commercial town in the island. Lat. 70 14' S.. Lon. 112~ 41' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) SOPHIA, so-feeft-, (in Bulgarian, Triaditza, tre —a-dit'-sa,):a large manufacturing and commercial t. of European Turkey, cap. of a sandjack (or inferior pashalic) of its own name, and of the eyalet of Roomelia, on the Isker, an affluent of the Danube, about 310 m. W. N.W. of Constantinople. It is the residence of a Greek metropolitan and a Catholic archbishop; and possesses a flourishing trade and numerous manufactures. Lat. 42~ 37' N., Lon. 230~ 26 E. Pop. estimated at from 30,000 to 50,000. (B.) SORATA, NEVADO DE, n-vaIt-Do dk so-ral-ta, a mountain summit of S. America, in Bolivia, the highest in the New World, situated near the village of Sorata, in about 16~ S. Lat. and 680 40' W. Lon. Height, 3,948 toises or 25,250 English ft. (B.) See NEVADO. SO-RIA, sot-re-a (Anc. Numan!tia), a t. of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 113 m. N. E. of Madrid. Pop. 5,400. (B.) SOR-RENI-TO (Anc. Surren'ttlm), an archiepiscopal city of Naples, on the Bay of Naples, 18 m. S. E. of the metropolis, remarkable for the beauty of its situation and for being the birth-place of the poet Tasso. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) SOUDAN. See SOODAN. SOURABAYA. See SOORABAYA. SOUTHAMPTON, SUTH-bampf-ton, an important seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, on an inlet of the sea called Southampton Water, 70 m. SOU-SPA 509 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. W. S. W. of London. It forms a little co. of itself, with an area of only about 3 sq. m. Pop. 27,744. SOUTHAMPTON. See HAMPSHIRE. SOUTHAMPTON, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on Meherrin and Nottaway rivers, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 13,521. Co. t. Jerusalem. SOUTHWARK, SUTHI-ark. See LONDON. SOUTH-WA.RIK, a suburb of Philadelphia. SPA, spaw (Fr. and Flern. pron. spa), a little t. in the E. part of Belgium, 18 m. S. E. of Liege, celebrated for its medicinal springs and baths. Permanent pop. 3,600. (B.) SPAIN (Sp. Espafia, es-panI-y.a; Fr. Espagne, es'-pfif; Anc. Hispa!nia and Ibelria), an extensive and once powerful kingdom, occupying the greater portion of the peninsula which forms the S. W. extremity of Europe, situated between 360 2' and 430 47' N. Lat., and 30 21' E. and 90 16' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay and by France, S. E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, S. W. by the Atlantic, and W. and N. W. by Portugal and the Atlantic. Length, from E. N. E. to W. S. W., about 650 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 520 mi. Area, 183,200 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 13,900,000. (B.) Spain is sometimes divided by geographers into 13 parts, viz.: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Biscaya or Biscay, Catalonia, Estremadura, Galicia, Leon, Murcia, Navarre, New Castile, Old Castile, and Valencia, corresponding to the former kingdoms, principalities, &c. It is now divided, according to a royal decree, issued in 1833, into 49 small provinces, which, for the most part, take the name of their respective capitals. Roman Catholicism is the religion of Spain. The power of the Spanish sovereigns was formerly nearly or quite absolute; but, since the adoption of the new constitution (first promulgated in 1837), the legislative power is vested in the king and the cortes (koRt-tes), which is composed of two legislative bodies, chosen by the people, called the senate and the congrress of deputies. Madrid is the capital.-Adj. SPANI-ISH; inhab. SPANIARD, spant-yard. SPALATRO, spa-lal-tro, a seaport, the most populous and commercial t. in Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, opposite the Island of Brazza. It is chiefly interesting for the ruins of a magnificent palace, built by the Roman emperor Diocletian, to which he retired after abdicating the imperial throne (A. D. 305). This palace was constructed of a beautiful freestone, and is said to have covered an area of 9 acres! A large portion of the town of Spalatro has been built out of its ruins. Lat. 430 30' N., Lon. 16~ 26' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) SPANDAU, spanl-dou, also written SPANDOW, a strongly fortified t. Of Prussia, in Brandenburg, at the junction of the Havel (hW-vel) with the Spree, 7 m. W. of Berlin. Pop. 7,000. (B.) SP4Nt-iSH TOWN (or Santiago de la Vega, sAn-te-h1-go del-A v&-g&), the cap. of Jamaica, situated in the S. E. part of the island, on the r. Cobre, about 6 m. from the sea, and 11 m. W. by N. from Kingston. Pop. about 6,000. 43* 510 SPA-STA FAte, fAr, fall, fat; ma, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66, as in good, SPARI-TAN-BURG, a dist. in the N. W. part of S. C., bordering on N. C. Pop. 26,400. Seat of justice, Spartanburg c. h. SPECIA. See SPEZIA. SPENI-CER, a co. in the N. part of Ky., S. E. of Louisville. Pop. 6,842. Co. t. Taylorsville. SPENCER, a co. in the S. or S.W. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 8,616. Co. t. Rockport. SPEY, spA, a r. of Scotland, flowing into Murray Frith. SPEYER, pronounced and often written SPIRE (Anc. Noviomfagus, afterwards Nemeftes), an ancient city of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Rhine, on the Rhine, at the mouth of the Speyerbach. It has a collection of Roman and ancient German antiquities, a lyceum, and other institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 49~ 18' 55" N., Lon. 80 26' 37" E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) SPEZIA, spedl-ze-a, (sometimes written Specia,) a seaport t. of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives its name, and which forms one of the finest harbours in Europe. Lat. 440 5' N., Lon. 90 51' E. Pop. about 7,000. (P. C.) SPITZ-BERG!-EN, a group of desolate islands in the Arctic Ocean, being the northernmost land which has yet been discovered, situated between the 77th and 81st degrees of N. Lat., and the 10th and 25th of E. Lon. Their united area is perhaps equal to half that of Ireland. SPOLETO, spo-lI-Jto,(Anc. Spole'tum or Spoleftium,) a city of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of a delegation of the same name, 60 in. N. by E. of Rome. In its vicinity are a number of interesting antiquities. Lat. 42~ 45' N., Lon. 12~ 36' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) SPRINGI-FIELD, a flourishing t. of Mass., cap. of Hampden co., on tne E. side of the Connecticut r., and on the Boston and Albany Railroad, about 80 in., in a straight line, W. by S. from Boston. It contains a United States arsenal of construction. Pop. 11,766. SPRINGFIELD, the cap. of the state of Illinois and of Sangamon co. Lat. 390 48' N., Lon. 89~ 33' W. Pop. 4,533. ST. See SAINT. STAFI-FQRD, a t. of England, cap. of Staffordshire, 23 m. N. N.W. of Birmingham. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,245. STAFFORD, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., between the Rappahannock and Potomac. Pop. 8,044. Co. t. Falmouth. STAFI-FORD-SHIRE, a co. in the W. central part of England, intersected by the Trent and Mersey Canal. Pop. 510,504. STAM/-FQRD, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 80 m. N. by W. of London. Entire pop. 6,385. STAN'-LY, a co. in the S. part of N. C., on the W. side of the Yadkin r. Pop. 6,922. STARGARD, staRt-gart, a t. of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the navigable r. Ihna (eef-na), which flows into the Stettiner Haff, 21 in. E. by S. of Stettin. Pop. 9,000. (B.) STARK, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 39,878. Co. t. Canton. STARK, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ind. Pop. 557. STA —STO 511 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. STARK, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ill., a little W. of the Illinois r. Pop. 3,710. STAVANGER, stav-angr-ger, a seaport t. on the S. W. coast of Nor. way. Its cathedral is regarded as the finest in the kingdom. Lat. 58~ 58' N., Lon. 50 57' E. Pop. 3,800. (B.) STEI-PHEN-SO.N, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Wisconsin. Pop. 11,666. STETTIN, stet-teenf, an important commercial t., river-port, and fortress of Prussia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, and of the prov. of Pomerania, on the left bank of the Oder, about 36 m. from the junction of the Stettiner Haff with the Baltic. It has a gymnasium, with an observatory, a valuable library, and a number of other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 53~ 24' N., Lon. 14~ 36' E. Pop. above 32,000. (B.) STETTINER HAFF, stet-teel-ner hAff, a large haff or lagoon in the N. of Germany, which receives the waters of the Oder, N. of the t. of Stettin. Its length, exclusive of several small arms, is about 30 m.; greatest breadth 12 or 13 m. STEUI-BEN (often pronounced stu-bent), a co. in the S. S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 63,771. Co. t. Bath. STEUBEN, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 6,104. Co. t. Angola. STEUI-BEN-VILLE, a flourishing t. of Ohio, cap. of Jefferson co., on the Ohio r., 35 m., in a straight line, W. by S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 6,140. STEWV-XART, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 16,027. Co. t. Lumpkin. STEWART, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., on the Cumberland and Tennessee r., and bordering on Ky. Pop. 9,719. Co. t. Dover. STEYER, stire, a flourishing t. of Upper Austria, on the Enns, an affluent of the Danube, remarkable for its extensive manufactures in iron, among which we may particularize fire-arms, sword-blades, and razors; it is also the centre of an active trade. Lat. 486 3' N., Lon. 140 25' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) STIRI-LING, an ancient t. of Scotland, cap. of Stirlingshire, on the Forth, 30 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Its situation is in the highest degree beautiful and romantic. The view from the castle (once the residence of the Scottish kings), which stands on an abrupt basaltic rock, immediately over the river, and about 300 ft. in height, is perhaps the most magnificent in Great Britain. Pop. 8,307. STIRI-LING-SHIRE, a co. in the central part of Scotland, extending from the Frith of Forth to Loch Lomond. Pop. 82,057. STOCKI-HOLM, the cap., and the most important commercial and manufacturing town of Sweden, on the channel which connects L. Malaren with the Baltic, 24 m. from the latter. It is built partly on the mainland and partly on a number of islands in the above-mentioned channel. Its appearance to one approaching from the sea, is highly picturesque and imposing. The harbour, though of difficult entrance, is capacious and secure. Among the remarkable edifices cf the Swe. 512 STO-STR Fate, far, fXll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good, dish capital, may be mentioned the Royal Palace, which has great architectural beauty, and contains a library, a collection of paintings and antiquities; and the Church of Riddarholm, which contains the trophies of Sweden, and in which the Swedish kings and other distinguished persons are buried. Stockholm possesses an academy of sciences, with an observatory and an extensive library; an academy of belles lettres, history and antiquities; a college of mines, with a rich cabinet of natural history; and a great number of other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 59~ 20' 31" N., Lon. 18~ 3' E. Pop. 83,885. (P. C.) STOCKI-P6RT, an important manufacturing t. of England, in Cheshire, 6 m. S. E. of Manchester. Pop. of township, 28,431. STOCKI-TON, or S'rOCKTON-oN-TEEs, a seaport t. of England, co. of Durham, on the Tees, near its mouth. Lat. 540~ 34' N., Lon. 1018' W. Pop. of township, 9,825. STOCKTON. See CALIFORNTA. STODI-DARD, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., E. of, and bordering on the St. Francis r. Pop. 4,277. STOKE-UPON-TRENT, a parish of England, in Staffordshire, remarkable as the seat of extensive manufactures in earthenware. The town of Stoke is 14 m. N. by W. of Stafford. STORES, a co. in the N. W. part of N. C., bordering on Va. Pop. 9,205. Co. t. Germantown. STONE-HAI-VEN, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Kincardineshire, on the German Ocean, 14 m. S. by W. of Aberdeen. Lat. 56~ 56' N., Lon. 20 12' W. Pop. 3,012. STOI-NING-TON, a port of entry of Conn., in New London co., on a rocky point of land, which projects into the E. end of Long Island Sound, about 50 miles S. W. of Providence, with which it is connected by a railroad. Pop. 5,431. STOURI-BRIDOE, a t. of England, in Worcestershire, on the Stour, an affluent of the Severn, 18 m. N. N. E. of Worcester. Pop. 7,481. STRABANE, stra-ban/, a t. of Ireland, in Tyrone co., 14 m. S. S. VW. of Londonderry. Pop. 5,147. (M.) STRAFI-FORD, a co. in the S. E. part of N. H., on the Salmron Falls r., a branch of the Piscataqua. Pop. 29,364. Co. towns, Do-;er and Rochester. STRALSUND, strAlf-soont, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Prussia, in Pomerania, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the narrow strait which separates the i. of Rfigen from the continent. The celebrated fortifications of this place have been razed, and the ramparts converted -into public walks. (P. C.) Lat. 540 19' N., Lon. 13~ 32'E. Pop. 14,713. (M.) STRANRAER, stran-rawrl, a small seaport t. of Scotland, at the S. extremity of a small bay called Loch Ryan. Lat. 54~ 54' N., Lon. 50 2' W`. STRASI-BOURG (Fr. pron. Strass'-booRf; Ger. Strassburg, strlssfb66RG; Anc. Argentoratum); a strongly-fortified city of France, on its E. frontier, cap. of the dep. of Lower Rhine, arnd formerly of Alsace, on the Ill, near its confluence with the Rhine. The principal public STR -SUF 513 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. building is the Cathedral of Notre Dame (n6tr dam), one of the finest Gothic edifices that exist; its spire rises to the height of 500 or perhaps 530 English ft., being the highest in the world. Strasbourg is one of the most important commercial and manufacturing towns in France. It possesses an acadimie universitaire (before the French Revolution it had a Protestant university), a royal college, a public library of 50,000 vols. (P. C.), and many other literary and scientific institutions. The common language of the citizens of Strasbourg is German, but French is spoken by the educated classes. The Observatory is in Lat. 48~ 34' 40" N., Lon. 40 45' 12" E. Pop. 50,0(10. (B.) STRATI-FORD-UPON-A/-VQN, a little t. of England, in Warwickshire, on the Avon, 8 min. S. W. of Warwick, celebrated as the birth-place of Shakspeare. STUHLWEISSENBURG, stool-Wif-cen-b56RG', (Hung. Szekes Fejdrvhr, sh-kesh fA-yaiR-vaR,) a t. of Hungary, once the residence of the Hungarian kings, 35 m. S. W. of Buda. Pop. 13,000. (B.) STUTTI-GART or STUTTGARD (Ger. pron. stootf-gaRt), a city of Germany, cap. of the kingdom of Wfirtemberg, on a little stream called the Nesenbach (naf-zen-bax') near its confluence with the Neckar. It has been greatly embellished since the commencement of the present century. Among the remarkable buildings, may be mentioned the new Royal Palace, which is a noble structure, and contains a valuable collection of paintings and statues. The Public Royal Library contains 200,000 vols., among which is a unique collection of 12,000 Bibles, of 4,000 different editions, in 68 languages. (P. C.) Stuttgard has a gymnasium, with 30 professors, and numerous other institutions for education. Lat. 48~ 46' N., Lon. 90~ l'E. Pop. 40,000. (B.) STYR1A) STIRIA, stirle-a (Ger. Steyermark, stiler-mark), a country in the S. central part of Europe, intersected by the river Muhr. It belongs to Austria. Adj. and. inhab. Styrian or Stirian, stir/e-an. SUABIA, smwi!-be-a, a country in the S. of Germany, which, in the middle ages, constituted a powerful duchy, when the Suabians were the richest, most civilized, and most respected of all the nations of Germany. The name had disappeared from the maps of Germany, but a few years ago the king of Bavaria restored the ancient historical names, and gave that of Suabia to the circle of the Upper Danube. Suabia is supposed to be derived from the Suevi, an ancient and powerful German nation.-Adj. and inhab. SUABIAN, swil-be-an. SUDAN. See SOODAN. Suez, soot-ez (Arab. Soo-ezl) ISTHMUS OF, is situated between the N. extremity of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, and connects Africa with Asia. Its breadth, in the narrowest part, is about 65 m. SUFI-FOLK, a co. in the E. part of England, bordering on the German Ocean. Pop. 315,073. SUFFOLK, a co. in the E. part of Mass., on Massachusetts Bay. Pop. 144,507. Co. t. Boston. SUFFOLK, a co. of N. Y., occupying the E. portion of Long Island. Pop. 36,922. Seat of justice, Suffolk c. h. 514 SUI —SUN Fite, fAr, fAll, fat; mA, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, not; 66 as in good; SUIR, shure, a r. in the S. E. part of Ireland, flowing into Waterford harbour. SULI-LA-VAN, a co. in the W. part of N. H., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop. 19,375. Co. t. Newport. SULLIVAN, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 25,088. Co. t. Monticello. SULLIVAN, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on Va. Pop. 11,742. Co. t. Blountsville. SULLIVAN, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 10,141. Co. t. Merom. SUMATRA, soo-mrA-tra, an important i., the most westerly of the Malaisian group, and, next to Borneo, the largest in the eastern seas, between 50 50' N. and 6~ S. Lat., and 950 20' and 106~ E. Lon. Its length is above 1,000 m.; its greatest breadth about 240 in. The area is computed at 160,000 sq. m. Population vaguely estimated at 2,000,000. (M.) The vegetable productions of this island are those common to tropical countries; rice, pepper, and camphor are the most important. The quantity of pepper produced annually is estimated by McCulloch at 30,000,000 lbs., which is in fact more than the whole produce of pepper in all other parts of the globe. Sumatra was once noted for its gold, and a considerable quantity is still exported: it also contains rich mines of copper ore, which, however, are but little worked. The Dutch have possessions at Padang, Bencoolen, and other parts of the S.W. coast; but a large portion of the island is independent.Adj. and inhab. SUMATRAN, soo-mat-tran. SUMBAWA, sum-bawl-wa, an i. of Malaisia, between 8~ 20' and 9~0 20' S. Lat., and 1160 40' and 119~ 20'E. Lon. Length about 170 m.; greatest breadth above 60 m. The Dutch have established some sort of authority in the eastern districts, but a large portion of the island is independent. SUMI-MIT, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Cayahoga r. Pop. 27,485. Co. t. Akron. SUMI-NER, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., between the Cumberland r. and the border of Ey. Pop. 22,717. Co. t. Gallatin. SUM/-TER, a dist. in the E. central part of S. C., bordering on the Santee r. Pop. 33,220. Seat of justice, Sumlterville c. h. SUMTER, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 10,322. Co. t. Americus. SUMTER, a co. in the W. part of Ala., between the Tombigbee and the border of Miss. Pop. 22,250. Co. t. Livingston. SUNBURY, sunf-ber-re, a port of entry of Ga., in Liberty co., on the Medway r., at the head of St. Catherine's Sound. SUNv-DA, a term of unknown origin, which has been applied to the south-western and larger portion of Malaisia. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes, are often called the Greater Sunda Islands: the Lesser Sunda Islands are situated between 5~ and 110 S. Lat., and 114~ and 135~ E. Lon., including, besides many other smaller ones, the islands of Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali, and Timorlaut. SUN-SUS 515 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. SUNI-D.ER-LAND, a commercial t. and seaport of England, in the co. of Durhamn, on the Wear, at its entrance into the North Sea, and 13 m. N. E. of Durham, with which town it is connected by a railway. Shipbuilding is more extensively carried on here than anywhere else in the kingdom. Lat. 540 55' N., Lon. 1~ 21' W. Pop. 17,022. SUPERIOR, LAKE, the largest and most westerly of the five great lakes, which are connected with the St. Lawrence, between 46~ 35' andl 490 N. Lat., and 840 30' and 92~ 20' W. Lon. The length, followinog the bend of the lake, is about 400 m.; greatest breadth, above 160 m. Area estimated at 28,000 sq. m. The surface is about 640 ft. above the Atlantic; the mean depth is stated at 900 ft. Lake Superior is probably the largest body of fresh water on the globe. SURAT, soo-ratl, a large commercial city of Hindostan, cap. of Guzerat, on the Taptee, about 20 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of Cambay. Bombay has deprived it of a large part of that commerce for which it was formerly so celebrated; but it still carries on a considerable trade with Arabia, and possesses some flourishing manufactures. Lat. 21~ 11' N., Lon. 72~ 50' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 160,000, though some writers make it much higher. SURINAM. See GUIANA, DUTCH. SURISNAM, soo'-re-namf, a r. of South America, in Dutch Guiana, flowing into the Atlantic. Length, about 300 m. It is navigable for large ships about 4 leagues from the coast, and for river barges above 50 m. farther. SUR-RgEY, a co. in the S. E. part of England, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 582,678. SURI-RY, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 5,679. Seat of justice, Surry c. h. SURRY, a CO. in the N. N. W. part of N. C., bordering on Va. Pop. 18,443. Co. t. Rockford. SUS'-QUE-HAN!-N4, a large r. of the U. S., formed by the union of two principal branches. The E. branch rises in Otsego Lake, in the S. E. central part of N. Y., and, flowing in a general south-westerly course, is joined by the W. branch at Northumberland, about 43 m. N. of Harrisburg: their united waters then flow southerly, and fall into the N. extremity of Chesapeake Bay. Its whole length may be estimated at near 350 m. The navigation is obstructed in the lower part of its course by numerous rapids. SUSQUEHANNA, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., on the E. branch of the above r., and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 28,688. Co. t. Montrose. Susr-sEx, a co. in the S. E. part of England, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 299,753. SussEx, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of N. J. Pop. 22,989. Co. t. Newton. SUSSEX, the southernmost of the counties of Del. Pop. 25,935. Co. t. Georgetown. SussEx, a ce, in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Nottaway r. Pop. 9,280. Seat of justice, Sussex c. h. 516 SUT-SWI Fate, far, f1ll, fiat; mn, met; pine, or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good. SUTHI-ER-L&ND, a co. occupying the N. W. extremity of Scotland, and extendiug across the island to Dornoch Frith. Pop. 24,782. SU-WX/-NEE, a r. which rises in Ga., and flows through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. SWABIA. See SUABIA. SWANI-SEA, a seaport t. of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of the Tawe. Lat. 51~ 37' N., Lon. 3~ 55' W. Pop. 16,787. SWE1-DEN (in Swedish, Swerige, swerl-e-ogh), a monarchy in the N. W. part of Europe, comprising the E. part of the Scandinavian pe. ninsula, situated between 550 20' and 69~ N. Lat., and 11~ 10' and 24~ 20' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Norway and Russian Lapland, E. and S. E. by Russia and the Baltic, and W. by the Cattegat, the Skager Rack, and Norway. Length, above 950 m.; greatest breadth, about 260 m. Area estimated at 170,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1839, 3,109,772. (P. C.) The mines of Sweden form an important source of national wealth. Swedish iron is noted for its superior quality. There are some extensive copper mines; that at Fahlun is the most remarkable. (See FAHLUN.) The established religion of Sweden is the Lutheran. While all sects are tolerated, none but Lutherans can be promoted to any employment in the state. The government is a limited monarchy, hereditary in the male line. Sweden and Norway, though at present united under one king, have distinct and separate constitutions. Stockholm is the capital.-Adj. SWE/-DISH; inhab. SWEDE. SWINEMPiNDE, swee'-neh-mtin/-deh, (i. e. " Swinemouth,") a small commercial t. and seaport of Prussia, on the Swine(sweef-neh), one of the outlets of the Stettiner-Haff, at its entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 530 53' N., Lon. 14~ 23' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.) SWITZt-ER-LAND (Ger. Schweitz, shwites; Fr. La Suisse, ]A swiss; Anc. Helveltia), a mountainous country in the southern part of Europe, between 450 48' and 47~ 48' N. Lat., and 50 57' and 10~ 30' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W. and N.W. by France. Length, near 230 m.; greatest breadth, above 140 m. Area, about 15,000 sq. m. Pop., in 1839, 2,188,395. (P. C.) Switzerland is a republic, consisting of 22 confederated states, called cantons, viz. Aargau (Argovie), Appenzell, Basel (Bale), Bern, Freyburg, Gall, St., Geneva, Glarus, Grisons, Lucerne, NeufchAtel, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn (Soleure), Thurgau, Ticino (Tessin), Unterwalden, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, and Zfirich. The inhabitants of Switzerland consist of three classes-Germans, French, and Italians. The former dwell chiefly in the cantons Zfirich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Glarus, Zug, Appenzell, St. Gall, Thurgau, Schaffhausen, and Aargau, and constitute about seven-tenths of the entire population. The French Swiss are found principally in Neufchatel, Geneva, Vaud, and a part of Soleure, Freyburg, Valais, BAle, and Bern. The Italian Swiss are far less numerous, and inhabit only Ticino and some parts of Grisons and Valais. The German language is employed in the genera. affairs of the confederation and in the government of the particular cantons, with the exception of Geneva, NeufchAtel, Vaud, and Ticino. (B.) SWI-SYR 517 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. All the cantons of Switzerland are republics, excepting Neufchatel, in which the king of Prussia exercises the right of sovereignty. The Swiss confederation has no permanent capital; by a federal enactment of 1815, Zurich, Bern, and Lucerne, are alternately the seat of the general government.-Adj. Swiss; inhab. Swiss, and sometimes SWITZI-ER. SWITZERLAND, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ind. P. 12,932. Co. t. Vevay. SYDI-NEY, an important commercial t. of New Holland, cap. of the colony of New South Wales, on the S. side of the bay called Port Jackson, which forms, perhaps, the finest natural basin in the world. This bay is about 15 m. long; the anchorage is everywhere excellent, and ships are perfectly protected from every wind. Sydney was ori ginally founded in 1788, as a colony for convicts; but at present there are few if any of that class in the province. Pop. in 1841, 29,973, in 1851 over 50,000. The exports of wool in 1848 amounted to 17,565,000 lbs. Lat. 33~ 55' S., Lon. 1500 10' E. SYRI-A-CUSE (Anc. Syracu/sie; It. Siracasa, se-ra-kaf-sd); a celebrated city and seaport of Sicily, on the E. coast, about 30 m. S. S. E. of Catania. Its harbour, once so famous, is now choked with sand, and little remains, except its vast ruins, to remind the spectator of the proud metropolis of ancient Sicily, which durst oppose the power of Athens, of Carthage, and of Rome. The present town is pretty strongly fortified, but its streets are narrow and dirty, and its commerce reduced almost to nothing. Lat. 370 4' N., Lon. 15~ 18' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) -Adj. and inhab. SYRA —CU-. SAN.. SYRACUSE, a flourishing city of N. Y., cap. of Onondaga co., on the Erie Canal, where it is joined by the Oswego Canal, about 47 m., in a straight line, W. of Utica. Near it are the extensive salt-works of Salina. Pop. 22,271. SYRI-I-A, a country of rather indefinite extent, between 300 and 38~ N. Lat., and 340 and 380 or 390 E. Lon., situated at the E. extremity of the Mediterranean, and forming a part of the Turkish empire. The name of Syria (EgvCa) was given to this country by the Greeks and Romans, and is now unknown to the Asiatics. The Arabs call it Beledt Es-Sham (or simply Es-Sham), i. e. "the country to the left;" because when in prayer they face the rising sun, it lies to their left hand. Though within the temperate zone, Syria exhibits all the climates of the globe. In the Ghor (the valley between the Dead Sea andthe Sea of Tiberias), the mean annual temperature appears to be not much lower than that of the equator. This need not surprise us when we consider that the lower part of this valley is more than 1,000 ft. below the level of the sea. (P. C.) The Arabic poets have said that the " Sanneen (or Sannin, the southern part of Lebanon) bears winter upon his head, spring upon his shoulders, autumn in his bosom, while summer lies sleeping at his feet." Under so various a climate, the vegetable productions, as might be expected, are extremely numerous, comprising 44 518 SZA-TAL. Fate, fMr, fall, fMt; me, mit; pine or pine, pin; nA, not; 66 as in good. many of those which belong to the three different zones.-Adj. S YRI-J-.N and SYR-.I-Ac; inhab. SYRIAN. SZARVAS, sOR/-v6sh', a commercial t. of Hungary, on the Kbrbs (kb1rssh'), an affluent of the Theiss, about 47 m. N. N. E. of Szegedin. Pop. 14,000. (B.) SZEGEDIN, seg'-ed'-eent, a royal free t. of Hungary, at the confluence )f the Theiss with the Marosch, about 100 m. S. E. of Pesth. It has several important manufactures, and an extensive trade. Lat, 460 17 N., Lon. 20~ 10' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.) TAB-AR-EEI-YEH, commonly written TABARITEI (Anc. Tibefrias), a small t. of Palestine, on the W. shore of the lake, to which it gives its name. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by the earthquake of 1837. TABAREEYEH, LAKE OF (called in Scripture the Sea of Galilee or of Tiberias), is intersected by the parallel of 32~ 50' N. Lat., and the meridian of 35~ 40' E. Lon. Length 14 m.; greatest breadth 7 in m. The r. Jordan flows through this lake, and falls into the Dead Sea. TAB-REEZ! (Tabriz), sometimes called TAURIS, a large but decayed city in the N. of Persia, prov. of Azerbaijan, about 50 m. E. of L. Ooroomeeyeh. Lat. about 380 10' N., Lon..460 30' E. The population, which was formerly estimated at 550,000, is now reduced to 100,000 or 80,000. (B.) TACAZZE, ta-kAtW-sA, (sometimes written Takatz or Takatze,) a r. of Abyssinia, which falls into the Nile, near 17~ 30' N. Lat. TAG'-AN-ROG/, an important commercial t., seaport, and fortress of European Russia, in the gov. of Ekaterinoslaf, on the Sea of Azof, near its N. E. extremity. Lat. 470 13' N., Lon. 38~ 39' E. Pop. about 17,000. (P. C.) TAI-GUS (Sp. Tajo, taf-Ho; Port. Tejo, thf-zho); the largest r. of the Spanish peninsula: it rises near the W. frontiers of Aragon, where that kingdom joins New Castile, in about 40~ 30' N. Lat., and 1~ 40' VW. Lon. Flowing in a westerly course, it passes nearly through the centre of the peninsula, and falls into the Atlantic in 380 38' N. Lat., and 90 20' W. Lon. Its whole length exceeds 550 m. It is navigable to Abrantes, about 90 m. above Lisbon. TAHITI, ta-heel-te, (formerly written Otaheite,) the largest and most important of the Society Islalnds, between 17~ 30' and 18~ S. Lat., and 1490 and 149~ 40' W. Lon. Length about 48 m.; greatest breadth about 26 m. Its form is remarkable; it seems as if an island almost perfectly circular had been joined to the extremity of an elliptical one. The isthmus which connects the two parts is only about 3 or 4 m. broad. Pop. 8,WCO. For the character and condition of the inhabitants, see SOCIETY ISLANDS.-Adj. and inhab. TAHITIAN, ta-heel-te-an. TALAVERA DE LA REYNA, ta'-la-vU-ra da la rAle-na, an ancient t. of Spain, in New Castile, on the Tagus, 42 m. W. by N. of Toledo. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) TAL-TAR 519 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. T.Lf-BOT, a co. of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 13,811. Co. t. Easton. TALBOT, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 16,534. Co. t. Talbotton. TALIAFERRO, toll-e-ver, a small co. in the E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Ocechee. Pop. 5,146. Co. t. Crawfordville. TAJL-LA-DEI-G_, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 18,624. Co. t. Talladega. TAL'-L4-HASI-SEE, the cap. of the state of Florida and seat of justice of Leon co. Lat. 30~ 28' N., Lon. 840 36' W. TAL'-L.-HATCH!-IE, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., intersected by a r. of the same name, a branch of the Yazoo. Pop. 4,643. TAL-LA-Poot-sA, a r. in the E. part of Ala., which unites with the Coosa to form the Alabama r. TALLAPOOSA, a co. in the E. part of Ala., intersected by the above r. Pop. 15,584. Co. t. Montreal.,TAM-BOFI (Tambow), a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Oka. Lat. 52~ 44' N., Lon. 41~ 45 E. Pop. 20,000. (P. C.) TAM/-M,?-NY, ST., a parish in the E. part of La., on the W. side of Pearl r. Pop. 6,364. Seat of justice, Covington. TAMPICO, tamn-peet-ko, called also PUEBLO NUEVO, pwebf-lo nwYt-vo, a small but flourishing commercial t. of Mexico, in the state of Tamaulipas, on the r. Panuco (pa-noo/-ko), near its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 22~ 15' N., Lon. 970 52' W. TAX'VY, taut-ne, a co. in the S. WV. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 4,373. TANGIER, tan-jeer/, (called Tanljeh by the Moors,) a seaport t. and once important fortress of Fez, on the Strait of Gibraltar. Lat. 350 48' N., Lon. 5~ 50' W. Pop. 9,500. (P. C.) TAN'-JOREt, a fortified city of Hindostan, cap. of a fertile dist. of the same name, belonging to the presidency of Madras. Lat. 10~ 48' N., Lon. 790 12' E. Pop. probably not less than 70,000 or 80,000. (P. C.) TAORMINA, ta-oR-meel-na, (Anc. Tauromefnium,) a small t. of Sicily, on a high, craggy mountain, near the E. coast of the island, remarkable for its romantic situation, and for its antiquities; among which the ancient theatre deserves particular mention. Though of a size capable of accommodating 40,000 spectatucs, it is principally excavated in the slope of a mountain, the seats being hewn out of the rock. Lat. 37~ 48' N., Lon. 150 18' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) TAPAJOS. See TOPAYOS. TAI'-PA-HANI-NOCK, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Essex co., on the Rappahannock r. TAR RIVER. See PAMLICO. TARAKAY, tar`-ra-kif, commonly called SAG-IHALI-. -EN, a large i. on the E. coast of Asia, extending from 46~ to 540 20' N. Lat. Length, above 600m.; breadth, from 25 m. to 120 m. As it is very rarely visited by Europeans, little is known respecting it. It is said to be covered with dense fogs, nearly all the year round. The aboriginal 520 TAR-TAY Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pline or pine, pin; nb, nbt; 66 as in good; inhabitants are called Alnos (il-nos),being the same race as the Koorilians. TARANTO, tal-ran-to, (Anc. Tarenftum,) a fortified archiepiscopal city and seaport of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Otranto, on the Gulf of Taranto, near its N. extremity, with an excellent harbour. Taren. turn was anciently the principal Greek city on the E. coast of Italy, constituting, with its adjoining territory, an independent and powerful state. Lat. 40~ 27' N., Lon. 170 15' E. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.) TARASCON, tf'-as'"-koNt, (Anc. Tarascon or Taruscon, Tagovixcov,) a walled t. of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, on the Rhone, 16 m. E. by S. of Nismes. Its castle was formerly the residence of the counts of Provence. Lat. 430 48' N., Lon. 40 40' E. Pop. 9,220. (M.) TARAZONA, tar-a-thot-na, (Anc. Turiaso,) a t. of Spain, in Aragon. Lat. 41~ 55' N., Lon. 1~ 43' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) TARBES, taab, (Anc. Tur/ba,) the cap. of the French dep. of Upper Pyrenees, on the Adour. It is one of the best-built and cleanest towns in the S. of France. Lat. 4308~ 14' N., Lon. 0~ 4' E. Pop. 12,500. (B.) TARN, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a r. of the same name, which flows into the Garonne. Pop. 346,614. (B.) Capital, Albi. TARN AND GARONNE (Fr. Tarne-et-Garonne, taRn A ga'-ronnf), a dep. in the S. or S. W. of France, on the rivers from which it takes its name. Pop. 242,184. (B.) Capital, Montauban. TAR'-R.A-GOI-NA or tAr-rat-gof-na (Anc. Tar/raco), an archiepiscopal city and seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the Mediterranean, 50 m. W. by S. of Barcelona. Lat. 41~ 9' N., Lon. 1~ 16' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) TAR'-soos! (Anc. Tar/sus), a commercial t. in the S. E. part of Asia Minor, about 12 m. from the Mediterranean. Tarsus was the birthplace of St. Paul. Lat. 360 56' N., Lon. 340 54' E,. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.), but some other writers rate it much lower. TARTARY. See TOORKISTAN. TATI-N&LL, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Altamaha. Pop. 3,227. Co. t. Reidsville. TAUNTON, tanf-ton, a t. of England, in Somersetshire, 37 m. S. W. of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 12,066. TAUNTON, a manufacturing t. of Mass., one of the seats of justice of Bristol co., on a r. of its own name, about 31 m. in a straight line due S. from Boston, with which city it is connected by a railroad. Pop. 10,441. TAUI-R.-DA, now usually called KRIM, a gov. in the S. part of Europe, occupying the Crimea and a portion of the adjacent country. TAURTS. See TABREEZ. TAY, the largest r. of Scotland: it rises on the frontiers of Argyleshire, a little N. of Loch Lomond, and, flowing north-easterly, passes through Loch Tay, and, after making a considerable circuit, expands itself into the estuary called the Frith of Tay, and falls into the sea, TAZ-TEN 521 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ill about 56~ 27' N. Lat., and 2~ 45' W. Lon. Length estimated at 110 m. It is navigable for ships of 500 tons to Dundee, and for vessels of 100 tons to Perth, about 20 m. farther. TAZEWELL, tazl-wel, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., bordering on Ky. Pop. 9,942. Co. t. Jeffersonville. TAZEWELL, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ill., S. E. of, and bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 12,052. Co. t. Tremont. TCHAD, a large lake of Africa, in Soodan, intersected by the 13th parallel of N. Lat. and the 15th meridian of E. Lon. Its E. and N. E. shores have never been visited by a European traveller, but its length is stated to be five days' sail. (P. C.) TCHER'-NX-GOF! (Czernigow), an archiepiscopal city of Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Desna, an affluent of the Dnieper. It was built in 1024, and is accounted the oldest town in European Russia. Lat. 510 27' N., Lon. 31~ 18' E. Pop. estimated at about 7,000. (P. C.) TECHE, tesh, a bayou of La., communicating with the Atchafalaya. TEFLIS. See TIFLIS. TEHRAN, teh-ranf, or TEHERAN, (called, by the Persians, Teh-h'ranf,) the modern cap. of Persia, situated in the prov. of Irak Adjemi, in the midst of a well-cultivated plain, which, however, is destitute of trees. It is surrounded by a high and strong wall of earth, flanked with numerous towers. The streets are narrow, and the houses have generally a mean appearance. Lat. 350 40' N., Lon. 510 23' E. The pop., which is rapidly increasing, is estimated by Balbi at not less than 130,000 during winter; in summer it is considerably less. TEIGNMOUTH, tint-muth, a smnall seaport t. and watering-place of England, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Teign, 12 m. S. of Exeter. TELI-FAIR, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by the Ocmulgee. Pop. 3,026. Co. t. Jacksonville. TEMESVA'R, tem'-esh'-vaaRI, (i. e. the "fort of Temes,") a royal free city of Hungary, cap. of the county of Temes (temt-esh'), and one of the handsomest towns and strongest fortresses in the Austrian empire, on a canal which has communication with the Danube. Lat. 450 42' N., Lon. 210 20' E. Pop. above 14,000. (B.) TEN-ASf-SER —I, a name applied to the British possessions in Farther India, which were acquired from the Birmans by the peace of 1826. The Tenasserim provinces constitute a territory extending along the E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, for about 450 m., between 10~ and 17~ N. Lat. The climate of this region is said to be remarkably healthy, and the country very productive. TEN-ER-IFFEt (Sp. Tenerife, ta.nA-reet-fi), the largest and most populous of the Canary Islands, between 27~ 50' and 280 40' N. Lat., and 160 5' and 17~ 5' W. Lon. Length, 73 m.; greatest breadth, near 40 m. Area estimated at 1,012 sq. m. Pop. in 1829, 85,000. (P. C.) The most remarkable feature of this island is its celebrated mountain summit, known as the Peak of Teneriffe, which rises 11,946 ft. (P. C.) 44* 2I 522 TEN-TER Fhte, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66, as in good; above the level of the sea. It is an extinct volcano; but, from some crevices in the crater, hot watery vapours still issue. These crevices are called by the natives the nostrils of the Peak. TEN'-NES-SEE! RIVER, the largest affluent of the Ohio, rises in the W. part of N. C., and, flowing westerly into Tenn., afterwards makes an extensive circuit through the N. part of Ala., then changing its course, runs nearly N. through Tenn. and Ky., and falls into the Ohio, near 370 N. Lat. and 88~ 35' W. Lon. According to many geographers, the Tennessee is formed by the union of the Clinch and Holston rivers. The whole length is estimated at 1,100 m. It is navigable for steamboats, during high water, to Florence, in Ala., about 260 m. TENNESSEE, one of the U. S., between 350 and 360 40' N. Lat., and 81~ 40' and 90~ W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Kentucky and Virginia, S. E. by N. Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and W. by the Mississippi r.., which separates it from Arkansas and Missouri; and divided into 79 counties.* Length, from E. to W., about 430 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 110 m. Area estimated at 45,000 sq. m. P. 1,002,625; of whom 756,893 are whites, 6,271 free coloured, persons, and 239,461 slaves. Nashville is the seat of government. Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796. TERAMO, terl-A-mo, a t. of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, about 10 m. from the Adriatic. Lat. 42' 40' N., Lon. 13~ 48' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) TERCEIRA, ter-sh/e-rA, one of the principal islands of the Azores: it is intersected by the parallel of 880 40' N. Lat., and the E. coast is grazed by the 27th meridian- of W. Lon. Length, 24m.; greatest breadth, 14 m. Area estimated at 260 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (P. C.) Angra is the chief town. TERMINI, tefr-me-ne, (Anc. Therlmme, i. e. "hot baths,") a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, on the N. coast, remarkable for its hot mineral springs and baths, and for the ruins of the ancient city of Him/era, in its vicinity. Lat. 370 57' N., Lon. 130 42' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) TERNI, teRt-ne, (Anc. Interamfna,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Nera, an affluent of the Tiber, 48 m. E. by N. from Rome. Pop about 6,000. (P. C.) About 4 m. to the E., on the Velino (va-lee'-no), a stream which flows into the Nera, is a celebrated cascade, called the Cascata del Marmore (kas-ka'-ta del maRt-mo-ra). The water * Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, Carroll, Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Davidson, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Granger, Greene, Hamilton, Hardiman, Hardin, Hawkins, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Tefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, McMinn, McNairy, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Rhea, Roane, Robertson, Rutherford, Sevier, Shelby. Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Van Buren, Warren, Washington. Wayne, Weakly, White, Williamson, Wilson, Decatur, Grundy, Hancock, Lewis, Macon, Scott. TER-TEX 523 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. falls, by three leaps, about 700 ft. (some say 750 ft.), producing one of the most beautiful and romantic cataracts in the world.* - TER-R.A DEL Fu-E/-Go, more properly TIERRA DEL FUEGO, te-erf-ra del fwhi-go, a group of islands at the S. extremity of S. America, separated from the continent by the Strait of Magellan. The principal island is about 270 m. in length, and 180 or 190 m. in its greatest breadth. The name of Tierra del Fuego, or "land of fire," is supposed to have been given to this insular group by the Spaniards, from their having witnessed here a volcanic eruption. A phenomenon of: this kind was observed, not many years since, by Captain Basil Hall, while on a visit to these islands. Tierra del Fuego is inhabited by savages, who appear to be in the lowest state of ignorance and barbarism. They are low in stature, and are of a dark copper or mahogany colour. The climate is cold, but the temperature is comparatively equable. Cloudy weather, raini, and wind prevail throughout the year, and fine days are rare. TERRACINA, ter-r{a-cheet-na, (Anc. Anxfur, afterwards Terraci'na), a seaport t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 60 m. S. S. E. of Rome, remarkable for its interesting remains of antiquity. TERRE BONNE (i.e. " good land"), usually pronounced tar bone, a parish in the S. part of La., bordering on the sea. Pop. 7,724. Seat of justice, Williamsburg. TESSIN. See TICINO. TEx'-As, formerly (in conjunction with Coahuila) a state of Mexico, conquered its independence in 1836, and maintained its existence as an independent republic till 1845, when it was admitted into the North American confederacy, as a sovereign state. A portion of its territory in the N. W., was relinquished by Texas on the formation of the territory of New Mexico in 1850, in consideration of $10,000,000 to be paid by the U. S. government. This portion now forms a part of New Mexico. Texas lies between 250 30' and 360 30' N. Lat., and 930 40' and 1070 W. Lon., being about 800 miles in length, from the mouth of the Rio Grande, to the N. W. extremity of the state, and 750 in its greatest breadth, including about 237,321 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by New Mexico and Indian Ter., E. by Arkansas and Louisiana, S. E. by the Gulf of Mexico, and S. W. by Mexico, from which it is separated by the Rio Grande or Rio del Nort6. A portion of the northern part has New Mexico forits W. boundary. It is divided into 78 counties.' Pop. in 1850, 212,592, of whom See Childe Harold, Canto IV., stanzas 69, 70, and 71: also the accompanying note. t Anderson, Angelina, Austin, Bastrop, Bexar, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Cass, Cherokee, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Cook, Dallas, Denton, De Witt, Fannin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Galveston, Guadalupe, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, Grimes, Harris, Harrison, Hays, Henderson, Hopkins, Hlonston, Hunt, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Kaufman, Lamar, Lavacca, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Matagorda, Medinma, kMilam, Montgomery, Nacogdoches, Tavarro, Newton, Nueces, PaIola, Pollk, Red River, Re 524 TEX-TEX Fate, ftr, ftll, fMt; mei, mkt; pine or pIne, pin; n6, n6t; 65 as in good; 154,100 were white, 331 free coloured persons, and 58,161 slaves. In the year ending June 30, 1850, there were 3,406 deaths, or 16 in every thousand. Austin is the seat of government. Bays, Rivers, &c.-The coast of Texas is lined with bays and inlets. The largest of these-Galveston Bay-extends about 35 m. inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Following this in a S. W. direction in the order named, are Matagorda, Lavaca, Espiritu Santo, Aransas, and Corpus Christi bays, and Laguna del Madre. These are all separated from the gulf by a line of long narrow islands or sand banks. Matagorda Bay and Laguna del Madre (being rather sounds than bays) run parallel with the shore. Texas does not afford a single harbour for vessels of a large size. Galveston Inlet, the deepest, has but 12 ft. of water, the entrance of Matagorda Bay but 11 ft., and San Luis 10 ft. Texas has several long rivers, whose navigation also is very much obstructed by shallows and rafts, though these may, and doubtless many of them will be removed hereafter, and the navigation much extended. The large rivers (proceeding in order N. E. from the Rio Grande, or Rio del Nort6, which is almost 1,800 m. long, and forms the entire S. W. boundary of the state) are the Nueces, San Antonio, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, Trinity, Neches, and Sabine. These rivers are respectively about 300, 250, 275, 550, 500, 400, 300, and 350 m. in length; but these are mere estimates from measurements on the map. The Sabine, which forms the E. boundary, spreads near its mouth into Sabine Lake. The Red r. which rises in the N. W. of this state, forms the greater part of the N. boundary, and is navigable for about 200 m. of that distance. The Sabine is navigable 150 m., the Brazos 150 m., the Nueces 100 m., the Trinity 300 m., the San Jacinto 50 m., and the Rio Grande (except at low water) 400 m. The Colorado is obstructed by a raft 10 m. from its mouth, but when this is removed, it will probably be navigable for small steamboats to Austin. Face of the Country, Soil, and Productions.-The Guadalupe mountains, a branch of the Rocky mountains, run through the western part of Texas, but their extent and altitude are not known with any precision. A range of heights runs through the middle of the southern part of the state, east of the Colorado r., and high table lands occupy the N. W. region. The surface along the gulf and for 100 m. inland is level and barren, except on the margin of the streams. These are bordered with strips of timbered land, varying in breadth from 3 to 7 miles. Vast prairies are found in various sections of the country, alternating with tracts of land covered with timber. The prairies on the Red river bottom, which extend about 200 m., are represented to be of unsurpassed fertility, and very productive in maize, cotton and wheat. The soil of the prairies is a fugio, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Patricio, Shelby, Smith, Starr, Titus, Travis, Tyler, Upshur, Vanzants, Victoria, Walker, Washington, Webb, Wharton, Williamson. TEX-TEX 525 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. deep black mould mixed with sand. Previous to the emigration from the United States, vast herds of wild horses and cattle fed on the rich natural grasses of these meadows. A striking peculiarity in Texas is a section called the " Cross Timbers," a continuous forest, stretching perhaps 150 or 200 m., from the sources of the Trinity northward to the Arkansas river. " It appears at a distance like an immense wall of wood; and towards the west, such is its linear regularity that it looks as if planted by art." The principal grains of this state are Indian corn and wheat; two crops of the former can be raised in a year. But the great staple is cotton, which is said to be equal, if not superior, to the best produced in the United States, The sugar-cane also flourishes here as well or better than on the Mississippi river. Among the fruits which abound are the peach, lemon, pine-apple, date, olive, orange, fig, melon, and grape, all of which flourish in the lowlands. Vanilla, indigo, sarsaparilla, and other medicinal and dyeing plants are indigenous. The forest trees of Texas are the live-oak, and several other varieties of oak, hickory, walnut, pecan, magnolia, wild peach, elm, birch, sycamore, cypress, cedar, pine, dogwood, musquite, bois-d'arc and cottonwood. Along the river bottoms is an impenetrable growth of cane. The long Spanish moss, valuable for bedding and fodder, clothes the trees near the seaboard and on the streams. By the census returns of 1850, Texas had under cultivation 635,913 acres of land, producing 5,796,735 bushels of Indian corn; 42,448 bushels of wheat; 60,770 lb of tobacco; 55,945 bales of cotton, containing 400 lb each; 122,118 lb of wool; 2,319,574 lb of butter; 92,018 lb of cheese; 8,327 tons of hay; and 7,017 hhds of sugar of 1,000 lb each. This state possessed, the same year, live stock of the value of $10,263,086, and farming implements and other machinery to the value of $2,095,308. The animals of Texas are bears, cougars, wolves,:peccaries, panthers, foxes, and raccoons, with herds of: buffalo and wild horses and abundance of deer. Alligators are met with in the rivers. Minerals. -The mineral resources of this state have not been much developed as yet. In the east, salt is obtained from several lakes; bitumen has been found in many places, and granite, limestone,, gypsum, slate, and iron abound except near the coast. As branches of the Rocky mountains extend into this state, it is quite probable that some of the mineral treasures said to exist in the same range in New Mexico, may be brought to light in Texas. Climate, Ilfeteorology, &c.-The climate is mild, and, being free from swamps, is more healthy than most of the states of the south on their seaboard. The dry season lasts from April to December; the wet, the remainder of the year. The cold is quite severe in December and January. Two crops of Indian corn may be gathered in a year, the first being usually planted in February, and the last in June. Wheat has been cut in May. Cities and Towns.-The principal towns are Galveston, Houston, 526 TEX-TEX Fite, fhr, fall, fMt; m6, mrt; pine or pine, pin; n6, ndt; 6o0 as in good; Brownsville, San Antonio, San Augustin, Austin City, and Washington. Several of these may be found under their proper heads in the Gazetteer or Appendix. Galveston, the largest and most commercial t., is situated on Galveston island, between the bay of the same name and the Gulf of Mexico, 230 in. S. E. from Austin City, and 444 W. by S. from N. Orleans. Lat. 29~ 10' N., Lon. 940 50' W. Pop. estimated at 6000. Brownsville is a flourishing t. on the Rio Grande,,about 40 m. from its mouth, and 310 m. in a direct line S. from Austin City. It is a place of considerable importance on account of the navigation of the river and the trade with Mexico. Pop. about 4000. —Adj. and inhab. TEX'-AN. TEXI-EL, often called TESt-sEL, a small i. off the W. coast of Holland, at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee. THAMES, temz (Anc. Tamtesis), the largest and most important river of England, rises in Gloucestershire, near Cirencester, by several branches. The principal one, called the Isis, joins the Churn near Cricklade, where the united stream first takes the name of Thames; though, after the example of the literati of Oxford, it is generally called the Isis till after it passes that city. The general course of the river is easterly; it falls into the German Ocean in about 510 30' N. Lat., and 0~ 50' E. Lon. The whole length is computed at 210 m. It is navigable for ships of any burden to Deptford (about 4 m. S. E. of London), for vessels of 800 tons to Catharine's Docks, near the Tower of London, and for barges to the confines of Gloucestershire. The greatest breadth of the Thames at London, is rather more than a quarter of a mile; the mean breadth may be 700 or 800 ft. THANI-ET, ISLE OF, a dist. of England, in the county of Kent, separated from the mainland by the r. Stour. THEAKI or THIAKI, the-al-ke (Anc. Ith/aca), one of the smaller lonian islands, intersected by the parallel of 38~ 25' N. Lat., and the meridian of 20~ 40' E. Lon. Length 14 m.; breadth 5 m. THEBES (Thefbm; or Diostpolis, i.e. the "'city of Jove"), a once famous but long-ruined city of Upper Egypt, capital of the kingdom of the Pharaohs when in the zenith of their power, situated on both sides of the Nile. Lat. 250 43' N., Lon. 320 39' E. Its remains of antiquity are perhaps the most magnificent and imposing to be found on the globe. (See Penny Cyclopmedia,articles EGYPT, CARNAC, and LuxoR; also, "Wilkinson on the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians.") THEBES (Gr. O~Vd'a, thebai, pronounced thet-vh by the modern Greeks; Turk. Teef-vA), a t. of Greece, situated in a fine plain, about 30 m. N. N. W. of Athens. A few inscriptions are the only vestiges remaining, to remind us of the ancient capital of Baeotia. Pop. supposed not to exceed 5,000. (M.) THEISS, tice (Hung. Tisza, tee-s6h; Anc. Tibis/cus), a r. of Hungary, the principal tributary of the Danube. It rises in the Carpathian Mountains, near 470 30' N. Lat., and 25~ E. Lon., and flowing at first north-westerly, then south-westerly, and afterwards southerly, falls into THII 527 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the Danube in about 450~10' N. Lat., and 2.5 22' E. Lon. Its whole course is estimated at not less than 500 m., for the greatest part of which it is navigable. THIBET or TIBET, tibl-et* or tib-et! (called by the natives T'phoo-p'ho), an extensive country in the S. E. central part of Asia, of which very little is known. It appears to lie between 27~ and 360 N. Lat., and 72~ and 103~ E. Lon., and is bounded on the S. W. by parts of the Hindoo Koosh and Himalaya Mountains, S. by the Himalayas and the northern boundaries of Assam, Birma, and the Chinese prov. of Yunnan. The eastern boundary is very uncertain, and the northern seems to be entirely unknown. As far as our information extends, Thibet consists almost wholly of table-land, the highest plains of which are more than 10,000 ft. above the level of the sea. The climate, as we might expect in a country so elevated, is generally cold;t indeed, one of the native appellations of Thibet is said to signify the "snowy region of the north." In some of the valleys, however, especially in that of the Dzangbo (or Sanpoo), it is very warm. During some seasons of the year the air is excessively dry, so that meat exposed to it, becomes so perfectly desiccated that it may be ground like bread, and may be preserved in this state for a number of years. It appears also that the Thibetans in like manner dry the bodies of their sovereign Lamas, instead of embalming them. This country produces many of the vegetable fruits and trees of Central and Southern Europe. All our domestic animals are known in Thibet; besides which there are goats with a very fine fleece, and those with long fine hair; and argali (the Ovis ammon), a species of wild sheep, with horns of 100 lbs. weight. (P. C.) The inhabitants of Thibet belong to the Mongolian race. They are said to be mild and humane, but not to exhibit the enterprise of their neighbours either to the N. or S. The art of printing has been practised among them from a remote age. Thibet is remarkable as the central seat of Boodhism, which is found here in its greatest purity. The priests are called lamas (ll-m.as): the Dalai (d/l-li') Lama, or Grand Lama, who resides at Lassa, is believed to be an incarnation of the deity in a human form. On the dissolution of this body, he is sup* "And spicy rods, such as illume at night The bowers of TIBET, send forth odorous light, Like Peris' wands when pointing out the road For some pure spirit to its blest abode." MoonRE's Lalla Rookh. t It appears, however, from the testimony of several respectable travellers, that some elevated regions of Thibet, which, according to the received theory, should be buried in everlasting snow, are not only habitable, but teem with animal and vegetable life. In the most southern portions of this country, the line of perpetual congelation (if we follow the general rule on this subject) could not be placed higher than 12,300 ft. above the sea; and yet, on an elevation of more than 16,000 feet, Captain Gerrard saw horses gallopping about in all directions, and feeding on the very tops of the heights, while various kinds of birds were soaring in the sir above them. (See British India, by Murray, Wilson, &c. Harper's edition, fol. III., page 204.) 528 THI-THU Fate, far, fAll, fAt; m6, meat; pine or pine, pin nb, nnt; 66 as in good; posed to re-appear in some infant, who accordingly passes through the term of his mortal existence with all the honours of the grand lalna.Adj. and inhab. TuIB1-E-TAN. THIELT, teelt, a t. of Belgium, in the province of W. Flanders, 13 in. S. S. E. of Bruges. It is the chief market for the flax trade of Flanders. Lat. 510 N., Lon. 30 20' E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) THIERS, te-aiR, a t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de D6me. Lat. 45~ 51' N., Lon. 3~ 33' E. Pop. 6,807. (M.) THLoNVILLE, te'-bN'-villl, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Moselle, on the r. Moselle, 16 m. N. of Metz. Pop. 4,201. (M.) THoMI-As, a co. in the S. part of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop. 10,103.- Co. t. Thomasville. THOMI-AS-TQN, a t. of Me., in Lincoln co., on St. George's r., 12 m. from the.sea, and 37 m., in a straight line, S. E. of Augusta. Here is the Maine State Prison. THORN, torn, a celebrated fortified t. of Prussia, on the Vistula, here crossed by a long wooden bridge, 50 m. S. S. W. of Marienwerder. Lat. 530 N., Lon. 180 36' E. Pop. about 11,000, without the military, or 14,000, including them. (B.) Thorn was the birth-place of Copernicus. THREE RIVERS (Fr. Trois Rividres, tRwA re'-ve-aiR/), a t. of Lower Canada, cap. of a dist. of the same name, and formerly of all Canada, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Maurice, which here being divided, by two small islands, into three channels, has given name to the town. Lat. 46~ 23' N., Lon. 72~ 29' W. Pop. estimated at between 4,000 and 5,000. (M.) THUN, toon, a small t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, on the r. Aar, about a mile below its egress fi'om the lake of this name, 16 m. S. S. E. of Berne. Pop. 4,833. (P. C.) The Lake of Thun (called by the Germans Thuner-See, too!-ner sh), is about 13 m. in length, and 3 m. in its greatest breadth, THURGAU, tooRl-gou, (Fr. Thurgovie, tiAR'-go'-vef; Lat. Thurgofvia;) a canton at the N. E. extremity of Switzerland, bordering on L. Constance and the Rhine. Area about 270 sq. m. Pop. 84,124. (P. C.) FRAUENFELD, froul-en-felt', the cap., situated in a valley near the Thur (toor), an affluent of the Rhine, has only about 1,800 inhabitants. (B.) THURINGIA, thu-rinf-je-;L, (Ger. Thtiringen, tll-ring-en,) the name of an extensive tract in the central part of Germany, watered by the rivers Saale and Werra, and including the Thuringian Forest. Its limits have varied at different times, and the name is now but little used, the original Thuringia having become incorporated with the territories of different states.-Adj. THURINGIAN. thu-rinl-je-an. THURINGIAN FOREST (Ger. Thiiringer Wald, tii/-ring-er WAlt), a hilly and woody tract of country in the central part of Germany, form. ing a portion of the ancient Hercynian Forest, extending through: Gotha, Weimar, Coburg, and some other small states. TaURnLEs, a t. of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, 77 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. about 7,000. (M.) TIB-TIL 529 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. TuBER (It. Tevere, thl-vt-ra; Anc. Ti/bris or Tilberis), a celebrated r. of Central Italy, which rises in the Tuscan Apennines, and, flowing south-easterly to within about 20 m. of Rome, then turns to the S. W., and falls into the Mediterranean by two mouths, 17 m. below that city. Its whole length is about 150 m. It is said to have been anciently navigable for vessels of considerable burden, as far as Rome, and for small boats nearly to its source; but, at present, the navigation is at all times difficult, especially near its mouth and in the vicinity of Rome. Its average breadth, in the lower part of its course, is about 300 ft. TIBET. See THIBET. TICINO, te-cheef-no, (Anc. Ticitnus), a r. in the N. of Italy, which rises in the S. part of Switzerland, and, flowing northward through L. Maggiore, falls into the Po, 24 m. S. of Milan. It is navigable to L. Maggiore. TICINo (Fr. Tessin, tes'-sanf), a canton in the S. E. part of Switzerland, bordering on Italy. It derives its name from the above river, by which it is intersected. Area, 1,042 sq. m. Pop. in 1837, 113,923. (M.) This is the only Italian canton in the Swiss confederation; the inhabitants speak a dialect resembling the Milanese; they are all Roman Catholics. TIFI-LIS or TEFLIS, the cap. of the Russian prov. of Georgia, on the Koor, about midway between the Black and Caspian seas. The houses are generally ill built; the streets are crooked and extremely narrow. The newer portion of the town, however, which is separated from the old by the ruins of the ancient fortifications, has broader streets, and buildings in the European style. Tiflis is the residence of a Georgian metropolitan and an Armenian archbishop. Lat. 41~ 41' N., Lon. about 450 E. The pop. is rapidly increasing, and is now probably near 45,000. (P. C.) TIGREi, teef-grh', the most powerful and warlike of the three principal kingdoms into which Abyssinia is divided, situated E. of the r. Tacazz6. Adowa is the chief town. TI/-GRIs, a large r. of Asia, which rises in Asiatic Turkey, 70 or 80 m. N.W. of Diarbekir, between 38~ and 39~0 N. Lat., and near 390 E. Lon. Its general course is south-easterly, and in about 31~ N. Lat. and near 470 E. Lon., it unites with the Euphrates, to form the Shatt-elArab. The whole length of the Tigris is estimated at 920 m. Between Diarbekir and Mosul (near 300 m.) the river is navigable for rafts, at certain seasons: below Mosul, it is navigable throughout the year. TILn-BURG, a manufacturing t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, 14 m. S. W of Bois le Due. Lat. 510 33' N., Lon. 5~ 4' E. Pop. 10;000. (B.) TIL-SIT, a t. of Prussia, on the Memel, 60 m. N. E. of Kbnigsberg. Here was concluded, July, 1807, the celebrated treaty of peace between France, and Prussia and Russia. Lat. 550 4' N., Lon. 210 56' E, Pop. about 12,000. (B,) 45 530 TIM —TIR Fate, fa-r, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n~t; 66, as in govtd; TM-BCud-TOO or ToM-BoocI-TOO (more properly Ten-Boctoo), a commercial t., cap. of a kingdom of the same name, in the N. W. central part of Africa, near the S. border of the Great Desert, about 8 m. from the left bank of the Joliba or Niger. Though its importance has much diminished from what it was in the 14th century, when the kingdom of Timbuctoo was the nucleus of a great empire, it may still be regarded as the principal centre of commerce in this part of Africa. lat. 17~ 10' N., Lon. about 3~ ~V. Pop. estimated from 10,000 to 12,000. (B.) TI/-MOR, the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between 8S 20' and 10~ 30' S. Lat., and 123~ 20' and 127~ 20' E. Lon. Length, near 300 m., with a mean breadth of about 45 m. Timor is divided among a great number of petty kingdoms, nearly all of which are dependent on the Portuguese or Dutch. (B.) TVI-MOR-LAUT', one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, intersected by the 8th parallel of S. Lat., and 131st meridian of E. Lon. It is about 90 m. in length, and 40 m. in its greatest breadth. Scarcely anything is known of it except that the natives are unfriendly to strangers. Ti-O-GA,- a small r. which rises in the N. part of Pa., and, making a circuit, passes into N. Y., and finally returns into Pa., and joins the E. branch of the Susquehanna. TIOGA, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and bordering on Pa. Pop. 24,880. Co. t. Owego. TIOGA, a co. in the N. part of Pa., on the sources of the Tioga r., and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 23,987. Co. t. Wellsborough. TTP-PArH, a co. in the N. part of Miss., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 20,741. Co. seat, Ripley. TIPPECANOE, tip'-pe-ka-noof, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind., where the Tippecanoe river joins the Wabash. Pop. 19,377. Co. t. Lafayette. TIP-PER-A/-RY, an inland co. in the S. of Ireland, prov. of Munster, S. E. of, and bordering on the Shannon. Pop. in 1831, 402,564. (P. C.) TIPPERARY, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 23 m. S. E. of Limerick. Pop. 6,972. TIP!-TQN, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,887. Co. t. Covington. TIR-EE!,* written also TIRREE, TIRY, and TYREE, an i. on the W. coast of Scotland, belonging to Argyleshire, above 12 m. in length, and 5 m. in its greatest breadth. Lat. 56~ 30' N., Lon. 70 W. TIRLEMONT, t6R1l-mb6Nt, (Flem.Thienen or Tienen, teel-nen,) a ma. nufacturing t. of Belgium, in the prov. of S. Brabant, 11 m. S. E. of Louvain. Pop. 8,000. (B.) "' They left Loch-Tua on their lee, And they wakened the men of the wild TIREE." SCOTT'S Lord of the Isles, Canto IV. TIS-TOL 531 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. TISHAMINGO, tish-a-mingf-go, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Miss. Pop. 15,490. Co. seat, Jacinto. TITICACA, tit-e-k'iW-kA, the largest L. in S. America, situated partly in Bolivia and partly in Peru, between 15~ 20' and 16~ 40' N. Lat., and 680 and 71~ W. Lon. Length, near 140 rn.; greatest breadth, about 35 m. The surface of its waters is higher than the Peak of Teneri~fe, being 12,795 ft. above the level of the Pacific. (P. C.) In some places, its depth has been ascertained to be 120 fathoms, but many parts are probably much deeper. TivoLI, teef-vo-le, (Anc. Tilbur,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Teverone (tev'-a-ro1-n —Anc. Anio), 18 m. E. by N. of' Rome, remarkable for its delightful situation and its interesting antiquities. Pop. about-6,000. (B.) TO-BA/-GO (see Int. X.), one of the W. India Islands, belonging to Great Britain, intersected by the parallel of 11~ 10' N. Lat., and the meridian of 60~ 40' W. Lon. Length, 26 m.; greatest breadth, 7 or 8 m. Pop. 13,700. (M.) TO-BOLSKI, an archiepiscopal city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of W. Siberia and of a gov. of its own name, on the Irtish, near its junction with the Tobol. The houses are built mostly of wood; the streets are generally broad, straight, and paved with wood. Lat. 48~ 12' N., Lon. 680 6' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 20,000. (P. C.) TOCANTINS, to-can-teensf, a large r. of Brazil, which flows into the estuary of Para. Length estimated at 1,500 m. TOCAT, to-kratl, a large t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the Yesheel Irmak. Its appearance is said to resemble that of a European city. Lat. about 40~ N., Lon. 36~ 50' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi, on the authority of M. Fontanier, at near 100,000; but several other writers make it much less. TODD, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 12,268. Co. t. Elkton. TOEPLITZ. See TOPLITZ. TO-KAY/ (Hung. pron. to-koi), a t. in the N. E. part of Hungary, at the confluence of the Bodrog and Theiss, remarkable as the market for the famous wine of this name, which is produced in the surrounding country. Lat. 480 7' N., Lon. 210 24' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) To-LEI-Do (Sp. pron. to-lS/-Do; Anc. Tole/tum), a celebrated but decayed city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly of the kingdom of Castile, situated on a hill near the Tagus, 36 m. S. S. W. of Madrid. It is the seat of a university and the residence of an archbishop. The Cathedral of this place is the largest and one of the finest in the kingdom. Toledo was formerly noted for its manufacture of swords; those now made here are said still to command a high price. Lat. 390 55' S., Lon. 40 W. Pop. 15,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. TO-LE1-DAN. TOLf-LAND a co. in the N. N. E. part of Conn., bordering on Mass. Pop. 20,091. Co. t. Tolland. TOLUCA, to-lool-A, a well-built t. of the Mexican States, about 10 m. 532 TOM-TOO PFate, fAr, fAll, flt; nlmI, met; pline, or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66 as in good; N. of the mountain called the Nevado de Toluca (see NEVADO), which has an elevation of 2,372 toises, or about 15,170 English ft. (B.) Lat. 19~ 16' N., Lon. 990 21' W. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) TOM-BIG/-BEE or TOM-BEcRI-BE, a r. which rises in the N. E. part of Miss., and, flowing southerly into Ala., unites with the Alabama river to form the Mobile. Length estimated at 450 m. It is navigable for steamboats to Columbus, in Miss. TOMP/-KINS, a co. in the S. W. central part of N. Y., at the S. extremity of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 38,746. Co. t. Ithaca. TOMSK, a handsome t. of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Tom, an affluent of the Obi. Lat. 56~ 30' N., Lon. 85~ 10' E. Pop. 8,000 or 9,000. (P. C.) TONKIN or TONQUIN, ton-keen/, a kingdom in the S. E. part of Asia, bordering on the gulf of this name. (See COCHIN CHINA.) TONKIN or TONQJIN, GULF OF, is situated between 18~ and 220 N. Lat., and 106~ and 110~ E. Lon. Length above 200m.; greatest breadth about 170 m. Too/-LA (Tula), an important manufacturing t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Oopa (Upa), an affluent of the Oka, 110 m. S. of Moscow. Its appearance from a distance, owing to the numerous spires and domes, is very imposing; but the crooked and ill-paved streets, and the houses built mostly of wood, tend to destroy, on a nearer view, the favourable impression which the approaching spectator may have received. Toola is remarkable for its manufacture of arms, the most extensive in the empire, whence it has been called the Birmingham of Russia. It employs above 7,000 workmen, producing annually 70,000 muskets and 25,000 side-arms. Cutlery of various kinds is also manufactured here. There are rich mines of iron ore of an excellent quality in the vicinity, but the metal employed in the manufactures is said to be principally, if not exclusively, from Siberia. Lat. 540 12' N., Lon. 370 E. Pop. 51,000. (P. C.) TOORKISTAN, toork'-is-tan/ (i. e. the " country of the Turks"), or INDEPENDENT TARTARY, is situated in the N. W. central part of Asia, between 350 and 540 N. Lat., and 500 and 82~ E. Lon., bounded on the N. by the Russian dominions, E. and S. E. by the Chinese empire, S. by Afghanistan and Persia, and W. by the Russian empire, from which it is partly separated by the Caspian Sea. Length, from E. to W., near 1,500 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 1,250 m. Area vaguely estimated at 1,000,000 sq. m. A large portion of this extensive country consists of elevated table-land, intersected by ridges of mountains, some of which appear to be not less than 18,000 ft. above the level of the sea. Deserts of greater or less extent are found in different parts. Toorkistan is divided into a number of independent states or khanats, which vary greatly in extent and population. All the chiefs or khans appear to be possessed of a power more or less arbitrary. The principal khanats are those of Bokhara, Khiva, and Khokand, which are treated of under their respective heads. Mahometan ism is the prevailing religion of Toorkistan; it is said that the laws of TOO-TOU 533 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.,he Koran are more strictly observed here, than in any other Mahometan country. (For some further particulars respecting this country, see Io30RKHARA.) TOORI-KO-MANS or toor'-ko-manst, a nation of Tartars, originally in. habiting the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, but who are now spread not only over Toorkistan, but Persia, Afghanistan, and a considerab e portion of Asiatic Turkey. They lead a wandering life and live in tents. They are said to be excellent horsemen, and to make hardy and brave soldiers. ToPAYOS, to-pi/-y6s, written also TAPAJOS, a large r. of Brazil, flowing into the Amazon near 2~ 20' S. Lat., and 540 40' W. Lon. Entire length perhaps 1,000 m. It is navigable for boats the greater part of its course. TObPLITZ, TOEPLITZ or TEPLITZ, tept-lits, a small t. of Bohemia, on the Saubach (soul-baK), 47 m. N. W. of Prague, noted for its hot mineral springs and baths. Permanent pop. about 2,600. (B.) TOR-BAYI, a spacious basin on the S. coast of England, in Devonshire, which has several times been resorted to as a place of shelter by the fleets of England. TORGAU, toal-gou, a fortified t. of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe, 66 m. S. S. W. of Berlin. Pop. 5,300. (B.) TORNEA, pronounced and sometimes written TORl-NE-o,* a small t. of European Russia, on the N. WV. frontier of the grand-duchy of Finland, at the mouth of the r. Tornea, which falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat. 650 51' N., Lon. 240 12' E. TO-RONI-TO (formerly York), lately the cap. of Upper Canada, on the N. shore of L. Ontario, towards its W. extremity. Lat. 430 35' N., Lon. 790 20' W. The pop. of this city has increased of latter years with extraordinary rapidity: in 1826, it was only 1,677; in 1836, it was 9,652, and in 1845, it amounted to 19,706. TOR'-SHOKI or TORZHOK (Torjok), a t. of European Russia, in the gov. of Tver. Lat. 570 2' N., Lon. 350 3' E. Pop. stated at 15,000. (P. C.) TOR-TOI-LA, one of the Virgin Islands, in the W. Indies, belonging to Great Britain. Lat. 18~ 27' N., Lon. 64~ 35' W. Length about 12 rn. TOR-TOr-SA (Anc. Dertofsa), a fortified t. of Spain, in Catalonia, on the left bank of the Ebro, with several interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 40~ 49' N., Lon. 00 33' E. Pop. about 16,000. (B.) TOTf-NEss, a t. of England, in Devonshire, 20 m. S. by E. of Exeter. Pop. 3,849. ToUL, tool, a t. of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, on the Moselle. here crossed by a handsome bridge, 13 m. W. of Nancy. Lat. 480 40( 32" N., Lon. 50 5' 3" E. Pop. 7,279. (M.) TOULON, tool-lon, or too'-l6Nf, (Anc. Tetlo Marttius), the second naval Cold as the rocks on TORNEO'S hoary brow."-CAMPBELL. 45* 534 TOU-TRA FPte, fAr, fAll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nAt; 66 as in good, port of France (Brest being the first) in the dep. of Var, with one of the finest harbours on the Mediterranean, 32 m. E. S. E. of Marseilles. Among its institutions for education, may be mentioned the Naval School, with a fine library, and a collection of models of vessels of every kind. Lat. 43~ 7' N., Lon. 5~ 56' E. Pop. 30,000. (B.) ToULOUSE or THOULOUSE? too'-loozf, (Anc. Tblo/sa or Tholofsa,) an archiepiscopal city in the S. of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Garonne, and formerly of the prov. of Languedoc, on the r. Garonne, where it is joined by the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi), 132 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. The r. is crossed by a fine bridge of freestone, resting on 7 arches. Before the Revolution, Toulouse was the seat of one of the leading French universities, now replaced by an academie universitaire: it has also a royal college, and two public libraries, the one containing 30,000, and the other 24,000 vols. Lat. 430 36' N., Lon. 1~ 27' E. Pop. 68,015. (B.) TOURAINE, too'-ranel, a former prov. of France, now divided between the deps. of Indre and Loire, and Indre. ToURNAY, tooR'-nUA, (Flem. Doornik, d6rl-nik; Anc. Turfnacum or Torlnacus;) a fortress and important manufacturing t. of Belgium, prov. of Hainault, on the Scheldt, near the French frontier, 45 m. W. S. W. of Brussels. Lat. 50F 36' N., Lon. 30 23' E. Pop. 29,000. (B.) ToURs, tooR, (Anc. Caesarodufnum, afterwards Tufrones,) an archiepiscopal city of France, cap. of the dep. of Indre and Loire, and formerly of Touraine, on the left bank of the r. Loire, in the midst of a fertile and delightful plain, 127 m. S. W. of Paris. It communicates with the opposite bank of the Loire by one of the finest stone bridges in Europe, which is about 1,420 ft. long, and 45 ft. wide, and rests on 15 elliptical arches, each of which has a span of 80 ft. The inhabitants of Tours are considered to speak better French than those of any other provincial town in France. Lat. 470 24' N., Lon. 0O 42' E. Pop. 26,669. (B.) TRAF'-AL-GAR! or traf-alt-gar, a cape on the S. W. coast of Spain, celebrated for the great naval action fought in its vicinity, on the 21st of October, 1805, between the Enolish fleet under Lord Nelson. and the combined French and Spanish fleet, commanded by admiral Villeneuve. The English were signally victorious. but their distinguished comman. der was slain during the action. Lat. 360 10' N., Lon. 6~ XV. TRAL-EE!, a thriving t. of Ireiand, cap. of Kerry co., near a bay of its own name, 57 m. W. N. W. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 9,562, and now (1842) probably 13,000. (M.) TRANI, tra'-ne, an archiepiscopal t. and seaport of Naples, on the Adriatic. Lat. 41~-17' N., Lon. 16" 26' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) TRAN'-QUE-BARI, a seaport t. of Hindostan, belonging to the British, on the Coromandel coast, between the two arms of the Cauvery, 140 m. S. S. W. of Madras. Lat 110 N., Lon. 810 54' E. The pop. may amount to 12,000, without including that of its little territory. (B.) Till lately (the early part of 1845), Tranquebar belonged to Denmark. TRAN-SYL-VAJ-NX-A (Hung. Erd6ly Orszag, AR-dail oa-sAAg; Ger. iebenbiirgen, seef-ben-bWiRGf-en); a large prov. forming the most east TRA-TRE 535 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ern portion of the Austrian empire, between 45 1.2' and 470 42' N. Lat., and 22~ 15' and 260 24' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Hungary, N. E. and E. by the Buckowine and Moldavia, S. by Wallachia, from which it is separated by the E. Carpathian Mountains, and W. by Hungary. Greatest length, from E. to W., 184 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 167 m. Area 21,000 sq. m. Pop. about 2,000,000. (M.) The name was given by the Hungarians, Transylvania signifying the country "beyond the wood," i. e. the extensive woody mountains which separate this province from Hungary. The true Hungarian name, however, Erddly Orszdg, signifies " woody country." The origin of the German name, Siebenbiirgen, the "seven castles," or " seven boroughs," probably refers to some feature of the ancient condition of the country with which we are now unacquainted. TRAPANI, traf-pa-ne, (Anc. Dreplanum; Gr. Acsrtfavov, i. e. a " scythe," the tongue of land on which it. is built being curved in the shape of that instrument;) a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, cap. of a prov. of the same name, at the N. W. extremity of the island, 46 m. W. of Palermo. Drepanum appears to have been an emporium from the earliest times, and the modern town is one of the first commercial places in Sicily. Lat. 38~ 2' N., Lon. 120 31' E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) TRAS os MoNTES, trMs bs monf-tes, i. e. " beyond the mountains," a prov. forming the N. E. extremity of Portugal, separated by a chain of mountains from the prov. of the Minho, and by the Douro from Beira. TRAV'-AN-COREf, a state of Hindostan, subsidiary to the British, situated at the S. extremity of that peninsula, between the 8th and 11th degrees of N. Lat., and the 76th and 78th of E. Lon. TREB/-I-ZOND\ (Turk. Ta-rA'-be-soonf; Anc. Trapezus), a fortified city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet, on the S. shore of the Black Sea, towards its eastern extremity. This town was for a considerable period the cap. of an empire founded in the early part of the 13th century by a branch of the Comnenian family, who had for several generations held the imperial sceptre at Constantinople. After experiencing a variety of fortunes, this empire fell, soon after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Though Trebizond has greatly declined from its former prosperity, it is still important on account of its manufactures, its commerce, and its population, which Balbi estimates at 50,000. Lat. 410 3' N., Lon. 390 28' E. TREMITI, tremt-e-te, a group of small islands belonging to the kingdom of Naples, situated in the Adriatic. Lat. about 42~ 8' N., Lon. 150 30' E. rRENT (Ger. Trient, tre-entt; Anc. Triden/turn), a walled t. of Tyrol, on the Adige, which is here crossed by a fine bridge. Lat. 46~ 6' N., Lon. 11~ 4' E. Pop. near 12,000~. (B.) TRENT, one of the principal rivers of England: it rises on the borders of Cheshire, and flowing at first southerly, then easterly, and in the latter part of its course northerly, falls into the estuary of the Humber, 24 m. S. W. of York. Its whole length is estimated at near 200 536 TRE-TRI FAte, far, fAll, fat; m&, mFt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good; mn.; it is navigable for barges to Burton on Trent (about 117 m.), and For vessels of 200 tons to Gainsborough, (near 30 m.) TRENT/-ON, a t. of N. J., the seat of justice of Mercer county, and cap. of the state, on the left or N. E. bank of the Delaware, at the head of steamboat navigation, where the river is joined by the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 27 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Philadelphia. The railroad from N. York to Philadelphia passes through this town. Lat. 400 14' N., Lon. 74C 30' W.. Pop. estimated at 8,000. TREVES (Fr. Treves, trave; Ger. Trier, treer; Anc. Augutsta Trevirofrum), a city of the Prussian dominions, cap. of a gov., and formerly of an electorate of the same name, on the right bank of the Moselle, over which there is a stone bridoe of 8 arches, 690 ft. long. This is perhaps the most ancient, and was long the most celebrated of the German cities. Constantine the Great, and several other emperors, occasionally resided at Treves. It abounds in interesting antiquities, among which may be mentioned the ruins of the palace of Constantine, and the Roman aqueduct, the subterranean portion of which is still pretty well preserved. Treves had formerly a university which has been replaced by a gymnasium; it possesses also a library of 70,000 vols., and other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 490 47' N., Lon. 6~ 38' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 14,000. (B.) TREVISO, trev-ee/-zo, (Anc. Tarvifsium,) a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 18 m. N. N. W. from Venice. Pop. 12,600. (B.) TRICALA, treef-k{a-]a, written also TIRHALA; (Anc. Triclca,) a t. of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 37 m. W. by S. of Larissa. It is the residence of a pasha, and of a Greek archbishop. Lat. 390 31' N., Lono 21~ 48' E. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) TRTCH-IN-OPI-O-LX or TRICHINOPOLY, a large fortified t. of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, belonging to the presidency of Madras, on the Cauvery, 28 m. W. of Tanjore. Lat. about 10~ 50' N., Lon. 78~ 50' E. Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at 80,000. (P. C.) Near this town is the island of Seringham (ser-ingl-gum), formed by two arms of the Cauvery, on which stands one of the largest and most magnificent pagodas of Hindostan. The central building is not large, but is splendidly ornamented with sculpture, gilding, and precious stones. It is enclosed within seven square walls, each 25 ft. high, and.very thick. These walls are about 120 yards from each other; the circumference of the outer one is about 4 m. There are besides common entrances, 20 very large and lofty triangular towers over as many gateways, each forming a highly-ornamented pagoda. TRI-ESTE! or tre-est-th (Anc. Tergeslte), the principal seaport t. of the Austrian empire, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Adriatic, near its N. E. extremity, 73 m. E. by N. of Venice. It has several important manufactures, among which, that of soap is the most remarkable. Among its institutions for education, the Scientific and Nautical School, with 16 professors, deserves particular mention. In 1719, the emperor Charles VI. declared Trieste a free port; at that TRI-TRI 537 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. time it contained scarcely 8,000 inhabitants. The privileges of the piace were afterwards extended by the empress Maria Theresa, so that all goods, with very few exceptions, can be imported duty free. The consequence has been that the population is now above 50,000 (P. C.), and continues annually to increase, and Trieste is the most wealthy and important commercial city in the Austrian dominions. Lat. 450 38' N., Lon. 13~ 47' E. TRIGG, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumberland river. Pop. 10,129. Co. t. Cadiz. TRIMI-BLE, a co. in the N. part of Ky., on the Ohio river. Pop. 5,963. Co. t. Bedford. TRINCOMALEE, tring'-ko-ma-leef, a small fortified t. of Ceylon, on its N. E. coast, with one of the finest harbours in the world. " Durin'g the N. E. monsoon, when all the vessels off' the Coromandel Coast and in the Bay of Bengal are obliged to put to sea, Trincomalee is their place of refuge, and a vessel from Madras can reach it in two days." (M.) TRTIN'-R-DAD!, after Jamaica, the largest and most important of the British W. India Islands, is situated between the 10th and 11th degrees of N. Lat., and the 61st and 62d of W. Lon.: its S. W. extremity is only about 7 m. from the delta of the Orinoco. The form of this island is singular; it is almost a parallelogram, but the N. E., N. W., and S. WV. angles, have remarkable projections; the last named consists of a tongue of land, about 30 m. long, and from 2 to 10 or 12m. broad. Extreme length of the island, from S. W. to N. E., 88 m.; greatest length, from N. to S., about 50 m.; mean breadth, from E. to W., about 35 m. Area estimated at 2,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1834, 43,678. The most remarkable natural feature of Trinidad, is the Pitch Lake, situated in the S. W. part of the island, about a mile and a half in circumference. The pitch or bitumen at the sides of the lake is perfectly hard and cold, but towards the middle it becomes gradually warmer and softer, and at last is seen boiling up in a liquid state. Trinidad has several extinct volcanic craters. Port of Spain, on the W. coast, near its N. extremity, is the cap. of Trinidad, and one of the finest towns in the W. Indies. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C.) TRIN/-I-TY, a r. of Texas, flowing into Galveston Bay. TRIPa-O-L! (Anc.'riptolis*), the most easterly of the Barbary States, between 29~ and 330 N. Lat., and 10~ and 22~ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. by Fezzan and the desert, and W. by Tunis. Area, uncertain. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 660,000; but some other writers rate it as high as 1,500,000, and even 2,000,000. Tripoli belongs to the Turkish sultan, and is governed by a bey or pasha, with despotic sway. We may remark that this country, since the revolution of 1832, has been in a.;ry unsettled state, and our knowledge of its present political condition is imperfect and uncertain. —Adj. and inhab. TRIPOLINE, trip-o-leenl and TRIP-OLIX-TAN. * Under the-Romans, the three flourishing cities of (Ea, Leptis, and Sabrata, constituted a kind of federal union, under the name of Tripolis, or the " three c ties." 2K 538 - TRI-TRU FaPte, fair, fall, fat; me', mtt; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; TRIPOLI (called by the natives Ta-ral-bloos or Tarabloos-el-Gharb, i. e. "Tripoli of the West;" Anc. CEa), the cap. of the above state or regency, on a rocky tongue of land projecting into the Mediterranean, with a harbour defended by several batteries. The town is fortified, and is entered by two gates. It contains six mosques, of the first'order, some of which are very handsome. The most striking relic of antiquity is a magnificent triumphal arch, (erected A. D. 164) in honour of Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Verus. Tripoli is one of the principal entrepots for the commerce which is carried on between Europe and the countries in the central part of Africa. Lat. 32~ 54' N., Lon. 13~ 11' E. Pop. estimated at from 20,000'to 25,000. (P. C. and B.) TRIPOLI (Arab. T.a-rat-bloos es-Sham, or the " Tripoli of Syria), a well-built seaport t. of Syria, cap. of an eyalet of its own name, on the Mediterranean, near 150 m. S. S. W. of Aleppo. Lat. 34~ 26' N., Lon. 350 51' E. Pop. estimated at about 16,000. (B.) TRIPOLLTZA or TRIPOLIZZA, tre-po-litl-s'a, formerly an important t. of Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. W. by S. of Napoli di Romania. Lat. 370 30' N., Lon. 220 25' E. The pop., which appears formerly to have amounted to 15,000 or 18,000, is probably at present scarcely 2,000. (B.) TROIS RIVIkRES. See THREE RIVERS. TRONDHJEM. See DRONTHEIM. TROND (or Tron), SAINT, SaN tr6N, a t. of Belgium, prov. of Limburg, 20 m. W. by S. of Maestricht, with near 8,000 inhabitants, who are principally engaged in the manufacture of fire-arms. (B.) TROPPAU, tropt-pou, the most important t. of Austrian Silesia, cap. of a circle of the same name, 37 m. N. E. of Olmuitz. It is well built and has considerable manufactures. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) TROUP, troop, a co. on the W. border of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 16,879. Co. t. La Grange. TROWI-BRIDGE, a manufacturing t. of England, in Wiltshire, 21 m. N. W. of Salisbury. Pop. of the parish, with an area of about 3 sq. m., 11,050. TROY, a city of N. Y., cap. of Rensselaer co., on the E. bank of the Hudson, 6 m. N. of Albany. Its position is highly favourable for trade; besides the ready communication which it has with the towns on the Hudson and with the sea, it is connected by the Champlain and Erie canals with the western lakes and the St. Lawrence. Troy is regularly laid out, and contains many handsome public buildings, among which the Court House and the Episcopal Church deserve particular mention. Lat. 42~ 44' N., Lon. 730 40' W. Pop. 28,785. TROYES, trwa, (Anc. Augustobofna; afterwards Trecas/ses or Tricasses, Tricas/sae, and Tretce), a manufacturing city of France, cap. of the dep. of Aube, on the Seine, 92 m. E. S. E. of Paris. Besides a number of institutions for education, it possesses a public library, said to contain 55,000 printed vols. and nearly 5,000 manuscripts. Lat. 480 18' N., Lon. 40 5' E. Pop. 25,563. (B.) TRUMI-BULL, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on Pa., and TRU-TUN 539 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. intersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. Pop. 30,490. Co. t. Warren. TRUI-RO, the handsomest t. in Cornwall, England, on the Fal, 8 m. N. by E. of Falmouth. Lat. 50~ 15' N., Lon. 5~ 2' W. Pop. 3,043. TRUXILLO or TRUJILLO, troo-Heell-yo, a small t. of Spain, in Estremadura, 134 m. S. W. by W. from Madrid. It was the birth-place of Pizarro. TRUX-IL/-LO or troo-heelf-yo, a seaport t. of Peru, cap. of a dep., on a small r., about 2 m. from the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1533. Lat. 80 6' N., Lon. 790 3' W. Pop. from 12,000 to 14,000. (B.) TU-A4M, a city of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 105 m. W. by N. of Dublin. It was, till lately, the seat of a Protestant, as it still is of a Roman Catholic archbishopric. Lat. 53~ 30' N., Lon. 8~ 50' W. Pop. in 1831, 6,883. (P. C.) TVt-BING-EN, the second capital of the kingdom of Wfirtemberg, on the Neckar, 17 m. S. S. W. of Stuttgart. It is chiefly interesting on account of its university, founded in 1477, by Count Eberhard, who afterwards became the first duke of Wiirternberg: Reuchlin and Melancthon were among its professors. It was formerly exclusively Protestant; but, since the University at Elwangen was suppressed, Roman Catholics have been admitted: it is now the only university in the kingdom. The number of students is between 600 and 700. It possesses an extensive library, said to contain 140,000 vols., a good collection in natural history, a botanic garden, an observatory, &c. Lat. 48~ 31' N., Lon. 90 4' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) TUCKI-ER-TON, a village and port of entry of N. J., in Burlington co., on a creek which flows into Little Egg Harbour. TUCUMAN, too-koo-mant, a t. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, cap. of a state of its own name, memorable as the place where, in 1816, the declaration of the independence of the La Plata provinces was first promulgated. Lat. 29~ 50' S., Lon. 640 55' W. Pop. estimated at from 10,000 to 12,000. (B.) TUDELA, too-dh-la, (Anc. Tutela,) a t. of Spain, in Navarre, on the Ebro, here crossed by a fine bridge of 17 arches, 45 m. N. W. of Saragossa. Pop. 8,000. (B.) TULA. See ToOLA. TUI-LA-MORsI, a t. of Ireland, cap. of King's co., on the Grand Canal, which connects the Shannon with the sea at Dublin, 50 m. W. by S. from this city. Pop. in 1831, 6,342. (P. C.) TULLE, tiill, a manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Correze, on the r. Correze. Lat. 450 16' N., Lon. 2~ 54' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) TUN!-BRIDGE, also written TONBRIDGE, a small t. of England, on the Medway, 27 m. S. E. of London. The watering-place, Tunbridge Wells, is about 5 m. S. of Tunbridge. TUNGURAGU A, toong-goo-rAi-owk, a r. of S. America, which rises in Peru, and afterwards forming a part of the boundary between this re 540 TUN-TUR Fate, fAr, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, n5t; 66, as in good, public and Ecuador, joins the Ucayuli, to form the Amazon. It is regarded by some geographers as the upper portion of that great river. TU/-NI-CA, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,314. Co. seat, Peyton. TUI-NIS (called, by the inhabitants, Tool-nis), a state or regency of N. Africa, nominally dependent on the Turkish empire, between 33" and 37~ 20' N. Lat., and 8~ 30' and 11~ 20' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the desert, and W. by Algiers. Length, from N. to S., about 300 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., near 170 m. Area vaguely estimated at about 50,000sq. m. Pop1,800,000. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. TUNISINE, tood-ne-seenl, and TUNISIAN, tu-neel-she-an. TUNis (Anc. Tulnes or Tunelta), a large and flourishing city, cap. of the above state, situated near the Mediterranean, on a lagoon, 10 m. long, and from 3 to 5 m. broad, which communicates, by a narrow channel called the Goletta (or "little throat"), with the Bay of Tunis. It is encircled by a high wall, with six gates, around which there is another wall enclosing the suburbs, with eleven gates, and about 5 m. in circumference. There are five principal and many smaller mosques. The houses, according to the custom of Barbary, have generally only one story, and the streets are narrow, crooked, and extremely dirty. Tunis appears to be the most populous, commercial, and civilized, as well as most ancient town in all Barbary. Lat. 36~ 48' N., Lon. 10~ 11' E. Balbi estimates the pop. at not less than 100,000; the P. C. at from 130,000 to 200,000. TURCOING, tfiR'-kWaNf, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, near the Belgian frontier, 10 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 8,749. (M.) TU/-RIN (Fr. pron. tfi'-raN1; It. Torino, to-reel-no; Anc. Augus/ta Taurinolruln); an archiepiscopal city of N. Italy, cap. of the Sardinian States, and of a prov. of its own name, on the left bank of the Po, at its junction with the Dora, about 80 m. W. S. W. of Milan. It is ornl of the most regularly-built towns in Europe, especially in that part which is called Nuovo Torino (noo-o'-vo to-reel-no), or "' New Turin." Some of the streets are remarkably handsome, reminding one of the finest parts of Paris. With respect to literary and scientific institutions, Turin ranks as one of the very first of the Italian cities. The University, founded in 1405, is the most frequented in Italy (B.); it has a library of 112,000 vols., besides about 2,000 manuscripts. There is also a military academy; a royal academy of sciences; a cabinet of medals, one of the richest in Europe; an Egyptian museum, containing, among many other curiosities, the most extensive and interesting collection of Egyptian manuscripts that exists; and many other similar establishments. Lat. 45~ 4' N., Lon. 7~ 40' E. The pop., which at the commencement of the last century was only about 42,000, amounted in 1848, including the suburbs, to 135,000. (P. C.) TUR!-KEY or OTTOMAN EMPIRE (in Turkish, Os'-man'-lee! Vil'-,yetf-ee', or the "; country of the Osmanlees"), an extensive country occupying the S. E. portion of Europe and the W. part of Asia, prilc.i, TUR-TWI 541 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. pally situated between 30~ and 480 N. Lat., and 160 and 480 E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Austria and the Russian empire (from which it is partially separated by the Black Sea), E. by Persia, S. by Arabia and by the Mediterranean, and W. by the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the Austrian territories. Length, from N. N.W. to S. S. E., above 1,800 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., perhaps 700 m. Balbi estimates the area of European Turkey at about 146,900 sq. m., and the pep. at 7,000,000; the area of Asiatic Turkey at about 741,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 12,500,000, which would give 887,900 sq. miles for the area, and 19,500,000 for the pop. of the whole empire. The religion of Turkey is Mahometanism: the Grand Seignior is regarded as the vicegerent of the prophet, and the protector of the Moslem faith. The government is an absolute despotism, the sultan being under no other restraint than what the laws of the Koran impose. Constantinople is the capital.-Adj. TURKI-lSH or OTI-TO-MAN; inhab. TURK or OTTOMAN (Turk. Os'-man'-lee/). TURKISTAN. See TOORKISTAN. TURNI-HOUT (-howt), a well-built t. of Belgium, 25 m. E. N. E. of Antwerp, with flourishing manufactures. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Tus'-CA-Loo f-sA, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ala., intersected by the Black Warrior r. Pop. 18,056. TuSCALOOSA, cap. of the above co., and formerly of the state of Ala., is situated on the left bank of the Black Warrior r., at the head of steamboat navigation. Lat. 330 12' N., Lon. 870 42' W. Tust-cA-NY (It. Toscana, tos-kal-na; Anc. Etrutria), GRAND DucHY OF, a state in the N. and middle part of Italy, between 420 22' and 440 30' N. Lat., and 90 40' and 12~ 13' E. Lon.; bounded (with the exception of some small detached portions) on the N. by the territories of Lucca, Modena, and the Papal State, E. and S. E. by the Papal State, and S. W. and W. by the Mediterranean. Length, from N. to S., about 130 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., above 100 m. Total area, including Elba and some other small islands in the Mediterranean, 8,432 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 1,436,780. (P. C.) Florence is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. TUSI-CAN. Tus-cA-RA:-wAs, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 31,761. Co. t. New Philadelphia. TUY, twee, (Anc. Tufde), a fortified seaport t. of Spain, in Galicia, on the Mifio (Minho), about 16 m. from its mouth. Lat. 420 2' N., Lon. 80 35' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) TVER (Twer), a commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Volga, and on the high road between Moscow and St. Petersburg, about 90 m. N. WV. of the former city. Lat. 56~ 52' N., Lon. 350 57' E. Pop. 24,000. (P. C.) TWrEED, a r. of Great Britain, which forms a part of the boundary between England and Scotland, and falls into the North Sea at Berwick. TwIGGs, a co. in the central part of Ga., on tfie E. side of the Ocmulgee r. Pop. 8,179. Co. t. Marion. 46 542 TYL —UDI Fite, far, fRll, fAt; me, met; pine, or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good TYI-LER, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,498. Co. t. Middlebourn. TYNE, a r. in the N. of England, falling into the North Sea at Tynemouth. It is navigable for vessels of 300 or 400 tons as far as Newcastle. TYNE/-MOUTH or NORTH SHIELDS, a t. of England, in Northumberland, at the mouth of the above r., on its N. bank, immediately opposite to S. Shields, and 7 m. E. N. E. of Newcastle. Pop. of the township, 11,890. TYRE (called by the Jews, Tsoor; by the Arabs, Soor; Gr. Tvpos Lat. Tylrus); a celebrated city and emporium of antiquity, on the S. E. coast of the Mediterranean. Lat. 330 17' N., Lon. 350 14' E. A village of about 1,500 inhabitants now occupies the site of the town which was the glory of ancient Phcenicia. The immense mound built by Alexander the Great, during the memorable siege of the second Tyre, appears to be the only monument of antiquity which can attract the attention of the traveller. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. TYRI-O-.N. TYREE or TYRY. See TIREE. TYRNAU, teeaR-nou (Hung. Nagy Szombath, n6dy som-b6t), a commercial t. of Hungary, cap. of the " circle beyond the Danube," 27 m. N. E. of Presburg. Pop. above 7,000. (B.) TYRI-oQL (Ger. pron. te-rolef), a country of Germany, forming a part of the Austrian dominions, between 45~ 40' and 470 44' N. Lat., and 90 32' and 12~ 55' E. Lon., bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Austria and Carinthia, S. E. and S. by Italy, and W. by Italy and Switzerland. Greatest length, from E. to W., about 135 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., above 120 m. Area 11,457 sq. Im. Pop. in 1832, 813,000. (P. C.) A large portion of this country is mountainous. The Tyrolese, like the Swiss, are remarkable for their strong attachment to their native land. Trent (Trient) is the chief town.-Adj. TYR-O-LEI/-AN and TYR-O-LE.SE/; inhab. TYROLESE. TYR-ONEf, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, prov. of Ulster, VW. of, and bordering on Lough Neagh. Pop. in 1831, 304,468. (P. C.) TYRI-REL, a co. in the E. part of N. C., on the S. side of Albemarle Sound. Pop. 5,133. Co. t. Columbia. UCAYALI, oo-ki-y'l-le, a r. of Peru, which joins the Tunguragua to form the Amazon. According to some geographers, it is properly the Amazon itself. UDINE, oof-de-nA, a walled t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of the prov. of Udine or Friuli, on an elevated plain, about 20 m. from the Adriatic, * We sometimes hear this name accentuated in English like the German, but the pronunciation that we have given appears to have the sanction of the best speakers, and is supported by the authority of one of our first poets. "like him wayworn Descending from the TYROL as night fell,"ROGERS'S Italy, Part First, VIII. UIS-UNI 543 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. on the high road between Venice and Vienna. It is well built, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 46~ 3' N., Lon. 13~ 15' E. UIST, wist,* (or more properly fist,) the name of two islands of the Hebrides, off the W. coast of Scotland, belonging to Inverness-shire. North Uist is about 16 m. in length, and nearly 13 m. in its greatest breadth. South Uist is above 20 m. in length, and 6 or 7 m. in its greatest breadth. Ul-I-RAINE (Polish, Ukraina, oo-kra-eer-nA), a name which has been rather indefinitely applied to an extensive and fertile tract in the S. part of European Russia, on both sides of the Dnieper, now comprising the governments of Kief, Podolia, Poltava, and Slobode Ukraina; the last is sometimes called the gov. of Ukraine. ULEABORG, oof-le-O-boRG', a seaport t. of Russia, in the grand-duchy of Finland, cap. of a circle of its own name, on the Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth of the r. Ulea (oof-le-6). Lat. 65~ N., Lon. about 25~ 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (M.) ULM (Ger. pron. 661m), formerly an important fortress of Wtirtemberg, on the Danube, where it begins to be navigable, 45 m. S. E. of Stuttgart. Its cathedral or Munster, though unfinished, is a fine specimen of ancient Gothic architecture, and one of the largest and loftiest churches in Germany. Lat. 480 23' N., Lon. 90 59' E. Pop. 16,000. (P. C.) ULI-STER, the most northern of the four provinces of Ireland, comprising the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone. ULSTER, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., on the WV. side of the Hudson r. Pop. 59,384. Co. t. Kingston. UMEA, oot-me-6, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, in about 63~ 40' N. Lat. UM'-MER-A-POO1-RA (Amarapoura-see Int. XIX., 1, Obs.), a decayed city of Chin India, formerly the cap. of the Birman empire. Lat. 210 55' N., Lon. 96~ 7' E. UNDERWALDEN. See UNTERWALDEN. UNION, a co. in the central part of Pa., on the W. side of the Susquehanna r. Pop. 26,083. Co. t. New Berlin. UNION, a district in the N. N. W. part of S. C., on the W. side of Broad r. Pop. 19,852. Seat of justice, Unionville. UNION, a co. on the N. border of Ga. Pop. 7,234. Co. t. Blairsville. UNION, a parish on the N. border of La. Pop. 8,203. Seat of justice, Farmersville. UNION, a co. on the S. border of Ark. Pop. 10,298. Seat of justice, Union c. h. UNION, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., on the Ohio r. Pop. 9,012. Co. t. Morganfield. " Be mine, so please my liege, ismiss'd To wake to arms the clans of UIST." SCOTT'S Lord of the Isles, Canto IV. 544 UNI-UNI Fhte, ffir, fall, fAt; m6, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; o5o as in good; UNION, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio. Pop. 12,204. Co. t. Marysville. UNION, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 6,944. Co. t. Liberty. UNION, a co. in the S. part of Ill., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,615. Co. t. Jonesboro. UNITED STATES, a, federal republic of N. America, between 250 and 49~ N. Lat., and 660 50' and 124~ 30' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by British America, from which it is partially separated by the great lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the r. St. Lawrence, E. by the British Province of New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican States, from which it is chiefly separated by the Rio del Nort6 and Gila r., and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The United States now form nearly a parallelogram of about 2,400 miles in mean length from east to west, and an average breadth from north to south of about 1,300 miles. The extreme length is more than 2,700 miles, and the greatest breadth near 1,600 miles. Total population in 1850 (exclusive of the Indians on the unappropriated territory) 23,246,301, of whom 3,198,298 are slaves. Since the first edition of this Gazetteer was published, astonishing changes have taken place in the extent and resources of the United States. This great confederacy now (1852) possesses an empire extending over more than 3,200,000 sq. m., of which about 825,000 sq. m. have been added by annexation, conquest, and purchase, within the last 7 yrs. A new state, California, has sprung up on our Pacific coast, supplying by its inexhaustible mines of gold, as well as by its peculiar geographical and commercial position, a new and mighty impetus to the enterprise and energy of our citizens of every state and territory. The vast regions of the far northwest, which but a few years ago were gloomy forests or lonely prairies, unexplored and untrodden, except by the wandering savage or the fearless hunter, are now dotted with towns and villages and resound with the hum of an ever-active population. The rivers, whose waters had borne only the light canoe or occasional masses of drift-wood, are now plowed by the rapid steamer or burdened with the unwieldy raft. Even in the older states a rapid progress has been made. With a view to present to the reader data whidh may enable him to form a correct idea of the advancement of our country, a table has been prepared showing the population of each state in 1840 and 1850, with a list of the counties and their population, those which have been added since the census of 1840 being distinguished from the others by a star. (See Appendix B.) The republic comprises thirty-one states, besides six territories, and the District of Columbia. The United States have been usually classed into four great divisions, viz.:1. The EASTERN or NEW-ENGLAND STATES, comprising Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2. The MIDDLE STATEs-New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 3. The SOUTHERN STATES —Virginia, UNT —UNT 545 ou, as in our; tb, as in thio; TII, as in t/his; N, nearly like ng. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 4. The WESTERN STATES-Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri, with Minnesota, Indian, and Missouri territories. To these we may now add, 5. The PACIFIC DIVISION, embracing the State of California, and the territories of Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico. There are six cities (including their suburbs) numbering from 130,000 to 650,000 inhabitants; three from 50,000 to 100,000; five from 40,000 to 44,000; four from 30,000 to 40,000; twelve from 20,000 to 30,000; and thirty-four from 10,000 to 20,000 inhab. The total revenue for the year ending June 30th,1851, was $52,312,979.87. Of this amount $49,017,567.02 were from the customs. Public debt in December, 1851, $62,560,305.26. Imports for the fiscal year 1851, $215,725,995; exports for the same period $217,517,130, of which $29,231,880 was specie, and $9,738,695 re-exported foreign merchandise. Cotton exported in the same year 927,237,089 lb, and breadstuffs and provisions to the value of $21,918,653. Railroads completed 11,565 m., at a total cost of $335,150,848; in course of construction 11,228 m. Steam Miarine of the U. S.-On the Atlantic coast there are 46 ocean steamers, 274 ordinary steamers, 65 propellers, and 80 ferryboats-tonnage 154,270 tons. On the Gulf of Mexico, 12 ocean steamers, 95 ordinary steamers, and 2 propellers-tonnage 23,244 tons. On the Pacific coast, 37 ocean steamers, and 13 ordinary steamers-tonnage 37,986. inland Steam Marine.-On the northern frontier there are 164 steamers, in the Ohio basin 348, and in the Mississippi valley 255, total 767; tonnage 204,723. Each of the thirty-one states constitutes a republic independent of the others, with respect to those affairs which are purely local; but matters of general interest, such as providing for the defence of the country, and the regulation of its intercourse with foreign nations, fall within the province of the federal government. The legislature of this government is vested in a senate and house of representatives. The members of the latter are elected every two years by the people; the senators are appointed by the state legislatures, two being chosen by each state, for the term of six years. The executive power is intrusted to a president, who holds his office for a term of four years. The president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy; and has tl.e power, in conjunction with the senate, to make treaties, appoint imbassadors and other public ministers, the judges of the supreme court, and the various executive officers of the general government.'The vice-president presides over the senate, and in case the votes are equally divided, he is permitted to decide by a casting vote; in the event of the president's death, he becomes president for the remainder of the term. Washington is the seat of government. UNTERWALDEN, oon'-ter-wAll-den, a canton in the central part of Switzerland, S. of, and bordering on L. Lucerne. Area 267 sq. m. 46* 546 UPS —URI Fhte, fMr, ftll, ft; m6, m~t; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; 0o as in good; Pop., in 1835, 23,600. (P. C.) The canton is divided into two districts, namely, Upper and Lower Unterwalden. Stanz (stints), a little t. near the L. of Lucerne, with about 2,000 inhabitants, is the cap. of Lower Unterwalden, and Sarnen, a small t. of about the same size, on the Aa, at its egress from the L. of Sarnen or Sarner-See (saR/-ner su), is the cap. of Upper Unterwalden. UP/-SAL or UPSALA, up-sa'-lA, an archiepiscopal city of Sweden, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Sala, 37 m. N. by W. of Stockholm. The most interesting buildings are those of the University, and the-Cathedral, which is the largest and most magnificent in Scandinavia. The University, founded in 1478, is the most celebrated and flourishing institution of the kind in the N. of Europe: connected with it is a library of nearly 100,000 vols. The number of students is between 1,000 and 1,500. Many eminent scientific men have been professors in this university, among whom we may cite the names of Linneus, Scheele, and Berzelius. Lat. 590 52' N., Lon. 17~ 39' E. Pop., without including the students of the University, about 4,000. (B. UPI-SON, a co. in the W. part of Ga., on the E. side of Flint river. Pop. 9,424. Co. t. Thomaston. Ul-RAL (or OURAL, oo-ralt) MOUNTAINS, a chain in the northern part of the Eastern Continent, forming a portion of the boundary between Europe and Asia, between 510 and 70~ N. Lat., and 55~0 and 650 E. Lon. Their general direction is almost due N. and S. None of the summits of this mountain system appear to be very elevated, the highest being, according to the best authorities, between 5,000 and 6,000 ft. above the level of the sea. These mountains are exceedingly rich in ores. It is probable that a very small portion of their treasure has yet been revealed, as most of the mines in this region have been opened within the last 70 or 80 years, and scarcely a year passes without new deposites being discovered.-Adj. U-RAL-X-rN or oo-rall-e-an. URAL (Oural) or YAiK, yal-ik, a r. which rises on the E. declivity of the Ural Mountains, near 550 N. Lat., and 590 E. Lon. and flowing southerly, in its general course, falls into the N. extremity of the Caspian Sea, by several mouths. The length has been estimated at 900 m. It is navigable for large barges to Orsk or Orskaya, near the S. extremity of the Ural Mountains. URBINO, ooa-beel-no, (Anc. Urbi/num Horten/se,) an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of the prov. of Urbino and Pesaro, 20 m. from the Adriatic. It is surrounded with walls, has several fine buildings, and is the seat of a university. Urbino is remarkable as the birth-place of the immortal Raphael. Lat. 43~ 44', Lon. 120 37' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) URFA. See OORFAo U/-R! (Ger. pron. oof-re), a canton in the E. central part of Switzerland, bordering on the L. of Lucerne. Area 424 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 13,000 (B.), in 1836, 13,519. (P. C.)* Altorf is the capital. McCulloch states the population at 40,650! UIRM-UZE 547 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like yg. URMIAH. See OOROOMEEA. URUGUAY, oo-roo-gwil, a r. of S. America, which rises in the S. part of Brazil, between 27~ and 280 N. Lat., and about 50~ W. Lon.; flowing at first westerly, and afterwards southerly, it joins the Parana to form the La Plata. Length estimated at near 1,000 m. Though it brings down a great quantity of water, it is said to be navigated with difficulty, on account of its numerous rocks and the rapidity of its current. URUGUAY, REPUBLIC OF, or THE EASTERN REPUBLIC OF THE U11UGUAI, (Republica del Uruguay Oriental, rh-poobl-le-ka deol oo-roo4gwif o-re-6n-ta11), called also the BANDA ORTENTAL, a republic of S. America, between 530 and 59' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. and E. by Brazil, S. by the Atlantic and the r. La Plata, and W. by the r. Uruguay. Length about 380 m.; greatest breadth near 300 m. Area estimated at 80,000 sq. m. Pop. 70,000. (B.) The territory of this republic formerly constituted the principal part of the Banda Oriental, one of the divisions of the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, whence that name is still sometimes applied to the republic. Montevideo is the capital. URUMIYA. See OOROOMEEA. USTIUG. See OOSTIOOa. U'TAH, originally a part of the territory of Upper California, ceded to the United States by the treaty with Mexico in 1848, was erected into a separate territory in 1850. It lies between 37~ and 420 N. Lat., and between 1050 30' and 1200 W. Lon., being about 620 m. in length from E. to W., and 347 broad from N. to S., and including an area of 187,923 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by Oregon, E. by Indian Territory and New Mexico, S. by New Mexico, and W. by California. The Rocky mountains separate it from Indian Territory, and the Sierra Nevada partly from California. It is divided into 9 counties.* By the census of 1850, Utah contained 11,380 inhab., of whom 11,330 were white, 24 free coloured persons, and 26 slaves. There were 232 deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, or about 21 in every thousand. Face of the Country, Mountains, &c. —This extensive region is an elevated table-land, generally of'hopeless sterility, and divided into nearly equal portions by the Sierra Madre mountains. The western section, known as the Great, or Fremont Basin, is hemmed in by mountains on all sides, having the Blue mountains of Oregon on the N., the Wahsatch mountains on the E., the Sierra Nevada mountains on the W., and a nameless mountain or mountains on the S. This basin has an extent of about 400 m. from E. to W., by 250 from N. to S., and a general elevation of from 4000 to 5000 ft. above the level of the sea, " with its own system of lakes and rivers, and having no communication with the ocean." The eastern portion is * Davis, Great Salt Lake, Iron, San Pete, Tooeleo (too-il-e), Utah, Weber, Box Elder, and Millard. 548 UTA-UTA Fate, fir, f1ll, fAt; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; covered with a white incrustation of saline and alkaline matter, and the western with a mixture of salt, sand, and clay, in which animals sink to their knees. Several detached mountains traverse this basin, the principal of which are the Humboldt mountains, which run from N. to S., near the centre of the basin, and are elevated from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. above the surrounding country. The eastern portion of Utah, lying between the Wasatch and Rocky mountains, is believed to be even more sterile than the western. Rivers, Lakes, &c.-The Grand and Green rivers, with their tributaries, drain the eastern portion of Utah. The Green r. rises in the S. E. of Oregon, and running southerly about 500 m., joins the Grand r. near the southern boundary of Utah, and forms the Colorado. *The Grand r. rises in the Rocky mountains, in the E. of Utah, and runs in a S. W. course about 300 m., to its junction with the Green rirer. The Great Basin has no large rivers. The Humboldt, or Mary's r., rises in the Humboldt mountains, and running S. W. about 300 m., loses itself in a slough or lake, called Humboldt's lake. Near the base of the Sierra Nevada mountains, on the western border of the Great Basin, is a series of small lakes (the largest, Pyramid Lake, is about 40 m. long), which receive the waters flowing from the eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada. There are several streams in other parts of the desert, which lose themselves in like manner in sloughs, or small lakes. Nicollet r., on the E. rim of the basin, has a N. and W. course of about 300 miles, and empties into a lake of the same name. Great Salt Lake, the largest body of water in Utah, lies in the N. E. part of the Great Basin, and is about 75 miles long by 35 wide, but has a much greater extent at the melting of the snows. This lake is so salt that no living thing is found in it, and on the receding of the waters from the beach in the dry season, it is left covered with thick incrustations of salt. About 25 m. S. of this, and communicating with it by the Jordan r., is lake Utah, about 35 miles in length. Its water is fresh and well stocked with trout and other fish. The elevation of these lakes is from 4,200 to 4,500 feet above the level of the sea. Bear river, from Oregon, is the largest tributary of Salt Lake, and has a course of about 200 m. in a S. W. direction. Agriculture and Productions.-The arable portions of Utah are but a small fraction of the whole territory, and are confined to the valleys of the rivers and lakes. The Great Salt Like Valley, Bear r. valley, Utah valley, Yoab valley, South valley, Sevier valley, and Sand Pitch valley, are the principal agricultural districts. The first of these is much the largest, being about 120 m. long, and from 20 to 40 broad; but of this area a very large proportion is occupied by the lake itself. South valley is 30 m. long by 20 wide; Utah 60 m. long by 20 wide; and Sand Pitch 40 or 50 by 20 m. " There are tracts of land in each of these valleys of considerable extent, which are not susceptible of cultivation, because they cannot be irrigated,"* -* See Dr. Bernishel's letter to Senator Smith. UTA —UTA 549 ou, as in ourS; th, as in thin; TIt, as in this; N, nearly like ng. a necessary part of husbandry in Utah. The upper portion of the valleys of the Grand and Green rivers is "incapable of supporting any population whatever. The Unitah and Green river valleys, lying lower down on the tributaries of the Colorado, are, however, not so sterile." There is a belt of fertile land at the base of the mountains, and on the borders of most of the streams. The Humboldt r. is important in this respect, as it supplies emigrants to California with pasturage for their animals. Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables of the Middle States are the agricultural products of Utah. By the census of 1850, there were 15,219 acres of land under cultivation, producing 103,441 bushels of wheat; 9,144 bushels of Indian corn; 8,897 lb of wool; 74,064 lb of butter; 32,646 lb of cheese; and 4,288 tons of hay. The value of live stock was $533,951, and of farming implements and other machinery $78,495. Timber. —" This whole country is almost entirely destitute of timber, except on the sides of some of the high rocky mountains, or in the carons whence issue the mountain streams. There are some groves of cottonwood and box-elder in the bottoms of some of the principal streams." MJlanufactures.-There were also, according to the census reports, 16 manufacturing establishments, producing $500 per annum and upwards. Home-made manufactures were produced to the value of $1,391. Climate and Meteorology.]-Dr. Bernishel and Mr. Snow, in their letters to Senator Smith on this subject, say that " the climate of Great Salt Lake City, in Lat. 400 45/ N., is milder and drier than in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast, and the temperature more uniform, the thermometer rarely descending to zero. During three years, according to observation, the highest point attained by the thermometer was 1000 above, and 50 below zero. The variation between the temperature of day and night, in midsummer, is from 20~ to 400. Frosts in Utah valley fall as late as the last of May and as early as the first of September, and slight ones during the intermediate months, rendering Indian corn and vines rather uncertain crops. Rain seldom falls between April and October, except on the high mountains, where thunder-showers are frequent." Great Salt Lake City is the principal town, and the capital of this territory.* It is a Mormon settlement (the most of the inhab. of, Utah are Mormons), situated near the E. bank of the Jordan r., and about 22 m. S. of Great Salt Lake. The streets cross each other at right angles, forming squares of ten acres each, with eight lots to a square. There are four public squares in the city. The houses are mostly small, and built of adobes or unburnt brick, but are re- It is stated that the capital is about to be removed to a place to be called Fillmore, in a county to be named Millard, in Pauvan valley, 161 miles south of Great Salt Lake City. 550 URU-UZE Fate, far, fll, fat; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; garded merely as temporary. It is in contemplation to erect a temple larger than that at Nauvoo. There are good schools in this town, in some of which Greek, Latin, German and French are taught. Lying on the emigrant's route to California, this is important as a place at which to refit and rest the caravans. Pop. about 6000. URUMIYA. See OoROOMEEA. USTIUc. See OOSTIOOG. U/-TI-CA, a handsome city of Oneida co., in the E. central part of New York, is situated on the Mohawk r. and on the R. R. from Albany to Buffalo, 82 m. in a direct line W. N. W. from the former and 231 by R. R. from the latter. The streets are wide and regular, and the houses are chiefly constructed of brick and stone. It is surrounded by a rich, well cultivated country, and is the centre of an active trade, which is facilitated by the Erie and Chenango canals. The former, which is here 70 feet wide, passes through the town and is crossed by several bridges; the latter extends from Utica to Binghamton. Utica is enlivened in the summer and autumn by the arrival of a large number of travellers on their way to Trenton Falls, which are about 15 m. distant. Among the public buildings and institutions are a court-house, an exchange, two academies, the Utica Library, a Museum, a Mechanics' Institute which supports popular lectures, and the State Lunatic Asylum-a large stone edifice, situated 1 m. W. from the centre of the town. This place is the seat of extensive manufactures of iron, leather, paper, and flour. It was incorporated as a village in 1798, and as a city in 1830. The pop. in 1840 was 12,782; in 1850 it amounted to 17,565. UTREC1IT, uf-trekt, (Dutch pron. fil-treKt; Anc. Trajec/tum,*) a noted city of Holland, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Rhine, 20 m. S. S. E. of Amsterdam. It is the seat of a celebrated university, founded in 1634, and attended by about 600 students. (M.) This city is the head-quarters of the Jansenists, who have here an archbishop and chapter Lat. 52~ 5' 31" N., Lon. 50 7' E. Pop. about 45,000. (P. C.) UTRECHT, PROVINCE OF, is situated in the N. or N. central part of Holland, bordering on the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 147,681. (P. C.) UTRERA, oo-tra/-ra, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 15 m. S. by E. of Seville. Pop. 11,000. (B.) UTTOXETER, uxf-e-ter, a small t. of England, in Staffordshire, 17 m. W. by S. of Derby. UXI-BRIDGE, a t. of England, in Middlesex, on the r. Colne and the Grand Junction Canal, 15 m. N. by W. of London. It is remarkable as having the largest country corn-market in the kingdom. Pop. 3,219. Uzzs, i'-zacet, a t. of France, in the dep. of Gard, 12 m. S. by E. of Nismes. Lat. 440 1' N., Lon. 40 25' E. Pop. 5,986. (M.) *The name of Utrecht is supposed to be derived from its position, ultra Trajec. tum [Rheni], " beyond the passage of the Rhine." VAL-VAL 551 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. VAL-DE-PEfiAS, val-dh-panef-yas, (i. e. the " valley of rocks,") a well. built t. of Spain, in New Castile, 112 m. S. of Madrid, celebrated for its wines. Pop. 8,000. (B.) VALAIS, val'-aI/, (Ger. Wallis, wavll-lis,) a large canton, forming the S. S. W. extremity of Switzerland. Length, 85 m.; greatest breadth, 40 m. Area, 1,672 sq. m. Pop. in 1837, 75,798. (P. C.) Sion, se'-ON, (in German, Sitt-ten; Anc. Sedutnum,) a little t. near the right bank of the Rh6ne, with 2,500 inhabitants (B.), is the capital. Lat. 46~ 14' N., Lon. 70 22' E.-Adj. and inhab. VAL'-AI-.AN/.* VALDIVIA, val-deef-ve-a, a t. of Chili, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an estuary formed by the confluence of several small rivers. Its harbour is one of the best on the W. coast of S. America. Lat. 39~ 53' S., Lon. 73~ 33' W. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (B.) VALENCE, vAt-ltNcef, (Anc. Valenltia), a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Drotne, on the Rhone, (here crossed by a handsome suspension bridge,) 60 m. S. of Lyons. Lat. 44~ 56' N., Lon. 40 53' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) VALENCIA, val-ent-she-a, (Sp. pron. va-lenf-the-a,) formerly a kingdom and now a large province of Spain, in the E. part of the peninsula; bounded on the N. by Aragon, N. E. by Catalonia, E. and S. E. by the Mediterranean, and W. by Murcia. Length, above 200 m.; greatest breadth, about 70 m. Valencia occupies one of the finest and most fertile portions in the Spanish peninsula. —Adj. and inhab. VALENCIAN, val-enf-she-an (Sp. Valenciano, va-len'-the-fA-no). VALENCIA (Anc. Valenltia Edetanofrum), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of the above prov., in a wide and fertile plain, called La Huerta (la weRI-tA) or "the garden," on the Guadalaviar, about 7 m. above its entrance into the Mediterranean. It is enclosed by massive walls, built by the Moors, flanked at intervals with round towers, and is entered by four gates. Among its remarkable edifices may be mentioned the magnificent Cathedral, regarded as one of the finest in Spain. Valencia is distinguished as a seat of literature and science. Its university, founded in 1411, was formerly considered the best in Spain, particularly for the study of medicine, and is now the most frequented of any in the kingdom; in 1830, it had nearly 2,500 students. There are also seven colleges, a royal academy of fine arts, and several other similar institutions. Valencia holds a conspicuous place in Spanish history. It was taken from the Moors about the year 1090, by the celebrated Cid; and though it was reconquered by the Mahometans, it has since been generally distinguished from other towns of the same name, as VALENCIU OF THE CID (Valencia del Cid). Lat. 390 29' N., Lon., 0~ 23' E. Pop. estimated at about 66,000. (B.) VALENCIA, sometimes called NEW VALENCIA, a flourishing commercial t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, near the W. extre-' There did she blossom till a VALAISAN, A townsman of Martigny, won her heart."RoGERs's Italy, Part First, V. 552 VAL-VAN Fate, far, fall, f fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nit; 66, as in good, inity of the lake of Tacarigua (ta-kh-reef-gwa), and about 20 m. S. S. E. of Porto Cabello, on the sea coast. Lat. 100 12' N., Lon. 670 55' W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.) VALENCIENNES, val'-liN'-se-ennt, (Lat. Valentianaw,) a manufacturing t. and fortress of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the Scheldt, 28 m. S. S. E. of Lille. Lat. 50~ 21' N., Lon. 30 31' E. Pop. 16,679. (M.) VAL'-L.4-DO-LD! (Sp. pron. val-y-nDo-leeD/, almost val-ya-THo-leeTHI; Anc. Pin/tia), a celebrated though now decayed city of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the Pisuerga (pe-sweRl-ga), about 15 m. above its junction with the Douro, and about 100 m. N. N. W. from Madrid. It has a university, founded in 1346, which was formerly celebrated as a school of jurisprudence, and is now, with respect to the number of students, the second in Spain; eight colleges, and a school of the fine arts, besides less important institutions. Lat. 410 40' N., Lon. 40 42' W. The pop., which, at the time of its greatest prosperity, was estimated at above 100,000, is now reduced to about 21,000. (B.) VALLADOLID or MECHOACAN, mech'-O-'-ka'n1, a city of Mexico, cap. of the state of Mechoacan, in a fine valley, 140 m. W. by N. of Mexico. Lat. 19~ 42' N., Lon. 1000 52' W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) VALPARAISO, val-par-if-so, the principal seaport t. of Chili, on the Pacific, 60 m. N. N. W. of Santiago. It is a very flourishing place, and one of the most important commercial towns on the Pacific. The first printing press in Chili was established here in 1811; in 1826, twelve newspapers were published in the town. (B.) The harbour of Valparaiso is protected from all winds except the north: its entrance is defended by three forts and a battery. Lat. 330 2' S., Lon. 710 43' XV. Resident pop. in 1834, 25,000. (P. C.) VALTELLINA, vil-t1-leef-na, a fertile and beautiful valley in the N. of Italy, drained by the r. Adda. VAN, van, a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the E. side of a lake of the same name. Lat. about 38~ 30' N., Lon. 430 40' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 20,000, but by some other writers as high as 40,000 or 50,000. VAN, LAKE, a salt lake in Asiatic Turkey, principally between 380 and 380 40' N. Lat., and 420 30' and 430 40' E. Lon. Length above 60 m.; greatest breadth about 45 m. VAN BUI-RErN, a co. in the N. central part of Ark., N. E. from the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,864. Co. t. Clinton. VAN BUREN, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., a little N.W. from the Tennessee r. Pop. 2,674. VAN BUREN, a co. in the S.W. part of Mich., bordering on Lake Michigan. Pop. 5,800. VAN BUREN, a co. on the W. border of Mo., N. of Osage r. Pop.4,693. VAN BUREN, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Des Moines r. Pop. 12,270. Co. t. Keosauque. VANt-DER-BURG, a co. in the S.W. of Ind., on the Ohio r. P. 11,414. Co. t. Evansville. VAN-VEN 553 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. VAN DXEI-MEN'S LAND or TAS-MA/-NL-., an i. belonging to Great Britain, off the S. extremity of New Holland, between 40~ 40' and 430 40' S. Lat., and 144~ 40' and 148~ 25' E. Lon. The island is heart-shaped, with the apex towards the N. W. Length about 240 m.; greatest breadth 200 m. The surface' is in general hilly or mountainous, but there appears to be a much larger proportion of good soil than in the Australian continent. The climate appears to be healthy, and the country seldom suffers fromn long-continued droughts or from too much rain. Pop. 70,000. VANNES, vann, a seaport and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Morbihan, on the Gulf of Morbihan. Lat. 47~ 39' 26" N., Lon. 2~ 45' W. Pop. above 10,000. (B.) VAN WERT, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ohio, S. of the Maumee r. Pop. 4,813. Co. t. Van Wert. V.AR, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Mediterranean. Pop. 323,404. (B.) Capital, Dracguignan. VARINAS, v.t-reef-nas, or BARINAS, ba-reef-nas, a commercial t. of S. America, in Venezuela, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Apure. Lat. about 70 40' N., Lon. 700 20' W. The pop., which, before the war of independence, amounted to 10,000, is now reduced to 3,000. (B.) VARI-NA (Warna), a fortified seaport t. of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Black Sea. Lat. 430 12' N., Lon. 27~ 54' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) VAUCLUSE, v6'-klfizet, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, E. of, and bordering on the Rhone. It is separated from the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone by the Durance. Pop. 246,071. (B.) Capital, Avignon. VAUD, v6, (Ger. Waadt, waatt,) a canton forming the W. N. W. extremity of Switzerland. Area 1,190 sq. m. Pop. about 184,000. (P. C.) Lausanne is the capital. This canton is also called PAYS DE VAUD. VELEz-MALAGA, vA/-leth ma!-la-ga, a t. of Andalusia, Spain, in a remarkably fertile country, on) the r. Velez,.14 m. E. by N. of Malaga. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) VELLETRI, vel-lat-tre, (Anc.Velittre), a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, the cap. of a province of the same name, near the Appian Way, 20 m. S. E. of Romle, interesting for its remains of antiquity. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) VENANGO, ve-nangf-go, a co. in the N.W. part of Pa., intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop. 18,310. Co. t. Franklin. VENDkE, LA, 1N VAN'-dit or ven-dee!, a dep. in the W. S. W. part of France, bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 341,312. (B.) Capital, Bourbon-Vendee. The people of this part of France are said to have been formerly remarkable for the innocence and patriarchal simplicity of their lives, as they are distinguished in history for their brave. though finally unsuccessful resistance of the revolutionary armies, in 1793-6.-Adj. and inhab. VEN-DE-JN. VENEZUELA, ven'-ez-wef-lA, (Sp. pron. vkn-fth-whf-la), a republic of S America, which formerly constituted a part of Colombia, between 47 2L 554 VEN-VEN Fate, fAr, fAll, f.at; mk, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good, 1~ and 12~ 30' N. Lat., and 60~ and 730 20' W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, N. E. by the Atlantic, S. E. by Guiana, S. by Brazil, and W. by New Granada. Length, from E. to W., near 950 m.; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 660 m. Area estimated by Balbi at 404,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1839, 945,348. (P. C.) The climate of Venezuela resembles, in the main, that of other tropical countries. The temperature is high, except in very elevated regions. The year is divided into the wet and dry seasons. The wet season, corresponding to our summer, is called winter, though the heat is then greatest. The vegetable productions of Venezuela are mostly those which are comnmnon to the tropics-maize, coffee, the cocoa, the plantain tree,* the yucca, potatoe, sugar, wheat, indigo, tobacco, and cotton are the principal objects of cultivation. Caraccas is the capital. VENICE, ven/-iss, (It. Venezia, ven-edi-ze-a,) a celebrated maritime city of Austrian Italy, cap. of E. Lombardy, and formerly of a powerful republic of its own name, situated on a cluster of small islands, in a shallow but extensive lagoon, at the N. W. extremity of the Adriatic. The appearance of this town, from whatever side it may be viewed, is striking and singular in the extreme. Owing to the lowness of the islands on which it is built, it seems to float. It is divided into two principal portions by the Great Canal (Canale Maggiore, ka-na/-la madjof-rh), a serpentine channel crossed by the Rialto (re-Ml/-to), the principal bridge of the city, and one of the finest in Europe. The various islets which form the foundations of these two grand divisions, are con. nected by a multitude of bridges, which are intended only for foot-passengers. Almost all the principal houses have on one side a canal and on the other a cale (kaf-lh) or foot-walk. The canals which intersect every part of the town, form the " water streets" of Venice: by means of them nearly all the intercourse of the place is carried on, and gondolas are the universal substitute for carriages and horses. Venice is remarkable for the multitude of its superb edifices, among which we must not pass unnoticed the celebrated Church of St. Mark (the patron saint of the city), with its 500 columns of marble, alabaster, bronze and verd antique, and its pavements of jasper and porphyry; over the entrance, in front of the building, are the famous bronze horses, which, having been cast, as is supposed, at Corinth, during the period of Grecian glory, successively adorned Athens, Rome, and Constantinople. Venice has, among other literary and scientific institutions, two royal gymnasia; a lyceum, with a rich cabinet of natural history; besides the library of St. Mark, with 65,000 vols. and about 5,000 manuscripts. Lat. 45~ 26' N., Lon. 12~ 21' E. Pop. 103,000 (B.); in 1789, before the fall of the republic, it amounted to 139,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. VENETIAN, ven-eel-shun. * The plaintain tree belongs to the same species as the banana. The fruit has a farinaceous flesh, in colour resembling the finest yellow butter. It sometimes attains the weight of 60 and even 80 lbs. (P. C.) Some varieties have an exqu.. lite flavour, surpassing, it is said, that of the finest kinds of pear. VEN-VER 555 on, as in our; th, as in thin; TI, as in this; N, nearly like ng. VENLoo, ve;n'-lo/, a fortified t. of Holland, prov. of Limburg, on the Meuse (Maas). Lat. 510 22' N., Lon. 6~ 10' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) VERA CRUZ, vaIT-ra crooce, the principal seaport and commercial t. of Mexico, cap. of a state of its own name, on the S. W. shore of the Gulf of Mexico. It is enclosed with walls, is regularly built, with wide and well-paved streets, and contains many excellent houses. Though its harbour is very imperfect, and the town is situated in a sickly and barren region, it appears to be gradually advancing in commercial importance and in population. Lat. 190 12' N., Lon. 96~ 9 W. The pop., before the war which separated Mexico from Spain, was estimated at 16,000; it was afterwards reduced to half that number (P. C.), but at present is stated to amount to 15,000. (B.) VERCELLI, vea-chell-le, (Anc. Vercelflle,) an archiepiscopal t. of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States, cap. of a prov. of the same name, about 40 m. E. N. E. of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. (P. C.) VERDUN, veRa-duNf, (Anc. Virodufnum or Verodulnum,) a t. and fortress of France, in the dep. of Meuse, on the Meuse, where it begins to be navigable. Lat. 490 9' 31" N., Lon. 50 22' E. Pop. 9,151. (M.) VER-MILI-.-QN, a co. in the W. part of Ind., between the Wabash, on the E., and Ill. on the W. Pop. 8,661. Co. t. Newport. VERMILION, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on Ind. P. 11,492. Co. t. Danville. VER-MONTI, one of the U. S., between 42~ 40' and 450 N. Lat., and 710 30' and 730 30' W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Canada, E. by New Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Connecticut r., S. by Massachusetts, and W. by New York; and divided into 14 counties.* Length, from N. to S., near 160 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 90 m. Area variously estimated from 8,000 to 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 313,611. Montpelier is the seat of government. VE-ROI-NA (It. pron. va-rol-na), a celebrated city of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and the head-quarters of the Austrian army in Italy, on the Adige, 64 m. W. of Venice. It is pleasantly situated, and very well built, and is surrounded by old walls, flanked with towers. Verona is remarkable for its interesting historical associations, and its monuments of antiquity, and of the middle ages. The ancient amphitheatre, about 510 ft. in length and 410 in breadth, is, after the Coliseum of Rome, the largest existing struc'lre of its kind: a considerable part of it has fallen into ruins, but it is estimated that, when entire, it was capable of accommodating 22,000 spectators. Verona is distinguished for its manufacturing industry, and carries on a considerable trade. It possesses numerous institutions for educa. tion; among which are, a lyceum: a royal house for the education of young ladies, which is one of the best establishments of the kind: three gymnasia, and a school of painting and design. Lat 450 26' N., Lon. 110 1' E. Pop. 47,000 (B.): the P. C. says it amounts to near 60,000, Addison, Bennington, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, Grand Isle, Lamoille, Orange, Orleans, Rutland, Washington, Windham, Windsor. 556 VER-VIC Ffte, far, fAll, fat; md, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, nit; 66 as in good; but this perhaps is intended to include the military.-Adj. and inhab. VE.R'-O-NE.sE/. VERSAILLES, ver-sailzl, (Fr. pron. veR'-sa1! or veR'-sate —see Int. XIX., 18,) a handsome though somewhat decayed t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Seine and Oise, and formerly the principal residence of the royal court, in an undulating plain, 9 m. S. W. of Paris. This place was a mere village in the time of Louis XIII., who used to hunt in the neighbouring woods, and built here, about the year 1627, a small. hunting seat, which Louis XIV. converted (1661-72) into the most magnificent palace in Europe, and the village of Versailles grew into a handsome city of about 80,000 inhabitants. (B.) The palace has not been occupied by the court since 1789, and was falling out of repair, when the late sovereign, Louis Philippe, caused it to be restored and converted into an historical museum, which is filled with an immense collection of statues and paintings, exhibiting the principal personages and events in the history of the French monarchy, from Clovis to the present time. Lat. 480 48' N., Lon. 20 8' E. Pop. 28,776. (B.) VERnIERS, veR'-ve-i, a flourishing and important manufacturing t. of Belgium, 14 m. E. by S. from Liege. Pop. above 19.000. (B.) VEsoUL, vQh-zool/, a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Saone, Lat. 470 38' N., Lon. 60 10' E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) VE-sUv-vX-us (It. Vesuvio, vA-soof-ve-o), a celebrated volcanic moun tain of S. Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, 10 m. E. S. E. from the Neapolitan capital. It is remarkable as the only active volcano of any consequence at present existing in continental Europe. Lat. 400 48' 40" N., Lon. 14~ 27 E. Height 3,890 ft. VIATKA, ve-Atf-ka, a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the r. Viatka, an affluent of the Volga. Lat. 580 22'N., Lon. 490 45' E. Pop. 6,890. (M.) VIBORG (Wiborg), veel-boRg, an ancient t. of Denmark, in the central part of Jutland. Lat. 56~ 27' N., Lon. 90 26' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) VI-CENf-ZA (It. pron. ve-chenf-za; Anc. Vicenrtia or Vice1tia), a manufacturing and commercial city of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Bacchiglione, 26 m. E. N. E. of Verona. It is distinguished by the number of its edifices, remarkable for their architectural beauty or grandeur, a superiority which it owes to the cele. brated Palladio, who was born in this town. It has a lyceum, with ten professors: a gymnasium, with fourteen professors, and a town library of 36,000 vols. Vicenza has long been known for its silk manufactures, the most important of the kind in the Venetian States. Lat. 450 32' N., Lon. 110 33' E. Pop. 31,000. (B.j —Adj. and Inhab. VICENTINE, ve'-sen-teent. VicH, vik, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 36 m. N. of Barcelona. In its vicinity are mines of copper and coal. Pop. near 13,000. (B.) VIrcs-sBuRG, a city and port of entry of Miss., cap. of Warren co., on the Mississippi r., 54 m. by the railroad W. from Jackson. Pop. 3,678. VIE 557 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. VIENNA, ve-ent-na, (Ger. Wien, ween; Anc. Vindobofna,) the largest city of Germany, cap. of the Austrian empire, on the right bank of the Danube, where it is joined by the small rivers Wien and Alster, 190 m. E. of Munich. It consists of the interior or old city, and the suburbs. The old city is nearly circular, and not above three miles in circumference. It is surrounded by a broad fosse, and a wall from 40 to 50 ft. high. The houses in the old town are generally high; the streets are narrow and crooked, but well-paved and very clean. The places or squares are irregular, and comparatively smnall; in one of them, called the Josephsplatz, is a colossal equestrian statue of Joseph II., which is said to be finely executed. The most remarkable public edifice in the Austrian capital, is the Cathedral dedicated to St. Stephen; it was built in the 12th and 13th centuries, and is one of the finest specimens of ancient German architecture; it has four towers, one of which is among the loftiest in Europe; the height is variously stated, from 420 to 48() ft. The Burg (b66Rag, i. e. " castle"), or imperial palace, is an immense building of irregular construction, but offering parts of great architectural beauty and magnificence; it contains the imperial jewel office, one of the richest museums of valuable curiosities in Europe, with a cabinet of medals, which far surpasses every other collection of the kind; an extensive cabinet of natural history, &c. The Imperial Library, connected with the Burg, has above 300,000 printed vols., besides 16,000 manuscripts; it contains, among other curiosities, the Tabula Peutingerana, a map of the Roman empire in the fourth century, one of the most interesting and precious monuments of ancient geography extant; and Tasso's own manuscript of his " Jerusalem Delivered:" attached to the library, is a collection of 300,000 engravings, which was commenced by Prince Eugene, and is now one of the most extensive and valuable in Europe. The splendid Palace of the Archduke Charles contains an extensive library, with a collection of 180,000 engravings and 15,000 drawings, by old masters. Among the multitude of literary and scientific establishments belonging to the Austrian capital, we may mention, besides those already adverted:to, the University, founded in 1365, and afterwards greatly extended and improved by Van Swieten, under the patronage of the Empress Maria Theresa: it is now one of the principal institutions of the kind in Europe, and, with respect to medicine, the first in Germany; it has 80 professors, and above 2,000 students, and possesses a library of 100,000 volumes, an observatory, a botanic garden, and other appendages: the Josephinum, founded by Joseph II., a medical institution for preparing surgeons for the army, with very valuable collections: the Imperial Oriental Academny, and the Academy of Fine Arts, of which Prince Metternich is president. As no people are more disposedto works of charity and beneficence than the Austrians, the hospitals and other charitable institutions are numerous and well endowed. The Obser vatory is in Lat. 480 12' 35" N., Lon. 16~0 22' 5'8 E. Pop. in 1846 (including the garrison of 14,000 men), 410,945. (P. C.)-Adj. and innab. VIENNESE. ve'-en-neez1. 47* 558 VIE-VIN FYte, far, f11l, fat; nle, met; plne, or pine, pin; n6, n~t; 66 as in good, VIENNA, a port of entry of Md., in Dorchester co., on the Nantlcoke r. VIENNE, ve'-ennf, (Anc. Vien'na,) a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Isere, on the Rhone, here crossed by a suspension bridge, 16 m. S. by E. of Lyons. It appears to have been formerly a far more important and larger town than at present, and it still retains many monuments of its ancient splendour; among which may be mentioned a Corinthian temple, resembling the Maison Car6e of Nismes, but not so elegant. Lat. 450 33' N., Lon., 40 54' E. Pop. 14,000. (M.) VIENNE, a dep. in the W. central part of France, intersected by a r. of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 288,002. (B.) Capital, Poitiers. VIENNE, UPPER, (Fr. Haute-Vienne, bte ve'-ennf,) a dep. in the S.W. central part of France, on the sources of the r. Vienne. Pop. 293,011. (B.) Capital, Limoges. VIGEVANO, ve-jev1-A-no, a t. of N. Italy, Sardinian States, near the right bank of the Ticino, 20 m. S. W. of Milan. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) Vlt-Go, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on Ill., and intersected by the Wabash. Pop. 15,289. Co. t. Terre Haute. VILLACH, vilf-la'Ie, a small, but formerly important t. of Illyria, on the Drave. Lat. 460 35' N., Lon. 13~ 52' E. VILLA-REAL, veel/-ya ri-Ail, (i;. e. "royal town,") a t. and formerly a fortress of Spain, about 4 in. from the sea, and 33 m. N. N. E. of Valencia. Pop. estimated at about 8,000. (M.) VILLA-RICA, vil/-la reeL-ka, (i. e. " rich town,") a t. of Brazil, cap. of the prov. Minas Geraes (mee/-nas zhh-ra/l-s,) 190 m. N. N. VT. of Rio Janeiro. The produce of the famous gold mines, to which this town owes its origin and name, has greatly diminished, and the population of the place has been reduced from about 30,000 to 9,000 (B.), but it is still one of the most important manufacturing and commercial towns in the interior of Brazil. VILLEFRANCHE, veel'-fri'Nshf, a t. of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, on the r. Aveyron. Lat. 440 23' N., Lon. 2~ 2' E. Pop. 8,147. (M.) VINCENNEs, vin-senzl, (Fr. pron. vaN'-sennf,) a small t. of France, situated about 3 m. E. of Paris, remarkable for its ancient royal castle,: which is now used as a state prison. VINCENNES, a t. of Indiana, cap. of Knox co., on the Wabash, about 150 m. from its~"touth. It was settled by the French, from Canada, in the early part of last century, and is one of the oldest towns in the western states. Pop. estimated about 4,500. VINL-cENT, ST., one of the W. India Islands, belonging to Great Bri. tain, intersected by the parallel of 13~ 20' N. Lat., and the meridian of 61~ 15' WV. Lon. It is 18 m. long, and 11 rn. broad, with an area of 131 sq. m. Pop., in 1834, 27,122; of whom, 1,301 were whites. (P. C.) Kingston, near the S. end of the island, with about 2,000 in. habitants, is the capital. VINCENT, CAPE ST., (the Sacrum Promontoriumn of the ancients,) a VIR-VIT 559 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. point of land forming the S. WV. extremity of Portugal. Lat. 37~ 3' N., Lon. 90 W. VIRE, veeR, a t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados, on a small r. of its own name, 35 m. S. W. of Caen. Lat. 48~ 51' N., Lon. 0~ 55' W. Pop. 7,200. (M.) VIRGIN ISLANDS, a group of small islands, forming a part of the W. india Archipelago, between 18~ and 18~ 50' N. Lat., and 64~ 10' and 65~ 40' W. Lon. VIRGINIA) ver-jinf-e-a, one of the U. S., between 36~ 30' and 390 40 N. Lat., and 750 and 83~ 30' W. Lon.; (this, however, does not include a narrow strip of land forming the N. N. W. extremity of the state, and situated between Pa. and the Ohio r.): bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland, N. E. and E. by Maryland and the Atlantic, S. bv N. Carolina and Tennessee, and W. and N. W. by Kentucky and Ohio, from the latter of which it is separated by the Ohio r.; and divided into 137 counties.* Greatest length, from E. to W., 450 miles; greatest breadth, from N. to S., above 210 miles; including the strip of land before-mentioned, it will amount to near 280 miles. Area estimated at 70,000 square miles. Total pop. 1,421,661; of whom, 895,304 are whites; 53,829 free coloured, and 472,528 slaves. Richmond is the seat of government. —Inhab. VIRGINIAN, ver-jinf-e-an. VISI-TU-L.. (Ger.Weichsel, wlkel-sel; Polish,Wisla, wisf-ia), a large r. of Europe, which rises in Austrian Silesia, near the frontier of Galicia, in about 49~ 35' N. Lat., and 190 E. Lon., and flowing, at first northeasterly, then northerly, afterwards westerly, and again north-easterly, divides itself into several branches, discharging a part of its waters into the Frische Haff, and a part into the Gulf of Dantzic. Its entire length is estimated at about 500 m.: it is navigable, for large barges, to Cracow, above 300 m. It is connected, by canals, with the rivers Niemen and Elbe. VITEBSK or VITEPSK. See WITEBSK. VITERBO, ve-teR/-bo, a well-built city of Central Italy, in the Papal * Accomack,Albemarle, Alleghany, Amelia, Amherst, Augusta, Barbour, Bath, Bedford, Berkeley, Botetourt, Braxton, Brooke, Brunswick, Buckingham, Cabell, Campbell, Caroline, Carroll, Charles City, Charlotte, Chesterfield, Clarke, Culpepper, Cumberland, Dinwiddie, Elizabeth City, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Fayette, Floyd, Fluvanna, Franklin, Frederick, Giles, Gloucester, Goochland, Grayson, Greenbrier, Greene, Greensville, Halifax, Hampshire, Hanover, Hardy, Harrison, Henrico, Henry, Isle of Wight, Jackson, James City, Jefferson, Kanawha, King George, King William, King and Queen, Lancaster, Lee, Lewis, Logan, Loudoun, Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mathews, Mecklenburg, Mercer, Middlesex, Monongalia, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Nansemond, Nelson, New Kent, Nicholas, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottaway, Ohio, Orange, Page, Patrick, Pendleton, Pittsylvania, Pocahontas, Powhattan, Preston, Princess Anne, Prince Edward, Prince George, Prince William, Pulaski, Randolph, Rappahannock, Richmond, Ritchie, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Russell, Scott, Shenandoah, Smythe, Southampton, Spotsylvaltia, Stafford, Surry, Sussex, Tazewell, Tyler, Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, West. moreland, Wood, Wythe, York, Alexandria, Appomattox, Boone, Doddridge, Gilmer, Hancock, Highland, Putnam, Raleigh, Taylor, Wetzelj Wirt, Wyoming. SCA0 ~ VIT-WAK Fate, far, fall, fat; me, mint; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; State, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 40 m. N. N.W. of Rome. Pop. 13,000. (B.) VITORIA, ve-tot-re-a, sometimes written VITTORIA, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Spain, in Biscay, 30 m. S. S. E. of Bilbao. Pop. 12,000. (B.) VITRi, ve'-tral, a t. of France, in the dep. of Ille and Vilaine, 23 m. E. of Rennes. Pop. 7,899. (M.) VIZAGAPATAM, ve-zA'-g~t-pa-tamt, a small seaport t. of Hindostan, on the Coromandel coast. Lat. 17~ 42' N., Lon. 830 24' E. VLAD-I-MEER/ (Vladimir or Wladimir), a decayed city of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, 110 m. E. by N. of Moscow. Ilat. 56" 10' N., Lon. 40" 20' E. Pop. estimated at 7,000. (M.) VOGIERA) vo-galf-ra, a t. of N. Italy, Sardinian States, cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 440 59' N., Lon. 9~ 1' E. Pop. 11,000. (P. C.) VOLGA or WOLGA, voltga (Russ. pron. vol/l,), a large r. rising in European Russia and flowing into the Caspian Sea. Length estimated at 2100 m. VOL-HYNt-X.-i. (Pol. Wolynsk, vo-leenskt), a gov. in the S. W. part of European Russia, bordering on the Austrian territories. Zhitomeer (Jitomir) is the capital. VO-LOGI-DA, a commercial t., cap. of an extensive gov. of the same name, in the N. part of European Russia. Lat. 590 13' N., Lon. 40~ 10 E. Pop. 14,000. (P. C.) VORARLBERG, fore-aRlt-beRG, a mountainous district of the Austrian States, bordering on Switzerland and Bavaria. It forms a part of the gov. of Tyrol. VO-Ro —rNEZH (Voroneje, Voronetz, Woronetz, or Woronesch), a flourishing commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the r. Voronezh, about 2 m. above its junction with the Don. Lat. 51" 40' N., Lon. 39~ 22' E. The pop. has been variously stated; the official accounts of 1841 make it no less than 43,800. (P. C.) VosGEs, v6zh, a dep. in the E. part of France, on the sources of the Moselle. Pop. 411,034. (B.) Capital, Epinal. WAAL or WHAAL. See RmNE. WA/-BASH, a r. of Ind., which rises in the E.- N. E. part of the state: flowing at first westerly, and afterwards southerly, it falls into the Ohio, near 370 50' N. Lat., and 88" W. Lon. In the latter part of its course, it separates Indiana from Illinois. The whole length is estimated at 500 n., for above 300 of which it is navigable. WABASH, a co. towards the N. part of Ind., intersected by tne Wa. bash r. Pop. 12,138. Co. t. Wabash. WABASH, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., on the Wabash r. Pop. 4,690. Co. t. Mount Carmel. WAKE, a co. near the centre of N. C., intersected by the Neuse r. Pop. 24,887. Co. t. Raleigh. WAKEI-FIELD, a well-built t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Calder, 9 m. S. of Leeds. It was formerly the seat of extensive woollen manufactures, and is now one of the principal corn WAL -WAL 561 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. markets in the kingdom. Pop. of the township, with an area of only 630 acres, 14,754. WALCHEREN, wAlf-Ker-en, an i. of Holland, between the mouths of the E. and W. Scheldt, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand: it is intersected by the parallel of 510 30' N. Lat., and the meridian of 30 30' E. Lon. Its form approaches a circle. Length about 12 m.; greatest breadth 10 m. WALI-DECK (Ger. pron. WAll-dek), a principality in the N. of Germany, consisting of two separate parts, Waldeck Proper, and the county of Pyrmont (pd6df-mont). The former is situated between 51~ 2' and 510 31' N. Lat., and S~ 31' and 90 13' E. Lon. Area above 420 sq. m. The county of Pyrmont, with an area only about 1-20th part as great as that of Waldeck Proper, lies between 30 and 40 m. farther N., being intersected by the 52d parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 90 15' E. Lon. Total area 462 sq. m. Pop. 57,000. (P. C.) Corbach is the capital. WALD-no, a co. in the S. part of Me., on Belfast and Penobscot Bays. Pop. 47,230. Co. t. Belfast. WAIL,-Do-Bo'-Roucu, a port of entry of Me., situated on Muscongus Bay, in the E. part of Lincoln co. WALES (see CORNWALL-note), a principality of Great Britain, occupying the W. S. W. portion of the island, between 51~ 22' and 530 26' N. Lat., and 2~ 51' and 5~ 20' W. Lon.; bounded on the W. and N. by the sea, E. by England, and S. by the r. Severn and Bristol Channel. Length, from N. to S., about 135 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 95 in. Area 7,425 sq. m. Pop. 911,603. (See GREAT BRITAIN.) -Adj. WELSH: inhab. WELSHI-M AN. WALKI-ER, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ga. P. 13,109. Co. t. Lafayette. WALKER, a co. towards the N. W. part of Ala., intersected by the Black Warrior r. Pop. 5,124. Co. t. Jasper. WALLACHIA, wol-ltl-ke-a, (Turk. If'-lakl,) a principality in the S. E. part of Europe, nominally forming a portion of European Turkey, but in reality under the protection of Russia, extending from 430 40' to 440 40' N. Lat., and 220 30'.to 280 E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Transylvania and Moldavia, E., S., and S. W. by the Turkish territories, from which it is separated by the Danube, and W. and N. W. by Hungary. Length about 280 m.; greatest breadth, 125 m. Area estimated at 28,0(!0 sq. m. Pop. estimated by Balbi, in 1826, at 970,000. The government of Wallachia, like that of Moldavia, nay be styled a limited monarchy. The prince is elected for life by the aristocracy and clergy; it is, however, necessary that his election should be approved by Russia. The physical and moral condition of both the Wallachians and Moldavians is miserable and degraded, though it is said to have considerably improved since they were released from the Turkish yoke.-Adj. and inhab. WAL-LAI-cHJ-4N, and WAL-LACH. WIL.S-AILL, a thriving t. of England, in Staffordshire, 7 m. N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. 7,395. WALT/I-IUM ABBEY, a small t. of England, 12 m. N. N. E. of London. 562 vWAL —WAR Fhcte, f'ar, fall, f~at; me, met; pine or pine, pIn; n6, nbt; 66, as in good; WALTHAM, woll-thum, a small t. of Mass., in Middlesex co., 10 m., in a straight line, W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 2,504. WAKL-TON, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., a little S. E. of the Chattahoochee. Pop. 10,821. Co. t. Monroe. WALTON, a CO. in the W. part of Florida, bordering on Ala. Pop. 1,379. WALI-WORTH, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Ill. Pop. 17,861. WAiND,-WORTiI, a large village of England, in Surrey, 5 m. S. W. of London. Pop. of the parish, with an area of near 3 sq. m., 7,614. WARDEIN or WARADEIN. See GROSS-WARDEIN. WARE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop. 3,888. Co. t. Waresboro. WARI-REN, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on L. George. Pop. 17,199. Co. t. Caldwell. WARREN, a co. in the N. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 22,358. Co. t. Belvidere. WARREN, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on N. Y., and intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop. 13,671. Co. t. Warren. WARREN, a co. towards the N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenandoah. Pop. 6,607. Co. t. Front Royal. WARREN, a co. in the N. part of N. C., intersected by the Roanoke. Pop. 13,912. Co. t. Warrenton. WARREN, a co. towards the N. E. part of Ga., intersected by the Georgia Railroad. Pop. 12,425. Co. t. Warrenton. WARREN, a co. in the W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mississippi and Black Warrior rivers. Pop. 18,121. Co. seat, Vicksburg. WARREN, a co. in Tenn., near the middle of the state, and S. E. of Nashville. Pop. 10,179. Co. t. McMinnville. WARREN, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., on the S. side of Green r. Pop. 15,123. Co. t. Bowling Green. WARREN, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, intersected by the little Miami r. Pop. 25,561. Co. t. Lebanon. WARREN, a co. in the W. part of Ind., between the Wabash, on the E., and Illinois, on the W. Pop. 7,387. Co. t. Williamsport. WARREN, a co. in the W. part of Ill., a little E. of the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,176. Co. t. Monmouth. WARREN, a co. in the E. part of Mo., on the N. side of the Missouri r. Pop. 5,860. Co. t. Warrenton. WAR/-SAW (Polish, Warszawa, waR-shat-va; Lat. Warsofvia); the cap. of Poland, is situated on the left bank of the Vistula, nearly in the centre of the kingdom. The old town was irregularly built, with narrow streets; but since Warsaw has come into the possession of the Russians, a large portion of it has been rebuilt, and it is now said to be one of the handsomest cities in Europe. Everything appears to be done by the Russian government to change its character as a Polish town. The University was abolished in 1834, and its library of 150,000 vols. transferred to St. Petersburg. The Academy of Sciences has WAR-WAS 563 ou, as in our, th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. likewise been dissolved. Lat. 520~ 14' N., Lon. 21~ 3' E. Present pop. probably near 150,000. (P. C.) WARWICK, worl-rik, a t. of IFngland, cap. of Warwickshire, on the Avon, 82 m. N. W. of London. Its magnificent castle, the residence of the Earl of Warwick, is a most interesting monument of ancient feudal times. Pop., including an area of about 8 sq. m., 9,775. WVARWICK, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the N. side of James r. Pop. 1,546. Seat of justice, Warwick c. h. WARWICK, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., on the N. side of the Ohio r. Pop. 8,811. Co. t. Boonville. WARWICKSHIRE, wor'-rik-shir, a co. in the S. W. central part of England, N. W. of London. Pop. 401,715. WA:SH'-ING-TON, the cap. of the United States, is situated in the centre of the District of Columbia, on the N. E. or left bank of the Potomac, which is here crossed by a wooden bridge, nearly a mile in length. The plan of the city combines regularity with variety, but a very small portion only of the original outline has been filled up with buildings, so that the town presents the appearance of a number of isolated villages. The Capitol, containing the Representatives' Hall, the Senate Chainber, and other apartments, is a magnificent building, of freestone, painted white, 352 ft. in length. The Rotunda (so named from its form), constructed entirely of marble, and adorned with historical paintings and pieces of sculpture, is 96 ft. in diameter, and 96 ft. in height, to the top of the dome. The President's House, a handsome structure of freestone, has a front 170 ft. in length and two stories high, with an Ionic portico. The Navy Yard is on an affluent of the Potomac, called the East Branch, about a mile and a quarter S. E. of the Capitol. Pop. 40,000. Lat. of the Capitol, 380 53' 23" N., Lon. 770 1' 24" W. WASHINGTON, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Maine. Pop. 38,810. Co. t. Machias. WASHINGTON, a co. in the N. central part of Vt. Pop. 24,654. Co. t. Montpelier. WASHINGTON, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of R. I. Pop. 16,430. Co. t. South Kingston. WASHINGTON, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., bordering on Vt. Pop. 44,750. Co. towns, Salem and Sandy Hill. WASHINGTON, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Va. Pop. 44,939. Co. t. Washington. WASHINGTON, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on the Potomac and Pa. Pop. 30,848. Co. t. Hagerstown. WASHINGTON, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 14,612. Co. t. Abingdon. WASHINGTON, a co. in the E. part of N. C., on the S. side of Albei arle Sound. Pop. 5,666. Co. t. Plymouth. WASuINGTON, a co. in the E. central part of Ga., on the E. side of the Oconee r. Pop. 11,766. Co. t. Sandersville. WASHINGTON, a co. in the W. part of Florida, on the W. side of the Appalachicola r. Pop. 1,950. Co. t. Holmes's Valley. 564 WAS-WAY PEte, fir, fAll, fat; me, mnt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as in good, WASHINGTON, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Alabama, borderingD on Miss. Pop. 2,713. Seat of justice, Washington c. h. WASIUNGTON, a co. in the W. part qf Miss., bordering on the Mis sissippi r. Pop. 8,389. Co. seat, Princeton. WASHINGTON, a parish forming the E. N. E. extremity of La. Pop 3,408. Seat of justice, Franklinton. WASHINGTON, a CO. in the W. N. W. part of Ark., a little N. of the Arkansas r. Pop. 9,849. Co. t. Fayetteville. WASHINGTON, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Tenn., bordering or N. C. Pop. 13,861. Co. t. Jonesborough. WASHINGTON, a co. near the centre of Ky. Pop. 12,194 Co. t Springfield. WASHINGTON, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio, on the Ohio r. Pop. 29,540. Co. t. Marietta. WASHINGTON, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork of White r. Pop. 17,040. Co. t. Salem. WASHINGTON, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 6,953. Co. t. Nashville. WASHINGTON, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., S. W. of St. Louis. Pop. 8,811. Co. t. Potosi. WASHINGTON, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 19,484. WASHINGTON, a Co. in the S. E. part of Iowa. Pop. 4,957. WASHINGTON, a port of entry of N. C., and cap. of Beaufort co., on the Tar r., at its entrance into the Pamlico. WV.SHI-X-TA' (formerly written Ouachita), a r. which rises in the W. part of Ark., and flowing, at first south-easterly, then southerly, into La., falls into the Red r. Some geographers call that portion below the junction of the Tensas, the BLACK RIVER. WASHITA, a parish in the N. part of La., intersected by the Washita r. Pop. 5,008. Seat of justice, Monroe. WASHI-TE-NAW', a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., W. of Detroit. Pop 28,567. Co. t. Ann Arbor. WAI-TER-FORD, a CO. in the S. E. part of Ireland, bordering on St. George's Channel. Pop. in 1831, 177,054. (M.) WATERFORD, a city and seaport of Ireland, cap. of the above co., on the estuary of the r. Suir, about 10 m. from the sea, and 82 m. S. W. of Dublin. It forms a co. of itself, with an area of about 15 sq. m. Pop. 28,821; of whom 26,377 belong to the city proper. Lat. 520 13' N., Lon. 70 10' W. W_' -TER-LOO! (Dutch pron. WAI-ter-161), a village of Belgium, in S. Brabant, 9 m. S. by E. of Brussels, remarkable as the scene of an important battle, fought June 18, 1815, between the allied army, under Lord Wellington, and the French, under Napoleon; which resulted in the total defeat of the latter, and in the irretrievable overthrow of their great commander. WAYNE, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario. Pop. 44,953. CO. t. Lyons. WAY-WES 565 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. WAYNE, a co. forming the N. N. E. extremity of Pa. Pop. 21,890. Co. t. Bethany. WAYNE, a co. in the W. part of Va., bordering on Ohio r. P. 4, 760. WAYNE, a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C., intersected by the Neuse r. Pop. 13,486. Co. t. Waynesborough. WAYNE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., on the S. W. side of the Altamaha r. Pop. 1,499. Co. t. Waynesville. WAYNE, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 2,892. Co. seat, Winchester. WAYNE, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 8,170. Co. t. Waynesborough. WAYNE, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. and the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,692. Co. t. Monticello. WAYNE, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, W. of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 32,981. Co. t. Wooster. WAYNE, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., on the Detroit r. Pop. 42,756. Co. t. Detroit. WAYNE, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop~25,320. Co. t. Centreville. WAYNE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., N. WV. of the Wabash r. Pop. 6,825. Co. t. Fairfield. WAYNE, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 4,518. Co. t. Greenville. WEAKLY, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Iy. Pop 14,608. Co. t. Dresden. WEDNESBURY, wenzl-ber-re, a manufacturing t. of England, in Staffordshire, 7 m. N. W. of Birmingham. Pop., including an area of above 3 sq. m., 11,625. WEIMAR, Wit-mar, a city of Germany, cap. of the grand duchy of Saxe Weimar, situated in a delightful valley, on the Ilm, an affluent of the Saale, 136 m. S. W. of Berlin. Among the literary and scientific establishments of this place, may be mentioned the grand ducal libra.ry, containing above 130,000 vols. Lat. 500 59' N., Lon. 11~ 21' E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) WELLS, a small city of England, in Somersetshire, 17 m. S. W. of Bath. Pop. about 4,600. WELLS, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash r. Pop. 6,152. WENI-ER or wi/-ner, a large lake of Sweden, intersected by the 59th parallel of N. Lat., and the 13th and 14th meridians of E Lon. Extreme length, about 90 m.; greatest breadth, near 50 m. The r. Gotha forms its outlet. WVESEL, W-lze1, or NIEDERWESEL, neef-der-wYd-zel, a frontier t. and fortress of Rhenish Prussia, at the junction of the Lippe with the Rhine, 20 m. S. E. of Cleves. Pop., including the military, 13,000. (B.) WEt- ER (Ger. pron. WAI-zer; Anc. Visurfgis), a r. of Germany, 48 566 WES-WEX Fate, far, fAll, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66, as in good, formed by the union of the Fulda and Werra, falling into the North Sea near 530 30' N. Lat., and 80 30' E. Lon. Length, near 200 m. It is navigable for boats almost to its source. WEST BROMWICH (brumt-ich), a manufacturing t. of England, in Staffordshire, 5 m. N. N. W. of Birmingham. Pop. of the parish, including an area of above 8 sq. m., 26,121: in 1831, it was only 15,327. WEST CHESI-TER, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., on the E. side of the Hudson. Pop. 58,263. Co. t. Bedford. WEST INDIES (int-dez), the name of the archipelago which separates the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea from the main ocean, situated between 100 and 27~0 N. Lat., and 59~ 30' and 850 W. Lon. The W. India archipelago is divided into three principal groups, the BAHAMAS, the GREATER ANTILLES, and the LESSER ANTILLES-(see ANTILLES.) The individual islands, with the exception of Hayti, are owned by different European powers. The Spanish possessions are the largest, comprehending more than half the area of the archipelago. They are, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the little islands of Culebra (koo-]Y/-bra), and Bique (beef-kh). The French possess only Guadaloupe and Martinique, with a few adjacent islets: to the Danes belong St. John, St. Thomas, and Santa Cruz: to the Dutch the three little islands of St. Eustatius, Saba, and St. Martin: to the Swedes only the small island of St. Bartholomew. The English possess all the Bahamas, Jamaica, Anguilla, Barbuda, Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, Montserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, and Trinidad, besides many smaller islands.-Adj. and inhab. WEST INI-DI-AN. WVEST'-MEATH/ (-meeTH), a co. in the E. central part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 136,872. (M.) WESTMINSTER. See LONDON. WEST/-MORE-LAND, a co. near the N. W. extremity of England. Pop. 56,454. WESTMORELAND (usually pronounced west-moreL-land), a co. in the S. W. part of Pa., on the Alleghany r. Pop. 51,726. Co. t. Greensburg. WESTMORELAND, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the S. side of the Potomac. Pop. 8,080.. Seat of justice, Westmoreland c. h. WEST-PHAI-LT-A (Ger. Westphalen, west'-ffA-len), an extensive prov. of the Prussian dominions, lying W. of the Weser, between 500 40' and 52~ 30' N. Lat., and 6~ 25' and 9~23' E. Lon. Area 7,800 sq. m. Pop. 1,328,000. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab. WVEST-PHA/-LJ-AN. WET/-TER, a lake of Sweden, intersected by the 58th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 140 30' E. Lon. Length 80 m.; greatest breadth 17 mn. WEXf-FQRD, a co. in the S. E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1841, 202,033. (P. C.) WEXFORD, a seaport t. of Ireland, cap. of the above, on a shallow bay called Wexford Haven. Lat. 52~ 22' N., Lon. 60 24' W. Pop. in 1831, 10,670. (M.) WEX-WIE 567 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. WEXFORD, (Kawtawwabet), a co. in the N. W. part of Michigan, intersected by the Manistee r. WEYMOUTH, wWl-muth, and MELCOMXBE REGIS, melt-kum ref-jis, a seaport t., or rather two contiguous towns of England, in Dorsetshire, at the mouth of the little river Wey, 120 m. W. S. W. of London. This place is much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 7,708. WHEEL/-ING, a flourishing t. of Va., cap. of Ohio co., on the Ohio r., 50 m. S. W. of Pittsburg. Lat. 40~ 7' N., Lon. 80~ 42/ W. Pop. 11,391. WHITI-BY, a seaport t. of England, in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, at the mouth of the Esk, 42 m. N. N. E. of York. Pop. 7,383. WHITE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ark., on the W. side of White r. Pop. 2,619. WHITE, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., S. E. of the Cumberland r. Pop. 11,444. Co. t. Sparta. WHITE, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., intersected by the Tippecanoe r. Pop. 4,761. Co. t. Monticello. WHITE, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., on the W. side of the Wabash. Pop. 8,925. Co. t. Carmi. WHITE RIVER, a r. of Ark., which Joins the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Arkansas. Its course is very winding. It is said to be boatable for above 500 m. WHITE RIVER, a r. of Ind., which falls into the Wabash, about 30 m. below Vincennes. Length, including the West Fork or principal branch, probably near 300 m. WHITE SEA, a large gulf of the Arctic Ocean, between 63~ 40' and 68~ 40' N. Lat., and 32~ and 450 E. Lon. The length is near 500 m.; the breadth varies from 30 m. to above 100 m. WHITE-HAI-VEN, a seaport t. of England, in Cumberland, important on account of the coal mines in its vicinity. Lat. 540 33' N., Lon. 30 35' W. Pop. 11,854. WHITE/-SIDE, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 5,361. Co. t. Sterling. WHITI-LET, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,447. Seat of justice, Whitley c. h. WHITLEY, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., N. of the Wabash. Pop. 5,190. WICKI-L6w, a co. in the E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 121,557. (P. C.) WID/-IN or VIDIN, a t. and important fortress of Bulgaria, cap. of a small prov. (Sanjak) of its own name, on the Danube, 130 m. S. E. of Belgrade. Pop. estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000. (B.) WIED or WIED-NEU-WIED. See NEIJ-WIED. WIELICZKA, vyel-icht-ka, a small t. of Austrian Galicia, 8 m. S. E. of Cracow. remarkable for its famous salt mine, which is 9,500 ft. (above a mile and three-quarters) in extent, from E. to W., 3,600 ft. from N. to S., and 1,220 ft. in depth. (P. C.) This mine is in fact a subterranean city, and contains several chapels cut out of the salt rock. (B.) WIESBADEN. See WISBADENo $568 %;WIG-WIN Fite, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, phli; n6, not; 66, as in good, WVIGHT, ISLE OF, (Anc. Vecf-tis,) an i. off the S. coast of England, be. longing to Hampshire. Length 22 m.; breadth 13 m. Pop. 42,550. WIG/-TON-SHIRE, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Scotland, Pop. 39,195. WIml-cox, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ala., intersected by the Alabama r. Pop. 17,352. Co. t. Barboursville. WILKES, a co. in the N. W. part of N. C., intersected by the Yadkin r. Pop. 12,099. Co. t. Wilkesboro. WILKES, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., a little W. of the Savannah. Pop. 12,107. Co. t. Washington. WILf-I-IN-SON, a co. near the centre of Ga., on the W. side of the Oconee. Pop. 8,212. Co. t. Irwinton. WILKINSON, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 16,914. Co. seat, Woodville. WILL, a co. in the N. E. part of Ill., intersected by the Illinois r. Pop. 16,703. Co. t. Juliet. WILLIAMS, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 8,018. Co. t. Bryan. WILI-LIAMS-BURG, a dist. in the E. part of S. C., on the N. E. side of the Santee r. Pop. 12,447. Seat of justice, Kingstree. WILLIAMSBURG, a flourishing t. or rather suburb of New York, on the East River, above Brooklyn. Present pop. estimated at 30,780. WILLIAMSON, a co. in the W. central part of Tenn., S. of Nashville. Pop. 27,201. Co. t. Franklin. WILLIAMSON, a co. in the S. part of Ill., midway between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 7,216. Co. t. Bainbridge. WIL/-MING-TON, a commercial city and port of entry of Del., between the Christiana and Brandywine creeks, just above their junction, 30 m. S. W. of Phila. It is connected by R. R. with Philadelphia and Baltimore. The Christiana is navigable to the town for vessels drawing 14 ft. water. Lat. 390 41' N., Lon. 750 28' W. Pop. 13,979. WILMINGTON, an important commercial t. and port of entry of N. C., cap. of New Hanover co., on Cape Fear r., 34 m. from its mouth. Lat. 34~ 11' N., Lon. 780 10' W. Pop. 7,264. WIL/-rN. or VILNA, a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, and formerly of Lithuania, at the confluence of the Vilenka. and Vilia, an affluent of the Niemen, 90 m. N. E. of Grodno. The University of Wilna was suppressed in 1832, and its library of 200,000 vols. transferred to St. Petersburg. Lat. 540 41' N., Lon. 25~ 18' E. Pop. 58,000. (P. C.) WILL-SON, a co. in the N. central part of Tenn., on the S. side of the Cumberland r. Pop. 27,444. Co. t. Lebanon. WILT/-SHIRE, a co. in the S. W. part of England, W. of London. Pop. 258,733. WINI-CHES-TER, a city of England, cap. of Hampshire, 63 m. S. W. of London. Pop., including an area of above 3 sq. m., 10,732. WINCHESTER, a t. of Va., cap. of Frederick co., on a small affluent of the Potomac. A railroad, 30 m. long, connects it with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Harper's Ferry, Pop. 4,500. WIN-WIS -569 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like rng. WINDI-IHM, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Vt. Pop. 29,062. Co. t. Fayetteville. WINDHAM, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Conn. Pop. 30,079. Co. t. Brooklyn. WVINDI-~QR, a t. of England, in Berkshire, on the Thames, 20 m. XV. by S. from London, remarkable as the site of Windsor Castle, the principal country seat of the English sovereigns. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 7,786. WTINDSOR, a co. towards the S. E. part of Vt., on the Connecticut r. Pop. 38,320. Co. towns, Woodstock and Windsor. WIN-NE-BAI-GO, a co. in the N. part of Ill., bordering on Wisconsin. Pop. 11,773. Co. t. Rockford. WINNEBAGO, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, on the W. side of Winnebago L. Pop. 10,125. WIN/-NX-PEG, a large L. of British America, between 500 30' and 540 N. Lat., and 950 30' and 990 30' W. Lon. Length about 250 min.; greatest breadth 70 m. The rivers Nelson and Severn form its outlets, and discharge themselves into Hudson's Bay. WIN\ N.-PIS'-E-O'-GEE (-je), usually pronounced win'-ne-pis-sokf-ke, a lake in the E. central part of N. H., connected by the Winnipiseogee r. with the Merrimack. Length, 22 m-.; greatest breadth, about 10 m. WINI/-STON, a co. in the N. E. central part of Miss. Pop. 7,956. Co. seat, Louisville. WVIRTEMBERG. See WtRTEMBERG. WISBADEN, wis'-bat-den or Wiesbaden, wees'-baf-den, (Anc. Mattlacum.) a t. and celebrated watering-place of Germany, cap. of the duchy of Nassau, on an affluent of the Rhine, 6 m. N. N. W. of Mentz. it owes its prosperity, and probably its name (see BADEN), to its warm mineral springs, which were known to the Romans, and are called by Pliny, fontes calidi Mattiaci, or the " warm springs of Mattiacum or Mattiacus." There are 25 private bathing establishments and two public ones. Wisbaden contains a public library of 60,000 vols., besides other institutions. Permanent pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) WISI-BY, a seaport t. of Sweden, cap. of the Island of Gottland, situated on the W. coast. In the middle ages it was a member of the Hanseatic League, and one of the most important places of trade in the N. of Europe. Though greatly fallen from its ancient prosperity, it is still, according to Balbi, the fourth town, as respects maritime trade, in the kingdom of Sweden. Lat. 57~ 39' N., Lon. 18~ 26' E. Pop. 4,000. (P. C.) WIS-CASt-SET, a port of entry of Me., and one of the capitals of Lincoln co., situated at the mouth of Sheepscot r. WISCON'-SIN, lately a territory of the U. S., was created a sovereign state in 1848. This state lies between 420 30' and 47~ N. Lat., and between 870 and 920 50' W. Lon., having an average length of about 225 m. from E. to W., and a mean breadth of 213 m. from N. to S., including an area of about 53,924 sq. m. Wisconsin is bounded on the N. by Minnesota, Lake Superior, and the northern peninsula of 48* 2M 570 WIS-WIS FMte, fir, fAll, fat; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 6o as in good; Michigan, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by Iowa and Minnesota, from which it is principally separated by the Mississippi river. By the census of 1850, the pop. of Wisconsin was 305,191; of whom 304,565 were white, and 626 coloured persons. Deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, 2,884, or nine in every thousand. The state had 31 organized counties in 1850.* Lakes, Rivers, &c.-Besides the great lakes Superior and Michigan, which wash its northern and eastern shores, Wisconsin has a number of small lakes, abounding in fish. The principal of these, Winnebago Lake, S. E. from the middle of the state, is 28 m. long, and 10 wide. It communicates with Green Bay, a N. W. arm of Lake Michigan, by the Fox river. There are a number of small lakes in this region, and also in the extreme N. W. The principal rivers which traverse the interior have a S. W. course, and empty into the Mississippi, in the following order, commencing at the south: Wisconsin, Bad Axe, Black, and Chippewa. The Wisconsin, by far the most important of these, traverses the middle of the state, first in a S. and then in a W. direction. The Fox, or Neenah, is the principal tributary of Lake Michigan from this state, and runs in a generally N. E. course, through Winnebago Lake, into Green Bay. This river approaches within half a mile of the Wisconsin in its course, and a canal is being constructed to unite the rivers at this place, which, when completed, and some obstructions removed in the rivers themselves, will open steamboat navigation between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river. The Rock, the Des Plaines, and Fox rivers drain the southern part of the state. The Rock flows S. W. about 300 m. into the Mississippi. The other two are affluents of the Illinois r. Lake Pepin, an expansion of the Mississippi, is on the W. boundary of this state. Most of the rivers are not navigable (except for canoes or floating down timber) to any great extent, without artificial aid. Face of the Country, Productions, &c.- The state of Wisconsin may be generally described as an elevated rolling prairie, from 600 to 1,500 feet above the sea. The highest portion of this plateau is in the N., and separates the waters flowing into Lake Superior from those running S. and S. W. into the Mississippi. The southern slope is again interrupted about the middle of the state by another ridge, giving origin to a second slope, drained by the Rock river and its branches. The descent on. the Lake Superior shore is very abrupt, giving rise to many rapids and falls which interrupt navigation, but furnish numerous and valuable mill sites. There is a third ridge in the S. E., dividing the tributaries of Lake Michigan from those of Green Bay. The north of the state is rugged, and its agricultural Adams, Brown, Calumet, Chippewa, Crawford, Columbia, Dane, Dodge, Fond du Lao, Grant, Green, Iowa, Jefferson, Kenosha, La Fayette, La Pointe, Manitouwoc, Marathon, Marquette, Milwaukie, Portage, Racine, Richland, Rock, Sauk, Sheboygan, St. Croix, Walworth, Washington, Waukesha, and Winnebago. Besides these the more recent maps have Bad-Axe, Door, La Crosse, Oconto, Outagamie, Waupacca, and Waushara. WIS —WIS 571 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; N, nearly like ng. capabilities believed not to be great. On the St. Croix, Chippewa, and other rivers of the N. W., are vast forests of pine timber. "On the N. bank of the Wisconsin, W. from the great bend, is a range of abrupt, thickly wooded heights. In the W. and S. W. are several isolated mounds, with elevations varying from 200 to 1,000 ft. The highest of these, one of the Blue mounds, is 1,001 ft. above the Wisconsin r. The state S. of the Wisconsin and Fox r. is a fine farming region. West of the Pekatonica is the celebrated lead region, also abounding in copper and zinc. This section is broken, but in parts well adapted to agriculture, and especially to grazing. East of the Pekatonica the proportion of prairie land is increased, though there is a considerable portion of timbered land on the rivers and streams. This is probably the best agricultural district in the state. Limestone underlies most of the southern part of the state -the cliff limestone in the mineral district, and the blue elsewhere. Between Green Bay and the lake, the country is timbered with pine, spruce, and birch; and along the Fox r. to Ft. Winnebago it is hilly and well timbered. The agricultural products of the state are wheat, Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, rye, potatoes, wool, and maple sugar. The forest-trees are, pine, cedar, spruce, tamarack, birch, oak, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, hemlock, poplar, sycamore, &c. Climate, Meteorology, &c.-The climate of this state compares favourably with western New York, being milder on the shores of Lake Michigan, where the temperature is 61-~ higher than on the Mississippi side. The winters are less variable than in the Atlantic states. The Milwaukie r. was closed by ice, on an average (in the ten years preceding 1845), from November 22d to March 26th. Towns.-MILWAU.KIE CITY, the most populous and commercial in the state, is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Milwaukie r., 90 m. N. from Chicago. Its position is ad. mirably adapted for a commercial emporium, and in rapidity of growth it has surpassed all the westernstowns except those of California. The first settlement made here was in 1834. In 1843 the pop. was over 6,000 and in 1850 it amounted to 20,060. It is built on the high bluffs overhanging the lake, and on the fiats bordering on the river. The delicate cream-colour of the bricks employed in the buildings gives the town a peculiar and agreeable aspect. It is the eastern terminus of a R. R. 200 m. long, which is designed to extend to the Mississippi r.; and it has 6 plank roads extending into the country. The number of vessels owned here in 1851 was 39, and the tonnage 8,542. The value of manufactured products was about $2,000,000. It has 21 churches, and 7 daily newspapers. Racine, a flourishing town on Lake Michigan, 70 m. N. from Chicago, and 100 m. E. S. E. from Madison. It has a good harbour, and large quantities of produce are shipped here. There are several foundries, machine-shops, and flouting-mills in the place. Pop. 5,100. Madison, the capital of the state, is beautifully situated on a neck 572 WIS WOO F'te, fMr, fMll, fMt; me, mat; pine or pine, pin; n6, nSt; oo as in good; of land, between the Third Lake and Fourth Lake, in Dane co., 80 m-. W. from Lake Michigan. Lat. 43~ 5' N., Lon. 89~ 20' W. The capitol is a substantial limestone structure, which cost $50,000. The Wisconsin University is established here. Madison was laid out in 1837. Pop. about 1,800. Fond du Lac, Janesville, and Waukesha, are flourishing towns, with a pop. of near 3,000 each. WISCONSIN, a. r. of the above state, falling into the Mississippi near 430 N. Lat., and 91~ W. Lon. Length estimated at 400 m.; its navigation is impeded by sand-bars. WISMAR, Wist-mar, a fortified seaport t. of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on a bay of the Baltic, called the Walpich (wAll-piK), with an excellent harbour. Lat. 530 50' N., Lon. 110 35' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) WISSEMBOURG, vis'-sAM'-booRI, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, on the Bavarian frontier, 33 m. N. by E. from Strasburg. WIT-EPSK! or VITEBSI, a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dwina, 330 m. S. by W. from St. Petersburg. Pop. about 14,400. (M.) WITI-TEN-BERG' (Ger. pron. witt-en-bR'RG), a t. of Prussian Saxony, once the cap. of the electorate of Saxony, on the Elbe. It is interesting as the cradle of the Reformation; Luther and Melancthon were professors in its university, and their remains are deposited in its cathedral. A superb colossal statue of Luther, in bronze, was erected in the market-place, in 1821. Lat. 510 53' N., Lon. 120 46' E. Pop. 8,500, exclusive of the garrison. (P. C.) WIVELISCOMBE, wilst-kum, a small t. of England, in Somersetshire. WOLFENBUTTEL, wolt-fen-bfit'-tel, a t. of Germany, in Brunswick, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Ocker, 8 m. S. of Brunswick. It contains a magnificent ducal library, with near 200,000 vols. Lat. 520 9' N., Lon. 100 32' E. Pop., including the suburbs, about 10,000. (P. C.) WOLVERHAMPTON, w66l'-ver-hampf-ton, a manufacturing t. of England, in Staffordshire, 13 m. N. W. of Birmingham. Pop. of the township, with an area of 5 sq. m., 36,382. In the vicinity are extensive mines of coal and iron ore, to which the town owes its prosperity. WooD, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the Ohio r. Pop. 9,450. Co. t. Parkersburg. WOOD, a co. in the N. W. part of Ohio, on the S. E. side of the Maumee r. Pop. 9,157. Co. t. Perrysburg. WOODI-FQRD, a co. in the N. E. central part of.Ky., on the E. side of Kentucky r. Pop. 12,423. Co. t. Versailles. WOODFORD, a co. in the N. central part of Ill., on the E. side of Illinois r. Co. t. Woodford. Pop. 4,416. WooLwIcH, w661l-ich, a seaport t. of England, in Kent, on the S. side of the Thames, 7 m. E. of London, important on account of its dock. yard, arsenal, and other naval and military establishments. Pop. 25,785. WOR-WYT 573 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. WORCESTER, wM6s'-ter, a city of England, cap. of Worcestershire, on the Severn, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, with 5 arches, 100 m. W. N. W. of London. It has extensive manufactures of gloves: porcelain and fine earthenware are also produced here. Lat. 52~ 9' N., Lon. 2~ W. Pop. 25,401. WORCESTER, a co. occupying the central part of Mass., and extending across the state. Pop. 130,789. WORCESTER, a flourishing and handsome t. of Mass., cap. of the above, on the Boston and Albany Railroad, where it is connected with the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, and at the termination of the Blackstone River Canal, about 40 m., in a straioght line, W. by S. from Boston. Lat. 420 16' N., Lon. 71~ 48' W. Pop. 17,216. WORCESTER, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Md. Pop. 18,859. Co. t. Snow Hill. WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE, usually pronounced wool-ton-und/-ridge, a small t. of England, in Gloucestershire, 17 m. S. by W. from Gloucester. WoRMS. (Ger. pron. WoRms; Anc. Borbitomagus, afterwards Vangiones), a celebrated but decayed city of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine, 26 m. S. S. E. of Mentz. It was anciently one of the residences of the Frankish sovereigns. Charlemagne was married here. The Lutheran Church, in the market-place, in which is a painting of Luther before the Diet of Worms, now occupies the site of the council-hall in which that Diet was held. Lat. 490 38' N., Lon. 8~ 21' E. Pop. 8,500. (P. C.) WREX/-HAM, a handsome t. of Wales, in Denbighshire, 11 m. S. by W. from Chester. Pop. 5,818. WRIGHT, a co. towards the S. part of Mo., on the head branches of the Gasconade r. Pop. 3,387. WPRTEMBERG, wurf-tem-berg', (Ger. pron. wEtiR-tem-bR\G',) often written WIRTEMBERG, a kingdom of Germany, between 470 35' and 490 35' N. Lat., and 8~ 15' and 10 30' E. Lon. Length 140 m.; greatest breadth 96 m. Area 7,626 sq. m. Pop. in 1838, 1,649,839. (M.) The government of Wfirtemberg is a limited monarchy. Stuttgart is the capital. WiRZBURG, wurtst-burg, (Ger. pron. wiiatst-b06Rao,) an.ancient walled city of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Lower Mayn, on the Mayn, 62 m. E. S. E. of Frankfort. The University of this place, founded in 1402, is especially distinguished for its school of medicine; it contains a library of 120,000 vols. (M.) Lat. 490 46' N., Lon. 90 56' E. Pop. 25,000, exclusive of the garrison. (P. C.) WYcoMB, wikt-um, a small t. of England, in Buckinghamshire, 27 m W. N. W. of London. WY-o-MIING, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., S. W. of Rochester. Co t. Warsaw. Pop. 31,981. WYOMING, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Co. t. Tunkhannock. Pop. 10,655. WYTHE, with, (th as in thin,) a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by the New r. Pop. 12,024. 574 XAL-YAZ Fate, fir, f'All, f at; me, melt; pine or pine, pin; n6, nbt; 66 as. in good XALAPA or JALAPA, Ha-lWI-pa, (see Int. XXVII., 17,) a t. of Mexico, 55 m. N. W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (M.) The medicinal herbjalap owes its name to this town; it grows abundantly in the vicinity. XERES or JERES DE LA FRONTERA, H'hf-res da la' fron-thf-ra, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 17 m. N. N. E. of Cadiz. It is the great emporium of the wine called Sherry, grown in its vicinity. Pop. 34,000. (B.) XINGU or CHINGU, shin-goof, (see Int. XXVI., 11,) a large r. of Brazil, flowing into the Amazon, near its mouth. Length estimated at 1,500 m. Y, pronounced i, an arm of the Zuyder Zee, in Holland. YADKIN. See PEDEE. YAK-OOTSKI (Yakutsk), a t. of E. Siberia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Lena. Lat. 62~ 2' N., Lon. 147~ 44' E. Pop. about 4,000. (M.) YAL'-A-Buf-SA., a co. towards the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Yalabusha r. Pop. 17,258. Co. seat, Coffeeville. YANI-CY, a co. in the N. W. part of N. C., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 8,205. Co. t. Burnsville. YANG-TSE-KIANG (ke-angf), or "blue river;" called, also, sometimes, TA KIANG, or i" great river," the largest r. of China. Its source has never been visited by Europeans, but, according to the statements of some Chinese travellers, it appears to rise between 34~ and 35~ N. Lat., and 89~ and 90~ E. Lon. Its general course is easterly, and it falls into the Pacific in about 32~ N. Lat., and 121~ E. Lon. Its breadth in the last 800 m. of its course varies from 1 to 3 m. The tide ascends about 400 m.: in this part the depth of the river is very great; a Chinese proverb says, " the sea has no boundary, and the Ta-Kiang no bottom." The whole length of the Yang-tse-Kiang is estimated at above 3,000 m. YANINA. See JANINA. YAR'-KUNDI, often written YARKAND (see Int. XIX., 1, Obs.), the chief city of Chinese Toorkistan, on a r. of its own name. Lat. about 38~ 20' N., Lon. 76~ 20' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (M.) YARI-MOUTH, a seaport t. of England, on the North Sea, partly in the co. of Norfolk and partly in that of Suffolk, at the mouth of the r. Yare, 108 m. N. E. of London. It is the principal seat of the English herring fishery. Lat. 52~ 37' N., Lon. 1~0 44' E. Pop. 24,086. YAROSLAF (Jaroslavl or Jaroslaw), yar'-o-slafW, an important commercial and manufacturing t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Volga. Lat. 570 38' N., Lon. 400 10' E. Pop. 28,500. YATES, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., S. E. of Rochester. Pop. 20,590. Co. t. Penn Yan. YAz-oof, a r. in the N. W. part of Miss., falling into the Mississippi r., a little above Vicksburg. YAZ-'YOR 575 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N nearly like ng. YAZoo, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Yazoo and Big Black rivers. Pop. 14,418. Co. seat, Benton. YEDI-DO (Jeddo), the chief city of Japan, on the i. of Niphon, on a bay to which it gives its name. It is said to be about 20 m. in circumference. Pop. very uncertain: the Japanese writers estimate the number of houses at 280,000. The pop. is probably not less than 1,300,000. (B.) YELI-LOW-STONr, a r. of the U. S., which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Missouri, near 48~0 N. Lat., and 104~ W. Lon. It is about 800 yards wide at its mouth. Length, estimated at 1,100 m.; for more than 800 m. of which it is navigable. (Morse.) YEMI-EN (Anc. Aralbia Fetlix), a country occupying the S. W. portion of Arabia. YENISEY, yen'-e-sihe, a large r. of N. Asia, which rises in the Chinese empire, near 51~ N. Lat., and 980 E. Lon. At first, its course is W.T to near where it leaves the Chinese territories, when it turns to the N., and continues in a general northerly direction, to the Arctic Ocean, which it enters by a wide estuary, in about 72~ 30' N. Lat., and 850 E. Lon. Length estimated at 2,600 m. It is of little use for purposes of navigation, in consequence of its flowing through a desolate country, and being frozen over for the greater part of the year. YEO1-VIL, a small t. of England, in Somersetshire, on the Yeo or Ivil, an affluent of the Parret, 32 m. S. S. W. of Bath, important for its manufacture of gloves. YEsSO or JESSO. See JAPAN. YEZD, a manufacturing and commercial city iin the E. part of Persia. Lat. about 32~ 40' N., Lon. 55~ 40' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (B.) YONNE, a dep. in the N. E. central part of France, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Seine. Pop. 355,237. (B.) Capital, Auxerre. YORK (Anc. Eborlacum), a celebrated city of England, cap. of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, 170 m. N. N. W. of London. Though inferior, in population and importance, to many other English towns, York is regarded, in point of rank, as the second in the kingdom: it is the only city, besides London, whose chief magistrate takes the title of Lord Mayor. The most remarkable building of this city is the Minster or Cathedral, which is regarded as the finest edifice of the kind in Great Britain, and one of the finest Gothic structures in Europe: length, internally, 524- ft.; height of the great tower, 234 ft. Eboracum was an important town under the Romans; several of the emperors temporarily resided, and one (Severus) died here. Several parliaments have been held in York, the first being that summoned by Henry II., in 1160o Lat. 530 58' N., Lon. 1~ 5' W. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 28,842. YORK, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Maine. Pop. 60,101. Co. t. Alfred. YORK, a t. and port of entry of Maine, in the above co., at the mouth 576 YOR-ZAC Fkte, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66, as in good' of a r. of its own name. Lat, 43~ 10' N., Lon. 790 40' W. Pop. 2,980. YORK, a: co. in the S. S. E. part of Pa., bordering on Md. and the Susquehanna r. Pop. 57,450. YORK, a t. of Pa., cap. of the above co., on the Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad, 24m., in a straight line, S. S. E. of Harrisburg. Lat. 390 58' N., Lon. 76~ 40' W. Pop. 6,897. YORK, a r. of Va., formed by the union of the Pamunkey and Mat. tapony, and flowing into the Chesapeake. YORK, a co. of Va., on the right side of the above r., at its mouth. Pop. 4,460. Co. t. Yorktown. YORK, a dist. in the N. part of S. C., on the Catawba r. Pop. 19,431. Seat of justice, Yorkville. YORKa-SnRaE, the largest and most populous co. of England, lying in the N. E. part of the kingdom, and bordering on the North Sea. It is divided into four portions, called Ridings, which, for extent, may be compared to ordinary counties. Pop. 1,591,480., YORKTOWN, a port of entry of Va., and cap. of York co., situated on the S. side of the York r., near its mouth. Lat. 373 13' N., Lon. 760 34' W. YOUGHALL, pronounced yaul, a small but ancient t. and seaport of Ireland, near the mouth of Black Water r., 25 m. E. by N. from Cork. YPRES, eepr, (Flem. Ypern, il-pern), a fortified manufacturing t. of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 30 m. S. W. of Bruges. It was, in the 14th century, far more flourishing than\at present, and was formerly famous for its manufacture of woollen and linen cloths. The fabric called diaper (originally d' Ypres,) derives its name from this town. (M.) Lat. 50~ 51' N., Lon. 2~ 53' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) YSSEL, if-cel, a r. in the N. E. part of Holland, flowing into the Zuyder Zee. Yu'-CA-TANrf or yoo-ka-tAnf, a peninsula forming the most eastern part of Mexico, between 16~ and:21~ 40' N. Lat., and 86~ 45' and 91~ W. Lon. It is principally included in the Mexican state of Yucatan. The southern portion, lying on the Bay of Honduras, is occupied by an English colony, and is denominated English Yucatan, or British Honduras. YVERDUN, e'-veR'-duNt, a t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, at the W. extremity of the lake of NeufchAtel, 17 m. N. by W. of Lausanne. Pop. 3,460. (P. C.) YVETOT, eev'-tot, a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 20 m. N. W. of Rouen. Pop. 7,923. (M.) ZAANDAM, zaAn-da'mt, often written SAARDAM, a t. and former celebrated naval arsenal of Holland, on the Zaan, an affluent of the Y. It is remarkable for the great number of windmills in its vicinity. Lat. 520 26' N., Lon. 4~ 50' E. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.) ZACATECAS, sak-.-t&A-kAs, a city of Mexico, cap. of a state of -the same ZAH —ZHI 577 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. name. Lat. about 220 50' N., Lon. 1020 30' W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) ZAHARA. See SAHARA. ZAM-O-RA or thh-mof-ra, an ancient city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Douro, 34 m. N. W. of Salamanca. Pop. 10,000. (B.) ZANES'-VIJLLE, a t. of Ohio, cap. of Muskingum co., on the r. Muskingum, 48 m. E. of Columbus. Pop. including suburbs, 10,355. ZANGTUEBAR zang'-ge-barl, the name of a region on the F. coast of Africa, of which very little is known. It appears to extend from about 4~ N. to 170 or 18~ S. Lat. ZANI-TE (Anc. Zacyntthus), one of the Ionian Islands, about 10 m. from the W. coast of the Morea. It is about 20 m. long and 10 broad. Pop. 35,348. (M.) ZANTE, the cap. of an archiepiscopal town, is on the E. side of the island. Lat. 370 47' N., Lon. 20~ 54' 32" E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.) ZAN'-ZI-BARI, anl i. on the E. coast of Africa, belonging to the Imfm of Muscat. Lat. about 60 S., Lon. 390 E. ZANZIBAR, the cap. of the above, is said to be a flourishing commero cial town, and has a pop. estimated at above 10,000. (B.) ZARA, zsa-ra, (Anc. Jaldera,) an archiepiscopal t., cap. of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, 150 m. S. E. of Venice. It is fortified, is the centre of an active commerce, and has some important manufactures. Lat. 440 6' N., Lon. 15~ 10' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) ZARAGOZA. See SARAGOSSA. ZEALAND, zeef-land, (Dan. Sjmland, selt-lAnd, i. e. " sea-land,") the largest and most important of the Danish Islands, situated between 540 58' and 56~ 10' N. Lat., and 100 50' and 120 35' E. Lon. Length 80 m.; greatest breadth about 65 m. Area estimated at 2,800 sq. m. Pop. 400,000. (P. C.) ZEALAND (Dutch, Zeelandt, z-/-lAnd, i. e. " sea-land"), a prov. in the W. part of Holland, situated partly between the two great branches of the Scheldt, and bordering on the sea. Area 580 sq. m. Pop. 155,593. (P. C.) ZEBU or CEBU, se-bool, (Sp. pron. thA-boof,) one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the 10th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 123~ 30' E. Lon. It is above 120 m. long, and from 10 to 30 m. wide. ZEIrOUN, (ZEi'-ovv,) zA6-toont, a small fortified t. of Greece, near a gulf of the same name. Lat. 380 58' N., Lon. about 220 40' E. ZEITZ, tsites, a t. of Prussian Saxony, on the Elster, 22 m. W. S. W. of Leipsic. Pop. above 7,000. (B.) ZELLE. See CELLE. ZERBST, ts&Rbst, a manufacturing t. of Anhalt-Dessau, formerly the residence of the duke of Anhalt-Zerbst, 22 m. S. E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) ZH1T'-O-MEERg (Jitomir or Schitomir-in Polish, Zitomirz, zhit-otmeeazh), a t. of European Russia, cap. of Volhynia, 75 m. S. W, of Kief. Pop. 17,434. (M.) 49 578 ZZIT-ZYT..Fte, ffr, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nb, nBt; 66 as in good ZITTAU, tsit/-tou, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Saxony, 50 mn. E. S. E. of Dresden. Pop. 9,000. (B.) ZOLLVEREIN, tsolll-fer-ine', or " CUSTOMs-UNION," a commercial league recently formed in Germany for the purpose of establishing a unfbrm rate of customs. It includes Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, Wuirtemberg, Saxony, and several smaller states. ZOM/-BOR', a royal free t. of Hungary, cap. of the county of Bics (b'ach), 118 m. S. by E. of Pesth. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) ZUG, zoog or tsoog, a canton in the N. central part of Switzerland, on a lake of its own name. It is the smallest state in the confederation. Area 85 sq. m. Pop. 15,300. (P. C.) Also the cap. of the above, on the N. E. side of the L. of Zug. Pop. about 2,500. (M.) The L. of Zuog is about 9 m. long and 3 wide. ZtLLICHAU, tsdil-le-Kou, a manufacturing t. of Prussia, near the right bank of the Oder. Lat. 52~ 10' N., Lon. 15~'37' E. Pop. 4,700. (B.) ZiULPICH, tSiil-piK, (Anc. Tolbiacum,) a small t. of the Prussian States, 20 m. S. W. of Cologne, remarkable for its historical associations. Here Clovis, the king of the Franks, gained a great victory over the Alemanni, A. D. 496. ZURICH, zut-rik, (Ger. pron. tsfi-rii,) a canton in the N. E. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine. Area 690 sq. m. Pop. 231,576.,P.) ZURICH (Ane. Tufricum), the cap. of the above, is beautifully situ. ated on the Limmat, at its egress from the L. of Zitrich, 60 m. N. E. of Bern. It is a distinguished seat of literature and science. Among its various institutions, we may name the Academy, which, with the admirable Institute of Medicine and Surgery, forms a complete university (B.); and the Town Library, with 45,000 vols. Here, also, is a topographical model in relief, representing the whole of Switzerland; it was executed by Miller, and is regarded as one of the most admirable works of its kind. Lat. 47~ 23' N., Lon. 8~0 31' E. Pop. 14,500. (P. C.) ZiR1cH, LAKE OF, situated principally in the N. part of the canton of Zuirich, is about 24 m. in length, and from 1 to 2A m. in breadth. ZUTI-PHEN, a fortified t. of Holland, on the Yssel. Lat. 52~ 8' N. Lon. 6~ 12' E. Pop. 11,000. (P. C.) ZUYDER (or Zuider) ZEE, zil-der zee, (Dutch pron. zoil-der zay, i. e "South Sea,") a bay of the North Sea, in the N. W. part of Holland Length aboult 90 m.; greatest breadth 50 m. ZWEIBRUCKEN or ZWEYBRCicEN. See DEUX-PONTS. ZWICKAU, tswikf-kou, a t. of the kingdom of Saxony, on the Mulde, 58 m. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 7,400. (B.) ZWOLL, a fortified t. of Holland, cap. of the prov. of Overyssel, about 60 m. E. N. E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 13,000. (B.) ZWORt-NIX (Turk. Iz'-vor'-neek/,) a t. of European Turkey, in Bos. nia, cap. of an inferior pashalik (sanjak) of its own name. Lat. 440 30' N., Lon. 190 10' E. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) ZYTOMIR. See ZlITOMEER. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. [Extracted from the American Almanac for 1849.1 Foun- Stu- Vols. in Name. Place. ded. cdents. Libraries. 1 Bowdoinl........................... Brunswick, Me. 1 126 25,4 0 2 Waterville*................... Waterville, do. 1820 75 7,01)0 3 Dartmouth............................. Hallover, N. H. 1769 -201 16,500 4 University of Vermont.................gton, V. 1791 97 10.000 5 Middlebury............................. Middlebu ry, do. 1800 60 7,1)54 6 Norwich University.................. Norwich, do. 1834 8&, 1,000 7 Harvard University..................... Cambridge, Mass. 1638 277 82,01)0 8 William s............................... Williamstown, do. 1793 177 8,500 9 Amherst............................... Amherst, do. 1821 150o 20,000 10 Holy Cross............................ Worcester, do. 1843 117 4,300 11 Brown University*....... Providence, R. I. 1.764 135 26.000 12 Yale................................... New Haven, Con:. / 1700 3791 46;000 13 Trinlityt....... Hartford, do. 1824 661 9,00oo 14 Wesleyan Universityl.................. Middletown, do. 1831 118 12,000 15 Columbiat.............................. New York, N. Y. 1754 124 14,000 16 Union.................................. Scheectady, do. 1795 304 16,000 17 Hamilton............................... Clinton, do. 1812 179 10,000 18 Madison University*.................... amilton, do. 1819 -140 7,000 19 Genevat..................... Geneva, do. 1823 66 5,400 20 University of New York............ New York, do. 1831 151 4,000 21 St. John's~........................ Fordham, do. 1841 110 10,000 22 St. Paul'st............................. College Point, do. 1837 L'9 2,800 23 College of New Jersey............... Princeton, N.J. 1746 2410 14,500 24 Rutgers...... New Brunswick. do. 1770 76 1,500 25 Burlingtot..................... Burlington, do. 1846 106 26 Ulliversity of Penllnsylvania................... Philadelphia, Penn. 1755 88 5.000 27 Dickinlsont * —.............. e*^ Carlisle, do. 178;3 142! 12,000 28 Jefferson.......................... Canonsburg, dos. 1802 197 10,000 29 W\ashington............................ Washington, do. 18016 105 3,300 30 Alleghally............................ Meadville, do. 181i 1i 8,000 31 Pennlsylvalla........................... Gettysburg, do. 1832 81 2,300 32 Lafayette.................... Easton, do. 1832 82 5,000:33 Marshall........................... Mercersburg, do. 1836 81 1,300 34 Western University of Pennsylvania.... Pittsburg, do. 1819 11 35 St. Thomas of Villanova{............... Near Philada., do. 30 36 Delaware............................... Newark, Del. 183 48 3,600 37 St. John's.................A............. Annapolis, Md. 1784 71 4,000 38 St. Mary's~........................... Baltimore, do. 1799 160 12,000 39 Mount St. Mary's~............... Emmetsburg, do. 1830 126 4,000 40 St. James'st.................. Near Hagerst'n, do. 1842 32 8,750 41 Washington............................ Chestertown, do. 1783 70 1,200 42 Georgetown..Georgeto, D. C. 1789 89 25,000 43 Ctlumbian*............................ Washington, do. 1821 55 6,000 44 WVilliam and Mary..............Williamsburg, Va. 1693 68 5,1(00 45 Hamplden-Sidnaey..............; Prince Ed. Co., do. 1;,83 25 8,000 46 Washington.......... Lexington, do. 1812 81 5,)000 47 University sof Virginlia............. Charlottesville, do. 1819 212 1,700 48 Randolph-Macont...................... Boydtown, do. 1832 145 6,000 49 Emory and Henryt..................... Glade Spring, do. 1839 55 6,640 50 Rector*................................ Taylor Co., do. 1839 50 2,500 51 Betlhany College............. Bethany, do. 184)i 113 52 Richmond*............................. Richmond, do. 1832 43 1,200 53 University of North Carolina.......... Chapel Hill, N. C. 1789 147 10,000 54 Davidson..............................Mecklenburg Co., do. 1838 44 1,150 55 Wake Forest*................. Wake Forest, do. 1838 24 4,700 56 Charleston........................Charleston, S. C. 1795 47 3,000 57 South Carolina................ Columbia, do. 1804 219 1,700 58 Ersline............................ Abbeville Dist., do. 88 59 Franklin............................. Athens, Ga. 1785 147 13,000 60 Oglethorpe............................. Milledgeville, do. 1836 45 3,000 61 Emory................................. Oxford, do. 1837 107 3,000 62 Mercer Unliversity*..................... Penfield, do. 1838 61 3,000 63 Christ College and Episcopal Institutiont. Montpelier, do. 1839 35 64 Unsiversity of Alabama................... Tuscaloosa, Ala. 1828 98 4,440 65 La. Granget.............................. 1,a Grane, do. 1831 6'2 3,000 66 Spring Hill~................... Spring Hill, do. 1830 70 4,000 67 Howard*............................... Marion, do. 1841 401 1,500 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.-CONTINUED. l Name. Pllace. Foun- Stu- Vols. in Name. P'lace. ded. dets.. Libraries. 48 Oakland................................ Oaklad, Miss. 1830 64 7,000 59 Centenaryt................ Jaco....... Jakson, La. 18 49 4,400 70 St. Charles~.................. Grand Coteau, do. 1838 103 4,00(1 71 Baton Rouge................ Baton Rouge, do. 183o 45 300 72 Franklin................................ Opelousas, do. lt39s 701 73 Greenville................... G......, Greenville, Tenn. 1794 41 3,000 74 Washington............................., ashington Co.,do. 1794 42 1,000 75 University of Nashville................. Nashville, do. 1806 77 10,000 76 Franklin.................... Near Nashville, do. 1844 44 1,000 77 East Tennessee...................Knoxville, do. 1807 81 3,980 78 Cumberland University........... Lebanon, do. 1814 154 2,500 79 Jackson....... Columbia, do. 1830 44 2,0(10 80 Union* M......, urfreesboro', do. 18'2 70 300 81 Transylvania......................Lexington, Ky. 1798 91 14.000 82 St. Joseph's~......................Bardstown, do. 1819 1260 7,000 83 Centre...................... Danville, do. 1819 130 4,500 84 Augusta.........................Augusta, do. 1825 51 2,;500 85 Geo.......rgetown...Georgetown, do. 1830 120 5,200 86 Bacon......................Harrodsburg, do. 1.83ti 60 1,800 87 Western Military Institute............... Georgetown, do. 18o6 164 [ 88 University of Ohio.. Athes, Ohio. 18. 1 6.i 3.500 89 Miami University................ Oxford, do. 180.- (6 8.000 90 Franklin..New Athens, do. 18215 80 2,200 91 Western Reserve................ Hudson, do. 1826 71 6,247 92 Kenyont..................Gambier, do. 182: 48 8.81)0 93 Granville*raville, do. 1832 2ri 4,000 94 Marietta............. Marietta, do. 18. 2 48 6,-230 95 Oberlill Institute........................ Oberlin, do. 183: 85 4,000 96 Cincinnati....... Cincinnati, do. 18191 84 97 St. Xavier~............................. Cincinnati, do. 1840 270 6,000 98 XWoodward....... C incinnati, do. ]1831 193 1,1:00 99 Ohio Wesleyan University............. Delaware, do. 1844 31 2,000 110 lIndiaina State University................ Bloomingion, Ind. 1S27 41 2,500 101 Hanover College........................ South Hanover, do. k1e29!8 2,200 102 Wvabash............................ Crawfordsville, do. 183 1 40 4.800 103 Indiana Asbury University.............. Greencastle, do. 1839 268 2,700 104 St. Gabriel's................Vincennes, do. 18 13 50 105 Franklin........................ Franklin, do. 1837 14 2(10 106 llitnois........ Jacksonville, 111. I1829 38 3,000 107 Shurtleff*............................ Upper Alton, do. 181:5 1:3 1,600 108 McKendreet........... ILebanon, do. 1835 14 700 109 Knox.................................. Galesburg, do. 11~37 60 3,000 110 University of St. Louis~................. St. Louis, Mo. 18;j2 160 12,000 111 St. Vincent's............................Cape Giardeau,do. 183 90 5,000 112 Masoie............................... Marion Co., do. 18;31 45 113 Missouri University.................. Columbia, do. 1840 52 114 St. Charlest.. St. CharlSt. Charles, do. 1839 60 115 Fayette....... Fayette, do. 75 116 Michigan University.................. Ann Arbour, Mich. 1837 8:1 4,500 117 St. Philip's................Near Detroit, do. 1839 30 3,000 118 Iowa University.. Iowa City, Iowa. 1846 REMARKS. The Colleges marked (*) are under the dilrection of the Baptists; thus (t) Episcopalians; thus (.) Methodists; thus (~) Catholics. With respect to the Colleges which are uniirarked, the prevailing religious influence of those that are in New England is Congregationalism; of most of the others, Presbyterianism. By students in the above table, except a few of the Colleges in the Southern anld Western States, is meant undergraduates, or members of the four collegiate classes; not including such as are pursuinig professional education, or such as are members of a preparatory department. Some of the Colleges above enumerated, are not in full operation; and scarcely deserve a place in the Table. According to the census of 1840, there are in the United States 173 universities or colleges, containiug 16,233 students. There are 3,242 academies and grammar schools, containillg 161,159 studeiits. It is evident that the difference between a college and an academy is ilot very clearly defined, except that the forimer has the exclusive right of granting degrees. The columll of Libraries includes the number of volumes in the College Librarzes and in the Students' Libraries..L APPENDIX (A.) ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THIS APPENDIX. A. Augusta. ID. Detroit. M. Milledgeville. Rh. Raleigh. A.. Albany. dist. district. Mtr. Montpelier. Sd. Springfield. All. Annapolis F. Frankfort. Mont. Molntgomery. Susqa. Susquehanna. B. Boston. Flor. Florida. Ne. Naslville. T. Tuscaloosa. br. branch. H. Harrisburg. O. Ohio. tp. township. Ca. Columbia Hd. Hartford. par. parish. Tn. Trenton. Cd. Concord. Is. Indianapolis. pt. post township. v. village. cr. creek. J. Jackson. pv. post village. Wis. Wisconsin. Cs. Columbus. Jef. Jefferson. R. Richmond. WVn. Washington. EDP See page 50; also ADVERITISEMENT to the THIRD EDITION Of the GAZETTEER. _Eg The following list of states and territories will serve to show the order in which the same name belonging to different places in the several states is repeated in this Appendix. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York New Jersey, Petnnsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor ria, F1orida, Alabama, Mississippi, Iouisiana, Arkansas, Tetnlessee, Kentucky, Ohio Michisgan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, WVisconsin, Texas. Thus the WVashingtons of Maine will be first given; then those of New Harnpshire, ther. tlhose of Vermont, &c. By this means, if the inquirer knows to what state the name he is inl search of belongs he will be able to find it far more readily, than he could have done if this arranlgement had not been observed. ADA AIR AARONSBTuJr, pv. Centre co. Pa. near Penn's ADAMSs BASIN, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on Erie creek. [S. C. 97 w of Ca. canal. [of Harrisburg. ABBEVITLE C. H. pv. cap. of Abbeville dist. ADAMSBURG, PV. WVestmoreland co. Pa. 183w Abbeville, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ala. on Yat- ADAM'S MILLS, pv. Muskingum CO. O. on Ohio ABBEYVILLE, pv. Medina Co. O. [tayabba cr. canal. [of Lancaster. ABBOT, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 70 N of A. ADAMSTOWN, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 23 NNB AnIEOTTSTOWN, pv. Adams co. Pa. 18 s York. ADAMSVILLE, pv. Marlborough dist. S. C. 114 ABERDEEN, pv. Monroe co. Miss. on Tombig- ENE of Columbia. [of Ne. bee river. Adamsville, pv. M'Nairy co. Tenn. 139 sw Aberdeen, pv. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. Adamsville, pv. Cass co. Mich. on Christiatna ABINGDoN, pv. Harford co. Md. 22 E of Bal- river. tsmore. ADDIsoN, pt. Washington co. Me. 138 E of A. Abingdon, pv. cap. of Wn. co. Va. 300 sw R. Addison, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. Champlain. ABINGTON, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 20 ssE B. Addison, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 18 s of Bath. Abington, pv. Windham co. Conn. 39 E of Hd. Addison, pt. Somerset co. Pa. on the Youghi. Abinltgton,, pt. Molltg. co. Pa. 10 N of Phila. ogheny river. Abington, pt. Wayne co. Ind. 70 E of Is. Addison, pt. Gallia co. O. on Ohio r. ABtNGTON CENTRE, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 150 Addison, tp. Oakland co. Mich. NE of Harrisburg. [the Hudson. ADELPHIA, pv. Ross co. O. 67 sw of Cs. ABRAM'S Cr. Columbia co. N.Y. flows into ADRIAN, pv. cap. of Lenawee co. Mich. on.ABSE/CUM, pv. Atlantic co. N.J. 95 s Tn. [R. Raisin river, 67 sw of Detroit. AccotMAC, pv. cap. of Aecomac co. Va. 193 E AGAMEN'TICUS, mt. York co. Me. ACQUAcKANONCK, pt. Passaic co. N. J. 80 NE AGAWAM, pV. Hampden co. Mass. on Conn. r. ACRA, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 47 ssw Al. [of Tn. AGUADILLA, ah1gwh-deel'yL. a sea-port near ACTON, pt. York co. Me. 91 sw of A. the Nw extremity of Porto Rico. Acton, tp. Windham co. Vt. 90 s of Mtr. AGUAs CALIENTEs, ah'gwas cal-e-en'tes, (liteActon, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 NW of B. rally " warm waters"), a handsome t. of ACwORTH, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 46 w of Cd. Mexico, in the state of Zacatecas, on the ADA, pt. Kent co. Mich. on Grand r. Rio Grande de Santiago, about 270 m. Nrw ADAIRSVILLE, pv. Logan co. Ky. of the city of Mexico. It is remarkable for ADAMS, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 WNW B. its matufactures, its active commerce, and Adams, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 162 NW of Al. for the warm springs in its vicinity, whence Adams, tp. Champaign co. O. [river. it derives its name. Pop. 20,000. Adams, tp. Coshocton co. O. on Tuscarawas AGUAYo, ah- gwT'o, a small t. of Mexico. 150 Adams, tp. Guernsey co. O. 5w of Cambridge. m. SE of Monterey, important as being lot Adams, tp. Monroe co. O. on Sunfish cr. [r. having been?] the capital of Tamaulipas Adams, tp. Muskingum co. O. ont Muskitngum (B.) Pop. about 6,000. Adams, p:. Seneca co. O. on Greet cr. AID, tp. Lawrence co. O. Adams, tp.WVashington co. O. on Muskingum r AIREN, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 77 w of Ca. Adams, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 94 sw of D. AIX; tp. Bedford co. Pa. Adamns, pt. Decatur co. Ind. 54 SE of Is. AIRY GROVE, pv. Lenoir co. N. C. 88 w of Ra 49* 581 ALL 582 AMW AtRON, pV. Erie co. N.Y. 268 w of Al. Alleghany, tp. Blair co. Pa. Akron, pv. cap. Summit co. O. at the junction Alleghany, Ip. Potter co. Pa. of the Ohio anid Erie, and Ohio and Penn- Alleghany, tp. Somerset co. Pa. sylvania canals. [wanda cr. Alleghany, tp. Venlango co. Pa. [leghany r ALABAMA, pt. Genesee co. N. Y. onl Tona- Alleghany. tp. Westmorelanid co. Pa. or, Al. Alabama, v. Houston co. Texas, on Trinity r. Alleghany, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [of Rh. ALAIEDON, pt. Ingluam co. Mich. 92 w of D. ALLEMANCE, pv. Guilford co. N. C. 69 WNW ALAMO, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. ALLEN, pt. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 wsw of 1I. ALAMO, ah'l'-mo, the name of several small Allen, tp. Northampton co. Pa. towns il different parts of AMexico and South Allen, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. [of Cd. America. Alamo in Spanish signifies a ALLENSTOWN, Pt. Merrimack co. N. II. 10 si "poplar-tree (populus). The name is said AT,LENTOWN, pv. Moiimouth co. N. J. 12 E Tn. to have been given to at least some of these Allentown, boro' (called also Northampton), towns on accounlt of the rows of alan0os cap. Lehigh co. P'a. 87 ENE o.f Harrisburg. with which they are adorned. Allentown, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 110 s of T. ALAMOs, ah'l'I-moce, at. of Mexico, in Sono- ALLISON, tp. Clinton co. Pa. ra. about 150 m. ESE of Guaymas. Here is ALLOWAY, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 183 wNw Al. a rich silver mine. Pop. said to be 6,000. ALLOrwAY's cr. N. J. flows into the Delaware ALAPAHA, al-ap'I-haw', r. Ga. flows into the river, 6 s of Salem. [of Tln. Suwanee river. ALLOWAYSTOWN, PV. Salem co. N. J. 60 ssw ALAQUA, al'.A-quaw', r. Flor. flows into Choc- ALMOND, Pt. Allegliany co. N.Y. on Canisteo r. tawhatchee Bay. ALNA, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 20 s of A. Alaqua, v. Walton co. Flor. on Alaqua r. ALPS, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y..4 E of Al. ALBA, Pv. Bradford co. Pa. 143 N of HT. ALsACE, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. ALBAN s, ST. pt. Somerset co. Me. [of Mtr. ALSTEAD, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 66 w of Cd. Alban's, St. pv. cap. of Franklin co. Vt. 63 Nw ALTAMIRA, al-ta-mee'r'l, a decyed town of Alban's, St. pv. Hancock co. Ill. 100 NW of Sd. Mexico, in the s part of Tamaulipas, near ALBANY, Pt. Oxford co. Me. 18 Nw of Paris. Tampico. [pisiogee Albany, tp. Carroll co. N. H. 6 N of Cd. ALTON, pt. Belknap co. N. H. on I. WVinniAlhany, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Maiden cr. Alton, pv. Wv1ayne co. N.Y. 200 wxw of Al. Albany, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on Towanda cr. Alton, Ill. See GAZETTEER. Albany, pv. Baker co. Ga. on Flint r. ALVARADO, al-var-rah'do, a sea-port on the Albany, pv. Henry co. Teinn. 106 w of Ne. NE coast of Mexico, 40 sE of Vera Cruz. Albany, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Ky. 126 s ofF. AMAGANSETT, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. near the x Albany, pv.Whitesides co. Ill. ont Miss. r. AMANDA, tp. Hancock co. O. Lend of Long I. ALBION, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 26 NE of A. Amanda, pt. Fairfield co. O. oil Clear cr. Albion, pv. cap. of Orleans co. N. Y. onl the Amanda, tp. Allen co. O. on Auglaize r. Erie canal. AMBER, PV. Onondaga co. N.Y. near Otisco L Albion, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salmon r. A M1OY, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 24 E. of Oswego Albion, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 34 N of Ca. Amboy, tp. Lucas co. O. Albion, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. on Kalamazoo r. AMELIA, PV. cap. of Amelia co. Va. 46 sw R. Albion, pv. Edwards co. Ill. AMELIA ISLAND, Flor. E of Nassau co. 15 m. ALBUQUERQUE, al-boo-ker'kay, a t. of New long and 4 wide. [of Poughkeepsie. Mexico, ont the E side of the Rio Grande. AMENIA, pt. and v. Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 ENE Pop. 6,000. [L. Champlain. AMENIAVILLE, V. Dutchess co. N.Y. 25 ENE ALBURG, aul'bnrg, pt. Grand Isle co. Vt. on of Poughkeepsie. ALBURG SPRINGS, pv. Grand Isle co. Vt. AMERICA, pv. Wabash co. Ind. 81 N of Is. ALDEN, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 22 E of Buffalo. AMERICUS, pv. cap. of Sumter co. Ga. 104 ssw ALEPPO. tp. Greene co. Pa. of Milledgeville. ALEXANDER, Pt. Wn. co. Me. 25 N of Machias. AMES, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. 56 NW of Al Alexanider, pt. Geniesee co. N.Y. 8 swBatavia. AMESBURY, pt. Essex co. Mass. 44 NE of B. Alexander, pt. Athens co. 0. [ami canal. AMESVILLE, pv. Athens co. 0. 84 SE of Cs. ALEXANDERSVILLE, pv. Mlltg. co. O. on Mi- AMHERsT, pt. Hancock co. Me. [30 s of Cd ALEXANDRIA, Pt. Grafton co. N.H. 34 NW Cd. Amherst, pv. cap. of Hillsborough co. N. H Alexandria, pt. Jef. co. N.Y. on St. Lavwrence Amherst, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 82. w of B. river. - [Flemington. Amherst, tp. Erie co. N.Y. 10 NE of Buffalo. Alexandria, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 12 NE of Amherst. pv. cap. of Amherst co. Va. 15 ENE Alexandria, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa. Amherst, pt. Lorain co. O.. [of Lynchburg Alexandria, pv. cap. Rapides par. La. on Red r. AMHRERSTBURG. See GAZETTEER. [pas Alexanidria, pv. De Kalb co. Tenn. 50 E of Ne. A-MITE, am-eet', r. La. flolws into L. MnaureAlexandria, pv. Campbell co. Ky. 85 N of F. AMITY, pv. Aroostook co. Me. 210 NE of A. oALEXANDRIANA, pV. Mecklenburg co. N. C. Amity, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Genesee r 160 sw of Raleigh. [Green r. Amity, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 122 s of Al. ALFORD, aul'ferd, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Amity, ip. Erie co. Pa. ALFORDSVILLE, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 107 SW Amity, pv. Wnl. co. Pa. 10 s of WVn. the cap. ALFRED, pt. York co. Me. 24 N York. [ofRh. Amity, tp. Berks co. Pa. Alfred, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 12 sE Angelica. AMmoi'oosuc r. See GAZETTEER. ALGANSEa, pt. Branch co. Mich. AMOSKEAG, am\-os-keg!, pv. and Falls, HillsALLEGAN, pv. cap. of Allegan co. Mich. oil boroughl co. N.HI. on Merrimack river. [r. Kalamazoo river. AMSTERDAM, pv. Montg. co. N.Y. on Mohawk ALLEGHANY, city of Alleghany co. Pa. on the Amsterdam, pv. Botetourt CO. Va. 184 w of R right batik of the Alleghaiiy, immediately Amsterdaim, pv. Jef. co. O. opposite Pittsburg. Pop. 10,(00. AMWVELL, tp. Himuteridon CO. N. J. Alleghany, tp. Armstrollg co. Pa. Aumwell, tp. Washinglton co. Pa. ARA 583 ATK ANAHUAC (an-A-wack') Mts. a mountain chain Aransas Bay (otherwise called Aransazua, w of the upper portion of the Rio del Norte, alnd Ara;llsSso Bay), oln the coast of Texas, and running nearly parallel to it. It may be is immediately N of Corpus Christi Bay. regarded( as a branc(h of the Rocky Mts. Aransas r. flows into the above. Anahuac, v. Liberty co. Texas, on the E side AR-API'A-IOE INDIANS, a tribe dwelling be. of Galveston Bay. [1l broad. tween the s Fork of the Platte r. and the ANASTASIA is. Flor. on the E coast, 18 long, head wateis of the Arkansas. ANCRAM, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 45 SSE of Al. ARCADIA, tp. W~~ayne co. N.Y. 5 w of Lyons. ANDERSON, pv. cap. of Anderson dist. S. C. ARCHE;R, pt. Harrison c O. oni Stillwater r. Anderson, tp. Hamilton co. O. onl the O. r. ARCOLA, pv. Lake co. 0. Anderson, tp. Rush co. Ind. [39 NE of IS. ARGENTITN, pt. Genesea co. Mich. ANDERSONTOWN, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ind. ARGYLE, tp. Penobscot co. Me. ANDERSONVILLE, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. Argyle, pt. WTn. co. N.Y. 36 N of Al. ANDERSONVILLE, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 53 SE Ts. Argyle, pt. Cunmberland co. N. C. 74 ssw Rh. ANDES, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 87 sw of Al. ARIETTA, tp. Hamilton co. N. Y. oln Sacanll AN'DOVER, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 wsw of A. daga r. Andover, pt. Merrirnack co. N.H. 22 Nw Cd. AR-IStPE, a t. of Mexico, in Sonora. Lat. 300 Andover, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 20 sw of Wind- 40' N, Lon. 10903. Pop. 3,000. Andover, pt. Essex co. Mass. 21 N of B. [sor. ARKANSAS POST, pv. and cap. of Ark. co. Ark Andover, pv. Tolland co. Connl. 19 E of IId. on Arkansas r. Andover, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 SE Angeli- ARKPORT, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. oil Canisteo r. Antdover, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 64 aN Til. [ca. ARKWRIGHGIT, pl. Chautauque co. N.Y. Andover, tp. Ashtabula co. O. ARLINGTON, pt. Betulliiiiton co.Vt. otl Green r Andover, pv. Calhoun co. Mich. 140 w of D. ARMADA, p' AMacomb co. Mich. Andover, pv. Henry co. Ill. 130 Nbyw Sd. [rus. ARMAGH, p ~. Indiana co. Pa. 60 E of Pittsburg ANDREyWS, pv. Richland co. O. 22 s. E. Bucy- Armagli, tp. Miffil co. Pa. ANDREw'S, ST. bay oni the s coast of Flor. ARMSTRONG, tp. Illdiana co. Pa. onl Crooked cr Andrew's, St. sound, Ga. at mouth of Satilla r. ARNEYTOWN, pv. Burlingtonl co. N. J. 15 si ANDROSCOGGIN r. See GAZETTEER. [gelica Cr. of Trenltonl. ANGELICA, PV. cap. Alleghany co. N.Y. oil An- ARNOLDTOWN, PV. Campbell co. Va. 138 w R. ANGOLA, pv. and cap. of Steubensco. Ind. ARRow ROCK, pv. Saline co. Mo. onl Mo. r. ANN, ST. a sea-port on the IN side of Jamaica, ASBURY, pv. W~arren co. N. J. 40 NNW of Spatnish Town. [ville. ASCUTNEY Mt. WVindsor co. Vt. ANNAPOLIS, PV. Jef. co. 0. 16 NW of Steubolt- ASH, tp. Moonroe co. Mich. [of B. Annapolis, a t. near the NW coast of Nova Sco- ASH1BURIHAM, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 53 NW tia, on a little bay which extenlds from the ASHBY, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 47 NNW of B. Bay of Fundy opposite the mouth of the r. ASiHFIELD pt. Franklin co. Mass. on W~estfield St John. [oll the Huron r. river. ANN ARBOR, PV. cap. Washtenaw co. Mich. ASHFORD, pt. Windham co. Conn. 32 E of Hd. ANrNE, ST. a r. of Canada E. runs into the St. Ashford, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y.:Lawrence 50 m. above Quebec. ASHLAND, cap. Ashland co. 0. 79 NW Of CS. ANNOTTA BAY, a sea-port on the N side of Ja- ASHPORT, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. ont Miss. r. maica, 23 N of Kingstonl. ASSiTABULA, V. Ashtabula co. 0. on AshtaANNSSBURG, tp. Wn. co. Me. on Narraguagus r. bula r. [Conn. r. ANNSVILLE, tp. Oneida co. N. Y. 25 NW Utica. ASHUELOT (ashiwe-lot) r. N. H. flows into the Annsville, v. Dinwiddie co. Va. 57 sw of R. ASHVILLE C. H. pv. cap. of Buncombe co. ANSON, pt. Somerset co. Me. 44 NE of A. N. C. onl Fr. Broad r. [nee cr. ANTES, pt. Blair co. Pa. Ashville C. H. cap. of St. Clair co. Ala. on CaANTHONY'S NOSE, the name of several elevao ASPALAGA, v. Gadsden co. Flor. 35.w Tallated peaks in N.Y. hassee. [w of N. O. ANTIETAM (an-tee'tum) Cr. Wn. CO. Md. flows AssUMPTION C. H. pv. Assumption par. La. 90 into the Potomac r. ASTON, tp. Delaware co. Pa. ANTISTOWN, V. Huntingdon co. Pa. [of Cd. ASTORIA, PV. Queenis co. N. Y. 6 NE N. York. ANTRIM, pt. Hillsboroughl co N. H. 28 w by s Astoria, Oregon. See GAZETTEER. Antrim, tp. Franklin co. Pa. on Coneco- ASYLUM, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Anltrim, tp. Crawford co. O. [cheague cr. ATCHAFALAYA. See GAZETTEER. Antrim, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 91 E of Cs. ATHENS, pt. Somerset cco. Me. 50 N of A. Antrim, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. Athens, pt. WiVidham co. Vt. 110 s of Mtr. ANTWERP, pt. Jef. co. N.Y. onil Oswegatchie r. Athens, pt. Green co. N.Y. on1 the Hudson r. Antwerp, pt. Van Burein co. Mich. Athens (called formerly Tioga Point), v. BradANVILLE, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. ford co. Pa. oil the Susquehanna r. APOLLO, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 193 w of H. Athens, Ga. See GAZETTEER. APPALACHICOLA. See GAZETTEER. Athens, cap. of Limestone co. Ala. 25 Nw of APPLE r. Ill. flows illto the Mississippi. HIuntsville. APPLETON, tp. Waldo co. Me. [bia co. Ga. Athens, pv. Monroe co. Miss. 175 Nw. of J. APPLING C. H. or APPLINGTON, cap. of Colum- Athens, pv. cap. of Izard co. Ark. on VWhite r APPoQurNImXsNK r. See GAZETTEER. Athens, pv. cap. M'Miinn co. TeiLn. 150 SE Ne AQUACKANdOCK. See ACQUACKANONCK. Athens, Ohio. See GAZETTEER. AQVEBOGUE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Athens, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 1'20 wv of D. AQUIN, ah-kang', (see Introduction XIX. 21 Athenis, pv. Sallgamoll co III 14 N of Sd. and 23) a sea-port o0i the s coast of Hayti, ATHOL, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 70 wNw B 75 w by s from Port-au-Prince. Athol. pt. WTarreu co. N.Y. on thle Hudsou r ARAN-SAS, a sea-port of Texas, in Refugio co. ATKINSON, pt. Pisea.taquis CO. Me. 35 NNE of or a peninlsula called Live Oak Point. Bangor. AVE 584 BAR Atkinson, pt. RockinghRam co. N. I. 33 sE Cd. AVERYSBOROUG1I, PV. Cumberland co. N. ({ ATrLAS, pv. Pike co. Ill. 81 w by S of Sd. on Cape Fear river. ATSION, pv. Burlington co. N.J. 43 s of T~. AVERY'S GORE, tp. Addison Co. Vt. [of MtR. ATTICA, Pt. ~Wyoming co. N.Y. 260 w of Al. Avery's Gore. pt. Franklin co. Vt. 57 N by w ATTICA CENTRE, pV. of the above towinship. AVISTON, Pt. Clinton Co. Ill. 100 s of Sld. Attica, pt. Seneca co. 0. 80 SN of Cs. AvocA, pv. Steubeii co. N.Y. on Coulihocton r. ATTLEBOROUGRH, pt. Bristol CO. Mass. 12 N Pr. AVON, pt. Franklin co. Me. 50 NWv of A. Attleborough, pv. Bucks Co. Pa. 20 NE Phila. Avon, pt. Iartford fco. Conn. 1.0 w_-W of Hd ATXVATER, pt. Portage co. 0. 144 SE of Cs. Avon, pv. Livingston co. N.Y.. E of Genoe AUBURN, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 47 wsw B. see r. noted f(,r its sulphur springs. Auburn, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Avon, pt. Lorain co. 0. 17 wv of Cleveland. Auburn (Four Corners), pv. Susqa. Co. Pa. Avon, pv. Kane co. Ill. 198 NNE of Sd. Auburn, pv. Macon, co. Ala. 172 SE of Tusca- Avon, tp. Oakland co. Mich. Auburn, pt. Geauga co. 0. 15 NE CS. [loosa. AZALIA, pv. Bartholomew co. Inid. 60 ssE Is. Auburn, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 27 NW of D. AZTALAN, pt. Jef. co. Wis. 30 E by s Madison. Auburn, pv. Sangamon co. Ill. 15 s by w SCd. Auburn, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. 84 ENE Jef. City. BABYLON, pv. Suffolk co. N. Y. near South AUGL.CIZE r. O. flows into the Maumee r. BAD r. Mich. flows into Saginaw r. [Bay. Auglaize, tp. Allen co. 0. BAILEYSBURG, pv. Surry co. Va. 66 SE of R. Auglaize, tp. Paulding co. O. BAILEYVILLE, pt. WVi. co. Me. 209 E of A. AUGUSTA, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 100 WvNw of Al. BAINBRIDGE, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. Augusta, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 75 N of Ttn. Bainbridge, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. onl Susqa. r. Augusta, pt. Northumberland co. Pa. 65 N H. Bainbridge, pv. cap. of Decatur co. Ga. on Augusta, Ga. See GAZETTEER. Flint river. Augusta, cap. of Perry co. Miss. 173 SE of J. Bainbridge, tp. Geauga co. O. on Chagrin cr. Augusta, Ky. See GAZETTEER. Bainlbridge, pt. Ross co. O. 18 sw Chilicothe. Augusta, pt. Carroll co. 0. 135 E of Cs. Bainbridge, tp. Berrien co. Mich. Augusta, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Bailnbridge, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 38 w of Is. Augusta, pv. Marion co. Ind. 9 N of Is. Bainbridgre, pv. Williamson co. Ill. 176 s by: Augusta, pv. Hancock co. Ill. 87 w by s Sd. of Springfield. [Mississippi r. Augusta, pv. Des Moines co. Iowa, on Skunk r Bainbridge, v. Cape Girardeau co. Mo. oil the AUGUSTINE, ST. Flor. See GAZETTEER. BAIRDSTOWN. See BARDSTOWN. Augustine, St. v. Cecil co. Md. 90 NE of An. BAITING IIOLLOW, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Augustine, St. pv. Fulton co. Ill. 85 NNW Sd. BAKER'S r. N. II. flows into Pemigewasset r. AURARIA, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. in the gold re- BARER'S FALLS (or Rapids), on Hudson r. gion. Washington co. New York. AURELIUS, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 5 w Auburn. Bakersfield, pt. Franklill co. Vt. 50 NNW Mtr. Aurelius, tp. Wii. co. 0. 40 SE Cs. BAKERSTOWN, PV. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 from Aurenius. tp. Ingham co. Mich. Pittsburg. AURORA, Pt. Halncock CO. Me. 116 E of A. BAKERSVILLE, PV. Yancey co. N. C. Aurora, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. BALD EAGLE r. Pa. flows into the w br. of 16 sw of Auburn. the Susquehanna r. Aurora, tp. Erie co. N.Y. 15 SE of Buffalo. Bald Eagle, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Aurora, pv. Callaway co. Ky. BALD HEAD, the sw end of Smith's I. N. C. Aurora, pt. Portage co. 0. 25 SE of Cleveland. BALD HEAD CAPE, at the sw point of Wells Aurora, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 87 SE of Is. Bay, Maine. Aurora, pv. Kane oo. Ill. on Fox r. BALDWIN, tp. Cumberland co. Me. 40 Nw of Aurora, pv. Racine oo. Wis. 110 SE Madison. Portland. Au SABLE r. N Y. flows into L. Champlain. Baldwin, pv. Hinds co. Miss. on Big Black r. Au Sable, tp. Clinton co. N.Y. [Sable r. BALDWINSVILLE, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 64 Au SABLE FORKS, pv. Essex co. N. Y. on Au w of Boston. [neca r. AUSTERLITZ, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 30 ssw Baldwinsville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Seof Albany. Baldwinsville, pv. Scott co. Mo. Austerlitz, pv. Kent co. Mich. 178 WNWof D. BALEY, tp. Benton co. Ark. AUSTINBURG, Pt. Ashtabula CO. 0. 200 NE Cs. BALLARDSVILLE, pv. Logan co. Va. AUSTIN, the cap. of Texas, and of Travis co. Ballardsville, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 30 NW F on the left bank of the Colorado, about 200 m. BALLSTON, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. [N of Alfrom its mouth, and 230 NW of Galveston. I BALLSTON CENTRE, pv. Saratoga co. N. Y. 25 The scenery around this city is highly pic- BALLSTON SPA. See GAZETTEER. [ky r. turesque, and the view from the president's BALLVILLE, tp. Sandusky co. O. on Sandushouse remarkably fine. BALTIMORE, tp. Windsor co. Vt. P.stin, a co. irn the SE central part of Texas, Baltimore, hundred, Sussex co. Del. [sw Cs iintersected by the R. Brazos. The soil in Baltimore, pv. Fairfield co. O. on 0. canal, 32 the NE anld E portions is very fertile; to- Baltimore, pv. Warren co. Ind. on the Wawards the w and s it is sandy. Capital, Bell- bash, 77 NW of Indianapolis. ville. BANGOR, Me. See GAZETTEER. AUSTINTOWN, tp. Maloning co. O. 160 SE Cs. Bangor, pt. Franklin co. N.Y. 6 w of Malone Aux CAYES, o-kay, or simply CAYES, a sea-port BAN'NACKS (incorrectly written BOONACIS), a on the s coast of Hayti, about 100 m. w by tribe of Ilndians in the SE part of Oregon. s from Port-au-Prince. Its pop. is said to 1ANNISTER r. Halifax co.Va. joins Dan r. have been formerly 15,000, but it has de- BAPTISTOWN, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 33 NNW clilied of late. of Trenton. AV7A, pv Winnebag, c.. Ill. BAR-A-CO'A, a sea-port on the N side of Cuba. AJVERILL, tP. Essex co. Vt. on the Canada line. near the a extremity of the island. It is BAT 585 BED remarkable as the earliest Spanish settle- Batesville, pv. Bates co. Mo. (formerty HIar. ment in the W. Indies. [Gr. Guyandot r. mony Missionary Station.) BARBOuRSVILLE, V. cap. of Cabell co. Va. on BA'rst, Me. See GAZETTEER. Barboursville, pv. Orange co. Va. 80 NW of R. Bath, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on the Conn,:r. Barbolrsville, pv. cap. of Knox co. Ky. on Bath, pv. cap. of Steuben co. N.Y. on 0onCumberland r. hocton river. It contails about 200 houses. BARDSTOWN, also written BAIRDSTOWN, cap. Bath, v. N.Y. on the Hudson, opposite Il. of Nelsoll co. Ky. 40 sw of Frankfort. Here is a sulphur spring of some note. BARGAINTOWN, N. J. See GAZETTEER. Bath, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 100 NE of H. BARING, pt. WVV. co. Me. s of St. Croix r. Bath C. H. pv. cap. of Bath co. Va. with hot BARKER, tp. Broome co. N.Y. 12 N Bingham- mineral springs. ton. [of Hd. Bath, v. Richmond co. Ga. 15 sw of Augusta. BARKIIAMSTEAD, pt. Litchfield co. Con. 24 Nw Bath, pv. Beaufort co. N. C. 143 E by s of Rh. BAIRK RIVER, tp. Jefferson co. VWis. Bath, tp. Allen co. O. BARLOW, pt. 11Vn. co. 0. 10 w of Marietta. Bath, tp. Greene co. O. on Mad r. BARNARD, tp. Piscataquis co.Me. Bath, tp. Summit co. 0. 130 NE Of CS. Barnard, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 40 s of Mtr. Bath, pv. Cass co. Ill. 48 w by N of Sd. BARNARDSVILLE, pv. Roane co. Tenln. 150 E BATHES, V. Jef. co. Ga. near Reedy cr. [ILa. by s of Nashville. [Hudson. BATON ROVGE, pv. cap. E. Baton Rouge par. BAR\NE-GAT', pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. on the BATTAHATCHEE r. Ala. and Miss. flows into Barnegat Bay, N. J. is on the s coast, in Mon- the Tombigbee. mouth counlty. BATTIENVILLE, pv. WVn; Co. N.Y. 38 N by E Al. Barnegat, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. 56 sE of Tn. BATTLE cr. Mich. a br. of the Kalamazoo r. BARNESVILLE, PV. Belmont co. O. 100 E Cs. Battle Cr. pv. Calhoun co. Mich. 117 w of D. BARNSVIEW, V. Clarke co. Mo. 2E of Wiacoln- BATTLEBORO', pV. Edgecomb co. N. C. 66 da river. E by N of Raleigh. BARNET, Pt. Caledonia co. Vt. on the Conn. r. BAUGHMAN, tp.Waynle co. O. on Newman's cr BARNSTABLE, Mass. See GAZETTEER. BAUMSTOWN, pv. Berks co. Pa. 60 E by N of H. BARrSTEAD, Pt. Belknap Co. N.H.. 18 NE Cd. BAY, tp. Ottawa co. 0. on Sandusky r. BARNSVILLE, pv. Pike co. Ga. 65 W of M. BAYOU. See GAZETTEER. [par. La. BARNWELL, PV. cap. of Barnwell dist. S. C. BAYOU CHICOT, bl'yoo she'ko, pv. Calcasieu 100 s by vw of Columbia. BAYOU GOULD, pv. Iberville par. La. BAR'RE, pt. Waslliilgtonl co. Vt. 7 s of Mtr. BAZETTA, pt. Trumbull co. O. 5 E of Warren. Barri, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 65 w of B. BEALSVILLE, PV. Wil. co. Pa. 200 w of H. Barrl, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on tie Erie canal. Bealsville, pv. Monroe co. 0. 127 ESE of Cs. Barre, tp. HIunItilgdon co. Pa. BEAR CR. tp. Columbia co. Pa. BARRE CENTRE. PV. Orleans co. N.Y. Bear cr. Ala. flows in1to Tennessee r. BARRETSVILLE, pV. Lumpkin co. Ga. near Bear Cr. tp. Montgomery co. Mo. Etowah river. [Portsmouth. BEAR r. California, a fresh-water stream flow. BARRINGTON, pt. Stafford co. N. H. 20 NW of ing into Great Salt Lake. [mee r. Barrington, pt. Bristol co. R. I. BEAN or TIFFIN'S cr. O. flows into MauBarringlton, pt. Yates co. N.Y. on Crooked L. BEARDSTOWN, pv. Cass co. Ill. on Ill. r. 48 w BARRINGTON, GREAT, pt. Berkshire co. Mas'S. by N of Springfield. BARROWDALE, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 26 N Ca. BEARFIELD, tP. Perry co. O. BARRY, pt. Schuylkill Co. Pa. BEATTYSTOWN, pv. Warren co. N. J. at the Barry, pv. Jacksoln co. Mich. 85 w of D. w foot of Schooley's Mountains. Barry, tp. Barry co. Mich. BEAUCOUP, bo'coop', V.V. CV. co. Ill. 126 s Sd. BARRYTON, cap. of WVn. co. Ala. 133 ssw of BEAUFORT, N. C. aid S.C. See GAZETTEER. Tuscaloosa. BEAUMONT, a V. of Texas, cap. of Jef. co. or, BART, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 55 E of H. the Neches, 250 E of Austin. Pop. 200. BARTHOLOMEW, tp. Jef. co. Ark. BEAVER, BIG, r. Pa. flows into Ohio r. BARTLETT, tp. Jef. co. Pa. BEAVER, cap. of Beaver co. Pa. on O. r. 30beBartlett, pt. Coos co. N. H. on1 Saco r. low Pittsburg. BARTON, pt. Orleans co. Vt. on Bartoni r. Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Barton r. Vt. flows into L. Memphremagog. Beaver, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Barton, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. on tle Susqa. r. Beaver, tp. Union co. Pa. BASCOBEL, pv. Jackson CO. Ga. 83 N by w of M. Beaver, tp. Venango co. Pa. BASIN HARBOR, pv. Addison11 C. Vt. on L. Beaver, tp. Mahoniug co. 0. Champlain. [E of Tn. Beaver, tp. Guernsey co. O. BASKINGRIDGE, pv. Some-rset co. N. J. 46 N by Beaver, pt. Pike co. 0. 73 s of Cs. BASTROP, a CO. in the central part of Texas, Beaver, tp. Boone co. Ill. [river. intersected by the Colorado. Soil in ge- BEAVER CR. tp. Greelle co. O. on Little Miami neral extremely fertile. In;igo grows in BEAVER DAM, tp. Erie co. Pa. abunldance without cultivation. BEAVER ISLANDS, a group near N end L. Mich. Bastrop, the cap. of the above, stands on the BEAVER MEADOW, PO. Carbon co. Pa. 100 Ni left banlk of the Colorado, 85 m. SE of Aus- of H. Anthracite of an excellent quality till. Pop. about 400. is found here. [of H. BATAVIA, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. BEAVERTOWN, pv. Union co. Pa. 83 N by w Batavia, pv. cap. Clermont co. 0. 103 sw of Cs. BECCARIA, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Batavia, tp. Geauga co. O. BECKET, Pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 118 w of B IBatavia, pt. Branch co. Mich. BDDhINGTON, tp. W/Vn. CO. Me. BATESVILLE, cap. of Independence co. Ark. 90 BEDFORD, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on MerSNE of Little Rock. rimack river. Batesville, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 111 a of Cs. Bedfotrd, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 Nw ot B 2N BEL 586 BER L3edford, pv. semi-capital of Westchllester co. I BELPTRE Pt. Wfn. co. O. on the Ohio r. N.Y. 45 NNE of New York. I BELVIDERE, 1bel-ve-deer', pt. Lamoille co. Vt. Bedford, tp. Bedford co. Pa. 45 N of Montpelier. [Del. r. 57 NNW Tn. Bedford, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Pa. 200 w of Belvidere, pv. cap. of Warren co. N. J. on Philadelphia, iloted for its medicinal spri-ings. Belvidere, tp. Boone co. Ill. Bedford, pv. cap. of Trimble co. Ky. 40 sw of I Belvidere, pv.Winnebago co. I11. 220 N by E Sd Frankfort. BENEDICT, pv. Charles co. M1d. on Patuxent r. Bedford, tp. Coshocton co. O.. 60 NE of Cs. BENEDICTA, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Bedford, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 12 se of Cleve- BENGAL, tp. Clinlton co. Mich. land. BENNETT'S BAYOU, tp. Belton co. Ark. Bedfbrd, tp. Meigs co. O. on Shade r. Lzoo r. BENNETTSVILLE, PV. cap. of Marlborough rl:st Bedford, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. on Kalama- S. C. 107 NE of Columbia. Bedford, tp. Monroe co. Mich. Lof Is. BENNINGTON, pv. semi-cap. of Belnilngton eC) Bedford, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ind. 70 sw Vt. 37 Ne of Albany. Here the British were BEDMINSTER) tp. Somerset co. N. J. 8 NW of defeated, Aug. 1777, by the Americans uonSomerville. der Gen. Starke. Pop. of the tp. 3,429. Bedminster, tp. Bucks co. Pa. Bennlington, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on TcnaBEEICMAN, pt. Dutchess co N.Y. 14 SE Pough- wanlda creek. keepsie. [Plattsburg. Bennington, pt. Morrow co. 0. 40 NE of C3 BEEKMANTOWN, Pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 8 N of Bennington, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. on BEELERSVILLE, pv. Carroll co. Ark.; 5 m. s Looking-glass river. are the White Sulphur Springs. BENSA'LETM, tp. Bucks co. Pa. near Bristol. BELAIR, pv. and cap. of Harford co. Md. 25 N BENSON, pt. Rutland co. Vt. on Lake ChamE of Baltimore. plain. Belair, pv. Lancaster dist. S. C. 90 N of Ca. BENTLEYVILLE, pv. WVn. co. Pa. on Pigeon cr. BELCHERTOWN, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 80 BENTON, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 180 w of Al. miles w of Boston. Benton, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 124 NNW of 5M BELFAST, Me. SEE GAZETTEER. Benton, pv. cap. of Yazoo co. Miss. 50 NW J Belfast, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Genesee r. Benton, pv. cap. of Saline co. Ark. 24 sw of Belfast, tp. Fulton co. Pa. Little Rock. BELFORD, pv. Nashville co. N. C. 50 E of Rh. Benton, tp. Hocking co. O. BELGRADE, pt. Keunebec co. Me. 11 N of A. Benton, pv. Holmes co. 0. 92 NE Of Cs. Belgrade, v. Jasper co. Texas, on Sabine r. Benton, tp. Littn co. Mo. BELGRADE MILLS, PV. Kennebec co. Me. 17 N Benton, tp. Macon co. Mo. of Augusta. Benton, tp. Newton co. Mo. BELL, ip. Clearfield co. Pa. [Ga. railroad. Benton, tp. Polk co. Mo. BELL AIt, depot, Ga. 10 w of Augusta, on the Benton, pv. cap. of Scott co. Mo. 220 SE of BELLE r. Mich. flows illto the St. Clair r. Jefferson City. BELLE-FON-TAINE', pv. cap. of Logan co. O. Benton, tp. Taney co. Mo. 70 Nw of Columbus. Benton, tp. WVayne co. Mo. Bellefontaine, v. St. Louis co. Mo. on Mo. r. BENTON'S PORT, pv. Van Buren co. Towa. BELLE-FONTE', pv. cap. of Centre co. Pa. on BENTONVILLE, pv. cap. of Polk co. Tenn. 170 Sprintg creek, 85 NW of Harrisburg. SE of Nashviille. [of Little Sugar cr. Bellefonte, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ala. near Bentonville, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ark. 2 s Tennessee r. 166 NE of Tuscaloosa. [N Al. BEREA, pv. Cuvahoga co. 0. 12 sw Cleveland. BELLE ISLE, pv. Onondaga Co. N.Y. 137 w by BERGEN, (G hard) pt. Genlesee co. N.Y. 14 BELLE-MONTE', pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 190 sw Nw of Batavia. of Nashville. Bergell, pv. cap. Hudson co. N. J. 56 NE Tn1. BELLEVIEW, pv. Calhoun CO. Il. 85 sw of BERKLEY, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 37. s of B. Springfield. BERKLEY SPRINGS, near the village of Bath, Belleview, tp. VWashington co. Mo. Morgan co. Virginia. JBELLEVILLE, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. 170 NW of Al. BERKSHIRE, berk'-shir, pt. Franklin co. Vt. Belleville, pv. Essex co. N. J. on Passaic r. on Missisque river. 70 NE of Trenton and 3.' from Newark. It Berkshire, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 13 N Owego. contains about 200 houses. [Tuscaloosa. Berkshire, pt. Delaware co. 0. 28 N of Cs. Belleville, pv. Coneculh co. Ala. 150 s by E of BERKSHIRE VALLEY, PV. Morris co. N. J. t2 Belleville, cap. of Desha co. Ark. on Ark. r. rw of Morristown. Belleville, pv. Richland co. O. 68 Ne of Cs. BERLIN, tp. Oxford co. Me. 45 NW of A. Belleville, city cap. of St. Clair co. Ill. 100 s Berlin, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Anldroscoggin r by w of Springfield. Berlin, pt. Wn. co. Vt. 4 s of MItr. [cester BELLEVUE, PV. Huron co. 0. 96 N by e of Cs. Berlin, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 15 NE of WorBellevue, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 120 WNW of D. Berlin, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 s by w Hd. BELLINGRAM, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 36 sw B. Berlin, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 26 E of A1. BELLONA ARSENAL, pv. Chesterfield co. Va. Berlil, pv. Somerset co. Pa. 140 w by s of HI, on James river. [Conn. r. Berlin, tp. VWrayne co. Pa. BELLOWS' FALLS, pv. Wiudham co. Vt. on Berlin, pv. Worcester co. Md. 120 SE of An. BELLEPORT, PV. Suffolk co. N.Y. [Ala. r. Berlin, pv. Sumter co. Ala. 86 sw of T. BELL:S LANDING, pv. Monroe co. Ala. on the Berlin, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 48 s of Ne. BEILMONT, Pt. Waldo Co. Me. 37 E by N of A. Berlin, tp. Delaware co. O. Belmont, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. on Chateau- Berlin, tp. Erie co. O. guay river. Berlin, pt. Holmes co. 0. 95 NE of Cs. Belmolnt, pv. Panola co. Miss. 170 N of J. Berlin, tp. Knox co. O. I:eimolt, pv. Bc!mont co. 0. 109 E of Cs. Berlinl, pt. Mahoning co. O. 18 sw of Warren. Belmont, pv Iowa co. Wis. 64 sw Madison. Berlin, to. St. Clair co. Mlich. BEX 587 BLA derlin, pv. Sangamon co. 11l. 14 w by s of Sd. portion of the state, being watered by the 3erlin, tp. Milwaukie co. XWis. head streams of the Colorado, GOiadalupe Berlin, pv. Scott co. Iowa. anld Nueces, ant their branches The soil 3ERMUDIAN, pv. Adams co. Pa. 19 s by w H. consists for the most part of a sandy loam, BER-NA-DOTTE', pv. Fulton co. Ill. 65 NW of and is in general exceedingl) productive Springfield. Capital, San Antonio de Bexar. BERNARD, tp. Somerset co. N. J. [bV N of B. BIDDEFORD, tp. York co. Me. onil Saco r. 3ERNARCSTON, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 100 wv BIG BEAVER, tp. Beaver co. Pa. BERNARLSVILLE, pv. Mercer co. N. J. BIG BLACK r. See GAZETTEER. BERNE, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 23 w of Al. BIG BLUE r. rises in the Indian Territory, and, tierne, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. flowinl into Mo. falls into the Missouri r. Berne, tp. Athens co. O. on Federal cr. BIG CR. tp. Crawford co. Ark. Berne, tp. Fairfield co. 0. Big Cr. tp. Phillips co. Ark. BEt1NVILLE, pv. Berks co. Pa. 63 E by N of H. Big Cr. tp. Van Buren co. Ark. BERRIEN SPRINGS, pv. Berrien co. Mich. 190 Big Cr. tp. Rives co. Mo. sw of Detroit. Big Cr. tp. Van Buren co. Mo. Lmung r. BERRYSBURG, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 40 N of H. BIG FLATS, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. on Chleo BERRYSVILLE, pv. Knox co. Ind. 113 sw of Is. EIG HATCHY r. Tenn. flows into the MissisBERRYTOWN, pv. Kent co. Del. 14 s by w of sippi river. Dover. BIG ISLAND, pt. Marion co. O. 47 w by N Cs. BERRYVILLE, V. Scott co. Miss. 10 s of Hills- BIG LICK, tp. Hancock co. O. boro' C. IH. BIG PRAIRIE, tp. New Madrid co. Mo. B3ERTRAND, pt. Berrien co. Mich. 1.80 w of D. BIG R. tP. Jefferson co. Mo. [Ohio. BERWICK, tp. York co. Me. on Salmon Fall r. BIG SANDy r. of Va. and Ky. flows into the Berwick, tp. Adams co. Pa. 40 sw of HI. BIG SPRINGS, tp. Seneca co. O. [w of Al. BerwiCk, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r. BIG SPRING POINT, PV. Yates co. N. Y. 190 BETHAB'ARA, a Moravian v. Stokes co. N. C. BIG WALNUT r. an affluent of the Scioto r. O. BETHA/NIA, Moravian pv. Stokes Co. N. C. BILLER'ICA, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 SSE of 118 of Rale of Raleih. [of Hd. Lowvell. BiETHANY, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 46 sw BILOXI, pv. Harrisonco. Miss.on Biloxi Bay. Blethany, pv. Genesee co. N.Y. 250 w of Al. BING-HAM, (bing!-um) pt. Somerset co. Me. on Blethany, pv. ~Wayne Co. Pa. 160 NE of H. Kennebec river. Bethany, pv. Brooke co. Va. 350 NW of R. Bingham, pt. Potter co. Pa. BETHEL, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 w of A. Bingham, tp. Clinton co. Mich. Bsthel, pt. W7ildsor co. Vt. on White r. BINGHAMTON, pv. cap. Broome co. N.Y. L[r. Beihel, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 70 sw of Hd. BIRDSALL, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Black Bethel, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 60 w Newburg. BIRDSVILLE, pV. Burke co. Ga. 74 E of M. Bethel, tp. Fulton co. Pa. BIRMINGHAM, tp. Chester co. Pa. Bethel, pt. Berks co. Pa. 50 E of H. Birmingham, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 107 Nw Bethel, tp. Delaware co. Pa. near Chester cr. of Harrisburg. Bethel, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. onl Swatara cr. Birmingham, tp. Delaware Co. Pa. Bethel, pv. Hertford co. N. C. 160 NE of Rh. Birmingham, a suburb of Pittsburg, on the s Bethel, pv. Glynn co. Ga. 230 SE of M. side of Monongahela river. Bethel, v. Wayne co. Ga. oIn Turtle r. Birmingham, pv. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r. Bethel, tp. Miami co. O. on Miami r. Birmingham, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 19 NW D. Bethel, tp. Clark co. O. on Mad r. BISHOI'SVILLE, pv. Sumter dist. S.C. 87NE Ca. Bethel, pv. Clermont co. 0. 110 sw of Cs. BISTINEAU, (bis'te-iiot) lake, Claiborne par Bethel. tp.Monroe co. O. La. 35 long and 2 broad. Bethel; tp. Branch co. Mich. BLACK, tp. Posey co. Ind. [Plattsburg. Bethel, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. BLACK BROOK, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 20 sw of Bethel, tp. Posey co. Ind. BLACK cr. N.Y. flows into Genesee r. BETHLEIIEM, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 88 NW Cd. Black Cr. pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. 270 w by s Bethllehem, tp. Albany co. N. Y. 5 s of Al. Black Cr. tp. Mercer co. O. [of Al Bethlehemrn, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 40 N by BLACK FEET INDIANS (Fr. Pieds Noirs, pe'-ai' w of Trenton. nwaR), a powerful and warlike tribe in the Bethlehem, pv. Northampton co. Pa. on the N and w portions of Missouri Territory. Ieligh r. 48 N of Philadelphia. It contains BLACKFORD, PV. cap. of Blackford co. Ind. 80 a celebrated female seminary, conducted by NE of Indianapolis. the Moravians. BLACK HAWK, pt. Shelby co. Ind. 34 SE of Is. Bethlehem, v. Oglethorpe co. Ga. 65 NNE M. BLACKLEYSVILLE, pv. Wayine co. 0. 94 NE Cs. Bethlehem, tp. Coshocton co. O. on Walhon- BLACK LICK, tp. Ifidiana co. Pa. ding river. [river. BLACK r. Windsor CO. Vt. flows into the ConlBethlehem, pv. Starke co. O. on Tuscarawas ilecticut at Springfield. Bethlehem, pv. Clark co. Ind. on the Ohio r. Black r. N. Y. See GAZETTEER. BETHLEM, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 43 wsw of Black r. N. C. an affluent of Cape Fear r. [r. Hartford. Black r. S. C. an affluent of the Great Pedee BEVERLY, Mass. See GAZETTEER. [of R. Black r. Ark. flows into the White r. BReverly,'pv. cap. of Randolph co. Va. 200 NW Black r. 0. flows into Lake Erie. J3everly, pv. Anson co. N. C. 150 sw of Rh. Black r. Mich. flows into Lake Michigan. BEXAR* (Sp. pron. b&-HaR'), a large Co. or Black R. tp. Indepeidence co. Ark. region of Texas, occupying the w central Black R. tp. Ilawrence co Ark. Black R. pt. Lorain co. O. on Black r. a This name as we are informed, is usually pronoueced Black R. tp. St. Francis co. Mo. by the TeXans tar. Black R. tp. Washington co. Mo. BLO 588 BOO Black R. tp. Wayne co. Mo. BLOOMSBURG, cap.Columbiaco. Pa. on Susqa. r. Black Rock, pv. Erie co. N.Y. 2- N Buffalo. Bloomsburg, pv. Halifax co.Va. 140 s by w R. BLACKSTONE r. rises in Mass. and falls into Bloomsbury, pv. Warren co. N.J. 43 NNW Tn. Providence river, R. I. [of R. BLOOMVILLE, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on the BLACKSVILLE, pv. Molnonglalia co. Va. 300 NW w branch of Delaware river. BLACK WARRIOt r. See GAZETTEER. BLOSSBURG, pv. Tioga co. Pa. 130 Nw of H. BLACKWATER r. N.H. flows into Contoocook r Int its vicinity is a celebrated mine of bitu. Blackwater r. Va. flows into Nottaway r. minous coal. [100 NE of T. BLACKWATER, tp. Pettis co. Mo. [NE of Wn. BLOUNTSVILLE, pv. cap. of Blount co. Ala, BLADENSBURG, pv. Prince George co. Md. 6 Blountsville, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. Tenn. BLAIRSVILLE, pv. Indiana co. Pa. onil Kiski- 280 E by N of Nashville. minitas river. [of M. Blountsville, pv. Henry co. Ind. 72 E by N Is Blairsville, pv. cap. of Union co. Ga. 118 NNW BLUE HILL, pt. Hancock co. Me. 75 E of A. Blairsville, pv. Posey co. Ind. 180 sw of Is. BLUE MOUNTAIN, tp. Izard co. Ark. LTEER. BLAKELY, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. onl Lackawan- BLUE RIDGE. See BLUE MOUNTAINS, GAZET nock river. BLUE R. tp. Hancock co. Ind. Blakely, pv. cap. of Early co. Ga. 200 sw of M. Blue R. tp. Harrison co. Ind. [gum r Blakely, pv. cap.' of Baldwin co. Ala. onl BLUE ROCK, pt. Muskingum co. O. on Muskir.Tensaw river, opposite to Mobile. BLUFFTON, PV. cap. of Wells co. Ind. 107 NNc BLANCHARD, pt. Piscataquis co Me. 70 N of A. of Indianapolis. Blanchard, tp. Hancock co. O. BLYTHE, tp. Marion co. Ark. Blanchard, tp. Hardin co. 0. Blythe, tp. Caldwell co. Mo. Blanchard, tp. Putnam co. O. [N of Cs. BOALSBURG, pv. Centre co. Pa. 84 Nw of H. BLANCHARD'S BRIDGE, pv. Hancock co. 0. 80 BOARDMAN, pt. Mahoning co. 0. 170 NE of Cs. BLANFORD, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 110 w of B. BODENHAM, pV. Giles co. Tenn. 82 s by w Ne. BLAUVELTVILLE, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 130 BmUF r. Ark. and La. flows into the Washita r. s of Albany. Bmeuf, tp. Franklin co. Mo. BLEEKER, Pt. Fulton co. N.Y. BmEUF BAYOU. See GAZETTEER. BLENDON, pt. Franklin co. O. 10 N of Cs. BOGGS, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [Pearl r. BLENDON INSTITUTE, pv. Franklin co. O. BOGUE CHITO (or CHITTO) r. La. flows into BLENHAM, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. [river. BOHEMIA cr. Md. flows into Elk r. BLISSFIELD, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. on Raisin BoIs BLANC ISLAND, L. Huron, SE of MackiBLOCK ISLAND, Newport co. R. I. 30 sw of naw, 10 m. long and 3 broad. Newport. [kill river. Bo30 D'ARC, tp. Hempstead co. Ark. BLOCKLEY, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on Schuyl- BOKES CR. tp. Logan co. O. BLOODY RUN, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 90 w by s H. BOLIVAR, Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 E Angelica. BLOOM, tp. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Bolivar, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 112 s by w Rh. Bloom, tp. Fairfield co. O. Bolivar, pv. Tusearawas co. O. on Tuseara. Bloom, tp. Morgan co. O. otn Muskingum r. was river. Bloom, tp. Scioto co. O. Bolivar, pv. cap. Bolivar co. Miss. on Miss. r. Bloom, tp. Seneca co. 0. 86 N of Cs. Bolivar, pv. cap. of Hardeman co. Tenn. on Bloom, tp. WVood co. 0. [bee r. Big Hatchee river. [Jefferson City. BLOOMFIELD, pt. Somerset co. Me. onKennle- Bolivar, pv. cap. of Polk co. Mo. 132 sw of Bloonfield, pt. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. Bolivar, v. Brazoria co. Texas, on the E bank Bloomfield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 7 Nw Hd. of the Brazos. Bloomfield, pt. and v. Essex co. N. J. 4 N Bolivar, Galveston co. See POINT BOLIVAR of Newark. BOLIVIA, tp. Jeffersoni co. Ark. Bloomfield, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 NW H. Bolivia, tp. Gasconade co. Mo. Bloomfield, v. cap. of Perry Co. Pa. 24 NW of H. BOLTON, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 NNW of Mtr Bloornfield, pv. Loudon co. Va. 135 N of R. Bolton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 33 w of B. Bloomfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 43 sw of F. Bolton, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 14 E of Hd. Bloomfield, tp. Jackson co. O. Bolton, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on Schroon r. Bloomfield, pt. Morrowco. 0.46 NNE of Cs. BOMBAY, pt. Franklin co. N. Y. on Little Bloomfield, tp. Logan co. O. Salmoi river. Bloomfield, tp. Richland co. 0. 60 NE of Cs. BONHAM, a little v. of Texas. cap. of Fannin Bloomfield, tp. Trumbull co. O. 15 N Warreii. co. on Bois d'Are creek, 350 NNE of Austinl. Bloomfield, tp. Oakland co. Mich. on a hr. of BO-NAIRK',(Sp. Buen Ayre, bwein'ray, i. e Bloomfield, tp. La Grange co. Ind. [Rouge r. " good air,") a small island of thle West In Bloomfield, pv. cap. of Greene co. Ind. 74 sw dies belonging to the Dutch, 25 E of Curagoa of Indillaapolis. Salt is exported in considerable quantities. Bloomfield, pv. Edgar co. Ill. 128 E by s of Sd. BON HOMME, tp. St. Genevieve co. Mo. Bloomfield, pv. cap. of Stoddard co. Mo. 230 Boil Homme, St. Louis co. Mo. SE of Jefferson City. BONNE FEMME, tp. Howard co. Mo. BLOOMINGBURG, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. BONNET CARRE, pv. cap. of St. John Baptisl Bloomingburg, pv. Fayette co. O. 45 ssw Cs. parish, La. oil the Mississippi river. BLOOMING GROVE, Pt. Orange co. N.Y. [Is. BOONE, tp. Harrison Co. Ind. BLOOMINGTON, pv. cap. Monroe co. hid. 49 sw Boone, tp. Warwick co. Ind. Bloomington, pv. McLean co. Ill. 73 NNE Sd. Boone, tp. Franklin co. Mo. Bloominlgton, tp. Buchanan co. Mo. BOONESBOROUGE, pv.Wn. co. Md. 90 NW Atn. Bloomillgton, pv. cap. of Macon co. Mo. 106 Boonesborough, pv. Madison Co. Ky. 53 SE of N of Jefferson City. Frankfort, on Kentucky river. Bloomington, pv. cap. of Museatine co. Iowa, BOONE LICK, tp. Howard co. Mo. [N Utica. onl Mississippi river. BOONEVILLE, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. on Black r. 30 BLOOMa1WlvILLE, pv. Eric CO. 0. 120 N by Ec Cs. Booneville, pv. cap. of Scott co. Ark. BRA 589 BRE Booneville, pv. cap. of Warwick co. Ind. 170 BRADLEY tp. Penobscot co. Me. 50 N of Ban, ssw of Indianapolis. gor. [Mtr. Booneville, pv. cap. of Cooper co. Mo. on the BRADLEYVALE, tp. Caledonia co. Vt. 50 NE of Missouri river. BRADY, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Boonville, a flourishing v. of Texas, cap. of Brady, tp. Williams co. O. on Tiffin's r. Brazos co. 110 E by N from Austin. Brady, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. on Poi tage r. BOOTHBAY, pt. Iincoln co. Me. 40 s by E of A. BRADYVILLE, )V. Cannlon co. Tenn. 56 SE Ne. BORDENTOWN, borough, Burlington co. N. J. BRAINARD'S BRIDGE, pv. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on the Delaware river. 16 NE of Albany. BORGNE, LAKE. See GAZETTEER. BRAINTREE, pt. Orange co. Vt. 23 s of Mtr. BORDLEY, pv. Union co. Ky. 220 w by s of F. Braintree, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 s of B. BOSCAWEN, pt. Merrimack co. N. IH. on the BRAINTREM, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. Merrimack river. BRA.LSVILLE, V. Monroe co. O. Boston, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 20 sw Buffalo. BRANCH, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. [of D. Boston, tp. Franklin co. Ark. Branch, pv. cap. of Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw Boston, pt. Nelson co. Ky. 66 sw of F. BRANCH PORT, pv. Yates co. N.Y. Boston, pt. Summit co. O. on the Ohio canal. BRANCIIVILLE, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 77 N of Tn. Boston, pt. Ionia co. Mich. on Grand r. BRANDENBURG, pv. cap. of Mead co. Ky. on Boston, a v. of Texas, cap. of Bowie co. 360 the Ohio river, 94 w by s of Frankfort. NE of Austin, and 5 s of Red r. BRANDON, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 48 sw of Mtr. BOTETOURT SPRINGS, pv. Roanoke co. Va. Brandon, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. 10 sw Malone. 180 w by s of Richmond. Brandon, pv. cap. of Rankin co. Miss. 13 E J. BOTTLE HILL, V. Morris co. N. J. 57 N by E Tn. Brandon, tp. Oakland co. Mich. on the sources BoUND BROOK, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 33 N by of Flint river. E of Trenton. BRANDONVILLE, pv. Preston co. Va. 260 NW R. BOURBON, tp. Calloway co. Mo. BRANDT, tp. Erie co. N.Y. on L. Erie. BOURNEVILLE, pv. Ross Co. O. 63 s of Cs. BRANDY, tp. Williams co. O. [laware r. BOURNSBURG, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 75 N by BRANDYWINE cr. Pa. and Del. flows into Deo w of Jefferson City. BRANDYWINE, tp. Chester co. Pa. BOvEY, tp. St. Genevieve co. Mo. Brandywine, tp. Hancock co. Ind. BOVINA, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on Little De- Brandywine, hundred, New Castle co. Del. laware river. BRANDYWINE MILLS, pv. Summit co. 0. 140 NiB Bow, tp. Merrimack co. N. H. on Mer'k. r. of Columbus. [Sound. BoWvDOIN, bo'den, pt. Linlcoln co. Me. 18 ssw BRANFORD, pt. N. Haven co. Conn. on Long I. of Augusta.'[Kenlebec r. BRANTFORD, a flourishing town ofCanadaW" BOWDOINHAM. pt. Lincoln co. Me. on the onl Grand river. 20 m. w by s of Hamilton. BOWEN, tp. Madison co. Ark. Pop. 3,000 or 4,000. BowERSVILLE, pv. Franklin co. Ga. 120 N M. BRASHER FALLS, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. BOWIE, a co. occupying the NE ext. of Texas, on Deer river. [Conn. r. and bordering on Red river. A large por- BRATTLEBOROUGH, pt. Windham Co. Vt. on tion of the surface is covered with timber. BRAXTON C.H. pv. cap. of Braxton co. Va. on Soil very good. Capital, Boston. Elk river. BOWLES, tP. Franklin co. Mo. [46 N of R. BRAZORIA, a co. of Texas, bordering on the BOWLING GREEN, pv. cap. of Caroline Co. Va. Gulf of Mexico, and intersected by the Bowling Green, pv. Oglethorpe Co. Ga. 63 Brazos. With the exception of a strip of NNE of Milledgeville. [ol Big Barren r. prairie land along the coast, the soil is geneBowling Green, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ky. rally very fertile. Bowling Green, tp. Licking co. O. Brazoria, a sea-port and cap. of the above Bowling Green, tp. Marion co. O. on Scioto r. co., is situate on the w or right bank of the Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ild. 60 Brazos, about 30 m. by water from its s by w of Ilndiaapolis. mouth, and 60 w by s from Galveston. Bowling Green, tp. Pettis co. Mo. [of B. Pop. 500. BOXBOROUGH, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 NW BRAZOS r. See GAZETTEER. BoxFORD, pt. Essex co. Mass. 30 N by E of B. Brazos, a co. ill the E central part of Texas,, BOXVILLE, pv. Mo1ltg. co. Ga. 130 ssE of M. E of and bordering on the river Brazos, BOYDSTOWvN, pt. Petnobscot co. Me. 100 NE A. Soil fertile; well adapted to pasturage. BOYDTON, pv. cap. of Mecklenburg co. Va. Capital, Boon-ville. [on Kentucky r. 109 ssw of Richmond. BREATHITT C.H. pv. cap. of Breathitt Co. Ky. BOYLSTON, pt. WVorcester co. Mass. 40 w of B. BRECKNOCK, tp. Berks co. Pa. Boylston, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 140 NW of A!. Brecknock, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. BOZRAH, pt. New London co. Conn. on Yat- BREMEN, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 40 SE of A. tic river. [ESE of Hd. Bremen, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 SE of Cs. BOZRAuVILLE, pv. New London co. Conn. 31 BRENHAM, a v. of Texas, cap. of Washington BRACEVILLE, pt. Trumbull co. O. 160 NE of Cs. CO. 100 E of Austin. Pop. about 500. BRACKABEEN, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 45 wAl. BRENTSVILLE C.H. pv. cap. of Prince William BRADFORD, tp. Lincoln co. Me. co. Va. 10(0 N of Richmond. Bradford, pt. Penlobscot Co. Me. 90 NE Oi A. BRENTWOOD, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on Bradford, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 25 w Cd. Exeter river. Bradford, pt. Orange Co. Vt. on Conn. r. BREST, pv. Monroe co. Mich. 40 s byw of D Bradford, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r. BREWER, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob. Bradord, tp. Steuben Co. N.Y. scot river. Bradu.)rd, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. Brewer, tp. Pike co. Ark. Bradford, tp. Lincoln Co. Mo. BREWERTON, pV. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Onei BRADFORDVILLE, pV. Marion co. Ky. 68 s F. da river. 50 BRO 590 BRO BREWSTER, pt. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape BROAD Top, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [cana. Cod Bay. BROCKPORT, pv. Monroe CO. N.Y. on the Erie BRICKSVILLE, Pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 140 NE Cs. BROCKVILLE, pv. Steuben co. Ind. 180 NNE of BRIDESBURG, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 5 NE of Indianapolis. Philadelphia. BROKEN STRAW, tp. WVarren co. Pa. BRIDGEHAMPTON, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. BRONSON, pt. Huron co. O. 2 s of Norwalk. BRIDGEPORT, Con11. See GAZETTEER. BRONX r. Westchester co. N. Y. flows into Bridgeport, pv. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga East river. L. at w end Cayuga Bridge. [nongahela r. BROOKFIELD, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 46 NE of Cd. Bridgeport, borough, Fayette co. Pa. on Mo- Brookfield, pt. Orange co. Vt. 17 s of Mtr. Bridgeport, pv. Harrison co. Va. on Simpsoll's Brookfield, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 w of B. creek. Brookfield, pt. Fairfield co. CoRn. 70 sw of Rd. Bridgeport, pv. Belmont co. O. on Ohio r. Brookfield, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 88 w by N Al. Bridgeport, pv. Marion co. Ind. [son. Brookfield, borough, Jefferson co. Pa. ]lridgeport, pv. Brown co. Wis. 143 NE Madi- Brookfield, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 170 N of H. BRIDGES, tp. Taney co. Mo. [Pond. Brookfield, tp. Morgan co. O. BRIDGETON, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Long Brookfield, tp. Stark co. O. BRIDGETOWN, N. J. See GAZETTEER. Brookfield, v. Stark co. O. BRIDGEVILLE, PV. Sullivan co. N.Y. on Ne- Brookfield, pt. Trumbull co. O. versink river. Brookfield, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Bridgeville, pv.Warren co. N. J. 60 N by w Tn. BROOKHAVEN, tp. Suffolk co. N.Y. Bridgeville, pv. Sussex co. Del. 38 s Dover. Brookhaven, pv. Lawrence co. Miss. [Mtr. Bridgeville, pv. Muskingum co. 0. 62 E of Cs. BROOKLINE, pt. WVindham co. Vt. 110 s of BRIDGEWATER, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 37 NNw Brookline, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 50 s of Cd. of Concord. [F. of B. Brookline, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 4 w by s of B. Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 25 S by Brookline, pv. Madison co. Ga. 85 N of M. Bridgewater, pt. WVindsor co. Vt. 78 s of Mtr. BROOKLYN, pv. cap. of Windham co. Conn. Bridgewater, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 15 s of Utica. 44 E by N of Hartford. Bridgewater, tp. Somerset co. N. J. [miny cr. Brooklyn, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 170 NNE of H. Bridgewater, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Nesha- Brooklyn, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 145 NNE of Cs. Bridgewater, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Bea- BROOKNEAL, pv. Campbell co.Va. on Staunton Bridgewater. pv. Rockingham co. Va. [ver r BROOKS, pt. Waldo co. Me. 45 NE A. Lriver. Bridgewater, tp. Williams co. O. BROOKVILLE, pt. Hancock Co. Me. 79 NE of A. Bridgewater, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Brookville, cap. of Jefferson co. Pa. BRIDPORT, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. Charr- Brookville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 65 NE of F. BRIER CR. pt. Columbia co. Pa. [plain. Brookville, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Ind. 70 BRIGHTON, tp. Somerset co. Me. 57 N of A. ESE of Indianapolis. [Jefferson City. Brighton. tp. Essex co. Vt. 60 NE of Mtr. Brookville, pv. Marion co. Mo. 120 NNE of Brighton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 w of B. BROOME. tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 38 w of Al. Brighton, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. on Genesee r. BROTHERS VALLEY, tp. Somerset co. Pa. Brighton, pv. Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r. BROWN, tp. Lycomitng co. Pa. Brighton, pt. Lorain co. 0. 105 N by E of Cs. Brown, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Brighton, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 42 Nw D. Brown, tp. Vinton co. O. on Racoon cr. Brighton, pv. Macoupin co. Ill. 12 N of Alton. Brown, tp. Carroll co. O. on Sandy cr. Brighton, pv. Washington co. Iowa. Brown, tp. Darke Co O. BRIGHTON CENTRE, pv. Clark co. O. 33 w Cs. Brown, tp. Delaware co. O. BRIGHTSVILLE, pv. Marlboro' dist. S.C. 117 NE Brown, tp. Franklin co. O. of Columbia. Brown, tp. Knox co. O. on Yellow cr. BRIMFIELD, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 68 w of B. Brown, tp. Miami co. O. Brimfield, pt. Portage co. O. 10 sw Ravenna. Brown, tp. Paulding co. O.:3RINGIERS, pv. and C. H. St. James par. La. Brown, tp. Hancock co. Ind. on the Mississippi. Brown, tp. Montgomery co. Ind. BRINKLEYVILLE, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 90 NE Brownl tp. Washington co. Ind. of Raleigh. BROWNFIELD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 78 sw of A BRISTOL, Pt. Lincoln co. Me. on the Atlantic. BROWNHELM, Pt. Lorain CO. O. [tOm r. Bristol, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 30 N of Cd. BROWNiNGTON, pt. Orleans co. Vt. E of Bar. Bristol, pt. Addison co. Vt. 50 sw of Mtr. Brownington, pv. Butler co. Pa. 210 Nw of H. Bristol, R. I. See GAZETTEER. BROWNSBURG, pV. Rockbridge co. Va. on Bristol, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 sw of Hd. Maffet's creek. Bristol, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 9 sw of Canan- Brown's Port, pv. Perry co. Tenn. 100 sw Ne. daigua. BROWNSTOWN, pt. Wayne co. Mich. on Lake Bristol, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware Erie. river, 20 NE of Philadelphia. Brownstown, pv. cap. Jackson co. Ind. 70 s Is. Bristol, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on Tacony cr. BROWNSVILLE, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. [river. Bristol, tp. Morgan co. O. on Meigs cr. Brownsville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Rlack Bristol, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. 43 N of D. Brownsville, pv. Fayette co. Pa. on MononBristol, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 160 N of Is. gahela river. BROADALBIN, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 40 NW Al. Brownsville, pv. Wn. eo. Md. 95 Nw of An. BROAD r. Ga. a br. of the Savannah. Brownsville, v. Monroe co. Ga. near Ocmul Broad r. S. C. See GAZETTEER. gee river. [N of T Broad r. S. C. an arm of the sea, between Port Brownsville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 140 E by Royal Island and the main land. Brownsville, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 20 w of J. BROAD CR. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Brownsville, pv. cap. of Edmondson co. Ky, BROAD KILL, hundred, Sussex co. Del. on Green river. BUR 591 BYR Brownsville, pv. Licking co. 0. 40 E of Cs. BURKESVILLE, pv. cap. Cumberland co. Ky. on Brownsville, pv. Union no. Ind. 68 E by s of Is. Cumberland river. [of An. Br,wrlsville, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ill. 177 s'BURKETSVILLE, pv. Frederick co. Md. 92 xw of Springfield. BURLINGHAM, pV. Sullivan co. N.Y. BROWNTOWN, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 N H. Burlingham, pv. Meigs co. O. 86 SE of Cs. BRKLCE, pt. Macomb co. Mich. BURLINGTON, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 120 NE A. BRUCEVILLE, pV. Carroll co. Md. 80 NW of An. Burlington, Vt. See GAZETTEER. [N of B. BRUINGTON, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 42 Burlington, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 13 w by NE of Richmond. Burlington, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 20 w of iHd BRUM-FIELDVILLE, pv. Berks co. Pa. 62 ENE H. Burlington, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 80 w of Al. BRUNSwVIcK, Me. See GAZETTEER. Burlinglton, N.J. See GAZETTEER. Brunswick, pt. Essex co. Vt. on Conn. r. Burlington, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 N of H. Brunswick, tp. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 4 E Troy. Burlington, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 200 NW R. Brunswick, pv. cap. of Glynn co. Ga. on Tur- Burlington, pv. cap. of Boone co. Ky. 82 N tie river. by E of Frankfort. [Ohio r. Brunswick, pt. Medina co. 0. 120 NE of Cs. Burlington, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. O. on Brunswick, pv. Chariton co. Mo. on Missouri Burlington, tp. Licking co. O. BRUSH CR. tp. Washington co. Ark. [river. Burlington, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 110 w of D. Brush Cr. tp. Highland co. O. Burlington, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 53 rsNw of Brush Cr. tp. Jefferson co. O. Indianapolis. Brush Cr. tp. Muskingum co. O. Burlington, pv. cap. of Des Moines co. Iowa. Brush Cr. tp. Scioto co. O. See IowA. BRUSH HILL, pv. Dupage co. I111. 188 NE of Sd. BURNHAM, pt. WValdo co. Me. 34 E of A. BRUTUS, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 7 N of Auburn. BURNS, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. Brutus, tp. Ingham co. Mich. - Burns, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich BRYAN, cap.Williarns co. O. 150 NW of Cs. BURNSIDE, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 150 NW of H. BRYANSBURG, pv. Jefferson co. Ild. 83 SE Is. BURRILVILLE, pt. Providence CO. R. I. on BRYANTOWN, pv. Charles co. Md. 70 sw An. Branch river. BUCmIANAN, v. Botetourt co. Va. on James r. BURR OAK, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 125 sw D. Buchanan, tp. Berrien co. Mich. onil St. Jo- BURRSVILLE, pv. Caroline co. Md. 70 E of An. seph's river. [12 SE of Ne. BURTON, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on AlleBUCHANArSVILLE, pV. Rutherford co. Tenn. ghany river. BUCK, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [Nw of Al. Burton, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. BUCK BRIDGE, St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 230 Burton, pt. Geauga co. O. 165 NE Of CS. BUCK CR. tp. Hancock co. Ind. BusH CR. tp.;Yashington co. Ark. BUcKEYsTow N, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 NW Bush Cr. tp. Scioto co. O. of Annapolis. BUSHKILL, tp. Northampton co. Pa. BUCKFIELD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 3'2w by s of A. BUSHNELL'S BASIN, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on BucKINGHAM, tp. ~WVayne co. Pa. on the Dela- the Erie canal. ware river. I BuSHWIC, tp. King's co. N.Y. 3 E Brooklyn. Buckingham, tp. Bucks Co. Pa. 27 N of Phila. BUSKIRI'S BRIDGE, pv. Wn. co. N.Y. on BUCKLAND, tp. Franklin co. Mass. 100 w of B. Hoosick river. Buckland, pv. Prince William co. Va. 110 N R. BUsTI, tp. Chautanque co. N.Y. 320 w of Al. BUCKRAM, PV. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. BUSTLETON, pv. Phila. co. Pa. 10 NE of Phila. BUCKs, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. on St. Jos. r. BUSTON, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Bucks, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. [river. BUTLER, tp. Wayne co. N.Y. BUCKSPORT, tp. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot Butler, borough, cap. of Butler co. Pa. BvcYRUs, pv. cap. of Crawford co. 0. otl San- Butler, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. dusky river. Butler, tp. Columbiana co. O. BUELLS LOWELL, tp. Washington co. 0. Butler, tp. Darke co. O. BUFFALO, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Butler, tp. Knox co. O. Buffalo, tp. Butler co. Pa. Butler, tp. Mercer co. O. Buffalo, tp. Perry co. Pa. on Susquehanna r. Butler, tp. Montgomery co. O. Buffalo, borough, Perry co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Butler, tp. Branch co. Mich. [Cumberland r. Buffalo, tp. Union co. Pa. BUTLER'S LANDING, pv. Jackson co. Teun. on Buffalo, tp. W5ashingtoni co. Pa. 210 w of H. BUTTER HILL, a high and steep eminence on Buffalo, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. the w of Hudson river, at the N entrance of Buffalo, tp. Marion co. Ark. the Highlands. Buffalo, tp. Guernsey co. O. 87 E. of Cs. BUTTERMILK CHANNEL, the passage between Buffalo, tp. Morgan co. Mo. [angua r. Governor's I. and Long I. in N.Y. harbour. Buffalo, v. cap. of Dallas co. Mo. 3 W of Ni- BUTTERMILK FALLS, N.Y. a picturesque and Buffalo, tp. Pike co. Mo. beautiful cascade on the w banlk of the HudBUFFALO BAYOU, a stream of Texas, which son river, 2 m. below West Poillt. [of Al. flows into anl arm of Galveston Bay at BUTTERNUTS, tp. Otsego co. N.Y. 90 w by s Lynchburg. [of An. BUXTON, tp. York co. Me. 65 sw of A. BULLOCKTOWN, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. 64 E BYBERRY, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. 15 NE Phila, BCLL SKIN, tp. Fayette co. Pa. BYFIELD, pv. Essex co. Mass. 35 N by E of B BUNDYSBURG. pv. Geauga co. 0. 160 NE of Cs. BYRAH r. Conn. enters long I. Sound. BUNKER HILL, tp. Ilngham co. Mich. Byram, tp. Sussex co. N. J. 8 SE of Newton. BURBOISE, tp. Gasconiade co. Mo. [s of Al- BYRD, tp. Brown CO. O. BUR-DETT', pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 180 w by Byrd, tp. Cape Girardeau co. Mo. BURKE, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 50 NE of Mtr. BYRNVILLE, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 46 w by s BURKSVILLE, pv. Prince Edward co. Va. 80 of Albany. -aw of Richmond. BYRON, tp. Genesee co. N.Y. 10 KE Batavia CAL 592 CAL Byron, pv. Shiawassee co. Mich. 72 NW of D. nia") a peninsula of above 700 m. in length Byron, pv. Ogle co. Ill. 180 N of Sd. and 170 m. in its greatest breadth, sepaBYTOWN, a flourishing t. of Canada West, on rated from the main land by the Gulf of Calithe right bank of the Ottawa, about 120 m. fornia. The aspect of the greater portion of above Montreal. At this place, there are this country is in the highest degree forbidfalls in the river between 25 and 30 feet in ding; indeed the whole of this regicon may height, of which some use is already made be regarded as one continuous mass of high, in manufactures. A suspension bridge (the bare and steep rocks, intersected by numerous first which has been constructed ill the pro- ravines. With the exception of two or three vince) of 243 feet span, crosses the Ottawa places, it scarcely contains any level ground hete. Bytown is the terminus of the Rideau which can be called a valley. There is hardcanial, which extends to L. Ontario at Kings- ly ally land susceptible of cultivation, except toil. on the east declivity towards the Gulf of California. The climate is exceedilngly dry' CABIN POINT, PV. Surry co. Va. 43 SE of R. and hot. In some parts it does not rain every CABOT, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 20 NE of Mtr. year, but only at intervals of five or six CABOTVILLE, pv. Hampden co. Mass. onil Con- years; in other parts it is said that rain never necticut river. falls. The vegetation, as mright be expected, CACHE. tp. Green co. Ark. is very scanty. Figs, olives, dates, and vines Cache, tp. Monroe co. Ark. are, however, cultivated in the less sterile CADDO, tp. Clark co. Ark. portions to some extent. CADDO CovE, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark. CADEREITA, kad-a-ra'ta, a small t. of Mexilco, on or near the r. Tigre, below Monterey. CrALFORNTA (Sttate of).-The following inter CADIZ, pv. cap. of Harrison co. 0. 114 ENE Cs. resting matter, having been received after the Cadiz, pv. Trigg co. Ky. onl Little r. article in the Gazetteer was stereotyped, is inCadiz, pv. lHenry co. Itd. 45 ENE of Is. serted here. It is extracted from an article in CADRON, tp. Coniway co. Ark. [ river Silliman's Journal in Nov., 1851, by Prof. ShepCADYVILLE, PV. Clinton co. N.Y. on Saranac herd, containing a description of the Hot Springs C2EsAR's Ca. tp. Greene co. O. on Cwsar's cr. or Geysers, discovered by him in California. CAERrNARVON, ker-nar'veni, tp. Berks co. Pa. For the purpose of abbreviation, we use our own Caerinarvon, tp. Lancaster eo. Pa. orthe professor's language indifferently. "We CAHABA r. See CAHAwBA, GAZETTEER. I travelled N. W. firom the head of Napa valley, Cahaba, pv. cap. of Dallas co. Ala. oil Ala. r. and on the morning of the fourth day reaced CAHOIA, PV. St. Clair co. Ill. con 1Miss. r the summit of i high peak, from which on the CAOIA, pv. St. Clair co. I. n iss. r: W. we saw the Pacific; on the S. San Francisco CaHokia er.. flows ito the Missisipp r. Bay, Mount Diablo, Sonoma and Napa valleys; on the S. W. the valleys of Santa iRosa and RusCAIN, tpsa. Fountain co. Id. I sian r., and on the E. the Sierra Nevada mounCA IRA, Sahl e-rahl, pv. Cumberland co, Va, tains. On the N., immediately at our feet, there 57 w by s of Richmonid. [kill. opened an immense chasm, apparently formed CAIRO, k/'ro, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 10 w Cats- by the rending of the mountains in a direction Cairo, pv. Sumner co. Tettt. nlt Cunberlad r. from W. to E., from which, at the distance of Cairo, pv. Alexandria co. Ill. at the s extre- four or five miles, we distinctly saw clouds and mity of the state. dense columns of steam rapidly rising; and it CALAIS, pt. Wn. co. Me. on St. Croix r. was with difficulty we could persuade ourselves Calais, pt. Washington co. Vt. 10 NE of Mtr. we were not looking down upon some manufacCAL.CUTTA, pv. Columbiana co. O. 160 NE CS. turing city. Descending, we discovered within CALDWELL, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 63 N of Al. the space of half a mile square, from one to two Caldwell, pt. Essex co. N. J. 60 NNE of Tn. hundred openings, through whiich steam issued Caldwell, pv. Caldwell par. La. on Washita r. with violence, sending up columns of dense CALEDONIA, Pt. Livingstoin CO. N.Y. on Gene- valour to the height of from 150 to 200 feet. The see river. roar of the largest tubes could be heard for a Caledonia, pv. Moore co. N. C. 85 sw of Rh. mile or more. Many of them acted spasmodiCaledonia, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. 157 NE of J. cally, like a high-pressure engine, throwing out Caledonia, pv. Henry co. Tennt. 120 w by N occasional jets of hot scalding water some 20 or of Nashville. 30 feet. Numerous cones are formed by the acCaledonia, pv. Marion co. 0. 52 N of Cs. cumulation of various mineral salts and a deCaledonia, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. posite of sulphur crystals with earthy matter, Caledonia, pv. Alexander co. Ill. on the Ohio. which often harden into crusts of greater or less Caledonia, pv. Washington co. Mo. oni Big r. thickness and strength. Frequently the water CALHOUN, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 115 WNiw mounts to the top of the cones with violent of Columbia. [Milledgeville. I ebullition, and beneath'your feet you hear the Calhoun, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 130 NNW of lashing and foaming gyrations as you approach Calhoun, pv. Ml Minis co. Tenn. on- Hiwas- ithem. The writer, on one occasion, hearing the see river. rushing of water under his feet, struck down Calhoun, pv. Henry co. Mo. 117 w Jef. city. with an axe, which went through at the first Calhoun, a v. of Victoria co. Texas, oil St. blow to the extent of the helve, disclosing a Joseph's Island. stream of angry water, of five or six feet in breadth, boiling intensely." CALIFORNIA, an extensive country In In the middle of January, 1852, information the western portion of N. America, divided fror. California stated, that up to that time, the into Lower and Upper California. thermometer had been down to the freezing LOWER CALIFORNIA, (Sp. California Vieja, point but twice, and that green peas and garden Ital-e-fos'ne-g ve-ai'Hi, i. e. "Old Califor- flowers were in bloom. CAM 593 CAN Three shocks of an earthquake were felt at Camden, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 74 N of Is San Francisco, December 27th, 1851. Camden, pv. Schuyler co. Ill. 72 WNW of Sd Seven quicksilver furnaces-the largestyield- Camden, pv. Ray co. Mo. on Missouri r. in, 400 bottles per week-belonging to one firm, CAMEL'S RUMP, one of the highest peaks of were in operation, January, 1852. the Green Mts. Vt. 17 w of Montpelier. A remarkable soda spring has been discovered CAMERON, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Canisteo r. near New Almadin. CAMILLUS, pt. Onondaga co.N.Y. 7w Syracuse A large cave has been discovered in the E. CAMPBELL, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 10 SE of Bath. central part of the state. Campbell C. H. pv. Campbell co. Va. 125 The legislature held its sessions in the winter wsw of Richmond. of 1851-2 at Sacramento City. Campbell, tp. Warwick co. Ind. CAMPBELLSBURG, pv. Henry co. Ky. 30 NW of Frankfort. [w of Ne. CAMPBELLSVILLE, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 67 s by Campbellsville, pv. Greene co.Ky. 77 ssw of Frankfort. [on Chattahoochee r. CAMPBELLTON, pv. cap. of Campbell co. Ga. CAMPBELLTOWN, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 15 E of Harrisburg. CAMP BRANCH, tp. Warren co. Mo. CAMP CREEK, tp. Pike co. O. [Cd. CAMPTON, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 47 N by w of CAMPTOWN, pv. Essex co. N. J. 3 sw of Newark. [bec r. CANAAN, pt. Somerset co. Me. on the KenneCanaan, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 40 Nw-of Cd. Canaan, pt. Essex co. Vt. on Connecticut r. Canaan, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. on HousaCAL-LA-POO'YA INDIANS, a tribe in Oregon, tonic r. dwelling s of the Columbia, and E of the Canaan, pt. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 SE of Al. Willamette river. [of H. Caiiaan, pt. Wayne co. Pa. 160 NE of H. CALLENSBURG, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 190 wNw Canaan, tp. Athens co. O. on Hockhocking r. CALUMET, tp. Pike co. Mo. [L. Winnebago. Canaan, tp. Madison co. O. CALUMET VILLAGE, pv. Calumet co. Wis. on Canaan, tp. Morrow co. O. CALVARY, tp. Franklin co. Mo. Canaan, pt. Wayne co. O. CALVIN, tp. Cass co. Mich. Canaan, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. CAMANCHE, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Iowa, on Canaan, pv. Jefferson co. Ild. 84 SSE of Is. the Mississippi river. CANAAN CENTRE, pV. Columbia co. N. Y. 286 CAMANCHE INDIANS. See COMANCMES. SE of Albany. [N.Y. 25 sw of Al. CAMBRIA, Pt. Niagara co. N.Y. CANAAN FOUR CORNERS, pV. Columbia co. Carnbria, tp. Cambria co. Pa. CANADIAN r. See NORTH CANADIAN r. CAMBRIDGE, pt. Somerset co. Me. 60 N of A. CANADICE, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 218 w of Al. Cambridge, tp. Coos co. N. H. on Androsoog- CANAJOHARIE. See GAZETTEER. gin river. CANAL, Pt. Venango co. Pa. 220 NW of H. Cambridge, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. on Lamoille r. CANAL FULTON, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on the Cambridge, Mass. See GAZETTEER. Ohio canal. Cambridge, pt. WVn. co. N.Y. 34 N by E of Al. CANANDAIGUA, N. Y. See GAZETTEER. Cambridge, pv. cap. of Dorchester co. Md. 60 Canandaigua, v. Lenawee co. Mich. 17 w of SE of Annapolis. [N of Ca. Adrian. [Ne. Cambridge, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 80 w by CANASAUGA, pv. Bradley co. Tenn. 170 SE of Cambridge, pv. Dallas co. Ala. 84 s by E of T. CANASTO'TA, pv. Madison co. N. Y. on the Cambridge, pv. cap. of Guernsey co. 0. 77 E Erie canal. of Columbus. CANDIA, pt. ROCkingham CO. N. H. 18 SE of Cd Cambridlge, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 66 sw D. CANDOR, pt. Tioga co. N. Y. 8 N of Owenro. Cambridge, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 52 E of Is. Candor, pv. Washington co. Pa. 225 w o{ H. CAMBRIDGEPORT, PV. Middlesex Co. Mass. 2 CANEADEA, pt. Alleghany co. N. Y. 10 N of w of Boston. [Bay. Angelica. CAMDEN, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot CANE HILL, pt. Washington co. Ark. Camden, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. on Fish cr. CArFIELD, cap. Mahoning co. 0.160 NE Of Cs. Camden, city, Camden co. N.J. on the De- CANISTEO, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Canisteo r. laware river, opposite Philadelphia. CANISTEO r. N Y. flows into the Tioga. Camden, pv. Kent co. Del. 3 s of Dover. CANNONSBURG, Pa. See GAZETTEER.. Camden, pv. cap. of Carnden co. N. C. on Pas- CANNOUCHEE (kan-oo'che) r. Ga. the largest quotanlk river. [VWaleree r. affluent of the Ogeechee. Camden, pv. cap. of Kershaw dist. S. C. on CANO'GA, pV. Seneca co. N.Y. near Cayuga L. Camden, pv. Madison co. Miss. 40 N by H of J. CANONICUT i. R. I. in Narraganset Bay. Camden, pv. eap. of Benton co. Tenn. 80wNe. CANTERBURY, Pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 8 N Cd Camden, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 30 w of F. Canterbury, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 N Hd Carnden, tp. Lorain co; O. Canterbury, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 1 w of Hud. Camden, pv. Preble co. 0. 100 wsw of Cs. son river. Camden, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 120 SE of D. Canterbury, pv. Kent co. Del. 8 s of Dover. CANTON, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscog S The habitat of these two animals appears to be limited gin river. o the northern part of the mountainous region. Canton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 a by w of B. 50. CAR 594 CAT Canton, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 13 NW of Hd. Carroll, tp. Perry co. Pa. Canton, pv. cap. of St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Carroll, tp. Washington co. Pa. Grass river. Carroll, tp. York co. Pa. Canton, pv. Salem co. N. J. 70 ssw of Tn. Carroll, pv. Carroll co. Ind. on the Wabash r. Canton, pt. Bradford Co. Pa. on Towanda cr. CARROLLSVILLE, pv. Tislhamingo co. Miss. 206 Canton, tp. Washington co. Pa. NE of Jackson. [wrNW of MI Canton. pv. cap. of Cherokee co. Ga. on CARROLLTON, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ga. 130 Etowah river. Carrollton, pv. cap. of Pickens co. Ala. 42 w T. Canton, pv. XVilcox co. Ala. 90 s by E of T. Carrollton, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Miss. 90 N J. Canton, pv. cap. of Madison co. Miss. 23 N Carrollton, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ark. by E of Jackson. Carrollton, pv. cap. Carroll CO. Ky. on Ohio r, Cantor, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. Carrollton, pv. cap. of Carroll co. O. [of Sd. Canton, pv. Trigg co. Ky. on Cumberland r. Carrollton, pv. cap. of Greene co. Ill. 70 swp Canton, pv. cap. of Stark co. 0. 120 NE of Cs. Carrollton, pv. Carroll co. Mo. 6 N of Mo. r Canton, tp. W;Vayne co. Mich. CARROLLVILLE, pv. Wayne co. Tenn. 110 sw Canton, pv. Washington co. Ind. 97 s of Is. of Nashville. Canton, pv. Fulton co. Ill. 70 NNW of Sd. CARSONVILLE, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 75 wsw M CANTON CENTRE, pv. of Canton pt. Conn. CARTERSVILLE, pV. Cumberland co. Va. or CANTONMENT GIBSON, or FORT GIBSON, pv. James river. and military station in the Indian Ter., on CARTHAGE, pt. Franklin co. Me. 40 Nw of A Neosho r. near its entrance into Arkansas r. Carthage, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. oil Black r CANTWELL'S BRIDGE, pv. New Castle co. Carthage, v. Monroe co. N.Y. 2 N of Ro Del. 24 N by w of Dover. chester, at the lower falls of the Genesee r CANYVILLE, pv. Grayson co. Ky. 170 sw of F. Carthage, pv. cap. of Moore co. N C. 80 sw CAPE COD, Mass. See GAZETTEER. of Raleigh. CAPE ELIZABETH, tp. Me. 6 s of Portland. Carthage, pv. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 17 s of T. CAPE FEAR, N. C. See GAZETTEER. Carthage, pv. cap. of Leake co. Miss. 57 NE J CAPE GIRARDEAU, pv. Cape Girardeau co. Carthage, pv. cap. of Smith co. Teun. oln Cur Mo. on the Mississippi. berland river, 52 E of Nashville. [nati CAPE ISLAND, pv. Cape May co. N. J. on the Carthage, pv. Hamilton co. O. 8 N of Ci:scin. shore of the Atlantic. It is a place of great Carthage, tp. Athens co. O. resort for the citizens of Philadelphia, Carthage, pv. Rush co. Ind. 32 Es E of Is. during the warm season. Carthage, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ill. 100 CAPE MAY, the s extremity of N. J. [N. J. WNW of Springfield. Cape May C. H. pv. cap. of Cape May co. CARVER, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 47 SE of B. CAPE NEDDOCK, York co. Me. a blarren head- CASCADE RANGE, a chain of mountains in the land projecting into the Atlantic. wpart of Oregon, runlling in general nearl) CAPEVILLE, pv. Northampton co. Va. on N and s, at the distance of frornt 100 to 200 m Chesapeake bay near Cape Charles. from the Pacific. It is a continuation of the CAPE VINCENT, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Sierra Nevada of California. The name it CARBONDALE, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 160 NNE 11. derived from the cascades of the Columbia CAR'DEN-AS, a sea-port on the N side of Cuba, which are formed where this river brealkb 28 m. E of Matanzas. A railroad extends throuch the Cascade Range. from this place s to Bemba, 18 m. CAsco IAY, on1 the coast of Me. N, of Portland CARDIFF, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. It contains several hundred islands. CARDINGTON, PV. Morrow Co. O. 36 N of Cs. CASEVILLE, PV. Ulster co. N.Y. 76 ssw of Al CARLINVILLE, pv. cap. of Macoupin co. Ill. CASHTOWN, pv. Adams co. Pa. 43 sw of H. 40 ssw of Springfield. CASHVILLE, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. CARLISLE, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 19 Nw B. CASS, pt. Hancock co. O. 1(00 NW of Cs. Carlisle, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 36 w of Al. Cass, pt. Ionia co. Mich. 133 WNW of D. Carlisle, Pa. See GAZETTEER. Cass r. Mich flows into the Saginaw. [N.X Carlisle, pv. Troup co. Ga. 130 w M. [of F. CASSADAGA, a lake alld cr. of Chautauque cu Carlisle, pv. cap. of Nicholas co. Ky. 53 ENE CASSOPOLIS, PV. cap. of Cass co. Mich. c.: Carlisle, tp. Lorain co. O. Stone Lake. Carlisle, pv. Sullivan co. Ind. 100 sw of Is. CASSVILLE, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 86 NNW of Ai CARLTON, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Cassville, pv. cap. of Cass co. Ga. 1401 NW M. CARLYLE, PV. cap. Clinton co. Ill. 95 s of Sd. Cassville, pv. Grant co. Wis. on Mississippi r. CARMEL, pt. Penlobscot co. Me. 64 NE of A. CASTILE, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Genesee r. Carmel, pv. cap. of Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s Al. CASTINE, Me. See GAZETTEER. Carmel, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 130 N of Is. CASTLEMAN'S r. Pa. an affluelnt of the Yough. Carmel, pt. Eaton co. Mich. [Wabash r. iogheny. [river. CARMr, pv. cap. of White co. Ill. on ILittle CASTLETON, pt. Rutland co. Vt. onl Castletotl CARNESVILLE, pv. cap. of Franld]in co. Ga. 110 Castleton, pv. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on the N of Milledgeville. Hudson river. CAROLINE, pt. Tompkins Co. N.Y. 12 SE Ithaca. Castleten, tp. Richmond co. N. Y. on N end CARONDELET, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 011 the of Staten Island. Mississippi river. CASTOR, tp. Madisonl co. Mo. [of San Antonio. CARPENTER'S ILANDING, PV. Gloucester co. CASTROVILLE, a v. of Bexar co. Texas, 15 w N. J. on Mantua Cr. 4 s of Woodbury. CAT.IAOOLA. r. and lake of La. communicating CARRITUNK, pv. Somlerset co. Md. 75 ssE An. With the Washita. CARROLL, Pt. CooS co. N. H. 011 NW base of CATAWBA r. N. C. See GAZETTEER. the White Mountains. CATAWBA SPRINGS, pV. Lincoln CO. N. C. 158 Carroll, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. wT by s of Raleigh. [quehanna r. Carroll, tp. Cambria co. Pd. CATAWISSA, pt. Columbia co. Pa. on the Sus. CEN 595 CHA CATAWISSA FORGE, PV. Columbia co. Pa. 87 1 CENTRE HARBOUR, pt. Belknap co. N. H 41,XNE of Harrisburg. N of Concord. CATHARINE, ST. an important t. of CanadaW W. CENTRE HILL, pv. Bucks co. Pa. [NNE H. at the juniction of tile Welland canal with CENTRE MORELAND, pv. Luzerne cc. Pa. 136 Lake Ontario. Pop. estimated at 6,000. CENTRE PORT, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Great CATHARINE'S, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. 16 N of Cow harbour. Elmira. CENTRE VILLAGE, PV. Camden Co. Ga. [B. CATHARINE'S, ST. an i. of Liberty co. Ga. CENTREVILLE, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 78 sE 10 m. long. North of it is St. Catharine's Centreville, pv. Kent co. R. I. on Pawtuxet r. Sound. [Ohio r. Centreville, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 265 w Al. CATLETTSBURG, pv. Greenup co. Ky. on the Centreville, v. Butler co. Pa. CATLIN, tp. Chemung co. N. Y. 1.0 N Elmira. Centreville, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 NW H. CATO, pt. Cayuga co. N. Y. 12 N of Auburn. Centreville, v. Wayne co. Pa. [Dover. CATON, tp. Steuben co. N. Y. 25 SE of Bath. Centreville, pv. New Castle co. Del. 54 N of CATONSVILLE, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 36 N An. CenIreville, pv. cap. Queen Anne co. Md. 40 CAT-OR'CE, a t. of Mexico, about 150 m. s of E of Annapolis. Monterey, famous for its rich silver mines. Centreville, pv. Fairfax co. Va. 110 N of R. CATSKILL. See GAZETTEER. Ceiitreville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 90 Nw Ca. CAUGHNAWAGA, kauii'l-wau'-g, v. Montgo- Centreville, pv. vVilkes co. Ga. 77 NNE of M. mery co N.Y. on the Mohawk r. [ssE T. Centreville, pv. cap. of Bibb co. Ala. on CaCAULEYSVILLE, pv. Covigton co. Ala. 200 hawba river, 32 SE of Tuscaloosa. [cr. CAVENDISH, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on Black r. Centreville, pv. Amite co. Miss. on Dawson's CAVE HILL, tp. Washington co. Ark. Centreville, pv. St. Mary's par. La. on Bayou CAVETOWN, pv.'Wn. CO. Md. 107 NW of Ail. Teche. [54 sw of Ne. CAYES. See Aux CAYES. Centreville, pv. cap. of Hickman co. Tenn. CAYMAN (Lake), kT-man', i. e. " alligator," a Cenitreville, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 28 E of F. lake of Mexico, lying partly in the state of Centreville, pv. Montgomery co. 0. 9 s by I Chihuahua, and partly in that of Durango, of Dayton. [oll Prairie r. about 230 m. WNW of Monterey. Its length Centreville, pv. cap. of St. Joseph co. Mich. is perhaps 40 m. [Lake. Centreville, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Ind. on CAYUGA, pv. Cayuga co. N. Y. on Cayuga WVhite-water r. 62 E IS. [N.Y. 39 NE A1. CAYUSE (kah-yuce') INDIANS, a tribe of Ore- CENTRE WIIITE CREEK, pv. Washington co. gon, dwellilng s of the Columbia, atnd E of CERES, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. 16 NW Smithport. Fall river. CERESTOWN, pv. M' Kean co. Pa. oil a branch CAYUTA, Pt. Cherung co. N.Y. 12 NE Elmira. of the Alleghany. [Cadiz. CAZENOVIA, pt. Madison co. N. Y. 113 w by CERULEAN SPRINGS, PV. Trigg co. Ky. 11 N of N of Albany. CHAGRES, chali'gres, a sea-port of New GraCEARCY, tp. Phillips co. Ark.. ada, on the N side of the isthmus of PanaCECIL, tp. Wn. co. Pa. 10 NE Washington, Pa. ma. The American and British Pacific CECILTOWN. pv. Cecil co. Md. 78 NE of All. mails are transmitted through this place to CEDAR, tp. Boone co. Mo. Panama, from which it is distant about 60 Cedar, tp. Callaway co. IMlo. miles. [w of Ne. CEDAR BLUFF, PV. cap. Cherokee co. Ala. 152 CHALK LEVEL, PV. Humphreys co. Tenn. 70 NE of Tuscaloosa. CHAMBERLAND, pv. M'Nairy co. Tenn. 146 s CEDAR CR. pv. Sussex co. Del. w by w of Nashville. Cedar Cr. tp. Cooper co. Mo. CHAMBERS C. H. or LA FAYETTE, pv. cap. of Cedar Cr. tp. Allen co. Iid. Chambers co. Alabama, 164 E by s of T. CEDAR SWAMP, pv. Queen's co. Long Island. CHAMBERSBURG, Pa. See GAZETTEER. [LOf CS. CEDARTOWN, pv. cap. of Paulding co. Ga. on Chambersburg, pv. Montgomery co. O. 75 sw Tallapoosa river. Chatnbersburg, v. Columbia co. O. CEDARVILLE, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 79 w by Chambersburg, pv. Pike co. Ill. 63 w of Sd. N of Albany. [cr. CHAMBLISSBURG, PV. Bedford co. Va. 156 w Cedarville, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. on Cedar by s of Richmond. CELINA, pv. cap. of Mercer co. O. on the grand CIHAMBLY r. See GAZETTEER. reservoir of the Miami canlal. CHAMIION, pt. Jeffersonl co. N.Y. on Black r. CENTRAL, tp. St. Louis co. Mo. [43 E I-Id. Champion, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 5 N of Warren. CENTRAL VILLAGE, PV. Windham co. Conn. CHAMPLAIN, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. on Chazy r. CENTRE, tp. Butler co. Pa. CHANCEFORD, pt. York co. Pa. 47 ssE of H. Cenltre, tp. Greene co. Pa. CHANDLERVILLE, tp. Somerset co. Me oin Seo Centre, tp. Indiana co. Pa. basticook river. Centre, pt. Perry co. Pa. 36 Nw of Hi. CHANNING, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. Centre, tp. Union co. Pa. CHAPALA, chah-pah'l1, a lake of Mexlco, mn Centre, tp Carroll co. O. Jalisco, 70 m. long and 30 wide. Centre, tp. Columbianla co. O. on Beaver r. CHAPEL HILL, pv. Orange co. N. C. 28 NWRh. Centre, tp. Guernisey co. O. Chapel Hill, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 38 s Ne. Centre, tp Monroe co. O. CIIAPLIN, pt.Windham co. Conn. 37 E by N Hl. Centre, tp. Morgan co. O. CHAPMAN, pt. Union co. Pa. 42 N by w of H Centre, tp. Rush co. O. Chapman, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Ce1ntre, tp. Ha1ncock co. Ind. CHAPTICO, pv. St. Mary's co. Md. 75 s of An Centre, tp. Marion co. Ind. See INDIANAPOLIS. CHAR/CAS, a t. of Mexico, in the state of San Centre, tp. Wayne co. Ind. Luis Potosi. In it, vicinity are rich silver CENTREBURG, pv. Knex co. 0. 36 NE of Cs. milnes. Lat. 230 10' N, Lon. 1000 40' w. CENTREFIELD, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 200 w by Pop. estimated at 5,000. x of Albany. C1IARDON, pv. cap. of Geauga co. 0. 170 NE Cs. CHA 596 CHE CHARITON r.Mo. flows into the Mississippi r. CHAUMONT, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. on Chaumoa Chariton, tp. Howard co. Mo. Bay. [on Chautauque cr Chariton, pv. Chariton co. Mo. on Missouri r. CHAUTAUQUE, tp. cap. of Chautauque co. N.Y CHARLEMONT, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Deer- Chautauque, L. in the centre of Chautauque field river. [bour. co. N.Y. is about 18 m. long, and from 1 to CHARLES r. Mass. empties into Boston har- 3 miles wide. CHARLES CITY C. H. cap. Charles City co. CHAZY, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. on L. Champlain. Va. 45 SE by E of Richmond. Chazy r. Clinton co. N.Y. flows into L. ChamCHARLES, ST. pv. cap. of St. Charles co. Mo. plain. 20 NW of St. Louis. CHELMSFORD, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. on the CHARLESTON, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 98 NE A. Merrimlack river. [Montpelier. Charleston, tp. Orleans co. Vt. 55 NNE Mtr. CHELSEA, PV. cap. of Orange co. Vt. 24 sE of Charleston, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 40 NW Chelsea, tp. Suffolk co. Mass. 4 NE of B. of Albany. CHELTENHAM, tP. Montgomery co. Pa. Charleston, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 146 N of H. CHEIVUNG r. N.Y. formed by the junction oc Charleston,,S. C. See GAZETTEER. [of J. the Conhocton and Tioga,-flows into th Charleston, pv. Tallahatchee co. Miss. 136 N Susquehanna. [mung r Charleston, pv. Bradley co. Tenn. 167 SE Ne. Chemnung, tp. Chemung co. N. Y. on CheCharleston, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. 127 w D. CHENANGO r. of N. Y. flowing into the SusCharleston, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Ild. 100 SSE quehanna at Binghamton. Lquehanna r. of Indianapolis. Cheiiango, tp. Broome co. N. Y. on the SusCharleston, pv. Peoria Co. Ill. 90 N of Sd. [r. Chenango, pt. Beaver co. Pa. CHARLESTOWN, pt. Sullivan co. N.H. on Conn. CItENANGO FORKS, pv. Broome co. N. Y. on Charlestown, Mass. See GAZETTEER. Chenango river. [of New Orleatns. Charlestown, pt. Washingtlon co. R. I. 45 ssw CHENEYVILLE, pv. Rapides par. La. 265 Nw of Providence. CHEPACICET, pV. Providence co. R. I. 16 w by Charlestown, pv. Cecil co. Md. 70 NE of An. N of Providence. [Pedee r. Charlestown, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Va. CHERAW, pv. Chesterfield dist. S. C. on Great 168 N of Richmond. CHEROKEE, pv. Logan co. O. 75 Nw of Cs. Charlestown, tp. Chlester co. Pa. CHEROKEE CORNER, pv. Oglethorpe co. Ga Charlestown, pt. Portage co. 0. 145 NE of Cs. 77 N of Milledgeville. CHARLOE, PV. cap. Paulding co. O. 137 NW Cs. CHEROKEE IRON WORKS, pv. York dist. S. C. CHARLOTTE, pt. Waslhington co. Me. 104 N of Col]umbia. Charlotte, Chitteniden co. Vt. 54 w of Mtr. CHEROKEES. See GAZETTEER. Charlotte, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. CHERRY; tp. Butler co. Pa. Charlotte, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. onl Genesee r. CHERRY CREEK, pt. Chautauque co. N. Y. 21) Charlotte C. H. pv. cap. of Charlotte co. Va. E of Mayville. [Narraguagus r. 98 wsw of Richmond. [on Sauar r. CHERRYFIELD, tp. Washington co. Me. on Charlotte, pv. cap. of Mecklenburg co. N. C. CHERRY GROVE, V. St. Clair co. Ill. 8 NE of Charlotte, pv. cap. of Dickson co. Tenn. 38 w Belleville. [Harrisburg. by N of Nashville. CHEERY RIDGE, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 167 NE Of Charlotte, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 116 w by s D. CHERRY TREE, pt. Venango co. Pa. [Al. CHARLOTTE HARBOUR, Flor. See GASPARIL- CHERRY VALLEY, pt. Otsego co. N. Y. 55 w LA SOUND. [S of An. Cherry Valley, pv. Ashtabula co. O. CHARLOTTE HALL, PV. St. Mary's co. Md. 66 CHERRYVILLE, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 107 CHARLOTTEVILLE, pv. cap. Albemarle co. Va. ENE of Harrisburg. [Chesapeake Bay. on Moore's creek, 85 NW of Richmond. CHESAPEAKE CITY, pv. Cecil co. I~Ld. on CHARLOTTESVILLE, pv. Hancock co. Ind. 28 CHESHIRE, Pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on HooE of Indianapolis. [v of B. sick river. [Hartford CHARLTON, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 53 sw by Cheshire, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 25 ssw Charlton, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 25 NNw of Al. Cheshire, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 200 w ofAl. CHARTIERS Cr. a small river of Pa. flows into Cheshire, pt. Gallia co. O. on the Ohio r. the Ohio river, 4 miles below Pittsburg. CHESNUT HILL, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 9 NW Chartiers, tp. Wn. co. Pa. 6 N of Wn. Pa. of Philadelplia. CHATEAUGUAY, pt. Franklin co. N.Y. on Cha- Chesnut Hill, tp. Monroe co. Pa. on Head's cr teauguay r. Chesnut Hill, pv. Hall co. Ga. 107 NNW of MI Chateauguay r. See GAZETTEER. [cr. CHESNUT RIDGE, a branch of the Alleghany CHATFIELD, pt. Crawford co. O. on Sycamore Mountains, extending froim Md. NE through CHATHAM, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on SE point Fayette and WVestmoreland counties, Pa. of Cape Cod. CHEST, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 150 Nw of H. Chatham, tp. Middlesex co. Conn. 16 s of Hd. CHESTER, tp. Penobscot co. Me. [Concord. Chatham, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 18 s by E Al. Chester, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 22 ssE of Chatham, pt. Morris co. N. J. onl Passaic r. Chester, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 83 s of Mtr. Chatham, pv. Chester co. Pa. 68 ESE of H. Chester, pt. Hamnpden co. Mass. 116 w by s B Chatham, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Chester, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 31 s by E Hd Chatham, pv. Lickitng co. O. Chester, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 100 s by w Al Chatham, tp. Medina co. O. Chester, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 9 sw of Chatham, a t. of Canada West, on the Tharnes, Mount Holly. 50 m. E of Detroit. [N.Y. 23 s Ai. Chester, pt. Morris co. N. J. 50 N by E of Tn. CHATHAM FOUR CORNERS, pv. Columbia co. Chester, pv. cap. of Delaware co. Pa. 14 sw CHATTAIOOCHEE r. Ga. See GAZETTEER. of Philadellphia. Chattahoochee, pv. Gadsden co. Flor. on the Chester, tp. Wtayne co. Pa. on Delaware r. Appalachicola river. LNw of M. Chester C.H. pv. cap. of CheEter dibt. S. C 57 CHATTOOG-AVILLE, pv. Chattooga co. Ga. 186 I N by w of Columbia. CHI 597 CLA Chester, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 82 NW of M. CHItTS or CHIKAILIS, cnik-ka'lis1 an'ndian Chester: tp. Butler co. O. tribe N of the mouth of Columbia river. Chester, tp. Clinton co. 0. CHINA, Pt. Kelnebec Co. Me. 21 E of A. Chester, tp. Geauga co. 0. 19 x of Cleveland. China, pt. Wyomilng co. N.Y. onl Clear cr. Chester. tp. Morrow co. 0. China, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 50 NNE D. [la r Chester, pt. Melgs co. 0. 95 SSE of Cs. CmIPOLA r. Flor. and Ala. enters AppalachicoChester, pt. Eaton co. Mich. CHIPPEWA or CHIPPEWAY r. of Wis. flowing Chester, tp. Wabash co. Ind. into the Miss. r. at L. Pepin, in Lat. 44~ 30' N. Chester, pv. Randolph co. Ill. 150 SE of Sd. Chippewa, tp. BeaVer co. Pa. 7 NW Beaver. Chester r. rises itl,, Kent co. Del. and flows Chippewa, pt. Wayne co. O. Lgara Falls through Md. into Chesapeake Bay. Chippewa, av. of Canada W\est, 2 above Nia. CHESTER CROSS ROADS, pv. Geauga co. O. CHIPPEWAY INDIANS. See GAZETTEER. CHESTER FACTORY, pv. Hampden Co. Mass. CHITTENANGO cr. N.Y. flows into Oineida L. 113 w of Boston. [Decticut r. Chitteinango, pv. Madison co. N.Y. on the CHESTERFIELD, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. ont Con- Syracuse and Utica railroad, 120 WNW Al. Chesterfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 106 w CHITTENDEN, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 12 N of of Bostonl. [SE of Hd. Rutland. [Yalabusha r. Chesterfield, pv. New London co. Conn. 36 CHOCCHUMA, pv. Tallahatchee co. Miss. on Chesterfield, tp. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham- CHOCONUT, pt. Susquehanina co. Pa.189NNEI-I. plaiti. CHOCTAW INDIANS. See GAZETTEER. Chesterfield, tp. Burlingrton co. N. J. [s R. CHO)C-TAW-HATCH'EE r. r rises in Ala. and flows Chesterfield, pv. cap. Chesterfield co. Va. 16 ij to a bay of the same tname in Flor. Chesterfield, pv. cap. of Chesterfield dist. S.C. CHOPTANK r. Md. flows into a large estuary on Thornson's creek, 105 NNE of Columbia. in Chesapeake Bay. Chesterfield, pt. Lucas co. O. CHOWAN r. N. C. See GAZETTEER. CHESTERFIELD FACTORY, Cheshire co. N. H. CHRISTIAN, tp. Independence co. Ark. 56 sw of Concord. L[of A1. CHRISTtANA, r. or cr. Del. flows into the CHESTERTOWN, pv. VWarren co. N. Y. 80 N Delaware below Wilmington. [tiana cr. Chestertown, pv. cap. of Kent co. Md. on Christiana, pv. New Castle co. Del. on ChrisChester river, 54 NE of An. [of A. CHRISTIANSBURG, pv. cap. of Montlormery co. CHESTERVILLE, pt. Franlklin co. Me. 26 NW Va. 200 wsw of Richmond. [Frallkfort. Chesterville, pv. Gibson co. Tetin. 148 w Ne. Christiansburg, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 13 w of Chesterville, pv. Morrow Co. 0. 52NNE of Cs. Christiansburg, pv. Champaign co. 0. 60 w CHESUNCOOK LAKE, Me. See GAZETTEER. of Columbus. [97 sw of R CHETIMACHES LAKE, La. See GAZETTEER. CtIRISTIANSVILLE, pv. Mecklenburg co. Va CHEVIOT, pv. Iarnilton Co. 0. 7 NW Cincinnati. Christiansville, pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 113 w of CHEW'S LANDING, pV. Gloucester co. N. J. 38 Nashville. [of R. ssE of Trenton. LNW of An. CHUCKATUCK, pv. Nansemond co. Va. 75 SE CHEWSVILLE, pv.'Washington CO. Md. 105 CIIURCH HILL, PV. Queen Anne co. Md. 48 E CHEYENNE. See CHIENNE. of Annapolis. [of Ca. CHIAPA, che-ah'pa, a state in the SE part of Church Hill, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 109 w Mexico, bordering on the Pacific. Area, CHURCHILLSVILLE, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 77 38,500 sq. in. Pop. estimated at 130,000. SE of Indianapolis. Capital, Ciudad Real. [into L. Milch. CHURCHTOWN, pv. Lalncaster CO. Pa. 52 E of H. CHICAGO r. Ill. flows by the t. of this name CHURCHVILLE, pv. Hartford co. Md. 60 N All. Chicago, Ill. See GAZETTEER. Churchville, v. Clark Co. Mo. on Mississippi r. CHICHESTER, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 8 E Cd. CICERO, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. onI Oneida L. CHICKAHOMINY r. Va. flows into James r. Cicero, pt. Hamiltoln co. Ind. 32 N of Is. CHICKAMAUGA r. rises in Ga. and flows into CIENFUEGOS. See GAZETTEER. Teinnessee r. in the state of Tenm.'CIN-A-LO'A, a province of Mexico, bordering CHICK-A-PEEI r. Mass, flows into Conn. river, on the Gulf of California. It forms, toin the N part of Springfield co. gether with Sonora (which bounds it on Chickapee Falls, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on the N), the state of Occidente. [del Fuerte. Chickapee river. [form the Pascagoula. Ciiialoa, a t. of the above prov. 70 s of Villa.CHICKASAWHA r. Miss. unites with Leaf r. to CINCINNATI, V. Ralls co. Mo. o11 Salt r. CHICKTAWVAGA, tp. Erie co. N. Y. 6 E Buffalo. Cincinnati, a v. of Texas, on Trinity r. about CItIENNE (she-enlmi) INDIANS, a tribe found 180 ENE of Austin. Pop. 200. chiefly in the E part of Missouri Territory. CINCINNATUS, pt. Courland co. N.Y. CHIHUAHUA, che-wahll'w, a state in the N CIRCLEVILLE, PV. cap. of Pickaway co. 0. O. on part of Mexico, E of Solnora. It formerly Scioto r. 26 s of Columbus. [James r. exteided eastward beyond the Rio del CITY POINT, pv. Prinlce George co. Va, onI Norte Area, 72,500 sq. Im. Pop. 120,000. CITY WEST, pv. Porter co. hid. on L. Mich. Chihuahua, the capital of the above, is a CIUDAD REAL, se-oo-dad' ra-al', a small t. of handsome city, with a pop. of 30,000. (B.) Mexico, cap. of the state of Chiapa. Lat. CHILuDSBURG, pv. Fayette co. Ky. 32 E of F. 16D 50' N, Lon. 930 10' w. CHILI, p1. 1Monroe co. N. Y. 10 sw Rochester. CLAIBORNE, pv.Monroe co.Ala. on Alabama r. CHILICOTIIE, O. See GAZETTEER. Claibornie, lp. Union co. O. [Jackson Chilic othe, pv. Peoria co. Ill. on Peoria L. CLAIBORNEVILLE, pv. Yazoo CO. Miss. 57 N of iChilicothe, pv. cap. of Liviigstot co. Mo. CLAIR, ST. pt. Bedford co. Pa. 110 w of H. 150 NW of Jefferson City. Clair, St. pv. Burke Co. Ga. 68 E M.'CHILLISQUAQUE, pt. Northumberland co. Pa. Clair, St. tp. Butler co. O,CHIILMARK, pt. Dukes co. M3{ass. otl the sw Clair, St. tp. Columbiana eo. O. [of D. part of Martha's Vineyard. Clair, St. pv. cap. of St. Clair co. Mich 48 Ns CumILO, pv. Clermont co. O. ca the Ohio r. CLAIRSVILLE, ST. pv. cap. of Belmont eo. 0. CLE 598 C0A CLALtAMS, an Indian tribe of Oregon, N of the Clear Creek, tp. Warren co. O. [215 s Sd. Columbia, and near the Straits of Fuca. CLEAR CREEK LANDING, pv. Alexander co Ill CLAPPVILLE, pv. WVo'ster co. Mass. 50 w of B. CLEARFIELD, tp. Butler co. Pa. CLARA, tp. Potter co. Pa. Clearfield, tp. Cambria co. Pa. CLAREMONT, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. on Conn. r. Clearfield, pv. cap. of Clearfield co. Pa. on ant Claremont, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. 162 NW Ca. affluent of the Susquehanna river. CLARENCE, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 270 w of Al. Clearfield cr. Pa. anl affluent of the YVest CLARENDON, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr. Branch of the Susquehanna river. Clarendon, pt. Orleans oe. N. Y. CLEAR SPRING, I)V. Wn1. CO. Md. 112 N-s An. Clarendon, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. CLEMMONSVILLE, pv. Davidson co. N. C. 130 CLARIDON, tp. Marion co. O. w of Raleigh. Claridon, pt. Geauga Co. 0. 30 E of Cleveland. CLERMONT, pt. Columbia co. N. Y. on the CLARION r. or Great Toby's cr. Pa. flows into Hudson river. [Lake. the Alleghany. [of H. CLEVELAND, pv. Oswego co. N. Y. on Oneida Clarion, pv. cap. of Clarion co. Pa. 184 WNW Cleveland, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 107 w M. CLARK, tp. Brown co. O. Cleveland, pv. cap. of Bradley co. Tenn. 156 Clark, tp. Clinton co. O. SE of Nashville. Clark, tp. Cole co. Mo. Cleveland, O. See GAZETTEER. Clark, tp. Lincolll co. Mo. CLEVES, pv. Hamiltton co. O. on Big Miami r CLARKSBOROUGH, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 40 CLIFTON, pv. Russell co. Va. on Maiden sw of Trenton. [Lenox. Sprinl Fork. CLARKSBURG, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. 27 N of Clifton, pv. Greene co. O. on the Little Miami. Clarksburg, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 20 E Tn. CLIFTON FACTORY, pv. St. Mary's co. Md. 100 Clarksburg, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 68 WNW s of Annapolis. of Annapolis. [Monongahela r. CLIFTON PARK, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 17 N Al. Clarksburg, pv. cap. of Harrison co. Va. on the CLIFTY, tP. Bartholomew Co. Ind. Clarksburg, pv. cap. of Lewis co. Ky. on Salt CLINCH, tp. Van Buren co. Mich. [nebec r. Lick cr. 107 E of Frankfort. CLINTON, pt. Kennebec co. Me. on the KenClarksburg, pv. Ross cco. 0. 40 s of Cs. Clinton, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 50 s of Hd. Clarksburg, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 55 SE of Is. Clinton, tp. Dutchess co. N. Y. 10 N of Pough. CLARKSFIELD, pt. Huron co. 0. oll Vermilion r. keepsie. CLA.RKSON, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 16 Nw of Clinton, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 9 sw of Utica. Rochester. Clinton, tp. Essex co. N. J. Clarkson, pv. Columbiana co. O. 160 NE of Cs. Clinton, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 37 N of Tn. CLARK'S r. See GAZETTEER. Clinton, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 226 w of H. CLARKSTOWN, PV. cap. of Rockland co. NY. on Clinton, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. on W. Branch the Hudson river. of the Susquehanna. CLARKSVILLE, tp. Coos co. N. H. Cliniton, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [of Rh. Clarksville, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. Cliiiton, pv. cap. of Sampson co. N. C. 94 ssE Clarksville, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 45 N of Tn. Clinton, pv. cap. of Jones co. Ga. 25 w of M. Clarksville, pv. Greene co. Pa 200 wsw of H. Clinton, pv. Greene co. Ala. 40 s of T. Clarksville, pv. cap. of Habersham co. Ga. Clinton, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 10w of J. 138 N of Milledgeville. Clinton, pv. E. Feliciana par. La. 112 NW of'Clarksville, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ala. 134 s T. New Orleans. [tle Red r. Clarksville, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ark. Clinton, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Ark. on LitClarksville, pv. cap. of Montgomnery co. Tenn. Clinton, pv. cap. of Anderson co. Tenn. on 45 NW of Nashville. Clinch river. Clarksville, pv. Clinton co. 0. 82 sw of Cs. Clinton, tp. Seneca co. O. Clarksville, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Clinton, pt. Summit co. 0. 118 NW of Cs. Clarksville, the cap. of Red River co. Tex- Clinton, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 50 sw of D. as, 350 NE of Austin, and 20 s of Red r. Clinton, tp. Macomb co. Mich. on L. St. Clair. Pop. near 300. Clinton, tp. Putnam co. Ind. CLAVERACK, tp. Columbia co. N.Y.4 E Hudson. Clinton, pt. Vermilion co. Ind. 82 w of Is. CLAY, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 10 N Syracuse. Clinton, pv. cap. of Dewitt co. Ill. 64 ENE of Sd Clay, tp. Knox co. O. CLINTON COLLEGE, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 56 Clay, tp. Montgomery co. O. ENE of Nashville. [Sable r Clay, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 62 NNE of D. CLINTONVILLE, PV. Clinton co. N. Y. on At, Clay, tp. La Fayette co. Mo. Clintonville, pv. Venanigo co. Pa. Clay, tp. Rails co. Mo. Clintonville, pv. Greeiibrier co. Va. 224 w R: CLAYSVILLE, PV. WVashington co. Pa. 220 w H. Clintonville, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 45 E of F. Claysville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. oil Tenn. r. CLIO, pv. Marlborough dist. S. C. 117 NE Ca. Claysville, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 50 ENE of F. CLOCKVILLE, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 120 w Al Claysville, pv. VITashingt(n co. Ind. 96 s of Is. CLOUTIERVILLE, pv. Natchitoches par. La. CLAYTON, pt. Jef. co. N.Y. onil Chaumont r. CLOVER PORT, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. oD Clayton, pv. cap. Rabun co. Ga. 180 N Of M. the Ohio river. Clayton, pv. cap. of Barbour co. Ala. 180 SE T. CLYDE, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. on Clyde river. Clayton, tp. Perry co. O. Clyde r. N. Y. formed by the junction of Clayton, pv. Adams co. Ill. 90 w of Sd. Flint and Mud ers. flows into Seneca river.., CLAYTONVILLE, pv. cap. of Henderson co. N,C. CLYMER, pt. Chautauque co. N. Y. on' Freiich Broad river. COAHUILA, koX'.-wee'l., a province in the. CLAY VILLAGE, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 17 w of F. NE part of Mexico, bordering on the Rio CLEAR CREEK, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. del Norte. Iin unlion with Texas, it fors Clear Creek, tp. Fairfield co. 0. merly constituted one of the Mexicarn Cleax Creek, tp. Riohland co. O. States. Its area is probably about 50,00C0 COL 599 COL s. m. Pop. unknown. Accrdlng to Balbi, COLLEGE, tp. Knox co. o. Monclora.(or Coahuila) is the capital, but COLLEGE CORNERS, pv. Butler co. 0. 110 wsw some writers give Saltillo as the capital. of Columbus. COAL, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. COLLEGEVILLE, pv. Saline co. Ark. 15 sw of COAL BROOK, tp. Clintonl co. Pa. Little Rock. [of Rh, COATESVILLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the Co- COLLETSVILLE,.Pv. Caldwell co. N. C. 213 w luinbia railroad, 38 m. w of Philadelphia. COLLINS, pt. Erie co. N.Y. on Cattaraugus cr. COBLESKILL, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 40 V Al. COLLINSVILLE, pv. Hartford co. Conn. on COBURG, a t. of Canada ~West, on the N shore Farmington river. of L. Ontario. Lat 440 N, Lon. 780 10' w. Collinsville, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 123 NWV of Al. COCHIECTON, pt. Sullivan co. N. Y. on Del.'r. Collinsville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 122 w H. COCHRAN'S GROVE, pv. Shelby co. Ill. 72 SE Sd. Collinsville, pv. Butler co. 0. 100 sw of Cs. COCHRANSVILLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. 62 ESE H. Collinsville, pv. Madison co. Ill. 86 s of Sd. CODORus cr. rises in Md. and flows into the COLON, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. [TEER. Susquehanna river in Pa. COLORADO r. See Rio COLORADO, GAZETCodorus, pv. York co. Pa. on Codorus cr. Co-lor-ad'o, a co. of Texas, lying on both CORYMAN'S, quee'manz, pt. Albany co. N. Y. sides of the r. Colorado, from 80 to 100 m. 13 s of Albany. from the sea. Along the Colorado and COFFEEVILLE, pv. Clark co. Ala. on Tombig- Navidad the soil is exceedingly fertile: bee river. [Turkey cr. 130 N of J. Towards the NE border of the co. it is sandy Coffeeville, pv. cap. Yalabusha co. Miss. on and less productive. Capital, Columbus. COHASSET, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 SE of B. COLORADO CITY, a v. of Fayette co. Texas, CoHOES, pv. Albany co. N. Y. on the Mohawk. on the Colorado river, a mile or two above Cohoes Falls, on the Mohawk, 3 m. above its La Grange. mouth. There is a perpendicular fall of CoLossE, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. 150w wNw of Al. about 70 feet. COLT'S NECK, pY. Monmouth co. N. J. 40 E of COITSVILLE, pt. Mahoning co. O. on Beaver r. Trenton. Machias. COKESBURG, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 93 w Ca. COLUMBIA, Pt. Washington co. Me. 15 w of COLBERT, pV. Lowndes co. Miss. on Tombig- Columbia, pt. Coos co. N.H. on Conn,r. bee river. Columbia, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 E of Hd. COLBURN, a t. of Canada West, on the N shore Columbia, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 w of Al. of L. Ontario. Lat. 440 N, Loll. about 78~ w. Columbia, pv. Warren co. N. J. 70 N of Tn. COLBYVILLE, pv. Clarke co. Ky. 40 ESE of F. Columbia, tp. Bradford co. Pa. [Susqa. r. COLCHESTER, pt. Chittenden oo. Vt. on Lake Columbia, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. onl the Champlain. [Salmon r. Columbia, pv. Fluvanna co. Va. oil James r. Colchester, pt. New London co. Conn. on Columbia, pv. cap. of Tyrrell co. N. C. on Colchester, pt. Delaware co. N. Y. Scoupernong r. COLDBROOK, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 60 w B. Columbia, pv. Henry co. Ala. 240 sw of T. Coldbrook, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 80 NW Al. Columbia, pv. cap. of Marion co. Miss. on COL)F.N, pt. Erie co. N.Y. [Hudson r. Pearl river. [Washita r. COLD SPRING, pv. Putlam co. N:Y. on the Columbia, pv. cap. of Caldwell par. La. on Cold Spring, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on the Columbia, pv. cap. of Chicot co. Ark. on the Alleghany river. Mississippi river. [Duck r. Cold Spring, pv. Cape May co. N. J. 105 s Tn. Columbia, pv. cap. of Maury co. Tenn. on Cold?',priug, pv. Shelby co. I11. 72 SE of Sd. Columbia, pv. cap. of Adair co. Ky. 98 s of F. COLD SPRING HARBOUR, pv. on the N side of Columbia, tp. Hamilton co. 0. 6 E Cincinnati. Long.'sland. [of R. Columbia, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 74 w of D. COLD STREAML, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 167 NNW Columbia, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 55 E of Is. Lr. COLD WATER, pv. cap. of Branch co. Mich. Columbia, pv. cap. of Wlitley co. Ind. on Blue 110 wsw of Detroit. [river. Columbia, pv. Monroe co. Ill. COLEBROOK, Pt. Coos co. N. H. on Connecticut Columbia, pv. cap. of Boone co. Mo. on Roche Colebrook, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 30 Nwv Hd. Pierre river. COLEBROOKDALE, pt. Berks co. Pa. Columbia, a v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on the COLE CR. tp. Montgomery co. Ind. right bank of the Brazos river. Pop. near COLEMANSVILLE, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 50 NE 1000. [157 NW of R of Frankfort. [ent of Deerfield r. COLUMBIA FURNACE, PV. Shenandoah co. Va. COLERAIN, pt. Franklin co. Mass. oil an afflu- COLUMBIANA, pv. cap.of Shelby co.Ala. 73 E T. Colerain, tp. Bedford co. Pa. Columbiana, pv. Columbiana co. O. Colerainl, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. COLUMBIAVILLE, V. Columbia co. N.Y. near Colerain, pv. Bertie co. N. C. on Chowan r. the river Hudson. [la r. Colerain, pt. Belmont co. O. COLUMBUS, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. on UnadilColerain, tp. Hamilton co. O. Columbus, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 12 s of Tn. Coleraini, tp. Ross co. O. [Spruce cr. Columbus, tp.Warren co. Pa. [Tombigbee r. COLERAIN FORGE, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. on Columbus, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Miss. on COLES C. H. pv. cap. of Coles co. 111. 96 E Sd. Columbus, pv. Hempstead co. Ark. 120 swv of COLIMA, ko-lee'ma, the chief t.* of the Little Rock. [see river. Mexican territory of Colima, near a cele- Columbus, pv. Polk co. Tenn. on the Hiwasbrated volcano of the same name. Lat. Columbus, pv. cap. Ballard co. Ky. oni theMisabout 18~ 50' n, Lon. 1030 10' w. [qa. r sissippi. COLESVILLE, P;. Broome co. N.Y. on the Sus- Columbus, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 37 NE of D. Columbus, pv. cap. of Bartholomew co. Ind. B Nalbi speaks of this placeas a "little town," while one 40 SE of Indianapolis. of the maps of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Columbus, pv. Adams Co. 111. 100 w of Sd. Knowledge gives 30,000 for the pop.; but this may possibly Columbus, p. ATams co. oll. 100 w of cu. be au error of te enrav0r. Columbus, v. Texas, cap. of Ce -n-ado co. 0or CON 600 COR the right bank of the Colorado river, 90 m. Conestoga, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. [Genesee. SE of Austin. CoNESUs, tp. Livingston co. N. Y. 10 SE of COLUMBUS CITY, pV. cap. Muscogee co. Ga. CONESVILLE, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 20 s of on the Chattahoochee. Schoharie. COMAC. pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. CONGAREE r. S. C. See GAZETTEER. COMANCHE, a v. of Travis co. Texas, on the CONGRESS, tp. Morrow co. 0. Colorado, 20 m. below Austin. Congress, pt. Wayne co. O. on Killbuck cr. CO-MAN'ICIES, a numerous and powerful tribe CONHOCTON, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 18 NW Bath, of Indians dwelling in the northern part of Conhocton r. N. Y. rises in Steuben co. and Texas and Mexico. unlites with the Tioga to form the Chemung. CO-MAR'GO, a small t. of Mexico, on the Rio CONKLIN, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on tlle Susqa. r. del Norte, 50 NW of Reinosa. CONNEAUT, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 w of COMMERCE, pv. Tunica co. Miss. on the Mis- Meadville. sissippi river. Conneaut, tp. Erie co. Pa. 15 s of Erie. Commerce, pv. Wilson co. Tenln. 48 ENE Ne. Conneaut, pt. Ashtabula co. O. on Lake Erie Commerce, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 35 NW of D. CONNEAUTVILLE, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 250 Commerce, pv. Scott co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Nw of Harrisburg. COMSTOCK, pv. Kalamazoo co. Mich. on Kal- CONNELSVILLE, pt. Fayette co. Pa. 180 w H arnazoo river. CONNER'S MILLS, Cooper co. Mo. 45 NW of CON'CHAS, a r of Chihuahua, Mexico, flow- Jefferson City. [60 ESE Of IS, ing into the Rio del Norte. CONNERSVILLE, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ind. CONCORD, pt. Somerset co. Me. 54 N of A. CONOTEN, pv. Harrison co. 0. 120 NE Of CS. Concord, pt. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. CONQUEST, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 15 N Auburn. Concord, tp. Erie co. N. Y. 25 s of Buffalo. CONSTABLE, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. Concord, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 wsw Phila. CONSTABLEVILLE, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. [Lake. Concord, tp. Erie co. Pa. CONSTANTIA, Pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Oneida Concord, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 72 w of H. CONSTANTINE, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich. on St. Concord, pv. Sussex co. Del. 46 s of Dover. Joseph's river. rmack. Copnord, pv. Campbell co. Va. 102 w of R. CONTOOCOOK r. N. H. flows into the M lerriPoncord, pv. cap. Cabarrus co. N. C. 140 CONTOOCOOK VILLAGE, pv. Merrimack co. N. wsw of Raleigh. H. on the Contoocook river. Concord, pv. Baker co. Ga. CovIs, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Concord, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 78 s of Ne. CONWAY, pt. Carroll co. N. H. on Swift r. Concord, pv. Lewis co. Ky. on the Ohio r. Conway, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Deerfield r. Concord, tp. Delaware co. O. CONWAYBOROUGH, pv. cap. of Horry dist. S. Co Concord, tp. Highland co. O. CONYNGHAM, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 108 NNE H. Concord, tp. Lafayette co. O. COO}HAM, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 20 N of Ca. Concord, pt. Lake co. O. 177 NE of Cs. COOKSBURG, pv. Albany co. N.Y. [of An. Concord, tp. Miami co. O. on the Miami r. COOKSVILLE. pv. Ann Arundel co. Md. 53 NW CoIlcord, tp. Ross co. O. Cooksville, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 132 NE of J. Concord, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 84 w of D. COOLBAUGH'S, pt. Monroe co. Pa. Concord, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 62 NW Is. COOL SPRING, pt. Mercer co. Pa. Concord, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 35 NE of Jef- COOPER r. S. C. flows into Charleston Harbour. ferson City. Cooper, pt. Washington co. Me. CONCORDIA V. La. See VIDALIA. Cooper, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. LOtsego L. Concordia, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 200 sw Ne. COOPERsTOWN, pv. cap. of Otsego co. N.Y. on CONCORDVILLE, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 83 ESE Cooperstown, pv. Venango co. Pa. 218 WNW of Harrisburg. of Harrisburg. CONECOCHEAGUE (konxe-ko-cheeg') cr. rises COOPERSVILLE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 55 SE H. in Pa. and flows into the Potomac at Wil- CoosA r. Ala. See GAZETTEER. [river. liamsport, Md. COOSAWDA, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama CONE'CUH r. a branch of the Escambia. See COOSAWHATCHIE, pv. cap. of Beaufort dist. EsCAMBIA, GAZETTEER. S. C. on the Coosawhatchie r. CONEDOGWINIT cr. Pa. flows into the Sus- COPAKE, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 50 s of Al. quehanna r. 2 ms. above Harrisburg. COPARO, a v. of Refugio co. Texas, on Copano CONEMAUGH r. Pa. falls into the Alleghany r. Bay, 15 ESE of Refutrio. 30 NNE of Pittsburg. COPELY, Pt. Summit co. 0. 124 NE of Cs. Conemaugh, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [river. COPENHAGEN, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. on Deer r Conemaugh, tp. Indiana co. Pa. on the above Copenhagen, pv. Caldwell co.N. C. 200w Rh. Conemaugh, tp. Somerset co. Pa. Copenhagen, pv. Caldwell par. ILa. CONEWAGO, tp. Adams co. Pa. CORAM, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 200 ssE of Al. C-onewago, tp. York co. Pa. [Susqa. CORBEAU, V. Clinton CO. N.Y. [ta r Conewago cr. Adams co. Pa. falls i,,to the CORE A FABRE, pv. Union co. Ark. on'WashiCONEWANGO cr. rises in the sw part of N. Y. CORINNA, Pt. Penobscot CO. Me. 64 NNW of A and falls into the Alleghany river in Pa. CORINTH, pt. Penlobscot co. Me. 85 NNE of A. Conewango, pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. on Corinth, pt. Orange co. Vt. 34 SE of Mtr. Conewango creek. [ghany r. Corinth, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 52 N of Al. Conewango, tp. Warren co. Pa. on the Alle- Corinth, pv. Heard co. Ga. 1'20 w of M. CoNrEWtvNGO, pv. Cecil co. Md. on a creek of CORNELIUSVILLE, pv. Boone co. Ky. 90 N F. the same name. [Butler. CORNERSBURG, pv. Trumbull co. O. CONEQUENESSING, tp. Butler co. Pa. 10 w of CORNERSVILLE, pv. La Fayette co. Miss. Conequenessing cr. Butler co. Pa. joins Ma- Cornersville, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 60 s Ne. boning river. [Susquehanna r. Cornersville, pv. Graves co. Ky. 290 sw of F. CogsT0oG, r. Lancaster co. Pa. falls into the CORNING, pv. Steuben Co. N.Y. on Chemung r COW 601 CUM CORNISH, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r. COXSACKIE, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 22 s of Al. Cornishl, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. onil Conn. r. CRAB ORCHARD, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 62 ss}E F CORN PLANTER, pt.Venango CO. Pa. CRAFTON, pv. Pittsylvania Co. Va. 167 sw R. CORNV1LLE, pt. Somerset co. Me. 42 N of A. CRAFTSBURY, pt. Orleans eo. Vt. on Black r. CORNWALL, pt. Addison co. Vt. 63 sw of Mtr. CRAIG, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. Cornwall, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. oil Iousa- CRANBERRY, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 22 Nli tollic r. of Trenton. Cornwall, tp. Orange co. N.Y. 6 s Newburg. Cranberry, tp. Butler co. Pa. 11 sw of Butler. CORNWALL IANDING, V. Orange co. N.Y. oll Cranberry, pt. Venano co. Pa. on Allethe Hudson river. [of Al. ghany river. CORNWALLVILLE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 38 ssw CRANESVILLE, pv. Daviess co. Mo. [videnee. CORPUS CHRISTI, kris'te, a v. of Texas, cap. CRANSTON, tp. Providence co. R. T. 5 sw Proof San Patricio co. on Corpus Christi Bay, CRAWFORD, tp. Washington co. Me. 2:30 miles sw of Galveston. Crawford, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 92 s of Al. CORTLAND, pt.W.Chester co. NY. on Croton r. Crawford, pv. Estill co. Ky. on a br. of Ky. r. CORTLANDVILLE, pv. cap. of Cortland co. N.Y. Crawford, tp. Coshocton co O. on Toughnioga river. [Toughnioga r. CRAWFORDSVILLE, pv. cap. of Taliaferro Co. CORTLAND VILLAGE, PV. Cortland co. N.Y. on Ga. 62 N of Milledgeville. CORTOISE, tp. Crawford co. Mo. Crawfordsville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. CORUNNA, pv. cap. of Shiawassee co. MIich. Iud. 45 NW of Indianapolis. [wrNW Ca. on Shiawassee river. CRAYTONVILLE, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 114 CORYDON, Pt. M'Keau co. Pa. 230 NW of H. CREAGERSTOWN, pv. Frederick co. Md. 88 Corydon, pv. cap. of Harrison co. InId. 126 s Is. NW of Annapolis. COSALA, a town of Mexico, in Cinaloa, 140 CREEK, tp. Vashington co. Pa. [land r. w of Durango. Pop. estimated at 5,000. In CREELSBURG, pv. Russell co. Ky. on Cumberits vicinity are several rich gold mines. CRITTENDEN, pv. Grant Co. Ky. 60 NNE of F. COSHOCTON, pv. cap. of Coshocton co. O. 83 Crittenden, v. Clarke co. Ark. 82 sw of Little ENE of Columbus. Rock. COSSAWAGO, tp. Crawford co. Pa. CROCKETT. a v. of Texas, semi-capital of COTE SANS DESSEIN, pv. Callaway co. Mo. Houston co. near Trinity r. 180 m. NE of on the Missouri river. Austin. Pop. near 300. [182 ESE of T. COTTON, tp. Switzerland co. Iud. CROCKETTSVILLE, pv. cap. of Russell co. Ala. COTTON GIr PORT, pv. Monroe co. Miss. on CROGHAN, tp. Lewis co. N. Y. Tombiglee river. CROGHANSVILLE, V. a suburb of Pittsburg, on COTTONVILLE, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 109 NE T. the road to Philadelphia. COTTRELVILLE, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. CROIX (kroi) ST. v. cap. of St. Croix co.Wis. COTUIT VILLAGE, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 68 Croix, St. river. See GAZETTEER. SSE of Boston. [ghany r. CROOKED Ca. pt. Carroll co. Ark. COUDERSPORT, PV. cap. Potter co. Pa. oil Alle- CROOKED LAKE, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. COURSENVILLE, PV. Su1SSeX co. N. J. 5 sw of CROMWELL, tp. Huntilgdol co. Pa. Newton. CROSBY, tp. Hamilton co. O. COURTABLEAU r. La. enters Atchafalaya r. CROSBYVILLE, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 72 N Ca. COURTLAND, pv. Lawrence co. Ala. 120 w T. CROSSANVILLE, pv. Perry co. O. COURTWRIGHT, pv. Fairfield co. 0. 20 SE Cs. CRoss Ca. tp. Jef. co. O. oil Great Miami r. COVENTRY, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 54 N of MItr. CROSSINXGVILLE,pv.Crawford co.Pa.250NwH. Coventry, tp. Grafton Co. N. H. 12 ESE of CROSS KEYS, pv. Gloucester Co. N. J. 46 s Tn. Haverhill. [dence. CRosswrct s, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 8 SSE Tn. Coventry, pt. Kent co. R. I. 12 sw of Provi- CROW INDIANS, a tribe dwelling in the central Coventry, pt. Cheniango co. N.Y. and sw part of Missouri Territory. [plain. Coventry, tp. Chester co. Pa. on Tlh)ga r. CROWN POINT, pt. Essex co. N.Y. oil L. ClamCoventry, tp. Summit co. O [wsw of Al. Crowni Point, pv. cap. of Lake co. Ind. 15 s COVENTRYVILLE, pv. Clhenango co. N. Y. 114 of Lake Michigan. COVERT, pt. Selieca co. N.Y. oil Cayuga L. CROYDON, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. on Sugar r. COVESVILLE, pv. Albtemarle co. Va. 90 Nw R. CUBA, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 2S0 w of Al. COVINGTON, pt. Wyo()Iing co. N.Y. Cuba, pv. Clintoin co. O. 78 sw of Cs. Covillgton, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [of Tioga r. CUCKOOVILLE, pv. Louisa co. Va. 47 Nw of It. Covinllton, borough, Tioaa co. Pa'. on a branch CUIVRE, tp. Pike co. Mo. Covington, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. oil Iehigh r. Cuivre. tp. St. Charles co. Mo. Covinton, pv. cap. of Alleghany co. Va. on CULIACAN, koo-le-ah-kall', a t. of Mexico, Jacksonl river. [of Rh. the largest in the state of Cinaloa, on a Covingaton, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 120 sw river of the sanle name, which flows into Covilngton, pv. cap. of Newton co. Ga. 60 NW the Gulf of California. Lat.about 25~ N. Lol. of Milledgville. [N of New Orleanis. 107~ w. Pop. said to he 10,000. Covington, pv. cap. St. Tammany par. La. 45 CULLO'DEN, pv. MoInroe co. Ga. 68 w of M. Covillgtonl, pv. Tipton co. Tenn. 185 wsw Ne. CULPEPPER C. II. PV. Culpepper co. Va. 9J8 Covitngton, pv. Miami co. 0. ol Stillwater r. NEW of Richmonld. Covingtlon, pv. calp. of Foutntain co. Ind. oni CUMBERLAND, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Casthe Wabash river. [Ohio r P. 9,408. co Bay. [Provideuce. COVINGTON CITY, pV. Keniton co. Ky. ont ttO I Cumberlatnd, tp. Providence co. R. I. 8 N of COWAINSVILLE, pv. Rowan co. N. C. 134w Rh. Cumberland, Ip. Adams co. Pa. COW'E-LITSK INDIANS, a tribe of Oregon, N Cumhlerland. tp. Greente Co. Pa. [w of R of the Columbia, near Fort Vazicouver. Cumberland C. H. pv. Curnberland co. Va. 529 I"OWPASTURE r.Va. onle of the upper tributa- Cumberland, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 90 E of Ca. lies of James river. Cumberland, pv. Marion co. Ind. 10 E of Is. 51 20 DAN 602 DEA CUMERLAND HILL, PV. Providence co. R. I. DANA, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 70 w of B. on Pawtucket river. DANBOROUGH, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 103 E of ti CUMBERLAND ISLAND, on the coast of Ga. Cam- DANBURG, PV. Wilkes co. Ga. 88 NNE of M. den co. 15 miles long, and from 1 to 5 broad. DANBURY, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 28 NW of Co CUMBERLAND r. and Mts. See GAZETTEER. Danbury, Connll. See GAZETTEER. CUMBERLAND VALLEY, tp. Bedford co. Pa. DANBY, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 s of Mtr. CUMMING, pv. cap. of Forsyth co. Ga. 109 NW Danby, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 168 wsw of Al. of Milledgeville. DANDRIDGE, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Tenn. CUMMINGS, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 110 N of H. on French Broad river. C'MaMINGTON, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on DANGERFIELD. See DAINGERFIELD. Westfield river. DANIELSVILLE, pv. Spottsylvania co. Va. S5 CUMRU, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill r. Nw of Richmond. [of M. CUNNINGHAM'S ISLAND, in the w part I,. Erie. Danielsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ga. 90 N CURRENT r. rises il Mo. and flows into the DANSVILLE, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. BlackriverinArkansas. [CurrituckSound. Dansville, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. CURRITUCK C. H. pv. Currituck co. N. C. on DANUBE, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 70 WNw A1. CURTISvILLE, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 136 w DANVERS, pt. Essex co. Mass. 16 N of B. of Boston. [of H. DANVILLE, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 42 sw A CURWINSVILLE, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 130 NW Danville, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 30 SE Cd. CUSHING, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 50 SE of A. Danville, pv. cap. of Caledonia co. Vt. 30 Nx CUSSAWAGO, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 245 Nw H. of Montpelier. CUSSETA, PV. Chambers co. Ala. 170 ESE of T. Danville, pv. cap. of Montour co. Pa. 70 N H CUSTARDS, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 NW of H. Danville, pv. Pittsylvania co. Va. on Dan r. CUTCHOGUE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Danville, pv. Sumter co. Ga. on Flint r. CUTHBERT, pV. cap. of Randolph co. Ga. 158 Danville, pv. catp. of Boyle co. Ky. 40 s of F. sw of Milledgeville. [lantic. Dallville, pv. Knox co. 0. 65 NE of Cs. CUTLER, pt. Washington co. Me. on the At- Danville, pv.cap. of Hendricks co Ind. 20w Is. CUTTINGSVILLE, PV. Rutland co. Vt. 72 ssw Danville, pv. cap. Vermilion co. Ill. 130 E Sd. of Montpelier. Danville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Mo. 47 CUYAROGA r. O. enters L. Erie at Cleveland. NE of Jefferson City. CUYAHOGA FALLS, PV. Summit co. O. on the DARBY, pv. Delaware co. Pa. on Darby cr. above. [NE of F. Darby, tp. Pickaway co. O. [ville. CYNTHIANA, PV. cap. of Harrison co. Ky. 37 Darby cr. O. flows into Scioto r. near CircleCynthiana, pv. Pike co. 0. 75 s of Cs. DARBYVILLE, PV. Pickaway co. 0. 38 s of Cs. Cynthiana, tp. Shelby co. O. DARDANELLE, pv. Yell co. Ark. on Ark. r. Cynthiana, pv. Posey co. Ind. 158 sw of Is. DARDENNE, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. CYRUSTON, PV. Lincoln co. Tentm. 97 s of Ne. DARIEN, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hd. Darienl, pt. Getnesee co. N.Y. 260 w of Al. DACHEET r. rises in Ark. and flows into L. Bis- Darienl, Ga. See GAZETTEER. tineau, La. [of Ca. Darien, pt.Aalworth co.Wis. 60 SE Madison. DACUSVILLE, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. 130 wNw DARKESVtLLE, pv. Berkley co. Va. 160 N R. DADEVILLE, pv. cap. of Tallapoosa co. Ala. DARLINGTON, borough, Beaver co. Pa. 240 w 140 ESE of Tuscaloosa. [Dover. of Harrisburg. DAGSBOROUGH, PV. Sussex co. Del. 54 SSE of Darlington, pv. Harford co. Md. 70 N of At,. DAHLONEGA, pv. cap. of Lumpkin co. Ga. 140 Darlington C. H. pv. cap. of Darlington dist. NNW of Milledgeville. [s of Boston. S. C. 130 ESE of Columbia. DAINGERFIELD, a v. of Titus co. Texas, 30 Darlingtosn, pv. St. Helena par. La. DALEVILLE. 1V. cap. of Dale co. Ala. on a Darlinglton, pv. Moiltg. co. Inmd. 45 wsw.f Is branch of Choctawhatchee river. DARNSTOWN, pv. Monttg. co. Md. 65 wVNW Aln. Daleville, pv. Lauderdale co. Miss. 104 E of J. DARRSTOWN, pv. Butler co. 0. 109 sw of Cs D)ALLAS, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 130 NE of H. DARTMVOUTH, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 65 s of B. DALLES (dalz) OF THE COLUMBIA, a narrow DARWIN, Pv. Clark co. Ill. on the Wabash r passage in the river, some 50 m. above the DAUPHIN, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the Susqa. Cascades. This channlel, which receives DAVENPORT, pt. Delaware co. N. Y. 70 swAl the whole volume of the river, is formed by Davelnport, pv. cap. of Scott co. Iowa, on the walls of basaltic rock, and is only 58 yards Mississippi river. wide i2a the narrowest place. The wo.l DAVIDSON, pt. LyjComing Co. Pa. 110 N of H dalles (from dalle, a; slab") appears to sig- DAVIDSON COLLEGE, PV. Mecklenlburg co.N.C nify " trough"' in the language of the DAVIDSONVILLE, PV. Somerset co. Pa. 140 w French hunters. of Harrisburg. )ALMATIA, PV. Northumberland CO. Pa.40NH. Davidsotnville, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. DALTON, Pt. Coos CO. N. H. o011 Connlecticut r. DAVISBOROUGH, pv. W\t1. co. Ga. 40 SE of M Dalton, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 125 w of B. DAVIS's MILLS, Barnwell dist. S. C. 106 ssw Dalton, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 80 E of Is. of Coluimbia. DAMARTSCOTTA MIILLS, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 30 DAVISVON, pv. Clay co. Ind. 74 wsv Of Is. SE of AUgUsta. [(f Cs. DAVISVILLE, PV. BUCks CO. Pa. DAMASCOVILLE, pv. Columbiana Co. 0. 174 NE DAY, pt.,Saratoga co. N.Y. 60 N of Al. DAMASCUS, pt. Wayne co. Pa. onl Delaware r. DAYANVILLE, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 140 Nw Al Damascus, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 70 NwAn. DAYTON, pt. Cattarauous co. N.Y. Damascus, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 107 Nw Dayton, pv. Marelg o co. Ala. 76 s of T. of Columbia. Dayton, O.. See GAZETTEER..Damascus, pv. Henry co. O. on Maumee r. Dayton, -pv. Ttppecanoe co. Ind. 62 N of Is. DAN r. N. C. and Va. unites with the Staullton DEAD r. Me. falls into the Kennebec 20 m. river to form the Roanoke. belowv Moosehead L.ake DEL 603 DIL DEAD STREAM, Me. enters the Penobscot r. at DELAWARE CITY, pv. Newcastle co. Del. oil Orono. the Delaware river. [of Al. DEAL, v. Mollmouth co. N. J near the sea. DELHI, pV. cap. of Delaware co. N.Y. 77 wsw DEANSVLLLE, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 104 WNW Delhi, tp. Hamilton co. O. of Albany. Dellhi, pv. Jersey co. 111. 78 sw of Sd. DEARBOaRN, tp. Kennebec co. Me. 15 N of A. DELMAR, 1p. Tioga co. Pa. Dearborn, tp. W7Vayne co. Mich. on Rouge r. DELPHI, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 190 w of Al. ])EARBORNVILLE, pv.Wvayne co. Mich. 10 w D. Delphi, pv. Marion co. Tenn. 110 SE of Ne. 1)EAVERTO)WN, pv. Morgan co. 0. 70 E of Cs. Delphi, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ind. on WaDECATUR, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 60 wr of Al. bash river. Decatur, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. 14 NE Lewistown. Delphi, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. 53 SE Jef. City. D)ecalur, pv. Union dist. S. C. 77 NW of Ca. DELPHTON, pv. Fayette co. Ky. 20 E of F. Decatur, pv. cap. of De KI;lb co. Ga. 00 NW M. DELTA, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 112 VNW of'Al. Decatur, pv. cap. of Newton co. Miss. 76 E J. DEMOPOLIS, PV. Marengo co. Ala. on TomDecatur, pv. Morgan 6o. Ala. oil Tennessee r. bigbee river, 64 ssw of Tuscaloosa. Decatur, pv. cap. of Meigs co. Tenle. tnear DENMARK, pt. Oxfiord co. Me. on Saco r. Tennessee river. Denmark, pt. Lewis co. N. Y. on Black r. Decatur, pv. Brown co. 0. 105 sw of Cs. Denmark, pv. Madisoni co. Tenn. 146 sw Ne. Decatur, pt. Van Buren co. Mich. [bash r. Deiionark, pt. Ashtabula co. O. Decatur, pv. cap. of Adams co. lid. on WVa- DENNIS, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 80 SE of B. Decatur, pv. cap. of Macon co. Ill. 40 E of Sd. Deniiis, pt. Cape May co. N. J. 85 s of Tn. Decatur, pv. Howard co. Mo. 54 Nw Jef. City. DENNISON, tp. Luzernie co. Pa. DECKERTON, pv. Sussex Co. N. J. 87 N of Tin. DENNYSVILLE, pt. Washington Co. Me. on DEDHAM, tp. Hanecock co. Me. [ssw of B. Dennis river. [Choptank r. Dedham, pv. cap. of Norfolk co. Mass. 13 DENTON, pv. cap. of Caroline co. Md. on DEEP CR. pv. Norfolk co. Va. 114 SE of R. DENTONSVILLE, pv. Hanover co. Va. 21 N R. Deep r. pv. Middlesex co. Conn. otn Connl. r. DEPAUVILLE, pv. Jefferson co.N.Y. onChauDeep r. N. C. a branch of Cape Fear r. mont river. DEER cr. IHarford co. Md. enters the Susqa. DEPERE, PV. cap. of Brown co. Wis. Deer Cr. tp. Pickaway co. O. [of Cd. DEPEYSTER, pt. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on DEERFIELD, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 19 SE Oswegatchie river. Deerfield r. Mass. enters the Colin. DEPOSIT, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r. Deerfield, pt. F ranklill co. Mass. 95 w of B. DEPTFORD, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. Deerfield, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 4 N of Utica. DERBY, pt. Orleans co. Vt. on Clyde r. 60 Deerfield, tp. Cumberlaed co. N. J. on Co- NNE of Montpelier. [totnic r. hansey cr. [borough. Derby, pt. New Haven co. Conn. on HousaDeerfield, tp. Tioga co. Pa. 13 Nw of Wells- DERRY, Pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 SE of Cd. Deerfield, pv. WVarren co. Pa. 223 NW of H. Derry, tp. Montour co. Pa. 84 N of H. Deerfield, pv. Augusta co. Va. 135 WNW R. Derry, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 12 SE of H. Deerfield, tp. Morgran co. O. Derry, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. on Kishcoquilla cr. Deerfield, pt. Portage co. O. on Mahoning r. DE RUYTER, de ri'ter, pt. Madison co. N.Y. Deerfield, tp. Ross co. O. 44 s of Cs. DEs MOINEs r. Iowa. See GAZETTEER. Deerfield, tp. Warren co. O. Des Moines, pv. Hancock co. Il1. 124 wNw Sd. Deerfield, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 65 sw of D. DES PLAINES (de plain) r. Ill. a branch of the Deerfield, tp. Livingston co. Mich. 11illiois river. Deerfield, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 88 ENE of Is. DE WITT, Pt. On110ondaga co. N.Y. 126 w Al. DEERFIELDVILLE, pv. Warreni cOi. 0. 90 SE Cs. De Witt, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Mich. 96 DErRING, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on Con- NW of Detroit. [river. toocook river. [Bay. De Witt, pv. Carroll co. Mo. on the Missouri DEER ISLE, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penoblscot DE TWITT'S VALLEY, PV. Alleghaty co. N. Y. DEERPARK, tp. Orange co. N.Y. oil Never- DEXTER, pt. Penlobscot co. Me. 70 NNE of A. sink river. Dexter, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r. DEERSVILLE, PV. Harrison CO. O. 109 E of Cs. Dexter, pv.WVashtellaw co. Mich. 52 w of D. DEFIANCE, pv. cap. of Defiance co. O. at the DEXTERVILLE, V. Chautauque co. N. Y. on junction of the Maumee and Auglaize r. Chautauque Lake. [ssw of R. DEFRIESTVILLE, PV. Renlsselaer co. N.Y. 4 SE DIAMOND GROVE, pv. Brunswick co. Va. 80 of Albany. [wegatchie r. DIANA, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. on Oswegatchie r. DE KALB, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Os- DIANA MILLS, Buckingham co. Va. 75 w R. De Kalb, pv. Lewis co. Va. or. Little Ka- DICKINSON, pt. Franklin co. N. Y. 15 sw of nawha river. [ENE of J. Malone. De Kalb, pv. cap. of Kemper co. Miss. 106 Dickinson, pt. Cumberland co. Pa. 24 sw H. De Kalb, pv. Hancock co. Ill. 100 WNw of Sd. Dickinson, pv. Franklin co. Va. 170 wsw R. De Kalb, village, Bowie conuty, Texas, about DICKINSONVILLE, pv. Russell co. Va. 10 sw of Red river. A college is about DICKSBURG, pv. Knox co. Ind. 130 sw of Is. beintg establislIed here. Pop. 200. DeGBY, a t. of Nova Scotia, 10 m. sw of AnDELAWARE, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. on Dela- napolis, oil the opposite side of the bay. ware river. DIGHTON, pt. Bristol eo. Mass. oni Taunton r. Delaware, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 7 NW of Mercer. DIGGERS, a name applied to various tribes of ])elaware, pt. Pike co. Pa. [Whetstone r. miserable and degraded Indians in Oregon Delaware C. I-I. pv. Delaware co. O. onl and California, who subsist on roots, which Delaware, tp. Hancoek co. O. they dig out of the earth, and on insects, Delaware, tp. Defiance co. O. on Maumee r. lizards, &c. [196 sw of Rh. Delaware, pv. Ripley co. hid. 65 SE of Is. DILLONSVILLE, PV. Mecklenburg co. N. C. Delaware, pv. Jersey co. Illt 60 sw of Sd. I DILLSBORO', pv. Dearborn Co. Ind. 85 SE of Is. DRA 604 DUT DILLSBURG, pv. York co. Pa. 13 ssw of II.! DRAYTON, PV. Dooly co. Ga. 100 ssw of M. DILLSWORTHTOWN, pv. Chester co. Pa. 78 DRAYTONSVILLE, pv. Union dist. S. C. 97.;ew ESE of Harrisburg. of Columbia. DIMoCK's, Pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. 177 NNE H. DRESDEN, pt. Lincoln co. Me, on Kennebec r. DIMOCKSVILLE, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. Lry. Dresden, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. 28 N Sandy Hill. DINGMAN, tp. Pike co. Pa. po. Dingman's Fer- Dresden, pv. cap. of Weakly co.Tenn. 122 w DINSMORE, pt. Shelby co. 0. 103 wNw of Cs. of Nashville. DISTRICT, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Pine cr. Dresden, pv. Muskingum co. 0. 69 E of Cs. DINWIDDIE C. H. pv. cap. of Dinwiddie co. Dresden, pv. Grundy co.I11. [ssE of R Va. otl Stony creek. DREWRYSVILLE, pv. Southampton co. Va. 7& DISMAL SWAMP, Va. See GAZETTEER. [Tn. DREWSVILLE, pv.Cheshire co. NH. on Conn. r. DIVIDING CR. pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 80 s DROMORE, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 SE of LanDix, tp. Chemung co. N.Y. 16 N of Elmira. caster. DIXBOROUGH, pv. Washternaw co. Mich. 36 DRYDEN, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 153 w of Al. w of Detroit. [coggin r. Dryden, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. DIXFIELD, pt. Oxford co. Me. on the Andros- DRY RIDGE, pv. Grant co. Ky. 52 NNE of F. DIXMONT, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 42 NE of A. DUANE, pt. Franklin co. N.Y. 15 s of Malone. DIXON, tp. Preble co. 0. bordering ol Ind. DUANESBURG, pt.Schenectady co. NY. 23w Al. Dixon, pv. cap. of Ogle co. Ill. on Rock r. DUBLIN, Pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 47 sw of Cd. DIXONVILLE, pV. Cole co. Mo. 8 from Jef.City. Dublin, tp. Fulton co. Pa. 25 E of Bedford. DIXVILLE, tp. COOS CO. N. H. Dublin, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 106 E of H. Dixville, pv. Henry co. Va. 200 sw of R. Dublin, tp. Huntilndon co. Pa. DOBB'S FERRY, pv. Weschester co. N. Y. 126 Dublin, pv. Harford co. Md. 68 N of An. s of Albany. [of Madison. Dublin, pv. cap. Laurens co. Ga. ont Oconee r. DODGEVILLE, pv. Iowa co. Wisconsin, 44 w Dublin, pv. Graves co. Ky. 285 wsw of F. DODSONVILLE, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 145 NE T. Dublin, pv. Franklin co. 0. 12 NNW of Cs. DOLINGTON, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 120 E of H. Dublin, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 50 E of Is. DOLSENTOWN, pv. Orange co.N.Y. 100 s of Al. DUBUQUE, Dubuque co. Iowa. See IOWYA. DONALDSONVILLE, pv. Ascension par. La. onl DUCK CREEK, hundred, Kent co. Del. the Mississippi river. DUDLEY, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 58 sw of B DONEGAL, tp. Butler co. Pa. 9 NE of Butler. Dudley, pt. Hardin co. O. 66 NNW of Cs. Donegal, tp. Washington co. Pa. Dudley, tp. Henry co. Ind. [of T. DORCIIESTER, pt. Graftonl co. N. H. 50 NW Cd. DUDLEYvILLE, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. 150 ESn Dorchester, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 4 s of B. DUMFRIES, pv. Prince William co. Va. 86 N R. Dorchester, v. Cumberland co. N. J. DUMMER, tp. Coos Co. N. H. on AndroscogDORSET, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 95 ssw Mtr. gill r. DOUGLAS, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 43 sw B. DUMMERSTON, pt..Windham co. Vt. on West r. Douglas, tp. Berks co. Pa. onl Manatawny cr. DUNBAR, tp. Fayette co. Pa. 8 NE of Utnion. Douglas, tp. Montgomnery co. Pa. [gelina r. DUNBARTON, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 10 s Cd. Douglas, v. Nacogdoches co. Texas, on An- DUNCAN, tp. Linn co. Mo. [ssw of Ca. DOUGLASVILLE, pv. Berks co. Pa. 64 E of H. DUNCANSVILLE, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 80 DOVER, pv. cap. of Piscataquis co. Me. on the Duncansvil]e, pv. Thomas co. Ga. 2 N of the Piscataquis river. Florida line. Dover, N. H. See GAZETTEER. DUNCARD, tp. Greene co. Pa. LNNE of H. D)over, pt. Windham co. Vt. 126 s of Mtr. DUNDAFF, borough, Susquehanna co. Pa. 166 D)over, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 15 ssw of B. DUN-DAS', a t. or v. of Canada West, on Bur. Dover, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 E of Pough- lington Bay, at the w extremity of Lake keepsie. Onitario. Dover, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. DUNDEE, pv. Monroe co. Mich. on Raisin r. Dover, pv. Mlorris co. N. J. on Rockaway r. DUNGANNON, pv. Columnbiana co. O. [Erie. Dover, pt. York co. Pa. 30 s of Harristlurg. DUNKRIRK, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Lake Dover, pv. Russell co. Ala. 194 ESE of T. DUNLAPSVILLE, pv. Union co. Ind. 70 E of Is. Dover, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ark. o0l Illinois DUNSBURG, pv. Clinton co. Pa. on the West creek, 87 Nw of Little Rock. [berland r. Branich of the Susquehanna river. Dover, pv. cap. of Stewart co. Tenn. otl Cum- DUNSVILLE, pv. Essex co. Va. 56 Nr of R. Dover, pv. Mason co. Ky. 79 ENE of F. DUNNINGSVILLE, pv. WashingtonI co. Pa. Dover, tp. Athens co. O. DUNSTABLE, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 NW B. Dover, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie. Dunstable, tp. Clitnton co. Pa. 30 w of -Wil. Dover, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. onl Ohio canal. liamsport. Dover. tp. Union co. O. DURANGO, doo-ranllglgo a state in the NWw Dover, tp. Ienawee co. Mich. central part of Mexico, s of Chihuahua. Dover, pv. Bureau co. Ill. 130 N of Sd. Area 56,500 sq. m. Pop. 200,000. Durango, Dover, pv. La Fayette co. Mo. ont Missouri r. the capital, has a population estimated at DOWELLTOWN, PV. Surry co. N. C. 150 wNw 25,000. (B.) of Richmond. [ware Bay. DURHAM, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 40 sw of A DOWNE, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on Dela- Durham, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 32 E of Cd. DOWNINGTOWN, pV. Chlester co. Pa. on the Durham, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 20 s of Hd Columbia railroad, 34 m. w of Philadephia. Durham, pt. Greene co. N.Y. onl Catskill r. DOYLESTOWN, borough, cap. of Bucks co. Pa. Durham, tp. Btucks co. Pa. 20 NE Doylestown 28 N of Philadelphia. DURHAMvILLE, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Oneida DRACUT, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 27 NNW B. creek. [w of Ne DRAKESTOWN, pv. Morris co. N.J. on Schoo- Durhamville, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. 180 ley's Mountain. DUTCH SETTLEMENT, pv. St. Mary's par. La DRANESVILLE, pv. Fairfax co. Va. 140 N of R. on Teche river. EAS 605 EAS DVt.TOTSBURG, pv. Monroe co. Pa.on theDel.r. EAST GREENBUSH, PV. Rensselaer co. N.Y. DUXtBURY, tp.Washington co. Vt. 13 w of Mtr. EAST GREENVILLE, pV. Stark co. O. 110 NE Cs Dux Jury, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 SSE of B. EAST GREENWICH, pt. cap. of Kent co. R. I. DWIGHT, v. Indian Territory, a missionary 14 s of Providence. [w of Al. station amosng the Cherokees, near the Ar- EAST GUILFORD, PV. Chenango co. N.Y. 104 kansas river. EAST HADDAM, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 30 DYnBERRY, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [w of Ne. ssE of Hartford. [Cod, 97 SE of B. lIERSBuRG, pv. cap. of Dyer co. Tenn. 160 EASTHAM, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape EAST HAMPTON, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on EAGLE, pt.Alleghany co. N.Y. on Caneadea cr. Connecticut river. [Pine brook. Eagle, tp. Brown co. O. East Hampton, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. on Eagle, pt. Hancock co. O. 83 Nw of Cs. East Hampton, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the X EAGLE HARBOUR, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. 256 w end of Long Island. of Albany. EAST HANOVER, pt. Lebanon co. Pa. 20 E H. EAGLE ROCK, pV. Wake co. N. C. 12 E of Rh. EAST HARTFORD, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 1 }r EAGLETOWN, pv. Choctaw nation, Indian Ter. of Hartford. [s of B. 177 w of Little Rock, Ark. EAST HARWICH, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 100 EAGLE VILLAGE, pv. Boone co. Ind. 15 NW IS. EAST HAVEN, tp. Essex co.Vt. on Pasumsic r. EAGLEVILLE, pv. Centre co. Pa. 102 NW of H. East Haven, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 39 s Eagleville, pv. Williamson co. Teln. 27 s Ne. of Hartford. EARL, tp. Berks co. Pa. EAST HAVERHILL, pv. Essex co. Mass. 38 N B. Earl, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 Nw of Lancaster. EAST HEMPFIELD, pt. Lancaster co.:Pa. 38 EARLSVILLE, pv. Madison CO. N.Y. 011 Che- ESE of Harrisburg. nango river. LssE of B. EAST HUNTINGDON, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. EAST ABINGTON, PV. Plymouth co. Mass. 18 EAST KILLINGLY, pv. Windham co. Conn. 49 EAST ALTON, PV. Belknap co. N. H. 33 NE Cd. E of Hartford. [36 SE of Cd. EAST AVON, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. 2 E EAST KINGSTON, Pt. Rockingham co. N. H. of Avon Springs. [SW of A. EAST KOY cr. N. Y. joins West Koy cr. and EAST BALDWIN. PV. Cumberland co. Me. 70 enters the Genesee river. [of Cd. EAST BARNARD, pv. WTindsor CO. Vt. 40 s Mtr. EAST LEBANON, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 50 NW EAST BERKSHIRE, pv. Franklin co. Vt. 60 N East Lebanion, pv. Wayne co. O. 108 NE Cs. of Montpelier. EAST LIBERTY, pv. Fayette co. Pa. on YoughiEAST BERLIN, PV. Adams co. Pa. 25 sw of H. ogheny river. [burg. EAST BERNE, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 19w of Al. East Lilberty, v. Alleghany co. Pa. SE of PittsEAST BETHEL, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 28 s Mtr. East liberty, pv. Logan co. O. 60 rNW of Cs. EAST BETHLEHEM, pt. Washington co. Pa. on EAST LIVERPOOL, PV. Columbiana co. O. on Monongahela river. lof Canandaigua. the Ohio river. [90 wsw of B. EAST BLOOMFIELD, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 8 w EAST LONG MEADOW, PV. Hampden co. Mass. EAST BRADFORD, tp. Chester co. Pa. onl Bran- EAST LYME, pv. New London co. Conn. 50 dywine creek. SSE of Hartford. EAST BREWSTER, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 93 EAST MACHIAS. See MECHISSES, Me. SE of Boston. [25 SSE of B. EAST MARLBOROUGH, tp. Chester co. Pa. 28 EAST BRIDGEWATER, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. sw of Phliladelphia. EASTBROOK, tp. Hancock co. Me. [Mtr. EAST MEDWAY, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 24 sw B. EAST BROOKFIELD, pv. Orange co. Vt. 22 s of EAST MIDDLEBOROUGH, PV. Plymouth co. East Brookfield, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 56 Mass. 44 s of Boston. wsw of Boston. EAST MONROE, pv. Highland co. O. 78 sw Cs. EAST BUFFALO, tp. Union co. Pa. EAST NANTMEAL, pt. Chester co. Pa. 33 NW EAST CALN, tp. Chester co. Pa. [Nw of B. of Philadelphia. EAST CAMBRIDGE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 1 EAST NEW MARKET, PV. Dorchester co. Md. EAST CHESTER, pv. Rockingham CO. N. H. 25 73 SE of Annapolis. SSE of Concord. [of N.Y. EAST NEW YORK, PV. King's co. Long I. 6 E Fast Chester, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 15 NE of New York. [of Phila. EAST COCALICO, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Co- EAST NOTTINGHAM, tp. Chester co. Pa. 40 sw calico creek. [leghany r. EASTON, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 24 s of B. EAST DEER, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on the Al- Easton, pv.Washington co. N.Y. 27 NNE of Al. EAST DENNIS, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 83 SE Easton, Pa. See GAZETTEER. of Boston. [Chicques cr. Easton, pv. cap. of Talblot co. Md. 45 SE of An. E.ST DONEGAL, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on EAST ORLEANS, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 98 EAST DURHAM, pV. Greene co. N. Y. 40 s Al. SE of Boston. EAST ELLIOTT, pv.York co. Me. 100 ssW of A. EAST OTIS, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. EAST FAIRFIELD, pv. Columbiana co. O. 158 EAST PALESTINE, PV. Columbiana co. O. ENE of Colllmbus. [s of B. EAST PENN, pt. Carbon co. Pa. 90 NE of H. EAST FALMOUTH, PV. Barnstable co. Mass. 84 EAST PENNSBORO', tp. Cumberland co. Pa. EAST FALLOWFIELD, tp. Chester co. Pa. EAST PIKELAND, tp. Chester co. Pa. 24 NW of EAST FARMINGTON, Pv. Oakland co. Mich. Philadelphia. 24 NW of Detroit. EAST PIERPONT, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. EAST FINDLAY, tp. Washington co. Pa. EAST PLAINFIELD, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. 55 EASTFORD, PV. Windham co. Conn. 35 E Hd. NW of Concord. EAST FOXBOROUGH, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 25 EASTPORT, Me. See GAZETTEER. [nessee r s (of Boston. Eastport, pv. Tishamingo co. Miss. on TenEAST GOSHEN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 18 w Phila. Eastport, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. 113 ENE of Cs. EAST GRANBY, pv. Hd. co. Conn. 15 N of Hd. EAST PORTAGE, tp. Jackson co. Mich. [Phila. EAST ORANVILLE, PV. Hampden co. Mass. EAST ROCKHILL, tp. Backs co. Pa. 33 NNw of 51X EDI 606 ELI EAST SALISBURY, pv. Essex co. Mass. 40 NNE Edinlburg, borough, Erie co. Pa. 250 nw 5f It of Boston. LN of Ctl. Edinburg, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 242 WNW of H,, EAST SANBORNTON: pv. Belknap co. N. H. 21 Edinburg, pv. Leake co.. Miss. 70 NE of J. EAST SANDWICH, pV. Barnstable co. Mass. 64 Edinburg, pt. Portage co. O. 146 NE of Cs. SSE of Boston. [of A. Edinburg, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 30 s of Is. E.kST THOMASTON, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 46 SE Edinburg, pv. cap. of Jones co. Iowa. EAST TowN, tp. Chesterco.Pa.16wNwPhila. EDISTO r. S. C. See GAZETTEER. EAST TROY, PV. WValworth co. Wis. 79 SE of EDMESTON, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 w of Madison. Cooperstown. EAST UNION, pt.Wayne co. 0. 100 NE Of Cs. EDMONDS, tp. WVn. co. Me. on Cobscook Bay. EAST UNITY, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. 44 w Cd. EDWARDS, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Os. EAST VINCENT, tp. Chester co. Pa. wegatchie river. [ley's Lake. EASTVILLE, Va. See GAZETTEER. EDWARDSBURG, pv. Cass co. Mich. on BeardsEastville, pv. Randolph co. Ala. 170 E of T. EDWARDSPORT, pv. Kinox co. Ild. 105 sw Is. EAST WAREHAM, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 56 EDWARDSVILLE, pv. Warren co. O. s of Boston. Edwardsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ill. 12 EAST WASHINGTON, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. SE of Alton. [merce. EAST WATERFORD, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 54 NW EEL r. Ind. flows into White r. at Point Comof Harrisburg. Lsw of Cd. EFFINGHAM, Pt. Carroll co. N. H. 62 NNE Cd. EAST WEARE, pv. Hillsborough co. N. H. 10 Effinghlam, pv. Darlington dist. S. C. 133 ENrZ EAST WEYMOUTH, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 15 of Columbia. s of Boston. [of B. EGG HARBOUR, GREAT, tp. Atlantic co. N. J EAST WHATELY, PV. Franklin co. Mass. 91 w 48 sSE of Woodbury. EAST WHITELAND, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 NW Egg Harbour, Great, r. N. J. rises in Glo'ster of Philadelphia. Lof Hd. co. and flows into Great Egg Harbour Bay. EAST WINDSOR, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 7 NE EGG HARBOUR, LITTLE, tp. Burlington co. East Windsor, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 20 sw of N. J. 35 SE of Mount Holly. New Brunswick. of Al. Egg Harbour, Little, r- N. J. flows into LitEAST WORCESTER, PV. Otsego co. N.Y. 53 w tie Egg Harbour Bay, called also Great Bay. EATON, Pt. Carroll eo. N. H. 62 N of Cd. EGREMONT, tp. Berkshire co(. Mass. Eaton, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 100 w of Al. EGYPT, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. Eaton, pt. Wyoming Co. Pa. on the Susqua. r. Egypt, v. Colorado co. Texas, 2 or 3 m. Eaton, pv. La Fayette co. Miss. 176 N of J. from the left bank of the Colorado river. Eaton, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. on Forked Deer ELAMSVILLE, pv. Patrick co. Va. 216 wsw R. river, 142 w of Nashville. ELBA, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 7 N of Batavia. Eaton, tp. Lorain co. 0. 4 SE of Elyria. Elba, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. [of M. Eaton, pv. cap. of Preble co. O. 94 w of Cs. ELBERTON, pv. cap. of Elbert co. Ga. 110 NNE Eaton, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 110 w of D. ELBRIDGE, Pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 13 w of EATONTON or EATON C. H. pv. cap. of Putnam Syracuse. [of H. co. Ga. 21] Nw of Milledgeville. ELDERSVILLE, pv. Washington co. Pa. 230 NV EATONTOWN, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 47 E Tn. ELDERTON, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 168 WNW H. EATONVILLE, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 wNw ELDRED, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [Bay. of Albany. ELIZABETH, tp. Essex Co. N. J. on Newark EBENEZER, pv. Ruth erford co. N. C. 213w Rh. Elizabeth, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 s Pittsburg. Ebenezer, v. Effingham co. Ga. on Savannah r. Elizabelth, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. EBENEZERVILLE, pv. York dist. S. C. 84 N Ca. Elizabeth, pv. (post office called Jackson EBENSBUeRG, borough, cap. of Cambria co. Pa. ville,) Wood co. Va% 140 w of Harrisburg. Elizabeth, tp. Laawrence Co. O. ECKFORD, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 100w of D. Elizabeth, tp. Miami co. O. ECKMANSVILLE, pv. Adams co. 0. 100 s of Cs. Elizabeth, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 4 N of Ohio r. ECONOMY, pt. Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio r. Elizabeth, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ark. on ECORCE, pt. Wayne co. Mich. White river. EDDINGTON, pt. Penobscot co. Me. ELIZABETH CITY, N. C. See GAZETTEER. EDDYVILLE, V. Ulster co. N.Y. onl Rondout r. ELIZABETH ISLANDS, Mass. consist of 16 small at the termination of the Delaware anid Hud- islands between Buzzard's Bay and Vineson canal. [land r. yard Sound. [of N.Y. Eddyville, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. on Cumber. ELIZABETHPORT, pv. Essex co. N. J. 12 sw EDDYTOIVN, V. Yates co. N.Y. ELIZABETH r. Va. flows into a large estuary EDEN, pt. Halncock CO. Me. on Mt. Desert i. at the mouth of James river. Eden, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 45 N of Mtr. ELIZABETHTOWN, pv. cap. of Essex co. N.Y Eden, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 14 s of Buffalo. o1l Boquet river. [NE of Tn. Eden, tp. Licking co. O. Elizabethtown, borough, Essex co. N. J. 44 Eden, tp. Seneca co. 0. 8 s Tiffin. [Chowan r. Elizabethtown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 18 E H EDENTON, PV. cap. of Chowan Co. N. C. on Elizabethtown, pv. cap,. of Marshall co. Va. EDENVILLE, pv. Orange co. N.Y. on Ohio river. [Cape Fear r. EDGARTON, pv. cap. of Dukes co. Mass. on Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Bladen co. N. C. on the E part of Martha's Vineyard. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Carter co. Tenn. EDGECOMB, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 32 SSE of A. on Watauga river. [sw of F. EDGEFIELD C. H. pv. cap. of Edgefield dist. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Hardin co. Ky. 80 S. C. 56 WSw of Columbia. Elizabethtown, pv. Hatnilton co. 0. 132 sw Cs. EDGEMONT, pt. Delaware co. Pa. 87 ESE of H. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Hardin co. Ill. 220 EDINA, pv. cap. of Knox co. Mo. [scot r. SSE of Spriingfield. EDINBURG, tp. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- ELIZAVILLE, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 5 w of Edinburg, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 52 N of Al. Flemingsburg. EMM 607 EWI ErR r. rises in Pa. and flows into Chesapeake EMOREYVIILE, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 sE of Bay. [the Muscle Shoals. Tuscaloosa, [river. Elk r. Ala. falls into the Tennessee r. above ENFIELD, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot Elk, tp. Warren co. Pa. on the Alleghany r. Enfield, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 42 NW of Cd. Elk, tp. Vinton co. O. on Racoon cr. Tnfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 75 w of B. Elk, tp. Monroe co. O. Enfield, pt. Hartford co. Coann. 18 N of' Hd. tElk Cr. pt. Erie co. Pa. 16 sw of Erie. Enfield, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 5wof Ithaca lllk Cr. pt. Venango co. Pa. 122 WNW of H. Enfield, pv. King William co. Va. 24 NE of R. ELKHART r. Ind. flows into St. Joseph's r. in Enfield, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 76 NE of Rh. Elkhart co. ENGLISH NEIGHBOURHOOD, pv. Bergen co. Elkhart, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. N. J. 8 N of New York. [Madison. Elkhart, tp. Noble co. Ind. ENGLISH PRAIRIE, pv. Grant co. WVis. 87 w of ELKHORN r. Kv. flows into Kentucky r. ENGLISHTOWN, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 31 E Elkborn r. Ill. flows into Kaskaskia r. of Trenton. Elkhorn, pv. cap. of WValworth co. Wis. 68 SE ENNISVILLE, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 80 w H. of Madison. ENNOREE r. S. C. an affluent of Broad r. ELKLAND, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 170 N of H. ENOCH, pt. Monroe co. O. about 100 N of Cs. ELK RIDGE LANDING, pv. Anne Arundel Co. ErNOSBURG, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 56 N of Mtr. Md. onl Patapsco river. ENosBURG FALLS, pv. Franklin CO. Vt. 590 ELK RIVER, tp. Newton co. Mo. of Montpelier. ELK RUN, tp. Columbiana co. O. EPOIRATAH, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 58 WNW Al. ELKTON, pv. cap. of Cecil co. Md. on Elk r. Ephratah, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 38 E of H. Elkton, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 90 s of Ne. ErPIING, Pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 30 ESE Cd. Elkton, pv. cap. of Todd co. Ky. on Elk cr. EPsoM, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 12 E of Cd. Elkton, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 154 NE of Cs. EQUALITY, pv. Mecklenburg co.N.C. 166wsw Elkton, pv. Polk co. Mo. 114 sw of Jef. City. of Raleigh. Llille cr. ELKVILLE, pv. Caldwell co. N.C. oni Yadkin r. Equality, pv. cap. of Gallatin co. Ill. on SaELLEJAY, pv. cap. of Gilmer co. Ga. 176 NW M. ERIE, Pa. See GAZETTEER. ELLENBURG, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 25 NNW of Erie, pv. Greene co. Ala. 48 s of T. Plattsburg. Erie, tp. Ottawa co. O. on Portage r ELLENSVILLE, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 86 sw of Al. Erie, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 47 sw of D. ELLERSLI, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 191 NE H. ERIEVILLE, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al. Ellerslie, pv. Harris co. Ga. 108 wsw of M. ERIN, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. 8 E of Elmira. ELLERY, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Chau- ERROL, pt. Coos co. N.H. on Androscoggin r. tauque Lake. [Mayville. ERVINi, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. E}LLIcOTT, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 18 SE of ERWIN, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Tioga r. E'LLICOTT'S MILLS, pv. Anne Arundel co. on ERWINNA, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Del. r. Patapsco river. LN.Y. on Great Valley cr. ERWINSVILLE, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. 200 w ELLICOTTSVILLE, PV. cap. of Cattaraugus co. of Raleigh. ELLINGTON, pt. Tolland co. Colnn. 20 E'NE Hd. EsCAMBIA r. Flor. and Ala. See GAZETTEER. Ellington, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 25 E of EsoPus, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 7 s of Kingston. Mayville. ESPERANCE, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 29 w Al. ELLIOT, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon Fall r. Esry, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on the Susqa. r. ELLIOTSVILLE, tp. Piscataquis co. Me. ESPYVILLE, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 250 Nw of H. ELLISBURG, P)t. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Lake EssEx, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 48 Nw of Mtr. Ontario. Essex, pt. Essex co. Mass. 32 NE of B. Ellisburg, pv. La Grange co. Intd. 180 N of Is. Essex, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. on Conn. r.'ELLISVILLE, PV. Louisa co. Va. 66 NW of R. Essex, pv. Essex co. N.Y. onl L. Champlain. Ellisville, pv. cap. of Jones co. Miss. 144 SE J. ESTILLVILLE, pv. cap. of Scott co. Va. on Ellisville, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 50 ssw of Is. Mocassin creek, a branch of Clinch river. Ellisville, pv. Fulton co. 1ll. 75 Nw of Sd. ETOWAH r. Ga. See GAZETTEER. EILSWOnTRTH, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Me. on ETNA, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 60 NNE of A. Ulnion river. Etna, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr. Ellsworth, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 52 N of Cd. Etna, pv. Greene co. Ky. 99 ssw of F. Ellsworth, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 w Hd. Etna, pv. Licking co. O. 17 E of Cs. Ellsworth, pt. Mahoningco. 0. 160 NE of Cs. Etna, tp. Licking co. O. Ellsworth, pv. cap. of Texas co. Mo. oni an EUCLID, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on lake Eris affluent of Gasconade river. EULALIA, pt. Potter co. Pa. 187 NNW of H. EILMIRA, PV. cap. of Chemung co. N. Y. oil EUGENE, pv. Vermilion co. Ind. 85 w of Is. Clhemung r. and on N. Y. and Erie R. R. EUTAW, pv. cap. of Greene co. Ala. 36 sw T ELMORE, Pt. Lamoilie co. Vt. 20 N of Mtr. EUTAW SPRINGS, S. C. a small branch of the EL PASO DEL NORTE. See PASO DEL NORTE. Santee river. EILSINBOROUGHt tp. Salem co. N. J. 3 NE of EVANS, iv'enz, pt. Erie co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Salem. EVANSBURGH, pv. C':;-irford CO. Pa. 242 NW H. ELYrIA, pv. cap. of Lorain co. 0. 116 NNE Cs. EVANS'S MILLS, pv. Jefferson co. N. Y. on ELYSBURG, pv. Northumberland co. Pa. 80 N Pleasant creek. of Harrisburg. EVANSPORT, pv. Defiance co. 0. 165 Nw Cs. ELYTON, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Ala. 54 NE T. EVANSVILLE, pv. Preston co. Va. 266 NW R. EYMAUS, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 87 E of H. Evansville, capital of Vanderburg co. Ind. EMBDEN, pt. Somerset co. Me. onl Kennebec r. on the Ohio. Pop. 8,000. [wNW of R. EMORY r. Tenn. falls into Clinch r. EVERETTSVILLE, PV. Albemarle co. Va. 78 EMMET, tp. Calhol n co. Mich. EVERTON, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 66 E of Is. EMMITTSBURG, pi Frederick co. Md. 80 Nw EVESHAM, pt. Burlington co. N. J. 34 s of Tn. of Annapolis. EwING, tp. Franklin co. Mass. FAL 608 FAY Ewing, tp. Mercer co. N. J. [Jef. City. Fall River, Oregon, flows into.ne Column.F.WINGSVILLE, pv. Cooper co. Mo. 70 wNw. of bia from the s, ill on. 1200 30' w7 about 20 EwINGTON, PV. cap. of Effingham co. Ill. 85 m. above the Dalles. The name is derived SE of Springfield. from the multitude of falls and ra pids oc]EXETER, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 79 NNE of A. curring in its course. Exeter, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 37 SE Cd. Fa LLS, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 25 NE of Philadelphia. Exeter, tp.Wn. co. R. I. 24 sw of Providence. Falls, pt. Wyoming co. Pa. on,he SusqueExeter, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 77 w of Al. hanna river. Exeter, tp. Berks co. Pa. Falls, tp. Hocking co. O. [sink r. Exeter, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. FALLSBURG, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. on NeverExeter, pt. Monroe co. Mich. Fallsburg, pt. Licking co. 0. 65 NE of Cs. Exeter, pv. Morgan co. Ill. 47 w of Sd. FALLSTON, pt. Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r. FALLSTOWN, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 150 w Rh. FABIUS r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi r. FALLS VILLAGE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 45 Fabius, pt. Onondaga eo. N.Y. WNW of Hd. Fabius, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Staten I. FALMOUTH, pt. Cumnberland co. Me. 45 sw A. FACTORYVILLE, pv. Richmond co. N. Y. on Falmouth, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 75 s of B. Factoryville, pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on Cayutacr. Faimouth, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 SE of H. Factoryville. pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 156 NE of H. Falmouth, pv. Stafford co. Va. 64 N of R. FAIRDALE, pv. Susquehamna co. Pa. 169 NE H. Falmouth, pv. cap. of Pendleton co. Ky. 60 FAIRFAX, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Lamoille r. NE of Frankfort. Fairfax C. H. pv. cap. of Fairfax co. Va. 120 Falmouth, a sea-port on the N side of Jamaica, N of Richmond. [of R. 60 m. NW of Spanish Town. [bersburg. Fairfax, pv. cap. of Culpepper co.Va. 75 NNW FANNET, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 16 N of ChamFAIRFIELD, pt. Somerset co. Me. 22 N of A. FANNETTSBURG, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 59 s H. Fairfield, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 56 NW of Mtr. FANNIN, a large co. in the NE part of Texas, Fairfield, Conn. See GAZETTEER. [Falls. bordering on Red river. The soil in the N Fairfield, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 8 N of Little and E sections is very productive, and well Fairfield, tp. Cumhberland co. N.J. on Del. Bay. adapted to the growing of cotton and InFairfield, v. Essex co. N.J. 11 NW Newark. dian corn; towards the w it is sandy. CapiFairfield, pv. Adams co. Pa. 43 sw of H. tal, Bonham. Fairfield, tp. Crawford co. Pa. FARMERSVILLE, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 280 Fairfield, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. on Cone- sw of Albany. [Bayou D'Arbonne. maugh river. Farmersville, pv. cap. of Union par. La. on Fairfield, v. Rockbridge co. Va. 110 w of R. FARMINGTON, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Me. Fairfield, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 135 NW R. 32 NW of Augusta. Fairfield, pv. Piekens co. Ala. 56 w of T. Farmington, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 ENE Cd. Fairfield, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 50 s of Ne. Farmington, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 9 w of Hd. Fairfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 47 sw of F. Farmington. pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 205 w of Al. Fairfield, tp. Butler co. O. [river. Farmington, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Fairfield, pv. Greene co. O. 57 w of Cs. on Mad Farmington, tp. Vellango co. Pa. Fairfield, tp. Highland co. O. Farmington, pv. Davie co. N. C. 133 w Rh. Fairfield, tp. Huron co. 0. 100 N of Cs. Farmington, pv. Clarke co. Ga. 62 r of M. Fairfield, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Farmington, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 54 s Ne. Fairfield, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 72 E of Is. Farmington, pt. Trumbull co. O. Fairfield, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Ill. 145 SE Sd. Farmington, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 20 NW D. Fairfield, pv. Benton co. Mo. 90 sw of Jef- Farmington, pv. Fulton co. Ill. 78 NW of Sd. ferson City. [Madison. Farmington, pv. cap. of St. Francis co Mo. Fairfield, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 06 SE of 139 SE of Jefferson City FAIRFIELD CORNERS, pv. Somerset co. Me. Farmington, pv. of Van Buren co. Iowa. 28 N of Augusta. FARMINGTON FALLS, pv. Franklin co. Me. 27 FAIR HAVEN, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 sw Mtr. NWV of Augusta. Fair Haven, pt. Bristol co. Mass. on Acush- FARMVILLE, pv. Prince Edward co. Va. on nett river. the Appomattox r. 70 wsw of Richmond. Fair Haven, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 38 s Hd. FARNUMSVILLE, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 39 Fair Haven, pv. Preble co. 0. 112 w of Cs. wsw of Boston. [of H. Fair Haven: pv. Clinton co. Iowa. FARRANDSVILLE, pv. Clinton co. Pa. 115 NW FAIRLEE, pt. Orange co. Vt. 38 SE of Mtr. FAR ROCKAWAY, V. Queen's co. N.Y. FAIRMOUNT, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. FAR WEST, pv. cap. of Caldwell co. Mo. 17( FAIRPLAY. pv. Greene co. Ild. on White r. NW of Jefferson City. FAIRPORT, pv. Chemung CO. N.Y. on Che- FAWN GROVE, pt. York co. Pa. mung canal. FAWN RIVER, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. Fairport, pv. Lake co. O. on Grand r. FAYETTE, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 18 wNw A. FAIRTON, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 70 s Tn. Fayette, v. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie FAIRVIEW, pt. Erie co. Pa. on Lake Erie. Fayette, v. Chenango co. N.Y. Fairview, tp. York co. Pa. 17 Nw of York. Fayette, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. Fairview, pv. Brooke co. Va. 2 E of Ohio r. Fayette, pt. Alleghany co. Pa. 214 w of H. Fairview, pv. Buncombe co. N.C. 245 w Rh. Fayette, tp. Julliata co. Pa. Fairview, pv. Greenville dist. S.C. 88 NW Ca. Fayette, pv. Cecil co. Md. 87 NE of An. Fairview, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 95 E of Cs. Fayette, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Miss. 80 sw of J Fairview, pv. Fulton co. Ill. 83 NW of Sd. Fayette C. H. pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ala FAIRVILLE, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 192 w of Al. 40 Nw of Tuscaloosa. FALLOWVF1ELD, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Fayette, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. FALL RIVER, Mass. See GAZETTEER Fayette, pv. Greene co. Ill. 57 sw of Sd. FIS 609 FOR Fayette, pv. cap. of Howard Co. Mo. 60 NW FITCtIBURG, pt. WTorcester co. Mass. 46 wzTw of Jefferson City. of Boston. Fayette, a co: of Texas, lying on both sides FITCHPORT, pv. Garrard co. Kv. 44 SSE of F. of the r. Colorado, 100 m. from the sea. FITCHVILLEL pt. Huron co. 0 98 N of Cs. Soil, a black loam mixed with sand; very FITZWILLIAM, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 60 sw fertile, especially in the southern part. of Concord. Capital, La Grange. FLAGGTOWN, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 24 NE Tn FAYETTE CORNER, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 77 FLANDERS, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. s of Nashville. [115 s of Mtr. Flanders, pv. Morris co. N. J. on the E foot of FAYEX[TEVILLE, pV. cap. of Windham co. Vt. Schooley's Mountain. Fayetteville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. near the FLATBUSH, pv. King's co. N.Y. 5 sE of N.Y. Erie canal. FLAT HEAD (or SAILISH, si'lish) INDIANS, a Fayetteville, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 52 wsw H. tribe dwelling in the vicinity of Clark's r. Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Va. 290 and the adjacent portion of the Columbia. w of Richmond. Their name is derived from a custom, forFayetteville, N. C. See GAZETTEER. merly prevalent among them, of flattening Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ga. on the heads of their children, when very anl affluent of Flinit river. young, by artificial means. It is said that Fayetteville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 87, T. this practice has been abandoned by them, Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ark. but that it still obtains among several other Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Tenn. tribes, to whom the name of Flat Heads is on Elk river. [on White r. not usually given. Fayetteville, pv. Brown co. O. 94 sw of Cs. FLATLANDS, v. King's co. N.Y. 8 sE Brooklyn. Fayetteville, pv. St. Clair co. Ill. on Kaskas- FLEETVILLE, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 158 NE of H. kia river. [Mtr. FLEMING, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 4.s of Auburnl. FAYSTON, tp. Washington co. Vt. 16 wsw of FLEMINGSBURG, pv. cap. of Fleming co. Ky. FEARING, pt. Washington co. 0. 109 ESE Cs. 95 E of Frankfort. [25 N of Tn. FEDERALSBURGD pV. Dorchester co. Md. 65 FLEMINGTON, pv. cap. of Hunterdon co. N.J. SE of Annapolis. Flemitngton, pv. Wake co. N. C. 15 Nw Rh. FERERALTON, pv. Athens co. O. on Hocking r. FLETCHER, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 52 NNW Mtr. FELICIANA, pv. Graves co. Ky. 294 w of F. Fletcher, pv. Miami co. O. 66 w of Cs. FELICITY, pv. Clermont co. O. 118 ssW of Cs. FLICKSVILLE, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 117 NE FELL, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. [from B. of Harrisburg. FELTONSVILLE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 FLINT, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 60 NW D. [let. FELT'S MILLS, pv. Jef:. co. N.Y. 162 Nw of Al. Flint cr. N.Y. flows into the Canatdaigua outFEaMME OSAGE, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. onl the Flint r. Ga. See GAZETTEER. Missouri river. Flint r. Mich. a branch of Saginaw r. FENNER, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 112 w of Al. FLINTVILLE, PV. Marion dist. S. C. 140 E Ca. FENTER, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark. FLORENCE, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 33 NW Utica. FENTON, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. onl Maramec r. Florence, pv.Washington co. Pa. 227 w of H. FENTONVILLE, PV. Genesee co. Mich. 57 NNW Florence, pv. Stewart co. Ga. on the Chatof Detroit. tahoochee r. [Tennessee r. FE-RMANAGH, tp. Juniata co. Pa. ila I. Florence, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Ala. on FERNANDINA, pV. Nassau co. Flor. on Ame- Florence, pv. Boone co. Ky. 76 N of F. FERGUSON, tp. Cetntre co. Pa. 11 s Bellefotte. Floreice, pt. Erie co. 0. 112 N of Cs. Fergusonl, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [lirngton. Florerce, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 144 wsw D. FERRISBURG, tp. Addison co. Vt. 19 s of Bur- Florenlce, pv. Pike co. Ill. 59 wv of Sd. FINCASTLE, pv. cap. of Botetourt co. Va. 175 Florence, pv. Morgan co. Mo. 54 w Jef. City. w of Richmond. Floreice, pv. Louisa co. Iowa, on Iowa r. Fincastle, pv. Campbell co. Tenn.'206 E Ne. FLOR1DA, a cape on the SE coast of Florida. Fineastle, pv. Brown co. 0. 100 s of Cs. Florida, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Cold r. FINDLAY, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 15 Nw of Florida, tp. Montg. co. N.Y. 34 NNW of Al. Pittsburg. Florida, pv. Oratnge co. N.Y. 110 ssw of Al. FINDLEY, pv. cap. of Hancock co. 0. 90 NW Cs. Florida, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 94 sw of D. FINKSBURG, PV. Carroll co. Md. 50 Nw of Aln. Florida, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 83 NE Jef. Ci!V. FINL.EYVILLE, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 195 sw of H. FLORISSANT, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 13 E- Je fFIREPLACE, pv. Suffolk Co. N.Y. oni Long I. ferson City. [sw of Detroit. FtISIrDAr, pv. W:tke co. N. C. 22 sw of Rh. FLOWER-FIELD, pt. St. Joseph co. AMich. 114 F'ishdam, pv. Union (list. S. C. 60 Nw of Ca. FLOYD, pt. Otneida co. N.Y. 8 N of Utica. I; ISHERSBOROIuGH, pv. Frainklin co. Va. 175 Floyd C. H. pv. cap. of Floyd co. Va. 215 wsw of Richltonld. [of Hd. wxsw of Riclimond. FISHERSVILLE, pv. Windham co. Conn. 50 E FLoYDISBURG, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 37 w of F 1; ISHER'S ISLAND, N.Y. off tile E end of Long FLUSHING, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. 9 E of N.Y. Island. 8 in. [onll. [daga r. Flushing, pt. Belmont co. O. on Stillwater cr. FISH HOUSE, V. Fulton1 Co. N.Y. otl Sacaan- Flushing, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 67 Nxw of D. FISHING CR. pt. Columbia co. Pa. 100 N of H. FONDA, pv. cap. of Monltgomery co. N.Y. on FISHKtIL, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of Al. the Mohawk r. [on Lake Winllebafgo. FISHKILL LANDING, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. on FOND DU LAC, cap. of Fonid du Lac co. iVis. tihe Hudson river. FORDHAIM, V. WTestcheSter co. N. Y. FISHKILL Mts. See HIGHLANDS, GAZETTEER. FORDSVILLE, pv. MarioIn o. Miss. 128 s sE J. FISHING R. tp. Ray co. Mo. ForESTBURG, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. onl NeFIssesURGa, pv. Kenton co. Ky. on Licking r. versink river. FISKSVILLE, PV. Providence co. R. I. 13 sw FOREST LAKE, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 180 NNE H. of Providence. FORESTVILLE, pv.Wake co. N. C. 15 w of Rh. FOX 610 FRA'ORGE VILLAGE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 FRAMINGRAM, pt. Middlesex co. M&ass. 2 rn. from Boston. WSWV of Boston. FORKS, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. FRANCIS, ST. a r. which rises in Mo., and Forks, tp. Northampton co. Pa. flowing through the NE portion of Ark FORKED DEER r. Tennl. flows into the Miss. r. falls into the Mississippi. It is navigable FORKTOWN, pV. Somerset CO. MId. 99 ssE An. at high water 200 m. FORSYTH, pV. cap. of Monroe co. Ga. 55 w M. Francis, St. pv. St. Francis co. Ark. Forsyth, pv. cap. of Taney co. Mo. onWhite r. Francis, St. a r. of Canada East, falling into FORT ADAMS, pv.Wilkinson co. Miss. 158sw Lake St. Peter's from the SE, 60 m. below of Jackson. [Champlain canal, 6~ N Al. Montreal. [sw of Cd. FORT ANN, pv. Washington co. N.Y. on the FRANCISTOWN, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 25 FORT ARMSTRONG, on thle lower extremity of FRANCISVILLE, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. Rock Island in the MIississippi river. Francisville, pv. Crawford co. Ga. 60 sW M5 FORT ARGYLE, Bryan co. Ga. on Ogechee r. Francisville, pv. Boone co. Ky. 87 N of F. (now in ruins.) [14 above Darien. FRANCISVILLE, ST. pv. cap. of WVest FeliFORT BARRINGTON, Ga. on the Altamaha r. ciana par. La. on the Mississippi river. FORT BEND, a co. of Texas, lying on both Francisville, St. pv. Lawrence co. Ill. 180 SE sides of the r. Brazos, some 50 m. from the of Springfield. [Moines r. sea. Soil generally a rich sandy loam. Capi- Francisville, St. pv. Clark co. Mo. on Des tal, Richmond. FRANCONIA, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 75 N of Cd. FORT BRADY, Mich. See SAULT ST. MARY. Francosnia, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 88 E H. FORT BROWN. See MATAMORAS. Franconia, pv. Putnam co. 0. 130 NW of Cs. FORT COVINGTON, pv. Franklin co. N.Y. FRANKFORD, tp. Sussex co. N. J. on PapaFORT EDWARD, pv. WTVn. co. N.Y. 49 N of Al. kating creek. FORT GIBSON. See CANTONMENT GIBSON. Frankford, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. FORT GRATIOT, grashle-ot, pv. St. Clair co. Frankford. borouglh, Phila. co. Pa. 5 NrEPhila. Mich. 60 NE of Detroit. [of Long Island. Frankford, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 224 w. R. FORT HAMILTON, pv. King's co. N.Y. w enld Frankford, pv. Pike co. Mo. 90 NE Jef. City. FORT HOUSTON, a v. of Texas, semi-capital FRANKFORT. pt. Waldo co. Me. on the Pe. of Houston co. near the left bank of Tri- nobscot river. [hawk r. nity r. 175 m. NE of Austin. Pop. 150. Frankfort, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the MoFORT LEAVENWORTH, tpv. Indian Territory, Frankfort, pv. Hampshire co. Va. on Patter on the Missouri r. with extetsive military son's creek. works. [the Mississippi r. Frankfort, pv. Ross co. 0. 22 NW Chilicothe. FORT MADTSON, PV. cap. of lee co. Iowal, on Frankfort, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Ind. 42 FORT MILLER, pv. WVashington co. N.Y. on NNEW of Indianapolis. [ssE of Sd. the Hudsot river. [the Mohawk r. Frankfort, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Ill. 160 FORT PLAIN, PV. Montgomery co. N.Y. on FRANKFORT SPRINGS, PV. Beaver co. Pa. FORT SMITH, pv. Crawford co. Ark. on the FRANKLIN, pt. Hancock co. Me. 100 E of A. Arkatnsas r. with extenlsive fortifications. Franklin, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 18 NNW Cd. FORT POLK. See POINT ISABEL. Franklin, pt. Franklit co. Vt. 70 NNW Mtr. FORT SNELLING, pv. lowa, on the Mississippi Franklin, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 31 sw of B. r. witlt important military works. Franklin, pt. New London co. Conn. 37 SE FORT TOWSON, pv. Indian Key, Ark. a little of Hartford. N of Red river. Franklin, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 84 sw of Al. FORT VANCOUVER (belonging to the British), Franklit, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. 25 SE Malone. Oregont, on the N side of the Columbia. Franklin, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 13 NW of Lat. 450 38' N, Lon. 1220 40' w. Hackensack. [Woodbury. FORT WALLA-WVALLA. See WVALLA-W, ALLA. Franklin, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 15 SE of. FORT WAYNE C. H. pv. cap. of Allen co. Franklin, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 7 SE of SoInd. on Maumee river. [N of Madison. merville. [cr. FORT WVINNEBAGO, pv. Portage co. WVis. 42 Fratnklin, tp. WVarren co. N. J. on Pohatcong FOSTER, pt. Providence co. R. I. 19 w of Franklin, tp. Adams co. Pa. Providetnce. Franklin, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. FOSTERVILLE, pv. Henry co. Ga. 75 wNW M. Franklin, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Fosterville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 46 sE Franklin, tp. Bradford co. Pa. of Nashville. [i\Io. 100 SE of Jef. City. Franlkl in, tp. Fayette co. Pa. 9 N of Union. FOURCHE A RENAULT, pv. WVashingtonl co. Franklin, tl: Greene co. Pa. on Teni Mile cr. FOURCHE LA FAVE, tp. Conway co. Ark. Franklin, tp. rIutntinsgdon co. Pa. Fourche la Fave, tp. Pope co. Ark. Franklin, tp. Lycomitng co. Pa. [French cr FOWLER, pt. St. Lawresce co. N.Y. on the Franklin, borough, cap.-of Venango co. Pa. on Oswegatchie river. Franklin, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. Fowler, pt. Trumbull co. O. 10 N of Warren. Frankliin, tp. York co. Pa. 4 s of H. [of An. FOWLSTOWN, pv. Decatur co. Ga. 11 sw of Franklin, pv. cap. of Baltimore co. Md. 34 i Bainbridge. Franklin, pv. cap. of Pesdleton co. Va. on Fox, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 143 NW of H. an affluenlt of the Potomac river. [Rh. Fox, tp. Carroll co. O. Franiklin, pv. cap. of Macon co. N. C. 33w of FOXBOROUGH. pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 27 ssw B. Franklin, pv. cap. of Heard co. Ga. on the FOXCROFT, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 83 NE of A. Chattahoochee river. Fox 1NDIANS. See SAcs. Franklin, pv. and depot. Henry co. Ala. on Fox r. Ill. flows into the Ill. r. in La Salle co. the Montgomery and West Point railroad. Fox SPRINGS (sulphur and chalybeate), Ky. Frainklin, pv. Holmes co. Miss. 55 N of J. 10E of Flemingsburg anld S0 E of Frankfort. Franklin, pv. cap. of St. Mary's par. La. oa FOXVILLE, pv. Frederick Co. Md. 100 Nw An. the Bayou Teche. FRE 611 FUR rranklin, pv. cap. of Williamson Co. Tenn. Freedom, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 18 sw of Nashville. [of F. Freedom, tp. Adams co. Pa.?rankiln, pv. cap. of Simpson co. Ky. 164 sw Freedom, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio r.?ranklin, tp. Adams co. O. Freedom, pv. Carroll co. Md. 50 NW of An. Frallklin, tp. Brown co. O. Freedom, pt. Portage co. O. Franklin, tp. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. Freedom, tp. WVashtenaw co. Mich. Frankliln, tp. Franklin co. O. on Scioto r. Freedom, pv. Owen co. Ind. 67 sw of Is. Franklin, tp. Harrison co. O. FREEDOM PLAINS, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 79 s F ranklin, tp. Jackson co. O. of Albany. Franklin, tp. Morrow co. 0. FREEHOLD, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 42 s of Al. Franklin, tp. Licking co. O. Freehold, pv. cap. of Monmoutll co. N. J. 35 Franklin, tp. Monroe co. O SE of Trenton. Franklin, tp. Portage co. O. Freehold, tp. Warren co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Richland co. O. FREEHOLD, UPPER, tp. MoInnouth co. N. J. Franklin, tp. Summit co. O. [Great Miami r. FREEMAN, pt. Franklin co. Me. 48 a-wv of A Franklin, pt. Warren co. O. 84 wsw Cs. on FREEMANSBURG, pv. Nortliamptoni co. Pa. Franklin, tp. rWayine co. O. FREEMANTON, tp. Effingham co. I11l. 90 SE Sd. Franklin, tp. ILenawee co. Mich. FREEPORT, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Casco Franklin, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 28 NW of D. Bay. [leghany r. Franklin, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Freeport, borough, Armstronig Co. Pa. on AlFranklin, tp. Henry co. Ind. Freeport, pt. Harrison co. O. 99 ENE of Cs. Franklin, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ind. 20 s Is. Freeport, pv. Shelby co. IId. 30 sE of Is. Fraiklin, tp. Marion co. Ind. Freeport, pv. Stephenson co. Ill. on PeekatoFranklin, tp. Owen co. Ind. nica river. Franklin, tp. Washinglton co. Ind. FREESBURG, PV. Union CO. Pa. 66 N of H. Franklin, pv. Morgan co. 111. 43 wsw of Sd. FREETOWN, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 42 s of B Franiklin, pt. Howard co. Mo. on the Mo. r. Freetown, pt. Cortlandl co. N.Y. Franklin, Tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. FRENCH BROAD r. See GAZETTEER. Franklin, pv. Walworth CO. Wis. 75 SE of FRENCII cr. rises ii N.Y. and flows into the Madison. Alleghany river in Venango co. Pa. Franklin, a v. of Liberty co. Texas, on the French Cr. pt. Chautauque co. N. Y. on left bank of Trinity river. French creek. Franklij, a v. of Texas, cap. of Robertson French Cr. pt. Mercer co. Pa. on French cr. co. 100 m. NE of Austin. French Cr. tp. Venango co. Pa. FRANKLIN CITY, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 w B. FRENCHTOWN, pv. Lewis co.Va. 310 WNW R. FRANKLINDALE, V. Dutchess co. N.Y. [of Cs. Frenchtown, tp. Monroe co. Mich. FRANKLIN FURNACE, pv. Scioto co. O. 105 S FRENCH VILLAGE, PV. St. Clair co. Ill. FRANKLIN MILLS, pv. Portage co. O. on Cu- FRIENDSHIP, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 54 SE of A. yahoga river.'? [155 NE of Cs. Friendship, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on CamFRANKLIN SQUARE, PV. Colum)biana co. O. pan's cr. [of An. FRANKLINTON, pv. cap. of Washington par. Friendship, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. 31 NW La. 68 N of New Orleans. FRIENDSVILLE, PV. Susquehanna co. Pa. 175 FRANKLINTOWN, pv.York co. Pa. 15 ssw of H. NNE of Harrisburg. [140 NNW of R. Franklintown, pv. Northampton co. Va. 168 FRONT ROYAL, PV. cap. of Warreni co Va. a of Richmond. [w of Al. FROsTBURG, pv. Alleghany co. Md. 176 NW FRANKLINVILLE, pt. Cattaraugns CO. N.Y. 280 of Annapolis. Franklinville, pv. Randolph co. N. C. FRUIT HILL, pv. Clearfield CO. Pa. 132Nwof H. FRANKSTOWN, borough, Blair co. Pa. 2 E of FRYEBURG, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. HIollidaysburg. FULLERSVILLE, PV. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 190 FRAZERn'S r. of British North America, falls NNW of Albany. into the Straits of Fuca, near the 49th FULTON, pV. Oswego co. N.Y. on Oswego r. parallel of N Lat. Leingth above 500 m. Fulton, tp. Schoharie co. N. Y. 9 S of SchoFRAZEYSBURG, PV. Muskmlgum CO. 0. 60 E CS. harie. FREDERICA, pv. Kent co. Del. 13 s of Dover. Fulton, pv. Davie co. N. C. 156 w of Rh. Frederica, pv. Glvnni co. Ga. on St. Simon's i. Fulton, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 69 N of Ca. FREDERICK, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. Fultonl, pv. cap. of Itawamba co. Miss. 220 Frederick, Md. See GAZETTEER. NE of Jackson, on Tombigbee r. FREDERICKSBURG, Va. See GAZETTEER. Fulton, pv. Hempstead co. Ark. on Red r. Fredericksburg, pv.Wayne co. 0. 98 NE of Cs. Fultonll tp. Sevier co. Ark. Fredericksblurg, pv. W;Vashinlgton co. Ind. on Fulton, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. on Miss. r Blue river [Jef. City. Fulton, pt. Hamilton co. O. on Ohio r. Fredel ickshurg, pv. Ray co. Mo. 154 wNw of Fulton, pv. Stark co. O. on the Ohio canal. FREDONIA, PV. Chautauque co. N.Y. 2 E of Fulton, pv. Barry co. Mich. 140 w of D. Lake Erie. Fulton, pv. Whitesides co. Ill. [Jef. City. Fredonia, pv Chambers eo. Ala. 175 ESE of T. Fulton, pv. cap. of Callaway co. Mo. 22 NE of Fredon ia, pv. Montgomery co. Tenn. 34 Nw of FULTON LAKES, N.Y. a chain of 8 small lakes, Fredonia, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. LNe. in Herkimer and Hamtilton cos. which disFredonia, pt. ILicking co. O. 4() NE of Cs. charge their waters into Moose river. Fredonia, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. [Ohio r. FULTONHAM, pv. Muskingum co. 0. 57: Cs. Fredonia, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ind. on FULTONVILLE, PV. Montg. co. N.Y. on the I'redonia, pv.'Williamsont co. Ill. Erie canal. [of Frederick. FREDENSBURG, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. FUNKSTOWN, pv. Washington co. Md. 22 NW FREEDOM, pt. Waldo co. Me. 33 NE of A. FURNACE VILLAGE, PV. Litchfield co ConFre*dom, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 60 wNE of Cd. naectilut, 50 wvw of Hmrtford. GEN 612 GIB GAINES, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. Geneseo, pv. cap. of Henry co. Il. 146 NNW Gaines, pv. Tioga co. Pa. LNNW of R. of Springfield. GAINESBOROUGH, pv. Frederick co. Va. 154 GENEVA, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Gainesborough, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Tenn. Geneva, pt. Ashtabula co. O. onl Lake Erie. on Cumberland r. 73 ENE of Nashville. Geneva, pv. Morgan co. Ill. 41 wsw of Sd. GAINES'CROSS ROADS, pv. Rappahannock co. Geneva, pt. W;Valworth co. Wis. Va. 120 NNW of Richmond. Geneva, a v. of Texas, on the right bank of GAINES' FERRY, 011 the Sabine, the most fre- Trinity river, a few miles above Swartwout quented land route to Texas, between GENITO, pv. Powhatan co.Va. 28 w of R. Natchitoches and San Augustine. GENOA, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 17 s of Auburn GAT'mESVILLE, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. [of M. Genoa, pt. Delaware co. 0. 23 N of Cs. Gainesville, pv. cap. of Hall co. Ga. 118 NNw Genoa, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 48 WNW of D Gainesville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. 54 sw of T. Genoa, pv. De Kalb co. Ill. 217 NNE of Sd. GAI,EN, tp. Wayne co. N.Y. 5 E of Lyons. GEORGE'S, tp. Fayette co. Pa. GALENA, pv. Delaware co. 0. 21 N of Cs. GEORGE, LAKE, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. [Cs Galena, Ill. See GAZETTEER. GEORGESVILLE, pv. Franklin co. 0. 13 SW of GALESBURG, pv. Kalamazoo co. Mich.137wD. GEORGETOWN, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 50 s of A Galesburg, pv. Knox co. Ill. 105 NNW of Sd. Georgetown, pv. Essex co. Mass. 31 N of B. GALtON, pv. Richland co. 0. 68 NNE of Cs. Georgetown, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 11-2 w Al. GALLATIN, tp. Columbia co. N.Y.15 SE of Hud- Georgetown, pv. Beaver co. Pa. on the Ohio r. son. Georgetown, pv. cap. of Sussex co. Del. 41 N Gallatin, pv. cap. of Copiah co. Miss. 37 s of J. of Dover. [TEER. Gallatin, pv. cap. of Sumner co. Tenn. 26 NE Georgetown, D. C. and S. C. See GAZETof Nashville. Georgetown, Randolph co. Ga. on the ChatGallatin, pv. Allen on. 0. 113 NW of Cs. tahoochee river. Gallatin, pv. Parke co. Ind. 78 w of Is. Georgetown, pv. Copiab co. Miss. on Pear. r. Gallatin, pv. cap. of Davies co. Mo. 190 NW Georgetown, pv. cap. of Scott co. Ky. 17 E F. of Jefferson City. Georgetown, pv. cap. Brown co. O. 107 ssw GALLATIN'S r. unites with Madison and Jef- of Columbus. ferson rivers to form the Missouri. Georgetown, pv. Floyd co. Ind. 130 s of Is. GALLIPOLIS, pv. cap. of Gallia co. O. on Ohio r. Georgetown, pv. Vermilion co. Ill. 140 E Sd. GALLOWAY, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. on Nacote cr. Georgetown, pv. cap? of Pettis co. Mo. 67 w GALWAY, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 36 NNW Al. of Jefferson City. GALVESTON, city and bay. See GAZETTEER. GEORGIA, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 40 NW of Mtr. Galveston, a co. in the SE part of Texas, oil GERARD, pv. Russell co. Ala. onil ChattahooGalveston Bay. Soil generally light, witll a chee river. large mixture of sand, well adapted to the GERARDSTOWN, pv. Berkley co. Va. 165 N R. growth of sweet potatoes, melons, &c. GERMAN, pt. Chenango co.N.Y. 123 w of Al. Capital, Galveston. German, tp. Clark co. O. GALVEZTON, V. Ascension par. on Iberville r. German, pt. Darke co. 0. 97 w of Cs. GAMBIER, pv. Knox co. 0. 56 NE Of Cs. German, tp. Harrisoni co. O. GARDINER, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 6 s of A. German, tp. Holmes co. O. GARDINER'S BAY, N.Y. at the E end of Long I. German, tp. Auglaize co. O. GARDINER'S ISLAND, N. Y. off the E enld of German, tp. Montgomery co. O. Long Island. GERMAN FLATS, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. on GARDNER, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 58NNw of B. the Mohawk river. GARLAND. pt. Penobscot co. Me. 98 NNE of A. GERMANNO, pv. Harrison co. 0. 120 ENE of Cs. GARNNETTSVILLE, l)V. Mead co. Ky. 83 w of F.' GERMAN SETTLEMENT, pV. Preston co. Va. 240 GARRETTSBURG, pv. Christiat co. Ky.'224 SW J NW of Richmond. [NW of Raleigh. of Frankfort. GERMANTON, PV. cap. of Stokes co. N. C. 123 GARRETTSVILLE, pV. Portage co. 0. 86 NE Cs. GERMANTOWN, Pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 46 s Al. GARYSBUR:. pv. Northampton co. N. C. Germantown, tp. Fayette co. Pa. GASCofNADE r. MO. See GAZETTEER. [nade r; Germantown, borough, Philadelphia co. Pa. Gasconade, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. on Gasco- 6 NNW of Philadelphia. GASPARILLA SOUND, on the wv coast of Flor. Germantowvn, pv. Hyde co. N. C. on'Par r. GASTON, pv. Northampton Co. N. C. onl Ro- Germantown, pv. Shelby co. Tenn. 220 wsw anoke river. of Nashville. GATES, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 3 w of Rochester. Germantown, pv. Mason co. Ky. 70 ENE of F GATES' MILLS, pv. Cuyahoga Co. O. on Cha- Germantown, pv. Montgomery co. 0. 82 w grin river. [sENE of Rh. of Columbus. GATESVILLE, pV. cap. of Gates co. N. C. 214 Germantown, pv. Marion co. Ind. 16 NE of Is. GAULEY BRIDGE, pv. Fayette co. Va. nol the GERMANVILLE, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 32 xw Great Kanawha. [river. of Columbia. GAULEY r. Va. falls into the Great Kanawlla GERMANY, tp. Adams co. Pa. 10 SE Gettysburg GAYLESVILLE, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. otl Coosa GERRY, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. onl Cassariver. daga creek. [35 ENE of H. GAYSVILLE, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 39 s of Mtr. GETTYSBURG, borough. cap. of Adams co. Pa GED'DES, PV. Onondaga eo. N.Y. 130 wNw Al. Gettysburg, pv. Preble co. 0. 102 w of Cs. GEN3ESEE r. See GAZETTEER. [Angelica. GHENT, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 27 s of Al. Gen-es-ee', tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 sw of Ghent, pv. Carroll co. Ky. onl Ohior. Genesee, tp. Potter co. Pa. GHOLSON, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 113 NE of J. Genesee, pt. Genesee co. Mich. on Flillt r. GIIOLSONVILLE, pv. Brunswick co. Va. on Genesee, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Meherrin river. -z.:is:o, N.Y. See GAZTTrEEL. GIBRALTAR, PV. Wayne co. Mich. 31 s o; D. GOL 613 GRA GIBSON, tp. Elk co. Pa. Goliad, the cap. of the above co. is a little Gibson, pt. Susquelhanna co. Pa. village situated on the w or right bank of GILBERTSVILLE, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 95 w Al. the San Antonio. GILBOA, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 51 w of Al. GONAIVES, Hayti. See GAZETTEER. GtLEAD, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r. GON-ZAL'ES, a co. ill the s or s central part Gilead, pv. Tolland co. Conn. 21 ESE of Hd. of Texas, intersected by the Guadalupe. Gilead, tp. Morrow co. O. Soil generally very rich, producing cotton, Gilead, pv. Wood co. O. on Maumee r. sugar, grapes, corn, &c. in abundance. Gilead, pt. Branch co. Mich. 128 wsw of D. Gonzales, the cap. of the above, on the r. Gilead, pv. Calhoun co. Ill. 105 sw of Sd. Guadalupe, 70 m. s of Austin, was forGILES C. H. pv. Giles co. Va. on New r. merly a place of some importance, but it GILFORD, pv. cap. of Belknap co. N. H. on was burnt during the revolution. It now IWinnipiseogee Lake. [of Cd. contains only a few dwellings. GILFORd VILLAGE, pv. Belknap co. N.H. 3.3 N GOOCHLAND C. H. pv. cap. of Goochland Co. GILL, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Connecticut r. Va. 30 wNW of Richmond. G,LMAN, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 68 NNW of Al. GOOD GROUND, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. GILMANTON, pt. Belknap co. N. H. 20 N of Cd. GoosE cr. Va. a branch of Roanoke r. GILMANTON IRON WVORKS, pv. Belknap co. GORDONSVILLE, pv. Orange co. Va. 74 NW R. N. H. 23 N of Concord. GORHAM, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 60 sw of A. GILSUM, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 56 wsw of Cd. Gorham, pt. Coos co. N. H. at the base of the GIRARD, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. White Mountains. Girard, pt. Erie co. Pa. 260 Nw of H. Gorham, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. on Flint cr. Girard, pv. Trumbull co. O. 170 NE of Cs. Gorham, pt. Lucas co. O. on Tiffin's r. Girard, pt. Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw of D. GOSHEN, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w of Cd. GLASCO, pv. Ulster co. -N.Y. on Hudson r. Goshen, tp. Addison co. Vt. 31 sw of Mtr. GLtASGOW, pv. New Castle co. Del. [of F. Goshen, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 Nw of Glasgow, pv. cap. of Barren co. Ky. 123 sw Northampton. Glasgow, pv. Howard co. Mo. on Missouri r. Goshen, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 6 N Litchfield. GLASSBOROUGH, PV. Gloucester co. N. J. 47 s Goshen, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 60 NNW of N.Y. of Trenton. Goshen, pv. Cape Way co. N. J. on Goshen cr. GLASS LAKE, tp. Jackson co. Mich. Goshen, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 58 ESE of H. GLASTENBURY, tp. Bennington co. Vt. 9 NE of Goshen, pv. Lincoln co. Ga. 58 NE of M. Bennington. [necticut r. Gshen, pv. Benton co. Ala. Glastenbury, pt. Hartford co. Conn. on Con- Goshen, tp. Belmont co. O. GLAZE, tp. Miller co. Mo. Gosheni, tp. Champaign co. O. GLENBURN, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 77 NE of A. Goshen, pt. Clermont co. 0. 100 sw of Cs. GLEN COVE, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Goshen, tp. Mahoning co. 0. [was er. GLENHAM, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of Al. Goshen, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. on TuscaraGLENN, Pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 43 WNW of Goshen, pv. cap. of Elkhart co. Ild. on ElkAlbany. [Hudson r. hart river. GLENN'S FALLS, pv. XWVarren co. N.Y. oil the Goshen, pv. Putnam Co. Ill. GLENNVILLE, pt. Schenectady co. N.Y. 30 w GOSHEN GORE, tp. Caledotnia co.Vt. GLOUCESTER, Mass. See GAZETTEER. [ofAl. GOSPORT, tp. Rockingham co. N. H. Gloucester, tp. Providence co. R. I. 16 wsw Gosport, v. Norfolk co. Va. on Elizabeth r. of Providence. [Phila. Gosport, pv. Oweni co. Ind. on White r. Gloucester, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 10 SE of GOUVERNEUR, pV. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Gloucester C. H. plv. cap. of Gloucester co.Va. Oswegatchie r. q5 E of Richmond. GOVENSTOWN, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 34 N An. GLOUCESTER FURNACE, pv. Atlanltic co. N. J. GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, N.Y. in N.Y. harbour. 74 s of Trenton. GOWANUS, v. King's co. N.Y. on Long Island. GLovER, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 39 NNE of Mtr. GOWENSVILLE, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 130 GLOVERSVILLE, pv. Fulton co. N.Y. 40 NW Al. Nw of Columbia. GNRADENHUTTEN, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. GRACEHtM, pv. Frederick co. Md. 87 NW An. GOAT ISLAND, all islanld in Niagara r. at the GRACE HARBOUR, a t. on the E side of Newfalls, which it divides into two unequal founidlald, with an excellent harbour. Pop. parts., estimated at 6,000. (GO- VE, PETIT, peh-tee! go-av', a sea-port on GRAFTON, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 33 NW of Cd. the N side of Hayti, 35 m. wsw of Port-au- Grafton, pt. Windham co.Vt. 109 s of Mtr. Prince. Grafton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 36 sw of B. (;osLTNTOWN, pv. Patrick co. Va. 208 wsw R. Grafton, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 20 NE of Al. (iODERICH, a t. of Canada West, onl L. Huron, Grafton, pt. Lorain co. O. 118 NNE of CS. at the. mouth of Maitlanld r. Lat. 430 50' Grafton, pv. Jersey co. Ill. 85 s of Sd. x, ILon. 82~ w. [of Cd. GRAHAM'S STATION,'PV. Meigs Co. O. 103 SE GOFFSTOWN, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 16 s of Columbus. [of Ca. GOLCONDA, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ill. on Ohio r. GRAHAMSVILLE, PV. Beaufort dist. S. C. 144 a (;) r,l) REGION. See CALIFORNIA. GRANBY, tp. Essex co.Vt. [Northarnptoon. GOLDSBOROUGH, pt. Hancock co. Me. 110 E A. Granby, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 9 SE of Goldsborough, pv. Wayne co. N.C. 50 SE Rh. Granby, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 16 NNW of Hl. GO-LI-AD', a co. ie the southern part of Tex- Granby, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. onl Oswego r. as, intersected by rne San Antonsio r. Soil GRAND, pt. Marion co. O. 58 N of Cs. a black mould, well adapted to raising cot- GRAND BLANC, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 53 Nw D. toll, sugar, corn, grapes, &c. The land, GRAND DETOUR, pv. Ogle eo. Ill. on Rock r. however, in soume parts, oftetn suffers from GRAND GULF, PV. Cblirblrne co. Miss. on the drought. Mississippi river. 52 GRE 614 GRE GRAND HAVEN, pv. cap. of Ottawa co. Mich. GREECE, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 6 N Rochester. on Grand river. GREEN BAY, pv. Brown co. Wis. on Fox r. GRAND ISLE, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 66 NW Mtr. GREENBRIER, r. Va. See GAZETTEER. LAI GRAND ISLAND. See NIAGARA, GAZETTEER. GREENBURG, tp. Westchester co. N Y. 130 s of GRAND PRAIRIE, tp. Marion co. O. GREENBUSH, tp. PenobscOt CO. Me GRAND r. Mich. and Mo. See GAZETTEER. Greenbush, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 1 E of Ai Grand r. California, onle of the head branches Greenbush, pv. WVarren co. Ill. 92 NW of Sd. of thze Colorado. * GREEN CAMP, tp. Marion co. O. [sw of H. Grand r. or OUSE, a r. of Canada WVest, which GREEN CASTLE, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 56 flows into L. Erie about 40 m. w of Buffalo. Green Castle, pv. cap. of Putnam co. Ind. 47 Near its mouth it communicates with the w of Indianapolis. Welland canal. GREENE, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 25 sw of A. GRAND VIEW, pt.Washington co. O. on Ohio r. Greene, pv.Chenango co. N.Y. on Chenango r. Grand View, pv. Edgar co. Ill. 114 E of Sd. Greene, tp. Sussex co. N. J. 7 sw of Newton. Grand View, pv. Louisa co. Iowa. Greene, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 12 sw of Beaver. GRANDVILLE, pv. Kent co. Mich. 175 w of D. Greene, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 5 NE of ChamGRANGER, grain'ger, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. bersburg. [burg. 10 N of Angelica. Greene, tp. Greene co. co. Pa. 11 SE WaynesGranger, pt. Medina co. 0. 131 NE of Cs. Greene, tp. Indiana co. Pa. GRANTHAM, pt. Sullivan co. N.H. 54 wNw Cd. Greene, tp. Pike co. Pa. GRANVILLE, pt. Addisoi co.Vt. 35 ssw of Mtr. Greene, tp. Adams co. O. on the Ohio r. Granville, tp. Hampden co. Mass. 120 s of B. Greene, tp. Clinton co. O. [Lisbon. Granville, pt. Washington co. N.Y. on Paw- Greene, tp. Mahoning co. 0. 9 N of New Granville, pt. Bradford co. Pa. [let r. Greenie, tp. Fayette co. O. Granville, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Greene, tp. Hamilton co. O Granville, pv. Monongalia co.Va. 300 NW R. Grpene, ip. Harrison co. O. Granville, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on Cumber- Greene, tp. Hocking co. O. land river. Greene, tp. Ashland co. O. Granville, pt. Licking co. 0. 34 NE of Cs. Greene, tp. Ross co. O. Granville, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 68 NE of Is. Greene, tp. Summit co. O. Granville, pv. Platte co. Mo. on Missouri r. Greene, tp. Wayne co. O. Granville, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Greene, tp. Iowa co. Wis. GRAPE GROVE, pt. Ray co. Mo. GREErNIELD, t). Hancock co. Me. GRASS r. N.Y. flows inlto the St. Lawrence. Greenfield, pt. Hillsboro' co.N. H. 35 sw of Cd GRASS LAKE, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 67 sw D. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Mass. on GRASSY POINT, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 109 s the Connecticut river. [ston Spa of Albany. L(f Cs. Greenfield, tp. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 N of BallGRATIOT, grash'e-ot, pv. Licking co. 0. 42 E Greenfield, tp. Blair co. Pa. 22 N of Bedford GRATIS, pt. Preble co. O. 92 w of Cs. Greenfield, pt. Erie co. Pa. [barre GRATZ, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 48 N of H. Greenfield, tp. ILuzerne co. Pa. 30 NE WVilkesGRAVES, Mt. Lincoln co. Ga. a conical peak, Greenfield, borough, Washington co. Pa. about 800 feet high. Greenfield, pv. Nelson co.Va. 107 w of R. GRAVESEND, tp. KiiLg's co. Long I. 9 s of N.Y. Greenfield, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. 200 E of Ne. GRAY, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 47 sw of A. Greenfield, tp. Fairfield co. O. GRAYSON C. H. pv. cap. of Grayson co. Va. Greenfield, pv. Highland co. 0. 72 sw of Cs on New river. Greenfield, tp. Huron co. 0. 106 N of Cs. Grayson, pv. cap. of Carter co. Ky. 128 E of F. Greenfield, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 6 NW of D. GRAYSPORT, pv. Muskinglm co. 0. 68 E of Cs. Greenlfield, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ind. 20 i GRAYSVILLE, I)V. Huntingidoi Co. Pa. 100 w H. of Indianapolis: Graysville, pv. Todd co. Ky. 155 sw of F. Greenfield, pv. Greene co. Ill. 60 sw of Sd. Graysville, pv. White co. Ill. 140 SE of Sd. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Dade co. Mo. 150 sw GREAT BARRINGTON, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. of Jefferson City. [City, GREAT BASIN. See CALIFORNIA, UPPER. Greenfield, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 136 N of Jef. GREAT BEAR cr. Canada \Vest, runs into r. Greenfield, pv. Milwaukie co.'NVs. 92 E of St. Clair. [Black r. Madison. [of Cd. GREAT BEND, PV. Jefferson co. N. Y. on GREENLAND, Pt. Rockinghamn Co. N. H. 45 Esa GREAT BRIDGE, pV. Norfolk co.Va. 115 SE R. GREEN MOUNTAINS. See GAZETTEER, p. 244 G,EAT CROSSINGS, pv. Scott co. Ky. 15 NE F. GREEN OAK, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 40 w D GREAT FALLS, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 34 E Cd. GREENOCIC pv. Crittelldenl co. Ark. on Miss. r GREAT SALT LAKE of Utah, is situated on GREENPORT, tp. Columbia co. N.Y. 2 s of the E margin of the Great Basin, more than Hudson. [Long I. 500 m. from the Pacific: being intersected Greenport, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. NE end of by the 41st parallel of( N Lat. anid between GREEN r. Ky. flows into the Ohio r. the 11'2th antd 113th meridians of w Lon. Green r. California, oiie of the head branches Length about 90 m.; breadth, 30 or 40 m. of the Colorado. The surface (of this lake is 4200 feet above GREENSBORO', Pt. Orleans co. Vt. 30 NNE Mtr. the level of the sea. Its waters are a satuz- Greensblorol' pv. Greene co. Pa. 196 w of HI rated solution of common salt. At its SE Greensboro', pv. Caroline co. Md. 59 E of An extremity is the Utah Lake. This appears Greensboro', pv. cap. of Guilford co. N.C. 82 like an arm or bay of the former; but its wNw of Raleigh. [of M. waters are said to be fresh, and to flow Greensboro', pv. cap. of Greene co. Ga. 44 x into the Great Salt Lake. Greensboro', pv. Greene co. Ala. 40 s of T. GREAT VALLEY, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Greensboro', pv. cap. of Choctaw co. Miss, GREAT WORKS, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 80 E A. 110 NE of Jackson. GRI 615 HAD Greensboro', tp. Greene co. Ky. 90 ssw of F. I GROTON, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 42 NNW of Cd. Greensboro', pv. Henry co. Ind. 40 E of Is. i Groton, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 30 E of Mtr. GREENSBURG, borough, cap. of Westmore!and Groton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 33 NW of B co. Pa. 168 w of Harrisburg. Groton, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 SE Hd. Greensburg, pv. cap. of St. Helena par. La. on! Groton, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr. Tickfaw river. Groton, pt. Erie co. 0. 95 N of Cs. Greensburg, pv. Trumbull co. 0O. 185 NE Cs. GROVE, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 260 wsw Al. Greensburg, pv. cap. of Decatur co. Ind. 47 Grove, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Lnesus Lake. SE of Indianapolis. GROVELAND, tp. Livingston co. N.Y. on CoGREEN'S FORK, tp. Randolph co. Ind. Groveland, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 44 NW of D. GREENSTOWN, pv. Stark co. O. 130 NE of Cs. Groveland, pv. Tazewell co. Ill. 62 N of Sd. GREENUPSBURG, pv. cap. of Greenup co. Ky. GUADALUPE r. Texas, flows into the San Anon the Ohio river. [of A. tonio. Length 250 ni. GREEN VILLAGE, pv. Franklin co. Me. 90 NW GUANAXUATO or GUANAJUATO, gwan' a-w1vah' GREENVILLE, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 90 ND: A. to (see Introduction XXVII. 9, 10 and 17), Greenville, pv. Providence co. R. I. 9 w of a small but populous state in the central Providence. part of Mexico, NW of the city of Mexico. Greenville, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 29 s of Al. Area 8,600 sq. m. Pop. 450,000. For GUAGreenville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 70 N of Tn. NAXUATO, the capital of the above, see Greenville, tp. Erie co. Pa. GAZETTEER. Greenville, pt. Somerset co. Pa. GUAYAMA, gwt-ah'mal, a sea-port on the s Greenville, pv. Augusta co.Va. 120 wNw R. coast of Porto Rico, almost due s from San Greenville, pv. cap. of Pitt co. N. C. on Tar r. Juan.' Greenville C. H. pv. cap. of Greenville dist. GUAYMAS, gwi'mas, a sea-port of Sonora, S. C. L100 w of M. on the Gulf of California, with one of the Greenville, pv. cap. of Meriwether co. Ga. best harbours on the western coast of Greenville, pv. cap. of Butler co. Ala. 140 ssE Mexico. Lat. about 28~ N, Lon. 110" 10' w. of Tuscaloosa. [of Little Rock. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. Greenville, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ark. 78 sw GUAZACUALCO or HUAsACUALCO, gwas-.Greenville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Tenn. 258 kwal'ko, a small r. of Mexico, forming a E of Nashville. part of the boundary between the states of Greenville, pv. cap. of Muhleiiburg co. Ky. Vera Cruz and Tabasco. At its mouth, in on all affluent of Green river. the Gulf of Mexico, there is a tolerable Greenville, pv. cap. of Darke co. 0. 90 w Cs. harbour. Greenville, pv. Floyd co. Ind. 110 s of Is. GUILDERLAND, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 9w of Al. Greenville, pv. cap. of Bond co. Ill. 74 s Sd. GUILDHALL, PV. cap. of Essex co. Vt. on Greenville, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Mo. oni St. Connecticut river. Ltaquis r. Francis river. GUILFORD, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on PiscaGREENWICH, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 75 w B. Guilford, pt. Windham co. Vt. 124 s of Mtr. Greenwich, pt. Fairfield co. Conin. 82 sw Hd. Guilford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 50 s Hid. Greenwich, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. 35 NNE of Al. Guilford, pt. Chellargo co. N.Y. 100 w of Al. Greenwich, pt. Cumberland co. N. J. 73 ssw Guilford, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 6 SE of Chamnof Trenton. [Woodbury. bersburg. Greenwich, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 7 sw of Guilford, v. Columbiana co. O. Greenwich, pt. Warren co. N. J. 10 s of Bel- Guilford, tp. Medina co. O. videre.'I GUINES, ghe-nes', an inland town of Cuba, Greenwich, tp. Berks co. Pa. 18 NE Reading. 45 m. SE from Havana. The climate is fine, Greenwich, pt. Huron co. 0. 93 N of Cs. and invalids from the United States freGREENWICH VILLAGE, pv. Hampshire co. quently winter here. It is the southern Mass. 73 w of Boston. termination of the principal railroad in the GREENWOOD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 54 w of A. island. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. Greenwood, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. GULLITSVILLE, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 60 w M. Greenwood, pt. Columbia co. Pa. 92 NNE H. GUITIVIS. See MAYo. Greenlwood, tp. Crawford co. Pa. GosTAVUS, pt. Trumbull co. O. Greenwood, tp. Juniata co. Pa. onl Susqa. r. GUYAN, ghl'an, tp. Gallia co. O. Greenwood, tp. Perry co. Pa. 10 NE of GUYANDOTTE r. Va. See GAZETTEER. Bloomfield. GUYANDOTTE, LITTLE, r. Va. flows into the Greenwood, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 80 NW Ca. Ohio river. Greenwood, pv. Caddo par. La. 150 NW N.O. GUYANDOTTE, pv. Cabell co.Va. on the Ohio r. Greenwood, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 10 s of Is. GWYN'NEDD, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. GREERSBUgG, Pa. See DARLINGTON. GREGG, tp. Centre co. Pa. on Sinking cr. HACKENSACK r. N.J. flows into Newark Bay. GREIG, greg, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. on Moose r. Hackensack, pv. cap. of Bergen co. N. J. on GRENADA, pV. Yalabusha co. Miss. on Yala- Hackensack river, 76 NE of Tn. [York. busha river. Hackensack, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 13 N of New GRIFFIN, pv. Pike co. Ga. 80 w of M. [of R. HACKETTSTOWN, pv.Warren co. N. J.60N Tn. GRIFFINSBURG, PV. Culpepper co. Va. 106 NW HADDAM, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 22 s of Hd. GKTFFIN'S MILLS, pv. Erie co. N.Y. in Au- HADDONFIELD, pv. Camden co. N. J. 35 sw rora township. [of Tn. of Trenton. GRIGGSTOWN, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 20 NN.E HADDONSVILLE, pv Todd co. Ky. 190 sw F. GRIGGSViLLE, pv. Pike co. Ill. 60 w of Sd. HADLEY, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Conn. r. GRISWOLD, Pt. New London co. Conni. 50 ESE Hadley, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 58 N of Al. of Hartford. [Missouri r. Hadley, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. 58 N of D. ktISWOLD CITY, pv. Franklin co. Mo. on the Hadley, pv. Will co. Ill. 174 NE of Sd. HAM 616 HAR I1ADLYME, p v. New London co. Conn. 40 s Hd. HAMILTON VILLAGE, V. Philadelphia co. Pa. I HAERLEM. See HARLEM. [36 WNW of Al. w of the Schouylkill river. HAGERMAN'S MILLS, pv. Montgomery Co. NY. HAMILTONVILLE, or NEWTOWN HAMILTON, HAGERSTOWN, Md. See GAZETTEER. pv. Mifflin co. Pa. on Juniata r. Hagerstown, pv. Preble co. 0. about 100 w Cs. HAMLIN'S GRANT, tp. Oxford co. Me. Hagerstown, pv. Wayne co. lld. 60 E of IS. HAMMOND, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on the HAGUE, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 90 N of Al. St. Lawrence. Hague, pv.WVestmoreland co. Va. 76 NE of R. HAMMONDSPORT, pt. Steuben co. N. Y. on Hague, pv. Logan co. Ky. 174 sw of F. Crooked Lake. [river. HAINS, tp. Centre co. Pa. 19 E of Bellefonte. HAMPDEN, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot HALE, tp. Harden co. O. Hampden, pt. Geauga co. O. [of Cd. HALF ACRE, V. Putnam eo. Ga. HAMPSTEAD, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 ssa HALF MOON, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 13 N of Al. Hampstead, pv. Carroll co. Md. 56 NW of An. Half Moon, pt. Centre co. Pa. 100 Nw of H. Hampstead, pv. King George co. Va. 90 NNE R. HALIFAX, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Green r. HAMPTON, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. otl the Halifax, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 ssE of B. Atlantic. Halifax, pt. Dauphin co. Pa. 23 N of H. Hampton, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 E of Ed. Halifax (or BANISTER), pv. cap. of Halifax co. Hampton, v. Oneida co. N.Y. Va. on Banister river. [Roanoke r. Hampton, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 26 N Salem. Halifax. pv. cap. of Halifax co. N. C. on the Hampton, pv. Adams co.'Pa. 30 sw of H. Halifax, pv. Kemper co. Miss. 100 ENE of J. Hampton, pv. cap. of Elizabeth City co.Va. on Halifax, pv.Wilson co. Tenn. 24 E of Ne. Hampton river. HALLETT'S COVE, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. Hampton, pv. Rock Island co. Ill. 150 NNW Sd. HALLOWVELL, Me. See GAZETTEER. HAMPTON ROADS, Va. an arm of Chesapeake HALL'S STREAM, N. H. a small r. which flows Bay, near the mouth of James r. It is sufinto the Connecticut river. [A1. ficiently deep for the largest ships of war, HALL'S MILLS, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 30 wsw of and is an important naval station. HALLSTOWN, p)V. Jefferson co.Va. 172 N of R. IIAMPTONBURG, pt. Oratnge co. N.Y. 4 NE of HALLSVILLE, pv. Duplin co. N. C. 97 SE of Rh. Goshen. [sw of Portsmouth. Hallsville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 52 N of Ca. HAMPTON FALLS, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 16 HAMBURG, pv. New London co. Conn. 31 SSE HAMPTONVILLE, pv. Surry co. N. C. 145 WNW of Hartford. HAMTRAMCK, tp. Wayne co. Mich. [of Rh. Hamburg, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 300 w of Al. HANCOCK, pt. Hancock co. Me. 95 E of A. Hamburg, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 86 N of Tn. Hanecock, pt. Hillsbhro' co. N. H. 34 sw Cd. Hamburg, pv. Berks co. Pa. 68 ENE of H. Hancock, pt. Addison co.Vt. 39 ssw of Mtr. Hamburg, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. on Savan- Hancock, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 142 w B. niah river. Hancock, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r. Hamburg, pv. Macon co. Ga. 88 sw of M. Hancock, pt. Wil. co. Md. on Potomac r. Hamburg, pv. Perry co. Ala. 65 s of T. HANCOCK BRIDGE, pv. Salem co. N.J. 85 sw Tn. Hamburg, pv. Hardin Co. Tenn. 140 sw of Ne. HANCOCK FACTORY, PV. Hillsboro' co. N. H. Hamburg, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 50 WNW D. 30 sw of Concord. Hamburg, pv. Calhoun co. Ill. o011 Mississippi r. HANCOCKVILLE, pv. Union dist. S. C. 85 NW Ca. Hamburg, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 120 s of Is. HANDY, tp. Livingston co. Mich. HAMBURG ON THE LAKE, pv. Erie co. N.Y. on HANGING ROCK, pv. Hampshire co. Va. Lake Erie. HANNAHSBURG, pv. Butler co. Pa. 207 WNW H. HAMDEN, pt. NewHaven co. Conn. 33 ssw Hd. HANNIBAL, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 175 WNW Al. Hamden, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on a branch Hannibal, pv. Marion co. Mo. on Miss. r. of the Delaware river. HANNIBALVILLE, V. Oswego co. N.Y. HAMILTON, pt. Essex co. Mass. 22 NNE of B. HANOVER, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. Hamrilton, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 96 w of Al. Hanover, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 24 ssw of B. Hamilton, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. 30 SE of Hanover, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. ~Woodbury. [burg. Hanover, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 12 NE of Hamilton, 1p. Adams co. Pa. 12 NE of Gettys- Mount Holly. [town. Hamilton, tp. Franklin co. Pa. Hanover, pt. Morris co. N. J. 5 N of MorrisHamilton, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. Hanover, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Hamilton, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Hanover, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 15 SE of H. Hamilton, pv. Loudon co.Va. 160 N of R. Hanover, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Hamilton, pv. Martin co. N. C. 127 E of Rh. Hanover, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Hamilton, pv. cap. of Harris co. Ga. 126 wsw Hanover, tp. Northampton co. Pa. of Milledgeville. Hatnover, pt. WVashington co. Pa. Hamilton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 92 SE of T. Hanover, borough, York co. Pa. 35 s of H. Hamilton, pv. Monroe co. Miss. 156 NE of J. Hanover C. H. pv. cap. of Hanover co.'Va Hamiltoiu, pv. cap. of Butler co. O. on Great 20 N of Richmond. Miami river. Hanover, tp. Butler co. 0. [Lisbon Hamilton, tp. Franklin co. O. on Scioto r. Hanover, tp. Columbiana co. O. 10 E of New Hamilton, tp. Warren co. O. Hanover, v. Harrison co. 0. 8 Nw of Cadiz. Hamilton. pt. Van Buren co. Mich. Hanover, pt. Licking co. O. 48 NE of Cs. Hamilton, pv. Hamilton co. Ill. [Sabine r. Hanover, tp. Ashland co. O. Hamilton, a v. of Texas, in Shelby co. on the Hanover, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90.w of D. Hamilton, a fourishiniig apd important t. of Hanover, tp. Shelby co. Ind. [Nw of Cd. Canada West, situated a few miles s of Bur- HANOVER CENTRE, pv. Graftor, co. N. H. 60 lington Bay, at the w extremity of Lake On- HANOVERTON, PV. Columnbiana co. O. tario. Pop. estimated at 8,000. HANSON, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 28 SSE of B IIAMaTON BAN, tp. Adams co. Pa HARBOR Cr. pt. Erie co. Pa. 6 NE of Erie. HAR 617 HAS HEARDIN, PV. Shelby co. O. 85 WNW of Cs. Harrison, tp. Hudson co. N. J. HARDINSBURG, I)V. cap. of Breckenridge co. Harrison, tp. Potter co. Pa. [Rock. Ky. 115 wsw of Frankfort. Harrison, pv. Union co. Ark. 98 s of Little Hardilsburg, v. Dearborn co. Ind. on Great Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. Tenn. Miami river. iHarrison, tp. Carroll co. O. Hardinsburg, pv. Wn. co. Ind. 106 s of Is. Harrison, tp. Champaign co. O. on Stony cr. HAR1)INSVILLE, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 9 w of F. Harrison, tp. Darke co. O. HARDWICK, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 27 NE of Mtr. Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 126 wsw of Cs. Hardwick, pv.Vorcester co. Mass. 68w of B. HIarrison, tp. Perry co. O. Hardwick, tp. Warren co. N. J. 15 NE of Bel- Harrison, tp. Pickaway co. O. on Scioto r. videre. Harrison. tp. Preble co. O. Hardwick, Ga. See GAZETTEER. Harrison, tp. Macomb co. Mich. HARDY, tp. Hoilnes co. O. Harrison, tp. Fayette co. Ind. HARDYSTON, Ip. Sussex co. N. J. on Wallkill r. Harrison, tp. Harrison co. Ind. HARFORD, pt. Susquehamna co. Pa. Harrison, a co. in the NE part of Texas, on HARios, tp. Centre co. Pa. the Sabine river. It is well timbered, and HARLEM, pv. N.York co. N.Y. on Harlem r. the soil in many parts is very fertile. CapiHarlem, pt. Delaware co. 0. 27 N of Cs. tal, Marshall. [Va. 130 Nw of R. HARLANSBURG, pv. Lawrence co. Pa. HARRISONBURG, pv. cap. of Rockingham co. HARLESVILLE, pv. MarioIn dist. S. C. on Lit- Harrisonburg, pv. cap. of Catahoola par. La. tie Pedee river. on Washita river. I1ARLINCGEN, PV Somerset co. N. J. 18 N of Tn. HARRISONVILLE, Pv. Shelby co. Ky. 40 w of F. HARMAR, pv. Washington co. 0. on Muskin- Harrisonville, pv. Meigs co. O. gum river. Harrisonville, pv. Monroe co. Ill. on tile Miso HIARMONtY, pt. Somerset co. Me. 57 N of A. sissippi river, 127 ssw of Springfield. Ilarmony, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. Harrisonville, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Mo Harlmonly, pt. Warren co. N.J. 58 N of Tn. on Grand river. Harmoly, v. Butler co. Pa. 12 NE of Beaver. HARRISVILLE, pv. Butler co. Pa. 224 WNW H. Harmony, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. on Sus- Harrisville, pv. Dinwiddie co. Va. 52 s of R. quehanna river. Harrisville, pv. Harrison co. O. 120 ENE of Cs. Harmony, pv. Halifax co. Va. 150 sw of R. HARRODuSBURG, PV. cap. of Mercer co. Ky. 30 Harmony, pv. York dist. S. C. 100 N of Ca. s of Frankfort. Harmony, pv. Weakly co. Tenn. 132 w of Ne. HARTFIELD, V. Chautauque co. N.Y. HIarmony, tp. Clark co. O. HARTFORD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 34 w of A. Harmony, tp. Morrow co. O. Hartford, pt. Windsor co.Vt. on Conn. r. Harmony, tp. Perry co. Ind. [Jefferson City. Hartford, pt. W\ashington co. N.Y. 14 N Salem Hiarmony, pv. Washington co. Mo. 100 SE of Hartford, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. HARMONY VALE, PV. Sussex co. N. J. 82 N Tn. Hartford, v. Pulaski co. Ga. on Ocmulgee r. HARNAGEVILLE, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 140 Nw Hartford, pv. cap. of Ohio co. Ky. 154 wsw F. of Milledgeville. Hartford, tp. Licking co. O. HARPER'S FERRY, pv. Jefferson co.Va. at the Hartford, pt. Trumbull co. O. 187 NE of Cs. junction of the Shenandoah with the Po- Hartford, pv. cap. of Blackford co. Ind. 80 tomac, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. NE of Indianapolis. The sceniery here is singularly picturesque Hartford, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 92 NE of Is. and romantic, and the place is in conlse- Hartford, pv. Knox co. Ill. 93 NNW of Sd. quence much visited by travellers. [Al. Hartford, pv. Des Moines co. Iowa. IHARPERSFIELD, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 64 w of HARTLAND, pt. Somerset co. Me. 47 N of A. Harpersfield, pt. Ashtabula co. O. on Grand r. Hartland, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on Contn. r. HARPERSVILLE, pv. Broome co. N.Y. near the Hartland. pt. Hartford co. Conn. 24 NNE Hd. Susquehanna river. Hartland, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 270 wv of Al. sHarpersville, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 90 E of T. Hartland, pt. Huron co. 0. 9 SE of Norwalk. H-IARPETH r. Tenni. flows into Cumberland r. Hartland, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 52 w of D. HARPSWELL, tp. Cumberland co. Me. Hartland, pv. M'Henry co. Ill. 226 NNE of Sd. HIARRIETTSTOWN, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. 35 s HARTLEY, tp. Union co. Pa. of Malone. [Narraguagus r. HARTLEYTON, pv. Union co. Pa. 80 N of H. HARRINGTON, pt. Washingtonl co. Me. on HART'S GROVE, Pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 180 NE Cs. Harrington, tp. Bergen co. N.J. on the Hudson. HARTSVILLE, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 134 w B. Harrington, pv. Cumberlagid co. N. C. 60 s Rh. Hartsville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 wv of Al. HARRIS, pt. Centre co. Pa. Hartsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 108 E of H. Harris, a co. in the SE part of Texas, bor- Hartsville, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. on Cumbero dering on Galveston Bay. Soil, especially land river. towards the N and w, extremely fertile. Hartsville, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 51 s Is Houston is the capital. Hartsville, v. cap. of Wright co. Mo. on a HARRISBURG, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. on Deer cr. branch of the Gasconade. Harrisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. HARTWICK, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 74 w of Al. Harrisburg, pv. Franklin co. 0. 23 sw of Cs. HARTWICK SEMINARY, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. on Harrisburg, tp. Medina co. O. the Susquehanna river. Harrisburg, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 56 E of Is. HARVARD, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 32 NW B. Harrisburg, pv. Vail Buren co. Iowa. HARVEYSBURG, PV. WVarren co. 0. 80 NE Cs. Harrisburg, v. of Harris co. Texas, 5 E of HARVEYSVILLE, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 108 NE H. Houston. HARWICH, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on the At HARRISON, Pt. Cumberland co. Me. 62 wsw A. lantic. Harrison. tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 3 E of HARW1NTON, Pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 24wHd. White Plans HASKINSVILLE, pv. Greene co. Ky. 97 ssw F 52* HEL 618 HIG 4ASTINGS, Pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 150 wNW Al. Helena, pv. Iowya co. Wis. 60 NW of Madison. Hastings, v. Westchester co. N.Y. 20 N N.Y. HELLAM, pt. York co. Pa. 29 s of H. Ilastinlls, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mich. 144 w D. HELLEN, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 176 NW of IH. HATBOROUGH, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 17 N of Phi- HELLERSTOWN, pv. Northampton Co. Pa. 9; ladelphia. [Mississippi. ENE of H. [otus pass in East r. 7 NE N.Y HATCHY or HATCIIEE r. Tenn. flows into the HELL GATE, or HELLE GATT, N.Y. a danger HATFIELD, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Con- HELT, tp. Vermilion co. Ind. necticat river. HEMLOCK, tp. Montour co. Pa. [1 wide. Hatfield, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 24 NW of Phila. HEMLOCK LAKE, Livingston co. N.Y. 6 m. long HATT'ERAS, CAPE, a dangerous promontory HEMPFIEL D, pV. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 SE of H. on the E coast of N. C. Hempfield, tp.'Westmoreland co. Pa. HAVANA, pv. Chemung co. N.Y. 194 wsw Al. HEMPSTEAD, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. 20 a of N.Y. Havana, pv. Greene co. Ala. 25 s of T. HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, PV. Queen's co. N.Y. Havana, v. Licking co. O. HENDERSON, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. HenderHavana, pv. cap. of Mason co. Ill. on Ill. r. son Harbor, v. in the above tp. on Lake HAVERFORD, pt. Delaware Co. Pa. 8 w Phila. Ontario, 180 NW of Albany. [river. HAVERHILL, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. Henderson, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. on Juniata Haverhill, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r. Henderson, pv. Granville co. N. C. 44 N of Rh. HAVERSTRAW, pt. Rockland co. N.Y. on the Henderson, pv. Houston co. Ga. 68 sw of M. Hudson river. Henderson, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Ky. on HAVRE DE GRACE, Md. See GAgETTEER. Ohio river. HAW CR. tp. Bartholomew co. Ind. [Ohio r. Henderson, pv. Knox co. Ill. on Henderson r. HAWESVILLE, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ky. on Henlderson, v. of Texas, cap. of Rusk co. about HAWFIELD, pv. Orange CO. N. C. 48 NW Rh. 15 m. s of the Sabitne r. Pop. near 100. HAWKINSVILLE, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Ga. HENDERSONVILLE, Va. See NOTTAWAY C. H. on Ocmulgee river. Hendersonville, pv. cap. of Henderson co. N. HAWLEY pt. Franklin co. Mass. 110 w of B. C. on French Broad river. [of Ne. HAw r. N. C. unites with Deep r. to form Hendersonville, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. 16 NE Cape Fear river. [NNW of R. Hendersonville, pv. Henry co. Ky. 33 NW F. HAWSBURG, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 130 HENDRYSBURG, pv. Belmont Co. O. 15 w of HAYCOCK, tp. Bucks co. Pa. St. Clairsville. HAYFIELD, Pt. Crawford co. Pa. [N of R. HENLO'PEN, CAPE, Del. on the, west side of HAY MARKET, pv. Prince William co. Va. 114 the entrance of Delaware Bay. [nois r. HAYNESVILLE, pv. York dist. S. C. 86 N of Ca. HENNEPIN, pv. cap. of Putnam co. Ill. on IlliHIaynesville, pv. Houston co. Ga. 70 sw of M. HENNIKER, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 15 w Cd. Haynesville, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Ala. 116 HENRIETTA, pt. Monroeco. N.Y. on Genesee r. SE of Tuscaloosa. Henrietta, pt. Lorain co. 0. 35 w Cleveland. Haynesville, pv. Ohio co. Ky. 140 sw of F. Henrietta, pt. Jackson co. Mich. HAYSVILLE, pv. Ashland co. O. 78 NNE of Cs. HENRY, CAPE, at the s side of the entrance HAYWOOD, pv. Chatham co. N. C. 30 w of Rh. of Chesapeake Bay. HAZLE, tp. I.uzerne co. Pa. [of T. HENRY CLAY, tp. Fayette co. Pa. HAZLE GREEN, pv. Madison co. Ala. 170 NNE HENRY, tp. Wood co. O. HAZLETON, pv. Iuzerne co. Pa. 106 NE of H. Henry, tp. Henry co. Ind. [liamsport. HEAD OF HARBOUR, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. 50 a HEPBURN, Pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 9 N of Wilof New York. HERCULANEUJI, pV. Jefferson co. Mo. on the HEATH, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 109 WNW of B. Mississippi river. Heath, tp. Harrison co. Ind. [Va. 98 E of R. HEREFORD, pt. Berks co. Pa. 80 E of H. HEATHSVILLE, pv. cap. of Northumberland co. Hereford, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 52 NW of An. Heathsville, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 82 NE Rh. HERKIMER, pv. cap. of Herkimer co. N.Y. on HEBARDSVILLE, pv. Athens co. O. 6 s Athens. the Mohawk r. [Missouri r. HEBBERDSVTLLE, pv. Henderson co. Ky. 183 HERMANN, PV. cap. of Gasconade co. Mo. on w of Frankfort. HERMON, Pt. PenObscot co. Me. 7 w Bangor. HEBRON, pt. Oxford co. Me. 45 wsw of A. Hermon, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. [N of J. Hebron, pt. Grafton co. N. H. -40 NW of Cd. HERNANDO, pv. cap. of De Soto co. Miss. 200 Hebron, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 25 SE of Hd. HERRICK, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. 20 SE of Hebron, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 64 N of Al. Montrose. Hebron, tp. Potter co. Pa. Herrick, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Hebron, pv. Washington co. Ga. 16 se of M. HERTFORD, pv..cap. of Perquimans co. N. C lHebron, pt. Licking co. O. 27 NE of Cs. on Perquirnans river. [Oswegatchie I Hebron, pv. M'Henry co. Ill. [of H. HEUVELTON, PV. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. in; HECKTOWN, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 100 ENE HIAQUI. See YAQUI. [see r HECTOR, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 14 w Ithaca. HIIWAssEE r. Tenn. flows into the TennesHector, pt. Potter co. Pa. HIBERNIA, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 1 N of Jef HEIDELBERG, hil'dl-burg, tp. Berks co. Pa. HICKORY, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [City Heidelburg, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. j Hickory, pv. Washington co. Pa. 220 wv of H Heidelberg, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Hickory, pv. Carroll co. O. 121 ENE of Cs. Heidelberl, tp. York co. Pa. 15 sw of York. HICKSBURG, pv. Dorchester co. Md. HEILDERSBURG, pv. Adams CO. Pa. 25 SE of HI. HICKSFORD, pv. cap. of Greenville co.Va. on HELDERBERGS. hills or mountains, N.Y. in the Meherrin river. w part of Albany and Schoharie counties. HICKSVILLE, V. Queen's co. N.Y. oil Long I. HELENA, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. [river. Hicksville, pv. Williams co. 0. 177 NW of Cs. Helena, St. pv. St. Helena par. La. on Ticfah HIGGANUM, PV. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 s Hd(. Heleta, pv. Mason co. Ky. 87 NE of F. HIGGINSPORT, PV. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. Helena, pv. cap.of Philips co.Ark. onMiss. r. aHIGH FALLS, PV. Ulster co. N.Y. 70 s of Al. HOL 619 HOP HIIGI GATE, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on L. Cham- HOLLAND, Tp. Orleans co. Vt. 56 NNE Of Mtr plain. Holland, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 67 sw of B. HIGHLAND, pv. Highland co. 0. 50 sw of Cs. Holland, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 284 w of Al. Highland, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 45 NW of D. HOLLAND PATENT, PV. Oneida co.N.Y. 12 N of HIGHLANDI MILLS, pv. Orange co. N.Y. Utica. [canal. HIGHLANDS, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. HOLLEY, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie HIGHTOWTER. See ETOWAH, GAZETTEER. HOLLIDAYSBURG, borough, cap. of Blair co. Pa. HIJGHTSTOWN, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 19 E Til. on Beaver dam cr. HILL, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 24 NNw of Cd. HOLLIS, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r. HILL GORE. tp. Washington co. Me. Hollis, pt. Hillsborough co. N.H.44 s of Cd. HILLIAR, tp. Knox co. O. HOLLISTON, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 24 sw B HILLIARDSTON, pv. Nash co. N. C. 60 NNE Rh. HOLLY, tp. Oakland co. Mich. HILLSBOROUGH, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on HOLLY SPRINGS, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Contoocook river, 24. sw of Concord. Miss. 193 N of Jackson. Hillsborough, tp. Somerset co. N.J. onl an af- HOLMDEL, pv. Monmotith co. N.J. 45 E of Tn. fluent of Raritan river. HOLMESBURG, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 9 w of Hillsborough, pv.Washington co. Pa. 200 w H. Bristol. Hillsborough, pv. Caroline co. Md. 60 E An. HOLMES HOLE, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 89 ssE B. RIillsborough, pv. Loudon co. Va. 166 N of R. HOLMESVILLE, pv. cap. of Appling co. Ga. 177 Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Oranige co. N. C. 40 SSE of Milledgeville. [Bogue Chitto river. NW of Raleigh. Holmesville, pv. cap. of Pike co. Miss. on Hillsborough, pv. Jasper co. Ga. 28 NW of M. Holmesville, pv. Avoyelles par. La. Hillsborough, pv. Lawrence co. Ala. 127 N T. HolmIesville, pv. Holmes co. O. 93 NE of Cs. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Scott co. Miss. 48 E J. HoLsTON r. Tenn. See GAZETTEER. Hillsborough, pv. Coffee co. Tenn. 76 SE Ne. HoME, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 98 SE of Is. [cr Hillsborough, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 90 E of F. HOMER, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Highland co. O. 75 Homer, tp. Athens co. O. onl Federal cr. sw of Columbus. [of Is. Homer, pv. Licking co. 0. 46 NE of Cs. Hillsborough, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 60 WNW Homer, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. [Lake. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. HONEOYE, PV. Ontario co. N.Y. on Honeoye Ill. 64 s of Springfield. Lriver. HONEOYE FALLS, pv. Monroe co. N. Y. on Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Mo. onl Big Honeoye creek. [long and 1 wide. HILLSBOROUGH BRIDGE, pv. Hillsborough co. HONEOYE LAKE, N.Y. Ontario co. N.Y. 5 m. N. H. 21 sw of Coiicord. HONESDALE, borough, cap. of WVayne co. Pa. HILLSBOROUGI CENTRE, pv. Hillsborough co. 172 NE of Harrisburg. N. H. 24 swv of Concord. HONEYBROOR, pt. Chester co. Pa. 38 NW Phila. HILLSDALE, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 45 s of Al. HONEYVILLE, pv. Page co. Va. on Shenandoah Hillsdale, pv. Hillsdale co. Mich. 98 wsw D. river. [mack r. HILLSVILLE, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 245 WNW H. HOORsET, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. on MerriHILLTOWN, pt. Bucks co. Pa. HOOKSTOwN, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 13 sw Beaver. KINCKLEY, pt. Medina co. O. 130 NNE Of Cs. HOOSICK r. N.Y. rises in Mass. and Vt. and EHINESBURG, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 42 w Mtr. flows into the Hudson in Rensselaer co. HINESViLLE, pv. cap. of Liberty co. Ga. 196 Hoosick, pt. Renlsselaer co. N.Y. 32 NE of Al. SE of Milledgeville. [15 SE of B. HoosIcK FALLS, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. on [INGHAM, hilnggum, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. H-oosick r. [IINKLETOWN, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 42 ESE H.:'HOOTENSVILLE, pv. Upson co. Ga. on Flint r IINsDALE, pt. Cheshire co. N.HI. on Ashue- HOPE, pt. Waldo co. Me. 36 ESE of A. lot river. Hope, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 58 NW of Al. lHinsdale. pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 120 wv of B. Hope, pt. Warren co. N. J. 66 N of Tn. IEinsdale, pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. HOPEWELL, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 187 wv of Al.:IRAM, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. Hopewell, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. onl Coliram, pt. Portage co. 0. 154 NE of Cs. hansey creek. IITCHCOCKVILLE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. on Hopewell, pt. Mercer co. N. J. 17 N of Tn. Farmington river. Hopewell, pt. Beaver co. Pa. [ford. JITESVILLE, pv. Coles co. Ill. 108 ESE of Sd. IHopewell, pt. Bedford co. Pa. 15 NE of Bed-IWvASSEE r. Tenn. enters Tennessee r. Hopewell, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 21 w of -IOBART, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. G5 wsw Al. Carlisle. [Huntingdon. -IOBOKEN, N. J. See GAZETTEER. Hopewell, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa. 13 sw of JIOCKHOCKING r. O. flows into the Ohio r. Hopewell, pt. Washington co. Pa. 12 NW of lOCKING, tp. Fairfield co. O. Washington borough. IOCKING CITY, pv. Athens Co. O. 100 SE of Cs. Hopewvell, tp. York co. Pa. 14 SE of York.'IoCEINGPORT, pv. Athenis Co. 0. 104 SE of Cs. Hopewell, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 170 IODGDON, pt. Aroostook co. Me. vwsw of Raleigh. IODGENSVILLE, pv. Hardin co. Ky. 89 sw F. IIopewell, pv. York dist. S. C. 92 N of Ca. IOFFSVILLE, pv. Harrison co. Va. 250 Nw R. Hopewell, tp. Licking co. O. IOGANSPORT, pv. Franklin co. N.Y. oni St. Hopewell, pt. Muiskingum co. O. 46 E of Cs. Regis river. H-opewell, tp. Perry Co. O. on Jonathan's cr IOGESTOWN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw H. Hopewell, tp. Seneca co. O. on Sandusky r. IOKESVILLE, pV. Lincoln co. N. C. 160 wsw HoPKINSVILLE, pv. Chattooga co. Ga. on Litof Raleigh. tie river. [200 sw of F, IOLDEN, Pt. WVorcester co. Mass. 48 w of B. Hopkinsville, pv. cap. of Christian co. Ky, IOLDERNESS, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 38 N of Cd. Hopkinsville, pt. TWarren co. O. 96 wssr Cs IOLDERNESS CENTRE, pV. Grafton co. N. H. Hopkinlsville, v. cap. of Adair co. Mo. 40 N of Concord. HOPKINTON, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 7 w Cd HUL 620 INP) ITopkinton, pt Middlesex co. lMass. 29 wsw HULMEVII,LE, hume'vill, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 18 of Boston. NE of Philadelphia.l Hopkinton, pt. Wn. co. R. I. on WVood r. HUME, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Genesee r. 1Iopkinton, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on St. HUMMELSTOWN, borough, Dauphin co. Pa. 9 Rengir. river. E of Harrisburg. HORACE, tp.'lioga co. Pa. HUMPHREY, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. HORICON, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on Hudson r. HUMPHREYSVILLE, PV. New Haven co. Conn. HORNBY, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. [lnisteo r. 50 sw of Hartford. qoRNELLSVILLE, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Ca- HUNTER, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 18 w Catskill. HORNTOWN, pv. Acconmack co. Va. HUNTERSTOWN, PV. Adams co. Pa. 35 sw H HORN ISLAND, an island in the Gulf of Mexi- HUNTERSVILLE, PV. cap. of Pocahontas co.Va. co, Mrft the mouth of Pascagoula river. 190 WNW of Richmond. HORS1nAM, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 16 N of Huntersville, pv. Hardin co. 0. 80 NW of Cs. Philadelphia. HUNTINGDON, tp. Adams co. Pa. 12 NE of Get. HORSE RACE, N.Y. a name given to the HIud- tysburg. [Pa. 92 wNw of H. son r. just before it leaves the Highlands. Huntingdon, borough, cap. of Huntingdon Co. HOSKINSVILLE, pv. Morgan co. 0. 90 E of Cs. Huntingdon, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [w of Ne. HOT SPRINGS, pv. Bath co. Va. 170 WNW of Huntingdon, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Tenn. 98 R. Here are remarkable springs, charged HUNTINGTON, tp. Chittenden co.V. 20 w Mtr. with various mineral ingredients. Huntington, pt. Fairfield co. Colln. 17 w of Hot Sprillgs, pv. cap. of Hot Springs co. Ark. New Haven. 53 xw of Little Rock. LNE of A. Huntington, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. HOULTON, pv. cap. of Aroostook co. Me. 196 Huntington, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 82 NW Ca. HOUMA, PV. cap. of Terre Boone par. La. 132 Huntington, tp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. sw of New Orleans. [Watertown. Huntington, tp. Gallia co. O. on Racoon Cr. HOUNSFIELD, tp. Jefferson co. N. Y. 6 w of Huntington, pt. Lorain co. 0. 20 sw of Elyria. HOUSTON, tp. Clearfield Co. Pa. Huntington, tp. Ross co. O. [on Wabash r. Houston, pv. Wayne co. Tenn. 110 sw of Ne. Huntillgtoll, pv. cap. of Huhtington co. Ind. Houston, pv. cap. of Chickasaw co. Miss. 145 HUNTINGTOWN, pv. Calvert co. Md. 42 sw of NE of Jackson. Annapolis. Houston, Texas. See GAZETTEER. HUNTSBURG, pt. Geauga co. 0. 175 NE of Cs. Houston, hews'ton, a co. in the E part of HUNT'S HOLLOW, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. Texas, between Trinity river and the Ne- HUNTSVILLE, pv. Surry co. N. C. on Yadkin r. ches. It is mostly covered with woods; soil Huntsville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 56 NW Ca. along the Trinity, and on some of the up- Huntsville, pv. Pauldiug co. Ga. 136 WNW M. lands, very fertile. Near the Neches, it is Huntsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ala. 150 somewhat sandy. Capitals, Crockett and NNE of Tuscaloosa. Fort Houston. Huntsville, pv. cap. of iMadison co. Ark. HOUSTONVILLE, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 154 w Huntsville, pv. Butler co. 0. 95 wsw of Cs. of Raleigh. Huntsville, pv. Schuyler co. Ill. 80 WNW Sd. HOWARD, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. Huntsville, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Mo. on Howard, pt. Centre co. Pa. 97 Nw of H. Chariton river. Howard, tp. Knox co. O. onl Vernon r. Huntsville, v. of Texas, 60 N of Houston. Howard, tp. Cass co. Mich. HURLEY, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 60 ssw of Al. HOWARD's GORE, Oxford co. Me. HURL GATE. See HELL GATE. HOWELL, tp. Molumoutlh co. N..r. HURON r. O. flows into Lake Erie at Huron. Howell, pv. Cobb co. Ga. 112 Nw of M. Huron r. Mich. flows into Lake Erie. Howell, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Mich. 50 Hurons, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. on Lake Ontario. wv of Detroit. Huron, pv. Erie co. O. oni Lake Erie. HOWELLSVILLE, pv. Delaware co. Pa. Huron, pt. WVayne co. Mich. 29 sw of D. Howellsville, pv. Warren co. Va. on Shenan- HURRICANE, tp. Iinloli co. Mo. doah river. [quis river. HUSTON, tp. Centre co. Pa. HOWLAND, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Piscata- HUSTONVILLE, pv. Lincoln CO. Ky. 53 ssE F Iiowland,:p. Trumbull co. O. HUTSONVILLE, Pv. Cravwfnrd co. I11. HOYSVILLE, PV. Loudon CO. Va. 166 N of R. HYANNiS, pv. Baristable co. Mass. 77 SE B. HUBBARD, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 180 SE Warren. HYATTSTOWN, PV. Moltg. co. hMd. 72 w Aln. HtiBBARDSTON, pt.WVo'ster co. Mass. 54 xv B. IIYATTSVILLE, Pv. Miami Co. 0. 82 w of Cs. HU3B1ARDTON. pt. Rutland co. Vt. on Hub- HYDE PARK, pv. cap. of Lamoille co. Vt. 31; bardton river. of Montpelier. [river HUBIERSBURG, pv. Centre co. Pa. 88 NW of H. Hyde Park, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Hudsoa HuDsoN, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 68 s of Cd. HYDESBURG, pv. Rails co. Mo. 108 NNE of" Hudson, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Jeffersonl City. Hudson, pv. Summit co. O. 137 NE of Cs. IIudson. pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 81 sw of D. IBERIA, pv. Marion co. 0. 54 N of Cs. Iludson, pv. Ia Porte co. Ind. 158 N of Is. Iberia, pv. Miller Co. Mo. 50 sw of Jef. City Hudson, pv. M'Lean co. Ill. 94 NE of Sd. IBERVILLE, pv. Iberville par. La. 92 WNW N.0 HUDSONVILLE, PV. Marshall co. Miss. 200 N J. ICKESBURG, pv. Perry co. Pa. 40 NW of H. Hudsonville, pv. Breckeniridge co. Ky. 120 IJAM3VILLE, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 NW An. wsw of Frankfort. IMLAYTOWN, pv. Monmouth co. N J. 16 E Tn. HUGHESVILLE, p)V. LYCOBmilg co. Pa. 90 N H. ILLINOIS r. Indian Territory, flows into Ark. r HUGHSONVILLE, V. Dutchess co. N.Y. ILLINOIS CITY, pv. Rock Island co. Ill. HIULBURTON, PV. Orleans Co. N.Y. on the INDEPENDENCE r. N.Y. flows into Black r. Erie callal. Independenlce, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 as HULL, tp. Plymouth co. Mass. 9 ESE of B. of Agllellca. lOW 621 JAC Independence, tp. Warren co. N. J. 14 NE of the Indian and Missouri Territories. The Belvidere. Missouri r. marks nearly the whole of its Independence, pv. Washington co. Pa. western boundary. In the SE part both cliTndependence, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 94 SE T. mate and soil appear to be well adapted for Independence, pv. Henderson co. Tenn. agricultural settlements. In the E part of the Independence, pv. cap. of Kenton co. Ky. 82 territory, along the Mississippi r., both N and s NNE of Frankfort. [Cleveland. of the Macoqueta r., is a valuable mineral reIndependenice, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 10 s of gion, abounding in lead, zinc, and iron. The Independence, tp. Washington co. O. people of Iowa have recently accepted the Independence, tp. Oakland co. Mich. proposition made by Congress (1845-6) to Independence, pv. Warren co. Ind. 85 NW Is. erect the s portion of the territory into a Independence, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mo. 146 sovereign state. See IOWA, GAZETTEER. WNW of Jef. City. It is the general place of departure of the Santa Fe traders. IPSwICH, Mass. See GAZETTEER. INDI.NA, tp. Alleghlany co. Pa. 10 NE Pittsburg. IRA, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr. Indiana, borough, cap. of Indiana co. Pa. 155 Ira, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 170 w of Al. WNW of Harrisburg. Ira, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. INDIAN KEY, pt. Dade co. Florida. IRASBURG, PV. cap. of Orleans co.Vt. 45 N Mtr. INDIAN LAKE, Hamilton co. N.Y. 4 m. long IROQUOIS, pv. Iroquois co. Ill. on Iroquois r. and 1 wide. IRONDEQUOIT, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 5 N of RoINDIAN r. N. H. an upper br. of the Conn. r. chester. Indian r. N.Y. flows into the Oswegatchie r. Ironldequoit cr. and bay, Monroe co. N. Y. Indian r. Flor. a vast lagoon, 100 m. long. communicating with Lake Ontario. Indian R. hundred, Sussex co. Del. IRVILLE, pv. Muskingum co. O. 56 E of Cs. INDIAN SPRINGS, pv. Butts co. Ga. 52 w M. IRVINE, pv. cap. of Estill co. Ky. on Ky. r. INDIAN STREAM, tp. Coos co. N. H. IRVING, pV. Chautauque co. N.Y. onl L. Erie. Irving, v. Westchester co. N.Y. 26 N of N.Y. INDIAN or WESTERN TERRITORY, IRVINGSVILLE, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 76 WNW a tract which has been set apart by the U. S. of Boston. government for the permanent residence of IRWIN, tp.Venango co. Pa. 12 sw of Franklit. the Indian tribes who have been removed IRWINTON, pv. cap. of Wilkinson co. Ga. 20 s from the different states. It is bounded on the of Milledgeville. N by Platte r., E by the Missouri r. and state, Irwinton, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 NE of T. s by the Red r., and w by the desert country IRWINVILLE, pv. cap. of Irwin co. Ga. 105 s M. sometimes called the " Great American De- ISLAND CR. pt. Jefferson co. O. sert." It is about 600 m. in extent from N to ISLEBOROUGH, pt. Waldo co. Me. 54 E of A. s, and 400 or 500 from E to w. A large por- ISLE OF SHOALS, eight islets on the coast of tion of the territory is prairie, but the margins N. H. and Me. of the streams are generally lined with wood. IsLIP, pt. Suffolkl co. N.Y. on Long Island. All the productions of the U. S. of the same ISRAEL, tp. Preble co. O. latitude can be raised here, and the country ISRAEL'S r. N. H. flows into Connecticut r. seems to be also exceedingly well adapted ITALY, tp. Yates co. N.Y. 15 w of Penn Yan. for grazing. ITHACA, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Ithaca, pv. Darke co. 0. 104 w of Cs. INDIAN TOWN, pv. Currituck co. N. C. 230 IVY MILLS, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 88 E of H. ENE of Raleigh. IZARD C. H. Ark. See ATHENS. Indian Town, pv. Williamsburg dist. S. C. INDUSTRY, pt. Franklin co. Me. 34 NW of A. JACtNTO, pv. cap. of Tishaminxgo co. Miss. Industry, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 230 w of H. 230 NNE of Jackson. INGHAM, Pt. Ingharn co. Mich. 77 w of D. JACKSON, pt. Waldo co. Me. 47 NE of A. INGLES FERRY, pv. Montg. co. Va. 215 w R. Jackson, pt. Coos co. N. H. 80 N of Cd. INTERCOURSE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 48 E of H. Jackson, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 40 NE Al. INIGoES, ST. pv. St. Mary's co. Md. 105 s An. Jackson, tp. Cambria co. Pa. IOLA, pv.Calhoun co. Flor.onAppalachicola r. Jackson, tp. Columbia co. Pa. IONIA, pv. cap. of Ioniaco. Mich. on Grand r. Jackson, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. Ionia. v. Morgan co. Mo. on Moreau cr. Jackson, tp. Greene co. Pa. Iosco, tp. Livingston co. Mich. Jackson, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 7 a of Lebanon. IOWA CITY, capital of the state of Iowa, and Jackson, tp. Lycoming co. P. seat of justice of Johnson co., on the left or Jackson, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. E bank of Iowa r., 70 or 80 m. from its Jackson, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. mouth. Pop. 2,000. Jackson, tp. Tioga co. Pa. IOWA r. rises in Chapeau Lake, and after a Jackson C. H. pv. cap. of Jackson co. Va. course of above 300 m. in a general south- Jackson, pv. Northampton co. N.C. 108 NE Rh. easterly direction, falls into the Mississippi. Jackson, pv. cap. of Butts co. Ga. 67 wvl of AI. It is navigable for boats at all seasons as far Jackson, pv. Clarke co. Ala. 160 s of T. as Iowa City. Jackson C.H. pv. cap. of Jackson co. Miss. 235 IOWA INDIANS, a tribe in the southwestern SE of Jackson. part of Iowa. Jackson, pv. East Felicianta par. La. 124 NW of New Orleans. IOWA TERRITORY, an extensive ter- Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. ritory of the U. S., bounded on the N by British Jacksol, pv. cap. of Madison co. Tenn. 134 North America, E by Wisconsin and Illinois, wsw of Nashville. from which it is for the most part separated Jackson, tp. Champaign co. O. by the Mississippi r., s by Missouri, and w by Jackson, tp. Coshocton co. O. JAM 622 JEF fackson, tp. Guernsey co. O. Jamestown, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 250 WNW HI. Jackson, tp. Highland co. O. [Chilicothe. Jamestown, pv. Prince Edward co. Va. on Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. 0. 28 sE of Appomattox river. Jackson, tp. Monroe co. 0. Jamestown, on James r.Va. See GAZETTEER. lackson, tp. Montgomery co. 0. Jamestown, pv. Guilford co. N. C. on Deep r. fackson, tp. Morgan co. O. Jamestown, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on TombigJackson, tp. Muskingum co. 0. bee river. [124 E of Ne lackson, tp. Perry co. 0. Jamestown, pv. cap. of Fentress co. Tenn. Jackson, tp. Pickaway co. O. Jamestown, pv. cap. of Russell co. Ky. 100 a Jackson, tp. Pike co. O. of Fraiikfort. Jackson, tp. Preble co. O. Jamestown, pv. Greene co. O. 64 wsw of Cs Jackson, tp. Sandusky co. O. Jamestown, pv. Boone co. Ind. 28 NW of Is. Jackson, tp. Stark co. O. Jamestown, pv. Sangamon co. Ill. 15 from Sd. Jackson, tp. Mahoning co. O. Jamestowrn, pv. Andrew co. Mo. 4 N of Mo. r. Jackson, tp. Ashland co. 0. Jamestown, pv. Grant co.Vis. 108w-Madison. Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mich. on JAMESVILLE. pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 127 w Al. Grand river, 79 w of Detroit. Jamesville, pv. Southampton co. Va. [river. Jackson, tp. Dearborn co. Ind. Jamesville, pv. Cherokee co. N. C. on Valley Jackson, tp. Hancock co. Ind. JANESVILLE, pv. Rock co. Wis. on Rock r. Jackson, tp. Hamilton co. Ind. JARVIS GORE, tp. Penobscot co. Me. Jackson, tp. Shelby co. Ind. JASPER, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 18 sw of Bath. Jackson, tp. Washington co. Ind. Jasper, pv. cap. of Marion co. Tenl!. on SeJackson, tp. Wayne co. Ind. quatchy river. [of Tallahassee. Jackson, pv. cap. of Cape Girardeau co. Mo. Jasper, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. Flor. 90 E 196 SE of Jefferson City. [Little Rock. Jasper, pv. cap. of Walker co. Ala. 48 NE of T. Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. 140 NE of Jasper, pv. Pike co. O. 66 s of Cs. [cr. Jackson, a co. in the southern part of Texas, Jasper, pv. cap. of Dubois co. Ind. on Patoka on Matagorda Bay. Soil consistiing of a Jasper, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Mo. 160 sw of deep layer of black mould; very fertile. Jefferson City. Indigo is produced in abundance. Capital, Jasper, a co. in the E part of Texas, betweea Texana. [of Al. the Neches and Sabine rivers. Soil on the JACKSONBOROUGH, PV. Otsego co. N.Y. 62 w margins of the streams very fertile; in the Jacksonborough, pv. cap. of Scriven co. Ga. central and westerii parts sandy. 116 ESE of Milledgeville. Jasper, the capital of the above, on Sandy cr., Jacksonborough, pv. Butler co. 0. 90 wsw Cs. an affluent of the Neches, 150 m. NNE of JACKSONBURG, V. Butler co. O. Galveston. Pop. 150. Jacksonburg, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 57 E of Is. JAVA, pt. Wyominlg co. N.Y. on Seneca cr. JACKSONHAM, pV. Lancaster dist. S. C. 80 NE JAY, pt. Franklin co. Me. on Androscoggin r. of Columbia. [James r. Jay, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 58 N of Mtr. JACKSON r. Va. one of the head branches of Jay, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 148 N of Al. [nie r. JACKSoNTOWN, pv. Lickiiig co. O. 31 NE Cs. Jay C. H. pv. cap. of Jay co. Ind. on SalamaJACKSONVILLE, pv. W;Vidham co.Vt. 142 s Mtr. JEFFERSON, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 21 SE of A. Jacksonville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 170 w Al. Jefferson, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Israel's r. Jacksonville, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 90 ENE of H. Jefferson, v. Chemung co. N.Y. on Seneca L. Jacksonville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 90 E Ca. Jefferson, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 56 w of Al. Jacksonville, pv. cap. of Telfair co. Ga. on Jefferson, tp. Morris co. N. J. 15 NW of MorOcmulee river. Lriver. Jefferson, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. [ristown. Jacksonville, pv. Duval co. Flor. on St. John's Jefferson, tp. Camrbria co. Pa. Jacksonville, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ala. 140 Jefferson, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [river. ENE of Tuscaloosa. Jefferson, pt. Greene co. Pa. on Monongahela Jacksonville, pv. Darke co. 0. 94 w of Cs. Jefferson, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Jacksonville, pv. Switzerland co. Ind.110 SE Is. Jefferson, pv. Frederick co. Md. 83 NW of An. Jacksonville, Ill. See GAZETTEER. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashe co. N. C. on New. r. Jacksonville, v. Washington co. Texas, 10 Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ga. on Ocosw of Washington. nee river. [Coosa r. JACOBSBURG, pv. Northampton co. Pa. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Cherokee co. Ala on Jacobsburg, pv. Belmont co. 0. 126 E of Cs. Jefferson, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 22 SE Ne. JACQUEMEL or JACMEL, zhak'mel', a sea-port Jefferson, tp. Adams co. O0 [of Cs. oin the s coast of Hayti, 30 m. sw of Port- Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashtatula co. 0. 2041 niL au-Prince. Jefferson, tp. Fayette co. O. JAFFREY, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 48 sw of Cd. Jefferson, tp. Franklin co. 0. 12 E of Cs. JALAPA. See XALAPA, GAZETTEER. Jeffersoi, tp. Logan co. O. JALISCO or XALTSCo, Hah-lislko, a large and Jefferson, v. Madison co. 0. 14 w of Cs. populous Mexicanl state, NW of the city of Jefferson, tp. Montgomery co. O. Mexico, and bordering oi the Pacific. Area Jefferson, tp. Muskingum co. O. 74,500 sq. in. Pop. 800,000. Capital, Gua- Jefferson, tp. Preble co. O. dalaxara. Jefferson, tp. Richland co. O. JAMAIcA, pt. IWindhamn co. Vt. on West r. Jefferson, tp. Ross co. O. on Scioto r. Jamaica, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. 12 E of N.Y. Jefferson, tp. Scioto co. O. on Scioto r. J MAICA PLAINS, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 6 sw B. Jefferson, tp. Cass co. Mich. JAMES r. Mo. flows into White r. Jefferson, pv. Clinton co. hid. 46 N of Is. JAMESTOWN, tp. Newport co. R. 1. 3 w of Jefferson, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. Newport [outlet of Chautauque L. Jefferson. tp. Wayne co. Ind. Jamestown, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on the Jefferson, tp. Cole co. Mo. JOH 623 KAT Jefferson, tp. Monroe co. Mo. [of Madison. I Johnson, tp. Champaign co. O. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Wis. 36 Ei Johnson, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 12 NE of Warren. Jefferson, a co. occupying the ESE extremity of Johnson, tp. Barry co. Mich. Texas, bordering on L. Sabine. A narrow Johnson, tp. Gibson co. Ind. strip in the N part is covered with wood. JOItNSONBURG, pv. Warren co. N. J. 70 N Tn. Along the streams the soil is very rich; in JOHaNSONVILLE, PV. Cumberland co. N. C. 65 some parts there are extensive swamps well s of Raleigh. adapted to the cultivation of rice. Capital, JOHNSTON, tp. Providence co. R. I. 5 w of Beaumont. [142 E of Jef. City. Providence. [tle Rock. TEFFERSON BARRACKS, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. Johnston, pv. Marion co. Ark. 170 N of LitrEFFERSONTON, pv. Culpepper co.Va. oil Rap- Johnston, pv. Rush co. Ind. 40 E of Is. pahannock river. [Santilla r. JOHINSTOWN, PV. cap. of Fulton co. N.Y. 46 leffersonton, pv. cap. of Camden co. Ga. on NW of Albany. Lnemaugh r. TEFFERSONTOWN, PV. Jefferson co. Ky. 66 w Johnstown, borough, Cambria et. Pa. on Coof Frankfort. [Mtr. Johnstown, St. pv. Sussex co. Del. 34 s of D. [EFFERSONvILLE, pv. Lamoille Co. Vt. 45 N of Johnstown, pv. Licking co. 0. 36 NE of Cs. [effersonville, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 100 a of H. Johnstown, pt. Barry co. Mich. 128 w of D. feffersonville, Va. See TAZEWELL C.H. JOHNSvILLE, ST. Pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 60 Feffersonville, pv. Fayette co. 0. 60 sw of Cs. NW of Albany. feffersonville, pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r. Johnsville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 74 Nw An. [ENA, tp. Livingston co. Mich. [of Phila. Johnsville, pv. Dyer co. Tenn. 174 w of Ne. JENKINTOWN, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 10 N JoNESBOROUGH, pt. Washilngton co. Me. 140 JENKS, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [erset. ENE of Augusta. JENNER, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 12 Nw of Som- Jonesborough, pv. Jefferson co. Ala. 43 NE T. JENNERSVILLE, P1)V Chester co. Pa. Jonesborough, pv. cap. of Washington co. JEREMIE, zher'ray'mee', a sea-port on the N Tenn. 280 E of Nashville. [of Sd. coast of Hayti, 125 m. w of Port-au-Prince. Jonlesborough, pv. cap. of Union co. Ill. 175 s TERICHO, Pt. Chittellden co.Vt. 52 NW of Mtr. Jonesborough, v. of Red River co. Texas, on Jericho, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Red river, 30 m. NW of Clarksville. Jericho, pv. Wvayne co. N. C. 70 sw of Rh. JONESBURG, pv. cap. of Camden co. N. C. on lericho, pv. Perry co. Ala. 53 s of T. Pasquotank river. [dison Bay. IERICHO CENTRE, pv. Chittenden co. Vt. 32 JONESPORT, pt. Washington co. Me. on AdNW of Montpelier. JONESTOWN, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 30 E of H. IEROMESVILLE, pv. Wayne co. 0. 82 NE of Cs. JONESVILLE, pv. cap. of Lee co. Va. on an afJERSEY, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. on Mead cr. fluent of Powell's river. Jersey, pt. Licking co. 0. 35 NE of Cs. Lriver. Jonesville, pv. Surry co. N. C. 160 wNw Rh. [ERSEY CITY, pv. Hudson co. N. J. on Hudson Jonesville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 80 NW of Ca. IERSEY SHORE, borough, Lycoming co. Pa. on Jonesville, pv. Monroe co. 0. 130 E of Cs. thew branch of the Susquehanna river, 100 Jonesville, pv. cap. of Hillsdale co. Mich. 92 NNW of Harrisburg. wsw of Detroit. [canal. TERSEYTOWN, pv. Montour co. Pa. 84 N of H. JORDAN, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on the Erie IERSEYVILLE, pV. cap. of Jersey co. I111. 70 sw Jordan, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. of Springfield. [Yan. JOSEPH, ST. pt. Williams co. 0. 180 NW of Cs. [ERUSALEM, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 5 w of Penn Joseph, St. pt. Berrien co. Mich. 195 w of D. Jerusalem, pv. cap. of Southampton co. Va. JOSEPH's, ST. a bay on the s coast of Flor. w 70 ESE of Richmotnd. [Long I. of the Appalachicola river. JERUSALEM SOUTH, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Joseph's, St. r. See GAZETTEER. JESSUP'S LANDING, Pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on JULIET, pv. cap. of Will co. Ill. on Des Hudson river. [E of Hd. Plaines river. JEWETT CITY, pv. New London co. Conn. 47 JurLUSTOWN, pV. Burlington co. N. J. 24 s Tn. JoBSTOWN, pv. Burlington co.N. J. 26 s of Tn. J UNIATA r. Pa. See GAZETTEER. JOE'S BROOK, or MERRITT r. Vt. one of the Juniata, pt. Perry co. Pa. 40 wNw of II. affluents of Pasumsic river. JUNIUs, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. 8 N of Waterloo JOHN's r. N. -II. floxvs into Conn. r. John's r. N. C. falls into the Catawba. KALAMAZOO r. Mich. See GAZETTEER. Jo7Nss, ST. a r. of Flor. which rises in; a vast Kalamazoo, pv. cap. of Kalamazoo co. Mich. marsh, and flowing northerly nearly par- on Kalamazoo river. allel to the shore of the Atlantic, falls into KALAMO, tp. Eaton co. Mich. the ocean in Lat. 30~ 20' N. KALIDA, pv. cap. of Putnam co. 0. 114 sw Csa. Jioh's, St. a smail town of. Canada East, on KANAKANIC, tp. Milwaukie co, Wis. the Chamlily, near the N end of L. Chllam- KANAWHA r. Va. See GAZETTEER. plain, 23 in SE of Montreal. A railroad, 15 Kanlawha C. H. pv. cap. of Kanawha co. Va. m. in length, connects it with La Prairie, on on Great Kanawha river. the St. Lawrence, whence a steam ferry KANAWHA SALINE, pv. Kanawha co. Va. keepsup the communication with Montreal, KANKAKEE r. Ill. joins the Des Plaines, to 9 m. distant. The principal commerce be- form the Illinois river. tween New York and Montreal is carried KANZAS or KONZAs r. See GAZETTEER. on through this route. In the immediate KAN'ZAS, KANSAS or KONZAS Indians, a tribe vicinity of St. John's is the t. of Dorchester. in the Indian Territory, dwelling in the JOHNSBURG, pt. pWarren co. N.Y. 88 N of Al. vicinity of Kanzas river. [Susqa. r. JOrHNSTBURY, ST. Pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 37 NE of KARTHAUS, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. oit WV Br. of Montpelier. KASKASKIA, Ill. See GAZETTEER. JOHNSON, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. on La-noille r. KAT-AH'DIN, MT. Me. between the E and w Johnson, borough; Cambria co. Pa. branches of the Penobscot. He:ght 5,300 ftL KIN 624 KNO KAUKALIN, pv. Brown co. TWis. on Fox r. KING AND QUEEN C. H. pv. cap of King ard KAYADEROSSERAS Mts. N.Y. w of L. George. Queen co. Va. 53 ENE of Richmond. Also a cr. which flows into Saratoga Lake. KINGFIELD, pt. Franklin co. Me. 60 NNW of A. KEARSARGE, Mt. Merrimack co. N. H. KING GEORGE C. H. pv. cap. of King George KEArT NG, tp. M'Keau co. Pa. on Alleghany r. co. Va. 82 NNE of Richmond. KEARSLY, pt. Genesee co. Mich. [w of D. KINGSBOROUGH, pv. Fulton co. N.Y. 50 NW Al. KEELERSVILLE, Pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 175 KING's BRIDGE, pv. New York co. N.Y. 13 N KEENE, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on Ashuelot r. of City Hall. Keene, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Au Sable r. KINGSBURY, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. Keene, pv. Jessamine co. Ky. 33 SE of F. Kingsbury, pt. WVn. co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Keene, pt. Coshoctoni co. 0. 100 NE Of Cs. KINGSESSING, pt. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 sw of KEESVILLE, pv. Cliniton and Essex cos. N.Y. Philadelphia. oil Au Sable r. [sw of J. KING'S FERRY, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 173 w Al. KELLERTOWN, Pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 118 KING-SPORT, PV. Sullivan co. Tenn. 270 E of Ne. KELLOGGSVILLE, PV. Cayuga co. N.Y. KINGSTON, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 33 ssE Cd. KELLY, tP. Union co. Pa. 9 N of New Berlin. Kingston, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. on a br. of KEMPSVILLE, pv. Princess Anne co.Va. 116 SE Plymouth harbour. of Richmond. [SE of Rh. Kinglston, pv.Wn. co. R. I. 32 s of Providence. KENANSVILLE, pv. cap. of Duplin co. N. C. 90 Kingston, pv. cap. of Ulster co. N.Y. near KENDALL, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Hudson river. Pop. 10,233. Kendall, pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 167w of D. Kingston, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 14 NE of Tn. KENDALLVILLE, PV. Noble co. Ind. 160 NNE Is. Kingston, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on the SusqueKENNEBUNK, Me. See GAZETTEER. lianna r. KENNEBUNK PORT, pt. Yiork co. Me. on Ken- Kingston, pv. Somerset co. Md. 118 SE of An. nebuilk river. [of Al. Kingston, pv. cap. of Lenoir co. N. C. on KENNEDYSVILLE, PV. Steuben eo. N.Y. 220 w Neuse river. KENNET, tp. Chester co. Pa. 2S sw of Phila. Kinigston, pv. Adams co. Miss. 120 sw of J. KENNET SQUARE, pv. Chester co. Pa. in Ken- Killngston, pv. cap. of Autauga co. Ala. on Aunet township. [Jef. City. tauga creek. KENNONSVILLE, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 128 N of Kingston, pv. cap. ofRoane co.Tenn. 143 E Ne. KENSINGTON, Pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 41 SE Kingston, pv. Ross co. O. 55 s of Cs. of Concord. [Hd. Kingston, pv. De Kalb co. 11. 218 NNE of Sd. Kensington, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 13 ssw of KINGSTREE, pv. Williamsburg dist. S. C. on Kensington, Pa. See GAZETTEER. Black r. Kensington, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 35 w of D. KINGSVILLE, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 212 NE of Cs. KENT, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 50 w of Hd. KING WILLIAM C. H. pv. cap. of King William Kent, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al. co. Va. 38 NE of Richmouid. Kent, pt. Kent co. Mich. 168 WNW of D. [r. KINGwOOD, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 29 Nw Tn. KENTON, pV. cap. of Harding co. O. onl Scioto Kingwood, pv. cap. of Preston co. Va. 284 NW KENTONTOWN, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 53 NE F. of Richmond. KENTUCKYVILLE, pv. Susquehainna co. Pa KINsMAN, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 193 NE Of CS. KEOKUCK,City. See IOWA, GAZETTEER. KINZUA, pv. Warren co. Pa. 220 Nw of H. KERNSVILLE, pv. NoilIhampton co. Pa. 105ENE KIlO-WAY INDIANS, a tribe dwellilig in the sw of Harrisburg. [Madison. part of the Indian Territory. KEWAUNEE, PV. Milwaukie co. Wis. 72 E of KIRBY, tp. Caledonia co. Vt. 36 NE of Mtr. KEYPORT, PV. Monmouth CO. N. J. 46 E of Tn. KIRKERSVILLE, pv. Licking co. O. 22 E of Cs. RKEYSBURG, pv. Logan co. Ky. 194 sw of F. KIRKLAND, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 84 NE of A. Keysburg, pv. Pike co. III 77 w of Sd. Kirkland, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 100 wNW of Al. REYSVILLE, pv. Charlotte co. Va. 93 sw of R. KIRKVILLE, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w Al. KEYTESVILLE, pv. cap. of Chariton co. Mo. 90 Kirlrsville, pv. Butler co. Ala. 140 SSE of T. NW of Jefferson City. KIRKwOoD, tp. Belmont co. O. KEY WEsTr. See GAZETTEER. KIRTLAND, pt. Lake co. O. 167 NE of Cs. KIAMISHI r. Ilndian Territory, flows into Red KISHWAUKIE, PV. Wi.inneb)ago CO. Ill. 197 N Sd. river, 6 m. below Fort Towson. KISIKIMINIETAS, pt. Armstrong co. Pa. oil the KIDRON, pv. Coweta co. Ga. 96 w of M. Conemaugh or Kiskiminetas river. Kidron, Indian Territory. See DWIGHT. KITTANING, borough, cap. of Armstrong co. KICK-A-POO' INDIANS, a tribe dwelling in the Pa. on the Alleghany river. E part of the Indiaii Territory, N of Kanzas KITTATINNY, a name sometimes given to th1e river. Blue Mountains, where they cross tlhe Dela1IrLKEKNNY, Pt. CoOS CO. N. H. 106 N of Cd. ware at the Water Gap. K(ILLBUCK, Pt. Holmes co. O. onil Killbuck cr. KITTERY, pt. York co. Me. on Piscataqua r. ILLINGLY, Y pt.Wvindham co. Coin. 47 E of Hd. KLAMET. See TLAMATH. KILLINGWORTII, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. onl KNIGIITSTOWN, pv. Henry co. Ind. 33 E of Is Iong Island Sound. [cataquis r. KNOTTSVILLE, pv. Mononogalia co. Va. 266 NW KILMARNOCK, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Pis- of Richmond. Kilmainock, pv. Lancaster co. Va. on Chesa- Knottsville, pv. Daviess co. Ky. 150 vw sw F peake Bay. [2,024 ft. KNOWLESVILLE, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the KILLINGTON PEAK, Green Mts. Vt. Height Erie canal. KIMBERTON, pV. Chester co. Pa. 75 E of H. KNOWLTON, pt. Warren co. N. J. 66 N ofTn KIMBOLTON, pv. Guernbsey Co0 O. 88 E Of'Cs. KNOX, pt. Waldo co. Me. 35 NE of A. KINDERHOOK, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 20 s of Al. Knox, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 21 w of Al. Kinderhook cr. N.Y. flows into the Hudson Knox, tp. H-olmnes co. O. in Columbia county. Knox, tp. Jefferson co. O. [of An Kinderhook, pv. Pike co. Ill. 84 w of Sd. KNOXVILLE, 1pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 WNW LAG 625 LAR kAtoxville, pv. cap. of Crawford eno. Ga. 55 Texas, reaching from Corpus Chriati Bay sw of Milledgeville. [ol Holston r. nearly to the mouth of thoe Rio Grande. Knoxville, city, and cap. of Knox co. Tenn. Entire length about 120 im.; greatest breadth Knoxville, pv. Jefferson co. O. 140 E of Cs. perhaps 15 m. Knoxville, pv. Knox co. Ind. 138 sw of Is. LAKE, tp. Logan co. O. Knoxville, pv. cap. of Knox co. Ill. 100 wNw Lake, pt. Stark co. O. 134 NE of Cs. of Springfield. Lake, tp. Ashland co. O. on Mohiccan r. Knoxville, pv. Ray co. Mo. 156 wNw Jef.City Lake C. H. Ind. See CROWN POINT. KOOTANAi or KOOTANYE (koo-t0-ll') INDIANS, LAKE LANDING, pV. cap. of Hyde co. N. C a tribe in the E part of Oregon, dwelling on on Mattimuskeet Lake. the banks of M'Gillivray's river. LAKE PLEASANT, pV. cap. of Hamilton co. KORTWRIGHT, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on De- N.Y. on Lake Pleasant. laware river. LAKE PROVIDENCE, PV. cap. of Carroll par KoscIrSKO, pv. cap. of Attala co. Miss. on La. on the Mississippi river. [N of Is Yockonockony r. [co. Pa. 100 ENE of H. LAKETON, pv. Wabash co. Ind. on Eel r. 104 KREIDERSVILLE, kri'ders-vil, pv.Northampton LAKEVILLE, V. Queen's co. N.Y. 20 E N.York. KULER, tp. Vail Buren co. Mich. Lakeville, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 43 Nw of D. KUTZTOWN, borough, Berks co. Pa. 69 E of H. LA-MA.R', pt. Clinton co. Pa. Lamar, a co. ill the N part of Texas, borderLA BACA. See LA VACCA. ing on Red river. It is mostly woodland: LACKAWANNA r. Pa. enters the Susquehanna soil, especially in the N and middle portions, at Pittstown. very rich. Capital, Paris. Lackawanna, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. [ces. Pa. Lamar, a v. of Refugio co. Texas, on AranLACKAWANNOC Mts. in Luzerne and Wayne sas Bay, opposite to Aransas, 160 m. s of LAcKA'wANNOCK, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 6 sw of Austin. [NW of Tn. Mercer. [ill Pike co. LAMBERTSVILLE, pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. 15 LACKAWAxEN r. Pa. flows into the Delaware Lanibertsville, pv. Monroe co. Mich. 70 sw D. Lackawaxen, pt. Pike co. Pa. onI Delaware r. LA MINE r. Mo. flows into the Missouri. LACON, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Ill. on Ill. r. LAMOILLE r. Vt. flows into Lake Champlain. LACONrA, pV. Harrison co. Ind. 147 s of Is. LA MOTT, i. Vt. in Lake Champlain. [river. LADIESBURG, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 rNW of LAMPETER, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Conestoga Annap(olis. LAMPETER SQUARE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 43 iAFARGEVILLE, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. 182 NW Al. SE of Harrisburg. [into the Piscataqua r. LA FAYETTE, PV. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w LAMPREY r. N. H. flows through Great Bay of Albany. [kill r. LANCASTER, PV. cap. of Coos co. N. H. near La Fayette, pv. Sussex co. N. J. onl Paulills- CoNnnecticut river. La Fayette, pv. Montg. co. Va. 188 w of R. Lancaster, pt.Worcester co. Mass. 36 W of B. La Fayette, pv. cap.' of Walker co. Ga. on Lancaster, pt. Erie co. N.Y. on Cayuga er. Chattooga river, 200 Nw of Milledgeville. Laiicaster. Pa. See GAZETTEER. [83 H of R. La Fayette, pv. cap. of Chambers co. Ala. Lancaster C. H. pv. cap. of Lanlcaster co. Va. 160 E of Tuscaloosa. Lancaster C. H. pv. cap. of Lanlcaster dist. La Fayette, city and cap. of Jefferson par. La. S. C. 72 RNE of Columbia. 2 w of New Orleans. [Ark. Lancaster, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 60 SE of Ne. La Fayette C. H. pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Garrard co. Ky. 57 s F. La Fayette, pv. Christian co. Ky. 220 sw F. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Fairfield co. 0. 30 SE la Fayette, pv. Madison co. O. 22 w of Cs. of Columbus. La Fayette, tp. Medilna co. O. Lancaster, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 74 ssE of Is. La Fayette, tp. Van Buren co. Miich. Lancaster, pv. Morgan co. Ill. 24 sw of Sd. La Fayette, pv. cap. of Tippecaiioe co. Ind. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Grant co. Wis. 96 wsw on the W:bash river. of Madis-,n. LAFOURCHE r. La. See GAZETTEER. LANDAFF, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 84 NW of Cd. LA GRANGE, pt. Penlobscot co. Me. 97 NNE A. LANDGROVE, pt. Bennilngton o.Vt. 98 s of Mtr..La Grange, tp. Dutclhess co. N.Y. LANDISBURG, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 w of H. La Graiige, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 92 w Rh. LANDRE, ST. V. La. See OPELOUSAS. [of B. La Grange, pv. cap. of Troip co. Ga. 120 W LANESBOROUGH, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 135 w of Milledgeville. Lapnesborough, pv. Anson co. N.C. 155 sw Rh. La Grange, pv. FraIiklin co. Ala. 136 N of T. LANESVILLE, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 60 w Rh. La Grange, pv. Fayette co. Teiiii. 1834 swNe. Lailesville, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 135 s of Is. La Grainv., pv. cap. of Oldham co. Ky. onil LANGDON, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 59 wv of Cd. the Ohio river. LANGUILLE, pt. St. Francis co. Ark. I a Grainge, pt. Lorain co. 0. 110 NNE of Cs. LANIER, pv. cap. of Mac(on co. Ga. on Flint r. L[a Grange, pt. Cass co. Mich. onl Putnam's cr. LANSFORD, pv. Chester dist. S. C. on CatawLa Grange, pv. Henry co. Ill. 134 N of Sd. ba river. La Grange, pv. Lewis co. Mo. oin the Miss. r. LANSING, tp. Tompkicis co. N.Y. on Salmon cr. La Graiige, cap. of Fayette co. Texas, onl LANSINGBURG, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. on the the left bank of the Colorado, 65 m. SE of Hudson river, 10 NNE of Albany. Austins. Pop. 350. LANSINGVILLE, pv. Tonmpkilns CO. N.Y. [,AGRO, pt. WVabasli co. Ind. 94 N of Is. LAPEER, PV. cap. of Lapeer co. Mich. 60 N D. LAGUNA. lah-goo'nar, a sea-port of Mexico, LAPLAND, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. 275 w Rh. on1 Carmen i. 350 Rm. s by E of Vera Cruza LA PORTE, pv. cap. of La Porte co. Ind. 145 Mahogany aiid logwood are exported to N of Iiidianapolis. the Uniited States. LAPUTA, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 10 w of P. LAGUNA DEL MiADRE, lah-goo'ili del maD'- LAREDO, lah-ra'do, a v. of San Patricio co.: ray, an extensive lagoos oil the coast of Texas, on the E side of the Rio del Norte, 53 LEB 626 LEN at the crossing of the San Antonio and Lebanon, tp. Wayne co. Pa. (of. Saltilloroad. Pop. 500, nearlyall Mexicans. ILebanon, pv. cap. of Russell ca, V'.,25 W LARKINSVILLE, pv. Jackson CO. Ala. 175 NE T. Lebanon, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. IARNER, tp. Preble co. O. Lebanon, pv. Cobb co. Ga. on Chattahooeheei'i LA SALLE, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 42 ssw of D. Lebanon, pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Ala. 112 PMx La Salle, pv. La Salle co. Ill. 133 NNE of Sd. of Tuscaloosa. [Little Roaet1 LATIMORE, tp. Adams co. Pa. 15 NE of Get- Lebanon, pv. cap. of Searcy co. Ark. 95 N of tvsburg. Lebanon, pv. cap. of Wilson co. Tenn. 32 M LAUiGItERY, tp. Dearborn co. Ind. of Nashville. Iaughlery, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 70 SE of Is. Lebanon, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ky. 60 sw F. LiAUGSILINTOWN, PV. Westmoreland co. Pa. Lebanon, tp. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. LAUREL, pv. Sussex co. Del. 52 s of Dover. Lebanoni, pv. cap. of Warren co. O. 85 wsw Laurel, pv. Franklin co. hid. 57 ESE of Is. of Columbus. L.VUREL Mts. extend from Pa. across Va. to Lebanon, pv. cap. of Boone co. Ind. 25 NwIs. Ky. w of the main Alleghany range. Lebanon, pv. St. Clair co. Ill. 70 s of Sd. ItAvURENS, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 sw of Coo- Lebanon, pv. Boone co. Mo. 46 N of Jef. City PIerstown. LNW of Ca. LE BCEUF, tp. Erie co. Pa. Laurens C. H. pv. cap. of Laurens dist. S. C. 70 LEDYARD, pt. New London co. Conn. 47 sE Hd. LAr:sSANNE, pt. Carbon county, Pa. onil Le- i Ledyard, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 170 w of Al. high river. EE, pt. Penlbscot eo. Me. 125 NE of A. LA VACCA or LA BACA, lah vac'k'a (see Intro- i I,ee, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 E of Cd. duction XXVII. 4), BAY, Texas, an arm iLee, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. onl Housatonic r of Matagorda Bay. I ee, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 114 WNW of Al. LA VACCA r. flows into the above. Lee, pt. Athens co. O. 81 SE of Cs. LAWRENCE, tp. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 25 Lee, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. NE of Canton. LEECIIVILLE, pv. Beatfort dist. S. C. 165 s Ca. Lawrence, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 6 NE of Ti1. LREED, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 21 w of A. Lawrenlce, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Leeds, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 38 ssvw of At. Lawrence, tp. Tioga co. Pa. on Tioga r.,EEns POINT, pv. Atlanitic co. N. J. SG ssE Tn Lawrence, tp. Stark co. O. on the Ohio canal. LEEDSVILLE, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 48 Tin. Lawrence, tp. Tuscarawas co. 0. [rietta. Leedsville, pv. Ranidolph co. Va. 213 NW R. Lawrenlce, pt. Washingtoll co. 0. 9 NE of Mae- LEESBURG; pv. Cumnberland Co. N. J. on MauLawrence, tp. Van Buren co. Mich. rice river. Lawrensce, tp. Mariont co. Itd. I,eesburg, pv. cap. of London co. Va. 150 N LAWRENCEBURG, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. on of Richmond, near the Potomac. Alleghany river. [12 s of F. Leesburg, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. 140 NE of T. l awrenceburg, pv. cap. of Anderson co. Ky. Leesburg, pv. Washington co. Tenn. Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Lawresnce co. LJeesburg, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 27 NE of F. Tenn. 75 ssw of Nashville. L,eesburg, pv. Highland co. O. 64 sw of Cs. Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Dearborn co. Ind. Leesburg, pv. Kosciusko co. Indl 130 N of Is. on Ohio river. [230 NNw of Al. I eesburg, pv. WVinelbago co. Ill. 220 N of Sd. LAXWRENCEVILLE, pv. St. Lawvrelnce CO. N.Y. LEESVILLE, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. I,awrenceville, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 6 N Tni. Leesville, pv. Campbell co. Va. on Staunton r Lawrenceville, borough, Alleghaty co. Pa. Leesville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 1(10 ssw Rh. on Allegliany river. Leesville, pv. Lexington dist. S. C. 30 w of Ca. Lawrenceville, pv. Tioga co. Pa. onl Tioga r. Leesville, pv. Clhoctaw co. Miss. 125 rNNW. J. Lawreneeville, pv. cap. of Brusnswick co.Va. Ieesville. pv. Hart co. Ky. 100 swv of F. 73.ssw of Richmond. Leesville, pv. Carroll co. 0. 115 ENE Of Cs. Lawvrenceville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Leesville, pv. Lawrence co. Indl. 78 s of Is. N. C. onl Yadkin river. [84 NW of M. LEESVILLE CROSS ROAD), pv. Richland co. 0 Iawreuceville, pv. cap. of Gwillnett co. Ga. i 74 N of Colnmb)us. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ark. 75 LEETOWVN. pv. Jefferson co. Va. 177 N of R. E of Little Rock. [oil Embarrass r. IEE VALLEY, pv. Hawkins cC. Tenn. 256 E NE Lawvreinceville, pv. cap. of Lawresnce co. Ill. I HIGtI, ip. Norlthamppton co. Pa. ott Lehigh r. LA~WTONVILLE, pV. Beaufort dist. S. C. 120 S IrEIlIGTITON, PV. Carbon county, Pa. 36 wNw of Columbia. [of A l., of Easti(n. IAWYERSVILLE, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 44 wV IrnIAXAN, )t. Luzerlle co. Pa. 12(1 NSE of H. LEACOCK, Pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 44 EsE of H. iLehman. tp. Pike ec. Pa. LEAIESVILLE, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. on iLECF ESTER, pt. Addison Co). Vt. 73 ssw of Mtr. Dan'river. Ileicester, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 48 w of B. Leatkesviile, pv. Newton co. Ga.49 NW of M. Ieicester, tp. Livingston co. N.Y. onl Gene. Leakesville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Miss. on see river. Chickasawha river. L LsIPERSVILLE, pv. Delaware co. Pa. LEASBURG, pv. Caswell co. N. C. 64 NW Rh. " 1,ERPSIC, PV. Kesnt co. Del. [NW of Anl. IEAVENWvORTH, pv. Crawford co. Ind. on the LEITER1SB1RG, pv. WVashington co. Md. 107 Ohio river. LEMIVNGTON, Pt. Essex co. Vt. oil Conun. r. IEBANON, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon Falls r. IEMION, tp. Butler co. O. Lebanon, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 4 s Hanover. LEMPSTER, Pt. SUllivanl co. N. H. 40 wv Cd. Lebanotn, pt. New London co. Conn. 30 ESE LENOIR, PV. cap. Caldwell co. N. C. on Yadof Hartford. [river. kill river. [w of B Lebanon, pt. Madison CO. N.Y. oni Chenanlgo LENOX, PV. cap. of Berkshire co. Mass. 130 Lebasnon, pt. Hunterdon CO. N., J. 40 N of Tn. Lenox, pt. Madisonl co. N.Y. 120 wN vr ot Al Lebanon borougllh, cap. of Lebanos co. Pa. | Lestox, pt. Susquehalsna co. Pa. 24 x of Harrisburg Lonox, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 15 of Ashtabula LEX 627 LIM LEOGANE, d,8o-ran't a sea-port on the Ni coast Lexiington C. H. Lexington dist. S. C. 12 W of Hayti, 5 im. w of Port-au-Prilce. [of B. of Columbia. [N of M. LEOMINSTER, pt. Worcester CO. Mass. 44 WNW LexiIgton, pv. cap. of Oglethorpe co. Ga. 70 LEON, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Lexingttn, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. 158 N T. Leon (Sp. pron. lay-one'), a handsome t. of Lexington, pv. cap. of Holmes co. Miss. 69 Mexico, 35 m. WNW of Guanaxuato. N of Ja(kson. [on Beech r. LEONARDS, ST. PV. Calvert co. Md. 56 s of An. Lexington, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Ten LEONARDSTOWN, pv. cap. of St. Mary's co. Lexington, Ky. See GAZETTEER. Md. 87 s of An. [Uadilla r. Lexito, pv. Richland o.. 56 NNE c C LE-ONARDSVILLE, pv. Madison co. N. Y. on Lexington, tp. Stark co. O. LEONJ, pt. Jacksoin co. Mich. 70 w of D. Lexington, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. LEONIDAS, tp. St. Josephl co. Mich. [town. Lexington, pv. cap. of Scott co. Ind. 90 s Is. LE RAY, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 8 NE of Water- Lexington, pv. M'Leat. co. Ill. 90 NE of Sd. LE RAYSVILLE, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 160 Nw Lexington, pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Mc of Albany. about a mile s of Missouri river. Le Raysville, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 N of H. LEYDEN, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 100 WNW of B LE ROY, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on Allen's cr. Leyden, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 120 NW of Al. Le Roy, v. Otsego co. N.Y. IIBERTY pt. WValdo co. Me. 20 E of A. Ibe Roy, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 N of H. Liberty, v. Steuben co. N.Y. Ie Roy, tp. Iake co. 0. 4 NE of Chardon. Liberty, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. Le Roy, tp. Calhouoi co. Mich. Liberty. tp. Adams co. Pa.' Le Roy. tp. Ingham Co. Mich. Liberty, tp. Montour co. Pa. LESLIE, pt. Ingliam co. Mich. 89 w of D. Li)erty, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. LETART, tp. Meigs co. O. onl Ohio r. Liberty, tp.,Susquehanila co. Pa. LETART'S FALLS, PV. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. Liberty, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 120 N of H. LETCHER, pv. cap. of Letchler co. Ky. 1.47 SE F. Liberty, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Va. 140 w R. LETTER A, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Liberty, pv. Hall co. Ga. 130 NNW of M. Letter A, tp. Oxford co. Me. Liberty, pv. cap. of Amite co. Miss. on an LETTER B, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Umbagog, L. affluent of Amnite river. LETTERIKENNY, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 7 NW of Liberty, pt. Pope co. Ark. 93 Nw Little Rock. Chambersburg. Liberty, pv. De Kalb co. Tenn. 50 E of Ne. LETIMBERVILLE, pv. Mlarion co. 0. 56 N of Cs. Liberty, pv. cap. of Casey co. Ky. on Green r. LEVANNA, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. Liberty, tp. Adams co. O. LEVANT, pt. Penoh)scot co. Me. 80 NNE of A. Liberty, tp. Clinton co. O. LEVERETT, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 83 w of B. Liberty, tp. Fairfield co. O. LEwrs, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 130 N of Al. Liberty, tp. Highland co. O. Lewis, tp. Lycomirng co. Pa. Liberty, pv. Montg. co. O. 7 w of Dayton. Lewis, pv. Sussex co. Del. 45 s of Dover. Liberty, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 80 w of D. Lewis, pt. Brown co. 0. 120 sw of Cs. [Del. Liberty, tp. IIeniry co. Ind. LEwis AND REHOBOTIH, hundred, Sussex co. Liberty, pv. cap. of Union co. Ind. 72 E of Is. LEWISBERRY, pv. York co. Pa. 17 s of H. Liberty, pv. Adams co. Ill. 90 w of Sd. LEWISBOROUGII, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. on Liberty, pv. cap. of Clay co. Mo. 160 wnw of Croton river. [quehanrna r. Liberty, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Jef. City. LEwISBURG, borough, Union co. Pa. on Sus- Liberty, a co. in the SE part of Texas, interLewisburg, pv. cap. of Greenbrier co. Va. 214 sected by Triniity r., and bordering on Galw of Richmond. [the Arkansas r. vestont Bay. The soil in the sonthern part Lfewisburg, pv. cap. of Conway co. A'rk. on is generally light and sandy; but it imLewisburg, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Telin. 54 proves as we advance towards the north: s of Nashville. [Greeni r. near the Trinity it is very fertile, but liable Lewisbiirg, pv. Mecklenburg co. Ky. on to inundation. Lewisburg, pv. Preble co. 0. 97 w of Cs. Liberty, a v. of Texas, cap. of the above co., Lewisburg, pv. Cass co. Ind. on Wabash r. on the E or left bank of the Trinity r., 60 m. LEWISPORT, pv. Harrison co. Va. 280 NW R. N (f Galveston. Pop. 200. [of An. LEWISTON, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. LIBERTY TowN, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 NW LEWISTOWN, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 sw of A. LIBERTYVILLE, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 78 s of Al. Lewistown, borough, cap. of Mifflin co. Pa. Libeityville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 90 N of Tn. on Juniata river. LICKING r. Ky. flows into, the Ohio at NewLewistown, Va. See LUNENBURG C. H. port, opposite Cincinnati. Lewistown, pv. Logan co. O. on Miami r. Licking r. O. one of the principal branches Lewistown, pv. cap. of Fulton co. Ill. 55 Nw of the Muskingum river. of Sprinlgfield. Licking, tp. Licking co. O. LEWISVILLE, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 170 wNw H. LICKING CR. tp. Bedford co. Pa. [of Ca. Lewisville, pv. Brunswick co.Va. 82 s of R. LICKVILLE, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 106 NW Lewisville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 64 N of Ca. LIGONIER, Pt. Westmoreland co. Pa. Lewisville, pv. cap. of La Fa-ette co. Ark. LILESVILLE, pv. Anson co. N. C. 140 sw Rh 160 sw of Little Rock. LIMA, Pt. Livingston CO. N.Y. 213 w of Al. Lewisville, pv. Monroe co. O. Lima, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 88 ESE of H. Lewisville, pv. Henry co. Ind. 42 E of Is. Lima, pv. cap. of Allen co. O. onl Ottawa r LEXINGTON, Pt. Somerset co. Me. 62 N of A. 100 NW of Columbus. Lexingtol, Mass. See GAZETTEER. [kill. Lirna, pt. Wasilteiaw co. Mich. 50 w of D. Lexington, pt. G i.ne co. N.Y. 28 w of Cats- Iir.no, pv. Adams co. Ill. 122 w of Sd. Lexington, Va. See GAZETTEER. Lima, pv. capi. of La Granige co. Inld. on Pi Lexington, pi cap. of Davidson co.N. C. near gen ii river. Abbott's creek I tIMANVILLI~. pv. Stark co. O. 141 NrE of Cs. 2P LIT 628 LOG LiMERTCK, pt. York co. Me. 76 sw of A. LITTLE FORT, PV. cap. of Lake Co. Ill. on I. Ilimerick, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. onil Perch r. Michigan. Limerick, pt. Montg. co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. LITTLE MAHANOY, tp. Northumberland co. Pa LIME ROCKI, pv. Providence co. R. I. 10 N of LITTLE PLY1MOUTH, pv. King and Queen co Providence. [of H. Va. 60 E of Richmond. [IMrESTONE, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 1541 wNw LITTLE r. Ga. flows into the Savannah. Limestone, tp. Clinton co. Pa. [Danville. Little r. Ky. flows into the Cumberland. Limestone, tp. Montour co. Pa. 10 NW of Little r. Ind. flows into the Wabash. Ilimestone, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. LITTLE ROCK, city, and cap. of Pulaski Co. Limestone, tp.Warren co. Pa.. Ark. onl the Arkansas. Lof Cs. LINARES, le-nalh'res, a small t. of Mexico, onl LITTLE SANDUSKY, PV. WTyandot co. 0. 56 Nl the r. Tigre, 50 or 60 m. below Monterey. LITTLESTOWN, pv. Adams co. Pa. 42 sw of H. LIMINCGTON, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r. LITTLETON, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. LIN-COLN, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- Littleton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 26 WNW B. scot river. Littleton, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 78 NE of Rh Lincoln, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 62 N of Cd. LITTLE VALLEY, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on I,incoln, pt. Addison co.Vt. 55 sw of Mtr. Alleghaniy river. Liicoln, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 w of B. LITTLEVILLE, V. Livingston co. N.Y. Iincoln, pv. Yazoo co. Miss. on Yazoo r. LIVERMORE, pt. Oxford co. Me. 30 w of A. Iincoln, pt. Morrow co. 0. 44 N of Cs. LIVERPOOL, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on OnonLincoln, pv. Macoupin co. Ill. 60 s of Sd. daga Lake. LINCOLNTON, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. N. C. on Liverpool, boro' and tp. Perry co. Pa. 30 N H. Little Catawba r. [of M. Liverpool, pt. Medina co. O. onl Rocky r. Lincolnton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ga. 98 NE Liverpool. PV. Lake co. Ind. 160 NNW of Is. LINCOLNVILLE, pt. Waldo co. Me. 10 s Belfast. Liverpool, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, 35 w of LINDEN, PV. cap. of Marengo co. Ala. 80 s T. Galveston. LINDLEY, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 25 SE of Bath. Liverpool, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 75 m. LINDSAYVILLE, PV. Oswego co. N. Y. 174 sw of Halifax, on a little bay which forms WNW of Albany. an excellent harbour. LINE LEXINGTON, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 93 E of H. LIVINGSTON, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 s of Al. LINGLEsTOWN, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 8 NNE H. Livingston, pt. Essex co. N. J. 9 Nhw Newark. LINKLAEN, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 122 w Al. Livingston, pv. cap. of Sumter co. Ala. 68 LINNEUS, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 8 sw Houlton. sw of Tuscaloosa. LinIneus, pv. cap. of Linn co. Mo. 136 Nw of Livingston, pv. Madison co. Miss. 22 N of J. Jefferson City. Livingston, pv. Madison co. Ark. LINNVILLE, PV. Licking co. 0. 35 E of Cs. Livilngston, pv. Overton co. Tenn. 96 E of Ne. Linniville. pv. Jefferson Co. Mo. 112 E Jef. City. Livingston, pv. Livingston co. Mich. 46 wNw LINTON, tp. Coshocton co. O. of Detroit. LIONVILLE, pV. Chester cio. Pa. 70 E of H. Iivingston, pv. Clarke co. Il1. 127 ESE of Sd. LISBON, Pt. Lincoln co. Me. 33 ssw of A. LIVINGSTONVILLE, PV. Schoharie co. N.Y. 42 Lisbotn, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 90 NENW of Cd. w of Albany. [neseo. Lisbon, pt. New London co. Conn. 7 N of LIVONIA, Pt. Livingston CO. N.Y. 8 E of GeNorwich. [Canton. Livonia, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 16 sw of D. Lisbon, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 10 w of Livonia, pv. Washington co. Ind. 104 s of Is. Lisbon, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. 56 NW An. IOCKBOURaNE, pv. Franklin co. O. 11 s of Cs. Lisbon, pv. Bedford co. Va. 150 w of R. LOCKE, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 s of Auburn. Lisbon, v. cap. of Calcasieu par. La. on Cal- LOCK' HAVEN, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Pa. on casieu river. the Susquehanna river. Lisbon, pv. La Salle co. Ill. 154 NNE of Sd. LOCKPORT, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Lisbon, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Lockport, pv. Erie co. Pa. 260 Nw of H. LJSBURN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw of H. Lockport, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. on CumberLisburn, pv. Sampsoni co. N. C. land river. IISLE, pt. Broome co. N. Y. on Toughnioga r. Lockport, pv. Williams co. O. 170 NW of Cs. Lisle, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. 10 sE of Jeffer- Lockport, pv. Carroll co. Ind. on the Wason City. bash river. LITCHFIELD, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 ssw A. Lockport, pv. Will co. Ill. 170 NE of Sd. Litchfield, tp. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 30 s of Cd. LOCK's VILLAGE, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 80 Ilitchfield, Conn. See GAZETTEER. W of Boston. I itchfield, pt. Herkimner co. N.Y. 83 WNW Al. IOCKWoDI, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 62 N of Tn. Litchfield, pt. Bradford co. Pa. [of F. LoDI, v. Catiarauguts co. N.Y. Litchfield, pv. cap. of Grayson co. Ky. 109 sw Lodi, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca Lake. Litchfield, pt. Medina co. 0. 113 NE of Cs. Lodi, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 5 sw Hackensack Litchfield, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. Lodi, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 74 w of Ca. LITHOPOLIS, Pv. Fairfield co. 0. 17 SE of Cs. Lodi, pv. Jiackson Co. Tettit. 100 ENE of Ne. LITIZ, lit'its, pv. Lanicaster co. Pa. 45 ESE H. Lodi, pv. Medina co. 0. 114 NE of Cs. LITTLE BEAVER, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Lodi, pt. Waslternaw co. Mich. 43 w of D. LITTLE BRITAIN, tp. Lanicaster co. Pa. 20 SE LOGAN, tp. Clinton co. Pa. of Lancaster. [of Providence. Logan C. H. pv. cap. of Logan co. Va. or LITTLE COMPTON, pt. Newport co. R. I. 38 ssE Guyandotte r. 350 w of Richmond. [bur' LITTLE Ca. hundred, Ketnt co. Del. Logan, pv. Carter co. Ky. 15 s of Catletts Little Cr. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Logan, pv. cap. of Hocking co. O. 47 SE of Cs LITTLE FALLS; pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the Log-an, pt. Dearborn co. Ind. 87 s~: of Is. Erie canal. i LOGANSPORT, pv. cap. of Cass co. Ild. on the Little Falls. pv. Passaic co. N. J. on Passaic r. Wabash river. LOW 629 LUT LOGANVI.tLE, pv. York co. Pa. 31 s of H. LoW'ER ALLOWAYS CR. tp. Salem co. N. J. 9 loganaville, pv. Logan co. O. on Miami r. s of Salemn. [Susquehania. LONDON, pv. C~ p. of Lanrel co. Ky. 94 SE F. LOWER CHANCEFORD, pt. York co. Pa. on the London, pv. cap. of Madison co. 0. 27 w Cs. LOWER CHICHESTER, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 Londol, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 45 sw of D. SW of Philadelphia. [Pennypack cr. London, a t. of Canada West, oni the Thames, LOWER DUBLIN, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on 80 in. w of Hamilton. LOWER MACUPTGY, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. [Pa. LONDON BRIDGE, pv. Princess Anne eo. Va. LowER MAHANOY, tp. Northunmerland Co. 124 SE of Richmond. Lof Phila. LowER MAH\NTANGO, pt. Schuylkill co.-Pa. LONDON BRITAIN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 35 sw LOWER MAKEFIELD, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 24 rNE LONDONDERRY, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 34 of Philadelphia. L41 sw of An. SsE of Concord. LOWER MARLBOROUGH, PV. Calvert co. Md. Londonderry, pt. Windham co. Vt. 96 s Mtr LOWEFR MERION, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. on Londonderry, tp. Bedford co. Pa. the Schuylkill. [Pa. on the Susquehanna. Londonderry, tp. Chester Co. Pa. 35 sw Phila. LOWER MIDDLETOWN, borough, Dauphin co. Londonderry, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 14 SE of H. LOWER MT. BETHEL, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Londonderry, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 8 sw of LOWER NAZARETH, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Lebanon. * LOWER OXFORD, tp. Chester co. Pa. 11 sw of LJondonderry, pt. Guernlsey co. O. 95 N of Cs. Philadelphia. IONDON GROVE, Pt. Chester co. Pa. 34 sw of LOWER PAXTON, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 NE H. Philadelphia. LOWE R PENNS NECK, tp. Salem co. N. J. 5 NW LONG-A-COMIING, pv. cap. Camden Co. N. J. 44 of Salem. ssw of Treuton. [of Tf T. LOWER PROVIDENCE, tp. MOontgomery co. Pa. LONG BRANCH, PV. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 E LOWER SALFORD, tp. Mont.- co. Pa. 25 NW of LONG CREEK SHOALS, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. Philadelphia. [O. on Sandusky r. 185 w of Raleigh. LOWER SANDUSKY, pv. cap. of Sandusky co. LONG ISLAND, tp. Hancock eo. Me. LOWER SAUCON, Pt. Northampton co. Pa. on LONG LAKE, tp. Hamilton co. N.Y. [Conn. r. Lehigh r. LONG MIEADOW, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on LOWER ST. CLAIR, tp. Alleghany co. Pa.: LONG SWAMP, pt. Berks co. Pa. onl Little Le- LOWER SWATARA, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 5 SE H. high river. [town. IOWER SMITHFIELD, tp. Monroe co. Pa. LORAINE, Pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 15 s of Water- LOWER WINDSOR, tp. York co. Pa. LORETO, lo-r8ato, a small t. of Lower Cali- Low HILL, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 88 ENE of H. fornia, onl the E coast, in Lat. about 260 10' N. LOWEVILLE, pv. Madison co. Ala. on Flint r. LORETTO, pv. Cambria co. Pa. on the Alle- LOWNDESBOROUGH, pv. Lowndes co. Ala. 119 ghany Moultaius,, 145 w of Harrisburg. SE of Tuscaloosa. [of Ca. LOST CREEK, pt. Miami co. 0. 63 wv of Cs. LOWNDESVILLE, pv. Abbevilledist. S. C. 113 w LOTTSVILLE, pv. Warren co. Pa. 230 NW of H. LOWVILLE, pt. Lewis Co. N.Y. on Black r. LOUDON, Pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 NNE Cd. LOYALHANNAH, tp. WYestmoreland co. Pa. Loudon, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 60 wsw of LOYALSOCK, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Harrisburg. Loyalsock r. Pa. flows into the West Branch London, pt. Seneca co. O. 88 N of Cs. of the Susquehanna. London, tp. Monroe co. Mich. [Cs. I,OYDSVLLE, pv. Belmont Co. 0. 109 E of Cs. LOUDONVILLE, pv. Ashland co. O. 73 NNE of LUBEC, Pt. W\ashilIgton co. Me. on011 PassamaLOUDSVILLE. pv. Habersham co. Ga. 160 N M. quoddy Bay. LoUlSA C. H. pv. cap. of Louisa co.Va. 60 NW LUCASVILLE, pt. Scioto CO. O. 78 s of Cs. of Richmonld. [Sanldy r. LUDLOW, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 80 s of Mtr. Lr. Louisa, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ky. on Big Ludlow, pt. Hampdeu co. Mass. on Chickapee LOUISBURG, pv. cap. of Franlklin co. N. C. ol I,udlow, tp. Washington co. O. [Salmon cr. Tar river. LUDLOWVILLE, pv. Tompkins CO. N. Y. on LOUISIANA, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r. ILUMBER r. N. C. and S. C. a bralich of the Louis, ST. a r. of Wis. flowin illtO tile W Iumler, tp. Clilton co. Pa. [Iittle Pedee. end of Lake Superior. [St. Lawrence r. LUMBER CITY, pv. Telfair co. Ga. 138 s of M. LoUIsvILLE, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. otl LUMBERLAND, Pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 130 sw Al. Louisville, pv. Westmoreland co. Va. 64 NE R. LUMBERPORT, pv. Harrison co.Va. 260 NCW of Iouisville, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Ga. 53 E of M. Richmnond. Louisville, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 187 s of T. LUMBERTON, pv. and port of entry, BurlilgLouisville, pv. cap. of Wtinston co. Miss. 92 tonl co. N. J. on Rancocus cr. [s of Rh NE of Jacksotn. Lnumberton, pv. cap. of Robinsorn co. N. C. 90 Louisville, pv. Blount co. Tenn. on TetLn. r. Lurnberton, pv. Clitton co. O. 74 sw of Cs. [r. Louisville, pv. Stark co. 0. 130 NE of Cs. LUMBERVILLE, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware Louisville, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ill. 112 SE Sd. LUMPKIN, pPV. cap. of Stewart co. Ga. 137 sw xM. Louisville, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. 74 NE of Jef- LUNENBURG, Pt. Essex co.Vt. onl Conn. r. ferson City. Lulenlburg, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 Nw B. LOVELL, I)t. Oxfo:rd Co. Me. 63 wsw of A. Lunenbturg C. H. pv. cap. of Lunenburg co LOVETTSVILLE, pv. Loudon co. Va. 166 it of R. Va. 78 sw of Richmond. LOVEVILLE, pv. Newcastle co. Del. 54 INE of Lunenl)urg, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 40 Dover..[w of R. wsw of Halifax. Pop. 2,000, chiefly Germans. LOVINGSTON, pv. cap. of. Nelson co. Va. 105 LURAY, pv. cap. of Page co. Va. 130 NW of R. LOWEt.L, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 190 NE of A. Luray, pv. Licking co. O. 25 E of Cs. Lowell, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 45 N of Mtr. Luray, pv. Henry co. Ind. 57 E of Is. [burg. Lowell, Mass. See GAZETTEER. I.URGAN, tp. Franlklin co. Pa. 13 N ChambersLOWELLVILLE, pv. Trumbull co. O. 184 NE Cs. UTITURSBIJURG, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 145 NW Iawr:R, tp. Cape May co. N.J. onl the Atlantic. of Harrisburg. 53s* MAC'630 MAH LU}IrERVILLE, pv. Merriwether co. Ga. 108 w - ACIIAS, MIe. See GAZETTEER. [,UZERNE, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [of M. Machias, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Luzerne, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on the Hudson. MACHiAS PORT, pt. Washington co. Me. on IYCOMING, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Machias river. [L300 NNW of D. LYKENS, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 26 N of H. MACKINAW, pv. cap. of Mackinaw co. Mich. LYMAN, pt. York co. Me. 72 sw of A. Mackinaw r. Ill. flows into the Illinois r. LEyman, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 107 NNW of Cd. Mackinaw, pv. Tazewell co. Ill. 64 N of Sd. LYMANSVILLE, pv. Potter co. Pa. 167 NNW H. MACKVILLE, pv. Franklin co. Ga. 120 N of M. LYiME. pt. Grafton cc. N. H. 53 NW of Cd. Mackville, pv. Washington co. Ky. 45 ssw F Lyme, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 s of Hd. Mackville, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 75 ENE Is. Lyrne, tp. Jef. co. N.Y. 12 w of'Watertown. MACOMB, PV. cap. of M'Donough co. 11. 86 NW Lyrne, pt. Huron co. 0. 100 N of Cs. of Springfield. JYNCHBURG, pv. Campbell co. Va. on James r. Macomib, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 35 NE of D. Lynchburg, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 78 s of Ne. MRACON, Ga. See GAZETTEER. Lynchburg, pv. Highland CO. 0. 88 sw of Cs. Macon, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 56 s of T. LYNCH'S er. S. C. flows into Great Pedee r. Macoll, pv. cap. of Noxubee co. Miss. on LYNCHWOOD, pv. Kershaw dist. S. C. 50 NE of Noxubee river. Columbia. [ssw of Cd. Macon, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 196 wsw Ne. LYNDEBOROUGH, pt. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 33 Macon, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 66 sw of D. LYNDON, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 44 NE of Mtr. MACOUPIN (mak-koo'pin) cr. Ill. flows into Lyndon, tp. Cattarangus co. N.Y. 18 E of Illinois river. Lyndon, v. Orleans co. N.Y. [Ellicottville. MACUNGY, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 83 ENE of H. Lyndon, pv. Whitesides co. Ill. 180 N of Sd. MADAWASKA, tp. Aroostook co. Me. onl St. LYNESVILLE, PV. Granville co. N. C..54 N Rh. John's river. LYNN, pt. Essex co. Mass. 9 NE of B. MADBURY, tp. Strafford co. N. H. Lynn, tp. ILehigh co. Pa. MADISON, pt. Somerset co. Me. 40 N of A. Lynn, tp. Posey co. Ind. Madison, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 56 s Hd. LYNNFIELD, pt. Essex co. Mass. 20 N of B. Madison, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 95 w of Al. LYNNVILLE, PV. Lehigh co. Pa. Madison, pv. Morris co. N. J. 58 N of Tn. Lynnville, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 60 s of Ne. Madison, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Lynnville, pv. Warwick co. Ind. 160 sw of Is. Madison, tp. Montour co. Pa. 10 N Danville. Lylnville, pv. Morgan co. Ill. 40 w of Sd. Madison, tp. Perry co. Pa. [Nw of R. LYON, tp. Oakland co. Mich. [canal. Madison C. H. pv. cap. of Madison co.Va. 97 LYONS, PV. cap. of WavIaye co. N.Y. ont Erie Madison, pv. Rockinghiam co. N. C. 116 Nw Lyons, pt. Ionia co. Mich. onl Grand r. of Raleigh. [of M. LYSANDER, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. oil Seneca r. Madison, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ga. 40 NNw Z Madison C. H. pv. cap. of Madison co. Flor. McALLIsTERsrILLE, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 55 Madisont, tp. Butler co. 0. NW of Harrisburg. Madisonl, tp. Clarke co. O. IrMCARTHUR, tp. Logan co. O. [of Cs. Madison, tp. Franklin co. O. McARTHURSTONW, cap. of Vinton co. 0. 70 SE Madison, tp. Guernsey Co. O. MCCLELLANDSTOWN, pv. Fayette co. Pa. Madison, tp. Highland co. O. MCCONNELSBURG, cap. Fulton co. Pa. Madison, pt. Lake co. O. on Grand r,'MCCONNELSVILLE, pv. cap. of Morgan co. 0. Madison, tp. Montgomery co. O. 73 E of Columbus. [of Cs. Madison, tp. Perry co. O. MCCUTCHINSVILLE, pV. Crawford co. O. 76 Ns Madison, tp. Richland co. O. MCDANIE1,SVILLE, pv. Spartanburg (l dist. S. C. Madison, Ip. Lenawee co. Mich. MCDON'ALD, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ala. Madisotn, Itnd. See GAZETTEER. 160 E of Tuscaloosa. L[of Jef. City. Madison. tp. Jefferson co. Ind. McDonald, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mo. 200 sw Madison, pv. Madison co. Ill. s of Sd. MvlcDoNsouG, pt. Clhenaiigo co. N.Y. 120 wv Al. Madisonl, pv. Monlroe co. Mo. 83 N of Jef. City. McDonough, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ga 65 Madisoni, pv. cap. of Dane co. andeof the state WNv.-w of Milledgeville. of Wis., onl a peninsula between the 3d and MCGILLIVRAY'S [o hard] or KOOTANAi (koo- 4th lake of the chain called the Four Lakes, t1ai nl') r. in the E part of Oregron, falls into 90 m. w of Milwaukie. the Coltumbia. [w of Al. MADISON ISPRTNGS, pv. Madison co. Ga. 100 McGRAWVILLE, PV. Cortland co. N. Y. 142 N of Milledgeville. [of J. MCHENRY, pv. cap. M'Henlry co. Ill. onl Fox r. MADISONVILLE, pv. Madison co. Miss. 20 NNE McINDOE's FALLS, pv. Caledonia co. Vt. 46 E Madisonville, pv. St. Tammany par. La. onI MCKEAN, pt. Erie co. Pa. 9 s of Erie. [of Mtr. Chefonte river. [172 ESE of Ne McKean, tp. Lickitng co. O. Madisonville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Tenn. MCKEANSBURG, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. Madisonville, pv. cap. of Hopkins co. Ky. 1'27 MscKEE'sPoRT, pv. Alleghalv co. Pa. 200 wH. wsw of Frankfort. [Cincinnati. MCLEAN, pv. Tompkiiis co. N.Y. on Fall cr. Madisonville, pv. Hamiltotn Co. O. 8 NE of MCLEANSBOROUGH, PV. cap. of Hamilton co. Madisonville, pv. Ralls co. Mo. 96 NNE of Ill. 156 ssE of Springfield. [Nashville. Jefterson City. MCLEANSvILLE, pv. Jackson co. Tennl. 80 E of MADRID, tp. Frallnklil co. Me. 105 NW of A. MCLEMORESVILLE, pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 107 Madrid, pt. St. Ivawrelce co. N.Y. on Grass r w of Nashville. [75 SE of Ne. MAD r. O. an affluent of the Miami r. MCMINNVILLE, pv. cap. of WVarren co. Tenn. Mad R. tp. Champaig n co. O. MCVEYTOWN, pv. Mifflin co. Pa. 68 NW of H. MAHANOY r. Pa. enters the Susqa. 35 N of HI MCWVILLIAMSTOxvN, PV. Chester co. Pa. MAHANTANGO r. Pa. flows into the SusqueMACEDON, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 20 w of Lyons. hatnta 28 N of Harrisburg,. MACEDONIA, PV. Carroll co. Tenn. 108 w Ne. MA5IONING r. rising in O. jotlns Beaver r. in Pa MAN 631 MAR M.ahoning, tp. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r. MNTANITOOWOC) pv. cap. of Manitoowoc co iMahloning, pt. Indiana co. Pa. 170 w of H. W\isconsin. [Syracuse. Mahoning, tp. Lawrence co. Pa. 16sw of Mer- MANLIUS, pt. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 E of cer (borough). Manlius, tp. Allegan co. Mich. MAIDEN CR. pt. Berks co. Pa. 60 E of H-I. MANLIUS CENTRE, pv. Otnondaga co. N.Y. Maiden cr. Pa. an upper br. of the Schuylkill. MANNINGHAM, pv. Butler co. Ala. 132 SSE of MAIDSTONE, tp. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. Tuscaloosa. [lem. MAINE, pv. Broome co. N.Y. 147 wsw of Al. MANNINGTON, tp. Salem co. N. J. 6 NE of SaMAITLAND r. Canada West, runs into Lake M'IANNSBOROUGH, pv. Amelia co. Va. 46 sw R. Huron at Goderich. MANNSVILLE, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 166 NW of MALAGA, pv. Gloucester co N. J. 55 sw of Tin. Albany. [caster. Malaga, pt. Monroe co. 0. 110 E of Cs. MANOR, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 6 sw of LanMALDEN, pt Middlesex co. Mass. 5 N'of B. MIANSFIELD, tp. Lamnoille co. Vt. 20 Nw Mtr. Maiden, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Manlsfield, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 30 ssw of B. Malden, a t. of Canada West, at the entrance Mausfield, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 E of Hd. of Detroit r. into Lake Erie. Mansfield, pt. Cattaraugus co. N,Y. 5 w of MIALDEN BRIDGE, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 16 s Ellicottville. [Mount Holly of AIbany. Mansfield, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 7 N of MALLORYSVILLE, pv. Wilkes co. Ga. 90 NE M. Mansfield, pt. WVarrenl co. N. J. 48 NNW of Tn. MALONE, pv. cap. of Franklin co. N. VY. on Mansfield, pv. cap. of Richland co. 0. 63 NNE Salmon river. LSpa. of Columbus. MALTA, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y..6 SE ofBallston MANTUA, pt. Portage co. O. on Cuyahoga r. Malta, pv. Morgan co. O. on Muskingum r. Matntua, pv. M'Mitln co. Tettt. 164 ESE of Ne MALTAVILLE, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 30 N Al. MANZANILLO, man-san-neel'yo, a sea-port ont MAMAKATING, tp. Sullivani Co. N.Y. 12 E of the s side of Cuba, 125 m. SE of Puerto Monticello. [of New York. Principe. Pop. about 3,000. MAMAR/ONECK, pt. WVestchester co. N.Y. 23 NE MAPLE, Pt. Ilonia co. Mich. 130 WNW of D. MANAHOCEING, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 60 E MAPLESVILLE, pv. Bibb co. Ala. 62 SE of T. of Trenton. [Matmasquan inlet. MIAPLETON, pV. Abbeville dist. S. C. 110 w Ca. MANASQUAN r. N. J. enters the Atlantic by Mapleton, pv. Stark co. O. 132 NE of Cs. Manasquan, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 ESE MARAMEC r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi. of Trenton. [of Phila. MARATHON, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on TouglhMAN-A-YUNK', pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 Nw Marathotn, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. [nioga r. MANCHESTEReity,Hillsborough co. N. H. 21 MARBLEHEAD, Mass. See GAZETTEER. SSE of Concord. Pop. 13,900. [tenkill r. MARBLETOWN, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 7 sw of Manchester, pt. Bennington co. Vt. on Bat- Kingston. [NtNW of N. O. Manchester, pt. Essex co. Mass. 23 NE of B. MARBURYVILLE, pv. St. Tammany par. La. 70 Mallchester, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 10 E of Hd. MARCELLUS, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 140 w Al Manchester, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Wap- MARCELLUS FALLS, pv. Onlondaga co. N.Y. pinger's creek. [creek. 140 w of Albany. [Phila. Matlnchester, v. Oneida co. N.Y. on Oriskany MARCUS HooK, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 20 s of Manchester, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 200w of Al. MlARCY, pt. Oneida CO. N.Y. 6 N of Utica. Manchester, tp. Passaic co. N. J. on Passaic r. MARDISVILLE, pv. Talladega co. Ala. on TalManlchester, tp. WAayne co. Pa. ladega creek. Manchester, pt.York co. Pa. 18 s of H. MARENGO, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 100 w of D. Manchester, pv. Carroll co. Md. 60 r;w of An. Marengo, pv. M'Henry co. Ill. on KishawauManchester, pv. Chesterfield co. Va. 2 s of R. kee river. [droscoggin Manchester, pv. cap. of Coffee co. Tenn. 68 MARGALLAWAY r. N. H. flows inlto the AtnSE of Nashville. [river. MARGARETTA, pt. Erie co. 0. 100 N of Cs. Manlchester, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ky. on Goose MARGARETSVILLE, pv. Northampton cot. N. C. Manchester, pv. Adams co. O. onl the Ohio r. MARIAtNNA, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Flor. on Manchester, v. Summit co. 0. 120 NE of Cs. Chipola river. Manchester, pt. Wash tenaw co. Mich. 55 w D. MARIAvILLE, pt. Hantcock co. Me. on Union r. iMancheste r, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 76 sE of Is. MARIE, ST. pv. Jasper co. Ill. 140 SE of Sd. Mlalchester, pv. Scott co. Ill. 50 w of Sd. MARIEL, mah-re-el', a sea-port on the N side Ma-lchester, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 108 E of of Cuba, about 30m. w of Havana. Jefferson City. MARIETTA, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. on the MANCHINEEL, a sea-port on the E end of Ja- Susquehannta. maica, 38 m. E from Kingston. Marietta, pv. cap. of Cobb co. Ga. 113 rw M. MANDEVILLE, V. St. Tamanlaly par. La. on L. Marietta, pv. cap. of Washington co. O. on Pontchartrain. Musking um river. IAN'DAN.S, the name of a tribe of Indians, MARION, pt.Washinlgton co. Me. 170 ENE of A. formerly dwelling on the Missouri, E of the Marion, pt. Waynte co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Yellowstotne r.. now nearly or quite extinct. Marion, tp. Cetntre co. Pa. MANHASSETT, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Marion, tp. Greene co. Pa. MANHATTAN, pv. Lucas co. O. at the mouth Marionl, pv. cap. of Smythe co. Va. 275w ofR of the Maumee river. Marion, pv. Montgomery co. N. C. Manhlattan, pv. Putnam co. Ind. on Eel r. Marion C. H. pv. cap. of Marion dist. S. C. MANHATTANVILLE, V. New York co. N.Y. on 146 E of Columbia. the IIudson. [Albany. Marion, pv. cap. of Twiggs co. Ga. 41 sw M. MAN.HE.IM, pt. IHerkimer co. N.Y. 64 WNW of Marion, pv. Jeffersont co. Flor. Manheim, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 33 ESE of H. Marion, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ala. 58 s of T. Manheim, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Marion, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Miss. 110 Manheim, tp. York co. Pa. 16 sw of York. E of Jackson. MAR 632 MAT Marion, pv. cap. of Crittenden Co. Ark. 140 Martinsville, pv. Northampton co. N. C. 150 ENE of Little Rock. NE of Ralei~h. Marion, pv. Scott co. Ky. 22 NE of F. Martinsville, pv. Warren co. Ky. 152 sw of F. Marion, pv. cap. of Marion co. 0. 44 N of Cs. Martinsville, pv. Clinton co. 0. 82 ssw of Cs. Marion, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 56 WNW D. Martinsville, pv. cap. of Morgan Co. Ind. 28 Marion, pv. cap. of Grant co. Ind. onl Missi- sw of Itdianapolis. sinewa river. [of Sd. Martinsville, pv. Clarke co. Ill. 127 ESE of Sd. Mlarion, pv. cap. of Williamson co. I1i. 172 SSE MARTINSVILLE, ST. pv. and cap of St. Mary's Marion, pv. Cole co. Mo. onl Missouri r. par. La. on Teche river. Marion, pv. cap. of Linn co. Iowa, 4 E of Ce- MARTVILLE, PV. Cayuga co. N.Y. 175w of Al. dar river. [Mississippi r. MARYLAND, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 12 N of CooMARION CITY, pv. Marion co. Mo. onl the perstow. [ling into the Atlantic. M.ARION COLLEGE, pv. Marion co. Mo. 12 w MARY'S, ST. a r. between Ga. and Flor. flowof Palmyra. [Trenton. Mary's, St. Ga. See GAZETTEER. MARKSBOROUGH, pv. Warren co. N. J. 73 N of Mary's, St. pv. Auglaize co. O. 105 WNW of Cs. MARKSVILLE, pv.. Page co. Va. 120 NNW of R. Mary's, St. a r. of O. and Ind.; it unites with Marksville, pv. cap. of Avoyelles par. La. 255 the St. Joseph's to form the Maumee. NW of New Orleanis. [of Cd. Mary's, St. a strait between IL. Huron and L. MARLBOROUGH, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 53 sw Superior, length about 60 mtiles. Marlborough, pt. WTindharn co. Vt. MARY'S LANDING, ST. pv. St. Genevieve co. Marlborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 27w B. Mo. on the Mississippi. [ton r. Marlborough, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 16 SE of MARYSVILLE, pv. Campbell co. Va. on Staun Hartford. [Kingston. Marysville, pv. cap. of Blount co. Tenn. 183 Marlborough, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 s of ESE o(f Nashville. Marlborough, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Marysville, pv. Uttion co. 0. 40 Nw of Cs. Marlborough, pv. Morgan co. Ga. 54 rw M. Marysville, pv. Lawrence co. Inid. 63 ssw Is. Marlborough, tp. Delaware co. O. MASCOUTAH, pv. St. Clair co. Ill. 110 s of Sd. Marlborough, pt. Stark co. O. 135 NE Of Cs. MASHULAVILLE, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 113 NE MARLOW, tp. Cheshire co. N. H. oll Ashuelot r. of Jackson. [Mich. in Ottawa co. MARPLE, tp. Delaware co. Pa. [Neetah r. MASKE'GON or MASKE'GO r. Mich. enters L. MARQUETTE, V. cap. of Marquette co. WVis. on Maskegon, pt. Ottawa co. Mich. on the above. MARRIOTTSVILLE, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. MASON, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 44 ssw of Cd. 53 NW of Anniapolis. Masot, tp. Cass co. Mich. MARSEILLES, pv. Noble co. Ind. 164 NNE of Is. Mason, tp. Ingham co. Mich. Marseilles, pv. La Salle co. Ill. onl Illinois r. Mason, pv. Clinton co. Mo. MARSHALL, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 12 sw Utica. MASON CENTRE, pv. Tligham co. Mich. Marshall, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 130 NE of T. MASON VILLAGE, pv. Hillsborough co. N.H. 44 Marshall, pv. cap. of Calhoun co. Mich. 105 ssw of Concord. [of Al. w of Detroit. [of Sd. MASONVILLE, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 110 sw Marshall, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Ill. 123 ESE MSson1Ville, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. 145 N T Marshall, pv. cap. of Saline co. Mo. 87 Nw of MASSENA, pt. St. Lawrence. co. N. Y. 247 Jefferson City. NNW of Albany. Marshall, v. cap. of Harrison co. Texas, 150 MASSERNE, Mts. See OZARK MTS. N of Galveston. A university has been in- MASSILLON, pv. Stark co. O. on Ohio canal. corporated here. Pop. 350. MATAGORDA, a co. of Texas, at the mouth of MARISHALLSVILLE, pv. Macon co. Ga. 70 sw M. the Colorado, on Matagorda Bay. Soil exMalrshallsville, pv. Wayne co. O. ceedingly fertile, consisting getnerally of a MARSHALLTON, pv. Chester co. Pa. [Mtr. deep, rich, black mould. MIARSHFIELD, pt. Washington co.Vt. 15 NE of Matagorda, a sea-port, city and cap. of the Marshfield, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 31 SE of B. above co., on the left bank of the Colorado MARSHPEE, tp. Barnstable co. Mass. at its mouth, 190 m. SE of Austin. It conMARTHASVILLE, p)V. Warren co. Mo. 73 E of tains an academy, and a university has Jefferson City. been incorporated here. Pop. 500 or 600. MARTHIA'S VINEYARD, i. Mass. lies off the s MATAGORDA BAY, all extensive lagoon of shore of Mass. It is 21 m. long and from 2 Texas, at the mouth of the Colorado river. to 5 broad. Length about 60 m., greatest breadth above MARTIC, tp. Laticaster co. Pa. 10 s Lancaster. 15 m. IMJARTICVILLE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 48 ESE H. MAT-A-MO'ROS, a t. of Mexico, on the ight MARTIN'SBURG, pv. cap. of Lewis co. N.Y. bank of the Rio del Norte, about 40 m. from 134 NW of Albany. its mouth. A few of the houses are of TvMartinsburg, pv. Blair connty Pa. 112 w of H. brick; those of the lower classes are built Martillsburg, pv. cap. of Berkley co. Va. 21 NW of canes, brushwood, &c., plastered with of Harper's Ferry. mud. Pop. estimated at 5.000. Opposite this Martinsburg, pv. Monroe co. Ky. 150 ssw F. town, on the NE side of the river, General Martinsburg, pv. Knox co. 0: 57 NNE of Cs. Taylor established his camp a short time Martinsburg, pv. WnV. co. Illd. 13 SE of Salem. previous to the commencement of hostiliMARTIN'S cr. Northampton co. Pa. flows into ties between the United States and Mexico. the Delaware. [flowing into the Atlantic. This place has been sitnce called Fort MARTINS', ST. a r. at the E extremity of Md.. Brown, in honour of Major Brown, comMartin's, St. pv.Worcester co. Md. 130 SE An. manlder of the garrison, who was mortally MARTINSTOW N, pv. Hancock co. O. 90 NNW Cs. wounded by a shell from the Mexican batteMARTINSVILLE, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 35 N Tn. ries (May 6th, 1846), while Gern. Taylor, Iartinsville, pv. cap. of Henry co. Va. on with the main body of his forces, was enSmith's river. gaged in opening a communication with MEA 633 METR Point Isabel. After the victories of Palo I'MECCA. pt. Trumbull co. 0. 180 NE of Cs. Alto [pah'lo al'to) and Resaca de la Palina MECHANICSBURG, borough, Cumberland co. (ra-sah'k' del lah pal'ma), the American Pa. 9 E of Carlisle. army entered and took possession of Mata- Mechanicsburg, pv. Giles co. Va. 248 w of R mort s without opposition. Mecllanicsburg, pv. Champaign co. O. 36 w MATCIIAPUNGO INLET, anl inlet from the sea of Columbus. in Northampton co. Va. Mechaniecsburg, pv. Sangamon co. Ill. 15 E Sd. MATTAPrONY r. Va. joins the Pamunky, to MECHANIC'S FALLs, pv. Cumberland co. Me. form York river. MECHANICSTOWN, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 MATTAMISCONTIS, tp. Penobscot co. Me. NW of Annapolis. [Cs. MATTAPOISETT. pv. Plymouth Co. Mass. 60 s B. Mechanicstown, pv. Carroll co 0. 135 ENE of MIATTEAWAN, V. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Fish- MECHANICSVILLE, PV. Rutland co. Vt. 82 ssw kill creek. [102 E of R. of Montpelier. [Hudson r. MATTHEVS C. H. pv. cap. of Matthews co. Va. Mechanicsville, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on the M.ATTHE-WSVILLE. PV. Pocahontas co. Va. 194 Mechanicsville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 70 NW R. wxw of Richmond. Mechanicsville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 78 E of MATTITUCK, pv. Suffolk CO. N.Y. on Long I. Columbia. MATTESON, tp. Branch co. Mich. Mechanicsville, pv. Jasper co. Ga. 45 w M. MA.UCH CHUNK. See GAZETTEER. Mechanicsville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 30 MAUCHPORT, pv. Harrison CO. Ind. 140 s of Is. SE of Nashville. MAIUMEE r. O. See GAZETTEER. Mechanicsville, pv. Kemper co. Miss. MAUMEE CITY, pv. Lucas co. O. on Maumee r. MECHISSES, pt. Washington co. Me. on MaMAIURICE r. N. J. enters Delaware Bay in chias river. [w of Al. Cumberland co. [above. MECKLENBURG, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 174 Maurice R. tp. Cumberland co. N. J. onl the Mecklenburg, pv. Knox co. Telnn. on Holston MAURICETOWN, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. on river. Maurice river. MEDFrELD, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 21 ssw of B MAXATAWNY, tp. Berks co. Pa. 74 NE of H. MEDFORD, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 NW of B. MAXFIELD, Pt. Penobscot co. Me. 110 NNW A. Medford, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 31 SE of Tn. MA.XVILLE, pv. Sussex co. N. J. MEDINA, PV. Orleans co. N.Y. 260 w of Al. Ma.YAGUEZ, ml-a-ghes', a sea-port on the w Medina, pv. cap. of Medina co. 0. 117 NE Cs. coast of Porto Rico. Medina, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 80 sw of D. MAYB;NTON, pv. Newberry dist. S. C. 45 w Ca. MEDWAY, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 sw of B. M.YFIELD, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kenne- Medway, v. Liberty co. Ga. bec river. MEESVILLE, pv. Roane Co. Tenn. 142 E of Ne. Mayfield, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 58 NW of Al. MEHERRI.N r. Va. unites with the Nottaway to Mayfield, pv. cap. of Graves co. Ky. 275 wsw form the Chowan r. N. C. of Frankfort. MEIGS, tp. Adams co. O. [berland r. Mayfield, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Chagrin r. MEIGSVILLE, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on Cum. Mt3AYo, ml'o; a r. of Mexico, in. Sonora, fall- MELLENVILLE, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 s Al. ing into the Gulf of California, near 27~10' MELMORE, PV. Seneca Co. 0. 82 N of Cs. N Lat., and 1090 40' w Lonl. Near its mouth MELROSE, pv. Clarke co. Ill. 150 ESE of Sd. is the town called Santa Cruz de Mayo or MELTONSVILLE, pv. Anson co. N. C. 160 saw Guitivis (ghe-te-veece'), with a pop. esti- of Raleigh. [ Tuscaloosa. mated at 7,000. Meltonsville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 170 NE of MAYONING, pv. Patrick co. Va. 217 wsw of R. MELVIN VILLAGE, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 50 MIAY's LANDING, pv. cap. of Atlantic co. N. J. E of Concord. [Pop. 15,000. on Great Egg Harbour r. 73 s of Trenton. MEMPHIS,City, Shelby co.Tenn. on the Miss. MAYSAYILLE, pv. cap. of Buckingham co. Va. Memphis, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 184 N Jef. City. on Slate river. MEMPHREMA'GOG, LAKE,Vt. is between 30 aind Maysville, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 230 w of R. 40 m. long, and from 2 tQ 3 wide. Maysville, pv. Dickson co. Tenn. 50 w of Ne. MENALLEN, pt. Adams co. Pa. 48 sw of H. Maysville, city, Mason co. Ky. on Ohio r. Menallen, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Maysville, tp. Morgan co. O. MENAN., LITTLE and GREAT, 2 islands off the Maysville, pv. Founitaini co. Ind. 84 WNW Is. NE coast of Me. Maysville, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ill. 120 SE Sd. MENDHAM, Pt. Morris co. N. J. 56 N of Tn. MAYVlLLE, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. o01 Chau- MENDoN, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 8 E of Rutland. taqule Lake. Melldon, pt. WVorcester co. Mass. 33 sw of B. MAYTOWN, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 30 SE of IH. Menidon, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 12 s Rochester MAZ'AT-LAN', a sea-port t. of Sonora, Mexi- Mendon, pv. Adams co. Ill. 116 w of Sd. CO), oil the w coast, at the enltrance of the M/IEN-NO`t'O-NIE or MENOMONEE INDIANS, a Gulf of California, 570 m. NW of Mexico. tribe dwelling in the ENE part of Wis. near It is much frequented by American traders Meilomonee river. and whalers. Lat. 230 15' N, Lon. about 1060~ MENOMONEE r. Mich. flows into Green Bay. 30' w. Menlomonee, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. MLExAD, tp. Crawford co. Pa. MENTOR, pt. Lake co. O. on L. Erie. Mead, tp. Belrnont co. O. [of Ne. MENTZ, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 8 NNW Auburn MEADOWVILLE, pv.,inith co. Tensn. 55 ENE MEQUANIGO, tp. Milwaukie co. WVis. MIREADvILLE, blorough, cap. of Crawford co. MERCER, pt. Somerset co. Me. 34 NNW of A. Pa. on French creek. Mercer, tp. Butler co. Pa. Meadville. pv. Halifax co. Va. 136 sw of R. Mercer, borough, cap. of Mercer co. Pa. 57'Meadville, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Miss. 80 N of Pittsburg. sw of Jackson. MERCERSBURG, boroug-h, Franklin co. Pa. 15 MEANSVILLE, pv. Union dist. S. C. 80 NW Ca. sw of Chambsersburg. MID 634 MIF NMEREDITtI, tp. Belkuap co. N. H. 30 N of Cd. i Middlebuiry, pv. Summit co. 0. 125'NE of Cs Meredith, pt. Delawsare co. N.Y. 6 N of Delhi. Middlebury, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 162 r of Is MEREDITHI VILLAGE, )v. Belknlap co. N.H. I. IDDLE CR. pt. Union co. Pa. 37 N of Conlcord. MIDDLEFIELD, pt. Hamlpshire co. Mass. MEREDOSIA. pv. MTorgan Co. Ill. on Illinois r. Middlefield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 64 w of Al MERIDEN, PV. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 sw of Cd. MIDDLEFORD, pv. Sussex co. Del. 43 s Dover Meridlen, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 16 s of MIDDLE FORK, pt. Macon co. Mo. 92 N of Jef Hartford. City. MERIDIAN. pv. Mercer co. Ill. 130 NW of Sd. MIDDLE GRANVILLE, pv.Washington co. N. Y. AIERIDIAN SPRINGS, pv. Hinds CO. Miss. 9 N J. MIDDLE HADDAM, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 MERBIDIANVILLE, pv. Madison co. Ala. on SSE of Hartford. Flint river. MIDDLE ISLAND) pV. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. MERMENTAU, mer-men-to', r. La. enters the MIDDLEPORT, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. 285 w Al Gulf of Mexico E of Calcasieu r. Middleport, pv. Scluykill co. Pa. 70 NE of H. MElROMO, PV. cap. of Sullivan co. Ind. on the Middleport, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 157 N of Is. Wabash r. Middleport, pv. Iroquois co. Ill. 192 NE of Sd. MERRIMACK, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 29 s of Cd. MIDDLESEX, pt. Washington co. Vt. 6 NE Mtr. MERRITTSTOWN, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 191 w H. Middlesex, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 194 w of A1. IMIERRITTSVILLE, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 130 Middlesex, tp. Butler co. Pa. [23 NE of B. NW of Columbia. MIDDLESEX VILLAGE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. NIESOPOTAMIA, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 170 NE Cs. MIDDLE SMITHFIELD, tp. Monroe co. Pa. [Cd. METAL, tp. Franklin co. Pa. MIDDLETON, pt. Strafftird co. N. H. 38 NNE of METEA, pv. Cass co. Ind. 84 N of Is. Middleton, pt. Essex co. Mass. 2'2 N of B. METHUEN, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r. Middleton, pv. Carroll co. Miss. 100 N of J. METROPOLIS CITY, pv. Johnsoni co. Il. 225 SSE Middleton, pv. White co. Ark. 62 NE of Little of Springfield. Rock. [Montpelier. METUCHIN, PV. Middlesex co. N. J. 32 NE Tn. MIDDLETOWN, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 77 ssw of MExICO, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r. Middletown, tp. Newport co. R. I. 28 s of Mexico, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salmon cr. Providetnce. Mexico, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 42 NW o(f H. Middletowtn, Conn. See GAZETTEER. [of Al. Mexico, pv. cap. of Audrain co. Mo. on Salt r. Middletown, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 80 wsw Mexico, the most populous of the Mexican Middletown, pv. Orange Co. N.Y. 112 ssw Al. states, is situated in the s part of the con- Middletown, pt. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 ENE fe(leration, and borders on the Pacific. Area of Trenton. 30,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,200,000. Tlalpan is the Middletown, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 NNE of Phila. capital. Middletown, boro', Dauphin co. Pa. 10 SE H MEYERSTOWN, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 31 E of H. Middletown, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 w of MIAMI r. O. See GAZETTEER. Middletown, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. [Phila. Miami, pv. Hamilton co. O. on Miami r. Middletown, pv. New Castle co. Del. 47 N of Miami, tp. Hamilton co. O. on the Ohio r. Dover. [Frederick. Miami, tp. Clermont co. O. Middletown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 8 Nw of Miami, tp. Montgomery co. O. Middletown, pv. Frederick co. Va. 158 NNw MIAMISBURG, PV. Monltg Co. O. on Miami r. of Richmotnd. MIICHAEL'S, ST. pv. Talbot co. Md. 57 E An. Middletown, pv. Hyde co. N. C. 220E of Rh. MICHAELSVILLE, pv. Harford co. Md. 62 N An. Middletown, pv. Butler co. Ala. 162 SSE of T MICHIGAN CENTRE, pv. Jackson1 co. Mich. 72 Middletown, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 42 w of F. w of D. [Mich. Middletown, pv. Butler co. O. on Miami r. MICHIGAN CITY, PV. Laporte co. Ind. on L. Middletown, v. Columbiana co. O. MICHIGANTOWN, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 42 N Is. Middletown, tp. Columbiana co. O. MICIIOACAN, me'cho-ah-kant, a Mexican state, Middletown, pv. Henry co. Ind. 44 E of Is. w of the city of Mexico, and bordering on Middletown, pv. Logan co. Ill. 20 NE of Sd. thePacific. Area26,500 sq.m. Pop.450,000. Middletown, pv. Montgomery co. Mo. 57 NE Capital, Valladolid. [Bay. of Jefferson City. [on Middletown cr. MIDDLE, tp. Cape May co. N. J. on Delaware MIDDLETOWN POINT, PV. Monm1outh co. N.J. MIDDLE PAXTON, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 9 NE of MIDDLEVILLE, PV. Herkimer co. N.Y. 82 WNrw Harrisbarg. [s of B. of Albany. MIDDLEBOROUGH, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 40 MIDDLEVAY, pv. Jefferson co. Va. 162 N of R. MItDDLEBOURrE, pv. cap. of Tyler co. Va. 307 MIIDWAY, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 72 ssw Ca NW of Richmotnd. [of R. Midway, pv. Jotnes co. Ga. 22 w of M. MIDDLEBIOOK, pv. Augusta Co. Va. 130 wNw Midway, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 SE of T. MIDDLEBURGc Pt. Sclhoharie co. N.Y. 37 w Al. Midway, pv. Monroe co. Teln. 164 ESE Of Ne. Mliddleburg, pv. Union co. Pa. 77 N of H. Midway, pv. Woodford co. Ky. 20 sE of F. Middleburg, pv. Carroll co. Md. 78 NW of An. MIER, meer, (Sp. pron. me-aiR'), a small t. of Middleburg, pv. Loudon co. Va. 134 N of R. Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, about 100 nm Middleburg, pv. Hardiman co. Tenn. 1.70 sw NE of Monlterey. of Naslville. MIFFLIN, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 8 s Pittsburg Mtddleburg, pv. Casey co. Ky. 60 s of F. Mifflin, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Mlddleburg, tp. Cuyahoga co. 0. Mifflinr tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 17 NW Carlisle Middleburg, pv, Logal co. O. Mifflin, tp. Dauphlin co. Pa. 23 NE of H. Middleburg, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. Mifflin, tp. Lvcyminr co. Pa. MIDDLEBURY, Vt. See GAZETTEER. [of Hd. Mifitin, pv. Hendersonl co. Tenn. 133 wswNe. Middlebury, pt. New Haven co. Coonn. 52 wsw Mifflin, pt. Rich land co. O. 5 E of Mansfield. Middlebury, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. 247 w Al. MIFFLINSBURG, lboroughl, Unlion co. Pa. 76 N ~litddlebury tp. Tioga co. Pa. of Harrisburg. MIL 635 MIN MIFFlIINTOW'N, borough, cap. of Julniata co. MILLFORD, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 164 N Jef. City. IPa. 45 NW of H. [Susquehanna. MILL HAVEN, pv. Scriven co. Ga. 106 E of MI MIFFLINVILLE, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on the MILLHEIaI, PV. Centre co. Pa. 88 NW of II. MILAM, a v. of Texas, cap. of Sabile co., on MILLINGTON, PV. Middlesex co. Conn. 36 I a creek which runs into the Sabine river. of Hartford. Pop. 200 or 300. Millington, pv. Kent co. Md. 60 ENE of An. Milam, a large county or district in the N or MILL PLAIN, PV. Fairfield co. Conn. 72 sw Hd N central part of Texas, watered by the r. MILL POINT. pv. Pocahontas co.Va. 210 wrNv Brazos and its branches. Soil, at least in of Richmond. [of Al. the s part, very fertile: it appears to be MILL PORT, PV. Chemun' co. N.Y. 200 wsw exceedingly well adapted to the cultivation Mill Port, pv. Potter co. Na. 185 NNW of H. of graill. Capital, Cameron. Mill Port, pv. Iaurel co. Ky. 106 sE of F. MILAN, pt. Coos co. N. H. otl Androsco'gin r. Mill Port, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 80 s of Is. Milan, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 62 s of A1. MInLLsBono', pv. Sussex co. Del. 50 s Dovei. Milan, pv. Garrard co. Ky. 52 ssE of F. MILLSFIELD, tp. Coos co. N. H. Milani, pt. Erie co. O. on Huroll r. MILLS' POINT, or HICKMAN, pv. Hickman co. Milan, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 50 sw of D. Ky. on the M'.ssissippi river. Milan, pt. Calhoun co. Ill. 94 sw of Sd. MILLSTONE cr. N. J. flows into Raritan r. MILBURY. pt. Worcester co. Mass. 6 SE of MILL STONE, pv. Somerset co. N.J. 27 N Tn. V)Worcester. MILLTOWN, pv. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al Milbury, pv. Centre co. Pa. 87 NW of H. Milltown, pv. Crawford co. Ind. 113 s of Is. MILES, tp. Centre co. Pa. [Phila. MILLvIEW, pv. Fatiquier co. Va. 103 N of R. MILEsTowN, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 N of MILLVILLE, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 43 w B. MILFORD, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- Millville, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. [rice r. scot river. Millville, pt. Cumberland co. N. J. on MauMilford, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 33 s of Cdl. MILLVILLE, pv. King George co. Va. 90 NNE Milford, pt. WVorcester co. Mass. 30 sw of B. of Richmond. [of Ca Milford; pv. New Haven co. Conn. 45 ssw Hd. Millville, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 100 NNW hMilford, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 13s Cooperstown. Millville, pv. Butler co. Ala. 154 SSE of T. aNlilford, pv. Ilunterdon co. N. J. onl Dela- Millville, pv. Lincoln co. Teiin. 97 s of Ne. vore river. Millville, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. 230 wsw of F. Milfil'd, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 36 Nw of Phila. Millville, pv. Butler co. O. on Indian cr.,Milford, tp. Juniata co. Pa. on Juniata r. MILLWOOD, pv. Clarke co. Va. 135 NNW of R. Mlilford, pv. cap. of' Pike co. Pa. on Dela- Millwood, tp. Guernsey co. O. sware riv er. [set. MILO, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Piscataquis r. Mlilford, tp. S:)merset co. Pa. 7 sw of Somer- Milo, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 193 w of Al. Milford, pv. Kent co. Del. 21 s of Dover. MILO CENTRE, pv. Yates co. N.Y. 196 w Al. rilford, pv. Warren co. Va. [Ca. MILROY. pv. Rush co. Ind. 48 EsE of Is. Milford, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 120 Nw of MILTON, tp. Piscataquis co. Me. Milford, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 54 NE of F. [r. Milton, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 47 NE of Cd. Milford, pv. Clermont co. O. olt Little Miami Milton, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. on Lamoille r. Milford, tp. Butler co. O. Milton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 s of B. Milford, tp. Knox co. 0. Milton, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 36 w of Hd. Milford, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 40 Nw of D. Milton, tp. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 N of Al. ~MILLA.RDS vILLE, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. Milton, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 80 s of Al. MILL, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Milton, pv. Morris co. N. J. 75 N of Tn. MILL BRooK, pv. Wayne co. 0. 98 NE of Cs. Milton, borough, Northumberland co. Pa. on MILLBURYo, tp. Worcester co. Mtass. 43 wsw the West Branlch of the Susquehanna. MIILLBURN, pv. Hickman co. Ky. Lof B. Milton, pv. Sussex co. Del. 33 s of Dover. MImLL Cn. tp. Erie co. Pa. Milton, pv. Caswell co. N. C. 74 Nw of Rh. Mill Cr. hunidred, New Castle co. Del. Milton, pv.,Laurens dist. S. C. 60 WNW of Ca. Mill Cr. pv. Person. co. N. C. Milton, pv. cap. of Sanlta Rosa co. Flor. on Mill Cr. pt. Coshocton co. 0. 93 NE of Cs. Blackwater river. Mill Cr. tp. Hamilton co, O. Milton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 98 SE of T. MILLDALE, pv. Warren co. Miss. 150 w of., Milton, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 37 sE of Ne. MItILLEDGEVILLE, pv. Montgomery eo. N. C. Milton, pv. Trimble co. Ky. on Ohio r. 1.33 wswr of Raleigh. MV[ilton, tp. Richland co. O. Milledgeville, pv. White co. Tenn. 86 B Ne. Milton, pt. Mahoning co. O. on Mahoning r. MILLRsnURG, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the Miltoln, Ip. Cass co. Mich. Susquehmaraa. Milton, tp. Jefferson co. Ind. [City. Mtillersblurgr pv. Rutherford eo.Tenn.44 sE Ne, Milton, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 80 NNw of Jef Millersburg, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 44 E of F. VMILToN HILL, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw An. Millerslbu'y, pv. cap. Holmes en. 0. 87 NE Cs. MILTONVILLE, pv. Wayr.e cc l-;,ss. 158 SE J. Millersbulrg pv. Mercer co. Ill. Mjitotville, v. Butler co. O0 Millersburg, pv. Callawvay eo. Mo. 34 NE of Miltonville, pv. Wood co O. 123 NsW cf Cs. Jeffelsonl City. MILWtAUKIE, or MILWAUKEE, tlhe largest t. of MILLERIS PLACE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Wis., cap. of Milwaukie co., on Milwaukle MILLERSPORT, PV. Fairfield co. 0. 30 SE Cs. r. near its entrance into Lake Michigan. MILLLERSTOWVN, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 Nw H. Pop. estimated at 20,000. Millerstown, pv. G(rayson co. Ky. 125 sw of F. MINA, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 260 w of Al Millerstown, pv. Champaign co. 0. 55 w Cs. MINDEN, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. on Mo, MIILLERSVILLE, p'. Lancaster eo. Pa. 40 SE H. hawk river. Millersxrille, pv. Marion co. Ind. 7 from Is. MINERAL POINT; pv. cap. of Iowa co. Wia. MIIILrtELD, pv. Athens o. 0. 73 sE of Cs 5'2 wsw of Madison. MOQ 636 MON MINERAL SPRINGS, pV. Talladega co. Ala. 78 (singular IMoQuI), a tribe of Indians dwel E of Tuscaloosa. ing in the E part of California, on the uppet Minersville, v. Alleghany co. Pa. 2 E of Pitts- tributaries of the Colorado. burg. 1MONROE, pt. ~~Waldo co. Me. onl Marsh r. Minersville, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. Monroe, tp. Washington co. Vt. 15 NNE Mtr. Minersville, pv. Rutherford co. N. C. Monroe, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 120 w of B. MINESVILLE, V. Forsyth co. Ga. 100 w of M. Monroe, pt. Fairfield co. Coiin. 54 sw of Hd MINERVA, pt. Essex co. N.Y. ont the Hudson. Monroe, pt. Orange co. N;Y. 14 SE of Goshen. Minerva, pv. Mason co. Ky. 75 ENE of F. Monroe, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. Minerva, pv. Stark co. 0. 140 NE of Cs. Montroe, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 80 N of Tii. MINNETAREE (mini-nre-tar're) INDIANS, a tribe Monroe, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. dwellitng in the NE part of Missouri Terri- Monroe, tp. Bradford co. Pa. tory. Monroe, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware r. MINISINK, pt. Orangte co. N.Y. 120 ssw of Al. Monroe, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. MINO, tp. Mifflini co. Pa. Monroe, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [Milledgeville. MINOT, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 46 sw of A. Monroe, pv. cap. of Walton co. Ga. 60 Nw of MINTONSVILLE, pv. Gates co. N. C. 106 ENE Monroe, PV. cap. of Washita par. La. ori of Raleigh. Washita river. [of Ne. MIRAGOANE, mee-rah-go-an', a sea-port on Monroe, pv. cap. of Overton co. Tenn. 100 F, the N coast of Haytl, 75 m. wsw of Port- Monroe, pv. Hart co. Ky. 100 sw of F. au-Prince. Monroe, tp. Ashtabula co. O. MIRANDA, pv. Rowan co. N. C. 130 w of Rh. Monroe, pv. Butler co. O. 95 wsw of Cs. MISHAWAKA, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. Monroe, tp. Clermont co. O. MISI{WAUKEE, pv. Brownl co. Wis. Monroe, tp. Miami co. O. MISPILION, hundred, Kentco. Del. Monroe, tp. Richland co. O. MISSISQUE r. Vt. flows into Missisque Bay, an Monroe, city, cap. of Monroe co. Mich. on arm of L. Champlain. Raisin r. 37 ssw of Detroit. MISSISINEWA r. Ild. falls into the Wabash. Monroe, tp. Grant co. Iud. MIssissIppi CITY, PV. cap. of Harrison co. Monroe, tp. Washington co. Ind. Miss. 265 ssE of Jacksont. Monroe, pv. Cook co. Ill. 218 NE of Sd. MissovRI, tp. Boone Co. Mo. Monroe, pv.. cap. of Greetne co. Wis. 80 s of Missouri, pv. Pike co. Ala. 165 SE of T. Madison. MISSOURITON, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on Mis- MONROETON, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 130 N of H. souri river. [N of Ne. Monroetonl, pv. Rockiilgiarn co. N. C. 100 Nw MITCHELLSVILLE, PV. Robertson co. Tenn. 34 of Raleigh. [s of T. MIT!LA, a Mexicall t. in the state of Oaxaca, MONROEVILLE, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ala. 150 35 m. E of the city of this name, relnarka- Monroeville, pv. Huron co. O. olln Huron r. ble for its interesting ruins. MONROE WORKS, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 105 s MIXENBURG, pv. Greene co. Ala. rcreek. of Albany. [Annapolis. MIxVILLE, pv. AlIeghany co. N.Y. on W. Koy MONROVIA, pv. Frederick co. Md. 68 NW of MOCK.SVILLE, pv. cap. of Davie co. N. C. 140 Monrovia, pv. Pope co. Ark. 92 sw of Little w of Raleigh. [of R. Rock. MODEST TowN, pv. Accomac co. Va. 228 E Monrovia, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 23 sw of Is. MOFFETTSVILLE, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 117 MONSON, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 N of A svNW of Columbia. Mollson, pt. Hampdenl co. Mass. on ChickaMO-HAH'VE INDIANS, California, a tribe dwell- pee river. ing between the r. Colorado and the s ex- MONTAGUE, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Comi. r. tremity of the Great Basill. Montague, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 90 N of Tn. Mohahve r. near the s margin of the Great i Montague, pv. Essex co. Va. 68 NE of R. Basinl: terminiationi unknowni. I MONTAGUE CANAL, PV. Franklin co. Mass. olt MOHAWK r. N.Y. See GAZETTENER. [river. the Connecticut. Mohawk, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on Mohawk MONTAUK PO}sT, the E extremity of Long I. Mohawk, tp. Montg. co. N.Y. on the Mohawk. MO'NTEREY, Mexico. See GAZETTEER. MOHICCAN, pt. Ashland co. 0. 88 NE of' Cs. Monterey, moi-te-ra', the cap. of Upper CaliMOIRA, pt. Franklin co. N. Y. on L. Salmon r. fortnia, on a bay of its own nanme. It is a MOLLTOWN, pv. Berks co. Pa. 64 E of H. place of considerable trade, and the only MONAD'NOCK, Mt. Cheshire co. N. H. Height port in the territory where duties are col3,254 ft. [N of Is. lected. Lat. 365 30' N, Lon. 1220 50' w. MONGOQUINONG pv. La Grange co. Ind. 176 Pop. about 1,000. MONGUAGON, tp. Waynle co. Mich. MONTEVALLO, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 58 E of T. MONHEGAN ISLAND, Lincoln co. Me. MONTEVIDEO, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 125 NNE M. MONITEAU, mon-e-t', pt. Cole co. Mo. 20 NW MONTEZUMA, PV. Cayuga co. N.Y. 162 w Al. of Jefferson City. Montezuma, pv. cap. of Covinglton co. Ala. MONKTON, pt. Adltison co. Vt. 50 w of Mtr. on Conecub river. [of Ne. MONMOUTH, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 106 w of A. Montezuma, pv. M'Nairy co. Tenn. 155 sw Monmouth, pv. Adams co. Ind. on St. iMary's r. Montezuma, pv. Parke co. Ind. oil the WVaMonmouth, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ill. 120 bash river. NW of Springfield. Montezuma, pv. Pike co. Ill. on Illinois r. MONAGCAN, tp. York co. Pa. o MONTGOMERY, pt. Franklii co.Vt. on Trout r. MONONGAXELA r. Pa. See GAZETTEER. I Montgomery, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Mononglahela, tp Greene co. Pa. 14 SE of WVestfield river. [kill r. Waynesburg. [190 w of H. Montgomery, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on Wall, MONONGAHELA CITY, pv. WVashiigton co. Pa. Motltgomery, tp. Somerset co. N.J. 12 sw of MoQuts, mo-keez', or MONQUIS, mon-keeez' Sonerville. MOO 637 MOU Montgomery. tp. Franklin co. Pa. 16 sw of MORAVIA, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. Oll Owasco TL Chambersburg. MORDANSVILLE, pv. Columbia CO. Pa. Montgomery, tp. Indiana co. Pa. MOREAU, mo-ro', pt. Saratoga co. N. Y. on Montgomery, tp. Mongomery co. Pa. 20 N of Hudson river. Philadelphia. Moreau, pt. Cole co. Mo. 18 sw of Jef. City. Montgomery, tp. Franklin co. O. MOREFIELD, tp. Harrison Co. O. Molntgonmery, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 107 sw Cs. MOREHOUSE, tp. Hamilton co.N.Y. 82 NW Al. Montgomery, tp. Ashland co. O. MOREHOUSEVILTLE, pv. Hamilton co. N.Y. 82 Montgotnery, tp. Owen co. Ind. sw of Is. NW of Albany. Montgomery, a co. in the E central part of MORELAND, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 94 N of H. Texas, E of, and bordering on the Brazos. Moreland, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 14 N of Phila. The soil oni the bottom lands is very pro- Moreland, tp. Phila. co. Pa. 11 NE of Phila. ductive. MORETOWN, pt. Wn. co. Vt. 13 sw of Mtr. Montgomery, a small v. of Texas, cap. of the MORGAN, tp. Orleans co. Vt. 50 NE of Mtr. above, on Lake cr. an affluent of the San Morgan, tp. Greene co. Pa. [E of Ne. Jacinto r. 130 m. E of Austin. [on Ala. r. Morgan C. H. pv. cap. Morgan co. Tenn. 156 MONTGOMERY CITY, PV. cap. of Montg. co. Ala. Morgan, pt. Ashtabula co. O. on Grand r. MONTGOMERYVILLE, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Morgan, tp. Butler co. O. MONTICELLO, tp. Aroostook co. Me. [sw Al. Morgan, tp. Morgan co. O. Monticello, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. N.Y. 110 MORGANFIELD, pv. cap. of Union co. Ky. 220 Monticello, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 30 N of Ca. wsw of Frankfort. Monticello, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Ga. 35 WNW MORGANSBURG, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 108 N R of Milledgeville. [ENE of Tallahassee. MORGANTOWN, pv. Berks co. Pa. 56 E of H. Monticello, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Flor. 30 Morgantown, pv. cap. of Monongalia co. Va. Monticello, pv. Pike co. Ala. 170 SE of T. onl Monongalia r. 295 Nw of Richmond. Monticello, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Miss. on Morgantown, pv. Burke co. N. C. on CatawlPearl river. [of F. ba river. Monticello, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Ky. 110 s Morgantown, pv. Blount co. Tenn. Monticello, pv. cap. of'White co. Ind. on Morgantown, pv. cap. of Butler co. Ky. on Tippecanoe river. [gamon r. Green river. Monticello, pv. cap. of Piatt co. Ill. on San- Morgantown, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 40 s of Is. Monticello, pv. cap. of Lewis co. Mo. 145 N MORIAH, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 115 N of Al. of Jefferson City. [Brazos. MORICHEs, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Monticello, a v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on the MORINGvILLE, pv. Chatham co. N. C. 20 N Rh MONTOUR, tp. Columbia co. Pa. MORNING SUN, pv. Preble co. O. 110 w of Cs. MONTPELIER, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 90 sw MORRIs, tp. Morris co. N. J. on the Passaic r. of Raleigh. Morris, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Montpelier, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 17 w Macon. Morris, tp. Greene co. Pa. Montpelier, pv. Marengo co. Ala. Morris, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Montpelier, pv. Blackford co. Ind. 80 NE of Is. Morris, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 133 N of H. MONTROSE, borough, cap. of Susqa. co. Pa. Morris, tp. Washington co. Pa. [Harlem r. Montrose, pv. Lee co. Iowa, on the Miss. r. MORRISANIA, V. Westchester co. N. Y. on MONTURESVILLE, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 95 N MORRISTOWN, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. on Laof Harrisburg. moille river. [St. Lawrence r. MO)NTVILLE, Pt. Waldo co. Me. 26 ENE of A. Morristown, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Montville, tp. N. London co. Conn. 36 SE Hd. Morristown, pv. cap. Morris co. N. J. 53 N Tn. Montville, pv. Morris co. N. J. 67 N of Tn. Morristown, pv. Jeffersoll co. Tenn. 226 N Ne. Molntville, pt. Geanga co. 0. 180 NE of Cs. Morristown, pv. Belmont co. O. 9 w of St. MONUMIENT, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 60 s B. Clairsville. MooERs, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 18 N Plattsburg. Morristown, pv. Shelby co. Ind. on Blute r. MOON, pt. Alleghatny co. Pa. onl the Ohio. 0Morristown, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ill. 140 Moon, tp. Beaver co. Pa. NNW of Sprinfield. MOORE, tp. Northampton co. Pa. [of R. MORRISVILLE, pV. Lamoille co). Vt. 26 N Mtr. MOOgREFIELD, pV. cap. of Hardy co.Va. 178 NW Morrisville, pv. cap. of Madisotn co. N.Y. 102 Moorefield, pv. Nicholas co. Ky. 58 E of' F. w of Albany. [ware r. Moorefield, pt. Harrison co. O. 100 E of Cs. Morrisville, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on DelaMoorefield, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. 95 SE Is. Morrisville, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 88 N of R. MIIooRESBRoo', pv. Cleveland co. N. C. MORTONSV1LLE, pV. Woodford Co. Ky. 1.9 SE F.'1oo00RESBURG, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 77 N of H. MORVEN, pv. Anson co. N. C. 140 sw of Rllh. M1oonREsTowN, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 26 s Moscow, tp. Somerset co. Me. 58 N of A. of Treutlon. Moscow, pv. Livingston Co. N.Y. 236 w of Al. MoitoitESVILLE pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 58 wsw Moscow, pv. Fayette co. Tetm. on WVolf cr. of Albany. Moscow, pv. Hickmaln co. Ky. 309 sw of F. Mooresville, pv. Orange co.-N.C. 75 NW of Rh. Moscow, pv. Clermont co. 0. on Olio r. Mooresville, pv. Limestone co. Ala. 146 N T. Moscow, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 84 wsw of D. Mooresville, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 60 s of Ne. Moscow, pv. Rush co. Ind. 54 SE of Is. Mooresvillc, pv. TMIorgan co. Ind. 16 sw of Is. Moscow, pv. Muscatine co. Iowa, on Red Ce. MOORETOWN, pv. Monltg. co. Pa. 11 N of Phllila. dar river. [w of Al. MoosE r. N. H. rises in the White Mts. and MOTTS CORNERS, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 168 flows inlto the Androscoggin. MOTTSVILLE, pv. Onondaga CO. N.Y. Moose r. N. Y. flows into Black r. Mottsville, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. on St. JoMIOOSEIIEAD LAKE.. See GAZETTEER. seph's river. MtoosEHrILLOCK, mt. Grafton co. N. I1. 14 E of MOULTON. pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ala. 103 Haverhill. Height 4,636 feet. N of Tuscaloosa. 54 MOU 638 MUN MOULTONBOROUGtT, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 46 N Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Henry co. Iowa, of Concord. onl Big creek. [of H MOUNT BETHEL, pv. Northampton co. Pa. MOUNT REPUBLIC, pv. W'ayne co. Pa. 170 NI MOUNT BLANCHARD, pv. Hancock co. O. 76 MOUNT SIDNEY, pv. Augusta co.Va. 127 WNW NW of Columbus. [SSE of J. of Richmond. MOUNT CARMEL, pv. Covington co. Miss. 94 MOUNT SEWARD, a group of the Adirondack Mount Carmel, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 96 E of F. Mts. N.Y. in thile SE part of Franklin co. Mount Carmel, pv. cap. of Wabash co. Ill. on MOUNT STERLING, pv. WVn.; r. Ala. 110 ssW Ill. r. 166 SE of Sd. [Mich. 18 NE of D. of Tuscaloosa. [Ky. 60 E of F MOUNT CLEMENS, PV. cap. of Macomb co. Mount Sterling, pv. cap. of Montgomery CO.. MOUNT CRAWFORD, pv. Rockinghlam co Va. Mount Sterling, pv. Madison co. 0. 32 w Cs. on North river1 130 NW of R. [and 12 wide. Mount Sterling, v. Muskingum co. O. MOUNT DESERT, I. Hancock co. Me. 15 m. long Mount Sterling, pv. cap. of Brown co. Illt 77 Mount Desert, pt. Hancock co. Me. on1 the w of Springfield. [Bennington above. MOUNT TABOR, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 36 NE of MOUNT EATON, pv.Wayne co. 0. 104 NE of Cs. Mount Tabor, pv. Union dist. S. C. 76 NW Ca. MOUNT GALLAGHER, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. Mount Tabor, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 45 ssw Is. 90 WNW of' Columbia. MOUNT UNION, pv. Stark co. O. 138 NE of Cs. MOUNT GILEAD, pt. Loudon co.Va. 144 N of R. MOUNT UPTON, pv. Cheinango co. N.Y. 100 w Mount Gilead, pv. Mason co. Ky. 90 ENE of F..of Albany. [of A. Mount Gilead, cap. Morrow co. 0. 40 N of Cs. MOUNT VERNON, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 15 NW MOUNT HEALTHY, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 118 sw Mount Vernon, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 32 of Columbus. ssw of Concord. MOUNT HOLLY, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 s of Mtr. Mount Vernon, pv. Chester co. Pa. 72 ESE H. Mount Holly, pv. cap. of Burlington co. N. J. Mount Vernon, Va. the former residence of 18 s of Trenton. Gen. Washilngton, on the Potomac r. 6 m MOUNT HOPE, hill, R. I. on Mount Hope Bay, below Alexandria. [Ga. 112 SE of M. an arm of Narraganset Bay, which receives Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Montgomery co Taunton river. [Goshen. Mount Vernon, pv. Mobile co. Ala. 184 s of T Mount Hope, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 1I1 w of Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of St. Francis co. Ark. Mount Hope, pv. Oldhamn co. Ky. Moutnt Vernon, pv. cap. of Rock Castle co. MOUNT INDEPENDENCE, Vt. 2 m. sE of old Fort Ky. 75 ssE of Frankfort. [V elrnon r. Ticonderoga. [It. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Knox co. 0. on. MOUNT JACKSON, pv. Lawrence co. Pa. 250 w Mount Vernon. pv. Macomb co. Mich. 32 N D. Mount Jackson, pv. Shenandoah co. Va. 146 Mount Vernoun, pv. cap. of Posey co. Ind. on NW of Richmond. [burg. Ohio river. [130 SSE of Sd. MOUNT JOY, tp. Adams co. Pa. 6 s of Gettys- Moullt Vernon, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Ill. Mount Joy, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 25 se of H. Mount Vernon, pv. Dade Co. Mo. MOUNT LIBERTY, PV. Knox CO. O. 41 NE Cs. MOUNT VERNON VILLAGE, pv. Kennebec co. MOUNT MARCY, Essex co. N.Y. is the highest Me. 17 NW of Augusta. peak of the Adirondack Mis., beinlg 5,467 I MOUNTVILLE, PV. Loudon Co. Va. 140 N of R. feet above the sea. Mountville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 74 NW Ca. MOUNT MIEIS, PV. Montg. CO. Ala. 125 SE T. Mountville, pv. Troup co. Ga. 112 w of M. MOUNT MERIDIAN, pv. Augusta co. Va. 125 MOUNT VISION, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 80 w Al. WNW of Richmond. MOUNT TWASHINGTON, N. H. the highest peak Mount Meridian, pv. Putnam co. Ild. 36 w Is. of the WVhite Mts. Height, 6,428 feet. MOUNT MORIAH, pv. WVilCox co. Ala. 122 s T. Mount Washlington, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. MOUNT MORRIS, pt. Liviiigston co. N.Y. on Mount Washingtou, pv, Washington co. Ga Genesee river. 38 ESE of Milledgeville. [wsw of F Mount Morris, pv. Greene co. Pa.230 w of H. Mount WVasthington, pv. Bullitt co. Ky. 60 MOUNT PLEASANT, tp. Westchester co. N. Y. MOUNT WVILLING, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 6 N of White Plains. [of Tn. 40 w of Columbia. [of T. Mount Pleasant, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 38 N Mount \Villing, pv. Lowndes co. Ala. 120 ssa Mount Pleasant, tp. Adanis co. Pa. 17 E of MOUNT ZION, pv. Hancock co. Ga. 30 NE of M. Gettysburg. MOURYSTOWN, pv. Highland co. O. 87 sw Cs. Mount Pleasant, tp. Colullmbla co. Pa. MOYAMENSING, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. s of Mount Pleasant, borough, Tioga co. Pa. the city, of which it forms one of the subMoult Pleasant, tp. Washington co. Pa. urbs. Mount Pleasant, tp. Wayne co. Pa. MUDDY CR. tp. Butler co. Pa. Mount Pleasanlt, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa. Mllddy r. Ky. flows into Green r. Mount Pleasant, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 NW MURvLENBURG, tp. Pickaway co. O. 12 NW of of Annapolis. [N of R. Circleville. Mount Pleasant, pv. Spottsylvania co. Va. 64 MULBERRY r. Ala. a br. of th e Black Wurrior r Mount Pleasatut, v. Cabarrus co. N. C. MULLICA, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. Mount Pleasalt, pv. Maury co. Tennl. 53 ssw MULLICA HILL, pv. Glo'ster co. N. J. 45 s Tn of Nashville. MUL'LICAS r. N.J. See EGG HARBOR, LITTLE Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Harlan co. Ky. MULTONA SPRINGS, Attala co. Miss. 13 N of on a bralch of the Cumberland. Kosciusko. Mount Pleasant, pv. Jefferson co. 0. 20 sw MUNCY, borough, Lycoming co. Pa. 85 N H. of Steubenville. [of D. Mulcy, tp. Lycominga co. Pa. 13 NE of Wil Mount Pleasant, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 40 NW liamsport. [Williamsport Mount PleasarntIpv. cap. of Martin co. Ind. Muncy Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Pa. 13 SE of on the East Fork of White r. [Jef. City. MUNCYTOWN, pV. cap. of Delaware co. Iud Mount Pleasant, pt. Barry co. iMo. 212 sw of on White river. NAR 639 NEW MUNDY, tp. Genesee co. Mioh. [Green r. NASHAWN, i. Mass. one of the Elizabeth is. 9 MUNFORDSVILLE, pv. cap. of Hart co. Ky. oil miles long, anll 2 broad. MUNSON, pt. Geauga co. O. 166 NE Of CS. NASHPORT, pv. Muskingum co. 0. 54 E of Cs. MUNSTER, pv. Carmbria co. Pa. 133 w of H. NASH'S STREAM, N. H. a br. of Upper AmMURDER KILL, hundred, Kent co. Del. monoosuc river. [Dullstable. MURDOCKSVILLE, pv. Wn. CO. Pa. 230 w of H. NASHUA r. N.H. flows into the Merrimack at MURFREESBOR(0-;H, pv. Hertford co. N. C. Nashua, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on Mer-. on Chowan river. rimack river. Murfreesborough, Tenn. See GAZETTEER. NASHVILLE, pv. cap. of Nash co. N. C. 44 E Rh. MURPHY, PV. cap. of Cherokee co. N. C. 367 Nashville, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. on Tombigw of Raleigh. bee river. MURRAY, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on Sandy cr. Nashville, pv. Holmes co. 0. 82 NE of Cs. Murray, pv. Wells co. Ind. 110 NE of Is. Nashville, pv. cap. of Brown co. Ind. 54 s of Is. MURRAY'S MILLs, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 Nashville, pv. cap. of Wn. co. Ill. 118 s of Sd. SE of Indianapolis. [w of H. Nashville, pv. Boone co. Mo. 24 Nw Jef. City MuRR YsvILLE, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa.180 Nashville, cap. of Milam co. Texas, on the Murraysville, pv. Hall co. Ga. 130 NNW of M. Brazos r. 75 m. NE of Austin. Pop. near 100. MUSCATINE. See IOWA, GAZETTEER. NASSAU r. Flor. enters by Nassau inlet into IMUSCLE RIDGE ISLAND, tp. Lincoln co. Me. the Atlantic. MUSCLE SHOALS, in Ala. onl Tenln. r., which Nassau, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 12 SE of Al. is here *2 or 3 m. wide; named from the NATCHAUG r. Conn. joins Shetucket r. fresh water clams found here. NATCHEZ, Miss. See GAZETTEER. MUSKEGO, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. NATCHITOCHES, pv. cap. of Natchitoches par. MUSKINGUM r. O. See GAZETTEER. La. on Red river. Muskingum, pt. Muskingum co. O. 60 E of Cs. NATHANSVILLE, pv. Conecuh co. Ala. 190 s T. MYSTIC, pv. New London co. Conn. 52 SE of NATICK, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 wsw of B. Hartford. L56 SE of Hd. Natick, pv. Kent co. R. I. 9 ssE of Providence. MYSTIC BRIDGE, pv. New London co. Conn. NATURAL BRIDGE, pV. Jef. co. N.Y. 150 Ntw of Albany. [ZETTEER. NACOGDOCHES, a CO. in the E part of Texas, Natural Bridge, Va. See ROCKBRIDGE, GAonl the r. Neches. It is mostly woodland. NAUGATUCK r. Conn. flows into the HousaSoil rich, well adapted to the cultivation of tonic. [of Hd. cotton. Naugatuck, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 5.3 sw Nacogdoches, a t. of Texas, cap. of the above NAUVOO CITY, a famous Mormon settlement, co., about 250 m. ENE of Austin. A uni- Hancock co. Ill. on the Mississippi. [Vacca. versity was incorporated here, February NAV-ID-AD', a r. of Texas, flowing into the La 1845. Pop. from 1,000 to 1.,200. NEATSVILLE, pv. Adair co. Ky. 84 s of F. NA-HANT', tp. and celebrated watering-place NECHIS, Inetch'es, a r. in the E part of Texas, of Essex co. Mass. 14 NE of Boston. flowing into Sabine Lake. [coast. NANJEMOY, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw of AIn. NEDDOCK, cape, York co. Me. onl the Atlantic NANKIN, pv. Ashland co. 0. 83 N of Cs. NEEDHAM, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 sw of B. Nankin, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 20 w of D. NEFFSVILLE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 SE of H. NANSEMOND r. Va. enters by a wide estuary NELsoN, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 44 sw of Cd. into Hampton Roads. [Binghamton. Nelson, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of A1. NANTICOKE, tp. Broome co. N.Y. 14 NW of Nelson, pt. Portage co. 0. 164 NE of Cs. Nanttcoke r. rises in Sussex co. Del. and NELSON FACTORY, PV. Cheshire co. N.H. 38 enters Fishing Bay, an arm of the Chesa- sw of Concord. [hocking r. peake, in Md. NELSONVILLE, PV. Athens co. O. on HockNanticoke, hundred, SuSsex co. Del. NEOSHO r. Indian Territory, enters the ArNANTICOKE FALLS, Pa. in the Susquehanna, katsas 3 or 4 m. s of Fort Gibson. 8 m. below Wilkesbarre. [142 wsw of Al. Neosho, pv. cap. of Newton co. Mo. 175 Nw NANTICOKE SPRINGS, pv. Broome CO. N.Y. of Jefferson City. [bour. NANTUCKET, Mass. See GAZETTEER. NEPONSET r. Mass. flows into Boston HarNAPIER, tp. Bedford co. Pa. NEPONSET VILLAGE, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 5 NAPIERVILLE, pv. cap. of Du Page co. Ill. s of Boston. [Susquehanna. 176 NNE of Springfield. NESCOPECK cr. Luzerne co. Pa. enters the NAPLES, pt. Cunmberland co. Me. 66 sw of A. Nescopeck, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on NescoNaples, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 18 s of Canlan- peck creek. daigua. NESHAMINY cr. Bucks co. Pa. enters the De.Naples, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 90 Nw of M. aware 3 m. below Bristol. Naples, pv. Scott co. Ill. on Illinois r. NESHANOCK, tp. Lawrence co. Pa. [w of Phila. NAPOLEON, pv.Chicot co. Ark. on Mississippi r. NETHER PROVIDENCE, pt. Delaware co. Pa. 12 Napoleon, pv. Gallatin co. Ky. 50 N of F. NEsAQuAKE r. Suffolk! co. N.Y. enters Long Napoleotn, pv. cap. of Henry co. O. on Mau- Islatld Sound. [river. mee river. Nesaquake, v. Sulffolk co. N.Y. on Nesaquake Napoleon, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 66 w of D. NEVERSINK, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. on NeverNapoleon, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 60 SE of Is. sink river. [eo. N.J. NAPOLI, pt. Cattaratugus co. N.Y. 308 wv of Al. NEVERSINK HILLS, in the N part of Monmouth NAPONOCH, v. Ulster co. N.Y. onRondout cr. NEVILLE, pv. Clermontt co. O. on Ohio r. N'ARRAGANSET BAY, R. I. extends N from the NEW ALBANY, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 136 N H Atlarntic, betweet Point Judith oil the w, New Albanty, pv. Pontotoc co. Miss. antd Seaconltet Rocks on the E. Length 28 New Albany, v. Mahoning co. O. m., breadth from 3 to 12 m. New Albatny, city, and cap. of Floyd co. Ind. NARERAGUA'GUS r. and bay,Washington co. Me. on Ohio r. Pop. 5,000. NEW 640 NEW NEWALBION, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 307 w Newburg, tp. Miami co. O. of Albany. Newburg, pv. WVarwick co. Ind. on Ohio r. NEW ALEXANDER, pV. Columbiana co. 0. 146 Newburg, pv. Pike co. Ill. 65 w of Sd. NE of Columbus. NEW BURLINGTON, PV. Clinton Co. 0. 70 sw NEW ALEXANDRIA, pv. We tmoreland co. Pa. of Columbus. of Is on r. Loyalhannah, 170 w of Harrisburg. New Burlington, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 66 NRE NEw ALSTEAD, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 54 sw NEWBURY, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 30 WNW of Concord. [Ohio r. of Concord. NEW AMSTERDAM, pv. Harrison co. Ind. on Newbury, pt. Orange co. Vt. on Conn. r. NEWARK, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 57 NE of Mtr. Newbury, tp. Essex co. Mass. 31 N of B. Newark, tp. Tioga co. N.Y. 8 N of Owego. Newbury, tp. York co. Pa. 12 N of York Newark, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 186 w of Al. NEWBURYPORT, Mass. See GAZETTEER. Newark, pv. New Castle co. Del. 60 N Dover. NEW CANAAN, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw Newark, pv. Worcester co. Md. 123 SE of An. of Hartford. [of R. Newark, pv. cap. of Licking co. 0. 40 ENE of NEW CaNTON, pv. Buckingham co. Va. 64 w Columbus. [river. New Canton, pv. Hawkins co. Tenn. 264 E of Newark, tp. Allegan co. Mich. on Kalamazoo Nashville. Newark, pv. Warwick co. Ind. NEW CARLISLE, PV. St. Joseph co. Ind. 166 N Newark, pv. La Salle co. Ill. 150 NNE of Sd. of Indianapolis. [NW of New Orleans. Newark, pv. Knox co. Mo. 44 s Jef. City. NEW CARTHAGE, pv. Madison par. La. 284 NEWARK VALLEY, pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on East NEW CASTINE, pv. Darke co. 0. 100 w of Cs. Owego cr. [of Lenox. NEW CASTLE, Pt. Lincoln co. Me. 35 SE of A. NEW AsHFORD, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. 18 N New Castle, i. and tp. Rockingham co. N.H. NEW ATHENS, pv. Harrison co. O. 115 E of Cs. New Castle, pt.Westchlester co. N.Y. on CroNEw BALTIMORE, Pt. Greene co. N.Y. 15 s ton river. [234. of Albany. New Castle, borough, cap. Lawrence co. Pa. New Baltimore, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 108 N R. WNW of Harrisburg. New Baltimore, pv. Stark co. O. 138 NE CS. New Castle, pv. cap. of New Castle co. Del. NEW BARBADOES, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 5 ssw of Wilmington. NEW BEDFORD, pv. Mercer Co. Pa. 244 WNW New Castle, pv. Botetourt co. Va. 192w of R. of Harrisburg. [of Cs. New Castle, pv. Wilkes co. N. C. 157 w of Rlh. New Bedford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 100 NE New Castle, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 174 wsW NEWBERG, pt. Cass co. Mich. 157 w of D. of Nashville. [of F. NEW BERL1N, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 8 NE of New Castle, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ky. 25; NW Norwich. [70 N of H. New Castle, pt. Coshocton co. O. 70 ENE of Cs. New Berlin, borough, cap. of Union co. Pa. New Castle, pv. cap. Ilenry co. Ind. on Blue r. New Berlin, pv. Stark co. O. 130 NE of Cs. NEW CHESTER, pv. Adams co. Pa. 31sw of H. New Berlin, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. 90 E of NEW COLUMBIA, PV. Union Co. Pa. 72 N of H. NEWBERN, N. C. See GAZETTEER. [Madison. NEw COMERSTOWN, PV. Tuscarawas co. O. Newbern, pv. Greene co. Ala. on Tuscarawas river, 93 ENE Of CS. Newbern, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 50 s Is. NEWCOMB, tP. Essex co. N.Y. 92 N of Al. NEWBERRY, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 95 N of H. NEW CONCORD, pv. Muskingum co. O. 68E Cs. Newberry, tp. York co. Pa. NEW CUMBERLAND, boro', Cumberland co. Pa. Newberry C. H. pv. cap. of Newberry dist. 4 sw of Harrisburg. [ENE of Cs. S. C. 40 WNW of Columbia. New Cumberland, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 123 Newberry, pv. Wayne co. Ky. 120 s of F. NEW DERRY, PV. Westmoreland co. Va. Newberry, pt. Geauga co. O. 160 NW of Cs. NEW DURHAM, pt. Strafford co. N.H. 33 NE Cd. NEWBERRYTOWN, pv. York co. Pa. 19 s of H. New Durham, v. Bergen co. N. J. NEW BETHEL, pv. Marion co. Ind. 8 SE of Is. NEW ECHOTA, Pv. Cass co. Ga. 166 NW of M. NEW BLOOMFIELD, borough, Pa. See BLOOM- NEW EGYPT, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 18 SE FIELD. [of Jef. City. of Trenton. [Mass. 38 w of B. New Bloomfield, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 11 N NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE, PV. Worcester Co. NEWBORaN, PV. Newton co. Ga. 55 NW of M. NEW FAIRFIELD, Pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw NEW BOSTON, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 22 s Cd. of Hartford. [N of Mtr. New Bostons, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 122 w B. NEW FANE, V. cap. of Windham co. Vt. 100 New Boston, pv. Wiidham co. Conn. 48 NE New Fante, pt. Niagara co. N Y. on L.Ontario. of Hartford. [Ware r. NEWFtELD, pt. York co. Me. 80 sw of A. NEW BRAINTREE, pt. Worcester co. Mass. on Newfield, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 280 w of Al. NEW BREMEN, PV. Mercer co. 0. 97 wNW Cs. NEWFOUND LAKE, Grafton co. N. H. 6 m. long NEW BRIDGE, PV. Lumpkin co. Ga. 136 NNW and 2 broad. of Milledgeville. [of New York. NEW FRANKFORT, PV. Scott co. Ind. 80 s of Is. NEW BRIGHTON, V. RiChmllOlld CO. N.Y. 6 w NEW FRANKLIN, pv. Stark co. O. 140 NE of Cs. NEW BRITAIN, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 sw New Franklin, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 75 NNW Is. of Hartford. NEW GARDEN, pt. Chester co. Pa. 32 sW Phila. New Britain, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 25 N Phila. New Garden, pv. Guilford co. N. C. 98 WNW NEw BUFFALO,.pv Berrien co. Mich. on Lake of Raleigh. Michigan. New Garden, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 150 NE Cs, NEWBURG, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 50' NE of A. New Garden, pt. Wayne co. Ind. 78 E of Is. Newburg, pv. Cumberlanld co. Pa. 41 w of H. NEW GENEVA, PV. Fayette co. Pa. on MononNewburg, pv. Pittsylvania co.Va. 138 wsw R. galela r. Newburg, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 120 N of T. NEW GEORGETOWN, V. Columbiana co. O. Newburg, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 63 w of F. NEW GERMANTOWN, PV. Hunterdon co. N. J Newburg, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 150 NE of Cs. 44 N of Trenton. Newburg, tp. Geauga co. O. i New Germl-antown, pv. Perry co. Pa. 46 w H NEW 641 NEW NEm G:LEAD, pv. Moose co. N. C. C. 100 sw Rh. New London, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on the Erie NEW GLASGOW, pv. Amherst co. Va. 120 w R. canal. [Philadelphia. NEW GLOUCESTER, pt. Curnmberland co. Me. 41 New London, tp. Chester co. Pa. 36 sw of sw of Augusta. [of Cs. New London, pv. Frederick co. Md.70 Nw An. NEW GUILFORD, PV. Coshocton co. O. 67 NE New London, pv. Camnpbell co.Va. 127 w of R. 4NEW HIAGERSTOWN, pv. Carroll co. 0. 114 ENE New London, pt. Huron co. 0. 96 N of Cs. of Columbus. [Hudson r. New London, pv. cap. Ralls co. Mo. on Salt r. NEW HAMBURG, PV. Dutchess co. N. Y. on New London, pv. Henry co. Iowa. [Pa. NEW HAMPTON, Pt. Belknap co. N. H. 30 Nw NEW LONDON CROSS ROADS, pv. Chester co. of Concord. [of Tn. NEw LYME, Pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 195 NE of Cs. New Hampton, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 47 N NEW MADISON, pv. Darke co. 0. 100 w of Cs. NEW HANOVER, tp. Burlington co. N. J. NEW MADRID, pv. cap. of New Madrid co. New Hanover, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 74 E of H. Mo. on Missouri river. Naw HARMONY, pv. Monroe co. Ky. 143 ssw NEW MARION, pV. Ripley co. Ind. 73 SE of Is. of Frankfort. NEW MARKET, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 38 Necw Harmony, pv. Posey co. Ind. 172 sw Is. SE of Concord. [of Tn. NEW H.RR1SBURG, pv. Carroll co. O. 130 ENE New Market, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 36 NE of Columbus. New Market, pv. Frederick co. Md. 67 NW An. NEW HARTFORD, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 20 New Market, pv. Shenandoah co. Va. 140 Nw w of Hartford. [Utica. of Richmond. New Hartford, pt. Oneida co. N.Y.' 4 w of New Market, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 85 w Rh. New Hartford, pv. Pike co. Ill. 76 wv of Sd. New Market, pv. Abbeville dist. S.C. 90 w Ca. NEW HARTFORD CENTRE, pv. Litchfield co. New Market, pv. Madisonl co. Ala. 170 N T. Conu. 1S wv of Hartford. New Market, pv. Jefferson co. Tenn. 208 E Nc NEW. HAVEN, pt. Addison co. Vt. 60 xv Mtr. New Market, pv. Marionl co. Ky. 65 ssw. of F. New Haven, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. New Market, pt. Highlanld co. 0. 80 sw of Cs. New Haveni, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 68 sw of F. New Market, pv. Vigo co. Ind. 82 w of Is. New Haven, pv. Huron co). 0. 82 N of Cs. New Market, pv. Platte co. Mo. New Haven, pv. Gallatin co. Ill. on Little NEW MARLBORO', pt. Berkshire co. Mass. [Is. Wabash river. [wvsw of Mtr. NEwV MAYSVILLE, pv. Putnam co. Iud. 32 w of NEW HAVEN MILLS, pv. Addison CO. Vt. 54 NEW MEXICO. See NUEvo MEXICO. NEW HELVETIA. See NUEVA HELVETIA. NEW MILFORD, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. on NEIr I-IHOLLAND, PV. Lancaster co. Pa. 50 E H. Housatonic river, 50 wssw of Hartford. New Holland, pv. Pickaway co. 0. 43 s Cs. New Milford, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 185 N of H. NEW HOPE, borOughl, Bucks CO. Pa. on Del. r. NEw MOUNT PLEASANT, pv. Jay co. Illd. 97 New IHope, pv. Augusta co.Va. 130 wNw R. NE of Indianapolis. [of. New Hope, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 163 wv of Rh. NEW.NAN, pv. cap. of Coweta co. Ga. 106 wv New Hope, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 110 NEWNANSVILLE, pv. cap. of Alachua co. Flor Nxv of Columbia. I NEw OXFORD, pv. Adams co. Pa. 33 s of H. New Hope, pv. Madison co. Ala. 146 NNE of T. NEW PALTZ, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 74 s of Al. New Hope, pv. Brown co. O. 100 sw of Cs. NEw PALTZ LANDING, PV. Ulster co. N.Y. on New Holpe, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. [Angelica. the Hudson. NEW HUDSON, tp. Alleghaniy co. N.Y. 14 w of NEW PARIS, Pv. Preble co. O. on WhitewaNEw HURLY, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 83 sw of Al. ter river. [sw of Cs.. NEW IBERIA, Pv. St. Martin's par. La. on NEw PETERSBURG, pv. Highland co. 0. 80 Teche river. [of Cd. NEW PHILADELPHIA, pv. cap. of Tuscarawas NEWxINGTON, pt. Rockiugham co. N. H. 40 ESE I Co. O. onl Tuscarawas river. [96 s of Is. Newington, pv. Hartford Co. Conn. 6 s of Hd. New Philadelphia, pv.Washington co. Ind. NEW IPSW.CII, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 47 j NEW PITTSBURG, pv. Wayne co. 0. 92 NE Cs. ssw of Concord. [Va. 30 E of R. NEW PLAIN, pv. Murray co. Ga. NEW KENT C. II. pv. cap. of New Kent co. NEWPORT, pt. Pelnobscot co. Me. 54 NE of A. NEW LANCASTER, pv. Warren Co. I1. 100 NW Newport, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w of Springfield. [of Al. of Concord. NEW LEBANON, Pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 23 SE Newport, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 64 N of Mtr. New Lebanon, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Newport, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 86 NW of Al. New Lebanon, pv. Pasquotank co. N. C. 237 Newport, pv. Curmberland co. N. J. [barre. ENE of Raleigh. Newport, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. 8 sw of WilkesNew Lebanon, pv. Sullivan co. Ind. 103 sw Is. Newport, pv. Perry co. Pa. 28 NW of H. NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, pv. Columbia co. Newport, pv. New Castle co. Del. 50 N Dover. N.Y. 25 SE of Albany, with warm mineral Newport, pv. Charles co. Md. 83 sw of An. sprinlgs. LN of T. Newport, pv. cap. of Cocke co. Tenn. on NEW LEXINGTON, pv. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 24 French Broad river. LOhio r. New Lexington, pv. Perry co. O. 52 a of Cs. Newport, pv. cap. of Campbell co. Ky. on NEw LIBERTY, pv. cap. of Owen co. Ky. 36 Newport, pv. WVashington co. O. on Ohio r. N of Frankfort. Newport, pv. cap. of Vermilion co. Ind. on N,v' LIIMERICK, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Vermilion river. Lson City. NEWTLIN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 28 sw of Phila. Newport, pv. Franklin co. Mo. 70 E of JefferNEw LISBON, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 90 w of AlI. NEW PORTAGE, pv. Medina co. 0. 120 NE of New Lisbol, pv. cap. of Columbiana co. O. Columbus. [NEW of A. 150 ENE of Colurnbus. NEEw PORTLAND, pt. Somerset co. Me. 56 Newv Lisbon, pv. Henry co. Ind. 55 E of IS.. NEwPORTVILLE, pv. Bucks co. Pa. onl NeshaNEw LONDON, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 30 NW miny creek. of Concord NEW PBRXSTON, pv, Litchfield co. Conn 43 W New London, Conn. See GAZETTEER. of Hartford. 54* NEW 642 NIS NEw PROSPECT, pt. Bergen co. N. J. 87 NE of Newtown, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 120 sw of Os Trenton. [Nw of Ca. Newtown, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 10 s of J. New Prospect, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 117 Newtown, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 63 WNW Is New Prospect, pv. Greene co. Ala. 57 sw T. Newtown cr. Queen's co. N.Y. Rows into the NEW PROVIDENCE, pt. Essex co. N. J. 13 sw East r. opposite New York. of Newark. [47 NW of Ne. NEWTOWN SQUARE, pv. Delaware co. Pa. New Providence, pv. Montgomery co. Tenn. NEWTOWN STEPHENSBURG, PV. Frederick co. New Providence, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 107 s of Va. 154 NNW of Richmond. [of Is. Indianapolis. NEW TRENTON, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 80 EsE NEW READING, v; Perry co. O. NEW TRIPOLI, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 86 ENE H. NEw RICHMON'D, PV. Clermont co. 0. on NEW UTRECHT, pt. King's co. N.Y. 7 s of Ohio r. New York. NEW RIVER, Va. rises in N. C. In the lower NEW VERNON, PV. Morris co. N. J. 50 N Tn. part of its course it is called the Great Ka- NEW VILLAGE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Iong I. nawha. New Village, pv. Warren co. N. J. 54 NNw New r. Onslow co. N. C. enters the Atlantic of Trenton. [of Al. through New r. inlet.. [Sound. NEWVILLE, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 66 wrw New r. Beaufort dist. S. C. enters Tybee Newville, born', Cumberland co. Pa. 30 sw H. New r. La. flows into Lake Maurepas. Newville, pv. Richland co. O. 74 NNE of Cs. NEW ROCHELLE, pv. Wrestchester CO. N.Y. 18 Newville, pv. De Kalb co. Ind. 156 NNE of IS. NE of New York. [Cs. NEW VINEYARD, pt. Franklin co. Me. 48 NaW NEW ROCHESTER, pv. VWrood CO. O. 108 NW of of Augusta. [164 ssw of T. NEW Ross, pv. Montgomery co. Ind. 35 WNW NEW WAKEFIELD, pv. Washington co. Ala. of Indianapolis. NEW WASHINGTON, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 97 s NEw RUMLEY, pv. Harrison co. 0. 116 E Cs. of Indianapolis. NEWRY, pt. Oxford co. Me. 64 w of A. NEw WILMINGTON, pvr. Mercer co. Pa. Newry, pv. Blair co. Pa. 122 w of H. NvEw WINCHESTER, pv. Marion co. O. 62 N of NEW SALEM, pt. Franlklin co. Mass. 73 wNw Columbus. [w of Is. of Boston. New Winchester, pv. Hendricks co. Ind. 27 New Salem, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 12 w of Al. NEW WINDSOR, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on IHudNew Salem, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 1.87 w of H. son river. New Salem, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 80 w Rh. New Windsor, pv. Carroll co. Md. 65 NW An. New Salemrn, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 SE of Cs. NEW WOODSTOCK, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 115 New Salem, pv. Rush co. Ind. 47 ESE of Is. w of Albaiiy. LOhio. Nrew SALISBURY, PV. Harrison co. Ind. 124 s NEW YORK, PV. Switzerland co. Ind. ol the of Indianapolis. NEW YORK MILLS, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on NEW SCOTLAND, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 9 wAl. Sadaquada creek, 96 WNW of Albany. NEW SEWICKLY, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 5 E Beaver. NEZ PERCE (usually pronounced nay per'cy) NEW SHARON; pt. Franklin co. Me. 28 NW A. or SAPTIN INDIANS, a tribe dwelling in the NEW SHOREHAM, Pt. or BLOCK ISLAND, New- E part of Oregon, between Clark's river port co. R. I. 15 ssw of Point Judith. and the N branch of Saptin or Lewis r. NEW SPRINGFIELD, PV. Columbiana co. O. The name nez perc9 signifies in French NEW STANTON, PV. Westmoreland co. Pa. "pierced nose." There does not, howNEWSTEAD, Pt. Erie co. N.Y. 20 NE of Buffalo. ever, appear to be any peculiarity in their NEW SWEDEN, PV. Clinton co. N.Y. on Au customs to justify this appellation. Sable river. NIAGARA, tp. Niagara co. N.Y. 16 w of Lock NEWTON, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 w of B. port. [Niagara r. at the falls. Newton, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 6 NE of NIAGARA FALLS, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. OIn Woodbury. [Trenton. Niagara (formerly Newark), a v. of Canada Newton, pv. cap. of Sussex co. N. J. 70 N of West, at the mouth of Niagara river. Newton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 16 w Carlisle. NICHOLAS C. H. pv. cap. of Nicholas co. Va Newton, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 14 NW of Phila. 310 w of Richmoild. [36 sE of F Newton, tp. Miami co. O. NICHOLASVILLE, pv. cap. of Jessamine co. Ky. Newton, pt. Muskingum co. O. 60 E of CS. NICHOLS, Pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 8 sw of Owego. Newton, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 114 w of D. NICHOLSON, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 160 NE of H. Newton, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Ill. on Em- NICHOLSVILLE, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on barrass river. [w of B. St. Regis river. NEWTON CENTRE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 NICOLET, niko -la', a r. of Canada East, flow NEWTON FALLS, PV. Trumbull co. O. 162 NE ing'nto Lake St. Peters from the SE, 75 ra of Columbus. below Montreal. NEwroN LOWER FALLS, pv. Middlesex co. NILES, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 10 SE of Auburn Mass. 11 w of Boston. Niles, pv. Berrien co. Mich. on St. Joseph's r NEWoN UPPER FALLS, PV. Middlesex co. NIMISHILLEN, tp. Stark co. O. oni Nimishil Mass. 9 w of Boston. [of Cd. len creek. NEWTOWN. pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 30 SE NIMISILLA, PV. Summit co. 0. 120 NE Of CS. Newtown, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 62 sw Hd. NINE MILE PRAIRIE, tp. Callaway co. Mo. Newtown, pt. Queen's co. N. Y. on Long I. NINEVEH, pv. Broome co. N.Y. on E. Branch Sound. of the Susquehanna. Newtown, boro', Bucks co. Pa. 20 NE of Phila. Nineveh, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 28 s of Is. Newtown, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 14 w Phila. NIOBRARAH, a r. of Missouri Territory, whtch Newtown, pv. Worcester co. Md. 126 SE An. falls into the Missouri near 420 40' N Lat. Newtown, pv. Kilng and Queen co. Va. 38 NIPPENOSE, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 96 N of H. ENE of Richmond. NISHNEBATONA r. Mo. flows into the Missou Newtewn, pv. Scott co. Ky. 25 E of F. ri river. NOR 643 NOR NISKAYUNA, tp. Schenectady co. N.Y. 4 E of NORTH CASTLE, pt. Westchester,(,o N.Y. 6 tx Schenectady. I of White Plains. L-[ of Cd. NIXBURG, pv. Coosa co. Ala. 130 ESE of T. NORTH CHARLESTON, pv. Sullivan co. N.H. 54 NOBLE, tp. Morgan co. O. NORTH CHIATHAt, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. Noble, tp. Shelby co. O. [of Is. 98 SE of Boston. [of Al. Noble C. H. pv. cap. of Noble co. Ind. 160 NEN, North Chatham, pv. Columbia co. N.Y.:15 s NOBLESBOROUGH, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 32 SE A. NORTH. CHENANGO, tp. Crawford co Pa. NOBLESTOWN, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 10 sw NORTH CHICHESTER, pv. Merrinroriz-k co. N.H. of Pittsburg. [20 NE of Is. 11 E of Concord. NOBLESVILLE, PV. cap. of Hamilton co. Ind. NORTH CODORtS, tp. York co. Pa. [of B. NOCKAMIXON, pt. Backs co. Pa. 14 N of NORTH DANVERS, pv. Essex co. Mass. 2() Ni, Doylestown. NORTH DARTMOUTH, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 60 NODDAWAY r. Mo. flows into the Missouri. s of Boston. [7 s of Cd. NOLACHUCKY r. rises in N. C. and flows into NORTH DUNBARTON, pv. Merrimack co. N.H. French Broad river in Tenn. [of Ne. NORTH EAST, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 53 ssE Al. NOLENSVILLE, pv. Williamson co. Tein. 17 s North East, pt. Erie co. Pa. 10 NE of Erie. NORFIELD, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw Hd. I North East, pv. Cecil co. Md. 74 NE of Aln. NORFOL, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 36 WNW of NORTH EAST PASS, or BALIZE, V. Plaquellille Hartford. Lriver. par. La. [142 w of B. Norfolk, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Racket NORTH EGRE,;IONT, pv. Berkshire co. Mass.' Norfolk, Va. See GAZETTEER. NORTH FAIRtIAVEN, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 55 NORRIDGEWOCK, pv. cap. of Somerset co. Me. s of Boston. [67 ssE of B. on Kennebec river, 32 N of Augusta. NORTH F'ALMOUTH, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. NORRISTOWN, borough, cap. of Montgomery NORTtIFIELD, pt. WashigViton co. Me. 160 ENE co. Pa. oil the Schuylkill river. of Augusta. Norristown, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ark. 70 NW Northfield, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 15 N of Cd. of Little Rock. Northfield, pt. Washington co. Vt. 10 ssw of Norristown, pv. Carroll co. 0. 130 ENE of Cs. Molltpelier. NORRISTONVILLE, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Northfield, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. NORRISVILLE, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 103 s of T. Northfield, pv. Litchfield co.Coon. 28 w of Hd NORRITON, tp. Montg. co. Pa. orl Schuylkill r. Northfield, tp. Richmond co. N.Y. NORTH ADAMS, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 126 Northfield, pt. Sumnmit co. O. 143 NE Of CS. WENW of Boston. [88 w of B. Northfield, pt. Washltenaw co. Mich. 43 w D. NORTH AMHERST, PV. Hampshire co. Mass. NORTHFIELD FARMS, pv. Franklin co. Mass. NCRTH AND SOUTH AKRON, tp. Summit co. O. 96 w of Boston. [of Ild. NORTHAMPTON, tP. Rockingham co. N. H. 9 NORTHFORD, pv. New Haven co. Colln. 28 s s of Portsmouth. [Mass. onl Coln. r. NORTH FRANKLIN, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 80 Northampton, pv. cap. of Hampshire co. wsw of Albany. [146 NE of Cs. Northampton, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 47 NW Al. NORTH GEORGETOWN, pv. Columbiana co. O. Northampton, tp. Burlington co. N. J. on NORTH GOSHEN, pv. Litchfield co. ConIn. 34 Rancocus creek. wv of Hartford. [NW of Hd. Northampton, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 NNE Phila. NORTH GRANBY, pv. Hartford co. Colln. 20 Northampton, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. NORTH GRANVILLE, pv. Washington co. N.Y. NORTH ANDOVER, pV. Essex co. Mass. 23 N B. 66 NNE of Albaiy. [28 s of Hd. NORTH ASHFORD, pv. Windham co. Conn. 35 NORTH GUILFORD, pv. New Haven co. Conn ENE of Hartford. [38 s of B. NORTH HADLEY, pv. Hampshire co. Mass. 94 NORTH ATTLEBOROUGH, PV.. Bristol co. Mass. w of Boston. [50 SE of Cd. NORTH BANGOR, PV. Penobscot co. Me. 70 NORTH HAMPTON, Pt. Rockingham co. N. H. ENE of Augusta. NORTH HAVEN, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 30 NORTH BEAVER, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [of B. ssw of Hartford. [NW of Cd. NORTH BECKET, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 128 w NORTH HAVERHILL, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 74 NORTH BERWICK, pt. York co. Me. 90 sw A. NORTH HEMPSTEAD, PV. cap. of Queen's co. NORTH BLOOMFIELD, PV. Ontario co. N.Y. N.Y. 20 E of New York. [70 NW of Mtr. NORTH BOOTHBAY, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 35 SE NORTH HERO, pv. cap. of Grand Isle co. Vt. of Augusta. [of B. NORTH HUNTINGDON,ttp.;VestmOreland Co. Pa. NORTHBOROUGH, pt.V'orcester co. Mass. 33 w NORTH INDUFtWRY, pv. Stark co. 0. 128 NE Cs. NORTH BRANFORD, pv. New Haven co. Conn. NORTHINGTON, PV. Cumberland co. N. C. 50 NORTH BRIDGE, pt. Worcester co. Mass. on s of Raleigh. [50 E of Hd. Blackstone river. [22 s of B. NORTH KILLINGLY, PV. WVindham co. Conn. NORTH BRIDGEWATER, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. NORTH KINGS'rON, tp. Washington co. R. I. NORTH B.ROOKFIELD, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 21 s of Providence. [wNW of B. 60 w of Boston. [on Raritan r. NORTH LEVERETT, PV. Franklin co. Mass. 82 NORTH BRUNSWICK, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. NORTH LIMA, PV. Columbiana co. 0. 172 ENE, NORTII BUCKSPORT, pv. Hancock CO. Me. 62 of Columbus. LSSE of Hld. NE of Augusta. NORTH LYME, pv. New London co. Conn. 37 NORTH CANADIAN r. rises in the Rocky Moun- NORTH MADISON, PV. New Haven co. Conn. tains, N of Santa Fe, and flowing in a on Hammonasset river. [109 N of Is. general easterly course, receives the South NORTH MANCHESTER, pv. Wabash co. Ind. Canadian Fork in the E part of the Indian NORTH MARSHFIELD, PV. Plymouth co. Mass. Territory. The united stream after a course on North river. [of Al. of 40 or 50 m. enters the Arkansas near 353 NORTH MENDON, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. 218 w 20' N Lat. and 950 w Los. Entire length NORTH MIIDD)LEBOROUGH, PV. Plymouth co estimated at 1.006 m. [NW of Hartford. Mass. 35 s of Boston. NORTH CANTON, PV. Hartford co. Conn. 19 NORTH MIDDLETON, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 2Q NOR 644 OBA NOIRTH NIIDDLETOWN, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 50 Norwich, pv. cap. of Chenango co N.Y. oet E of Frankfort. [NE of H. Chenango river. NORTHI MORELAND, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 146 Norwich, v. Queen's co. N.Y. NORTH OXFORD, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 50 Norwich, pt. M'Kean co. Pa. 190 NW of H. W of Boston. [river. Norwich, pv. Muskingum co. O. 65 E of Cs. NORTHPORT, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot NORWICHTOWN, pv. New London co. Conn. Nortlhport, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 195 ssE of Al. 37 SE of Hartford. [wsw of Rh. Northport, pv. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 1 Nwof T. NoRwooD, pv. Montgomery co. N. C. 158 NORTH PROVIDENCE, tp. Providence co. R. I. NOTTAWAY r. Va. See GAZETTEER. on Seekonk river. [N of B. Nottaway, pv. cap. of Nottaway co. Va. on NORTIx READING. PV. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 Nottaway r. [of ). NORTH r. Mass. flows into Massachusetts Bay. Nottaway, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 137 wbew NORTH ROCHESTER, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. NOTTINGHAM, pt. Rockingham co. N. JI. 95 48 ssE of Boston. [N of White Plains. ESE of Concord. NORTH SALEM, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 24 Nottingham, tp. Mercer CO. N- J. 17 NE of North Salem, pv. Hendricks co. Ind. 30 w Is. Mount Holly. [Washington (borouglh), NORTH SANDWICH, PV. Carroll co. N. H. 56 N Nottingham, tp. Washington co. Pa. 13 E of of Conlcord. [s of B. Nottingham, pv. Prilce George's co. Md. 32 North Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 60 1 sw of Annapolis. NORTH SCITUATE, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 25 NovI, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 25 NW of D. SE of Boston. [of Providellce. NUEvA HELVETIA, n11W'VaV hel-vd'te-'1, o' North Scituate, pv. Providence co. R. 1. 10w NEW HELVETIA, an American settlement NORTH SEARSMONT, pv. Waldo co. Me. 40 E A. or colony in California, near the junction NORTH SEWICKLY, pt. Beaver co. Pa. 230 w H. of tile Rio Sacramento with the Rio de los NORTH SMITHFIFLD, PV. Bradford co. Pa. Americanos, founded in 1.838-9 by Captain'NORTH SPENCER, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 53 Sutter, of Missouri. Under his wise and w of Boston. [Mill r. energetic management, it appears to have NORTH STAMFORD, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. on become very prosperous. A large quantity NORTH STONINGTON, pt. New Lonidon co, of excellent wheat is raised here, a consiConn. 53 NE of Hartford. derable portion of which is shipped to thle NORTH STRABANE, tp. Washington co. Pa. North-west settlernents, ill vessels belongNORTH SUDBURY, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ing to the proprietor. w of Boston. [w of B. NUEVITASI, nwa-vee'tas, a sea-port on the N NORTHSUNDERLAND, PV. Franklinco. Mass. 87 side of Cuba, 45 m. NE of Puerto Principe. NORTH SWANSEA, pv. Bristol CO. Mass 50 s B. NUEvO LEON (SP. prol. nwa'vo la-one') or NORTH TRURO, PV. Barnstable co. Mass. 116 NEW LE'ON, a state ill the NE part of MexiSE of Boston. [river. co, w of Tamaulipas. Area 20,000 sq. m. NORTHUMBERLAND, pt. Coos co. N.H. onConn. Pop. 85,000. Capital, Monterey. Northlumberland, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 15 E NUEVO or NEW MEXICO, a Mexican territory of Ballstonl Spa. [Pa. 60 N of H. lying oll both sides of the Rio del Norte, Northumberland, bore', Northumberland co. near its source. Capital, Santa Fe. NORTHVILLE, PV. Plvmoutlh co. Mass. NULHEGAN r. Vt. flows inlto the Connecticut. Nortlhville, pv. Lithl;field co.Conti. 47 wof Hd. NUNDA, tp. AlleghalIy co. N.Y. 20( N of AnNorthville, pv. Erie co. Pa. 285 NW of H. gelica. LCashaqua cr. Northville, pv. Waytve co. Mich. 28 wNw D. NUNDA VALLEY, pv. Alleghany Co. N.Y. on Northville, pv. La Salle co. 111. 152 NNE Sd. NYACK, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. on Hudson r. NORTH WASIIINGTON, pv. Westnmoreland co. Pa. 190 w of Harrisburg. OAK DALE, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 94 N of JefNORTHWEST FORK, hunldred, Sussex co. Del. fersonl City. NORTH WTEYMOUTHI, pv. Norfolk Co. Mass. 12 OAKHXGM, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 61 w of B. SSE of Boston. 36 NE of Al. OAK HILL, pv. Jackson CO...80 SSE f C.s. NORTH WHIITE CR. pv. Washington co. N.Y. OAKLAND, pv. Hartford co). Conn. 9 w of Hd. NORTI WHITEHALL, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 95 Oakland, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on CashaENE of Harrisburg. [L of Hd. qua creek. NORTH WINDHAM. pv. Windham co. Conn. 36 Oakland, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 195 sw of Ne. NORTHI WO(DSTOCK, pv. Winldham co. Conn. Oakland, tp. Oa):!and co. Mich. 58 Nw of D. 42 ENE of Hartford. [of Cd. OAKLAND COLLEGE, pv. Claiborne co. Miss. 87 NTORTHIWOOD, tp. Rockingham CO. N. H. 20 E sw of Jacksonl. [of Al. NORTH WVOODBURY, tp. Bedford co. Pa. OAK ORCIIARD, PV. Orleans co. N. Y. 260 w NORTH YARMOUTH, pt. Cumberland co. Me. OAKSVILLE, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 73 w of Al. 10 N of Portland. OAKVILLE, PV. Buckingham Co. Va. 102 w R. NORTON, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 33 s of B. Oakville, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 180 wsw Norton, pv. Delaware co. 0. 34 N of Cs. of Raleigh. Norton, tp. Summnit co. O. oil Tuscarawas r. Oakville, pv. Lexington dist. S. C: 13 sw of Ca. NORWALK r. Conn. flows into Long Island Oakville, pv. Lawrence co. Ala. 112 N of T. Sound, at Norwalk. Oakville, pv. Monroe co. Mich. Norwalk, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 68 sw Hd. Oakville, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. Norwalk, pv. cap. of Huron co. 0. 100 N Cs. OAXACA, or OAJACA, wah-Hah'ka, a state In NORWAY, pt. 0xford co. Me. 44 w of A. the sE part of Mexico, w of Chiapa, and Norway, pt. Herkimer cno. N.Y. 86 wNw Al. borderinlg on the Pacific. Area 34,500 sq. mn ]NORWE~:GIAN. tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Pop. 600,000. Oaxaca, the cap. of the above. NORWICH, pt. WVindsor co. Vt. 46 SSE of Mtr. is a handsome city, with a pop. of near Norwich, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 104 w B. 40,000. Norwlch, Conn. See GAZETTEER. OBANIONVILLE, pv. Clermont co. 0. 102 sw Co ONS 645 0SS OBERLIN, pv. Lorain Co. O. 110 NNE of Cs. ONTARI(o, Pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 22 w of Lyons. OBIES r. Tenn. flows into Cumberland r. ON'UA, tp. Cass co. Mich. OC-CID-EN'TE, or the " WEST," a large Mex- OOSTENAULA r. Ga. unites with the Etowah ican state, consisting of the provinces of toformtheCoosar. [217wNwN. Orleans. Sonora and Cinaloa, bordering on the Gulf OPELOUSAS, pv. cap. of St. Landry par. La. of California. Area 148,000 sq. m. Pop. OPPENHEIM, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 64 NW of Al. 180,000. Capital, Villa del Fuerte. OQUAWKA, pv. cap. of Henderson co. I111. on OCCOQUAN, pv. Prince William co. Va. 96 N R. the Mississippi river. OCEOL.A, PV. cap. of Mississippi co. Ark. on ORAN, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 120 w of Al. Mississippi river. ORANGE, pt. Orange co. Vt. 14 SE of Mtr. Oceola, tp. Livingston co. Mich. [wNw D. Orange, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 40 Nw of Cd. OCEOLA CENTRE, pv. Livingston co. MiCh. 57 Orange, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Miller's r. OCMULGEEVILLE, oV. Telfair co. Ga. 148 s M. Orange, tp. New Haven co. Coln. 4 sw of OCR.ACOKE, pv. Carteret co. N. C. Lthe SE New Haven. OCTORARA cr. Pa. bounds Lancaster co. on Orange, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. OGDEN, tp. Monroe co. N.Y. 10 w Rochester. Orange, pt. Essex co. N. J. 5 NW of Newark. Ogden, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Orange, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [iNW of R. Ogden, pv. Henry co. Ind. 36 E of Is. Orange C. H. pv. cap. of Orange co. Va. 84 OGDENSBURG. N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Orange, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 130 NW of M. OHIO, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 108 NW of Al. Orange, tp. Cuyahoga co. O. Ohio, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 11 NW Pittsburg. Orange, tp. Richland co. O. Ohio, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 10 sw of Beaver. Orange, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Ohio, tp. Clermont co. O. Orange, pt. Fayette co. Ind. 50 E of Is. OHIO CITY, Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie. ORANGEBURG, pv. Marion co. Miss. OHIOvILLE, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 240 w of H. Orangeburg C. H. pv. cap. of Orangeburg OIL cr. Pa. flows into the Allelghany r. dist. S. C. 43 s of Columbia. [of R. Oil Cr. pt. Crawford co. Pa. 227 NW of H. ORANGE SPRINGS, pv. Orange co. Va. 76 Nw OLCOTT, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. ORANGETOWN, tP. Rockland CO. N. Y. on OLD BRIDGE, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 34 NE Tn. Hudson river. OLD CODORUS, tp. York co. Pa. 10 sw of York. ORANGEVILLE, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 257 w Al. OLD JEFFERSON, pv. Saline co. Mo. Orangeville, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 5 N of OLD MAN'S, V. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Bloomsburg. OLD MINES, pv. Washington co. Mo. OREGON. See GAZETTEER. OLD POINT COMFORT, a strong fortress, Eli- Oregon, pv. cap. of Holt co. Mo. on Missouri r. zabeth co. Va., at the mouth of James river OREGON CITY, PV. Ogle co. Ill. on Rock r. OLD TOWN, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- ORFORD, pt. Grafton Co. N. H. on Coln. r. scot river. [tomac. ORFORDVILLE, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 62 NNW Old Town, pv. Alleghany co. Md. on the Po- of Concord. Old Towvn. pv. Stokes co. N. C. 115 wNw Rh. ORIENT, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 222 NE of A. Old Town, pv. Philips co. Ark. on Miss. r. Orient, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Old Towl, pv. Claiborne co. Tenn. 224 E Ne. ORION, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 35 N of D. O-LE-AN', pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. oil Alle- ORISKANY cr. N. Y. enters the Mohawk in ghany river. Oneida co. OLEMON, pv. Penobscot co. Me. on Olemon r. Oriskany, v. N.Y. at the mouth of the above. OLEY, pt. Berks co. Pa. 62 E of H. ORISKANY FALLS, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. on OLIVE, Pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 72 ssw of Al. Oriskany cr. [river. Olive, pt. Morgan co. O. 96 E of Cs. ORLIAND, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot OLIVER, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. ORIEANS, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 95 SE of B. Oliver, tp. Perry co. Pa. [stone river. Orleans, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 12 N of VaOLIVERSBURG, pv. Richland Co. O. on WThet- tertown. OLNEY, pv. cap. of Richland co. lli. on Little Orleans, pvr. Ontario co. N.Y. on Flint cr. Wabash river. ORONO, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscotr OMAHA (omia-haw) INDIANS, a tribe dwelling ORONOKO, tp. Berrien co. Mich. w of the Missouri, between the Niobrarah OROZIMBo, a little v. of Brazoria co. Texas, and the mouth of the Platte. 011on Brazos river. [scot r. OMER, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 187 Nw of Al. ORRINGTON, pt. Pellobscot co. Me. on PenotlOMER., ST. pv. Decatur co. Ild. 37 SE of Is. ORRSVILLE, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 192 wxvNw OMIPOMPANOOSUC r. Vt. flows inllo the Conn. of Harrisbutrg. [plain. ONANCOCK, pv. Accomac co. Va. on0 Chesa- ORWELL, pt. Rutland co. Vt. on Lake Champeake Bay. Orwell, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. oil Salmon r. ONEIDA r. and lake. See GAZETTEER. Orwell, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 146 N of H. Olleida cr. N.Y. flows into Oneida Lake. Orwell, pt. AshtaIbnla co. O. 185 NE of Cs. Oneida, pt. Eaton co. Nlich. 130 w of D. ORWIGSBURG, borough, cap. of Schuylkill co. ONEIDA CASTLE, PV. Oneida co. N. Y. on Pa. 62 NE of Harrisburg. Oneida creek. OSAGE, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ark. on Ark. r. ONEON'TA, Pt. Otsego Co. N.Y. 20 s of Coop- Osage r. See GAZETI EER. erstownl. [Burlhugton. OSAGE (o-sazh') INDIANS, a tribe in the E part ONION r. Vt. flows into L. Champlain 5 N of of the Illdian Territory, s of Osage river. ONONDAGA, lake, Ollondaga co. N.Y. 8 In. OSCEOLA, pv. cap. St. Clair co. Mo. on Osage r. long, and from 2 to 4 broad. [cuse. OSIITOMO, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. Onlodaga, pt. Onorldaga co. N.Y. 5 s of Syra- OSNABURG, pt. Stark co. O. 130 NE Of CS. ONONDAGA HOLLOW, pv. in the above. OSSIAN, pt. Alleghany co. N. Y. 244 w of Al ONSLOW C. H. pv cap. of Onsiow co. N. C. Os'SIPEE, lake, Strafford co. N.H. empties its on New river waters through Ossipee river into the Saco. OXF 646 PAL Ossipee, pv. cap. Carroll co. N. 1-1. 52 NNC Cd. Oxford, tp. Phila. co. Pa. on Delaware r. (STERVILLE, PV. Barnstable co. Mass. 72 ssE Oxford, pv. cap. of Granville co. N. C. 45 sf of Boston. [rence. of Raleigh. LNNE of J OSWEGA.TCIIIE r. N.Y. flows into the St. Law- Oxford, pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Miss. 161 Oswegatchie, tp. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. Oxford, pt. Butler co. 0. 105 wsw of Cs. OSWEGO r. N.Y. formed by the union of the Oxford, tp. Guernsey co. O. Seneca and Oneida rivers, enters Lake On- Oxford, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. tario at Oswego. Oxford, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 42 Nw of D. Oswego, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Oxford, pv. Henry co. Ill. 122 NNW of Sd. Oswego, tp. Potter co. Pa. OXFORD FURNACE, pv. Warrenl Co. N. J. 52 r Oswego, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind. 133 N of Is. OYSTER BAY, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. [of Tt Oswego, cap. Kendall co. 111. 170 NNE of Sd. OYSTER BAY, SOUTH, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. OTEGO Cr. N.Y. enters E. Br. of Susqa. r. OYSTER POND, V. Suffolk co. N.Y. Otego, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. on Susquehanna r. OZAN, tp. Hempstead co. Ark. [Little Rock. OTIS, tp. Hancock co. Me. OZARK, Pv. cap. of Franklin co. Arkl. 120 NW Otis, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 15 SE of Lenox. Ozark, pv. Greene co. Mo. 172 ssw of Jefo OTISCO, lake, Onondaga co. N.Y. 5 m. long, ferson City. [White r. and 2 broad. Ozark C. H. pv. cap. of Ozark co. Mo. On Otisco, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 15 s Syracuse. OZARK MTS. run from Mo. south-westerly Otisco, pt. Ionia co. Mich. through the NW part of Ark., and the se OTISFIELD, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 70 ssw A. part of the Indian Territory. O'TO INDIANS (sometimes written OTTOE), a tribe dwelling in the NE part of the Indian PACKRITTA, pv. Early co. Ga. 166 sw of M. Territory, near the mouth of the Platte. PACOLET r. N. and S. C. flows into Broad r. OTSDAWA, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 86 w of Al. PADDYTOWN, pv. Hampshire co. Va. on Po. OTSEGO, lake, Otsego co. N.Y. 9 m. long, 1 to tomac river. [Ohio r. 2 broad. PADUCAH, PV. cap. of M'Cracken co. Ky. on Otsego, tp. Otsego co. N.Y. 66 w of Al. PAGESVILLE, pv. Newberry dist. S. C. 50 wNw Otsego, pt. Allegan co. Mich. on Kalamazoo r. of Columbia. [Belvidere. OTSELIC er. N.Y. flows into Toughllioga r. PAHAQUARRY, tp. Warren co. N. J. 15 N of Otselic, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 15 NW of Nor- PAI UTAH INDIANS. See UTAH. wich. PAIN COURTVILLE, PV. Assumption par. La. 80 OTSQUAGA cr. N.Y. flows into the Mohawk. w of New Orleans. OTTER cr. Vt. flows into Lake Champlain. PAINSVILLE, pv. Amelia co. Va. 50 sw of R. OTTER VILLAGE, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 67 SE Is. Painsville, pv. cap. Lake co. O. 30 E Cleveland. OTTO, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. PAINT cr. O. an affluent of the Scioto r. OTTAWA, pt. Ottowa co. O. 130 Nr of Cs. Paint, tp. Somerset co. Pa. Ottawa, tp. Oceana co. Mich. [linois r. Paint, tp. Venango co. Pa. Ottawa, pv. cap. of La Salle co. Ill. on II- Paint, tp. Fayette co. O OTTAWA(ot'ti-wah) INDIANS, a tribe formerly Painit, tp. Highland co. O. dwelling in Michigan and the x part of Paint, tp. Wayne co. O. 95 NE of Cs. [Bath. Ohio andl Indiana. A considerable number PAINTED POST, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 22 SE of have recently beet removed to the west of Painted Post, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. on Tioga r. the Mississippi. PALATINE, pt. Montg. co. N.Y. on Mohawk r. OTTSVILLE, pv. Bucks Co. Pa. PALATINE BRIDGE, pv. Monlt. CO. N.Y. OUSE r. Canada. See GRAND r. PALERMO, pt. WTaldo co. Me. 19 ENE of A. OVERTON, pv..cap. of Claiborne par. La. on Palermo, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 15 SE Oswego. Doreheat Bayou. PALESTINE, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. OvrD, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. onl Seneca Lake. Palestine, pv. Hickman co. Tenn. 68 sw of Ne. Ovid, pt. Branch co. Mich. Palestine, v. Columbiana co. O. Ovid, pv. Madison co. Ind. 36 NE of IS. Palestine, pv. Pickaway co. O. 30 s of Cs. O-wAs'co, lake, Cayuga co. N.Y. 12 m. long Palestine, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind. 120 N of Is. ana about 1 m. wide. Palestine, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ill. 155 sx Owasco, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 3 SE of Auburn. of Springfiekl. [City. OwAsso, pt. Shiawassee co. Mich. 82 NW of D. Palestine, pv. Cooper co. Mo. 42 WNw of Jef. OwEGo er. N Y. enters the Susqa. at Owego. PALISADES, are a lofty range of rocks on the Owego, pv. cap. of Tioga co. N.Y. on the Hudson, from 10 to 30 m. above NewYork. Susquehanna. PALMER, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 80 w of B. OWENSBOROUGH, Pv. cap. of Daviess co. Ky. PALMER DEPOT, pv. Hamnpden co. Mass. 76 w on Ohio r. [Croton r. of Boston. OWENSVILLE, PV. XWestchester co. N.Y. on PALMYRA, pt. Somerset co. Me. 50 NNE of A. Owensville, pv. Saline co. Ark. 33 swx of Lit- Palmyra, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 195 w of Al. tle Rock. Palmyra, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 14 E of H. Owensville, pvY Gibson co. Ind. 150 sw of Is. Palmyra, tp. Pike co. Pa. OWENTON, pv. Owen co. Ky. 28 N of F. Palmyra, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [of R. OWINGSVILLE, pv. cap. Bath co. Ky. 73 E of F. Palmyra, pv. cap. of Fluvanna co. Va. 62 WNW OXBOW, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. oil Oswegat- Palmyra, pv. Halifax co. N. C. o0l Roanoke r. chie river. Palmyra, pv. Lee co. Ga. 128 sw of M. OxFoRD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 50 swr of A. Palmyra, pv. Montg. co. Tenn. 37 NW of Ne. Oxford. pt. Worcester co. Mass. 52 w of B. Palmyra, pt. Portage co. O. 152 NE Of CS. Oxford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 55 sw Hd. Palmyra, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. on Raisin ro Oxford, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. on Chenango r. Palmyra, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 116 s of Is. Oxford, tp. Warren co. N. J. on the Delaware. Palmyra, pv. cap. of Marion co. Mo. 110 NNW' Ox ford, pv. Chester co. Pa. 40 sw of Phila. of Jefferson City. PAS 647 PEK PIAMELIA, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 4 Nr Water- PASQUOTANK r. N. C. flows into Albemarle PAMLICO r. See GAZETTEER. [town. Sound. [nobscot r. PAMUNKY r. Va. unites with Mattapony to PASSADUMKEAG, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Peform York river. Lof J. onl Tallahatchee r. PASSA1C r. See GAZETTEER. [TEER. PANOLA, pv. cap. of Panola co. Mis. 160 N PASSAMAQUODDY r. See CROIX, ST., GAZETPA.TTON, pt. Addison co. Vt. onl L. Champlain. PASSAMAQUTODDY BAY, at the NE extremity of PANUCO. pah-noo'ko, a r. of Mexico, which Me., receives the St. Croix river. falls into the Gulf of Mexico at Tampico. PASS CHRISTIAN, pv. Harrison co. Miss. PAOLI, pv. Chester co. Pa. 16 w of Phila. PASUMSIC r. Vt. enters the Connecticut r. Paoli, pv. cap. oi Orange co. Ind. 94 sw of Is. Pasumsic, pv. Caledonia co. Vt. 40 E of Mltr. PArF.R MILL VILLAGE, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. PASSYUNK, tp. Phila. co. Pa. s of the city. 57 sw of Collcord. PATAPSCO r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by PAPERTOWN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. a broad estuary, about 15 NNE of An. PAPERVILLE, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. 300 E Ne. PATCHOGUE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 60 E of N.Y. PARACLIFTA, pv. cap. of Sevier co. Ark. 142 PATERSON, N. J. See GAZETTEER. sw of Little Rock. PATOKA r. Ind. flows into the Wabash. PARADISE, pv. Lancaster CO. Pa. 52 w of Phila. Patoka, pt. Gibson co. Ind. 13S sw of Is. Paradise, tp. York co. Pa. PATRICK C. H. pv. cap. of Patrick co. Va. 220 Paradise, pv. Cole co. Ill. 80 E of Sd. wsw of Richmond. PARA3OX, lake, N.Y. Essex co. 4 m. long, PATRICICTOWN, pt. Lincoln CO. Me. 15E of A. from ~ m. to 1 m. broad. PATRIOT, pv. Gallia co. O. 97 SSE of Cs. PAR-RAL', 01r SAN JOSE DEL PARRAL, a t. of Patriot, pv. Switzerland co. Indt. on Ohio r. Mexico, near the boundary between the PATTAWATOMIES. See POTTAWATOMIIES. states of Durango and Chihuahua, about 100 PATTEN, tp. Centre co. Pa. m. s of the town of Chihuahua. Its minles PATTERSON, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. on Croton r were formerly very productive, at which Patterson, pv. St. Genevieve co. Mo. 176 ESll time its population is said to have amounted of Jefferson City. LJames r. to 50,000; at present it is only 7,000. PATTONSBURG, pv. Botetourt co. Va. on PARIS, pv. cap. of Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. PATTONSVILLE, pv. Granville co. N.C. 40 N Rh. Paris, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 8 s of Utica. PATUXENT r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by Paris, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 130 N of R. a large estuary, about 50 m. s of Annapolis. Paris, pv. cap. of Henry co. Tenn. 98 w Ne. PAULDING, PV. cap. of Jasper co. Miss. 109 Paris, pv. cap. of Bourbon co. Ky. 36 E of F. ESE of Jackson. [river. Paris, pv. Stark co. O. 135 NE of Cs. PAULINSKILL r. N. J. flows into the Delaware Paris, pv. Jennlings co. Ind. 77 SSE of Is. PAULINA, V. Delaware co. N.Y. 2 N of Del. r. Paris, pv. cap. of Edgar co. I11. 114 E of Sd. PAVILION, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 240 w of Al. Paris, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Mo. 70 rN of Pavilion, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. Jefferson City. PAWCATUCK r. R. I. flows into the Atlantic on Paris, cap. of Lamar co. Texas, about 20 m. the border of Conn. s of Red river. PAWLET, Pt. Rutland co.Vt. 87 ssw of Mtr. PARIS, ST. pv. Champaign co. 0. 57 w of Cs. PAWLINGS, Pt. DutChess co. N.Y. 20 E of PARISBURG, pv. cap. Giles co.Va. on New r. Poughkeepsie. PARIsH, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 22 E of Oswego. PAW'NTEE IND1ANS, a tribe dwellillg in the sE PARISHVILLE, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 15 E part of Missouri Territory, onl the N side of Canton. of the Platte r. [160 w of D. PARK, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. PAW-PAW, PV. cap. of Vain Buren co. Mich. PARKERSBURG, pv. Chester co. Pa. PAWTUCKE'r r. R.I. rises in Mass. under the Parkersburg, pv. cap. of XVood co. Va. on name of Blackstone river, anld flows into Ohio river. [wNw of Is. Providence river just below Providellce. Parkersburg, pv. Montgomery co. Ild. 44 Pawtucket, pv. R. I. 4 N of Providence, on Parkersburg, pv. Richland co. Ill. 140 SE Sd. Pawtucket river. PARK HILL, pv. Cherokee Nation, Indian Ter- Pawtucket, tp. Bristol co. Mass. 46 s of B. ritory. PAWTUXET r. R. I. flows into Providence r. PARR.IMAN, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 70 N of A. 5 m. below Providence. Parkmanll pt. Geauga co. 0. 162 NE of Cs. Pawtuxet, pv. Kenit co. R. I. 5 s Providence. PARKCSVILLE, pv. Stlllivan co. N.Y. 116 sw Al. PAXTON, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 50 w of B. Parksville, pv. Platte co. Mdo. [chester. PAYNEVILLE, pv. Sumnter co. Ala. 78 sw of T. PARMA. pt. Monlroe co. N.Y. 10 Nw of Ro- PAYNESVILLE, pv. Pike eo. Mo. 92 NE of JefParma, tp. Cuyahoga co. 0. 6 s of Cleveland. ferson City. Parima, tp. Jackson co. Mich. [Nashville. PAYSON, pv. Adams co. Ill. 92 w of Sd. PARROTSVILLE, pv. Cocke co. Tennt. 237 E of PEA r. Ala. flows into the Choctawhatchee r. PARRYSVILLE, pv. Northlampton CO. Pa. 99 PEACE DALE, pV. Washingtono co. R. I. ENNE of Harrisburg. PEACHAM, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 36 E o(f Mtr. PARSIPPANY, pv. M5IOrris C(o. N. J. 60 N o(f T1n. PEACH BOTTOM, pt. York co. Pa. 26 SE York. PARSONSFIELD, pt. York co. Me. 86 wsw A. PEARL r. See GAZETTEER. PASCAGOULA r. Miss. See GAZETTEER. PEARLINGTON. See GAZETTEER. Pascagoula, v. Jackson co. Miss. oil Pasca- PEASE, tp. Belmont co. O. goula river. [sack r. PEDENSVItLE, PV. Chester dist. S. C. PASKACK, PV. Passaic co. N. J. on Hacken- PEDRICKTOWN, pv. Salem co. N.J. 55 s Salem. PASO DEL NORTE, pah;so del noR'tay (or pah' PEEBLES, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. so del nort), a t. of New Mexico. near the PEERSICILL, pv. W~estchester co. N.Y. oil:he right bank of the Rio del Norte, in the Hudson river, 46 N of New York. midst of a very fertile district. Lat. about PEICATONICA, pv. Wilnnebago CO. Ill. at tho 31~ 30' N: Lon. 1050 30' w. Pop. about 5,000. junction of Pekalonicel r. with Rock r. PER 648 PET PEKIN. pv. Tazewell co. Ill. 62 N of Sd. Perry, tp. Montgomery Co. O. PELHAM, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 80 w of B. Perry, tp. Richland co. O. Pelham, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. 32 sw of Perry, tp. Stark co. O. Portsmouth. [White Plains. Perry, tp. Wayne co. O. Pelham, tp. Westchester co. N. Y. 10 s of Perry, tp. Wayne co. Ind. Pelham, pv. Franklin co. Tenn. 85 ssE of Ne. P.erry, pv. Pike co. Ill. 66 w of Sd. [w of Al. PEMADUMCOOK, lake, Peuobscot co. Me. PERRY CENTRE, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. 245 PEMBERTON, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 22 s Tn. PERRYMANSVILLE, pV. Harford CO. Md. PEMBROKE, pt. Washington co. Me. 180 ENE PERRYOPOLTS, pV. Fayette Co. Pa. on Yougbl of Augusta. iogheny river. Pembroke, pt. Mherrimack co. N. H. 5 SE of Cd. Perryopolis, pv. Monroe co. O. 106 E of Cs. Pembroke, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 26 sns of B. PERRY'S BRIDGE, pv. La Fayette par. La. on Pembroke, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on Tona- Vermilion river. [of Al. wanda creek. PERRYSBURG, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 306 w Pembroke, pv. Christian co. Ky. 197 sw of F. Perrysburg, pv. cap. of Wood co. O. on MauPEM'IGEWAS'SIET r. N. H. a branch of the Mer- niee river. rimack. [Lockport. Perrysburg, pv. Miami co. Ind. 100 N of Is. PENDLETON, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 7 sw of PERRY'S MILLS, PV. Clinton co. N.Y. 192 N Al. Pendleton, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 136 wNW PERRYSVILLE, pv. Washington co. R. I. 40 s of Columbia. of Providence. [burg. Penidleton, pv. Madison co. Ind. 31 NE Of IS. Perrysville, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 8 N of' PittsPENFIELD, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 8 E Rochester. Perrysville, pt. Vermilion co. Ind. 80 w of Is. Penfield, pv. Greene co. Ga. 50 N of M. PERRYVILLE, PV. Madison co. N.Y. 115 w Al. Penfield, pt. Lorain co. O. 106 NNE of Cs. Perryville, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 N of Penfield, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Flemington. PENN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 36 sw of Phila. Perryville, pv. Cecil co. Md. 65 NE of An. Penn, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Perryville, pv. Perry co. Ala. [of Little Rock. Penn, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Perryville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ark. 55 WNW Penn, tp. Perry co. Pa. Perryville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Tenn. oi Penn, tp. Union co. Pa. Tennessee river. Penn, tp. Cass co. Mich. Perryville, pv. Boyle co. Ky. 40 s of F. PE.NNINGTON, pv. Mercer co. N.J. 8 N of Tn. Perryville, pv. Richland co. O. 78 NNE of Cs. PENNSBURY, tp. Chester co. Pa. 23 sw of Phila. Perryville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Mo. 214 ESB PENNS NECK, LOWER, tp. Salem co. N. J. 6 NW of Jefferson City. of Salem. PERRYTON, pv. Licking co. O. 60 NE Of CS. PENNS NECK,. UPPER, tp. Salem co. N. J. PERSIA, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. PENNSVILLE, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 25 N of Phila. Persia, tp. Boone co. Mo. Pennsville, pv. Morgan co. 0. 77 E of Cs. PERTH, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 46 NW of Al. PENN TOWNSHIP, Philadelphia co. Pa. Nwof PERTH AMBOY, N. J. See AMBOY, GAZETthe city. [of Al. TEER. PENN YAN., pv. cap. of Yates co. N.Y. 192 w PERU, pt. Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. PENOBSCOT, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot Peru, pt. Bennrington co. Vt. 100 ssw of Mtr. river. Peru, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 118 w of B. PEORIA, city, cap. of Peoria co. Ill. on Ill. r. Peru, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 10 s of Plattsburg. PEPIN, a lake of Wis. at the mouth of Chippe- Peru, pt. Huron co. 0. 93 N of Cs. wa river. Peru, pv. cap. of Miami co. Ind. on WYabash r. PEPPERELL, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 NW B. Peru, pv. Dubuque co. Iowa, 5 N of Dubuque. PEQUAXNNOCK r. COllll. enters Bridgeport har- PERUVILLE, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 165 w Al. bour. Lristown. PETERS, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 12 sw of ChamPequannock, tp. Morris co. N. J. 10 N of Mor- bersburg. [Washington (borough). Pequalnock cr. N. J. enters Passaic r. Peters, tp. Washington co. Pa. 11 NE of PEQUAWs KET r. N. H. flows into Saco r. PETER'S, ST. a r. of Iowa Territory, flowing PEQUEST cr. N. J. flows into Delaware r. into the Mississippi near 440' 501 N Lat. and PEQUOT, pv. New London co. Conn. 48 SE Hd. 930 w Lol. PERCH r. Jefferson co. N Y. flows into Black Peter's, St. lake, an expansion of the St. Lawriver Bay. [Perdido Bay. rence, 70 m. below Montreal. [40 sw of Cd. PERDIDO r. between Ala. and Flor. flows into PETERSBORaOUGH, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. PERIINS, pt. Erie co. 0. 15 NW of Norwalk. Petersborough, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 108 w PERKINSVILLE, pv.WVindsor co.Vt. 70 s of Mtr. of Albany. Perlinsville, pv. Burke co. N. C. 270 w of Rh. Petersborough, pv. Tioga co. Pa. 150 N of H. PERTRINSVILLE, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 24 E PETERSBURG, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 26 E AI. of Trenton..Petersburg, tp. Huntingrdol co. Pa. PERRINTON, tp. Mollroe co. N.Y. Petersburg, Va. See GAZE:TTEER. PERRY, pt. Wsn. co. Me. 5 NW of Eastport. Petersburg, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 96 NE of M. Perry, pt. WvVyoming co. N.Y. 240 w of Al. Petersburg, pv. Lincoln co. Tenu. 72 s of Ne. Perry, tp. Armnstrong co. Pa. Petersburg, pv. Boone co. Ky. 90 N of F. Perry, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Petershurg, pv. Mahoning co. O. 180 ENE Cs. Perry, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Petersburg, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ind. 138 sw Is. Perry, tp. Union co. Pa. Petersburg, pv. cap. of Menard co. Ill. 21 Nw Perry, pv. cap. of Houston co. Ga. 60 sw of M. of Springfield. Perry C. H. pv. cap. of Perry co. Ky. on Ky. r. Petersburg, pv. Boone co. Mo. 54 N Jef. City. Perry, tp. Brown co. 0. PETERSHAM, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 64 w B. Perry, tp. Coshocton co. O. PETERSTOWN, pv. Monroe co. Va. on Rich cr Perry, pt. Lake co. O. 182 NE of Cs. PETERSVILLE, pv. Northampton co. Pa. PIK 649 PIT Petersville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 NW An. Pike, tp. Union co. Ind. [ington (borough). PE-TIC', an inland town of Mexico, in Sonora, PIKE RUN, pt.Washington co. Pa. 18 SE Wash. 160 m. NE of Guaymas (which forms its PIKEToN, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ky. 173 ESE F. port), ill the centre of a rich mining district. Piketon, pv. cap. of Piko co. 0. 19 s of Chi. Lieut. Hardy, R. N., who visited this place licothe. about 20 years ago, says he saw silver in Piketon, pv. Marion co. Ild. 9 NW of Is. bars, piled up in the shops as if it were PIKEVILLE, pv. Baltimore co. i\[d. 8 NW of wood. This was at a time when the ex- Baltimore. lof T. portation of silver was forbidden by the Pikeville, pv. cap. of Marionl co. Ala. 68 NNW governmernt. Lat. about 290 30' N, Lon. Pikeville, pv. cap. of Bledsoe co. Tenn. 112 1100 w. Pop. stated at 5,000. ESE of Nashville. [river. PEWAUKIE, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. PILATKA, PV. St. John's co. Flor. on St. John's PETTONSBURG, pt. Pittsylvania co.Va. [of Ne. PILES GROVE. tp. Salem co. N. J. 10 NE Salem. PEYTONSVILLE, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 27 s PINCKNEY, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. 16 NW of MarPHARISBURG, pv. Union Co. 0. 50 NW of Cs. tinsburg. PHIARSALIA, pt. Chenlango co. N.Y. 127 w Al. Pinckney, pv. Rutherford co. N. C. 226 w Rh. Pharsalia, pv. Panola co. Miss. [gua. Pinckney, pv. Williamson co. Tenl. 28 s Ne. PHIELPs, pt. Ontario Co. N.Y. 15 E Canandai- Pinckney, pv. Warrei Co. Mo. on Missouri r. Phelps, pt. Ashtabula co. O. PINCKNEYVILLE, pv. Union dist. S. C. (in PHELPSTOWN, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 71 w D. Broad river. [tahoochee r. PHILADELPHIA, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 16 NE Pinckneyville, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. on Chatof Watertown. [83 ENE of J. Pinckneyville, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. Philadelphia, pv. cap. of Neshoba co. Miss. Pinckneyville, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 150 Philadelphia, pv. Monroe Co. Tenn. 160 EsE of sw of Jackson. [s of Sd. Nashville. Pinckieyville, pv. cap. of Perry co. I11. 134 Philadelphia, pv. Hancock co. Ind. 15 E of Is. PINDERTOWN, pv. Lee co. Ga. on Flinit r. Philadelphia, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa on Des PINE, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 11 N of Pittsburg. Moines river. [of Rh. Pine, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. on Alleghany r. PHILADELPHUS, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 106 s PINE BLUFF, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Ark. oil Ark. r. PHILIPSBURG, pv. Centre co. Pa. 120 NW of H. PINE BROOK, pv. Morris co. N. J. 63 N of Tn. Philipsburg, pv. Jeffersonl co. O. on Ohio r. PINE Cr. Pa. flows into the West Branch of the PHILIPSPORT, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. 92 ssw Al. Susquehanina. PHILIPSTOWN, pv. White co. 11. 190 SE of Sd. Pine Cr. tp. Clinton co. Pa. PHILIPSVILLE, PV. Alleghaty co. N.Y. on Pine Cr. tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Genesee river. PINE GROVE, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa 43 NE of H. PHILLIP, pt. Franklin co. Me. 55 NW of A. Pine Grove, tp. Venango co. Pa. PIIILLIPSBURG, PV. Orallge co. N.Y. 109 s Al. Pine Grove, tp. Warren co. Pa. Phillipsburg, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [river. PINE HILL, V. Genesee co. N.Y. Pllillipsburg, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio PINE PLAINS, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 25 NE of Phillipsburg, pv. Erie co. Pa. 268 NW of H. Poughkeepsie. Ltown. PHILLIPSTON, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 65 N B. PINEVILLE, PV. Bucks co. Pa. 7 E of DoylesPIILLIPSTOWN, tp. Putnam co. N.Y. on the Pineville, pv.Charleston dist. S. C. on Santee r. Hudson. [wego r. Pineville, pv. Mariol co. Ga. [Tombigbee r. PHILLIPSVILLE, V. Oswego co. N.Y. on Os- Pineville, pv. Marengo co. Ala. a little E of PsIILOMONT, pv. LOUdon CO. Va. 12 s of Lees- PINGREEVILLE, pv. Grafton co. N.H. on Con. ville. PINK, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [necticut r. PHtPPSBURG, pt. Lillcoll co. Me. 44 s of A. PINKHAM'S GRANT, Pt. COOS co. N. H. 92 N Cd. PH(cENIX, pv. OSwego co. N.Y. 150 WNW Al. PINKNEEY tp. Calhoun co. Mich. PHCENIXVILLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the PINKSVILLE, pv.Armstrong co. Pa. 197 WNW LH.,Schuylkill. PINTLALA r. Ala. flows into Alabama r. PICKAXwAY, tp. Pickaway co. O. [Nw of Ca. PIQUA, pv. Miami co. O. on Miamir. PICKEENS C. H. cap. of Pickens dist. S. C. 130 PIQUEA, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 54 sE of H. PICKENSVILLE, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. PISCATAQUA r. N. H. See GAZETTEER. Pickeilsville, pv. Pickens co. Ala. on Tom- PISCATAQUIS r. Me. flows into the Penobscot, PICKERING, i. Haincock co. Me. [bigbee r. 40 in. above BaIngor. [rimack. PICKERINGTON, pv. Fairfield co. 0. 17 ESE Cs. PISCATAQUOG r. N. H. anl affluent of the MerPICTOU, pik-too', a sea-port t. of Nova Sco- PISCATAWAY, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. 5 N of tia, on thie N coast. Lat. 45D 40' N, Lon. New Bruinswick. [sw of An. near 630 w. Pop. above 3,000. Piscataway, pv. Prince George's co. Md. 56 PIEDMONT, pv. Harris co. Ga. 135 wsw of M. PISECo, lake, Hamilton co. N.Y. 6 m. long. PIERMTONT, pt. Graftoll co. N. H. 65 NNW Cd. Piseco, pv. Hamilton co. N.Y. on Piseco Lake. Pierllront, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 24 N of New PITCAIRN, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 30 s of York. [Caniton. Cantol. [wich. PIERPONT, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 8 K of PITCHER, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 16 w of NorPierpont, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 213 NE Of CS. PITCHER SPRINGS, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 126 PIG r. Va. flows inlto the Roanoke. w of Albany. LPiney cr. PIGEON, tp. Vanderburgh co. Ind. PITCH: LANDING, PV. Hertford co. N. C. on PIKE, pt. Alleghaly co. N.Y. 20 N of Angelica. P1TT, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on Alleghany r. Pike, pt. Berks co. Pa. PITTSBOROUGH, pv. cap. of Chatham co. N.C. Pike, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 34 w of Raleigh. Pike, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. PITTSBURG, tP. Coos Co. N. H. Pike, tp. Potter co. Pa. Pittsburg, pv. Henry co. Ga. 75 WNW of M. Pike, tp. Coshocton co. O. Pittsburg, pv. Johnson co. Ark. on Arkansas r. Pike, tp. Perry co. 0. Pittsburg, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 68 NEW of Is. 55 PLE 650 POM PITTSFIELD, pt. Somerset co. Me. 43 N of A. PLUCKEMIN, PV. Somerset co. N. J. 37 iN of Tn. Pittsfield, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 15 NE of Cd. PLUM, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Pittsfield, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr. Plum Cr. tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Pittsfield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w of B. Plum, tp. Venarlgo co.ia. Pittsfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 18 w of Coo- PLUM ISLAND, Suffolk co. N.Y. 3 m. long, and perstown. 1 broad. Pittsfield, pt. Lorain eo. 0. 106 NNE of Cs. PLUMSTEAD, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 30 N of Phila. Pittsfield pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 35 w of D. PLUNKET'S CR. tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Pittsfield pv.cap. of Pike co. Ill. 70 wsw of Sd. PLYMOUTH, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 59 NE of A. PITTSFORD, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. Plymouth, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 40 N of Cd. Pittsford, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. 6 E Rochester. Plymouth, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 73 s of Mtr. Pittsford, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 90 wsw of D. Plymouth, Mass. See GAZETTEER. PITTSGROVE, pt. Salem co. N. J. 16 E of Salem. Plymouth, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 23 w Hd. PITTSTON, pt. Kennebec co. Me. onl Kenne- Plymouth, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. bec river. [Troy. Plymouth, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. PITTSTOWN, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 12 NE of Plymouth, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 14 NNW of Phila. Pittstown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J..33 NNW Plymouth, pv. cap. of Washington co. N. C. Pittstown, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [of Tn. on Roanoke river. PITTSYLVANIA C. H. cap. of Pittsylvania co. Plymouth, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. 147 NE of J. Va. 162 wsw of Richmond. Plymouth, pt. Richland co. 0. 77 NNE of Cs. PLAIN, tp. Stark co. O. Plymouth, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 25 sw of D. Plain, pt. Wayne co. O. 90 NE of Cs. Plymouth, pv. cap. Marshall co. Ind. 115 N IS. PLAINFIELD, pt. Sullivan co. N.H. 62 NW' of Cd. Plymouth, pv. Hancock co. Ill. 92 wNw of Sd. Plainfield, pt. Washington co. Vt. 9 E of Mtr. PLYMOUTH GRANT, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Plainfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 115 w of B. PLYMOUTH HOLLOW, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. Plainfield, pt. Windham co. Conn. 45 E of Hd. 25 w of Hartford. Plainfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 NW of Coo- PLYMPTON, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 41 SE of B. perstown. POCAHONTAS, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ark. Plainfield, pv. Essex co. N. J. 39 NF of Tn. onl Big Black river. Plainfield, tp. Northampton co. Pa. POCASSFT, pv. Barnstable Co. Mass. 63 sE B. Plainfield, pv. Coshocton co. 0. 80 NE of Cs. POCOMOKE r. Md. flows illnto Pocomoke Bay, Plainfield, tp. Allegan co. Mich. al arm of Chesapeake Bay. Plainfield, pt. Hendricks co. Itnd. 15 wsw of Is. PocoNo, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Plainfield, pv. Will co. Ill. 173 NE of Sd. POCOTALICO r. Va. flows into Great Kanawha r. PLAINVILLE, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 155 w Al. Poeotalico, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. on ComPLAISTOW, pt. Rockingham co. N. IH. 37 SE Cd. bahee river. [at Troy. PLANTERSVILLE, pv. Perry co. Ala. 77 s of T. POESTENKILL r. N.Y. flows into the Hudson PLAQUEMINE BAYOU, an outlet of the Missis- Poestenkill, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 13 E Al. sippi, oflwing into the Atchafalaya. POINT, tP. Northumberland co. Pa. PLAQUEMINE, PV. cap. of Iberville par. La. on POINT BOLIVAR, V. Galveston co. Texas, on Mississippi river. a point of land extending towards GalvesPLATTE r. See GAZETTEER. [souri. ton I., thus forming the strait called GalvesPLATTE, LITTLE, r. Mo. flows into the Mis- tonll Pass or Inlet. PLATTE CITY, PV. cap. of Platte co. Mo. on POINT COUPEE, pv. cap. of Point Coupee par. Little Platte r. [Kingston. La. onl Mississippi river. PLATTEKILL, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 s of POINT ISABEL, Texas, (formerly St. Isabel,) a PLATTEVILLE, pv. Grant co. Wis. 78 wsw of poinlt of land projecting into the Lagulna Madison. del Madre, opposite to an inlet called the PLATTSBURG, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Barra or Brazos de Santiago, about 110 m. Plattsburg, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Mo. 180 s of Corpus Christi, and 30 E from MataWNW of Jeffersotn City. inoras. On this point stands Fort Polk, an P:.EA8ANT, tp. WVarrell co. Pa. important American fortress. Pleasant, tp. Brown co. O. POINT OF ROCKS, pv. Frederick co. Md. 92 Pleasaiit, tp. Fairfield co. O. NW of Anlnapolis. [Delaware. Pleasanllt, tp. Knox co. O. onl Vernon r. POINT PLE;ASANT, pv. Bucks co. Pa. ol thil Pleasant, pt. Switzerland co. Ind. 82 SE of Is. Point Pleasant, pv. cap. of Mason co. Va. on PLEASANT GROVE, pv. Morris co. N. J. o11 Ohio river. Schooley's Mountain, 40 N of Tn. l broad. Pointl Pleasant, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. PLEASANT ILAKE, Hamilton co. N.Y. 3 m. long, POKAGON, tp. Cass co. Mich. PLEASANT UNITY, pv.Westmorelalid CO. Pa. POLAND, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 50 sw of A. 164 w of Harrisburg. Poland. tp. Chautauque co. N. Y. 22 SE of PLEASANT VALE, pv. Pike co. Ill. 90 Wsw Sd. Mayville. PLEASANT VALLEY, pV. Litchfield co. Conn.'22 Polanllld, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 90 NW oif Al. w of Hartford. [Poughkeepsie. Poland, pt. Mahoning co. O. on Miaholling r. Pleasant Valley, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 7 NE of POLLOPSVILLE, PV. Jones co. N. C. Pleasault Valley, pv. Bucks co. Pa. [s of Al. POMEnOY, PV. Meigs co. O. 100 SE of Cs. PLEASANTVILLE, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 120 POMFRET, Pt. Windsor Co. Vt. 50 S of Mtr. Pleasantville, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Pomfret, pt. Willdlam co. Conn. 40 E of Hd. Pleasantville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 112 Polnfret, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Elrie. NW of Raleigh. [of Ne. POMME DNF TERRE r. Mo. flows into Osage r Pleasantville, pv. HIickman co. Tenn. 73 wssw POMPEY, pt. Ouonldaga co. N.Y. 14 SE of Sy Pieasantville, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 SE of Cs. racuse. PLEASUREVILLE, PV. Henry co. Ky. 19 NW F. POMtPEY HILL, V. Ollondaga CO. N.Y PLESSIS, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 190 Nw of Al. PoLMPTON, pv. Morris co.. J. 84 NE of Ta POR 651 POT Pompton, tp. Passaic co. N. J. 23 Nw of I-ack- i PORT JE.FFERSON, PV. Suffolk Co. N.Y. ensack. [65 m. swv of San JUanl._ PORT Ja ERVIS, pV. Orange co. N.Y. on Del r PoNgCE, a sea-port on thes coast of Porto Rico, PORT KENT, PV. Essex co. N.Y. on L. ChamPONKAS. See PUNCAHS. plain. P'ON'TI-Ac, pv. cap. of O lkland co. Mich. onil PORT LA VACCA, or LA B,.cxA v. of Victoria Clinton r. 25 NW of Detroit. [of Sd. co. Texas, on the w side of La Vacca Bay. Pontiac, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Ill. 110 NNE PORTLAND, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 15 s Hd. PONTOTOC, pv. cap. of Pontotoc co. Miss. 175 Portland, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 7 s of May. NNE of Jackson. ville. POOLVILLE, pv. Madison1 CO. N.Y. 95 w of Al. Portland, pv. Dallas co. Ala. on Alabama r. POOLSVILLE, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 73 3wNw Portland, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. on Ohio r. of Annapolis. [of Ca. Portland, tp. Erie co. O. Poolsville, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 107 NW Portlantd, pt. Iotlia co. Mich. 123 WNW of D Poolsville, pv. De Kalb eo. Ga. 90 Nw of M. Portland, pv. Fountain co. Ind. on Wabash r. Poolsvilec, pv. W\.arren co. Inid. 83 WNW of Is. Portland, pv. Whitesides co. Ill. 177 N of Sd. POPLAR PLAINS, pv. Flemig co. ICKy. 96 E of F. Portland, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 31 ENE of Jet POPLIN) pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 30 SE of Cd. fersonl City. PoQUETANOCK, pV. New Lonldon co. Conm. 43 Portland, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa. sE of -Iartford. PORT LEON, Flor. See GAZETTEER. POQUONocK, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 N Hd. PORT MiAHON, pv. Huntington Co. Ind. PORTAGE r. O. flows into L. Erie at Port PORT MORANT, a sea-port on the s coast of ClinIton. [Angelica. Jamaica, 30 mn. E from Kintgston. Portage, tp. Alleghany co. N. Y. 18 N of POR'TO CA-BEL'LO (Sp.Puerto Cabello,pweRoPortage, tp. Summit co. O. to kah-vel'yo,) anl important sea-port of VePortage, pt. Wood co. O. on Portage r. nezuela, 80 m. w of Caraccas Lat. 100 Portage, pv. St. Joseph co. Intd. on St. Jo- 28$ N, Lon. 680 17' w. Pop. stated at 7,000. Portage, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. [seph's r. PORT ONTARIO, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. ont SalPORTAGE DES SIOUX, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. mon river. [ware r. on Mississippi river. LGenessee r. PORT PENN, pv. New Castle Co. Del. on DelaPORTAGEVTLLE, pv. Alleghlany co. N.Y. oil PORT REPUBLIC, pv. Atlantic co. N.J. 80 s PORT AILEGHANY, pv. M'Kean co. Pa. on of Trenton. Alleghany river. Port Republic, pv. Calvert co. Md. 50 s of An. PORT-AU-PLATTE, a sea-port on the N coast Port Republic, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 120 of Hayti, 150 m. NE of Port-au-Prince. It NW of Richmonld. exports mahogany to the Utnited States. PORT ROYAL, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 46 w of II. PORT BYRON, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 158 w Al. Port Royal, pv. Caroline Co. Va. 84 N R. Port Byron, pv. Rock Island co. Ill. on Miss. r. Port Royal, pv. Montgotnery co. Tenn. 43 NW PORT CADDO, V. of Harrison co. Texas, on of Nashville. the s side of Ferry Lake. Port Royal, pv. Henry co. Ky. [Michigan. PORT CARBON, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. PORT SHELDON, pv. Ottawa co. Mich. onl L. PORT CAVALLO or CABALLO, (see Introduc- PORTSMOUTH, pt. Newport co. R. I. 7 Nxw of tion XXVII. 4,) a v. of Texas, on the Newport. [beth r. point of a strip of land extending for 60 m. Portsmouth, pv. Norfolk co. Va. on Elizabetween Matagorda Bay and the sea. Portsmouth, pv. Carteret co. N. C. PORT CHESTER, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on Portsmouth, pv. cap. oif Scioto co. O. on SeiByram river [Schuylkill. oto river, at its entrance into Olhio r. 90 s Cs. PORT CLINTON, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. on the PORT TOBACCO, pv. cap. of Charles co. Md. Port Clinlton, pv. cap. of Ottawa co. O. on PORTVILLE, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on AlPortage river. [of Tn. leghany river. [on Tuscarawas r. PORT COLDEN, PV. Warren co. N. J. 50 NNW PORT WASHINGTON, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. PORT CONWAY, PV. Kiltg George's co. Va. 84 POSEY, tp. Harrison co. Ind. NNE of Richmond. Posey, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. PORT DEPOSIT, pv. Cecil co. Md. ont Susqa. r. Posey, tp. WCVashington co. Intd. [s of MItr. PORT ELIZABETH, pv. Cumberlanld co. N. J. POST MILLS VILLAGE, pv. Orange co. Vt. 38 73 ssw of Trenton. POSTVILI.E, pv. -Ierkimer co. N.Y. 98 Nw Al. PORTER, pt. Oxford co. Me. 86 sw of A. Postville, pv. cap. of Logait co. Ill. 40 NE Sd. Porter, tp. Niag ara co. N.Y. 16 Nw Lockport. POTEAu r. Ark. flows inito the Arkansas r. at Porter, tp. HIunltingdon co. Pa. Fort Smilh. [ESE of Jef. City. Porter, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. POTOSI, pv. cap. of Washington co. Mo. 110 Porter, tp. Cass co. Mich. [SE of Hd. Potosi, pv. Grant co. Wis. [ket r. PORTERSVILLE, pv. New London co. Coon. 55 POTSDAM, pt. St. Lawretce Co. N.Y. on RacPortersville, pv. Butler co. Pa. 218 WNW of H. POTTAWA'roIMIES, a tribe of Indians formerly Portersville, pv.Tiptoin co. Tenn. 214 wsw Ne. dwellinlg abouit L. Huron, and in Indiana. Portersville. pv. Dubois co. Ind. 124 ssw of Is. Many of them have been removed to the PORT GIBSON, pv. Onitario co. N.Y. on the west of the Mississippi. Erie Canal. [45 N of Natchez. POTTER, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Port Gibson, pv. cap. of Claibornie co. Miss. Potter. tp. Centre co. Pa. 70 NVw of H. PORT HENRY, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on Lake POTTER'S HOLLOW, V. Albaniy co. N.Y. PORT HOMER, PV. Jef. Co. O. LChamplain. POTTER'S MILLS, pv. Centre co. Pa. 73 Nw H. PORT HUDSON, pv. East Feliciana par. La. 146 POTTERSVILLE, pY. HUlterdon co. N. J. 48 Nsw of New Orleauis. NNW of Trenton. PORT HURON, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 60 NE D. POTTIESVILLE, pv. Louisa co. Va. 47 NNW R. PORT JACKSON, P-7. Montgomery co. N.Y. ont POTTS GROVF, tp. MoIltgomery co. Pa. on Mohawk river, the Schuylkill. PRI t652 PYR P6TTsTOW'N, borough, Montgomery Co. Pa. 37 Princeton, borough, N. J. See GAZETTEEt. N of Philadelphia. [Nw of Phila. Princeton, pv. Mercer co. Va. POTTSVILLE, borough, Schuvlkill co. Pa. 99 Princeton, pv. cap. of Washington co. Miss. POUGHKEEPSIE, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. oni Mississippi river. Lwsw of F. Poughkeepsie, pv. Allen co. Ind. 126 NNE IS. Princeton, pv. cap. of Caldwell co. Ky. 225 POULTNEY r. Vt. flows into L. Champlain. Princeton, pv. Butler co. 0. 100 wsw of Cs. Poultney, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 60 sw of Mtr. Princeton, pv. cap. of Gibson co. Ind. 142 sw Poultney, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. of Indianapolis. [of Sd. PoUNDRIDGE, pt. Westchester eo. N.Y.15 NE Princeton, pv. cap. of Bureau co. Ill. 135 N of White Plains. Princeton, pv. Scott co. Iowa, on Mississippi r. PIOWELL'S r. Va. passing into Tenn. unites PRINCETOWN, PV. Berks co. Pa. with Clinch r. 38 NE of Knoxville. PRINCEVILLE, pv. Peoria co. Ill. 92 N of Sd. POWELLTON, pv. Richmond CO. N. C. 118 sw PROCTORSVILLE, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 73 E Mtr. Powellton, pv. Hancock co. Ga. [of Rh. Proctorsrille, pv. Crawford co. Ind. on Great POWERVILLE, PV. Morris eo. N. J. 64 N of Tn. Blue river. Powerville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 60 NE F. PROSPECT, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot r. POWNAL, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 18 NE of Prospect, pt. N. Haven co. Conn. 54 s of Hd. Portland. Prospect, pv. Butler co. Pa. Pownal, pt. Bennington co. Vt. PROVIDENCE, Pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 40 NNW Al. Powow r. N.H. flows into the Merrimack. Providence, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 146 NE of H. PRAIRIE, tp. Washington co. Ark. Providence, pv. Fairfax co. Va. 120 N of R. Prairie, tp. Holmes co. O. Providence, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 173 Prairie, tp. Henry co. Ind. wsw of Raleigh. Prairie, tp. Howard co. Mo. Providence, pv. Pickens co. Ala. 70 w of T. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, PV. Cap. of Crawford co Providence, pv. Hopkins co. Ky. 214 wsw F. Wis. 125 w of Madison, on the Miss. r. Providence, pv. Wood co. 0. 140 NNW of Cs. PRAIRIE DU ROCHER, pv. Randolph co. Ill. on Providence, pv. Bureau co. Ill. 114 N of Sd. Mississippi river. [WVisconsin r. PROVINCETOWN, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. PRAfRIE DU SAC, pv. cap. of Sauk co. WVis. on PRUNTYTOWN, pv. Harrison co. Va. PRAIRIE LA PORTE, pv. cap. of Clayton co. PUEBLA. See LA PUEBLA, GAZETTEER. Iowa, on Mississippi river. PUEBLO DE LOS ANGELES, pweb'lo del loce PRAIRIE RONDE, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. ang'Hel-es, i. e. the "' city or habitation of PRAIRIETON, pv. Vigo co. Ild. 80 wsw of Is. the angels," a t. on the sw coast of CaliPrairieton, pv. Lawrence co. Ill. 147 SE of Sd. fornia, noted for the vineyards in its viPRAIRIE VILLAGE, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. cinity. The grapes are of the finest quality, PRAIRIEVILLE, PV. Clinton co. Ind. 52 NNW and the chief part of the wine manufacof Indianapolis. tured in California is made here. Lat. Prairieville, pv. Randolph co. Ill. 126 s of Sd. about 34~ N, Lon. 118~ w. Prairieville, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. PUERCO, or PECOS, r. Texas, the largest afPRALLSVILLE, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 fluent of the Rio del Norte, rises near SanNNW of Trenton. [ton r. ta Fe, and flowillg southerly falls into the PRATTSBURG, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. onl Conhoc- Rio del Norte, near 29; 10' N Lat. and 1030 Prattsburg, pv. Orange co. N. C. 34 NW Rh. w Lo. Lengtll above 500 m. Prattsburg, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 80 wsw of AM. PUcHTOWrN, pv. Chester co. Pa. oil French cr. PRATTSVILLE, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 36 w of I PULASKI, V. Oswego CO. N.Y. on Salnon r. Catskill. [ga r. Pulaski, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 248 wNw of H. PREBLE, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnio- Pulaski, pv. cap. of Giles co. Terin. 74 s Ne. PRESCOTT, tp. Washington co. Me. Pulaski, pt. Jacklson co. Mich. 90 w of D. Prescott, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 77 w of B. Pulaski, pv. Hancock co. Ill. 85 wNW of Sd. PRESTON, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 sE Hd. PULASKIVILLE, pv. Knox co. 0. 52 NE of Cs. Preston, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 118 w of Al. PULTNEY, Pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 15 NE of Bath. Preston, pt. Waytne co. Pa. 184 NE Of H. Pultney, tp. Belmont co. 0. LOntario. Preston, v. of Matagorda co. Texas, near the PULTNEYVILLE, pv. Vayne co. N.Y. oni Lake left bank of the Colorado. [ESE of F. PUMPKINTOWN, pv. Pickenls dist. S. C. PRESTONBURG, pv. cap. of Floyd co. Ky. 120 PUNASHLI INDIANS. See BANNACKS. PREsTON HOLLOW, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 38 w PUN'CAHS or POIN'IAS, a tribe of Indians in of Albany. [nessee r. tile SE part of Missouri Territory. PRESTONVILLE, pv. Rhea co. Tenn. on Ten- PUNGOTEAGUE, puIIg-co-teeg:, pv. Accomac PRICE, tp. Monroe co. Pa. co. Va. 180 E of Richmond. [of H PRICETOWN, pv. Berks co. Pa. 62 E of H. PUNIXxTAWNEY, PV. Jefferson co. Pa. 183 Nx, PRICEvILLE, PV. Wayne co. Pa. 200 NE of H. PURDY, pv. cap. of M'Nairy co. Tenn. 148 PRINCe EDwARD C. H. pv. cap. of Prince Ed- sw of Nashville. ward co. Va. 77 wsw of Richmond. PURDYVILLE, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 160 NE of H PRINCE FREDERICKTOWN, PV. cap. of Calvert PUTNAM, pt. W'ashington co. N.Y. 90 N of Al co. Md. 46 s of Allapolis. Putnam, pt. Miuskilgum co. 0. 55 E of Cs. PRINCE GEORGE C. H. pv. cap. of Prince Putnam, tp. Livingston co. Mich. lCarmel George co. Va. 28 ssE of Riclhmond. PUTNAM VALLEY, pt. Putnlam co. N Y. 9 w of PRINCEss ANNE, pv. cap. of Somerset co. Md. PUTNAMVILLE, PV. Putnam co. Ind. 12 w of Is. on Monlokin river. [co. Va. 132 SE of R. PUTNEY, pt. Windham co. Vt. o0l Conn. r. Princess Anlne C. H. pv. cap. of Prinecess Anne PYVMATUNITNG, tp. Mercer co. Pa. PRINCETON, pv. W~ashingtlon co. Me. 220 NE A. PYRASIAD LAKE. a lake of California, situated Princeton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 16 N of inlmediately E of the Sierra Nevada, alnd Worcester. [Schenectady. intersected by tile 40th parallel of N Lat. Princeton, pt. Schenectady co. N.Y. 8 w of It derives its name from all insular pyramid RAM 653'RED of rock of remarkable regularity, which Ramapo, tp. Roclkland co. N.Y. rises from its surface, to the height of RAMAPO WORKS, PV. Rockland co. N.Y. on about 600 ft. Length 40 In.; breadth 10 or Ramapo river. [aware r. 15 m. RAIMSAYSBURG, pv. Warren co. N. J. on DelPYRAMtUS, pv. Bergen co. N.J. 83 NE of Tn. RAMSBOROUGH, PV. Guilford co. N. C. 95. WNW of Raleigh. [wsw of Rh. QUADRA. See VANCOUVER'S ISLAND. RANALEBURG, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 174 QUAKER SPRINGS, PV. Columbia co. Ga. 103 RA.Nocus cr. N. J. flows into belaware r. ENE of Milledgeville. [of Tn. RANDALLSTOWN, pv. Baltimore co. Md. QUAKERTOWN, pV. Hunterdon co. N. J. 81 NW RANDALLSVILLE, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 85 Quakertown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 37 NNW Phila. ssw. of Raleigh. QUALLATOWN, PV. Haywood co. N. C. RANDOLPH, pt. Coos co. N. HI. 100 N of Cd. QUANTICO, pv. Somerset co. Md. 93 SE of An. Randolph, pt. Orange co. Vt. 23 s-of Mtr QUEECHEE r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r. Randolph, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 sof B. QUEECHEE VILLAGE, pv. Windsor CO. Vt. 57 s Randolph, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on the of Montpelier. [Somerset. Alleghany. QUEMAHONING, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 11 NE of Randolph, tp. Morris co. N. J. 7 Nw of MorQUEEN ANNE, pv. Prince George's co. Md. on ristown. [ville. Patuxent river. Randolph, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 E of MeadQUEEN CHARLOTTE'S I. on the w coast of N. Randolph, pv. Madison co. Tenn. 200 wsw Ne. America, is intersected by the 53d parallel Ranidolph, tp. Montgomery co. O. of N Lat. and the 132d meridian of w Lon. Randolph, pt. Portage co. 0. 140 NE of Cs. Length 1S0 in.; average breadth 30 m. See Randolph, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 88 ENE Of Is. VANCOUVER'S ISLAND. [WNW of Ca. RAPHOE, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 12 NW of LanQUEENSBOROUGH, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 113 caster. [10 above Fredericksburg. QUEENSBURG, pt. WVarren co. N.Y. 57 N of Al. RAPID ANN r. Va. enters the Rappahannlock r. QUEENSDALE, pv. Robeson CO. N. C. 110 sswx RARITAN, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 N of Tn. of Raleirh. LChester Bay. RAVENNA, PV. cap. of Portage co. O. onl Pa. QUEENSTOWN, PV. Queen Anne co. Md. on and Ohio canal, 140 NE of Columbus. Queenstown, a t. of Caniada West, on the RAVENSWOOD, V. Queen's co. N.Y. oan the Niagara river, 7m; from its mouth. East river. [103 NW of Rh. QUERETARO, ker-rai't-ro, a Mexican state, w RAWLINGSBURG, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. of the river Paniuco, and N of the city of RAWLINGSVILLE, pv. De Kal) co. Ala. 153: NE Mexico. Area 15,500sq. m. Pop. 230,000. of Tuscaloosa. Queretaro, the cap. of the above, is a hand- RAWSONVILLE, V. Fulton co. N.Y. [of D. some city, with a pop. of above 30,000. Rawsonville, pv. XWashtenaw co. Mich. 36 w QUILLINSVILLE; PV. Scott co. Va. RAWLEY'S SPRINGS, Rockingham co. Va. QUINCY, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 9 s of B. RAY, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 37 NE of D. Quincy, pt. Franikin co. Pa. 57 sw of H. RAYMOND;.pt. Cumberland co. Me. 58 sw of A. Quincy, pv. cap. of Gadsden co. Flor. 23 Nis Raymond, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 ESE Quiincy, pv. Monroe co. Miss. [of Tallahassee. of Concord. lof J. Quincy, pv. Gibson co. Tenii. 144 w of Ne. Raymond, pv. cap. of Hinds co. Miss. 18 w Quincy, pv. Logan co. 0. 608 N of Cs. Raymond, pv. Clarke co. Ark. 66 sw of Little Quincy, pt. Branch co. Mich. 104 wsw of D. Rock. [river. Quinicy, pv. cap. of Adams co. Ill. on Miss. r. RAYNHAM, tp. Bristol co. Mass. on. Taunton QUINNEBAUG r. COtin. unites with the She- RAYNORTOWN, V. Queen's co. N. Y. near tucket, 3 in. atbove Norwich city. Hempstead Bay. QU1NNIPIAC r. Conn. flows into New Haven RAYTOWN. pv. Taliaferro co. Ga. 60 NE of IM. harbotr. [mouth of the Brazos. READFIELD, pt. Kennllebec co. Me. 12 w of A. QUINTANA, V. of Brazoria co. Texas, at the Readfield, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 15 E Pulaski. QUITMAN, PV. cap. of Clarke co. Miss. 140 E J. READING, pt. \Vindsor co. Vt. 60 s of Mtr. QUOGUE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on s side of Reading, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 12 N of B. Long Island. Reading, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 15 NW of Bridgeport. RACINE, capital of Racine co. Wis. on Lake Readinlg, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 21 E of Bath. Michigan. Readinig, borough, Pa. See GAZETTEER. RACKET r. N.Y. flows into the St. Lawrence. Reading, tp. Adams co. Pa. RAcooN, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Reading, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 9 N Cincinnati. Racoon, tp. Gallia co. O. 94 sE of Cs. Reading, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 108 wsw D. RADNOR, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 13 Nw Phila. READING RIDGE, pv. Fairfield co. Cont. 66 Radnor, pt. Delaware co. 0. 32 N of Cs. sw of Hartford. [Conn. 68 SW of Hd. RAGGED ISLAND, tp. Lincolh co. Me. READING TOWN HousE, pv. Fairfield co. RAHWAY, pv. Essex co. N. J. 9 sw of Newark. READINGTON, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 8 NE RAINSBUtRG, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 113 w of H. of Flemington. [of Ne. RAINSBORO', pv. Highland CO. 0. 77 sw Cs.. READYvILLE, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 47 sE RAINSV4.LrE, pv. Warren co. Ind. 90 NW of Is. REAMSVILLE, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 42 ESE H. RAISIN r. Mich. flows into Lake Erie. BIEBERSBURG, PV. Centre ce. Pa. 93 NW of H. Raisin, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. on1 Raisin r. RECKLESSTOWN, pv. Burlington co. N.-J. 10 s RAISINVILLE, tp. Monroe co. Mich. on Raisin RECOVERY, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [of Tn. river. Lwsw of Ne. RECTORTOWN, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 122 N R. RALEIGH, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Tenn. 220 RED BANK, pv. Mounmouth co. N. J. 46 E Tn. Raleigh, pv. cap, of Smith co. Miss. 87 ESE J. Red Bank, pt. Clarion co. Pa. 190 WNW of H. RAMAPO r. rises in N.Y. and flows into Pas- RED CEDAR r. Iowa, flows into the Iowa r. in saic r. in N. J. Louisa co. 55* 1RIC 654 RID 3REDDINGTON, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 55 s of Is. RICEBOROUGH, pv. Liberty so. Ga. on New.'gEDIELD, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 140 wNw Al. port river. [dence. REDFORL, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Saranac r. RICE CITY, PV. Kent co. R. I. 19 w of Pro vi..edford, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 13 NW of D. RICHARDSONVILLE, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 75 RED HOOK, pt. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 N of w of Columbia. [of R. Poughkeepsie. [Dover. RICHARDSVILLE, PV. Culpepper co.Va. 80 NNw RED TLION, pv. New Castle Co. Del. 35 N of RICHBOROUGH, pv. Bucks co. Pa. [erstown. RED RIVER, Ark. anid La. See GAZETTEER. RICHFIELD, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 13 NW of CoopRED RIVER, a co. in the NE part of Texas, Richfield, tp. Huron co. O. bordering on Red river. Soil, especially in Richfield, pt. Summit co. O. 134 NE of Cs. the northern and middle portions, exceed- Richfield, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. ingly fertile. Capital, Clarksville. RICHFIELD SPRINGS, V. Otsego co. N.Y. on Red River, a r. rising in Iowa Territory, and Canaderaga Lake. flowing northerly, falls into L. Winllipeg, RICHFORD. Pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Missisque r. in British America. About 50 m. from its Richford, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 144 wsw of Al. mouth, it receives the Assiniboin. RICH HILL, tp. Greene Co. Pa. RED RIVER IRON WVORKS, PV. Estill co. Ky. RICHLAND, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 74 SE of Frankfort. Richland, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 37 NW of Phila. REDSTONE, tp. Fayette Co. Pa. [250 w of R. Richland, tp. Cambria co. Pa. RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, PV. Monroe co. Va. Richland, tp. Venango co. Pa. REDWOOD, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 188 NW Al. Richland, pv. Stewart co. Ga. 127 sw of IM. REEDSBOROUGH, tp. Bennington co. Vt. 12 SE Richland, pv. Holmes co. Miss. [tle Rock of Bennington. [147 sw of Mtr. Richland, pt. Jefferson co. Ark. 70 SE of Lit. REEDSBOROUGH CITY, PV. Bennington Co. Vt. Richland, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 70 s of Ne. REFUGIO, a co. in the s part of Texas, N of, Richland, pv. Henderson co. Ky. 178 w of F. and bordering on, the r. Nueces: soil gene- Richland, tp. Belmont co. O. rally rich, and well adapted to the growth Richland, tp. Clinton co. O. of cotton and sugar. Richland, tp. Fairfield co. O. Refugio, a v. of Texas, cap. of the above co.; Richland, tp. Guernsey co. O. now mostly in ruins, though it was formerly Richland, tp. Holmes co. O. a place of considerable commercial im- Richland, pv. Richland co. 0. 82 N of Cs portance. Present pop. about 100. Richland, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. 135 w D. REHO'BOTH, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 40 s of B. Richland, pv. Rush co. Ind. 51 ESE of Is. Rehoboth, pv. Somerset co. Md. Richland, pv. Sangamon co. Ill. 1() N of Sd. Rehoboth, pv. Lunenburg co.Va. 85 sw of R. RICHLANDTOWN, pv. Bucks co. Pa. Rehoboth, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 80 w of Ca. RICHMOND, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 15 s of A. Rehoboth, pv. Wilkes co. Ga 88 NE of M. Richmond, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 60 sw Cd. Relloboth, pv. Perry co. 0. 50 E of Cs. Richmond, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 13 SE of REHOBOTH VILLAGE, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 44 Burlington. ssw of Bostonl. [of M. kichlmond, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 142 w of B. REHOBOTHIVIILE, pv. Morgan CO. Ga. 66 NNW Richmond, tp. Washington co. R. I. 30 sw of REHRERSBURG, PV. Berks co. Pa. 55 E of H. Providetnce. [andaigua. REIDSBURG, PV. Armstrong co. Pa. 187 WNW Richmond, tp. Ontario co. N.Y. 14 w of Canof Harrisburg. [NW of Rh. Richmond, pv. cap. of Richmond co. N.Y. REIDSVILLE, pV. Rockingham co. N. C. 108 near the centre of Stateni Island. Reidsville, pv. cap. of Tattall co. Ga. 162 SE Richmond, tp. Berks co. Pa. of Milledgeville. [ESE of H. Richmond, tp. Crawford co. Pa. [Del. r. REINHOLDSVILLE, pv. Iancaster co. Pa. 40 RIchmond, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 2 w of REINOSA, ray-no'sa. a small t. of Mexico, on Richmond, tp. Tioga co. Pa. the right bank of the Rio del Norte, about RICHMOND, or PORT RICHMOND, PV. Phila. co. 60 m. in a straight line wNw of Matamoros. o0n the Delaware, 4 m. above the city. REISTERTOWN, PV. Baltimore Co. Md. 17 NW RichImond, pv. Dallas co. Ala. 104 s of T. of Baltimore. Richmond, pv. cap. of Madison par. La. 200 REMSEN, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 18 N of Utica. NW of New Orleans. RENSSELAER, V. Renisselaer co. N.Y. 17 SE Richmond, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 70 s of Ne. of Troy. Richmond, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ky. 48 sE Rensselaer, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Ind. [of Al. of Frankfort. [benville. RENSSELAERVILLE, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 26 w Richmond, pv. Jefferson co. O. 11 w of StcliRESERVE, tp. Alleghaiiy co. Pa. Richmond, pt. Macomb co. Mich. on Belle r. REVILLA, ray-veel'ya, a small t. of Mexico, on Richmond, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 68 E of Is. the right bank of the Rio del Norte, about Richmond, tp. Howard co. Mo. [horn creek. 80 m. NE of Monterey. Richmond, pv. cap. of Ray co. Mo. on ElkREYNOLDSBUnG, pv. Franklin co. O. 11 E of Cs. Richmond, cap. of Fort Bend co. Texas, Reynoldsl)urg, pv. cap. of Humphreys co. on the w or right bank of the Brazos, 1411 Tenn. on Tenniessee river. [c of Al. m. SE of Austin. Pop. 300. REYNOLDSVILLE, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 178'RIciMOND CITY, PV. Lake co. O. on Grand r. RHEATOWN, ray'tOn11, pv. Greene co. Tenn. RICUMONDVILLE, pv. Linlcoln co. Me. 20 s A. 268 E of Nashville. Richmondville, pv. Schohlarie co. N.Y. 47 w' RHINEBECK, pt. Dutchess co. N. YV ion the of Albany. [NW of Al. Hudsoen. [oln the Hludson. RICHVlLLE, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 187 RHINEBECK LANDING, V. Dutchess co N.Y. RIDGEBURY, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw Hd. RIC'CAREES (called also the ARRICKAREES, and Ridgebury, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 113 s of Al. familiarly the REES), a tribe of Indians Ridgebury, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 18 NW of dwelling in the E part of Missouri Territory. Towanda. RIV 655 ROC R:DGEFlnLD, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 31 w of RIVIERE A JACQUES (Fr. pron. ree've-alt ah New Haven. zhlak), or JAMES RIVER, a r. of Iowa TerRidgefield, pv. Butler co. Ala. 128 ssE of T. ritory, falling illnto the Missouri near the Ridgefield, pv. Warren co. O. 80 sw of Cs. 97th meridian w Lon. Entire length above RIDGEWAY, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 10 w Albion. 400 miles. [of Richmond. Ridgeway, tp. Bradford co. Pa. RIXEYVILLE, PV. Culpepper co. Va. 107 NNW Ridgeway, cap. Elk co. Pa. ROAVSTOWN, PV. Cumberland co. N.J. 68 s Ridgzeway; pv Jefferson co. Va. 160 N of R. ROADVILLE, pv. Charleston dist. S. C. rof Til. Ridteway pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 60 sw of D. ROANOKE, V. Genesee co. N.Y. on Allent's cr. RIDLEY, tn Delaware co. Pa. Roanoke, pv. Randolph co. Ala. 176 E of T. RIENZI, pv. Tishamingo co. Miss. 230 NE of J. Roanoke, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 75 NrNW of RIsGA, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. onl Black cr. Jefferson City. RILE', tp. Oxfnord co. Me. ROARING CR. tp. Columbia co. Pa. Riley, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. ROARING SPRING, pv. Smythe co.Va. 274 wv R. RILEYSVILLE, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 190 NE of H. ROBrRTSVILLE, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. on R; NDGE, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 67 ssw of Cd. Black creek, 137 s of Columbia. [Ne. RINGOES, pv. Hunterdont co. N. J. 19 NW Tn. Robertsville, pv. Anderson co. Tenn. 166 E of RIo BUENO, a sea-port on the N coast of Ja- ROBESON, pt. Berks co. Pa. oil Schuylkill r. maica, 50 m. NW of Spanish Town. ROBERTSON, a large co. in the N or NE part RIO DE LOS AMERICANOS. See SACRAMENTO. of Texas, lying between the upper portions Rio GRANDE. See RIo DEL NORTE, GAZET- of the Brazos and Trinity rivers. Soil TEER. generally very fertile. Capital, Franklin. RI'o GRANDE, (Sp. pron. ree'o gralnday,) i. e. ROBINSON, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 6 NW of "great river," or RIo GRANDE DE SANTIAGO, Pittsburg. a Mexican river which rises near the city Robinson, tp. Washington co. Pa. [Croix r. of Mexico, by its pritncipal branch the ROBINSTOwN, pt. Washinlgton co. Me. on St. Lerma, and after flowingl north-westerly ROB Roy, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 70 WNW Is. and receiving the waters of Lake Cha- ROCHEPORT, PV. Boone co. Mo. on Mo. r. pala, falls into the Pacific at San Blas, ROCHESTER, pt. Strafford co. N. H. on CoLat. about 210 30' N. Next to the Rio del checo river. Norte, it is the largest river of Mexico. Rochester, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 43 sw of Mtr. RIO HACHA, ree'o ah'chl, or simply LA HA- Rochester, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 54 ssE B. CHA, a sea-port of New Granada, at the Rochester, tp. fUlster co. N.Y. 16 sw of mouth of a small river of the same name, Kitsgston. 90 m. E of Santa Marta. Skins are export- Rochester, v. Beaver co. Pa. on Beaver r. at ed from this place to the United States. its junction with Ohio river. [non. RIo SACRAMENTO. See SACRAMENTO. Rochester, pv. Warren co. 0. 9 SE of LebaRIo SAN BUENAVENTURA. See SAN BUENA- Rochester, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 128 NW D. VENTURA. Rochester, pv. cap. of Fulton co. Ind. 95 N Is. RIO SAN JOAQUIN. See SAN JOAQUIN. Rochester, pv. Sangramon co. Ill. 10 E of Sd. Rro TIGRE, ree'o tee'gray, or RIO DEL TIGRE, Rochester, pv. Racine co. Wis. 87 ESE of MacalledalsoELRIODE SAN FERNANDO, a small RocK r. See GAZETTEER. [dison. river of Mexico, which flows by Monlterey Rock cr. D. C. flows into the Potomac above easterly, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico WVashington. Lway Bay. about 50 m. s of Brazos de Santiag o. ROCKAWAY, pv. Queel's co. N.Y. on RockaRIO VERDE, ree'o vea'da, a little river of Rockaway, pv. Morris co. N. J. 8 N of MorMexico, in Oaxaca, flowing into the Pa- ristown. cific near 16o N Lat. and 980 w Lon. ROCK BRIDGE, V. Gwinnett co. Ga. 87 NW M. RIO VIRGEN, (Sp. pronl. ree'o veet'Hen), a r. RoCK CASTLE, PV. Patrick co. Va. 230 wsW of Califorlia, rising on the SE margin of of Richmond. [berlatd r. tile Great Basin, flowing into the Colorado. Rock Castle, pv. Trigg co. Ky. onl CumberRIPLEY, pt. Somerset co. Me. 66 N A. [ville. ROCKDALE, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 246 NW H. Ripley, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 10 w May- ROCKFORD, pv. cap. of Surry co. N. C. on Ripley, pv. cap. of Tippah co. Miss. Yadkin river. Ripley, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Tenn. 175 w Rockford, pv. Coosa co. Ala. 120 ESE of T. Ripley, pv. Brown co. O. oil Ohio r. [of Ne. Rockford, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 60 s of Is. Ripley, tp. Holmes co. O. Rockford, pv. cap. of Winnebago co. Ill. on Ripley, pv. Brown co. Ill. Rock river. RlP RAPs, a shoal at the mouth of James r. Va. ROCK HALL, pv. Kent co. Md. 68 NE of An. onl which Fort Calhoun has been built. ROCK HILL, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 110 E of H. RIPTON, pt. Addisotn co. Vt. 50 sw of Mtr. ROCKINGHAM, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Conn. r. RISDON, pv. St. Clair co. Ill. 120 s of Sd. Rockintgham, pv. cap. of Richmond co. N. C. RISING SUN, pv. Phila. co. Pa. 3 N of the city. 135 sw of Raleigh. Rising Suin, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. on Ohio r, RoctK ISLAND, in the Mississippi r. at the f.ot RITCHIEVILLE, PV. Dilwiddie CO. Va. 40 s R. (,f Rock river rapids. RIVER HEAD, pv. cap. of Suffolk co. N.Y. on ROCK ISLAND CITY, PV. cap. of Rock Island co. Long I. on Peconic Bay. Ill. at the mouth of Rock river. RIvEns, tp. Jackson co. Mich. lof M. ROCKLAND, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 100 sw Al. RIVE R TOWN, pv. Campbell co. Ga. 108 WNW Rockland, pt. Venanlgo co. Pa. 212 WTW of H. RIVES, reevz, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 33 E Ne. ROCKPORT, pt. Essex co. Mass. 32 NE of B. Rives, pv. Richland co. 0. 80 NNE of Cs. Rockport, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Rocky r. Rives C. H. pv. cap. of Henry co. Mo. 107 w Rockport, pv. cap. of Spencer co. Ind. on of Jeffersoli City. [of R. Ohio river. [of F. RIT'rSVILLE, pv. Monongalia co. Va. 282 NW ROCK SPRING, pv. Hickman co. Ky. 300 ws-w ROS 656 RUS Rock Spring, pv. St. Clair co. Ill. 18 E of St. Roseville, pv. Parke co. Ind. 74 w of Is. Louis. Ross, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 4 N of Pittsburg ROCKVILLE, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 s of B. Ross, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Rockville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 58 ESE of H. RQss, pt. Butler co. O. 110 wsw of Cs. Rockville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Md. Ross, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. 56 w of Annapolis. RoSSBURG, pv. Decatur co. Ind. [Canton Rockville, pv. Rowan co. N. C. 133 w of Rh. RoSSIE, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 25 sw of Rockville, pv. Putnamn co. Ga. 32 N of M. RosSVIrLE, pv. Richmond co. N.Y. on Stater Rockville, pv. Jefferson co. Ala. Island Sound. Rockville, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 164 EsE Ne Rossville, pv. York co. Pa. 24 s of H. Rockville, pv. Adams co. 0. 112 s of Cs. Rossville, pv. Baltimore co. Md. Rockville, pv. cap. of Parke co. Ind. 64 w Is. Rossville, pv. Cherokee co. N. C. on Valley r. Rockville, pv. Will co. Ill. 162 NNE of Sd. Rossville, pv. VWalker co. Ga. 220 Nw of M. RocKY FORK, tp. Boone co. Mo. Rossville, pt. Butler co. O. 100 wsw of Cs. RocKY HILL, PV. Hartford co. Conn. 7 s Hd. Rossville, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 164 N of Is. Rocky Hill, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 14 N Tn. ROSSTRAVER, pt. Wrestmorelanld co. Pa. ROcKY MOUNT, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Va. ROTTERDAM, Pt. Schenectady co. N. Y. 22 180 w of Richmond. WNW of Albanv. Rocky Mount, pv. Nash Ce. N. C. 56 E of Rh. ROULETTE, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 NNW of H. Rocky Mount, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 102 w ROUND HEAD, pt. Hardin co. 0. 90 Nw of Cs. of Milledgeville. ROUND HILL, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 85 sw of Rocky Mount, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 120 s of T. Hartford. [flows into Lake Pleasant. Rocky Mount, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. I ROUND LAKE, Hamilton co. N. Y. Its outlet ROCKY SPRING, )V. Franklin co. Pa. 50 w H. i Rouse's POINT, pV. Clinton co. N.Y. on Lake Rocky Spring, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 123[ Champlain. [field. Nw of Raleigh. of T. i ROWE, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 22 w of GreenRODGERSVILLE, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. 130 N ROWESVILLE, pv. Bedford co. Tenln. 68 s Ne. RODMAN, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Sandy cr. ROWLAND, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. [An. RODNEY, pv. Decatur co. Ga. 215 ssw of M. ROWLANDSVILLE, PV. Cecil co. Md. 73 NE of Rodney, pv. Jefferson co. Miss. on Miss. r. ROWLEY, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Rowlev r. ROGEsRSVILLE, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 130 RoxEOROdUGH, tP. Phila. Co. Pa. 71 NW Phila. wNW of Columbia. [246 E of Ne. Roxborough, pv. cap. of Person co. N. C. 54 Rogersville, pv. cap. of Hawkins co. Tenn. N NW of Raleigh. ROIIRERSVILLE, pv. Washington co. Md. ROXBURY, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 50 sw of Cd. ROHRSBURGc pv. Columbia co. Pa. 93 ENE H. Roxbury, pt. Wrashington co.Vt. 16 s of Mtr. ROLESVILLE, pv. Wake co. N. C. 21 NNE Rh. Roxbury, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 2 s of B. ROLERSVILLE, PV. Sandusky co. 0. 42 N of Cs. Roxmury, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 53 wsw Hd. ROLLIN, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 80 sw of D. Roxbury, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 20 E of Delhi. RoME, Pt. Kennebec co. Me. 20 NNW of A. Roxtbury, tp. Morris co. N. J. 14 NW of MorRome, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Mohawk r. ristown. Rome, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 142 N of H. Roxbury, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 47 w of H. Rome, tp. Crawford co. Pa. ROYAL OAK, pt. Oakland co. Mieh. 14 N of D. Rome, pv. cap. of Floyd co. Ga. 160 NW M. ROYALSTON, Pt. Worcester co. Mass. 74 w B. Rome, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 45 NE of Ne. ROYALTON, pt. WVindsor co.Vt. 33 s of Mtr. Rome, pv. Knox co. Ky. 127 SE of F. Royaltonl, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 8 E Lockport. Rome, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 190 NE of Cs. Royalton, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 SE of Cs. Rome, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. 70 sw of D. Royalton, pt. Berrien co. Mich. 198 w of D. Rome, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ind. on Ohio r. Royalton, pv. Boone co. Ind. 14 NW of Is. Rome, pv. Peoria co. Ill. on Peoria Lake. RUCKERSVILLE, pv. Greene co.Va. Rome, pv. Henry co. Iowa. Ruckersville, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 118 NNE M. ROMEO, pv. Greene co. Tenn. 250 E of Ne. RUDDLE, tp. Illdependence co. Ark. ROMNEY, pv. cap. of Hampshire co. Va. 188 RUGGLES, pt. Ashland co. 0. 90 N of Cs. NNW of Richmond. [Lake. RUMFORD, pt. Oxford co. Me. on AndroscogRoMULus, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca: gin r. Romulus, pt. Waytne co. Mich. 36 sw of D. RUMNEY, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 47 N of Cd. RONDOUT cr. N. Y. flows into the Hudson Rumney, pv. Muhlenburg co. Ky. 82 wsw F near Rondout. RUPERT, Pt. Bennington co.Vt. on Pawlet r. Roifilout, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 60 s of Al. RuscosB MANOR, tp. Berks co. Pa. ROOT, pt. Montg. co. N.Y. 43 w by N of A:. RUSH, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 12 s of Rochester. Root, pv. Allen co. Ind. I Rush, tp. Cemntre co. Pa. ROOTsTOWN, pt. Portage co. O. 144 NE of Cs. Rush, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 20 NE of H. RoscoE, pv. Coshocton co. O. on Muskingum Rush, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. liver. Rush, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Roscoe, pv. Winnebago co. Ill. 216 N of Sd. Rush, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. Roscoe, pv. Henry co. Mo. 130 w Jef. City. Rush, tp. Champaign co. O. RosE, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 7 N of Lyons. Rush, pt. Tuscarawas co. O. 108.NNE Of Cb. Rose, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. RUSH CR. tp. Fairfield co. O. Rose, pt. Carroll co. O. 1'28 ENE of Cs. RUSHFORD, pt. Alleghaily co. N.Y. 272 w A. Rose, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 50 NW of D. RUSHVILLE, pv. O1ntario co. N.Y. on West r. RosesBUR, pv. Perry co. Pa. 38 w of H. Rushville, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 160 NNE H. ROSEDALE, PV. Ulster co. N.Y. on Rondout cr. Rushville, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 sE of Cs. Rosedale, pv. Madison co. 0. 30 w of Cs. i Rushville, pv. cap. of Rush co. Ind. 40 ESE IS. ROSENE&TH, PV. Halifax co. N. C. 112 NE Rh. Rushville, pv. cap. of Schuyler cb. Ill. 60wNw ROSEVILLE, PV. Muskingum co. 0. 65 E of Cs. of Springfield. SAC 657 SAL RusK, a co. in the E part of Texas, SE of and tribes of Indians, dwelling in the s part of bordering on the river Neches. It is most- Iowa Territory. ty woodland. Soil very productive. Cap- SADDLE r. N. J. i-ises in N.Y. and flows into ital, Henderson. [Wvashington. the Passaic river in N. J. Rusk, v. of MIontg. co. Texas, 12 ESE of SACDLE R. tp. Bergen co. N. J. 8 Nw of RUSSELL, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Westfield Hackensack. t4,000 ft. above the sea. river. [of Al. SADDLEBACK, mt. Franklin co. Me. Height Russell. pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 192 NNW SADSBURY, pt. Chester co. Pa. 37 Nw of Phila. Russell pt. Geauga co. O. 154 NE of Cs. Sadsbury, tp. Crawford co. Pa. [caster. Russell, tp. Putnam co. Ind. Lwango cr. Sadsbury, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 16 sw of LanRUSSELLBUTRG, pv. Warren co. Pa. on Cone- SAGG HARBOUR, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. R USSELLVILLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. 65 ESE H. SAGG VILLAGE, V. Suffolk co. N.Y. 6 s of Sagg Russellville, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Ala. 110 Harbour. N of) Tuscaloosa. SAGINAW BAY, Mich. an arm of L. Huron. Russellville, pv. Claiborne par. La. [of F. SAGINAW r. Mich. flows into the above. Russellville, pv. cap. of Logan co. Ky. 172 sw Saginaw, pv. cap. of Saginaw co. Mich. on Russellville, pv. Brown co. 0. 103 ssw of Cs. Saginaw river. Russellville, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 50 w of Is. SALAMAN'CA, a t. of Mexico, in the state of Russellville, pv. Lawrence co. Ill. on Wabash Guallaxuato, 20 m. s of the city of Guanariver. [mer. xuato. Pop. 15,000. RUSSIA, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 16 N of Herki- SALEM, pt. Franklin co. Me. 52 NNW of A. Russia, tp. Lorain co. O. Salem, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 37 ssE Cd. RUTERSvILLE, v. of Fayette co. Texas, 5 or Salem, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 62 NNE of Mtr. 6 In. ESE of La Grange. Here is a college Salem, pt. New London co. Conn. 30 SE Hd under the direction of the Methodists. Salem, v. Chautauque co. N.Y. Pop. about 200. Salem, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 46 NvE of Al. RUTHERFORDTON, pv. cap. of Rutherford co. Salem, pv. cap. of Salem co. N. J. on Salem N. C. 216 w of Rh. creek, 64 s of Trenton. RUTLAND, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 55 w of B. Salem, tp. Luzernue co. Pa. Rutlanid, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r. Salem, pt. Mercer co. Pa. 240 WNw of H. Rutland, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 150 N of H. Salem, tp. Wayne co. Pa. on Waullenpapack Rutland, pt. Meigs co. 0. 92 SE of Cs. Salem, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. [creek. RUTLEDGE, V. Cattaraugus CO. N.Y. [of Ne. Salem, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 115 N of R. Rutledge, pv. cap. of Granger co. Tenn. 216E Salem, pv. cap. of Roanoke co. Va. on RoRYE, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. on the Atlantic. anoke river. Rye, pt. WTestchester co. N.Y. 27 ENE of N.Y. Salem, pv. Stokes co. N. C. 109 w of Rh. Rye, tp. Perry co. Pa. [cut r. Salemrn pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 90 E of Ca. RYEGATE, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. on Connecti- Saleom, pv. Clarke co. Ga. 58 N of M. Salem, pv. Russell co. Ala. 180 ESE of T. SABILLISVILLE, pv. Frederick co. Mld. 95 Nw Salem, pv. Tippah co. Miss. 208 NNE of J. of Allnapolis. Salem, pv. Franklin co. Tenn. 104 ssE of Ne. SABINA, pv. Clinton co. O. 62 sw of Cs. Salem, pv. cap. of Crittenden co. Ky. 250 Wsw SABINE, a co. inc the E part of Texas, on the of Frankfort. Sabine r. Soil generally very productive, Salem, pt. Columbiana co. O. 167 ENE Of Cs. especially icn the part called the " Red Salem, v. Columbiana co. O. Lands." [co. on Sal)ine r. Salem, tp. Highland co. O. Sabine, or SABINE TOWN, a v. of the above Salem, tp. Jefferson co. O. Sabine, lake, between La. and Texas. Length Salem, tp. Shelby co. O. above 30 m., greatest breadth near 20 m. Salem, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. The Salbine river flows through it. Salem, tp. Warm en co. O. Sal)ine r. La. and Texas. See GAZETTEER. Salem, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. SABINE CITY, V. of Jefferson co. Texas, at Salem, pv. cap. of WVn. co. Ind. 93 s of Is. the s end of Sabicne lake. Salem, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ill. 108 ssE Sd SACANDAGA r. N.Y. flows into the Hudson in Salem, pv. Benton co. Mo. 104 sw of Jef. City. Saratoga co. [Portland. Salem, pv. Racine co. Wis. on L. Michigan. SACARAPPA, pv. Cumberland co. iMe. 4 N of Salem, pv. Henry co. Iowa. SACHEM'S HEAD, V. New Haven co. Conn. on Salem, v. Jasper co. Texas, on the Sabine r. Long Island Sound. SALEM CENTRE, pv. WTestchester co. N.Y. 115 SACKETT'S HARBOUR, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. S of Albany. [w of Rh. SACO r. alnd t. Me. See GAZETTEER. SALEM CHURCH, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 120 SACRAMENTO r. called by lhe Spaniards, Rio SALEM CROSS ROADS, pv. Westmoreland co. SACRAMENTO, ree'c salh'krl-menlto, a r. Pa. 180 w of Harrisburg. whiclh rises il tle s part f Oregon, and flow- SALINA, pt. Ononcdaga co. N.Y. oni Olmndaga ing southerly falls iito Sanl Francisco Bay. creek: noted for Its manufacture ot salt. I,Lelgth above 400 m. About 50 m. from its Salina, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 65 w of F. moutn it receives the Rio de los America- SALINE r. La. flows into Black Lake r. nos, ree'o del loce ah-iner'e-kah'lioce, i. e. Saline r. Ark. flows into WVashita r. tile" river ofthe Americans," asmall stream Saline r. Ill. flows into the Ohio. oil which thle importanit American settle- Saline cr. Mo. flows into the Mississippi. meint of New Helvetia has been made. Saline. pt. Washltenaw co. Mich. 40 w of D. The valley of the Sacramento is among the SALISBURY, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 16 NNrW finest portions of California. of Concord. SACS (pronounced and sometimes written Salisbury, pt. Addison co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. SAuKs) and FoxEs, kindred anld associated Salisbury, pt. Essex co Mass. 42 NNE of B SAN 658 SAN: Salisbury, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 53 w of Hd. Monterey. Also a little t. of California, on Salisbury, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 73 wNw Al. the Pacific. Lat. 34~ 20' N, Lon. 119Q w. Salisbury, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 16 E of Lan- SAN DIEGO, de-a'5go, a sea-port of California, Salisbury, tp. lehigh co. Pa. [caster. on the Pacific, noted for the mildness of its Salisbury, pv. Somerset co. Md. 95 sSE of An. climate. Lat. 32Q 40' A, Lon. 117Q w. Pop. Salisbury, pv. cap. of Rowan co. N. C. 118 from 1,200 to 1,500. w of Raleigh. SAN FELIPE DE AUSTIN, san fa-lee'pay da Salisbury, pt. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. aus'tin, (familiarly called Sail Philip,) the Salisbury, pv. Sangamoni co. Ill. 10 Nw of Sd cap. of Austin co. Texas, ois the w or right SALISBURY CENTRE, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. bankl of the Brazos, 1'20 m. ENE of Austin. 75 WNW of Albany. [of Albany. SAN FERNANDO. See TIGRE. SALISBtURf MILLS, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 93 s SAN FRANCISCO, a small t. of California, at SALMON r. Conn. flows into Connecticut r. the entrance of a bay of its own name, with Salmon r. N.Y. flows into Mexico Bay, which one of the finest harbours onl the w coast sets up from Lake Ontario, in Oswego co. of America. See page 140. SALMON FALLS r. the name of the Piscataqua SAN JACINTO, a r. of Texas, flowing into r. above the great falls at South Berwick, Galveston Bay, 25 ENE of Houston. Near York co. Me. its mouth was fought (April 21st, 1836,) the SALONIA, PV. Greene co. Ky. battle which established the independence SALT CR. tp. Holmes co. O. of Texas. Salt Cr. tp. Marion co. O. SAN JOAQUIN (Sp. pron. san Ho-ah-keen'), a r. Salt Cr. pt. Muskingum co. 0. 65 E of Cs. of California, flovws northerly, and joins the Salt Cr. tp. Pickaway co. O. Sacramento at its entrance into San FranSalt Cr. tp. Wayne co. 0. cisco Bay. The valley of this river is one SALTILLO, sal-teel'yo, a t. of Mexico, in Coa- of the best parts of California. huila, 70 wsw of Monterey. Lat. about SAN JUAN (Sp. pron. san ioo-an' or swan), a 250 20' N. Lon. 101o 20' w. Pop. stated t. on the Pacific coast, 30 m. s of the Pueblo at 12,000. de los Angeles, important as being the head SALT LICK, tp. Fayette co. Pa. quarters of the Mexican forces in CaliforSalt Lick, tp. Perry co. O. nia. SALT r. Ky. flows into the Ohio at West SAN JU'AN DE ULUA (oo-loo'5a) or ULO'A (SP. Point, 20 m. below Louisville. pron. san iHoo-an' da oo-loo'a), the citadel of Salt r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi. Vera Cruz, and the most important forSALTSBURG, PV. Indiana co. Pa. oni Cone- tress of all Mexico, is situated on a little maugh river. island immediately N of Vera Cruz. Its conSALVADOR, sal-v6-dore', a state of Central struction is said to have cost more than America, bordering on the Pacific. It is 30,000,000 dollars. the most populous part of Central America. SAN JosE DEL PARRAL. See PARRAL. Nearly all the indigo exported from Guate- SAN LUIs, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on an mala is grown here. Capital, San Salvador. island at the w extremity of Galveston Bay. SALTVILLE, pV. Smythe co.Va. 288 w of R. SAN Luis DE PoTosI (da po-to-see'), a state SALUDA, pt. Jefferson co. Ind. 100 ssE of Is. in the E part of Mexico, w of and border-:ALVISA, pv. Mercer co. Ky. 21 s of F. ing on Tamaulipas. Area 18,000 sq. m. SAMPSONDALE, v. Rocklaid co. N.Y. Pop. 220,000. SAMPTOWN, V. Middlesex co. N. J. 8 N of San Luis de Potosi, the cap. of the above, is oi New Brusswick. the river Tampico, near its source. Lat. 220 SAMUELSBURRG, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 42 w Is. N, Lon, 1000 40' w. Pop. variously estiSAN AN-T.O'NI-O, a r. of Texas, which falls mated from 12,000 to 40,000. into a lagoon at St. Joseph's Island. SAN PATRICIO, a large'co. occupying the SAN ANTONIO DE BEXAR, san an-tolne-o da southernmost portion of Texas. The soil ba-Har' (See BEXAR), a t. of Texas, on along the Nueces, and Corpus Christi Bay, the San Antonio, 110 m. sw of Austin. Pop. is generally very fertile; farther south perhaps 1,500. towards the Rio del Norte, there is an exSAN AUGUSTINE, san au-gus-teen', a co. in the tensive tract of desert. Capital, Corpus E part of Texas, on the Sabinie r. Soil ex- Christi. [Nueces r. tremely fertile, much the greater portion San Patricio, v. of Refugio co. Texas, on the being included in the tract known as the SAN SALVADOR (sal-va-dore'), a city of Cen"Red Lands," inoted for its fine cotton. tral America, cap. of the state of SalvaSan Augustine, city, cap. of the above co. on dor, about 35 rn. from the Pacific, and 120 anl affluent of the Neches, 190 m. NE of se of Guatemala. Lat. 133 50' N, Lon. 880 Galveston. Here is a university. San Au- 50' w. Pop. stated at about 40,000. gustilue is one of the handsomest townvs in SANBORNTON, pt. Belkniap co. N. H. 21 N Cd. Texas. Pop. about 1,500. SANBORNTON BRIDGE, pv. Belknap co. N. H. SAN BARTOLOME, baa-t-lo —md', a t. of Mex- 17 N of Concord. [tucket I. leo, in Chihiuahua, near 270 N Lat. and 1040 SANCOTY HEAD, Mass. the E point of Nanls 40' w Loi. Pop. said to be 20,000. SANDERSVILLE, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 66 N Ca. SAN BLAS, a sea-port of Jalisco, oi! the w Sandersville, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ga. coast of Mexico, 420 mn. NW of the city of 28 SE of Milledgeville. Mexico. It stands onl an island at the SANDFORD, tp. York co. Me. mouth of the Rio Grande de Sanitiago. Saiidford pt. Broome co. N.Y. 120 SE of Al. This locality is very unhealthy during the SANDGATE, pt. Bennington co. Vt. [of B. warm season. SANDISFIELD, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 126 w SAN BUENAVENTURA, san bw& n5,-ven-too'r5,, SAND LAKE, Pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 1.7 E Al. a r. of California, flows into the Bay of SANDOVER, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 80 w Ca SAR 659 SCI SANDOWN, pt. Rockingham CO. N. H. 26 SE Cd. Sardinia, pv. Brown Co. 0. 92 sw of Cs. S.4NDSTONE, tp. Jackson co. Mich. SARGEANTSYILLE, pv. IHunterdon Co. N. J 23 SANDSVILLE, PV. ClilltOn CO. Mo. NW of Trenton. SANDTON, pv. Kershaw dist. S. C. 55 NE Ca. SATARTIA, PV. Yazoo co. AMiss. on Yazoo r. SAND ToWN, pv. Kent CO. Del. 19 sw Dover. SAUGATUCK r. Conn. flows into Long Island Sand Town, pv. Campbell co. Ga. 100 NW M. Sound. [Kingston SANDUSKY, r. and t. O. See GAZETTEER. SAUGERTIES, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 10 N of SANDWICH, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 50 N of Cd. SAUGUS, pt. Essex co. Mass. 11 N of Boston. Sandwich, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 58 SSE B. SAULT ST. MARY, originally SAIILT DE ST. SANDY r. Me. flows into the Kennebec r. MARIE, pv. cap. of Chippewa co. Mich., on Sandy cr. N.Y. flows into Lake Ontario in the s side of St. Mary's Strait, 400 N of DeMonroe co. troit. It is defended by Fort Brady. Sanldy r. Va. and Ky. See BIG SANDY r. SaUNDERSVILLE, pv. Vanderburg co. Ind. Sandy, tp. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. SAUQUOIT, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 090 wNw Al. SANDY BAY. v. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ann. SAVANNAH, pt. WVayne co. N.Y. I1 E Lyons SANDY CR. pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 160 WNW Al. Savannah, pv. cap. of Hardin co. Tenln. on Sandy Cr. pt. Mercer co. Pa. 228 WNw of H. Tennessee river. [sissippi r. Sandy Cr. tp.Venango co. Pa. [Hudson. Savannah, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ill. on MisSANDY HILL, pv. Washington CO. N.Y. on the Savannah, pv. cap. of Andrew co. Mo. 5 E of Sandy Hill, pv. Wo'ster co. Md. 124 SE of An. Missouri river. [Clarksville. SANDY HOOK, N. J. a sandy beach extending Savannah, v. of Red River co. Texas, 10 E of from Monmouth co. 6 m. N into the Atlan- SAVERTON, pv. Ralls co. Mo. on Miss. r. tic. It encloses Sandy Hook Bay. SAVILLE, tp. Perry co. Pa. SANDY LAKE, pt. Mercer co. Pa. on Sandy cr. SAVOY, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 122 WNW B. SANDY POINT, Mass. the N extremity of Nan- SAXENBURG, pv; Butler co. Pa. 205 w of H. tucket Island. SAXONVILLE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 NW SANDYSTON, pt. Sussex CO. N. J. 87 N of Tn. of Boston. SANDYVILLE, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 123 NE SAYBROOK, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 42 ssE Htd. of Columbus. Saybrook, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 200 NE Of CS. SANFORD, pt.York co. Me. 83 sw of A. SAYLORSBURG, PV. Monroe Co. Pa. 112 NE IH. SANG-AMON r. Ill. See GAZETTEER. SCANTIC VILLAGE, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 12 SANGERFIELD, pt. Onleida co. N.Y. 15 s Utica. NE of Hartford. [of Portland. SANGERVILLE, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 NW SCARBOROUGH, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 10 sw of Augusta. SCARSDALE. tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 4 s of SAN'TA BAR'BARA, a small t. of California, on White Plains. lof Al. the Pacific. Lat. 34~ 15' N, Lon. 119Q 50' w. SCHAGHTICOKE, Pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 20 N The SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS consist of 7 or SCHLOSSER, N. Y. the site of an old fort, a S small islands off the coast of California, s little above Niagara Falls. [Mahoning cr. of Santa Barbara. SCHMICKSBURCR, V. Indiana co. Pa. on Little SANTA CRUZ. sall'tA crooce, a sea-port on the SCHODAC, tp. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 7 s of Al. s side of Cuba, 45 m. s of Puerto Principe. SCHODAc LANDING, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. SANTA CRUZ DE MAYO. See MAYO. on the Hudson. SANTA FE (Mexicana pron. san't' fa), the SCHOHARIE cr. N.Y. flows into the Mohawk. chief t. of New Mexico. It has a pop. of Schoharie, pv. cap. of Schoharie co. N.Y. 32 between 5,000 and 6,000, and is the great w of Albany. enmporium of the overland trade that has SCHOODIC (skoo'dick) LAKES, a collection of been carried on from the state of Missouri lakes in Wn. co. Me. communicating with since the year 1822. St. Croix river. SANTA ROSALIA (ro-sal-eel'), a t. of Mexico, SCHOOLCRAFT, pv. Kalamazoo co. Mich. in Chihuahua, 40 mn N of San Bartolome. ScHooLEY's(skoo'leez) Mc UNT, pv. Morrisco Pop. said to be 4,000. N. J. 56 N of Trenton, at the celebrated SANTANDER (Sp. pron. san-tan-dair'), a r. of mineral springs on Schocleyl' Mountain. Mexico, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico The pure air and romantic scenery around in 230 40' N Lat. this place, render it one of great resort SANTIAGO (de Cuba), a sea-port and archie- during the hot season. The top of the piscopal t. onl the s coast of Cuba, not far mountain is about 1100 feet above the sea. from the e end of the island. It has a fine SCHROEPPEL, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 16 SE of harlbour alld considerable trade, but its situ- Oswego. atiloll is very unhealthy. Pop. unknown. SCHROON, skroon, r. N.Y. enters the Hudson.SAPPINGTON, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 140 E of in Warren co. [wide. Jefelrsoll City. Schroon, lake, N.Y. 10 lolng, and from 1 to 2 SAPTIN INDIANS. See NEZ PERCE INDIANS. Schroon, tp. Essex co. N.Y. on Schroon Lake. MARAHSVILLE, pv. Morgan co. 0. 100 ESE of Cs. SCIIUYLER, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. 7 w of HerSaralhsville, pv. Franklin co. Ill. 180 s of Sd. kimer. [the Hudson. SARANAC r. N.Y. flows into Lake Champlaint. SCHUYLERSVILLE, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on Saranlac, lake, Hamiltoni co. N.Y. 10 m. long, SCHUYLKILL, pt. Chester co. Pa. on Schuylkill anld 2 or 3 wvide. river. Sarallac, pt. Clinton co.N.Y. 15wPlattsburg. Schuylkill, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. [NE of H. SARATOGA, lake, Saratoga Co. N.Y. 9 m. long, SCHUYLKILL HAVEN, PV. Schuylkill co. Pa. 58 and 2 wide. [Spa. SCIENCEVILLE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 48 sw Al. Saratoga, tp. Saratoga co. N.Y. 6 N Ballston ScIo, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 s of Angelica. SARATOGA SPRINGS. See GAZETTEER. Scio, pt. Washltenaw co. Mich. on Huron r. SARcoxIE, pv. Newtoni co. Mo. on Centre cr. SCIOTO r. O. See GAZETTENKR. tARDINIA, pt. Erie co. N Y. 28 SE of Buffalo. SCrPIO; pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 8 s of Auburn. SEN 660 SHE $Lcipio, tp. Seneca co. O. SENECAVILLE, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 90 E of Co Scipio, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. SENNETT, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 158 N of Al. Scipio, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 56 ssE of Is. SERGEANT, tp. M'Keaa co. Pa. SCITUATE, Pt. Plymouth co. Mass. on the At- SETAUKET, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the N side lantic. LProvidence. of Long Island. Scituate, tp. Providence co. R. I. 12 w of SEVIER r. California, runs for some distance SCONONDOAH, PV. Oneida co. N.Y. LTi. along the SE margin of the Great Basin. SCOTCH PLAINS, pv. Essex co. N. J. 42 NW of The lower portion of its course has not SCOTCH TOWN, pv. Orange Co. N.Y. 107 ssw. beet explored, but it is supposed to flow of Albany. into the Colorado. LE of Ne. SCOTIA, PY. Schenectady co. N.Y. 18 NW Al. SEvIERVILLE, PV. cap. of Sevier co. Tenn. 213 Scotia, pv. Pope co. Ark. on Arkansas r. SEVILLE, tp. Medina co. O. SCOTLAND, pv. Windhanm co. Conn. 35 E of Hd. SEWARD, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 47 w of Al. SCOTT, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. 150 w of Al. SEWICKLY, tp. WVestmoreland co. Pa. Scott, pt. Wayne co. Pa. on the Susqa. r. SHADE cr. Pa. flows into Conemau1gh r. Scott, pt. Adams co. 0. 95 s of Cs. Shade, tp. Somerset co. Pa. lof H. Scott, pt. La Grange co. Ind. 180 N of Is. SHAEFFERSTOWN, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 32 _E SCOTTSBURG, Pv. Halifax co. Va. 120 sw R. SHAFTSBURY, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 110 s of SCOTTSVILLE, PV. Moonroe co. N.Y. 230 w Al. Montpelier. [14 N of Cd. Scottsville, pv. cap. of Powhatan co. Va. 33 SHAKER VILLAGE, PV. Merrimack co. N. H. w of Richmond. SHALERSVILLE, pt. Portage co. O. on CuyaScottsville, pv. Bibb co. Ala. 30 SE of T. hoga river. [r. 2m. below Sunbury. Scottsville, pv. cap. of Allen co. Ky. 148 sw SHAMOKIN cr. Pa. flows into the Susquehanna of Frankfort. Shamokin, pt. Northumberland co. Pa. on Scottsville, pv. Lee co. Ill. 150 N of Sd. Shamokin creek, 76 N of Harrisburg. SCRIBA, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. SHAMONG, V. Burlington CO. N. J. 26 SE Phila. SCROGGSFIELD, pv. Carroll co. 0. 132 ENE CS. SHANDAKEN, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 83 ssw of Al. SCROON. See SCHRoo N. SHANESVILLE, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on SUSCRUBGRASS, tp. Venautgo co. Pa. Lof Rh. gar creek. SCUFFLETON, pv. Greene co. N. C. 102 ESE SHANNON, pv. Mason co. Ky. 68 ENE Of F. SCUFrLETODWN, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. on SIANNONSVILLE, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 84 Saluda river. [Salem. E of Harrisburg. SCULL TOWN, pv. Salem co. N. J. 12 NE of Shanlllonsville, pv. Perry co. Tenn. 109 sw Ne. SEABROOK, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 47 SE SHAPLEIGH, pt. York co. Me. 90 sw of A. of Concord. SIIARON, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. SEACONNET POINT, R. I. 6 EsE of Newport. Shlaron, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 40 s of Mtr. SEAFORD, PV. Sussex co. Del. on Natticoke r. Sharon, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 17 ssw of B. SEAL, tp. Pike co. O. [of Little Rock. Sharon, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 48 wv of Hld. SEARCY, pv. cap. of White co. Ark. 50 NNE Sharon, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 43 w of Al. SEARSBURG, pt. Benntington co. Vt. 11 E of Sharon, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 250 wNw of H. Betnnington. Sharon, tp. Potter co. Pa. SEARSMONT, pt. TWaldo co. Me. 38 E of A. Sharon, pv. Wythe co. Va. 265 w of R. SEARSVILLE, PV. Stewart co. Ga. 128 sw M. Sharon, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 165 wsw SEAVILLE, tp. Hancock co. Me. of Raleigh. SEBAGO, lake, Cumberland co. Me. 12 m. long Sharon, pv. Madison co. Miss. 30 N of J. and about 7 wvide. Sharon, tp. Richland co. O. Sebago, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Sebago L. Sharon, pt. Washtetsaw co. Mich. 56 w of D SEBAsTIcooIC r. Me. flows into the Kennebec. Sharon, pv. Whitesides co. Ill. 174 N of Sd. SEB.eC, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Sebec Lake, SHARON CENTRE, pv. Potter co. Pa. 192 NNW 96 NNE of Augusta. The lake is 10 m. long,. of Harrisburg. SECOND FORK, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 157 NW Sharon Centre, pv. Medina co. O. 1'26 NE of Cs. of Harrisburg. SHARONVILLE, pv. Hamilton co. O. 102 waSw SEDGWICK, tp. Hanlcock co. Me. 85 E of A. of Columbus. SEEKONK, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 46 ssw of B. SHARPESVWLLE, pv. MI)lltg. co. Ala. 12S s )of T. SEGUIN, v. Gonztales co. Texas, ot the Guada- SHARPSBURG, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 206 wv II. lupe r. 70 m. s of Austin. [of An. Sharpsburg, pv. Washington co. Md. on tile SELBY'S PORT, pv. Alleghany co. Md. 214 NW Potomac. SELIN's GROVE. pV. Unlionl co. Pa. ont Susqa. r. Sharpsburg, pv. Bath co. Ky. 62 E of F. SEtL.MA, pv. Dallas co. Ala. on Alabama r. Sharpsburg, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 94 N of JefSelma, pv. Jefferson co. Mo. on Mississippi r. fersot City. SEM/IN-OLE INDIANS, a once powerful tribe SHARPT()ON, pv. Salem co. N. J. on Salem er. dwellinlg in Florida. Most of them have SIIARTLESVILLE, pv. Berks co. Pa. 65:oF f H beenl removed to the w of the Miss. SHAS'TE INDIANS, a tribe dwelling ir,!. vW SEMPRONIUS, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 16 SE of extremity of Oregont. [Waikiil r Auburn. SHAWVANGUNK, shollgguln, cr. N.Y. flows inte SENECA L-xKE. See GAZETTEER. Shawvangunlk, mts. Sullivan co. N.Y. a part SENECA r. N.Y. joins an outlet of Oneida of the Alleghany chain. [gutnk cr. Lake to form the Oswego river. Shawvangunk, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. on ShawanSeneca r. S. C. flows into Tugaloo r. SHAW'NEE INDIANS1 a tribe now dwelling w Seneca, tp. Ontario co. N.Y. 15. of Canats- of the Mississippl, tlear the Kanzas river daigua. SHAWNEETOWN, pv. Gallatin co. Ill. on Ohio r Seneca, tp. Seneca co. O. SHEBOYGAN r. Wis. flows into Lake Michigan Setneca, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. LWaterloo. Sheboygan, v. cap. of Sheboygan co. WVis. a, SENECA FALLS, pV. Seneca co. N.Y. 4: of the mouth of Sheboygan river. SHI 661 SIL SHEEPSCOT r. Lincoln co. MIe. flows into SHILOI, PV. Cumberland co. N. J. Sheepscot Bay. Shiloh, pv. Camden co. N. C. 226 NE of Rh SaHEEPSCOT BRIDGE, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 25 s A. SHINNSTON, PV. Harrison co. Va. 265 Nw R. SHEFFIELD, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 45 NE Of Mtr. SHIPPEN, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Sheffield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 20 s Lenox. Shippen, pt. M'Kean co. Pa. 170 NW of H. Sheffield, pt. Warren co. Pa. 90 NW of H. Shippen, tp. Tioga co. Pa. [34 sw of H Sheffield, pv. Newton co. Ga. 70 NW of M. SHIPPENSBURG, borough, Cumnberland co. Pa Sheffield, pt. Lorain co. O. on Lake Erie. SHIPPENSVILLE, PV. Clarion Co. Pa. 188 wsw Sheffield, tp. Tippecanoe co. Ind. [coggin r. of Harrisburg. SILELBURNE, Pt. Coos co. N. H. o011 Andros- SHIPPINGPORT, v. Jefferson co. Ky. on Ohio r Shelburne, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 6 s of Bur- SHIREMhANTOWN, PV. Cumberland co. Pa. 4 -w lington. [Greenfield. of Harrisburg. Shelburne, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 5 w of SHIRLEY, Pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 84 N of A. SHELBURNE FALLS, pv. Franklin Co. Mass. on Shirley, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 40 NW of B. Deerfield r. 100 w of Boston. Shirley, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. [85 sw of H. SHELBY, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 10 s of Albion. SHIRLEYSBURG, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa. Shelby, pv. cap. of Cleveland co. N. C. on SHIRLEY VILLAGE, PV. Middlesex co. Mass. French Broad river. on Nashua river. Shelby, pv. Richland co. O. 70 N of Cs. SHOAL cr. Ill. flows into Kaskaskia r. [plain. Shelby, tp. Macomb co. Mich. SHOREHAM, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. ChamShelby, tp. Jeffeison co. Ind. SHORT CR. Pt. Harrison CO. O. 120 E of Cs. Shelby, a co. in the 1 part of Texas, on the SHO-SHO'NEE, or SNAKE INDIANS, a large tribe Sabine r mostly covered with wood. Soil, dwelling in the SE part of Oregon, and the in many parts, very fertile. Capital, Shel- N part of California. [Red r byville. [canal. SHREVEPORT, pv. cap. of Caddo par. La. on SHELBY BASIN, PV. Orleans co. N.Y. on Erie SHREWSBURY r. N. J. is a continuation of SanSHELBYVILLE, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Tennl. dy Hook Bay. 60 s of Nashville. [of F. Shrewsbury, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 72 ssE of Mtr. Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Ky. 23 w Shrewsbury, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 37 w B. Shelbyville, pv. cap. ofShelby co. Ind. onBlue Shrewsbury, pt. Monmouth co. N. J. on river,'26 SE of Indianapolis. [Kaskaskia r. Shrewsbury river. Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Ill. onil Shrewsbury, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Mo. 100 N Shrewsbury, pt. York co. Pa. 38 s of H. of Jefferson City. USUHAN, PV. Washingtoin co. N.Y.47 NcE Al. Shelbyville, a v. of Texas, on Tanaha cr. 10 SHUTESBURY, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 80 w B. m. sw of the Sabine r. Pop. between 200 SIDDONSBUIR, pv. York co. Pa. 11 s of H. and 300. SIDNEYv pt. Kernnebec co. Me. 9 N of A. SHELDON, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 62 N of Mtr. Sidney, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 93 sw of Al. Sheldon, pt. Wyominr co. N.Y. on Seneca cr. Sidney, pv. cap. of Shelby co. O. 80 w of Cs. SHELTER ISLAND, tp. guffolk co. N.Y.20 E of Sidney, pv. Marshall co. Ind. 105 N of Is. River Head. Sidney, pv. Champaign co. Ill. 104 E of Sd SHELOCTA, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 164 w of H. Sidney, the cap. of the island of Cape Breton, SHENANDO.AH r. Va. See GAZETTEER. situated on the sE coast, oil a small bay SHENNANGO cr. Pa. flows into Beaver r. called Sidney Harbour. Pop. 500. Shenango, pt. Lawrence co. Pa. Lnango creek. SIDNEY PLAINS, PV. Delaware co. N.Y. o Shenango, v. Crawford co. Pa. on She- Susquehanna river. Slienanlgo, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 11 sw of Mer- SIERRA DE LOS MIMBRES, se-er'r, del loce cer. Li of H. mim'bres, i. e. the "osier mountains,"* a SHEPHERDSTOWN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 mountain chain in. the N part of Mexico. It Shepherdstown, pv. Jefferson co. Va. on the appears to be a continuationi of the AriaPotomac. huac Mountains. Shepherdstown, pv. Belmont co. O. SIERRA MADRE, se-er'rl' mad'ray, a mounSHEPHERDSVILLE, PV. cap. ofBullitt co. Ky. on t!ai chain in the N part of Mexico, extendSalt river. ing from about 210 to 320 N Lat., traversing SHERBURNE, Pt. Rutland co. Vt. 68 s of Mtr. the states of Duraiigo and Chihuahua. Sherburnle, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. onl Charles Height unknown. river, 19 sw of Boston. [nango r. SIERRA NEVADA, se-er'r-L na-vah'dA, i. e. the Sherlburne, pv. Chenango co.- N.Y. on Che- snow-clad ridge," a mountain chain runSlEtIcBUrNE MILLS, PV. Fleming co. Ky. Ky. ning nearly N and s through Upper Califorlickinlg river. nia, at the distance of from 100 to 200 in. SHlERIDAN, pit.Chautauque co. N Y. on L. Erie. from the Pacific. It is supposed to be even Sheridan, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. higher than the Rocky Mounitains. The SHERMAN, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 57 sw of Hd. pass by which Captain Fremont crossed Shermlan, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. onl French the Sierra was about 9,300 ft. in height creek. and the peaks arouind him rose several Sherman. pt. Huron co. 0. 15 sw of Norwalk. thousand feet higher. Sherman, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. on Prairie SILOAM, PV. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al. SHERWOOD, pt. Branch co. Mich. [creek. Siloam, pv. Surry co. N C. 140 wNw of Rh. SHESHEQUIN, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 144 N of H. SILVAN, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. SHETUCKET r. Conn. the principal branch of SILVER CREEK, tp. Greene co. O. [3-4 m. wide, Thlames river. LShiawassee r. SILVyR LAKE, Vyominig co. N.Y. 3 m. long, SIIA riSSEE, pt. Shiawassee co. Mich. on SHInLAwIASSEE, _Pt. Shiawasee eo. Mich. 00. I Sierra literally signifies a "saw" The term is also SHIELDSBOROUGeH, pv. cap. of Hancock co. sapplied to a " lmountain ridge,', which from its notched Miss. oil Lake Borglle. appam-ance may be supposed to resemible a sawv. 56 SMI. 662 SOU Silver Lake, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. on Sil- Smithville, pv. cap. of Brunswick co. N. C ver Lake. [of Carlisle. on Cape Fear river. SILVER SPRING, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 7 NE Smithville, pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Tenn. 61 SILVERTON, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. on Sa- E of Nashville. LStrawberry r. vartnah r. [of New Orleanls. Smithville, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ark. on SIMMs PORT, pv. Avoyelles par. La. 237 Nw Smithville, pv. Wayne co. 0. 100 NE Of Cs. SIMONSVILLE, pv. Windsor co. Vt. SMITHVILLE FLATS, PV. Chenango co. N.Y. SIMPSONVILLE, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 31 w of F. 125 w of Al. [SSE of Albany. SIMSBURY, pt. Hartford co. Coln. 13 N of Hd. SMOKY HOLLOW, PV. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 SINALOA. See CINALOA. SMYRNA, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 103 w of Al. SINCLAIRSVILLE, V. Chiautauque co. N.Y. Smyrna, pv. Kent co. Del. 12 N of Dover. SING SING, pv. WTestchester co. N.Y. on the Smyrna, pv. H-arrison co. 0. 100 ENE of Cs. Hudson, 35 N of New York. One of the SNEEDSBORO', pv. Anson CO. N. C. oin adstate prisolns is located here. [of Cs. kin river. SINKING SPRING, pV. Highland co. 0. 84 sw SNICKERSVILLE, pv. Loudon co. Va. 168 N R. SINNEMAHONING Cr. Pa. enters W. Br. of Sus- SNIDERSVILLE, pv. Monongalia co. Va. 287 Sioux. See GAZETTEER. [quehanna r. NW of Richmond. [of Dandridge. SIPPICAN, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 60 s of B. SNODDYVILLE, PV. Jefferson co. Tenn. 12 NE SISAL, se-sal', a sea-port of Yucatan, near 210 SNow HILL, Md. See GAZETTEER. N Lat., and 900 w Lon. Hides are exported Snow Hill, pv. cap. of Greene co. N. C. 90 from this place to the United States. ESE Of Raleigh. SISSONVILLE, pv. Kanawha co. Va. on Poca- Snow Hill, pv. Walker co. Ga. 241 NW of M. talico river. Snow Hill, pv. Clinton co. O. 74 ssw of Cs. SISTERSVILLE, pv. Tyler co.Va. on Ohio r. SNOW SHOE, pt. Centre co. Pa. 100 NW of H. SKENEATELES, sken'e-at'less, lake, N.Y. lies SNOWSVILLE, pv. Choctaw co. Miss. 110 NNE between Cayuga and Onondaga cos.; 15 m. of Jackson. long, and 1-2 to 3-4 m. wide. SNYDER, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Skeneateles, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 147w Al. SNYDERSVILLE, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 116 NE H. SKIPPACK, pt. Montg.mery co. Pa. 86 e of H. SOCIETY LAND, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. SKOWHEGAN, pt. Somerset co. Me. onl KenlIe- SOCIETY HILL, pv. Darlington dist. S. C. on bec r. Llow Burlington. Great Pedee river. SKUNK r. Iowa, flows into the Mississippi be- Society Hill, pv'. Macon co. Ala. 167 SE of T. SLAB TOWN, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. SODUS, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 12 N of Lyons. SLATERSVILLE, pv. Providence co. R. I. 19 SoDus BAY, Wayne co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. NW of Providence. [Mile cr. SoDUs POINT, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. on Great Slatersville, pv. Tompkins eo. N.Y. on Six Sodus Bay, 200 WNW of Albany. SLIPPERY ROCK, pt. Butler co. Pa. 15 NW of SOLESBURY, tp. Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware r. Slippery Rock, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [Butler. SOL ON, pt. Somerset co. Me. on the Kennebec Slippery Rock, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [Al. river. SLOANSVTLLE, pv. SChoharie co. N.Y. 33 w of Soloni, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. 12 E of Cortland. SNITH, tp. Washilgtonll co. Pa. Solon, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Chagrin r. Smith, tp. Belmotnt co. O. [Natchez. SOIMERFORD, tp. Madison co. O. SMITHDALE, pv. Amite co. Miss. 30 SE of SOMERS, Pt. Tolland co. Conn. 23 NE of Hd SMITHFIELD, pt. Somerset co. Me. Somers, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 20 N O, Smithfield, pt. Providence co. R. I. 16 N of ~White Plains. Providence. Somers, tp. Preble co. O. Lnington. Smithfield, tp. Madison co. N.Y. 106 w of Al. SOMERSET, t P. Windham co. Vt. 15 NE of BenSmithfield, tp. Bradford co. Pa. Somerset, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 44 s of B. Smithfield, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 188 wsw H. Somerset, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 14 NE of LockSmithfield, pv. cap. of Isle of W~ight co.Va. port. [40 w of H. 65 SE of Richmnond. LSE of Rh. Somerset, borough, cap. of Somerset co. Pa. Smithfield, pv. cap. of Johnson co. N. C. 27 Somerset, tp. Washington co. Pa. [of F. Smithfield, pt. Jefferson co. O. 1'26 E of Cs. Somerset, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Ky. 84 ssE Snitl-hfield, pv. Alexander co. Ill. 227 s of Sd. Sotnerset, tp. Belmont co. O. SMITHLA.ND, pv. cap. of Livingston CO. Ky. on Somerset, pv. cap. of Perry co. 0. 47 ESE CS. Ohio river. [City. Somrnerset. pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. [Ti. Smithlalld, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 70 N of Jef. SOMER'S POINT, pv. Atlanltic co. N. J. 90 s oft Smnifhland, v. Bovwie co. Texas, oil Ferry SOMEHSWORTH, tp. Strafford co. N. H. 45 E of Lake, a western branch or arm of L. Caddo. Concord. SMITHSBURO', pv. Tiogra co. N.Y. 011 the Sus- SOMERTON, pv. Nansemond co. Va. 95 SE R. quehanllla, 170 wsw of Albany. [of Al. SOMERTON, pv. Belmont co. 0. 107 E of Cs. SMITHSBURG, pv. WVashingtoon co. Md. 106 NW SOMERVILLE, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 176 SMITH'S ISLAND, N. C. at the mouthi of Cape NNW of Albany. [31 N of Tn. Fear river. [196 NW of H. Somerville, pv. cap. of Somerset co. N. J. SMITI'S PORT, PV. cap. of M'Kean co. Pa. Somerville, pv. Fauquier Co. Va. 83 N of R. SMIrTISVILLE, PV. Abbeville dist. S. C. 94 w Somerville. pv. cap. of Mlorgan co. Ala. 133 of Columbia. NNE of Tuscaloosa. L[wsw of Ne. SMITHTON, PV. St. Clair co. Ill. 108 s of Sd. Somerville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Tenn. 185 SMITHTOWN, Pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. 48 E of N.Y. Somerville, pv. Butler co. 0. 100 wsw of Cs. SMITHVILLE, tp. Cliheango co. N.Y. 15 w of SO-NO'RA, a provinlce in the NW part of MexNorwich. iceo, w of Chihuahua. It forms with CiliaSmitllville, pv. Jeffersou co. N.Y. loa the state of Occidente. [Merrimack r. Smithville, pv. Lancaster ^o. Pa. 46 ESE of H. SOUHEGAN r. Hillsborough co. N. H. flows ilto Smithville, pv. Powhatan co. Va. 40 w of R. SOUTHt ALBION, pv. Kennebec Co. Me. 25 NE A SOU 663 SPA SOUTH ALTON, pv. Belknap co. N. I-. 28 NE SOUTH JEFFERSON, pv. Lincol1 CO. Me. 22 EsC of Concord. of Aurusta. Lof Hd. SOt-TH AMBOY, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. on the SOUTH KENT, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 55 W Raritan river. LPowow r. SOUTH KILLINGL~, pv Windham co. Conn. SOUTlsr.kMPTON, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on 51 E of Hartford. LR. I. 30 s Providence. Southampton, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 102 SOUTH KINGSTON, pv. cajI of 3WVashilrton Co. w of Boston. [part of Long I. SOUTH LEE, pv. Berkshire co. MaSs. 130 w B. Suthlampton, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the E SOUTH LINCOLN, PV. Penobscot co. Me. 110 SouthaInpton, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [town. NE of Augusta. [s of Hartford. Southampton, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 12 SE Doyles- SOUTH LYME, pv. New London co. Conn. 50 Southampton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 sw SOUTH MIDDLETOWN, pv. Orange co. N.Y. of Carlisle. [Chambersburg. 112 ssw of Albany. Southampton, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 13 NE of South Middletown, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Southampton, tp. Somerset co. Pa. SOUTH NATICI, PV. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 SOUTH ANNA r. Va. unites with North Anna r. wsw of Boston. L106 wsw of Al. to forin the Pamunky. SOUTH NEW BERLIN, PV. Chenango0 Co. N.Y. South Anna, pv. Louisa co. Va. 67 NW of R. SOUTH' NEWPORT, pv. M'lntosh co. Ga. 108 SOUTH ANsoN, pv. Somerset co. Me. 44 NE A. SE of Milledlgeville. SOUTH ATTLEBOROUGH, pv. Bristol co. Mass. SOUTH NORWALK, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 43 ssw of Boston. [on Susquchania r. SOUTHOLD, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. SOUTH BAINBRIDGE, Pv. Chenango co. N.Y. Sound. [of Hartford. SOUTH BARRE, pv. Washington co. Vt. 8 ssE SOUTH PORT, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 60 sw of Montpelier. [on St. Joseph's r. South Port, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. on CheSOUTH BEND, pv. cap. of St. Joseph co. Ind. mung river. [Michigan. SOUTH BERWICK, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon South Port, pv. Racine co. WVisconsin, onl L. Falls river. [of Cs. SOUTH READING, pt. Middlesex co. Mass.ll N B SOUTH BLOOMFIELD, pv. Pickaway co. 0. 17 s SOUTH SALEM, PV. lWestchester co. N.Y. 118 SOUTHBOROUGH, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 26 w B. s of Albany. [64 s of B. SOUTHBRIDGE, Pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 60 sw B. SOUTH SANDWICH, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. SOUTH BRISTOL, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 12 s of SOUTH SCITUATE, pv. Plymouth CO. Mass. 24 Canandaigua. [s of Hd. SE of Boston. SOUTH BRITAIN, pv. New Haven. co. Conn. 57 SOUTH SEEKONK, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 48 s B. SOUTH BRUNSWICK, tp. Middlesex co. N.J. 12 SOUTH SHENANGO, pt. Crawford co. Pa. sw of New Brunswick. SOUTH SHREWSBURY, pv.Worcester co. Mass. SOUTHBURY, pt. New Haven co. Coln. 20 NW 37 w of Boston. of New Haven. [rNw of Hd. SOUTH SODUS, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 188 w Al. SOUTH CANAAN, pv.. Litchfield co. Conn. 43 SOUTH STRABANE, tp. Washington co. Pa. SOUTH CHARLEST'ON, PV. Clarke co. 0. 55 wsw SOUTH TYRINGHAM, PV. Berkshire co. Mass. of Columbus. SOUTH UNION, PV. Logal co. Ky. 158 sw F. SOUTH CREEK, Pt. Bradford co. Pa. 160 N of H. SOUTHVILLE, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 31 WNW F. SOUTH DEERFIELD, pv. Rockingham Co. N.H. SOUTH WVARREaN, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 66 18 ESE of Concord. [of B. w of Boston. South Deerfield, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 90 w SOUTHWEST, tp. W!,arren co. Pa. Lw of Al SOUTHEAST, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. 107 s of Al. SOUTH WESTERLOO, PV. Albany co. N.Y. 27 SOUTH EASTON, borough, Northampton co. SOUTHWEST HARBOUR, pv. Hancock CO. Me. Pa. on Lehigh river. 11 4 SE of Augusta. [of Boston. SOUTH EGREMOT, BerkWSTPORT, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 72 s SOUTH FARMS, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 40 w SOUTH WHITEHALL, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 87 ENE of Hartford. [Island. of Harrisburg. [of Springfield. SOUTHFIELD, tp. Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten SOUTHWICK, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 10 wsw Southfield, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 17 N ofD. SOUTH WVILLIAMSTOWN, pV. Berkshire co. SOUTHFORD, pv. New Haen co. Conn. Mass. 135 w of Boston. [37 NE of Cd. SOUTH FLORENCE, V. Franklin co. Ala. on SOUTH WOLFBOROUGH, PV. Carroll co. N. H. Tennessee river. [9 s of Hd. SOUTH lWOODSTOCK, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 55 s SOUTH GLASTONBURY, pv. Hartford co. Conn. of Montpelier. SOUTH HADLEY, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 88 SOUTH WOODBURY, tp. Bedford co. Pa. w of Boston. LMass. on Conlecticut r. SOUTH WORCESTER, PV. Otsego co. N. Y. 62 SOUTH HADLEY CANAL, pv. Hampshire co. w of Albany. L82 SE of B. SOUTH HANOVER, pv. Jef. co. Ind. 93 SE of Is. SOUTH YARMOUTH, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. SOUTH HARTFORD, pv. WVashington co. N.Y. SOUTH ZNESVILLE, V. Muskillngm CO. O. 55 NNE of Albany. [sw of Boston. SOWARDTOWN, pV. Kent co. Del. 27 s Dover. S(;UTH HARWICH, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 90 SOXVILLE, PV. Monroe co. Pa. 130 NE of H. SOUTH HAVEN, tp.Van Buren co. Mich. SPAFFORD, pt. Onondaga co. N. Y. 18 w of SOUTH HAWLEY, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 114 Syracuse. [seraga cr. w of Boston. [Montpelier. SPARTA, Pt. Livingston CO. N.Y. 011 CanaSOTH HERO, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 58 Nw of Sparta, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 78 N of Tn. SOUTH HILL, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 N of H. Sparta, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. SOUTIH HINGHAM, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 18 Sparta, pv. Edgecombe co. N. C. 8-4 1 of Rh. SE of Boston. [Pa. Sparta, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ga. 23 NE M'I. SOUiH HUNTINGDON, tp. Westmoreland co. Sparta, pv. cap. of Conecuh co. Ala. on MurSOUTHINGTON, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 18 sw der creek. [Nashville of Hartford. Sparta, pv. cap. of White co. Tenn. 83 N of Southinglont, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 1370 N.E of Cs. Sparta, pv. Morrow co. 0. 46 NrE of Cs. S6OUTH JACKSON, pv. Jackson co. Mich. 76 w D. Sparta, pv. of Buchanan co.Mo. SPR 664 STA SPARTANBUIRG C. H. pv. cap. of Spartanburg Springfield, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 70 ESE of Is dist. S. C. 98 Nw of Ca. Springfield, pv. cap. of Greene co. Mo. 158 3w Spartanburg, pv. Randolph co. Ind. Springfield, pv. Jackson co. Iowa. [Jef. City SPARTAPOLIS, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 142 SPRING GARDEN, tp. York co. Pa. NW of Richmond. [Owego cr. Spring Garden, asuburb of Phila. N of the city. SPEEDSVILLE, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on WV. Spring Garden, pv. Pittsylvania co. Va. 154 SPEEDWELL, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. on Sa- SPRING HILL, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [wsw R. vanllah river. Spring Hill, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 70 s of T. Speedwell, pv. Claiborne co. Tenn. 212 E Ne. SPRING PLACE, PV. cap. of Murray co. Ga. SPEIGHT'S BRIDGE, pv. Greene co. N.C. 80 184 NW of Milledgeville. LNashville. ESE of Ralei'h. Spring Place, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 66 s of SPENCER, pt. Wrorcester co. Mass. 53 w of B. SPRINGPORT, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 9 sw of Spencer, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 15 w of Owego. Auburn. Spencer, pv. Davidson co. N. C. 190 w of Rh. Springport, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 100 w of D Spencer, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Tenn. 90 SPRING PRAIRIE, tp.Walworth co.WVisconsin. Spencer, tp. Guernsey Co. O. [sE of Ne. SPRINGTOWN, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 106 E of H. Spencer, pt. Medina CO. O. 110 NE Of Cs. SPRINGVALE, pv. York co. Me. 86 sw of A. Spencer, pv. cap. of Owen co. Iltd. 58 sw Is. SPRINGVILLE, pv. Erie co. N.Y. on Spring cr. SPENCERPORT, pv. Monroe CO. N.Y. 234 wAl. Springville, pt. Susquehanna Co. Pa. SPFNCERSBURG, PV. Pike co. Mo. 88 NE of Springville, pv. St. Clair co. Ala. 83 ENE of T. Jefferson City. Lof Al. Springville, pv. Greenup co. Ky. on Ohlio r. SPENCERTOWN, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 30 sSE Springville, pv. Seneca co. 0. 90 N of Cs. SPENCERVILLE, pv. De Kalb co. Ind. 150 NNE Springville, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 68 sw D of Indianapolis. [NNW of R. Springville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 80 ssw Is. SPERRYVILLE, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 123 SPRINGWATER, Pt. Livingston co. N.Y. 226 w SPINNERSTOWN, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 90 E of H. of Albany. SPOON r. Ill. flows into Illinois r. SPRING WELLS, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. SPOTTEDVILLE, pv. Stafford co. Va. 76 N of R. SPRUCE HEAD, tp. Hancock co. Me. SPOTTSWOOD, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 36 NE SQUAM, lake, N. H. 6 m. long, 3 broad; the ontof Trenton. Lco. Va. 70 N of R. let, called Squam r. enters the Merrimack. SPOTTSYLVANIA C. H. cap. of Spottsylvanlia Squam, v. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ann. SPRAKRER'S BASIN, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. SQUANKUM, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 43 SE Tn. 47 WNW of Albany. ST. ALBAN'S. See ALBAN'S, ST. SPREAD EAGLE, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 83 ESE ST. AUGUSTINE. See AUGUSTINE, ST., and so SPRIGG, tp. Adams co. O. [of H. for all other names with the prefix of ST. SPRING, tp. Centre co. Pa. STAFFORD, tp. Tolland co. Conn. 24 NE of Hd Spring, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 257 NwH. [of D. Stafford, pt. Genesee Co. N.Y. 243 w Al. Lhold. SPRING ARBOUR, pt. Jackson1 co. Mich. 80 w Stafford, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. 38 s of FreeSPRINGBOROUGH, pv. Warren co. 0. 74 sw Cs. Stafford C. H. pv. cap. of Stafford co. Va. on SPRING CREEK, Pt. Warren co. Pa. Rappahannock river. [NE of Hd. SPRINGI.RSVILLE, PV. Fayette co. Ind. 64 E Is. STAFFORD SPRINGS, pv. Tolland co. Conn. 28 SPRINGFIELD, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 60 NE of STAGGVILLE, PV. Orange co. N. C. 31 NW Rh. Bangor. STAMFORD, Pt. Bennington co. Vt. 9 SE of Springfield, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 NW Cd. Beninglton. Springfield, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on Conn. r. Stamford, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 77 sw of Hd. Springfield, pv. cap. of Hampden co. Mass. Stamford, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 60 wsw Al. on Connecticut river. [perstown. STANARDSVILLE, pv. cap. of Greene co. Va. 95 Springfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 8 N of Coo- NW of Richmond. Springfield, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 5 NE of STANDISH, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 62 ssw A. Mount Holly. STANFORD, tp. Dutchess co. N.Y. 16 NE of Springfield, pt. Essex co. N. J. 52 NE of Tn. Poughkeepsie. [of F. Springfield, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Stanford, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ky. 52 SSE Springfield, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 40 N of Phila. Stanford, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 60 ssw of Is. Springfield, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 12 wsw Phila. STANFORDVILLE, pv. Dutchess c6. N.Y. 67 s Springfield, tp. Erie co. Pa. [Hnlltingdon. of Albany. Springfield, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. 21 s of Slanfordville, pv. Putnam co. Ga. 21 Nxw M. Springfield, tp. Mercer co. Pa. STANHOPE, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 60 N of Tn. Springfield, tp. Montg. con. Pa. 10 N of Phila. Stanihope, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 128 NE of H. Springfield, tp. York co. Pa. L[of Richmond. Stanhope, pv. Nash co. N. C. 32 E of Rh. Springfield, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 197 NNW STANTONSBURG, pv. Edgecombe co. N. C. 711 Springfield, pv. cap. of Effingham co. Ga. 28 E of Raleigh. NW of Savannah. STANTONVILLE, PV. Anderson dist. S. C. [I. Springfield, pv. Greene co. Ala. 33 ssw of T. STAPLETON, V. Richmond co N.Y. on Staten Springfield, pv. MadisonI co. AMiss. 41 NNE of STARK, Pt. Coos co. N. H. 10 NE of Lancaster. Jackson. [NW of New Orleatns. STARKEY, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 1.0 NE of Penti. Springfield, pv. cap. of Livingston par. La. 65 Yan. Springfield, pv. cap. of Robertson co. Tenn. STARKS, pt. Somerset co. Me. onl Kennebec r 26 N of Nashville. [68 ssw of F. Starks, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. 12 SE Herkimer Springfield, pv. cap. of WTVashington eo. Ky. STARKSBOROUGH, pt. Addison co. Vt. 42 w of Springfield, pv. cap. of Clarke co. 0. 43 w Cs. Montpelier. LAliany. Springfield, tp. Hamilton co. O. [Pop. 6,000. STARKSVILLE, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 62 rNw of Springfield, tp. Richland co. O. Starksville, v. Rensselaer co. N. Y. Springfield, tp. Summit co. O. STARKVILLE, pv. cap. of Lee co. Ga. 130 sw AT Springfield, pt. Oakland eo. Mich. 37 xw D. Starkville, pv. Oktibbeha co. Miss. 140 NE J STO 665 SUF STARR, pt. Hocking co. 0. 60 SE of Cs. STODDARTSVILLE, pv. Monroe Co. Pa. 138 Ni STARRSVILLE, pv. Newton co. Ga. 55 NNW M. of Harrisburg. STARUCCA, pv. Wayne Co. Pa. 190 NE of H. STONE ARABIA, PV. Montgomery co. N.Y. 57 STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. between New York STONEHAM, tp. Oxford co. Me. [wNW of Al. Bay and Raritan Bay, 14 m. long, 4 to 8 wide. Stonehamn, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 N B. SrATetSBOROUGH, pv. cap. of Bullock co. Ga. STON ELICK, tp. Clermont co. O. 133 SE of MIilledgeville. STONE RIDGE, PV. Ulster co. N.Y. 97 ssw Al. STATESBURG, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 53 E of Ca. STONERSTOWN, PV. Bedford co. Pa. 100 w H. STArEsvILLE, pv. cap. of Iredell co. N. C. 145 STONESVILLE, PV. Greenville dist. S. C. 97 w of Raleigh. NW of Columbia. Statesville, pv. Wilson Co. Tenn. 40 E of Ne. STONINGTON, Colln. See GAZETTEER. STAUNTON, pV. New Castle co. Del. 50 N of STONY BROOK, PV. Suffolk co. N Y. on the N Dover. [Lewis Cr. side of Long Island. LSomerset. Staunton, pv. cap. of Augusta co. Va. on STONY CR. pt. Somerset co. Pa. 12 NE of Staunton, pv. Granville Co. N. C. STONY POINT, Orange co.N.Y. on the Hudson Staunton, tp. Miami co. O. STOREVILLE, pv. Andersotn dist. S. C. Stlunton, J-. Macoapit co. Ill. 70 ssw of Sd. STOUGHTSTOWN, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 30 STEARNS-ViELE, pv. Berkshire CO. Mass. 134 wtsw of Harrisburg. STEELSV.LLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. [w of B. STOUGHTON, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 s of B. Steeleville, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Mo. on STOW, pt. Oxford co. Me. 74 w of Augusta. Maramnec r. 75 ssE of Jefferson City. Stow, pt. Lamoille co.Vt. 22 NNW of Mtr. STEPHENSPORT, pv. Breckenridge CO. Ky. Stow, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 w of B. STEPHENS, ST., pv. Wn. co. Ala. on the Tom- Stow, pt. Summit co. Ohio, on Cuyahoga r. bigbee, 150 w of Tuscaloosa. STOW CR. tp. Cumberland co. N. J. STEPHENTOWN, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 28 STOWSVILLE, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 180 w of ESE of Albany. L[Bridgeport. Raleigh. Lw of H. STEPNEY, PV. Fairfield eo. Conn. 11 N of STOYSTOWN, borough, Somerset co. Pa. 130 STrERLING, tp. Lamoille co. Vt. 24 NW of Mtr. STRABANE, tp. Adams co. Pa. 6 NE of GettysSterlintg, pt. WVorcester co. Mass. 40 w of B. burg. [creek. Sterling, pt. WiVindham co. Contn. 50 E of Hd. Strabane, tp.Washington co. Pa. on Chartier's Sterling, pt. Cayuga Co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Strabane, pv. Lenoir co. N. C. 78 SE of Rh. Sterlig, pt e. aye co. Pa. on Lehigh r. STRAFFORD, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 25 ENE Cd. Sterling, tp. Macomb co. Mich.. Strafford, pt. Orange co. Vt. 34 ssE of Mtr. STERILINGSVILLE. PV. Jefferson co. N.Y. STRASBUKG, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 46 ESE H. STETSON, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 70 NE of A. Strasburg, pv. Shenandoah co. Va. STEUBEN, Pt. Washington co. Me. on Narra- Strasburg, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 115 ENE CS guagus Bay. STRATFORD, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Conn. r. Steuben, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 100 WNW of Al. Stratford, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 50 sw of Hd. Stetben, pv. HuroI co. O. 87 N of Cs. Stratford, tp. Fulton co. N.Y. 60 NW of Al. STESUBEN VILLE, O. See GAZETTEER. STRATHAM, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 40 SE Cd. Steulb)etvillle, pv. Steuben co. Ind. 170 NNW STRATTON, pt. Windham co. Vt. 110 s of Mtr. of Indianapolis. lof R. STRATTONSVILLE, PV. Clarion co. Pa. 180 wNiW STEVENSBURG, pv. Culpepper Co. Va. 90 NNW of Harrisburg. Stevensburg, pv. Hardin co. Ky. 90 sw of F. STRAWNTOWN, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 108 E of H. STEVENSVILLE, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 160 N H. STRAWTOWN, pv. Hamilton co. Ind. on White Stevensville, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 48 river. [of Cs. NE of Richimotnd. [20 sE of Ne. STREETSBOROUGH, pt. Portage co. 0. 140 NE STEWARTSBOROUGH, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. STRICKERSVILLE, pv. Chester co. Pa. 78 E E. STEWARTSTOWN, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Con- STRONG, pt. Franklin co. Me. 43 NW of A. necticut river. Lof Rh. STRONGSTOWN, PV. Indiana CO. Pa. 140 wNW Stewartstowut, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 137 sw of Harrisburg. [of Cs. STEWARTSVILLE, pv. Warren co. N. J. 56 NNW STRONGSVtLLE, pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 130 NNE of Trenton. [sw of Rh. STRONGVILLE, pv. Breathitt co. Ky. 133 SE F. Stewartsville, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 107 STROUD, tp. Monroe co. Pa. LPa. 124 NE H. STILESVILLE, PV. Hendricks co. Ind. 28 w Is. STROUDSBURG, borough, cap. of Monroe co. STILL VALLEY, pv. Warren co. N. J. 48 NNW STRYKERSVILLE, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. on of Trenton. Buffalo creek. [of B. ST ILLWATER, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 20 N of Al. STURBRIDGE, pt. WVorcester co. Mass. 60 wsw Stillwater, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 77 N of Tn. STURGEONSVILLE, PV. Brun1swiik CO. Va. 83 STOCKBRIDGE, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 42 s of Mtr. ssw of Richmnt(id. Stockbridge, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. [cr. STUYVESANT, stlve-sant, formerly KINDERStockbridge, pt. Madisomn co. N.Y. on Oneida HOOK LANDING, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 17 Stockbridge, pt. Ingham co. Mich. s of Albany. [s of Al. Stockbridge, pv. Calumet co. Wis. on Win- STUYVESANT FALLS, PV. Columbia co. N.Y. 27 nebago Lake. [St. Regis r. SUCKASUNNY, pv. Morris co. N. J. 60 N of Tr. STOCKHOLM, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on SUDBURY, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 75 ssw of Mtr. Stockholm, pv. Passaic co. N. J. 95 NNE of Tn. Sudbury, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 w of B.: STOCKPORT, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 24 s of Al. SUDLERSVILLE, PV. Queen Anne co. Md. 45 H StoClcport, pv. WXayne co. Pa. on Delaware r. of Baltimore. STOCKTON, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 7 E of SUFFIELD, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 N of Hd Mayville Suffield, pt. Portage co. O. 134 NE of Cs. STOCK TOWNSHIP, Pt. Harrisont CO. O. SUFFOLK C. H. N.Y. See RIVER HEAD. STOCKVILLE, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. Suffolk, pv. cap. of Nansemontd co. Va. ont STODDARD, pt. Cheshire co. N H. 44 sw of Cd. Nansemond river, 85 sE of R chmond. 56'- SUS 666 TAN SUGAR cr. Pa. flows into French cr. in Ve- SUTTON, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 26 wNW Cd nango co. [Sangamon r. Sutton, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 53 NNE of Mtr. Sugar cr. Sangamon co. Ill. is a s branch of Sutton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 w of B. Sugar cr. Ill. enters Illinois r. in Schuyler co. SUWANEE r. Flor. See GAZETTEER. [of M. Sugar Cr. tp. Armstrong co. Pa. SWAINSBORO', pv. cap. Emanuel co. Ga. 93 sN Sugar Cr. tp. Venango co. Pa. 8 NW Franklin. SWAN, pt. Noble co. Ind. 156 NNE of Is. Sugar Cr. tp. Greene co. O. Swan, pt. Taney co. Mo. Sugar Cr. tp. Stark co. O. SWANGSTOWN, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. 197 Sugar Cr. tp. Tuscarawas co. O. w of Raleigh. [of Rh. Sugar Cr. tp. Wayne co. O. [water cr. SWANSBOROUGH, pv. Onslow co. N. C. 160 si SUGAR GROVE, pv. Warren CO. Pa. on Still- SWAN's ISLAND,, p. Hancock co. Me. SUGAR LOAF, pV. Orange co. N.Y. 105 SSW SWANTON, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Lake Chamof Albany. [creek. plain. Sugar Loaf, pt. Columbuia co. Pa. on Fishing Swanton, pv. Lucas co. 0. 140 NW of Cs. Sugar Loaf, tp. Luzerue co. Pa. SWANVILIE, pt. Valdo co. Me. 50 E of A. SUGARTOWN, pv. Chester co. Pa. 80 sEs. of H. SWANZEY, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 48 s of B. SUGGSVILLE, pv. Clarke co. Ala. 150 s of T. Swanizey, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. 53 sw of Cd. SUrLLIVAN, pt. Hancock co. Me. 100 E of A. SWART'WOUT (-wowt), one of the seats of Sullivan, tp. Cheshire co. N. H. 52 wsw Cd. justice of Liberty co. Texas, on the E or Sullivan, pt. Madison co. N.Y. on Canasera- left bank of Trinity r., 180 m. E of Austin. ga creek. Pop. 100. Sullivan, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 146 N of H. SWATARA r. Pa. enters the Susqa. 8 s of H. Sullivan, pt. Ashland co. 0.90 NNE of Cs. Swatara, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 9 N Lancaster. SUMMERFIELD, pv. Guilford co. N. C. 99 WNW SWEDEN, pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 wsw of A. of Raleigh. Sweden, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 237 w of Al. Summerfield, pv. Stewart co. Ga. 145 sw of M. Sweden, borough, Potter co. Pa. 170 NI w H. Summerfield, pt. Monroe co. Mich. on Raisin SwEDESBOROUGH, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 47 river. [Auburn. ssw of Trenton. SUMMER HILL, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 24 SE of SWEET SPRINGS, pv. and noted wateringSummer Hill, pv. Cambria col. Pa. 150 w of H. place, Monroe co. Va. 209 w of Richmond. Summer Hill, tp. Crawford co. Pa. SSYCAMORE, pt. Crawford co. O. 75 N of Cs. SUMMERSVILLE, pv. cap. of Nicholas co. Va. Sycamore, tp. Hamilton co. O. on Mill cr. 268 sw of Richmond. SYDNORSVILLE, pv. Franklin co. Va. 183 w R. Summersville, pv. Greene co. Ky. 95 ssw of F. SYKESVILLE, pv. Carroll co.-Md. 60 NNW An. SUMMERVILLE, pv. Charleston dist. S. C. SYRACUSE, N.Y. See GAZETTEER. Sumrnerville, pv. cap. of Chattooga co. Ga. 180 NW of Milledgeville. TAB-As'CO, or VICTORIA, a sea-port of MexiSummerville, pv. Cass co. Mich. co, at the mouth of Tabasco r., 250 m. E by SUMMIT, Pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 52 w of Al. s from Vera Cruz. Logwood and fustic are Summit, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 130 w of H. the chief exports. Summit, pv. Cook co. Ill. 13 sw of Chicago. Tabasco, a state in the SE part of Mexico, Summit, pt. Milwaukie co. Wis. bordering on Yucatan and the Gulf of MexSUMMIT BRIDGE, pv. Newcastle co. Del. 41 ico. Area 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. CapiN of Dover. Lof H. tal, Villa Hermosa. SUMMIT HILL, pvr. Northampton co. Pa. 84 NE TABERG, pV. Oneida co. N.Y. 118 WNW of Al. SUMMITSVILLE, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 185 NE H. TAFTON, pv. Pike co. Pa. 175 NE of H. SUMNER, pt. Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. TAFTSVILLE, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 54 s of Mtr. SUMNEYTOWN, PV. Montg. CO. Pa. 30 NNW of TAGHKANIC, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 12 E of Philadelphia. Hudson. SUMTER, tp. Wayne co. Mich. on Huron r. Taghkanic, mts. a branch of the Green Mts., SUMTERVILLE, PV. cap. of Sumterville dist. running from Rensselaer co.N.Y. into Mass. S. C. 63 E of Ca. [bee r. TALBOTTON, PV. cap. of Talbot co. Ga. 92 wsw Sumterville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on Tornbigo of Milledgeville. Sumterville, pv. Lee co. Ga. TALCAHUANA, tal-ka-wah'ni, a decayed seaSUNAPEE LAKE, N. H. 9 m. long, 1 wide. port of South America, in Chili, on the bay SUNBURY, borough, cap. of Northumberland of Conception. LE of T. co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. TALLATDEGA, pv. cap. of Talladega co. Ala. 116 Sunbury. pv. Gates co. N. C. 224 ENE of Rh. TALLASSEE, PV. Tallapoosa co. Ala. on TallaSunbury, Ga. See GAZETTEER. poosa river. Sunbury, pv. Delaware co. O. 25 N of Cs. TALLMIADGE, pt. Summit co. O. 118 NE of Cs. Sunbury, pv. ILivingston co. Ill. 120 NE of Sd. Talltnadge, tp. Oceana co. Mich. SUNCOOK r. N. H. flows into the Merrimack. Tallmadge, pt. Ottawa co. Mich. 180 WNW D. SUNDERLAND, Pt. Belnnligton CO. Vt. 15 NE of TAMAULIPAS, tam-ou-le'pas, a state in the ENE Benninton.. part of Mexico, bordering on the Gulf of Sultderland, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. Mexico. It formerly extended E of the Rio Sunderland, pv. Caivert co. Md. 37 ssw An. del Norte, as far as the Nueces. Area SUPERIOR, pt. WVashtenaw co. Mich. 31 w D. 25,000 sq. m. Pop. 50,000. [of H. SURRY, pt. iLHancock CO. Me. 83 E of A. TAMAQUA, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. 80 NE Surry, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 55 sw of Cd. TAMARWA, pv. St. Clair co. Ill. on Kaskaskia r. Surry C. H. pv. cap. of Surry co. Va. 55 SE R. TAMPA, PV. cap. of Hillsborough co. Flor. on SUSQUrEHNNA, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [creek. Tampa Bay. Susquehanna, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. on Paxton TAMWORTH, pt. Carroll co. N. II. 55 N of Cd. Susquehanna, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. [of R. TANEYTOWN, pv. Carroll co. Md. 70 NNw An. SUSsEX C. H. pv eap. of Sussex co. Va. 48 SSE TANEYVILLE, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. TEW 667 THO TANGIPATA r. Miss. and La. flows into Lake Tewksbury, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 14,E of Pontchartrain. [of Al. F lemington. TANNERSVILLE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 50 sw TEXANA, cap. of Jackson co. Texas, on the Tanuersville. pv. Monroe co. Pa. 124 NE of H. La Vacca r., near its junction with the NaTAos, tah'oce, a small t. of New Mexico, N vidad, 150 ssE of Austin. Pop. 150. of Sauta Fe. TAPPAHANNOCK, Va. See GAZETTEER. TEXAS, formerly anl independent republic, TAP-PAN/' BAY, an expansion of the Hudson, was atnlexed to the United States in Decem22 in. N of New York. ber 1845. It now constitutes a single state, TAPPANTOWN., pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 134 s Al. though its superficial extent is about sevel TARBOROUGH, pv. cap. of Edgecombeco. N.C. times as great as that of Pennsylvania. Its on Tar river, 76 E of Raleigh. constitution is in the main similar to those TAR r. N. C. See GAZETTEER. [ghany r. of the other slaveholding states. For a genTARENTUM, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. on Alle- eral and brief notice of the country, climate, TARIFFVILLE, pv. Hartfo)rd co. Conn. 12 N Hd. &c., see TEXAS, in the GAZETTEER. A more TARLTON, pv. Pickaway co. 0. 46 s of Cs. particular description of the surface and soil TARRYTOWN, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. orn. will. be found under the heads of the respecthe Hudson. I tive counties in this Appendix. Ta rtVERSVtLLE, pv. Twiggs co. Ga. 50 ssw M. It may be proper here to add, that the seaTATE, tp. Clermont co. O. coast of Texas, though indented by tumeTAUNTON, Mass. See GAZETTEER. rous bays and inlets, does niot afford a single Tauntoll r. MIass. enters Mount Hope Bay. harbour for vessels of a large size. Galveston TAYCHEIDA, pv. Fonld du Lac co. Wis. inlet, the deepest, has 12 feet water, the enTAYLORSTOWN, PV. Wn1. co. Pa. 216 w of H. trance of Matagorda Bay 11 feet, and San TAYLORSVILLE, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Luis 10 feet. It may be further observed, Delaware. that the priicipal rivers of this country, Taylorsville, pv. Hanover co. Va. 22 N of R. though of great length, are not navigable to Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Patrick co. Va. on any extent except for small vessels, though Mayo river, 226 wsw of R. [332 E of Ne. much might and doubtless will be effected Taylorsville, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Tenn. ere long, towards improving their navigaTaylorsville, pv. cap. of Spencer co. Ky. on tion. The Trinity is navigable farther than Salt river. any of the others; it may be ascended by Taylorsville, pv. Christian co. Ill. 26 sE of Sd. boats nearly 300 m. The Brazos is naviTAZEWELL C. H. or JEFFERSONVILLE, pv. cap. gable 150 m., the Nueces about 100 m., and of Tazewell co. Va. 284 w of R. the Sanl Jacinto 50 m. The Colorado is obTazewell, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ga. 110 sw structed by a raft 10 m. from its mouth: when of Milledgeville. [E of Ne. this is removed, it will in all probability be Tazewell, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Tenn. 220 rendered navigable for small steamboats to TCHOCUNNA r. Ga. flows into Ocmulgee r. Austin, above 200 m. The Sabine r. on the E TCHULA, pv. Holmes co. Miss. onl Yazoo r. border, is navigable 150 m. The Rio del TErCIHE r. La. See GAZETTEER. Norte, on the w, though a very rapid stream, TECUtMSEH, pt. Lenawvee co. Mich. 57 sw D. may (except at low water) be ascended by TEHUACAN, ta-wah-kat', a t. of Mexico, 65 small steamboats nearly 200m. The Red R. m. SE of La Puebla. is also navigable for a considerable extenit TEHUANTEPEC, ta-wanlta-pek', or ta-oo-anl- along the northern border. ta-pek', a t. on the w coast of Mexico, in the state of Oaxaca, on a gulf of the same name; important on account of its salt Texas, tp. Wayne co. Pa. works. Pop. 13,000. Texas, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. TEI;ONSHA, pv. Calhoun co. Mich. otl St. THAMES r. Coon. formed by the union of SheJoseph's river. tucket and YVaitic, enters Long I. Soutid. TEMIPLE, pt. Franklin co. Me. 40 NNW of A. Thames, temz, a r. of Canada WVest. After Temple, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 44 ssw flowing for a considerable distance nearly of Concord. [of Boston. parallel to the N shore of Lake Erie, it enters TEMPLETON, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 w-lNW Lake St. Clair. Templetoit, pv. Prince George co. Va. 36 SE R. THERESA, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 183 Nw Al. TENOXTITLAN., V. Milanm co. Texas, on the THETFORD, pt. Orange co. Vt. 43 SSE of Mtr. Brazos, 100 m. ENE of Austin. THIBODEAUXVILLE, tib'o-do'vil, pv. cap. of La TENSAW r. Ala. See MOBILE r. GAZETTEER. Fourche par. La. 106 sw of New Orleans. Tenlsaw r. La. flows into W5ashita r. THOMAS, ST. pt. Franlklin co. Pa. 53 sw of H. TE-PIc', a t. of Mexico. in Jalisco, 20 m. ESE Thomas, St. a t. of Canada West, on Kettle of Salt Blas. cr., which flows inito L. Erie. Lat. about TE-poz-co-LU'LA, a small t. of Mexico, in 423 50' N, Lon. 8t1 20' w. Oaxaca, oil all affluent of the Rio Verde, re- THOMASTON, Pt. Lincolns Co. Me. 42 SE of A. markable for the culture of cochineal. Thomaston, pv. cap. Upson co. Ga. 80 w M. TERRE COUPEE, pv. St. Joseph co. Iud. 163 N i THOMASTOwN, pv. Leake co. Miss. 52 NE J. of Indianapolis. [Wabash r. THOMASVILLE, pv. cap. of Thomas co. Ga TERRE HIAUTE, pv. cap. of Vigo co. Ind. orn 231( ssw of Milledgeville. TERRYSVILLE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 21 wsw of Hartford. [of Ca. Terrysville, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 104 w TERRYTOWN, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 N H. TEWKSSBURY, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 21 NW of Boston. TOB 668 TRE Thomasville, pv. WYashington co. Tenn. 290 TOBOYNE, tp. Perry Co. Pa. E of Nashville. [Hartford. TonY, tp. Clarion co. Pa. on Alleghany r. THOMPSON, pet.WVindham Co. COon. 48 ENE of TODD, pt. Hulntingdol co. Pa. Thompson, tp. Sullivan co. N.Y. 110 sw Al. TOLEDO, PV. cap. Lucas co. O. on Maumee r Thompson, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 181 NNE of I{. TOLERSVILLE, pv. Louisa Co. Va. 54 NW of R. Tnompson, pv. Warren co. Ga. 56 NE of M. TOLLAND, pt. Hampden Co. Mass. on FarmThompson, pt. Geauga co. 0. 190 NE of Cs. irlgton river, 118 w of Boston. [of I-d. THOMPSONTOWN, pv. Juniata Co. Pa. on Ju- Tolland, pv. cap. of Tolland co. Conn. 18 ENEn niata river. [of Hd. TOMBIGBEE r. Miss. anid Ala. See GAZETTEER. THOMPSONVILLE, prT. Hartford co. Conn. 20 N TOMPKINS, tp. Del. co. N.Y. 22 sw of Delhi. Thompsonville, pv. Sullivan Co. N.Y. 105 Tompkins, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D. ssw of Albany. TOMPKINSVILLE, pv. Richmond eo. N Y. o)n THORN, tp. Perry co. O. Staten Island. [1.53 ssw of F. THORNAPPLE, tp. Barry co. Mich. [of R. Tompkinsville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ky. THORNBURG, pv. Spottsylvania co.Va. 76 NNW ToM's r. N. J. flows into Barnegat Bay. THORNBURY, pt. Chester co. Pa. 20 sw Phila. Tom's R. pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 38 SE of Tn. Thornbury, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 w Phila. TOMSVILLE, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 74 N of Ca. THORNDIKE, pt. Waldo co. Me. 42 NE of A. TONAWANDA cr. N.Y. flows into Niagara r. THORNTON, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 52 N of Cd. Tonawanda, pt. Erie co. N.Y. onl Niagara r. Thornton, pv. Delaware co. Pa. TOPSFIELD, pt. Washinton co. Me. 235 NE A Thornton, pt. Cook co. Ill. on Thorn cr. Topsfield, pt. Essex co. Mass. 25 N of B. THORNTOWN, PV. Boone co. Ind. 35 NE Of IS. TOPSHAM, pt. Lincoln co. Me. on AildroscogTHORNVILLE, pv. Perry co. 0. 35 E of Cs. gin river. THOROUGHFARE, pv. Prince William co. Va. Topsham, pt. Orange co. Vt. 23 SE of Mtr. 118 N of Richmond. Lwsw of B. TORRTNGFORD, pv. Litchfield co. Colin. 24 w THREE RIVERS, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 76 of Hartford. [of Hd. Three Rivers, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich. 145 TORRINGTON, pt. Litchfield co. Coln. 28 w sw of Detroit. TOUGHNIOGA r. N.Y. flows into Chenango r. THROG'S POINT, tp. WVestchester co. N.Y. 16 TOULON, pv. Haywood co. Tenll. 167 wsW Ne NE of N. York. LN.Y. 3 NW of Auburn. Touloni, pv. cap. of Stark co. Ill. [of Phila. THROOPSVILLE, troops'vil, pv. Cayuga co. TOWAMENSING, tp. Montgomery CO. Pa. 20 N TICONDEROGA, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Lake Towamenlsing, tp. Carbon county, Pa. on TIFFIN, tp. Adams co. 0. [Champlain. the Lehigh. Tiffin, pv. Seneca co. O. on Sandusky r. TOWANDA, borough, cap. of Bradford co. Pa. TIFFIN'S r. rises in Mich. and enters the Mau- on the North Branch of Susquehanna river. mee near Defiance, in O. TOWER HILL, pv. Washington co. R. I. 37 s TIMBALIER, bay, Terre Bonne par. La. of Providence. TIMBERVILLE, pv. ROCkingham co. Va. 145 TOWN BLUFF, one of the capitals of Liberty NW of Richmond. co. Texas, 50 m. E of Swartwout. TIMPAXNOGOS, LAKE, California, on the Spa- TOWNSEN.D, pt. Windham co. Vt. 117 s Mir. nish maps: supposed to be the same as the Townsend, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 40 NW B. GREAT SALT LAKE. [of RIh. Townsend, pt. Huron Co. 0. 3 E of Norwalk. TINDALLSVILLE, pv. Anson CO. N. C. 136 sw Towiisend, pt. Sandusky Co. 0. 100 N of Cs. TINMOUTH, pt. Rutlatld co.Vt. 76 s of Mtr. TOWNSEND HARBOR, PV. Middlesex co. Mass. TiNIcvuM, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 37 N of Phila. 40 NW of Boston. [Annapolis. Tinicum, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 9 sw of Phila. TowsONTOWN, pv. Baltimore Co. Md. 37 N of TIOGA r. See GAZETTEER. TRANSYLVANIA, pv. Greene co. O. on Little Tioga, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. on Susquehanna r. Miami river. Tioga, pt. Tioga co. Pa. onl Tioga r. TRAPPE, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 81 E of H. TIONESTA, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Trappe, pv. Talbot co. Md. 54 ESE of Aln. Tionesta, pt. Venango co. Pl'a. on Susqa. r. TRAVELLER'S REST, pv. Dooly co. Ga. 87 ssw TIPPECANOE r. Ind. flows into the Wabash. of Milledgeville. Tippecanoe, pt. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 82 NW Is. TRAv'IS, a co. in the central part of Texas, TIPTON, PV. cap. of Cedar co. Iowa. [WVabash. intersected by the Colorado. A consideraTIPTONSPORT, pV. Carroll co. Ild. on the ble portionl of the Surface is hilly and TISBURY, tp. Dukes co. Mass. 85 ssE of B. broken. The soil, especially alonig thi TTITUSVILLE, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 8 E of Tui. streams, is very fertile in the southerll porTIVERTON, Pt. Newport co. R. I. 13 NE Of tion, but towards the N some parts are Tivertoii, pt. Coslioctotu co. O. [Newport. quite sterile. Capital, Austin. TLAL-PAN', a Mexican t. important from being Travis, v. of Austini co. Texas, onl the w othe capital of the state of Mexico, situated right bank of the Brazos. [Phila 15 m. s by w of the city of Mexico. Pop. TREDYF'RIN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 17 Nw of about 6,0()0. TREMONT, tp. cap. of Tazewell co. Ill. 57 a TLAM'ATH, also called KLAM'ET (See GAZET- TRENTON, tp. Hancock co. Me. [of Sd TEER, p. 462, note), a lake of Oregoni, in Trenton, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 12 N of Utica. about 423 25' N Lat. and 1210 20' w Lon. Trentoni, pv. cap. of Jones co. N. C. on Also a river which discharges the waters of Trent river, 130 SE of Raleigh. this lake into the Pacific. Trenton, pv. cap. of Dade co. Ga. 200 N.-w M. TIVOLI, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. on the Hudson. Trenton, pv. Jackson co. Ala. 177 NE of T. TOBACCO PORT, PV. Stewart co. Tenin. 85 Trenton, pv. cap. of Gibson co.Tenn.130 w Ne WNW of Nashville. [of F. Trenton, pv. Todd co. Ky. 197 sw of F. Tobacco Port, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. 227 wsw Trenton, pv. Butler co. 0. 94 wsw of Cs. TOBEHANNA r. Pa. flows into the Lehigh. ir. Trenton, tp. Delaware co. O. TobehaLna, tp. Monroe co Pa. on Tobehanna Trenton, pv. Knox co. Ill. 105 NNW of Sd TUL 669 UMQ Trenton, pv.. cap. of Grundy Co Mo. on the TUNKIIANNOCK r. Pa. enters Susquehanna r. East Fork of Grand river. in Wyoming co. [on Susqa. r 154 NNE H. Trenton, pv. Henry co. Iowa. Tunkhannock, pv. cap. of Wyoming co. Pa. TRENTON FALLS, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 15 NNE TUNBRIDGE, pt. Orange co. Vt. 32 SSE of Mtr. of Utica. Here, on the W. Canada cr., in TUPPER'S LAKE, Franklin co. N.Y. 6m. long, the space of 2 m., are several beautiful and' 2 broad. picturesque water-falls, which are much j TURBUT, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [Sunbury. visited by travellers. Lcook Bay. Turbut, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. 14 N of TRESCO~TT tP.Washington co. Me. on Cobs- I TURIN, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 126 NW of Al. TREXLERTOWN, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 80 ENE H. i TURKEY FOOT, pt. Somerset co. Pa. 15 sw o)f TRIADELPHIA, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 50 Bedford. L[Coosa r. wNW of Annapolis. TURKEY TOWN, PV. Cherokee co. Ala; ol TRIANA, pv. Madison co. Ala. on Tenn. r. TURMAN'S cr. Ind. flows into the Wabash. TRIANGLE, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on Tough- TURNBULL, pv. Monroe co. Ala. 127 s of T. nioga river. TURNER, pt. Oxford co. Me. 30 wsw of A. TRIMBLE, pt. Athens co. 0. 70 SE of Cs. TURNERSVILLE, pv. Robertson co. Tenn. 36 TRIN-ID-AD' (de Cuba), a sea-port on the s NNW of Nashville. side of Cuba, 2'20 m. SE of Havana, on a TURTLE CREEK, tp. Warren co. O. little river, 3 m. from the sea. Pop. stated TUSCAHOMA, pv. Tallahatchee co. Miss. on the at 13,000. [NW of Al. Yalabusha, 117 N of Jackson. TRIP'S HILL. pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. 37 TUSCARAWAS r. O. unites with the WValTROUPSBURG, pt. Steubenl co. N.Y. 246 w Al. bonding to form the Muskingum. TROUPSvILLE, pv. cap. of Lowldes co. Ga. on Tuscarawas, tp. Stark co. O. [carawas r. Withlacoochee river. Tuscarawas, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on TusTROY, pt. Waldo co. Me. 40 NE of A. TUSCARORA cr. N.Y. flows into Canisteo r. Troy, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 sw of Cd. Tuscarora, v. Niagara co. N.Y. 3 E of LewisTroy, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 53 N of Mtr. Tuscarora cr. Pa. flows into Juniata r. [ton. Troy, pt. Bradford Co. Pa. 150 N of H. Tuscarora, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on Tuscarora Troy, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Tuscarora, tp. Juniata co. Pa. Lcr. Troy, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ala. 174 SE of T. Tuscarora, mts. Schuylkill co. Pa. Troy, pv. Yalabusha co. Miss. 120 NNE of J. Tusearora, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. 75 NE of H. Troy, pv. cap. of Obion co. Tenn. 164 w Ne. TUSCOLA, pt. Livingston CO. Mich. Troy, tp. Athens co. O. Tuscola, tp. Saginaw co. Mich. Troy, pv. cap. Miami co. O. on Great Miami r. TUsCUMBIA, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 66 w of Troy, tp. Richland co. O. Huntsville. [Osage r. Troy, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 22 Nw of D. Tuscumbia, pv. cap. of Miller co. Mo. on Troy, tp. Fountain co. Ind. TUSKEGEE, pv. cap. of Macon co.Ala.152 ESE T. Troy, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ind. on Ohio r. TUTHILL, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 80 ssw of Al. Troy, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Mo. on Cuivre r. TUXTLA, tooxt'la, a volcanic mt. of Mexico, Troy, pv. Milwaukie co.Ais. 73 E of Madison. in the state of Vera Cruz. Lat. 180 30' N, Troy, tp. Walworth co. Wis. Lon. 950 w. Near it is a small t. of the TRUAGo, pv. WVayne co. Mich. on Detroit r. same name. TRUMANSBURG, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 173 TWIN, tp. Preble co. O. w of Albany.' Twin, tp. Ross co. O. TRUMBAURSVILLE, pv. Bucks co. Pa. TwINSBURG, pt. Summit co. 0. 140 NE of Cs. TRUMBULL, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 60 sw Hd. TYMOCHTEE Cr. O. flows into Sandusky r. Trumbull, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 186 NE of Cs. Tymochtee, pt. Crawford co. 0. 73 N of Cs. TRUMBULL LONG HILL, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. TYNGSBOROUGH, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 62 s w of Hartford. [lantic. NW of Boston. TRURO, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on the At- TYRE, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Clyde r. Truro, tp. Franklin co. O. [nioga r. TYRINGHAM, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w B. TRUXTON, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Tough- TYRONE, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. TUCKAHOE BRIDGE, pv. cap. of Cape May co. Tyrone, tp. Adams co. Pa. 10 NE of Gettysburg. N. J. 76 s of Trenton. [wsw of Rh. Tyrone, tp. Fayette co. Pa. TUCKASAGA, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 170 Tyronle, tp. Blair co. Pa; TUCKERTON, N. J. See GAZETTEER. Tyrone, tp. Perry co. Pa. TUFTONB()ROUGH, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 44 E Cd. Tyrone, pv. WXilkes co. Ga. 70 NE of M. rULE, too'le or too'lay, i. e. a " bulrush." Tyrone, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 60 wNw D. The TULE or BULRUSH LAKES are two lakes TYWAPITY, tp. Scott co. Mo. in Upper California, conllected during the wet season, or spring, with the head waters UCIIEE, pv. Russell co. Ala. 194 ESE of T. of the river Sanl Joaquin. The lower and UCHEE ANNA, pv. cap. of Walton co. FL'r. larger lake is probably 80 m. in length, and on a branch of Choctawhatchie river. 15 in its greatest breadth. The other is UFAULA, pv. Randolph co. Ga. on Chattahoo. much smaller. Tlleir shores are lilled with chee river. bulrushes. ULSTER, V. in Saugerties tp. Ulster co. N.Y. TULLY, pt. Ounondaga co. N.Y. 10 s Syracuse. Ulster, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on the Susqa. Tally, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 136 N of Jef. City. ULYSSES, tp. Tompkins CO. N.Y. 8 NW Ithaca. TULLYTON, pv. Greeinville dist. S. C. 107 WNW Ulysses, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 NNW of H. of Columbia. UMBAGOG LAKE, N. H. and Me. 18m. long, TULLYTOWN, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 4 NE of Bristol. and 10 Om. wide. Its outlet joins the An TuLrPEHOCKEN, tp. Berks co. Pa. droscoggin.'ulv,""cmken cr. Berlis co. Pa. enters Schuyl- UMQUA (um'quaw) INDIANS, a tribe dwelling koll river nearly opposite Reading. ill the sw part of Oregon, near a small river UNI 670 UPP to which they give their name: it flows UNION VILLAGE, PV. Orange co. Vt. 46 SE MItr into the Pacific. Union Village, v. WVashlngton co. N.Y. ot ENADILLA r. N.Y. enters the Susquehanna. Battenkill river. [88 ENE of R Linladilla, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. on the Susqa. Union Village, pv. Northumberland Co. Va Unadilla, pt. Livingston co. lMich. on Portage Union Village, v. Warren co. O. 4 w Lebanon UNADILLA FORKS, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. Lriver. UNIONVILLE, PV. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 w h UNCASVILLE, pv. New London co. Conn. 45 Unionville, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 w of Bid sE of Hartford. Unionville, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 120 ssw of Al UN;ERHILL, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 56 Nw Mtr. Unionville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 74 ESE of H. UNIKA, mts. a name given to that portion of Unionville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 67 Nw An the Alleghanies dividing Tennt. from N. C. Unionville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 70 NW of Ca UNION, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 SE of A. Unionville, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 63 w of M. Union, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 35 NE of Hd. Unionville, pv. Bedford co. Tenin. 46 ssE Ne Union, pv. Broome co. N.Y. on Susqa. r. Unionville, pv. Lake co. 0. 192 NE of Cs. Union, pt. Essex co. N. J. 48 NE of Tn. Unionville, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 75 sw D. Unioin, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. UNISON, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 133 NE of H. Union, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. Unison, pv. Loudon co. Va. 137 N of R. Union, tp. Erie co. Pa. 22 sE of Erie. UNITY, pt.iWaldo co. Me. 34 NE of A. Union, tp. Fayette co. Pa. on Redstone cr. Unity, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 45 w of Cd. Union, tp. Huiitingdon co. Pa. 15 s of Hun- Unity, tp. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 7 E of Union, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Ltingdon. Greensburg. Union, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Unity, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 58 WNW An. Union, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Unity, pv. Cabarrus co. N. C. 153 wsw Rh. Union, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Unity, pt. Columbiana Co. 0. 164 NE of Cs. Union, tp. Union co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Unity, pv. cap. Alexander co. 111. 220 s of Sd Union, tp. Washington co. Pa. UNITYvILLE, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. Union, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Va. 230 w R. UPATOIE, pv. Muscogee CO. Ga. 138 wsw M. Union, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 68 wsw of M. UPPER, tp. Cape May co. N. J. 13 NE of Cape Union, pv. Greene co. Ala. 33 ssw of T. Upper, tp. Lawrence co. O. [May C. H. Union. pv. Newton co. Miss. 75 E of J. UPPER ALTON, pv. Madison co. Ill. 80 s Sd. Union; pv. cap. of Union co. Ark. on Washita UPPER AQUEBOGUE, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. onl Union, pv. Boone co. Ky. 73 N of F. [river. Long Island. [sE of Salem. Union, tp. Belmont co. O. on Stillwater r. UPPER ALLOWAYS CR. tp. Salem co. N. J. 7 Union, tp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. UPPER BERN, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the SchuylUnion, tp. Butler co. O. UPPER CALIFORNIA. See CALIFORNIA. Lkill. Union, tp. Clermont co. O. UPPER CHICHESTER, tp. Delaware co. Pa. Union, tp. Clinton co. O. UPPER DARBY, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 8 w of Union, tp. Highland co. O. Philadelphia. Unioll, tp. Knox Co. O. on MIohiccan r. UPPER DUBLIN, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 106 E of H Union, tp. La Fayette co. O. UPPER FREEHOLD, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. on Union, tp. Lawrenlce co. O. Millstone creek. Union, tp. Licking co. O. UPPER HANOVER, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 35 Union, tp. Madison co. 0. NW of Philadelphia. [E of All. Union, tp. Miami co. O. UPPER HUNTING CR. pv. Caroline co. Md. 57 Union, pv. Montg. co. 0. 1.2 NW of Dayton. UPPER LOUTRE, tp. Montgomery Co. Mo. Union, tp. Morgan co. O. UPPER MACUNGY, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. [NE H. Union, tp. Muskingum co. O. UPPER MAHIANTANGO, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa. 65 Union, tp. Ross co. O. UPPER MAHONY, tp. Northumberland co. Pa Union, tp. Union co. O. UPPER MAKEFIELD, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 25 NNE Union, tp. Warren co. O. of Philadelphia. Union, tp. Branch co. Mich. UPPER MARLBOROUGH, pv. cap. of Prilnce Union, pv. Cass co. Mich. 160 wsw of D. George's co. Md. 23 sw of Annapolis. Union, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Mo. 73 E of UPPER MIDDLETOWN, PV. Middlesex co. Conn Jefferson Citv. [Joseph's r. 12 s of -Iartford. [w of H UNION CITY, pv. Branch CO. Mich. on St. Upper Middletown, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 184 UNION FALLS, PV. Cliintoni co. N.Y. on Sara- UPPER MOUNT BETHEL, tp. Northampiton Co nac river, 168 N of Albany. UPPER MERION, tP. Mon1tgomery co. Pa. [Pa UNION MILLS, pv. Fulton co. N.Y. 46 NW Al. UPPER MILFORD, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. Union Mills, pv. Erie co. Pa. 250 Nw sof H. UPPER NAZARETH, tp. Northampton co. Pa, Union Mills, pv. Carroll co. Md. 65 NNW An. UPPER OXFORD, tp. Chester co. Pa. Unioni Mills, pv. Fluvannia co. Va. on Rivanna UPPER PAXTON, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 22 N H river, 73 wNvw of Richmond. UPPER PENNS NECK, tp. Salem co. N. J. on UNION SPRINGS, PV. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cay- Delaware river. [w of Phila. uga Iake. UPPER PROVIDENCE, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 13 Union Springs, pv. Macon co. Ala. 153 SE of T. Upper Providence, tp. Monltgomery co. Pa. UNION SQUARE, pv. MolLtgomery co. Pa. UPPER RED HOOK, pv. Dutchess Co. N.Y. or, UNIONTOWN, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Pa. 180 the Hudson. w of Harrisburg. LBaltimore. UPPER SALFORD, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Uniontown, pv. Carroll co. Md. 35 NW of UPPER SANDUSKY, pv. cap. Wyandot co. 0. on Ulliontown, pv. Perry co. Ala. 60 SSE of T. Sandusky river. [creek. Uniiontown, pv. Belmont co. O. 114 E of Cs. UPPER SAUCON, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Saucon Unionltownl, v. Stark co. 0. 12 N of Canton. UPPER ST. CLAIR, tp. Alleghanly co. Pa. on UNION VALE, tp. Dutchess co. N.Y. on l'ish- Charticr's creek. [on Penobscot r. kill river. UPPER STILLWATER, PV. Penobscot co. Me VAN 671 VIC iUJPER STRASBURG, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 10 Van Wert, pv. cap. of Van Wert co. 0. 116 NW' of Chambersburg. [Swatara cr. NW of Columbus. Lof Ca. UPPER SWATARA, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. on VARENNES, PV. Anderson dist. S. C. 122 wrN UPPER TULPEHOCKEN, tp. Berks co. Pa. VARICK, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. 8 s of'Waterloo. UPPERVILLE, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 130 N R. VARNA, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 160 w of A1. UPPER YARMOUTH, pv. Cumberland CO. Me. VARYSBURG, PV. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Ton 47 sw of Augusta. awanda creek. [of A. UPSONVILLE, pv. Susqa. co. Pa. 180 NNE H. VASSAIBOROUGH, Pt. Kennebec Co. Me. 11 N UPTON, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 35 wsw of B. VAUGINE, tp. Jefferson co. Ark. URBANNA, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 211 w of Al. VELAICO, a sea-port of Brazoria co. Texas, at Urbauna, pv. Frederick co. Md. 76 NW of An. the mouth of the Brazos. Pop. 500. Urbanna, pv. cap. of Middlesex co.Va. on VENANGO, tp. Butler co. Pa. Rappahannock river. Venango, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Urbannlla, pv. cap. of Champaign co. O. 46 w Venango, tp. Erie co. Pa. of Columbus. [ENE of Sd. VENICE, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 15 s Auburn. Urbanna, pv. cap. of Champaign co. Ill. 92 Venice, pv. Erie co. O. on Cold er. UTAH (pronounced and sometimes written Venice, tp. Seneca co. O. [Pop. about 1,000 EU'TAW) INDIANS, a numerous tribe dwell- VERGENNES, city, Addison co. Vt. 66 w Mtr. inlg in the E part of California. VERMILION r. La. flows into Vermilion Bay. The PAH UTAY Indians dwell along the s mar- Vermilion r. O. flows into Lake Erie. gin of the Great Basin. Vermilion, pt. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r. Utah, lake. See GREAT SALT LAKE. Vermilion, tp. Richland co. O. UTICA, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 38 w of J. Vermilion r. Ill. flows into Illinois r. Utica, pv. Licking co. O. 50 E of Cs. Vermilion, tp. Vermilion co. Ind. [La. Utica, pv. 1Macomb co. Mich. on Clinton r. VERMILIONVILLE, PV. cap. of Lafayette par. Utica, pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r. Vermilionville, pv. La Salle co. Ill. Utica, pv. Livingston co. Mo. on Grand r. VERMONT, pv. Fulton co. Ill. UWClLAN, yook'lan, pt. Chester co. Pa. 30 Vermont, pv. Cooper co. Mo. [of D. w of Philadelphia. VERMONTVILLE, pv. Eaton co. Mich. 110 WNW UXBRIDGE, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 38 sw B. VERNON, pt. Windham co.Vt. on Conn. r. Vernon, pt. Tolland co. Connl. 12 ENE of Hd VALATIE, PV. Columbia co. N.Y. 20 s of Al. Vernon, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 16 w of Utica. VALCOUR ISLAND, N.Y. in Lake Champlain. Vernon, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 92 N of Tn. VALLEENE, pv. Orange co. Ind. 104 s of Is. Vernon, tp. Crawford co. Pa. VALLEY, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [Phila. Vernon, pv. Kent co. Del. 32 ssw of Dover. VALLEY FORGE, pv. Chester co. Pa. 20 Nw of Vernon, pv. Troup co. Ga. on Chattahoochee r VALLONIA, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 75 s of Is. Vernon, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama r. VALPARAISO, pv. cap. of Porter co. Ind. on Vernon, pv. Madison co. Miss. on Big Black r Salt creek, 138 NNW of Indianapolis. Vernon, pv. Hickman co. Tetnn. 62 sw of Ne VAN BUREN, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 12 Nw of Vernon, pv. Allen co. Ky. 53 sw of F. Syracuse. Vernon, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 190 NE of Cs. Van Burenl, pv. De Kalb co. Ala. 135 NE of T. Vernon, tp. Clinton co. O. Van Buren, pv. Itawamba co. Miss. on Tom- Vernon. tp. Richland co. O. bigbee river. [of Ne. Vernon, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. Van Buren, pv. Hardiman co. Tenn. 172 wsw Vernon, pv. cap. of Jennings co. Ind. 65 SE Is. Van Buren, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ark. on Vernon, tp. Washington co. Ind. Arkansas river. Vernon, pt. Milwaukie co.'Wis. [wNw Al Van Buren, pt. Hancock co. 0. 96 NNW of Cs. VERNON CENTRE, PV. Oneida co. N. Y. 105 Van Buren, tp. Wayne co. Mich. on Huron r. VERONA, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 20 w of Utica. Van Buren, tp. La Grange co. Ind. Verona, pv. Boone co. Ky. 53 N of F. Van Buren, pt. Clay co. Ind. 60 wsw of Is. Verona, pv. Vanderburg co. Ind. 182 sw Is. Van Buren, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Mo. on Cur- VERPLANCK, pv. Westchester co. N. Y. on Van Buren, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa. [rent r. Hudson river. [Pittsburg. VAN BUREN HARBOUR, pv. Chautauque co. VERSAILLES, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 12 SE of N.Y. on lake Erie. Versailles, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 38 s Ne VANCEBOROUGH, pv. Winnebago co. Ill. Versailles, pv. cap. of Woodford co. Ky. 12 VANCEBURG, pv. Lewis co. Ky. on Ohio r. ssE of Frankfort. VANCOUVER'S (vain-koo'verz) ISLAND, for- Versailles, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Ind. 70 SE Is. rlerly called QUADRA AND VANCOUVER'S I., Versailles, pv. Brown co. Ill. [of Jef. City. is situated on tihe w coast of N. America, Versailles, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Mo. 36 w be-iun intersected by the 50tlh parallel of N VERSHIRE, pt. Orange co.Vt. 31 SE of Mtr. Lat., and the 125th meridian of w Lon. VESTAL, pt. Broome co. N.Y. 147 wsw Al. Length 280 nm., with an average breadth of VETERAN, pt. Chemuvg co. N.Y. 11 N Elmira. about 50in. This island, as well as Queen VEVAY, PV. cap. Swzerland co. Ind. on Ohio Charlotte's, is uncultivated, being inhabited Vevay, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 80 vwNw D. [r. by Indian savages: but the coasts of both are VICKSBURG, Miss. See GAZETTEER. [daigua. indented with numerous bays, and fringed VICTOR, PV. Ontario co. N.Y. 1'2 Nw Cananwith towering forests, and the soil appears VICTORIA, PV. Bolivar co. Miss. on Miss. r. to be productive. It belongs to England. Victoria, a co. in the s part of Texas, between VANDALIA, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ill. on Kas- the San Antonio r. and La Vacca r. and Bay. kaskia r. 70 SSE of Springfield. [137 Wv B. It includes St. Joseph's Island. The soil VAN DEUSENVILLE, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. consists principally of a rich black mould,'VAN RENSSELAER, tp. Ottawa co. O. [WNW M. very fertile; near the coast, however, it is V &N WERT, pv. cap. of Paulding co. Ga. 138 generally poor and sandy. WAK 672 WAR Victoria, a small v. of Texas, cap. of the above WAKEMAN, pt. Huron co. O. 12 E Norwalk. co. onl the E or left bank of Guadalupe r. WALAHMUTTE. See WILLAMMETTE. V:TORY, tp. Essex co. Vt. on Moose r. WALDEN, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 30 NE of Mtr Victory, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 N of Auburn. Walden, pv. Orange co. N.Y. on Wallkill r. V IALIA, V. cap. of Concordia par. La. on WWALDO, pt. Waldo co. Me. 47 ENE of A. Mississippi river. Waldo, pv. Moore co. N. C. 62 sw of Rh. V (ENNA, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 23 NW of A. WALDOBOROUGH, Me. See GAZETTEER.'v tenna, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 3 Nw of Utica. WALES, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 23 sw of A. V ienna, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on the outlet of XWales, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 74 wsw of B. Canandaigua Lake. [river. Wales, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 18 SE of Buffalo. Vienna, pv. Dorchester co. Md. on Nanticoke WVALESVILLE, V. Oneida co. N.Y. V ienna, pv. Stokes co. N. C. 123 w of Rh. WALHONDING r. 0. one of the tmain branches Vienna, pv. Pickens co. Ala. on Tombigbee r. of Muskingum r., joins Tuscarawas r. opVienna, pv. cap. of Dooly co. Ga. 85 ssw of M. posite Coshocton. Viennla, pt. Trumbull co. O. 178 NE Of CS. \VALKER, pt. Centre co. Pa. 94 NW of H. Vienna, tp. Genesee co. Mich. Walker, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Vienna, pv. Macomb co. Mich. Walker, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [of An. Vienna, pv. Scott co. Ind. 85 s of Is. WVALKERSVILLE- pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 NW Vienna, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ill. 190 s Sd. Walkersville, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 194 VILLA dEL FUERTE, veel'ya del fweR'tay, a sw of Raleigh. [on Mattapony r. city of Mexico, cap. of Sonora and Cinaloa, WALKERTOWN, PV. King and Queen co. Va. on the little r. Fuerte, which falls into the WALLACE, pv. Jones co. Ga. 13 sw of M. Gulf of Califorinia. Lat. about 27~ N, Lon. Wallace, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 70 NW of Is. 108~ w. Pop. 8,000. [of H. WVALLA-WVALLA, wol'1-wol'la, a small r. VILLAGE GREEN, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 90 E of Oregon, falling into the Columbia in 46~ VILLANOVA, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 22 NE 5' N Lat. and 118~ 30' w Lon. Also a Briof Mayville. tish fort at the mouth of the above river. VINALHAVEN, pt.Waldo co. Me. 12 sE Camden. WALLA-WIALLA INDIANS, a tribe of Oregon, VINCENNES, Ind. See GAZETTEER. dwelling in the vicinity of WValla-WValla r. VINCENT, pt. Chester co. Pa. 30 NW of Phila. WALLINGFORD, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ssw of VINCENTTOWN, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 26 s of Montpelier. [Hartford. Trenton. Wallingford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 24 s of VINEYARD, pt. Grand Isle co. Vt. 78 NW of WVALLKILL, tp. Orange co. N. Y. 22 w of VINTON, pv. Gallia co; O. 92 s of Cs. LMtr. Newburg; [co. N.Y. Vinton, tp Vinton co. O. on Racoon Cr. Wallkill r. unites with Rondout cr. ill Ulster VIOLET, tp. Fairfield co. O. [river. WALLONIA, pv. Trigg co. Ky. 234 sw of F. VIRGIL, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga WALLOOMSACK r. Vt. flows into Hoosick r. VIRGINIA, tp. Coshocton co. O. WALNUT Cr. O. flows into Scioto r. Virginia, pv. cap. of Cass co. Ill. 36 w of Sd. Walnut, tp. Fairfield co. O. on Ohio canal. VIRGINSVILLE, pv. Berks co. Pa. 68 E of H. Walnut, tp. Gallia co. O. VOLINIA, pt. Cass co. Mich. 160 w of D. Walnut, tp. Holmes co. O. on Sugar cr. VOLNEY, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Big Black Cr. Walnut, tp. Pickaway co. O. on ~cioto r. VOLUNTOWN, pt. Windham co. Conr. on Pa- WALPACIC, Pt. Sussex Co. N. J. on Flatkill cr chaug river. WALPOLE, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on Conn r. VOLUStA, V. Mosquito co. Flor. on St. John's r. WValpole, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 21 sw of B. VRAIN'S FORT, ST., in the Indian Territory, WVALTERBOROUGH, PV. cap. of Colleton dist on the South Fork of the Platte r., ilear its WALTHA.M, tp. Hancock co. Me. [S. C. 99 s Ca. source, 4,900 ft. above the sea. Waltham, tp. Addison co. Vt. 24 s Burlington. Waltham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 w of B. WABASH, pv. cap. of %Wabash co. Ind. on WALTHAMSVILLE, PV. Liberty co. Ga. 204 SE Wabash river. [feet above the sea. of Milledgeville. [ware r. WACHUSETT, mt. Worcester co. Mass. 3000 WALTON, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on DelaXWACOOCHEE, PV. Russell co. Ala. 187 ESE of T. Walton, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 100 w D. [Louis. WACOUSTA, pv. Clinton co. Mich. 100 NW D. WAALTONHAM, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 9 NW St. WADDAM'S GROVE, pt. Stephenson co. Ill. WALWORTH, Pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 18 Nw of WVADDINGTON, PV. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Lyons. [Madison. St. Lawvrence river. [Neuse r. Walworth, pt.WValworth co.WVis. 70 sE of WADESEOROUGH, pv. cap. ofAnson co. N.C. on WAMPSVILLE, pv. Madison co. N.Y. on1 CowWadesborough, pv. cap. of Callaway co. Ky. asalonI creek, 117 wv of Albany. 255 sw of Frankfort. WANTAGE, tp. Sussex co. N. J. Oln WTallkill r WADEVILTE, pv. Owen CO. Ind. 47 sw of Is. WVAPAHKCONETTA, cap. Auglaize co. 0. WADING RIVER, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Loung WAPPELO, pv. cap. of Louisa co. Iowa, on Island. [E of Cd. Iowa river. WADLEY'S FALLS, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 36 WAPPINGER'S cr. N.Y. flow-s into Hudson r.'WADSWORTH, pv. Medina co. O. 127 NNE Cs. WARD, tp. Randolph co. Ilnd. [of Mtr WAGONTOWN, pv. Chester co. Pa. 62 ESE Of H. WVARDSBOROUGH, pt. Windham co. Vt. 120 a WAH-SATeC, ronts. California, a chain run- WARE r. Mass. flows into Chickapee r. Ling along the SE margin of the Great Basiu. Ware, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Ware r. WAITSFIELD, pt. Washington co.Vt. on Mad r. WAREHAM, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 53 ssE B WTAKEFIELD, Pt. Carroll co. N. H. 46 NE Cd. WAREHOUSE POINT, pv. Hartford co. Contu Wakefield, pv. Washington co. R. I. 37 s of 14 N of Hartford. [212 ssE of M. Providence. WARESBOROUGH, PV. cap. of Ware co. Ga. Wakefield, pv. Carroll co. Md. 68 NNW An. WARFIELDBURG, pv. Carroll co. Md. 56 rINW Wakefield, pv. Wake co. N. C. 20 N of Rh. of Annapolis. WAR 673 WAS WVARFORDSBURG, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 85 sw H. WVarwick, pt. Orange co. N1. Y. 24 sw o. VWCARMINSTER, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 17 N- Pllila. Newburg. Warminster, pv. Nelson co. Va. on James r. Warwick, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 21 N of.Phila. WARM SPRINGS, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. 34 Warwick, qp. Lancaster co. Pa. 9 N of Lan. NNW of Ashville. wv of M. caster. Warm Springs, pv. Meriwetller co. Ga. 110 VWarwick, pv. Cecil co. Md. 15 s of Elkton. WARSER, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 17 wNW Warwick, pv. cap. of Warwick co. Va. 80 of Concord. Warwick, tp. Tuscarawas Co. O. [EsE of R. WARREN, Pt. Lincoln co. Me. 37 SE of A.. WASHINGTON, Pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 E of A. Warren, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Baker's r. Washington, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 33 w Cd. Warren, pt. Wn. co. Vt. 31 sE of Burlington. Washington, pt. Orange co.Vt. 15 SE of Mtr. Warren, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 66 wsw B. WVashington, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 128 wv B. Warren, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 8 wv of Washington, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 wsw Litchfield. [denuce. of Hartford. [Poughkeepsie. Warren, pt. Bristol co. R. I. 14 SE of Provi- Washington, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 12 E of Warren, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 64 NW of Al. Washington, tp. Bergen co. N. J. on HackWarren, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 6 NE of So- ellsack river. [Woodbury. merville. landa. Waslhilgton, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 22 s of Warren, tp. Bradford co. Pa. 17 NE of Tow- Washington, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 12 wv XVarren, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 20 sw of Cham- of Woodbury. [Morristown. bersburg. [Alleglany r. Washington, tp. Morris co. N. J. 18 w of Warren, borough, cap. of Warren co. Pa. on Washington, tp. Berks co. Pa. Warren, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 45'N of An. Washington, tp. Cambria co. Pa. on a branch Warren, pv. Albemarle co. Va. on James r. 80 of Kiskimilietas river. Warren, pv. Bibb co. Ga. 43 sw of M. [NW R. Washington, tp. Erie co. Pa. Warren, tp. Belmont co. O. Washington, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Warren, tp. Jefferson co. O. Washington, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 11 sw of WVarren, pv. cap. of Trumbull co. O. on the Chambersburg. Pennsylvania and Ohio canlal. Washinlgton, tp. Greene co. Pa. [cr. WVarren, tp. Tuscarawas co. 0. Washington, tp. Indiala co. Pa. on Crooked Warrenl, tp. Washington co. O. on Ohio r. Washington, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Warrel, tp. Macomb co. Mich. WVashington, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Warren, pv. Huntington co. Ind. 123 NNE IS. Washington, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. XWarren, tp. Putnam co. Ind. [City. Washington, tp. Union co. Pa. Warren, pv. Marionl co. Mo. 105 NNE of Jef. Washington, borough, cap. of WVashington Warren, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Hudson. co. Pa. 209 w of Harrisburg.,WARREESBURG, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on the Washington, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. 16 N VWarrensburg, pv. Greene co. Tenn.242E Ne. of Greenisburg. Warrenlsburg, pv. cap. of Johnlson co. Mo. on Washington, tp. York co. Pa. [NNW of R. Blackwater river. [of Sd. Washinlgton, pv. Rappahannock co.Va. 123 VWARRENSVILLE, pv. Du Page co. Il. 180 NNE W'Vashington, N. C. See GAZETTEER. WARRENTON, pv. cap. of Fauquier co. Va. Wrashingrton, pv. cap. of Wilkes co. Ga. 78 Ns 102 N of Richmond. [NNE of Rh. of Milledgeville. WVarrenton, pv. cap. of Warren co. N. C. 62 Washington, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama Warrenton, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 103 w of river, 102 SE of Tuscaloosa. Lof T. Columbia. [ErNE of M. WVashingltonl C. H. pv. ~Vn. co. Ala. 146 ssw WVarrenton, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ga. 44 Washington, pv. Adams co. Miss. 6 NE of Warrelltonl, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Ala. 135 Natchez. [Bayou Teche. NE of Tuscaloosa. Washington, pv. St. Landry par. La. on Warrenton, pv. Warren co. Miss. on Miss. r. Washington, pv. cap. of Hempstead co. Ark. Warrenlton, pv. Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r. 111 sw of Little Rock. [Tennessee river. Warrentoll, pv. Gibson co. Ind. Washington, pv. cap. of Rhea co. Tenn. on Warrenton, pv. cap. of WVarren co. Mo. 70 ENE WsVashington, pv. cap. Mason co. Ky. 77 EsE F. of Jeffersoin City. [of Cs. Washington, tp. Clermoit co. O. on Ohio r. WYARRENVILLE, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 154 NNE Washington, tp. Clinton CO. O. [50 SW Cs. WARRINGTON, pt. Bucks co. Pa. Mrashington C. H. pv. cap. of Fayette co. O. Valrrington, tp. York co. Pa. [w of H. Washillngton, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 85 E of Cs. WARRIOR MARK, pt. Huutingdon co. Pa. 108 Washington, tp. Harrison co. O. WARSAW, pv. cap. of Wyoming co. N.Y. 250 Washington, tp. Holmes co. O. w of Albany. WVashington, tp. Licking co. O. Warsavw. pt. Jefferson co. Pa. 168 Nmw of H. Washington, tp. Marion co. O. Warsaw, pv. cap. of Richmond co. Va. 58 NE Washington, tp. Miami co. O. of Richmond. Washington, tp. Muskingum co. O. Warsaw, pv. Duplin co. N. C. 80 SSE of Rh. Washington, tp. Preble co. O. WVarsaw, pv. Gwinntett co; Ga. on Chatta- Washiington, tp. Richland co. O. [Scioto r. hoochee river. Washington, tp. Scioto co. O. on Ohio and Warsaw, pv. cap. of Gallatinco.Ky. on Ohio r. Washinlgton, tp. Shelby co. O. Warsaw, pv. cap. of Kosciusko co. Ind. on Washington, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Tippecanoe river. Washinlgton, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 30 Na D. Warsaw, pv. Hancock co. Ill. on Miss. r. Washington, py. cap. of Daviess co. Ind. 106 Warsaw, pv. cap. of Benton co. Mo. on sw of Indianapolis. Osage river. Washington, tp. Harrison co. Ind. WARWICK, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 80 WNW B. Washington, tp. Marion co, Ind. Warwick, pt. Kelnt co. R. I. 11 sw Providence. Washington, tp. Putnam.co. hI L 57 WAT 674 WAY Washington, tp. Randolph co. Ind. WVATERVILLAGE, pv.Carroll co. N.H. 48 NE C0('Washingrton, tp. Washington co. Ind. *WATERVILLE, Pt. Kennebec co. Me. 18 N A. Washington, tp. Wayne co. Ind. Waterville, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 60 N of Cd Washington, pv. Tazewell co. Ill. 71 N of Sd. Waterville, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 43 Nw Mtr. Washington, pv. Franklin co. Mo. 76 E of Waterville, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 90 WNW Al Jefferson City. Waterville, pt. Lucas co. 0. 1.30 NW of Cs. Washington. pv. cap. of Washington co. WATERVLIET, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 5 N of Al. Iowa, 30 s of Iowa City. WATKINSVILLE, pv. Goochliand CO. Va. 30 Washington, a co. in the SE central part of WNW of Richmond. [N of M. Texas, w of, and bordering on the Brazos Watkinsville, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Ga. 68 r. The soil consists chiefly of a deep rich WATSON, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 10 NE of Marloam, very fertile, especially on the bottom tinsburg. [77 N of H lands. WYATSONTOWN, pv. Northumberland co. PA. Washington, the seat of justice of the above WATTSBOROUGH, pv. Lunenburg co. Va. 116 county, and the former capital of Texas, on sw of Richmond. [creek. the Brazos r., about 100 m. in a straight WATTSBURG, borough.Erie co. Pa. on French line E of Austin. Pop. 1,200. WAUPUN, pv. Fond du Lac Co. Wis. 80 NE of WTASHIGNOTONVILLE, V. Oswego co. N.Y. WVAUSHARA, PV. Dane co. Wis. [Madison. Washingtonville, v. Orange co. N.Y. 10 w WAVERLEY, pv.Humphreys co.Tenn.60 w Ne. of Newvburg. lof H. WAWARSING, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 22 sw of Washingtonville. pv. Columbia co. Pa. 80 NNE Kingstotin. WashinStonville, pv. Columbiana co. O. WAWATOSA, tp. M1ilwaukie co. Wis. WAASHITA r. Ark. and La. See GAZETTEER. WAYLAND, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 w B. \VATAUGA r. N. C. unites with the S. Fork of WAYLANDSIBURG, pv. Culpepper co. Va. 104 the Holston. [York. NNE of Richmond. WATERBOROUGH, pt. York co. Me. 25 N of WAYMART, pv. Waytne CO. Pa. 166 NE of H. Waterborough, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. WAYNE, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 15 w of A. WATERBURG, pv. Calhoun co. Mich. on Kala- Wayne, pt. Steuben. co. N.Y. onil Crooked L mazoo river. [Montpelier. Wayne, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. WATERBURY, pt.Washington co.Vt. 12 Nw of Wayne, tp. Clinton co. Pa. W'aterbury, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 52 ssw Wayne, tp. Crawford co. Pa. on Sugar r. of Hartford. [15 NW of Mtr. Wayne, pt. Erie co. Pa. on French cr. [burg. VVATERBURY CENTRE, pv. WashingtOn CO. Vt. Wayne, tp. Greene co. Pa. 15 sw of WaynesWATERFORD, pt. Oxford co. Me. 53 w of A. Waynle, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. on Juniata r. Waterford, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. on Conn. r.'W~ayne, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Waterford, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 42 w B. Wayne, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 197 NE of Cs. Waterford, pt. New London co. Conn. 46 s V Wayne, tp. Belmont co. O. of Hartford.'WVayne, tp. Butler co. O. Waterford, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 N of Al. Wayne, tp. Chamnpaign co. O. aWaterford, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 12 w of Wayne, tp. Clermont co. O. Woodbury. Wayne, tp. Clinton co. O. WVaterford, pt. Erie co. Pa. 13 SE of Erie. NVayne, tp. Jefferson co. O on Cross cr. Waterford, pv. Loudon co. Va. 160 N of R. Wayne, tp. Knox co. O. Waterford, pv. Marshall co. Miss. 184 N of J. VWraytne, tp. La Fayette co. O. Waterford, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. 120 wr of Ne. Wayne, tp. Montgomery co. O. on Miami r. Waterford, pt. Washington co. O. on Mus- Wayne, tp. Pickaway co. O. kingumn r. Wayne, tp. Scioto co. O. Waterford, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 32 NW D. Wayne, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Waterford, pv. Fulton co. Ill. 50 NW of Sd. WVayne, tp. 5Warren co. O. on Little Miami r. W~ ATERLOO, pv. Seneca co. N.Y. 170 w of Al. Waynle, tp. Wayne co. O. WVaterloo, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 70 NW of H. Wayne, tp. Cass co. Mich. WVaterloo, pv. Carroll co. Md. 60 NNW of An. Wayne, tp. Allen co. Ind.'Waterloo, pv. Granville co. N. C. 50 N of Rh. Wayne, tp. Henry co. Ind. WVaterloo, pv. ILaurens (list. S. C. 80 xT Ca. Waynee, tp. Marion co. Ind. TWaterloo, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. on Tenn. r. WVayne, tp. WC~ayne co. Ind. [55 wsw of H. WVaterloo, pv. Point Coupee par. La. on Mis- WAYNESBOROUGH, borough, Franklin co. Pa. sissippi river. Vaynlesborough, pv. Augusta co. Va. on'Waterloo, tp. Athens co. O. on Racoon cr. South river. [on Nelse r. WVaterloo, pt. Favette co. Ind. 60 a of Is. Waynesborough, pv. cap. of Wayne co. N. C. WVaterloo, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ill. 115 s of W7~aynesborough, pv. cap. of Burke co. Ga. 8} Sprigllfield. [xw of Mississippi r. E of Milledgeville. [on Green r. Waterloo, lv. cap. of Clarke co. Mo. a little Waynesborough, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Tenn. W\VATER STREET, PV. HUlntingdon CO. Pa. on W;VAYNESBURG, bore', Greene co. Pa. 222 w H. Juniata river. W;aynesburg, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 67 ssE F. WVATERTOTWN, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 w B. Waytnesburg, pv. Stark co. O., onl Sandy or. Watertown, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 42 ssw of WAYNESVILLE, pv. cap. of Haywood co. N C. Hartford. [Black r. 30 w of Raleigh. 1Watertorwn, rv. cap. of Jefferson co. N.Y. on WVaynesville, pv. WVayne co. Ga. 247 SE of i~M Watertown, pt. Wna. co. 0. 92 ESE of Cs. WVaynesville, pv. WVarren co. O. on Littie.Watertown, pv. Clinton co. Mich. 112 wNrw Miami river. of Detroit. Waynesville, pv. M'Lean co. Ill. 55 NE of Sd. Watertown, pt. Jef. co.;Wis. on Rock r. Waytesville, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Mo. on WATERVALF, PV. Onondaga co. N.Y. 125 w Gasconade river. [of Is. of Albany. WAYBE;TOWN, pv. Montg. co. Ind. 55 wtew WES 675 WES WEA, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ild. 60.w of Is. WEstooRovUGH, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 30 w t WEARE, ware, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 14 sw WEST BOYLESTON, pt. Worcester co. Mass of Concord. 42 w Of Boston. [Phila WVEARE S BRIDGE, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 34 WEST BRADFORD, tp. Chester co. Pa. 33 w of N'E of Concord. [river. WEST BRATTLEBOROUGH, pv. Windhaln Co, VWEATHERSGIELD, pt.WVindsor co.Vt. on Black Vt. 123 s of Montpelier. [25 s of B. Weallhersfield, tp. Trumbull co. O. on Ma- WEST BRIDGEWATER, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. houiii river. WEST BRoOK, tp. Comberlaind co. Me. 52 ssw'WEaVERSVILLE, pv. Northampton' co. Pa. of Au.xusta. WEBSTER, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 s of A. West Brook, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 47 s H d. Webster, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 56 wsw B. WEST BRUNSWICK, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. WVebster, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 214 w of Al. WEST BUFFALO, tp. Union co. Pa. 8 NW Of Webster, pt. Washtenawv co. Mich. 50 w D. New Berlin. [Nw of B. WVEEDSPORT, PV. Cayuga co. N. Y. 7 N of VWEsT CAMBRIDGE, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 6 Auburn. [E of T. WVEST CAMP, pV. Ulster co. N.Y. oni Hudsol r. WEEWVAKAVILLE, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 107 WEST CALN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 441 w Phila. WEISSENBURG, wi'celt-burg, tp. Lehigh co. WEST CANAAN, pv. Madison co. 0. 22 w Cs. Pa. 72 E of Harrisburg. WVEST CANADA cr. N.Y. flows into the MoEISESBUGRG, pv. Baltimore CO. Md. 55 N An. hawk about 15 m. below Utica. On it are WELD, I)t. Franiklin co. Me. 47 WNW of A. thle celebrated Trenton Falls. [of Cs. WVELDON, pv. Halifax co. N. C. oil Roanoke r. WEST CARLISLE, pV. CosIIocton CO. O. 72 NE WVELLERSBURG, PV. Somerset co. Pa. 128 w WEST CARROLLTON, pv. Fairfield Co. O. of Harrisburg. [Cod. WEST CHARLESTON, pv. Penlobscot CO. Me. WELLFEET, Pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape 93 NNE of Augusta. [Clyde r. WELLINGTON, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 62 N A. West Charlestol, pv. Orleans co. Vt. on Velling;onl, pt. Lorain co. 0. 100 NNE of Cs. West Charleston, pv. Miami co. O. 78 w Cs. Wellingtonii pv. La Fayette co. Mo. on Mo. r. WEST CHARLTON, PV. Saratoga Co. N.Y. 33 WELLS, pt. York co. Me. 30 sw of Portland. NNW of Albany. LChazy r. NVells, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 83 ssw of Mtr. WVEST CHAZY, pv. Clinton CO. N.Y. ont Little WVells r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r. WEST CHESTER, pv. New London co. Conn Wells, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 70 NNw of Al. 30,sSE of Hartford. [Bronx r. Wells, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on South cr. Vi::STCIIESTER. pt. Westchester co. N.Y. on Wells, tp. Jefferson co. 0. otl Ohio r. West Chlester, borough, cap. of Chester co. Pa. WVELLSBOROUGH, PV. cap. of Tioga co. Pa. 27 wv of Philadelphia. 145 N of Harrisburg. [Ohio r. West Chester, pv. Butler eo. O. 106 wsw Cs. WELLsBURG, pv. cap. of Brooke co. Va. on WEST COCALICO, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. WNLLSVILLE, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. ot1 Ge- WVEST DEDIHAM, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 sw B. nesee river.,TWE~ST DEER, tp. Alleghany CO. Pa. 16 NE of Wellsville, pv. Columbiraa co. O. on Ohio r. Pittsburg. [of Lancaster. ATVELLWO OD, pv. Haywood co. Ten. 154 wsw WEST DONEGAL, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 17 rNW of Nashville. WEST DRYDEN, pv. Tompkins CO. N.Y. 170 w WENDELL, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 44 Nw of Cd. of Albany. [Lancaster. Wellell, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 78 w of B. WEST EARL, tp. ILancaster Co. Pa. 13 NW of WENISAM, pt. Essex co. Mass. 20 N of B. WETSTERLuOO, pt. Albafny co. N.Y. 22 sw Al. WVENIOCK, tIp. Essex co. Vt. 58 NE of Mtr. WESTERLY, pt. Washington co. R. I. 42 ssw WENTVWORTH, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 56 NNW of Providence. of Conicord. L116 Nw of Rh. 5WESTERN, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 18 NW Utica. WVentworth, pv. cap. of Rockingham co. N.C. WVESTErNPoORT, pv. Alleghatny Co. Md. on the WESAW, tp. Berrien co. Mich. Potomac. LMohawk. WESLEY, pt. Washitigton co. Me. 170 E of A. WVESTERNVILLE, pv. Oneida Co. N.Y. on the Wesley, pv. Haywood co. Tetnn. 174 wsw Ne. WEST FAIRFIELD, pv. WVestmoreland Co. Pa. WVesley, pt. WVashlington co. 0. 94 ESE of Cs. 160 xw of Harrisburg. N[Montpelier. WNesley, pv. Fulton co. Iud. 107 N of Is. WVEST FAIRLEE, pt. Orainge co. Vt. 36 SE of'VWESLEYViLLE, pv. Erie co. Pa. LConn. r. WEJST FALLOWvFIELD, tp. Chester co. Pa. 37 WEST r. Vt. called also WVattasticook, enters w of Philadelphia. Va,sr, spt. IHIInttillldon co. Pa. 8N Huntingdon. IWTESTFALL, tp. Pike co. Pa. L[of New York. West, tp. Columbiana co. O. D WEST FARMS, pv. WVestchester co. N.Y. 11 NE WEST ALEXANDR1A, PV. Wtn. co. Pa. 225 w H. WVESTFILoD, pt. Orleanis co. Vt. 50 N of Mtr. West Alexandria, pv. Preble co. O. 188 w Cs. VWestfield, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 100 w of B. WEST ALMOND, Pt. Alleghatny co. N.Y. 6 E Wrestfieldpt. Chautaque co.N.Y. on L.Erie. of Angelica. Westfield, tp. Richmond co. N.Y. on Slaten I. WEST ALTON, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 36 NE Cd. Westfield, pt. Essex co. N. J. 45 NE of Tin.,WEST ARLINGTON, pv. Beinnington co. Vt. 106 ~Westfield, pt. Tioga Co. Pa. 168 N of H. sw of Montpelier. [68 ssE of B. Wrestfield, tp. Delaware co. 0. 28 N of Cs. WEST BARNSTABLE, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. WEST FINDLEY, pt. Washillgton CO. Pa. WEST BEDFORD, pV. Coshocton co. O. 73 NE WEST FLORENCE, pv. Preble co. 0. 100 w Cs of Columbus. [noe r. WTESTFOtD, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 56 NW Mtr West Bedf(ird, pv. White co. Ind. on Tippeca- Westford, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 32 Nxv of B WEST BETHLEHEM, tp. Washington co. Pa. W Vestford, pv. Windham co. Conn. 30 E Hd. 12 SE of XWashington. [Honeoye cr. WVestford, Pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 65 wv of Al. WEST BLOOMFIELD, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. on WEST FORK, tp. Washinsgton co. Ark. West Bloomnfield, pv. Essex co. N. J. 56 rNE Tn. WEST FRANKLIN, pv. Posey CO. Ind. 182 sw Is.'West Bloomfield, pt. Oaklantd co. Mich. 32 NW W EST GOSHEN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 21 w Phila. of Detroit. WiEs r GRANvILLE, pv. Hanlpden co. Mass.: 28 WES 676 WET WEST GREENVILLE, pt. Mercer co. Pa. West Point, pv. Orange co. N. C. 30 Nw Rh WEST GREENWICH, pt. Kent co. R. I. 18 sw West Point, pv. Troup co. Ga. 136 w of M. of Providence. [North r. 100 w of B. West Point, pv. Hardin co. Ky. on Ohio r. WEST HAMPTON, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on West Point, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 158 NE Cs WEST HANOVER, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 16 SE H. West Point, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 77 NW Is. WEST HARTFORD, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 4 w WEST PORT, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 38 s of A. of Hartford. [NW of HId. West Port, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 60 sw Cd. WEST HARTLAND, pV. Hartford co. Conn. 31 West Port, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 60 s of B. WEST HAVEN, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 90 sw Mtr. West Port, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 64 sw Hd, WEST HEMPFIELD, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 8 w West Port, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Black cr. of Irancaster. Lof Augusta. West Port, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 43 NW of F WEST JEFFERSON, PV. Lincoln co. Me. 16 SSE West Port, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 70 SE of Is. West Jefferson, pv. Madison co. O. 14 w Cs. West Port, pv. Jackson co. Mo. 158 WNW of WEST KILL, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 60 sw of Al. Jefferson City. [w of Al. WEST KILLINGLY, pv. Windham co. Conn. 48 WEST RICHMOND, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 220 E of Hartford. WEST R. tp. Randolph co. Ind. [of i'hila. WESTLAND, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 86 NE Rh. WEST ROCKHILL, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 33 NNW Westland, tp. Guernsey co. 0. 70 E of Cs. WEST ROXBURY, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 10 sWy WEST LEBANON, PV. Warrea co. Ind. 84 NW Is. of Boston. [of Mtr. WEST LIBERTY, PV. Ohio co. Va. 357 NW R. WEST RUTLAND, pv. Rutland co. Vt. 66 ssw West Liberty, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ky. on WEST SANTD LAKE, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. Licking river. 14 E of Albany. [ssw of B. West Liberty, pv. Logan co. O. on Mad r. WEST SANDWICH, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 56 WEST MANCHESTER, tp. York co. Pa. WEST SALEM, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 17 Nw of WEST MARLBOROUGH, tp. Chester co. Pa. 33 Mercer. LSE of B. sw of Philadelphia. [Nw of Al. WVEST SCITUATE, PV. Plymouth co. Mass. 20 WEST MARTINSBURG, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 137 WEST SOMERS, PV. Westchester co. N.Y. 116 WEST MIDDLEBOROUGH, pv. Plymouth co. s of Albany. [on Connecticut r. Mass. 43 s of Boston. W5EST SPRINGFIELD, pt. Hampden co. Mass. West Middleborough, pv. Logan co. 0. 56 NW WEST STOCKBRIDGE, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. of Columbus. (Pa. 220 w of H. WEST STOCKBRIDGE CENTRE, pv. Berkshire WEST MIDDLETOWN, boro', Washington co. co. Mass. 140 w of B. [wsw of B. WEST MILFORD, pt. Passaic co. N. J. 100 NNE WEST SUTTON, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 50 of Trenton. [Albany. WEST THo()MPSON, pv. Windham co. Conn. 46 VWEST MILTON, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 31 N of ENE of Hartford. WESTMINSTER, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Con- WEST TISBURY, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 96 SSE B. necticut river. Lof B. WEST TOwNr, PV. Orange co. N.Y. 116 ssw Al. Westminster, pt.Worcester co. Mass. 53 wNw West Town, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 w Phila. Westminster, pv.WVindlham co. Conn. 38 E of VWEST TREN'TON, PV. Hancock co. Me. 98 EC Hartford. [NW of An. of Augusta. Westminster, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Md. 58 WFST TURIN, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. on Salmon r. WESTMINSTER WEST, PV. Windham co. Vt. WEST UNION, pv. Marshall co. Va. on Wheel106 s Montpelier. [creek. ing river. [of Columbus. WEST MONROE, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Bog West Union, pv. cap. of Adams co. O. 106 s WESTMORE, tp. Orleans co. Vt. [sw Cd. West Union, pv. Knox co. Inid. 108 sw of Is. WESTMORELAND, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 65 WVESTVILLE, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 40 WVestmoreland, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. wsw of Hartford. Westinoreland C.H. pv. cap. ofWestmoreland Westville, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 68 w of Al. co. Va. 70 NE of Richmond. [of Phila. Westville, lp. Franklin co. N.Y. on Salmon r. WEST NANTMEAL, tp. Chester co. Pa. 34 NW Westville, pv. cap. of Simpson co. Miss. 55 VWEST NEEDIIAM, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 ssE of Jackson. wsw of Boston. Lrimack r. WVestville, pv. Champaign co. O. 50 w of Cs. WEST NEWBURlY, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Mer-. Westville, v. Columbiana co. O. WEST NEWTON, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 9 w WEST VINCENT, tp. Chester co. Pa. 30 NW of of Boston. [sw of Phila. Philadelphia. [SSE of B. WEST NOTTINGHAM, tp. Chester co. Pa. 45. WEST W~AREHAM, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 49 WVESTON, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 260 NE of A. WEST WVATERVILLE, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 19 Westoil, pt. Wilndsor co. Vt. 91 s of MlItr. N of Augusta. [of Phila. 5Weston, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 14 w ()f B. WEST W~HITELAND, pt. Chester co. Pa. 26 w Weston, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 63 sw of Hd. WEST WINCHESTER, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. Weston. pv. Somerset co. N. J. 20 N of Tn. 67 sw of Concord. [of H. Weston, pv. cap. of Lewis co.Va. on Monon- WVEST WINDHAM, PV. Bradford eo. Pa. 152 N gahela river. WEST WINDSOR, tp. Mercer co. N. J. Weston, pt. Wood co. O. on Maumee r. WEST WOODVILLE, pv. Clermnont co. O. 190 Weston, pv. Platte co. Mo. on Missouri r. sw of Columbus. [80 SE of B. WEST PENN, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa.,0 NE-of H.'WEST YARMOUTH, PV. Barnstable co. Mass. WEST PENNSBORO', tP. Cumberlaad co. Pa. WEST ZANESVILLE, tp. Muskingum co. O. 8 w of Carlisle. WETHERSFIELD, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 4 sHd WEsr PIKELAND, tp. Chester co. Pa. Wethersfield, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Toin. WEST PIKE RUN, tp. Washington co. Pa. awanda creek. [ning r WEST PHILADELPHIA, PV. Phila. co. Pa. on Wethersfield, pt. Trumbull co. O. on Malo the Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia. Wethersfield, pv. Henry co. Ill. WEST POINT, PV. Orange co. N.Y. on Hud- WETIHERSFIELD SPRINGS, pv. Wyoming co son r. Here is the U. S. Military Academy. N.Y. 258 w of Albany. WHI 677 WIL WETUMPKA, city, Coosa co. Ala. on Coosar. Va. 205 w of Richmond. Many tnousand WVEYBRIDGE, tp. Addlson co. Vt. 30 s of Bur- persons visit these springs annually, and lington. large qulantities of the water are exported. WEYMOUTH, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 ssE of B. 5VHITESVILLE, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. 265 w WXeymouth, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. [town. of Albany. [125 s of Rh. WTHARTON, tp. Fayette co. Pa. 11 SE of Union- Whitesville, pv. cap. of Columbus co. N. C. Whartonl, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 wsw of H. Whitesville, pv. Harris co. Ga. 148 wsw M. WVHATELY, pt. Frankliti Co. Mass. 9 N North- Whitesville, pv. Duval co. Flor. on Black r. ampton. [Lockport. Whitesville, pv.Wilkinson co. Miss. 136 sw WTIEATFIELD, tp. Niagara co. N.Y. 12 w of of Jackson; [of Ne W'heatfield, tp. Perry co. Pa. [Rochester. Whitesville, pv.Hardeman co. Tenn. 172 wsw \*'HEATLAND, Pt. Monroe Co. N.Y. 14 sw of WHITEWATER r. Ind. flows illto Great MiaWheatland, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 88 sw of D. mi river, O. [water r W7'HEELER, Pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 216 w of Al. Whitewater, tp. Hamilton co. O. on WrhiteWVIHELERSBURG, pv. Scioto co. O. 10()0 s of Cs. WHITFIELD, tp. Indiana co. Pa. WVnEELING cr. rises in Pa. and flows into the WHITFORD, tp. Moinroe Co. Mich. Ohio in Va. just l)elow Wheeling. VWHTING-, pt. Washington co. Me. 170 ENE A. Wbheeling, Va. See GAZETTEER. Lriver. Whiting, pt. Addison co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. Vlheeling, pv. Holmes Co. Miss. on Big Black WHITTINGIIAM, pt. Windham co. Vt. on DeerWheeling, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 74 s of Ne. field river. Lw of B. Wheeling, tp. Belmont co. O. WHITINSVILLE, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ~Wheeling, pv.Delaware co. Ind. 70 NNE of Is. ~WHITLEY C. H. Ky. See XVILLIAMSBUnG. \T~HEELOCK, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 43 NE Mtr. VWhitley, pv. -Whitley co. Ind. lon Eel r. 120 WVIIETSTONE r. O. flows into the Scioto r. NNE of Indianapolis. Whbetstonie, tp. Crawford co. 0. 18 SE Bucyrus. VHITLOCKSVILLE, pv. Westchester co. N. Y. WHITE r. Vt. flows ilto Connecticut r. 125 s of Albany. [248 w of Al White r. Ark. See GAZETTEER. WHITNEY'S VALLEY, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y White r. Ind. See GAZETTEER. WVIITPAINE, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. White, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [Little Rock. WHITTINGTON, pv. IIOt Springs co. Ark. 40 White C. H. pv. cap. White co. Ark. 50 NNE of' W of Little Rock. [Providence. WHITE CREEK, PV. Wn. CO. N.Y. 43 NE of Al. WICKFORD, pv. XWashington CO. R. I. 22 s of WHITE DEER, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 78 N H. WVcoMrco r. Del. and Md. flows into Cllesao White Deer, tp. Unioin co. Pa. peake Bay. WHITE EYES, tp. Cosihocton co. O. WIcoNrsco, pt. Dauphin co. Pa. 53 N of H. WVHITEFIELD, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 16 SE of A. WVILBRAHAM1, pt. Hampden co. Mass.83wswB. Whitefield, pt. Coos co. N. H. 93 N of Cd. WILCOX C. H. pv. cap. of Wilcox co. Ala. 97 WHITE HALL, pv. Washington co. N.Y. on s s of Tuscaloosa. [of Sd. end of Lake Champlain, 73 N of Albany. WVILCOXVILLE, p)V. Schuyler co. I11. 54 WNW White Hall, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 87 N of H. WVILFONG''s MILLS, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 173 White Hall, pv. Frederick co.Va. 154 NNW w of Raleigh. of Richmond. [wsw of Rh. WVILKESBARRE, PV. cap. of Luzerne co. Pa. White Hall, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 166 on the Susquehanna, 127 NE of Harrisburg. White Hall, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 93 w Ca. WILKESBOROUGH, pv. cap. of Wilkes co. N. C. White Hall, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 94 s of T. on Yadkin river. White Hall, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 190 sw Ne. Wilkesborough, pv. M'Lean co. 11. 74 NE Sd. White Hall, pv. St. Joseph Co. Ind. 133 N Is. WILKESVILLE, pt. Gallia co. 0. 84 ssE of Cs. White Hall, pv. Greene co. Ill. 60 sw of Sd. WILKINS, pt. Alleghany co. Pa. 10 E of PittsVHITE HAVEN, PV. Luzerne co. Pa. 114 NE H. burg. [of H. White Haven, pv. Somerset co. Md. on WAi- WVILKINSBURG, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 192 w comieo river. [NNW of Tn. WILKINSONvILLE, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 40 WHITE HOUSE, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 40 w of Boston. [ssw of R. WHITE LAKE. pt. Oakland Co. Mich. 43 Nw D. Wilkinsonville, pv. Chesterfield co. Va. 32 WHITELEY, pt. Greene co. Pa. on Whiteley er. VILKINSVILLE, pv. Union dist. S. C. 98 Nw WHITELEYSBURG, pv. Kent co. Del. 20 sw of of Columbia. Dover. [Phila. WVilkinsville, v. Clarke eo. Ga. WHITE MARSH, pt. AMontg. co. Pa. 11 NW of WILLAMMETTE, wil-lam'met, written also WHITE MTS. a group in the N central part of WAL-A'IMUTTE, a r. of Oregon, fall~ig into N.H. The highest summit, called Mt.Wash- the Columbia near Ft. Vancouver. The valington, has an elevation of 6,428 feet above ley of this river is regarded as the finest and the sea. most fertile portion of the whole territory WHITE OAK, tp. Ingham co. Mich.'V7ILLEMSTADT, a pretty sea-port t., cap. of WHITE OAK SPRINGS, PV. Iowa co. Wis. 92 Curagoa, in the West Indies. Pop. estisw of Madison. [wsw of D. mated at 7,000. [land. WHITE PIGEON, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich. 148 WILLET, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. 18 SE of CcrtWHITE PLAINS, pv. VWestchester Co. N.Y. on WILLIAMS r. Vt. flows inlltO the Connecticut. Bronx river, 30 rNE of New York.;Villiams, tp Northampton co. Pa. WHITE POST, PV. Clarke co. Va. 140 NNW R. W11LIAMSo1RO)UGH, pv. Granville Co. N. C. WHITE R. tp. Izard co. Ark. 48 N of Raleigh. [Pleasant r White R. tp. Randolph co. Ind. [wTWw Al. WILLIAMSBURG, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on WHITTESBR),UGH, pV. Oneida co. N. Y. 96 Witliamsburg, pt. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 w WHITESBURG, pv. Madison co. Ala. 143 NNE T. of Bostmon. WHITESTOWN. pt. Onieida co. N.Y. 96 WNW Williamsburg, IOlon I. See GAZETTEER. of Albany. WVilliaiusbulg, borough, Blair county, Pa. 58 Whitestown, pv. Beniton co. Mo. on the Juniinta. [ESE of R, WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, PV. Greenbrier co. Williairsburg, v. cap. of James City co Va 57* WIL 678 WIN Wllliamsburg, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 157 w of WILMORE, PV. Cambria co. Pa. Raleigh. [82 SE of J. VILMOT, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 27 NW Cd. Williamsburg, pv. cap. of Covington co. Miss. WVILMURT, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. 35 N of Williamsburg, pv. Mason co. Ky. 90 ENE of F. Herkimer. [NW of Al. Williamsburg, pv. cap. of Whitley co. Ky. on WILNA, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r. 157 Cumberland river. [Cincinnaati. WVilna, pv. Houston co. Ga. 60 sw of M. WVilliamsburg, pt. Clermont co. 0. 28 E of WILSON, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. [port. Williamsburg, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 73 E of Is.'Wilson, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 10 NW' Of LockWilliamsburg, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 37 NNE WILSONVILLE, pv. Bath co. Va. 198 WNW R of Jefferson City. [NW of Cs. Wilsonville, pv. Linicoln co. N. C. 185 wsw VILLIAMS CENTRE, PV. Willianms co. O. 170 of Raleigh. WILLIAMS COLLEGE GRANT, tp. Aroostook co. Wilsonville, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 82 E of T. Me. Lof Cs. Wilsonville, pv. Spencer co, Ky. 35 wsw F. WILLIAMSFIELD, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 200 NE WrtLTON, pt. Franklit co. Me. 38 WNW of A WILLIAMSON, pt. WVayne co. N. Y. on Lake Wilton, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 40 s of Cd Ontario, 200 WNW of Albany. Wilton, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of lid. WILLIAMSPORT, boro', cap. Lycoming co. Pa. Wilton, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 43 N of Al. 160 NW of Philadelphia. [tomac r. WVilton, pv. Granlville co. N. C. 34 N of Rh. Williamsport, pv. Washington co. Md. oin Po- WVINCHErNDON, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 WTilliamsport, pv. Hardy co. Va. 180 rN of R. WNW of Boston. [Concord. Williamsport, pv. Maury co. Tenn. 45 ssw ~WINCHESTER, Pt. Cheshire co. N.H. 64 sw of Williamnsport, v. Columbiana co. O. [of Ne. 5Winchester, pt. Litcl-lfield co. Conn. 26 NW Hd. Williamsport, pv. Pickaway co. 0. 35 s Cs. Winchester, Va. See GAZETTEER. Williamsport, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ind. on Winchester, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Miss. on the Wabash. LTuscaloosa. Chickasawha r. 150 ESE of J. [94 sSE Ne. WILLIAMSTON, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 186 SE of Winchester, pv. cap. of Franklii co. Tentt. WILLIAMSTOWN, pt. Orange co.Vt. 11 SE Mtr. W'inchester, pv. cap. Clarke co. Ky. 44 EsE F. Williamstown, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Winchester, tp. Adams co. O. Hoosick river. It is the seat of WVilliams Winchester, pv. Guernsey co. 0. 87 E of Cs. College. [Oswego. Winchester, pv. cap. of Ranldolph co. Iud. 81 Williamstown, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 28 E of ENE of Indianapolis. [(,f Sd. Williamstown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 50 ESE Winchester, pv. cap. of Scott co. Il. 50 wsw of Harrisburg. [onl Roalloke r. Witchester, pv. Clarke co. Mo. 165 N of Jef. Williamstown, pv. cap. of Martin co. N. C. Wilnchester, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa. [City. Williamstown, pv. cap. of Grant co. Ky. 50 WINCHESTER CENTRE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. NNE of Frankfort. [Indianapolis. 30 NW of Hartford. [Aug5usta. Williamstown, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 55 SE of WINDHAM, Pt. Cumberlanld co. Me. 56 ssE of WILLIAMSVILLE, Pv. Windham co.Vt. 120 s of Wtindham, pt. Rockinghanm co. N.H 40 SE Cd. Montpelier. Windham, p1. Windham co. Vt. 104 s of Mtr Williamsville, pv. Erie co. N.Y. 278 w of Al. Windham, pt. Windham co. Conn. 31 E of lid Williamsville, pv. Kent co. Del. 22 sswDover. Witndham, pt. Greetne co. N.Y. 45 sw of Al. Williamsville, pv. Person co. N.C. 60 NNW Rh. ~Windhamr, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 162 N of H. WILLIMtANSET, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on Wilndham, tp. Luzernie co. Pa. 25 NW of Connecticut r. [r. to form the Shietucket. Wilkesbarre. WILLIMANTIC r. Conn. unites with Natchaug Windham, pt. Portage co. O. 160 NE of Cs. WVillimantic, pv. Windham co. Conn. 28 E Hd. WINDHAM CENTRE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 50 WILLINGBOROUGH, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 7 sw of Albany. NW of Mount Holly. ~ VINDSOR, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 10 E of A. WILLINGTON, tp. Piscataquis co. Me. WVitndsor, tp. Hillsbtorough co. N. H. [river. Willington, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 28 w of Hd. WitVdsor, pv. cap. of Windsor co.Vt. on Conn. Willington, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 100 w Ca. Windsor, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 123 w of B. WILLISTON, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 32 NNW Windsor, pt. Hartford co. Colnn. 7 N of Hd. of Montpelier. Windsor, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on Susqa. r. Williston, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 98 ssw Ca. Windsor, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. VVilliston, pv. Callaway co. Ky. 265 wsw F. WVindsor, pt. York co. Pa. 42 s of H. WILLISTOWN, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 NW Phila. Windsor, pv. cap. Bertie co. N. C. 100 ENE Rh. WILLOUGHBY, PV. Lake co. 0. 164 NNE of Cs. WVindsor, pv. Walton co. Ga. 70 NNW of MI. WILLOW GROVE, PV. MJonlg. co. Pa. 13 N Phila. Windsor, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 126 NE of Cs. WVILLSBOROUGH, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 15 NE of Windsor, Pt. Lawrence co. 0. 110 SSE of Cs. Willsborough, tp. Tioga co. Pa. [Elizabeth. Wilndsor, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 71 ENE of Is WILLS, tp. Guernsey co. O. Winctsor, pv. Bureau co. Ill. 120 N of Sd. WILLSHIRE, pt.Van Wert co. O. 130 WNW Cs. WINDSOR LOCKS, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 11 WILMINGTON, pt. Windham co. Vt. 17 E of N of Hartford. Bennitgton. [of B. WINESBURG, PY. Holmes co. 0. 105 NE of Cs Wilmitlgton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 NNW WINFIELD, Pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 76 w of Al, Wilmington, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Saranac r. WVINGVILLE, pv. Grant co. Wis. 67 w Madison Wilmington, Del. See GAZETTEER. WINHALL, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 97 s of Mtr. Wilmington, pv. Fluvanna co. Va. 58 WNw R. WIrNNEBAGO, lake, Wis. 24 m long, 10 broad. Wilmington, N. C. See GAZETTEER. WINrNEMAC, PV. cap. of Pulaskt co. Ind. 100 N Wilmington, pv. M'Cracken co. Ky. [of Cs. of Indianapolis. Wilmington, pv. cap. of Clinton co. 0. 72 sw WVINNICUT r. N. H. a tributary of Ptscataqua Wilmington, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 84 SE of Is. river, which it enters through Great Bay. Wilmington, pv. WVill co. Ill. 152 NE of Sd.'WINNIPISIOGEE, lake and r. N. H. See GAZ. WILMINGTON ISLAND, Ga. in Savannah r. 6 ETTEER. [S. C. 30 NNW of Ca m. long, 4 broad. WVINNSBO,BOUGII, pv cap. of Fairfied dist WOM 679 WOO WVINSLOW, pt. Kennebec co. MIe. 20 N of A.'VONASQUATUCKET r. Providence co. R. I. Winslow, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 54 s of Tn. flows inlto Providence Cove. Winslow, pv. Pike co. Ind. 146 ssw of Is. WooD cr. N.Y. flows into Oneida Lake. WIRTERSVILLE, PV. Jef. co. 0. 134 ENE of Cs Wood cr. Washington co. N.Y. flows into I, WINTHROP, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 10 w of A. Champlain. [of Al WVINTON, pv. cap. of Hertford co. N. C. on WVOODBOURNE, pv. Sullivan Co. N.Y. 103 sw Chowan river. WVoodbourne, pv. Knox co. Tenn. 200 E of Ne WIOTA, pv. Iowa co. Wis. 75 N of Madison. WOODBRIDGE, tp. New Haven co. Conn. 6 Nw WIRE TOWN, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. 50 E T1. of New Haven. WIRT, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. Woodbridge, pt. Middlesex co. N.J. 43NE Tn1. WVISCASSET, Me. See GAZETTEER. VWoodbridge, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. WIscoNIsco, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. WVOODBUR, pv. Macoupin co. 11. 63 s of Sd. WOODBURY, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 50 w HId. WISCONSIN, State of. An act was passed Woodbury, v. Queen's co. N.Y. on Loilg I. at the last session of Congress providing for the %Woodbury, pv. cap. Glo'ster co. N.J. 37 ssw admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a of Trenton. sovereigit state, with the following bounda- WoTodhury, pt Bedford co. Pa. 113 w of I-H. ries-Beginning at the north-east corner of Woodbury, tp. Blair county, Pa. [sAof Ne. the state of Illinois-that is to say, at a point WVoodury, pv. cap. of Cannon co. Tenn. 54 in the centre of Lake Michigani where the line Woodllury, pv. Wood co. 0O. 104 NNW of Cs. of 42Q 30' N Lat. crosses the same; thence, Woodbury, pv. Madislon co. Ind. 22 NE of IS. running with the boundary line of the state WVoodl)ury, pv. Coles co. Ili. 105 EsE of Sd. of Michigan, through Lake Michigan, Green WooDCocoK, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 213 Nw H1-I. Bay, to the mouth of the Meniomonie river; WOODFORD, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 120 s Mtr. thence up the channel of said river to the Woodftord, pv. WVoodford co. Ill. o0i MackiBrul6 river; thence up said last mentioned Ilaw river. river to Lake Brul6; thence along the south- WOODHULL, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 240 w of Al ern shore of Lake Brul6 in a direct line to the Woodhull, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. centre of the channel between Middle and WOODLAND, pv. Hamilton co. Flor. South islands, in the Lake of the Desert; Woodland, pv. East Feliciana par. La. 120 thence in a direct line to the head waters of NW of New Orleans. the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey WOODLAWN, pv. Liicoln co. N. C. 173 w Rh. made by Captain Cramm; thence down the Woodlawn, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 98 w Ca. main channel of the Montreal river to the'WooDsaoRoUGH, pv. Frederick co. Md. 85 middle of Lake Superior; thence through the Nw of Annapolis. [a of Cs. centre of Lake Superior to the mouth of the WOODSFIELD, pv. cap. of Monroe co. 0. 117 St. Louis river; thence up the main channel WooD's HOLE, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 80 s of said river to the first rapids in the same, of Boston. above the Indian village, according to Nicol- WOODSONVILLE, pv. Hart co. Ky. on Greene r. let's map; thence due south to the main WIVOODSTOCK, pt. Oxford co. Me. 50 w of A. branch of the river St. Croix; thence down Woodstock, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 57 N of Cd. the main channel of said river to the Missis- Woodstock, pv. cap. of 7Vindsor co. Vt. 50 s sippi; thence down the centre of the main of Montpelier. [Hartford. channel of that river to the north-west cor- Woodstock, pt. Windham co. Conn. 43 ENE of ner of the state of Illinois; thence due east Woodstock, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 70 s of Al. with the northern boundary of the state of Woodstock, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. 50 NW Illinois to the place of bleginning. of Annapolis. [on N. Fork of Shenandoah r. Wisconsin comprises a portion of a rich Woodstock, pv. cap. of Shenandoah co. Va. mineral region which extends into Illinois Woodstock, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. on Little r. and Iowa. Lead ore is abundant; copper Woodstockl, pv. Champaign co. 0. 37 NW Cs. occurs in considerable quantities. Antimony Woodstock, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 73 wsw is said to have been recently discovered in of Detroit. great abundance, near Helena, Iowa county. WOODSTOWN, pv. Salem co. N. J. 53 s of Tn WOODSVILLE, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. Woodsville, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 13 N of Tn. VrsENBURG, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. WOODVILLE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 40 w of WIsSAHICKON Cr. a small stream falling into Hartford. [Albany. the Schuylkill 6 m. above Philadelphia, no- Woodville, pv. Jefferason co. N.Y. 170 Nw of ted for the wild and picturesque scenery Woodville, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 118 alone its banks. [of Cs. NW of Richmond. [of Rh. WITHAMSVILLE, pv. Clermont co. 0. 128 sw Woodville, pv. Perquimans co. N. C. 205 EEN WOBURN, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 NW of B. Woodville, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 93 w Ca WOLCOTT, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 23 N of Mtr. Woodville, pv. Greene co. Ga. 55 N of M. Wolcott, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 54 s of Hd. Woodville, pv. Jackson co. Ala. 163 NE of T. Wolcott, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Woodville, pv. cap. of Wilkinson co. Miss. WOLCOTTSVILLE, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 26 135 sw of Jackson. w of Hartford. 4 Woodville, pt. Sandusky co. O. on Portage r,'WOLF, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. [Mercer. Woodville, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 74 s of Is. WOLF CREEK, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 10 SE of Woodville, pv. Hancock co. Ill. 106 wNw Sd WOLFSBOROUGH, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 40 NNW Woodville, pv Macon co. Mo. 96 N Jef. City of Concord. [wsw of Rh. WOO()DARDVILLE, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 104 WOLFsvILLE, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 178 s of Tuscaloosa.'WOLVERTON, PV. M'Minn Co. Tenn. 185 ESE WOOLWICH, Pt. Lincoln co. Me. 35 s of A. of Nashville. [Reading. Woolwich, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 11 sw of WOMELSDORF, pv. Berks co. Pa. 14 w:f Woodbury. YER 680 ZOA WOONSOCKET FALLS, pV. Providence co. R. I. YOCUMTOWN, pv. York co. Pa. 21 s of H. 15 NNW of Providence, [Cleveland. YONKERS, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. an Had. WOOSTER, pV. cap. of Wayne co. O. 50 s of son river. [mouth. %WORCESTER, pt. Washington co. V&. S N Mtr. YORK r. Me. flows into thle Atlantic by a bi oad Worcester, Mass. See GAZETTEER. York r. Va. See GAZETTEER. Worcester, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 57 sw of Al. York, Me. See GAZETTEER. Worcester, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 90 E of H. York, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. 238 w of Al. Worcester, pv. M'Donouglh co. Ill. 98 Nw Sd. York, Pa. See GAZETTEER. WVORTHINGTON, pt. Hampshire co. Alass. 17 York, tp. York co. Pa. 5 sw of York. WNW of Northamptonl. York, pv. Fayette co. Ga. 87 WNW AM. Worthington, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 190 w H. York, tp. Athens co. O. on Hocklocking r. Worthington, pv. Muhlenburg co. Ky. 172 York, tp. Belmonit co. O. on Ohio r. sw of Frankfort. York, tp. Morgan co. O. Worthington, pv. Franklin co. 0. 9 N of Cs. York) tp. Sandusky co. O. Worthington, tp. Richland co. O. York, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 46 w of D. WRENTHAM, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 32 ssw B. York, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. WIRIGHTSBOROUGH, pv. Columbia co. Ga. 95 York, pv. Clarke co. Ill. oil Wabash r. ERE of Milledgeville. YORK HAVEN, pv. York co. Pa. on Susqa. r. W7'RIGHTSTOWN, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 24 N Phila. YORKSHIRE, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on CatWrightstown, pv. Burliigton co. N. J. 23 s taraugus creek. Ls of H. of Treniton. [quehanna r. YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS, pV. Adams co. Pa. 21 WRIGHTSVILLE, borough,York co Pa. on Sus- YORKTOWN, pt. WVestchester co. N.Y. on CroWrightsville, pv. Roane co. Tenn. 154 E Ne. tonl river. WURTSBOROUGH, pv. Sullivan eo. N.Y. 97 sw Yorktown, Va. See GAZETTEER. of Albany. Yorktown, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 50 NE of Is. WYALUSING cr. Pa. flows into Susquehanna r. YORKVILIE, V. New York co. N.Y. 5 N of Wyalusing, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on Wyalu- the City Hall. [of Ca. sing creek. [hatchee r. Yorkville, pv. cap. of York dist. S. C. 80 N WYATT, pv. La Fayette co. Miss. on Talla- Yorkville, pv. Pickens co. Ala. 68 wNw of T. WYE r. Md. runs between Talbot and Queen Yorkville, pv. Gibson co. TenD 143 w of Ne. Anile counties into Chesapeake Bay. Yorkville, pv. Racine co. W.is. t06 ESE of Ma\WYKERTOWN, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 80 N Tn. dison. WTYNANT'S KILL, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 10 YOUrGHIOGHENY, y,)h'ho-ga'ne, a r. which E of Albany. rises inl Preston co.Va.. and flowing through WYOMING, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. 248 w Al. Md. into Pa., falls into the Monongahela Wyoming, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. 18 m. SE of Pittsburg. It is navigable to the Wyoming, pv. Dinwiddie co. Va. 60 s of R. Ohiopyle falls, 30 m. from its mouth. At Wyoming, pv. Stark co. Ill. 100 N of Sd. this obstruction the river has a perpeIldicuWyoming, pv. Wayne co. Iowa. lar descent of 20 feet. WYsox, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 136 N of H. YOUNG, tp. Indiana co. Pa. WYTHEVILLE, pv. Wythe co. Va. 248 w of R. Young, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [of Ca. YOUNGESVILLE, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 40 t XALISCO. See JALISCO. YOUNGSTOWN, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. on NiaXENIA, pv. cap. of Greene co. 0. 60 wsw Cs. gara river. [150 w of H. Youiigstown, borough, Westmoreland co. Pa. YADKIN r. N. C. See GAZETTEER. Younlgstown, pt. Mahoning co. 0. 177 NE Cs. YAQUI, or HIAQUI, yah-kee', a r. of Mexico, YOUNGSVILLE, PV. Warren co. Pa. 218 NW H. which falls into the Gulf of California near Youugsville, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. 140 ESE the 28th parallel of N Lat. and the 110th of Tuscaloosa. [134 N of H. meridian of w Lon. [NW of Rh. YOUNG WOMANSTOWN, pv. Clinton co. Pa. iANCEYVILLE, pv. cap. of Caswell co. N. C. 87 YOUTA. See UTAH. YANKEE SPRINGS, pt. Barry co. Mich. 150 w YPSILANTI, pv. Washtenaw co. Mich. 30 w D YANTIC r. Conn. flows into the Thames. [D. YARDLEYVILLE, PV. Bucks CO. Pa. on the De- ZACATULA, sac-a-too'la, a r. of Mexico, falllaware. [Boston. ing into the Pacific about 18o N Lat., and YARaOUTH, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 78 SE of 1020 251 w Lon. Also, a little town at the YARMOUTH PORT, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. mouth of the above. 77 SE of Boston. ZACATECAS, sah-kl-ta'kas, a state in the cenYATES, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 12 N of Albion. tral part of Mexico, immediately s of CoaYAZOO r. Miss. formed by the juniction of huila. Area 20,000 sq. m. Pop. 275,000. Tallahatchee and Yalabusha, flows into the Zacatecas, the capital of the above, is Mississippi river. about 9,600 ft. higher than the sea, and has YAZOO CITY, pv. Yazoo co. Miss. on Yazoo r. a population of 25,000. (B.) YELLOW CR. Pt. Chariton co. Mo. 110 NW of ZANESFIELD, PV. Logan co. O. 64 NW of Cs. Jefferson City. ZANESVILLE, O. See GAZETTEER. YELLOW or CHESTER SPRINGS, V. Chester co. Zanesville, pv. Moltg. co. Ill. 38 s of Sd. Pa. 30 WNW of Phliladelphia. ZEBULON, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ga. 77 w M. YELLOW SPRINGS, pv. Greene co. 0. 52 sw Cs. Zelulon, pv. Pike co. Ark. 136 sw of Little YELLOW WATER r. Ala. and Flor. flows into Rock. an arm of Pensacola Bay. ZELIENOPLE, pv. Butler co. Pa. 224 w of H YELLVILLE,' pv. cap. of Marion co. Ark. 180 ZENAS, PV. Jennings co. Ind. 62 s of Is. N of Little Rock. ZION, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 155 w of Rh. YELVINGTON, pv. Daviess co. Ky. 156 w of F. ZOAR, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on TuscaraYERBA BUENA, yer'lb bwt'nll, a town of was river. [SSE of Hd Californlia: the same as SAN FRANCISCO, ZOAR BRIDGE, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 50 which ace. APPENDIX B. A TABLE OF THE POPULATION OF THE STATES AND COUNTIES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN UNION IN 1850: EXHIBITING THE INCREASE OF EACH STATE DUBING THE TEN YEARS PREVIOUS. The Counties which were formed since 1840 are designated by a star. Population in 1840. 1850. Population in 1840. 1850. Maine........... 501,793......583,088 Alabama.........590,756...... 771,671 NewHampshire 284,574...... 317,864 Mississippi......375,651......606,555 Vermont........291,948......313,611 Louisiana........ 352,411......511,974 Massachusetts..737,699...... 994,499 Texas..................212,592 Rhode Island...108,830......147,544 Arkansas.......... 97,574......209,639 Connecticut.....301,015......370,791 Tennessee........ 829,210... 1,002,625 New York.....2,428,921... 3,097,394 Kentucky........779,828......982,405 New Jersey..... 373,306......489,555 Ohio............ 1,519,467... 1,980,408 Pennsylvania.1,724,033... 2,311,786 Michigan......... 212,267.... 397,f,54 Delaware..... 78,085...... 91,535 Indiana........... 686,866.....988,416 Maryland........469,232......583,035 Illinois...........476,183......851,470 Virginia....... 1,239,797... 1,421,661 Missouri..........383,702......682,043 North Carolina.753,419......868,903 Iowa..............43 112......192,214 South Carolina.594,398......668,507 Wisconsin........ 30,945......305,191 Georgia......... 691,392......905,999 California...... estimated....165,000 Florida.............54,477...... 87,401 MATNE. Strafford..........29,364 Essex.............131,300 Sullivan............ 19,375 Franklin....... 30,868 Aroostook.........12,535 Hampden........ 51,281 Cumberland...... 79,549 VERMONT. Hampshire... 35,732 Franklin..........20,027 Middlesex.......161,383 Hancock...........34,372 Addison............26,549 Nantucket....... 8,452 Kennebeck.......62,521 Bennington...... 1 8,589 Norfolk........... 78,892 Lincoln.......... 74,875 Caledonia........23,086 Plymouth........ 55,697 Oxford.............39,663 Chittenden........29,036 Suffolk......... 144,507 Penobscot......... 63,089 Essex............... 4,650 Worcester...... 130,789 Piscataquis.......14,735 Franklin.......... 28,586 Somerset....... 35,581 Grand Isle........ 4,145 RHODE ISLAND. Waldo............. 47,230 Lamoille...... 10,872 Bristo. 8514 Washington.......38,810 Orange....... 27,296 ent...........15,068 York............60,101 Orleans........... 15,707 Newport........ 20,007 Rutlnd............ 33059 Providence........87,525 NEW HAiorPSuIxi. V tWashington.......24,654 NE3 -AIP S HIRE... Windhamg0... 06....... Washington....... 16,430 Belknap............17,721 Windsor........... 38,320 CONNECTICUT. Carroll............20,156 Cheshire........ 30,144 Fairfield........59,775 Coos............... 11,853 MASACHUSETT. artford..........69,966 Grafton............ 42,343 Barnstable........35,276 Litchfield........45,253 Hillsborough.....57,477 Berkshire.......... 49,591 Middlesex........ 30,680 Merrimac....... 38,445 Bristol............. 76,192 New Haven.......62,126 Rockingham......50,986 Dukes............ 4,540 New London.....51,821 681 682 Tolland...........20,091 Suffolk............36,922 Montgomery.....58,291 Windham.........30,079 Sullivan...........25,088 Northampton....40,235 Steuben...........63,771 Perry...........20,088 Naw YORK. Tioga.............24,880 Philadelphia...408,762 Tompkins......... 38,746 Pike............... 5,881 Albany..........93,279 Ulster.............59,384 Schuylkill........60,713 Alleghany.........37,808 Warren........17,199 Wayne.............21,890 Broome............30,660 Washington......44,750 York...............57,450 Cattaraugus...... 38,950 Wayne....44,953 Western. Cayuga............55,458 Westchester......58,263 Alleghany......138,290 Chautauque.......50,493 Wyoming.........31,981 Armstrong.......29,560 Chemung.........28,821 Yates.............. 20,590 Beaver...........26,689 Chenango........40,311 Bedford.......238,052 Clinton.............40,047 NEW JESEY. Blair*.....21,777 Columbia..........43,073 Bradford....... 42,831 Cortland...........25,140 Atlantic............ 8,961 Butler.......... 30,346 Delaware........ 39,834 Bergen............ 14,725 Cambria..........17,773 Dutchess...... 58,992 Burlington.......43,203 Centre.............23,355 Erie........... 100,993 Cape May........ 6,433 Clarion*.......... 23,565 Essex..............31,148 Camden*.........25,422 Clearfield....... 12,586 Franklin.........25,102 Cumberland...... 17,189 Clinton...........11,207 Fulton............20,171 Essex.............73,950 Columbia........17,710 Genesee...........28,488 Gloucester...... 14,655 Crawford..3..... 37,849 Greene............33,126 Hudson............21,821 Elk*.............. 3,531 Hamilton........ 2,188 Hunterdon........28,989 Erie................38,742 Herkimer......... 38,244 Mercer........... 27,992 Fayette............39,112 Jefferson..........68,153 Middlesex........28,635 Fulton*.....7,567 Kings............. 38,882 Monmouth........30,313 Greene............22,136 Lawrence, St....68,617 Morris.....30,158 Huntingdon......24,786 Lewis..............24,564 Ocean*............10,032 Indiana............27,170 Livingston........40,875 Passaic............22,575 Jefferson..........13,518 Madison..........43,072 Salem..............19,467 Juniata............13,029 Monroe............87,650 Somerset..........19,688 Lawrence*.......21,079 RMontgomery.... 31,992 Sussex.......... 22,989 Luzerne.........56,072 New York.....515,547 Warren.....22,358 Lycoming.........26,257 Niagara...........42,276 Mercer............33,172 Orleans............28,501 PENNSYLVANIA. Mifin.............14,980 Otsego.............48,638 Montour*..13,239 Oneida........... 99,566 Eastern. McKean.......... 5,254 Ontario....... 43,929 Adams...........25,981 Northumberland23,272 Onondaga......... 85,890 Berks.............. 77,129 Potter................6,048 Orange........... 57,145 Bucks..............56,091 Somerset.........24,416 Oswego............62,198 Carbon*...........15,686 Sullivan*......... 3,694 Putnam...........14,138 Chester...........66,438 Susquehanna....28,688 Queen's............36,833 Cumberland......34,327 Tioga..............23,987 Rensselaer...... 73,363 Dauphin..........35,754 Union..............26,083 Richmond.........15,061 Delaware.........24,679 Venango..........18,310 Rockland....... 16,962 Franklin......... 39,904 Warren.........13,671 Saratoga.........45,646 Lancaster.........98,944 Washington......44,939 Seneca..........25,441 Lebanon..........26,071 Westmoreland...51,726 Schenectady.....20,054 Lehigh.............32,479 Wyoming*.......10,655 Schoharie.........33,548 Monroe.......13,270 683 DELAWFARE. auquier..........20,868 Barbhour*......... 9,005 FluvDnn F.....unn.. 9,487 Bath............... 3,426 Kent...............22,816 Franklin.......... 17,430 Berkley........... 11,771 New Castle.......42,784 Gloucester...... 10,527 Boone............ 3,237 Sussex.............25,935 Goochland....... 10,352 Botetourt.........14,908 Greene............ 4,400 Braxton.......... 4,212 Greenville........ 5,639 Brooke........... 5,054 Halifax...........25,962 Cabell............. 6,299 Baltimore.......210,646 Hanover......15,153'Carroll*.......... 5,909 Ann Arundel.....32,393 Henrico...........43,572 Clarke............. 7,352 Alleghany........22,769 Henry............. 8,872 Doddridge*...... 2,750 Calvert............ 9,646 Isle of Wight... 9,353 Fayette............ 3,955 Caroline.......... 9,692 James City....... 4,020 Floyd............... 6,458 Carroll...........20,616 King George..... 5,971 Frederick.........15,975 Cecil..............18,939 King William.... 8,779 Giles............... 6,570 Charles........... 16,162 King and Queen. 10,319 Gilmer........... 3,475 Dorchester.......18,877 Lancaster......... 4,708 Grayson........... 6,677 Frederick.........40,987 Loudon............ 22,079 Greenbrier.......10,022 Harford...........19,356 Louisa.............16,691 Hampshire..... 14,036 Kent..............11,386 Lunenburg....... 11, 692 Hancock*......... 4,050 Mary's, St....... 13,698 Madison.......... 9,331 1Hardy..............9,543 Montgomery.....15,860 Matthews......... 6,714 Harrison..........11,728 Prince George's.21,550 Mecklenburg....20,630 Highland-........ 4,227 Queen Anne's...14,484 Middlesex....... 4,394 Jackson........... 6,544 Somerset..........22,456 Nansemond.......12,283 Jefferson.......... 15,357 Talbot.............13,811 Nelson............12,758 Kanawha.........15,353 Washington...... 30,848 New Kent......... 6,064 Lee.................10,267 Worcester........18,859 Norfolk............33,036 Lewis............. 10,031 Northampton.... 7,498 Logan............ 3,620 Northumberland 7,346 Marion*......... 10,552 VIRGINIA. Nottaway......... 8,437 Marshall........10,138 Eastern. Orange............ 10,067 Mason............. 7,539 Accomac......... 17,890 Patrick......... 9,609 Mercer........... 4,222 Albemarle........25,800 Pittsylvania......28,796 Monongalia......13,387 Alexandria......10,008 Powhattan... 8,178 Monroe............10,204 Amelia............ 9,770 Prince Edward..11,857 Montgomery..... 8,359 Amherst..........12,699 Prince George... 7,596 Morgan............ 3,557 Appomattox*.... 9,193 Princess Anne....7,669 Nicholas.......... 3,963 Bedford...........24,080 Prince William... 8,129 Ohio..............18,006 Brunswick........13,894 Rappahannock.. 9,782 Page............... 7,600 Buckingham.....13,837 Richmond........ 6,448 Pendleton......... 5,795 Campbell.........23,245 Southampton....13,521 Pocahontas....... 3,598 Caroline..........18,456 Spottsylvania...14,911 Preston............11,708 Charlotte.........13,955 Stafford........... 8,044 Pulaski......... 5,118 Charles City..... 5,200 Surry............... 5,679 Putnam*......... 5,335 Chesterfield......17,489 Sussex..............9,820 Raleigh*.......... 1,765 Culpepper........12,282 Warwick............1,546 Randolph......... 5,243 Cumberland...... 9,751 Westmoreland....8,080 Ritchie*.......... 3,902 Dinwiddie........25,118 York............... 4,460 Roanoke.......... 8,477 Elizabeth City... 4,586 Western. Rockbridge......16,045 Essex.........1...10,206 Alleghany......... 3,515 Rockingham.....20,294 Fairfax............10,682 Augusta..........24,610 Russel............11,919 684 Scott............. 9,829 Halifax..........16,589 Chester............18,038 Shenandoah......13,768 Haywood......... 7,074 Chesterfield..... 10,790 Smythe.......... 8,162 Henderson........ 6,853 Colleton..........39,505 Taylor*.......... 5,367 Hertford......... 8,142 Darlington.......16,830 Tazewell.......... 9,942 IHyde............... 7,636 Edgefield.........39,262 Tyler........ 5,498 Iredell........... 14,719 Fairfield...........21,404 Warren.......... 6,607 Johnson........13,726 Georgetown......20,647 Washington......14,612 Jones.......... 5,038 Greenville.......20,156 Wayne*............ 4,760 Lenoir............. 7,828 Horry 7,646 Wetzel*........... 4,284 Lincoln............ 7,746 Kershaw.. 1.....14,473 Wirt*............... 3,353 McDowell*....... 6,246 Lancaster........ 10,988 Wood.............. 9,450 Macon............. 6,389 Laurens.........23,407 Wyoming*........ 1,645 Martin............. 8,307 Lexington........ 12,930 Wythe............ 12,024 Mecklenburg....13,914 Marion............17,407 Montgomery...... 6,872 Marlboro.........10,789 Moore.......... 9,342 Newberry.........20,143 Nash....RTH........... 10,657 Orangeburg......23,582 Alamance*....... 11,444 New Hanover....17,668 Pickens........... 16,904 Alexander*...... 4,220 Northampton... 13,335 Richland.......... 20,243 Anson.............1 3,489 Onslow...... 8,283 Spartanburg.... 26,400 Ashe.............. 8,777 Orange......... 17,055 Sumter............33,220 Beaufort..........13,816 Pasquotank...... 8,950 Union............. 19,852 Bertie............12,851 Perquimans...... 7,331 Williamsburg... 12,447 Bladen............ 9,767 Person.............10,781 York............. 19,431 Brunswick....... 7,272 Pitt.............. 13,397 Buncombe........13,425 Randolph.. 1...... 15,832 Burke............. 7,772 Richmond....... 9,818 Cabarras.......... 9,747 Robeson...........12,826 Appling........... 2,949 Caldwell*........ 6,317 Rockingham.....14,495 Baker........... 8,120 Camden........... 6,049 Rowan.............13,870 Baldwin........... 8,148 Carteret........ 6,803 Rutherford....... 1 3,550 Bibb.......1...... 12,699 Caswell..........15,269 Sampson.........14,585 Bryan.............. 3,424 Catawba*......... 8,862 Stanly*.. 69..... 6,922 Bullock............ 4,300 Chatham..........18,449 Stokes............ 9,206 Burke............ 16,100 Cherokee.......... 6,838 Surry..............18,443 Butts............ 6,488 Chowan... 6,721 Tyrrel........... 5,133 Camden........... 6,319 Cleaveland*......10,396 Union*............10,051 Campbell........ 7,232 Columbus......... 5,909 Wake..............24,887 Carroll............ 9,357 Craven............14,709 Warren........... 13,912 Cass...............13,300 Cumberland......20,610 Washington...... 5,666 Chatham.........23,901 Currituck......... 7,236 Watauga*....... 3,400 Chattooga........ 6,815 Davidson..........15,320 Wayne.............13,486 Cherokee........12,800 Davie............ 7,866 Wilkes...........12,099 Clarke............11,119 Duplin..........13,514 Yancey......... 8,205 Cobb............... 13,843 Edgecombe.......17,189 Columbia.........11,961 Forsyth..........11,168 Coweta............13,635 Franklin..........11,713 Crawford......... 8,984 Gaston............. 8,073 Abbeville.........32,318 Dade......... 2,680 Gates.............. 8,426 Anderson......... 21,475 Decatur........... 8,262 Granville........ 21,249 Barnwell..........26,608 De Kalb...........14,328 Greene.......... 6,619 Beaufort.........38,805 Dooly.............. 8,361 Guilford........... 19,754 Charleston.......72,805. Early....... 7,246 685 Effingham......... 3,864 Talbot.............16,534 Baldwin.......... 4,414 Elbert.............12,959 Taliaferro........ 5,146 Barbour...........23,632 Emanuel......... 4,577 Tatnall............ 3,227 Benton............17,163 Fayette.......... 8,709 Telfair............ 3,026 Bibb............... 9,969 Floyd.............. 8,206 Thomas...........10,103 Blount.......... 7,367 Forsyth........... 8,850 Troup..............16,879 Butler.............10,836 Franklin..........11,513 Twiggs............ 8,179 Chambers.........23,960 Gilmer............. 8,440 Union.............. 7,234 Cherokee.........13,884 Glynn............. 4,933 Upson.............. 9,424 Choctaw*......... 8,389 Gordon*....... 5,984 Walker............13,109 Clair, St.......... 6,829 Greene............13,068 Walton............10,821 Clarke............. 9,786 Gwinnett..........11,257 Ware............... 3,888 Coffee*............ 5,940 Habersham...... 8,895 Warren............12,425 Conecuh........... 9,322 Hall................ 8,713 Washington......11,766 Coosa..............14,543 Hancock..........11,578 Wayne......... 1,499 Covington......... 3,645 Harris.............14,721 Wilkinson......... 8,212 Dale................ 6,346 Heard............. 6,923 Wilkes...........12,107 Dallas.............29,727 Henry..............14,726 De Kn b........... 8,245 Houston......16,450 Fayette....... 9,681 Irwin.............. 3,334 Franklin..........19, 610 Jackson........... 9,768 Alachua........... 2,524 Greene............31,441 Jasper............11,486 Benton*........... 926 Hancock*......... 1,542 Jones..............10,224 Calhoun......... 1,377 Henry............. 9,019 Jefferson......... 9,131 Columbia....... 4,808 Jackson...........14,088 Laurens........... 6,442 Dade................ 159 Jefferson.......... 8,989 Lee................. 6,659 Duval.............. 4,539 Lauderdale.......17,172 Liberty.......... 7,926 Escambia......... 4,351 Lawrence........15,258 Lincoln............ 5,998 Franklin......... 1,561 Limestone........16,483 Lowndes.......... 8,351 Gadsden.......... 8,783 Lowndes.........21,915 Lumpkin......... 8,954 Hamilton......... 2,469 Madison...........26,427 Macon............. 7,052 Hillsboro......... 2,377 Macon.........26,898 Madison........... 5,603 Holmes*......... 1,644 Marengo.........27,831 Marion............10,280 Jackson........... 6,639 Marion.......... 7,833 McIntosh.......... 6,028 Jefferson.......... 7,718 Marshall.......... 8,846 Meriwether......16,478 Leon..............11,442 Mobile.............27,600 Monroe...........16,985 Levy*............. 465 Monroe............12,013 Montgomery..... 2,154 Madison........... 5,490 Montgomery.....29,795 MIorgan............10,744 Marion*.......... 3,338 Morgan...........10,125 Murray............14,433 Monroe............ 2,643 Pike..............15,920 Muscogee.........18,578 Nassau............ 2,164 Pickens............21;512 Newton............13,296 Orange*........... 466 Perry.....22,285 Oglethorpe.......12,259 Putnam*.......... 687 Randolph.........11,581 Paulcling.......... 7,039 St.John........... 2,525 Russel.............19,548 Pike................14,305 St. Lucia*........ 139 Shelby............. 9,536 Pulaski............ 6,627 Santa Rosa*..... 2,883 Sumter............22,250 Putnam...........10,794 Wakulla*......... 1,955 Talladega.........18,624 Rabun............. 2,448 Walton............ 1,379 Tallapoosa......15,584 Randolph.........12,868 Washington...... 1,950 Tuscaloosa.......18,056 Richmond.........16,246 Walker............ 5,124 Scriven............ W847 ashington.... 2,713 Stewart............16,027 ALABAA. Wilcox.............17,352 Sumter...........10,322 Autauga..........15,023 58 686 MISSISSIrPPI. Perry.............. 2,438 Rapides...........16,561 Northern. Pike................ 7,360 Sabine *.......... 4,515 Atta...10999 Rankin...... 7,'227 Tammany, St.... 6,364 A tta'la.....,.......10,999........ Bolivar.. 2577 Scott............... 3,961 Tensas *.......... 9,040 Caroll* r.......,...,'7 Carroll *..........18,491 Simpson.......... 4,734 Terre Bonne.... 7,724 Chickasaw..686 Smith.............. 4,071 Union.............. 8,203 Choct~aw..........i,36 Choctaw. 11402 Warren............18,121 Vermilion *...... 3,409 Cficew....,..11,402 Coahoma..'... 2,780 Washington...... 8,389 Washington...... 3,408. Soto.. 1.9,042 Wayne............. 2,892 Washita........... 5,008 b........... 1302 Wilkinson........16,914 Itawamba.........13,528 La Fayette....... 14,069 Yazoo. 14,418TEXAs. Lowndes.........19,544 Marshall..........29,689 LOUISIANA. Anderson........ 2,884 ~onroe....~........~21172 Angelina.......... 1,165 Mnroe. 216,12 Ascension.........10,752 Austin............. 3,841 Noxbee,,,,,,,,16, 299 oxtibbeha........ 9,171 Assumption......10,538 Bastrop........... 3,099 Panolktb.....eh.... 11,444 Avoyelles......... 9,326 Bexar.............. 6,052 Panola.~11,444,5 Pontotoe 7,112 Baton Rouge E..11,977 Bowie.............. 2,912 90noto;....,.17,112 Sun Flower*.1,102 Baton Rouge W. 6,270 Brazoria.......... 4,841 SunllowatcherBienville........ 5,539 Brazos............. 614 Tallahatchie...., 4,643 Tippah...20,741 Bossier*.......... 6,962 Burleson.......... 1,713 Tishamingo.... 15 490 Bernard, St...... 3,802 Caldwell........... 1,329 Tishamingo...... 159490 Tunica............. 1,314 Caddo.............. 8,884 Calhoun........... 1,110 Calcasieu........ 3,914 Cameron, Starr, Winston........ 7,956 Yalabusha..... 17258 Caldwell........... 2,815 and Webb... 8,541 Ylalabusha.......0.17, 258 Carroll........... 8,789 Cass.............. 4,991 Southern. Catahoula......... 6,982 Cherokee..........6,673 Adams.............18,622 Charles, St....... 5,120 Collin.............. 1,950 Amite............. 9,694 Claiborne......... 7,471 Colorado.......... 2,257 Claiborne.........14,941 Concordia........ 7,758 Comal............. 1,723 Clarke............. 5,477 De Soto -......... 8,019 Cook............... 220 Copiah............11,794 Feliciana E.......13,598 Dallas............ 2,743 Covington......... 3,338 Feliciana W......13,245 Denton.......... 641 Franklin.......... 5,904 Franklin*........ 3,251 De Witt........... 1,716 Greene............ 2,018 Helena, St........ 4,561 Fannin............ 3,788 Hancock.......... 3,672 Iberville.........12,214 Fayette............ 3,756 Harrison *....... 4,875 Jefferson..........25,091 Fort Bend........ 2,533 Hinds.............25,340 Jackson *......... 5,566 Galveston......... 4,529 Holmes............13,928 James, St........11,098 Guadalupe.... 1,511 Issaquena*..... 4,478 John Baptist..... 7,317 Gillespie.......... 1,240 Jackson........... 3,196 LaFourche....... 9,533 Goliad............. 648 Jasper............ 6,184 Landry, St.......22,253 Gonzales.......... 1,492 Jefferson........13,193 La Fayette....... 6,720 Grayson........... 2,008 Jones............. 2,164 Livingston........ 3,385 Grimes.... 4,008 Kemper*.........12,517 Madison *........ 8,773 Harris............. 4,668 Lauderdale....... 8,717 Martin, St........11,107 Harrison..........11,822 Lawrence......... 6,478 Mary, St.......... 8,808 Hays............... 387 Leake.............. 5,533 Morehouse *.. 3,913 Henderson....... 1,237 Madison...........18,173 Natchitoches.....14,201 Hopkins........... 2,623 Marion............ 4,410 Orleans..........119,461 Houston........... 2,721 Nashoba *........ 4,728 Plaquemines..... 7,390 Hunt............... 1,520 Nlewton............ 4,465 Point Coupee....11,339 Jackson........... 996 687 Jasper........... 1,767 Drew *............ 3,275 Claiborne......... 9,36c Jefferson.......... 1,836 Franklin.......... 3,929 Cocke............. 8,300 Kaufman......... 1,047 Francis, St....... 4,479 Granger...........12,370 Lamar............ 3,978 Fulton........... 1,819 Greene............17,824 Lavacca.......... 1,571 Greene............ 2,593 Hamilton.........10,075 Leon............... 1,946 Hempstead...... 7,672 Hancock *........ 5,660 Liberty............ 2,522 Hot Springs...... 3,609 Hawkins.........13,370 Limestone........ 2,608 Independence... 7,767 Jefferson..........13,204 Matagorda....... 2,124 Izard..... 3........ 3,213 Johnson.......... 3,705 Medina............ 909 Jackson........... 3,086 Knox...............18,755 Milam............. 2,907 Jefferson......... 5,834 Marion............ 6,314 Montgomery..... 2,384 Johnson.......... 5,227 Meigs.............. 4,879 Nacogdoches..... 5,193 Lafayette......... 5,220 Monroe............11,874 Navarro........... 3,843 Lawrence......... 5,274 Morgan............ 3,430 Newton............ 1,689 M1adison........... 4,823 McMinn..........13,906 Nueces............ 698 Marion............ 2,302 Polk............... 6,338 Panola............ 3,871 Mississippi....... 2,368 Rhea............... 4,415 Polk................ 2,349 Monroe............ 2,049 Roane.............12,185 Red River........ 3,906 Montgomery'... 1,958 Scott. 1,905 Refugio........... 288 Newtone-.......... 1,758 Sevier.............. 6,920 Robertson........ 934- Perry *........... 978 Sullivan..........11,742 Rusk............... 8,148 Phillips............ 6,935 Washington......13,861 Sabine............. 2,498 Pike................ 1,861 San Augustine.. 3,647 Poinsett.......... 2,308 Middle. San Patricio..... 200 Polk *-............. 1,263 Coffee.............. 8,351 Shelby............. 4,239 Pope............... 4,710 Davidson..........38,881 Smith............. 4,292 Prairie *.......... 2,097 Dickson........... 8,404 Titus............... 3,636 Pulaski............. 5,658 De Kalb........... 8,016 Travis............. 3,138 Randolph......... 3,275 Fentress.......... 4,454 Tyler............... 1,894 Saline.............. 3,901 Franklin..........13,768 Upshur............ 3,394 Scott............... 3,083 Giles...............25,949 Vanzandt......... 1,348 Searcy............. 1,979 Grundy *....... 2,773 Victoria........... 2,019 Sevier............. 4,240 Hickman.......... 9,397 Walker............ 3,964 Union..............10,298 Humphreys...... 6,422 Washington...... 5,983 Van Buren...... 2,864 Jackson...........15,673 Wharton.......... 1,752 Washington...... 9,849 Lawrence......... 9,280 Williamson....... 1,568 Washita*......... 9,591 Lewis*............ 4,438 White............ 2,619 Lincoln............ 23,492 ARKANSAS. Yell *.............. 3,341 Macon........... 6,948 Marshall..........15,616 Arkansas......... 3,245 NNESSE. Maury............. 29,520 Ashley *......... 2,058 Montgomery....21,045 Benton............ 3,710 Eastern. Overton...........11,211 Bradley......... 3,829 Anderson*....... 6,938 Robertson.........16,145 Carroll............ 4,614 Bedford...........21,512 Rutherford....29,122 Chicot............ 5,115 Benton............ 6,315 Smith..............18,412 Clarke............. 3,995 Bledsoe............ 5,959 Stewart........... 9,719 Conway *.........3,583 Blount...........12,382 Sumner...........22,717 Crawford........ 7,960 Bradley..........12,259 Van Buren....... 2,674 Crittenden........ 2,648 Campbell......... 6,068 Warren............10,179 Dallas *......... 6,877 Cannon............ 8,982 Wayne............. 8,170 Desha............. 2,900 Carter............. 6,296 White............. 11,444 688 Williamson......27,201 Estill............... 5,985 Pendleton......... 6,774 Wilson............. 27,444 Fayette............22,735 Perry............. 2,192 Western. Fleming..........13,914 Pike................ 5,365 Carroll............15,967 Floyd.............. 5,714 Pulaski............14,195 Decatur*......... 6,003 Franklin.......... 12,462 Rock Castle...... 4,697 Dyer............... 6,361 Fulton *........... 4,446 Russel............. 5,349 Fayette........... 26,719 Gallatin.......... 5,137 Scott.............. 14,946 Gibson............ 19,548 Garrard.......... 10,237 Shelby............. 17,095 Henderson.......13,164 Graves............11,397 Simpson.......... 7,733 Haywood...... 17,259 Grant........... 6,531 Spencer.......... 6,842 Hardeman........17,456 Greenup........... 9,654 Taylor........... 7,250 Hardin........... 10,328 Grayson........... 6,837 Todd...............12,268 Henry..............18,233 Green............ 9,060 Trigg.............. 10,129 Lauderdale....... 5,169 Hancock........ 3,853 Trimble......... 5,963 Madison...........21,470 Hardin............14,525 Union............. 9,012 McNairy.......... 12,864 Harlan............ 4,268 Warren............15,123 Obion.............. 7,633 Harrison..........13,064 Washington......12,194 Perry.............. 5,822 Hart............. 9,093 Wayne............ 8,692 Shelby.............31,157 Henderson........ 12,171 Whitley............ 7,447 Tipton............. 8,887 Henry.............11,442 Woodford......... 12,423 Weakly........... 14,608 Hickman.......... 4,791 Hopkins........... 12,441 Jefferson......... 59,831 KENTUCKY... Jessamine........10,249 Adams............. 18,883 Adair............. 9,898 Johnson*......... 3,873 Allen.............. 1.2,109 Allen............... 8,742 Kenton............17,038 Ashland *.........23,792 Anderson......... 6,260 Knox............... 7,050 Ashtabula........28,766 Ballard *.......... 5,496 Laurel............. 4,145 Athens............18,215 Barren.............20,240 La Rue *........... 5,859 Auglaize *........ 11,338 Bath...............12,115 Lawrence......... 6,281 Belmont...........34,600 Boone..............11,185 Letcher *......... 2,512 Brown............27,332 Bourbon......... 14,466 Lewis........... 7,202 Butler...;.......30,789 Boyle *......... 9,116 Lincoln........ 10,093 Carroll...........17,685 Bracken........... 8,903 Livingston........ 6,578 Champaign....... 19,762 Breathitt......... 3,785 Logan.............. 16,581 Clarke.............22,178 Breckenridge....10,593 Madison.......... 15,727 Clermont......... 30,455 Bullitt............ 6,774 Marion...... 11,765 Clinton............18,838 Butler............. 5,755 Mason............18,344 Columbiana......33,621 Caldwell.......... 13,048 Marshall....... 5,269 Coshocton........25,674 Callaway......... 8,096 McCracken...... 6,067 Crawford........18,177 Campbell......... 13,127 Meade.......... 7,393 Cuyahoga......... 48,099 Carroll............ 5,526 Mercer........... 14,067 Darke..............20,274 Carter........... 6,241 Monroe............ 7,756 Defiance *........ 6,966 Casey........... 6,556 Montgomery.... 9,903 Delaware.........21,817 Christian......... 19,580 Morgan............ 7,620 Erie...............18,568 Clarke............12,683 Muhlenburg...... 9,809 Fairfield...........30,264 Clay.............. 5,421 Nelson............. 14,789 Fayette............ 12,726 Clinton............ 4,889 Nicholas.....10,361 Franklin..........42,910 Crittenden..... 6,351 Ohio............... 9,749 Fulton*........... 7,781 Cumberland...... 7,005 Oldham............ 7,629 Gallia..............17,063 Daviess...... 12,362 2 Owen...............10,444 Geauga............17,827 Edmondson...... 4,088 i Owsley.......... 3,7741 Greene........21,946 689 Guernsey......... 30,438 Warren...........25,561 Washtenaw.......28,567 Hamilton.......156,843 Washington......29,540 Wayne.............42,756 Hancock..........16,751 Wayne............. 32,981 Hardin.......... 8,251 Williams......... 8,018 Harrison.......... 20, 157 Wood............ 9,57... IIA Henry............. 8,435 Wyandot *.... 11,292 Adams............. 5,797 Highland........ 25,781 Allen.16,919 Hocking.........14,119 MICIGAN. Bartholomew....12,428 Holmes........... 20,452 Benton *.......... 1,144 Huron.............26,203 Allegan............ 6,125 Blackford......... 2,860 Jackson...........12,721 Barry.............. 5,072 Boone.............. 11,631 Jefferson....... 29,132 Berrien............11,417 Brown............ 4,846 Knox..............28,873 Branch............12,472 Carroll............11,015 Lake............... 14,654 Calhoun.......... 19,162 Cass...............11,021 Lawrence...... 15,246 Cass...........10,907 Clark...............15,828 Licking.......... 38,846 Chippewa......... 898 Clay................ 7,944 Logan..............19,162 Clinton............ 5,102 Clinton............ 11,869 Lorain........ 26,086 Eaton........... 7,058 Crawford........ 6,524 Lucas..............12,363 Genesee.......... 12,031 Daviess............ 10,352 Madison..........10,015 Hillsdale..........16,159 Dearborn.........20,166 Mahoning *......23,735 Houghton *...... 708 Decatur...........15,107 Marion............ 12,618 Huron *........... 210 De Kalb........... 8,251 Medina...........24,441 Ingham........... 8,631 Delaware.........10,843 Meigs........... 17,971 Ionia............... 7,597 Dubois............ 6,321 Mercer............ 7,712 Jackson........... 19,431 Elkhart............12,690 Miami.............24,996 Kalamazoo.......13,179 Fayette......... 10,217 Monroe............28,351 Kent.........12,016 Floyd.............. 14,875 Montgomery.....88,219 Lapeer........... 7,029 Fountain.......... 13,253 Morgan............28,585 Lenawee..........26,372 Franklin..........17,968 Morrow *.........20,280 Livingston........13,485 Fulton............ 5,982 Muskingum......45,049 Macomb...........15,530 Gibson.............10,771 Ottawa............ 3,808 Marquette..... 136 Grant..............11,092 Paulding......... 1,766 Mackinaw & 21 Greene............12,313 Perry..............20,775 unorganized Hamilton.........12,684 Pickaway........21,008 Counties..... 3,598 Hancock.......... 9,698 Pike............10,953 Mason *........... 93 Harrison..........15,286 Portage..........24,419 Midland *........ 65 Hendricks........14,083 Preble............21,736 Montcalm*....... 891 Henry.............17,605 Putnam........... 7,221 Monroe....-.......14,698 Howard*......... 6,657 Richland........ 30,879 Newagoe......... 510 Huntington...... 7,850 Ross.......... 32,074 Oakland...........31,270 Jackson...........11,047 Sandusky.........14,305 Oceana............ 300 Jasper............. 3,540 Scioto..............18,428 Ontonagon *..... 389 Jay................ 7,047 Seneca............27,105 Ottawa........... 5,587 Jefferson.........23,916 Shelby.............13,958 Saginaw........... 2,609 Jennings.........12,096 Stark...............39,878 Sanilac *........ 2,112 Johnson...........12,101 Summit............27,485 St. Clair.........10,420 Joseph, St........10,954 Trumbull........ 30,490 St. Joseph........12,725 Knox............. 11,084 Tuscarawas...... 31,761 Schoolcraft *.... 16 Kosciusko......10,243 Union..............12,204 Shiawassee....... 5,230 La Grange........ 8,387 Van Wert........ 4,813 Tuscola *......... 291 Lake.............. 3,991 Vinton *......... 9,353 Van Buren....... 5,800 I Laporte......... 12,145 58* 690 Lawrence.........12,097 Bureau............ 8,841 Madison........... 20,436 Madison.......i.12,375 Calhoun........... 3,231 Marion............ 6,720 Marion............24,013 Carroll............ 4,586 Marshall.......... 5,180 Marshall......... 5,348 Cass............. 7,253 Massac*.......... 4,092 Martin............ 5,941 Champaign...... 2,649 Mason*........... 5,921 Miami.............11,304 Christian......... 3,202 Menard............ 6,349 Monroe............11,286 Clair, St.........20,181 Mercer............ 5,246 Montgomery.....18,084 Clarke....... 9,532 Monroe........... 7,679 Morgan...........14,576 Clay................ 4,289 Montgomery..... 6,276 Noble.............. 7,946 Clinton............ 5,139 Morgan............16,064 Ohio *........... 5,308 Coles............. 9,335 Moultrie*....... 3,234 Orange............10,809 Cook..............43,385 Ogle...............10,020 Owen....... 1....12,106 Crawford......... 7,135 Peoria............. 17,547 Parke.............14,968 Cumberland *... 3,720 Perry.............. 5,278 Perry.............. 7,268 De Kalb.......... 7,540 Pike................18,819 Pike................ 7,720 De Witt........... 5,002 Piatt *............ 1,606 Porter............. 5,234 Du Page.......... 9,290 Pope............... 3,975 Posey............. 12,549 Edgar.............. 0,692 Pulaski *......... 2,265 Pulaski............ 2,595 Edwards......... 3,524 Putnam........... 3,924 Putnam...........18,615 Effingham......... 3,799 Randolph......... 11,079 Randolph..... 14,725 Fayette........... 8,075 Richland *... 4,012 Ripley........... 14,820 Franklin........ 5,681 Rock Island...... 6,937 Rush...............16,445 Fulton.........22,508 Saline *........... 5,588 Scott...............5,885 Gallatin.......... 5,448 Sangamon........19,228 Shelby............ 15,502 Greene............12,429 Schuyler..........10,573 Spencer......... 8,616 Grundy *......... 3,023 Scott............... 7,914 Stark.............. 557 Hamilton......... 6,362 Shelby............ 7,807 Steuben.......... 6,104 Hancock..........14,652 Stark.............. 3,710 Sullivan....... 10,141 Hardin............ 2,888 Stephenson......11,366 Switzerland......12,932 Henderson..... 4,612 Tazewell.........12,052 Tippecanoe,.....19,377 Henry.......... 3,807 Union............. 7,615 Tipton*........... 3,532 Iroquois........... 4,149 Vermilion......... 11,492 Union............. 6,944 Jackson........... 5,862 Wabash............ 4,690 Vanderburg......11,414 Jasper............ 3,220 Warren........... 8,176 Vermilion......... 8,661 Jefferson.......... 8,109 Washington...... 6,953 Vigo.............. 15,289 Jersey............ 7,354 Wayne............ 6,825 Wabash...........12,138 Jo. Daviess.......18,604 White.... 8,925 Warren........... 7,387 Johnson........... 4,113 Whitesides....... 5,361 Warwick.......... 8,811 Kane.............16,703 Will................16,703 Washington......17,040 Kendall*......... 7,642 Williamson....... 7,216 Wayne............ 25,320 Knox...............13,279 Winnebago.......11,773 Wells.............. 6,152 Lake.............14,226 Woodford*....... 4,416 White.............. 4,761 La Salle......... 17,815 Whitley.......... 5,190 Lawrence........ 6,121 MIsso r. Lee................. 5,292 ILLINOIS. Livingston........ 1,552 Adair *............ 2,342 Logan......... 5,128 Andrew *......... 9,433 Adams............26,508 McDonough...... 7,616 Atchison *....... 1,678 Alexander........ 2,484 McHenry.........14,979 Audrain....... 8... 3,506 Bond............... 6,144 McLean...........10,163 Barry.............. 3,467 Boone............ 7,626 Macon............ 3,988 Bates *........... 3,669 Brown............ 7,198 Macoupin......... 12,355 Benton........... 5,015 691 Boone........... 14, 979 M'Ioniteau *...... 6,004 Clayton........ 3,873 Buchanan.........12,975 Monroe...........10,541 Clinton............ 2,822 Butler *........... 1,616 Morgan............ 4,650 Dallas *........... 854 Caldwell.......... 2,316 Montgomery..... 5,489 Davis*............ 7,264 Callaway.........13,827 New Madrid..... 5,541 Decatur*......... 965 Camden*......... 2,338 Newton............ 4,268 Delaware......... 1,759 Cape Girardeau.13,912 Nodaway *....... 2,118 Des Moines......12,987 Carroll........... 5,441 Oregon *.......... 1,432 Dubuque..........10,841 Cass......... 6,090 Osage*............ 6,704 Fayette *......... 825 Cedar*........... 3,361 Ozark*............ 2,294 Fremont *........ 1,244 Chariton.......... 7,514 Perry.............. 7,215 Henry............. 8,707 Clarke............. 5,527 Pettis........... 5,150 Iowa *............. 822 Clay...............10, 332 Pike.............. 13,609 Jackson.......... 7,210 Clinton...........,,786 Platte........... 16,845 Jasper *........... 1,280 Cole............. 6,696 Polk.6.............,186 Jefferson.......... 9,904 Cooper............. 12,950 Pulaski............ 3,998 Johnson........... 4,472 Crawford......... 6,397 Putnam *......... 1,657 Jones............. 3,007 Dade *........... 4,246 Ralls............... 6,151 Keokuk*......... 4,822 Dallas *........... 3,648 Randolph......... 9,439 Lee................. 18,860 Daviess............ 5,298 Ray................ 10,373 Linn............... 5,444 De Kalb *......... 2,075 Reynolds *....... 1,849 Louisa............. 4,939 Dodge *........... 353 Ripley............. 2,830 Lucas*.......... 471 Dunklin* I......... 1,229 Scotland *........ 3,782 Madison *........ 1,179 Franklin.......... 11,021 St. Charles....... 11,454 Mahaska *....... 5,989 Gasconade........ 4,996 St. Clair*........ 3,556 Marion*.......... 5,482 Gentry *.......... 4,248 St. Francois...... 4,964 Marshall*........ 338 Greene............12,785 St. Genevieve.... 5,313 Monroe *......... 2,884 Grundy *......... 3,006 St. Louis........104,978 Muscatine........ 5,731 Harrison *....... 2,447 Saline.............. 8,843 Page.......... 551 Henry *........... 4,052 Schuyler*........ 3,287 Polk *........... 4,515 Hickory *......... 2,329 Scott............... 3,182 Pottawatomie *. 7,828 Holt*.............. 3,957 Shannon*........ 1,199 Poweshiek..... 615 Howard......... 13,969 Shelby............. 4,253 Scott............... 5,986 Jackson...........14,000 Stoddard.......... 4,277 Tama*........... 8 Jasper*........... 4,'223 Sullivan*......... 2,983 Taylor*........... 204 Jefferson.......... 6,928 Taney............. 4,373 Van Buren.......12,270 Johnson........... 7,464 Texas*............ 2,312 Wapello*......... 8,471 Knox *............ 2,894 Warren............ 5,860 Warren*....... 961 Laclede *......... 2,498 Washington...... 8,811 Washington...... 4,957 La Fayette.......13,690 Wayne............ 4,518 Wayne *.......... 340 Lawrence *...... 4,859 Wright............ 3,387 Winnishiek*..... 546 Lewis.............. 6,578 Lincoln............ 9,421 IOWA. WISCONSIN. Linn............... 4,058 Livingston........ 4,247 Allemakee *..... 777 Adams........... 187 Macon............. 6,565 Appanoose*..... 3,131 Brown............ 6,215 McDonald *...... 2,236 Benton *.......... 672 Calumet........... 1,743 *Madison............ 6,003 Black Hawk*... 135 Chippewa *...... 614 Marion............ 12,230 Boone *........... 735 Crawford......... 2,498 Mercer*.......... 2,691 Buchanan *...... 517 Columbia*....... 9,565 Miller....... 3,834 Cedar............ 3,941 Dane............... 16,641 Mississippi 3,123 Clarke*........... 79 Dodge............ 19,138 2T 692 Fond du Lac.....14,468 Manitouwoc...... 3,702 Sauk.............. 4,371 Grant.............. 16,170 Marathon *....... 508 Sheboygan....... 8,378 Green.............. 8,563 Marquette........ 8,642 St. Croix......... 624 Iowa............... 9,530 Milwaukie........31,077 Walworth.........17,861 Jefferson........ 15,317 Portage........... 1,250 Washington...... 19,484 Kenosha *........10,732 Racine............. 14,973 Waukesha *......19,174 La Fayette*......11,542 Richland........ 903 Winnebago.....10,125 Lapointe........ 489 Rock.............. 20,708 PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. THE principal object of the authors in preparing the following Supplement, has been to furnish a manual of geographical pronunciation adequate to the wants of teachers. Many names occurring on the maps ordinarily used in schools, had been omitted in the original Gazetteer, either from the impossibility of then ascertaining the true pronunciation, or from the conviction that they were intrinsically of little importance. For it is perhaps scarcely necessary to inform the reader that the insertion or omission of names in an atlas furnishes no certain criterion whereby to determine their actual importance, since it is not unusual for engravers, in order to obviate the appearance of meagreness or deficiency, to insert the names even of the most insignificant places in those parts of the map where they happen to have plenty of room, while names of real importance are necessarily omitted in other parts for the want. of room. It not unfrequently happens, indeed, that the names of places whose existence is doubtful or more than doubtful, are found on maps of those parts of the world which have been but imperfectly explored. Yet names, however insignificant in themselves, occurring in our most popular school atlases, acquire from this very circumstance a certain importance to the teacher of geography. It has accordingly been the aim of the authors to give all the difficult names found in our common school atlases, especially on the maps of those parts of the world which are the best known, and of those which, from commercial or other relations, are most interesting to us. The names of places in the United States, however, form a partial exception to this general plan, not that it is less important to give the difficult names of our own country, but (as has been stated in the Advertisement to the present edition of this work) "on account of the insuperable difficulties inherent in the task itself." In giving the pronunciation of the names of foreign places-there being ordinarily but one known among the inhabitants -the only points of difficulty, generally speaking, are: first, to ascertaian the true sound; and, secondly, to express it in a manner intelligible to the English scholar. With regard, however, to the names of some parts of our own country, it seems impossible to give any pronunciation that will be generally satisfactory, from the fact that in many instances there is no settled pronunciation even among the inhabitants themselves. We have repeatedly known gentlemen of intelligence and education to differ entirely with regard to the proper manner of pronouncing names with which they had been familiar for years. It appears to us that this uncertainty or (1) Il PREFACE. diversity must necessarily prevail, at least for a time, when the name is of foreign origin (e. g. Terre Haute), and the inhabitants are of different nations or from different sections of the country. When this is the case, some will probably conform to the foreign pronunciation, while others will adopt various modes of anglicizing it. We believe that the determining of such questions must be left to time; which will doubtless gradually bring about the same uniformity in the pronunciation of these names as now prevails with respect to the words and names introduced into the English language at the Norman conquest. It is, moreover, proper to apprise the reader that a multitude of names will not be found in the Supplement as they are given in some of our most popular school atlases, from the fact that they are misspelled in these works. Mistakes in orthography (owing perhaps to the greater difficulty of making corrections on an engraved plate) are much more frequent on maps than in ordinary printing. That the Gazetteer may not be censured-as it has been in several instances-for omissions attributable to the mistakes above alluded to, it is proposed to cite a few examples in illustration and proof of the foregoing statements. That there may be no appearance of reflection on any particular publication, the examples will be taken promiscuously from different popular atlases, and from such only as justly rank among the best works of the kind that have been published. Incorrectly written. Correctly written. Incorrectly written. Correctly written. Amassero Amasera or Amassera Mourden Moukden or Mookden Ajaccia Ajaccio Mourzuk Mlourzouk Brasos Brazos Muher Muhr or Mur Beila Biela Neembuco Neembucu Borezina Berezina Nivada Nevada Brozza Brazza Olensk Olenek Cariola Curzola Orosci Orosei Carma Carmo Osium Karahissar Afium Karahissar Cheim See Chiem See Oualin Ouanlin or Ooanlin Citschin Gitschin Oustug Oustioug or Oostioog Cristano Oristano Pambo Pambu Curugualy Curuguaty Paracato Paragatu or Parazatu Dawalageri Dhawalaghiri Pest Pesth De los Palos De los Patos Porto Vecchia Porto Vecchio Edinburg Edinburgh Quibdo Quibo Eelah Eelee or Ili Sarayuca Sarayacu Gervin Cervin Sassara Sassari Grossen Crossen Selinga Selenga Kasil Irmak Kizil Irmak Shilkan Shilka Kermansheh Kermlanshah* or Kir- Sinbirsk Simbirsk Kosmin Kozmin [manshah Sitcha Sitka [gootoi Koksah Koksak or Koksoak Suigutoi Surgutoi* or SoorLaugenthal Langenthal Sougari Soungari Lubec Lubeck Temiscanning Temiscaming Luisna Ljusne or Liusne Tcharri Tchany Mahrburg Marburg Templeburg Tempelburg Marosz Maros or Marosch Tetzel letze Melviditz Medvieditza Lkolez Udina Udine Mischkoks Mischkoltz* or Miis- Zazan Zaizan Mentore Mentone Znayn Znaym Monaca Monaco Weishorn Weisshorn * These are given first, not because they are preferable in themselves, but because they are evidently the spellings which were before the mind of the engraver when the mistakes were originally made. Kirmanshah, Miskolcz, and Soorgootoi or Soorgoot, are in fact prefer. able to the others. PREFACE. hii This list might be greatly extended, especially with names from the maps of those portions of the world of which comparatively little is known, P. g. the countries of Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe. In some few instances mistakes in spelling, which in the first place have doubtless originated in mere inadvertence, have, by being copied from one map to another, gradually become so general, that they seem at length to have bid defiance to the reproach which ordinarily attaches to such faults, or to have become legitimated by the respectability or number of those by which they are adopted. BEHRING'S (Strait) is a remarkable instance of this kind. In only one out of a great number of atlases that we have examined, is it uniformly spelled correctly. But another, in which the name occurs five times, has it misspelled only once. It is very often given differently on the different maps of the same atlas-generally Bhering, sometimes Beering or Bering, but very rarely Behring, which is the correct spelling. As the strait alluded to derives its name from the navigator who is supposed to have visited it first, it is evident that the name of the strait should be written in the same manner as that of the navigator. Another instance of a similar kind is furnished in Los ANGELES, the name of a town in California. This is almost invariably written incorrectly Los Angelos. As the name is Spanish, and signifies "the Angels," there is no difficulty in determining the true orthography, which is as we have first given it, Los Angeles. It is, however, important to distinguish between the misspelling of geographical names and that legitimate diversity of spelling, which naturally results from the different power attributed by different nations to the same letters. (See Preface to the Gazetteer, page xii.) It may be proper to say a few words respecting omissions in the Supplement, which are not referable to mistakes in orthography merely. A number of names have crept into some of our most respectable school atlases, for which, after the most careful research, we can find no sufficient authority. CHOUMALARIE, sometimes given as the highest mountain in the world, may be cited as an example. Balbi (who writes the name Tchhamoulari) gives it among the mountains of Asia, but speaks of its height as undetermined; at the same time vaguely assigning it a place " on the limits of Bootan." Cannabich gives it (written Chamalari) as one of the highest mountains of Asia, without indicating its position more definitely than merely naming it among the Himalayas. Mount Tchhamoulari or Choumalarie is not to be found on Balbi's map of India, nor on the maps of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, nor in the excellent and accurate atlas of Gilbert, recently published in London. This work, in its list of mountains, gives Dhawalaghiri as the highest on the globe, but does not so much as name Choumalarie. It is a curious if not significant circumstance, that those atlases which give Mount Choumalarie, assign to it almost the identical position that is given to Dhawalaghiri on Balbi's map of India; which position, according to the best authorities, cannot be less than three IV PREFACE. hundred miles from the nearest part of Bootan! The various and contradictory spellings of the name in question, render it no less difficult to determine its pronunciation, than to ascertain the precise locality to which it belongs, if indeed such a locality exist. In view of the foregoing facts, we have thought it advisable to wait for further information before attempting to.give the pronunciation of a name, which at present seems wholly involved in doubt and perplexity. In a number of instances, especially, where the pronunciation could not easily be mistaken, we have inserted doubtful names, with a point of interrogation affixed. From the belief that it will materially contribute to the practical utility of our system of geographical orthoipy, a list of those names which are most frequently mispronounced is appended to the Supplement. It is obvious that such a list, were it deemed advisable, might readily be much extended in a future edition. Great pains have been taken in order to render the Supplement a complete key to the various spellings of oriental and other names. (For a full explanation of this interesting subject, see Preface to the Gazetteer, pp. xii. and xiii., and pp. 28 and 29 of the Introduction; also the Table of different spellings at the end of the Introduction.) This feature of our work, which is peculiar to the Pronouncing Gazetteer, and which is so important to every intelligent teacher, inasmuch as it affords the only means of extricating an extensive department of geography from perplexity and confusion, has been much more fully developed in this than in the former editions of the Gazetteer. Although the utmost care has been taken to render the present edition of our work as faultless as possible, we are not so sanguine as to imagine that it will be found to be without defects. In a publication of this sort, where there are so many minute marks made use of in order to indicate the exact pronunciation,* it is impossible but that some inadvertencies will occur, not to mention those errors which may in some cases result from a deficiency of information. For such unavoidable defects we trust that the candid and enlightened critic will make due allowance. * It may not be improper here to call the attention of our readers to the great advantage possessed by a stereotype work, from the facilities it affords for attaining absolute accuracy. All persons who have any acquaintance with the subject must be aware of the difficulty or rather impossibility of printing any work which shall at first be entirely free front typographical errors. This difficulty is greatly increased in a book like the present, in which many signs and figures are employed to mark the pronunciation. In a stereotype work the errors may be corrected in the plates, as they are discovered, while those parts which are already correct remain undisturbed. In this way any conceivable degree of accuracy may be gradually attained. SUPPLE ME NT. EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS OF NOTATION USED IN THE FOLLOWING WORK Fate, fir, fall, fat, m6, mat, na, nat; a, e, T, o, a, long; a, 6, 1, 6, 1, short; e, i, t, Q, obscure; oo as in moon, oo as in good, ou as in our (or ow as in now), N similar to ng, gli like g hard, th as in thin, TH as in this. w indicates a sound similar to our v; it is intended, however, that the English scholar shall pronounce it like simple w. Ah is employed to denote a sound intermediate between & and a, but more resembling the latter, e. g. al-a-bah'ma. When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a syllable in the pronunciation of a name, it is not to be sounded. An acute accent (') is used to denote the primary or principal accent; a grave (') to mark the secondary accent of a name, e. g. Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy. ]]J' For further particulars see pp. 50 and 51 of the Gazetteer-esPecially Observations 1 and 2, on p. 51. ADA ATS Aa, &{. Adana, &'d&-n&. Aachen, o'iKen. See Aix-la-Chapelle. Ad'da, ad'd&. Aalborg, ol'boRg. Adel, A-del'. Aar, laR, or Aren, V'ren. Aden, a'den or t'den. Aargau, at'gow (Fr. Argovie, ar'go've'). Adige, adie-je (It. pron. &'de-jA; Ger. Etsch Aarhuus, oR'hooce. etch). Aath, Mt. See Ath. Adirbeitzan. See Azerbaijan. Abaco, A'ba-ko, i. of W. Indies. Ad-l-ron'dack. Abakan, a-bh-kan'. Adlerberg, a'dler-beRG, or Arlberg, atl'beaa Abakansk, h-bh-khnsk'. Adour, ad'ooR'. Abancay, a-bhn-kt'. Adowah,'do-wa, or Ado'a, &'do-v&. Abano, ab-'noo. Adramiti, a'dr&-mee'te. Abascia or Abassia, ab-ash'e-a. Adria, a'dre-a. Abbeville (France), abb'veel' or hbb'vill'. Adrianople, ad-re-an-o'pel. Abbeville (S. C.), ab'be-vil. Ad'ri-at'ic. Abbetibbie or Ab'be-tib'be, I. of British Amer. A.Egean (Sea) e-jee'an. Abd-el-Curia, ab-del-koo're-a, (written also 2Egina, e-jt'na, i. of Greece. Kooree or Kouri,) *. of Ind. Ocean. AiEre, a'rt ort'ro-eh. Ab'er-broth'qck or Ar'broath. A31tna, pronounced, and often written, Et'nw Ab-er-deen'. Afghanistan, af-gn`'is-tan'. Abergavenny, ab-er-ga'ne. Afioom, Afioum, or Afium, a-fe-oom'. Ab-er-ist'with (th as in thin) Afragola, a-fra-go'la. Abert,'bbert, 1. of Oregon. Af'rl-ca. Abing-ton. Agably or Aghably, a'g&-blee', t. of N. AfAbo,'bo (Sw. Abo, 5'boo). rica,. Abomey, ab-o-m'. Agadir, a-ga-deer', (called also Santa Crutz,) Abookeer, Aboukir, or Abukir, &-boo-keer'. t. of Morocco. Abootizh, Aboutige, or Aboutij, A-boo-tizh'; Agdas, ag'das', or Aghades, &'ga-des, t. of written, also, Abutisch and-Abootish. Africa. Abrantes, -bran'ths. Agde, Agd. Abrolhos, a-brole'yoce. Agen,'zhaN'. [This is an exception to a Abruzzo Citra, a-broot'so chee'tra. general rule: the regular pronunciation Abruzzo Ultra, a-broot'so ool'tr'. would be a'zhaN', almost /-zhdng.] *Ab-se'cum or Absecombe. Aghrim, aug'rim or auH'rim, t.-of Ireland. Abukir. See Abookeer. Agnone, an-yotnA. Abutige or Abutisch. See Abootizh. Agosta, a-gos'ta. Ab-ys-sin'l-a. Agra, a'gra. Acapulco, a-ka-pool'ko. Agram, a'gram, t. of Austria. Acaray, a-ka-rl', mts. of Brazil. *Aguadilla, &-gwa-Deel'ya. Ac'co-mack. *Agua Nueva, &'gwa nwa'va. Accra. See Acra. *Aguas Calientes, &'gwas k&-le-an'tas. Acheen or Atch-een'. Aguayo, a-gwTi', t. of Mexico. Achigan, ash'e-gan' or'she'gN', r. of Canada. Agulhas, A-gool'yas, cape forming the S. Achil, ak'il, i. of Irelaold. point of Africa. Achmim or Akhmym,'aK-meem'. Ahanta, a-ltan'ta. Achmouneyn. See Oshmooneyn. Ahmedabad, a'med-a-b&d'. Aconcagua, a-kqn-ka'gwA, prov. of Chili. Ah'med-nug'ger. Acqui or Aqui, &'que. Ahwaz, w&z z', t. of Persia. Ac'ra or Ac'cra. Aichstadt. See Eichstadt. Acre, a'ker or A'ker. Ain, aN. A-dair'. Aintab, ane-tab'. Adalia, A-da'le-&, or Satalia, sa-t'le-a. Aisne, /ae. 59 ALL 2 ANA Aix, aks. Al'len. Aix-la-Chapelle,Bks-l&-slih'pell'(Ger.Aachen, Allier, l'le-a'. fi.'AKen). Al'lo- a. Ajaccio, &-yt'cho, or Ajazzo, L-v't'so. Almaden, el-mi-Den'. Ajan, A-zhhnl'. Almansa, l-mnil'sh. Ajalon. adj'a-lon, t. of Palestine. Almeida, Al-m'e-d'i. Ajasaluk. See Ayasoolook. Almeria, Al-m'-ree'A. Akaba, &'ke-bA, t. of Arabia. Almirante, Al-lne-rAn't&, i. E. of tfrtea Akerman, e'ker-mnn'. Almunecar, al-moo-n&-kaR'. Akhaf,'K&f', desert of Arabia. Alnwick or Alnewick, an'nik. Akhissar, Wk'his-saR'. Al Obeid. See Obeid. Akhmym or Achmim,'1K-meem', written Al-pe'na. sometimes Ekhmym. Alps, aps. Akshehr, Akchehr, or Akscheher, &k-shhh'r' Alsace, al'sAss'. or &k-sh&iher. Als, &ls, or Alsen, hl'sen. Aksoo, Aksou, or Aksu, Wk'soo', t. of Chin. Alstahong,.ls't&-hong, t. of Norwuay. Tartary. Altai, &I-ti'. Alabama, al-a-bah'ma. Altamaha, aul'ta-ma-hau'. Alachua, al-atch'u-a. *Altamira, al-ta-mee'r'. Alagoas, -lt-go's, t. of Brazil. Altamura, 1i-t_-moo'ra. Alais, a&'l'. Altena or Altola, &l'tQ-n&. *Alamo, h'lh-mo. Al'ten-burg (Ger. pron. It'ten-bfbRt'). *Alamos,'li-moce. o Al-tin or Altyn, lI-tin', 1. of Siberia. Aland, h'land (Sw. Aland,'lhnd). Alton, aul'tun. *Alaqua, al'a-quaw. Altorf, Il'toRf, or Altdorf. Alashehr or Alaschehr, &'lH-shhh'r' or - t!- Altzey or Alzey, alt'si. shikher. Aluta or Alouta, h-loo't&, r. of Wallachia Alba, fl'bA. *Alvarado, I-vfe-rI'IoD Al Baab, ah -bt- b, t. of N. Africa. Alvarez, hI'vv-r8s, t. of Cuba. Albacete, al-b'-tha'th. Amager, a'm-gher. At'ba Ju'll-a. See Karlsburg. Amalfi, h-mhl'fe. Al-bailll-a (Turk. Arlnaootleek or Arnaoutlik, Amapala, &-ma-pt'la, t. of Hond uras. aR'nAi-oot'leek). Amarapoura. See Ummerapoora. Albano, &l-bh'no. Amasera or Amasrah, &-mhs'ra. Albans, St., sent aul'bunz. Arnasia or Amasieh, h-mn'see'a. Albany, aul'ben-e. Amatique, am-a-teek', bay of Central Amer. Al'be-marle (in England). Aimraxichi, h-mhx'e-Kee, t. on Santa Maura 1. Al-be-marle' (in the United States). Am'a-zQn (Sp. Marailon, mi-rhn-yone'; call. Albula, Al'boo-lt, r. of Switzerland. ed, also, Orellana, o-rel-y&'na). Albuquerque, -boo-kh8'k&. Am-a-zo'nt-a. Alby or Albi e, (Fr. pron. hI'be'). Am'berg (Ger. pron. hm'baRG). Aicala, &-ki-lt'. Ambert, Am'baiR'. Aleala de Henares, &l-k-lti' dh Sn-a'rgs. Amboise, aMb'wkz' (almost &Mb'swize'). A]camo, Vl'kA-mo. Am-boy'. Alcaiiz, l-kIn-yeeth'. Am-boy'na. Alcantara, hl-ki.n't -ra. Ambriz, amn'briz, or am-breez', r. of Guinea. Alckmaer. See Alkmaar. Am'bro, cape of Madagascar. Al-co'na. Am'brose, St., i. W. of Chili. Alcoy,'l-ko'e. Ameland, W'mel-lnt. Aldabra, Al-da'br&, i. B. of Africa. Am-e'li-a. Aldan, al-din', r. of Siberia. Am-er't-ca. Alden, aul'den. Amersfort or Amersfoort, W'mers-fOrt. Alderney, aul'der-ne. Amga, am'g'h r. of Siberia. Alem-Tejo or Alen-Tejo, -leng-ti'zho. Amhara, am-h.'ra. Alenqon, a-len'sQn (Fr. pron. h'tsN's6N'). Amherst, am'urst. Al-ep'po, or Haleb, hileb. Amherstburg, am'urst-burg. Aleria, a-lI-ree'l, t. of Corsica. Amiens, am'e-enz (Fr. pron. &'me-Ns'). Alessandria, al-gs-san'dre-&. Amite, am-eet'. Aleutian, a-Inu'she-an, or Aleutan, a-lu'tan. Amlwch, am'look. Al-ex-an-dret'ta. See Scanderoon.' Ammer, Am'mer, r. of Bavaria. Al- ex- an'dri- a. An -mQn-oo'suck. *Alford, aul'furd. Amoo or Amou, &-moo'. See Oxus. Algarve, al-gata'va, or Al-gar'bli-a. Amoor or Amour, a-moor'. Algeziras, alg-ez-ee'ras, or Algeciras (Sp. Amorgo, A-mor'go, or Amor'gos, i. of Greece pron. of both, tl-hi-thee'ras).'Amoskeag, am'os-keg'. Algiers, al-jeerz'. Amoy' or Emoui, em-oo'e, i. on B. coast ol Al-go a, bay in S. Africa. China. Alhama, lil-'m. Amretsir, im-ret-seer', or Um-rit-seer'. Alicante, t-le-khn'ta, or Al-l-cant'. Am'ster-dam. Alicata, t-le-k''ta. Amu. See Amoo. Alkmaar or Alckmaer, alk-mar'. Amur. See Amoor. Allahabad, l.'lh-ha-b'ad'. An-ab'a-ra, or h-nh'b&-r'', r. of Siberia. Alle, al'leh. An-a-deer' or Anadir. Al'le-ghainy. *Anahuac, hn-&-w&k'. APE 3 ARL An-t-tolh-a. See Natolia. Apiocacumish. ap'e-o-kak'uln-ish' 1. of UL AnconLa, an-co'nll. brador. Andalusia, an-da-lu'she-a, (Sp. Andalucia, Ap-ol-lo'ni-a, t. of Palestine. 6n-da-loo-thee'l). Ap-pa-lach-i-cotla. An-da-man'. Appeilzell, &p-penit-sell. Andeiys, Les, laze-&Nd'le'. Ap'pling. Andernach, Wn'der-nK. Ap-po-mat'tQx. Anides, an'diz. Apt,'pt. Andorra, %n-dor'rh. Apure,'-poo'r&. An'do-ver. Aqui, Y'que. Andro, &nl'dro, or An'dros, i. of Greece. Aquila, U'que-l1. An'dros-cog'gin. *Aquint, kaN'. Anldujar or Anduxar. ni-doo'Har. Aquino, &-quee'Iio. Angara,'Ig'g&-rA', r of Siberia. Arabia, a-i'be-a. *Aigelica, an-jel'e-k&. Aracan. See Arracan. *An-gelina, an-je-lee'na, r. of Texas. Aracati, -ri-kA-tee', t. of Brazil. Angermanland, ong'er-m&n-lhand. Arad, i'rad, t. of Palestine. Angers, an'jerz, formerly written Angiers Arad, 6r'6d'. (Fr. pron. hN'zhh'). Aragon, ar'ra-gQn (Sp. pron. Ar-r&-gone'). Anglesey or Anglesea, ang'gl-se. Araguay, Ar-a-gwl'. An-go'la. Aral, artal. An-go'ra or An-goo'ra (Turk. En-goor'). Aranjuez, A-rAn-nweth'. Angornoo or Angornou, an-gor-noo', t. of Ar-an'sas, t. of Texas. Soodan. *Ar-ap'a-hoe. Angostura, hn-gos-too'rA. Ararat, r'a-rat. Angouleme, AN'goo'lame'. Aras, gr'as, or Ar-ax'cs. Angra, Ang'grA. Arauca, &-rou'k', r. of New Granada. gA.nhuilla, ang-ghilla (Sp. Anguila, In- Araucanians, ar-au-kh'ne-ans. ghee'ln). Arbe, aR'bi. Angus, ang'gus. Ar-broath. See Aberbrothock. Anhalt, nU'hklt. Ar-ca'di-a (Modern Gr. Arkadia, aR-k&-dee'.) Antholt, &n'h8lt. t. of Greece. Aniba, A-ne-b&', r. of Brazil. Archangel, ark-ane'jel (Russ. pron. aRk-ang'Anjou, aut'joo, (Fr. pron. AN'zhoo'). ghel). Anjouan. See Aitzooan. Archipelago, ar-ke-pel'a-go, a name given Anklam, hn'klHm. originally to the sea which separates Greece An-ko'ber. from Asia Minor, but now often applied to An'na-berg (Ger. pron. htn'i.-baRG'). any sea interspersed with islands. An-nap'o-lis. Arcis, aR se', t. of France. Ann Ar-un'del. Arcola, ars-ko'l, t. of N. Italy. Anne, St., (Brazil). See Santa Anna. Ar'cot'. Annecy, &nn'ce'. Ardbcrhe, aR'daish'. An'no-bon', (Port. Anno-Bomr, n'no-b6N',) i. Ar'den or Ardennes, aR'denn'. W. of Africa. Ardencaple, ar'deen-kap'el, inlet of Greenland. An-no-nay'. Ar'drah. Anspach, nIs'p K. Arechat or Arichat, ar're-sh t', t. on I. Mla*An'soCn. dame. Antalo, hn't,'lo', t. of Abyssinia. Arecivo, &-rh-see'vo, t. of Porto Rico. Antequera, &n-th-k&'r&. Arensburg, h'rens-bgRct. See Arnsberg. Antibes, lN'teeb'. Arequipa, d-rh-kee'pi. Anticosti, an-te-kos'te. Arezzo, A-ret'so. *Antietam, an-teeturm. Argentan, aR'zhlAN't&N'. Antigua, an-tee'ga. Argenteuil, aprzh&N'trL' Antilles, an-teel'. Argentine (ar'jen-tine) Republic (Sp. Repub. Antioch, an'te-ok (Turk. Antakia, &n-t&'kee'&). lica Argentina. r&-poob'le-k& aR-Hn tee'Antioguia, An-te-o-kee'.. See Plata, La. An-tip'a-tris, t. of Palestine. Argentiere, aR'zhlN'te-aiR'. Antisana, tIt-te-sh'nI. Argoon, Argoun, or Argun, ar-goon'. Antongil, tN't~'nzheel', orAntongil's, an-ton'- Ar g9s, t. of Greece. jitz, bay of Jladagascar. Argostoli, aR-gos'to-le. An'trim. Argun. See Argoon. Ant'werp (Dutch Antwerpen, tnt'wgrp-en; Argyle or Argyll, ar-ghyle'. Fr. Anvers, &N'vaiR'). Argyro Castro, aR'ghe-ro kks'tro. Anzin, N'za'. Arica, a-ree'kA. Anzooan or Anzuan, an-zoo-an'; written, Ariege, a're-aizh'. also, Anjouan. Ar-i-ma-the'a, t. of Palestine. Aosta, A-os't&. Arinlhos, t-reenl'yoce, r. of Brazil. Apache, a-p&'ch&, (Indians) in the S. of Cali. *Arispe, A-ris'pi. fornia. Ar-kan'sas, formerly pronounced, and some..Apalachee, ap-a-lah'che, bay of Florida. tirmes wrilten, Ar'kan-saw. Apalachicola. See Appalachicola. Ar-kee'ko; written, also, Arkiko. Apapura, h-p-poo'tr, r. of S. America. Ark'low, t. of Ireland. Ap'en-nines. Arl'berg (Ger. pron. aRl'bhRG). See Adlerl t)erg. ATH 4 AZO Aries, arlz (Fr. pron. aRl). Atico, A-tee'ko, t. of Peru Armagh, ar'ma'. I Atina, A-tee'ln. Armagnac, aR'mn'yhkl. I At-lan'tic. Ar-me'ni-a. At'las. Arnentiere, aR'mhn'te-ain'. Atooi, -too-V', more properly written Ataurm Arm'strong. or Tauat. Arn'hem; written, also, Arnheim, arn'hime. iAtri, h'tre. Ar'no. IAt'ta-la. Ar'non, t. of Palestine. Atter, &t'ter (Ger. Atter-See, At'ter-s&') 1. of Arns'berg (Ger. pron. aRns'bRGc). Austria. Arnstadt, aRn'sthtt. Attigny,,t'teen'ye'. Aroan or Arouan, &-roo-hn', almost ar-whn', At'tock' or Attock Benares, at'tock' ban-.'t. of Central Africa. rez. Aroer, ar'o-er, t. of Palestine. At'truck', r. of Persia. Ar'ol-sen or'rol-sen, t. of Germany. Atuai. See Atooi. Ar-oos'took. Aube, abe. Arpino, auR-pee'no. Au'burn. Ar'ra-can' or Aracan. Aubusson, W'btis's6N'. Ar'ran. Auch, ash. *Ar-rap'a.-hoe. See Arapahoe. Aude, Ode. Ar'ras (Fr. pron. Ar'rAss'). Audenarde,'den-aRd'. See Oudenarde. Ar'roe; more correctly,.Eroe. Auerbach, outer-bhK. Ar'ta or Nar'da. Augs'burg (Ger. pron. ouGs'bo5RG). Artois, aR'tw'. Augela or Aujila, au'je-la, t. of N. Africa. Arundel, Ar'un-del (in England). Au-gus'ta or Agosta. Ar-un'del (in the U. S.) Augustine (St.), au-gus-teen'. Asaph, az'aqf. Aurich, ow'riK, r. of Germany. As'ben', t. of Africa. Aurillac, W'reel'y'k', t. of France. Ascension, as-sen'shun. Aurungabad, o-rung-ga-bUd'. Aschaffenburg, ash-affen-burg (Ger. pron. Aus'ter-litz (Ger. pron. ous'ter-lits). &-shhf'fen-b6ooRc). Aus'tral (Is.), a group of Polynesia. Aschersleben, &sh-ers-la'ben. Australasia, aus-tral-a'she-a. Ascoli, hs'ko-le. Australia, aus-tra'le-a. Ash-an'tee, sometimes written Achanti. Aus'tral-ind, t. of Australia. Ash'dod (Az-o'tus), t. of Palestine. Aus'tri-a (Ger. Oestreich, 6st'rlKe). Ashe, ash. Au-tau'ga. Ash'er, tribe of Israelites. Autun, O;tun'. Ash-ta-bu'la. Auvergne, o-vern' or o'vaiRii'. Ash'ta-roth, t. of Palestine *Aux Cayes, 0 kay. Ash'tQn. Auxerre, 0-saia'. *Ashuelot, ash'we-lot. Auxonne, 0x'onn', or Aussonne, bs'sonn'. Asia, a'she-a (often improperly pronounced Ava, A'va. &'zhe-a). Avatchka. See Awatska. As'ke-lon, t. of Palestineo Avallon,,'val'16N'. Asna. See Esne. Aveiro, &-va'e-ro. Aspern, As'pern, t. of Austria. Avella, A-vel'l&. As'sam'. Avellino, A-vhl-lee no. Assen, As'sen. Avenches, h'vA&sh'. As-sin'i-boin', r. of British America. Averno, A-VgR1'no. Assisi, as-see'se. Aversa, &-v8R'sA. Assouan or Assuan. See Asswan. Avesnes, A vain'. Assumption, as-sump'shun (Sp. Asuncion, Aveyron, va'r6N'. h-soon-the-one'). Avezzano, A-vgt-s''no. Asswan, Assouan, or Assuan, As-sw'An'. Avignon, &'veen'yO6n'. Asterabad, As'ter-a-b.d', or Astrabad, As'tra- Avila, A've-l. bAd'. Avlona, Av-lo'na. Asti, As'te. Avon, a'vQn. Astorga, s-tor'ga. Avoyelles, av-oi-elz' (commonly called a-vT' As-to'ri-a. el). As-tra-cai' or Astrakhan (Russ. pron. As-tr&- Avranches, v'rhNssh'. KxSll). A-wats'ka or A-v'htch'ka. Asturias, As-too're-hs. Awe, au. Atacamna, -tI-kt'mA. Axoom, Axoum, or Axum, ax-oom'. Atauai, A-tou-i'. See Atooi. Ayacueho, i-A-koo'cho, t. of Peru. Atchafalaya, atch-af-a-li'a. Ayamonte, I-a-mon'th. Ateh-een' or Acheen. Ayasoolook, V'a-soo-look'; written, also, At-fe', sometimes written Atfih. Ayasalouk and Ajasaluk. Ath or Aath, A t. Aylesbury, ailz'ber-e. Ath-a-pes'cow or Ath-a-bas'ca. Ayr, air. Ath-boy'. Ayrshire, air'shir. Ath'ens. Azerbaijain, Az-er-bi-j'in'. Ath-lone'. Az'of, Azoph, or Azov. Ath'os. Azores. az'ors or az-o'rez (Port. Aqores, Athy, ath-l' A-so'irs). BAM 5 BAT B. Bam-book'; written, also, Bambouk and Bambuk. Baalbec, b~?l'bek' See Balbee. Bamian, ba'mee'hn', or Bamigan, city of Af Bf'bel-man'del, or, more correctly, Bab-el- ghanistan. man'deb. Bammakoo. See Bamakoo. Bacchiglione, bak-keel-yo'tn. Bamoo, bU'moo', written also Bharno ann Ba-dag'ry. Bhanmo, b'hin'mo', t. of Birma. Badajos, bad-a-hoce' (Sp. Badaioz, b&a-D Banca, bank'ka. OHth'). Ban'da. Badakhshan. See Budukhshan. Ban'd9n, t. of Ireland. Badenweiler, bl)-den-wl'ler. Banff, pronounced, and sometimes written, Badku, bad-koo', or Bakoo. Bamff. Baeza or Baega, ba-&'tha. Banffshire, bamf'shir. Baffa, baf'f'. Bangalore, bang'ga-lore'. Baf'fin's (Bay). Bang'kok'. Bagdad, bag-dad' or bag'dad; written, also, Bangor, bang'gher (in England). Bagdat. Ban'gor (in the U. S.). Baghermeh, ba-ghertmeh, kingdom of Africa. Banica, b&-nee'ka, t. of Hayti. Bagnarea, ban-y-r'a&,'t. of Italy. Banjarmassin, ban-yar-mas-sin' or Ban-jer. Bagneres de Bigorre, ban'yaiR' deh be'gorr'. mas-sing', t. of Blorneo. Bagneres de Luchon, bin'yaiR' deh li'sh6N'. Banl, ban. Bagnols, ban'yol'. *Ban'tnacks (Indians). Bahamas, ba-hi'maz. Ban'nQck-burn'. Bahar, ba-har'. Ban'tam'. Bahari, b'H'ree, prov. of Egypt. Ban'try. Bahia, b&-ee'a, or San Salvador, san sal-va- Bapaume, b,'pome'. dar'. *Bar-a-co'a. Bahrein, bah-rane'. Barbados or Barbadoes, bar-bA'dyz. Bahr-el-Abiad, bar-el-a'be-&d', branch of the Bar-le-duc, baR'leh-dak'. B. Nile. Barbary, bar'ber-e. Bahr-el-Azrek, bar-el-az'rek', branch of the Barbour, bar'ber. Nile. Barbuda, bar-boo'da. Bahr-el-Merj. See El Margi. Bar'ca, prov. of Africa. Baikal, bl'kl!'. Bar-cel'lks, t. of Brazil. Baireuth, brtrath (Ger. pron. bl'roit). Bar-ce-l9'na or bar-thh-lo'n&. Bairout. See Beyroot. Barhge, b'raizh'. See BarrBge. Baja, bt'y. Bareilly, bar-'le. Bajada or Baxada, b-a-a'da, t. of La Plata. Bari, b're. Bajazid. See Bayazid. Barinas, b -ree'nas. See Varinas. Bakoo or Bakou, bakoo'; written, also, Badku. Barletta, baR-let't&. Bakteghian or Bakhteghian, bha-te-ghe-an', Bar'men, t. of Przussia. or Bak-te-gan', 1. of Persia. Barnaul, baR-nowl'. Bal'a-ghauts7. *Bar-ne-gat'. Balaruc, ba'la'rik'. Barnsley, barnz'le. Bal'a-sore'. Barn'sta-ble. Balaton; more correctly, Balatony, ba&'ld- Barn'sta-ple. tofi. See Platten See. Barn'well. Bal'bec or Bal'bek'. Baroach, ba-rStch'. Balcash. See Balkash. Bar-o'da. Baldwin, bauld'win. Bar'ra, or bar'tr, t. of Brazil. Bale, bMl. See Basel. *Bar're (in two syllables). Balearic, bal-e-ar'ik (Islands). Barrige or Barege, bar'raizh'. 1Bal-fur-osh' or Bal-froosh'; written, also, Bar'ren. Balfrouch and Balfrusch. Barrima or Barima, ba-ree'tm, point near th Bali. See Bally. mouth of the R. Orinoco. Balize, bh-leez'. Bar'trw. Balkan, bal-kan'. Bar'ry. Balkash, bal'kash', 1. of Central Asia. Bartsch, baRtch, r. of Pruessia. Balkh, lalK; written, also, Bulkh. Basel, ba'zel (Fr. Bale or Basle, bal). Bal'lard. Basman, bss-man', t. of Beloochistan. Bal'le-nyls, i. in S. Pacific Ocean. Basque, bask, name given to the provinces in Ballina, bal'e-na'. the N. E. of Spain. Ballinasloe, bal'lin-a-slo'. Basrah, bas'r&. See Bassora. Ballston, bauls'tQn. Bassano, bts-s&'no. Ballston Spa, bauls'tQn sp& or spaw. Bas'sas. cape of Africa. Bal'ly. Basse-terre, biss'-taia'. Bal'ly-shan'nQn. Bassora, bas'sQ-ra, or Bastrah. Baltic, baul'tic. Bastia, bas-tee'a. Baltimore, baul'te-more or baultte-mqr. Bastogne, bhs'ton', t. of Belgium. Baltingglass, bault-ing-glass'. *Bas'trQp, co. and t. of Texas. Bam-a-koo', t. of W. Africa. Batavia, ba-tk've-a. Barn- bar'ra. Bathturst, i. of N. America. Blam'berg (Ger. pron. bam'ba a). Batiscan, ba-tis-kNt', r. of Canada. 59* BEN 6- BIE. Baton Rouge, bat'un roozh. i Benin, ben-een'. Batroon, Batroun, or Batrun, ba-troon', t. of Benjarmassin. See Banjarnassin. Syria. Ben'ning-tQn. Battaglia or La Battaglia, & b'it-tFl'y&. Benowm or Benaum, ben-owm', t..of Africa Bautzen, bout'sen. Ben-sa'tem. Ba-va'rl-a (Ger. Baiern, bT'ern). Bensheim, bens'hTme. Bayao, ba-y&'6N, almost b&-yowng', t. of Bentheim, bent'htme. Brazil. Bentivoglio, ben-te-vole'yo. Bayazid or Bayazeed, bi-a-zeed'. Bentschen, bentch'en, t. of Prussia.' Bayeux, bk'yuh'. Berar, b&-rar'. Bayla, Beila or Bela, b&'l&, t. of Beloochistan. Berat, ber-at'. Bayonne, b''yonn'. Ber'be-r., pros. of Africa. Bayou, bT'oo. Berbice, ber-beece', r. of Guiana. Bazarjik, bA-zar-jeek', t. of Bulgaria. Beresina or Berezina, ber-ez-ee'nll. Bazas, bl'z'', t. of France. Ber-ez-off'; written, also, Berezow. Bearn, b&'aR'. Bergamo, bRc'g&-mo. *Beaucoup, bo-koop'. Bergen, bUR'ghen (in Europe). Beaufort, bu'furt. *Berg'en (in the U. S.) [Bergen, in Western Beaujeu, bo'juh', t. of France. New York, is almost universally proBeauley, bb le. nounced ber'jen.] Beaumaris, bb-matris. Ber-goo' or Bergou, prov. of Africa. Beaune, bone. Bergopzoom, brGa'op-zOme'. Beauvais, bo'v&'. Bergues, bRng. Beccles, bek'llz. Berkley, berk'le. Bedfordshire, bedtfurd-shir. Berkshire, berk'shir. Bedouinor Beduin, bed'6-in, or Bed'o-ween. Ber'lin (Ger. pron. bUR-leen'). Bee'chey, cape of British America. Bermudas, bher-moo'daz, or Ber-moo'thes. Bee'der; written, also, Bider. Bern or Berne (Fr. atid Ger. pron. bARn). Beel, bale, t. of Transylvania. Ber'nard, St. (Fr. pron. sar beR'na.R'). Bee-roo', a kingdom or region of Africa. Bernardino, bUa-naa-dee'no, or Bernardin, Be-er'she-ba, t. of Palestine. ber-nar-deen', mt. of California. Befort, b'foR. See Belfort. *Bernardotte, ber'nar-dot'. Begharmi. See Baghermeh. Bern'burg or beimn'booRG, t. of Germany. Behring's, bee'ringz (Strait). Ber'ri-en. Beila. See Biela. Bertie, ber-tee'. Beira, bate-ra. See Beyra. Berut. See Beyroot. Beiroot or Beirout. See Beyroot. Berwick, bgr'rik (in England). Beith, beetl. Ber'wick (in the U. S.). Beja, baiuzha. Berwickshire, ber'rik-shir. Be'ja-poor', formerly written Visiapour. Ber'ytus. See Beyroot. Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed'; written, also, Beled-el- Besangon, bez-"N's ON'. Jerid, Belad-el-Djeryd, Beled-el-Jerede, Bes-sa-ra'bl-a or Bes-&-rA'be-&. and Biled-ul-Gerid. *Beth-ab'a-ra. Belem, bel-eng', t. of Portugal and Brazil. Beth'a-ny, t. of Palestine. Bel-fast'. Beth Da',grn, Belfort, bgl'foR', or Bifort, b&'foR'. Beth'el, Belgium, bel'je-um. Betlh'le-hem, Bel'grade' (Turk. Bil-gr~d'). Beth-sai'da, Belknap, bel'nap. Beth-she'an *Bellefontaine, bel-fon-tane'. Betlis. See Bitlis. *Bellefonte, bel-font'. Bevedero, ba-vi-dh'ro, 1. of La Plata. Belle Isle or Bellisle, bel-Tle', strait of British Bev'el-and (Dutch pron. b&'vel-Ant). America. Bev'er-en. *Bellemonte, bel-mont'. Beverley, bev'er-le. Belmonte, bel-monll't, t. of Brazil. Beverly, bev'er-le. Belooehistan, bel-oo'chis-tan'. Bewdley, bude'le. *Belvidere, bel've-deer'. Beyra or Beira, bate-rA. Be-loor', mts. of Tartary. *Bexar, ba'-ar', or ba-ar'. Belovar, bel-o-vaR', t.' of Croatia. Beyroot, Berut, Beirut, or Bairout, b.root Bembaroughe, bem-bA-rooH or bem-ba-roog'- (Turk. piron. bT'root). eh, r. of S. Africa. Beziers, bAkze-A', t. of France. Bembatook. See Bombetok. Bhamo or Bhanmo. See Bamoo. Benares, ben-o'rez. Bhat'gong'. Ben-coo'len, t. of Sumatra. Bhering. See Behring. Ben'der, t. of Russia. Bhoo-tn'. See Bootan. Benevente, ben-A-ven'ta, t. of Brazil. I Bhb-pal. See Bopaul. Ben-e-ven'to. Bhurt'poor' or Bliurt-pore'. Bengal, ben-gaul'. Biafra, be-af'ra, counsztry of W. Africa. Bengazi or Benghasy, ben-gA'zee, t. of Tri- Bialystok, be-Al'is-tok. poli. i Bid'de-fiord or Bid'e-fQrd. Benguela, ben-g'l&. |Bider. See Beeder. Beni, ba-nee', r. of Bolivia. Biel, beel (in Fr 3ienne, be-enn'), t. and e. Benisooef or Benisouef, ben'e-swef', t. of j of Switzerlansd Egypt. BON 7 BRA Biela, be-'lI& [incorrectly written Beila), r. Bo-ness'. of Russia. Bonifacio, bo-ne-f'cho. Bielefeld, bee'leh-felt'. Bonin, bo-neen', is. E. of Asia. Bieque, be-k'ka, i. of TIr. Indies. Bonn, b6nn. Bilbao, bil-ba'o; often written and pro- Boom, bome. nounced, in English, Bil'bo-a. Boone, boon. Biled-ul-Gerid, bil-ed'-ool-jer-eed'. See Be- Booraits or Bouretes, boo'raits', a peopTe of led-el-Jereed. Siberia. "Bil-ler'ic-a. Boorgas, Bourgas, or Burgas, boor'gas', t. oJ Bills'tQn. Turkey. Bil'ma, t. of N. Africa. Boo-roon' or Bouroun, cape E. of Bulgaria. *Biloxi, be-lox'e, bay of Mississippi. Boorsa. See Bursa. Bingazi. See Bengazi. Boos'sa or Boussa, t. of Africa. Bieng'en. Bootan, boo-tan', or Bhootan. kBingham, bing'um. Booth'i-a, gulf of N. America. Binghamton, bing'um-tun. Bo-paul; written, also, Bhopl. Bio-bio, bee'o-bee'o. Borba, bor'tb, t. of Brazil. Biornoeborg or Bjorneborg, be-ort'nh-borg, Borcette, boa'sett'. See Burscheid. t. of Fisnland. Bordeaux, boR-do', or Bourdeaux, booR'db'. Birket-el-Keroon, or Keroun, beer'ket-el- Bo'ree', t. of Afghanlistat. ker-oon', or Birket-el-Koorn. Borgne, born. Birket-el-Marioot, or Mariout, ma're-oot', 1. Bor'ne-o. of Egypt. Born'holm. Birlat, beeR'lkt', t. of Moldavia. Bor'noo'; written, also, Bornou. Bir'ma or Burma. Borodino, bor-o-dee'no. Birmingham, bir'ming-um. *Bos'ca-wen. Birr, or Parsonstown. Bosh-u-ain'as or Bet-chu-an'as, tribe of S. Bis'ecay (Sp. Biscaya, bis-k'a'y&). Africa. *Bistineau, bis'te-lno'. Bosna-Serai, bos'n&-ser-l', called, also, SeraBitlis, bit'lees', t. of Asiatic Turkey. jevo. Black'fyrd. Bos'nl-a (called Bos'nS by the Turks). Bladen. Bos'po-rus, commonly, but incorrectly, writBlanc, Mount (Fr. Mont Blanc, m6N bl&N). ten Bosphorus. Blan'co. Bos'rah or Bozrah. See Bassora. Blankten-burg (Ger. pron. blank'en-b66RG'). Bostan, bos'tan', t. of Asiatic Turkey. Blanquilla, bl.ing-keelt'ya, i. of W. Indies. Bos'teng', 1. of Central Asia. Bias, St., sent blass, cape of Florida. Bos'tQn. Bias, St. (Mexico). See San Bias. Bot'a-ny Bay. Bled'sbe. Botetourt, bot'e-turt. Blel'berg (Ger. pron. bli'bgRG). Both'ni-a. Blenheim, blen'im (Ger. pron. blen'hime). Bot'zen (It. Bolzano, bol-za'no). Blois, bloi, or, more correctly, blw&. Bouches du Rh6ne, boosh do rone, or Mouths Boa Vista, boa vees'ta, t. of Brazil. of the Rhone. Bo'ber. Boulogne, boo-lone' (Fr. pron. boo'loii'). Bocage. bo'kazh'. Bourbon, boor'bun (Fr. pron. bour'boN') Bochna, bolK'na, t. of Austria. Bourbon, (Ky.), burfbun. Bre.uf. bef (Fr. pron. almost btf). Bourbon Lantcy, bOOR'bON' laN'se'. Boden-See, bo'den-sa'. See Constance, Lake. Bourbon L'Archambault, booR'boN' lae'shaM - Bod'min. bo'. Bo'drog', r. of Hungary. Bourbon Vend6e, booRe'bon vasN'da'. Boduayn, bo-doo-ane', t. of Birma. Bourdeaux, booR'dO', now commonly written Bog, sometimes written Boug, boo-. Bordeaux. Boglio, bole'yo. Bourbonnes-les-Bains, booa'bnn'-la-baN' Botgli-poor'. Bourg, booR. Bogota, bo-go-ta', or Santa Fe de Bogota. Bourgas. See Boorgas. Bo-he'ml-a (Ger. Bdhmen, or Boehmen, Bourges, booRzh. b6'men). Bourgogne, booa'goi'. See Burgundy. Boisee, boi'sa', r. and fort of Oregon. Bouroun. See Booroon. Boi-s-le-Duc, bwa&'-leh-dfk'. Boursa or Boorsa. See Bursa. Boj-ia-dor' (Port. proen. bozh-a-doae'). Boussa, boo'sa. See Boossa. Bokhara, bo-Kara, or Bucharia, bu-ka're-a. Bowdoin, bo'dien (College). Bol'bec'. *Bowie, boo'e. Bo'lee; written, also, Bol. Boyne, boin, r. of Ireland. Bo-liv'i-a (Sp. pron. bo-lee've-&). Bozzolo, bot'so-lo, t. of N. Italy. Bologna, bo-lone'ya. Brabant, brabant. Bolsena, bol-sa'na. Brackten. B&l'tqon-le-Moors. Brad'fQrd. Bolzano, bol-za'no. See Botzen. Bradley, brad'le. Bom-bay'. Braga, bra'ga. Bom'be-tok', bay of Madagascar. Brahilov or Brahilow, bra'hee'lov', or BralBo'na, t. of Algeria. low, bra-ee-lov'; called, also, Ibrail, ee-bra*Bo-nair' (Sp. Buen Ayre, bwgn i'ri). eel', t. of Wallachia. Bo'na-ven-tu'ra. See Buena Ventura. Brah'ma. See Birma. *Bo'na Vis'ta or Bo'ta Vis'ta. Brah'ma-poot'ra or Burrampooter. BRY 8 CAC Branco, brAngk'lo, r. of TV. Brazil. Brzezany, bzh&-zh:'ne, t. of Gallicia. Bran'den-burg (Ger. pron. brsn'den-b66RG'). Buchanarn, buk-an'un. Brail'dy-wine. Bucharia, bu-ke're-a. See Bokhara. Bras d'or, brA don, bay of Cape Breton. Buchorest, bu'kQ-rest', or Bucharest. BrauJlau, brow'now, t. cf Austria. Buck'e-burg (Ger. Biickeburg, biik'ketL Braunsberg, browns'beRG. b66RG'),cap. of Lippe Schauenburg. Brava, br''v'h, one of the C. Verde Is. Buckingham. buk'ing-um. Brava, br,'v&, t. of E. Africa. Buckinghamshire. buk'ing-um-shir. Brax'tQn. Bu'da (Hun. pron. boo'doh'; Ger. O'fen). 13raz-il' (Port pron. brla-zeel'). Budukhshan, bud-uK-shan'; written, also, Brazos, brah'z9s. Badakhshan.'Braz-o'rl-a. Budweis, bood'wlce. Brazza, bra't's&. Buen Ayre, bwen I'ra. See Bonair. Breathitt, breth'it. Buenaventura, bw&-nA-ven-:oo'r,. Brechin, breK'in. Buena Vista, bwa/nA vis'tA. Breck'en-ridge. Buenos Ayres, bo'nus.'riz (Sp. pron. bwkBreck'nQck or Brec'Qn. noce I'res). Breda, bra-d:'. Buf'fa-lo. Bregentz or Bregenz, br~i'ghents. t. of Tyrol. Bug, boog. Breisach, br!'z&K (Fr. Brisach, bhre'zk'). Builth, bilth, t. of Wales. Brellington. See Bridlingtol. Bukke Fiord, book'kih fe-ord', bay on the S. Brem'e.n or bra'men (in Europe). W. coast of NVorway. *Bre'men (in the U. S.). Bulgaria, b66l-g&'re-a. Breneau, bren-u', r. of Oregon. Bulach, boo'ltK, t. of Switzerland. Bren'ta. Biilkh. See Balkh. Brescia, bresh'e-a or bresh':. Buncombe, bunk'um. Breslau, breslau or bres'lou; sometimes Bun'der Ab-as'see (or Abassi). See Gormwritten Breslaw. broon. Brest (Fr. pron. the same as the English). Bun'poor', t. of Beloochistan. Bretagne, breh-t52i', or Brit'ta-ny. Buntzlau, bnllts'lou. Breton (Cape), brit'un. Burd'w.n. Brian9on, bre'.N's6rN'. Bureau. bu'ro. Bridge'north. Burg (Ger. pron. bhnRG). Bridge'port. Burgas. See Boorgas. Bridge'town. Burgdorf, booRG'doRf, t. of Switzerland. Bridge'wi-ter. Burgos, booR'goce. Bridlinlgton and Brelliugton, commonly pro- Bur'gun-dy (Fr. Bourgogne, booR'go`i'). nounced Bur'ling-ton. Bur'ham-poor', t. of Hindostan. Brid'part. Burke, burk. Brieg, breec. Bur'lin-ton. Briel, breel. Burma. See Birma. Brienz, bree-entsrl. of Switzerlasnd. Burnley, burn'le. Brieux or Brieuc, bre'uh'. Bur'ram-poo'ter. See Bralimapootra. Brighthelmstone, commonly written Brigh- Bursa, boor's&'or Bru'sa. ton, brl'tQn. Burscheid, booR'shite (Fr. Borcette, boR Brindisi, brin'de-se. sett'). Brioude, bre'ood'. Burs'lem. Brisach, bre'zbk'. See Breisach. Bury, ber're. Bris'tl. Busaco, boo-s,'ko, t. of Portugal. Britain, brit'tn or brit'un. Bushire, boo-sheer'. See Abooshehr. Brit'ta-ny (Fr. Bretagne, breh-taii'). Bussorah. See Bassora. Brix'en, t. of Austria. But'ler. Brixham, brix'um. Butow, to, t. of Prussia. Brocklen. Bu-trin'to or boo-trin'to, t. of Greece Brod, brode, t. of Sclavsonia. Bat'ter-mere. Bro'dy. Bux'tQn. Broek, br66k. Buz'zard's Bay. Brom'berg (Ger. pron. brom'baRG). By'am Mar'tin, i. N. of British America. Brom'ley, brum'le. Byzantium, biz-an'she-um. Brondo-lo. *Brook'lTne. Brook'lyn. Broome, broom. Ca-bar'ras. Brough, briif. Cabell. Bruchsal, bro6k'sl.1. Cabenda, kh-ben'da, t. of W. Afri(a. Bruck, brook, t. of Germnazny. Cabes, khb'es or khbs; written, also, Gabes Bruges, bru'jez (Fr. pron. bruzh). and Gabs, t. of N. Africa. Brhuln, broon or brin. Cab-ool': written, also, Caboul, Cabul, and Bruns'wick (Ger. Braunschwveig, brown'- Caubul. shwIG). Cabrera, k-lhr/srr, one of the Balearic Isles. Bru'sa. See Bursa. Cabulistan, kA-bool'is-tIn'. See Afghanistan Brus'sels (Fr. Bruxelles, bril'sell'). Caceres, ki'thA-res. Bry'an. Cachao, katch'.'o. See Ketcho. Brzesc or Brzesc Litewski, bzhests le-tev'sce. Cachias, k&-shee'Is. See Caxias. CAN 9 CAR Cachoeira, kik-sho-'ke-rA. See Caxoeira. Canajoharie, kan'a-jo-lihr're. Cad'do. Caniaiidaigua, kann-an-da'gua. Cadiz ka'diz (Sp. proc. kkqith). Calanea, ki-rn-ni-'&, i. of B;razil. Caen,'IeN. Can-a-lore'. Caerlrarthen, ker-mar'THern. Can'a-ra. Caernarvow, kgr-nar'vrn. Canaries, ka-na'reez (Sp. Canarias, k&-n&', Casarea Philippi, ses'a-ree'a fil-ip'pi, now re-'s). called Ballias, baWi'-e-'s' or Paneas, t. of Ca-na'ry, Grand (Sp. Gran Canaria, gril Palestine. [Cesarea, the alncient narne of kr-ne're-'e). several towns in Western Asia, is usually *Can-a-sau'ga. modernized by Kaisarieh. Kaisariyeh, or *Can-a-sto'ta. Kesarieh. See Kaisarieh.] Can-av'e-ral, cape of Florida. Caffraria, lkaf-frl're-a. Cancao. See Kankano. Cagliari, kai'y~-re. Can-da-har' or Kandahllar. Ca-haw'ba. Can'di-a or Crete. Cali or or Caher, kah'her or kare. Can-e'a. *Ca-ho'ki-a. Can'il-ap'us-caw', 1. of Labrador.'Cahoos or Cahoes, kla-hoze'. See Cohoes. Cannaveral. See Canaveral. Cahors, kA'oR'. Cannes, kann. Caicos. See Caycos. *Can-is-te'o. *Caidareta, ki-d-ra'ti. *Calliouchee, kan-noo'che. Cairo (in Egypt), khTro. ealled, by the Arabs, *Can-o'ga. El Kahira, el kah'the-ra. *Ca-non'i-cut. *Cairo (in the U. S.), kairo. Can'Qos-burg. Caith'ness. Canso or Canseau, kan'so, strait of Noaw Calabria, ka-l:tbre-a or kh'-li'bre-. Scotia. Calahorra, i ka-la-oa'r.. Caital, k&N'tal'. Calais, kal'is (Fr. pron'a'). Canterbury, kan'ter-ber-e. Calatayud, kai-l&-t'-yooD'. Can-tTre', Cantyre, or Kintyre. Calboingos, kAl-bonig'gos, a people of W. Af- Can-ton' (in China). ri ca. Can'ton (in the U. S.) Calcasieu, kkl'ka-shu or kul'ka-shu. Cantyre. See Cantire. Cal-cut'ta. Cape Breton, kape brit'tn, or brittun. Caldas da Rainha, kAlt'ds da ra-een'y'&. Cape Girardeau, je-rar-do'. Calder, kaul'der. Cape Haitien, haite-en (Fr. Cape Haitien, Caldwell, kauld'wel. klep ae'te-aN'). Cal-e-do'nl-a. Cape Pal'mas. Calhoun, kai-hoon', Cape Verdl Islands (Port. Ilhas Verdas, eel' Cal'i-cut.' ys vie'dis). Cal-1-for'ni-a. Cape Vinceent. Callao, k'Il-fi'o, or kal-y&'o. Ca-per'na-um, t. of Palestine. *Cal-la-poo'ya. Capitanata, k'-pe-ta-n'/t&, prov. of Naples. Cal'la-way. Capo d'Istria, k&'po dis'tre-A, t. of Austrian Ca lies, k'l-lees', t. of Prussia. Italy. Cal'mar or Kalmar. Capri, ka'pre. Calne, kan. Capsali. See Kapseli. Caltagirone, kal-ta-je-ro'nc. Cap'u-a (It. pron. k'tpoo-&). Caltanisetta, kal-ta-ne-set'ta. Caqueta, k&.kata. Cal'u-met. Car-ac'as or Caraccas (Sp. pron. k&-ri'kis). Calvados, kel'vk das' or kekl-va'dos. Caramanl, kdr'a-m'n'. Calvary, kal'va-re, mt. of Palestine. Caramania, kar-a-ma'ne-a. [It may e proCal'vert. per to remind the reader that this is not a Calvi, kai've, t. of Corsica. Turkish, but a Latin name; the antepenulCamargo. ka-maa'Rgo, t. of Mexico. timate a should, therefore, be sounded as in Camanche, k'a-man'cha. See Comanche. Bavaria. See the Pronouncing Gazetteer, Cam-ar-o'cns, bay (anid river?) of Patagonia. Introduction, section xi., p. 26.] Cam-bay'. Caravellas0 k&-rA-vel'ls, to of Brazil. Cam-bo'di-a, Cam-bo'dj,i or Cam-boge'. Car'bon. Cam'bray or Cambrai (Fr. pron. khia'bra'). Carbolnara, kAr-bo-na'ra, cape of Sardinia. Cam'bri-a. Carcassonne, kaR'kas'sonn'. Cambridge, tkame'brij. Cardenas, kar'din-is, t. of Cuba. Cambridgeshire, kame'brij-shir. Cardiff or Caerdiff, kar'diff. Camn'den. Car'di-gan. Cam-er-oaies or Cam-er-oons'. mts. of Africa. Cardigalishire, kar'de-gun-shir. Caminha, ki-meen'y'a, t. of Portugal. Car-ib-be'.an Sea. Campa~gna, ktm-pa:n'y. Car'ib-bee Islands. Campbell, kam'el. Caribou, kar're-boo', 1. of Maine. Carmptelltown, kam'ea-atown. Ca-rin'thi-a (Ger. KBrnthen, kaiRn'ten). Campeachy or Campeche, kam-peec'ehe (MIex. Carlisle, kar-lile'. pron. khm-pa'tehl). Carlos, St. See San Carlos. Cam'po Basso, kam'po bas'so.. Car'low. Ca.na., t. of Palestine. Carlowitz or Karlowitz, kar'lo-vits. Canl'a-da. Carls'bad or Karlsbad (Ger. pron. karnls'bht) Canauuan, kan'.a-gwai'll i. of tV. Indies. Carlscrona, karls-kroo'na, or Carlscroonl. CAU 10 CHA Carlsruhe or Karlsruhe, kanls'roo. Caune, kone, t of France. Carlstadt'r Karlstadt, kaRtl'sttt, t. of Croatia. Cava, k''v'. Car'mel, mt. of Palestine. Cav'ai. Car'men,'i. of Jlnexico. Cavery or Cauvery, kau'ver-e. Car'mo, t. of.Brazil. Cax-a-mar'ca (Sp. pronl. k'lh-H&-matrkl). Car-llat'ic. Caxaiambo. kBH-hhl-tem'bo, t. of Peru. Car-ni-o'lla (Ger Krain, krtne). *Caxias or Cachias, k:-shee'as. Carolina, katr-o-IT'na. Caxoeira or Cachoeira, kx-sho-''e r-. Caroni, kai-ro-nee', r. of Venezuela. Caycos, kT'koce, is. of TW. Indies. (tarpathiatl, kaui-p'lthe-an. Cay enne, ki-ein'. Car'pa-thus, i. of Greece. Cayes, kA. See Aux Cayes. Car-pen-ta'ri-a. Cayma, k-mn', -mn1. of Mexico. Carpentras, kaR'pNs'tlrass'. Cayuga, ki-yoo'ga. Carrala, k*r-i'f. *Cavuse, kah-yuce'. Carriacot, Icar're-a-koo', i. of W. Intdies. Caz-em'be, country of S. Africa. Carrik on Suir, kar'rik Otl shure'. Clz-en-o'vi-a. Car'rick-fer'guts. Ceara. See Clara. Car'roll. Cebu, se-boo'. See Zebu. Carlran, t. of Scotland. Cecil, sis'sil. Cartagena, kar-ta-je'na (Sp. pron. ktaP-tx- Ce'dron. See Kidron. Ha'n'l). Cefalu, chef-a-loo'. *Cartago, kaR-t&'go, t. of Central America. Celano. ch&-l'tno, 1. of Italy. Car'ter. Celebes, sel'e-biz. (Car'ter-et. Celle or Zelle, tsel'leh. Carvoeiro, caR-vo-'e-ro, cape of Portugal. Cellis, s''neece', mt. of Scitzerland. (Casale, ka-sa'l,. Ceph-a-Io'nl-a (It. pron. chbf-A-lon'e-a, mo. JCasal Maggiore, k'-sxl' nm'd-jo'r'. dcern Greek, kef-t-lo-nee'e). C(as'bin or Kazbinl (Pers. pronl. kz- been', Ce-ram' (Port. pron. ser-roung'), also written whence the name is sometimes written Seraig. Casbeen). Ceri-o, cher'e-o. Caserta or Calserta Nuova, k-seR't0 noo-o'vi. Cervera, sgR-v&'rr. Casey, ki'ze. Cervin, SgR'VaN', mt. of Sweitzerland. Cashall or Kashan, k''sh'un', t. of Persia. Cervione. sRy-ve-o'lni, t. of Corsica. Cash'el. Cesena, cha-sa'nA. Cash-gar'. See Kashgar. Cet'ta (Sp. pron. thi'oo-t&), t. of N. Africa. Cashmere or Kashmi re, kash-meer'. C6veiines, sa'venn'. Cash'na. See Kashla. Cev'er-o Vos'totch'noi', cape of Siberia. Casiquiare, ka-se-ke-''rA, r. of Venezsuela. Ceylon. see'lon or sil-onet. Cas'pl-anl. *Chagres, cb i'grgs. Cas'sel. Chalagskoi, shtl'Ag'skoi', cape of Siberia. Castello Branco, k)s-tel'lo bratnko, t. of Por- Clialeur, shal-oor', bay pf New Brutnswick tugal. Chalotns-sur-Marne, sh1'loNt' StR maRo. Castelinaudary, lkes'tel'no' d're'. Chalons-sur-Saonie, shh'loN' saR sone. Castel Vetrano, khs-tel' voa-trao0. Chambers, chame'berz. Castiglione, kAs-teel-yo'nt. Cham'bers-burg. Castile, kas-teel' (Sp. Castilla, kas-teel'y&). Chambery, shm'bh''re'. Castine, kas-teen'. Chamil. See Khamil. Castlebar, kas-sel-bar'. Chamouny, sh&'moo-ne'. Castleton, kas'sel-tun. Champagne, sh m'pVa'. Castres, kastr. Champaign, sham-pane'. Castro, kas'tro, t. of Chili. Champlain, sham-plain'. Castro Giovanni, kus'tro jo-van'ne. Chandeleur, shan-de-loor'. Cas-ween'. See Casbin. Chang-hai. See Shang-Hai. Cas'well. Chanlgmai or Tchangmai, chang'mE', t. Catabamba, kA-tA-bam'b. Chin-India. Catahoula or Cat-a-hoo'la. Chantilly, sh'eN'teel'ye' or shaN'te'ye'. Cat-a-lo'ni-a (Sp. Cataluna, kh-tl-loon'yA). *Chapala, ch,-pa'16. Catamarca, k'e-t&-maR'tkae t. of La Plata. Chapoel Hill. [the city of.Me.zico. Cataniaa k-ta' ie-A. Chapultepec, ch&-pool'-t&-pek'fortress nleat Catattzaro, kd-tanl-za'ro. Charasm. See Kharasm. Ca-taw'ba. *Chartas, cha-r'ks. Catharina, St. See Santa Catharina. Charente, shla'rit'. Cathay, kalth-k'. See China. Charente Inf;rieur, sh&'r&Nt' N'f& re-uR'. Catmanduo, Katmandou, or Khatmandu, kat- Chariton, char'e-tQn. matlidoo. Charkow, kaR-kof'. See Kharkof. Catoche, k-to'c h[, cape of Yucatan. Charles'tQn. C Catorce, I&-tOR'sA. Charles'townl. Catstlill. Charleville, shaal'vill'. Cat-ta- rau'gus. Charlevoix, shar'le-voi'. Cattaro, ket-tx'ro, gulf of the Adriatic. Charlotte, shar'lQt. Cat'te-gat or Kattegtt. Charlottesville, shar'lqts-vil. Caubul, kau-bool'. See Cabool. Chartres, shaRtr. Cauca, kow'ko, r. of Neuw Granada. Cha-tau'que, sha-tau'que, or Chautauqu*. Cau'ca-sus. Chateauguay, shat'o-gay'. CHI 11 COA Chateaudun, sh'a'tb-du'. Chiquitos, che-kee'toee. Ch teau-Gonth.er, sha'a'to-goo'te-&'. Chissoumaton, shis-soo-mi-t56N' or shis'soo. Chateauroux, sh'to'roo'. mn-ton', r. of British Ar-merica. Chat-el-Arab. See Shat-el-Arab. Chiswick, chiz'ik, t. of England. Chatellerault. shA'tell'i'. Chit'ten-clden. Chatham, chat'urn. Choco, cho'ko, bay of New Granada. Chat-ta-hoo'chee. Choc'taw. Chat-too'gt. Choczirm, Kot'sim, t. of Russia. Chaudibre, sho'de-ai. Cholula, cho-loo'l&. Chaulmont (Franle), sho'mrnl'. Chonos, cho'noce (Archipelago), W. of Pata. Chaumont (N. Y.), sho'mln. gonia. Chautauiue See Chatauque. Chorley, chor'le. *Chazy, shlaz'ee'. Choubar, choo'bar', t. of Beloochistan. Chebucto, she-buk'to, bay of Nova Scotia on Chowat, chO-wan'. whicht Halifax stands. Chris-ti-an'a. Chedabucto. shed'a-bulk'to, bay in N. E. part Christiania, kris-te-V'ne-A. of Nova Scotia. Christiansand, kris'te-'in-stnd'. Chelekhof. See Shelekof. Christianstadt, kris'te-atn-stat (Sw. Christian.*Chlelmsford, chenmz'furd. stad, kris'te-.an-stkd'). Chelsea, chei'se. Chrudim, Kroo'dim. Clheltehanm, chelt'nirtm. Chudleigh, chud'le, cape of N. America. Chemilztz, Iern'lits. Chlum'bul. Chemullg, shle-mulg'. Chuquisaca, choo-ke-s'o'k. Chenalngo, she-aniig'go. Chur, Koor. See Coire. Che-naub', r. of Hindo.stan. Church'ill, r. of British America. Clhepstow, cllep'sto. Ciara, se-'ra; written, also, Ceara and SeCher, shane. ara, t of Brazil. Che-raw', t. of N. Carolina. Cienfuegos, se-enl'fwh'goce. Cherl)urg, sher'lurg or shaRe'boort. Cilly, sil'le (Ger. pron. tsil'le), t. of Styria. Cher'o-lcee'. Cimarroll, se-mar-rone', r. of Initian Terrio Cherso, ker'so. tory. Cherscnm. See Kherson. Cimbebas, sim-b'bbas, a people said to dwell Chertsey, ches'sy, t. of Enrgland. in the western or interior part of S. Africa. Clles'at-pealce. Little or ntothinrg certain is known respecting Cheshire, chesli'ir. themn. Ches'ter. *Cinaloa, sin-&-lo'P. Clhes'ter-field. Cincinnati, sin-sin-ah'te. lOften improperly Che-sud'cook. pronounced as if written Cincinnatah or Chetiemaches, chet-tim-atch'iz or shet'mash'. Cincinnattah. Cheviot, chiv'e-ut. Cinque Ports, sink pbrts. *Cheyenne, she-enn'. See Chienne. Cin'tra or seen'trA. *Chiapa, chle-''p. Cir-cars'. Chiari, ke-k're. Circassia, ser-kash'e-a. Chiavari, ke-&'v&-re. Cirencester, commonly pronounced sis'e-ter. Chicago, she-kau'go. Cittadella, chit-t&-del'l&. Chichester, chitch'es-ter. Ciudad Real (Spain), the-oo-DsD' rA-al'. Chick-a-pee'. *Ciudad Real (Mexico), se-oo-d&d' r&i-l'. *Chick-a-hom'l-ny. Ciudad Rodrigo, the-on-DaD' roD-ree'o. Chickeeies. See Chilts. Civita Vecchia, chee've-t. vek'ke-g. Chick'a-saw. Clack-man'nan. Chicot, shee'ko. Clagenfurth or Klagenfurth, klW'ghen-fobrt'. Chiern'See, Keem sA. Claiborne, cli'burin.' Chiennte or Cheyenne, she-enn'. *Clal'ams. Chieti, ke-i'te. Clamecy, clam'se'. Chignecto, shig-nec'to, bay of Nrew Bruns- Clara, kli'ra, r. of Sweden. icIcle. Clausthal or Klausthal, klous't0l. Chilualhua, che-wA'w'A. Clay'tQn. *Chiltailis. See Chilts. Clear'field. Chili, chil'le (Sp. Chile, chee'l&.) Cler-mont'. Chil-ld-coth'e. Clermont Ferrand, klRa'mWN' f~r'rsN'. Chiloc, cheel-o-k' (almost chil-way'). Cleveland or Cleaveland, kleev'land. *Chilts (ch as in child) or Chikailis (Chick- Cleves, kleevz (Ger. Kleve, kl&veh, Fr. elis), che-k'ilis. Cleves, kl.ve). Chintborazo, chim-bo-rv'kzo (Sp. pron. cheem- Cliesa, kleek's&, t. of Peru. bo-ri'tho). Clif'tQn. Chi'nia. Clin'tQn. Chinaub. See Chenaub. Clitheroe. kliTz'er-o. Chin In'di-a. Clogher, klbh'Her. Chinchilla, chin-cheel'y'. Cloghnakilty, kl'e'na-kil'te, or Clon'a-kil'ty Chinyang, shin'yang'. See Mookden. CQ1n-mell'. Chlioggia, ke-od'jb', t. of N. Italy. Clos'ter-bay', cape of Iceland. Chippenham, chip'num. Clydes'dale. See Lanarkshire. Chippewa chip'pe-w&i. Co-a-ho'ma. Chip'pe-way. *Coahuila. See Cohahuila. 2 U CON 12 COU Coango, ko-ang'go, r. of Africa. Congaree, kong'ga-ree'. Co-aitza, r. of W. Africa. Congleton, kong'gl-tun. Cob'be, cap. of Darfbor. Congo, cong'go, or Zaire, z&-eer'. Cobee or Cobi, ko'bee', desert of Central Asia. Connaught, kon'naut. Cooija, ko-bee'ua, t. of Bolivia. *Con-ne-aut'. Cob'lentz (Ger. Coblenz, ko'bllnts; Fr. Cob- Connecticut, kon-nette-kut. lence, ko'bl'Nce'). Con'stance (Ger. Constanz, kon'stants). Cobu, ko-boo', r. of S. America. Constantiria, kon-st'n-tee'nA, t. of N. Africa. Co'burg (Ger. pron. ko'bi66R). Con-stal-tl-no'ple (Turk. Starm-bool'). Cochabamba, ko-chA-boati'b'. Con'way or Conwy, kon'we. Cochin, co-cheen'. Cooch Ba-haR'. Co'chin Chi'na Coo-mas'sie. Codogno, ko-dOI. yo. Coos (often called Co-os' by the inhabitants). *Co-do'rus. Coo'sa. Coeslin. See Coslin. *Co-pake'. Coetivi, ko-et-ee've, is. in Indian Ocean. *Copano, ko-pah'no. Coeur d'Alene, koor d&'ailn', 1. of Oregon. Co-pen-ha'gen (Dan. Kj6benhavn, ky6'benCoevorden, koo'vor-den, t. of Holland. houn'). *Coeynlans, quee'manz. Co-pi'ah. Cognac, kone-yak'. Co-pi-a-po'. Cohahuila or Coahuila, ko-,-wee'lI. Co-pim'es-caw', 1. of Labrador. *Co-has'set. Coquet, kok'et. *Cohoes or Cahoos, ko-hoze'. Coquimbo, ko-keem'bo. Co-im-ba-toor' or Co-im-ba-tore'. Corbach, kOR'hbK, t. of Germany. Co-im'bra or ko-eem'hru. *Corbeau, kor-bo'. Coire, kw-eR (Ger. Chllur, koos). Corcyra, kor-si'ra. See Corfu. Col'berg (Ger. pron. kol'bARG). Cor-dil'le-ras (Sp. pron. koR-deel-ya''ras). C&l'clhes-ter. Cor'do-va or Cordoba. Col'dig, t. of Denmark. Co-re'a. *Co-le-rain'. Corfu, kor-foo' or kor'fu (modern Greek pron *Colima, ko-lee'ma. kor-fee'). Col'lc-tQn. Cor'inth. CQ1-lump'ton. Corn'wall. Colne, koln. Co'ro, t. of Ventezuela. Colognie, ko-lone' (Fr. pron. ko'loii'; Ger. Cor'o-man'del. K61n). Coronation,'kor'o-na'shun, gulf of N. Amer. Colombia, ko-lom'be-h. *Corpus Christi, kor'pus kris'te. Co-lom'bo or Co-lum'bo. Correze, kor'raze'. Col'on-sa or Col'on-say'. Cor'rib. Colorado, kol-o-rall'do. Cor-ri-en'tes, t. of La Plata. *Co-los'se. Cor'sl-ca (Fr. Corse). Coluguape, ko-loo-ogwa'p&, 1. of Patagonia. Cor'so, cape of Corsica. Co-lum'bi-a. Corte, kon'ta. Co-lum-bi-an'a. COrt'land. Vo-lum'bo. See Colombo. Cortona, koR-to'n&. Columbretes, kol-um-br&'tgs, group of is. B. Co-run'na (Sp. Coruia, ko-roon'yh). of Spain. Cor'vo. Oo-lum'bus. *Cor'yd-Qn.'Co-mac'. Cos, k6s, i. of Greece. kCo-manl'cthe or Ca-man'che (Sp. pron. ko- *Cosala, ko-s'A'l&. mAsn'cli). Coseniza, ko-sen'zA. Comayagua, ko-mi-&'gw&. Cosh-oc'tQn. Com'ber-mcre, 1. of England. COslin, Coeslin, or K6slin, kis-leen'. Comines, ko'meen', t. of Belgium. Cosiguina, ko-se-ghee'nA, volcano of Central Co'mo. America. Com'o-rin. Cosne, kone. Co'morn or Komorn. Cos'sacks. Com'o-ro. Cosseir, kos-sare'. Compilgne, k6N'pc-ain'. Costarica, kos'th-ree'k&. Com-po-stellia (Sp. Compostela, kom-po-sti'- Cosmoledo, kos-mo-la'do, cluster of islets E. 1 ). of Africa. Concan, kong'kun. Cotagayta, ko-t&-ghi'th, t. of Bolivia. Conception, kQn-sep'shun (Sp. Concepcion, C(te d'Or, kot doR. konl-thep-the-on'). Cotes du Nord, kot di noR. *Conchas, koin'chAs, r. of Mexico. Cothen or Coethen, ko'ten or k6'ten t. of Conchas,'kon'shks, r. of Brazil. Germany. Concord, kong'kurd. Cotignola, ko-teen-yol'A, t. of Italy. Con-cor'di-a. Cotopaxi, ko-to-pax'e (Sp. pron. ko-to-p&h Cond6, kon'de or kl6N'dA. ne). *Conecocheague, kon'e-ko-cheeg'. Cottbus or Kottbus, kott'boos. Conecuh, ko-nee'ka. Courland, koor'land. See Koorland. *Conemaugh, kon'e-maw. *Courtableau, koor't&-bli'. *Con-es-toga. Courtray or Courtrai, kooR'tr&' (Flem. KoA *Co-ne'sus. tryk, kort'rike). CZA.13 DEL Coutance, koo'taNce'. Czaslau, ches'lou, t. of Bohemia. Coventry, kuv'en-tre. Czernigow, cher-ne-gof'. See Tchern.gof. Covigl-ton, kuv'ing-tun. Czernowitz, cher'no-vits (more correctly, Cowes, kowz. Czernowice, cher'no-vit'seh). Conw-e'ta. Czirknicz or Zirknitz, tseRk'lnits. *Cow'e-iitsk'. Cracow, kr'&'ko (Polish Krak6w, kr''koof). D. Crato, krk'to, t. of Brazil. Cra'ven. Dac'ca. Craw'ford. Dac-oitah. See Sioux. Cricy, kres'se (Fr. pron. kra'ece'), often writ- Daghestan, d'ghis-t' n', country of W. Asia. ten Cressy by the English, t. of France. Dago, da'go, i. in the Baltic. Crefeld, kr-'fhlt. Dahomey or Dahomay, dah'ho-ma'. Crema, kr'UmL. Dahl, dAl. Cremnitz, krem'nits. See Kremnitz. Dair el Kamer or Kamar, dire el k'm'er, t. of Cre-mo'na (It. pron. kr'a-mo'n'&). Syria. Cres'sy. See Crecy. Dalecarlia, d'-le-kar'le-&, or Dalarne, d''. Crete. See Candia. lar-n&. Creuse, kruz. Dalhousie, dal-hoo'ze, t. of New Brunswick. Creutznach, kroits'ncK. See Kreutznach. Dal'las. Crim-e'a (Russ. Krim). *Dalles, dalz. Crit'ten-den. Dalmatia, dal-mi'she-a. Croatia, kro-h'she-a (called by the natives Dalton, daul'tun. Horvath Orszag, ho,-v'Uht oR-slig). Da-mas'cus (Arab. Shbm-el-Ke-beer'). *Crock'ett. Dambea. See Dembea. *Cro'ghans-ville. Dam-l-et'ta (Arab. Damiat, de-me-ht'). Croix (St.), kroi. See Santa Cruz. Dam'piers. Crom'ar-ty. Dan'aw. See Danube. Cronstadt, krCn'sthtt. Danblury, dan'bler-e. CrotQon. Dan'da, t. of W. Africa. Croy'don. Dannemora, dhn-ne-nmo'r, a noted iron mine Crozet, kro'z&', i. S. of Africa. in Sweden. Crystal, kris'tal, vmts. of Africa. Dant'zic (Ger. Danzig, dAnt-siG). Csaba, ch6b'6h'. Dan'ube (Ger. Donau, do'now.) Csongr'd, chon-gred'. Dara, d'trS,, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Cuama. See Zambeze. Dardanelles, dar'da-nelz'. Cu'ba (Sp. pron. koo'b&). Dar-foor', written, also, Darfur and Darfour. Cuban, koo-bIn'. See Kooban. Darien, da're-en (Sp. pron. d.-re-en'). Cuenca, kweng'kAi. Darke, dark. Culbuacan, kool-w&-kkn'. See Palenque. Dar'lino,-tQn. *Culiacan, koo-le-L-kin'. Darmstadt, daRm'stdtt. Cul-lo'den, plain of Scotland, noted as the Daroca, dA-ro'k&, t. of Spain. scene of the Dukce of Cumberland's victory Dartmouth, dart'muth. over the Pretender, in 1746. Dartwar'. Culm, ko6lm. Das Mortes, dAs mor'tAs, r. of Brazil. Cul'pep-per. Dauas, dow'is', t. of Asiatic Turkey. Cul-ross'. Dau'phin. Cumana, koo-m&-nA'. Dauphin6, do'fe'n.. Cumania or Kumania, ku-m&'ne-a (Hun. Kun- Da'vid-s9n. sag, koonl-sh''g). Davie, da've. Cum'ber-land. Daviess, da'vis. Culene or Cunleni, koo-nk'ne, r. of Africa, Da'vis. supposed to be a branch of the Bembaroughe. Davis's (Strait), d&'vis-ez. Cunnersdorf, koon'ners-douf', t. of Prussia. Dax, dx. Cupar, koo'per. Dayltqn. Cura9oa, ku'ra-s'. Deal, deel. Curaray, koo-r -ri', r. of Ecuador. Dearborn, deer'butn. Curische-Haff, koo'rish-eh-h'ft'. See Ku- Debreezin or Debretzin, dA-bret'sln. rische -laff. De-ce'tur. Cur'rl-tuck. Dec'can or Dek'kan. Curaguaty, koo-roo-gw'-tee', r. of La Plata. Dees, dacee or daze, t. of Transylvania. Curzola, koord-zo'l'. De Gatt (Sp. De Gata, d'& g'i'tk), cape in the S Cistrin or Kistrint, ktis-treen'. of Spain. Ctitch. Deg'gen-dorf', t. of Bavaria. Cut'tack'. Deir el Kammer. See Dair el Kamer. Cux-ha'ven or kc6x-hEa'fen. De Kalb, de kalb'. Cuyaba, koo-y''bh, t. of Brazil. Del-a-go'a, bay in S. E. Africa. Cuyahoga, kl-a-ho'ga. Delaware, del'a-war. Cuzco, koos'ko. Delft (every letter should be pronounced). Cyn-thi-an'a. Delfzyl, dhlftzile,fortress of Holland. Cyprus, si'prus. Delgado, del-g&'do, cape of E. Africa. Cyrene, st-ree'lte, t. of N. Africa. Delhi or Dehli (Hindostan), del'lee. Cythera, sith-ee'ra. See Cerigo. Delhi (in the U. S.), del'hl. Czarnikow, char'ne.-kov', t. of Prussia. De los Martires. See Rio de los Martlres. 60 DNI 14 DUM De los Patos, dA-loce-p'toce, 1. of Brazil. Doab or Dooab, doo'Ab'. Del'ta. Do-flra-fi-eld'. See Dovrefield. Del Valle, dl v'l'fy&, 1. of La Plata. Dok'kum, t. of Holland. Del'vi-no. [bea. D1le, dtl. Dem'be-a or dem-bee'a; written, also, Dam- Dolgelly, dol-geth'le. Demerara, dem-er-,'ra. Dol'lart. *De-mop'o-lis. Domingo, do-ming'go. Denbigh, den'be. Dominica, dom-e-nee'ka. Denbighshire, dein'be-shir. Dominique, dom-e-neek', is the Frenlch of the Den'der-ah. preceding. Dendermonde, den der-m&n'deh, or Dender- Don (Tartar Doo'na). mood, den'der-m6nt' (Fr. Termonde, teR'- Don Cos'sacks. mINd') Donaghadee, don'a-i&-dee'. Denis (St.), sent den'is or denl'e (Fr. Saint Donai. See Donnai. Denis, sa. Nd'nee). Donic'as-ter. Den'mark (Dan. Dan'e-mark). Donegal, don-e-gaul'. *Depeyster, de-pTce'ter. Donetz, do'nets', r. of Russia. Deptford, ded'furd. Donga, dong'ga, country of Central Africa. Der'bend'. Dongola, dong'go-la. Der'by or dar'be (the latter pron. was for- Donnai, don'llP (called also the Saung), r. of merly universal.) Chis-India. Derbyshire, der'be-shir. Doo'baunt' or Doo'baung' (Indian Toobaung, Derne or Dernieh, derinbh, t. of N. Africa. i. e. " turbid water"), 1. of British America. Derr, diR. Dooshak, doo'shbk', t. of AIJghainistan. Derreyeh, der'rl'yeh; written, also, Deraia, Doost or Doust, doost, r. of Beloochistan. t. of Arabia. Dora Baltea, do'ri bail-t&., r. of N. Italy. Der'ry. See Londonderry. Dorak, do'rilk', t. of Persia. Der'went. Dor'ches-ter. De Ruyter, de rl'ter. Dordogne, dor'done' (Fr. pron. doa'doii'.) Desaguadero, dis-&'gw' -dh'ro. Dordrecht, dort'rieKt, or Dort. Desconocida, dis-ko-no-see'd', cape of Yuca- Dornoch, dor'noK. tan. Dorpat, dot'pit, or D6rpt. Desengano. dis-en-gintyo, bay of Patagozia. Dorsetshire, dor'set-shir. Desh-a'. Dort. See Dordrecht. Des itMoines, de moin'. Do'than, t. of Palestine. Desna, des'ni, r. of Russia. Douai or Douay-, doo''. Despoblado, dis-po-bl'l'Do. Doubs, doobz. De So'to. Douglas, dug'less. Des'sau (Ger. pron. des'sow), sometimes Douro, doo'ro (Sp. Duero, dwh'ro). written Dessaw. Do'ver. Det'mold (Ger. pron. det'molt). Da'vre-f -eld' (Norw. Daavrefjeld, dO'vre. De-troit'. fyeld'). Det'ting-en. Dowlatabad, dou'Ia-ta-b'd'. Deutz, doits. Down-pat'rick. Deux-ponts, duh'piN' (Ger. Zweibrficken, *Dra'cut. tswi-briik'ken). Draguignan, dr&'gheen'y&Ne'. Dev'en-ter or Dewenter, dh'veni-ter. Drammen, drim'men. Devizes, de-vi'ziz. Drave (Ger. Drau, drow; Slavonian Drava, Dev'Qn-port. dra''v:). Devonshire, dev'on-shir. Drenthe, dreniteh Dhawalaghiri, da-wol'a-gher're. Dres'den. Di-ar'bekr or Diarbekir, dee-ar'be-keer'. Dreux, druh. Dibbie, dib'bee', 1. of Africa. Drin, dreen, or Drino, dree'no. Di'bQn, t. of Palestine. Drin'na, r. of Turkey. Dib or Diez, Saint, SAN de'i'. Drogheda, drh'sHe-da. Diepholz, deep'hilts. Drohobicz, dro'ho-bitch' or Dro'ho-visch'. Dieppe, dyepp or de-epp'. Droitwich, droit'itch. Diernstein, deern'stine, t. of Austria. Dr6me, drbm. Diest, deest. Drontheim, dront'im (Nor. Trondjem, trind Digne, deeii. yem). Dijon, de'zh~N'. Druses, dru'ziz. Dil'ling-en. *Duanesburg, du-ainz'burg. Dinant, tle'lltn' or de-nint'. Dub'lin. Dingle, din g'iyl. Dubno, doob'no. Din-wid'die. Du-bois'. Dixmude, dlxlnilde' (Flem. Dixniuyden, dix- Du Buque, du book (oo as in moon). moi'den). Dudley, dud'le. Dizier, Salnt, saN de'ze-k'. Duero, doo-iaro or dwk'ro. See DouTo Djid'da. See Jidda. Du'is-burg or doo'is-bRiiG-'. Djokjoklerta or Djocjocarta, jok-yo-ker'ta or Dulce, Rio, ree'o dool'sa or dool'thi. jok-yo-kar'ta, t. of Java. Duleigno, dool-cheen'yo. Djoliba, jol'e-ba. See Joliba. Dulwich, dul'ich. Dnieper, nee'per (Rus. pron. dnyep'per). Dum-bar'tln. Diieater, iees'ter (Rus. peron. dnlyes'ter). Dumbartonshire, dum-bar'tQn-shir. EIS 15 ENK Dumfries, dum-freece'. Eisleben, Tce'la-ben. Dllna, doo'llx, r. of Russia. Ekatarinlburg, -kli't&-reen-boorg. DuInaburg, doo'a-burg or doo'n&-boorg, t. of Ekatarinoslaf or -slav, a-ki't:-reen'o-slf'. Russia. Ekhmym. See Akhmynm. DIunbeath, dun-baith', r. of Scotland. Ek-o-strof' or Ekostrovskaia, &-ko-strov-skI'aj )unl-bar'. t. of Russian Lapland. Dundalk, dun-dauk'. Ek'ron, t. of Palestine. *"Dun-das'. El Abiad. See Bahr-el-Abiad. Dull-dee'. El Arish, el'rish' or el k'reesh', t. of Arabia. Dunfermline, dum-fer'lin. Elatma,'-l:t'm', or Yelatma, ygl-at'm:. Dun-gan'nonl. El Araish. See Larache. Dun-gbar'vn. El Azrek. See Bahr-el-Azrek. Dungeness, dun-jen-ess'. El'ba. Dunllkeld, dun-kell'. El Bassan, el bhs'sn', t. of Turkey. Dul'kirk (Fr. Dunkerque, dUN'k9Rk'). Elbe, elb (Ger. pron. el'b.eh.) Dunwich, dun'ich, t. of England. El'ber-field (Ger. pron. el'ber-felt). Du'plin. El'bert. D)uquesne, du-kane', fort, formerly occupying Elbeuf, el'buf'. the site of Pittsburg. El'bing. ]Durance, di'rANce'. El-boorz' or El-brooz; written, also, ElDnurango, doo-rng'go. brouz, mts. of Asia. D)urazzo, doo-rAt'so, or Duras, doo-rOs'. Elche, el'cha. Dti'ren or Mark-D0'ren. El Dakhel, el-d''kel, t. of Egypt. Durham, dur'um. El Dorado, el do.r:&'Do, a name given by the Durlachs, d6O R',l. Spaniards to a part of S. Anmerica. It sigDiis'sel-dorf. nifies " the golden" counctry. Dutc};'ess. Elena, el-it'n, St, point TV. of Guayaquil. Duval, du-voll'. El-e-phan'ta. Duyvelanld, doi've-lnlt. E-leu'the-ra, i. of TV. Indies. Dwl'na (Rus. pron. dvee'na). Elg'in, el'ghin. *Dy'ers-burg. Elg'in-shire; called, also, Morayshire. Dyle or Dyl, dile. Elizabetgrad, A-liz'A-bet-grSd', or Yelisavetgrad. E. El-Katif, el-k'-teef', t. of Arabia. El Khargeh, el-K:ar'gheh, t. of Egypt. Early, er'le. Elk'hart. East'Qr.. Ellwangen, ell'wang-en, t. of Wicrtesnberg. East'pOrt. Ells'wQrth. East'ville. El Margi, el-mar'jee, or Bahr el Merj, 1. of Eat'Qn. Syria. E'bal, tnt. of Palestine. El Makkarif, el-mrk-k'-reef', t. of Nubia Eboe, e'bi', or Ibou, e'boo', t. of TW. Africa. Elmina, el-mee'nS, t. of W. Africa. Ebora. See Evora. *El-mnT'ra. E'bro (Sp. pron. &'bro). *El Paso del Norte, el pN'so del noR''tI. Ebsambul or Eb'sam'bool', t. of Nubia. El'sin-ore' or Elsineur, el'se-nur' (Dan. HelEceloo, ek-kl1'. sing-O'er). Eeija, S'the-Hu. Eluths or Elents, el'e-oots' or el'yoots', a peo Eckmrnhl, ek'mtlle, t. of Bavaria. ple of Chin. Tartary. Ecuador, ek-w&-doRe', or E-qua'ttr. El'vas. E'den-tQn. Elwangen. See Ellwangen. Ed'foo; written, also, Edfou and Edfu. El'wend', mts. of Persia. Ed'gaar-tn. Ely, ee'le. Edgecombe, ej'kum. E-man'u-el. *E-dt'na. Em'bruI1 or AM'bruN'. Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-reh; written, also, Edin- Em'den or Emb'den. borouch. Em'e-ssa. See Horns. Ed'is-to. Emineh, em-ee'neh, cape of Turkey. Ed'mond-s9n. Em'ma-us, t. of Palestine. *Ed'wards-ville. Emmerich, em'mer-iK, or Emrich, em'ric. Eelah (more properly Eelee or Illi). See Em'met. Gooldsha. Emoui. See Amoy. Effingham, ef'ing-um. Enare, en-,'rS, or Enara, enll-'ra, 1. of Rus Eg'er (in Bohemialn, Cheb, Keb). sian Lapland. Eghwaat, eg'lhwAt', t. of N. Africa. Enderby's (Land), en'der-bhz, S. of the In Egina. See.Egina. dian Ocean. Eg'rl-pO. See Negropont. Fn'dor, t. of Palestine. Egypt, e'jipt (Arab. Musr or MSsr). Engedi, eng'gbhe-dl, t. of Palestine. Ehenllbreitstein,'rel-l-lrite'stIne. Enghien, SnA'ghe-aN'. EiclstAdt or Aielhstadt. iKe'stett. England, ing'gland. Eilenburg, i'len-bh6aG. Enigoor or Engour, en-goor', and Enguri, Eiml)ecec, Imebekc. en-goo're. See Angora. Eimeo, i'mee-l, one of the Society Islands. Enikale, en-e-k'/'l. See Yenicale. Eisenach, i'zen-AK. Enisei. See Yenisel. Eisenstadt, I'zetn-stktt'. Elnkhuizen, enk-hoi'zen. EWI 16 FLE En'nis-cor'thy. Eyalet, i-y&'let. En'nis-kil'len. Eylau, i'lou, t. of Prussia. Ens, ins. Eyeo,'yO, t. of TV. Africa. Entre Douro e Minho, en'trh doo'ro & meen'yo. Entre Rios, en'tra ree'oce, prov. of La Plata. F. Eperies, A-pgr'e-gs (Hun. pron. a-pr-e-esh). Epernay, a-pRP'n&a. nFaaborg, fau'bbrg, t. of Demark. Ephte-sus. See Ayasoolook. Faenza, f'-entzi. Ephraim, e'fra -im, tribe of Israelites. Fahlun. See Falun. E-pT0rus, country of Greece. Faer6e, fa'ro or fa'r6-e. Equan, ee'qu6n, r. of British America. Faido, fWTdo, t. of Sswitzerland. E-qua'tor. See Ecuador. Faioom or Faioum, fl-oom' Erbach,) hRabAKn t. of Germany. Fair'fax. Erd6d, R`'d6d', t. of Huengary. Falaise, f'-laze'. Ereklee or Erekli, er'ek'lee', t. of Asia Minor. Falkirk, faul'kirk. Erfurt, 8R'fooRt. Falkland, fauk'land. Er'gree Kas'tree. See Argyro Castro. Falmouth, falmuth. Ericht, hr'iet. Falster, fal'ster or fht'ster. Erie, o're. Falun or Fahiun, fA'loonl. E'rin. See Ireland. Fano, f''no. Erivan, hr-e-v'ns'. Fano, fh'no, or Fan6e, fW'n6-eh, i. of Den. Erlangen, AR'lane-en. mark. Erlau, aR'lou (Hun. Eg'er). Fariado, f —ne'do, t. of Brazil. Ermenek, R`men'ek', t. of Asia Miinor. *Fan'nin. Erne, Lough, lhe ern. Faro, fk'ro. Erz-room'; written, also, Ardsroom, Erze- Farsistan, far-sis-tn'. rourn, aned Erzrum. Fas. See Fez. Erzgel)irge, hRts'ga-b5zR'ghe. Fauquier, fau-keer'. Es-cam'bi-a. Fayal, fl-al'. Escurial, es-koo-re-'l'. Fayette, f&-yet'. Eskisara, hs'ke-sh'ra, or Eski-Sagra, es-ke- Fayetteville, fa'yet-vil. sA'gra, t. of Turkey. Fayoum, fl-oom'. See Faioom. Eski Shlehr, es'kee shaih'r, t.. of Tuzrkey. Fee'jee. See Fiji. Esmeraldas, es-mar-r'ul'd.s, t. of Venezuela. Feliciana, fe-lis'se-an'Ta. Esne, es'nhl'. Felix, St., sent fee'tix (Port. Sao Feliz, sa heI *E-so'pUS. or soneng fa-leece), t. of Brazil. Espiritu Santo, hs-pir'e-too or A-spee're-too Fe-loops', a people of W. Africa. shn'to, t. of Brazil. Fem'ern. Esquimaux, es'ke-mo. Femme Osage, fhrm o-zazh'. Es'sen. Fen'tress. Essequil)o, es-se-kee'bo, or Essequebo, es-s'- Feodosia, fA-o-do'se-&. See Kaffa. ka'bo, r. of Guianla. Fere, La, 1' faiR. Es'sex. Fermanagh, fer-man'.a. Es Sioot or Es Siout, es-see-oot'. See Sioot. Fermo, fhr'mo. Ess'ling-en. Fer-moy'. Es'te, es'tii. Fernaendo de Noronha, fha-netn'do da no. Es-thb'ni-a. rone'yr, i. of Brazil. Es'till. Fer-nan'do Po, i. of IV. Africa. Estremadura, es-tr&-mn-Doo'r'. Ferrara, fhr-r&'r&. Estremoz, es'tra-moze'. Fer'ro (Sp. Hierro, yhr'ro). Eszek, es'sek. Ferrol, fer-role'. Etampes, ia'thlp'. Fer'tit' or fer'teet', country of Central Africa, Ethiopia or,Ethiopia, e-the-o'pe-a, country Fez or Fas. of Africa. F ezzan, fz'zAn'. Etienne, Saiiet, saNt et'e-enn'. Fichtelgebirge, fiK-tel-ga-.bSR'gheh. Etlo-wah. Fiesole, fyes'o-l& or Fes'so-le. Etsch, etch. See Adige. Fife'shire. *Evans, iv'enz. Figeac, fe'zhak', t. of France. Eu, uh. Figueras, fe-gat'rs, t. of Spain. Eupen,.oi'pen (Fr. N6au, na 2o'). Fiji, pronounced, and often written, Fee'jec. Euphrates, u-frh'tez (Turk. FrAt). Finistkre, fin'is'taiR'. Eure, ure or vn. Finistere, Cape, fin-is-tair' (Sp. Finistierra Ecerope, u'rup. fee-nis-te-r'rS.). Eustatius, St., sent yoo-sta'she-us, written, Fin'land. also, St. Eustatia, i. of TV. Indies. Fin'lay, r. of British America. Eustis, uce'tiss. See Sublettes. File'mark. Eu'taw. See Utah. Fismes, feem, t. of France. Eutin, oi-teen'. Fittre, fit'tr-, 1. of Central Africa. Euxine, Oax'in. See Black Sea. Fiume, fyoo'mh. Evesham, eevz'ham or eevz'um. Flad'strand or fled'strAnd. t. of Denmark Ev'o-ra; written, also, Ebora. Flan'ders (Fr. Flandre, flan'dr). Evreux, 8v'ruh'. Flem'ing. Ex'e-ter. Flens'burg or Flens'borg. *Ewington, yoo'ing-tQn. Fleurus, fluh'riice', t. of Belgium. FRI 17 GAR Flor'ence (It. Firenze, fe-ren'z-i, orFiorenza, Frio, free'o. fe-o-ren'z& or fyo-ren'zhd). Frische Haff, frish'eh hiff, or.Frische Set, Flo'ires. frish'eh s'. Flour, Saint, san flooR (rhyming with poor). Friuli, fre-oo'le (It. pron. free'oo-le). Flr'igu-da. Frob'ish-er's, strait of British America. Flush'ilng (Dutch Vlis'sing-en). Frome Sel'wood. Flogg-van',fa. Frontignac, frao'teen'ykk', t. of France. Foggia, fod'dj'. Frontera, fron-tk'ra'. Fofglia, fole'y', r. of Italy. F uertaventura, fwar'ti-ven-too're. Fo'go, one qf Cape Verde Is. Fuerte del Carmen, fwra't& del kaa'men,.a Fi6hr, f6R, or F6hrde, f6R'deh. of La Plata. Foix, fwa.' Fulda, f6lt'd&. e Fold-var', t. of Hungary. Fulton, f661'tun. Foligno, fo-leen'yo. Funchal, foon'shAl'. Fondi, fon'de. Fun'dy. Fontainebleau, foN'tane'blo'. Fi'inen (Dan. Fyen, fil'en). Fontarabia, fon-ta-ra'be-a (Sp. Fuenterabia, Fiunf kirche, ftinf-kdir'ken. fwen-t'-r'-bee'.k). Funil, foo-neel', t. of Brazil. Fontenay, f6Nt'l&'. Furnes, fiRan. Fon'tein-oy' (Fr. pron. foxt'nwF'), t. of Bel- Furruckabad, fur'ruk-.a-bd'. gtium. Ffirth, fiiat. Foo'lah, generally written Foulah. Fyers. See Foyers. Foo'ta Jatl'o, country of IV. Africa. Fyne, Loch, lof fine. Foo'ta To'ro, country of TV. Africa. Fyum, fI-oom'. See Faioom. Foo'tche-oo'; written, also, Foutcheou and Foutchow, t. of China. G. For'far. Forli, fior-lee'. Gabes. See Cabes. Formentera, for-men-tc'rA. Gaboon, gh-boon', country of S. TV. Africa For-mo'sa (called by the Chinese Taiwan, Gadames, gi-dr'mes. See Ghadamis. tT-w.in'). Gad'a-ra, t. of Palestine. Forsytlh, fQr-STTHq. Gads'den. For-ta-ven-tu'ra. See Fuertaventura. Gaeta, gA-?'t'&. Forth. Gahyba, gA-ee'ba, 1. of S. America. Fossano, fos-s'l'no. Gaillac, gah'y&k' or gil'vik'. Fotherinlgay, foTa'er-ing-gY', v. of England. Gaillon, gah'yrN' or gIl'y6N'. Fougires, fo)o'zhair'. Gairloch, gare'loK. Foulah, foo'i6. See Foolah. Galapagos, g&-li'p'-goce (commonly proFourche, foorsh. See La Fourche. nounced in English gal-la-pi'gus), is. in Foutcheou or Foutchow. See Footcheoo. the Pacific, W. of Ecuador. Foveaux, fo-vo', strait of New Zealand. Galashiels, gal-a-sheelz', t. of Scotland. Fowey, foy, sometimes written Fawey. Galatz or Galacz, gkilbts, t. of Mloldavia. Foyers, often written, and always pro- Galega, gi-lag, i. in Indian Ocean. nounced Fy'ers. Ga-letna. Foyle, Lough, tlH foil. Galicia, gal-ish'e-a. France, friaece (Fr. pron. frNrce). Gall, Saint, sent gaul (Fr. pron. saN gll, Ger. Fran-cis'co (St.), or San Francisco. Sancte Gallen, sAnk'teh gil'len). Franche Comti, frAeish koN'ta'. Gallapagos. See Galapagos. Fran-co'ni-a (Ger. Franken or Frankenland, Gal'la-tin. frhnk'en-lant). Galle. See Point de Galle. Franeker, frintek-er. Gal'l-a. Frankenstein, frAll'en-stlne'. Gallinas, gal-lee'nas (Sp. pron. gil-yee'nas), Frallkenthal, fr'nkteil-tlIl. cape of New Granada. Frank'fort (Ger. Frankfurt, frink'fo5at). Gallinas, gal-lee'nas, r. of W. Africa. Frank'lin. Gallipoli, ghl-lip'o-le. Frascati, fres-k&'te. *Gallipolis (Ohio), gal'll-po-leece'. Frauenburg, frow'en-b66iia'. Ga'llo-way. Frauenfeld, frow'en-felt, t. of Switzerland. Gal'ves-ton. Fraustadt, frow'stitt. Galway, gaul'way. Fra'zer's, r. of British America. Gam'bi-a. Fred'er-icks-burg. Gambier's, gaml-beerz' (Is.) a group of PolyFred'er-ic-ton. nesia. Freiberg, fri'b)aRG. Gand, giN. See Ghent. ]'reibulr, frl'burg or frI'bdRaa. Ganges, gan'jez (Hindoo Gunga). Freising, fri'zing, or Freisingen, frilzing-en. Gap, gap. Freistadt, frT'stitt. Gard, gat. Frijus, fr'zhbice'. Garda, gaR'd'. Fre molnt's Peak, one of the Rocky Mts. Gardafui, gar'da-fwee'.. See Guardafui Freyburg. See Freiburg. Gardiner, gard'ner. Freystadt. See Freistadt. Gardon, gat'doN'. Frilburg, fre'boon'. See Freyburg. Garfagnana, gar-fin-y'nA. Friedland, freed'land (Ger. pron. freet'liant). Garigliano, ga-reel-yi&'no. Friesland, freez'land, Vriesland or Friesia, Garonne, g'aronn'. freetzhe-a. Gar'rard. 60* GIU 18 GRA Gar'rows. Gizeh, jee'zeh or ghee'zeh. See Gheeteh. Gas-co-nade'. lit is a curiokus fact, that there is the same Gas'co-ny (Fr. Gascogne, gAs'koii'). difference ill the pronunciation of this Gaspe, gAs'pa. * name among the Arabs of Egypt, as we Gateshead. gaits'hed. might suppose would arise among EnglishGaza, ga'za t. of Palestine. men attempting to pronounce Gizeh; some Gazna. See Ghiznee. making the g hard, others soft.] Geauga, je-aw'ga. Glamorganshire, glam-or'gun-shr. Geel, gheel (Dutch proni. Hale). Glar'us (Fr. Glaris, glireece'). Gefle, yev'la Glas'gOxw. Gelhi. See Zhehol. Glatz, glts (Pol. Klodz'ko). Gelders o1 Guelders. chel'ders (Dutch Gel- Glauchau, gIou'Kou. dern, Heltdern), or Gel'der-liand. Glogau, glo'gou; sometimes written Glogaw. Genlarrgentu, jenl-aR-jenl-too', rt. of Sarcdinia. Glom'men, almost gltim'men. Geindaree, ghen-da-ree', mts. of Afghanistan. Gloucester, glos'ter. Genesee, jen-e-see'. Gloucestershire, gtos'ter-shir. Geieseo? jen-e-see'o. Glickstadt, glick'st'tt. Getneva, jen-ee'vsah (Ger. Genf, Fr. Geneve, Glurns, glooms; calied, also, Glurentz, gloo'O zhen-ave'). rents, t. of Tyrol. Genevieve, jein-e-veev'. Gmuind, gmoont or Gmtit'den. Genil, HI-nieel'; written, also, Xenii, r. of Gmind, gmiant. Spain. Gnesen, gna'zen (Pol. Gniesno). Genoa, jen'o-a (It. Gelnova, jeln'o-va). Go'a. Georae'town, or Stal)roek, st''brook. *GoasTe, go'av'. Georgia, jor'je-a. Gobi. See Cobi. Gera, g&'r'. Godavery, go-d,'ver-e. Geral, zha-ral', mts. of Brazil. Goes, Hooce. Gerar, ghee'rar, t. of Palestine. Goettingen. See G6ttingen. Gerizim, gher'e-zim, st. of Palestine. Go'gra, r. of tHindostan. Germain, jer-mnail', Sailit, (Fr. pron. saN Gol-coli'da. zhtRnm-iA). Gild'berg or golt'bhaG. Germanlv, jertma-lle (Ger. Deutschland, *Go'lt-ad'. doitctll'l nlt). Golnow, gol'nov. Gerona, na-ro'n:&. Gom-broon' or Bun'der Ab-as'see (Abassi). Gers, zhaiR. Gomera, go-mh'ra. Gex, zhex. Gonlaives, Les, I& go'nive'. Geysers, ghT'sers, hot springs of Iceland. Gonave, go'nv', i. TV. of Hayti. Gezer, ghee'zer, t. of Palestine. Gon'dar. Ghadamnis, g? —dt'mis, or Gadames, pronounced *Gonzales, gon-zah'lgz. land Gouldja. almost as if written g:&-d'ems' or g-d'mce'. Goold'sha; written, also, Guldscha, Goulja, Glhar'ra, r. qf Hindos'taz. Goom'ty. Ghauts, gauts. Goor'gaun', t. of Persia. Gheel. See Geel. Gooriev or Gouriev, goo're-ev', t. of Russia Ghee'zeh; written, also, Gizeli and Jizeh. Gor'da. Ghent (Fr. Gatid, gAN). Gor'cum. Ghiz'nee, writtenl, also, Ghizni, Ghuznee, Goree, go'ra', i. of W. Africa. and Gaznla, t. of AJghaniistan. Gor'litz, almost gur'lits. Ghool-ghool'a. Gortz, almost gurts (It. Gorizia, go-rid'ze-A). Ghraat, grLt a(r gr'iat, t. of N. Africa. Gos'lar. Gibeah, ghib'e-a, t. of Palestine. Gos'port. Gibeon, ghib'e-ol, t. of Palestine. Gotha, go't&. Gibraltar, je-braul'ter (Sp. pron.He-brhl-taR'). Gothard, St., got'hard or got'hart, mt. of Gibson, glhib'sun. Swuitzerlancd. Giessen, ghees'sen. Gothenburg, got'en-burg (Sw. Go6theborg, Giganlsk, ghe-gslil', t. of Siberia. yo6ta-borg). Gihon, je-hol' or je-hoon'. See Oxus. Goth'land or Gottland (Sw. G6taland, yo'tL. Gijon, He-uone', t. of Spain. land). Gijona, He-Ho'n&. See Xixona. Got'ten-burg. See Gothenburg. - Gila, Hee' a. G6ttingen or Goettingen, get'ting-eou Gilboa, ohil'so-a. Gou'da (Dutch pron. now'dA). Gilead, ghil'e-adi, mt. of Palestine. Gough's, goff's, i. S. W. of Africa. Giles, jilz. Goulja. See Gooldsha. Gilmer, ghil'mer. Gourgan. See Goorgaun. Gilolo. je-lolo. Gouriev. See Gooriev. Giorgiev, jor-je- v', or Giorgief. See Giur- Goyaz, go-ytz', or Villa Boa. gevo. Goyanna, go-ynt'n&, t. of Brazil. Girjeh, jeer'jeh; writtet Djirdjeh by the Gozzo, got'so. Frenlch. Graaf Reynet, grl.f r!'net, t. of S. Africa. Girjelti. jeer-jen'te. Gracias a Dios, grh'se-as A dee'oce, cape of Gironde' je-r nd' (Fr. pron. zhe'roNd'). Cetiral America. Gitschin, gitchl'in or gee'chin (g hard), t. of Graciosa, gra-se-o's' Bohemia. Gradisca gr&-dis'k,. Giurgevo or Giutrgewo, joor-jki'Vo, t. 6f Wal- Graen. See Gran. lackia. Graetz, grets. See Gratz. GUA 19 HAL Grammont, grlm'm1o'. Goaastalla, gwas-t'il'l. Gram'pi-an. Guatemala, gau'te-mah'la or gw&-ta-m&'l&. Gratn, gr' o (Hun. Esztergom, es'tRa-gom). Guaviare, gw&-ve-i'rA, r. of New Granada. Gran or Grane, gr'n, t. of Arabia. Guaxaca, gw-Hna''k, almost w'-H&'k'. See Granada, gran-i'da (Sp. pronl. gr-ni'hD,). Oaxaca. Grand Men-an' or Muan-an', i. off the N. E. *Guayama, gwTi-A'm'5. part of Maine. Guayaquil, gwl-A-keel'. Granger, grain'jer. *Guaymas, gwl'm s. Grantham, grant'um. Guayra, gwl'ra. See La Guayra. Gran'ville. *Guazacualco, gw'-s'-kw'l'ko; also written Grasse, grass. Huasacualco. Gratiot, grasll'e-ot. Guben, goo'ben. Gr'tz or Graetz, grets. Guelderland, gheltder-land. See Gelders. Graubundten, grou'bint-en. See Grisons. Guelders, ghel'derz. See Gelders. Graudentz, grou'dellts. Gueret, gira'. Gravelines, gra'v'leen'. Guernsey, ghern'ze. Gravesenld, graivz'elnd'. Guevetlan, gi-vet-lin', r. (and t.?) of Central Grayson, gr&'sunl. America. Great Britain, -brit'un. Guiana, glle-'ia, or Guyana. Great Key or Kei, kt, r. of S. Africa. Guienne, ghe'enn'. Green'bri-er. Guilford, ghil'furd. Green'laind (Dan. Gr6n'lanld or Groenland). Guinea, ghin'e, Gree'Qock. *Guines, gwee'nis. Greens'ville. Guingamp, gaN'ghN'. Green'up. Guipuzcoa, ghe-poos'ko-.a (Sp. pron. gheGreein'ville. pooth'ko-a). Greenwich, grin'idge. Guisborough, ghiz'bur-relh, t. of England. Greifswalde, grTfs'wal'deh (formerly written Gajerat. See Guzerat. Gripeswold). Guldscha. See Gooldsha. Grein, grine, t. of Austria. Gunbillnen, giim-bill'lnen. Greitz, grtts, t. of Germany. Gundava, gunn-d''v', t. of Beloochistan. Grenada, greln-i'da. [Grenada, the name of Gund-wa'na. one of the Britisih WVest India islands. ought Gtintz'burg or Gunts'b66oG. not to be confounded with the Spanish Gurapy, goo-r'-pee', r. of Brazil. name Granada (sometimes improperlywrit- Gurary, goo-r&-ree', r. of Ecuador. [Probaten with an e il the first syllable). Wor- bly the same as the Curaray, of which it is cesler pronounces Grenada gre-~nl'da, pro- perhaps a misspelling.] bably referring to this mode of spelling the Gur'wal'. Spanish name.] Giistrow, gOis'trov. Grenoble, grenl-obl' or'' Guyaa, ghe-tnhi. See Guiana. Grindelwald, griin'del-walt'. *Guyan, gh'an. Gripeswold. See Greifswalde. Guyandott, ghl-an-dot', familiarly called ghl. Griqua, gree'qu', t. in S. Africa. an'. Grisons, gre'zoN' (Ger. Graubtindten, grou'- Guz-er-at'; written, also, Gujerat. bu nt-en). Gwalior, gwi'le-or', t. of Hindostan. Grod'no. * Gwin'nedd. Gron'in-en. Gwin-ett'. Gros'sa, i. in the Adriatic. Gwriit'tfr', t. of Beloochistan. Gross-Glogau, grl)ce-glo'gou. Gyula, dyoo'li. See Karlsburg. Gross-WVardeinl, rloce'-n-aR-dTne'. Grdinberg, grtin'b rg' or Grti'ne-berg. H. Gruyeres, grwe'air', t. of Switzerland. Guadalajara or Gu.ldalaxara, gwr'-D&'-l'-Ht'- Haarlem, Haerlem, or Harlem, har'lem. rA. [It may be observed that in all names Haarlemnmer Meer, har'lem-mer mair. beginiiiing with gua, the Spaniards and Habaii. See.Hapai. Mexicans scarcely sound the g at all; hence Habana. See Havana. Guadalajara is prnolnullced almost wva-dh- EIab'er-sham. la-Hi:'rh, Guanaxuatto, Ac-n'L-Hnw:'to &c.] Hacha. See Rio Hacha. Guadaloupe. gau'da-liiop' or gi'd'-loop'. Had'ding-ton.'Guadalupe, gw'i-dh'-loo'p' a or gau'da-loop'. Hadjar or Hajar, h&'jar. Guadalquivir, gau'dal-quiv'er (Sp. pron. gw'-I Hadleigh, had'le. D'el-ke-veer'). Had-r a-mnaut'. Guadiana, gau de-ah'ola or gwn'De-atnla. Hmtmus. See Balkar Guaiteca, gwi-tt'is'A., gstlf W. of Patagonia. Haerlem. See Haa,.nm. Guamanga, gwrA-nm!,g'gA, t. of Peru. Half, htff. Guanacatche, g w- -]ka-k'clh', 1. of La Plata. Hagerstown, hi'/ars-town. Guanlaxtuato or Gua nsuato, gwh-il- wi'tto. Hague, haig (Fr. La Haye, li h'i, almost 1L ). Guancavelica, gw'ing-kk-v'-lee'ka; written, Hagueneau, hag'lnO' or g'nno'. also, Huancabelica. Hajar or Hadjar, h'5ar. See Lahsa. Gnapi(re, -gw'-po'ra, r. of S. Aenerica. Hainan, hi-nian'. Guardafui, gwar-d'-fwee', or Gardafui, gar'- Hainault, hi'llio'or it'n' (Flem.Henegouwen, da-fwee', cape forming the E. point of hen-e-How'ren'. Africa. Haiti, ht'te. See Hayti. Guarmey, gwaR-mA', t. of Peru. I Halberstadt, hil'ber-stitt HEL 20 HOD Ialeb, h''leb. See Aleppo. Hel-e',la (St.) Hal'l-fax. Hel'go-lald or Hel'i-go-land. Hall, hill. Hel'les-pont. Halle, htl'leh. Hellin, hel'leen' or 1t-leen', t. of Spain Hallein, hil'line', t. of Austria. Hel'mont (Fr. pron. hel-mrnN' or el'no'), t Hallowell, hol'o-wel. of Hollasnd. Hlama or Hamah, h''ma, t. of Syria. Helmstedt, helm'stett (incorrectly written I-amadan, h'-m'na-dan', t. of Persia. Helmstadt). Ham'hurg (Ger. pron. ham'b66RG). Hel'mtlnd'; written, also, Helmend. Hameln, h&'meln. Hel'sing-borg', t. of Sweden. Ham'il-tQn. Hel'sing-fors'. Hamm, hAmm. Hel-vel'lyn. Ham'mer-fest, t. of Norway. Helvoetsluys, hel'vo6t-slois'. Ham'mer-smith. I-Iempstead, hemp'sted. Hamp'den. Hen'der. s9n. Hamp'shire (i. e. the county of Hants.) Hen-lo'pen. Hanau, hi'now. tHen-rT'co. Han'cock. Herat, her-at'. Hang-tcheoo or Hang-teheou, hang'cheoo': Herault, ha'ro' or &'ro'. written, also, Hatngtchow. Her-cu-la'ne-um. Hanniah, han'nee'ah. See Lantchang. Her'e-fQrd. Han'o-ver (Ger. Haln-no'ver). Her'kl-mer. Hanlse. Hermanstadt, haR'man-statt. Han-se-atqic. Her'mit, i. S. of Terra del Fuego. Hants. See Hampshire. Her'mnon, mt. of Palestine. Haousa or Haoussah, how's[. See Houssa. Her'mus or Sarabat, s,-rA-bat', r. of Asia Hapai, h'pis or hi'pa-ee, (Islanlds), a groutp tlinor. of Polynesia. Herrnlhut, hlln'hoot. Har'di-man. Hersfeld, hRas'filt. Hard'in. Hertford (in Elngland), har'furd. Hard'wick. Hertford (in the U. S.), hert'furd. Har'dy. Hesh'bon, t of Palestine. Harfleur, haR'fluv'. Hesse Cas'sel (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes'sen HartfQrd. kas'sel). Har-ic'a-naw' or har're-kan'au. Hesse Darmstadt, hess daRm'statt (Ger. HesHartlan. sen Darmstadt, hes'sen daRm'statt). Harlech. har'lek, t. of Wales. Hesse Hom'burg (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hesHar'ling-en. sen hom'b66aR). Haritin or Har'meen', t. of Arabia. Heytesbury, haits'ber-e, t. of England. Har'ris-burg. Hick'man. Har'ri-sQn. Hierro, yr'ro. See Ferro. Hartrow-gate. Highlands, h'la. ndz (commonly pronounced Hart'fQrd. hee'landz by the Scotch). Har'vard. High'tower. See Etowah. Harwich, har'rldge. Hildburghausen, hilt-b66iR-hlow'zenl. Hasek or Hassekl hi'sek', t. of Arabia. Hildesheim, hil'des-hTme. Hasselt, hls'selt. Hil'lah; written, also, Hellah, t. of Asiatic Hastings, haist'ilgs. Turkey. Hat'ter-as. Hillsborough, hilz'bur-reh. Haussa, how'sa. See Houssa. Himalaya, him-a-ll'a or Himmaleh, himHla-van'a or Havanna (Sp. Habana or Ha- ma'la. vana,'-v&'na). Hind'o-en or Hind'6-en, i. of Norway. Havel,'h'vel, r. of Germany. Hin'doo Koosh or Koo; written, also, Hindu Hav'er-fQrd WVest'. Kuseh or Kush, nts. of Central Asia. Haverhill (England), hav'er-il Hin-dQ-stan' or Iln-do-stan'; written, also, Haverhill (Mass.) hla'ver-il. Hindustan, Hindoostan, and Industhan. Havre de Grace, hav'er de grass (Fr. pron. Hinds, hindz. hy'vr deh griss or W'vr-deh grlss'). Hi6ring, he-6'ring or hyv'ring, t. of Denma'lk. Hawaii, il-wI'ee; also written Owhyhee. Hirschberg, hebRsh'-(or hIRsh)'biRG, t. of Haw'kins. Prussia. Hayti or Haiti, hi/te (Fr. pron. ha'e'te' or His-pan-i-o'la. See Hayti.'e'te'). Hit'ter-en, i. of Norway. Hay'wood. H'las'sa. See Lassa. Hazebrouck, h'z'brook' or Lz'blrook'. Ho-ang'hb, pronounced, almost, whang'lho. Heard. herd. Ho-ang' KI-ang', almost whang ke-ang', Hebrides; heb'rid-ez. called, also, Hon- and Hoan-Kiang, r. of He'bron, t. of Palestine. China. [tun. He'brus. See Marizza. Hobart Town, usually pronounced hob'erHechingen, heK'illg-en. H-o'bo-ken. Itec'la. Ho'br6-e, almost ho'brti'yeh, t. of Denmnark. Iledjaz, hej-az'; also written Hedsjaz. Hochheim, hot'hme or hotKe'hlme, t. of GerHeidelberg, hi'del-biaRG. many. Heilbronn, hile-i)ronn'. Hock'ing. Hel'der, t. of Hollanld. Ho'den', oasis of W. Africa. HUR 21 INN Haf. Hurrur or Hourour, hoo'roor', t. of Africa. HIof'wyl (Get. pron. h5ft-il), t. of Switzer- Husum, hoo'sum, t. of l)enmark. land. Huy, hoi. Hohenlinden, ho'en-lind'en, v. of Bavaria. HIyapura. See Japura. IHohenzo'.ern, ho'en-tsol'lern. Hycatu, he-ka-too' or e-kh-too', t. of Brazil. Hbl'beach. Iydaspes, hi-das'pez, now called the Jhylum Holguin, hol-gheen' or ol-gheen', t. of Cuba. ji'lum' r jilum', and Be'hut', r. of Hindos: Hol'land (Dutch pron. hol'i:llt). tan. Holmes, homz. I-Iyderabad, hl'der-a-bhd' or Hydrabad. Holstein, hol'stine. Hydra, hi'dra, or Idra, ee'drr, i. of Greece. HOl'stoln. Hythe, hiTH. Holt. Holyhead, hol'e-hed. 1 Hc'ly-oke, mt. of Mass. Holywell, hol'e-wel. Iaroslav, yar-o-sl'v'. See Yaroslaf. Hom'burg (Ger. pron. hom'bbooa). Ibar, e'bar', or Hibar, he'bar', r. of Turkey. Homs. homs, or Huims, or Emesa. Ibarra, e-bar'rA, t. qf Ecuador. Hon'da (Sp. pron. on'da). Ibeit. See Obeid. Hon'do, r. of Mexico. Ibera, e-ba'r, 1. of La Plata. Honduras, hou-doo'ras. Iberville, Vber-vil. Honfleur, hoS'NflUR' or )oN'flUR'. Ibraila, e-br&-ee'lA, or Ibrail, e-br&-eel'. See Hong Kong, t. of China. Brahilov. Houtton, huln'e-tun. 19a, ee'sh, t. of Peru. Honolulu, hon-o-loo'loo, or Honoruru. I-re'ri-a or Nicaria, ne-ka-ree'a, i. of Greece. Hoog'ly. Ice'land (called Is'land by the natives). Hoorn, horn. Icolmkill, ik'om-kill'. See Iona. Hop'kins. Ico or Icco, ee'ko, t. of Brazil. *Horsham, hors'um. Id'rA-a. Hor'sens, t. of Denmark. Iekatarinburg. See-Ekatarinburg. Hor'ta. Ietze. See Jetze. Hot'ten-tots. Iglau, ig'lou; written, also, Iglaw. *Houlton, hole'tun. Iglawa, ig-lW&*"i, or Iglava, ig-IA'v&, r. of Moo Housatonic, hoo'sa-ton'ik. ravia. Houssa, how'sa'; written, also, Haussa and Ignacio, ig-na'se-o, is. in the gulf of CaliforHaousa, or Haoussah, kingdoam of Central nia. Africa. Igualada, e-gwk-lt'Du. Houston, hews'tun. lhna, ee'n', r. of Prussia. How'ard. Ijo, ee'yo, r. of Finland. Hoyerswerda, hoy'ers-[tuf'd', t. of Saxony. Il'ches-ter; written, also, Ivelchester. Huaheine or Huahine, hoo-K-hee'nh, one of Ile de France, eel deh fraice. the Society Is. Ilfracombe, il'fra-koom. Huallaga, wil-y''g', r. of Peru. Ilha Grande, eel'y& gran'd&, i. of Brazil. Huasacualco, hw'-s'a-quil'ko. See Guaza- Ilheos, eel-ya'oce, t. of Brazil. cualco. [Spanish or Mexican names legin- Ii, e'lee. See Gooldsha. ning with lhu, like those beginniing with gu, Ille, eel. sound very nearly as if they commenced Il'ler, r. of Bavaria. with an English w: hence Gzazacualco Illimani, eel-y'l-m''ne. and Huasacualco are to be pronounced Illinois, il-lin-oi'. alike, almost w'-sa-quAl'ko. It may be ob- Il-lyr'i-a. served that the Mexicans generally sound Il'men, r. of Germany. s and z precisely alike, although a true Ii-men', 1. of Russia. Spaniard will make a marked difference in Ilmenau, il'meh-now, r. of Hanover. their pronunciation. See Introduction to Iltz or Ilz, ilts, r. of Styria. the Pronouncing Gazetteer, XXVII., 3 and Imandra, e-mrn'dra, 1. of Russian Lapland. 18, pages 47 aiid 4S.] Imola, e-mo'la. Huasco, was'ko or hw's'lro, t. of Chili. Inlaua, e-nA'gw&, i. of W. Indies. Huaura, wow'r' or hwow'r', t. of Peru. Indals, in'dals, or In'dal, r. of Sweden. Hud'ders-field-. In'di-a. Hud'sQon. In'di-an'a or in-de-ahtna. Hu;, hwh or hoo-a', cap. of An-nam. In-dl-an-ap'Q-lis. Huelva, wel'v' or hwel'v. Illndighirca or Indigirka, in'de-gher'ke, r. of Huesca, wes'k& or hwes'kA. Siberia. IlIuescar, wes'kar or hwhs'kar, t. of Spain. Ind-oor' or In-dore'. Hiilst. ii-dos-tan'. See Hindostan. Hum'her. Indre, ANdr. Humphreys, umrnfrz. In'dus or Sindh, sind. Hungary, hlung'ga-re (Hun. Magyar Orszhg. In's, St., (Sp. Santa Ines, sn'tA e-;nss'), i. in m6d-y6R oR-s&'ag).' the Gulf of California. Hun'ter-dlQi. Ingham, ing'um. H unt'ing-dQn. Ingolstadt, ing'gol-statt'. Hunt'irlg-tn. Inhambane or Inlhamban, in-am-bhn', country Hunts'ville. of S. E. Africa. Hurd'war'. In'jeh, cape of Asia Minor. Hu'rgn. Innspruck, inls'prdbk, or Innsbruck. JAI 22 JUA In-ver-alry. Jalapa, Hu-liA'p. See Xalapa. Inverkeithnmg, in-ver-kee'Tuing. *Jalisco or Xalisce, Hi-lees'ko or n&-lis'ko. In -ver-ness'. Jal'oofs' or Jal'offs', people of W. Africa. In-vgr-u'ry. Jamaica, j.a-mn'ka. Iona, e-on.a, or Icolmkill, ik'om-kill'. Jambo. See Yambo. lonia, i-o'ne-a. James' or James's (Bay), jdmz'ez, always I..o'ni-an. pronounced in two syllables. I-os'co. Janina or Yanina, yk'ne-nk. I'o-wa. Jan Mayen, yAn min-en, i. E. of Greenland. Ipava, e-pa'va, 1. of Venezuela. Jap-an' (called Niph'on by the Japanese). Ipsalabul. See Ebsambul. Japura, H&-poo'r&; sometimes written Hyalps'wich. pura and Yupura. Iquique, e-kee'kA, t. of Perou. Jaquemel, zhklk'mel'. See Jacquemel. Irak Adjemi, e'rtk' &j'fh-mee'. Jaqtlesila, Hn-kh-see'l, or Yaquesila, yh-ktIrak Arabi, e'rkk' rt'a-bee'. see'lA, r. of Californtia. Iredell, ire'del. Jardinillos, uaR-de-neel'yoce, cluster of islets Ire'land or E'rin. near Cuba. Ir-kootsk'; written, also, Irkutsk and Ir- Jarmuch, jar'muk, r. of Palestine. koutsk. Jaroslav. See Yaroslaf. Iroquois, ir-o-quoy'. Jaroslaw, y'ro-sl'v. Yr'ra-wad'dyi written, also, Irrawadi. Jask, jisk, t. of BeloochAistan. Ir'tysh or Irtish (Rus. pron. eera-tish'). Jassy, yks'se (Ger. Jaseh, y4ish). Ir vine, ir'vilnl. Jaszber6ny, y&ess'b'-raini'. Ir'well. Jauer, yow'er. Ir'win. Java, je'va or jah'va. Ischia, iske-a. Javary, 1n-v&-ree', r. of S. America. Iseo, e-sa'o, t. and 1. of N. Italy. Jax-ar'tes. See Sihon. Iser or Isar, ee'zer. Jean d'Angl1y, Saint, SaN zhre d'N'zhi''le. Isere, e'zaip'. Jedburgh, jed'bdr-reh. Iserlohn, ee'zer-lone'. Jeddo, yed'do. See Yeddo. shh'im' or ish'eem', r. of Siberta. Jehoon. See Oxus. I'sis. Jen'a (Ger. pron. yt'lln). Is-ken-der-oon'. See Alexandretta. Jen'ne or Djen'ny, t. of Soodan. Islamabad, is-lkm-a-bltd'. Jen'nings. Isla, V'la, or Islay, l'ie. *Jeremie, zha'ra'me' or zhgr'8h-mee'. Isle of Wight, le Qv wite'. Jeres, Hie'rs. See Xeres. Is'ing-tQn. Jericho, jer'e-ko, t. of Palestine. Ismail, is-ma-eel'. Jersey, jer'ze. Is'meed' or Ismid, t. of Asia M1inor. Jerumenha, zhA-roo-men'y, t. of Brazil. Isolette, e-so-let', cape of Arabia. Je-ru'sa-lem (called El Keds or El Kods by Ispahan, is-pta-hltn', or Isfaihan. the Arabs). Issachar, is'sa-kar, tribe of Israelites. Jesi, ya'se. Issoire, is'bswir'. Jes'sa-mlne. Issoudun, is'soo'duN'. Jesso or Iesso, yes'so. See Yesso. is'tri-a. Jetze, yet'seh, or Jeetze, yat'seh, r. of N It'a-ly (It. Italia, e-te'le-&). Germany. Italian, it-al'yun or e-tal'yun. Jeypoor or Jyepoor, ji-poor'. Itamaraca, ee-t'-mt-r'a-kA', written, also, Ita- Jez're-el or Jez'reel, t. of Palestine. marca, and simply Maraca, mir'g-k&', i. of Jid'da or Djidda. Brazil. Jigagungar, je-g&-gung'gar, t. of Thibet. Itaptua, ee-te-poo'l, improperly written Ita- Jihon or Jehoon. See Oxus. pura, t. of Paraguay. Jijona or Xixona, He-Ho'llt. Itapicuru, e-t&-pe-koo-roo'. Joannes, zho-nll'ns: called, also, Marajo It-a-wim'ba. m'-ri'zho, i. of Brazil. Ith'a-ca. See Theaki. Joannina. See Janina. Iviqa, Iviza, or Ibiza, e-vee'sI. Jo Daviess, jo da'vis. Ivrea, e-vra&'n. Jo-han'na. See Anzooan. Tz'ard. Joigny, zhwkn'ye', t. of France. Jol'i-ba or Djoliba. J. Jonkjiping or Jonk6ping, yon'chb-ping, al most yon'chep-ing. Jab'bok (now called Zarca or Zerka), brook Jood'poor or Mar'war'. of Palestinse. Jopl'pa. See Jaffa. Jat'besh Gil'e-ad, t. of Palestine. Jor'dan. Jaca, n&'ki. Jorullo or Xorullo, Ho-rool'yo; often proJack'soii-ville. nounced Ioo-roo'yo. Jacobinla, zhle-ko-bee'ni. t. of Brazil. Joulamerk or Ju'la-merk', t. of Asiatic Turkey. *Jacquemel or Jacmel, zliak'mel'. Ju'anl de Fu'ea, strait IV. of N. America. Jaen. Hi-enll. Ju'ans de Lis-bo'a (Sp. prcn. Hoo-tn' da lees Jaf'fla or ytffY2. bhoi), i. S. E. of Africa. Jaf'nla-pa.-tam'. Ju'gn de No'va (Sp. pron. Hoo-&n' dai no'vt), Jago, St. See Santia-go. i. E. qf Africa. Jagua or Xagua, uH'gw-, bay of Cuba. Ju'.an Fer-nant'dz (Sp. pron. Hoo-in' fR..Jaik or Yaik, yi-'ik. nI n'dith). KAZ 23 KID Ju'an, Sainlt. See San Juan. Kecskem6t, kchl'km'ait'. Ju'ba or zhoo'bhh, t. of E. Africa. Ke'desh, t. of Palestine. Ju'dbh, tribe of Israelites. Kedje, ked'jeh or kej, t. of Beloochistan Jug'ger-naut' or Juggernauth. Kee'o. See Miaco. Jujuy, tioo —wee'. Kehl, kale, t. of Baden. Juliers, zhui'le-a' (Ger. Julich, yoo'liK). Kei or Key, ki, r. of S. Africa. Jum'na. Keighly, keeth'le. Juncal, Hoong-lk' l', t. of Chili. Keith. keeth. Jungfrau, yoong'frow. Kelat; kel-At', or Kelath. Ju'ni-at'.a. Kel'so. Jullk-Ce-ylon, junk see'lun or se-lone', t. of Kemi, ki'me, r. of Finland. E. Indies. Kem'moo', t. of Soudan. Ju'ra (Fr. pron. zhu'ra'). Kemp'ten. Jurua, Hoo-roo'" (Port. pron. zhoo-roo't), r. Kenawtha or Kenhawa, ken-au'twa. Ses of S. America. Kanawha. Jurumenha. See Jerumellha. Ken'dal or Kir'by Ken'dal. Jutay, Hoo-tVt (Port. pron. zhoo-t'), r. of S. Ken'dall. America. Ken6h or Qen6, ken'eh'. Jut'lalld (Dan. Jiilland, ytil'land). Ken'mare', bay of Ireland Ken'ne-leckl'. KI. Ken'ne-bunkl. Kens'ing-tQn. Kaarta, kA'r'ta&, kingdomn of W. Africa. Ken-tuckly. Kaffa, ktf'fA, or Feodosia, fh-o-do'se-a'. Ke-oo'se-oo', i. of Japan. Kahira, ka'he-rA. See Cairo. Ker'ah or ka'r, r. of Persia. Kaifong, ki-fong', t. of China. Ker-em'pe or Crem'pe, cape of Asia Minor. Kairwan, kare-whdn'. Ker'e-soon' or Keresoun, t. of Asia Minor. Kaisarieh, kl-zar-ee'eh. Kerguelen's (Land), kerg'e-lenz, i. S. of Kajana or Kaiana, kA-yS'n&, t. of Russian Indian Ocean. Finland. Ker'lon', r. of Chin. Tartary. Kakundy or Kakondi, k&-kullde, t. of TV. Ker'ma-dec', is. of Polynesa. Africa. Kerma'n, ker-mlal'. See Kirman. Kal'a-ma-zoo'. Keroon or Keroun. See Birket-el-Keroon. Kalisz or Kalisch, kc'lish. Ker'ry. Kalix, k''lix, r. of Sweden. Ker-shaw'. Kalla, kil'l', 1. of Finland. Kesariah. See Kaisarieh. Kal'mar. See Calmar. Keshin, kesh'een', t. of Arabia. Kal-oo'ga; written, also, Kaluga and Kalouga. Kesho. See Ketcho. Kama, k im'. Keswick, kez'ik, t. of Engeand. Kamieniec, knm'yen'ysts'; sometimes writ- Keszthely, kest'heL'. ten Kaminietz. Ketch'o, sometimes written Cachao and Kamouraska, k'-moo-rs'kA, r. of Canada. Kesho, t. of Cochin China. Kamt-chat'kat or Kamtschatk.a. Ketskemet. See Kecskemet. Kanawha. kan-au'wa. Key. See Kei. Kan'da-har'. See Candahar. Khabs. See Cabes. Kankao, kUng'k&'o or kang'kow', t. of Chin- Khamil or Chamil, ck'meel', called, also, India. Hami, hi'mee', t. of Chin. Tartary. Kano, kt'no, kingdom of Africa. Kharasm, k&'rAzm', or Kar-is'sim (Anec. ChoKan'zas, Kalnsas, or Kon'tzas. [The Kanzas ras'mia), a country of Independent Tartary. Indians are familiarly called the Kaws or [In the twelfth century it was the seat of a Kaw Indians.] powerful empire; but it is now greatly Kapseli or Capsali, k'p'sa-lee', t. of Greece. reduced. Its present limits appear to be Kara, ka'r&, sea in the.A. of Rssia. the same as those of Khiva.] Kara-llissar, k'rli'-his-sar'. Kharkof, Kar-kof'; written, also, Charkow, Karamania. See Caramania. Kharkow, and Kharkov. Kara-Soo, Kara-Su, or Karasou, kh'rh-soo', Khartoom, Khartum, or Khartoum, Kar'toom;. r. of Asiatic Turkey. Khatanga, K,-ting'gh, r. of Siberia. Kar'le or kar'la, i. in Gulf of Bothnia. Khereloun, ker'eh-loon'. See Kerlon. Karls'burg (Ger. pron. kaRlz'tb6RG). Kheresoun. See Keresoon. Kiarooln. See Birket-el-Keroon. Kherson or Cherson, dKr-sone'. Karri Karri, kar'ree kar'ree, desert of S. Klliva, Klleeva or Khiewa, Kee'v&. Africa. Khoi, Koy. Kasan or Kazan, k'-z'n'. Khojend, Ko'jend'. Kaschau, khsh'ou (Hun. Kassa, kdsh-shoh). Khokand, Ko'khnd', or: KXhokan. Kashan. See Cashan. Khoo'la, t. of Beloochistan. Kash-gar' or Cashgar, t. of Central Asia. Khoozistan or Khuzista, Koo'zis-t&n'. Kas-kas'kl-a Kho'per, r. of Russia. Kas-to'ri-a, t. of Turkey. Khorassan, Ko'rhs-shn'. Ka-tah'din. Kho'tan', t. of Chin. Tartary. Kat-man'doo or Katmandhu. See Catmandoo. Kiakhta, ke-&i,'t&. Kat rine, k''trin. Kiang-Ku,ke-an g'-kew'. See yang- se-kia nt. Kat'te-gat. See Cattegat. *Kick-a-poo'. Kauen, kow'en. See Kowno. Kid-der-min'ster. Kazan. See Kasan Kidonieh. See Kydo KOL 24 KUN Kief or Kiew, ke-ef' or Kl-ev'. Kolyvan, ko le-van'. See Revel. Kiel, keel. Kotmorn. See Comorn. Kifri or Kif'ree, t. of Asiatic Turkcey. Konlg, mts. of Africa. Kil-dare'. Kongsberg, kongs'bhrng. Kilia, kee'le-a. Konieh or Konia, ko'ne-a. Kil-ken'ny. K6iiigingrbtz, kein'ig-in-grets', or Kiinigo Killarney, kil-lar'ne. gratz, ken'ig-grets. Kil-mar'nock. Konigsberg or Koenligsherg, ken'igz-berg Kil-more', v. of Ireland. (Ger. pron. kW'nioG-baRG). Kimpina, kim-pee'na, t. of WVallachia. Kon'zas. See Kanzas. Kincardine, king-kar'din. Kooban, Kouban, or Kuban, koo-ban r. of Kingkitao, king-ke-ta'o, cap. of Corea. Circassia. Kings't9n. Kooka or Kouka, koo'ka, t. of Soodran. Kinagte-ching', t. of China. Kool-koon or Koul-koun. See Kuer.- un. Kin-ross'. Koom or Koum, koom, t. of Persia. Kin-sale', t. of lieland. Koond, mts. of Afghanistan. Kin-tore', t. of Scotland. Koonldooz, Koundouz, or Kunduz, koonKin-tyre'. See Cantyre,. dooz', country of Independent Tartary. Kioge, ke-6'gheh or ky6'gheh, almost ke —Uh'- Koor, Kour, or Kur, koor. -ghelh, t. of Denmark. Koordistan, Kurdistan, or Curdistan, koor. *Kito-way. dis-tan'. Kiousiou or Kiusiu. See Keooseoo. Koorile, Kourile, or Kurile, koo'ril. Kirauea, ke-ro-wh'i, volcano of Hawaii. Koor'land, Kurlanid, or Courland. Kircaldy, kir-kaul'de or kir-kau'de. Koorsk, Koursk, or Kursk, koorsk. Kirensk, kee-rensk', t. of Siberia. Koos-koos'kee, r. of Oregon. Kirchis or Kirguis, kir'gheez' or keer'gheez', Koos'soor' Koond, t. of Beloochistan. a people of Independent Tartary. Kopreinitz, ko'pri-nits' or Kopreinicza, koKirinoola or Kirinoula, kee-re-noo'l', t. of prl-nit's', t. of Croatia. Chin. Tartary. Koprili or Ko-pree'lee, t. of Turkey. Kirkcudbright, kir-koo'bre. Koramas, ko-r&-mns' (Anc. Me'las), r. of Asia Kirkleesa or Kirkliseh, kirk-lee'sa, written, Minor. also, Kirkilissa, t. of Turkey. Korassan, ko'r's-shn'. See Khorassan. Kirk-wIll'. Ko'ron or Koroni, ko'ro-nee', gulf of Greece Kirman, khhr'mlon', or Kerman. Kor6s, ko'r6sh', almost ker'resh'. Kirmarnshah or Kirmanshaw, k66r'maln'- Kosciusko, kos-se-us'ko. shaw'. Kslin, k6s-leen'. See Coeslin. Kirriemuir, ker're-mure'. Kos-tro'ma. Kishm or Kish'ma. Kotai, ko'tI', t. of Chin- ndia. Ki'shon, r. of Palestine. Ko-tel'noi', i. in the Arctic Sea. *Kis-ki-min'e-tas. Kouban. See Kooban. Kist'na. See Krishna. Koueiling, koo-,tling', almost qua'ling', t. of *Kit-ta-tin'liy. China. Kiusiu, kee-oo'se-oo'. See Keooseoo. Koueiyang koo-a'yang' or qua'tyang', t. of Kiutaja. See Kutaiyeh. China. Kiz'il Ir'mak (Turk. prolt. kiz'eel' eer'mak'). Kouka. See Kooka. Kiz'il-Koom' or Koum, desert of Asia. Koul-koun. See Kool-koon. Klack'a-mas, r. of Oregon. Koulon, koo'lon' or Koo'loon', 1. of ChinKlagen;furth, kl:egini-foot'. See Clagenfurtll. Tartary. Klamet, klah'met, or Tlamath, tll'mat. Kouramas. See Koramas. Klattau, klat'tou. Koursk. See Koorsk. Klau'sen-burg (Ger. pron. klou'zen-bURGa; Koussie, koo'se, r. of S. Africa. Hun. Kolozsvhr, ko-lozh-v:aR). Koutaieh. See Kutaiyeh. Kllaps, naps, r. of British America. Kowno, kov'no, t. of Russia. Kniphausen, nip-how'zen or knip-how'zen, Kozmin, kots-meen', t. of Prussia. t. of Germany. Krajova or Krajowa, krA-yo'vA, t. of Wfral Knisteneaux, nis'te-no, Indians of British lachia. America. Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoiarsk, or Krasnojarsk, Knox, nox. kr's'tno-yarsk'. Ko-a-ho'ma. See Coahoma. Krem'nitz (Hun. K6rmecz BAnya, k6r-mets Ko'di-ak', i. S. of Russian America. b'h'n-y6h). Koeiyang. See Koueiyang. Kreuznach, kroits'n k. Koenigingraetz. See K6nigitngratz. Krim. See Taurida. Koenigsberg. See K6nigsberg. Krish'na or Kist'na. Koeverden. See Coevolden. Kro'ben, t. of Pruessia. Ko'kr Nor, 1. of Chin. Tartary. Krillnen, kriiten. See Cronstadt. Kok'sak' or Kok'so-ak', r. ofLabrador. [Often Kuen-lun, quenlloon', mts. of Asia; called, improperly written Koksah.] also, Kool-koon. Kokundi. See Kakundy. Kuffsteill, kooff'stine, t. of Tyrol. Ko'la, t. of Russia. Kuldsha, koold'sh:. See Gooldsha. Kolding. See Colding. Kul'lus-pelm', 1. of Oregon. Kolima, ko-lee-ma', r. of Siberia. Kulpa, kool'p, r. of Illyria. Kolin, ko-leen'. Kulun. See Koulosn. Kolokythi, ko-lo-kee'the, gulf of Greece. Kumania, ku-m/'ne-a. See Cumania Koloszvhr. See Klaaselnburg. Kund. See Koond. LAN 25 LEt Kur. See Koor. Lan-daff', more properly Llandaff. Kurdistan. See Koordistan. Landau, lhn'dow; written, also, Landaw Kurile. See Koorile. Landes, laNd. Kurische or Curische Haff, koo'rish-eh h&ff. Landry, lan'dre. Kurland. See Koorland. Lands'berg (Ger. pron. Ilnts'bUaG). Kurr4gechane or Kurrichain, kur're-chain', t. Landscrona, lnlds'kroo-nA. of S. Africa. Land's-End'. Kursk. See Koorsk. Landshut, lands'hoot (Ger., pron. lants'hoot) Kussur Kund. See Koossoor Koond. Langeac, lAN'zhak', t. of France. Kiistrin. See Ciistrin. Langeland, lang'e-lind, or Lang'land. Kutaiyeh, Kootaiah, Koutaieh, or Kutaja, Langensalza, l]ng'en-salts'. koo-ti'a. Lanlenthal, lnllg'en-til', t. of Switzerland. Kydonia or'Kidonieh, kee-do-nee'eh, t. of Langholm, langt'um. Asia Minor. Lang6e, lang'go or Iang'g6-9h, almost ling'. gtlh'yeh, i. of Norway. Langres. lazgr. Languedoc, l&Ng'gheh-dok' Laaland, lau'land, or Lol'land. Lant'chang', cap. of the Laos in Chin-India. *La Baca, pronounced, and often written, Lanzarote. See Lancerota. Ira Vac'ca. La od-l-cC'a See Latakia. La Battaglia, 1& bSt-t'l'yA. See Battaglia. Laon, 11Qq. Labischau, li'be-shou, t. of Prussia. Laos, ]'oce. Lab'ra-dor'. La Paz. See Paz. Lac'ca-di ves'. Lap-eer'. Lachish, lA'kish, t. of Palestine. Lap'land. Lachsa. See Lahsa. La Plata, I1 pliat&. See Plata. Lack-a-wantna. La Port lap-Ort'. *Lack-a-wax'en. La Puefla or La Puebla de los Angeles, l& La Corulla. See Corunna. pw8lh'lA (or poo-9b'l&) dh loce ang'Hui-8s. Ladakh, l'dtK'. Iarache, lA'rosh', more properly Laraish, l'Ladikia. See Latakia. rash, or El Ar'aish', t. of Morocco. Lad-o'ga. "Laredo, l&-ri'do. LadroIes, lad-rOnz' (Sp. pron. laD-ro'n1s). Lar-is'sa. La Fere. See Fere. Laristan, l&r-is-tan', prov. of Persia. La Fayette, laf-A-yett' or lah'fA-yett'. Lar'ni-ca. La Fourche, lah foorsh'. La Salle, lah sail'. La Grange, lah granj'. Las Palmas, las pal'mas. See Palmas. Lago, t. of Prulssia. Las'sa or H'lassa, h'ls's&. Laco di Como, le'go dA ko'mo. See Como, Latakia, la'ta-kee'a, or Ladikia, Ia'de-kee'a. Lago di. Lat'ta-koo' or Latakoo, written, also, LitaLago Maggiore, la'go mad-jo'rA. See Mag- kou, t. of S. Africa. giore, Lago. Laulban, lou'ban. lagos, la'goce, t. of Spain. Lauenhurg, lou'en-burg or lou'qn-b66as'. La Guayra, 1a gwl'ra. Lau'der-dale. Laguna, la-goo'na. Laull, loun, t. of Bohemia. Laguna or Laguna de los Terminos, I&-goo'na Launceston, lans'tun. bd loce ter'me-noce, t. of Mexico on Car- Lau'rens. men I. Lausanne, 16'zann'. *Laguna del Madre, ia-goo'n.t del maD'ra. Lauterbrunnen, lou'ter-br56n'nen, or LauterLa Hacha. See Rio Hacha. brunn, lou'ter-br66nn', v. of Switzerland La Haye. See Hague. *La Vac'ca or La Baca. Lahn, tlan. Laval, la'vl'. La Hogue, a1 hog, cape of France. Lavoro, li-votro. Lahore, 1 hore'. Law'rence. Lahsa or Lachsa, 1Hr'sa, or Hajar. Laybach or Laibach, 1l'bK (Illyrian Lublana, Laibach, li'hbK. See Laybach. loo-bla'na). Laland. See Laaland. Leake. leek. La Mancha, 1& manlltch'. See Mancha. Leamington, lem'ing-tun. *Lam-ar'. Leba, ai'ba, t. of Prussia. La Marche, 1& marsh. See Marche. Leb't-nqn. Lambayeque, lIm-b-i&'kt, t. of Peru. Le-bo'nah, t. of Palestine. Lamego, I&-mi/go. Lecce, let'chh. La-moile'. Lech, leK, r. of Bavaria. Lamoo, la'moo', or Lamo, li'mo', t. of E. Lectoure, lek'toort', t. of France. Africa. Leeds. Lanai, ta'n!', or Ranai, rini'. Leeuwarden, lh-waR'den. Lan'ark or Lanerk. Leg-horn' or leg'horn (It. Livorno, le-voR nrlt Lan'ark-shire or Lanerkshire or Clydesdale. Legnano, lIn-yi'no. Lancashire, lank'.a-shir. Leh or Lei, i&. See Ladakh. Lanc'as-ter. Le Havre. See Havre. Lan-cer-o'ta or Lanzarote (Sp. pron. ltn-thh- Lehigh, lee'hi. ro't&). Leicester, les'ter. Lanchang. See Iantchnng. Leicestershire, les'ter-shir Lansiano, lan-che-a'nv or I1nachl'no. Leiden, 1l'den. See Leyden 61 LIE 20 LO I Leigh, lee. Lientz or Lienz, leents, t. of Tyrol Leine, lI'ileh, r. of Germany. Lieou Khieou. See Loo Choo. Lemingen, IT'ning-en, t. of Germany. Lier, leer (Fr. Lierre, le-aia'). Leinster, lin'ster or leen'ster. Lille or Lisle, leel. Leipsic, lipe'sik (Ger. Leipzig, lipe'tsiG). Lima (Peru), lee'mi. Leiria or Leyria, la-ree'l. *Lima (U. S.), 1i'ma. Ieith, leeth. Lim'burg (Fr. Limbourg, laM'booR'). Ieitha or Leyta, li't&, r. of Austria. Lim'er-ick. Leitmeritz, Iite'mer-its, or Leutmeritz, loit'- Lirn'mat, r. of Switzerland. mcr-its. Limoges, le'mozh'. Leitrim, lee'trim. Limousin, leImoo'sAN', or Limlosin. Leitzen, 1te'sen, t. of Styria. Limoux, le'moo'. Le Mnaire, le mare, (Strait of), near Terra del *Linares, le-nl''res. Fuego' Lincoln, link'un. Le Mans, leh m&N. See Mans. Lincolnshire, link'un-shir. Lem'berg (Ger. pron. lem'baRo; Pol. Lwow, Ling'en, t. of Germany. Iwof). Linkoping or Linkj6ping, lin'eh6-ping, t. of Lem'nos, Stal-im'e-ne, or Lim'nee. Sweden. Lem'vig, t. of Denmark. Lin-lith'gfiw. Le'na (Rus. pron. 1&-nI'). Lintz or Linz, lints. Lenta-pe. See Lenni-Lennapp6. Lipari, lip'a-re or lee'p&-re. Leiu'a-wee. l,iplpa, lip'p6h', t. of Hungary. Lenni-Leunappi, len'ne-len'nh'p', usually Lippe, lip'peh. called Len'a-pe, Intdians of N. America. Lippe-Detmold, -det'molt. Lenoir, le-nore'. Lippe-Schauenburg, -shou'en-b OORG C Lentini, lhu-tee'ne. shou'en-burg. Lenzen, lenllt'sen, t. of Prussia. Liria, lee're-'. Leoben, l1-o'ben, t. of Styria. Iis'b9n (Port. Lis-bo'a or lees-bo'&,. *Leogane, li-o-gsu'.,isburn. ILeominster, lem'in-ster. Lisieux, le'ze-uh'. Le'on (Sp. pron. 1'-one'). Liskeard, lis-kard' or Leskeard. Leona Vicaria, lt-o'n1Ave-kA're-".. See Saltillo. Lisle, leel. See Lille. Le-pan'to. Lis-more'. Le Puy, leh pwee. See Puy. Lis'sa (Pol. Leszno, lesh'no). Lerida, ler'e-d.. Litaliou. See Iattakoo. Lerwick, lr'rik. Litarouba, lit'a-roo'ba, or Lit'a-ba-roo'ba t. Les Andelys, 1& zAN'dle'. See Andelis. of S. Africa. Les Gonaives, I& go'nive'. See Gonaives. Litch'field. Les Martigues, 1 maR'teeg', t. of France. Lith-u-A'lui-a. Lesina, les'e-nA. *Litiz (Pa.) lit'its. Leskeard. See Liskeard. Livadia or Libadia, liv-&-Dee'a. Lesparre, les'par', t. of France. Liv'er-pool. Lestwithiel. See Lostwithiel. Li-vo'ill-a (Ger. Liefland, leef'llnt). Leucadia, lu-k&'de-a. See Santa Maura. Livorno, le-voR'no. See Leghorn. Leuchtenberg, loicn'ten-bRaG'. Ljusne, lyoos'n&. Leuck or Leuk, loik (Fr. Louesche, loo-esh'), Llandaff or Ian-daff'. t. of Switzerlasid. Llanelly, lan-eth'le. Leutmeritz, loit'mer-its. See Leitmeritz. Llangollen, lan-goth'len. Leutschau, loit'shou (Hun. L6cse, 16-chA). Llanidloes, lan'id-less. Le-vant'. Llanos, ly&'noce. Lewes, lu'is. Llanrwst, lan'roost, t. of Wales. Lewis, lu'is. Llerena, lyA-r&l'nh. Lewisham, lu'ish-um. Lo-an'da or lo-Anl'd, cap. of Angola. Lewiston, lu'is-tun. Loango, lo-ang'go. Lex'ing-tQn. Lob-Nor. See Lop-Nor. Leyden or Leiden, ll'den. Lobenstein, l1'ben-stlne', t. of Germany. Levria. See Leiria. ILobos, lo'boce, the -name of various is. on thi Leyta. See Leitha. coast of Spanish America. Leyte, lI'e-t& or l&'tt, i. of E Indies. Lochaber, lNK-A'ber, district of Scotland. ILiaghoff, leel'-goff' or Liakhov, lee'l-kov', i. Loch Katrine. See Katrine. in the Arctic Sea. Loch Lomond. See Lomond. Liampo, le-am'po'. See Ning-Po. Loch Ness, lAK ness'. See Ness. Liard's, lee'arz', r. of British Amnerica. Loches, losh. Libadia, liv-a-Dee'. See Livadia. Lochy, ]iK'e, r. of Scotland. Li-be'ri- a. Lock'port. Libourne, le'booRn'. Lodeve, lo'dave'. Lich'field. Lodi (Italy), lo'de. Liehtellau, lic'teh-now', t. of Germnany. *Lodi (U. S.), lo'dT. Lichtenfels iiK'ien-fels, t. of Germany. Lof-fo'den or Lq-fo'den. Lichtenstein, liK'ten-stlne', or Liechtenstein, Lo'gan. lteK'tell-stlne'. Log'goon' or Loggun, t. of Central Africa Liege, leej (Fr. pron. le'aizh'; Dutch Luyk Logrono, lo-grone'yo. or Luik, loik; Ger. Latttich, lit'til). Loheia, lo-hf'ya, t. of Arabia. (iegnitz, leeg'nits. Loir, ltwai. LUD 27'MAD Loire, Iw&R. Lud'16w. Loiret, Iw'a'r'. Ludwigsburg, lood'wigs-burg or lood'*ieu, Loja or Loxa, 1o'H&. boRG'. Lokeren, lo'ker-el. Ludwigslust, lood'riGs-l66st'. Lol'land. See LIaaland. Lugano, loo-g&'no. Lom'bar-dy (It. Lombardia, lom-baR-dee'i). Lugo, loo'go. Lomond, Loch, 1(K lo'mund. Lugos, loo'gish', t. of Hungary.,om'rnitz, one of the Carpathian l1fts. Lule'a, loo'le-o, r. of Sweden. London, lun'dun or lun'd'nl. Lump'kin. I,ondonderry, lun'dun-der're. Lund, loond. Long'ford. Lilleburg, lu'nyeh-burg or li'neh-b66ua'. Lonls-le-Saulnier, liN-leh-s5o'ne-t.'. Lunel, li'nel'. Loo Choo (ch as in child); written, also, Lu'nen-burg. Lieou Kiheou. Iuneville, lu'ne-vil or lat'ni'vill'. Look'noo'ee'. See Saigon. Lupata, loo-pi'ta, mts. in S. E. Africa. Lo-pat'ka, cape of Kamtchatka. Lusatia, lu-s-&'she-a (Ger. Lausitz, lou'zits, Lop-Nor, I. of Chin. Tartary. Fr. Lusace, lti'ziss'). Io-rain'. Luterine, loo-ti&-ree'n-, t. of Sicily. Iorea, loRhk&. LUtzenl, liit'sen. Io-ret'to (It. lnd Sp. Loreto, lo-ra'to). Lux'em-burg (Fr. Luxembourg, ll0x'mIZorient or L'Orient, lo're'N'. boon'). Lor'raine'. Luxeuil, IfX'UL'. *Los Angeles. See La Puebla de losAngeles. Luzern. See Lucerne. [Often incorrectly written Los Angelos.] Luzerne (U. S.), lu-zern'. Los Roques, loce ro'kes, is. of the W. Indies. Luzonl, loo-zone' or Lugon (Sp. pron. Ioo, Lossini, los-see'ne, i. of Dalmatia. thone'). Lostwithiel, lost-WiTH'el, or Lestwithiel. Iycomilg, IT-kom'ing. Lot (t pronounced). Lyd'da, t. of Palestine. LO'THI-an. Lyme-Regis, lime-ree'jis. Loudeah. See Lowdeah. Lym'fi-ord' or liirn'fe-ord'. Lou'dQn. Lym'ing-tqn. Loughborough, luff'bir-reh. Lynch'burg. Louah Erne, iOH ern. See Erne. Lynn-Regis, lin-ree'jis. Lough Neagh, IlH ni. See Neagh. Lyonlnais or Lyonais, le'on'ni'. Loughrea, laH'r&'. Ly'Qns (Fr. Lyon, leI''6'). Louis, St., sellt loo'is or loo'e (Fr. pron. saN Lys, lis (Fr. pron. almost leece; Dutch pror. loo'e'). lice). Louisa, loo-eetza. Louisiade, loo-ee-ze-itd', i. of.E. Indies. M. Louisiana, loo'e-ze-ah'n.a. Louisville, loo'is-vil. Maas, m&ts. See Meuse. Louknoui, look'noo'ee'. See Saigon. Maasluys, mit'slois, or Maaslandsluys, m&is - I2OUTH (rhyming with the verb to nouth). lint-slois. Louvain, loo-vane' (Fr. pron. loo'vaN'). Maastricht, m3ts'triKt or mhs'triKt. Ss Louviers, loo've-i' (formerly Loviers, lo'- Maestricht. ve-&'). Macahe, m.-kat-', t. of Brazil. Low'de'ah or Loudeah, loo'dee'ah, (a cor- Macao, mt-ki'o or ma-kow'. ruption of El Wa-tee'ah, i. e. "low iklacapa, m&-ki-pl', t. of Brazil. ground") I. of N. Africa. Ma-cas'sar, strait near Borneo. Lbw'ell. Mac'eles-field. Lownds, lounz. MacCrack'en. Lowositz, lo'vo-sits. MaeDonough, -diin'tih. Loxa, lo'Hi. See Loja. MacDow'ell. Lozire, lo'zaiR'. *Macedon. mas'se-dun. Lubben, loob'ben, t. of Saxowty. *Macedonia, mas-se-do'ne-a. Ltt'beck. Macerata, mA-chi-ria'tt. Lublin, loo'blin. Maceyo, mt-sa'yo, t. of Brazil. Lu'cas. Mac Gillivray's, ma.k ghil'le.-vraze', r. of Lu'cas, St., or San Lucas, sun loo'kas, cape Oregon. of'California. Machias, match-l'us. Lucayos, loo-ki'oce. See Bahamas. Mack'-naw; formerlywrittenMichilimack Luc'ca (It. pron. look'k&) inac, mish'il-e-mak'in-au. Lu-ce'na or loo-tht'nit. Mac'In-tosh. Lucera, lu-chtri.. Mac-keu'zie. Lu-cerne' (Fr. pron. lti'sean'; Ger. Luzern MacLean, mak-lane'. or Lucern, l0ot-shRn'). I Macomb, ma-koom'. Lucerne, Lake of (Ger. Waldst'/dter See or Maeon (France). mit'kN'. Vierwaldst'dter See, feer-i-&'lt'stet-ter za'). Macon (U. S.), ma'kun. Lucia (St.), lu'she-y, or St. Lucie, sent loo- Macoupin, ma-koo'pin. zee'. Macquarrie, mak-kw6r're. Luckenwalde, look'en-',itl'deh, t. of Prussia. Mad-a-gas'car. Luck'now'. Madame, mah-dam', i. S. of Cape Breton. Luqon. See Luzon. Mad-a-wts'ka, r. of British America. Lu'da-mar', kingdom of Africa. Maddaloni, mid-d&i-lo'ne. MAN 28 MAR Madeira, ma-dee'ra (Port. pron. ma-dt'e-rA). Manan. See Menan. Maden, mi'den, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Mallanzari, m'l-nn-zA-ree', t. of Madagascar. Mad-ras'. Ma-nas'seh, tribe of Israelites. Madre de Dios, m&'Dr& dA dee'oce, archipe- Mancha, La, 1l nmln'ch&. lago W. of Patagonia. Manche, ma'Nsh. Mad-rid' (Sp. pron. ml-DreeD', almost maTH- Man'ches-ter. reeTH'). Manchooria. See Mantchooria. Mad'rid (in the U. S.). *Man'dans'. Madura, m —doo'ra. Mandara, ntn-d'ra, kingdom of Africa. Mam-an'der. See Meinder. Man'da-veet Maelaren, m'Ilar-en. Maildingos,man-ding'gks, a people of l'. Mlaelstrom, male'strum. [This is frequently Africa. pronounced m'l'strum, which accords with Man-fre-do'nt-a or mkn-fr&-do'ne-A. the Dutch sound of ae; a or ae, in Swe- Mangalore, mang'ga-lore'. dish or Norwegian, sounds like'. Manheim or Mallnheirn, mnn'hime. Maese: See Meuse. Maniga, mn-nee'si, t. of S. Africa. Maestricht or Maastricht, m&s'triKt. Manicouagan, man-e-qu''gan, r. of British Mag-a-dox'a or Magadoxo (Port. pron. mi- Amnerica. gls-do'sho). Man-il'la (Sp. Manila, m'-nee'l&), cap. of Magaguadavick, ma,'a-dk'vik, t. of New. Luezon. Brunswtick on St. John's river. Mall-is'sa or Magnesia. Mag'da-la, t. of Palestine. Manistic. See Monlistic. Mag-da-le'na (Sp. pron. m&g-da-lA'n&). Man-nis'sa or Maniqa, ma-nee'sa, r. of S. Mag'de-burg (Ger. pron. mGs'deh-b66aG'). Africa. Magellan, ma-jel'lan (Sp. pron. rn-H1-y'n'). Man-a-to'ba, 1. of British America. Mageroe, mag'er-, or mk'gher-o'eh, i. of Manitouline, man'it-oo'lin or matn'e-too-leenl' Norway. 1. of Canada. Maggiore, mWd-jo'rh. Manitouwoc, man'e-too-wok'. Maglndanao, mnk-uil-dA-n'o. See Mindanao. Manresa, mian-rh's'. Magnesia, mag-nee'she-a. See Manissa. Mans, Le, lell m&N. Mahanuddy, mnah-han-nud'de. Man-soo'ra or Manlsourah, t. of Egypt. Mahe, m&-hh' or m4-&', i. E. of Africa. Man'tal-a-goose', 1. of British America. Mahon, mr-hone' or m'-one'. Mantchooria, Mandshooria, or Mandchouria, Mah-rat'ta, territory in HIindostan. man-choo're-a. Maid'stQne. Man'tu-a (It. Mantova, m'In'to-v&). Maimatchin, mi'mn-cheen' or mi'ma-chin' t. Manzanares, m/cn-th/-ns'res. of Chin. Tartary.' Manzatlillo, m/n-s/-neel'yo or min-th&oneel' Main or Mayn, mine. yo, t. of Cuba. Maine, manle. Maracaybo or Maracaibo, m&-rA-kl'bo. Main'land. Maradeh, m/c'rA'deh, oasis of N. Africa. Maj-or'ca (Sp. Mallorca, m/cl-yoR'k[). Marajo (I.). See Joannes. Makooas, m&'koo-Az, a people of S. E. Africa. Marambaya, m&-r m-bh'/, i. and bay of BraMakoqueta, mh-ko'ka-ta, r. of Iowa. zil. Makree or Makri, mi'kree', t. of Turkey *Mar'a-mec' or Mer'rl-mack. Makulla, m&-ktil'l], t. of Arabia. Mar'an-ham' or Maranhao (Port. pron. mi. Mal'a-bar'. r/n-ydc'01). M.alac'ca. Maranon, m&-rln-yone'. See Amazon. Mal-a-det'ta (Mt.), the highest summit of the Mar'a-thon, plain of Greece, noted as the scen. Pyrenees. of a great victory won by the Greeks over the Mal'a-ga or ma'he-gt. army of Xerxes. Malaisla, mal-&Ishe-a. Maravee or Maravi, m&-r/'ve. Malaren or Maelaren, mi'lar-en. Marbella, mar-hel'y&. Malay, ma-la'. Mar'ble-head'. IMalden, maul'dun. Mar'burg (Ger. pron. maR'hiiRG). Maldives, mal'divz. March, maRK, or Morawa, mo-r,'v&, r. of Maldonado, m/l-do-nA'do, t. of Uruguay.'/Ioravia. Ma-lem'ba, t. of W. Africa. Marche, La, l& maRsh. Malheur, mal'oor' (Fr. pron. mac'luR'), r. of Mar'cy, highest of the Adirondack Mts. Oregon. Mar-deen'; writtetn, also, Mardin and Merdir. kalines, mra'leen'. See Mechlin. Marecchia, umu-rek'ke-o, r. of N. Italy. Mal'lw. Mar-en'go. Mal'm6 or m'l'm6. Margarita, mar-ga-ree'ta. Malm6hus, mel'm6-hooce, prov. of Sweden. Mar'gate, almost mar'glt. Malo (St.), Ir'lo'. Margi. See El Margi. Malplaquet, m/l'plc'k&', v. of France. Mariana, m'a-re-/c'te[, t. of Brazil. Ma5lstr6m. See Maelstrom. Mariana or Marianne, mar'e-atnn', (Is.). See Malta, maul'ta. Ladrones. Malton, maul'tun, t. of England. Mariato, mi-re-&'to, cape near the Isthmus oj Malvasia or Napoli di Malvasia, na'tpo-l1 de Panama. mkl-vk-zee'k, t. of Greece. Marie-Galante, m/'re' g/&'l/Nit', i. of W. InMalvern, maul'vern, v. of England. dies. Malwah, maul'w a. *Mariel, m''re-el'. Mamore, mi-mo'rA& r. of Bolivia. Marienbad, mA-ree'en-b'/d' or m&-ree en-blt', Ianaaar, man-ar'. t. of Bohemia. MAU 29 MEM Mmirli-en-berg or m&-ree'en-beR'. Mau'rice, St. (Ti. pron. s;N mb'reece'), r. of Mat'ri-en-burg or mC-ree'eli-b66no'. Canada. Ma'rl-e'n-wer'der or m.-ree'en-w&R'der. Mauritius, mau rish'e-us. Marienizell, m6-ree'ten-tsell', or Mariazell, Mau'ry. mh-ree':&-tsell'. Mautern, mow'tern, t. of Austria. Mla-lri-et'ta. Mayaco. ml-u'ko, t. of Hayti. Marigliano, m~-reel-y&'no. Mayaguana, mi —gwxv'InI, i. of W. Indies. Marion, m r'ere-un. Mayence. See Mentz. M;ariout. See Birket-el-Marioot. Mayenne, m&'yenn' or mi'enn. Maritza or Marizza, m&-rit's&, or Mar-is'sa. Maynl, mine. See Main. Marlblorough, marl'b'ruh. May'nooth, t. of Ireland. Mar'mQ-ra or mar'ma-ra. Mayo (Ireland), mh'o. Marne, maRn. *Mayo (Mexico), mI'o. Ma-roc'co. See Morocco. Mayo, mi'o, one of the Cape Verd Isles. Maronli, ma-ro-nee', r. of Guiana. Maysville, maze'vil. Marosch. m2'rosli.(Hun. Maros, m6r'osh'). Mayumba or Majumba, mn-yum'hb, t. of W. Maros Viis-rhely, m6r'osh' vh''shUkR'nheL' Africa. (Ger. Neumarkt, noi'maRkt). Mazanderan, m'-zAn-der- n', or Mazande. Marquesas, mar-k&'sAs. roon, mai-zan -der-oonl'. Marquette, mar-kett'. Mazagan, mz'a.-gnl', t. of Morocco. Marsala, maR-sat'l. Mazagao, run-z-g A'6, almost m'z-&-gowng', Marseilles, mar-sailz' (Fr. Marseille, man'- t. of Brazil. sai'). *Maz-at-lan' or me-s&t-lin'. Mar'shall. Mazzara, mat -s''r.. Mar'ta-ban'. Meaco, me-&'ko. See Miaco. Martiginy, mar-teen'ye (Fr. pron. man'teen'- Nleade, meed. ye'; Ger. Martinach, maR'te-naK, t. of Mead'ville. Switzerland. Meath, meeTix. Martigues, Les,. lh mar'teeg', t. of France. Meaux, mO. Mlar'tin. Mec'ca. Mar'tin Vas (Is.), a cluster of rocky islets in Mechlin, mek'lin, or Mechelen, mex'el —n the Atlantic Ocean, E. of S. America. (Fr. Malines, ma'leen'). Martinique, mar'tin-eek' (Sp. Martinico, manR- Meck'len-burg (Ger. pron. meck'len-b66aR'). te-nee'ko). Mecklenburg-Schwerin, -sh wr-een'. Mar'mwr'. See Joodpoor. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, -strel'its. TJ'ry-Ioand. Medina (Arabia), med-ee'na. M1'ry-pbrt. Medina (U. S.), me-di'na. Mas-a-Fuera or Masafuera, m&-s[-fwh'rh, i. Medina Sidonia, med-ee'nh se-do'ne-. W. of Chili. Med'i-ter-rqt'le-an. Mas-a-Tierra, mhs-a-te-er'rA. i. W. of Chili. Medvieditza, med-ve-k'dit's'; incorrectly Mascarenhas, m's-ki-renl'yhs, is. B. of Mada- written Melvidetz, r. of Russia. gascar. Med'way. Mash-ow', t. of S. Africa. Meenen. See Menin. Mas-kat' or M'as-cate'. See Muscat. Megiddo, me-ghid'do, t. of Palestine. Mas-ke'gon or Mas-ke'go. Meg'na. Nas'sa-chu'setts. Mehallet-el-kebeer or -el-kebir, meh-hA. Massina, mas'se-n'h, kingdom of Africa. let-el-keh-beeR'. Masta, ma-sth' or mrs'tS, often written Msta, *Me-her'rin. r. of Russia. Meidam, mI.'e-dm', r. qf Arabia. Masua or Massouah, mhs'soo-&; written, Meigs, megz. also, Massowah. Meinam or Menam, mr'e-nhm' or m&-nam lMasulipatam, mas-soo'le-p.a-tam'. Meinder, mane'der (Anc. Me-an'der), r. oj *Mat-a-gor'da. Asia Minor. *Mat-a-mo'rQs or Matamoras. Meiningen, mT'ning-en, or Meinungen, mI'Mat-an'zas or m&-thn'thks. noong-en. Mat'a-pan'. Meissen, m'cen. Mataro, m'-th-ro'. Mejerdah or Medjerdah, meh-jer'da (Ane. MIat-ar-ee'yeh; often written Mataria or Bag'ra-das), t. of Algeria. Mataryeh. Mek'i-nez', Mek'i-nes', or Mek'nas; also Ma-tem'ba, prov. of S. Africa. written Mequinez. Ma-thi'as, St. (Sp. San Matias, san m&-tee'ls), Xhelazzo. See Milazzo. bay of Patagonia. Melbourne, melburn, t. of Australia. Mathura; sometimes written, and usually Meleda, mh-lf'd, i. in the Adriatic. pronounced, Mut'tra. Melinda, m'-lin'da, t. of E. Africa. Matsmay or Matsmai, mats-mi', t. on Yesso I. Meling or Mee'liig', mts. of China. Matura, mk'too-rh. Melos. See Milo. Mauch-Chunk, mauk-chunk'. Mel-rose'. Mauhes, mow'ais', Indians of Brazil.(?) Mel'tQn Mrw'bray (mo'bre). Maui, pronounced, and sometimes written, Me-lun' (Fr. pron. mluN or meh-luN). Mow'ee. Mel'ville, i. of British America. Mau-mee'. Mem'el or mk'mel. Mauna Roa, mow'nh ro'h, (i. e. " great moun- Mem'ming-en. tain"), mt. of Hawaii. *Mem'phis. Mlaurepas, more-pi'. *Mem'phre-m&'gog. 61* MIG- 30 MOL M:enaina, men-'n&, t. on Bahrein I. *Ml'Iam. Me-nan' or Ma-nan' Is., a cluster near the E. Mil'al (It. Milano, me-l'tno). coast of Maine. Milazzo, me-lht'so, or Melazzo, mI&-lt'soo Men-ard'. Mil'den. See Moudon. Mendaia, men-d ntys. See Marquesas. Mil'fQrd. Mellde, ma&Nd. Milhau, me'lo'. Menocino, men-do-see'no, cape of Cali- Mil'ledge-ville. fornia. Milo, me'Io. or Me'los. Men-do'za (Sp. pron. men-do'the). Milt-sin' or milt'seen', (Mt.), the highest meea Menin, meh-nhaN' (Flem. Meenen, m'lnen). sured summit of the Atlas Mts. *Maen-nom'o-nie or Me-nom'o-nee. Mil-wau'kee or Milwaukie. Menorca. See Minorca. Minah, me'nlb', t. of Persia. Mentone, men-to'la, t. of N. Italy. Minch, mink, channel of Scotland. Mentz, ments, or Mainz, minits (Fr. Ma- Mincio, min'cho. yence, mn'yNce'). Mindanao, min-dA-nA'o, or Magindanao, m&Menzaleh, men'zaleh. Hin-d&-nh'o. Mep'pel, t. of Hollantd. Min'den. Mequinez. See Mekinez. Min-do'ro. Merdin, mer-deen'. See Mardeen. Min-e-so'ta or Minnesota, territory of the Mergui or Merghi, mer-hee'. United States. Merawe or Meraweh, mr'ta-w' (Anc. Mer'- Mingan, ming'gan, is. in the Gulf of St. Lauwo-e), t. of Abyssinia. rence. *Mer'e-dith. Min-gre'll-a, Russian prov. near Jlt. CaucaMeriato. See Mariato. su.' Mer'l-da or. mhr'e-dA. Minieh or Minyeh, mee'ne-y eh, t. of Egypt. Meramichi. See Miramichi. Minho, meen'yo. [This is the Portuguese Mer'i-on'eth. spelling; the Spaniards write the name Merq'-weTn-er. Miiio, but pronounce it the same.] *Mermentau,'mer'men-tu'.. *Minnetaree, min-ne-tar're. Mer'o-e. See Merawe. Min-or'cg or Men-or'ca. Me'rom, 1. of Palestine. Minsk. Merril-mack. Miosen, me-o'zen, 1. of Norway. Mer'se-burg (Ger. pron. mhR'seh-bO6RG'). Miquelon, mik'eh-lon', or more properly me'Mersey, mer'ze. kell-lnrN', i. near Newfoundland, belonging Merthyr Tydvil or Tydfil, mer'ther tid'vil. to France. Merv, t. of Independent Tartary. Miramichi, mir'a-ml-shee'. Mesh'ed' or Mush'ed; written, also, Mes- Miranda, me-r'l;'dA, t. of Spain. ched, and Meschid. Mirandola, me-rAn'do-li. Mesolongi. See Missolonghi. Mirebalais, meeR'b'lI', t. of Hayti. Mes'o-po-ta'ml-a; called El-Jez-ee'rah (Al- Mirepoix, minr'eh-pw&' or mbRs'pw&'. Jezira) by the Arabs. Mirim, me-reem', 1. of Uruguay. Messina, mes-see'nI. Mis'i-tra or Mis'tra, t. of Greece. Mesurado, mes-oo-r''do, r. of W. Africa. Misk6lcz, mish-kOlts'. Mesurata, mes-oo-ri't', t. of Tripoli. Misselad. mis'se- ld', r. of Central Africa (?). Meta, ma/tt, r. of New Granada. *Mis-sisque. Metelin, met-e-leen', or Myt-e-le'ne, i. of Mis'sis-sip'pt. Greece. Missolonughi, mis-so-long'ghe. Metz, mets (Fr. pron. mace). Missouri, mis-soo're. Meurthe, muRt. Mis'tas-sin'ny or Mistissinny, 1..of British Meuse, muze (Fr. pron. muz; Dutch, Maese Amersica. or Maas, mihs). Mittau, mit'tou. Mex'!-co (Sp. pron. mih'He-ko). Mobile, mo-beel'. Mezene or Mezen, mez-ain', r. of Russia. Mocha, mo'ka (Arab. pron. mo'ti'). Mezieres, mez'e-air'. Mod'en-a or mod'In-.& Miaco, me-i'ko, or Kee'o. Modica, mod'e-ki. Miami, mi-ah'me. M6'en, i. of Norway. Michigan, mishle-gun or mish-e-gan. Mog a-dore' (called Swee'ra by the Moors). Michilimackinac, mish'il-e-mack'iln-au. See Mo-gui'. Mackinaw. Mohacs, mo'hitech'. *Michoacan, me'cho-&-khnL. *Mo-hah've. Miconi, mik'o-nee. See Myconos. Mo'hawk. Mid'del-burg. Mo-hee'lef; written, also, Mohilew and Mo Middlebury, mid'del-bgr-e. ghilev. Middlesborough, mid'dlz-b'rtih or mid'dlz- Mo-he'gan, mts. of New York. tbur-rth. Moissac, mwts's k'. Mid'dle-sex. Moksha or Mokscha, mok'sh&, r. of Russia. Mid'dle-tQn. Moksobo. See Monchaboo. Mid'dle-town. Mojos or Moxos, mo'uoce, Indians of Bolivic& Mid'land. Moldau, mol'dow. Miflfin. Mo l-dc'v- a. Migliano, meel-yino, t.'of Italy. MIol-fet'ta.. Migliazza, meel-y t'si, or Miliaska, mil-e-ts'- Molise, mo-lee'si, t. and prov. of Naples. k, r. of Rosnia. Molokai, mo-lo-ki', or Morotai. MOO 31 MUR Mo-lu'c'as. *Moqui, mo-kee' (Moquis, mo-keez', in tne.. Moluches, mo-loo'ches, Indians of Pata- plural). goania. Mo'ra, cap. of Mandara. Molwitz, mol'w'its or mol'vits, t. of Silesia. Morat, mo'r'' (Ger. Murten, m66'ten), 9 Molnbaza, mom-b''z'e, or Mormbas, mom'bhs', and 1. of Switzerland. kingdoan. i., and t. of E. Africa. MIorava or Morawa, mo-r''v&, or March. MIom-pox' (Sp pron. mom-pol'). I Mo-ra'vi-a (Ger. Mahren, m&'ren). Mllonaco, moll'-ko. Moray, pronounced, and often written, Mur' *Mo-lad'nock. ray. MIonaghan, mon'a-Han. Morbihan, mor'be'aW'. Monastir, pronounced, and sometimes writ- Mo-re'a or Peloponnesus. ten, Mon-as-teer', t. of Turkey. *Moreau, mo'ri'. MIon'clo'va, t. of Mllexico. Molrena, Sierra, se-er'rs mo-orTanl, chain of PMon'cha-boo' or Monlchoboo (called by the mts. in Spain. natives Mok'so-b6' or Moks'o-boo'), t. of Mor'gan. M3 irma. mMor'gaR'ten, mt. of Sw itzerland. Mondego, mon-d'y'go. Morlaix, moR'l'. M/londofedo, mon-dbn-y&'Do. Moroc'co or Marocco (Arab. Maraksh, mAt Mondovi, mon-do-vee'. rl'ksh'). Monferrato, mon-fer-r&'to. Morotai, mo-ro-tW'. See Molokai. [For an Mon-fa-loot' or Monfalout, t. of Egypt. explanation of this interchange of the letMonfia, mon-fee'l, i. of E. Africa. ters I and r, and k and t, the inquirer is Monghir, mung,-gheer'. referred to note on page 462 of the ProM-oni-gof'!-a i. noutncing Gazetteer.] Mo-nis'tic, r. of Michligan. iMor'ro Her-mo'so or hhri-mo'so, improperly *Monliteau, mon'e-to'. written Moro HIermoso, cape of California. Monimouth, mons'ntmth. - Morrope.-mor'ro-ph', t. of Peru. Mo-lon'-g'a-he'la. Mors6e, mors'6'eh, almost mors'dh'yeh, or Mo-non-ga'll-a. Mors I., i. of Denmark in the Lytnfiord. Monopoli, mo-nop'o-le. Mortagne, moR't'ai', t. of France. Monomotapa, mon'o-mo-tia'p&, country of E. Mos'cow (Rus. Moskwa, mosk-w&'). Africa. Moselle, mo-zell' (Ger. Mosel, mo'zel). Monreale, mon-re-&'lA. See Montreale. Mosk'wa (Rus. pron. Mosk-w''). MQn-roe'. Mosquito, mos-kee'to. Mon-ro'vl-a, cap. of Liberia. Mos'tar', t. of Turkey. Mons, mON (Flem. Bergen, bz'iten). Mo'sut or Moo'sul. Montagnaina, mon-tE'n-yi'ni. Motril, mo-treel', t. of Spain. Molntargis, mbN'taR'zhe'. Moudon, inoo'doN' (Ger. Mil'den), t. of Swia Montauban, mhOI't,'bAN'. zerland.'Mon'tauk'. Moukden. See Mookden. Montbrison, m6N'bre'zON'. Monllins, moo'laN'. Montcalm, mont-k'im'. Moultan, mool-tin'. See Mooltano Mont-de-Marsan, mo(N-deh-maR'sN'. Mouna Roa, more properly Mauna Roa, Mon-te'go, bay of Jamaica. which see. MIonte-Leone, mon'tA-lh-oo'n. Moura, moo'rA (Port. pron. m6'r'm or mt'oo. Montelimart, mon't8l'e'maR'. rA), t. of Brazil. Monterey, mon-taray'. Mourad. See Moorad. Mon-te-vid'e-o or mon-t&-vee'd&-o. Mourzouk. See Moorzook. Montgomery, mont-gum'er-e. Mow'ee. See Maui. *Mpn-ti-cel'lo. Moxos. See Mojos. Montilla, mon-teel'y'. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek'. Montmartre, mSN'maR-tR'. Msta. See Masta. Montmorenci, mont-mo-ren'se (Fr. pron. Muhlenburg, mu'len-burg. mON'mo'rtN'se'), r. of Canada. Mtihlhausenl, mdle'how'zen. Mlont-pe'li-er. Muhlhausen, mule'how'zen (Fr. Muhlhouse Mont-pel'll-er (Fr. pron. m6N-pel'le-&'.) mail'ooz'). Montreal, mont-re-aul' (Fr. Montr6al, m6N'- Mtihllheim, mdle'hTme. r&'itl').' a Movisas or Movizas, mo-vee'zAz, a people o Montreale, mont-rhA-'lh, or Monreale. S. Africa. Mott.-rose'. Muhr or Mur, mooR, r. of Styria. Mor% ser-rat', mt. of Spain; also i. of W'. In- Mukden. See Motokden. d its. Mulahacen, moo-I-&-then' (th as in thin), Monza, mon'zi. highest mt. in Spain. Moolkden, Mukden, or Moukden, mook'den'. Mulde, m61ltdeh, r. of Saxony. See Shin-Yang. Mlll. Moo'loo'as, a people of S. Africa.(?) Mul-lin-gar'. Mooltan or Moultan, mool-t n'. Man'den. Moorad or Murad, moo'rd', a branch of the Munich, mu'nik (Ger. Mitnchen, mfin'aen). EEuphrates. Munkakcs, mn6nk-&tch', t. of Htungary. Mioore, more Mun'ny-poor' or Mun'i-poo'ra, t. of Birma. Moorshedahad, moor'she-da-bd'. Mun'ster (Ger. Mun'ster). Mloorzook, Mourzouk, or Murzuk, moor- Mur. See Muhr. zook'. Murad, moo-red'. See Moorad. Moosehead, mooce'hed'. Murau, moo'rou, t. of Styria. NAS 32 NEV Murcia, mur'she-a (Sp. pron. mooR'the-&). Nash'ville. Murfreesborough, mur'freez-bur-rtih. Nas'sau (Ger. pron. nhs'sow). Miuritz, mti'rits, 1. qf Prussia. Natal, n6-thl', t. of Brazil; also an i. E. of Murray, mur're. See Moray. Africa. Mursuk. See Moorzook. Natch'ez. Murten. See Morat. Natch'i-toch'es, sometimes pronounced nak' Murusura or 5i,!rucura, moo-roo-soo'tr, r. e-tush'. of E. Africa, i, w/iich little is known. Na-to'll-a or An-a-toll-a., or Anadoli, &-na Murviedro, mooR-ve-a'dro. do'le. Mus-cat'; som( Ines written Mascat or Mas- Naum'burg (Ger. pron. noum'baoRG). cate. Nau'pli-a or Napoli di Romania. MXuscatine, ml a-teen'. *Nau-voo'. 4us-co'gee (g:d). *Nav'a-hOe (Indians); written, also, Nabajo. Muscongus, m, iong'gus, bay, of Maine. Nav'a.n. AIus'co-vy, a name somietimesgiten to Russia, Navarino, nav-.a-ree'no, or Neocastro, nk'o derived apparently from Moscow, the al- khs'tro. cient capital of the empire. Nav-arre' (Sp. Navarra, n&-vLr'r&). Muskau. m66s'kow, t. of Prussia. Naviglio Grande, na-veelt'yo grhn'd', a canal Muskingum, mus-ling'gum. of N. Italy. Musselburgh, mus'sel-bur-rtih. Naxia, nax-ee'a, or Nax'os. Mut'tra. See Matlhura. Naz'a-reth, now called Nasra or Naz'ra, t. of Myc'o-tnos, or Miconli or Myconi, mik'o-nee, Palestine. i. of Greece. Neagh, Lough, lIH ni. Mysore, mT-sore'. Niaul, nr'o'. See Eupen. Myt-i-le'ne or Metelin, i. of Greece. Ne'bo, nzt. of Palestine. Ne-bras'ka. See Platte. N. *Neches, netch'6z. Neck'ar. Naab, nbhb (Ger. pron. naep), r. of Bavaria. Ne-cos'ta. Naas, nace. Nedjd, nej'd, or Nedj'ed, written, also, Ned. *Nabajo; pronounced, and sometimes writ- jed. ten, Nav'a-hBe, or Nabajoa, nA-v'-is'h. Neemtbucu, n'-gm-boo-koo', t. of La Plata. *Nacogdoches, nak'o-dO'chez. Neg'a-pa-tam', t. of Hindostan. Nag'poor' or Nagpour. Negrais, neg'rTce', i. and t. of Pegu. Nagy Enyed, n6d'yeh (almost n6dge) en'yed'. Negro, nh'gro. See Rio Negro. Nagy Karoly, n6d'yeh (or no6de) k&'TroL'. Neg'ro-pont or Eg'rl-po. Nagy Szombath, n16d'yeh som'b6t'. See Tyr- Negros, n&'groce, one of the Philippine Is. nau. Neisse, nt'ceh. Nagy VWrad, n6d'yeh vhI'rd'd. Nejin. See Nezheen. *Na-hant'. Nel'sQn. Nailn, nl'in, t. of Palestine. Nemours, neh-mooR', t. of France. Nairnshire, nhrn'shir. Nenagh, th'na. Namaquas or Namaaquas, n&-m&'qu&z, a peo- *Ne-o'sho. ple of S. Africa. Neots, St., sent neets'. Namur, n&'mur (Fr. pron. n'tniUR'; Flem. Ne-paul' or NepIl. Namen, nh'men). Nepissing. See Nipissing. Nan'cy (Fr. pron. naN'se'). Ner-bud'dah, or Narmada, nar-m'dqa. Nangasaki, nlng-ga-sA'ke. Ner-tchinsk', t. of Siberia. Nan'kin' or Nan'king'; called, also, Ki-ang' Neschin, nesh-een'. See Nezheen. Ning. *Nes'cQ-peck. Nan'litlg', mts. of China. *Ne-sham.'-ny. Nant'se-mond. Nest'ved or Naestved, t. of Denmark. Nantchang, nan'chang', t. of China. Nesuketonga, ne-su-ke-tong'ga, r. of Indian Nantes, nants (Fr. pron. nhn/t). Territory. *Nan'ti-coke. NeTH'er-lands (Dutch Nederland, na'der. Nan-tuck'et. Int'). Nantwich, nant'ich. Nethou, n'too'. Naphthali, naf'tha-lT, tribe of Israelites. Netze, net'seh, r. of Germany. Naples, nI'pelz (It. Napoli, n,'po-le). Neu'burg (Ger. pron. noi'b66ooR). Naplouse or Nap'loos' (Anc. Ne-ap'o-lis, and Neufehatel or Neuchatel, nush'a'tel' (Ger. Sy'ch ar), t. of Palestine. Neuenburg, noi'en-b66oR'). Napo, ntg'po, r. of Ecuador. Neu-Markt, noi'-markt, t. of Germany. Napoli di Malvasia. See Malvasia. Neu-Ruppin, noi-r66oop-peen'. Napoli di Rc)mania, nc'po-le de ro-mI-nee'a. Neusatz, noi'sits (Hun. UjvidBk, oo-e-veSee Nauplia. daik). Narlbonne, iian'bonn'. Neuse, nuce. Nar'da. See Arta. Neusiedler-See, noi-seed'ler-s&', 1. of HaunNarenta, na-ren'tI, r. of Dalmatia. gary. Narew, nI'ref, r. of Polasnd. Neu'sohl or noi'sole. Narmada, naR-midda. See Nerbuddah. Neustadt, nu'stat or noi'statt. Nar'9-va or Nar'va, r. qf Russia. Neutra, noi'tra (Hunt. Nyittra, ne-it'trhh') o, Narym, nI-rim', t. of Siberia. nyeet'tr6h), t. and r. of Htungary. N ash-o'ba. Neuwied, nu'weed or noi'*eet. *Nash u-.a Ne'va (Rus. pron. n&'va). NIM 33 NYO Nevada, n —v&'DL. Nimwegen, nim-ow'ghen;n more correctly, Nevado, nh-v&'Do. Nymwegen, nime-wtighen (Fr. Nimegue, Nevers, neh-vaRe'. ne'maig'). Nev'in or'Nef'yn, t. of Wales. Ningoota or Ningouta, ning-goo'ta, t. of Ne'vis, Ben, mt. of Scotland. 11lantchooria. New'.ark. Ning-Po, formerly Liampo, le-am'pr. New'bern. Niort, ne-R'.,, New'ber-ry. Nip'is-sing' or Nepissing, 1. of Canada. New'burg. Niph'on' or Nip'on'. See Japall. Newburyport, nu'ber-e-port. Nischnei. See Nizhnee. Newcastle (Delaware), iinu'kas-sel. Nish'a-poor'; written, also, ishapour, t. of Newcastle (Elgland), nu-kas'sel. Persia. Newfoundland, nu'fund-land'. [This name is Nisqually, nis-qu1l'le,fort r Lregon. universally pronounced by the inhabitants Nissibin, nis'se-been' (Anca! _is'i-bis), t. of with the accent on the first and last sylla- Asiatic Turkey. bles; when, however, it is used as an ad- Nis'sa, t. of Turkey. jective, as in the phrase " a Newfoundland Nitcheguon, nitch'e-gw6n', 1. of Labrador. dog," euphony requires that the accent Nivelles, ne'vell' (Plem. Nyvel, ni'vel). should be placed ot the penultima. The Nizh'nee (or Nijni) Nov'go-rod'. same rule seems to hold with respect to Nocera, no-chh'r'. some other names: Leghorn anti Cashmnere Noerdlinlen. See N6rdlingen. as nouns are usually accentuated on the last No'la or no'l. syllable, hut as adjectives almost invariably Noon, Noun, or Nun, noon, t. of fiorocco. on the first. See nlote under CASHMERE Noot'kla Sound, W. of Vancouver's I. in the Pronouncing Gazetteer.] Nord, noR. New Granada, nu gr.-n''d6. Nordhausen, noRt-how'zen. New Guinea. See Papua. N6rdlingen or Noerdlingen, n6rt'ling-en, alNew Hamp'shire. most nfirt'ling-en. New Han'o-ver. Nor'fOlk. New Ha'ven. Nor'manl-dy (Fr. Normandie, nonc'm&s'de'). *New Helvetia, -helovee'slhe-a (Sp. Nueva Norrk6ping, noR'cho-ping. Helvetia, nw'aty hel-vh'te-A). Nor-thamp't9n. New Hol'land. See Australia. North-lined (north'ltnd') Lake, or Island L., New Jersey, -jer'ze. 1. of British America on the "' line" or limit New Leb'.a-nQn. where the woods disappear in consequence New Le'on. See Nuevo Leon. of thie high latitude. New London, -lunn'den. Nor-thum'ber-land. New Mad'rid. Nor'ton Sound, in Russian America. *New Mex'r-co (Sp. Nuevo Mexico, nwh'vo Nor'way (Norw. Norge, noR'geh or noaug&). m~h'He-ko). Norwich (England), tlor'ridge. New Or'le-a.ns, commonly, but incorrectly, Norwich (U. S.), nor'rich or nor'wich. called New Or-leents'. Nossa Senhora da Penha, nos's& sgn-yo'r. d& New'pbrt. pgn'y&, or Tapagipe, ta-pi-zhee'ph, v. of New Prov'i-dence, i. of W. In[dies. Brazil near Bahia. Newry, nu're, t. of Ireland. No'to. New Sa'rum. See Salisbury. Not'ta-way. *New San-tan'der (Sp. Nuevo Santander, Nottitgham, not'ting-urm. nwavo sin-t'n-dair.'). Noun. See Noon. New'ton. Nourse, noors, r. of S. W. Africa. It appears New Zealand, -zee'land. to be the same as the Bembaroutghe. Nezh-eetn'; written,, also, Nejin and Neschin. Novara, no-va'r. *Nez Perce, nh pR'sa's; commonly pro- Nova Scotia, no'va sko'she-a. nounced nay per'ce. No-va Zem'bla. Niagara, ni-ag'a-rah. Nov'go-rod' or No'vo-go'rod'. Niangua, ne-allg'gwA, r. of Missouri. Novi, no've. Nicaria. See Icaria. Nox'u-bee. Nicaragua, nik-ar-V'gw&. Noyon, noh'y6t'. Nice, tieece (It. Nizza, nit's&). Nu'bU-a. Nicholas, nik'Q-lus. Nueces, nw'tces, or noo-k&sgs. [Helvetia. Nic-o-bar'-. [ko'la'). Nueva Helvitia, nw%'va5 hel-vatte-&, or New Nic'Q-las, St. (Fr. Saint Nicolas, sAN ne'- *Nuevitas, nw&-vee'th. N icopoli, ne-kop'o-le, or Nicopol, ne-kO'pel. *Nuevo Leon, nw'vo l-oone', or New Leon Nicosia, ne-ko'se-a. *Nuevo Santander, nwa'vo sAn-thn-dair', ot Niederwesel, nee'der-w&'zel. See Wesel. New Santander. Niemen, nee'men (Pol. pron. nyenm'en). Nukahiva, noo'ka-hee'va, i. of Polynesia. Nieuport, nutport, t. of Belgiumn. Nun. See Noon. Ntlvre, nle-aivr'. Nun'ni-vack', i. W. of Russian America. (?) Niger, nl'jer, or Quor'ra. Nu'rem-berg (Ger. Nirnberg, ntiRn'baeR). Nijni. See Nizhnee. Nyeborg or Nyborg, nee'borg (Dan. pron. Nikolaief or Nikolaiew, ne-ko-llef. nti'boac or nu'eh-bonRg), t. of Densmtark. N ik'Qls-burg (Ger. pron. tte'kols-b66da'). Nyffe, nlif'f& or nif'feh, inzgdom of W. Afrzca. N ile (Arab. Bahr Nil, bn'r leel). Nyk6pitng or Nykjoping, nit'chi6-pitg, almost Nitnegue. See Nimwegen. nee'chlp-ing, t. of Sweden. Nimes or Nismes nleem. Nyon, ne'6N', t. of Switzerland. OMA 34 ORT 0. Oman, 0-man', t. and prov, of Arabia. O'mer, St. (Fr. Saint Omer, saNt o'lain'). Oahut, w6h'hoo. O-mo'a or o-mo'%, t. of Honduras. Oakham, O'kum. *Om-pom-po-noo'sue. Oaxaca or Oajaca, w&-H&d'kk; written, also, Omsk, omsk. Guaxaca. O-ne'ga (Rus. pron. o-n&'g-). Ob. See Obi. Oneglia, o-nel'yA, t. of N. Italy. Ob-dorsk' or Ob'dors'koi', t. of W. Siberia. Oneida, o-nl'da. Obeid, o-bade' or o-b)'eed; called, also, El- *Onion, unlyun. Obeid or Al-Obeid, t. of Africa, formerly O'non', r. of Chin. Tartary. See Shilka. the capital of Kordofan, now in ruins. Onondaga, on'un-dau'ga. O'ber-lin. Ois'lOw. Obi, o'be, or Obh; written, also, Oby. Ontario, on-titre-o. O'bi-Qn. Ooanlin. See Wanlin. Ocana, o-kln'y'1. Oodipoor. See Odeypoor. Oceana, o-she-ah'na. Oofa, Oufa, or Ufa, oo'fA, t. and r. of Russir Oceanica, o-she-all'e-ka. Oojein, oo-jane'. Oceola, os-se-o'la. Oo-na-las'ka or Oo-na-lash'ka; written, also, Ochotsk. See Okhllotsk. Unalaschka, the largest of the Aleutian Is. Ock-lo-ks'nee; writteni, also, Ocklockony Oor'fa; written, also, Urfa, Ourfa, and Orfa. and Oclockmnlnee, r. of Georgia and Florida. Oorga, Ourga or Urga, oor'gA, t. of Chin. Oc-mulg'ee; formerly written Oakmulgee. Tartary. Ocona, o-koll'yA, t. and r. of Peru. Oorghienj, Ourghendj, or Urgendj, oor-ghenj'; O-co'nee. sometimes written Urghenz and Urgantz. O'cra-coke. See Khiva. *Octorara, ok'tQ-rah'ra. Ooroomeea or Urumiya, oo-roo-mee'a; writOczakow. See Otchakof. ten, also, Urmiah and Ourmiah. Odense, o'den-seh. Oorzhoom or Ourjoum, oor'zhoom', t. of O'der. Russia. O'des'sa. Oosa or Ousa, oo's&, r. and t. of Russia. Odeypoor, usually pronounced oo'de-poor'; Oo'soo'ree', Ousouri, or Usuri, r. of E. Asia. sometimes written Oudeypour or Oodipoor. *Oos-ten-au'la. Oedenburg, e'den-burg or 6'den-b6iRG'(Hu ln. Oosterhout, tce'ter-howt. Soprony, sho-proni). Oostioog Velikee, Ustiug Veliki, or Oustioug Oeiras, o-''e-ris; almost way'ras, t. of Brazil. Veliki, oos-te-oog' velte-kee'. Oeland, e'luiud or Mland. Oozbeks, Ouzbeks, or Uzbecks, ooz'beks', a Oels, els or ols. people of Independent Tartary. Oerebro, er'e-bro or 6're-bro. Oozbekistan, ooz-bek-is-tan'. See Bokhara. Oesel, e'sel or 6'sel. O-por'to. Oettingen, et'ting-eu or ot'ting-en. Op'peln. O'fen. See Buda. Oppernheim, op'pen-hime, t. of Germany. Offenbach, of'fen-b&as'. Op'pl-do, t. of Naples. Og'lenls-burg. Orall, o'rAn', t. of Algeria, Ogeechee, o-ghee'che. Orange, or'ilnj (Fr. pron. o'raNzh'). Ogle, O'g'l. Orange, or'inj, or Gar-eep', r. of S. Africa Oglethorp, W'g'l-thorp. Orangeburg, or'inj-burg. Oglio, oltyo, r. of N. Italy. Orcades, or'ka-dez. See Orkneys. O-hl'o. Orchilla, or-cheel'ya, i. of the W. Indies. Oise, oiz (Fr. pron. w&z, almost wize). Orebro. See Oerebro. Ojibbeway. See Chippeway. Or'e-gQn. O-ka-nagl'an,fort and r. of British America. O-rel' or Or-lof'. O'ke-cho'bee, 1. of Florida. Orellana, o-rgl-y&'n&. See Amazon. O'ke-fin-O'kee, swamp of Georgia; written, O'ren-boorg' or Orenburg. also, Okefonoco. Orense, o-ren's&, t. of Spain. Okhotsk, o-Kotsk' (Rus. pron. o-Hotsk'). Or'fQrd, cape of England. Ok'lna, t. of loldavia. Orfui, or'fwee', cape of E. Africa. Okonagan. See OkanagasL. Orihuela, o-re-ow'la. Oktibbeha, ok-tib'be-haw. O-rin-o'ko. Olt'den-burg (Ger. pron. ol'den-b66R'). *O-ris'ka-ny. Oldhlam, old'itm. O-ris'sa. *O-le-aen'. Oristano, o-ris-t&'no, or Oristagni, o-ris-tWn'O leggio, o-led'jo,. ofN. Italy. ye, t of Sardinia. O-len-ek', r. of Siberia. Orizaba, o-re-si'b/. Oleron, o' l'r6x'; sometimes written Oloron, Orkneys, ork'nez. o0 o'16s'). Orl6anais or Orltianois, oa'Il/'n'&io O-lin'da or o-leen'd'a. Or'le-ans (Fr. pron. ORa'&'1.'). Ol-i-ven'za or Olivenqa (Sp. pron. o-le-ven'- Or'mus or Ormuz (Pers. Hormooz). thla). Orne, oRn1. Ol'nitz or Ollmiltz. *O-rotrno. O-lo-nets' or Olonetz. Orontes, o-ron'tez (called, by the Arabs, El O-)lot'. Aasy, el hi'see). O-lym'pus, mt. of Greece. Orosei, o-ro-sa'e, t. and gulf of Sardinia. Omaguas, o-m'i'gwis', Ildians of Ecuzador. Orsova, or'sho'v6h, t. of Hungary.'Omaha, om'a-haw. Ortegal or oa-td-g&t', cape of Spain. OZA 35 PAS Or'tels-burg (Ger. pron. oR'tels-boRG'), t. of P. Prussia. Orthez or Orthes, oR't'. Pachuco, pa-choo'ko, t. of Mexico. Ortona, oR-to'tll, t. of Italy. Pa-ciftic. Oruba, o-roo'b&, i. of TV. Indies. *Pac'o-let. Oruro, o-roo'ro. t. of Bolivia. Pad-ang', i. near Borneo. Orvieto, oR-ve-atto. Paderborn, pa'der-boRn'. Osaca or Osaka, o-sa'k?, t. on Niphon I. Pad'u-a (It. Padova, p&'do-va). O'sage (Fr. pron.'ziazh'). *Pa-dutcah. Osceola, os-se-o'la. Paglia, pl'ty&, r. of Italy. Osero, os'.-ro, or Orsero, oR-s'ro, i. in thle Paisley, paze'le. Adriatic. Paishawur. See Peshawer. Os'i-mo. Pal'a-wan'. Oshmooneyn or Achmouneyn, osh-moo- Pal-erm-bang', t. and r. of Sumatra. clune'. Palencia, pa-len'she-& (Sp. pron. pa-lel'the-'a& Os,:na-brtcli' (often called, in English, Os'na- Palenlque, p&-lenk'l, or Culhuacall, kool-w.burg). kin'. *Os'si-pee. Pa-ler'nmo (It. pron. pa-lir'mo). Ossuna, os-soo'na. Pal'es-tine. Oste, os'teh, r. of Hanover. Palestrina, p&-les-tree'lna, t. of Italy. Os-tend'. Pal-lam-cot'ta, t. of Hindostan. Oster6e, os'ter-0' or os'ter-o'eh, one of the Pal'li-ser's Is, a group of Polynesia. Fdroie Is. Palma, 1)altma. Os'ti-aks', a people of Siberia. Palmas or Las Palmas, las p'lt'ms. *Oswegatchie, os'we-gatch'e. *Pal-my'ra. Os-we'go. Palo Alto, pa'lo Vl'to, battle field betwe Otabalo or Otavalo, o-t'b-vl'lo, t. of Ecuador. Point Isabel and l!atamoros. Otalheite. See Tahiti. Palos, pA'loce, cape in the S. E. of Spaisn. Otchakof or Oczakow. otch'a-kof, t. of Paltell, pl l'th or phl'teh, 1. of Thibet. Russia. Pambu, pam-boo', t. of Brazil. O-trran'to. Pani'li-co. Ot-se'go. Pamplona. pam-plo'nt&, or Pampeluna, pimOttajano, ot-t~-y'noo. pA-loo'nl&. Ot'ta-w'a or ot'ta-w&. Pacnama, pcn-a-mn'. Otterbach, ot'ter-hb'c', r. of Germnany. Panlay, pa-nt'. Ot'ter-burin, v. of Eongland. Pancsova, p&an'cho'v6h'. *Otito or Otto. Pan'l-ptit' or Panniput, t. of H-indostacn. Ottojano. See Ottajano. P.a-no'la. Ottomacs or Ottomaques, ot'to-maks' (Sp. Pantellaria, pan-t:l-l&-ree'a; written, also Otomacos, o-to-m&'koce), Indians of Vene- Pantalaria, i. near Sicily. zuela. *Panuco, pa-noo'ko. Ouachita. See Washita. Pao-king, pa'o- or pow-king, t. of China. Ouanlin or Ooanlin. See WVanlin. *Paoli, pa-o'le. Oude, ood. Papa, pa'p6h. Oudetarde, ou'den-ar'deh (Fr. Audenarde, P'apal State (It. Stato Pontificio, sta'to ponb'den-aRd'). te-fee'che-o). Ouessant, ws'saN't (in English Ush'ant), i. Papeiti, pa-p&-ee'te, cap. of Tahiti. W. of France. Papua, pap'oo-a or pi'poo-&, or New Guinea. Oufa. See Oofa. Para, pa-ri'. Oural. See Ural. Paragatu, pa-ra-sa-too', or Parazatu, t. of Ouralsk or Uralsk, oo-ralsk'. Brazil. Ourfa. See Oorfa. Paraguayu, par-ra-gwa-soo', r. of Brazil. Ourga. See Oorga. Paraguay, p&-ra-gwk' or pa-ra-gwi'. Ourique, oo-ree'k& or o-ree'ka, t. of Portuogal. Parahyba or Paraiba, p&-ra-ee'ba. Ourghenldj. See Oorghendj. Paraiba, ph-ra-ee'b&; written, also, ParahyOurjoum. See Oorzhoom. ba, t. of Brazil. Ourmiah or Urmiah, oor-mee'g. See Ooroo- Par'a-mar'i-bo. meea. Par-a-mat'tg, t. of Australia. Ousa. See Oosa. Par-a-moo-sheer', Paramushir,.or ParamusOuse, ooz. chir, one of the Koorile Is. Ouzbek. See Oozbek. Parana, pa-r&-ni'. O'ver-tQn. Paranagua, p r-r&-na'gwa, t. and bay of Bra *O'vid (N. Y.). zil. Oviedo, o-ve-('do. Parana-Iba or Paranahiba, p&-r&-n&-ee'ba. kO-vwastco. Parchim, par'Kim, t. of Prussia. O-we'go. Par'ga, t. of Albania. Owell. Paris, par'ris (Fr. pron. pa'ke'). Owhyhee. See Hawaii. Par'ma (It. pron. parmi,). Ox'f9rd (Latin Ox-ol'ni-a). Paro, pt'ro, r. of Bolivia; the same as the Ox'us; called, also, the Amoo or Amu, Beni. l'moo', and Gihon, je-hon' or Je-hoon'. Pa'ros, i. of Greece. Oy'a.-pock' or Oyapoc, r. of Guiana. Parral, pai-ral', or San Josb del Parral. O-zark'. Par's9ns-town. See Birr. O'zee', r. of E. Africa.(?) Pascagoula, pas'ka-goo'la. PER 36 PIS Pasco or Cerro Pasco, ser'ro pas'ko. Perigord, per'e'goR', former prov. of France. Pascuaro, phs-kw'ro, or Pasquaro, t. of Perigueux, phr'e'guh'. Mexico. Perm (Rus. pron. pnRm). Pas-de-Calais, p'deh-k''lh'. Pernagua, p8R-n&-gw', t. of Brazil. Pas-l-go'no, r. of Texas. Pernambuco, p6R-ng.m-boo'ko. Pasquaro. See Pascuaro. Pernau, pr'now. Pas'quo-tank'. [del Norte. Perote, p.-ro'th, fortress of Mexico. *Paso del Norte, p'so dAl noR't&, or El Paso Perouse, p,-rooz', strait near Yesso I. Pas-sa'ic. Perpignan, paR'peen'y'N'. *Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy. Per-quim'ans. Passaro, phs'sh-ro, cape of Sicily. Persia, per'she-a; called by the natives Iran, Passarowan, p.s-sa-ro-wani'; written, also, ee'r~n'. ~ Passarouang, t. of Java. Perth. Passau, pas'sow. Perth Am-boy'. Pasto, phs'to. Peru, pe-roo'. Pat-a-go'ni-a. Perugia, pA-roo'j&. *Pa-taps co. Pesta-ro or ph's,-ro. Pat a-ra or Patera, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Pescara, pls-kl'ra, r. and t. of Naples. Pat'ter-sQn. Peschiera, pes-ke-l'rs, t. of N. Italy. Pat'mos i. of Greece. Peshawer, Peichaouer, Peschauer, pesh'our; Pat'na. written, also, Paishawur and Peishore. Pa-to'mac. See Potomac. Pesth, pest (Hun. pron. pesht). Pa-tras' or Patrasso, pi-trAs'so. Petch'e-lee' or Petch'ee'lee'; written, also, *Pattawatomies. See Pottawatomies. Petehili, gulf of China. Pau, po. Petchotra or Petschora. Paul de Loanda, St. See Loanda. Peterborough or Peterlurgh, pee'ter-bur-rdh. Pavia, p&-vee'A. Peterhead, pee'ter-hed. *Paw'nees. Pe'ters-burg, Saint (Rus. Peterburg, p.'ter*Paw-tuck'et. boorg). Pax'os or Pax'o. Peterwardein, pee'ter-w/r'dilne (Gd pron. Pays Bas, ph'e Ib. See Netherlands. ph-ter- atR'd-ine). Pays de Vaud, pk'e deh vo. See Vaud. Petic. See Pitic. Payta. pl't', t. of Peru. Pe'tra, t. of Arabia. Paz, La, 1& p z (Sp. pron. 1& plth). Petrinia, p/-tree'ne-,, t. of Sclavonia. Pearlington, perl'isng-tun. Pet-ro-zav-odsk', t. of Russia. Pecs, paitch. See Fiinfkirchen. Pet'tis. Peebles, pee'belz. Pxzenas, pgz'n&'. Pe'dee'. Phil'a-del'ph-a. Pegnitz, peg'nits, t. and r. of Bavaria. Phil'p-plnle. Pegu or Pegou, pe-goo'; called, also, Bagoo. Piacenza, pe-&-chen'z/. Peichaouer. See Peshawer. Piacina or Piasina, pe-&-see'n&, r. of Siberia. Pei-Ho, pA'ho', r. of China. Pi'att. Peipus, pk'e-pooce, or Tchood'sko-e. Piave, pe-/'vh, t. and r. of Italy. Pe'kin' or Pe'king'. Pic'ar-dy (Fr. La Picardie, 1 pe'kar'de'). Pe-lew', is. in the E. Indies. Pichincha, pe-chin'chi. Peling; pI'ling', mts. of China. Pick'a-way. Pel'la, t. of Palestine. Pico, pee'ko. Pelvorm or Pellworm, pel'vorm, i. of Den- *Pictou, pik-too'. mark. Piedmont, peed'mont (It. Piemonte, pe-&. Pem'ba, i. of E. Africa. mon't&). Pem'bi-na, 1. of N. America. "Pieds Noirs, pe-&' nwaR, or Black-feet. *Pemigewasset, pem'!-je-wos'set. Pienza, pe-en'za, t. of Italy. Pembroke, pem'brook.' Pierre, Saint, sent peer (Fr. pron. saN pePeniafiel, pane-y&-fe-el' or -fe-ale', t. of Spain. aiR'). Penias, pain'y s, gulf of Patagonia. Pietola, pe-.'to l1, v. of Italy. Pen-den'nis, castle of Cornwall, England. Pignerol, peen'yer-rol'. See Pinerolo. Penedo, p&-nk'do, t. of Brazil. Pilar, pe-laR', t. of Brazil. Penetanguesifine or Penetangushene, pen'e- Pilcomayo, pil-ko-ml'o, r. of S. America. tang'gii-sheen', t. of Canada - Pilica, pe-leet'si, r. of Poland. Penll-syl-v&'ni —. Pil'lar, cape of Terra del Fuego. Pe-nob'scot. Pillau, pil'lou. Pen-ryn'. Pil'sen. Pen'sa-co'la. Pinega, pe-ni'g[, r. of Russia. Pen'za or Pensa. Pinerolo, pe-n,-rol'o (Fr. Pignerol, peen'yer. Pen-zance'.'ol). Pe-o'ri-a. Pines, plnz, (Isle of), i. of the TV. Indies. Pepin, pip'in, (Lake), an expansion of the Pinhel, peen-yel', t. of Portugal and Brazil. Mississippi R., W. of Wisconsin. Pin-zOn' or Pinqon, pin-sone', bay of Brazil. Perche, paush, aformer prov. of Frant i. Piretibbi or Piretibbe, pe-re-tib'be or pir're *Perdido, per-dee'do. tib'be, 1. of British America. Pereslavl, phr-es-l/vl'. See Riazan. Pirmasens or Pirmasenz, pSdR'm&-sents, t. of Pergola, phR'go-lA, t. of Italy. Bavaria. Peribouaca, per're-boo-&'k& or Peribouca, r. Pisa, pee'z&. of Canada. Pis-cat'a-qua. PON 87 PUE Pis-cat'g-quis. Poo'nah. Pisania, pe-zan'e-a, t. of W. Africa. Popayan, po-pT-in' or po-p&-yan'. Pisek, pee'sek, t. of Bohemia. Po-per-ing'en (Fr. Poperingue, pop'er-N'g'), Pis'co t. of Peru. Po-po-cat'a-petl' or po-po-kA-t&-pgt'el. Pis'gab, nt. of Palestine. Porongos, po-rong'goee, 1. of La Plata. Pissou or Pisou, pe-zoo', r. of Liberia. Port'age.'Pistoja, pis-to'yL. Portalegre, pout —lh'grA, t. of Brazil. Pit-cairn's' Island. *Port-au-Platte, port-o-plitt. Pite&, pit'e-o. Port-au-Prince, pbrt-o-prince (Fr. riron. Pitic, pee-tik', t. of Mexico. poMt-o-prace). Pitts'burg. Port'land. Pitt-syl-val'n-a. POrt Le'on. Piura, pe-oo'rA, t. of Peru. Port Louis, port loo'is, or Port Northwest. Placentia, pla-sen'she-a. See Piacenza. Port Mahon, mik-hone'. Plaquemine, plak'meel'. Port Natal, port nOt-ll', t. of S. E. Africa. Plasencia, plt-sen'she-a (Sp. pron. pl'-seni'- Porto. See Oporto. the-&). POr'to Bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Bello, pwha'to Plata, La, 1a pia'tk; called, also, the Argen- (bl'y Sp). tine (ar'jen-tine) Republic (Sp. Republica *Por'to Ca-bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Cabello, pwkz'Argemtiia, rh-pool)'le-ka aR-nrln-tee'nl). to kk-vhl'yo). Plata, Rio de la, ree'o del-k pl''t'. Porto Praya, por'to pri'k. See Praya. Platte or Ne-bras'ka. POr'to Prin'cl-pe. See Puerto Principe. Platten See, plkt'ten sk, or Lake BAlatony, Porto Rico, por'to ree'ko (Sp. Puerto Rico, bd'loh toh'. pWkR'to ree'ko). Platts'bhurg. Porto Salgado, por'to skl-g'do, t. of Brazil. Plauen, plow'en. Por'to S;tllto, a little i. near ladeira. Plava, pl''v', t. of Turkey. Porto Seguro, poR'to sh-goo'ro, t. of Brazil Pleisse, pll'ceh. Porto Vecchio, poR'to vek'ke-o, t. of Corsica Plock, plotsc. Portsea, pOrt'see. Pludeniz, ploo'dents, t. of Tyrol. Portsmouth, ports'muth. Plymouth, plim'tth. Port'u-gal (Port. pron. poR-too-g'l'). Plyn-lim'mgll. Posega, po-s&'g&, t. of Sclavonia. *Po'co-moke. Posen, po'zen. Po'co-n0O, mt. of Pensnsylvania. Potenza, po'ten'tz. Po-co-hon'tas. Po-to'mac. Podlachia, pod-lk'ke-4. Potosi, po-to-see' or po-to'se. Po-dO'li-a. Potsdarn, pots'dam. Poictiers. See Poitiers. *Pot'ta-wkt'9Qmies. Poictou. See Poitou. Potts'ville. Poin'sett. Poughkeepsie, po-kip'se. Point Coupee, -koo-pee'. Poulton, pole'tun. Point de GMlle or Punto Gallo, pool'to g'l'lo, Pow-hat-tan'. t. of Ceylon. Po'yang', 1. of China. *Point Isabel, -iz'a-bel. Pozzuoli, pot-soo-o'le. Poitiers or Poictiers, poi-teerz' (Fr. pron. Prague, praig (Ger. Prag, prGn). pw:&te-h', almost pwi'te-k'). *Prairie du Chlen, prk're du she-At'. Poitoa or Poictou, poi'too' (Fr. pron. pw'- Pras'lin or prkz-leen', i. E. of Africa. too' or pwiltoo'). Prato, pr&'to. Po'la. Praya, Porto, pou'to pri'A. Po'land (called by the Poles, Polska, pole'sk&). Preble, preb'el. Policastro, pol-e-khs'tro, t. of Naples. Prey9'el. Poligni, po'leen'ye', t. of France. Prenzlow, prents'lov. [blnRG) Pollina, pol-lee'nk, t. and r. of Sicily. Pres'burg or Press'burg (Ger. pron. press' Polock, po-lotsk'; written, also, Polotzlc, t. Pres'tQn. of Russia. Prev'e-sa or prt'v&-sA. Poltava, pol-tt'va; also written Pultowa. Prince'tQn. Polynesia, pol'in-ee'she-a. Princeza, prin-sk'z., t. of Brazil. Pom-e-ra'lli-a (Ger. Pom'mern). Principato Citra, prin-che-pk'to chee'tra. Pom'e-rie', i. S. E. of Africa. Principato Ultra, prin-che-pW'to ool'tr'. Po-mo'nQa or Main'land. Prip'ets (Polish Prypec, prip'ets). Pompeii, pom-ph'ye. Privas, pre'vkss'. Ponce, pon'sh, t. of Porto Rico. Prome, prom, t. of Birma. Pondicbher y, ponl de-sher're (Fr. Pondichbry, Provence, pro'vkNce'. p6r'de'shk'Re'). Prov'-dence. *Poink'as. See Puncahs. Prussia, proo'she-& or prtish'e-a (Ger. Preus; Po-no'la. See Panola. sen, prois'sen). Ponta-Delgada, pon'tA-d8l-gk'dk. Proth (Ger. pron. proot), r. in the E. oJf Pontch'ar-traill'. Europe. Pontefractlpom'fret. Prypec or Prypetz. See Pripets. Pontal, pon-tl', t. of Brazil. Przemysl, pzhem'isl. *Politiac, pon'te-ak'. Pskof or Pskow, pskoff; written, also, Pskov, Pon'to-toc'. Ptolemais, tol-e-ma'is, t. of Palestine. Pontremoli, pon trem'o-le, t. of Italy. Puebla, pwdb'l. See La Puebla. 62 RAI 38 RHI *Pueblo, pwhb'lo, or El Pueblo de los Ange- i Rajpoot, r'j-poot'. les, e1 pwhb'lo dA loce nligqz31-is. Rajpootana, rAj-poo-ta'iA, or Rajasthan, lr Puelches, pwvl'chgs, Indians qf Patagonia. ja-stcn'. Puente Nacional, pwnu'ta' na'-se-o-n l'. Rakofw. rae'kof, t. of Poland. *Puerco, pwil'ko. Raleigh, rau'le. Puerto Bello. See Porto Bello. Ralls, raulz. Puerto Cabello. See Porto Cabello. Rambouillet, ra''boo-eel'y.' or r'M'bwe'y., Puerto Principe, pWvR'to prin'se-p& or preen'- t. of France. the-ph, or Por'to Pril'cl-pe. Ramillies, ram'e-leez (Fr. pron. R.'meel'yo' Puerto Rico. See Porto Rico. or Ri'me'ye'), t. of Belgium. Pulao, poo-lF'o or poo-lou', t. otn the peninsula Ram'le-ah, mts. of Arabia. of Malacca. Rams'gate. Pulaski, pu-las'ke. Ranai, rSl'n'. See Lanai. Pulo Pinang or Poulo Pinang poolo pe-nang', Ran-co'cus. i. near IMilalacca. Ran'ders, t. of Denmark. Puna, poo'n'A, improperly written Putio, i. in Ran'dolph. the gulf of Guayaquil. Rangoon, rang-goon'. *Puncahs, punlk'az, or Ponkas. Ran'kin. *Pungoteague, pung'go-teeg'. Raphia, raf'e-&, or Rafa, r/'f&, t. of Palestine Puno, poo'no, t. of Peru. Rapides, rap-eed'. Purus, poo'rus or poo'rooce, r. of S. Amserica. Rap'pa-han'ngck. Put'n.am. Rapty, rap'tee, r. of Hindostan. Putumayo, poo-too-ml'o, r. of S. Amnerica. Raritan or Rariton, rfar'it-un. Puy, Le, lehl pwee. Ras al Gat, rss al At, cape of Arabia. Puy de Diome, pwee deh dome. Rastadt, r's't'tt. Pyretnees, pir'en-eez. Rastowica, ris-to-veet's', r of Poland. Pyrmont, p66R'mont, t. of Germanly. Ratibor, rh'te-bor, t. of Pruessia. Rat'is-lon (Ger. Regensburg, Ri'ghenz. Q. b66RG'). Raugia. See Ragusa. Qaherah, kah'he-r'. See Cairo. Ravee, rA'vee', r. of Hindostan. Qen6. See Keneh. Rav-en'Vta or r'-ven'nh. Qoceyr, kos-sare'. See Cosseir. Ravensbsurg, r.'vellz-l)66a', t. of GermanLy. Qualoe, qui'lO or qual'iih'yeli, i. of NIor- Ravenlsteiin, rA'ven-stine, t. of Germany. way.(?) Reading, red'ing. Quaung-tolg'. See Canton. Red'rth. Que-bec' (Fr. Qu6bec, kh'bek'). Ree (Ireland), r. Quedah or Kedah, kA'di, t. and kingdom of Regensburg, rh-ghenz-b66oRG'. See Ratislbon.. Malacca. Rengelt's, ree'jents, inlet of British America. Qued'lin-burg (Ger. pron. kwgd'lli-blii6RG'). Regio, red'jo. Queen Clarloltte's, -shar'l1ts, i. and sound Reichenberg, rl'ien-bhga'. W. of Britishl America. Reid's, reedz, r. of Oregon. Quelpaert, qnel'part', i. near Corea. Reikiavik, ri'ke-a-vik, cap. of Iceland. Quen'tinl, Saint (Fr. pron. saN kaN'taN'). Reims or Rheims, reemz (Fr. pron. RaNz). Queretaro, kkr-&'t&-ro. *Reiuosa ra-no's' Quiberon, ke'ber-6N' or ke'br6N', t. of France. Renaix, reh-ni (Flem. Ron'se). Quibo, kee'bo, improperly written Quibdo, i. Rends'borg or Rendsburg. W. of New Granada. Ren'frew. Quilca. keel'ka, t. of Per~u. Renfrewshire, ren'fru-shir. Quilimancy, kee-le-man'se. Renimes, renn. Quilimane, ke-le-m&'nli. Rensselaer, ren'sel-er. Quillota, keel-yo't&. Requena, ra-ka'l. Quiloa, kee'lo-'A. [-ko'rNar't/IN'- Resaca de la Palma, ra-sL'kS del-& pal'm&, Quimper, kallm'paRe', or Quimper Corenltin, battle-field between Point Isabel and 3Mata *Quin'e-baug'. mores. Qui Parle, kee parl, 1. of Minesota Territory. Risshd, t. of Persia. Quito, keeMto. Reuben, ru'ben, tribe of Israelites. quor'ra. See Niger. Reus, rk'ooce. Reuss, ruce (Ger. pron. Rtoiss). R. Reutlingeni roit'ling-en. Rev'el ("VlS. Kolyvan', ko-le-vgn'). Raab, rELb (Hun. Gy6r, dy6a). Reyes, rmais, 1. of Peru.(?) Ri. a-mah, t. of Palestine. Reyes, los, loce r&'gs, t. of Venezuela. Rabat, ra'but', t. of JMorocco. Revilla-Gigedo, ri-veel'yi-ne-h'zDo, i. h W Rab'bath Am'mQn, t. of Palestine. of Mexico. Rat'bul. Rhea, Racine, ras-seen'. Rheatown, raytown. Radama, r''d'-mi, outs. of MIadagascar. Rheims. See Reims. Rad'n9r. Rhein, rite, t. of Prussia. Radstadt, rad'stitt (Ger. pron. rAt'stktt), t. of Rheinberg, rine'baRG, t. of Prussia. Austria. Rheinthal, rlne'tahl, (i. e. ";valley of tho Ragusa, r-goo'sS, or Raugia, rA'oo-ji or - Rhine"), a district of Switzerland. rou'j{. Rhine, rlne (Ger. Rhein, Dutch Rhyn: botb Rainier. rm'neer, nt. of Oregon. pronounced as the English Rhine). ROC.39 RUS Rhodes, rOdz. Rock'bridge. Rhodez or Rodez, ro'dA'. Rockcastle, rock-kas'se]. Rhone. Rockingham, rok'ing-ulm. Riazan, re-a-zan'. Rock'land. Richelieu, reesh-eh'lu' or reesh'le-uh'. Ro-croy' (Fr. pron. Ro'krw&'), t. of France. Rich'laend. Rodach, ro'dAK, t. and r. of Germany. Rich'mQnd. Rodez, ro'da'. See Rhodez. Rideeau, ree'dl', canal of Canada. Roer, rooR, r. of Holland. Riesengebirge, ree'zen-ga-b6aeRG'eh, omts. of Roermoade, rooia-mlnd'eh (Fr. Ruremonde Germany separating Silesiafrosz.Bohemia. RfiR''mNd'). Rieti, re-]'te, t. of Italy. Ro'gas-en, t. of Prussia. Rl'ga or ree'g'. Romagnla, ro-m'in'y, aformer prou. of Italy. Rig'o-let. Romania, ro-m.'ne-a or no-mc-nee'i. See Rinini, ree'me-ne. Roomelia. Rinlgkjobing, ring'kyo'bing, t. of Denmtark. Romans, ro'mWN'. Rio Bravo, ree'o br'vo. See Rio del Norte. Ro'main-zoff, cape of Russian America. Rio Colorado, ree'o ko-lo-rah'do. Romao, ro-m'm N,' almost ro-mowng, t. of Rio del Norte, ri'o del nort (Sp. pron. Ree'o Brazil. dil noRtth); called, also, the Ri'o Grande Rome (It. Roma, Ro'm&). (Sp. pron. Ree'o grikn'da), and Rio Bravo, Romfi6e, ro'mo, or ro'mibth'yel, i. of Demnark. ree'o bra'vo. [The pronunciation of these Ron'ce-val'ies (Sp. Rolncesvalles, aRoc-thisnames. which may be said to belong now vael'yhs, Fr. Roncevaux, RONs'vO' or ron'to the United States, oulght to be anglicized ceh-vo'), t. of Spain. for the same reason tl-at the names of De- Rouse. See Renaix. troit, Wisconsin, aned Texas are anglicized, Roo-me'l-a or Rumelia. that is because the great majority of persons Room-Elee, Roum-Ili, or Rum-Ili, room'ewho have occasion to use them, speak the lee'. See Roomelia. English language. Those, however, who Roos-tchook'; written, also, Rustschluk and prefer the foreignl pronunciationl should be Routchouk. careful to be cotnsistent, acid nlot pronouncee Ropequiz (a misspelling of Roquepiz, which one-half of the tcname after the Spanish see). mode and thect anglicize the remainder. Roque, roke (St.), cape of S. America. We should either say rz'o del nort or ree'o Roquelaure, rok'e-lbre', t. of France. del nor't&, and not ree'o del nort, as we too Roquepiz, ro-keh-peez', i. in the Intdian frequently hear. In like manlner Rio Grande Ocean. should be pronounced either rz'o grand or R6raas, ro'ros, t. of Norway. ree'o gran'd& and not ree'o grand.] Rosas, ro's's, t. of Spain. Rio de los Americallos, ree'o` d loce'k-mnr- Rostbach, ros'bkt. e-k't'noce. See Sacramento. Ros-com'mon. Rio de los Martires, ree'o da' loce maR'te-rTs, Roscrea, ros-kr'. or the;' River of Martyrs," r. of California. Ro-set'ta (Arab. Er-Rash-ced'). Rio del Tigre, ree'o del tee'grk, r. of lexico. Ros'kil'de, t. of Denmark. Rio Frio, ree'o free'o (i. e. " cold river"), a Rossano, ros-so''no, t. of Naples. stream of Mexico. Ras'tock. Rio Gralnde, ree'o grknt'd, r. of Mexico. Rothenburg, ro'ten-burg or Ro'ten-b61ws'. *Rio Hacha, ree'o A'chk or -h4'cha. Rotherham, roTH'er-um. Rio Jatneiro, ri'o ja-nee'ro (Port. Rio de Rothesay, roth's&. Janeiro, Ree'o da zh'un-r'e-ro); often called Rot'ter-dam'. simply Ri'o. Roubaix, roo'bh'. Rio Jaquesila. See Jaquesila. Rouen, roo'en (Fr. pron. RW&N). Rio Negro, ree'o 1ia'gro r. of S. America. Roulers, roo'la'. *Rio Verde, ree'o vXR'd&. Roumelia. See Roomelia. *Rio Virgen, ree'o veeaR'nn.. Roum-Ili. See Room-Elee. Riobamba, ree-o-b'cm'ls, t. of Ecuador. Rousillon, roo'seel'yoN' or Raoo'se'yN', t. and Rioja or Rioxa, re-o'Hn, t. of La Plata. former prov. of France. Riom, re'oN'. Routchouk, root'shook'. See Roostehook. Ripley, rip'le. Roveredo, ro-v&-rk'do (Ger. Rovereith, ao'Rip'Qn or Rippon. veyr-lte'). R istogouche, ris'to-goosh', r.forming part of Rovigno, ro-veen'yo. the boundary between Canada and 2New Rovigo, ro-vee'go. Brunswick. Roxburgh (Scotland), rox'btir-reh. Ritchie, ritch'e.:' Roxbury, rox'ber-e. Rive de Gier, reev deh zhe-&'. ROw-an'. Rives, reevz. Rudolstadt, roo'dol-stktt, t. of Germany. Rivoli, riv'o-le or xee'vo-le, t. of N. Italy. Riigen, rti'ghen. Roane, rone. Rurnelia. See Roomelia. Ro'anne'. Rum-Ili. See Room-Elee. Ro'a-noke'. Ru'pert's, r. of British America. Rob'eret-son. Ruppin, r6Op-peen'. Rob'e-sqon. Ruremonde. See Roermonde. Rochdale, rotch'del. Ruska Poyana (Mt.), roos'koih po-y&'nbh, the R ochefort, rotch'tfrt or Rosh'foR'. highest summit of the Carpathian chain. Rochelle or La Rochelle, 1' ao'shell'. Russia, roo'she-a or rush'e-a. Roeh'os-tor. Rustchuk or Rusezuk. See Roostchock SAL 40 -SAN RuTe'Her-fOrd. Saltcoats, sault'kbtes. Rutherglen, rug'len. *Saltillo, s'l-teel'yo (vulgar pron. sAl-tee'yo). Rut'land. sometimes called Leona Vicaria, lI-c'noa reRyde, ride. k.'re-d. Ryswick, riz'wik (Dutch pron. rice'*lik). Sa-lu'da. Rzeszow, zhass'ovi t. of Austrian Galicia. Saluzzo, sa-loot'so. *Salvador, sal-vA-doRe'. S. Salvador, Saint (Brazil). See Bahia. *Salvador, Saint (Central America). See San Saale, s~a'leh. Salvador. Saalfield, slal'fglt. Sal'win' or Sal'wenl'; called, also, ThanSaar, saR or siar (Fr. Sarre, saRR), r. of Lyeng or Than-Lweng. Rhenish Prussia. Saltz'burg or Salzburg (Ger. pron. salts'. Saarbriick, sa~h'brtik, or Saar-bruick'en. b66RG). Saardam, sWeR'd'tn'. See Zaandam. Salza, s'lt's, r. of Austria. Saarlouis, s'aR-loo'is. Salzwedel, s. lts ti&'del. Saatz, skits. t. of Bohemia. Samana, sA-m&-n' tt. of Hayti. Sabara, sAt-b-rA', t. of Brazil. Sam-ar'. Sabloncello, s'-l)e-on-chel'lo, i. in the Adri- Samara, sam'a-ra', t. of Asiatic Turkey. atic. Sam'a-rang'. Sabine, sab-een'. Sam'ar-cand'. Sacbsen, s'k'sen. See Saxony. Sa.-ma'ri-.a, t. and prov. of Palestine. Sachsen-Altenburg. See Saxe-Altenlurg. Sam-ar-ov' or Samaroff. t. of Siberia. Sachsenhausen, sak'sen-how'ze.n, a suburb of Sambas, sam'bas', t. of 3orneo. Frankfort on the MtIain. Sambor, sam'bo,. Sacll.senllheim, sak'sell-hime', t. of Germany. Sambre, s'Abr, r. of France. Sackatoo, sAk'ka-too'; *written, also, Sacka- Samisat, sa-me-skt', t. of Asiatic Turkey. tou. Sakatu, and Soccatoo, t. of Soodan. Samogitia, sam-o-jish'e-a, a former prov. of Sack'ett's Har'bQr. Poland. Saco, sau'ko. Sa'mos (called Soosam, soo-sAm', by the *Sac-ra-men'to. Turks). *Sacs, sallks. Samothraki, sa'mo-thr,'ke, or Sam'o-thrace', Saeed or Said, s2'eed'. See Egypt. i. of Greece. Safed, s'ifed, or Safad, sa'fad, t. of Palestine. Samoyeds or Samoyedes, samn'o-yedz', a peoSaffee or Saffi, sAf'fee', t. of MlIorocco. ple of Siberia. Sag-hal'-en or Sakhalien. Samsoon, Salnsun, or Samsoun, sAm-soon' t. Sar'in-aw'. of Asia tlliinor. Saguenay, sag'eh-nay'or sg'na',r. of Canada. Sam Tiago, soungt te-ago, or San Thiago, Sahara, sh'h-lr'-r' or sya-h''ra; written, also, sni lte-a'go; written, also, St. Jago. Zahara. Sanaa or Sana, sana'. Said. See Saeed. *San An-tolni-o. Saida, si'dA, or SI'don. *San An-to'nll-o de Bexar, -dA ba-har'. See Saigon, sigon', or Saigolg, si'gong'; called, Bexar. also, Look'loo'ee'. *San Augustine, -au'us-teen'. Saint Denis. See Denis, Saint. *San Bartolom6, sni bar-to-lo-mk'. Saint Germain. See Germain, Saint, and so *San Bias, s'n blass. for all the other onames having the prefix of *San Buenaventura, san bwa'ra,-vln-too'rA. SAINT. San Car'los or sat kaR'loce, t. on Chiloe I. Saintes, saNt. *San Diego, sHn de-k'go. Saintonge, sAN't&ozh'. San Felipe, san fk-lee'pA, t. of Chili. Sakaria, sa-k-ree'a (Anc. San-ga'ri-us), r. of *San Felipe de Austin, san f&-lee'p'a dA ats'ti Asia Minor. (familiarly called San Phil'ip). Sakatu. See Sackatoo. San or Sam Feliz, skn or soUng fi&leece,t Saklhalien. See Saghalien. commonly anglicized by St. Fe'lix, t. of Saklcara, sak'kA-ra, or Sakara, t. of Egypt. Brazil. Saladillo, sa-l-Deel'yo. *San Fernando, san fha-lnn'do. Salado, sa-l'Do. *San Fran.cis'co or shn fran-sees'ko. Sal-a-manc'a or sa-la-mnage'ka. San or Sam Francisco (Brazil). See FranSal6 or Sallee, sal-la', r. and t. qf Morocco. cisco, St. Sa'lem. San or Sam Gabriel, S&l or soung ga-bre-el',' Sa-ler'nlo (It. pron. s'-1IR'no). t. of Brazil. Salford, saul'furd or sau'falrd, t. of England, San Geronimo, san HI-ron'e-mo, t. of Cuba. now formning a part of Mlanchester. *San Ja-cin'to. *Salina (in the U. S.), sa-l'na. San or Sam Joao das duas Barras, san or Salina (in Spanish America), s'U-Iee'ni. soung zho-oung' dls doo'Is bAr'ras,t t. of Saline, sal-een'. Brazil. Salisbury, saulz'ber-e, or New Sd'rum. San or Sam Joao del Rey, -del rayt t. of Sallee. See Sale. Brazil. Salm, sailm, r. of Rhentish Prussia. San Joaquin, sin no-a-keen' or san hwaSalona, s-tlo'na, r. of Tkurkey. keen'. Salonica, sal-o-nee'ka, )r Selaniki, sel-anee'ke. tThe Portuguese prefix sionifying Saint is Sam, pro. Sa'lop. See Shropshire nounced soung or sowng; we have, however in conformity to the method of Balbi and other eninent geographers, given Salta, ald'tit. these names under the head of Samti SAR 41 SCH *San Ju'uan (Sp. pron. shun oo-un' or hwan). Sarayacu, sa-r~-&-koo', t. of Peru. San Juan de la Frontera, -da 1A fronitk'r&. Sardinas, saR-dee'les, bay of New Grana*Sall Juan de Ulua or Uloa, salt ju'an (or snl da. (?) hwln) d& oo-loo'" or oo-loh'. Sair-din'i-a (It. Sardegna, saR-d~n'y& or sarSan Jos6 del Parral, sE'n Ho-sh' dll pAR-Rl'; dainlty)'. usually called, simply, Parral. Saree or Sari, sa-ree'. San ILucas, sAn loo'k'as. See St. Lucas. Sa-rep'ta, t. of Palestine. *San Luis (Texas), san loo'is. Sark, i. in the English Channel. *San Luis de Potosi, shn loo'is (Sp. pron. Sar'no. loo-eece') d& po-to-see'. Saros, sh'trosh; also written Sarosch, t. of Sanu Luis Rey, snll loo'is ray, t. of California. Hungary. San Marilo, san ma-ree'no. Saros, sa'krhs, t. of Greece. San Miguel. san me-ghlel' (or St. Michael), Sirre, saRR. See Saar. the name of various places in Spanish Amer. Sarthe, saRt.'Sai Patricio. -pat-ris'se-o. Sa'rum. San or Sam Paulo, saln or soung pow'lo,t t. Sas-katch'a-wan. of Brazil. Sassari, shs's'-re. Sail or Sam Pedro del Rey, s6n or soung ph'- Satalieh, sA-th-lee'a. See Adalia. dro del ray,' t. of Brazil. Sa-til'la, r. of Georgia. San or Sam Roque, stn or soung ro'khi. See Saluk (Indiats). See Sacs. Roque, St. *Sault de Sainte Marie (Fr. pron. so deh San Saba, san sah'ha, r. of Texas. saeNt mY're'), but now usually written and San or Sam Salvador (Brazil). See Balha. pronournced Sault (sawlt) Saint MW'ry. *San Salvador, san s'l-v'-doRe'. Saung. See Donnai. Sanldomir or San-do-meer', t. and prov. of Saumur, so'mUR'. _Russian Poland. Sa-van'nah. San-dus'ky. Save (Ger. Sau, sow, Hun. Szava, ss&-voh). Saend'lvich. Savigliano, sa-veel-y&'no, t. of N. Italy. Sangamon, sang'ga-mon. Savignalo, s'i-veen-y'Ino, t. of Italy. Sanlgarius. See Sakaria. Savola. sha-vot'1A. San-i-lac'. Sav'oy or sav-oi' (It. Savoia, s.voi'&, Fr. Santa, snll'th, t. and r. of Peru. Savoie, s&'vwh'). *Santa Barbara, shni't baul'bh-rh. Saxe-Altenburg, sax hl'ten-burg (Ger. Sach. *Santa Cruz, san'ta krooce (Sp. pron. shn't' sen-Allellburg, shk'senl' l'ten-b66xa'). krooth), or St. Croix, sett-kroi'. Saxe-Co'burg (Ger. Sechsen-Coburg, sAk'sen *San'ta Fe (Sp. pron. sin'th fa). ko'bddneG). Santa Fe de Bogota, -dh bo-go-th' See Bo- Saxe-Lauenburg, sax lou'ein-burg or lou'en gota. baoRG'. See Lauenburg. Santa Maria, shn'th ml-ree'5. Saxe Meiningen, sax mi'ning-en. Santa Marta, shn'th maR'ti. Saxe-Weimar, sax-wl'mar (Ger. Sachsen San'ta Mau'ra or shn'ta mow'r'. Weimar, sdk'seelt-'Vma'r). San't'a Ro'sa. Sax'en-burg, i. in the Atlantic, E. of Brazil *Santa Rosalia, shn'th Ro-sa-lee'h. Sax'otny (Ger. Sachsen, shk'sell). San-tanl'der (Sp. pron. shn-thn-daiR'). Sayanskoi, si'Ans'koi', mts. of Siberia. Sanltarem, s n't -reN' (almost shtn'th-reng'). Sayn, sine, r. and t. of Germany. San'tee'. Scala Nova, skh'l no'v&, t. of Asia Minor. Sate Thiago. See Sam Tiago. Scan'der-oon' or Is-ken'der-oon'. See Alex Santiago de Compostela, stn-te-_~go dh com- andretta. pos-t&'lI. See Compostela. Scan-df-nd'vr-a. *Santiago de Cuba, Zn-te-'go de ku'ba or Scaia, skh'ne-h. See Skline. -dh koo'bh. Scarborough, skar'b'rtelh or skar'bur-rtlh. Santillana, shn-teel-ye'nl, t. of Spain. Scar'pan-to, i. of Greece. Sanetoce, s n-to'sh, t. of Brazil.(?) Scarperia, skaa-pa-ree'&, t. of Italy. Santorini, soei-to-ree'ne, or Salltorin, sAn'to- Schaffhausen, shaff-how'zen. reen', i. of Greece. Schat-el-Arab. See Shatt-el-Arab. Satntos, shn'toce. Schaumburg, Lippe, shoum'b66RG, lip'peh. SaGne, sone. See Lippe-Schauenburg. Saphet. See Safed. Scheldt, skelt (Dutch Schelde, sKel'deh, Fr. Sap-l-en'za (Is.), a cluster near the Morea. Escaut, es'kO'). Sap'tin (River) or Lewis River. Schelekof. See Shelekhof. Saptin (Indians). See Nez-Percis. Schelestadt, shel'es-t.d' (Ger. pron. shel'esSaqqara. See Sakkara. thtt'). Sarabat, so-ra-bt', or Her'mus, r. of Asia Schelling, skelling. See Ter-Schelling. Minor. Schemnitz, shem'nits (Hun. Selmeez Banya, Sar-a-gos'sa (Sp. Zaragoza, th,-r'-go'tha). sh/l-mlts b&hn-yoh). *Sar'a-nac'. Schenectady, sken-ek'ta-de. Saranlsk, s'-rAnslk', t. of Russia. Schie, sKee, r. of Holland. Saratof or Saratow, sar-a-tof'. Schiedam, sKee'dam. Sar'a-to'la. Schio, skee'o, t. of N. Italy. Sarawak, s&-rau'wak', an English settlement Schiraz, she'rhz'. See Shiraz. on a river of the same namne, ist the N. iv. Schirvan or Schirwan. See Shirvan; part of Borneo. Schleswig. See Sleswick. ________._________________________ Schoa. See Shoa. t See note on preceding page., Schoharie, sko-hAr're. 62* SEN 42 SHO ceh6nfbrunn or Schoenbrunnn, shen'broon or Senjen, sen'yen, i. of Norway. shOn'brhil5n, t. of Austria. Senlis, ShN leece'. Schonen. See Skgne. Senlnaar sen'nar'.'Schoodic. skoo'dik. Sens, SAN. *.Schooleyis, skoo'leez. Serajevo, st-r3e-yk'vo. See Bosna-Seral. Schouwen, skow'ven or SKow'wen. Ser'am-pore' or Serampoor. Schreckhorn, shrek'horn, mt. of Switzerland. Ser-arlg'. See Ceram. *Sehroon, skroon. Serchio, shr'ke-o, r. of Italy. Schumla. See Shumla. Seres, ser'es. Schuyler, skT'ler. Sered, skr'ed or sk'ret, r. of Galicia,flowing Sehuylkill, skool'kil. into the Dniester. Schwabach, shwk'b':K. Sereth, ser'et' or sa'ret', r. in the E. paritof Schwyarzburg, shwarts'burr, or shwarts'- Europe, falling into the Danube. b6cuR. Sergipe (or Sergippe) del Rey, s8R-zhee'p& Schwarzenberg, shwaRts'en-baRG, t. of Sax- dIl ray, t. of Brazil. ony. Seringapatam, ser-ing'ga.-pa-tam'. Schwarzwald, shwarts'tilt, i. e. " Black Serinigham, ser-ing'gum. Forest," a range of mts. in the S. of Ger- Ser'pho or Serfo (Anc. Ser'l-phus), i. of many. Greece. Schwedt, shwett. t. of Prussia. Servan, Saint, sAaN s8R'V&N'. Schweidnitz, shwite'li ts. Ser'vi- a. Schweinfurt, shwTne'f6URt, t. of Bavaria. Ses'tos or Cestos, r. of Liberia. Schweitz, shwTtes. See Schwitz. Setledge or Setlej. See Sutledge. Schwerin, shw&-reen'. Settia, set-tee", t. of Candia. Schwitz or Schwyz, shwils. Setubal, sh-too'b1l, or Setuval, sh-too'vl, or Schyl or Syll. sheel or shil, r. of Turkey. St. Ubes, -lbz. Sciacca, sh'k'kk or shyakt'kI, t. of Sicily. Sev'as-to'pol. Sciglio, sbleel'yo (Anc. Scyl'la), a rocky pro- Sev'ern. montory of iTaples. Sevier, sev-eer'. Sciglianlo. sheel-yk'no, t. of Naples. Seville, sev'il or se-vill' (Sp. Sevilla, s/Scilly, siltle. veel'ya). Seio, shee'o or sVo. SBvle, sevr or saivr. Scioto, si-o'to. Seychelles, s'ashell' (Is.), a group E. of Africa. Sclav-o'nl-a. See Slavonia. Slhahabad, shkh'ya-bd', t. of Hiindostan. Scot'land. Shaln'non. Scriv'en. Shang-Hai or Chang-hai, shang'-h', t. of Scutari, skoo'ta-re (near Constantinople); China. called Is-koo-dar' by the Turks. Sllary, sh&'ree', r. of Central Africa. Scutari (in Albania); called by the Turks *Shaste orShasty, shas'te; sometimeswritten Is.kan-der-ee'yoeh. Chaste. Seara, se-o'r&. See Ciara. Shatt-el-Arab, Schat-ul-Arab, or Chat-elSearcy, ser'se. Arab, sliAt-el-A'rAb. *Se-bb'go.. *Shawangunlk, shong'gum. Sebastian, Sainlt, sent se-bast'yun (Sp. San *Shaw'nees'. Sebastian, sAn se-bhs-te-an'). *Shaw'nee-town. Secchia, sek'ke-&, r. of N. Italy. She-boy'gan; formerly written Cheboygan. Sedan, seh-daN'. Shechem, shee'kem, t. of Palestine. Sedlitz, sed'lits; written, also, Seidlitz, v. of Sheeraz. See Shiraz. Bohemia notedfor its mineral waters. Sheer-ness'. Seevas or Sivas, see'vks'. Sheerwan. See Shirvan. Seewah or Siwah, see'w&'. Shelekof, Schelekof, or Chelekhov, shel-eSegni, sell'ye or sain'ye, t. of Italy. kof' or shel-e-kov', 1. of Russian America. Se'go. Shen'an-do'ah. Segorbe, sA-goR'b/. Shendy or Chendi, shen'dee'; sometimes Se-go'vl-a (Sp. pron. sA-go've-{). written Chandi, t. of Nubia. Segre, sk'grk, r. of Spain. Sher'bro' or Sher'bQ-ro', i. W. of Africa. Seidlitz. See Sedlitz. Sher'shell', t. of Algeria. Seiks or Sikhs, seeKs, a warlike nation of Shet'land. Hindostan. Shl'a-wfis'see. Seine, sane. Shienne or Chienne, she-enn', r. of Missouri Selaniki. See Salontica. Territory. Selenga, sa-leng'gk, r. of Central Asia. Shil'ka, r. cf Asia, forming, by its junction Se-lim'ni-a, t. of Turkey. with the Argoon, the Amoor. In the upper Sel'ki.rk. part of its course it is called the Onon. Selmecz Banya. See Schemnitz. Shillooks, Shillouks or Shilluks, shil'looks', a Seltschan, selt'sh&ln', t. of Bohemia. people in the E. central part of Africa. Se-men'dri-a, t. andfortress of Servia. Shi'loh, t. of Palestine. Semeroine. See Cimarron. Shin-Yang; called, also, Mookden, t. of *Sem-in-oles. Mantchooria. Sem'lis. Shiraz or Sheeraz, she'rkz' or shee'raz. Sempach, sem'p,~. Shirvan, Schirwan, or Chirvan, sbir;vOn' on Sen'e-ca. sheer';vn'. Senegal, sen'e-gaul Shoa, Schoa, or Xoa, sho'&; written, also, Sen-e-gam'bi-a. Shwa. SIO 43 Soo Shoo-mag'in, i. W. of Russian America. Sion, se'hN' (Ger. Sit'ten), cap. of the Swiss Shoomla, Schumia, or Choumla, shoom'lh; cantonl of Valais. sometimes written Shoomna. Sioot, Si(;ut, or Siut, se'oot'; written, also, Shoos'ter or Shu'ster; written, also, Schuster Es-Sioot. and Chouster. Sioux, usually pronounced soo (Fr. pron. *Sho-sho'nees. se-oo'); called, also, Dacotah, dah-ko'ta. Shrewsbury, shroze'ber-e or shruze'ber-e. Siph'an-to or See'f'.n'to (Anc. Siph'nos), i. of ShIrop'shire, or county of S&'lop. Greece. Shtab. See Sistova. Sir. See Sihon. Shumla. See Shoomla. Sirjan, siBr-j"n'. See Kirman. Shu'nem, t. of Palestine. *Sisal, se-sAl'. Slhuster. See Shooster. Sis-to'va; called, also, Shthb. Siam, si-am' or se'am'. Sit'ka; improperly written Sitcha, i. on W Siara or Seara, se-&'r. See Ciara. coast of N. America. Si-be'rl-a. Sit'kokf'. See Sikokf. Sicily, siss'il-e. Sit'ten. See Sion. Sidmouth, sid'muth. Sivas. See Seevas. ST'don.. See Saida. Siwah. See Seewah. Siegberg, seecG'bRG, t. of Germany. Skag'ger Rack. Siegen, seeg'eni t. of Westphalia. Skagt6is-Tiad, sk'0g'1Qls-tfnd', the highest of Si-el'lla (It. Siena, se-hu'a). tChe Scandinavian Moountains. Sierra, se-er'rA.t Skahne, slc'nh, often written Schonen (Dutch *Sierrla de los Mimbres, se-er'r& d& loce mim'- pronl. silo'nen: Ger. sho'nen) and Scan'i-a. I)rds. Skellefteg, skel-lef'te-o, r. of Sweden. Sierra Estrella, se-er'r' gs-trel'y'&, nits. of Skellenateles or Skaneateles, sken'e-at'less, or Spain. skan'e-at'less. *Sierra Gorda, se-er'rA gor'd.. Skibh'ber-een. Si-er'ra Le-o'ne. Skid'daw, mt. of England. *Sierra Madre, se-er'r. mhD'r&. Skive, skee'veh, t. of Denmark. Sier'a Morena, se-er'r mo-ra'lnA. Skopia. See Uskiup. *Sierra Nevada, se-er'r& Ine-vt'D'. Skye, ski. Sierrta Nevada (Spainl). See Nevada. Skvro, skee'ro. See Syra. Sig-mar-ing'en. Slatina, slh-tee'nA, t. of Wallachia. Sl'hon or Se-hon', r. of Central Asia. Slav-o'li-a or Sclav-o'ili-a. Sikhs. See Seiks. Sles'wick (Dan. Sles'vig; Ger. Schleswig, Sikokf, see'kokf', Sikoke, see'koke', or Sit- shles'*iG). kokf, one of the Japan Is. Sli'go. Silan, se'lan', t. of Yucatan. Slobode Ukraina, slo'ho-d& oo-kr -ee'nl. Silian or Siljan,'sil'e-n, or sil'yan, t. and 1. Sloten or Slooten, slo'ten, t. of Holland. of Sweden. Smtland, pronounced, and sometimes written, Silesia, si-lee'she-a (Ger. Schlesien, shlm'ze- Smo'land. en). Smo-lensk' or Smo-lens'ko. Sil'la, t. of Soodae. Smyrna, smir'na; called Iz-meer' by the Si l-is'tri-a. Turks. Sil'v6s, or seel'vOs, t. of Brazil. Smythe, smith. Simbirsk or Sinl-beersk'. Sneeh'ttata or Sneehaettan, sn&:het'tan (i. e. Sim'coe, 1. of Canlada. "snow-cap"), mt. of Norway, formerly Sim'e-on, tribe of Israelites. considered the highest in the Scaindinavian Sim'men, r. of Sswitzerland. Peninsula. Recent measurements, however, Simmenlltlal, sim'mell-tdil', i. e.'t the valley have shown the SkagtOls-Tind to be higher of the Simmen." Stonw'dQn. Sim-pher-o'pol or Simferopol. So-cor'ro, t. of Noe Granada. Sim'plon (Fr. pron. saM'pltoN'), mt. of Swit- So-co'tra or So-co'to-ra. zerland. Sofala, so-f'k'1l. Sinai, si'nt or si'n&-t, mt. of Arabia. Soissolls, swts'sON' (almost swi's6N'). Sinaloa. See Cinaloa. Sok'na, more properly Sook'na or Soukna, I Sincapore. See Silgapore. of N. Africa. Silde, sind; called. also, Sindhia or Sindia Soidau, sol'dow, t. of Prussia. sin'de-a, and Sindv. Soldin, solt-deen', t. of Prussia. Sinles, see3qls, t. of Porttugal. Soleure, so'luR' (Ger. Solothurn, so'lo-tooRn ) Sin-gai't t. of China. Solfatara, sol-f'i-t'/'r. 1. of Italy. Sillgapore, sing'ga-pore', or Singapoor; for- Soltau, sol'tou, t. of Hanover. merly written Sincapore. Sol'way Frithl, between England and Scotland Silligaglia, sin-e-gl'y'&, t. of Italy. Somaulies or Somolis, so'mO'leez', a people Silloob, Sinoub, or Sintlb, se'noob' (Anc. of E. Africa. Sin'o-pe), t. of Asia 1Minor. Somerset, sum'er-set. Sinou, se-non", r. of Liberia. Somme, somm. Siutcheoo or Sin-Tcheou, siniche-oo' or sil.- Sondershausen, son'ders-hlow'zen, t. of Ger chew', t. of C'hiina. many. Stuon or Ziton, nt. of Palestine. So-e, r. of Hindostan. Songari. See Soongaree. t Sierra is a Spanish word, orieinally signifying a " saw,;" SO-nto/r. it is also applied to a "mountain ridge," which, from its Sonsecason-s&'k&, t. of Spain. notched appearance when viewed flrom a distancem may be S e kl, s. of Spao t. alppxoed to resemble a saw. Soodal, Soudan, or Sudat, soo'dln'. 2W SPR 44 SUC Sookhona, Soukhona, or Sukhona, soo-icolAn, Spring'fie;d. r. of Russia. St. See Saint. Soolimana or Soulimana, soo-le-m l'nka, king- Stabroek, stl'brook. See Georgetown. dom of W. Africa. Stam'ford. Soo'loo. Stampalia, stkm-p&-lee"', i. of Greece. Sooltaneeyeh or Sultanieh, sool-tk-nee'a. Stanl'o-voy' or Stanovoi, mts. of E. Siberia Soongaree or Soungari, soong'ga'ree', r. of Stantz or Stanz, Stknts, t. of Switzerland. Central Asia. Stargard, staR'gart. Soongaria or Soungaria, soong'gk're-&; writ- Staubl)aeh, stoub'baK, a small stream of Swit. ten, also, Dzoongaria or Dzounlgaria, coun- zerland, with a perpendicular fall of nina try of Central Asia. huzndredfeet. Soor or Sour. See Tyre. Stautttotn (Va.), sthn'tun. Soora, Soura, or Saura, soo'r&, r. of Russi.a. Stauntotl (England), stan'tun or stan'tun. Soorabaya or Surabaya, soo-ra-bl'a. Stavanger, stIv-nllg'gler. Soorakarta, Sourakarta, or Surakarta, soo-ra.- Staveren, st''ve r-eln, t. of Holland. kar'ta; written, also, Soorakerta or Soura- Steint, stlne, t. of Germany. kerta, t. of Java. Steirlach, stt'nIK, t. and r. of Germany. Soorgoot, Sourgout,- or Surgut, soor-goot', Steinau, st'now, t. of Germany. sometimes called Soor'goo'toi' or Surgutoi, Steinlach, stine'b'tK, t. of Germany. t. of W. Siberia. Steillfurt, stlne'f66itt, t. of Germany. Soorinool, Sourmoul, or Surmul, soor-mool', Steinheim, stine'hime, t. of German7y. t. of Persia. Stellenbosch, stel'len-bosh', a settlement in Soos, Sous, or Sus, soos, r. and prov. of Mo- Cape Colony. rocco. Stern'berg (Ger. pron. sthnl'beRG), t. of BoSootcheoo or Soutcheou. soo'che-oo' or soo'- hlernia. chew'; sometimes writtenl Sootchow, t. of Stettinl, stet-teen'. China. Stettiner Haff, stet-teen'er hfhf. Sophia, so-fee'a, or Triaditza, tre-a-dit'sa. Steuben, stu'ben or stu-ben'. [This name apSoprotny, sho'pron'. See CEdenburg. pears now to be universally accented on Sorata, so-rA'ta. the last syllable it Western New York, Sorelle or Sorel, so-rell'. See Chambly. atnd is oftetn thus pronounced in other parts So-rel'lo, cape near the S. W. point of Sicily.(?) of the United States; but the origital GerSoria, so re-h. mant name, Baron Steuben, should undoubtSor6e, sW'rO or so'r6-eh, almost so'rtih'yeh, i. edly have the accent on the penultimate.] of Norway. Steubenville, stu'ben-vil. Sor-ren'to. St ew'art. Soudan. See Soodan. Steyer, stire. Stoueyra or Suira. See Mogadore. Steyning, st''nine, t. of England. Soukhona. See Sooklhona. Stig!iano, steel-yf'no, t. of Italy. Souli. See Suli. Stiria. See Styria. Soungari. See Soongaree. Stock'holmn. Sour or Soor. See Tyre. Stock'pOrt. Sourabaya. See Sooral)aya. Stod'dard. Sourakarta. See Soorakarta. Stonte-ha'vten. Sourmoul. See Soormool. Sto'ning-ttn. Sous. See Sooss. Stor'nsa-way, cap. of Lewis I., Scotland. Sousam or Soosam. See Samos. Storsiotn or Storsjon, stor'se-un or stors'yun, Southampton, SUTH-hamp'tuu. 1. of Sweden. Soutcheou. See Sootcheoo. Stourbridge, sttir'brij. Southwark (London), suTH'erk. Strabane, stra-ban'. Southwark (Philadelphia), south'wilrk. Straf'fQrd. Souzel, soo-zel' or so-zel', t. of Brazil. Stralsund, strl'soond. Spa, spaw (Fr. and Flem. pronl. spI). Stranraer, stran-rawr'. Spain (Sp. Espana, es-plt'y&). Strasbourg, stras'burg (Fr. pron. strtss'booR'; Spalatro, spi-l''tro. Ger. Strassburg, strss'b5RGu). Spandau, sp/tn'dow. Strath-ha'ven, t. of Scotland. Spar'ta, t. of Greece. Straubing, strou'bing, t. of Bavaria. Spar'tten-burg. Strel'itz, cap. of Mecklenbuerg-Strelitz. Spar-tl-ven'to, cape of Italy. Stromboli, strom'bo-le, one of the Lipari Is. Specia. See Spezia. Stromoe, stro'mo, or stro'm6-eh, almost Spey, spI. stro'mtih'yeh, one of the Farie Is. Speyer, pronounced, and often written, Spire. *Stroud, strowd. Spezia, sped'ze-&; sometimes written Specia. Stru'ma (Anc. Stry'mon), r. of Turkey. Spiez, speetz, t. of Switzerland. Stry, stree. t. of Austrian Galicia. Spire. See Speyer. Stuhlweissenburg, stool-sti'cen-b6aRG or Spitz-berg'en. -burg. Splti'gen, splu'ghetn or splti'ghen, v. of Swoit- Stura, stoo'rA, r. of N. Italy. zerland, at the foot of a mt. of the same Stutt'gart or Stutgard (Ger. pron. st56ttgart). name. *Stuyvesant, sti'ves-ant. Spokains, or, more properly, Spo-kans', In- Styria or Stiria, stir'e-a (Ger. Steyermark, dians of Oregon, dwellinzg near the Spo- stl'er-mark). kan' R. Suabia or Swabia, sw''be-a. Spoleto. spo-lIto. Suakem, soo-l'kem, t. of Nubia. Spree, spri, r. of Germany. Sublettes, sib'lets, I. of Missouri Territory. ~TAB 45 TAR Su-det'ic Mts., a chain in the interior of Ger- TW'bor, t. of Palestine. many, comprising the Fichtelgebirge, Erz- Tabreez or Tabriz, tab-reez'; sometimes gebirge, and Riesengebirge. called Tau'ris. Sudan. See Soodan. Tabs. See Tubbus. Su'der-mh'nt-a or su-der-m&'ne-,; called, Tacazze, t&-k't's&;. sometimes written Taalso, Sau'der-mann-land', former prov. of katze and Takatz. Sweden. Tacna, tAk'oli, t. of Perut. Suderoe, soo'der-5 or soo'der-'.eh, almost ITacoary, tA-qua-ree', written, also, Taquary, soo'der-th'yeih. one of the Faroe Is. r. of Brazil. Suez, soo'ez (Arab. pron. soo-ez' or soo-aiz'); Tad'cas-ter, t. of England. written, also, Souez and Soueys. Taf-l-letf or Taf-iolelt', t., r. and kingdom of Suffolk, suf'fQk. Morocco. Suigutoi, a misspelling of Surgutoi. See Tag'au-rog' or Tag-an-rock'. Soorgoot. I Tagliamenlto, tal-y-men'to, r. of N. Italy. Suir, shure. Tag'lio, tel'yo,, r. of N. Italy. Suira, swee'rA See Moadore. Ta'gas (Sp. Tajo, ta'Ho: Port. Tejo, tW'zho). Suli, Sulli, or Soul., soo'le, district and t. of Tahiti, t'L-heete; formerly written Otaheite. Albania.'.Taiwan, ti-wanl'. See Formosa. Sul'lq-van. Ta-(ianlt. See Yang-tse-Kiang. Sulmona, sool-mo'na, t. of Italy. Takht-i-Souleiman. See Tukhte Soliman. Sultania or Sultanieh. See Sooltaneeyeh. Talavera de la Reyna, ta-lA-va'r da 1F rd'Sumatra, soo-mA''tr&. e-n i. Sum-baw'wa. Talbot, taul'but. Sunbury, sun'ber-e. Talcahuana, t'l-kh-wh'n', bay of Chili. Sunl'da. Taliaferro, tol'e-ver. Sun'dyr-land. Tal'la-de'ga. Sundswall, soonds'wall, t. of Sweden. Tal'la-has'see. Surat, soo-rat'. Tal'la-hatch'ie. Sur'hood' or Sourhoud, soor'hood', t. of Be- TaLl'la-poo'sa. loochistan. *Tamaqua, tam-au'qua. Surinam, soo-rin-am'. Tamatave, t;m'a'tv', t. of Madagascar, where Surmul. See Soormool. the French formerly had a settlement. Surrey, sur're. *Tarnaulipas, tmrn-ow-lee'phs. Sus. See Soos. Tambobamlba, thm-bo-b'm'b', t. of Pern. Sa'sa or Shoosh. an ancient city of Persia, of Tambof, Tambov, or Tambow, tkm-bof'. witich only afew ruis nOow remaizn. Tamise,'t''meez', t. of Belgizm. Susam, soo'sam'. See Samos. Tam'a-ly, St. Sus-que-han'Ina. Tampico, tam-pee'ko; called, also, Pueblo SuTH'er-la.nd. Nuevo, pweb'lo nwh'vo. Sutledge, sut'lej; written, also, Setledge and Tanallarivoo or Tananarivou, t-hn-ln-h.r'rer Sutlej. voo', sometimes written Tananarivo, t. o] Su-w'nee. Madagascar, formerly the residence of King Svend'borg, t. of Denmark. Radama. See MADAGASCAR, in the GazetSviatoi, svee'a-toi', cape of Laplantd. teer. Swa'bi-a. See Suabia. Tatnaro, t&-n&'ro, r. of N. Italy. Swansea. swon'se. Tanasserim. See Tenasserim. *Swartwtout, swart'wowt. Taney, tau'ne. Swe'den (Sw. Swerige, swgr'e-ggh). Tangier, tan-jeer'. Swee'ra or Suira. See Mogadore. Tan-jore'. Swine, swee'neh. Taormina, t&-oa-mee'n&. Swinem inde, swee'neh-mtun'deh. *Taos, tA'oce. Switz'er-land (Ger. Schweitz, shwlts, Fr. Tapajos. See Topayos. La Suisse, la swiss or sweece). *Tap-pan'. Sydney, sid'ne. Taptay, t'p-ti', t. of S. Brazil. Sy-e'ne. See Asswan. Tap'pa-han'nock. Syll or Syl. See Schyl. Tap'tee' or Tapty, r. of Hindostan. Syltile, sil'to or suil't6-eh, i. of Denmark. Tara, tI'ni, t. of Siberia. Syra. see'rA (Ane. Scy'ros), i. of Greece. Tarakai, tar-a-kl', or Sag-hal'oen. Syr'g-cuse (It. Siricasa, se-re-k''sk). Taramandi, ti-ri-mi1'de, i. of Brazil. (!?) Syr'i-a. Taranlto, tIr'hn-to. Szabadka, sc)h'b6d'k6h'. See Theresianopel. Tarascon, tau'ras'kON'. Szalva. s'l'vOh. t. of Transylvania. Tarazona, tA-r'-tho'nh. Szarvas, s6r'v6sh'. Tarbtagtai, tar'bhg'ti', or Tarbagatai, tar-bgSzegedin, sgg'ed'een' or seg'hd'in'. a-t!', t. of Central Asia. Szigeth, see'ghBt', sometimes written Ziget, Tarbes, taRb. t. of tHzngary. Talrma, taR'mh, t. of Peru. Tarn, taRn. T. Tarifa, t&-ree'fi, t. of Spain, on a bay of its owsn name. Taanacb, tk'a-nak, t. of Palestine. Tarija, tA-ree'Hn, t. of Bolivia. Tabareeyeh or Tabaria, tab'a-ree'a. Taro, t'ro, r. of N. Italy. *Tabasco, t&-bis'ko. Taroodant, Tarudant, or Taroudant, t,'rooTablatinga, ti-bi-ting'gr, t. of Brazil. dAlt', t. of Morocco. Tabor, tW'bor, t. of Bohemia. Tarragona, thr-r&-go'n&. TEN 46 THI Tar'soos'; written, also, Tarsous and Tarsus. Teneriffe, ten'er-iff' (Sp. Tenerife, tb-n&. Tar'ta-ry. ree'fa ). Tashkend, tash'kend', or Tashkent, t. of In- Teln'nes-see'. dependent Tartary. Ten'ter-den, t. of England. Tat'nall. *Tepi'c, tp-ik' or ta-peek'. Tat'ta, t. of Hindostan. *Tepozcolula, t'-pos-ko-loo'l&. Tauai, tou'T', the same as Atooi. Teramo, tgr' -mo. Tauber, tou'ber, r. of Germany. Telrceira, tiR-s' e-rA. Taudeny, Toudeny, or Taoudyny, tou'de-nee' Tercero. thR-sk'ro, r. of La Plata. (tile first syllable rhyming with now), t. of Terminie, tRa'me-ne. Af ica on the Great Desert, notedfor its salt- Tel moli, teR'mo-le, t. of Naples. mines. Termonde. See Dendermonde. Taujiks or Tadjiks, tau'jeeks' or ta'jeeks', a Ternlate, ter'n'at', one of the Molucca Is. people of Persia and Afghanistan. Terni, t1R'ne. Tauntonl, tan'tun. Ter-no'voa, t. of Turkey. Tau'ri-da or Krim. Ter'ra del Fu-e'go or Tierra del Fuego. te. Tauris. See Tabreez. er'ri del fwa'go. Tau'rus, mt. of Asia Minor. Terra di Lavoro, ter'rA de l1-vo'ro, prov. of Tavoy or Tavay, t&'voi', t. of Chin-India. Naples. Tay, t&. Terra di Otranto, ter'Ar de o-trin'to, prov. of Tay-yuen, tl'yu-en', t. of China. N2aples. Tazewell, taz'wel. Terracina, ter-r'-cheet'n. Tehad, chad. Terre-Bonle, tirr'-bons'; usually proTchantar, chen'tar', or Shan'tar', is. in the Sea nounced tar bone. of Okhotsk. *Terre-Haute (Fr. pron. tirr'-hote' or tirr'Tchany, Tchani, or Chany, chl'ne, 1. of Si- ete'). LSee Pronoulcing Gazetteer, p. v. beria. and vi., of the 3d and subsequent editions.] Tcherkask, chsR'kisk'. Ter Schelling, t6R skel'ling, i. of Holland. Tchernigof or Czernigow, chiR-ne-gofY. Teschen, tesh'en, t. of Austria and Silesia. Tchernowitz, chir'no-vits. See Czernowice. Tesino. See Ticino. Tcheskaya or Tcheskaia, ches-ki'a, gulf in Tessel. See Texel. the N. of Russia. Tessin, tis'saN'. See Ticino. Tching-Kiang, ching'-ke-ang', t. of China. Tete, ta't', t. of E. Africa. Tching-tcheoo (or -tcheou), ching'-che-oo', Teton, tit'8n, r. of Messouri Territory. t. of China. Tetooan, Tetuan, or Tetouan, tt'oo',n', t. Tchingtoo (or -tou), ching'too', t. of Chiena. of Morocco. Tchoodskoe, Tchoudskoe, or Tschudskoe, Teulada, too-l]'d& (It. pron. tih'oo-lW'de), chood'sko-e. See Pelipus. cape of Sardinia. Tching-ting, ching'ting', t. of China. Tevere, t&'vh-r&. See Tiber. Tchooktchees, Tchouktehis, Tchuktchis, or Teverone, ti.-v-rol'n (Anc. Anl-o), r. of Tschuktschis, chook'cheez', a people of E. Italy. Siberia. Teviot, tiv'e-ot, r. of Scotland. Tchoolkova or Tchoulkova, chool'ko'v&, t. Tewksbury, tukes'ber-e, t. of England. of Siberia. Tex'as. Tchouktchis or Tchuktchis. See Tchook- Tex'el or Tes'sel. tchees. Tezcuco, tes-koo'ko, t. of Mexico. Tchoulkova. See Tchoolkova. Thad'e-us, St., cape of Asia. Teche, tesh. Thaleain. See Salwin. Tecino. See Ticino. Thames, temz. Tecso, t'cho', t. of Hungary. Than'et. *Te-cunl'seh. Tshan-Lyeng or Than-Lweng. See Salwin. Teem'boo', t. of W. Africa. Thaso, tha'so, or Tha'sos, i. of Greece. Teen-tseeu or Tin-tsin, teent'seen', t. of Thayao tl', r. of Moravia. China. Theaki or Thiaki, the-a'ke, or Ith'a-ca. Teffe, tef'fh, r. (and t.?) of Brazil. Thebes, theebz; called Thebai, the'v&, by Teflis. See Tiflis. the modern Greeks. Tehran or Teheran, teh-hrin'; written, also, Theiss, tice (Hun. Tisza, tee-soh). Tehraun. Theresienstadt, tgr-&'ze-en-stktt', fortress of *Tehuacan, ti-wa'kn'. Bohemia. *Tehuantepec, tA-w&n-ta-pek'. Theresienstadt or Theresienopel, tir-kze. an Teignmouth, tin'muth. o'pel (Hun. Szabadka, soh'bod'koh'), t. of Tejuco, tA-zhoo'ko, t. of Brazil. Huengary. Te-ko'.a, t. f Palestine. Thermia, thbr-mee'A (Anc. Cyth'nos), i. of Tel'fair. Greece. Temes, tem'esh'; written, also, Temesch, r. Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca. See Salonica. of rzungary. Tles'sa-ly or Thes-sa'll-a (Modern Gr. pron Temesvar, tem-eshb-vir'; written, also, thss-s'-lee'a), country of Greece. Temesclhwar. Thian-Shan or Thian-Chan, te-n'-shin', Tein-is'ca-ming', 1. of Canada. mts.. of Chin. Tartary. Temiscbuata, tem'is-koo-6't or tem'is-qui'ta, *Thibadeauville, tib-a.-do'vill. 1. of Canada. Thibet or Tibet, tib'et or tib-et'; written Tem'pel-burg or tem'pel-bRdin', t. of Prussia. also, Tibbet. Ten-as'ser-im. Thielt, teelt. Ten'e-dos, i. of Greece. Thiers, te-aiR' TOB 47 TOT Thionville, te'SN'vill' or -veel'. To-bolsk'. Tholen or Toelln, to'len, t. and i. of Nether- Tocantins, to-k&n-teens'. lands. Tocat or Tokat, to'kWt'. Thomar, to-maR', t. of Portegal. Tocaya, to-ki'h, t. of Brazil. Thomaston, tom'us-tun. Tocayma or Tocaima, to-kt'm&, t. of XeIw Thorn (Prussia), toRn. Granada. Thoulouse. See Toulouse. Toenningen. See T6nningen. Three Rivers or Trois Rivieres, trw& re've- Toeplitz. See T6plitz. aiR'. Tokat. See Tocat. Thsoongling, Thsoungling, or Thsungling, To-kay' (Hun. pron. to-koi'). tsoong'linlg', mots. of Chin. Tartary. Tolenl. See Tholen. Thun, toon. To-le'do (Sp. pron. to-l&'Do). Thuner-See, toon'er-sk'. Tolentino, to-len-tee'no, t. of Italy. Thur, tooR, r. of Switzerland. Tol'land. Thurgau, tooR'gow (Fr. Thurgovie, tWiR'go'- To-lo'sa, t. of Spain. ve'). Toluca, to-look&. Thuringia, thu-rin'je-a (Ger. Thfiringen, tt'- Tom-big'bee or Tom-beck'be. ring-gl). Tombuctoo. See Timbuctoo. Thurles, thuirlz. Tom'kils. Thiir'so, t. of Scotland. Tonhbridge. See Tunbridge. Tibboos or Tibbous, tib'booz', a people of N~. Ton'don', t. of Mantchooria. Africa. *Ton-e-wAn'da or Tonewanta. Ti'ber (It. Tevere, ta'v&-rt). Tong'a (Is.), a group of Polynesia. Tibesti or Tibesty, tee'bes'tee', t. acd oasis Tongataboo or Tongatabu, tong'a-ta'boo, i. of N. Africa. of the above grouep. Tibet or Tibbet. See Thibet. Tongo, tong'glt written, also, Taungoo, t. of Tiburon, te-boo-rone', i. in the Gculf of Cali- Birma. fornia. Tongres, t6Ngr (Flem. Tongern, tongtern or Ticino, te-chee'no, improperly written Tesi- tong'hern), t. of Belgium. no or Tecino (Fr. Tessill, tBs'saN'). Tolgooses. See Toongooses. Tidore, te-dore', one of the Molucca Is. Tonkin or Tonquin, torn-keen'. Tiete, te-&'t', or Anhembi, &sn-ygm-bee', r. of Toitnerre, ton'naiR', t. of France. Brazil. Td6l'ning-enl, t. of Denmark. Tif'lis' or Teflis (native pron. tif'leece'). Tonquin. See Toikin. Tigrb, tee'grh'. Tooareeks, Tuariks, Touariks, or Touaryks, Tl'gris. too"'reeks' or too'&'riks', a people of Africa. Tilapa, te-l&t'p, t. of Mexico. Tooat, Touat, Tuat, or Tawat, tbo'ot' or Til-la-to'ba, cap. of Tallahatchee Co., Ala. te-w't', oasis of N. Africa. Til'burg. Tooggoort or Tuggurt, toog'goort', t. of N. Til'sit. Africa. Timboo or Timbou. See Teemboo. Toongooses, Toungouses or Tunguses, toongTim-buc'too or Tom-booc'to; written, also, goo'sez, a people of Siberia. Tombuktu and Ten Boctoo. Toongooska, Toungouska or Tunguska, too gTilmor. goos'k6, r. of Siberia. TT-mor-laut'. Toonkat, Tounkat or Tunkat, toolng'kSt', t. of *Timpanagos, tim-p &-n'tgoce, frequently Independent Tartary. written Timpanogos (Lake); called now Toorfan, Tourfan, or Turfan, toor'fhn', t. of the Great Salt Lake. Chin. Tartary. Tinian, tee-ne-in', one of the Ladrone Is. Too'la; written, also, Taula and Tula. *Tin'l-cum. Toorkistan or Turkistan, tooR'kis-thn'. Tin-ne-vel'ly, prov. of Hindostan. Toorkomalls or Turkomans, toor'ko-manz'. Tino, tee'no (Anc. Te'nos) i. of Greece. Toorookhansk, Touroukhansk, or Turua TT-o'ga. khansk, too-roo-xKnsk', t. of Siberia. Tip'er-'. or Tip'ra, district of Benlgal. Top, t6p, 1. of Russia. Tip'pLah. Topsyos, to-pl'yoce; written, also, Tapajos, Tippecanoe, tip'e-ka-noo'. t&-p''zhoce or t -pa'hoce. Tipperary, tip-er-k're. T6plitz, Teplitz, or Toeplitz, tep'lits. Tir-ee', also writtent Tirree, Tiry, and Tyree. Tor-bay'. Tirhala. See Tricala. Torgau, toR'gow. Tirlemont, teeRi'mn6' (Flem. Thienen or Tornea; pronounced, and sometimes written, Tienen, tee'nen). Tor'ne-o. Tishamingo, tish'a-ming'go. Tornya, toRn'yih, t. of Huengary. Tish'eet', t. in the interior of W. Africa. To'ro, t. of Spain. Titicaca, tit-e-kS'k&. To-ron'to. Tivoli, tiv'o-le or tee'vo-le. Torrenante, tor-r.-nin'ta, t. of Mexico. *Tlalpan, tl'il-p'n'. Tor'shok' or Torjok, tor'zhok'. *Tlamet or Tlamath, tl'm'et; called, also, Tor-to'la. Klam'et. Tor-to'nia or toz-to'nk, t. of Italy. Tlascala, tlbs-k&'lh, t. of Mexico. Tor-to'sa. Tlemsan, tlem'shn', or Tlemecen, tlem'eh- Tortuga, tor-too'ga, i. of the tV. Indies. senl'; written, also, Tremecen, t. of Algeria. Tortugas, tor-too'gas, is. or shoals near FloriTobago, to-b&'go. da, at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. Tobique, to'beek', r. of New Brunswick. Toscana. See Tuscany. To-bol', r o/ Siberia. i Tot'ness; written, also, Totnes TRU 48 UKR Touariks. See Tooareeks. Truxillo or Trujillo, troo-:Heel'yo. Touat. See Tooat. Tsad'da or tshd'dk, r. of Central Afriea. roul, tool. Tu'am. Toula. See Toola. Tuariks. See Tooareeks. Toulon, too'l6N'. Tuat. See Tooat. Toulouse or Thoulouse, too'looz'. Tubac, too-bhdk', t. in the N. of Mexico. Toungouses. See Toongooses. T ib'bus or tfb'btes, almost tubs; written, also% Tounkat. See Toonkat. Tabs,t t. of Persia. Touraine. too'ranie'. Tib)ing-en. Tourfan. See Toorfan. Tuck'er-tQn. Tournay, tooRl'n'l (Flem. Doornik, dor'nik). Tucuman, too-koo-mr&n'. Touroukhausk. See Toorookhansk. T'udela, too-DA'lI&. Tours, toon. Tuggurt. See Tooggoort. Toweester, tous'ter, t. of England. Tukhlte Soliman, tiist'e-sol'e'mmn' (i. e. Traf-gl-gar' or trgaf algar. " throne of Solomon"), written, also, Tral-ee'. Takllt-i-Souleimanl,t mt. of Asia Trani, tr&'ne. Tula, too'lh, t. and r. of Mexico. Tran-que-bar'. Tula, too'll (Russia). See Toola. Transtevere, trans-t.'vi-r&, a portion of the *Tule. too'le or too'li. city of Rome. See Rome. Tul'la-more'. Tran-syl-va'nli-a (Hun. Erd6ly Orszag, /R- Tulle, tull, t. of France. daiL oR-sat):'T'umbez, toom'bss or toom'beth, t. of Peru Trapani, tr-i'p'a-ne. Tuu'bridge; written, also, Tonbridge. Trasarts, tr's'arts' or Trar'zas, a people of Tunguragua, toong-goo-r''gw&. Africa. Tullgooska or Tunguska. See Toongooska. Tras os MIontes, tras Bs mon'tgs. Tunguses. See Toongooses. Traun, trown, r. and 1. of Austria. Tl'ni-ca. Trav'all-core'. Ta'llis; called by the natives Too'nis. *Trav'is. Tunja, toollsg'R, t. of New Granada. Treb'i-zond'; called Ta-rk'be-soon' by the Tunkat. See Toonkat. Turks. Tupisa or Tupiza, too-pee's', t. of Bolivia. Tremiti, trem'e-te. Turcoinlg, tiw1'kWaN'. Trent (Ger. Trient, tre-ent'). Turcomans. See Toorkomans. Trent'on. Turfan. See Toorfan. Tres Barras or Rio de Tres Barras. ree'o d& Tu'rin (Fr. pr. ta'raN', It. Torino, totres bhr'r'&s (i. e. the "river witll three ree' o). bars"), r. of Brazil. Turkey, tur'ke, or Ot'to-man Empire. Tres Montes, tr8s mon'tes (i. e. the "* three Turkistan. See Toorkistan. mountainss"), the name of a cape (and pe- Tsurnihout, turn'howt. ninsula?) in Patagonia. Tur'sheez', t. of Persia. Treves, treevz (Fr. Treves, trave, Ger. Turukhansk. See Toorookhansk. Trier, treer). Tus-ca-loo'sa. Treviglio, tr&-veel'yo or trOv-eel'yo, t. of N. Tus'ca-ny (It. Toscana, tos-k'Ins). Italy. Tsuscarawas, tps-ka-raw'wess. Treviso,.trav-ee'so. Tus-cum'bi-a, t. of Alabama. Triaditza, tre-&-dit'ss. See Sophia. *Tuxtla, tooxt'lI. Tricala, tree'ki-li; written, also, Tirhala. Tuy, twee. Trichissopoli or Trichinopoly, tritch-in-op'- Tver or Twer, tv9R or tvaiR. o-le. Tynemouth, tine'muth. Trieste, tre-est' or tre-es'tA. Tyre, tire; called by the Jews Tsoor, and by Trincomalee, tring'ko-ma-lee'. the Arabs Soor. Tringano, tring'g-'no', or Tringanoo, tring'- Tyree or Tyry. See Tiree. g-n0oo', t. of Malacca. Tyrnlau, teaR'now (Hun. Nagy Szom-bath, Trin-i-dad'. n6dy or n6idge somn-bot). Tripoli, trip'o-l.e; called by the natives Ta- Tyrol, tir'rl1 (Ger. pron. te-role'). rs'bloos. Tyr-one'. Tripolitza or Tripolizza, tre-po-iit's[. Tyrrel, tir'rel. Tristan d'Acunlha, tris'tan' dh-koon'y. or Tzaritzis, ts'-rit-seen', t. of Russia. trees-towng' d'-koon'y', i. in the S. Atlantic. Trois Rivieres, trw& re've-aiR'. See Three Rivers. Uatipes, wowv'ps, r. of S. America. Trombetas, trom-bk'ths, r. of Brazil. Ubahy, oo-b,-ee' or oo-b.-hee', 1. of Bolivia Trond or Tron, Saint, saN troN. Ubes, Saint. See Setubal. Tropea, tro-ph'", t. of Naples. Ucayale, oo-kT-'li, or Ucayali, oo-kl-I'le. Trosachs, trb'saks, mts. of Scotland. Udile, oo'de-ni. Trondjem. See Drolltheim. Udvarhely, ood'vi.r'hhL,t. of Transylvania Troppau, trop'pow. Ufa. See Oofa. Troup, troop. Uist, wist. Trow'bridge. Ukraisne, u'krane or oo-krane' (Polish Ukra. Troyes, trw. ssa, oo-krA-ee'nt). Trum'bill. iurjirlo. See Truxillo. t See Obs. under the letter., page 33 of the Pronounclnl Tru'ro. Oszetteer. VAL 49 VIA Ulegborg, oo'Ie-b-borg'. Valenciennes, v&'l&N'se-enn'. Ulm (Ger. pron. bblm). Valentia, vt-len'she-a, i. near the S. W. coast Ul'ster. of Ireland. Uls'wa-ter, 1. of England. Val'la-do-lid' (Sp. pron. v&l-y&-Do-leeD'). Umbre or Umbreh, oom'br& or oom'breh, r. Valona, v&-lo'nl. See Avlona. of Africa. Valparaiso, vkl-p&-ri'so. UTmen, oo'me-o. Valtellina, vtl-tel-lee'An, or Valtelline, v&lo LTm'mer-a-poo'ra; written, also, Amara- tel-leen'. poura.t Van, vkn. *Umqua or Umpqua, -Omp'quaw. Van Bu'ren. Umritseer. See Amretsir.t *Vancouver, van-koo'ver. Unialaschka. See Oonalaska. *Van-da'il-a. Underwalden. See Unterwalden. Van'der-burg. UngIava, tiln-gah'va, bay qf Labrador. Van Diemen's, van dee'menz. Uuin1a, oon'ni, r. of Turkey; also a t. of Vannes, vinn. Proussia. Varasdin, or Warasdin, var'&s-deen', t. of Un'strut or oon'stroot, r. of Germany. Croatia. Unterwalden, oon'ter-wl'de9n. Var'dar', r. of Turkey. Upha. See Oofa. Varde, vaR'deh, t. of Denmark. Up'sal or Upsala, up-sU'l. Varilas, v&-ree'n&s, or Barinas, bU-ree'nhs. U'ral or Oural, oo-rAl'. Varna or Warna, van'nS. Uralsk, oo-rklsk', t. of Russia. Vasa. See Wasa. Urbino, oor-bee'no. VgsArhely, vU'sh&.kR'heL', t. of Hungary. Urfa. See Oorfa. Vashka, Vachka or Vaschka, vksh'k&; writUrga. See Oorga. ten, also, Vajca or Vajka, and Bashka, r. of Urghendj, Urghenz, or Urgantz. See Oor- Russia. ghenj. Vaucluse, vo'kluze'. Uri, u're (Ger. pron. oo're). ValId, vo, or Pays-de-Vaud, p'te-deh-v5' Urmiah. See Ooroomeea. (Ger. Waadt, wkatt). Urqullart, urk'hart, t. (f Scotland. Vecht or Wecht, veKt, r. of Holland. IUrubu, oo-roo-boo', t. of Brazil. Veglia, vel'yA or vaii'y&, i. in the Adriatic, Uruguay, u'roo-gwk' or oor-roo-gwl'. Velez-Malaga, vA'lith-ma'l&-gl. Urumiya. See Ooroomeea. Velia, ve'le-a (Anec. Er-ym-anlthus), mt. of Usbekistan or Oozbekistan. See Bokhara. Greece. (?) Usedom, oo'seh-donm, i. and t. of Prussia. Velino, v&-lee'no, a stream of Italy, with a Ush'ant. See Ouessant. remarkable waterfall. See Terni. Uskiup, oos'ke-oop', sometimes written Us- Velletri, v'l-lo'tre. kub and Uscup; called, also, Sko'pi-a, t. of Venaissin, veh-nais'sAN', district of France. T2urkey. Venango, ve-nang'go. Ustica, oos'te-k&, i. near Sicily. Vendde, La, lI vie'dk'. Ustiug. See Oostioog. Vend6me, v&k'dome', t. of France. Usuri. See Oosooree. [Eutaw. Venezuela, ven-ez-wee'lka (Sp. pron. vgn-eth. *Utah or Youta, u't& or u'taw; often written wl'l). U'ta-was. See Ottawa. Venice, ven'iss (It. Venezia, ven-ed'ze-&). U'ti-ea. Venloo, v8n-lo'. Utrecht, u'trekt (Dutch pron. i'treKt). Vera Cruz, v&'r krooce. Utrera, oo-trA'rA. Vercelli, vGrt-chel'le. Uttoxeter, ux'e-ter. Ver'den (Ger. pron. fha'den or faiR'dqn), t. Ux'bridge. of I-anoer. Uzbeck. See Oozbek. Verdun, vRt'dUN'. Uzbeckistan. See Bokhara. Vermelho, Rio, ree'o vnr-mgl'yo, r. of Brazil. Uzis, ti'zace'. Vermejo, Rio, ree'o v8R-mr'Ho; called, also, Rio Grande, ree'o gran'da, r. of La Plata. V. [Vermelho in Portuguese, and Vermejo In Spanish, signify the same-" Vermilion."] Vaag. See Waag. Vermilion, ver-mil'yun. Va-cas'sar, bay of Florida. Ver-mont'. Vachka. See Vashka. Ve-ro'na or v&-ro'n&. Vadutz, v''d66ts, t. of Germany. *Ver-planck'. Vag. See Waag. Versailles, ver-sailz' (Fr. pron. v8R's.L' or Vaga, v&'g&, r. of Russia. vhR-sa'ye). Vaigatz, Waigatz, or Waigats, vi'gkts', i. and Verseez, Versetz, or Werschetz, v&h'shts', strait of Russia. t. of Hungary. Vajca or Vajka. See Vashka. Verviers, vgR've-k'. Vakh, viK, r. of Siberia. Vesoul, veh-zool'. Valais, vil&'' (Ger. Wallis, xrgl'lis). Veszprim or Vesprim, v' s'prim', t. of HunVal-de-Peiias, vl-dA-pain'yas. gary. Valdivia, vkl-dee've-&. Vetlooga, Vetlouga or Vetluga, vet-loo'g&, Valence, vi'l&Nce'. r. of Russia. Valencia, va-len'she-a (Sp. pron. vt-len'- Ve-su'vl-us (It. Vesuvio,vk-soo've-o). the-k). Ve-vay'. 63 —-- to nViana, ve-&'na, t. of Spain. $ See note on preceding page. Viatka, ve-&t'lkA. 63 VOS 50 WAY Viboorg, Vibourg, or Wriburg, vee'boorg; Vostochnoi, vos-totch'nloy. See Cevero VoW written, also, Viborg or Vyborg, t. of Rus- totchnoi. sia, no Finland. *Vrain, vrane. Viborg, vee'borg; also written Wiborg. Vul'can, mts. of La Plata. Vicenza, ve-sen'za or ve-chen'z&. Vyborg. See Viboorg. Vich, vik or veek. Vicks'burg. W. Vidin. See XVidin. Vienna, ve-en'na (Ger. Wien, ween, almost XWaadt,'iitt. See Vaud. veen). Waag or Vag, v&g, r. of Hungary. Vienna (in the U. S.), vT-en'nya. Waal or WTahal, wixtl. Vieinne, ve-enn'. Wabash, wau'bash. Vierwaldst'dter See. See Lucertne, Lake of. *Wti-chu'sett. Vigevano, ve-jev'&-no. Waday, wa'dl' (written in Fr. Ouadai), a Vt'go (United States). kingdom of Central Africa, the same as Vigo (Spain), vee'go. Bergoo. Vig'ten, i. of Norwzay. Wil;d'e-lims', a people of W. Africa. Vilia or WVVilia, vee'le-', r. of Russia. Wadil-noon' (written in Fr. Ouadinoun or Villa Bella, vil'lh hel'l, t. of Brazil. Ouady-Noun), t. of Soos, in Africa. Vil'la Bo'a or veel'l. bo', i. ofBrazil. ager, w&'jer, r. of British America. Villach, v'il'lLI'. Wagrram, w/c'gram or *i-'gr/im, t. of Austria. *Villa del Fuerte, veel'y/ del fw4S'th. VWah-Satch. Villafranca. See Villefranche. Wake'field. Villa Real, veel'y'5 rh-al'. *Walahmutte, wa-lah'mut. See Willamette. Villa Rica (Sp. America), veel'y' ree'k/. Walcheren, a'/l'Ker-en. Villa Rica (Brazil), vil'l or veel'l ree'kl. Waldeck, wol'dek'or'* wl'dek. Villefranche, veel'fraNsh' (It. Villafranca, NVAl-den'ses, a people of Piedmsont. vil-l-frink'/). Wal'do. Vimeira, ve-m'&'e-r/l, t. of Portugal. Waldol)orough, wol'do-btir-rtih. Vincennes, vin-senz' (Fr. pron. vaN'senn'). WValdstadter See, xwlt'stht-ter z&'. See Lu.. Vin'cent, St. cerne, Lake of. Vique. See Vich. W.ales, wailz. Vire, veea. Wh'let', t. of Africa, cap. of Beroo. Virgen R. See Rio Virgen. Walker, wau'ker. Virginia, ver-jin'e-a. Wallachia, wol-l&'lke-a (Turk. If-lUlc'). Visa, vee'sA, t. of T2urkey. *Walla-WV alla, wol'la-wol'la. Viseu, vee's/-oo, t. of Portugal. Wallis. See Valais. Visiapour. See Bejapoor. Walsall, wol'zel. Vis'tu-la (Ger. Weichsel,'ike'sel). Walsingham, wol'sing-um, cape on Davis's Vitchegda, Vychegda, or Witschegda, ve- Strait. cheg'd', r. of Russia. Waltham (England), wol'tum. Vitebsk or Vitepsk. See Witebsk. Waltham (Mass.), wol'thum. Viterbo, ve-tar'bo. WValton, wol'tun. Vit'im' or ve-teem', r. of Siberia. WVhlwisch, wol'wish, bay of S. W. Africa. Vitimsk, ve-timsk', t. of Siberia. WVal'wQrth. Vitoria or Vittoria, ve-to're-/. Wandsworth, wonz'wurth. Viviers, ve've-.', t. of France. Wanlin, written, also, Ouanlin and Ooanlin, Vitr6, ve'trk'. w/cn'leen', t. of.lantchooria. Vizagapatam, ve-z/'g.a-pa-tam'. Whp-si-pin'e-con, r. of loova. Vlad-T-meer'; written, also, Vladimir or Wara, wai'r, r: of Central Africa. Wladimir. Warasdin. See Varasdin. [dTne'. Vlielanld, vlee'land or vlee'lnt, i. of Holland. Wardein, w'P.'dlea, or WVaradeinl, w:&.'r-o Vlis'sing-en. See Flushing. Warna. See Varna. VOg'el-berg (Ger. pron. fo'ghel-baRG'), mt. War'saw (Polish Warszawa, vaa-sh/c'v' or of Sovitizerlad. waR-sh'A'v&). Voghera, vo-gAt'r'. WVarta or Wartha, *'aR'tA, r. of Prutssia. Vohemar or Vohemare, vo'he-mar' or Vohe- WTarwick (England), wor'rik. rr.aro, vo-h/c-m''ro, r. and bay of Mada- Warwick (U. S.), wor'wik or wor'rik. gascar. Warwickshire, wor'rik-shir. Volga or WTolga, vol'ga or vol'g&. Washington, wosh'ing-tun. Vol-hyn'.-a (Polish Wolynsk, vo-leensk'). Washita or Ouachita, wosh'e-tau'. Vo-locr'da. Washtenaw, wosh'te-nau'. Vol'kof' or Vol'kov', r. of Rucssia. War'ten-berg (Ger. pron.'anR'ten-ben), t. Vo'lo, t. of Turkey. of Germa'ny. Voltri, vol'tre, t. of N. Italy. W7assela, w/;s'se-&', or, more properly, Voorne, vOrn'eh, i. of Holland. WiVs'soo-lo (written Ouassoulo in French), Vootchang or Voutchang, voo'chang', t. of country of W. Africa. China. Wasa or Vasa, vic'zc,& t. of Finland. Vorarlberg, fore-aRl'bIRG. WV';ter-fyrd. Vo-ro-nezh'; written, also, Voroneje, Voro- WVi'ter-ee', r. unitiing with the Congaree, in S. netz, Worolletz, and VWroronesch. C., toform the Santee. Vosges, vrzh. W[-ter-loo' (Dutch prol. W&'qter-1l'). Vostani, vos-tl'ne or Wustanee, a region or *Watervliet, wau'ter-vleet'. prov. of Egypt. -Wayne, wane. WIN 51 XAL Wearmouth, weer'muth, v. of E'ngland. WVin'nl-peg. WVeb'he, r. qf E. Africa.(?) WVil'ni-pe-goo'sis, written, also,'WinnibiWecht. See Vecht. goshish, 1. of Minesota Territory. WVednesbury, wenz'ber-e, t. of England. XWinnipiseogee, win'ne-pis-sok'ke. Weichsel. See Vistula. WTirtemberg. See Wtirtemherg. Weichselburg or Weixelburg, ke'sel- Wisbaden, i dn, or Wiesbaden, weee)66nRG' or -burg, t. of Germany. Ub'den. Weilbach, wile'bAK, v. of Nassau, Germany. xVis'by. Weilheim, ATle'hime, t. of Bavaria. Wis-eas'set. WVVeimnar, wi'mar. WVis-con'sin or Wiskonsin; formerly writtmn Weinheim, Awine'hime, t. of Badlen. Ouisconsin. WVeisselburg, tt'sen-b6oo6G' or -burg, t. of VWismar,'is'mar. Germany. n Wissembourg, vis'sitM'boor'. Weisshorn, vire'horn, mt. of Switzerland. Wit-epsk' or Vit-ebsk'. WVeistritz, wice'trlts, t. and r. of Prussian, Witgenstein, *it'ghen-stlne', county of WestSilesia. phalia. Vel'laInd. Wit'ten-berg (Ger. pron. *it'ten-hbaG'). Wel'ling-tQn, i. W. of Patagonia. WViveliscombe, wils'kum;: Wels, Ai/ls, t. of Austria. Woburn, woo'burn, t. of England. WTen'er or Wenner. Volfenbuittel, wol'fen-b:t'tel, almost wol'\Veohly, woo'ble, t. of England. fen-bit'tel. WtVerfen or Werffen, w8r'fen, t. of Austria. Wolga. See Volga. W\Ternigerode, *?vi'Rne-ga-ro deh, t. of Prus- Wolgast, eosl'gsot, or Wolfgast, Aolf'gist, t. sian Saxony. of Prussia. WVerschetz or Werschitz. See Versecz. Wollin, wol-leen', t. of Prussia. WVertach, w9hR'tAk, r. of Bavaria. Wollstein, (sol'stlne, t. of Prussia. Wertheim, h9Rt'hime, t. of Baden. WolverhamptoD, w661-ver-hamp'tun. 9WTesel, a''zel. Woolwich, wool'itch or w661'idge. WVe'ser (Ger. pron. W'/zer). Worcester, w66s'ter. West Biromwich, -brum'ich or brum'ldge. Wotten-under-Edge, woo'ten-und'ridge. \Vest-Chester, west'-cbes-ter. Worms, wurmz (Ger. pron.'wsRms). West Indies, -in'deez. WTrexham, rex'um. Westmeath, west'meeTu. Wrietzen or Wriezen, vreet'sen, t. of PrTus-'Vest'min-ster. sia.'West'more-land (Westmoreland. in Pa., Wirm, worm or woorm (Ger. pron. atiam), usually has the accent on the penult.). r. and 1. of Bavaria. West-ph&'ii-a (Ger.Westphaleo, Aest-fi'len). Wiirtemberg, wir'tem-berg (Ger. pron. *UR'WVet'ter. tem-bhr');. written, also, Wirtemberg. Wetterhorn, et'ter-horn', mt. of Switzer- Wirtzburg, wirts'burg (Ger. pron. WUCRts'land. b66iRG'). Wex'ford.. Vustanee. See Vostani.'Wexio, wek'she-o, t. of Sweden. *Wyatt, wl'at. Wever, wi'er or wire, t. of Austria. WVycomb, wik'um. Weymouth; wa'muth. Wye (Wales), wi. Whee'inl. Wye (Netherlands). See Y. WXhit'by. Wy-o'ming. [The correctness of our proWhite-ha'ven. nunciation of this name has been disputed, WVhitley, whit'le. because the poet Campbell pronounces it Wiborg. See Viborg. Wy'o-ming. We entertain in general a WVick'low. great respect for the authority of the poets Wid'in or Vidin. in matters of this kind, but as Campbell Wied or Wied-New-WVied, See New-Wied. was never in America, and probably never'WVieliczka, we-litch'ka or vy;l-itch'k&. heard the name in question from the tips,Vien, ween. See Vienna. of one familiar with the place, it ought not W5iesbaden, Aees-ba'den. See Wisbaden. to surprise us that the correctness of his Wig'an, t. of England. pronunciation on this point should be on a Wight, wilte. par with his geographical accuracy, when Wil'cox. he speaks of Wyoming as one of thoso Wildenstein. Ail'den-stine, t. of Baden. lands Wilia. See Villa. " That see the Atlantic wave their morn restore." Wil'kin-sQn. Had he been acquainted with the true *Wilkesbarre, wilkstbAr-re. pronlunciation of the name, ihe would un. *WVillamette, wil-lah'met; written, also, doubtedly have w. l-tulated- his verse in XWalahmutte. accordance with., as he appears invariWil'ming-tQn. ably to have done with respect to Eurorean Vili'na or Vilna. names. See Pronouncing Gazetteer, seeWlWlt'shi.re. tion II., p. 22.] WVin'ches-ter. Wylhe with {th as in thin). WVindau, Ain'dou, t. of Russia. WVin'der-mere; writtet, also, Winandermere, the largest lake in England. Windham, wind'um. Xagua, Hnigwa, bay of Cutba. Windsor, win'zer. Xalapa or Jalapa, Ha-la'p&. Winl-ne-bU'go. *Xalisco, ua-lees'ko or sH-lis'ko. Ses Jalisco YEN 52 ZEL Xarayes, H&-rI'gs, 1. of S. America. Yeniseisk or Jeniseisk, yen'e-sAsk' or yen'oXauxa or Jauja, HOW'HA, r. and t. of S. Amne- sa'eesk, t. of Siberta. rea. Yeoo or Yeou, y~-oo', r. and t. of Cenlral ~Xenia, zee'ne-a. Africa. Xenil, Hi-neel'. See Genil. Yeovil, yo'vil. Xeres, (Sp. pron. Hkt'ris; Port. pron. shk'rhs *Yerba Buena, ygr'b. bswit'n&. or shYr'ies). Yesso or Jesso, yes'so; also written Ieso. Xeres or Jeres de la Frontera, nit'rgs d& 1' Yezd, yazd. fron-titrA. Yezdikhast or Yezdikast, yez'de-khst', t. of Xicoco, ze-ko'ko. See Sikokf. Persia. Xim~, zee'mo. See Keooseoo. Yongtchang, yong'chang', or Ytingtchang, Xingu or Chingu, shin-goo'. t. of China. Xixon, He-Hone', or Gijon, t. of Spain. Yonne, yonn. Xixona, Gijona, or Jijona, He-ro'nA, t. of Yoog, Ioug or Jug, yoog, r. of Russia. Spatn. Yopas. yo'pas, or Yopez, r. of Mexico. (?) Xoa, sho'. See Shoa. York'shire. Xochimilco or Jochimilco, Ho-che-meel'lko, Yotcheoo or Yotcheou, yo'che-oo', t. of t. of Mexico. China...orullo, Ho-root'yo. See Jorullo. Youghal, yawl. Xuxuy, Hoo-iwee'. See Jujuy. *Youghiogheny, ybh'hQ-ga'ne. Youri or Yowry, yow'ree, written, alsol Y. Yaouri and Yaoori, kingdom and t. of Soodan. Y, T, sometimes improperly pronounced and *Youta, u'tt. See Utah. written, in English, Wye. Ypres, ee'pr (Flem. Ypern, 1'pern). Yablonnoy or Jablonnoi, y''blon'noi', mts. Yssel, T'sel. of Siberia. Yu-ca-tan' or yoo'k-titn'. Yad'kin. Yugyakerta. See Djokjokerta. Yaik or Jalk, y:'ik (River). See Ural. Yun'nal', t. and prov. of China. Yakima, yah'ke-mah', r. of Oregon. Yupura, yoo-poo'r'. See Japura. Yakoots, Yakoutes, or Yakuts, yk'koots', a Yuthia, yoo't'hee'A, t. of Chin-India, called, people of Siberia. also, Siam. Yak-ootsk'; written, also, Yakoutsk, Yak- Yverdul, e'var'duN'. utsk, and Jakutsk. Yvetot, eev'to'. Yal-a-bu'sha. Yambo or Jambo, y:m'bo', sometimes written Z. Yembo, t. of Arabia. Yana or Jana, yt'nlI, r. of Siberia. Zaardam, zanb'dtm'; written, also, Saardam. Yan'cy. Zacatecas, zAk-a-tA'kas or s'5-k'i-tat'ks. Yang-tcheoo or -tcheou, yan'-che-oo', t. of *Zaatula, s&-k&-toot'i. China. Zacynthus, zas-syn'thus. See Zante. Yang-tse-kiang (-ke-ang'); called, also, Ta- Zahara. See Sahara. Kiang, tVI-ke-ang', and Kiang-Ku, ke-allg'- Zaire or Zahir, zi'-eer'. See Congo. kew. Zaizan, zi'zan' or zT'zalg', written, also, Yanina or Janina. y'lle-nl. Dzaisang, 1. of Central Asia. Yaouri or Yaoori. See Youri. Zambeze or Zambezi, z'tm-bI'ze, called, also, *Yaqui or Hiaqui, yb-kee'. Cuania, quA''m't, r. ofE. Africa. Yarensk, Iarensk, or Jarensk, yt-rensk', t. of Zam-o'ra or th'-mo'rA. Russia. Zanesville, zainz'vil. Yariba or Yarriba, y'rtree-bt', kingdom of W. Zanguebar, zang'ghai-bar'. Africa. Zal'te or Zacynthus. Yar'kitnd'; also written Yarkand. Zan'zl-bar'. Yarmouth, yar'muth. Zapatoza or Zapatosa, z'-p&-to's' or s'-plo Yaroslaf or Jaroslaw, yar-o-slbf'; written, to'si' (Sp. pran. thb-p&-to'th'i. See Gazet.also, Jaroslavl. teer, page 48, Obs.), 1. of New Granada. Yarriba. See Yariba. Zara, z'I'ri. Yath Kyed, yath kide (a corruption of The- Zaragoza. See Saragossa. yeh Kye, thl'yeh or th8'e-yeh ki (?), i.e. Zaria or Zariya, zh-ree'yah, cap. of Zeg-Zeg, "white stone" lake), I. of British Amnerica. Africa. Ya-zoo'. Zea or Zia, zee'l (Anc. Ce'os), i. of Greece. Ye. See Yeh. Zealand, zee'land (Dan. Sjmland, sel'lbnd). Yecatarinoslaf. See Ekatarinoslaf. Zealand (Dutch Zeeland, zaet'lnt). Yeddo, Yedo, Iedo, or Jeddo. yed'do. Zebu or Cebu, se-boo' (Sp. pron. th'-hboo'). Yeh or Ye, yi, t. of Chin-Iendia. Zel'u-lon, tribe of' Israelites. Yelatma. See Elatma. Zeg-Zeg, zeg-zeg', kingdom or country of Yelizavetgrad. See Elizabetgrad. Soodan. Yemama, ybm'm'-mi', t. of Arabia.(?) Zegedin. See Szegedin. Yembo. See Yambo. Zeila, z'1iA, or Zeileh. See Zeyla. Yem'en. Zeitoun, zia'toon'. Yen'gan' or Yen-ngan, t. of China. Zeitz, tsltes. Yenlikale or Jenicale, yen'e-k:,'la, strait con- Zehol. See Zhehol. necting the Sea of Azof with the Bluack Sea. Zelania. See Zhelania. Yenisei,yen-e-site or yen'e-say', or Enisei, Zem'lin. See Semlin. en-e-As'e, written, also, Jenisey. Zelle, tsel'l9h. See Celle. ZOR.53 ZYT Zcrbst, tsgRpst. Znaym, znTme-or tsnime, t. of Moravia. Zereh or Zerreh. See Zurrah. Zuela, Zueela, Zouila or Zawila, zoo-ee'la Zernetz or Zernez, zer'nlts (Ger. pron. or za-wee'la, t. of Fezzan, Africa. tsat'n ts), v. of Switzerland. Zug, zoog or tsooG. Zeyla, 7z'e-lA, t: of E. Africa. Ziillichau, tsil'le-kow. Zhehol, Gehol, or Jehol, zhA'hol', written, Zulpich, tsool'piK. also, Jeho or Geho, zh.'ho', a celebrated Zairich, zu'rik (Ger. pron. tsti'rik). imperial palace, N. E. of Peking, China. Zalrrah, written, also, Zereh and Zerreh, XZhelania or Jelania, zha-lM-nee'a, or Jelanii, of Persia. zhua-li-niee'ye, cape of Nova Zenbla. Zut'phen. Zhit-o-meer'; written, also, Jitomir and Zuyder or Zuider Zee, zI'der zee (Dutchb Schitomir. pron. zoi'der z&). Zik'lag, t. of Palestine. Zvor'nik or Zwornik (Turk. Iz'vor'neek'). Zirknitz, ts6fRkk'nits. See Czirknicz. Zweibrtcken or Zweybruicken, tswi-briik' Zittau, tsit'tou. ken. See Deux-Ponts. Zimbao, zeem-bl'o or zim'bou', or Zimbaoe, Zwel'len-dam', v. of S. Africa. zim'bou'wk, t. of E. Africa. Zwet'tel or Zwetl, zwet'tel (Ger. proa. Zoll-Vereill, tsoll —fer-lle'. ts*et'tel), t. and r. of Auzstria. Zom'bor'. Zwickau, tswik'kow. Zorn'dorf (Ger. pron. tsoan'doRf), t. of Zwll. Prussia. Zytomir. See Zhitomeer. 63: TABLE OF MISPRONUNCIATIONS. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronouncal Afghanistan (1)..........&f..-ga-nis'tan................. f-'is-t'n'. (1) Aix-la-Chapelle......... ace iA-shl-pell' or A 1~ shk-pell'.... tx (or aix) l'-sh&-pell'. Archipelago........... ar-che-pel'a-go................. ar-ke-pel'a-go. Asia....................'zhe-a..........................'she-a. Alhens..................'henz.........................atli'enz. Atooi....................-too'e.......................... &-too-i'. Bahreiun or Bahrain....... b-rine' -...................... -— rane'. Bassora.......... l)s-so'r........................ bAs'sQ-rA. Bedouin or Beduin....... belldoo'in................... bed'oo-in. Beloochistan (1)......... bel-oo-chis'taii or bel-oo-kis'tan... bel-oo-chis-t&n'. (1) Beyroot or Beyrout (2)... 1)1-root'.......................... b'root'. ('2) Buenos Ayres........... bu'nus airz......................bo'nus t'rez. Cagliari................. kAl -y.'re........................ kl'v'k-re. Callao................. kil&-t-5' or k'l-yA-'r' I.....-...... Ai..k'o or k&l-y&'o. Canada................ kan'a-de......................... kall'a-da. Cape Breton............ kape bre-toon'................... kape brit'tun. Chgres (3)............sh au'grs or shar'grgs (3)......... chea'res. Chapala (3)-......... sha-pau'la or shar-par'lar (3).* ch&-p~'la. Chlihualua (3)....... she-wau'wah (3)................. cle-wS/w/tW. Cincinnati.............. sin-sin-at' l................... sin-sin-nah'te. Coblentz................ ko-blents'......................... kob'ents or ko'blent. Cordova............... kor-do'va3 -..................... koT'do-va. Cosseir.................. kos-seer'........................kos'sare'. Dongola.............. do-go'la....................... dong'go-la. Edinburgh.............. ed'in-burg....................... ed'tn-btr-reh. Edisto.................. e-dis'to.......................... ed'is-to. Genoa.................. je-no'a......................... jen'o-a. G6ttingen or Goettingen. got'tion-jen.............. ghet'tilg-en. Granada................ gran'a-da...............~........ gra —n1'da. Henrico................. re-ko....................... hen-rl'ko. Hindostan (4)........ -ds't...........h...........in-dQs-tan'. (4) Ioussa................. 1)oo0sa.......................... how'sa. iviqa................... iv'e-ka.......................... e-vee'sA. Java(4).............................ja v or j'a'va. Jeddo or Yeddo......... jed'dl.......................... yed'do. Jesso or Yesso.......... jes's.......................... yes'so. Juan Fernandez......... ju-an' fer-nan'dz............... ju'an fer-nan'da s. Kamtechatka (5)......... kam- skat'ka..................... kam-chat'lka. (5) Katrine (Iloch).. k.........kt'ri..................... k'trin. La Mancha..............A- mn ng'ka..............ka.... 1' mAn'ch&. Lausanne... u-an'..............l.-.a..... 10-zaln'. Leyden............. lA'deii or lee'den................. l'den. Loffoden................ lof'fqo-den....................... lof-fo'den. Lomond................. rn iid..........l.mQ......... lormo nd. Madrid (Spain).......... mad'rid.......................... ma-drid'. Marmora or Marmara.. mar-mo'ra............ m.........., r'mQ-ra. Mazatlan.......... mA-zat'lanl............. ma.......m&-zat-1ni'. Meilnam (6)..............m-nam.........................'nam'. (6) Merida................. m~r-ee'da........................ mr'e-da Meridaei m~r-ee'd'. mer'e-da. Milan................ ml'lan or me-lan'............... mil'an. nMissouri................ miz-zoorah..................... mis-sootre. Modena................ 0o-de'a........................ mod'e-na. Monterey............... mon-tee;re or mon'ter-e......... mon-ta-ray'. Moscow................. mos'kou......................... mos'ko. Mosul...................mo-sul................. mo'sul. New Orleans............ nu or-leenz..................... nu orqle-anz. Nassau.................. nas-sau'.........................nas'sau. Niagara... nie-ag'a -ra........................h- ag'.a-r. a. Niger................. gher.......................... jer. Oojei................... oo-jine..........l..............oo-jalne'. Orleans................. or-leenz'............... or'le-anz. Panama (7).............. pa-n'ma,pa-n'A'ma or pai'a-maw'. pan-a -m. Pavia........... pve........a p-ve-a....... p-vee'. Persia................. per'zha or per'zlie-.............per'she-a or per'sha Potosi......,............po-to'sT.........................po-to-see'. Queretaro... quer-e-tA'ro.................. kr-A't.a-ro. Roinosa... rl-no'sA..... r-.............. r-no's&. (64) -TABLE OF MIISPRONUNCIATIONS. 55 Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced Salulllo (7). U........ saul-teel'yo ( )................. sl-tcelyo. San Bias (7)............. sin blaw (7)..................... sll blss. Scheldt...............shelt............................. skelt. Scioto...-oth...................a si-o'to. Seine.................... seen......................... salle. Syracuse (S).............sl'ra-kuse (8).................... sra-kuze. Tampico............. tam'pe-ko.-..-...t.......... am-pee'ko. Thames................ tlhmz........................... temz. Vera Cruz......v........'ra krdz or v~r'a krooz........ vr'a krooce or v4'r& kroocce Vienna (Austria)........ v-ell'na...................... ve-en'na. Vigevano.............. ve-je-v,'no...................... ve-jev'a-no. WTyomig.............'o-m-llng....................... Nt —'il'. g Zeitounl............... ZI-tooln'...................... zal'toOl' or z' e-toon' (]) See note 4. (2) This name is pronounced bV'root' by the Turks and by some respectable speakers tm English, but there appears to be a great preponderance of authority in favor of the pronunciation given by us as the correct otte, this being, moreover, the manner in which the name of Beyroot is protnounced by the native illhabitLants themselves. (3) It is a very common error to pronounce ch, in Spanish names, like our sh; it should be sounded precisely like the English ch in child, chill, &c. It is a still more prevalent fault to pronounce the a, in foreigtn names, like au or aw, in English; this should be carefully avoided by-tlose who are anxious to speak correctly. In all European languages except the Hungarianl, the a should be sounded either like that its father (a), or else between this sound altd that of a inl fat (A). We should scarcely err, indeed, were we to say that in all cases in the pronetciation of foreign words (except the an nasal and the a circumflex (a) in French, and the HIungarian as before mentioned), the a should be a little less broad than the sound Nwe give to it inllfar (a). Scarcely anything in pronuntciation is more barbarous or absurd than the mode sometimes adopted to indicate the second sound of a in foreign names, e. g. arl-bar'nto instead of hlM-bit'o, char-par'lar instead, of che-pa'1i; because there is lnot the slightest shade of the sound of r in either of these names, nor ill any similar onte, unless an r occurs in the name itself. We freely admit that some few English or Americatl speakers, who are very faulty in their pronunciation, might sound the r, in such cases, so feebly that very little difference would be perceived between their pronunciation and that indicated by the mode employed by us; but it is certainly a great mistake to give a mode of pronunciationll which is adapted to those only who pronounce badly, but which is calculated to lead such as are careful to speak correctly, into a ridiculous and barbarous error. In our language, r should never be silent in anly situation, although it may with propriety be sounded more slightly at the end than at the beginning of a syllable. (See Walker's Principles of Pronunciation, 416 anld 419.) It would be far more correct to give the pronunciation of such tnames with all h, as al-balh'no, chahpali'lah, because it is a rule of the English language always to make h silent at the end of a syllable when it is immediately preceded by a vowel. (Principles of Pronunciation, 396.) The only objection which can be urged against this mode of marking the pronunciation, is that it leaves the sound of the a somewhat uncertain; for though some might pronounce the ah like &, others would probably give it a sound approximatitng to a; but this would be all infinitely less fault than that which would result from the use of r, for, as already intimated, it wttould hardly be an error to pronounce a, in almost all foreign nlames, less broad thanll. Indeed there is a considerable diversity amollng different foreigiters witll regard to the pronunciation of this vowel. In some dialects of the same language it is much broader than in others. In many French words its sound is scarcely dislinguishable from that of the English a infat. (4) There is considerable diversity even among good speakers, respectitng the sound of a in the accented syllable of these names. Hindostan, however, is almost universally pronounceet with the a short (a), as in man; while Afghanistan, Beloochistan. appear generally to have the a in the last syllable broader, and are in fact sometimes written Afghalistaun, Beloochistaun. For these reasons we'have given the pronunciation of their final syllable differently from that of Hindostan. Yet, on the whole, it is questionlable whether such a distinction ought to be made in names which are so similar ill their formation, and which are almost equally familiar to all who have anty knlowledge of geography. It appears to us that it would not be improper to anglicize all such Asiatic names possessing some celebrity-not only Hindostan, Japan, Kamtehatlka. Siam, &c., but also Afghanlistan, Beloochistan, Koordistan, Toorkistan, Ispaban, Herat, Kelat, Meinam, Java, and Sumatra, sounding the a in the accented syllable as in man, or ill case the' syllable etnds in a, pronouncingm it like the penultima of Alabama, e. g. jah'va, soo-malh'tra, almost j4'va and soo-ma'tr.a. (See Obser vationt 2, pp. 51 and 52 of the Gazetteer.) (5) This name is sometimes written KIamchatka by geographers of the highest character. (6) See note 4. (7) See note 3. (8) This pronunciatiol, so contrary to good taste anld to analogy (compare Syria, Syrian, syringe, Sirius), is extremely prevalent in the State of New York. It was probably first introduced by the Dutch, as, in their language is always pronounced like our long 1. Be that as it may, it is certain that the pronunciation in question is neither classical nor English, and should be carefully avoided by all those who desire to speak with propriety. RE C OMMENDATIONS. From the NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, for January, 1846. 6c The practical value of a work of this sort, depends entirely on the fulness and accu. racy with which it is executed; and in these respects we can commend this volume in the strongest terms." From the CHRISTIAN EXAMINER (Boston),for January, 1846. 4c This is a good book in two ways. It was much wanted, and it is exceedingly we. done." Extract of a Letter from Professor LIEBER, Editor of the Encyclopedia Americana. cc A Pronouncing Gazetteer is not only a necessary work in the literature of every nation, but it is particularly wanted in the present age." * * * " It seems to me the teachers of whatever schools can scarcely do without having this book of reference near them." From the Hon. JOHN PICKERING, Author of Pickering's Greek Lexicon. "c This work cannot fail to be highly useful, not only to instructors and pupils, but also to general readers." From Professor ANTHON. NEW YORK, Sept. 10, 1845. "c The subscriber has examined Baldwin's' Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer' with considerable -care, having consulted it almnost daily for at least a month past, and takes great pleasure in recommending it as a very superior work. CHAS. ANTHON." From G. C. VERPLANCK, Esq. c Having often referred to and examined the' Gazetteer,' I fully concur with Professor Anthon. G. C. VERPLANCK." "' Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer'-a work of great accuracy, learning and taste." — Note to " Antony and Cleopatra," Harper's Illustrated Shakespeare. Extract of a Letter from WIILLIAM BELDEN, Esq., Senior Teacher of the Normal School, New York. " This is just such a book as every teacher In the country ought to possess, and I may add such would be a most useful addition to every private library." Froem Professor LEWIS, of the University of New York. cc Such a book has long been wanted for all our institutions of learning, from the college down to the comnion school. Most of our young men, even those who rank among the best scholars in our colleges and academies, are exceeding deficient in the right pronunciation of foreign proper names." * * * "I should be rejoiced to see the work introJuced into all the schools of the country." From the PRINCETON REVIEw,for October, 1845. cc We have no hesitation in pronouncing this one of the most scholarlike productions of our native press. The authors show not only a familiar knowledge of the modern languages, but alhighly respectable acquaintance with general philology." * * "~ We look upon this work as full of entertainment and instruction to all who take an interest in orthoepy." From JOHN GRIscoM, LL.D. "c The scientific accuracy of this book renders it, in my opinion, one of the most valuable contributions to the practical manuals of the teacher, the scholar, and the general reader, which modern times have so liberally furnished." RECOMMENDATIONS. Letter front JOHN S. HART, L.L. D., Principal of the Central High School of Philadelphia. PHIL.ADELPHIA, May 16, 1851. I have used Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer as a constant work of reference for the last six years, and have ever regarded and recommended it as a work of standard authority - and the only one, so far as I am aware, entitled to that distinction - on the subject of which it treats. It gives me unfeigned satisfaction to learn that the publishers are about to issue, in a separate form, the supplement to the work, containing, in the space of about sixty pages, all the geographical names by themselves, with the pronunciation. The pronunciation introduced by Mr. Baldwin in the larger work, has obtained, I believe, general acquiescence among the learned throughout the country, and may be considered as settled. The small volume now to be published, contains this pronunciation in a cheap form, that is likely to find its way into schools, and so introduce what has been so greatly needed, a uniform method of pronouncing the foreign proper names that occur in our School Geographies. I commend the work cordially to all teachers to whom this letter may be presented. JOHN S. HART. Letter from ALEXANDER DALLAs BACHE, L.L. D., Superintendent of the Coast Survey, formerly Principal of the Philadelphia High School. PHILADELPHIA, July 3, 1843. SIR, —I have examined the specimen of a Pronouncing Gazetteer which you have been pleased to leave with me, and have read the accompanying remarks in reference to the plan and execution of the work. The views which you express of the importance of the work, I fully concur in, and I also approve of the general plan laid down, and method marked out for its execution. Should the work be of a size which would exclude it from general introduction into schools, for the use of the pupils, you ought by all means to make an abridgment of it expressly for this purpose. JVNo teacher should be without the complete work, and the introduction of an abridgment, executed with the care shown in your specimen, into our schools, would be of very great service to the pupils. Yours, respectfully, A. D. BACHE. _From Professor ROBLEY DUNGLISON, M. D. Extract of a Letter dated June 21, 1845. " I have examined the Pronouncing Gazetteer which you have sent me. The work exhibits great accuracy, not only in the orthoepy but likewise in the topographical and historical in. formation which it contains; and I cordially recommend it both as a valuable work of reference in the family library, and as an important addition to our list of school books." From Professor RAY, of Woodward College, Cincinnati. " I have long regarded a good Pronouncing Gazetteer as a desideratum both to teachers and the advanced class of students. In my intercourse with instructors, as member of the Board of School Examiners of Cincinnati, I uniformly recommended a gazetteer as one of the works that should have a place upon every teacher's desk." * * * " Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer should have a place in the library.of every intelligent family, and be used as a book of reference by every geographical student.' To teachers especially I recommend this volume as the onl' work that furnishes the correct pronunciation of all geographical names in general use." From Professor DEWEY, of the Rochester Collegiate Institute. "This is a workgreatly needed by all who talk or read. It should be found on the scholar's table and in the intelligent man's family. eI To the teacher it is invaluable - to the pupil essential." From DR. A. T. W. WRIGHT, Principal of the Philadelphia N.ormal School. "Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer was adopted as a text-book at the organization of the Normal School, and has since been used as such, every pupil being furnished with a copy. Besides its use as a geographical work, it is made the standard of orthloepy and orthography in this department of instruction." * * * " The descriptive, statistical, and historical portions of the book, compare favourably with the best treatises exclusively devoted to geographical knowledge. Every page exhibits the most careful research; resulting in the production of the most accurate work on the subject that has been presented to my notice." t' The Pronouncing Gazetteer has been adopted as a book of reference for teachers by the Public Schools of Philadelphia, New York, Detroit, Cincinnati, and several other of our principal citios. 3 COLLEGE HALL, WALNUT ST., CINCINNATI. E. IY[ENDENHALLs U KEEPS always on hand a large stock of all kinds of MAPS, mounted aud in pocket form, and every ldescription of GUIDE BOOKS for.the United States, Eastern and Middle States, Southern and Western States, Canada, Isthmus of Panama, California and Oregon, Among the stock may be found, MAPS OF THE WORLD, Four sizes. ( MAP OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, Large and smal. 5'' NORTH AMERICA, d 6 cc C t SOUTH AMERICA, c "' " EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA, Each, " 6 " 5 " UNITED STATES, MEXICO, etc, From $5 to $10. 9 " " " " covering 42 feet of surface. " "OF EACH STATE IN THE UNION, Large and small. ALSO, abeautiful UNIFORM SET OF STATE MAPS, now publishing. Mounted and in pocket form. MAP OF THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AND CANADA. i cc "WESTERNSTATES. )" " WEST INDIES, "' "MEXICO AND TEXAS. Each seperate. " CENTRAL AMERICA AND ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. " "FRANCE, BELGIUM, ETC,' "EGYPT, ARABIA PETREA, ETC. " " PALESTINE. Large and small. MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD. MAP OF THE COUNTRIES MENTIONED INTHE BIBLE. "' "ENGLAND AND WALES, "2 ", IRELAND..c' " SCOTLAND. "' "CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK. d' "d THE COUNTRY ROUND NEW YORK. " "CINCINNATI AND VICINITY. SECTIO3NAL MAPS OF OHIO, INDIANA, ILLINOIS, &c., &C. School Apparatus, Outline Maps. Atlasses and Gazetteers. Anatomical Plates. Drawing Instruments. Geological Cabinets. Microscopes, Charts, and Prints. Mllaps of all other Publishers, ADVE RTISEM EN T. TIHE universal favor with which the Pronouncing Gazetteer has been received, renders it unnecessary to urge particularly, at this time, its claims to public attention. By referring to our "Recommendations,"' the reader will perceive that it has obtained the highest encomiums from the highest literary authorities in our country. It has been adopted as a standard,work of reference in the public schools of almost all the principal cities of the United States. It has been introduced into the Philadelphia Normal School as a text-book, every pup2il being furnished with a copy. Nearly all the recent works treating of geography, or geographical pronunciation, cite it as an authority, friankly acknowledging their obligations to it;* while others, by their plagiarisms, bear an indirect, but no less decisive testimony to its merits. * See " Key to Pelton's Outline Maps," "Mitchell's Intermediate Geography," "Key to Mitchell's Outline Maps," "R. M. Smith's New Common School Geography," "Pronouncing Vocabulary of Geographical Names," in Worcester's octavo Dictionary, " Geographical Vocabulary," in Harper's Revised Edition of Webster's Dictionary," &c., &c. iv ADVERTISEMENT. As, however, several gentlemen, distinguished for their intelligence and experience in education,* have expressed an earnest desire that the Supplement should be published by itself, for the especial use of the pupils in our public and other schools, this portion of the Gazetteer is now offered to the public in a separate form, and furnished at so low a price that it can be no obstacle even to those of the most limited means. This Vocabulary will be found to be complete in itself, as a work of reference for pupils. Teachers, and others desiring to become acquainted with the general principles of pronunciation which have been followed in the work, are referred to the "Introduction" and " Explanations" prefixed to the Gazetteer. Ad The attention of the reader is particularly invited to the "Table of Differenit Spellings," and the "Table of Mispronunciations," at the end of this work. * See, in the collection of "Recommendations," the letter from A. D. Bache, L.L. D.; also that of Professor Hart, dated May 16, 1851. Several experienced teachers of our acquaintance have expressed a similar judgment.