TIHE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 243 APPENDIX No. 14. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ON THE COAST OF MAINE. BY REV. EDWVARD BALLARD, SECRETARY OF TIHE MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. BRUNSWICKI MAINE, Julyt 1869. SIR: In compliance with the proposals addressed to me June 30, 1868, I have the honor to present to you the following attempt at an examination of the geographical nomenclature of the coast of Maine, for the purpose of furnishing a list of the names of Indian origin, with their proper orthography, so far as it now can be ascertained, and their interpretation; and also names given by early settlers, or others coming from European shores; and when practicable the dates when these latter began to be used as terms of specific designation; and to add such historical notes as may be desirable for the further elucidation of the points thus brought into view. In regard to the names derived from the language of the aborigines of this territory, difficulty arises from varions causes. The first is found in the changes produced by dialectic departures from the one original language. This language has been properly named the Abna'ki, derived from the primitive words, waanban, white, and ahl.i, also written auke, land or place, forming the compound word Wanibanahklci. As the light of the morning, before the rising of the sun, was an object of great interest to the wild men of the woodsy in the pursuit of their game or their foes, they applied the term waliban, in one of its definitions, to denote " the clear morning light;" and then to designate the part of the heavens where it first appeared. Thus, the compound word was used to signify the 4 east-land," and, as a, consequence, it was also applied to distinguish the language. By usage and the tendency of that usage to diminish the number of syllables, especially by foreigners, the name has been shortened to Abnaki,2 though the forms Abenaki and Abenaqui are sometimes used, with an equal respect for the origin of the namne, which was not only adopted by the Indians of Maine, but was also applied to them by their fellow-natives living at the west of their territory.3 The name Algonquin has also been adopted to denote this language, which was not only the outlet of thought for the several tribes of the region now known as Maine, but served a similar purpose for all the tribes of New England, the new " Dominion of Canada," and the chief parts of the present States lying north of North Carolina and Kentucky, and those in the Northwest beyond the Mississippi. Indeed, it may be said to have spread over all the North from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the prairies of the West, with its northern limit bordered by the Esquimaux; excepting from its range the entirely distinct language of the Hodenosaunee,' The People of the Long House," known in our history as the Six Nations of the Iroquois4 in New York, and the tribes residing on the borders of Lakes Erie, Hluron, and St. Clair. This name Algonquin or Algonkin is taken from a small tribe in Canada,5 and in this wide sense is of only a recent application.6 It is convenient, as not being limited by a narrow geographical restriction like Abnaki; and may well be allowed to keep the place which Indian scholars seem willing to permit it to have.'In pronouncing this word the Indians add the sound of mn after the first i, which Rale introduces in the word araiirnkik, "sous la terre;" and give a peculiar rush of guttural breath, not to be represented by letters. RAle's Dictionary of the Norridgewock dialect, Pickering's Preface, in Memoirs of the American Academy, Vol. I, new series, p. 372. 3 Heckewelder, Hist. Acet. of Indian Nations, pp. 25, 107, 109, 111, who wrote Wapacnachki. 4 Morgan's "' League of the Iroquois," 1851. Lescarbot spetaks of the Eteehemins, the Algoumequins, and the Montagnds as together sending a thousand men against the Iroquois. With an allowable liberty he write the name differently from the now more common form. Hist. Ntouv. Franpce, Liv. III, ch. 10. Mass. H. Coll., 2d ser., X, 131. 6 LIa Hontan, however, in 1715 gave more than thirty tribes as using this dialect. But his testimony is somewhat marred by including the Esquimaux in the number. Tome II, pp. 36-38. 244 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF But while this language is thus wTidely extended, and perhaps was once used as one throughout its whole domain, lapse of time, separation of tribes, diminished intercourse between them, various new circumstances, and the want of all power to fix the language with any approac'h to permanency by orthographic means, have produced changes in words to an extent that makes the dialects to appear even more than the dialects of ancient Greece, as if they were in reality different languages.. As a single instance, reference may be made to the name of hatchet. In the Virginia dialect it was Tcmahc akc whence is derived the name tomahawk. In the Delaware it is Temahican. In the Penobscot dialect in Maine it is Tamnhegan. In the Norridgewock it is Temahigan; in the Micmac, Tumhegn. In other words, the variations have become so great that the Indians of the tribe at Oldtown on the Penobscot, and their brethren of the Passamaquoddy tribe at Pleasant Point, though not a hundred miles apart, have great difficulty in conversing with each other; and both these have still greater in understanding the Miermacs of Nova Scotia. If the Norridgewocks, the Sokokis, the Souriquois, the Tarriatines, the Etchemins, the Marasheets, and the Almouchiquois, were still as once living in the State, there wouldl be a large measure of the same kind of impecliment to intercourse still remaining. Yet their ancestors in remote days had the same language. In the orthography of the names as well as in their interpretation, a knowledge of the different dialects is required. The means of gaining this knowledge is supplied in part by the labors of the missionaries of early times; among whom TRale is a memorable example of intelligence and fidelity.2 They have reduced some of the dialects to a written form for the purposes of devotion, with translations. In words which conform to the dialects of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the labors of Eliot, Cotton, and Roger WVilliams afford great assistance. Vocabularies of the Delaware, Virginia, and Western dialects also contribute valuable aid. Another difficulty is found in the forms in which these geographical names appear. The Indians knew nothing of writing beyond certain attempts by figures of objects, drawn on the bark of the white birch and prepared skins, to indicate their movements on the march, and record their successes and defeats.3 Their words, as caught by the ear of the early navigators and the hardy pioneers in the forest, are presented in different orthographies. In some instances the change has been so great that the original form of the names has been nearly lost, and could not have been recovered but from the fact that th e present Indians often retain the ancient name, and thus enable the inquirer to preserve it in accordance with their own expressions. And yet in some instances they do not entirely agree in their own utterances. We find a variation in pronunciation among them, as we also find it in that of our own language. As a single instance, the following changes of the word oolegan, good, are all equally well understood by the members of the present Penobscot tribe: Ooregan, oolegan, owlegan, owregan, wunnegan, wimnegan, wauregan, wanlegan, and perhaps some others. When to this variety of pronunciation there is added the imperfect writing of the early settlers and interplreters, a reason readily appears why the names of persons and places should be clad in several yarying forms. In many cases where the existing vocabularies do not afford aid, the present Indians are unable to give an explanation. They refer them to an older language; and this must mean the original language, before it was broken into dialects, where changes have proceeded so far as to show an appearance of a language of a different structure; though the careful student will see the traces remaining sufficient to carry his thoughts back to the common parentage. Or they ascribe them to the temporary influence of other tribes, in fixing some of their words as permanent designations of certain localities.4 In determining the meaning of words, necessary aid is found in remembering that the Indians 1The word appears to be a compound, from teheinen, to cut, and haac, pronounced hauec, an implement, tool. 2 Iis dictionary of the Norridgewock dialect was captured by Colonel Westbrook in 1721. 2 Williamson's Hist., 108. I[t is preserved in. the library of Harvard University, and was published (1833) in the "Memoirs of the American Academy," Vol. I. 3 The Micmacs had a hieroglyphical mode of writing, different from the pictographic, and somewhat like the Chinese, in which characters represented words and combined ideas. The early missionaries adopted the method and carried it onward to a large extent. New York Hist. Magazine, vol. 5, pp. 289-292.'; Miemac or Recollect Hieroglyphics." 4 The name Chestiicook, denoting a large lake in the northern part of Maine, is one of this class. The Penobscot Indians do not explain it. But with the vocabulary of the Pennacooks, as given by Potter, in the Farmers' Monthly Visitor, Vol. XIII, 323, the meaning is ascertained to be Great Goose Lake. THE UNITED STAT'ES COAST SURVEiY 245 of different tribes, and indeed to some extent in the same tribe, interchanged certain consonantal sounds without any hinderance to the communication of their thoughts. Thus the letters b and. p, 1 and r, were used for each other; so were C, g, and q; and t was sometimes the substitute for k, and even for q; whilef and v were not used in Maine, though sometimies appearing in the words as written by the new-comers; especially in the case of the latter of tfliese two where i and v, in the old English cust-om, were employedl as equivalents, as in tile name applied to a locality in MTaie, and afterward to a large part of its coast-il 1au-oo-shen, written ]liav-oo-shenr. The Micmnacs seem of late to have introducedf and v in place of b. Vowels were easily changed; and the persons' ho early wrote their wordls used muavch liberty in the introduction of such letters as they deelmed best for their purpose; and through carelessness allowing u to appear as n, and the reverse. Letters were also introduced for the sake of avoiding harshness of sound, particularly in the composition of words,l formed by taking parts of several and;; agglutinating"2 them into a new form; sometimes taking only a single sound or syllable from the least important, and sometimes extending the union to a length like the following: " Nukkitteamonteanitteaonganunnonash.2 In the termination of words denoting lace, the syllables at, et, it, it, set, frequently appear; and, while used as affixes, have the power of prepositions, meaning at, in, near; also ak, ek, ik, o07 zhc; and ag, auy, og, oo;00 and with c euphonic prefixed, cook, sometimes becoming kucc, onk, and unk with 1 prefixed, lutnk and some others, which will easily be seen to fall within this class, usually called locative affixes, such as eag, ceag,c keak, 7e, ci. Sometimes syllables added appear to have been the termination of a verbal form for the purpose of giving a verbal meaning to the noun to which it is applied. Though they had no substantive verb, they seem to have had some idea of its nature; and by this addition they conveyed the thought of the object existing in the place to which they appropriated the name. But the more commuon derivation for these affixes will be found in the word auhke3 lacnd, earth, place; written in dialectic differences ahcki,4 ohki.5 The frst syllable under euphonic influences readily passed into uk, ook, and the other forims above noted, easily recognized as Iaaving their origin in this word, and as prevalent among the Massachusetts tribes, and those of its contiguous territory;6 while in the central and eastern parts of Maine, the last syllable was frequently adopted for this use, appearing as hi, ce; and with k as a suffix, having the power of a preposition, nmaking kik;7 and from this, in the English mode of writing, becoming keag; which form also appears in other parts of New England. Sometimes, too, from the instinctive desire for euphony, the first consonant k, in which the meaning resides, was allowed to disappear, or be supplemented by another, and so was changed to ea, deag, seag, and others. As the pine-tree was the characteristic growth of a large part of the State, it was but a natural consequence that many localities should be named with reference to this fact. The same is true in regard to the places frequented by the bear. Noted places for catching and drying fish were marlied. with names to designate these occupations. Thus we see the reason for the frequent occurrence of the same words in the interpretation of these names. This attempt'to explain the following words, as well as to present them in a correct orthography, is the first that has been thus systematically made. In the majority of them there can be "Thlis language cdoth greatly delight in compostncling of wvords, for abbreviation, to spelako msch in feev Woards, though they be sometimes long; which is chiefly caused by the mtany syllables which the Gracmmar Bale requires, and su2pletive syllables which are of no signification, and curious care of Ez2h7tooie." Eliot, Ind. Gram. in Mass. Hist,. Collections, 2cd ser., Vol. IX, p. 252. 2 The language of the Esquimaux is even mnore prolific in long words. The expression " Lest I be full,"' (Prov. 30, 9,) is thus translated: " I(arsill'arnekalrnhulvieissegall6artonga. But an example by J. Haammond Trumbull, to whose eminent success in Indian scholarship the present writer is much indebted, furnishel in a note to his edition of Roger Williams' Key, p. 184, and lengthened beyond all that has yet appearedl, "gives, in illustration of' the Indian way of compounding words,' one of twenty-two syllables, which signifies' our well-skilled looking-glass makers:''N uW-pahk - it- td- -pe-pe- zz -zall-wd-C " One can hardly look at it withouLt stammering. With a language permitting the construction and use of such compounds as this, the'man of ifw words' might yet be loquacious." ~'H. Williams. " Schooleraft. 5 Eliot. 6 As a7c, o7c, oc, og, aZYg. 7 RAle's Dict., "Terre.'"- Bu aided is here sometimes retained: as ilnK'ttahdenaueke, now Mt. Katahedin; howanochcwaucd —white man's place, i. e., house, 246 REPORT OF THE SUPERI:NTENDENT OF but little doubt as to a near approaeh to accuracy in both particulars. Some are involved ill an obscurity which faurther investigation may remove. A few English local names, as beifore, mentioned are added for the?purpose of referring to tlheir origin, and, as far as may be, to the times and reasons of their application to localities well known.'Trusting' that this effort to illustrate the geographical names on the coast of ]Maiine, as to their orthography, meaning, and history, will be acceptable and prove beneficial to your DepaLrtiment, I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, EDWARD BALLARD. Prof. BENJAMIN PEIRICE, L.L. D., Superinttendent U. S. Coast fiSurVey. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ON THE COAST OF MAINE. tABAGAIDUSSET.-This name is given to a river and a point on the north'c side of Merryineeting Bay. The original name of the point was XNagtysset.l At a later day it was called Q"Point Agreeable.".".Among its several forms occurs Byaadasset; which agrees with the word bagadCassek, given by RBae under eclairer to shine; who also under soleil gives pagadassem, ii eclaire, i. e., the sun shines. It is not known whether the river or the Indian chief of early days first received this name, which was probably taken from the reflection of the sunbeams on the waters of this broad inland bay. This sagamore, jointly with Kenlnebis, of Swan Island, deeded land to Christopher Lawson, of Boston, October 8, 1649, who built a house and dwelt on the western side of the Kennebe,o below the bay, and afterward sold to Thomas Lake, but in such a way as to be deemed to have conveyed no title.2 This chief appears to have been peaceful, like "1 The Shining San." But another mode of writing the word Abey/ adutset, suggests a preferable interpretation, from the wo/d beywaltns3 bay. It may refei to the large expanse of Merrymeeting Bay, or to the broad opening of the river bearing the name at the head of this al-ticle. Dropping the first letter, probably an English prefix, and using the locative et, the word finds its equivalent in At the BayT as the place where the chief has his home. ACQUEI-IA DONGONOCK.-This word denoted a point on the west side of the " Chops," Kebec, where the Kennebec leaves Merrymeeting Bay in its progress to the ocean., It is derived from Ughiacdi, to finish, terminate; agiinaiin, dried-fish, (Rie,) acyowam and acngyan, (John Smith,) smnoke7d fish7, and ock, a place. The full form will, therefore, be Ug-hi-a-an-gwaii-ock.4 The form given at the head of this article is found in the ancient maps of the Pejepscot Company, now in possession of the Maine Historical Society. The accepted interpretation of the name is Smoked-Fish-Pointk AGAMENTICUS.-This rname was given by the Indians to the stream now called Y6ork iver, at the moutlh of whlich Sir Ferdinaindo Gorges planned. to found the city which was dalled " Gorgeana," and incorporated by him by a grant in 1642. Thence it was appropriated to the mountain near its source, called by Captain John Smlith;" Sassenowe's Mount"l and by the Prince his Highness,; Sunodon Hill." It is derived from the form of the little pond in the town of Eliot2 at its head, which is much like that of the Indian snow-shoe, alighem plur., azicyhemack.5 The last syllable is the same as koos, a stream, from kesoose,5 to run, or 7coosihada,7 to rmn down. The fill form of the word, therefore, was An-ghem-ak-koos, with the euphonic syllable ti interposed to mrake An-ghlemak-ti-koos, meaning "; Snow-shoes River," or; Rtaquntte River," as in the Adirondack region of New York. By the softening process of -usage it has come through various orthographies to its present form, Agamenticus.' ANDRosof cGGIN.-The present form of the name borne by this important river, iniproperly -So says tradition, confirmed by documents in the Pejepseot Papers, Vol. 1, p. 105. S. Davis, p. 491a% Cossen's deposition. Maps in same, 50 and 54a 1719. 2Pejepscot Papers, Vol. 1. 3 See Castine. 4 Occ, or acdc, from auLce, land. dRle undcler'aqatette lac. Whexn a bay in a lake twas describeld, the wvord was waicriiihiai7geCmalc. The world 1s derived from aciigzaclmao the ash-tree of which wood the curvcdil rim was made. 6 In the Kimzooi Awlilhchigan.'Rlfhle under avaler. 8John Smitl wrote it Accominticl,. Jlh7ee7ewontep, Sal ea adcl onl Fox Islands; ah/elec-~ceal, npacivo'ltep, heCdcl. THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 247 reports its original, Amoseougan, as it appears in " The Indian Perepole's Deposition."' It has been thought to have been given in compliment to Governor Andros,2 who had taken an active interest n the affairs of Maine for several years, beginning as early as 1677. But the name appears in an instrument for the conveyance of the right of sovereignty over a large tract of land on both sides of the river, from the falls at Brunswick, by Thomas Purchase, to John Winthrop of Massachusetts, in 1639. Perhaps the influence of Andros in the province had the power to perpetuate his name in this connection successfully over the other sixty forms in which it has been written, according as its sound was received by the ancient hunters, owners, and settlers. There seems to have been a disposition to make it conform to known words in the English usage. The name " Cogginl u is a fanlily appellation in New England; and it was easy to place before it, according to each man's preference, other familiar names, and to call the stream " Ambrose Coggin," "Amos Coggin,g" "Andrews Coggin," "Andros Coggin," and "Andrus Coggin.'" Its derivation is from the word namts, fish, abbreviated, as is the frequent practice, by dropping the first letter, and skaouhigan, (skiowhegan,) a fish-spear. Under the word poisson, Rale gives kan7skaouihigan as a trident, or the long piece of iron in the middle of it. The last part of this word denotes the iron point between the two outer portions, each of which is called ernegahquok. The syllable kaiik is the line that draws the flexible sides together.3 This part of the word is retained as a local name originally applied to the falls at Skowhegan, on the Kennebec, just below which the waters have long been frequented for torch-light spearing.4 The name, as furnished by Perepole with his description, marked the part of the river above the Amitigontpontook-that is, the" Clay-land Falls"'at Lewiston; upward to "' Arockamecook "-that is the 1" Hoe-land," at Canton Point.'The rips and shallows in this portion were favorable for spearing fish beyond any part below. The name may, therefore, be translated the Fish Spear, or Fish Spearing.5 ATKINS' BAY is the expanse of water near the mouth of the Kennebec, between Hunniwell's Point, on which Fort Popham stands, and Cox's Head. It takes its name from an owner of the adjoining territory, who was an original settler,6 and afterward sold his property to William Cock,7 in 1662, consisting of 1,300 acres of land, of which the first existing map was made in 1731.8 It is without doubt the aboriginal Sabino, which will be explained in its proper place. Mr. Atkins had ten daughters, and the fact that in the transfer of property after his decease they all signed the deed with their marks shows the studied inattention to female education in the laws of Massachusetts, from the south shore of which State Mr. Atkins came, and to which he appears to have removed after the sale of his land. BEDABEDEC,9 (Be-da-be-da-ki.) —The original name of the region about " Owl's Head." The word is first seen in Champlain, who describes it as "a low land," (une terre basse,) and the cape as "La Pointe de Bedabedec." The derivation of the name is somewhat conjectural; but it appears to come from ne'be, water, abbreviated and repeated; da, interjectional, there, to indicate admiraMaine Hist. Coll., Vol. III, 333, taken from the Pejepscot Papers, Vol. 1, 504a. Perepole is Pierre-Paul. 2Webster's Dictionary, p. 1629. 3Compare skahaiigan, bois fourchu, in RAle, and skahogan, a "forked post," in "Kimzowi Awikhigan," the o having a nasal sound; sekcowhegan in Penobscot and sequahegan in Micmac is the iron spike, formerly bone. The application of the parts of this word will be more apparent from the following represent a- - tion of the spear as used now. The wooden triangular pieces of wood open upon the springs when pressed on the fish, and the iron spike pierces him. As the triangles spring back the line is drawn and' he is secured. 4 Lithgow's Deposition. Pej. Pap., Vol. 1. 5In an account of places on the coast and interior, with their names and distances, Purchas gives Mas-sa-ki-ga, which, from its position in his statement, was on the Kennebec. The full form of the word would be NTa-mnCs-sa-ke-gan, (namds, fish.) This is sufficiently like the present name to show the nearness to certainty that it denoted the same locality as the present name of the falls on the Kennebec at Skosvhegan. 6He attended a meeting for settling a government on the Kennebec, May 23, 1654. Hazard's Coll., I, 585. 7 From him came the name Cock's Head, now Cox's. PPej. Pap., Vol. 6, Map 52. sCh. III, p. 62, edit. 1632. See Jeffery's maps. Champlain speaks of the mountains of "Bedabedec," p. 67, evidently meaning the Megunticook Range at Camden, called by Colonel Church, in his Indian Wars, "The Mathebestueck Htills," and by John Smith, nearer the beginning of the same century, (1614,) Miecaddaclut, "ag:ainst whose feet doth beat the sea." Mass. Hist. Coll., 3d ser., Vol. VI, 117. Church's narrative, 141. 2, Williamson, 95. 248 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF tion, repeated for emphasis, and kcic land or place; water-there! water-there! place which in our language may find its proper expression in "Cape of the W~aters"' or "Cape of the Ocean." The Indians translate "Owl's Head" into Co-co-cas-wantep-uk, from co-co-casl, owl, (kookookasoo, chat huant, Rfle,) and nt-tpak-wantep, head, and tk, a locative. On Smith's mnap of 1614 it is " P. Travers." BUNGL&NUNGANUCK, commonly shortened to Bunganuck.-This small stream, flowing into Maquait Bay, runs at the bottom of a deep ravines the deepest for a long distance on this part of the coast, and on this account became to the natives a fit object for a special designation to indicate that feature. In one of the cognate dialects the word Pank-han-nunk denotes under the bank, from pank-han-ne, a bank. P and b are often interchanged, and vowels oftener. Thus this word receives an explanation in perfect accordance with the high and steep banks on both sides of the stream, which seem to be more emphatically described by the repetition of the syllables ungan.2 It may be represented in English by " High-bank Brook." CAPE ELIZABETH.-The date of the discovery of this cape, and the person by whom the naime was given, are not known. The first appearance, of the name is on John Smith's map, 1614. The Indian name was Apistama.3 The present one may have been given ly Gosnold in 1602, or Pring, more probably in 1603. Gorges reports of him that he " brought with him,"7 on his return, the most exact discovery of the coast that has since come into his hands.4 The Queen reigning at the commencement of that century has her name here permanently fixed on this prominent headland of Maine. CAsco, (kasko.)-Thig bay, early known as the' Archipelago of Gomez,5 bears a name easily interpreted. The word kaskou appears in RaSles dictionary under.oiseaux without any equivalent In the "K Kimzowi Awikhigan,' 7ckasko is crante, and the present Indians give the same explanation. In early maps and writers it appears as Koskebee, Kcaskebee, Cascobe, which forms are easily resolved into kasko-nebe. The abbreviation of the last word, as is usual in composition, helps to make the word Casco-be, to be translated Crane-water or Crane Bay. An early name was Aucocisco, as seen in Sinith; probably pronounced Uh-cos'-is-co, the first syllable being deeply guttural, and was written as the hearers caught the sound. The crane or heron still frequents these waters.6 CASTINE was named from the Baron de St. Castine, who occupied the place of the present remains of the old fort near the water of the bay, a short distance from the town, and on the spot where the Plymouth Company from Massachusetts had a trading establishment in 1626. D'Aulnay erected his fort some years later, (1635-'40.)7 Castine came about 1665.8 The place had been formerly known as Bagaduce, Bigaduce, and indeed by a variety of similar sounding navmes, among which Major Biguyduce, erroneously supposed to be the name and title of a French officer once a resident there, came nearer than the, rest to the original. lMfatche-be-gwda-toos.-1lMatche is bad, and be-gwa-toos is bay. In the explanation by the Indians the name marks a place in the harbor of Castine, where, when the tides from different entrances meet over sunken rocks, the navigation is'so difficult and perilous for their light canoes as to suggest the name of Bad Bay.9 Purchas gives Chebegnadose, which omits the first syllable mat, and by an easy error gives n for u.10 CAITHANCE. —This winding river runs into Merrymeeting Bay on the north side. The word kaZeisberger, in the Delaware dialect gives g6k-hos, g for c. Eliot, Gram. p. 17. R. Williams, Key, Trumbull's note, 208. 3 Williamso's Hist., Vol. 1, p; 30, note. It was also called by the Indians Semtiamis, R. H. Major's note in Strachey. Caput IX, Aug. 28, 29. These two names were probably attached to two different points of the same projection. 4 Brief Narration, Ch. V. The way in which Smith, and after him (Levett,) in 1623, introduce the name, shows that this cape was already a recognized point, (Me. H. Coll., Vol. II, p. 86.) The death of Elizabeth, in 1603, would seem to be a reason for the naming of the point by Pring, rather than by Smith many years later. See Smith, Mass. H. C., Vol. VI,.3d ser., and Map, Vol. III, 3d ser. 5Me. Hist. Coll., 2d ser., Vol. I, p. 299. Ribero's map, 1529. Willis' Hist. Portland, p. 15. 7Williarnison's Hist;, I, 308. sMe. Hist. Coll., Vol. VI, p. 111. 9 Rhle "noms " writes it "Matsibigwadoosekl, la riviere, ou est Mr. St. Gastin;" the word is the same, matsi, bad, with the locative ek. loPilgrimage, Vol. IV, p. 1674. THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 249 thans in Quinnipiac dialect of Connecticut is translated seas.l But this supplies no aid here. The word is explained by the Indians as bent, crooked. They pronounce it Kat-hah-nis. Another river of the same name is found in the eastern part of the State, near Dennysville, of thle like winding character. CrliiTcooK is the name of a short range of mountains in New Brunswick, on the eastern side of the St. Croix, which takes its namne front the narrow part of the river, known to the natives as KItchantcook, from. k'tche, great, the abbreviated ^namceas, fish and the locative cook. The meaning is the great fish-place, of which the reputation still continues. CHEBEAG-, erroneously written Gebeig, Jebeig.-The analysis of the full word 1would be k'tche, great, nebe, abbreviated water, ak, a locative, making K:'tchebeak7 Great water-place. Fromn the heights of this large island the ocean view is very extensive. CHIEPUTNATICooK.-This name of the upper part of the St. Croix is probably taken from. one of the boundary lakes. It has been said to mean Great-Hill Lake.2 Its long and narrow form, like a wide river, is bordered on the west by a range of abrupt and elevated ridges, covered with a heavy " black growth,' chiefly spruce, and might well suggest this explanation. But in dividing the word into its parts, ftcehe-put-natic-ook, and finding in a cognate dialect the word nataque, (ndt:t7k,) beaver, it would seem to refer to an abounding place for this animnal. The second syllable, put, is still obscure, as is indeed the meaning of the whole word. It is oftemn shortened to Cheeputnacook and Cheputnook. CEIEONW, from 7ctcthe, great, wV euphonic, and onk7 a locative, finds its equivalent in Great Neck. CHICKAWnAUKEE, a pond supplying the city of Rocklalnd with water, k'tche, great, kooeh, pine, ak7ce, place. The first part of the second word is taken to make K'tche-koo-auke, representing Great Pine Lake. CoScooOK would be more correctly Cob-os-se-cook; from cob'-os-se or cab'-os-se, (kabasse, R.le,) and cook, a locative, equal to Sturgeon River. A similar name, Cobossecontee or Cobosseconticook, is the natme of the mouth of the valua'ble mill-stream at Gardiner, where this kind of fish anciently aboundcled.3 The stream itself was called Sq-1uagiIset, implying that some important Indian dame had once dwelt on its banks.4 Cox's HEAD. —For the origin of this name see ATKINs' BAY. - COWSEAG-AN.-This narrow passage near Wiscasset bears a name corresponding to the word koussigan,5 denoting an Indian mode of kindling fires, with certain forms and ceremonies, for the purpose of foretelling future events or ascertaining about the absent in war or in the chase; whether they are living or dead. Perhaps this neighborhood was the place where this was often done. The Indians explain it as " Fortune-telling." DAMIARLSCOTTA.-This was Tamescot in JHeylin and other early writers. The present Indians call the river Mlclatamzascontee; a name also of a tributary of the Penobscot in the northern part of the State. They explain it in reference to successful fishing. The analysis of the word denotes that a ce'rtain kind of fish, at the proper season, were abundant iWi the tide-water below the steep falls, up which they'went into the fresh-water pond, a short distance above, for increase. The component parts of the word are rnahddrins, alewife, and kontee, implyingplenty, making mahdamaskontee. In the other stream of this name, this kind of fish has ceased to appear, being hindered by milldams below. The present name of the river and town, solnetimes divided into two parts, seems to have been deduced from a desire to make the native words assume an English form. John Cotta married into the family of Richard Wharton, one of the large landholders in Maine, and received here a tract of land as the heritage of his wife. At an earlier date some one of the name may have resided on the river, or been well known as in traffic with the settlers on its banks. Possibly some one of the family may have borne the natme of Damaris. At all events, the name Dcamaris Cotta was more agreeable than M11atamascontee, or Tamescot, its abbreviation; and, thus gaining the 1Trumbull's note in R. lWilliamns' Key, p. 33. Note 18, in MS. letter referred to Eliot's 7ehtahha7lzash, sees. Neh. 9, 6. 2 Springer's Forest Trees and Forest Life in Maine, p. 179.'Lithgowv's Dep. Hist. and General Register, Jan., 1870, p. 23, zwhere it is Cawbisseconteague, and explained, "Sturgeon-lated.'" 4'MS. map, supposed to have been made by Colonel Church, in reference to the "Secoind Indian War," 1688-97. It is preserved in the State Archives at tHartford, Connecticut.. 5 REle's Dict., Jongler~, Jonglerie. 32 250 PiEPO.lT OF THE SUPEtRINTENDENT OF ascendency, has prevailed to the present clay. The family name of'" Cotter" is found there still. The immense heaps, or rather hills, of oyster-shells, showing the action of fire, are a proof of the former abundance of this bi-valv& in this streaul, and the long continued visits or permanent dwelling of the Indians on both its banks. In Jackson's Geological Report the qulantity is estimated at 44,906,400 cubic feet of shells, capable of producing 10,000,000 casks of lime of the usual dimensions. DAIMAS0ovE, Dainarin's Cove, or Damaris Cove, could hardly have been derived from Dama. ris-cotta, for the name "' Damarill's Isles" is found in John Smith, (1614,) and suggests that these names had a different origin. The word seems to have included if not describing Pemaquid Bay. DOUAQUEJT. —See JORDANT'S RIVER. EBENECOOK, now the name of a harbor northwest of SoUthport Island, was probably the name of the island itself. If it were BEbemzecook, and perhaps it was, it would inean High-bus7h-cranberry-place. fbemnledecook means Choke-cherrly-place. Another explanation minay be suggested from the Passamnaquoddy word mutnigut, an island, and ook, place, mlaking lfunt'quooTk, or, as otherwise, ifentildck, changing m to b. Thus it would be Benecook, " The Island,:" easily changed to the present form. EGGoEMOGcGIN, Edgmoggin, Edgmorragen.-A reach between Deer Island and the towns of Sedgwick and Brooklin. The Indian word dgamoggtn, s now-shoes, nmay be the correct explanation of this name, having, some allusion to this iReach"7 which is not now known. FRENCM-IAN'S BAY derived its name from the settlements on the grants made on its borders, to Mons. Cadillac, fromu Louis XIV, in 1691, to confirm the possession of what was claimed to be Acadia. His granddaughter, Madame Gregoire, in 1787, acquired froltl assachusetts a partial confirmation of the original concession. HARRISEEKET Was the name of Freeport; probably denoting the broad part of the river nearest Casco Bay. The word hallaseget means to cut with a knife, and is used with regard to cut ting fish. An Indian explains it as.Dress, is7h-place. HIPPOCRASS, improperly Hypocrites, "spiced-wine,'1 a name probably given to this island by jolly seamen. ]HOOKOMOCK.-A story of the Indian times, connected with this headland, implies that the wor(l nmeans "'devil." But the dialeetic names for the "evil spirit" were rmatsi-niweskco, and natta-dewtando, contracted to tanto. In the lVlassachusetts language, or rather dialect, it was hobomock. The present word should be written Bonckaccnock, from. honck, a goose, amn euphonic, (unless it is an abbre-viation of namds, fish,) and ock, place. As applied to the water, as would be natural, it is the equivalent of Wildl-Goose-Bacy. This is one of the words that show how the Massachusetts dialect, in the word honckc, had an influence in Maine. Where in the Norridgewock for goose was awerer, in the Penobscot it is wompato, and in Etchemin, zwahbegeel. HoG. —The name of an island in Portland Harbor, shortened fromn q-ohogy, or, as given in Webster's Dictionary, quahatg, the round clam. The word is often pronounced co-hog. In Ma'ssachusetts it was written quacdliaug, and in Narraiganset )po qtuc-hlocl. IRtle wrote pe-kcwa-halc, which he applies to oysters. Tihe original word is thought to mean i" a tightly closed shell.'" When Christopher Levett visited -the waters now known as Portland Harbor, in 1623, he reported it as " Quack,"' probably with the broad sound of the vowel, and gave the place the name of York, where he intended to found a city.2 One acquainted with the local pronunciation can easily see how the change was made from the original Indian word. HUNNIWELL'S POINT.-The name of the person whose name is attached to the point of land between Atkins' Bay and the ocean, at the mouth of the Kennebec, appears in a document dated May 18, 1672.3 The place where his house stood is indicated on a pen-drawn map among the Pejepscot Papers.4 1 The cellar still remains. ISLE AU IjAUT.-This mountainous islancld received its descriptive name from Champlain, in 1605, when, with De Monts, he coasted from the St. Croix to Cape Cod. It has a small settlement' Webster's Diet. Williamson's Hist., I, 56. 2 Me. list. Coll., II, p. 84. Willis' Portland, p.' 26. M Ie. Hist. Coil., V,'240. His name is there signed Ambrose Honeywell. His house was standinglll in 1731, owned by J. Lewis. 4Vol. 6, Map 52.a THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 251 on the northeastern side, and a few scattered houses in other parts. The old French mode of writing the last word was 1 hlault. This form. appears in the present usatge of the residents in that region, who call it'The Isle of Holt." Williamson recognizes the same form. Thle Indi~an name, Sooldcook, is translated Shell Plctee. Smith noticed this mlountain-island as one of "1 the remarkablest landmarks, and wrote, The highest isle is Sorico, in the bay of Penobscot."1 The word is thle Aame with the one given albove, with a dialectie change by the Coast Indians of 1 to r. With the proper termination it would be Sortcoke or Sorceook. ISLESBORO'. —Of this the Indian name is Betowbagook, which denotes.its position between tw o channels. JEREMISQUAiM. —The Indians sometimes had English names given them by the early settlers and missionaries. In this region there were Sheepseot John, Robin Hood, (Darumkin,) Daniel Robins, (Ninemewet.) This nae marks the name of one who bore that of the melancholy prophlet, with the word wigwam, house, shortened by the English comers to guamn and then softened to its present form. Jeremys-Houtse in this new mode was made to extend its name to all of Westport. JoRDAN'S RIVER, north of MTount Desert, and connected with Frenchman's Bay, was originally Douaquet, of which the meaning is not ascertained. KEBEC is the same as Quebeec the French form of the word, meanling narrows.2 Here it denotes the passage, where the Lower Kennebec leaves Merrymeeting Bay, called " The Chops." This name appears on a pen-sketched map, made about 1690, )reserved in the archives of Connecticut, at the State-house at Hartford, and supposed to have been drawn from memory and conjecture by Colonel Church, as an aide to the commissioners of New England in preparing for the Indian war about that time. In Perepole's Deposition 3 referred to under "Androscoggin," it is given Qudbazcook. This is the same word with the addition of the locative ook. KENNEBEC.-Of the thirty different forms in which this name has been' written, Kennebeke is probably the most correct. Divided into its parts, it will be kenne or qLenene, lony,,nebe, wa6ter, ke,4 from. The meaning is "'From the loyqg water," that is, " Moose Hlead Lake7" which on Mitchell's map is called Chenebesic; or Great Lakce. Its characteristic is length rather than breadth. KENNEBUNK5 is of similar origin with the foregoing; kernne, long, abbreviated to ken, nebe, water, and unk, a locative, Long-wacter-pllace, and properly so natnamed, as the opening of the Kennebunk River is much the largest bay and best harbor for some distance on the coast. KowxAIsKITdHCCoooK.-There is a difficulty in knowing what is the proper word here to denote Machias River. It is called Kowasskitchcook, and this would mean Pines-great-place, referring to the upper falls. Also, with more probable correctness, K~walpskcitchcook, which the Indians call Rocky River, to the two falls on which this designation is appropriate. The word penops, rock, will furnish a part of the first syllable, k'tche, great, the second, and the last is the locative. Kwi is obscure, perhaps for kooe, pine. But kowo2pscoo means sharp-rock-ridge. This may refer- to the sharp rocks in the rapids. LEJOr is a name appearing on a map in Jeffrey's collection, near Blue Hill Bay. The name is remembered in the neighborhood, and some years ago it was given to a ship builtl at Ellsworth by Mr. Black. In one of the cognate dialects lechaunwak denotes a, fork. Perhaps it was applied here to mark two diverging branches of these waters. MACHIAS. —The original word was 3Machisses, properly Mcatchesis, from matche, bacd, and sis,6 diminutive. Bad, little, i. e., placce or falls; and was properly applied here, because, by reason of Description of N. E., 3d ser., Mass. H. Coll., Vol. VI, 120. 2Kebec, qui est un ddtroit de laclite riviere de Canada. Lescarbot, Vol. II, Ch.'XIV, p. 307-(327.) 3 Me. Hist. Coill., Vol. III, p. 333. 4 RAle, p. 554, (18, 19.) He gives, ("h noms "7 p. 493,) Agheeibelkkc, la riviere Aiinzesozklccanti, which is a branch of the Kennebec, taking its name from the falls at Farmington, wTritten on an ancient map in the Pejepscot Collection, Vol. 6, Map 50, 1719, Amosequonty; also elsewhere written in a dozen different ways, of which Amiasaconticoolo is the one to be preferred, denoting Fish-plenty Place. The stream is " Sandy River;" in the Indian translation, Pentobsquisumquiseboo. It is not easy to nndcerstand what meaning R'le's brief note is intended to convey. The present name is like the earliest, having been called Kieibeqmi by Champlain, in 1605-'6, and Biardl, in his relation in 1611. Perhaps' a thorough analysis of Aghenibelcki would show it to mean a tributary to this main river. 5 In Folsom's "Saco," from an old MS., Kennibonke. Vetromile's " Alnambayuli Amrikhigan," 443. 252 -IEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF the very lnarrow, windin g passage between the crags of the water-course at the lower falls, no canoe could pass through. Bad-smallfall contrasts it with the larger one about seven miles above, at what 7was probably the Kwaps7kitchcook, ill-aliais,1 which is but a different writing for Miachias, is explained by Bad-way. AMIAGOCOOK.-A bay extending from the mouth of Freeport River (Harriseeket) to Flying Pdint. MACGUNCOOK the early name of "; Mousaam River,"2 has the same origin and meaning as Jiegunticook. MAQUAIT, from maqua, a bear, and the locative ending, it. Bear-Bay will well represent the meaning of the word, and the presence of this animal in its neighborhood in early days; though more strictly it may show where the natives went at the bear. MATINrc. —John Smith mentions the three isles and a rock of Milatinnack3 The name may possibly be explained like the next. Another form of the word is Metehnic. lM[ATINICUS.-Smith refers also to this island, and says, M' Metenicus is also three plain isles and a rock betwixt it and Monahigan.Y"4 The Indians call it If'na7hgoo7c, and explain it as "' Long Island.' This word may be from kerne, long, and the locative termination cook. The one or the other of these two neighboring islands appear in the history of this coast as early as 1609, the year after the colony under George Popham, at the mouth of the Kennebec, broke up and returned to England.. In that year his fort, St. George, wasrre-occupied by a company engaged in fishing, under a leader who treated the Indians with much harshness and injury. In retaliation for severities such as they had never received from the kind treatment of Popham,they took advantage of.a favorable opportunity, killed a portion of the English, and by their intimidations compelled the rest to abandon their enterprise here, and select a new point for their efforts, at a place which they called Einmetanic. In 1611-'12 Captain Plastrier, in the French service, in attempting to go to the Kennebec, was taken prisoner by the English, with two ships, and' carried to their station, "at an island called Emmletanic,"5 thus asserting English supremacy in these waters. This name, and the occupation for which the English sought this island, leads to a partial indication of its meaning; Amatanic suggests narmns, fish; the next syllable tan may come from otan, in the Narraganset dialect,6 and oddne in the Norridgewock, meaning village. The name " FishTown" will not be inappropriate to the location. The terminal syllable in Matinicus is not explained. MAWooSmiEN. —This was a name by which a part of the coast of Mlaine east of Cape Elizabeth7 was known to early writers, some of whom wrote it 1lavooshen, (v for wa,).Mawoshen, Moasham, and Malcwashen. This last mode nearly corresponds with the Penobscot word maweeshen, which, with a common locative, denotes Berry-place, descriptive of several localities near the coast; Maweeshenook. AlEDOXsAc.-Also written Madaanock and Mlfadahumic.8 This variation suggests the form Matta-am-ock; matta-not, namnds, fish, ock, place; implying the part of the river where the ocean fish are not found, as not being able to pass above the tide-water over the falls called Chegewunnussuck,k just above the village of Waldoboro. MEDUNCooK.10-A tide.river separating Cushing from Friendship, and connected with AMuscongus Bay. MEGUNTICOOK.-One of the Camden Hills, taking its name from the small river with falls near its base. The word is elsewhere found as Ammequunticook, resolvable into namazs, fish, 7conte, plenty, cook-place; and may be uncouthly rendered as Fish plenty river. The Indian village near 1Cadillac. Memoir in the Hist. Coll., Vol. VI, p. 279, says: Majais.-The entrance of this river is difficult on account of rocks, which are concealed at high water." The difficulty, however, is at the falls. 2Villiamson's Hist., I, 26. 3 I: Mass. H. Coil., 3d ser., Vol. VI, 120. 4 Ibid 5 Caryon's edition of the Reports of the Jesuits. 1864, Paris. R. Williams' Kcy, p. 3, R'le, "Village." 7 Gorges' "Brief Narration," B. II, Ch. VII. 8 Pejepscot Papers. Records, I, 88; VI, map and paper of 1738. 9 Pejepscot Maps. This word is also written cagolwmaessucltck. "o Williamson's Hist., I, 59. THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 253 the falls,.' at the foot of a high mountain, against whose feet doth beat the sea,"' was known to John Smith as 3eceaddacut, which represents the sound of the name as he caught it.l MENAN, from menahant, island, by emphasis here, TIhe Island, as being the largest, and on the maps " Grand Menan." In the Jesuit Relations it is called Menano, perhaps ]Ienanoke. iVIENXNA& from the same wordc with a suffix thought to denote separatioh, as The Island, separated from Monhegan. Smith wrote it lifonanis, suggesting a diminutive, Snall Island. MERRICONEAG was originally applied to mark the " carrying-lplace"I on Harpswell Peninsula or Neck, where a short space in one part of this long and narrow tract separates the waters of Casco Bay from those on the east side of this neck. It was often used in early times by the Indianls, and is occasionally used by-them at the present day. On the west side was a burial-place of the natives, which was discovered a few years ago in plowing, when several skeletons were exhumned, with wampum, copper ornaments, and axes of European make. An Indian company soon afterward passed across, and spoke of it as a well-known place for crossing, and knew of the burialground from long tradition. The word in full would be Mierrucoonegan, from inerrn,2 swuift, quick, G euphonic, and oonegan, portage. As the portage at Winnegance was considerably longer and very steep, this, by contrast, could be well called The Qutick-Carrying-Place. MIERRYMEETING BAY.-This name is said to have had two origins; one from the meeting of the waters of five rivers; and the other from a meeting of surveyors and their enljoyment of the occasion on its shores. But it may have been named from ally other similar gathering at the house of the first settler, Thomas Purchase, about 1625-'28, or at any later time. MoNIEGdAN.-. There is a difficulty in translating the name of this island, called St. George by Captain George Pophamn in 1607. Comparing it with the definition of 3Michigan, given by'Schoolcraft, fromn a dialect of the language that reached to Maine, a clte may be found for its interpretation. Mona4 and itunnoh5 mean islandl. lifona-hegan changed by use to Mionhegan, maly perhaps mean " The Island of the Sea." Its position, if not this explanation, well entitles it to this distinction. M1ONSEAG.-In the interpretation of the inscription on the Dighton Rock, Ch.nkwalk, at Mackinaw, gave to Schoolcraft moris, at the loon. The terminal syllable is for place, and the compound word may be rendered " Loon Bay," Moosebeck, or Ioosabec7. There are other places on the eastern coast, in which the word moose occurs; as " Maoose Cove," Moose Neck." Perhaps this name is similarly formed, moose-nebe-ki, i. e., moosbeki, to indicate the place where the anilmals came to the water. As this name was written by Colonel. Allan, 1777, ]3ispeck7z we have an aid for this form, which means Moose-water-p2lace. But at Indian explains it thus: JIoosabekik, a wetplace; and as Rale, nuder mouiller, gives mousabeqcat, it is wet, and ne-moussebegh-esi, I anm all wet, this must be taken as the more probable interpretation. But it requires an acquaintance with the locality to see its applicability to this narrow strait more than to other places. Perhaps there is a peculiarity in the tidal flow which made it a proper appellation. 3MOUNT DESERT. —The Indian name of this island, as given by the natives in Biard's Relation, was Pemetiq, from peme'te, sloping, and ki, land. It probably denoted a single locality, which the visitors understood as the designation of the whole territory. The vessel bearing him and his company made their first harbor at a place on the east side of the island, which they called St. Saviour, (Bar Harbor.) In 1605 Champlain gave its several high elevations the name of;' Monts Deserts," which well describes their barren appearance. They were doubtless seen by the earlier navigators, though nQt represented on their maps, unless under the general nlame of "les Montaigues,' or I"Montanas," on this part of the coast. The earliest historical events on this island are those connected with Biard and his company of Jesuits in 1613, who were proposing to go to Kadesquit, (from kaht, micmnac for eel, denoting eelstream, now called KenCduskeag,) at Bangor, for the purpose of forming a religious settlement with a 1Third ser. Mass. 1. Coil., VI, 117. 2Potter's Vocabulary.:' Also, among twenty other formsvL, Meiahiggin, IonIChigan, (Smithl.) The filrst refers the world to melahanz island. 4C. A. Potter on the language of thaPennacooks of New Hampshire. 5 Eliot, Rev. 6, 14, etc. 254 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF missionary design, under the auspices of Madame (le Guercheville, of Paris. While they were tarrying at their first harbor, they were visited by a party of Indians who persuaded them to make their abode at the home of Asticoun their chief; on the west side of Soames7 Sound, at a place whose sloping surface toward the ocean renders it probable that this was the real Pemetiq. In the same summer Argoll, an Eiiglish captain, with an armed vessel, had come from Virginia to procure the annual supply of cod-fish at the islands of PeImaCquid. He there learned that the French had taken possession of territory claimed by the English under the charter of James, in 1606. Hle sailed thither immediately with authority from Governor Dale, of Virginia, for the purpose of their expulsion. With little resistance he captured the scarcely finished defenses and took all the coInpany prisoners; whorm he treated with a severity not at all needed to vindicate the clailms of his government for the sovereignty. Here was the first blood spilled in the long contest between these two nations for slupremnacy on the North American continent. The ocean views and the picturesque mountain scenery have made this island a favorite place of summer resort. Its name in the Penobscot dialect is A.hbdsauk, which is the equivalent of C'lamz-bake Island. At the present day there are high banks of clam-shells near the mouth of Soames' SonUd, from which the early settlers took away boat-loads to burn into lime. Similar banks are found at Hull's Cove, Indian Point, and several other places; reminding one of the oyster-shell banks at Damariscotta;. The living clams are plentiful in all the coves of the island; and a considerable business is carried on at Bar Harbor and Indian Point, during the spring and autumn, in digging them for sale.' The Indian tradition is that "' long time ago, two, three hundred years or more,"' their ancestors gathered here for the purpose of feasting on this food. The facts in the case show their skill in fixing the name, which tells of their need and the enjoyment of their semi-annual visits to the place of their 11 clam-bakes." MousAM, an English local name of the Maguncook River. MuscoNGuS.-No explanation. Conjecture suggests iMoose-kon-koos, or mosq, (a word for bear,) kon-koos. NAGUSSET, the name of the point now called Abagadusset, (p. 246.)-Nagusset, the name of the point in Merrymeeting Bay now called Abagadusset, from naaq, a corner, a point of land. NARRAGUAGUS.-The Indians do not explain this word. It may come from nar-ah-e, before and begwatoos, the last g being changed to t, and the meaning may be Before the Bay, denoting Trafton's Island at its mouth. NASKEAG, called by Smith2 Nnsket, which is probably a mistake for Nasket, as elsewhere written. As fishing was the employment of the Indians for half the year, it was natural for them to designate the places of their resort with the name of one of the principal means of their livelihood. Hence the frequent use of the word namds,' in the composition of words. NVaskeag is abbreviated from Namaskeag, or kikc, and Nasket from Namnasket, and represents Fish-Point, on Blue Hill Bay. Namasket is also a place on Ta'unton River, in Massachusetts. NEDDocK.4 —Hubbard gives it as Nidduck, and Jeffreys (Map 51) nearly follows him. It may be allied to nitauke, my place. In 1654 it was written Nuttake.5 But a better interpretation has been. suggested by the late Judge Potter, from the compound word, cited from Rlale, netegoo'ike, clear-land; and confirmed by a leading Indian of the Penobscot tribe, in the word UntUah, an intervale. If the name be written Net-ocl, the meaning, cleared-land, well corresponds with this projection, and its back-lying portion, and the many native implements found in cultivation. The Indians here seldom or never named a cape as such. The large, irregularly shaped rock, separated by a narrow, navigable channel from the point of this cape, was noticed by Gosnold in 1602, when he saw here several Indians possessing articles of European manufacture; such as a Biscay shallop, with mast and sail, an iron grapple, a copper 1Letter from Hon. E. M. Hamor, of Mount Desert. 2 On his mlap, Lowmonds, but in his list Nuicsket. 3Also written nanmaes, narnohs, namaas, in different; clialects. 4 So Williamson writes it. Vol. 1, 24. aHon. E. E. Bourne, Kennebunk, MS. letter. THE UNITED STATES COAST SURIVEY. 255 kettle, clothing of black serge, a hat and band, hose and shoes, blue cloth; and using words that showed that some Basques of St. John de Luz had been in the neighboring waters before him.' NEQUASSET.-Co tto n's vocabulary furnishes nequt-tika as eel. R. Williams supplies nihtlluckqucsh-op, as an eel-pot, the first part of the word denoting the wood of which it is made, and the last part its purpose. The similarity of these words to the name o'f this place may possibly be sufficient to warrant their union with the fact of the abundance of this kind of fish at the falls on this stream, at the head of the tide, and allow the explanation Eel-Place. NEWAGEN.-The name of this cape has been singularly unfortunate in its orthography, appearing as AnZawagen, Andawagen, Bonawagen, MLanawaLgem, Nawagen, NorwaCgen, and Caphan-of waggan,2 and several others. This variety creates a difficulty in the interpretation. Under the word etroit, Rhie gives ooskooaighen. Perhaps the last three syllables enter into this word, which will thus represent the Narrows between the southern point of this cape, and the adjoining islands. It is mentioned by Levett in his account of his voyage along the coast in 1623, who calls it Capemanwagan.3 Williamson says of the northern part, the island of Cape Newagen (now Southport) is separated from Booth-bay, to which it belongs, by a narrow passage for small vessels, called Townsend Gut.4 This description goes far toward warranting the definaition of the name here given. Off this cape Josselyn says is the place where Captain Smith fished for whales.5 NEW MEADOWS, originally Stevens' River, named from a resident on the south side of MIerrymehting Bay, whose house stood near the " carrying-place." about 1640 and later. OGUNQoUIT.-One of the forms of this word, in past days of frequent use, is Negunquit, and this suggests that the original was Oonegunlquit. The word ooneyan meanis a portage, carrying-place, and the termination quit denotes locality. The name Portage-place, or the Portage, conveys a proper designation of a singular ridge of beach-stones thrown up by the action of the ocean near the entrance of a short arml of the sea, to the height of abont twenty feet, across which a carriage-road now passes. OSSIPEE, from kowadss, pines, and se-e river, Pine River, changed froml k'was by dropping the first two letters. PASSAQASSAW.1TEAAG.-One interpretation of this word is the Ghost-Place, or Place of Sights, and the word negwdcssankamnawan, I see hi n,6 may be cited in its favor. Another explanation takes the word Passagus,7 sturgeon, from the St. John's dialect. PASSATMAQUODDY.-The various orthographies of the name of this baly receive the like interpretation. A Micmac Indian employed by the missionary at Hantsport, Nova Scotia, in translating the gospels, gave the word Pestuzmacadie.8 Another form is the Etchemin, Pascatumacadie.9 The uniform translation is Pollock-plentty-place; or, as given by an Indian chief, Pollock-catch-lem-good-?nany. The abundance of this kind of fish in this bay still continues. PEMAQUID.-This name of a harbor and river, with the adjoiig territory, appears as early as 1607, in the journal of the Popham colony during its continuance at the mouth of the Kennebec. It has been written in many other forms; but all are easily resolvable into this. It is compounded of pemni, crooked or winding, ahki, cland, place, and it, a locative; pemn-ahk-it, representing At tile Crooked River, and describing the boundaries of the water, in its tidal portion, by the shores rather than the water itself. Its characteristic " crooked" is marked in contrast with the neighboring John's Bay, which goes out straight to the ocean. In pronunciation the sound of iu or w has been introduced for smoothness. It has been given as Pemacquid, Pemakuit, and by the Penobscot Indians is called Pemahw7cwdue. The history of this place can be given only in the merest outline in a brief note, and need not be attempted, as it is to be furnished in an ample volume.'0 I Archer and Brereton's Relations, 3d ser., Mass. H. Coll., pp. 73, 85, 86. 2This last appears in Mason's Will, Williamson; I, 267. Hazard, I, 385, 393. 3 Me. H. Coll., II, 86. 4 IHist. Me., I, 55. 5 Josselyn's Two Voyages, 3cl ser., Mass. H. Coll., III, 347. 6 Rile, "Viser." Pahsllculs, Barratt'sL ist. 8 Pestlla, pollock, acadie, place of plenty. 9 PascatiCm, pollock. Barratt's pamphlet, taken from Nicola Tenesles. Pascodgum is given lby Sabine. 10 By Professor John Johnston, LL. D., of the college at Middletown, Connecticllt, a native of Pemaqnid, no0w enlbracecl in the town of Bristol. 256 REEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF It may be proper to state that the entrance of this river presented a safe harbor for the many fishermeni who were on this coast from Europe as early as 1602, (see Neddoek,) and with great fiequency afterward. There is great probability that settlements were made here and in its neighborhood before 1620. The late author of the history of Portland considered that the patent granted to John Peirce, in June, 1621, had reference to a settlement made hereabouts, and not to that at Plymouth, for which it has been claimed.1 The earliest occupation here, of which no known record exists, appears to have been made on the west side of the inner harbor, on Lewis' Point, where cellars, a paved street, a well, the remains of a tan-yard, and the scoria of a blacksmith's shop have been found; as also the indications of a small fortification and terraced grounds about it. When the place grew in importance and demanded greater protection, the inhabitants appear to have removed to the other side of the bay, nearer the ocean,'and placed their habitations ancl defenses on the high part of the peninsula, now known as Fort Hill; having a commanding position on all sides. Here are found beneath the surface, and at one place on the snrface, paved streets, in good preservation, and cellars sufficiently numuerons to warrant the tradition of a population at one time amonnting to five hundred persons. Articles of various kinds of household implements, and those of the artisan, as well as some for military use, have been here exhumed. The well-protected cemetery has preserved some ancient and quaint inscriptions on the grave-stones, while it is said that maLny of the most ancient have been thrown over the bank to make room for cultivation. The -wars of the French and Indians against the English required the erection of forts for the security of the residents, which, when one after another was captured and destroyed, were probably placed on the spot where the foundation and part of the wall of the last still remain. The date of the bnilding. of the first was in 1630. This was destroyed a few years after by a noted pirate, Dixie Bull, who was in 1631, before he had revealed his character, of' so good esteem in England as to be a partner with Ferdinando Gorges, 2d, and several others, in a gyant of 12,000 acres of land and more at Agamenticnus, (York.2) The second fort was erected in 1677, under Governor Andros, and called Fort Charles, and was under the control of the government of New York. It was taken and destroyed, with the neighboring dwellings, by a large body of Penobscot Indians, coming from Castine, in 1689. The next fort, called William Henry, was built in 1692, by Sir Wilhiam Phips, governor of Massachusetts, to whose authority the right of soil here had previously been ceded. This was captured. by the French under Iberville, who planted his mortars on the high grounds on the opposite side of the harbor, am;d thus comp elled a surrender. The last fort was erected by'Governor Dunbar, in 1729, called Fort Frederick, and remained till the war of the Amnerican Revolution, when it was taken down by a vote of the town, lest it should be occupied by the British to the injury of the cause of liberty. A single farml-house-is all the dwelling now remaining, and probably built since the construction of the last fort. The importance of this place, which bore the name of the " city of Jamestown," may be seen in this extract from an old document in the archives of New York, in which the residents here petition "' that Pemaquid may still remain the metropolitan of these parts, because it ever have been so before Boston was settled." PEMETIQ' the name of a place on Miount Desert. PENOBSCOT.-The particular locality bearing this name originally has been thought to have denoted the rocky bluff on which the light-lhouse stands at the elntrance of Castine BayS northeast of which is the present township of that name. The meaning is easy to be ascertained, from penops, rock, and cot, one of the locative terminations. The nalme' Rocklanld 7 is a perfect representation of the word, which has been extended by-usage to denote a river, bay, connty, alnd town. But a better origin may be found in the word Pnanwmcskic or, as more closely pronounced by the present Indians, Pnciwcpskc7k, long used to denote the'" tocky Falls " and the island near by, on which their village is placed, at Oldtown. The change to the now common name of the river is easily accounted for by the usage of the English visitors on the coast. As early as 1607 the narra tire of Popham's colony calls it Penobscot, and in 1614 Smith wrote it much in the present form, Penobs7ot, as the name of a place changed by Prince Charles to Aborden, which, as placed on his map, appears to be about the positionof Castine. The Indians cling to the aneienlt name and coLnfine its application to the place of the tribal home. They designate the river, not by onle namle,'W7illis' Hist. Portland, Ecd. 1865, pp. 22-23. iRecords of the Council in. New Englandl, March 2, 1631, comla,red witlh Deeenib er 2, 1.631, THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 257 but by several, descriptive of its several parts, as Baamtuguaitook, C7himsiticook, Ahguazedic, and others. PISCATAQUA. —This river, the boundary between Maine and New Hampshire, was known to Champlain, in 1605, as Pescadoucet, not very unlike the name as written by Levett, 1623, Pasceattaway, and to John Smith, in 1614, as Pagsataquack; and in later days, as Pcascataquack, and similar sounding forms, suggesting a combination, under English treatment, of parts of these two early names; and also the probability that, as in other instances, the different localities on the river were known by different distinctive words, according to their characteristics, thus leading strangers to apply sometimes one, and sometimes another, and again intermingling the two.' Kancamagus, (i. e. John Hawkins,) sachem of the Pennacooks, in writing to Governor Cranfield, in 1685, said that his grandfather had lived "at place called Malamaki (Merrimac) rever, other name chef Natukkog and Panukkog, that one rever great many names." The first of these names being traced to pesketegove,' well denotes the divided character of the sea-ward portion of this stream, in which unite Spruce Creek, Back River connected with Great Bay, and the Piscasset or Lamprey River. The other name has been derived from pos orpts, great, attuck, deer, and auke, or ahki, place, with w euphonic, making PAs-attuck-wak, Big-Deer place; and probably denoting the territory on the interior portions of this stream. The same words enter into the composition of Pautuckaway. In regard to this word, applied to one of the inland ranges of mountains in New Hampslhire, it is related that in colonial times, when the inhabitants in that district had become numerous enough to petition for an act of incorporation as a town, they sent by their agents a large deer, caught within its proposed limits, as a present to the governor, Benlning Wentworth, who thereupon signified his wish that the new town should be called "Deerfield," thus bearing a name indicative of the gift. Henceforth it took the place of Pautuckaway, of which it is a good representation. PRESUMPSCOT.-This word shows how the tendencies of the early settlers led them to make it conform to some better known English word. Here they adopted the idea of the word presumption. There are several modes of writing it, and Pesumpscot comes the nearest to the true form, which, divided into its parts, presents Pes,3 much, omp, from womnpi, clear, shallow, where the bottom can be seen, and cot, a locative. The meaning will be Many-Shallows-River, corresponding to the many rips found in its course, or, as the Indian " sangman" (governor) at Oldtown explained it, Roughplaces River PUXGUSTIC.-The falls at the mouth of the "Wescustogo," or Royal's iiver, in Yarmouth. POiMKOOS1'ooK. —Mud-stream-place, from the mud-flats just below. PURnPooDUC.-Spring Point on Cape Elizabeth;4 but was used to denote the neighboring territory. The meaning is not known. It has been thought to refer to a burying-place, from the Micmac Pulpooduck. Quoo0G. —A bay, on the shores of which were and are found the' round clam, denoted Poquauhock, by R. Williams, and Pekwalhak, by R'ile. Both these words are in the plural form. See HoG. Island. ROSIER.-A cape so designated from its wild rose-bushes on its rocky shores; from the FrenQh. SiBINO, also SEBNOA, the last two vowels coalescing as in oak, and often uniting in Strachey's History, where these names are first found, as in roap, shoare. The true form would be Sebeno. It was the name of a province called by the Indians Sabino, so called of a Sagamo or chief commander under the grand Bassaba. He claimed to be "lord of the river Sachadehoc.'5 The word appears to have a near connection with sebe, a river. The explanation by the Indians is, " where a river makes into the land." As a locality it would apply to Atkins' Bay, and may be called The Bay of the River. The name has been given'to a headland near the mouth of the Kennebec. The sachem may have derived it from the place. SAco. —This name, like Sakunk in the Delaware dialect, from the. root salk, outlet, and the locative o for oke, denotes the mouth of the river. The word by which this river was known to Belkunp's Hist. N. H., Farmcr's Ed., 509. 2 Trumbull's Ind. Geog. Names, pp. 10, 11. 3 Pesangzowi, much, Beaucou, R~le. 4Willis' Hist. Portland, 96, 191.'Strachey's Hist. Trav., Cap. IX, 18; X, 26. 258 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF Lescarbot and Biard is ChouacSet, (pron. shwa-co-et,) and probably had al connection with the falls a few miles above its mouth; more names than one not being inusual to mark a stream. The word m'sooah7q, meaning dead, dry, as applied to wood, followed by kooe, piite-tree, and the locative et, gives rn'soo-ah-koo-et; easily changed by the French writers to the word presented above. The pines, once abundant there, may have been burned, like the forests around the Skootak, (Fire land Lakes,) and the adjoining territory, thus desolated, may have originated the idea of The deadc-pinefalls. The oldest reported word of the hardeer, utterance yielded to the easier, and &Sco now detnotes the river, falls, and city. SAGADAnoc.-This name is thus written in Popham's Latin letter to the King, in 1-07.o It is derived from sanktai-i-wti, to finish, anid onk, a locative, that is, tlhe finishing plIace; where a river} ceases to be a river. It means the mouth of a river; but was applied geog'raphically by the Indiansl to indicate the mouth of the Kennebee, which alone of the large rivers preserves its characterof a river till it reaches the ocean. The original form would be Sank-ta onkA. Purchas places the namue in the mouth. It is written with nearly sixty variatiolnsl in some of which the first syllable sank is preserved. Near its moutlh Popham's colony, in 1607, built their Fort St. George. SASANoA.-The name of all Indian, who is proved, by a caref-ul examninatfon of Bosier7s nnirrative of Weymouth's voyage to the Kennebee, compared with Strachey'> account of the same and of the Popham colony, anid with Gorges' 1" Brief Narration,"7 to hlave been a chief oi distinctioln, closely related to the Bashaba, whose name, as appears in Strachey arnd Purchas, was applied to a by-river of some note, meaning the inland passage by water from the e::nebec to the Sheepsrot, and by Smith to Agamenticus. SEBASCODEGAN.-Great island in Harpswell. Among' h-1e several variatiolns occurs the early form of Chebascodiggin. K'tche is great; tlbcascodegan2 in Penobscot is a measure. This solution of the name shows that the natives had taken somne means of measuring the island, and had fotud it ygeat. SEGUIN, in Strachey's account of the Popham colony, is called Sutqzluin.3 Smith says tSagrdahoc is known by Satquin and four or five isles at its montl.4 The meaning is not ascertained. The preselnt name is a Spanish word. SHEEPSCOT is derived from seep, a. bird, sis, little, a euphonic and cot, a locative. In the Etchemnin dialect seep is duck. See2sisacot is Little-bird-place. The well-marked tradition is that the Indians annually, at the.proper season, resorted to this river sfor the purp]ose of ta.king the young ducks, which were found in great plenty there. SIsQUisIC. —Cousin's River, Yarmouth. SKILLINGS, from a family of that name.5 SMALL PoINT.-Levett, 1623, calls it the " Cape of Sagadahoc.." On anr ancient iucmap, in India ink, of the Kennebec and the adjoining territory, made by John Small, surveyor, it is called by the present name. The'" Small" family was resident in the neighborhood for many years, probably at or near' Small Point Harbor." A field-book of another survey of the Kennebec, made about a century ago, is preserved in the library of the Maine Historical Society. SPURWINK.-_A stream in Scarboro', of which the name has some resen)mble ncl to an English local name. ST. GEORGE'S RIVER.-The name St. George was given by Popham to ~Ibonlhegan; and after this island became known by its original name, it was transferred to the islands and river now thus denoted. SUSQUESONG. —Cousin's Island, Yarmouth. On Johnson's Map of 1754, dedicated to Governor Shirley, this name is given to the Amorcscoggi11, (Anldroscoggi,,) as the principal of two alternate names, with the remark that it was "so called by Mr. Pople."t Sa gadahoc R., so called by Mons. Bellin, and also by most or all the ancient plans " Strachey's Account of the Popham colony speaks only of this and Pemaquid Rivers, and mentions Gilbert's going with an expedition for the head of the r4ver Sachadehoc," Chap. X. All the indications of his narrative point to the present Androscogoin, and the name being thas applied in Jobanson's Map is confirmatory of the traditional use of this appellation. 2In Rale, Tebakooniganz, "une mesure." 3Me. H. Coll., III, 298. 4Mass. H. C., 3d ser., VI, 120. 6Willis' Hist. Portland, Index. tMe, Hist. Col., Vol, III, 329, printed Popple. ie held an office in thle IP'lantlation Office, WThitehall, London. THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 259 TOLA;ioM-The aboriginal name for Falmouth,l embracing Portland. TowaEsSIc, and, without the locative, Towass,2 is a point in Woolwich that lies over against the upper end of Arrowsic Island.3 The Indian explanation refers the meaning to " breaking through." This idea will suit the fact that the by-river of some note called " Sasanoa," in the account of the Popham colony,4 here passes through a broken place in the high walls of the Kennebec. Perhaps it may be translated " The Broken Passtage."7 TuNK, apclplied to a mountain in Hancock County; also to a pond. It appears to be the end of a word, as it is in Carritunvl. As the mountain is called "Big" and the pond " Great," the Indian name may have been in correspondence with these descriptions; for which K'tche-t-un7l (Chetunk) will be the appropriate word. WAUKEA(G.-Neck, in Frenchman's Bay. This may have been IWcam7ceag, i. e., Tamkik. The name may have been taken from wampi,5 clear, shallow, (vwater,) and ki7c, a locative, from shallow water near it, and may represent'" Shallow Bay." WANSQUEAK,6 harbor in Goldsboro'. WAss is an English surname,7 now known in the eastern part of the State. WEBIIBHANNET is the Indian name of the town of Wells; from. web,8 a wife, hanne, a stream, and et, a locative; and may find its representative in wife-river. A similar appliance of this feminine relation nmay be seen in Squawagusset t, quawhan, Squawkeag. This explanation is illustrated by the fact that about 1649 Chabinoke devised to John Wadleigh 4' all his interest in Nampscascoke, being the larger part of Wells, on the condition of the annual allowance of a bushel of corn to the'Old Webb,' (i. e., wife,) his mother." 9 \'ESCUSTOGo.-Royal's River in Yarmouth. The analysis of this worl resolves it into Kowasskoos-togue-oke, Pine-stream-trout-pilace; all which describe facts once true. The first syllable has been dropped. WESKEAG is said to mean Grassy River. But if it be an abbreviation for Kowasskik, then it will be Pine River; ko being dropped. WM-ISKEAG, also in a Pejepscot map written W;7orsqaeeage, suggesting Koass7cikc with the same mleaning as in the last definition, k being lost in English pronunciation. It is a small stream on the west side of the Kennebec, and is regarded as the third of the "' runs of water" passed over by Waymouth and his party in his exploration in 1605, and mentioned in Rosier's Narrative as "the farthest and last we passed," which "G ran with a great stream able to drive a mill," as it now does. Pines once abounded here. WINCHEAG BAY, east of Mount -Desert; where M. Cadillac lived.01 Winne, beautiful, k'tche, great, ag or alt, a locati;e. Wuc-uIAcowrmIC the rname applied to Ellsworth Ri ver and Falls. This word is of the like comlposition vith the others dependent on the Pines. In one of the cognate dialects a word is found written witsh- wock-ael, explained as pine-nuts, which must be the cones; a.k denoting. the plural. Thus, this name will be witsch, a euphonic, kooe, or co, pine, ick, locative, Place of Pine-tree cones, or, more awtkwardly, Cones of Pine place. WISCAasET, called by the Indians Wicheasset, has'been thought to mean "a the co-nfluence of three waters." But there is nothing in the composition of the word to sustain the definition. The same may be said of.' the place of springs." Its origin is like that of the last word. Witschkowass, plhral of koe, et, locative; Wichkwass-et, Place of Pine-Tree Cones, or Pine-cones-place. 1 J. De Laet, quoted by Williamson, I, 39. 2 Or Tow6ess. 3 Pejepscot Papers, Vol. I, 121, called Tlowasset Bay, (Back Bay;) Williamson, II, 347, as a boundary of Woolwich. The syllables et and ic have a similar nmeaning. 4 Strachey, Caput X, Sept 27th. 5 Umbagog has a similar origin in wonmp-be from nebe,v water, g euphonic, og or ok, a locative, i. e., Shallow Lake, corresponding with the fact. 6 This may have been 7Woapokckag, with a meaning like the prececding. 7 Willis' Portland, 321. Woocds' N. E. Prospect. 9Folsom's Saco., p. 120. o Wllliamson, I? 588; note.