37TH CONGRESS, SENATE. 2d Session. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 1860. BY JOS. C. G. KENNEDY, SUPERINTENDENT. WASHINGTON: GOVEIRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1862. IN THE SENATE OF TIE UNITED STATES, May 24, 1862. Resolved, That there be printed and bound for the use of the Senate forty-seven thousand five hundred copies of the Preliminary Report on the Eighth Census, and two thousand five hundred copies for the use of the Department of the Interior; and that the same be printed at the government printing establishment under the supervision of the Superintendent of the Census. Attest: J. W. FORNEY, Secretary. LETTER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, COMMUNICATING A preliminary report on the Eighth Census. MAY 21, 1862.-Referred to the Joint Committee on Printing and ordered to be printed. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, May 19, 1862. SIR: I have the honor to communicate a preliminary report on the Eighth Census, by the Superintendent of that work. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CALEB B. SMITH, Secretary. The PRESIDENT of the Senate. INDEX. Page. AFRICAN RACE, future increase of, in the United State8.......................................... -7 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTSTotal value of................................................. 61 Increase of value in different sections................................................. 61 Decrease of, in some Southern States......................................... fi Tabular statement of.......................................................... 169 AGRICULTUREArmy worm destructive to...........................s............................. 8. Associations, beneficial influence of farmers....................... 100 Connexion of, with branches of industry.................................... 81 Cotton crop increased 110 per cent. in 10 years............................................... 84 tabular statement of.......................................... 201 Dairy products.................................................................... Great increase of..............................................8.)......... Butter, quantity produced................................................................ 84 Cheese, quantity produced......................................................... 84 nutritious and rich in flesh-forming constituents............................... 84 exportation of............................................................... 84 should be used in the army....................................................... 84 Tabular statement of agricultural products in United States....................... 196 Diseases of animals........................................................ 100 Veterinary surgeons and schools needed............................... 100101 Domestic animals, numbers of, estimated............................................. 4 Draining, great progress in estimation and practice.......................... 90 tile factories established......................................................... 90 effects of underground............................................................ 90 instance of success in..................................................... 90 implement for making furrow and laying pipe..................................... 90 Exhibitions, beneficial influence of.......................................................... 100 Grain, aphis destructive to.................................................... 82, Hay, quantity of..................................................................9 crop may be increased by introduction of best varieties of............................. 89 Illinois the great cattle-raising State............................................... 80 Immense saving in Great Britain by new implements of...................... 81 Implements, tables of value of............................................................... 169 Improvements, progress in.................................................................. 80-89 animal force available through machinery..................... 89 employment of steam...................................................... 90 Indian corn, amount of crop and increase........................................... 84 indispensable to Great Britain....................0............................ o Influence of London Exhibition of 1851 on.......................................... o........ 80 Influence of, on Europe..................................................... 80 Insects injurious to..................................................................... 83 Instruments adapted to tillage and harvesting................................. 81 Introduction of new plants and animals...................................................... 8so Irrigation necessary in Utah, New Mexico, and California.........................o.......... 90 Meteorological observations, importance of, to farmer.......................... 101 Molasses, number of gallons imported.................................................. 87 derived from Chinese sugar-cane.............................................. 87 number of gallons made........................................... 88 New domestic animals......................................................... 1(10 Orchards, product principally of apples and peaches.......................................... 9 improved varieties of fruit introduced..................................... 89 pear affected by blight............................................................ 89 Periodicals, forty, devoted to farming and gardening published............................... 100 Products of, abundant at this important crisis................................... 8t rI.. INDEX. Page. AGRICULTUR — Ratio of increase greater than of population,............................................... 80 Schools and colleges, but few now established.............................................. 100 Sheep, number of, to square mile............................................................ 85,86 a necessity to good husbandry....................................................... 86 fine wool varieties of.............................................................. 86 coarse mutton-breeds of...................................................... 86 importation of foreign breeds............................................ 86 Randall's treatise on fine wool sheep-husbandry...................................... 87 Silk, production of.......................................................................... 89 value of silks imported.............................................................. 89 Sugar, amount paid for imported............................................................ 87 supplied by Chinese sugar-cane..................................................... 87 maple, amount of product........................................................... 88 Sorghum saccharatum or Chinese sugar-cane................................................ 80 Supply of staples adequate to any contingency............................................... 80 Threshing, winnowing, and cleaning machines............................................... 82 Threshing instruments, progress of invention of.............................................. 90 primitive modes employed............................................ 91 ancient and modern forms of......................................... 91 use of machines proposed in Virginia in 1650......................... 92 history of adoption of, in Great Britain............................... 92 first inventor, Jethro Tull............................................ 92 Sterling's improvements............................................. 92 Evers's machine............................................. 93 Meikle's improved machine...................................... 93 description of Lee's.................................... 94 steam applied to................................................... 9, Sylvester, of Maryland, roller introduced by.......................... 95 first patent issued in this country, 1791.......................... 96 Mulliken's inventions................................................ 96 machines of Anderson, Wardrop, Prentiss, &c...................... 96 patents from 1803-1810, and subsequently...................... 97 Allen's threshing-machine.......................... 97 machines exhibited at World's Fair in New York, 1853................ 98 trial of machines at Paris............................................ 99 success of Pitt's American thresher.................................. 99 portable steam-engines for farms....................................... 99, 100 Tobacco, amount of crop................................................. 88 effect in impoverishing the soil............................................... 88 increase of product............................................................... 88 raised in Northern States................................................. 88 Value of animals slaughtered................................................................ 85 manufactures depending on.......................... 85 Various applications of invention to.............................*..................... 81 View of condition and progress of........................................................... 80 Wheat, quantity grown................8......................................... 82 increase of...................................................................... 82 Dr. Fitch on depredatory insects.................................................... 82 Wine, very large increase in product...................................................... 88 domestic wines increased............................................................. 88 amount paid for imported............................................................. 89 Wool, quantity of, produced............................................................... 85 Wool, imports of......................................................................... 85 exports of............................................................................85 prices of............................................................................. 85 Randall's treatise on............................................. 87 general tables of productions of.............................................. 196 ALCOHOL, manufacture of...........................................................65 ApHmS, grain, Dr. Fitch's account of......................................................... 82 ASSISTANT MARSHALS, number of (4,417)....................................................... 1 AUSTRALIA, compared with United States, as adapted to production of wool.....................86 INDEX. VII Page. BArNKSIncrease of, an evidence of prosperity...................................... 75 Action of, the index of production and trade.................................................. 76 Great expansion of..................................................................... 76 Comparison of condition of, with imports, exports, and population............................. 76 Influence of failure of foreign harvests on..................................... 79 Prosperity of, in 1850............................................... 76 Great accumulation of capital.......................................................,.. 77 Number of, in New York city............................................................... 77 Clearing system...............................77.......................... 77 Tables of............................................................................... 192 BEER, manufacture of.......................................6............................... 65 BENZINE OR BENZOLE............................................................................ 74 BLINDTaught in deaf and dumb institutions...................................................... 36 First establishment for, in Paris, 1260....................................................... 41 Haiiy's experiments for instructing........................................................... 41 First school for, in Great Britain, 1791........................................................ 41 List of institutions for, in Great Britain and Ireland, when founded, and number of inmates.... 41 Associations for the relief of, in Great Britain................................................. 42 Institutions for, on the continent of Europe.................................................. 42 Institutions for, in the United States, when founded, and number of inmates................... 43 Proportion of, in several States, and to whole population...................................... 44 Comparison of proportions of, in United States and Europe.................................... 45 Influence of climate on number of....................................................... 46 Causes of blindness...................46............................................ 46 Systems of printin' for............................................................ 46 Books for, now published................................................................ 47 Employment of, worthy of consideration................................................... 48 BOOK AND NEWSPAPER PRINTING.............................................................. 63 BOOTS AND SHOESGreat number of operatives in manufacture of.................................... 68 Number of establishments for making........................................................ 68 Capital employed in manufacture of......................................................... 68 Value of manufactured..................................................................... 69 Machinery used for manufacture.............................................................. 69 Table of.................................................................................. 185 BREWERIES, number and value of........................................................ 65 BRITISH CENSUS FOR 1861, facts from...................................................... 112 BUREAU OF STATISTICSEstablishment of, recommended...................................................................... 110 Importance of, to Congress and the country.................................................. 111 CANALS AND RIVER IMPROVEMENTS, tabular statement of................................... 238 CABINET FURNITURE, manufacture of................................................. 69 CANDLES, tables of............................................................................. 189 CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN FOR 1861, facts from......................................... 112 CENSUS OF IRELAND............................................................................... 113 CENSUS, EIGrTH, OF UNITED STATES, number of persons employed in taking, &c.................... 1 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, increase of................................................................. 70 CHEMISTRY, improvements in products of.................................................. 70 CHOLERA, ravages of, in 1849...................................................................... 23 CITIES, poplation of.............................................................. 117 CLIMATE, effect of, on mortality.............................................................. 23,22 CLOCKS, manufacture of..................................................................... 69 CLOTHINGLabor employed in manufacture of.................................................. 64 Table of................................................. 175 COALValue of product of...................................................................... 63 Great increase in product of............................................................ 63 Anthracite, statistics of product......................................................... 63 Bituminous, statistics of product................................... 63 VIII INDEX. Page. COAL, table of........................................................................ 173 COLONIZATION OF FREE COLORED, average 400 per annum.....,.................................. 8 COLORED EMIGRANTS, number of, sent to Liberia................................................... 8 COLORED RACE, future increase of, in the United States.......................................... 7 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR DEAF, DUMB, AND BLIND, account of.................... 35 COMMERCE more easily appreciated than manufactures........................................... 60 CONCLUSION OF REPORT and general summary of results............................................ 118 CONGRESS, number of members of................................................................. 20 COPPER, table of.................................................................................. 173 COTTON, used in woollen manufactures........................................................... 67 COTTON GOODSValue of, manufactured................................................................. 65 Ratio of increase of manufacture of......................................................... 66,65 Rate per capita of production and consumption.............................................. 66 Number of hands employed in manufacture............................................... 66 Average product of labor of operatives.................................................. 66 Number of spindles......................................................... 6 Quantity of cotton used, per spindle......................................................... 66 Table of................................................................................ 180 CRASR, manufacture of.......................................................... 67 DEAF AND DUMBHistorical references to...................................................,............. 32 Instruction of, in England and Germany..................................................... 33 Peculiarities of different systems of instructing.............................................. 34 Number of schools for..................................................................... 3536 Grant by Congress to American asylum for.................,............................ 33 Numbers of; in Europe.......................................................... 36 Number of, regulated by general laws.....................3................... 37 Proportion of, to population........................................... 37 color......................................................... 39 Effect of emigration on number of....................................... 39 Influence of climate and topography on number of............................ 40 Tables of.................................................................... 1........... 168 DEATHS — In United States for the year ending June 1, 1860........................................ 22 Ratio of, to living population, by States............................................. 22 Of foreigners in 1850 and 1860.............................................................. 23 Census of, deficient in numbers................................................... 24 In the United States by months and sexes.................................................... 27 Reported by Surgeon General.......................................................... 28 Corrections in number of, estimate of.................................................. 28 Influence of climate on........28......................................................... 28 Classified by ages and by sex............................................................. * 29 Ratio of, in Europe......................................................... 30 Annual, in United States............................................................. 30 Corrections for deficient returns of................................................... 30 From different diseases.................................................................... 115,116 Caused by violence or accident............................................................ 116 From suicide....................................1.................7........... 117 General tables of............................................... 138,142,162 DISEASES AND CAUSES OF DEATHStatistics of................................................11...................... 114 Rule for estimating the number of sick...................................................... 114 Epidemics and endemics.........................................1..................... 114 Zymotic diseases............................................................... 115,114 Prevailing during the year 1850.............................................................. 115 DISEAsEsPeculiarities of some forms of............................................................... 116 The most fatal in United States.............................................................. 116 DURATION OF LIFE among colored persons............................,....................... 6 EDUCATION, general facts relative to.................................................... 19 INDEX. IX Page. DEATHS, aid by government to promote............................................. 20 ELECTRO-MIETALLURGY, improvements in, applied to cheap jewelry................................. 69 EMPLOYEES IN CENSUS OFFICE.............1.............................. EMANCIPATION, gradual, provided for by different States.................................. 10 ESTATE, REAL AND PERSONAL, increase in value, absolute and relative........................... 79 EXPECTATION OF LIFE among colored persons..................................................... 6 EXPENDITURES for the Census.................................................................... I FEMALES AND MALES, relative number of.................................................. 9 FIRE-ARMSImlprovements in.......................................................... 75 Reputation of American................................................................... 75 Machinery for................................................................75 Enfield rifle.......................................................................... 75 Armstrong gun............................................................... 75 Additional facts relative to.............................................................. 118 FISHERIESDecrease in value of product of......,..................................................... 70 Value of oyster............................................. 70 Value of whale.................................................................. 70 Whale and fish oils supplied by lard and coal oils.......................................... 70 Table of...................................................................... 188 FLAXMachinery for spinning perfected......................................................... 68 A substitute for cotton...................................................................... 68 FLAX COTTON, manufacture of, commenced....................................................... 68 FLOUR AND GRIST MILLSProduct of......................................................................... 64 T able of............................................................. 177 FOREIGNERS, deaths of, in 1850 and 1860....................................................... 23 FOSSIL FUEL................................................................. 63 FOUNDERIES, value of productions of........................................................ 63 FREE COLORED POPULATIONIncrease of................................................... 6 Mortality of, in New England, &c.................................................... 6 FRUIT........................................................................................... 89 FUGITIVE SLAVES.............................................................................. 1112,137 FURNITUREValue of, made in 1860....................................................69 Growth of manufacture........... 69 Employment to skilled labor given........................................................... 69 Tabular statement of...................................................................... 186 GAs, ILLUMINATINGQuantity and value of, manufactured........................................................ 70 First mention of, production of........................................................... 92 Table of..................................1..............87 GOLD MINES, decrease in product of, in Atlantic States......................................... 63 GRIST AND FLOUR MILLS, product of.................................................. 64 GROUPING OF STATES by situation, productions, &c.................................... 8 IDIOCY, causes of.........................................................................57 IDIOTICNumber of, decreased in ratio to population................................................ 57 Incapable of mental improvement........................................................... 57 Number of in United States in 1860........................................................ 58 Proportion of, to population................................................................. 58 IMMIGR&NTSAllowances and addition to be made in considering number of.................................. 14 Number of, in decades.................................................................. 14 Ages and sexes of, on arrival................................................................ 15 Ages of, by decades............................................................. 15 Residences selected by.................................................. 16 Deaths of, on voyage........................................................................ 16 X INDEX. Page. IMIIOGRANTS- Occupations of................................................................. 1617 Number of............................................................. 17 Nativities of.......................................................... 18 IMMIoRATIONPrior to 1800...................1.............................................. 12 Influence of, on value of lands........................................ 12 INDIANS, table of population of tribes of.................................................. 136 INDIAN SLAVERY, west of Arkansas...................................................... 10,11 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS............................................................. 59190 INSANEGreat and beneficial change in treatment of.................................................. 48 First institution for, in America............................................. 48 Pennsylvania hospital for, opened 1752...................................... 48 Virginia hospital for, opened 1773............................................. 48 New York hospital for, opened 1791.......................................................... 48 Friends' Asylum, in Philadelphia, 1817............................................... 49 McLean Asylum, Massachusetts, 1818.................................................. 50 Asylums for, established from 1815 to 1840........................................ 50 Association of medical superintendents of institutions for.................................... 51 American Journal of................................1.................................. 51 Asylums established, 1850 to 1860.................................................. 51 Government hospital for, in Washington, account of.......................................... 52 Private establishments for................................................................. 53 Table showing number of, in United States, in 1860, (free and slave).......................... 57 INSANITY, intemperance the most productive cause of........................................... 56 INSECTs, injury fronm, to crops, and means of prevention........................................ 82 INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL, manufacture of.................................................... 69 INSURANCEProgress of, accompanies commerce and trade.......................................... 78 Reasons for..................................................................... 78 Number of companies and amounts of risks in Massachusetts............................... 78 Number of companies and amounts of risks in other States......................... 79 Amount at risk in all the companies........................................................ 79 Amount of losses in 1860............................... 79 INTERNAL tIMPROVEMENTS, influence of...................................................... 80 INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CONGRESS........................................................ 110 IRONLarge productions of, an indication of progress......................................... 61,62 Manufacture of, related to other interests.................................................,,, 61,62 Pig, quantity, value, and increase of................................................. 61 table of............................................................ 170 Bar and other rolled, quantity, value, and increase of............................ 61 table of.............................................................. 170 Materials for manufactie of, abundant............................................... 62 Independence of foreign supplies of................................................ 62 Founderies, value of productions of................................................ 63 table of........................................................... 172 JEWELRYManufacture of....................................................................... 69 Table of........................................................................ 187 KEROSENE OIL............................................................ 73 LEATIIERManufacture of............................................... 68 Importance of, to agriculturists and stock-raisers.................................... 68 Tanning and currying establishments............................................. 68 Great number of operatives employed in manufacture of................................... 68 Table of.............................................................................. 184 LIFE TABLES, Hlalley & Carlisle's..................................... 31,32 LINEN GOODSManufacture of.......................................................................... 67 INDEX, XI Page. LINEN GOODS- Page. Twine, shoe, and other thread mills........................................................ 68 Flax cotton, improved manufacture of.................................................. 68 LIQUORS, MALTManufacture of.............................6.......... 65 Table of......................................................... 179 LIQuoRs, SPIRITUOUSManufacture of............................. 65 Table of.........................7............................ 178 LUMBER, SAWED AND PLANEDManufacture of.......................................................................... 64 Increase of, and value..................................................64 Improvements in manufactures of................................6............. 64 Table of............... 1................ 176 MA HINERYManufactures of................... 62 Value of product of general machinists and millwrights.................................62 Ratio of increase of, in different sections............................................. 62 Tables of................................................................................. 171 MALES AND FEMALES, comparison of relative number.............................................. MALT LIQUORSIncrease in manufacture of.................................................................. 65 Value and amount of product.............................................................. 65 Number and location of breweries..................................................... 65 MANUFACTURESIncrease exhibited.................................................................. 59 Value of, in 1850 and 1860......................................................... 59 Increase in value in 10 years..................................................... 59 Product per capita............................9.............................. 59 Number of persons supported by....................................................... 59 Value of, only recognized from Census............................. 60 Influence of, on civilization and wealth........................................ 60 Agricultural implements.................................... 61 Iron, abundant supply of materials for............................................... 62 Machinery............................................................................... 62 Water power abundant for, in United States................................................. 62 Sewing-machines........................................................ 64 Intimate relation of, to agriculture and landed interests...................................... 64 Of flour and meal surpass all others in value of products and of raw material consumed.... 64 Progress of, in Europe................................................. 81 Books and newspapers.......................................6I.............. 63 Boots and shoes.......................................68.......... Cabinet furniture.................................................. 69 Chemicals........................................................................ 70 Clothing................4.............................................................. 64 Cotton goods.........................................6.......................... 65 Flour and meal......................................................................... 64 Furnishing goods, ladies' and gentlemen's........................................... 64 Furniture............................................................... 69 Gas.................................................................................... 70 Jewelry........................................................ 69 Leather................................................................ 68 Linen goods..............6................................................................. 67 Liquors, malt and spirituous............................................................. 65 Lumber, sawed and planed............................................................. 64 Musical instruments........................................................ 69 New England rum from imported molasses.......................6..................... 65 Salt....................... 70 Sewing silks................................................................. 68 Woollen goods.................................................................... 67 Table of.................................................................................. 191 MANUMISSION OF SLAVEs, statistics of....................... 11 XII INDEX. Page. MANUMISSION OF SLAVES, tables of......................................... 137 MARSHALSNumber of, (64)..................................................................... 1 Payments to...................1........................................... I MECHANIC ARTS, importance and influence of................................................ 60 MILLS, FLOUR &ND GRISTProduct of........... I..................................................... 64 Increase and value of, in different sections of United States............................... 65 Largest.............................................65............ MINESCoal, iron, lead, copper, zinc, gold, silver, &c........................................ 63 Tables of................................................................................... 173 MININo, large amount of capital and labor employed in............................................ 63 MISSIssIPPI RIVER, climatic effects of................................................... 26 MORTALITYExcessive among free colored in New England, &c............................. 6 Statistics of......................................................... 22 Importance and interest of statistics of............................................... 22 Rate of..................................................................................... 22 In 1849, caused by cholera..............................23....................... Relative, in different sections.............................................................. 25 Effect of temperature and climate on.................................... 25 In the great Atlantic plain.................................................................. 26 In the alluvial tract of the Mississippi...............2.................................. 26 In the Alleghany region,,........................................................ 26 On the Pacific coast......................................................... 27 In the northeastern and northwestern States..................................... 27 According to seasons, months, and sexes..................................................... 27 According to age and sex...................................................... 29 Ratio ot; in Europe..................................................30 Among different classes and occupations........................................... 31 Compared with topography........................................................... 31 Comparison of, in cities and country................................................ 31 Importance to sanitary improvements in cities...................................... 31 Halley and Carlisle's life tables................................................ 31 Tables of...............3..-..............................................139-142-162 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTSManufacture of............................................................ 69 Table of...............................1................................................ 186 NEWSPAPERSInfluence and statistics of.................................... 63-101 Table of.............................................................211 NORTHWEST, great resources of....................................................... 5 NOTES.................................................. 117 OIL, scarcity of whale and fish....................................7............ 70 Increased production of lard.......................................................... 70 Artificial and natural sources of.............................................. 70 OIL, COALMade, in 1846, by Dr. Gesner, of Nova Scotia.................................... 73 First company on Long Island.............................................................. 73 Breckinridge works on the Ohio..................................................... 73 Candles manufactured from............................................. 74 Number of refineries or factories.......................................... 74 OIL, PETROLEUMRock or mineral........................................................................... 71 Found in foreign countries........................................ 71 History of discovery of................................................................ 71 Bowditch and Drake's operations, Titusville, Pa., 1857..............7..................... 72 Wells and borings for, in 1859 and 1860..................................................72 Statistics of trade in, and export of. 73............................................. 73-72 Number of establishments for refining...................................................... 74-73 INDEX. XIII Page. OIL, PETROLEUMManufacture of benzine, benzole, and candles from........................................... 74 Adapted to manufacture of gas..................................................... 74 New and beautiful dyes produced from..................................................... 74 PAPER, manufacture of.......................................................................... 63 PAYMENTSAmount of, to marshals, &c................................................................. 1 Suspension of, to some officers......................................., 1 PERIODICALSStatistics of................................................................................ 100101 Table of.......................................................................... 211 PERSONAL ESTATE — Increase in value of........................................................................ 79 Table of................................................................................... 194195 PETROLEUM OIL...................................................................... 71 PIANO FORTES, manufacture of........................................................ 69 PLATED WARES, manufactures of................................................................. 69 POPULAR REPRESENTATION fixed by law in 1850.................................................. 20 POPULATION IN 1860, general table, by States....................................................... 2 POPULATIONInflux of foreign.................................................... 3 General rate of increase, in decades........................................................ 3 Table of decennial increase................................................................ 133 Density of, in New England States.............................................. 4 Effect of manufactures and commerce on............................................. 4 Limit to increase of, in rural districts...................................................... 3 Gain of Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa............................5..... 5 Of slaveholding States........................................... 5 Actual gain of, in slaveholding States........................................................ 5 Of free States, and increase................ 5 Disproportion in rate of gain of, between North and South................................... 5 Progress of, from 1790 to 1860............................................................ 5 Progress of free colored.............................................. 6, 7 Progress of slave...........................................................................'6,7 Estimate of,; in the years 1870, 1880, 1890, and 1900........................................ 7,8 Of States by groups or sections........................................................... 8 Table of, by sexes................................................................... 134 Relation of, to wealth...................................... 80 Table of, by States and Territories........................................................... 129 Table of, by counties.................................................. 245 Of cities and towns........................................................ 117 Table of............................................................................ 242 Table of Indian................................................................... 136 PRESSThe public..................................................................... 63,101 Origin and gradual development............................................................ 102 Earliest English newspaper................................................................... 102 Number and increase of different classes of papers.......................................... 103 Circulation of newspapers..... 103 PRINTING - Influence of diffusion of..................................... 63 Value of book.................................................... 63 Table of................................................................................. 174 PRINTING PRESSInfluence of, on character of our army..................................................... 63 Used by soldiers in the field, emigrants, &c...................................... 63 Effects of unprecedented increase of....................................................... 63 PRINTING PAPER, increase in manufacture of.................................................... 63 PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY............................................................... 59-190 PROGRESS, causes of our national................................................................. 9 PROPERTY, value of and increase............................ 79 XIV INDEX. Page. RAILROADs — Great expenditures in construction of.................................... 77 Progress of, during decade, 1850-'60........................................................ 103 Number of miles in operation............................................................... 103 History of different principal roads.......................................................... 104 Tonnage of railroads in New York for 1860................................................ 105 Massachusetts...................................................... 105 Estimate of tonnage of all the roads in United States......................................... 105 Length of interior roads and tons transported................................................ 106 In the United States.................................................................. 214 In Alabama..............................................................................2.. 23 In Arkansas............................................................................ 224 In California............................................................................... 229 In Connecticut............................................................................ 217 In Delaware................................................................................ 220 In Florida......................................................................... 223 In Georgia................................................................................ 22 In Illinois......2............... 2'27 In Indiana................................................................................. 226 In Iowa.................................................................................... 22 In Kentucky............................................................................... 225 In Louisiana............................................................................... 224 In M aine................................................................................. 214 In Maryland................................................................................ 221 In Massachusetts........................................................................... 215 In M ichigan............................................................................... 227 In M ississippi............................................................................ 223 In M issouri................................................................................ 229 In New Hampshire.................................................................... 214 In New Jersey............................................................................. 218 In New York............................................................................... 217 In North Carolina.......................................................................... 22 In Ohio........................................................................225 In Oregon................................................................................ 229 In Pennsylvania........................................................................... 219 In Rhode Island............................................................................ 217 In South Carolina..................................................222 In Tennessee........................................................................... 224 In Texas................................................................................... 224 In Vermont..........................2........................................... 215 In Virginia................................................................................. 221 In Wisconsin............................................................................... 228 Total in the United States................................................................... 230 City passenger............................................................................. 231 In Boston............................................................................. 231 In Brooklyn............................................................................ 232 In Cincinnati........................................................................ 233 In Hoboken.......................................................................... 232 In New York........................................................................ In Philadelphia............................................................2........... 32 In St. Louis............................................................................ 233 Recapitulation of....................................................................... 233 Number of miles in operation.............................................................. 234 In Gulf States.......................................................................... 235 In Interior States North..2.................................................... 235 In Interior States South................................................................. 235 In Middle Atlantic States................................................ 234 In New England States................................................................. 234 In Pacific States....................................................................... 235 In Southern Atlantic States...................................................... 234 Total United States.................................................................... 235 INDEX. XV Page. RAILROADS- Number of miles brought into use during each year from 1851 to 1860, inclusive................ 236 In Gulf States....................2............................. 237 In Interior States North................................................ 237 In Interior States South........................................................ 37 In Middle Atlantic States......................................... 236 In New England States.........2......................................................... 236 In Pacific States.................................................................. 237 In Southern Atlantic States..........................2....................... 236 Total United States..237.............................. 37 REAL ESTATEIncrease in value of............................................... 79 Table of............................................................................... 194 REBELLION, the influence of, on our prosperity.....................181......................... 118 119 RELATIVE POSITION OF STATES IN AREA, POPULATION, &C., diagram and table...................... 117 REPRESENTATIONPreponderance of, advancing westward................................ 21 Comparison of, in old and new States........................................................ 21 REPRESENTATIVESApportionment of.................................................................. 20 Decrease in number of...................................................................... 20 Number fixed by law in 1850.........................2......................... 20 Number of, in 38th Congress.................................................................. 20 Increase in number of........................................................................ 20 RIBBONS, manufacture of..................................I................ 68 RUM, manufacture of.......................................... 65 SALTNumber of establishments for making........................................................ 70 Value of production of..................................................... 70 States where produced...................................................................... 70 Sixty per cent. made in New York State................................. 70 Table of............................................................ 188 SANITARY improvement................................................. 31 SCHOOLSScholars in, during 1860.............................................. 19 Appropriation of land for.................................................................. 20 SEWING MACHINESExport of..................................................... 64 Table of................................................................................... 174 SHEEP RAISING, greatly extended since 1850........................................................ 67 SHIPs, number and class of, built in each State in 1860............................................. 107 SILK, chief manufactures of, consist of dress trimmings, coach lace, &ce............................. 68 SILKS, SEWING, manufacture of............................................... 68 SILVER WARE, manufacture of.................................................................. 69 SLAVERYOrigin of............................................................. 9 Abolition of, in Northern States.............................................................. 10 Indian tribes maintaining...............10................................ 1110 When and where abolished.......10............................ 10 SLAVESNumber of, and rate of increase....6.......................... 6 Tables of manumitted and fugitive............................................ 137 Introduction of Indian, in West Indies...9..................... 9 Introduction of Africans into Brazil, &c........................................ 9 Introduction of Africans into United States.................................................. 9 Not to be introduced from abroad into Virginia after 1778.................................... 10 Not to be introduced from abroad into Maryland after 1783........................... 10 Fugitive.................................................................................. 1211 Manumission of.........................................................11 SLAVE-TRADE of different nations...........................................1............ 10 SOAP AND CANDLES, tables of............................................................... 189 XVI INDEX. Page. SOUTH AMERICA compared with United States as adapted to production of wool.................... 86 SPIRITS, manufacture of, from domestic materials 95 per cent................................... 65 STATE REGISTRY of births, marriages, and deaths.................................... 24 STEAM ENGINES, tables of value of........................................... 171 STOVE FOUNDERIES, extensive, in New York..................................................... 63 TANNING AND CURRYING ESTABLISHMENTS.....6........................................ 68 TAXATION, assessment of property for......................................................... 79 TERRITORIES, increase in number of.............................................................. 3 TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATESDecrease by decay, wreck, &c............................................................... 106 Amount built in each decade since 1815..................................................... 106 Number and class of vessels built in each State........................................ 107 Statistics of, showing a loss of 29 per cent. per annum.............................. 108 TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATESTonnage owned in New York and built in 1859-'61................................... 109 Amount built in different States................................................... 109 Value of, in United States in 1861....................................................... 109 VACCINATION.........31.............................................. VALUE OF REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE......................................... 79 VESSELS, number and class of, built in each State in 1860...................................... 107 WARFARE, implements of, improvements in............................................... 75 WATCHES, manufacture of............................................... 69 WEALT'HIncrease of, in real and personal estate....................................................... 79 Estimate of, to be modified by residence................................... 80 Relation of population to.........................8....0. I........... 80 Effect of internal improvements on..I................................................. 80 W HEAT........................................................................................ 8 WIISKEY, manufacture of....................................................... 65 WOOLQuantity of, produced.................................................... 67 Large quantities of, still imported......................................................... 67 WOOLLEN GOODSIncrease in, and value of manufacture....................................................... 67 Number of establishments............................................................. 67 Capital invested in........................................................7 HIands, spindles, and looms employed....................................................... 67 Quantity of wool consumed in....................................................... 67 Proportion of, made in different States...................................................... 67 Shipment of wool to Europe.......................9................................. 97 Importance of extension of........................... i............ 67 Essential for clothing in our climate................................................ 67 Importation of wool still necessary for.................................................... 67 Tabular statement of........................................................ 182 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. CENSUS OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF TrE INTERIOR, Washington, May 20, 1862. SIR: It seems proper, in view of the general desire expressed for information relating to the Eighth Census, that a synopsis of the results should be made publi at as early a moment and to such an extent as the condition of the work will justify. The unusual interest manifested on this subject induces me to present a preliminary report which, while it may want completeness, and in some of its details fail of that minute accuracy wherein the work when completed, it is hoped, will not be deficient, may be relied on as being substantially correct and entitled to confidence. It is a subject of congratulation that the unhappy state of affairs which has interposed to impede the ordinary course of events has not interfered with the rendition of complete returns from all sections of the country, and that we are enabled to represent the condition of all the great elements of a nation's prosperity as they existed in the year 1860-a circumstance, probably, of no trifling significance in facilitating the early and happy settlement of our domestic troubles. In the collection of the details to be embodied in the Eighth Census there have been employed sixty-four marshals, comprising those of all the United States judicial districts, under whose direction, and that of those special agents appointed for unorganized territory, there have been employed 4,417 assistants, upon whom devolved the duty of enumerating the people and collecting the other statistics required by law. To these officers there has been paid the sum of $1,045,206 75; the sum of $247,000 remaining suspended on account of the presumed or known disloyalty of officers, or the existence of some good reason for suspending payments. There are employed in this office at the present time 168 clerks and 16 messengers, laborers, and watchmen. The wants of the War Department have made it seem proper to allow that branch of the government the services of several clerks, who were for a considerable time engaged in the office of the Quartermaster General, while the demands of other government departments, committees in Congress, and State legislatures, for information only to be had from the census records, and which could not be disregarded, have seriously impeded the progress of this work, and thrown charges upon our fund which it has appeared impossible to avoid. Nevertheless, we have not transcended, and it is my hope that our expenditures will not exceed the appropriations heretofore made for this service. While in the prosecution of their duties the marshals were generally faithful to their trusts, and manifested an anxious desire for the proper completion of their duties, it is stated, with regret, that there were one or two exceptions, 2 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. wherein the cupidity of the officer not only involved a violation of law, but wrought injustice to his assistants and retarded the progress of the works In my review of the condition and progress of the various interests which comprise the census, my statements are not limited to the exhibition of facts as they are presented in the returns of the Eighth Census. It seemed a duty to make the report one of the past as well as the present, and the more so while in doing this the opportunity is afforded of presenting statistical facts in a more popular form and agreeable dress. By a liberality unprecedented in the'history of the world, our federal and State governments having munificently provided for the care of the children of affliction by the endowment of hospitals for the insane and idiotic, and institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and the blind; and as a record of these unfortunates is now made in every census, and there exists no official history of their numbers at different periods, or of the care which has been devoted to them, it has been my endeavor to give a correct narrative on these subjects, and one which it is believed will prove acceptable to Congress and contribute to the diffusion of useful information throughout the country. Having indulged in no theories, with no prejudices to sustain, it will be my aim to present facts impartially, in the hope of enjoying your approval, and administering to the gratification and information of the country. Having had the exclusive superintendence of the taking of two censuses under the law of May 23, 1850, and compiled the principal details, my opipions are confirmed in the general excellence of the plan, and in the belief that with each enumeration the statistics are collected with increased accuracy and greater ease. POPULATION. (APPENDIX-TABLE No. 1.) The subjoined table exhibits the population returns of the Eighth Census, and presents a complete view of the number of inhabitants of the United States and Territories in 1860, according to the enumeration then taken in pursuance of the Constitution: Alabama.............. 964,201 New Jersey............ 672,035 Arkansas............. 435,450 New York........... 3,880,735 California............. 379,994 North Carolina......... 992,622 Connecticut............ 460,147 Ohio................ 2,339,502 Delaware.........-... 112,216 Oregon................ 52,465 Florida............... 140,425 Pennsylvania......... 2,906,115 Georgia..... —........ 1,057,286 Rhode Island.......... 174,620 Illinois............... 1,711,951 South Carolina......... 703,708 Indiana............... 1,350,428 Tennessee............. 1,109,801 Iowa................. 674,948 Texas................ 604,215 Kansas............... 107,206 Vermont.............. 315,098 Kentucky........-.... 1,155,684 Virginia............... 1,596,318 Louisiana -....... —-—. 708,002 Wisconsin............. 775,881 Maine................. 628,279 Colorado Territory...... 34,277 Maryland............... 687,049 Dakota Territory....... 4,837 Massachusetts........ 1,231,066 Nebraska Territory...... 28,841 Michigan............. 749,113 Nevada Territory..... 6,857 Minnesota.....- -........ 173,855 New Mexico Territory.. 93,516 Mississippi............. 791,305 Utah Territory......... 40,273 Missouri............... 1,182,012 Washington Territory... 11,594 New Hampshire........ 326,073 District of Columbia..... 75,080 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 3 Though the number of States has increased during the last decennial period from thirty-one to thirty-four, and five new Territories have been organized, the United States has received no accessions of territory within that term, except a narrdv strip to the southward of the Colorado river, along the Mexican line, not yet inhabited. As general good health prevailed, and peace reigned throughout the country, there was no apparent cause of disturbance or interruption to the natural progress of population. It is true that the very large immigration from Europe, together with an influx of considerable magnitude from Asia to California, has added largely to the augmentation which the returns show to have taken place during the decade. In comparing the gain of any class of the population, or of the whole of it, one decade with another, the rate per cent. is not a full test of advancement. The rate of gain necessarily diminishes with the density of population, while the absolute increase continues unabated. The actual increase of the entire free and slave population from 1850 to 1860, omitting the Indian tribes, was 8,225,464, and the rate per cent. is set down at 35.46; while from 1840 to 1850 the positive increment of all classes was 6,122,423, yet the -ratio of gain was 35.87 per cent. The two decades from 1800 to 1810, and from 1840 to 1850, were marked by the great historical facts of the annexation of Louisiana, and the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, and California. Each of these regions contributed considerably to the population of the country, and we accordingly find that during those terms there was a ratio of increase in the whole body of the people greater by a small fraction than shown by the table annexed for the decade preceding the Eighth Census. The preponderance of gain, however, for that decennial term above all the others since 1790, is signally large. No more striking evidence can be given of the rapid advancement of our country in the first element of national progress than that the increase of its inhabitants during the last ten years is greater by more than 1,000,000 of souls than the whole population in 1810, and nearly as great as the entire number of people in 1820. That the whole of this gain is not from natural increase, but is, in part, derived from the influx of foreigners seeking here homes for themselves and their children, is a fact which may justly enhance rather than detract from the satisfaction wherewith we should regard this augmentation of our numbers. Thus far in our history no State has declined in population. Vermont has remained nearly stationary, and is saved from a positive loss of inhabitants by only one-third of one per cent. New Hampshire, likewise, has gained but slowly, her increment being only 8,097, or two and one-half per cent. on that of 1850. Maine has made the satisfactory increase of 45,110, or 7.74 per cent. The old agricultural States may be said to be filled up, so far as regardsi the resources adapted to a rural population in the present condition of agricultural science. The conditions of their increase undergo a change upon the general occupation and allotment of their areas. Manufactures and commerce, then, come in to supply the means of subsistence to an excess of inhabitants beyond what the ordinary cultivation of the soil can sustain. This point in the progress of population has been reached, and, perhaps, passed in most, if not all, of the New England States. But while statistical science may demonstrate within narrow limits the number of persons who may extract a subsistence from each square mile of arable land, it cannot compute with any reasonable approach to certainty the additional population, resident on the same soil, which may obtain its living by the thousand branches of artificial industry which the demands of society and civilization have created. This is forcibly illustrated by the returns relative to the three other New England States-Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 4 PRELIMIN ARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. and Connecticut-which contain 13,780 square miles. The following table shows their population in 1850 and 1860, and its density at each period. 1850. 1860. States. c o *-. 5 c'-a.. o~ a Massachusetts.......................... 994,514 127.49 1,231,066 157.83 Connecticut........ 4..................... 370,792 79.33 460,147 98.42 Rhode Island............................ 147,545 112.97 174,620 133.63 1,412,851............ 1,865,833.... The aggregate territorial extent of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, is 48,336 square miles; the number of their inhabitants 1,269,450, or 26.26 to the square mile. The stated point of density was passed by the three States named in the table more than fifty years ago, and yet they go on increasing in population with a rapidity as great as at any former period of their history. South Carolina has gained during the decade 35,201 inhabitants of all conditions, equal to 5.27 per cent. Of this increase 16,825 are whites, and the remainder free colored and slaves. It is perhaps a little remarkable that the relative increase of the free colored class in this State was more considerable than that of any other. As their number, 9,914, is so small as to excite neither apprehension or jealousy among the white race, the increase is probably due both to manumission and natural causes. This State has made slower progress during the last term than any other in the south, having advanced only from 27.28 to 28.72 inhabitants to the square mile. Tennessee, it will be observed, has made but the moderate gain of 10.68 per cent. for all classes. Of this aggregate increase the whites have gained at the rate of 9.24 per cent. upon 1850, the free colored 13.67, and slaves 15.14. The next lowest in the rate of increase in the list of southern States is Virginia, whose gain upon her aggregate population, in 1850, was 174,657, equal to 12.29 per cent. The white class gained 152,611, or 17.06 per cent., the slaves 18,337, or 3.88 per cent. These are examples of the States wherein the population has advanced with slowest progress the past ten years. Turning now to the States which have made the most rapid advance, we find that New York has increased fiom 3,097,394 to 3,880,735, exhibiting an augmentation of 783,341 inhabitants, being at the rate of 25.29 per cent. The free colored population has fallen off 64 since 1850, a diminution to be accounted for probably by the operation of the fugitive slave law, which induced many colored persons to migrate further north. The gain of Pennsylvania has been in round numbers 595,000. In that State the free colored have increased about 3,000. The greater mildness of the climate and a milder type of the prejudices connected with this class of population, the result of benevolent influences and its proximity to the slaveholding States, may account for the fact that this race holds, its own in Pennsylvania, while undergoing a diminution in the State next adjoining on the north. Minnesota was chiefly unsettled territory at the date of the Seventh Census; its large present population, as shown by the returns, is therefore nearly clear gailn. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 5 The vast region of Texas ten years since was comparatively a wilderness. It has now a population of over 600,000, and the rate of its increase is given as 184 per cent. Illinois presents the most wonderful example of great, continuous, and healthful increase. In 1830 Illinois contained 157,445 inhabitants; in 1840, 476,183; in 1850, 851,470;'in 1860, 1,711,951. The gain during the last decade was, therefore, 860,481, or 101.06 per cent. So large a population, more than doubling itself in ten years, by the regular course of settlement and natural increase, is without a parallel. The condition to which Illinois has attained under the progress of the last thirty years is a monument of the blessings of industry, enterprise, peace, and fiee institutions. The growth of Indiana in population, though less extraordinary than that of her neighboring State, has been most satisfactory, her gain during the decade having been 362,000, or more than thirty-six per cent. upon her number in 1850. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa have participated to the full extent in the surprising development of the northwest. The remarkable healthfulness of the climate of that region seems to more than compensate for its rigors, and the fertility of the new soil leads men eagerly to contend with and overcome the harshness of the elements. The energies thus called into action have, in a few years, made the States of the northwest the granary of Europe, and that section of our Union which, within the recollection of living men, was a wilderness, is now the chief source of supply in seasons of scarcity for the suffering millions of another continent., Looking cursorily over the returns, it appears that the fifteen slaveholding States contain 12,240,000 inhabitants, of whom 8,039,000 are whites, 251,000 free colored persons, and 3,950,000 are slaves. The actual gain of tie whole population in those States from 1850 to 1860, was 2,627,000, equal to 27.33 per cent. The slaves advanced in numbers 749,931, or 23.44 per cent. This does not include the slaves of tli District of Columbia, who decreased 502 in the course of the ten years. The nineteen free States and seven Territories, together with the federal District, contained, according to the Eighth Census, 19,201,546 persons, including 27,749 Indians; of whom 18,936,579 were white, and 237,218 free colored. The increase of both classes was 5,598,603, or 41.24 per cent. No more satisfactory indication of the advancing prosperity of the country could be desired than this general and remarkable progress in population. North and south we find instances of unprecedented gains, as in the case of Illinois, just adverted to. In the southwest the great State of Missouri has increased by the number of 500,000 inhabitants, which is within a fraction of 74 per cent. It is due to candor to state that the marked disproportion between the rate of gain in the north and south respectively, is manifestly to some extent caused by the larger number of immigrants who settle in the former secton, on account of congeniality of climate, the variety of occupation, the dignity wherewith respectable employment is invested, and the freedom of labor. Having thus briefly and imperfectly noticed the manner in which the general gain of population during the last ten years has been distributed among the States, we may with advantage examine the progress of the country as a whole, in this respect, from 1790 to 1860. In order to show the progress of the entire population, and of each class for this period, table No. 1 has been prepared, which is hereunto appended. The figures in that table show considerable uniformity in the rate of progression of the whole population. It has varied in the different decades fiom 32 —Q per cent. increase to 361. The whites, constituting the great bulk of the inhabitants, have governed the ratio of augmentation for the mass. The lowest rate of increase saiomw for that c-asS W&a by t-e censuss of 1_830, ntamrely, a fraction less than 34 per cent. In 1850 it has risen above 38 per cent., and continued to be about the same fiom 1850 to 1860. The number of free colored 6 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. persons was small in 1790, and as a condition or class in society it holds about the same position as then. We possess very insufficient means for estimating the natural increase of this division of our population. Their aggregate number has been so continually affected by manumissions, by legislation changing their condition, and to a small extent by emigration, that from these causes, rather than by the ordinary progress of increase, they have reached a total of nearly half a million, and the rate per cent. of their advancement in seventy years, has been equal to that of the whole population, and not very far below that of the whites; and that at the same time they have gained in a ratio nearly one-half greater than the slaves. In the interval from 1850 to 1860, the total free colored population of the United States increased from 434,449 to 488,005, or at the rate of 12.33 per cent. in ten years, showing an annual increase of one per cent. This result includes the number of slaves liberated and those who have escaped from their owners, together with the natural increase. In the same decade the slave population, omitting those of the Indian tribes west of Arkansas, increased 23.39 per cent., and the white population 37.97 per cent., which rates exceed that of the free colored by twofold, and three or fourfold, respectively. Inversely, these comparisons imply an excessive mortality among the free colored, which is particularly evident in the large cities. Thus, in Boston during the five years ending with 1859, the city registrar observers: "The number of colored births was one less than the number of marriages, and the deaths exceeded the births in the proportion of nearly two to one." In Providence, where a very correct registry has been in operation under the superintendence of Dr. Snow, the deaths are one in twenty-four of the colored; and in Philadelphia during the last six months of the census year, the new city registration gives 148 births against 306 deaths among the free colored. Taking town and country together, however, the results are more favorable. In the State registries of Rhode Island and Connecticut, where the distinction of color has been specified, the yearly deaths of the blacks and mulattoes have generally, though not uniformly, exceeded the yearly births-a high rate of mortality chiefly ascribed to consumption aid other diseases of the respiratory system. Owing, among other causes, to the extremes of climate in the more northern States, and in other States to expulsive enactments of the legislatures, the free colored show a decrease of numbers during the past ten years according to the census, in the following ten States: Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Maine, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Texas, and Vermont. The free colored have gained eleven thousand in Ohio, three thousand in North Carolina, and nine thousand in Maryland. In the latter State the prejudice against this class appears to exist only to a limited extent, and constituting as it does 121 per cent. of the whole population, it forms an important element in the free labor of Maryland. With regard to the mean duration or expectation of life among colored persons in different localities of the country, reference may be made to some comparative tables published in the census report to Congress in 1852, page 13. The returns of 1860, when cast into the same form, would, doubtless, exhibit similar results. In a simple statement, when viewed apart from the liberations or manumission in the southern States, the aggregate fiee colored in this country must represent nearly what is termed "a stationary population," characterized by an equality of the current of births and deaths. There are now in the United States about 4,000,000 slaves. They have advanced to that vast number from about 700,000 in 1790. The rate of progress of this class of population has been somewhat more fluctuating than can be easily accounted for. Why, for example, they should have increased over 30 per cent. from 1820 to 1830, and only 23s~ per cent. during the next decade, does not appear from any facts bearing upon their condition during this period. It may, PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 7 perhaps, be attributed to the large emigration to Texas, prior to 1840, which, doubtless, exerted no small influence upon the ordinary progress of the slave population in the United States during that decade. There is no importation nor emigration of slaves into or from the country, and it would seem that they should be subject to no cause of increase or decadence except what nature decrees. This law is that of gradual and steady increase, and under it the total number of slaves in 1860 should have been 4,130,000, had they gained at the same ratio as during the preceding ten years. It is important to observe the growing disparity between the pace at which the white and colored races are advancing in this country. While the whites, from 1850 to 1860, gained 38 per cent., the slaves and fiee colored increased somewhat less than 22 per cent., and the total increase of the free colored and slaves for 70 years was but 485 per cent. against 757 per cent. for the whites' With regard to the future increase of the African race in this country, various extravagant speculations have been recently promulgated. An attentive survey of the statistics of the census will guide to a more satisfactory approximation. The following summary exhibits the numbers of the colored race and their rates of increase during the last seventy years: Census of slaves and free colored. Census of- Free colored. Increase, Slaves. Increase, Free colored Increase, per cent. per cent. and slaves, per cent. 1790.................... 59,466............ 697,897............ 757,363........... 1800..................... 108,395 82.28 893,041 27.97 1,001,436 32.23 1810...................... 186,446 72.00 1,191,364 33.40 1,337,810 37.58 1820...................... 233,524 25.23 1,538,038 28.79 1,771,562 28.58 1830...................... 319,599 36.87 2,009,043 30.61 2,328,642 31.44 1840...................... 386,303 23.87 2,487,455 23.81 2,873,758 23.41 1850...................... 434,449 12.46 3,204,313 28.82 3,638,762 26.62 1860.................... 482,122 10.97 3,953,587,23.38 4,435,709 21.90 Here the rate of increase will be seen at a glance to have been gradually diminishing, especially during the last thirty years. The greater apparent increase among slaves from 1840 to 1850 is connected with the admission of Texas in 1845. For the future, the rate will probably continue to diminish; and to apply unchanged the rate of the last ten years, must give results exceeding, rather than falling short of the truth. The following estimates, therefore, have been computed on the assumption that the rate of the last ten years, 21.9, shall continue twenty years longer, or until 1880, after which the rate is diminished to 20.0 until the close of the present century, for the colored population. And, to facilitate comparison, the next column exhibits the aggregate of whites, free colored, and slaves, based on the well-known and very correct assumption of a mean annual increase of three per cent.: Probablefuture population of the United States. Year. Free colored and Aggregate of whites Percentage of slaves. and colored. colored. 1870.............................................. 5,407,130 42,328,432 12.77 1880.......................................... 6,591,292 56,450,241 11.68 1890 7.............................. 7909,550 77,263,989 10.24 1900..................................... 9,491,459 100,.35,802 9.46 8 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Thus, according to the best estimates, the total population of the United States at the close of the present century will be about a hundred millions. All observing persons will perceive that the relative increase of the whites exceeds that of the colored, and that the disparity is gradually becoming more and more favorable to this part of our population. Leaving the issue of the present civil war for time to determine, it should be observed, if large numbers of slaves shall be hereafter emancipated, so many will be transferred from a faster to a slower rate of increase. In this case, nine millions of the colored, in the year 1900, appears a large estimate. Of these a great portion will be of mixed. descent, since in 1850 one-ninth part of the whole colored class were returned as mulattoes. In regard to emigration, the number colonized by the American Colonization Society and its auxiliaries during the past ten years, has averaged about 400 per annum, besides the Africans captured on several slaveships. The total number of colored emigrants sent to Liberia from 1820 to 1856 inclusive, is stated at 9,502, of whom 3,676 were free born. In the report on the Seventh Census, for 1851, a table was published in which the States were arranged into sections or groups according to geographical situation, productions, climate, the pursuits of their inhabitants, and other prominent characteristics. The progress of these groups combined is that of the entire republic, and the opportunity of observing the growth of each of them separately, enables us the more satisfactorily to ascertain the advancement of the whole country. The table is therefore here repeated, being extended so as to embrace the results of the census of 1860. 1850. 1860. States. 5.5' - - _ o dS _ ______ * - - - New England States, (6)............................. 63,272 2,728,106 43.11 3, 15,283 49.55 Middle States, including Maryland, Delaware, and Ohio, (6)....................................... 151,760 8,553,713 56.36 10,597,661 69.83 Coast planting States, includingSouth Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, (6)... 286,077 3,557,872 12.43 4,364,927 15.25 Central slave States, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas, (6)...... 309,210 5,167,276 16.71 6,471,887 20.93 Northwestern States, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and Kansas, (7)........... 250,295 2,734,945 10.92 5,543,382 22.14 Texas........................................... 237, 321 212,592 0.89 604,215 2 55 California.......................................... 188, 82 165,000 0.87 379,994 2.01 Without going into the minutime of decimal computations, an inspection of the above table will show that the great middle States have gained in density 25 per cent., and the northwestern group 100. The growth of those States, as of California and Texas, represents the settlement of new lands and the development of agricultural, mining, and pastoral pursuits. The production of grain, cotton, and wool, therearing of sheep, horned stock, and swine, and the abundance of gold and other valuable minerals, give employment to the population, add to its numbers, and augment the wealth of the State. But it cannot be overlooked that there are other portions of the earth of equal extent which possess similar natural advantages, but exhibit no such proofs of prosperity as the divisions of our country referred to. The causes of the noble and beneficent PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 9 result in our case are attributable to the attraction of our institutions, the freedom of industry, the cheapness and fertility of our lands, and, above all, the long enjoyment of, and, as we believed, perfect guarantees of peace. Let us hope that the experience of the now passing decade will not cause us to look back with regret upon that which we are reviewing as the culmination of our national progress. SEXES. (APPENDIX-TABLE NO. 2.) The excess of male population in the United States, compared with that of the other sex, presents a marked difference with respect to other countries. While in the United States and Territories there is an excess of about 730,000 males in more than 31,000,000 of people, the females of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland outnumber the males some 877,000 in a population of little more than 29,000,000. This disparity is the result of many causes. The emigration from the mother country of men in the prime of life, and the large demands of their military, naval, and marine service, seem to account for some proportion of the excess of females; while immigration from all parts of Europe, our small military and naval service, and the few losses we have sustained from the contingencies incident to a state of war, have served to exhibit a larger male population, in proportion, than can be shown in any country on the globe. The great excess of males in newly-settled territories illustrates the influence of emigration in affecting a disparity in the sexes. The males of California outnumber the females near 67,000, or about one-fifth of the population. In Illinois the excess of males amounts to about 92,000, or one-twelfth of the entire population. In Massachusetts the females outnumber the males some 37,600. Michigan shows near 40,000 excess of males; Texas, 36,000; Wisconsin, 43,000. In Colorado the males are as twenty to one female. In Utah the numbers are nearly equal; and while in New York there is a small preponderance of females, the males are more numerous in Pennsylvania. SLAVERY. For more than three and a half centuries slavery has existed in the West Indies. Indians from the American coast were conveyed to St. Domingo and Cuba in large numbers. The plea for the capture and employment of the aborigines was their conversion to Christianity, which but few lived long to enjoy, as, under the effects of labor and the climate, they died with a rapidity too shocking to contemplate. This circumstance directed the attention of the Spaniards to Africa, from which country slaves were imported about the year 1503, the licenses for that object greatly enriching the Spanish exchequer for a long period after. The introduction of Africans into Brazil and Peru dates almost simultaneously with the conquest of the countries by Cortez and Pizarro, early in the sixteenth century. By the middle of that century the aborigines of the West Indies had disappeared, and their places were occupied by Africans, who were introduced about this period in very large numbers throughout the Spanish and Portuguese possessions in South America. It was but shortly subsequent that English adventurers embarked successfully in the slave trade, which they pursued under charters from Elizabeth and James I. The first negro slaves were imported into Virginia in 1619, where they numbered about 2,000 in 1670. It is believed that the first slave ship fitted out in the English colonies sailed from Bosfon in 1646. In 1624 the French introduced slaves into their island of St. Christopher, and soon after into Martinique 10 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. and Guadeloupe, and shortly established slavery in all their American colonies. The Dutch embarked in the traffic with other civilized nations; so that the conclusion is inevitable that all the enlightened nations of the world who enjoyed any extended commerce simultaneously participated in a trade now deemed contraband, and towards which the world is now as equally united in hostility. Had slavery continued to expand in numbers in other parts of America as it has grown in the United States, there would at the present time be more than 21,000,000 of this class of persons in the United States and the British, French, Spanish, and Brazilian possessions. It is believed, however, that in all American countries and islands of our seas, except in the United States, the number of slaves was only maintained from time to time by the prosecution of the slave trade. While slavery in North America extended, in 1775, from and including the Canadian provinces to Florida, its northern limit has been gradually contracting, while indications clearly point to its western termini, which have doubtless been already attained. The importation of slaves to the United States was interdicted by law in 1508. In 1774 the legislature of Rhode Island interdicted the importation of slaves into that colony, and the next year enacted a law of emancipation by declaring the children of all slave mothers to be born, free. Massachusetts abolished slavery by her bill of rights in 1780. In 1784 Connecticut barred the introduction of slaves, and declared all born after the 1st of March of that year free at the age of 26. Pennsylvania, in 1780, by law prohibited the introduction of slaves, and declared free all children of slave mothers born thereafter. Virginia prohibited the introduction of slaves from abroad in 1778; Maryland in 1783, New Hampshire abolished slavery in 1792; New York in 1799; New Jersey in 1820. Such has been the progress and decline of African slavery in our country, where its severities have been humanity compared with other countries, and where, although among the last to cling to the institution, the traffic in this class of persons was first seriously, as it has been persistently, opposed.. It may not be out of place to state that the American States, which in the past century abolished slavery, permitted the free colored population to enjoy every right consistent with their condition as a class, and allowed bond and free to remain during their natural lives in the State or colony where they lived. This fact, although sometimes questioned, can be demonstrated beyond cavil; and the contrary can only be urged by such as are unfamiliar with the subject or have an object in the misrepresentation. The plan of gradual emancipation probably tended to this result, as those who were living in bondage continued to be slaves, while their descendants were generally to become free at such period as they were qualified to maintain their own existence by labor. An examination of the relative number at different successive periods, until slavery become extinct, must lead to conclusions that no material deportation of slaves occurred shortly before or after the passage of emancipation acts-a fact which cannot be controverted; and wllile it must be conceded that the northern people prosecuted the slave trade at an early period with energy and thrift, they are entitled to the award of sincerity and honesty in giving the earliest examples of the abolition of the institution of slavery within their own borders. INDIAN SLAVERY. (APPENDIX-TABLE NO. 3.) A new element has been developed by the present census, viz: that of the statistics of negro slavery among the Indian tribes west of Arkansas, comprising the Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, and Chickasaw nations; also the number of white and fiee colored population scattered throughout these tribes; all of which, with an estimate from the most reliable sources of the whole number of aborigines, will be found appended to the population tables. By reference to this table it PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 11 will appear that the Choctaws held 2,297 negro slaves, distributed among 385 owners; the Cherokees, 2,504, held by 384 owners; the Creeks, 1,651,.owned by 267 Indians; and the Chickasaws, 917 to 118 owners. -As, under all the circumstances of slavery everywhere, the servile race is very unequally distributed, so will appear to be the case with the Indian tribes. While one Choctaw is the owner of 227 slaves, and ten of the largest proprietors own 638, averaging nearly 64, the slaves average about six to each owner of slaves in that tribe, while the Indians number about as eight to one slave. Among the Cherokees the largest proprietor holds 57 slaves; the ten largest own 353, averaging a little over 35, and the number to each holder averages a little more than a half per cent. more than with the Choctows, while the population of Indians in the tribe to slaves as about nine to one. Among the Creeks two hold 75 slaves each; ten own 433, while the ratio of slaves to the whole number of Indians varies but little from that with the Cherokees. The largest proprietor among the Chickasaws holds 61 slaves; ten own 275, or an average of 274, while the average is nearly eight to each owner in the tribe, and one to each five and a half Indians in the tribe. It thus appears that in those tribes there are nearly eight Indians to each negro slave, and that the slaves form about 121 per cent. of the population, omitting the whites and free colored. The small tribe of Seminoles, although like the tribes above mentioned, transplanted from slaveholding States, holds no slaves, but intermarry with the colored population. These tribes, while they present an advanced state of civilization, and some of them have attained to a condition of comfort, wealth, and refinement, form but a small portion of the Indian tribes within the territory of the United States, and are alluded to on account of their relation to a civil condition recognized by a portion of the States, and which exercises a significant influence with the country at large. MANUMISSION OF SLAVES. (APPENDIX-TABLE NO. 4.) With regard to manumission it appears from the returns that during the census year they numbered a little more than 3,000, being more than double the number who were liberated in 1850, or at the rate of one each to 1,309; whereas, during 1850, the manumissions were as one to every 2,181 slaves. Great irregularity, as might naturally be expected, appears to exist for the two periods whereof we have'returns on this subject. By the Eighth Census it appears that manumissions have greatly increased in number in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee, while they have decreased in Delaware and Florida, and varied but little in Kentucky, Missouri, South Carolina, and Virginia, and other, slaveholding States not mentioned. FUGITIVE SLAVES. (APPENDIX-TABLE No. 5.) The number of slaves who escaped from their masters in 1860 is not only much less in proportion than in 1850, but greatly reduced numerically. The greatest increase of escapes appears to have occurred in Mississippi, Missouri, and Virginia, while the decrease is most marked in Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, and Tennessee. That the complaint of insecurity to slave property by the escape of this class of persons into the free States, and their recovery impeded, whereby its value has been lessened, is the result of misapprehension is evident, not only fiom the small number who have been lost to their owners, but from the fact that up to the present time the number of escapes has been gradually diminishing to such 12 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. an extent that the whole annual loss to the southern States from this cause bears less proportion to the amount of capital involved than the daily variations which in ordinary times occur in the fluctuations of State or government securities in the city of New York alone. From the tables annexed, it appears that while there escaped from their masters 1,011 slaves in 1850, or one in each 3,165 held in bondage, (being about 1- of one per cent.,) during the census year ending June 1, 1860, out of 3,949,557 slaves, there escaped only 803, being one to about 5,000, or at the rate of 5- of one per cent. Small and inconsiderable as this number appears, it is not pretended that all missing in the border states, much less any considerable number escaping from their owners in the more southern regions, escaped into the free States; and when we consider that in the border States not 500 escaped out of more than 1,000,000 slaves in 1860, while near 600 escaped in 1850 out of 910,000, and that at the two periods near 800 are reported to have escaped from the more southern slaveholding States, the fact becomes evident that the escape of this class of persons, while rapidly decreasing in ratio in the border slave States, occurs independent of proximity to a free population, being in the nature of things incident to the relation of master and slave. It will scarcely be alledged that these returns are not reliable, being, as they are, made by the persons directly interested, who would be no more likely to err in the number lost than in those retained. Fortunately, however, other means exist of proving the correctness of the results ascertained, by noting the increase of the free colored population, which, with all its artificial accretions, is proven by the census to be less than 13 per cent., in the last ten years, in the free States, whereas the slaves have increased 23- per cent., presenting a natural augmentation altogether conclusive against much loss by escapes; the natural increase being equal to that of the most favored nations, irrespective of immigration, and greater than that of any country in Europe for the same period, and this in spite of the 20,000 manumissions which are believed to have occurred in the past ten years. An additional evidence of the slave population having been attended from year to year, up to the present time, with fewer vicissitudes, is further furnished by the fact that the free colored population, which from 1820 to 1830 increased at the rate of 36- per cent., in 1840 exhibited but 204 per cent. increase, gradually declining to 1860, when the increase throughout the United States was but one per cent. per annum. IMMIGRATION. One of the commissioners sent by the Continental Congress to Europe, Silas Deane, expressed the expectation that if the colonies established their independence, the immigration from the Old World would be prodigiously increased; and as a consequence, the cultivated lands would rise in value, and new lands would be brought into market. This anticipation has been strikingly and abundantly realized. And in connexion with the census of nativities, the records of immigration have a special importance as indicating the progressive augmentation of the immigrants who have sought to improve their fortunes in the New World. From a survey of the irregular data previous to 1819, by Dr. Seybert, Prof. Tucker, and other statists, it. appears that from 1790 to 1800, about 50,000 Europeans, or "aliens," arrived in this country; in the next ten years the foreign arrivals were about 70,000, and in the ten years following, 114,000, ending with 1820. To determine the actual settlers, a deduction of 14.5 per cent. from these numbers should probably be made for transient passengers, as hereafter described. Louisiana was purchased from France in 1803. The portion of this territory south of the thirty-third parallel, according to the historian Hildreth, comprised a population of about 50,000, more than half of whom were slaves. With these PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 13 should be counted about 10,000 in the settlements north of that parallel, augmented by a recent immigration, with a predominance of whites. The foreign population acquired with the whole Louisiana territory may thus be reckoned at 60,000; about one-half or 30,000 being whites of French, Spanish, and British extraction; and the other 30,000 being slaves and free colored. This number of whites should evidently be added to the current immigration by sea already mentioned, in order to obtain the foreign accession to the white population of the United States during that period. Instead of scattered notices from shipping lists, the arrival of passengers has been officially recorded at the custom-houses, since 1819, by act of Congress. There are some deficiences perhaps in the returns of the first ten or twelve years, but the subsequent reports are considered reliable. While the classified lists exhibit the whole number of foreign passengers, the great majority of whom are emigrants, they also furnish valuable information not otherwise obtainable respecting the statistical history of immigration. The following numbers, registered under the act of 1819, are copied from the authentic summary of Bromwell, to which the numbers for the last five years have been added from the annual reports of the State Department, thus bringing the continuation down to the year of the present census. Statement of the number of Alien passengers arriving in the United States by seafrom foreign countries from September 30, 1819, to December 31, 1860. Year. Males. Females. Sex not stated. Total.. __... Year ending September 30, 1820................. 4,871 2,393 1,121 8, 385 1821.................... 4,651 3,636 2,840 9,127 1822.................... 3,816 1,013 2,082 6,911 1823.................... 3,598 848 1,908 6,354 1824.................... 4,706 1,393 1,813 7,912 1825.................... 6,917 2,959 323 10,199 1826.................... 7, 702 3,078 57 10,837 1827.................... 11,803 5,939 1,133 18,875 1828.................... 17,261 10,060 61 27,382 1829................ 11,303 5,112 6,105 22,520 1830.................... 6,439 3,135 13,748 23,322 1831................. 14,909 7, 724............. 22,633 1832................... 34,596 18,583............. 53,179 Quarter ending December 31, 1832.................. 4,691 22,512 100 7, 303 Year ending December 31, 1833................... 41,546 17,094............. 58,640 1834.................. 38, 796 22, 540 4,029 65,365 1835................... 28,196 17,027 151 45,374 1836.................... 47,865 27,553 824 76,242 1837.................... 48,837 27,653 2,850 79,340 1838.................... 23,474 13,685 1,755 38,914 1839.................... 42,932 25,125 12 68,069 1840.................... 52,883 31,132 51 84,066 1841.................... 48,082 32,031 176 80,289 1842.................... 62,277 41,907 381 104,565 First three quarters of 1843........................ 30,069 22,424 3 52,496 Year ending September 30, 1844................... 44,431 34,184.............. 78,615 1845................... 65,015 48,115 1,241 114,371 1846................... 87,777 65,742 897 154,416 1847................... 136,086 97,917 965 234,968 1848.................... 133,906 92,149 472 226,527 1849.................... 177,232 119,280 512 297,024 14 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Statement of the number of Alien passengers,,sc -Continued. Year. Males. Females. Sex not stated Total. Year ending September 30, 1850................... 196, 331 112,635 1,038 310,004 Quarter ending December 31, 1850................. 3, 990 26,805 181 59,976 Year ending December 31, 1851................... 217, 181 162,219 66 379,466 1852...2............ 12,469 157,696 1,438 371,603 1853................... 207, 958 160,615 72 368,645 1854.................... 256,177 171,656.............. 427,833 1855.................... 115,307 85,567 3 200, 877 1856.................... 115,846 84,590............. 200,436 1857.................... 146,215 105,091............. 251,306 1858.................... 72,824 50,002 300 123,126 1859.................. 69,161 51,640 481 121,282 1860................... 88,477 65,077 86 153,640 Total................................ 2, 977,603 2, 035,536 49,275 5,062,414 The following aggregates also exhibit the number of arrivals of passengers from foreign countries during periods of nearly ten years each, and thus indicate the accelerated progress of immigration: Periods. Passengers of For- American and eign birth. Foreign. In the 10 years ending September 30,1829............................ 128,502 151,636 In the 10- years endig December 31, 1839............................... 538,381 572,716 In the 9` years ending September 30, 1849........................... 1,427,337 1,479,478 In the 11- years ending December 31, 1860......................... 2,968,194 3,255,591 In the 41~ years ending December 31, 1860..................5......... 5,062,414 5,459,421 Adjusting the returns to the periods of the decennial census, by the aid of the quarterly reports, we find very nearly the following numbers: Three census periods. Passengers of Foreign birth. In the 10 years previous to June 1,1840....................................... 552,000 Do.............do........1850......................................... 1,558,300 Do..............do........1860................................................ 2,707,624 To arrive at the true immigration, these numbers should be largely increased for those who have come by way of Canada. On the other hand, they should be diminished for return emigrants, and for the merchants, factors, and visitors who go and come repeatedly, and are thus enumerated twice or more in the returns. For an example of the former class, according to British registry, 17,798 emigrants returned from the United States to Great Britain in the year 1860. How numerous has been the latter class who have been counted twice or more, is not definitely known; to make note of these would constitute a desirable improvement in the future official reports. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 15 The preceding summaries embrace passengers of foreign birth, together with 397,007 native born Americans, who were also registered as arriving from foreign ports. In the record of ages following, both classes are united; but since the foreigners are far more numerous, the result will exhibit very nearly the relative number at each age of the foreign passengers. A careful reduction of the whole number whose ages were specified, has just been completed in connexion with the census, as follows: Distribution of Ages on arrival. Number of ages stated from 1820 to 1860. Proportions. Ages. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Under 5............................. 218,417 200,676 419,093 4.143 3.806 7.949 5 and under 10....................... 199,704 180,606 380,310 3.788 3.425 7.213 0 and under 15..................... 194,580 166,833 361,413 3.691 3.164 6.855 15 and under 20..................... 404,338 349,755 754,093 7.669 6.633 14.302 20 and under 25..................... 669,853 42 8,974 1,098,827 12.706 8.136 20.842 25 and under 30...................... 576,822 269,554 846,376 10.940 5.112 16.052, 0 and under 35..................... 352,619 163,778 516,397 6.688 3.106 9.794 35 and under 40.................... 239,468 114,165 353,633 4.542 2.165 6.707 40 and upwards.............. 342,022 200, 322 542,344 6.487 3.799 10.286 Total......................... 3,197,823 2, 074,663 5,272,486 60.654 39.346 100.000 From the foregoing table it will be seen that the distribution is materially different from that of a settled population; the females are less than the males in the ratio of two to three; almost precisely one-half of the total passengers are between fifteen and thirty years of age. It will further be noted that the sexes approach nearest to equality in children and the youthful ages, as would naturally be expected in the migrlation of families; while from twenty-five years of age to forty the male passengers are double the number of females. The total distribution of ages Las never varied very materially from the average, as appears from the following table: Total Proportons for different periods. Ages. 1820 to 1830. 1830 to 1840. 1840 to 1850. 1850 to 1860. 1820 to 1860. Under 5.................... 6.904 8.511 8.284 7.674 7.949 5 and under 10.............. 5.763 7.552 7.434 7.077 7.213 10 and under 15................. 4.568 7.817 7.564 6.328 6.855 15 and under 20................ 11.C52 11.830 13.059 15.762 14.302 20 and under 25................. 22.070 19.705 21.518 20.617 20.842 25 and under 30................. 19.574 16.661 15.722 15.944 16.052 30 add under 35................ 10.194 10.215 9.914 9.609 9.794 35 and under 40................. 8.171 7.875 6.563 6.466 6.707 40 and upwards......... 11.704 9.834 9.942 10.523 10.286 Total........... 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100,000 16 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE' EIGHTH CENSUS. The passengers from foreign ports arrive at all seasons of the year; the greatest number, however, make the passage in the second and third quarters, or in the summer months, and a smaller number in the winter months. The deaths on the voyage during the last five years have been only about one-sixth of one per cent.; the time of passage being generally some thirty days. With regard to the question, how many of the passengers are emigrants, the reports of the State Department during the past five years-1855 to 1860-have specified the places of residence as follows: Country where the passengers from foreign ports mean to reside; also the country where born. Mean to reside in- Born inCountry. Males. Females. Total. Males & females. United States................... 551, 095 357,395 908, 490 126, 794 British America......................... 7,682 4,044 11,726 25,443 Great Britain and Ireland............... 2,207 1, 037 3,244 407, 429 Azores............................... 544 133 677 1,954 Spain.................................. 389 65 454 4,997 West Indies......................... 271 72 343 5,170 France............................. 130 47 177 19,338 Germany............................... 140 36 176 279,957 Other countries specified.............. 329 67 396 82,185 Not stated............................................................... 50, 901 23, 317 Total of 5 years, 1855 to 1860........................................ 976,584 976,584 Deducting the number at the head of the last column who were born in the United States, it will be seen that in these five years 781,696 out of a total of 849,790 alien passengers, designed to make their permanent home in the United States. Further statistics of 24,848 second passages, and about 30,000 emigrants, to Canada, via New York, indicate that the alien passengers should be diminished 14.5 per cent. to determine the number of actual settlers. From the first of the two following tables it will be seen that the most numerous class among the passengers is that of laborers; the next in order are farmers, mechanics, and merchants. The " seamstresses and milliners," and nearly all of the "servants," are females; the other female passengers, with few exceptions, have been entered under the category of " not stated," and comprise about five-sevenths of that division. It will be proper to mention that the ten trades and professions marked with a star in the table were always enumerated during the whole period. The other occupations were not reported during the four years 1856-'59, except that their aggregate only was embraced under the single title of " other occupations." But the omission could be roughly supplied by assuming the number in each trade during the four years to be the same fraction of the yearly passengers as it was in the other six years. In 1856-'59, the deaths on the passage also were omitted in the official total of passengers, though retained in all previous years and in 1860; for the sake of uniformity this temporary omission of deaths is restored in the present collection of tables, which have been verified throughout with the greatest care. The next following table, stating the, birthplace or " country where born," will form a valuable supplement to the decennial census of nativities. Except PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 17 ing the first numeric column, which commenced with small numbers October 1, 1819, the remaining columns correspond as nearly with the census periods as the official yearly reports allow without interpolation. The total number arriving from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on our shores is thus stated to be 2,750,874. But a recent statement from British official sources gives the number emigrating to the United States in the forty-six years, 1815-'60, as 3,048,206. The difference of the two returns will be explained partly by those who emigrated in the interval, 1815-19, before our registry commenced, being about 55,000; and chiefly by the more numerous class who entered the United States by way of Canada, and so were not included in our custom-house returns. In the same period of forty-six years it is also stated that 1,196,521 persons emigrated from the United Kingdom to the British colonies in North America A large portion of these are known to have eventually settled in the United States. Thus it appears safe to assume that since the close of the last war with that country, in 1814, about three and a quarter millions of the natives of Great Britain and Ireland, " a population for a kingdom," have emigrated to this country. Next in magnitude is the migration from Germany, amounting to 1,486,044 by our custom-house returns; the next is that from France, 208,063; and from the other countries, as shown in the table. A large share of the German emigrants have embarked from the port of Havre; others from Bremen, Hamburg, Antwerp; many have also crossed over and taken passage from British ports. As our own people, following "the star of empire," have migrated to the west in vast numbers, their places have been supplied by Europeans, which has modified the character of the population, yet the great mass of the immigrants are found to cherish true patriotism for the land of their adoption. Occupation of passengers arriving in the United States frim foreign countries during theforty-one years ending with 1SG0. Occupation. 1820 to 1880. [820 to 18|0. Occupation. 1820 to 1830. 1831 to 1840. 1841 to 1850. 1851 to 1860. 1820 to 1860. *Merchants....................... 19,434 41,881 46,388 124,149 231,852 *Farmers......................... 15,005 88,240 256,880 404,712 764,837 -Mechanics..................... 6,805 56,582 164,411 179,726 407,524 *Mariners.............................. 4 995 8,004 6, 398 10,087 29,484 *Miners.......................... 341 368 1,735 37, 523 39, 67 *Laborers.............................. 10,280 53, 169 281,229 527,639 872,317 Shoemakes............................ 1,109 1,966 63 336 3,474 Tailors............................... 983 2,252 65 334 3,634 Seamstresses and milliners............. 413 1,672 2, 096 1,065 5,246 Actors.................................. 183 87 233 85 588 Weavers and spinners................... 2,937 6,600 1.303 717 11,557 *Clergymen............................ 415 932 1,559 1 420 4,326 Clerks................................. 882 1,143 1,065 792 3,882 *Lawyers............................... 214 461 831 1,140 2.676 *Physicians.................. 805 1,959 2,116 2,229 7,109 Engineers................. 1........... 2 1 654 825 2, 016 Artists............................. 139 513 1,223 615 2,490 Teachers............................... 275 257 832 154 1,528 Musicians........................... 140 165 236 188 729 Printers............................ 179 472 14 40 705 t British Almanac, 1862. * See page 16. 2c 18 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Occupation of passengers arriving in the United States, -c.-Continued. Occupation. 1820 to 1830. 1831 to 1840. 1841 to 1850. 1851 to 1860. 1820 to 1860. Painters............................ 232 369 8 38 647 Masons................................ 793 1,435 24 58 2,310 Hatters................................. 137 114 1 4 256 Manufacturers...................... 175 107 1,833 1,005 3,120 Millers............................. 199 189 33 210 631 Butchers......................... 329 432 76 108 945 Bakers................................. 583 569 28 92 1,272 *Servants......................... 1.327 2,571 24,538 21,058 49,494 Other occupations................... 5,466 4,004 2,892 13,844 26,206 Not stated.................... 101, 442 363,252 969,411 1,544,494 2,978,599 Total.............................. 176,473 640,086 1,768,175 2,874,687 5,459,421 Country where born. Countries. 1820 to 1830. 1831 to 1840. 1841 to 1850. 1851 to 1860. 1820 to 1860. England............................ 15,837 7,611 32,092 247,125 302,665 Ireland........................27, 106 29,188 162,332 748,740 967,366 Scotland.....................180 2,667 3,712 38,331 47890 Wales............................... 170 185 1,261 6,319 7,935 Great Britain and Ireland.............. 35,534 243,540 848,36 297,578 1,425,018 Total United Kingdom.......... 81,827 283,191 1,047,763 1,338,093 2,750,874 France..............4.......7 8,868 45575 77262 76,358 208,063 Spain......................... 2,616 2,125 2,209 9,298 16,248 Portugal............................. 180 829 550 1,055 2,614 Belgium.......................... 28 22 5,074 4,738 9, 862 Prussia................................ 146 4,250 12,149 43,887 60,432 Germany............................. 7,583 148,204 422,477 907,780 1,486,044 Holland.............................. 127 1,412 8,251 10,789 21,579 Denmark.............................. 189 1,063 539 3,749 5,540 Norway and Sweden................. 94 1,201 13.903 20,931 36,129 Poland................................. 21 369 105 1,164 1,659 Russia................................. 89 277 551 457 1,374 Turkey................................. 21 -7 59 83 170 Switzerland...................... 3,57 4,821 4,644 25011 37,733 Italy.................................. 389 2211 1,590 7,012 11202 Greece......................... 20 49 16 31 116 Sicily...........1.................... 17 35 79 429 560 Sardinia................................ 32 7 201 1,790 2,030 Corsica..............................2 5 2............. 9 Malta.............................. 1 35 78 5 119 Iceland...................................................... 10 10 Europe................................. 2............. 51473526 Europe.............~ ~ 2............ 51 473 526 British America.................... 2 486 13,624 41,723 59,309 117,142 South America....................... 542 856 3,579 1,224 6,201 Central America...................... 107 44 368 449 968 Mexico.....................4,818 6,599 3,271 3078 17766 West Indies........................... 3,998 12,301 13,528 10,660 40,487 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 19 Country where born-Continued. Countries. 1820 to 1830. 1831 to 1840. 1841 to 1850. 1851 to 1860. 1820 to 1860. China........................ 3 8 35 41,397 41,443 East Indies........................ 9 39 36 43 127 Persia................................ 7 15 22 Asia................................. 3 1 4 19 27 Liberia............................ 1 8 5 5 19 Egypt......................... 4........................... 4 Morocco................................ 4 1.............. 5 Algiers..........9...................... 2 2 Barbary States......................... 4...................................... 4 Cape of Good Hope..................... 2.................................2 Africa..........1................... 0 36 47 186 279 Azores............................... 13 29 327 2,873 3,'242 Canary Islands....................... 271 6 1 8 286 Madeira Islands.................. 70 52 3 189 314 Cape Verd Islands..................... 4 5 3 7 29 Sandwich Islands....1............ 1 6 28 44 79 Society Islands........................................ 1 6 7 Australia........................... 2 3.......... 104 109 St. Helena................................ 1 3 13 17 Isle of France................................... 2 1............. 3 South Sea Islands............7........ 79........................... 9 New Zealand........................................... 4 4 Not stated.'.............................. 32 892 69,799 52,725 25,438 180,854 Total Aliens..................... 151,824 599,125 1,713,251 2,598,214 5,062,414 United States.......................... 24,649 40,961 54,924 276,473 397, 007 Total............. 176,473 640,086 1,768,175 2,874,687 5,459,421 EDUCATION. The returns of the marshals present the statistics of education and educational institutions under the same general heads as in 1850, viz: the number of persons who attended school any time in the year preceding the 1st day of June, 1860, the number of schools, with their pupils and teachers, together with the amounts received for their support from taxes, permanent funds, tuition, and other sources, for the year previous. Although these returns have not yet been reduced to a tabulated form, enough is ascertained to authorize the statement that not far from 5,000,000 persons received instruction in the various educational institutions of the different States in the year ending June, 1860, or about one-fifth of the entire free population of the country. And it is gratifying to know, from the official reports of State and municipal authorities, that in a majority of the States these institutions, in number, material outfit of buildings, furniture, and apparatus, and in the professional knowledge and zeal of their teachers, have kept pace with the growth of their respective communities in population, wealth, and industrial prosperity generally. As the plan heretofore adopted of presenting the returns under the general heads of colleges, academies, and private schools does not exhibit the peculiarities of the system and means of instruction in each State, nor the prodigious magnitude and comprehensive character of the educational interests of the whole country, an attempt will be made, in addition to the tables heretofore 20 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. given, to arrange the institutions in a manner which will throw much light upon the nature of our institutions, and exhibit the action of the general government in relation to schools and education, as in its appropriation of over 50,000,000 acres of public lands to educational purposes in the several States, and of the policy of the different States in the disposition of the same, and of the history of the military and naval academies of the government. POPULAR REPRESENTATION. By the law of May, 1850, the principle was first established of permanently limiting the number of representatives, and relieving the country and Congress from the necessity of fixing every ten years the number of members whereof the House should be composed. The law establishes the number of representatives under each census at two hundred and thirty-three, who are apportioned among the several States respectively, by dividing the number of the free population of the States, to which, in slaveholding States, three-fifths of the slaves is added, by the number two hundred and thirty-three, and the product of such division (rejecting all fractions of a unit) being the ratio of representation of the several States. But as the number and amount of the fractions among so many dividends would, of course, in the aggregate be sufficient to reduce the number of representatives below the number specified, it was provided that the whole number should be supplied by assigning to so many States having the largest fractions an additional member each for its fraction, until the total number of two hundred and thirty-three members should be assigned to the several States. It is also provided that new States being admitted subsequently to any one of the decennial enumerations shall have representatives on the same basis, while it is at the same time provided that such excess in the number of members of the House of Representatives shall only continue until the apportionment of representatives under the next succeeding census. In pursuance with law, the apportionment was made and proclaimed on the 5th day of July, 1861, distributing the representation in the thirty-eighth Congress among the several States, according to their federal population, as follows: Alabama.................. 6 Minnesota................... 1 Arkansas --....... —-..... 3 Mississippi -................. 5 California............... 3 Missouri...............-.. 9 Connecticut....-...........- 4 New Hampshire -............ 3 Ielaware.-.....1......... 1 New Jersey.............. 5 Florida.-...............- New York................... 31 Georgia —................. 7 North Carolina............... 7 Illinois -—............-.. 13 Ohio....................... 18 Indiana........-..... —11 Oregon..................... 1 Iowa...... -—......... -- - 5 Pennsylvania................ 23 Kansas................... Rhode Island................ 1 Kentucky................... 8 South Carolina.......... 4 Louisiana...-.....-.-....- 5 I Tennessee................... 8 Maine......... —---- 5 Texas...................... 4 Maryland.................. 5 Vermont............2 Massachusetts........ - 10 Virginia............... 11 Michigan -........-.- - 6 Wisconsin.................. 6 According to the apportionment, the States which have their representation increased are: Arkansas one, California one, Illinoisfour, Iowa three, Louisiana one, Michigan two, Missouri two, Texas two, Wisconsin three. The States where representation is diminished by the new apportionment are: Alabama one, Georgia one, Kentucky two, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, each one, New York two, North Carolina one, Ohio three, Pennsyl PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 21 vania two, Rhode Island one, South Carolina two, Tennessee two, Vermont one, Virginia two. The arrangement of representatives for the 38th Congress under the law of May 23, 1850, was changed subsequent to the apportionment by the law of March 4, 1862, which increased the number of representatives to 241, by giving one additional to the States of Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. This act makes the number of representatives 241 from and after the 3d of March, 1863. It is understood that the bill as originally passed by the House added 6 to the 233 representatives theretofore provided, and added these to States having unrepresented fractions on the apportionment of July 5, 1861, whenever the addition of a representative to any State would bring the representative constituencies of that State nearer to the ratio of representation, ascertained according to the act of May 23, 1850, than they would be on the apportionment; and the effect was to make the constituencies in every State approximate nearest to the ratio. As the ratio is the law of absolute equality, it was claimed that this rule of apportionment approaches in the nearest practicable degree to equality among the States according to their respective representative populations. It appeared subsequently that, by assuming 239 as the number from which to deduce the ratio of representation, two States only would be entitled to an additional representative on the above rule, and the bill was amended accordingly by the Senate and concurred in by the House; so, in fact, the ratio for the next decade is on the basis of 239 representatives, with two (2) added to equalize representation among the several States. It will be perceived that the preponderance of representation is rapidly but steadily advancing westward, and that regions unorganized and with scarcely a civilized inhabitant in 1790 now form populous States, with a larger representation than was enjoyed by all the States at that time. The increase of population and, as a consequence, of representation in the new States of the west is prominently illustrated by a comparison of the representation of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, under the census of 1860, with that of Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, and Connecticut, the six States having the largest representation, respectively. Under the census of 1790 Virginia had nineteen representatives, the largest number of any of the original States under the first census. Her representation is reduced under the census of 1860 to eleven, while Ohio, which was admitted into the Union in 1802, has nineteen representatives. Indiana, admitted into the Union in 1816, has the same number of representatives as Virginia; and Illinois, admitted into the Union in 1818, has fourteen representatives under the new apportionment. Massachusetts, with a representation of fourteen under the census of 1790, is reduced to ten under the new census. Pennsylvania and New York, the one with thirteen representatives and the other with ten under the first census, notwithstanding the immense resources of those two great States, have, under the census of 1860, the one thirty-one and the other twenty-three representatives. The ratio of increase in population in those two States since the census of 1850 was 25.51 per cent. in New York, and 25.71 per cent. in Pennsylvania, while in Illinois the ratio of increase during the same period was 101.04, and in Indiana 86.83 per cent. The probability is, therefore, should the ratio of increase of population continue in the States of the west as indicated by the census of 1860, that in the course of three or four decades New York and Pennsylvania, now the two most powerful States, may yield to some of their younger sisters, as Virginia, sometimes, not inappropriately, termed the mother of States, first yielded to them, and has now yielded to two new States carved out of territory originally her own. North Carolina, under the census of 1790, had ten representatives; Maryland eight, and Connecticut seven. These three States have, under the census of 1860, (the first, seven; the second, five; and the third, four representatives,) an average representation of sixteen instead of twenty-five, as under the first ap 22 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. portionment. Thus the power of the old States declines, while that of the new States west of the Alleghanies increases more rapidly than they lose. Iowa, admitted into the Union in 1846, Michigan in 1837, and Wisconsin in 1848, have six representatives each under the last apportionment-two more than Connecticut or Maryland, and only one less than North Carolina. And here it must be borne in mind that the ratio of representation under the census of 1790 was one representative to every thirty-three thousand of representative population, while it is fixed by the last census at one representative for every 127,000. STATISTICS OF MORTALITY. (APPENDIX-TABLE NO. 6.) The present returns constitute the second general enumeration of annual deaths in the United States. The accumulated materials are the more valuable since they furnish instructive comparisons with the former returns of 1850, as well as with those of the nations of Europe which are favored with a permanent registration. The rate of mortality has ever been a leading object of statistical inquiry, and in connexion with the number of births and migrations indicates the annual loss and gain of population. Besides the numerical proportion, expressively termed " the death figure" by a German statist, the records of mortality have a physical significance in our own land for elucidating the relative prevalence of diseases, and the comparative salubrity of the climate on the Atlantic coast contrasted with the elevated interior and the valley of the Mississippi. It is an interesting inquiry, whether the record of deaths over so large an extent of the New World shall disprove or confirm, and enlarge the conclusions drawn from vital statistics in other lands, and shall point to similar means of promoting health and longevity. Adopting, in a first view, the civil divisions of the United States, the number of deaths returned to the Census office, and their ratio to the living population, are as follows. In making the present comparison, the population was changed according to the mean rate of increase from the end to the middle of the year in which the deaths occurred. Deaths in the United States for the year ending June 1, 1860. n or oo *S 2 S " S S2 a c a - States and Territories. a. States and Territories. - ie Ci-4 a 5r4S a a a. Alabama............. 12, 759 74 1.34 1.20 Maryland............ 7,370 92 1.09 1.68 Arkansas........... 8,855 48 2.06 1.46 Massachusetts........ 21,303 57 1.76 1.9 California............ 3,704 101 0.99 1.00 Michigan............. 7,90 100 1.00 1.16 Connecticut.......... 6,138 74 1.35 1.59 Minnesota.......... 1,108 153 0.65 0.50 Delaware........... 1,246 89 1.13 1.34 Mississippi........... 12,213 64 1.57 1 46 Florida......... 1,764 78 1.28 1.08 Missouri........... 17,65 66 1.52 1.83 Georgia............. 12,816 81 1.23 1.11 New Hampshire..... 4,469 72 1.39 1.35 Illinois............... 19,299 87 1.14 1.38!New Jersey........... 7,525 8 1.14 1.34 Indiana............. 15,325 87 1.15 1.32 New York..... 46,81 82 1.49 Iowa.............. 7259 92 1.0.08 North Carolina........ 11,602 84 1.19 1.21 Kansas............... 1443 73 1.37...... Oio............. 24,724 93 1.07 1.48 Kentucky............ 16,466 69 1.45 1.56 Oregon.............. 237 18 0.46 0.36 Louisiana............ 12, 324 57, 1.76 2.35 Pennsylvania........ 30,214 9 1.06 1. Maine................ 7,614 81 1.23 1.32 Rhode Island........ 2,479 69 1.44 1.55 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 23 Deaths in the United States-Continued.' a o I I o States and Territories... States and Territories..2 a. a States and Territories. C.e South Carolina........ 9,745 71 1.41 1.22 Nebraska............. 381 75 1 34...... Tennessee........ 15153 72 1.39 1.20 Nevada...................... Texas................ 9,377 63 1.58 1.48 New Mexico........ 1,305 71 1.42 1.91 Vermont............. 3355 92 1.08 1.02 Utah................. 374 106 0.94 2.13 Virginia.............. 22,472 70 1.43 1.36 Washington......... 50 228 0.44...... Wisconsin........... 7141 107 093 0.97 District of Columbia.. 1,285 58 1.74 1.66 Colorado........................................- Dakota............... 4.................. Totfil, United States. 392,821 79 1.27 1.41 It will be seen that the total return of deaths of all classes and ages, white and colored, for 1860, amounts to 392,821. In 1850 the returns gave 323,272; whence it appears that the number of annual deaths, after an interval of ten years, has been'augmented by 69,549, that is, an increase of 21.51 per cent. In the same interval the total increase of the whole population, according to the census, has been 35.58 per cent. Thus the mortality has not increased in proportion to the increase of population. Under equal conditions this fact would favor a progressive salubrity in our climate, and undoubtedly there has been a sanitary improvement in many places. But the principal part of the difference in the rate of mortality is to be ascribed to the prevalence of cholera in 1849, swelling the deaths to an unusual amount. A previous visitation of Asiatic cholera in 1832 with alarming reports of its ravages in Europe, and the consequent excitement of the public here, will long be remembered. Near the beginning of the year 1849 the pestilential scourge reappeared almost simultaneously in New York and New Orleans, and thence gradually spread over the whole country. Along the chain of the lakes, and in the Mississippi valley, it raged with peculiar violence, and chiefly in the summer months, which are embraced in the census year, commencing on the first of June. Therefore, to render the circumstances of the two enumerations more equal, let the deaths by cholera, 31,506 in number, be first taken out of the total mortality of 1850, the remaining deaths are 291,766. Comparing this number with the whole enumeration in 1860, which was a healthy year, we find an increase of 34.64 per cent., which differs but slightly, as will be seen, from the current increase of the living population. Thus, with proper and obvious corrections, the one class of returns has advanced in nearly equal proportion with the other. Among persons of foreign birth the outbreak of this disease in 1849 appears to have been more violent than among the native residents. In the foreign portion of the population 11,056 deaths by cholera were reported in the census of 1850, besides an increase from the other zymotic diseases. It was in the midst of the vast emigration which has continued to arrive on our shores, and being attracted to the commercial centres where the disease chiefly prevailed, the mortality of emigrants then rose to nearly as large an amount as it has now reached ten years after. Including persons of unknown birth-place, the returns have been as follows: Deaths of foreigners in 1850............................. 32, 970 Deaths of foreigners in 1860.........8............... 34, 705 24 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Another feature worthy of mention is the small mortality in the new States of Minnesota and Oregon, and in Washington Territory. On examining the returns we find here the least mortality; but early explorations in this territory had determined "the skiey influences" to be favorable, and the climate healthy. Besides, it appears a general characteristic of the pioneer States that the more hardy and enterprising class predominate among the first settlers; with a comparative absence of young and aged persons the deaths are less frequent. As immigration progresses, entire families with members of all ages become residents. The soil is broken by the plough, exposing vegetable matter to decomposition, and the deaths gradually occur in a greater ratio, as exhibited in the returns of the census. A State registry of the annual deaths, births, and marriages has been for several years in operation in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Vermont, South Carolina, and Kentucky. The deaths in nearly all of the principal cities are annually registered and reported chiefly in connexion with the boards of health. Whenever the deaths could be more correctly ascertained from these local records the census marshals were authorized to copy them. _ But on examination they appear to have rarely availed themselves of the privilege, with one large exception, mentioned below. The records were generally obtained by inquiry from house to house, in the same manner as the facts embraced in the other schedules. It is evident that the population in all varieties of young and old, male and female, was a present and visible fact to the enumerator, with scarce a chance of omission. But the deaths of the past twelve months were matters of recollection of which a portion would naturally be forgotten, and in the occasional removal and breaking up of families another portion would be lost. A precise enumeration was therefore impracticable, and the census of deaths is admitted to be deficient in numbers; nevertheless, being taken in the same manner over extensive sections of country, the returns stand \on the same footing, and though not the whole, will be regarded as very large examples or representative numbers of the whole, and relatively reliable. A full registration of the social statistics is a work of time and experience, proceeding yearly from deficient to more and more complete returns. In Massachusetts such an organization is in successful operation, and our marshals ap pear in this instance to have resorted to the State registry. The resulting proportion of deaths exhibited in the foregoing summary is noticed to be relatively greater in Massachusetts, but the disparity will be rightly ascribed to the better conditions under which the permanent registry operates, rather than to any marked difference of climate compared with that of the adjoining States. Having thus far considered the civil divisions, let us now combine the returns under a new form, having reference to the physical aspects of the country. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 25 The relative mortality in the great natural divisions is found to be as follows: Rate of Mortality. Natural Divisions. Annual deaths, Per cent. of Per cent. in 1860. population. 1850. I. LOWLANDS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST, Comprising a general breadth of two counties along the Atlantic from Delaware to Florida, inclusive.................................... 15 92 1.34 1.45 II. THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, Comprising Louisiana and a breadth of two counties along each bank of the river northward to Cape Girardeau, in Mirsouri........... 30,154 1.81 2.38 III. THE ALLEGHANY REGION, From Pennsylvania, through Virginia, Eastern Tennessee, &c., to Northern Alabama.............................................. 2 346 1.08 0.96 IV. THE INTERMEDIATE REGION Surrounding the Alleghanies, and extending to the lowlands of the Atlantic and to the Mississippi valley............................ 79,615 1.32 1.19 V. THE PACIFIC COAST, California, Oregon, and Washington.............................. 3,991 0.95 0.92 VI. THE NORTHEASTERN STATES, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont............................. 15,438 1.24 1.25 VII. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES, Wisconsin, Iowa; and Minnesota................................. 15,508 0.98 1.01 The whole United States........................................ 1.27 1.41 For reasons before stated, the percentages in the last two columns will be understood as expressing not the absolute, but the relative, mortality of one section compared with another section, or with the whole United States. The third, fifth, and seventh divisions will be seen to exhibit the smallest proportions of mortality, nearly equal or differing but little from 0.98, the mean value. The second division shows by far the greatest mortality; the relative mean of two different years being 2.09 per cent. of the population, while the first, fourth, and sixth divisions, together with the remaining States not included above, conform nearly to the general average of the whole United States. The conclusions from the census, thus briefly stated, appear entirely accordant with the topography of the country, and illustrate how far the human system has power to withstand the influence of diverse temperatures and climates. Leaving out the Alleghany region, and its extension through the Catskill and White mountains to Maine, the surface of the populated States nowhere rises more than a few hundred feet above the sea level. The extent from north to south, through twenty degrees of latitude, presents an agreeable "interchange of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains," most happily situated between the rigors of the polar and the flaming heat of the tropic regions. Hence, with the exceptions indicated, a considerable uniformity might be expected in the prevailing rate of mortality; and such is, in fact, the result of the census There appear no marked deviations on a large scale from the common standard, or mean of the two enumerations in 1850 and 1860, except in the divisions already specified, where climatic causes of a diverse nature are plainly in operation. 26 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. The first division, comprising the great Atlantic plain, was remarked by the early explorers in America on account of its uniform level over a length of a thousand miles along the coast, and extending from fifty to one hundred miles inland. The sea and shore meet, for the most part, in a mingled series of bays, estuaries, and small islands rising just above the tide. The low grounds in summer abound in miasm, and a single night's exposure in the rice-fields of Carolina is said to be very dangerous, and carefully avoided. But, away from the cypress swamps and marshes, there is generally a sandy soil; and the aggregate mortality is found by the census to rise above, though not much above, the general average of the whole country. In every few years, however, it is well known that the low portions from Norfolk, southward and extending around the Gulf of Mexico, are visited by epidemic disease, when the mortality rises much higher than the ordinary amount. In respect to the second division it may be observed that while the low valley or trough of the Missouri river, for example, is five miles in width, the alluvial tract of the Mississippi is often from forty to fifty miles in breadth. On each side of this river plain are the line of bluffs, which are very steep, and in some places rise two or three hundred feet in height. The river is described as coursing its way between these bluffs, so called, here veering to one side; there, to the other, and occasionally leaving the whole alluvial tract on one side. The annual flood commences in March, continuing two or three months. During this time the river plain is submerged to the not unusual depth of fifty feet below the junction of the Ohio river, the additional depth decreasing to ten or twelve feet at New Orleans. The lateral overflow is principally on the western side, and covers an area from ten to fifty miles wide. A periodic inundation of such vast dimensions will rank among the grandest features of the western continent. Towards the last of May the water subsides, leaving the broad alluvial plain interspersed with lakes, stagnant pools, and swamps, abounding in cottonwood, cypress, and coarse grass. The flood leaves also a new layer of vegetable and animal matter exposed to fermentation and decay under the augmenting heat of the summer sun. When, in addition to this, the air becomes unusually damp during the hot season, the conditions of epidemic disease, according to medical authority, are fully present. What the Roman poet expressively termed the "cohort of fevers" then advances upon the human race as it were in destructive conflict; the abundant alluvial matter decomposing under a high temperature, with occasionally a more humid and stagnant atmosphere. These are stated to be the conditions by which the mortality of the lower Mississippi valley has reached the high rate indicated by the census. The portion embraced in the foregoing classification was terminated on the north with the county of Cape Girardeau, for the reason that the hilly country in that vicinity is connected with a rocky stratum traversing the beds of both the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. From this great chain southward to the Gulf of Mexico is an extent of between six and seven hundred miles. The entire valley, according to geologists, may have been once an arm or estuary of the ocean extending inland from the Gulf of Mexico. The present influence of so large an area of alluvial matter must pervade the adjacent borders to a certain undefined extent. The third division, or Alleghany country, is exhibited by the statistics as a region of great salubrity. It consists of high ridges running nearly parallel with the sea-coast through an extent of nine hundred miles, with a breadth varying from fifty to two hundred miles. The ridges are generally well watered and wooded to the summit, and between are extensive and fertile valleys; they are known as the Blue ridge, Alleghany ridge, North mountain, Cumberland ridge, and others. The region has been termed an elevated plateau or water-shed, whence the rivers flow eastward to the Atlantic and westward to the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. The ridges being for the most part about PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 27 half a mile high, appear to exercise no other influence on the climate than what is due to mere elevation, thus securing a pure atmosphere and other conditions favorable to the growth of a healthy and vigorous population. On the Pacific coast the seasons of the year have an entirely different type from that of the eastern United States. A cold sea current apparently cools down the temperature of summer, so that July is only 8~ or 9~ Fahrenheit warmer than January, and September is the hottest month. From this cause, Indian corn fails to come to maturity, although wheat and other cereals, as well as orchard fruits flourish in fine perfection. The elastic atmosphere and bracing effect of the climate have been remarked by settlers from all quarters of the globe. In the northwestern States a continental, as distinguished from a sea, climate prevails with wide extremes of temperature. In the northeastern States, also, the thermometer ranges through more than a hundred degrees from winter to summer, yet the year appears generally healthy. Without entering into further details on this or the other divisions, enough evidence has been offered to show a certain correspondence between the physical features of the country and the mortality returns of the census. Let us next examine the record of mortality with reference to changes in the different months and seasons of the year. The annual course of the sun through equinox and solstice brings on the vicissitudes of the seasons, with the attendant train of periodic phenomena, among which is the varying distribution of mortality. During the twelve months ending June 1, 1860, the deaths are stated to have occurred as follows: Deaths in the United States, by Mlonths and by Sex, 1860. Number recorded. Proportions. Months. [State regMonths. ~anua~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~istry. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. January................ 17,537 15,156 32,693 4.42 3.82 8.24 7.60 February................. 17,791 16,208 33,999 4.79 4.37 9.16 7.75 March................. 20,569 18,473 39,042 5.18 4.65 9.83 8.11 April................... 19,336 17,593 36,929 5.03 4.58 9.61 7.88 May...................... 21,365 19,376 40,741 5.38 4.88 10.26 7.25 June..................... 14, 3 3 23 27,546 3.73 3.44 7.17 6.81 July..................... 16,1618 14,351 30,532 4.08 3.62 7.70 8.01 August.................. 18,287 16,5.58 34,845 4.61 4.17 8.78 10.99 SeptPmber................ 17,243 15,852 33,095 4.49 4.13 8.62 11.40 October................ 15,457 13,692 29,149 3.89 3.45 7.34 8.81 November............. 13,194 11,365 24,559 3.44 2.96 6.40 7.45 December............... 14,614 12,753 27,367 3.68 3.21 6.89 7.94 Unknown............ 138 986 2324......................... Total................ 207,235 185,586 392,821 52.72 47.28 100.00 100.00 To facilitate a perception of the relations, the numbers in the last four columns are represented by proportional parts of 100, that is, by percentages whereof the sum is 100. A correction in this part of the table has been made for unequal months, by first adding one-thirtieth part to the deaths in April, June, September, November, and two twenty-ninths to the.deaths in February; thus changing all to the majority standard of 31 days before casting the proportions. The mean monthly proportion is 8.33, and those which are below this value of course indicate months having less than the average'mortality. 28 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. The year of the census ends with the. last of May, and the deaths in that month are the most numerous in the returns. This circumstance, however, is very unusual, and after extensive scrutiny the most natural interpretation appears to be, not that May is the most fatal month, but that such deaths being the more recent, were better recollected and more fully reported to the marshals. Many facts concur to indorse this explanation, especially the results of the permanent State registry of Massachusetts during the nine years ending with 1859; these having been corrected to equality of months are subjoined in the last column for comparison; and the less numerous returns in Rhode Island furnish like results. It is at once evident, from the nature of the case, that the few State registries in which the deaths are noted at the time of occurrence are adapted to show the monthly proportions of mortality more correctly than this part of the census, where the deaths are set down only at the end of the year. In the latter case an unknown portion of the earlier deaths must be indistinctly remembered or often totally forgotten. Without disguising this unexpected peculiarity, or concealing any defects of the census, it is better to exhibit it in its true light as shown by comparison in the preceding table. The inquiry will naturally arise, must the distinction of months therefore be omitted and the mortality statistics be considered only from other points of view? Without fully answering this question at present, it will be proper to observe that even as the eye perceives the neater objects of a landscape more fully and distinctly than the remote, so the recollection of past events has a similar recession which is subject to laws. On this ground, passing back from May, the monthly returns might be successively augmented, with some variations, in an ascending scale, to correct for forgetfulness. Approximate corrections of this nature can be obtained from the army statistics of mortality at more than eighty different posts scattered over the whole United States. During the twenty-one years ending with 1859 the official number of deaths returned to the Surgeon General's office in the four quarters of the year commencing with January were: First quarter. Second quarter. Third quarter. Fourth quarter. Year. Deaths.................... 904 956 1,227 1,096 4,183 Proportions................ 21.61 22.86 29.33 26.20 100.00 These proportions do not essentially differ from those of the two State registries before mentioned. Without presuming on entire accuracy, the relative deficiencies of the United States census of 1860 would be corrected to the same standard by taking the returns of the first quarter, or first three months, in the former table, unchanged, adding 6, 46, and 58 per cent. to the deaths in the second, third, and fourth quarters, respectively. In the United States the greatest number of deaths occurs during the third quarter, comprising the months of August and September. In England the climate is less subject to extremes of winter and summer temperature than ours, and the deaths are much more evenly distributed through the year. With but a small average difference, the least number of deaths there occurs in the third quarter, and the greatest number in the first quarter, or winter season. Generally speaking, the normal course of temperature and moisture through the year, in any place, is the most favorable to agricultural productions and the most conducive to public health; while great and sudden extremes of heat and cold are alike injurious to organic life and to the human constitution. In the promotion of public hygiene it has further been observed that the influence of PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 29 the weather upon mortality is exerted more immediately upon infants and the aged, whose vital force is less than that of persons in middle life. Once more let us glance at the statistics of mortality with reference to the Ages at death. The whole number, including white and colored, are exhibited in the following table. The right hand columns on the scale of 100 are designed to serve, in some degree, the purpose of a diagram for illustrating the relative numbers deceased at different periods of life: Deat/is classified by Ages and by Sex, 1860. Number enumerated. Proportions. Ages. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total,'60. Total,'50. 0- 1............... 44,480 36,794 81,274 11.35 9.39 20.74 16.90 1-'2.......... 920,588 17,648 38,236 5.25 4.51 9.76 ) 2- 3.............. 12,493 11,153 223646 3 19 2.85 6.04 14 3- 4.................... 7,567 7,083 14,650 1.93 1.81,3.74.41 4- 5................... 5,332 5,147 10,479 1.36 1.31 2.67 J 5-10.................... 13 822 13,637 27, 459 3.53 3.48 7.01 6.68 10-15................... 6,369 6,768 13,137 1.63 1.73 3.36 4.12 15 —20.............. 8,111 9,265 17,376 2.07 2.36 4.43 4.79 20-25................ 10,398 10,551 20,949 2.65 2.69 5.34 11. 25-30.............. 9,452 9,560 19,012 2.41 2.44 4.85 74 30-40........ 16,224 15,343 31,567 4.14 3.92 8.06 9.07 40-50............. 13,470 10,5212 23,992 3.44 2.68 6.12 7.14 50-60................... 11,902 8,514 20 416 3.04 2.17 5.21 5.56 60-70................... 11,284 8,823 20,107 2.88 2.25 5.13 5.12 70-80.................... 8995 8,009 17,004 2.30 2.05 4.35 4.17 80-90................... 4,776 4,808 9,584 1.22 1.23 2.45 2.54 90-.............. 1,284 1,590 2,874 0.33 0.41 0 74 0.76 Unknown........ - 688 371 1,059................................ Total.............. 207,235 185,586 392, 821 52.72 47.28 100.00 100.00 In the last column but one the sum of the four percentages between one and five years of age is 22.21, which does not essentially differ from 21.41, the corresponding percentage in 1850. By comparison throughout the last two columns, it will further appear that the only marked difference in the distribution of ages at death, in 1850 and 1860, is in early infancy, or under one year of age. From some misapprehension, occasionally an assistant marshal, not regarding infants as a part of the active population, has been less careful of their enumeration; and the greater proportion of infants in 1860 should doubtless be ascribed to a more complete enumeration. Upon the middle ages of life, in 1850, the cholera has traced a perceptible effect, as was to be expected from the immigration. With proper allowance for this feature, the return of deaths in 1860, for all ages above the first, appears similar and conformable to that of 1850. As before shown, the total heaths returned in 1860 were 1 in 79 of the population; and in the less healthy year of 1850 the stated deaths were 1 in 71 of the population, a few still-births being included. In Europe the corresponding ratios, exclusive of still-births, have been recently collected by Professor Wappdius from ten years official statistics, and are shown in the middle column following: G Bevblkerungsstatistik, I, p. 160. 30 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Ratio of Deaths in Europe. Countries.. o _ o... Norway............................. 5................6............. Sweden..,..................................... Denmark..................................................... England.......................4.............................. 4 47 France.............................................................. 44 44 Belgium...................... 42 46 Netherlands.............................................................. 39.............. Prussia............................................3............... The wide deviation of the stated ratio in the United States from these values is partly due to the more youthful character of the American population, sustained by a constant immigration. However, by the aid of the rates of mortality at different ages in England and France,* with those of Belgium, applied to the United States census of 1850, the unequal distribution of ages is here corrected in the three values of the last column. A large deficiency in our return of deaths is still indicated. With regard to the question frequently asked, How much ought to be added to the census return of deaths, in order to approximate to the true numbers? the way for an answer, as definite as the subject admits, has been opened by a rccent investigation. From a combination of statistical data, it has been demonstrated by Mr. L. W. Meech that the rate of mortality in the United States during the last half century has continued between limits, whereof the higher is represented by the English life table, and the lower by those of continental Europe. From this proposition, compared with the last column above, the conclusion is derived, that the annual deaths in the United States have been one in 45 or 46 of the population. There are localities where the " length of days" among the people is considerably above this standard, and others where it is below it; the value just stated, in the long average, cannot be far from the truth. The question of supplying the deficient number of deaths can now be answered by an approximate correction. To avoid irregularities in the registry of infants, the returns "under five" are at present omitted. Applying the foregoing method, and regarding the deaths of 1850 as excesssive from cholera, it finally appears that the census of deaths above five years of age should be increased by about five-twelfths. The same rule may possibly apply to the deaths noted as "one and under five;" but " under one," the number should be increased in a greater ratio, not here determined. Thus in the aggregate of the whole country, so far as can now be ascertained, where seventeen deaths actually occurred, only twelve were reported in the census, exclusive of early infancy. According to the preceding determination of one annual death in 45.5 living at the mildle of the year, the 323,272 deaths returned in 1850, by supplying the omissions, become 501,000; and the 392,821 deaths enumerated in 1860 should similarly be increased to 680,000. At this rate, nearly six millions (5,905,000) of our population have deceased in the past ten years, and their places have been supplied by the advancing numbers of a new generation. s Eighteenth Report of the Registrar General, (England), p. 32. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THI EIGHTH CENSUS. 31 In concluding this discussion, it may be observed that the census of mortality compared with the topography of the United States will tend to illustrate the advantages of intercommunication. Our magnificent railroads and steamboat lines traversing immense distances, while promoting an exchange of products, and accommodating alike the tourist and the man of business, constitute an important agency for relieving the mind and improving the health of the people. To those persons who find the sea-coast air injurious, to the sedentary professions and city residents wearied with the dust and heat of summer and the cares of business, a change of air, and the shifting panorama of new scenes open renewed sources of enjoyment, in which all members of the family should participate. A few mineral springs and "watering places" at the sea-side or among the mountains are liberally patronized. Yet the adaptation of our country to a more general system of travel and periodic resort, for sanitary objects, presents a most useful field of inquiry. The mortality of cities still exceeds that of the country, especially among children. And in both town and country a vast amount of needless sickness exists, which is proved to be preventible by ordinary means. The sanitary improvement of cities must be chiefly intrusted to health officers on the spot, who are conversant with the localities. Yet many of the topics have a popular interest; such as the introduction of the water-supply, of which the Fairmount, the Cochituate, and the Croton water-works are examples, the difficult art of complete sewerage and drainage, the opening of public parks and gardens, and the construction of improved tenement buildings. The vaccination of children before admission to the large public schools has been proposed, on account of the loss and annoyance from irruptions of the small-pox, a requisite which parental duty should have anticipated. The universal practice of this safeguard is strenuously urged, for, besides frequent cases of unavoidable exposure, of loathsome sickness and entailed suffering, many lives are annually lost by the culpable neglect of vaccination. A great improvement in the registration of deaths, beyond the bare enumeration of the old "bills of mortality," consists in noting the principal circumstances of decease. This prepares the way, in skilful hands, for special and instructive researches. The classification of deaths with reference to intemperance, to different occupations and trades, will determine among'what classes the mortality is the most excessive, and aid to disclose the causes. The value of this statistical method is illustrated by several remarkable sanitary investigations which have appeared within the last half century in Europe and America. After the facts comes the demand for new improvements and inventions. Some are required in the line of Davy's safety lamp for diminishing casualties, and others for adapting the operations and processes of the work-room to the health of the operatives. The subject is one of special interest, and worthy of sustained examination by our physicians and inventors. In numerous ways the information is so important that an official registration of deaths, notwithstanding the first deficiencies, is gaining adoption among all civilized nations. On a general Life Table.-Were the enumeration of deaths entirely correct, and were the record combined with that of population, and cast into the systematic form of a life table, the value of this part of the census would be very greatly augmented. The plainest and most advantageous mode of expressing the relations of mortality to the population is conceded to be the life table, devised by Dr. Halley. In its elementary form it shows at a glance the proportion of persons surviving from one age to any other given age; in another form it exhibits the average duration or "expectation of life." The Carlisle table, which-has chiefly been used in England and America, was constructed by Milne from the returns during nine years, 1779-'87, of two healthy parishes in the city and suburbs of Carlisle, in the north of England. That this table should represent life insurance risks with accuracy during half 32 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. a century is singular and remarkable. The coincidence is ascribed to what is termed "the selection of lives," since all the offices have required a medical examination of the assured. The standard of longevity in the Carlisle table may thus be well adapted to life insurance, while it is too high for the whole population. Mr. Baily, a distinguished authority in London, forcibly remarks: " It must appear extremely incorrect to take the mortality in one particular town as a criterion for that of the whole country. The observations ought to be made on the kingdom at large, in the same manner as in Sweden; more particularly as, in the real business of life, the calculations are general and uniform, and adapted to persons in every situation. But till the legislature thinks proper to admit some efficient plan for furnishing these data, we must rest contented with the laudable exertions of public spirited individuals, and avail ourselves of the best light which they afford on this subject." (See continuation of chapter on mortality, p. 114.) DEAF AND DUMB. (APPENDIX-TABLE No. 7.) Though the deaf and dumb, from the peculiar mental and moral phenomena which they display, have been objects of the curious attention of philosophers from the earliest dawn of science, it is only within three centuries that any successful efforts have been made to alleviate their misfortune by education, and only within the last forty years that an enumeration has been made of the deaf and dumb of any country. That deaf-mutes were quite numerous in ancient times is evident from the mention of them in the writings of that period. From the frequent mention of the restoration of the deaf to hearing and of the dumb to speech, in the history of our Saviour, the afflictions in question must have been common in Judea. And then, as now, congenital deaf-mutes were found in the highest as well as in the lower classes of society. The story of the deaf and dumb son of King Croesus is well known; and Pliny speaks of a painter* at Rome, deaf-mute from birth, who was a relative of the Emperor Augustus. We have, however, no means of estimating what might have been the numbers of deaf-mutes in ancient times. We only know that the infirmity appeared often to force itself on the attention of the philosopher and of the lawgiver. The wisest of the ancient philosophers could find no remedy for the closing of the customary channel of communication among men, and abandoned the unfortunate deaf and dumb as utterly incapable of instruction in letters. The celebrated code of Justinian, the foundation of modern European jurisprudence, classed the deaf and dumb with those persons who, by defect or alienation of mind, were rendered incapable of the legal management of their affairs. In the middle ages deaf-mutes were held to be incapable of feudal succession; otherwise there might possibly have been deaf-mute sovereigns on record, for we are told that an uncle of one of the kings of Sardinia was one of the earliest examples of a well-educated deaf-mute. The first recorded attempts to instruct this class of unfortunates were made in Spain, about three centuries ago, by Pedro Ponce, a Benedictine monk, who conducted, and, as we are assured on the testimony of several cotemporary writers, with remarkable success, the education of several deaf-mutes of noble families, including the brothers and sister of the constable of Castile. Ponce died in 1504. Spain also presents the name of Bonet, who, half a century later, taught a brother of another constable of Castile, probably a nephew of the pupils of Ponce, and who published, in 1620, the earliest known treatise on the art of deaf-mute instruction. Both Ponce and Bonet instructed their pupils in 9 Quintus Pedius. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 33 articulation. A highly-colored account of the success of the latter was brought to England by Sir Kenelm Digby, one of the companions of Prince Charles in his romantic journey into Spain, and probably prompted the efforts of the earliest English teachers of deaf-mutes. The Germans, jealous of the honor of their fatherland, claim that Rodolph Agricola records the case of a deaf-mute who had been taught to read and write a full century before the time of Ponce, without, however, giving any information as to the mode of instruction; and that about the same time that Ponce began his labors, Pasch, a clergyman of Brandenburg, instructed his deaf-mute daughter by the aid of pictures. In the next century (the seventeenth) we find a few instances recorded in England, in which more or less success was attained in teaching deaf-mutes to write, and even to speak. Dr. John Wallis, the most distinguished of the early English teachers, left on record in the philosophical transactions an account of his methods, which served as a guide to later teachers; and engaged, towards the end of the century, with a younger teacher of deaf-mutes on the continent, John Conrad Amman, of Amsterdam, who is noted for the wild extravagance of his views respecting articulation. Amman ascribed to speech a mysterious efficacy in the operations of the intellect, holding it to be not merely the most convenient, but the only instrument of thought and reasoning; a theory which, carried out to its logical results, would make the instruction of the deaf and dumb from birth utterly hopeless; since speech, properly so called, is to them incommunicable, all they can acquire of it being limited to the visible and felt movements of the organs of speech. Nevertheless these absurd views of Amman on the exclusive fitness of speech as an instrument of thought still influence the practice of the German teachers of our own times. During the two centuries that succeeded the first labors of Ponce we only find here and there, at long intervals, a teacher who, moved in some cases by philosophical curiosity, in others by the hope of gain, and in others by parental affection, undertook, with more or less success, the education of one or two deafmutes. In many cases these early teachers were ignorant of the labors of their predecessors; the teacher had to grope his own way, and the processes were invented over and over again. Thus the art made little progress till the time of the Abb6 de l'Ep6e. This justly celebrated man, while living in Paris a life of literary ease, had his sympathies interested in the case of two sisters, twins, whose privation of speech and hearing seemed to cut them off from the hope of religious instruction. He gave himself to their instruction with the zeal of a missionary, who believes the eternal welfare of immortal souls at stake. Succeeding beyond his hopes in this new vocation, he devoted his fortune and his life to the cause of the deaf and dumb; and in the school which he founded was seen a spectacle which the world had never seen before-a large community of deaf-mutes restored to the full enjoyment of social intercourse through a language of their own. Having collected more than sixty into his own school, and finding that numbers more existed beyond his reach, De l'Epee labored with success to impart some of his own zeal to others, and (while other early teachers made a secret monopoly of their art) freely communicated his method to the world. Teachers formed by his lessons founded schools in Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, and even Spain. Flattered by the frequent presence at his lessons of eminent visitors, up to the rank of emperor, De l'Epee labored with success to make the institution of the deaf and dumb popular. The impulse given by his zeal and labors opened a new era for the deaf and dumb. It is only from his time that the duty of educating them began to take hold of the public conscience. The school which he founded, and long supported from his own means, was taken under the patronage of the government after his death. 3c 34 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. De l'Epee began his labors in behalf of the deaf and dumb between the years 1755 and 1760. Just about the same time began the labors of two other remarkable instructors-Thomas Braidwood in Scotland, and Samuel IHeinicke in Saxony. Each of these distinguished men founded institutions which were the parents of many others. Nearly all the schools in the British isles sprang from that of Braidwood, and most of those in Germany originated, directly or indirectly, from that of Heinicke. On the other hand, the school of De l'Ep(!e was the parent of nearly all the existing schools for deaf-mutes in the other countries of Europe and in America. This is not the place to describe the different methods of those schools. We may, however, observe generally that the great object of the German schools is the teaching of an articulation which, in most cases, is both a very uncertain and an unpleasant means of communication with the deaf. Articulation was also a prominent part of the method of Braidwood, more because the idea of restoring the dumb to speak is so attractive to their friends and to the public, than from any real advantages which the pupils taught to articulate derive in the intercourse of society from any attainments in speaking possible to the deaf and dumb. For many years past the tendency of the more correct public opinion in England has been to the disuse of the efforts to teach articulation, as producing, in most cases, results of very trifling value at an unreasonable expense of time and labor. The main peculiarity of the French system, or that of De l'Epee as improved by his able successors, Sicard and Bebian, was the cultivation and expansion of the language of gestures-the natural language of the deaf and dumb-as the means of mental and moral development, and the principal medium of instruction, by which the meaning of written language is imparted, enabling the pupil to communicate with all who can read and write, and opening to him that world of knowledge found in books. This system prevails in all the schools for the deaf and dumb in the United States, having been brought to this country in 1816 by the late venerated founder of the American Asylum, Thomas H. Gallaudet, father of the present worthy principal of the institution in the federal capital. Mr. Gallaudet having become interested in the case of a deaf-mute, daughter of Dr. Cogswell, of Hartford, went to Europe to acquire the method of instruction, and being providentially repelled from the British schools, whose teachers then made a secret and a monopoly of their art, proceeded to Paris, studied the methods of Sicard, the celebrated pupil of De l'Ep6e, and returning, brought with him Laurent Clerc, himself a deaf-mute, already distinguished as the best teacher in the school of Paris, from which he brought a more thorough knowledge of the art of deaf-mute instruction, in the best state it had then reached, than probably any other man at that time possessed. The American teachers had thus, at the beginning, the advantage of a long cultivated and improved system. Nor has the art been suffered to remain stationary in this country. It has been diligently cultivated among us by many men of eminent ability during half a century; and the results attained in our schools for the deaf and dumb are certainly not inferior, in point of practical utility, to those attained in any of the European schools. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. The number of schools for the deaf and dumb has been rapidly increasing during the current century. At the beginning of the century there were hardly a dozen such schools. Thirty years ago the number of European institutions for the deaf and dumb was about 118, containing, at most, 3,300 pupils. Ten years ago the number of institutions was estimated at 180, and the number of pupils at 6,000. Of the European institutions there are about 80, mostly small PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 35 ones, in Germany, 45 in France, and 22 in the British isles. There are also two or three schools in British America. The three largest European schools are those of London, with about 300 pupils, Paris with about 170, and Groningen in Holland, with about 150. The number of American institutions has also steadily increased. The American Asylum at Hartford is the oldest, having been opened in 1817. The New York institution is next in age, dating from 1817, and the Pennsylvania institution was opened in 1820. The Kentucky institution was opened in 1823, that of Ohio in 1829, and that of Virginia in 1839. The progress of the cause may be seen by the annexed table: No. of No. of No. of pupils. institutions, teachers. 1834.......................... 6 34 466 1851.......................... 13 75 1,162 1857.......................... 20 118 1,760 1860.......................... 2 130 2,000 The New York institution is the largest in the country, and probably in the world, having 310 pupils. The asylum at Hartford has about 225, the institution at Philadelphia 206, and the schools of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois from 140 to 170. The southern institutions are comparatively small, but their present condition cannot be ascertained. Of the 130 teachers, including the principals, about half are men of liberal education, about 15 are females, and about 50 are educated deaf-mutes. The support of these twenty-two institutions costs not far from $350,000 annually, of which as much as $300,000 is appropriated by the legislatures of twenty-nine States. Provision for the education of the deaf and dumb, in some cased restricted to the indigent, in others made free to all, is made by law in all the States, except the sparsely settled ones of Florida, Arkansas, Minnesota, Kansas, and Oregon. All the New England States send their beneficiaries to Hartford, New Jersey sends hers to New York and Philadelphia, and Maryland and Delaware send theirs to Philadelphia, or to the institution at Washington, under the patronage of the President and Congress. In the buildings and grounds of these several institutions, up to the date of our last information, over a million and a half of dollars had been invested. Except the necessary buildings and appurtenances, the institutions generally possess no permanent funds, being dependent on annual appropriations from the States; but there are three or four exceptions. - The only considerable permanent fund is that of the American Asylum, derived from a grant of a township of land, made by Congress, through the generous aid of Henry Clay, as early as 1819. This fund now amounts to $200,000. The Texas institution has been munificently endowed by the legislature of that State with a grant of 100,000 acres of land. Some prominent notice is due to the Columbia Institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, and the blind, at the national capital, which commenced its operations in June, 1857, under the provisions of an act of Congress, approved on the 16th of February in the same year. The objects of the institution as contemplated in its organization were twofold: First, to provide suitable instruction for the deaf and dumb and the blind of the District of Columbia, and for children thus afflicted whose parents are in the military or naval service of the United States; secondly, to establish at the national capitol an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, which 36 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. should carry their education to a higher point than has yet been attained in other institutions. In other words to afford deaf-mutes in America an opportunity of obtaining a collegiate education, to qualify them as instructors, to enable them to engage in pursuits and occupations which are now (for lack only of the necessary training) beyond their reach. The success of the institution has fully equalled the expectations of its founders. The first object has been entirely realized. The last annual report of the institution showed an attendance of forty-one pupils. The deaf-mutes are being carried forward in their education according to the French system, improved and introduced into this country by Doctor Gallaudet. The blind are pursuing their studies in the manner adopted at the Boston institution. A collegiate department will be organized as soon as the pupils of the institution are sufficiently advanced to enter upon the prescribed course of study. This stage will probably be reached in the year 1864.'The appropriations granted by Congress to the institution have amounted to $38,509 51; and there has been received from private sources the sum of $18,025. The buildings of the institution, which will accommodate sixty pupils with the necessary officers and teachers, are healthfully located on an eminence commanding a view of the city, about a mile and a quarter northeast of the Capitol. Mr. Kendall is the president of the board of directors, and has contributed liberally to the endowment of the institution, the immediate management whereof has been from the beginning in the hands of the principal, Edward M. Gallaudet, M. A., formerly instructor in the institution at Hartford. The corps of instruction consists of the principal, two assistant instructors of the deaf and dumb, one instructress of the blind, and a teacher of drawing and the arts of design. Instruction is also given in mechanical labor. In estimating the cost of instructing the deaf and dumb of the United States, it must be remembered that seven of the twenty-two institutions, those of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Michigan, California, and the Columbian Institution in Washington are also institutions for the blind as well as for the deaf and dumb, and that the support of their 136 blind pupils is included in the sum already given as the total annual expense of the twenty-two institutions. Allowing for these, the actual expense of educating the 2,000 deaf-mutes now in school may be estimated at $330,000. The number now under instruction ought to be considerably larger, especially in the southern States, to give all the deaf and dumb that education which alone can raise them to the rank of intelligent and useful citizens. It is restricted less from the difficulty of obtaining appropriations from the State legislatures than from the apathy of unenlightened parents, and their unwillingness to part with their children. STATISTICS OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. The earliest known attempt to estimate the number of deaf-mutes in a given country was made by the benevolent De l'Ep6e, who states that there were, about the year 1773, two hundred of these afflicted persons in the city of Paris, whence he calculated that there must have been 3,000 in the whole kingdom. If this last number is not an error of the press, the calculation seems very erroneous, for we know that the population of Paris at that day little exceeded half a million of souls, while that of France exceeded twenty millions. If there were then two hundred deaf-mutes in Paris, a like proportion for the whole kingdom would give 8,000 instead of 3,000. It was not till 1853 that an enumeration of the deaf-mutes of France was actually made, and the result gave a proportion for Paris and its vicinity just about that estimated by De l'Apee eighty PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 37 years before-one in about 2,500 inhabitants; while the ascertained proportion for all France was one deaf-mute in 1,212 souls, more than twice as great as that for Paris. The two earliest censuses known to us made by governmental authority, in which the number of deaf-mutes was noted, were that of the State of New York for 1825, and that of Prussia for the same year. The deaf and dumb of the United States were first enumerated at the national census of 1830, and at each census since. Enumerations of this class of the population have been made at different times within the last thirty years in several countries of Europe. In Great Britain they were first noted in the returns for the census of 1851. The general result of these enumerations is that, except in a few extreme cases, the number of deaf-mutes in a given country is seldom more than about eight hundred in a million, or less than about four hundred. The later enumerations show a somewhat larger proportion than the earlier; but this may be owing to greater care in making the enumeration. The Prussian census for 1828 gave one deaf-mute in 1,548 souls; that of 1849 one deaf-mute to 1,364 souls. Thirty years ago the general average of all the European enumerations then made was about one deaf-mute in 1,500 souls. Ten years ago, according to a table prepared by Dr. Peet, of the New York Institution, there had been found 70,700 deaf-mutes, in those countries of Europe in which enumerations had been made, in a population of 92,710,000 inhabitants; a proportion of one deaf-mute to 1,311 souls. This proportion would have been reduced to about one in 1,360, had the result in England, which returned only one deaf-mute to 1,754 souls, then been known. In this, as in other departments of vital statistics, we find, in any large district, a remarkable degree of uniformity from one period to another, showing that the prevalence of deaf-dumbness, as of other afflictions of mortality, is regulated by general laws. The proportion in the population of Prussia, as we have seen, varied less than a sixth part in twenty-one years; and that in the United States, according to our census returns, has only varied about one-tenth part in thirty years. The amount of variation will be seen from the annexed table, calculated for the white population alone for 1830, 1840, and 1850, and for the whole free population for 1860: ~Years ~~. No. of Population, deaf and dumb. 1 to1830................................. 5,363 1,964 1840..... 6,682 2,123 1850...................................... 9,085 2,152 1860...................................... 14,269 1,925 The increased proportion for 1860 is probably owing, in part, to the fact that a considerable number of persons returned as "deaf" were counted with the deaf and dumb in making the abstract of the last census. This class of persons was carefully excluded in making the abstract from the census schedules of 1850, as it will be in the revision of the tables of the Eighth Census, which for want of time has not yet been effected. The deaf and dumb, properly so called, are those who were born deaf, and in consequence grew up dumb, together with those who lost hearing by disease or accident at so early an age as to lose also the faculty of speech more or less completely. Besides these, there are many persons who lost hearing in childhood or youth, after acquiring the permanent power of speech, but who, incapable of being taught in ordinary schools, are entitled to the privileges of a special 38 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. institution for deaf-mutes. These'are sometimes returned as deaf and dumb, especially if they are or have been pupils of an institution for deaf-mutes; sometimes they are returned as " deaf," and often, especially when their misfortune is recent, they are not distinguished at all. If none but this second class of persons (technically known as semi-mutes) were returned as deaf, there could be no hesitation in including them all with the deaf and dumb. But there are many people who become deaf in mature life, or with advancing age, and these are gratuitously marked as "deaf" on the census schedules, in so many cases as to materially affect, in some districts, the general accuracy of our calculations. None who become deaf after the age of ten or twelve should be included in tables of the deaf and dumb; but this distinction was not generally understood by the census-takers. Another source of error of a different kind is the frequent return as "dumb" of persons who are dumb, not as a consequence of deafness, but from defect of intellect. If all who are thus returned were known to be idiots, all should be excluded from our tables of the deaf and dumb; but the same word appears to be used in many cases to designate the proper deaf and dumb, and we have no means of discriminating between those who are dumb because deaf, and those who are dumb from deficient intellect. To insure more perfect accuracy for the general report, the list of the deaf and dumb in the United States, made out in this office from the original schedules, will, as far as practicable, be submitted to the inspection of the conductors of the several institutions that their extensive knowledge of individual cases may be availed of to correct the returns in a sufficient number of cases to give a general average of corrections, and thus enable us to approximate much more nearly to accuracy in this branch of our statistics. A small expenditure for the printing of this list may be necessary to this end. Though by including many returned as "deaf" only, and others returned as " dumb" only, the returned number of the deaf and dumb may be considerably increased; there is reason to believe this increase is not more than equal to the number of omissions. Dr. Peet has made it appear probable, for instance, that owing to the reluctance of parents to. describe their children as dumb a large number of deaf-mute children under the age of ten or twelve were omitted;* that the returns of deaf-mutes from most of our larger towns are also deficient; and that, from the greater difficulty of obtaining information in the case of our foreign population, their deaf and dumb are not as fully returned as in the case of the native population. To these we should add many omitted by accident or through the hurry or carelessness of the marshals. Allowing for all these causes of omission, it is not improbable that the proportion of deaf-mutes in the white population of the United States is as great as that found in England and Germany. Taking the returns as they are, we find the sources of error so uniform in their influence that the results will serve for the purpose of comparison between different classes of the population and between different sections of the Union. We may thus, in time, be aided in forming accurate conclusions as to the causes of deafness; a prospect that gives a higher interest to the returns, since a knowledge of the causes may lead to the knowledge of preventions, whereby the prevalence of this distressing infirmity may be diminished. The particulars, however, to be gathered from our census, relating to the deaf and dumb, are not nearly as full as would be desirable in this point of view. They do not show, for instance, how many are deaf and dumb from birth, and 0 In 1850 the proportion of deaf-mutes returned under 10 sears was to the population of the same age (whites) only as 1: 3,570 for males, and 1:4,200 for the females; while between the ages of 10 and 30 the proportion was 1: 1,550 males, and 1: 1,930 females.(Statistics of Deaf and Dumb, by H. P. Peet, LL.D.) PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 39 how many from disease or accident, (the latter supposed to be nearly half the whole in this country, though only one-fifth of the whole in Europe; )* nor in how many cases there are two or more deaf and dumb children in the same family; nor in how many cases the parents were blood relatives; nor in how many cases the infirmity is transmitted from parents to children. The general laws to be gathered from our census returns are of another kind, and relate to the influence of race, of emigration, of climate, or of geological formation on the prevalence of deaf-dumbness, although they present facilities for the prosecution of inquiries which, if followed up, will enable us to throw much light on the subject generally. We note first, that the white race appears from our census returns to be much more liable to deaf-dumbness than the black, and of course the free colored, which has a larger admixture of white blood, is more liable to that infirmity than the slave population; on the other hand, it is supposed that the colored population is more liable to blindness than the whites. This greater prevalence of deaf-mutes, (after allowing for errors in the two enumerations of 1830 and 1840, which appear to have risen from accidentally placing figures in the wrong columns,) is manifested in every one of the four enumerations from 1830 to 1860, and in the returns from every State. The general average of the census of 1860 gives only one slave deaf-mute to every 4,900 slaves, whereas there is one to every 1,925 among the fiee population. In 1850, excluding, as already observed, the "deaf," there was returned one deaf-mute to 2,152 whites, one to 3,151 free colored persons, and one to 6,034 slaves. The small proportion returned among the slaves may indeed be due, in part, to less care and particularity in making the enumeration; but it is difficult to believe in a carelessnes so general as to account for so great a discrepancy as is here shown. It seems, therefore, safe to assume that the colored race is less liable to deaf-dumbness than the white race; and such, according to thetestimony of missionaries, seems also the case with the Mongolian population of China as compared with Europeans. The next fact to be noted is that there is a larger proportion of deaf-mutes among a population from which emigration has been large than among a population which is gaining largely by emigration. This fact is patent from the returns of every census, as will appear from the annexed table, calculated as before for the white population in 1830, 1840, and 1850, and for the whole free population in 1860: The Atlantic States, All the remaining from Maine to States and Territor's. Georgia, inclusive. Number of deaf mutes in 1830................................... 4,031 1,332 Proportion to population....................................... ] to 1,864 1 to 2,265 Number of deaf mutes in 1840................................... 4,475 2,207 Proportion to population....................................... 1 to 1,993 1 to 2,388 Number of deaf mutes in 1850.................................. 5,737 3,732 Proportion to population........................................ I to 1,961 1 to 2,245 Number of deaf mutes in 1860................................... 7,819 6,450 Proportion to population......................................... 1 to 1,796 1 to 2,080 * Dr. Peet estimates that in Europe there are in a population of a million 615 deaf-mutes who are so from birth, and only 154 by disease or accident; while in the United States the former class number 278 in a million, and the latter 222.-(See the Thirty-fifth New York Report.) 40 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. This law is more strikingly exemplified by the returns from the extreme west. California and Oregon, for instance, returned in 1850 only 7 deaf-mutes in a population of 105,000, and in 1860 only 84 in a population of 432,000. Though it may be that the returns from sparsely settled districts are apt to be less accurate than the average, still there can be no doubt that a comparatively small proportion of deaf-mutes go along with the stream of emigration. Families with deafmute children have an inducement to remain in the older States, at least till their children can be educated; and it may be that such families, as a general rule, do not belong to the more energetic and restless part of the population. It may be owing in part to a similar cause that the proportion of deaf-mutes is smaller in America than in Europe. The proportion of deaf-mutes among the slaves of the border States and that found in the extreme southern States offers a contrast even more marked, which is no doubt due, at least in part, to a like cause, the deportation of so many slaves southward, since we may assume that a deaf and dumb slave would be less desirable for a trader than one who can hear. In 1860 there were returned from the slave States north of the parallel of 35~, including North Carolina, but excluding Arkansas, 458 deaf and dumb slaves, one to 3,340 slaves; and from the more southern slave States only 350, but one deaf-mute to 6,920 slaves. This difference can hardly be due to climate, for the proportion of deaf-mutes amIlng the white population of South Carolina was greater in 1830 than in any other State, except Connecticut and New Jersey; and at the last census the greatest proportion in the whole Union, allowing for the large number from other States collected into the school in Connecticut, was returned from the comparatively southern States of Virginia and Kentucky. We cannot, therefore, assume from the census returns that coldness of climate has any marked influence on the prevalence of deaf-mutes. It has been supposed that mountainous and sterile countries have a larger proportion of deaf-mutes than those that are level and well cultivated. In Europe the greatest known proportion is found among the mountains of Switzerland, the smallest on the fertile plains of Belgium. But we have no such deep, dark humid valleys as those of some parts of Switzerland, where the population seems to deteriorate from generation to generation, and where cretinism, often allied to deaf-dumbness, prevails to a painful extent. Whether in our mountainous districts deaf-mutism is more prevalent than in more level regions can hardly be determined till our population becomes more stationary. We observe that, by the British census of 1851, the proportion of deaf-mutes was, indeed, smaller in level and fertile England than in the more mountainous and sterile countries of Wales and Scotland; but on the other hand, Ireland, a comparatively level country, presents a larger proportion than Wales, and about as large as Scotland. In our own country the proportion in Vermont and New Hampshire, though greater than in most of the other northern States, is less than in the fertile regions of Kentucky. If we assume as a probable theory that congenital deafness is, in most cases, an arrest of development, owing in some cases to deficient vital power in one or both parents, and in other cases to a physiological unfitness of the parents for each other, and that the loss of hearing by disease or accident is more prevalent among children whose constitutional vigor is impaired, it is difficult to see why mountainous regions, that are found favorable to general health and to longevity, as many mountainous regions are known to be, should present more cases of deaf-mutes than other regions. The inquiry as to the influence of the geological formation of a country on the prevalence of deaf-mutism is an interesting one, but partly from the difficulty of determining the geological character of a given district, partly from the labor requisite for the investigation, very little has yet been done to elucidate this point. Kentucky has returned at each census a large proportion of deaf-mutes, PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 41 and Kentucky is a limestone country. This statement embraces about all that may at present be hazarded on this point. BLIND. The first regularly organized establishment for the charitable relief of the blind is known as " The Hospital imperiale des Quinze Vingts." It was founded in Paris by St. Louis in 1260, and still exists. It contains, as its name implies, fifteen score, or 300 blind. It is an asylum only for adults, and does not attempt to instruct its inmates. Although much had been done by celebrated blind persons and others in overcoming the privations of sight by ingenious contrivances for the touch, the first successful effort in systematic instruction was made by Valentin Hairy. Inspired by the success of the Abbe de l'Epce in the education of the deaf and dumb, M. Hatly conceived that equal results could be effected for the blind, who were deemed'more helpless. He reflected upon the fact that the touch of the blind is so exceedingly sensitive as rarely to be deceived in distinguishing the different coins. Why might they not distinguish letters if made tangible? Letters were printed in relief; maps with raised lines were made; a class of blind children was collected and instructed, and the experiment was successful. Such was the simple basis of the system which has been followed over the civilized world. A house was procured in 1784, in Paris, under the patronage of the Philanthropic Society, which may be regarded as the cradle of the present Imperial Institution for the young blind. In 1791 "the Liverpool school for the blind" was founded, which was the first in Great Britain. The following table exhibits the institutions and asylums for the blind in Great Britain and Ireland, the dates of their foundation, and the number of inmates in each: No. Location. Founded. Inmates. 1 Liverpool................................................................. 1791 80 2 Edinburg...1........................................................... 1792 115 3 Bristol..................................................................66 4 London.................................................................. 1799 154 5 Norwich.................................................................... 36 6 Dublin, (" Richmond," for males)........................................ 1809 20 7 Dublin, (" Molyneaux," for females)..................................... 1815 35 8 Glasgow.............................................................. 1828 106 9 Belfast................................................................. 13 10 Yorkshire.................................................................. 1835 60 11 Limerick, (for females)................................................... 1835 12 12 Manchester............................................................... 1837 75 13 Newcastle................................................................. 1838 41 14 London, (" Society for teaching the blind to read").......................... 1838 56 15 Liverpool, (Catholic, for females).............................................. 17 16 Exeter..................................................................... 1838 26 17 Aberdeen..................................... 30 18 Bath...................................................................... 1840 24 19 Brighton................................................................ 1841 21 20 Nottingham................................................................ 1842 30 21 Birmingham.....1.............................................. 1846 59 22 *Plymouth........................................................................... 42 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE-Continued. No. Location. Founded. Inmates. 23 *Bath, (blind school-house)................................................................ 24 *Edinburg, (Abbey Hill)..................................................................... 25 *Dublin, (Catholic).............................................................................. 26'Cork............................................................................................ 27 *London, (Milton Institution)................................................................... 28 *Midland Institution........................................................................ Total in twenty-one institutions........................................ 1,076 * Schools and asylums more recently established, and of smaller size; the dates and numbers not ascertained. Associations and societies for the relief of the blind in Great Britain. 1. London.-" Association for Promoting the General Welfare of the Blind." The object is to supply the adult blind with employment. It has six branches in other parts of the kingdom, viz: in Bradford, Davenport, Leicester, Liverpool, Sheffield, and Surry. 2. London.-Society for Printing and Distributing Books for the Blind, 1854. 3. London.-Indigent Blind.Visiting Society, 1837. 4. London.-Christian Blind Relief Society, 1843. 5. London.-Society for Supplying Home Teachers. 6. London.-" The Blind Man's Friend, or Day's Charity." (Founded by the late Mr. Day, who left C100,000 for the benefit of persons suffering under loss of sight.) 7. London.-Rev. Wm. Ietherington's charity (1774) appropriates C10, yearly, each to 50 blind persons over 60 years of age. 8. London.-The Painters ahd Stainers' Company (1780) for the relief of blind persons above 61 years of age. 9. London.-The Cordwainers' Company (1782) distributes c5, annually, to 105 blind persons. 10. London.-Society for Improving the Social Position of the Blind. 11. London.-The Cloth-workers' Company. 12. London.-The Drapers' Company. 13. London.-The Goldsmiths' Company. 14. London.-The Society for Granting Annuities to the Blind. The last six grant small annuities for the relief of blind persons. Institutionsfor the blind on the Continent of Europe. No. Location. Founded. 1 Paris, Hospital Imperiale des Quinze Vingts............................................ 1260 2 Paris, Imperial Institution for the young blind........................................... 1784 3 Vienna, Austria.................................................................................. 4 Prague, Bohemia.................................................................... 1804 5 Amsterdam, Holland..................................................... 1804 6 St. Petersburg, Russia................................................................. 1806 7 Berlin, Prussia........................................... 1806 8 M ildn, Sardinia............................................................................. 9 Dresden, Saxony.............................................................. 1809 10 Zurich, Switzerland.................................................................. 1809 11 Copenhagen, Denmark................................................. 1811 12 Brussels, Belgium................................................................................ 13 Lausanne, Switzerland............................................................... PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 43 Institutions for the blind on the Continent of Europe-Continued. No. Location. Founded. 14 Breslau, Prussia...................................................................... 1816 15 Konigsburg, Prussia........................................................ 1816 16 Stockholm, Sweden........... 1817 17 Barcelona, Spain..................................................................... 1820 18 Naples, Italy........................................................ 1822 19 Germund, Wurtemberg............................................................... 1823 20 Lintz, Austria..................................................... 1824 21 Pesth, Hungary.................................................................. 1825 22 Friesingen...........................8.............................................. 1828 23 Bruchsal, Baden...................................................... 1828 24 Hamburg, Holland...................................................1830 25 Antwerp, Belgium............................................................................. 26 Bruges, Belgium................................................................................... 27 Brunswick, Brunswick..................................................................... 28 Frankfort-on-the- Mayn....................................................... 29 Friedberg, Hesse................................................................................ 30 Lille, France................................................................................. 31 Berne, Switzerland............................................................................... 32 Stuttgardt, Wurtemberg...................................................................... 33 Friedberg, Switzerland.............................................................. 34 Liege, Belgium............................................................................ 35 Christiana, Norway................................... Institutions for the blind in the United States, with the number of pupils and blind persons employed by them. No. of pupils No. Location. State. Founded. and blind employed. 1 Boston........................... Massachusetts.............. 1833 111 2 New York......................... New York....................... 1833 167 3 Philadelphia........................ Pennsylvania................... 1833 177 4 Columbus.......................... Ohio............................. 1837 120 5 Staunton........................... Virginia...................... 1838 44 6 Louisville....................... Kentucky....................... 1842 54 7 Nashville.......................... Tennessee..............8.... 1844 36 8 Raleigh............................. North Carolina................... 1845 18 9 Indianapolis........................ Indiana.......................... 1846 72 10 Jacksonville...................... Illinois.......................... 1847 50 11 Cedar Springs..................... South Carolina.................. 1848 17 12 Janesville.......................... Wisconsin....................... 1850 40 13 St. Louis........................... Missouri.................... 1851 29 14 Macon............................ Georgia....................... 1851 31 15 Baton Rouge..................... Louisiana...................... 1852 14 16 Jackson............... Mississippi..................... 1852 10 17 Iowa City............... Iowa............................. 1853 40 18 Baltimore......................... Maryland......................... 1853 25 19 Flint.............................. Michigan......................... 1853 35 20 Austin.............................. Texas......................... 1856 12 21 Washington....................... District of Columbia............ 1857 6 22 Little Rock......................... Arkansas......................... 1859 10 23 San Francisco................,.. California........................ 1860 8 Total pupils and inmates.................................................. 1,126 44 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Proportion of blind persons in the several States, and to the whole population in the United States. States. Free, blind. Slaves, blind. Free, one in- Slaves, one inAlabama.................................... 204 114 2,594 3,816 Arkansas........................... 118 26 2,749 4,273 California.................................... 63............. 6,032............. Connecticut................................. 152.............. 3,027............... Delaware..................................... 42......... 2629................ Florida................................. 15 21 5, 245 2, 940 Georgia.................................... 297 188 2, 003 2,458 Illinois...................................... 476.............. 3,617................ Indiana..................................... 530.............. 2,548................ Iowa......................................... 192.............. 3,515................ Kansas....................................... 10............. 10,711................ Kentucky.................................... 530 144 1,755 1,565 Louisiana................................... 112 118 3, 365 2, 811 Maine................................... 233............. 2,696................ Maryland.................................... 264 34 2,272 2,564 Massachusetts................................ 498.............. 2,472................ Michigan................................. 254.............. 2,595................ Minnesota................................ 23.............. 7,044................ Mississippi................................... 147 116 2,413 3,764 Missouri..................................... 388 60 2,727 1,915 New Hampshire.............................. 142.............. 2,296................ New Jersey............................ 208.............. 3,230................ New York................................... 1,768.............. 2,199................ North Carolina............................. 392 189 1,687 1,751 Ohio......................................... 899.............. 2,602................ Oregon...................................... 9.............. 5,829............... Pennsylvania................................. 1,187.............. 2,448................ Rhode Island............................... 85............ 2,054.............. South Carolina.............................. 171 120 1,761 3,353 Tennessee................................... 437 117 1,908 2, 356 Texas................................ 119 31 3,535 5,889 Vermont...................................... 165.............. 1,903................ Virginia......................... 557 232 1,984 2,115 Wisconsin............................. 220.............. 3,526................ Dakota Territory................................................. District of Columbia......................... 47...................... Nebraska Territory.......................... 3.......................................... New Mexico Territory........................ 149........................................ Utah Territory................................ 17.................................... Washington Territory....................... 2.................................... Total.......................... 11,125 1,510............................. Proportion of blind slaves to all slaves, one in................................ 2,616 Proportion of blind to the whole population, one in......................... 2,470 For the advantage of comparisons the following statistics of the blind in Europe are given: According to the census of 1851 the whole number of blind persons in Great Britain and Ireland was 29,074, viz: PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 45 In England and Wales............................... 18, 306; 1 in 979 In Scotland..-.....................-......-........ 3, 010; 1 in 960 In islands in the British sea.......................... 171 Total in Great Britain....................... 21, 487; 1 in 975 In Ireland........................................ 7, 587; 1 in 878 Total in Great Britain and Ireland............. 29, 074; 1 in 950 A larger proportion of blind persons is found to exist in the agricultural districts of Great Britain than in the manufacturing and mining districts and large cities. There isIn London........................... 1 blind to every 1,025 persons In Birmingham.......................... 1 blind to every 1,181 persons In Leeds....................... -... 1 blind to every 1,203 persons. In Sheffield............................. 1 blind to every 1,141 persons. In the whole kingdom................. 1 blind to every 950 persons. The British census of 1851 gives some remarkable facts in regard to the ages of blind persons, widely different from estimates hitherto received. Of the 21,487 blind persons in England, Scotland, and Wales, there wereUnder 20 years of age, only..................... 2,929, or 14 per cent. Between 20 and 60........................ 8,456, or 39 per cent. Above 60.-..................-... —..- -...-..- 10,102, or 47 per cent. While less than one-seventh were under 20, nearly one-hayf were at the advanced age of 60 and upwards; showing the small proportion blind in infancy, the large number blinded by old age, and also the longevity of the blind. In Prussia (1831) it was estimated that, out of 9,212 blind persons, 846, or nearly -l, were between the ages of 1 and 15. In Brunswick, out of 286 blind, w were under 7. We have no authentic information of the blind in France. But if the proportion is the same as that of adjoining countries, there were in 1836 24,675 blind, or 1 to every 1,360 inhabitants. Ckomparative portion of blind persons to the whole number of inhabitants in Europe and in the United States. Great Britain and Ireland, (1851,)............................ 1 in 950 France, (census of 1836,)............ 1 in 1,360 Belgium, (1831,).. -................ 1 in 1,316 Level portions of the German States.. —.... —-..-....- 1 in 950 More elevated portions of Germany............ 1 in 1,340 Prussia, (average of census in 1831, 1834, and 1837,)..... 1 in 1,401 Alpine regions, (1831,)...............................1... in 1,500 Sweden.................................................. 1 in 1,091 Norway................................................. 1 in 482 United States, (1850,)........................... 1 in 2,470 The remarkable fact is given by this table that the blind in the United States but little exceeds two-fifths of the number in Great Britain and Ireland, and are less than three-fifths of the number in France, in proportion to the populations of those countries. The proportion of the blind in each of the United States to the population, considered in relation to geographical position, shows that whatever causes may have modified these proportions, climate has had little or no influence; and that 46 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. the tables of Dr. Zenue, of Berlin, so much referred to as showing the proportions of the blind according to latitude, are entirely inapplicable to the United States. According to those tables the proportion isIn latitude 20 to 30...... 1 in 100 In latitude 50 to 60.... 1 in 1,400 In latitude 30 to 40...... 1 in 300 In latitude 60 to 70..... 1 in 1,000 In latitude 40 to 50...... 1 in 800 The following contrary results appear in certain geographical districts of the United States: Southern States. Louisiana, latitude 29 to 33................................. 1 to 3,365 Mississippi, latitude 30 to 35................. 1 to 2,413 Alabama, latitude 30 to 35.................................. 1 to 2,594 Northern States. Maine, latitude 43 to 47................... 1 to 2,696 Massachusetts, latitude 42 to 43.1............... to 2,472 Michigan, latitude 42 to 46................. 1 to 2,595 In other respects, and from other causes, large differences occur in the pro-'portions of blind persons in some of the States. In Texas (latitude between 26 and 30) there is 1 blind to 3,535; Oregon, 1 to 5,829; California, 1 to 6,032; Minnesota, 1 to 7,044; Kansas, 1 to 10,711. These are distant and thinly-populated States, to which blind persons would rarely emigrate, and contain comparatively few aged persons, among whom a larger portion of the blind are found. The extraordinary exemption from blindness in the United States compared with Great Britain, according to the census returns, which give the latter about two and a half times more blind than the former country, is a fact of great importance, and suggests inquiries into the causes. We have too little data to warrant any certain conclusions. Sufficient exists, however, to show that smallpox has been a prolific cause of blindness in Great Britain, but not in the United States. Of 1,456 blind persons received into the Liverpool School for the Blind, from 1791 to 1860, 250, or more than one-sixth, were blinded by small-pox. Of the pupils in the Glasgow Asylum nearly one-fifth were blinded by smallpox. In the Pennsylvania Institution, of 476 pupils received, only 21, or about - part of the whole were blinded by small-pox. Of 118 pupils in the Ohio institution, to a certain date, only one was blinded by small-pox. Dr. Crampton, of Manchester, England, estimated that between 4,000 and 5,000 were blinded by small-pox in Great Britain. SYSTEM OF PRINTING FOR THE BLIND. The blind of necessity read by the touch. The method of printing in raised letters originated, as stated, with Valentin Haiuy, in Paris, in 1784. Since then various kinds of embossed letters and characters have been adopted. The alphabetical systems are known as the Roman capitals, as in the books printed at the Glasgow and Pennsylvania institutions; the combined capital and lower case, as in books from the Bristol, Paris, and some of the German institutions; and the angular lower case, of the Massachusetts institution. The arbitrary systems are known as Braille's in France; Carton's in Belgium; Lucas's, Frere's, and Moore's in England. Both systems have their peculiar advantages. While some institutions adopt the principle that the alphabets and all tangible apparatus should conform as nearly as possible to those universally PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 47 in use by the seeing, it must be conceded that the simple arbitrary characters of Braille, Lucas, and others, are more readily learned by the adult blind and those whose touch has become less sensitive by work. Books for the blind are quite limited in number and dear. Of the principal works of this character may be named: the whole Bible, printed at the Glasgow Asylum, in 19 volumes, quarto, price $48; the whole Bible, in 8 large volumes, price $20; A cyclopedia, 8 large volumes, (unfinished;) Milton's Poetical Works, 2 volumes; Paley's Evidences, 1 volume; Combe on the Constitution of Man, 1 volume; Philosophy of Natural History, 1 volume; Rudiments of Natural Philosophy, 1 volume; Lardner's Universal History, 3 volumes; Common Prayer, 1 volume; Pope's and Diderot's Essays, 1 volume, and other works from the Boston Institution. A dictionary of the English language, 3 large volumes; Select Library, 5 volumes; Church Music, 3 volumes; Student's Magazine, 6 volumes, and other works from the Philadelphia Institution. History of the United States, 3 volumes, and several other works from the Virginia Institution. These and some volumes of moderate extent from the Bristol and London presses are all in the alphabetical type. The New Testament, and portions of it and part of the Old, have been printed and duplicated several times in the three arbitrary characters of Lucas, Frere, and Moore, used in England. While these various arbitrary systems do credit to the ingenuity of the inventors, two of whom are blind, it is unfortunate, considering the paucity of embossed books, that the efforts of the friends of the blind have not been concentrated upon some one or two kinds of print. GENERAL VIEW AND OBJECTS OF THE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND. The great object of all institutions for the education of the blind is to remove the disabilities under which they labor, as far as possible, by substituting the sense of touch for the lost sight; by a correct system of moral, and mental, and physical training, and by giving them a knowledge of music or some useful mechanic art to prepare them for the active duties and enjoyments of life. Without deciding how their mental and physical condition will compare with the general standard, it is demonstrated that they have capacities for receiving a good education in the various departments of useful knowledge, and of becoming church organists and piano instructors. The largest number become practical workmen in several branches of plain handicraft. While the cultivation of music is to them a source of the greatest delight, and is almost universally taught to the younger blind as affording a benevolent compensation for the loss of all that is beautiful in nature, the exercise of the industrial powers supplies to the mass of the blind the great necessity of their condition. Occupation of mind and body in all these respects gives to the blind in the public institutions that tone of cheerfulness which is considered so remarkable in their condition. But the great result is the preparation of the blind for seCf-support when they return to become members of the community. It is for this end that private bounty and legislative aid have been so generously granted in the United States. While the young blind are admitted for a term of years to receive an education in the school and music departments, in connexion with handicraft, adults at all ages under 50 are received in some of the institutions for a period of one or two years to acquire a simple trade, when they go on their way rejoicing in their ability to support themselves, or at least to remove the necessity of an entire and hopeless dependence on their fiiends or the public. In Europe thousands of blind persons are paupers in the poor-houses or burdens upon friends who would be able, if instructed in simple trades, to earn a large part of their support. Many adult blind in the United States are in the same dependent condition. This number is being partially provided for by those institutions which receive adults. 48 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. The employment of the graduate blind by existing institutions is a subject of interest in the United States as in Europe. It is certain that many worthy'and industrious blind persons fail to support themselves fully. How far and in what way they may be aided by existing institutions or by others organized for their welfare is an important question claiming and receiving serious attention by those prepared to judge practically upon the subject. INSANE. Among the many evidences of progressive science and enlightened philanthropy furnished by the history of the last three-quarters of a century, none are more characteristic, and perhaps no one appears in bolder relief, than the system of treatment of the insane which, adopted within that period, now widely prevails among civilized nations. In a civil, social, and moral point of view, the space is broad which separates the gloomiest cell of a prison, with its bolts, bars, and chains, from spacious apartments furnished with the conveniences and comforts as well as many of the luxuries of life. Yet this space has been traversed by the insane within the seventy years next preceding the present time. It is proposed to give in this place a brief sketch of the history, more especially in respect to the United States, of this important amelioration of the condition of a large class of our fellow-men. About the middle of the eighteenth century some philanthropists of Philadelphia took preliminary measures for the foundation of a general curative institution in that city; and in 1751 the provincial assembly of Pennsylvania passed an act of incorporation under the title: "The Contributors of the Pennsylvania Hospital." This charter provided not only for the relief of persons suffering from general diseases, but also for the "reception and cure of lunatics." It is believed that this was the first legislative provision in the American colonies for the restorative treatment, in a public hospital, of persons afflicted with mental alienation. The hospital was opened on February 11, 1752, and thenceforward one of its departments was specially appropriated to that class of patients. The next practical movement in a similar direction was in Virginia; and to her belongs the honor of being the pioneer of all the colonies in the establishment of an institution exclusively devoted to the insane. An act providing for the lunatics and idiots of the colony passed her legislature on November 10, 1769. A hospital was erected at Williamsburg at the expense of X1, 070, and opened on or about September 14, 1773. In the course of the war of independence the building was evacuated and used as barracks for the colonial troops. Subsequently, but at what precise period we are not informed, it was re-opened, and has since been conducted in accordance with its original purpose. In 1771 the Earl of Dunmore, then governor of the colony of New York, granted a charter for the institution now known as the " New York Hospital," in the city of New York. The intervention of the war with England prevented the opening of this hospital until January 3, 1791. Insane patients, so far as appears by the records, were not admitted until 1797. Such, and such alone, according to present knowledge, were the completed provisions for the care and treatment of the insane in the hospitals of the United States prior to the close of the eighteenth century. But the character of the treatment was more custodial than cu:'ative; and the means employed, including as they did, the severest forms of bodily restraint, were better adapted to felons than to persons laboring under disease. We have now arrived at the period of initiation in another country of an enterprise which, whether we regard the boldness of its beginning, the rapidity of its progress, the extent of territory over which it has spread, the success PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 49 which it has achieved, or the amount of good to mankind of which it has been the minister, challenges the admiration of every advocate of human improvement and every lover of his race. In the midst of all the horrors of the French revolution, Dr. Pinel walked the reddened streets of Paris a minister of benevolence, a physician with a heart. He was connected with the Bicktre Hospital, in which many of the insane were confined in cells and loaded with manacles and chains. After repeated solicitations he at length, in the latter part of the year 1791, obtained permission from the public authorities to remove these torturing implements of bodily restraint. The first person upon whom the experiment was tried was an English captain, who, being subject to paroxysms of extreme violence, had been chained there forty years. A promise of good behavior having been obtained from him the chains were loosed, and the man, returning as it were to the joys of life, kept his promise, rendered himself useful, and had no recurrence of maniacal fury during the two additional years of his residence in the hospital. Twelve inmates of the hospital were thus relieved from their irons on the first day of the experiment, and in the course of a few days forty-one more were similarly released. History furnishes few sketches of more touching interest than the account of these proceedings given by M. Scipion Pinel, son of the chief actor in them. Nearly simultaneously with the early measures of Pinel, and, as is believed, without any knowledge of them, William Tuke, of York, England, conceived the plan of founding a hospital for the treatment of the insane upon principles more enlightened and humane than had theretofore prevailed in Great Britain. His plan was carried into execution by the construction of the Friend's Retreat for the Insane at York, which was opened in the year 1796. Such was the twofold source of the movement which, though compelled to contend with the precedents and the prejudices of ages, and though for this and other reasons its progress was slow for many years, was destined fully to triumph over established usage in the countries of its origin. Before the close of the eighteenth century German students in the medical school of Paris had carried home the new theory and practice of Pinel, and had begun that work of reformatory regeneration of the institutions for the insane in their native land, which, though small at its beginning and repressed by hindrances similar to those already alluded to, has since been prosecuted with perhaps no less vigor or success than in France or England. The spirit of the enterprise crossed the Atlantic more slowly than it traversed the boundaries of the German States. The first decennium of the current century furnishes no new movement on behalf of the insane in the United States, except the erection for their accommodation of a separate though nearly adjacent building at the New York hospital. This occurred in 1808. As early as 1797 Mr. Jeremiah Yellot, of Baltimore, gave seven acres of land to the State of Maryland, on condition that the government should found a hospital for the treatment of insanity and general diseases. In 1798 an appropriation for the purpose was made, and increased by private contributions as well as by an appropriation by the municipal government of Baltimore, applied to the construction of a suitable building. But the hospital was not opened until 1816. The success of the retreat at York having become known upon this side of the Atlantic, some members of the Society of Friends, in Pennsylvania, desiring to provide hospital accommodations for the insane, formed an association in 1812, obtained a charter, erected a building near the village of Frankford, but now within the limits of the city of Philadelphia, and under the title "Asylum for 4 c 50 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. the Relief of Persons deprived of the use of their Reason;" the institution was opened in May, 1817. In the course of these proceedings in Pennsylvania measures for the attainment of a similar end were taken by the trustees of the Massachusetts general hospital, in Boston. A distinct establishment, though a branch of that institution, was constructed near Charlestown, now in Somerville, and designated as the "McLean Asylum for the Insane," was opened on the 6th of October, 1818. Five institutions for the care and curative treatment of the insane in the United States went into operation in the course of the decennium, terminating with the close of 1830. In 1815 preliminary measures were prosecuted by the board of governors of the New York hospital for the foundation, at Bloomingdale, of a branch of that institution. A grant from the State legislature of an annuity of ten thousand dollars for forty years was obtained, an edifice erected and opened for patients in 1821, under the title of "Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane." The retreat for the insane at Hartford, Connecticut, and the Kentucky Eastern Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, first received patients in 1824; and the Western Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, at Staunton, as well as the State Lunatic Asylum of South Carolina, at Columbia, in 1828. Earliest in the next succeeding period of ten years was the State Lunatic Hospital, at Worcester, Massachusetts, which was opened in 1833. The Vermont Asylum for the Insane, at Brattleboro', followed in 1836; the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Columbus, in 1838; the City Lunatic Asylum, at South Boston, Massachusetts, and the New York City Lunatic Asylum, on Blackwell's Island, both pauper institutions, in 1839; and the Maine Insane Hospital, at Augusta, and the Tennessee Hospital for the Insane, at Nashville, in 1840. It was during this decennium that the greatest impulse was given to the scheme for ameliorating the condition of the insane in the United States. In the production of this impulse no man exerted greater influence than the late Doctor Samuel B. Woodward, who was at that time superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital, at Worcester, Massachusetts. The zeal and hopefulness with which he illuminated a sphere thitherto almost universally regarded in the popular mind as shrouded with clouds and involved in darkness, and the elaborate and interesting reports which, emanating from his pen, were scattered broadly through the country, all contributed to the awaking of an interest in the subject which had never previously been manifested. In the course of this period, also, that eminent philanthropist, Miss Dorothea L. Dix, began a series of benevolent and beneficent labors to which female biography, throughout the history of the world, probably exhibits no equal. Beginning in Massachusetts, and subsequently proceeding to other States, she traversed the counties and townships within their several jurisdictions, visited all the public receptacles for the insane, together with all the private hovels, dens, garrets, and cellars for solitary maniacs to which access could be gained. She stimulated individuals to exertions and contributions in the cause, and in memorials to legislatures and by appeals to Congress called upon the governments to extend the assistance of the commonwealth to this class of its suffering people. In 1839 a pamphlet entitled "A visit to Thirteen Asylums for the Insane in Europe," by Dr. Pliny Earle, was published in Philadelphia and extensively circulated among physicians and others interested, or likely to become interested, in the subject. As the first somewhat comprehensive account of the European establishments which appeared in this country, it had no small influence in the promotion of the cause. The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, situated about two miles west of the old State House in Philadelphia, and a branch of the Pennsylvania Hospital. was opened in 1841. The New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane, at Concord; the Mount Hope Institution, at Baltimore, Maryland; and the Lunatic Asylum PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 51 of the State of Georgia, at Milledgeville, commenced operations in 1842; the New York State Lunatic Asylum, at Utica, in 1843; the first hospital disconnected from the almshouse for the insane poor of Kings county, New York, at Flatbush, in 1845; the Butler Hospital for the Insane, a corporate institution, at Providence, Rhode Island, in 1847; and the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, at Trenton; the Indiana Hospital for the Insane, at Indianapolis, and the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, at Jackson, in 1848. About the middle of the decennium the patients with general diseases were removed from the Maryland Hospital, at Baltimore, and that institution was thenceforth devoted to the treatment of insanity alone. Such were the completed results of the increased activity of the enterprise in the fourth decade of the century. Among the most important agencies in the promotion of the cause, in the course of this period, was the "Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane," which held its first meeting in Philadelphia, in 1845. The propositions relative to the construction, arrangements, and organization of hospitals for the insane, drawn up by Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride, of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, and adopted by this association, have generally been received as the highest authority upon the subjects. Although the idea may have occurred to others, yet Dr. Francis T. Stribling, superintendent of the Western Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, was the first to take the active measures which led to the promotion of this useful association, which has greatly contributed to a uniformity of views and practice among the superintendents of American institutions for the insane. The first number of the American Journal of Insanity was issued in July, 1844. It was edited by its originator, the late Dr. Amariah Brigham, at that time superintendent of the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. Intended not for the benefit of professional readers alone, but also for the dissemination of more accurate views of insanity among the people, its editor endeavored to adapt its contents to the attainment of this twofold object. The Journal is still continued under the editorship of Dr. John P. Gray and the officers of the asylum at Utica. It has assumed a more purely scientific and professional character, and has done great service in the cause to which it is devoted. In the course of this decade Dr. Luther V. Bell, of the McLean Asylum, Dr. Isaac Ray, of the Butler Hospital, Dr. H. A. Buttotph, of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, and Dr. Pliny Earle, for several years connected with the Bloomingdale Asylum, visited the rapidly improving institutions of Europe. Among the fruits of their observations we have the design of the Butler Hospital, by Dr. Bell; an elaborate resume entitled " Observations on the Principal Hospitals for the Insane in Great Britain and Germany," by Dr. Ray; some articles in the Journal of Insanity, by Dr. Buttotph; and a descriptive work entitled "Institutions for the Insane in Prussia, Austria, and Germany," by Dr. Earle. No less than eighteen new institutions were put in operation during the decennium from 1851 to 1860, inclusive. The State Lunatic Hospital of Pennsylvania, at Harrisburg; the State Lunatic Asylum of Missouri, at Fulton, and the Illinois State Hospital for the Insane, at Jacksonville, were organized and first received patients in 1851. The new building of the Tennessee Hospital, a few miles from Nashville, was so far completed as to be occupied in 1852. The State Insane Asylum of California, at Stockton, and the Hamilton County Lunatic Asylum, a pauper institution, now at }Mill Creek, near Cincinnati, Ohio, and called the Longview Asylum, were opened in 1853; the Massachusetts State Lunatic Hospital, at Taunton, and the Western Lunatic Asylum of the State of Kentucky, (since destroyed by fire,) at Hopkinsville, in 1854; the United States Government Hospital for the Insane, near Washington, Distr.ct of Columbia; the new building of the Kings County Lunatic Asylum, at Flatbush, 52 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. New York; the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum, at Jackson; the Northern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Newburg; the Southern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Dayton, and Brigham Hall, a corporate institute at Canandaigua, New York, in 1855; the Insane Asylum of North Carolina, at Raleigh, and a department of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital, at Pittsburg, (soon to be transferred to an extensive establishment, and called the Dixmont Hospital for the Insane,) in 1856; the Massachusetts State Lunatic Hospital, at Northampton, and the New York State Asylum for Insane Convicts, at Auburn, in 1858; the Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Kalamazoo, and a department of the Marshall Infirmary, at Troy, New York, in 1859; the Alabama Hospital for the Insane, at Tuscaloosa, and the Wisconsin State Lunatic Asylum, at Madison, in 1860. In January, 1860, the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane separated the sexes, by placing them in two distinct establishments, about one quarter of a mile apart, but on the same grounds and under the same general medical superintendence. The buildings of the department for males are as large as the original buildings which now constitute the department for females, and were erected and furnished wholly by the contributions of private citizens, most of Philadelphia. This is the first example, in America, of a system for the treatment of the sexes in separate, independent, but united establishments. A valuable work entitled "A Manual for Attendants in Hospitals for the Insane," by Dr. John Curwen, of the State Lunatic Hospital of Pennsylvania, appeared in 1851; and in 1854 Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride published a treatise "On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane," which has become a standard authority." So far as our knowledge extends, the only hospital which has gone into operation since the commencement of the current decennium is the Iowa State Hospital for the Insane, at Mount Pleasant, which was opened in 1861. A State hospital at Austin, Texas, was begun several years since, and a superintendent appointed, but no intelligence of its opening has reached us. Inasmuch as the people of all the States have a community of interest in one of the public hospitals above mentioned, it is proper that we should give a more particular account of that institution than of those of a more local character. The Government Hospital for the Insane was specially intended for the insane of the army, the navy, the revenue cutter service, and the indigent of the District of Columbia. It is situated on the eastern shore of the Potomac river, within the limits of the District of Columbia, and about two miles south of the Capitol, in Washington. The principal building, constructed of brick, is seven hundred and twenty feet in length. Its architectural plan and internal arrangements are among the best which have resulted from the experience and the studies of many able men employed in the specialty. A farm of one hundred and ninety-five acres belongs to the establishment. The first appropriation by Congress for this institution was made in August, 1852. Dr. Charles H. Nichols was soon afterwards appointed as superintendent, and under his direction and supervision the building was begun in May, 1853. A section of it was completed and opened for the reception of patients in January, 1855. It is now (1862) complete, with the exception of the internal finish of a small section. The aggregate amount of appropriations for the purchase of the farm and the construction of the buildings is $473,040. The number of patients on the first of July, in each year since the hospital was opened, was as follows: in 1855, 63; in 1856, 92; in 1857, 110; in 1858, 117; in 1859, 138; in 1860, 167; and in 1861, 180. The number of persons treated, prior to the 1st of July, 1861, was 439. Of these 261 were natives of the United States; 169 of foreign countries, and the place of birth of 9 is unknown. The hospital is under the general supervision of the Department of the Interior. Since it was commenced four different men, representing as many shades PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 53 of political opinions, have held the office of secretary, and all of them have manifested an intelligent, liberal, and benevolent interest in the success of the enterprise. In no instance has the department sought to control the patronage of the institution, or in any degree to cripple its usefulness by making it contribute to the especial advantage of the political party in power. Congress has been liberal in its appropriations; and among its members the hospital, in every stage of its progress, has found warm and earnest supporters, whose aid was honorable to themselves and a cause of gratitude in the heart of every American philanthropist. The hospital remains in the charge of Dr. Nichols, under whose supervision it has been wholly created. Aside from the public institutions, a few private establishments for the treatment of the insane have been opened in the United States in the course of the last forty years. Although some of them which have been discontinued were directed by able and humane men, and several others still in operation are considerably patronized and well conducted by men of high character, yet a consciousness of the undeniable tendency to abuse involved in a purely private pecuniary enterprise of this kind as shown in the history of similar establishments in Europe, has operated to discourage their multiplication and prosperity in this country. Since the opening of the public institutions nearly all of them have been enlarged, some to the extent of doubling or trebling their original capacity. With few exceptions, chiefly among those most recently founded, the buildings have been undergoing changes of internal architecture and arrangement in conformity with progressive knowledge. They differ very materially in plan, extent, structure, and means and facilities for the prosecution of curative treatment. A large proportion of them will not suffer in comparison with the better class of similar institutions in Great Britaiif, France, and Germany. It is believed that in executive administration they are governed with prudence, benevolence, and kindness; that their officers are generally earnest laborers, emulous of improvement; and that the unfortunate insane may be committed to them in full confidence of immunity from cruelty or abuse. Inasmuch as mind can be perceived and studied in its manfestations alone, its essential nature cannot be understood. It is consequently impossible to reduce to a positive demonstration any answer to the proposition whether insanity is really a disease of the mind itself, or merely the effect of corporeal disorder. Much has been written upon the subject, especially by the psychologists of Germany. Among the physicians making insanity a speciality in the United States we know of no one who believes it to be a disease of the spiritual part of our nature. They are unanimous in the opinion that it is the result of corporeal impediments to the free evolutions of the operations of the mind, as irregularity in the movements of a watch may be the effect of some small substance placed among the internal works, and thus preventing the gradual but continual development of the elasticity of the main spring. The watch indicates false time, but the spring is unimpaired. The insane man talks incoherently and fantastically, but his spiritual being is in its normal condition. The fact that a single portion of appropriate medicine has more than once entirely cured a paroxysm of violent mania is, perhaps, of itself a sufficient proof of the truth of this theory; for is it not absurd to suppose that the essential structure or nature of the spirit can be reaAed and modified by a cathartic? The causes of mental alienation are various. They have been divided into classes, as the predisposing and the exciting, the remote and the immediate. Some causes are difficult of classification, and the subject in this brief sketch is of but trifling importance. Among the manifestly remote causes are hereditary predisposition, constitutional organization, and descent from parents nearly allied by consanguinity. Like many other maladies, insanity is disposed to propagate and perpetuate 54 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. itself in the line of family descent, and instances are not unfrequent in which several children of an insane parent have become insane. The peculiar organization, whatsoever it may be, which favors an attack of mental alienation, often arises, de novo, in one person or more of a family theretofore exempt from the disorder. The disposition to degeneracy, in some form, in the offspring of marriages of cousins, or others near of kin, has long been known, but comparatively recent investigations in both Europe and the United States, and particularly those of M. Devay, in France, and Dr. Bemiss, of Kentucky, have more fully illustrated the subject and more satisfactorily demonstrated the fact. It is very clearly proven that sterility attends, and that bodily malformation, tubercular consumption, spasmodic diseases, epilepsy, blindness, deafness, idiocy, and insanity follow in the offspring of such marriages much more frequently than in matrimonial alliances between the parties to which there is no traceable affinity by blood. Researches have not hitherto been sufficiently extensive to demonstrate the comparative proportion, but it is sufficient for the purpose of the philosopher, the philanthropist, or the statesman that the predominance of those unfortunate results in the marriages of cousins and other near relatives is placed beyond a reasonable doubt. The subject has already commanded the attention of the legislatures of some of the States, but no law, so far as we are informed, has as yet been enacted in regard to it. The prevailing system of education acts, perhaps, as both a remote and an immediate cause of insanity. The early age at which children are placed in school, their confinement often to ill-constructed seats, in imperfectly ventilated rooms, and the burdens which, in the multiplicity of lessons, are thrown upon them, tend to an undue development of the brain, enfeeblement of all the other vital organs, and exhaustion of the nervous power, which is the essence or basis of vitality. Immunity from these results can be secured only by making general physical development and energy keep pace with mental education. As a general rule, whatever exhausts the power of the brain and nerves, depresses vitality, or debilitates the body, may, through these effects, become the causative agent of insanity. Hence ill health, the intemperate use of spiritous liquors, debauchery, self-abuse, excessive and prolonged labor, either manual or mental, night-watching, or great loss of sleep from any cause, excitement upon religious subjects, domestic and pecuniary difficulties, disappointment and grief; are among the most prolific causes of the disorder. It is a disease of debility, and not of a superabundance of strength, as was in former times generally, and is still, to a wide extent, believed. It is almost unknown among aboriginal races, whose habits and customs promote corporeal development, strength, and vigor, and make no detrimental strain upon the nervous system. It increases with advancing civilization, and abounds to the greatest extent wherever man is most enlightened, because there the artificial habits and customs which call the brain most powerfully into action are the most prevalent. The treatment of insanity, as pursued at the present day, is properly divided into two parts or systems. One of these might be termed the direct, the other the indirect, but they are generally called the medical and the moral treatment. The medical treatment consists in the use of such medicines as in each particular case will be likely to restore the body to a healthy condition. This treatment, as a system, has undergone a radical change within the last fifty-mostly within the last thirty-years. Formerly, based upon the theory that insanity is a disease of strength, or of active inflammation, it chiefly consisted in the liberal employment of blisters, purgatives, cupping, and blood-letting. Now, founded upon the well-supported theory that the disorder originates in debility, its principal PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 55 remedies are stimulants and tonics.'The success of the present method demonstrates not only the excellence of the practice but the truth of the theory. The moral treatment includes the exercise of a mild but firm directive and disciplinary power over the actions of the patient, by which he is gradually restored to healthful habits and wholesome self-restraint, and the attempt to win him from the vagaries of his delusions to those mental and manual pursuits which give solidity, strength, and activity to the normal mind. The means adopted for the attainment of these ends, the regular hours of hospital life, appropriate manual labor, walking, riding, athletic and other games, attendance upon religious services, reading and other literary pursuits, lectures upon scientific and miscellaneous subjects, dramas, concerts, balls, and other recreations, entertainments, and amusements. In the method of moral treatment the change has been no less than in that of medical treatment. This change may be comprehended in two brief, generic statements: first, the almost absolute disuse of mechanical appliances for bodily restraint; and, secondly, the introduction of the conveniences, comforts, and to some extent the luxuries that appertain to civilized life, into the apartments of the patients, and to all parts of the hospital establishments where such means will benefit them. This change has been gradual, and the detailed history of its progress would occupy more space than is compatible with our present purpose. In 1838 Mr. Hill, house surgeon of the Lincoln Lunatic Asylum, England, published a work in which he advanced the following proposition as a principle: " In a properly constructed building, with a sufficient number of suitable attendants, restraint is never necessary, never justifiable, and always injurious, in all cases of lunacy whatever." This proposition appears to have been founded' upon Mr. Hill's experience at the asylum mentioned. At that institution, in 1830, of 92 patients, 54 were placed under mechanical restraint a total of 2,364 times, during an aggregate time of 27,113 hours. The sum of this restraint was diminished in succeeding years until, in 1836, with 115 patients, 12 were thus restrained a total of 39 times, and during an aggregate time of 334 hours; and in March, 1837, all mechanical restraint was abandoned. The doctrine of Mr. Hill found many advocates and followers in England, but in France, Germany, and the United States it has been almost universally rejected. All men of experience in the specialty are well aware that there are occasional instances in which the true interest and welfare of the patient are best promoted by restraint, of some kind, upon the limbs. Even Mr. Hill admits this as a truth; and the great defect, as appeared to us, in the practical working of his principle is that, in order to secure this restraint, the hands of an attendant are substituted for some mechanical appliance. What man, sane or insane, would not be more restive and violent if held by another man than if confined by a leathern muff upon his hands While, therefore, the superintendents of American hospitals reject the arbitrary rule of Mr. Hill, they adopt the safer one of employing mechanical restraints only when they are required by the best interests or true welfare of the patient. If subjected to proper treatment in its early stages, insanity, in a very large proportion of cases, may be cured. Mlany statistics upon the subject have been published, but in some instances they were collected under conditions so restrictive that they conveyed an erroneous impression. It may perhaps be safely asserted that, in cases placed under proper treatment within even one year from their origin, from sixty to seventy per cent. are cured. But the earlier the treatment is adopted the greater is the probability of. restoration, and a delay of three months is a misfortune, as it is a detriment to the patient. Of all the cases, both recent and chronic, received at our public institutions, the average of cures is not far from forty per cent. At thirty hospitals in the 56 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. United States, in 1859, the number of cases admitted was 4,140, and the number discharged as cured 1,728, equal to 41.7 per cent. Of 57,978 cases received, in a series of years anterior to 1860, at twenty-nine of our hospitals, 24,573 had been discharged cured; this is equal to 42.38 per cent. It must be remembered, however, that in mental alienation, as in other diseases, many patients suffer from relapse, or recurrence of the disorder, and hence, in the reported number of cures last given, there are many instances of two or more cures of the same person. The statistics of our hospitals are still crude, the only thorough analysis hitherto published being that of the cases at the Bloomingdale asylum prior to 1845. By those it appears that, although the admissions or cases had been 2,308, the number of persons was but 1,841. The number admitted twice, each, was 280; thrice, each, 81; four times, each, 33; five times, each, 18; and thus the number diminished until it ends with one patient who was admitted twenty-two times, and discharged cured every time. Of the 1,841 persons, 742, or 40.3 per cent., were cured. In cases where the disease has existed more than one year, the average of cures varies at different hospitals and in different periods. Some reports state it as belowfifteen, others as somewhat above twenty, per cent. At many institutions no distinction between old and recent cases is made in the reports. The foregoing facts appeal strongly to the friends of the insane to permit no delay in placing them under curative treatment. They address themselves also, in connexion with the subject of pauper insanity, to the political economist and the legislature. The indigent man becoming insane may, if soon restored, preserve his pecuniary independence; if not restored he becomes a charge for life to his friends or to the public, generally to the latter. Of twenty recent cases treated and cured at the Western Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, the average period during which they were at the asylum at public cost was 17 weeks and 3 days; the total, $1,265, and the average cost, $63 25. Of twenty chronic cases at the same institution the average time during which they had been supported from the public treasury was 13 years, 4 months, and 24 days; their total cost, $41,653, and their average cost, $2,082 65. The disparity in expense is great; but the actual sum of pecuniary difference does not wholly appear in the figures. The twenty persons cured had again become producers instead of mere consumers, the twenty persons with chronic insanity still lived at the public expense, and so would continue through life. Similar comparative statements showing like results have been made in the reports of several of our hospitals. Intemperance has been mentioned as one of the most prolific causes of insanity. It is probably the most productive of all. Hence, whatsoever diminishes intemperance reduces, indirectly, the number of the insane. In connexion with this subject it may be stated that delirium tremens, often a somewhat immediate effect of excessive potations, is not generally included under the term "insanity;" yet persons laboring under that disease are treated in many of our institutions for the insane. But they are out of place, and almost invariably are a detriment to the other patients, and notorious infringers of the rules of the hospital. For these reasons, among many others, special institutions for inebriates are among the greatest of public needs. The subject has been discussed to some extent for thirty years, and yet but one institution of the kind has been founded. This is near Binghamton, New York. Insane convicts constitute another class of patients who, for many and mostly obvious reasons, ought not to be received at the ordinary public institutions. The superintendents of many of the hospitals have earnestly protested against the practice, but hitherto with comparatively little effect. New York is the only State which has a hospital specially intended for the class in question. The laws, both civil and criminal, relating to insanity and the insane are still PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 57 imperfect in all the States, perhaps less so in Maine than in any other part of the Union. So far as relates to the treatment of patients in the public institutions, those of Ohio are well adapted to the attainment of the great ends of the restoration of curable cases and the reduction of the amount of insanity. Still, a general code embracing all the rights, privileges, immunities, necessities, and responsibilities of both the insane and sane, in relation to the disease, is a thing of the future and not of the present. Table showing the number of insane in the United States and Territories according to the Eighth Census, 1860. Insane. Insane. States and Territories. States and Territories. Free. Slave. Free. Slave. Alabama..................... 225 32 North Carolina........... 597 63 Arkansas.................... 82 5 Ohio........................ 2,293......... California..................... 456.......... Oregon................... 23.......... Connecticut................... 281.......... Pennsylvania......2...... 2,766.......... Delaware...................... 60......... Rhode Island................. 288.......... Florida............ 20 5 South Carolina............... 299 18 Georgia........................ 447 44 Tennessee.................... 612 28 Illinois....................... 683......... Texas..................... 112 13 Indiana....... 1...... 1,035.......... Vermont.................... 693.......... Iowa.......................... 201....... Virginia...................... 1121 58 Kansas........................ 10...... W isconsin.................... 283.......... Kentucky..................... 590 33 District of Columbia.......... 204.... Louisiana.................... 132 37 Dakota....................................... Maine......................... 704....... Nebraska.................. 5.......... Maryland.................... 546 14 New Mexico.................. 28......... Massachusetts................. 2,105.......... Utah....................... 15.......... Michigan........................... Washington,............. 3.......... Minnesota.2.....2.......... 5.......... Mississippi............ 235 36 23, 593 406 Missouri..................... 750 20 New Hampshire............................ 5 23,593 New Jersey58................. 589. New York.................... 4 317.......... Total............................. 23,999 IDIOTIC. The number of those unfortunate beings who constitute this class, while numerically greater, has decreased slightly in ratio to the population. As but little has been effected for the elevation of these imbeciles, and as it is conceded that their condition has rendered them, for the most part, incapable of mental improvement, the efforts of humanity have been mainly directed to their personal comfort and physical requirements. Among the numerous attributed causes of idiocy, none is more generally conceded by those who have investigated the subject, than the intermarriage of near relatives. The following table represents their number, and their proportion to the free and slave population: 58 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHITIR CENSUS. Table showing the number of idiotic in the United -States and Territories. Idiotic. States and Territories. -_ Free, one in- Slave, one inFree. Slave. Alabama..................................... 403 134 1, 312 3,246 Arkansas.1................................. 152 24 2,133 4,629 California............................................... 9,047.............. Connecticut............................ 6.............. 2,036.............. Delaware..............1..................... 67.............. 1,648.............. Florida................................ 52 16 1,513 3,859 Georgia.................................... 541 183 1,099 2,525 Illinois..................................... 588.............. 2911.............. Indiana...................................... 907...... 1,488.............. Iowa........................................... 289.............. 2,335.............. Kansas............................... 17.............. 6,306.............. Kentucky..................................... 903 155 1,030 1,454 Louisiana................................... 143 104 2,631 3,189 Maine........................................ 658............ 954.............. Maryland....2...................... 243 62 2,468 1,406 M assachusetts................................ 712.............. 1,729.............. M ichigan.................................. 333............. 2,249............. Minnesota....................................... 5, 608.............. Mississippi.......................... 193 76 1,837 5,745 Missouri................................ 447 63 2,387 1,824 New Hampshire.............................. 333.............. 970.............. New Jersey.......,........................... 365.............. 1,841.............. New York............................ 314.............. 1,677............ North Carolina......................... 739 241 895 1,373 Ohio..................................... 1,788.............. 1308.............. Oregon..................3.................5 497.............. Pennsylvania.................................. 1,842.............. 1,577.............. Rhode Island............................... 101.............. 1 28.............. South Carolina............................8..2 121 1,068 3,325 Tennessee...............I....................... 732 149 1,139 1,850 Tennessee..732 149 1,139 1,850 Texas................................... 164 37 2,571 4,933 Vermont..................................... 3............. 1,198............. Virginia.................................... 1,065 214 1,037 2,293 Wisconsin........7................. 257............. 3018....... District of Columbia......................... 7.............. 2,662............. Dakota.................................... I.............. 4,837.............. Nebraska...................................... 3.............. 9,608.............. New Mexico.................................. 40.............. 2,337.............. Utah...................................................... 8048.............. Washington................................................................... Totals............................. 17,286 1,579 1590 2,503 17,286 Total........................................... 18,865 In 1850 there were of the free population 14,666 idiotic, or one in 1,366. In 1850 there were of the slave population 1,040 idiotic, or one in 3,081. Total free and slave............. 15,706 idiotic, or one in 1,476. In 1860 there were total free and slave.... 18,855 idiotic, or one in 1,666. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 59 PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY. The returns of MANUFACTURES exhibit a most gratifying increase, and present at the same time an imposing view of the magnitude to which this branch of the national industry has attained within the last decennium. The total value of domestic manufactures, (including fisheries and the products of the mines,) according to the Census of 1850, was $1,019,106,616. The product of the same branches for the year ending June 1, 1860, as already ascertained in part and carefully estimated for the remainder, will reach an aggregate value of nineteen hundred millions of dollars (1,900,000,000.) This result exhibits an increase of more than eighty-six (86) per centum in ten years! The growth of this branch of American labor appears, therefore, to have been in much greater ratio than that of the population. Its increase has been 123 per cent. greater than that even of the white population by which it was principally produced. Assuming the total value of manufactures in 1860 to have been as already stated, the product per capita was in the proportion of sixty dollars and sixty-one hundredths ($60 61) for every man, woman, and child in the Union. If to this amount were added the very large aggregate of mechanical productions below the annual value of five hundred dollars-of which no official cognizance is taken-the result would be one of startling magnitude. The production of the immense aggregate above stated gave employment to about 1,100,000 men and 285,000 women, or one million and three hundred and eighty-five thousand persons. Each of these, on an average, maintained two and a half other individuals, making the whole number of persons supported by manufactures four millions eight hundred and forty-seven thousand and five hundred, (4,847,500,) or nearly one-sixth of the whole population. This was exclusive of the number engaged in the production of many of the raw materials, and of food for the manufacturers; in the distribution of their products, such as merchants, clerks, draymen, mariners, the employes of railroads, expresses, and steamboats; of capitalists, various artistic and professional classes, as well as carpenters, bricklayers, painters, and the members of other mechanical trades not classed as manufacturers. It is safe to assume, then, that one-third of the whole population is supported, directly and indirectly, by manufacturing industry. These general facts, therefore, plainly indicate that, in point of productive value, and far-reaching industrial influences alone, our manufactures are entitled to a front rank among the great. interests of the country. Indeed, the collection and classification of facts relating to the material progress of the.people periodically intrusted to the Census Office, furnish in general, valuable milestones in the pathway of the nation's greatness. But among the facts so collected, none are more instructive-none have more numerous or intimate relations to every department of the public economy, to the general welfare of the people, domestic, social, industrial, or moral-than these records of their productive capacities in the automatic and handicraft arts. However uninteresting to many, the details are full of instruction to the statist. As the mountain rill, minute and inappreciable in its source, is constantly swelled by other streams, and goes on widening and deepening in its course until it is swallowed up and loses its identity in the ocean, so these streams of knowledge, pouring in towards a common reservoir from every factory, hamlet, town, and State, appear at length to be merged in one vast and useless aggregate, devoid of either individual, local, or general interest. But the great collection of truths which they serve to swell may bear up the ark of a nation's hopes and confidence. The result may form a subject of national pride and gratulation, and may, like the ocean itself, become impressive to all nations from its grandeur. The mental eye may also follow back each separate stream to its source, and dwell with pleasure and instruction upon 60 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. the scenes fertilized, refreshed, and gladdened in its progress. Such emotions of pride and pleasure cannot fail to be generally awakened by the evidences which a just appreciation of the wisdom of Congress has enabled the proper department to accumulate and classify, with greater accuracy and completeness than heretofore, of the progressive development and present stature of this important interest. The subject is grand in its outlines; but contemplated in its pervasive influence upon the welfare of the whole people, the dry and repulsive skeleton of mere facts and figures, presented in the official tables, gradually takes on the form, substance, and habilaments, and becomes animated with something of the life, activity, and beauty of a living economy. The statistics of looms, spindles, and factories, of furnaces and forges, of steam-engines and sewing-machines, and of a thousand other instruments of creative industry, become the representatives of almost every form of national and individual happiness, exertion, aspiration, and power. The mechanic arts-particularly in our country, where they are most diffused, and all but universal-appear to contribute more directly than any others to the general comfort and improvement of the people. All others are dependent upon them for the principal agents and instruments of their success. They are scarcely more subservient to the primary wants of mankind than to the higher ministrations of taste and refinement. The acquisition and diffusion of knowledge, the means of intercommunication and transportation, the comforts, enjoyments, and security of the fireside, and even the honor and integrity of the nation itself, are dependent upon the skill and enterprise of the manufacturer and the mechanician; but the results of their labors are, from their nature, less obtrusive or obvious to the general apprehension than some others. The annual movements of our immense crops of grain, cotton, and other bulky staples, are easily appreciated. The pulsations of commerce may be counted by a superficial observer, in the arrival and departure of ships, and upon the records of the custom-house and the Exchange; but in the hands of the manufacturer a modicum of crude material undergoes a process of division, transformation, and elaboration, and then silently and unobtrusively disappears-diminished in bulk, but augmented, it may be, many hundredfold in value-in the ordinary channels of distribution, where it is often undistinguished from its foreign rival. It is only when the nation decennially takes its account of stock that any approximate idea is obtained of the value of this item in the general account. And who can justly estimate the influence upon the general happiness and prosperity-upon the progress in civilization of the sum total of effective labor, capital, and skill represented by such an aggregate as we have stated? What an amount of fixed capital-of labor, enterprise, ingenuity-of resources, material and immaterial-involved in the creation of nearly two thousand millions worth of manufactures in a single year! The addition of nearly one thousand millions to the annual product of domestic manufactures-an amount almost equal to the total home consumption thereof in 1850-implies also vast additions to the permanent wealth of the Union and to the elements of a progressive civilization. The increased support given to agriculture, commerce, and the mining interests by the consumption of hundreds of millions of dollars worth of raw material, and to hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children, who would have been otherwise unemployed, or forced into competition with the farmer and planter, instead of being consumers of their produce, form but a part of the benefits conferred upon the community at large. The independence and security contributed by the large body of intelligent manufacturers and mechanics capable of ministering to every want, whether of supply or defence, cannot be overestimated. As might have been expected from the revelations of the Census, the country has been able to lean with confidence upon this arm of its strength in the trying emergency which has put the nation in armor for the defence of its dearest interests. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 61 It is a gratifying fact, shown by the official statistics, that while our older communities have greatly extended their manufactures, the younger and mole purely agricultural States, and even the newest Territories, have also made rapid progress. Nor has this department of American industry been cultivated at the expense of any other. There is much reason to believe that it affords the safest guarantee of the permanency and success of every other branch. Evidence bearing upon this point is found in the manufacture of agricultural machines and implements, which is one of the branches that shows the largest increase in the period under review. There is little doubt that the province of manufactures and invention in this case has been rather to create than to follow the demand. The promptness of Americans to adopt labor-saving appliances, and the vast areas devoted to grain and other staples in the United States, have developed the mechanics of agriculture to an extent and perfection elsewhere unequalled. The adoption of machinery to the extent now common in farm and plantation labor furnishes the best assurance that the development of agriculture or manufactures to their utmost, can never again justify the old charge of antagonism between them in regard to labor, or injuriously affect either by materially modifying its cost or supply. The total value of AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS made in 1860 (Table No. 8) was $17,802,514, being an increase of 160.1 per cent. upon the total value of the same branch in 1850, when it amounted to the sum of $6,842,611. This manufacture amounted in New England to over two and three-quarter millions of dollars-an increase of 65.8 per cent. In the middle States the value was nearly five and a half millions, having increased at the rate of 122.2 per centum. In the western States, where the increase was most extraordinary, the value of implements produced was augmented from $1,923,927 to $7,955,545. The increment alone in those States was, therefore, only a fraction less than the product of the whole northern section of the Union in 1850, and was greater by 313 per cent. than their own manufacture in that year. In each of the States of Ohio and Illinois, which are the largest manufacturers in the west, the value of the product exceeded two and a half millions dollars, being an increase in the former of 382, and in the latter of 235 per cent. in ten years. Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin increased their production of agricultural implements 1,250, 386 and 201 per cent., respectively. While in some of the southern States there has been a decrease, in Virginia, Alabama, and Louisiana the increase in this branch has been large, and in Texas, which reported none in 1850, agricultural implements of the value of $140,000 were manufactured in 1860. The whole value produced in the southern States in the latter year (including cotton gins) was $1,582,483, exhibiting an increase of over 101 per cent. in the last decade. The quantity of PIG IRON returned by the census of 1860 (Table No. 9) was 884,474 tons, valued at $19,487,790, an increase of 44.4 per cent upon the value returned in 1850. Bar and other ROLLED IRON (Table No. 10) amounted to 406,298 tons, of the value of $22,248,796, an increase of 39.5 per cent. over the united products of the rolling mills and forges, which in 1850 were of the value of $15,938,786. This large production of over one and a quarter million of tons of iron, equivalent to 92 pounds for each inhabitant, speaks volumes for the progress of the nation in all its industrial and material interests. The manufacture holds relations of the most beneficial character to a wide circle of important interests intimately affecting the entire population; the proprietors and miners of ore, coal, and limestone lands; the owners and improvers of woodlands, of railroads, canals, steamboats, ships, and of every other form of transportation; the producers of food, clothing, and other supplies, in addition to thousands of workmen, merchants, and capitalists and their families, who have directly participated in the benefits resulting from this great industry. It has supplied the material for an immense number of founderies, and for thousands 62 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. of blacksmiths, machinists, millwrights, and manufacturers of nails, hardware, ettlery, edged tools, and other workers in metals, whose products are of immense aggregate value and of the first necessity. The production of so large a quantity of iron, and particularly of bar iron, and the demand for additional quantities from abroad, tell of the progress of the country in civil and naval architecture and all the engineering arts; of the construction of railroads and telegraphs, which have spread like a net over the whole country; of steam-engines and locomotives; of spinning, weaving, wood, and metal working, milling, mining, and other machinery; and of all the multiform instruments of science, agriculture, and the arts, both of peace and of war; of the manufacture of every conceivable article of convenience or luxury of the household, the field, or the factory. The aggregate statistics of iron exhibit the extent to which the general condition of the people has been improved by this great agent of civilization during the ten years embraced in this retrospect. The materials for the manufacture of iron-ore, coal and other fuel, water power, &c.-are so diffused, abundant, and cheap that entire independence of foreign supplies appears to be alike desirable and attainable at no distant period. Probably no class of statistics possesses more general interest, as illustrating the recent progress Qf the country in all the operative branches, and in mechanical engineering, than those relating to MACHINERY, (Table No. 11.) Nearly every section of the country, particularly the Atlantic slope, possesses a great affluence of water power, which has been extensively appropriated for various manufacturing purposes. The construction of hydraulic machinery, of stationary and locomotive steam-engines, and all the machinery used in mines, mills, furnaces, forges, and factories; in the building of roads, bridges, canals, railways, &c.; and for all other purposes of the engineer and manufacturer, has become a pursuit of great magnitude. The annual product of the general machinists' and millwrights' establishments, as returned in the census of 1850, was valued at $27,998,344. The value of the same branch, exclusive of sewingmachines, amounted in 1860 to $47,118,550, an increase of over eighteen millions in ten years. The middle States were the largest producers, having made over 48 per cent. of the whole, but the southern and western States exhibit the largest relative increase. The ratio of increase in the several sections was as follows: New England, 16.4 per cent.; middle States, 55.2; southern, 387; and western, 127 per cent. The Pacific States produced machinery of the value of $1,686,510, of which California made $1,600,510. In Rhode Island the business was slightly diminished, but in Connecticut it had increased 165 per centum. The great facilities possessed by New York and Pennsylvania in iron, coal, and transportation, made them the largest manufacturers of machinery, which in the former was made to the value of $10,484,863, and in the latter, $7,243,453an increase of 24.4 and 75 per cent., respectively. New Jersey raised her product to $3,215,673, an increase of 261 per cent., while Delaware and Maryland and the District of Columbia exhibited an increase of 82, 41, and 667 per cent., respectively. In all the southern States the value of the manufacture, though small, was largely increased; the ratio in Virginia, the largest producer, being 236 per cent., while in Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, the next in amount of production, it was 1,626, 270, and 525 per centum, respectively. This was exclusive of cotton-gins, which were included with agricultural machinery. Ohio was the largest producer in the west, and the fourth in the Union, having made to the value of $4,855,005, an increase of 125 per cent. on the product of 1850. Kentucky ranked next among the western States, having produced over one million dollars' worth, and increased her product 213 per cent. The ratio of increase in the other western States was, in Indiana, 93; in Illinois, 24; Wisconsin, 208; Missouri, 214; and Iowa, 2,910 per cent, respectively; but in Michigan there was a small decrease in the amount manufactured. Besides a large amount of machinery and other castings included in the re PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 63 turns of machine shops, the value of the production of IRON FOUNDERIES, returned by the census of 1860, (Table No. 12,) reached the sum of $27,970,193, an increase of 42 per cent. on the value of that branch in 1850, which was $20,111,517. New York, whose extensive stove founderies swell the amount of production in that State, made to the value of $8,216,124, and Pennsylvania, $4,977,793, an increase of 39 and 60.9 per cent., respectively. With the subject of iron and its various manufactures that of FOSSIL FUEL (Table No. 13) naturally associates itself. The unequalled wealth and rapid development of the coal fields of.the United States as a dynamic element in our industrial progress affords one of the most striking evidences of our recent advance. The product of all the coal mines of the United States, in 1850, was valued at $7,173,750. The annual value of the anthracite and bituminous coal, according to the Eighth Census, was over nineteen millions of dollars. The inincrease was over twelve millions of dollars, and was at the rate of 169.9 per cent. on the product of 1850. It was chiefly produced in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia. The coal mined in Pennsylvania, in 1850, was valued at $5,268,351. In the year ending June 1, 1860, the State produced 9,397,332 tons of anthracite, worth $11,869,574, and of bitumious coal, 66,994,295 bushels, valued at $2,833,859, making a total value of $14,703,433, or an excess of $7,529,683 over the total product of the Union in 1850. Of bituminous coal, Ohio raised 28,339,900 bushels, %e value of which was $1,539,713; and Virginia, 9,542,627 bushels, worth $690,188. The increase in Ohio was $819,587, and in Virginia, $222,780, in the value of mineral fuel, being at the rate of 113 per cent. in the former, and 47.6 per cent. in the latter. The increase in Pennsylvania was 179 per centum on the yield of 1850. The development of our several valuable mines of coal, iron, lead, copper, zinc, gold, silver, quicksilver, chrome, &c., (Table No. 14,) is a subject of the highest satisfaction, constituting, as they do, the repository and fountainhead of crude materials for an immense and varied industry in the metallurgic and chemical arts. Mining in its several branches employs a very large amount of capital and great numbers of our laborious population, and shows a steady increase in the last ten years. The product of the gold mines in the Atlantic States has, however, fallen off since the discoveries of gold in California. The increase of PRINTING PRESsEs in the book and newspaper manufacture (Table No. 15) has been great beyond all precedent, and has exerted the most beneficent influence by cheapening and multiplying the vehicles of instruction. Its effects are everywhere apparent. Never did an army before possess so much of cultivated intellect, or demand such contributions for its mental food as that now marshalled in its country's defence. Many of these reading soldiers ripened their intellectual tastes during the last ten years. In fact, many divisions of our army carry the printing press and type, and the soldiers issue publications and print the forms for official papers. The press is, indeed, the great prompter of enterprise. It constantly travels with the emigrant to diffuse light and intelligence from our remotest frontiers, where it speedily calls into existence the paper-mill and all the accessories which it supports in older communities In New England, the Middle, and Western States the value of book, job, and newspaper printing is returned as $39,428,043, of which eleven millions' worth consisted of books, the value of the latter being nearly equal to the whole product of the same branch in 1850, which was returned at $11,586,549. The manufacture of PAPER, especially of printing paper, has increased in an equal ratio, the State of Massachusetts alone producing paper of the value of $5,968,469, being over 58 per cent. of the product of the Union in 1850. New York returned paper of the value of $3,516,276; Connecticut, $2,528,758; and Pennsylvania, $1,785,900. The SEWING MACHINE (table No. 16) has also been improved and introduced, in the last ten years, to an extent which has made it altogether a revolutionary 64 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGITH CENSUS. instrument. It has opened avenues to profitable and healthful industry for thousands of industrious females to whom the labors of the needle had become wholly unremunerative and injurious in their effects. Like all automatic powers, it has enhanced the comforts of every class by cheapening the process of manufacture of numerous articles of prime necessity, without permanently subtracting from the average means of support of any portion of the community. It has added a positive increment to the permanent wealth of the country by creating larger and more varied applications of capital and skill in the several branches to which it is auxiliary. The manufacture of the machines has itself become one of considerable magnitude, and has received a remarkable impulse since 1850. The returns show an aggregate of 116,330 machines made in nine States in 1860, the value of which was $5,605,345. A single establishment in Connecticut manufactured machines to the value of over $2,700,000, or nearly onehalf of the whole production in that year. During the year 1861 sewing-machines to the value of over $61,000 were exported to foreign countries. It is already employed in a great variety of operations and upon different materials, and is rapidly becoming an indispensable and general appendage to the household. Among the branches of industry which have been signally promoted by the introduction of the sewing-machine is the manufacture of men's and women's CLOTHING (Table No. 17) for sale, which has heretofore rpked with the cotton manufactures in the number of hands-two-thirds of them females-and the cost of labor employed. The increase of this manufacture has been general throughout the Union, and in the four cities of New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Boston, amounted in value to nearly forty and one-quarter millions of dollars, or over 83 per cent. of the product of the whole Union in 1850. The manufacture of shirts and collars, of ladies' cloaks and mantillas-a new branch which has received its principal impulse within the last ten years-and of ladies' and gentlemen's furnishing goods generally, form very large items in the general aggregate of this branch. They severally employ extensive and numerous establishments, many of them in our large cities with heavy capital. In Troy, New York, the value of shirt collars alone annually manufactured is nearly $800,000, approximating in value to the product of the numerous and extensive iron founderies which have been a source of wealth to that city. The influence of improved machinery is also conspicuously exhibited in the manufacture of SAWED and PLANED LUMBER, (Table No. 18,) in which the United States stands altogether unrivalled, as well for the extent and perfection of the mechanism employed as the amount of the product. This reached, in 1850, the value of $58,521,976, and, in 1860, $95,912,286, an increase of 64 per cent. in the last decade. The western States alone, in the latter year, produced lumber to the value of $33,274,793, an increase of $18,697,543, or 128 per cent. over their manufacture in 1850. The Pacific States and Territories produced to the value of $6,171,431, and the southern $17,941,162, a respective increase of $3,841,826 and $9,094,686 in those sections, being a ratio of 162.7 and 102.3 per centuin. Several branches of manufacture have an intimate relation to agriculture and the landed interests, and by their extension powerfully promote those interests as well as that of commerce. Surpassing all others of this or any other class in the value of products and of the raw material consumed, is the manufacture of flour and meal. The product of FLOUR and GRIST MILLS in 1850 (Table No. 19) reached a value of nearly one hundred and thirty-six millions of dollars, while in 1860 the returns exhibit a value of $223,144,369-an increase of PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 65 $87,246,563, or 64.2 per cent. in the last ten years. The production and incre 1ase of the several sections were as follows: Value of flour Increase. Per cent. inand meal. crease. New England States...................................... 11, 155,44 $4,834,959 76.5 Middle States.............................,....... 79,086,411 10,653,232 15.5 W estern States......................................... 96 038,794 53, 364,802 125.0 Southern States........................................ 30,767,457 14, 185,640 85.5 Pacific States....................................... 6,096,262 4,207,930 222.8 The largest mill is in Oswego, New York, which in 1860 produced 300,000 barrels of flour; the next two, in Richmond, Virginia, made 190,000 and 160,000, respectively; and the fourth, in New York city, returned 146,000 barrels. The value of annual production of each ranged from one million and a half to one million dollars. The manufacture of SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS in the United States (Table No. 20) employed 1,13S distilleries, indepndent of a large number of rectifying establishments, the product of the former being over eighty-eight millions of gallons, of the value of $24,253,176. The middle and western States'were the largest producers, the latter yielding nearly forty-five and the former thirty-seven millions of gallons of ga whisky, high wines, and alcohol, tile aggrega, t value in each section being almost eleven millions of dollars. It is satisfactory to observe, that more than ninety-five per cent. of all the spirits made, was from materials of domestic production, a little over four million gallons of New England rum having been the product of imported molasses. The manufacture of MALT LIQuoRS, (Table No. 21,) though of less magnitude, and far less pernicious in its effects, shows a still larger increase. It derives its material wholly from agriculture, and its extension promises more substantial benefits to the country than the last. The northern States returned 969 breweries, or more than double the number in the Union in 1850. The quantity of all kinds of malt liquors made, including 855,803 barrels of lager beer, was 3,235,545 barrels-an increase of 175 per cent. upon the total product of 1850, while its value was returned at $17,977,135, being more than three times the amount produced by breweries in that year. Nearly one-half of the whole quantity was made in New York and Pennsylvania. The former had 175 establishments-45 of them in the city of New York —and the latter State 172, of wvhich Philadelphia contained 68. The manufacture of lager beer was much increased in all the middle and western States, about 41 per cent. of the whole being the product of the two States last named. Among the eastern States, Massachusetts, and among the western States, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, were the largest producers of malt liquors. There were 71 breweries in California and 8 in Oregon, producing together about 7 per cent. of the total value of the manufacture. Among the great branches of pure manufacture in the United States, that of COTTON GOODS holds the first rank in respect to the value of the product and the amount of capital employed. Aided by the possession of the raw material as a product of our own soil, and by the enterprise and ingenuity of our people, this valuable industry has grown with a,rapidity almost unrivalled. The total value of cotton goods (Table No. 22) manufactured in New England was $80,301,535, and in the middle States $26,272, 111-an increase of 83.4 per cent. in the former, and 77.7 in the latter. The remaining States produced to the value of $8,564,280, making the whole production during that year 5 c 66 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. $115,137,926, against $65,501,687, the value of this branch in 1850, or an increase in the general business of nearly 76 per centum in ten years. In the States of Maine and New Jersey the manufacture increased in the same time 152 per cent.; in Pennsylvania, over 102 per cent.; in New Hampshire and Connecticut, over 87 per cent.; in Massachusetts nearly 69 per cent., and in Rhode Island 88.7 per cent. The total production in this branch was at the rate per capita of $3 69 for every individual in the Union, equivalent to 46yards of cloth for each, at the medium price of 8 cents per yard. The average product per head in 1850 was 324 yards. The increase alone has, therefore, been at the rate of 11 yards for each person, or nearly equal to the average annual consumption per capita in 1830, when it was estimated to amount to twelve yards. The number of hands employed in the manufacture in 1860 was 45,315 males, and 73,605 females, an increase in the male operatives of 10,020, and in the female of 10,944 since 1850. The average product of the labor of each operative was $969. The number of spindles was returned at 5,035,798, being an increase of 1,402,105, or 38.5 per cent. over the aggregate in 1850, which was estimated at 3,633,693. The New England States possess 3,959,297, or 78.6 per cent. of the whole, while Massachusetts alone employs 1,739,700, or 29.3 per cent. of the number returned in the Union. The increase of spindles in the last decade was, in New England, 1,208,219, or 30 per cent. In the State of Maine, 186,100, or 163.3 per cent.; in the State of New Hampshire, 229,484, or 52.1 per cent.; in the State of Massachusetts, 451,609, or 35 per cent; in the State of Rhode Island, 141,862, or 22.7 per cent.; in the State of Connecticut, 211,188, or 83.1 per cent.; while in Vermont it exhibited a decrease. The product per spindle varies in the different States, partly accounted for by the fact that many manufacturers purchase yarns which have been spun in other States. The product of cotton goods per spindle is as follows: In Maine, $22 12; Massachusetts, $21 12; New Hampshire, $24 87; Vermont, $18 13; Rhode Island, $16; Connecticut, $16 46. The average in the New England States is $20 30; in the middle States, $30 48, and in the whole Union, $22 86. The quantity of cotton used in the fabrication of the above goods was 364,036,123 pounds, or 910,090 bales of 400 pounds each. Of this amount the New England States consumed 611,738 bales, and Massachusetts alone 316,665. The consumption per spindle in that year in the various States and sections was as follows: No. of spindles. Pounds of cotton. Pounds per spindle. Maine............................................ 300,000 23,438,723 78 New Hampshire................................ 669,885 39,212, 644 58.5 Vermont....................................... 19,712 1, 057,250 53 Massachusetts.........,1 9...................... 1, 79,700 126,666,089 72.8 Rhode Island...................... 766,000 38,521,608 50 2 Connecticut..................................... 464, 000 15,799,140 34 In New England................... 3,959,297 237, 844,854 61.8 In the Middle States.................... 861,661 76,055,666 88.26 In the United States.. I............... 5,035,798 364,036,123 72 2 When we consider the large number of hands, and especially of women and children, who find employment in this business, the quantity of raw material, of machinery and of fuel, exclusively of American production, employed in this branch, and the amount of comfortable clothing and household stuffs supplied PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 67 at cheap rates, or the amount it contributes to the internal and foreign commerce of the Union-its progressive increase is a subject of the highest satisfaction, and its growth both here and abroad is one of the marvels of the nineteenth century. The returns of WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES (Table No. 23) show an increase of over fifty-one per cent. in ten years. The value of woollen and mixed goods made in 1850 was $45,281,764. In 1860 it amounted to $68,865,963. The establishments numbered 1,909, of which 453 were in New England, 748 in the middle, 479 in the western, 2 in the Pacific, and 227 in the southern States. The aggregate capital invested in the business was $35,520,527, and it employed 28,780 male and 20,120 female hands, 639,700 spindles, and 16,075 looms, which worked up more than eighty million pounds of wool, the value of which, with other raw materials, was $40,360,300. The foregoing figures include satinets, Kentucky jeans, and other fabrics of which the warp is cotton, though usually classed with woollens. In the manufacture of these mixed goods the amount of cotton consumed is 16,008,625 pounds, which, with 364,036,123 pounds used in making cotton goods, as previously stated, amounts to 380,044,748 pounds, or 950,112 bales, exclusive of a considerable quantity used, annually, in household manufactures, and for various other purposes. The largest amount of woollens was made in New England, where the capital was nearly twenty millions of dollars, and the value of the product $38,509,080, but little less than the total value in 1850. More than half the capital, and nearly one-half of the product of New England belonged to Massachusetts, which had 131 factories of large size. Rhode Island ranked next, and had increased its manufacture 163 per cent. in ten years, that of Massachusetts being 48 per cent. The value of woollens produced in the middle States was $24,100,488, in the western $3,718,092, and in the Pacific and southern $2,538,303. The sectional increase was, in New England 52.1, in the middle States 54, and in the south 107-the last showing the greatest relative increase. Pennsylvania, next to Massachusetts, was the largest producer, having 447 factories,, which made $12,744,373 worth of woollen and mixed fabrics, an increase of 120 per cent. A value of $8,919,019 was the product of 222 establishments in the city of Philadelphia. The State of New York holds the third rank in relation to this industry, its manufactures amounting to more than nine millions of dollars. The woollen manufactures of Maryland exhibit an increase of 86 per cent. In Ohio, which produced in 1850 a greater value of woollens than all the other western States, there was a decrease on the product of 1850, owing, probably, to the shipments of wool to Europe, which, in 1857, was found to be the most profitable disposition of the rapidly increasing wool crops of that State. In Kentucky, now the largest manufacturer of wool in the west, the product was $1,128,882, and the increase in ten years 40.4 per cent.; while in Indiana, which ranks next, it was 31 per cent., and in Missouri 18.8, on the product of 1850. The extension of this important manufacture is a subject of great interest to the country, inasmuch as our climate renders woollen clothing necessary throughout a large part of the Union during much of the year; and because it would supply the best market to the wool-grower. The quantity of wool returned for the whole Union in 1850 was upwards of fifty-two and a half millions of pounds. Sheep raising has been greatly extended and improved since that date in Ohio, Texas, California, and other States, and the clip in 1860 amounted to 60,511,343 pounds, an increase of 15.2 per cent. in ten years. The yield still falls far short of the consumption, and large quantities continue to be imported, notwithstanding the amount of territory adapted to sheep husbandry. The manufacture of LINEN Goo)D has made but little progress in this country. A few mills, chiefly in Massachusetts, make crash and other coarse fabrics; 68 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. the largest two in that State produced six million yards in 1860. Others are extensively engaged in making twines, shoe and other threads. It is to be regretted that the manufacture of flax has not attained greater magnitude in a country where the raw material is so easily and cheaply grown. Farmers throughout the west have raised the crop simply for the seed, and thrown out the fibre as valueless. The manufacture of fabrics from FLAX COTTON has been commenced, and sueces in a new branch of industry is confidently expected. The inventive genius of our countrymen has perfected machinery for the preparation of flax for spinning, which can be furnished, it is alleged, at as low a rate as the product of southern cotton fields. The manufacture of SEWING SILKS is extensively carried on in this country. Including tram, organzine, &c., the production exceeded five million dollars in the States of Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York-their relative values being in the order mentioned. Ribbons are made to a small extent, but the chief manufactures of silk consist of ladies dress trimmings, coach lace, &c., of which the cities of Philadelphia and New York produce to the value of $1,260,725 and $796,682, respectively. The production of LEATHER (Table No. 24) is also a leading industry of much importance to the agriculturist and stock raiser, as well as to the commercial interest, inasmuch as it consumes all the material supplied by the former, and feeds an active branch of our foreign import trade. The tanning and currying establishments of the United States produced in 1850 leather, exclusive of Morocco and patent leather, to the value of $37,702,333. The product of the same branch in 1860 reached $63,090,751, an increase of nearly 67 per centum. In the New England States it was $16,333,871, in the Middle States, $36,344,548, and in tie Western States, $5,986,457; being an increase 66.6 per cent., 90.7 and 13.3 in those sections, respectively. The Pacific States and Territories, (including Utah,) which returned no leather in 1850, produced in 1860 to the value of $351,469. The largest producers of leather are New York, $20,758,017; Pennsylvania, $12,491,631; and Massachusetts, $10,354,056; an increase in those States of 111.7, 98.4, and 82.3 per cent., respectively. Including Morocco and patent leather the aggregate value produced in the Union in 1860 exceeded sixty-seven millions of dollars. If we add to the sum total of this manufacture the aggregate value of all the allied branches into which it enters as a raw material, or take an account of the capital, the number of hands, and the cost of labor and material employed in the creation and distribution of its ultimate products, it is doubtful if any other department of industry is entitled to precedence over that of leather. The manufacture of BooTs and SHOES (Table No. 25) employs a larger number of operatives than any other single branch of American industry. The census of 1850 showed that there were 11,305 establishments, with a capital of nearly thirteen millions of dollars, engaged in making boots and shoes to the value of $53,967,408, and employing 72,305 male and 32,948 female hands. The returns of 1860 show that 2,554 establishments in the New England States employed a capital only $2,516 less than that of the whole Union at the former date; and with 56,039 male and 24,978 female employ6s produced boots and shoes of the value of $54,767,077 or eight hundred thousand dollars more than the entire value of the business in 1850, and 82.8 per centum in excess of their own production in that year. Massachusetts increased 92.6 per cent., having made boots and shoes of the value of $46,440,209, equal to 86.6 per cent. of the general business in 1850. The State of New York returned 2,276 factories, with an aggregate production of $10,878,797; and New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey together produced $75,674,946 worth of these articles, being 40.4 per cent. more than the product of all the States in 1850, and 67.9 per cent. more than their own manufacture in that year. The three PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 69 counties of" Essex, Worcester, and Plymouth, in Massachusetts, produced boots and shoes to the value severally of about 14~-, 9,, and 9i millions of dollars. The largest production of any one town was that of Philadelphia, in which it amounted to $5,329,887; the next that of Lynn, Massachusetts, was $4,867,399; the third, Haverhill, $4,130,500; the fourth, New York city, $3,869,068. The largest production of a single establishment was of one in North Brookfield, Massachusetts, and amounted to over $750,000. This establishment was the largest of five the same proprietors hliad in operation that year, the total production whereof was over one million pairs of boots and shoes, valued at more than thirteen hundred thousand dollars! Machinery propelled by steam power is now used in many large manufactories with highly satisfactory results. INDIA RUBBER GOODS were made chiefly in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts to the value of $5,729,900, an increase of 90 per cent. in the last decade. The value of CABINET FURNITURE (Table No. 26) made in 1860 in the New England, Middle and Western States reached the sum of $22,701,304, an increase of 39.8 per cent. over the product of those States in 1850, and exceeding the production of the whole Union in 1850. New York returned in 1860 furniture of the value of $7,175,060, (or 40.6 per cent. of the whole amount made in 1850.) Massachusetts, $3,365,415, and Pennsylvania, $2,938,503. The growth of this branch keeps pace' with the increase of population and wealth, and serves to swell the amount of our exports. It gives employment at remunerative prices to skilled labor, which it attracts from the crowded labor-markets of Europe. Our advance in wealth and refinement is attested by the rapid increase in the manufacture of piano fortes and other MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, (Table No. 27,) New England, New York, and Pennsylvania produced musical instruments to the value of 85,791,807; an increase of 150 per cent. over their own production in 1850, and 124 over the whole value of that branch in the Union in the same year. New York alone made $3,392,577 worth, being $811,562 more than the whole amount returned in 1850. In this branch, our manufacturers have achieved marked success. Without claiming for them superiority over their brethren in France and Germany, it is admitted that church organs and other instruments made in this country are better suited to the climate, and in other respects fully equal to those which come from the most celebrated establishments in Europe. The increased amount of the precious metals and the greater ability of all classes to indulge the promptings of taste or luxury, have added greatly to the manufacture of J E WELRY, (Table No. 28,) and of all kinds of gold, silver, and plated wares. In the New England and Middle States, the production of jewelry and watches reaches over eleven millions in value; of silver, silver-plated wares, &c., over six and one-half millions; making nearly eighteen millions of dollars, exclusive of gold leaf and foil, and the assaying and refining the precious metals, exceeding the product of the whole Union, in 1850, by $7,016,908 in value; an increase of over sixty-four per cent., and of seventy per cent. on the production of those States in that year. The production of cheap jewelry has been greatly augmented by recent improvements in electro-metallurgy. The manufacture of American V.ATTCHES, commenced within the last ten years in Boston as an experiment, has proved eminently successful. Unable, heretofore to compete with the low-priced labor of European workmen, our ingenious countrymen have perfected machinery, by the aid of which watch movements are ftbricated equal, if not superior, to the hand-made. The continued growth of this branch will diminish the importation of foreign watches, and may, at no distant period, earn for our country a reputation in this manufacture equal to that she enjoys in the kindred branch of clock-making. Gold and silver watch cases are now produced to a very large extent, chiefly in the cities of Philadel phia, New York, and Newark. 70 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. Improvements in technical CHEMISTRY have added largely to the number and value of its products. The manufacture of articles strictly classed as chemical, exclusive of white lead, ochres, paints, varnish, glue, perfumes, cements, pot and pearl ashes, &c., amounted, in 1850, to the value of nearly five millions of dollars. The production, in 1860, exhibited a considerable increase. This branch is susceptible of almost unlimited extension and application in the creation of commercial and useful articles from the refuse of every other manufacture, and the diversified products, vegetable, animal, and mineral, of our own or other lands. Many of the chemical branches, apart from the money value of their manufactures, are of the highest economical importance to our country, as auxiliaries to almost every other industry of the people. Chemistry has as yet revealed but a tithe of the vast wealth of its resources. The manufacture and consumption of GAS, (Table No. 29,) for illumination and other purposes, which is one of the remarkable fruits of chemical science, has been greatly increased, not only in our northern cities, but in the large towns and villages throughout the Union. The quantity returned is but four thousand million feet of the value of eleven million dollars, but the whole quantity made exceeded 5,000,000,000 cubic feet, the value of which was about thirteen millions of dollars. The making and refining of SALT (Table No. 30) in the United States in 1850 employed 340 establishments, and the value of their production was $2,177,945. The four States of New York, Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, which, in the order named, are the principal salt-producing States, made, according to the Eighth Census, nearly twelve million bushels, the cost of which was $2,200,000, an average of about 18~ cents per bushel. Texas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and California are also salt-producing States. About sixty per cent. of the whole was made in New York, at an average cost of 17 cents per bushel. In the aggregate product of the FISHERIES (Table No. 31) there was an increase of 28.5 per cent. over their value in 1850. The total value of the lake, river, shore, and deep-sea fisheries, including oysters to the value of $382,170, and $7,521,588 as the product of the whaling business, amounted in 1860 to $12,924,092. Of this amount $6,526,238 in the whale and $2,774,204 in the cod, mackerel, halibut, and other shore fisheries, belonged to the maritime industry of Massachusetts, and constituted nearly seventy-two per cent. of the whole. This favorite occupation of her enterprising sons has made Boston, which has been over two and a quarter centuries engaged in the business, the principal distributing fish market of the Union, and has raised the port of Gloucester to the third rank among New England seaports in the amount of its foreign commerce. The latter has become the largest seat of the domestic fisheries in the United States, if not in the world, and distributes the products to all the large cities of the Union and to foreign countries. The State of Maine holds the second place in respect to the value of its fishing interests, and returned $1,050,755 as the value of the cod, mackerel, herring, &c., taken by its fishermen. North Carolina had the largest shad fishery, amounting in value to $99,768. New Jersey, New York, and Virginia took the largest amount of oysters, and Michigan returnedc the largest value in white fish, amounting to $250,467. A slight decline in the value of the whale fishery arose from the increasing scarcity of the whale in its former haunts. The consequent deficiency of bone, teeth, and oil, as raw materials, proved embarrassing to some branches of manufacture, particularly those employing whalebone. The scarcity of whale and other fish oils in the arts has been supplied by an increased production of lard oil, and especially by that beneficent law of compensation which pervades the economy of nature, and when one provision fails her children, opens to them another in the exhaustless storehouse of her material resources, or leads out their mental PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 71 energies upon new paths of discovery for the supply of their own wants. Thus, when mankind was about to emerge from the simplicity of the primitive and pastoral ages, the more soft and fusible metals no longer sufficed for the artificer, and veins of iron ore revealed their wealth and use in the supply of his more artificial wants, and became potent agents of his future progress. When the elaboration of the metals and other igneous arts were fast sweeping the forests from the earth, the exhaustless treasures of fossil filel, stored for his future use, were disclosed to man, and when the artificial sources of oil seemed about to fail, a substitute was discovered flowing in almost perennial fountains from the depths of these same carboniferous strata. A decline of the cod and whale fisheries is, nevertheless, to be regretted, as they have been from the earliest period of our history the nurseries of seamen and of our naval and commercial marine, and therefore contributing to the national defence, to foreign commerce, ship-building, agriculture, and other important interests. PETROLEUM.-An important development of the natural resources of the country, and a valuable addition to its exports, have been made by the discovery, within two or three years, that certain indications, known to the aboriginal and early European inhabitants of the western country, of natural reservoirs of inflammable oil existing upon the headwaters of the Alleghany river in New York and Pennsylvania, were but the clue to apparently inexhaustible supplies of native oil, accessible at no great depth throughout an extended belt of country, embracing the bituminous coal measures of several States. Petroleum, rock, or mineral oil, a natural product of the decomposition of organic matter, emitted from the soil in various formations, particularly those of rock salt, was known and employed to some extent by the ancients, having been mentioned by the father of history twenty-three hundred years ago, and by Greek and Roman writers of later date. In its more fluid form, as found on the shores of the Caspian Sea, near the Irawaddy of Burmah, in Italy, and some parts of our country, it has borne the name of naptha, while the more solid elements of the same substance predominated in the articles known as asphaltum and bitumen, found abundantly in the Great Pitch Lake of the Island of Trinidad, near the Dead Sea in Judea, and elsewhere. Petroleum is nearly identical in properties with the artificial oils, which have been long derived from the destructive distillation of different minerals, as cannel coal and brown coal, or lignite, bituminous shales, sands, clays, peat, &c., which have been the subject of numerous patents in Europe and America, and within the last eight years have been manufactured to a considerable extent in the United States and the neighboring provinces, until the native petroleum springs opened a source of cheaper supply. As a product of our own country this remarkable substance was brought to the notice of the white population, as early as the middle of the last century, by the Seneca Indians, who found it upon Oil creek, a branch of the Alleghany, in Venango county, Pennsylvania, and near the head of the Genesee river, in New York, whence it received the name of " Seneca oil" and " Genesee oil." It was used by the natives in their religious ceremonies, and as medicament for wounds, &c. For the last-named purpose it has been long collected and sold in small quantities at a high price. A perennial flow of oil has been known to exist on Oil creek, above referred to, for a century. For the last forty years the spring has been enclosed in a vat, or structure of wood and stones,which was daily skimmed by the proprietor and made the source of considerable revenue. We have seen extensive diggings in this region made by the French more than a century since, while that nation held the valley of the Mississippi, which were evidently made with a view to ascertain the basis or source of what, no doubt, impressed the French officers as a most interesting and curious development of the bounty of nature. Petroleum, doubtless, formed an article of considerable traffic between the Indians and traders of that region; as we have 72 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. seen, in some old account books of the last century, "gallons " and " kegs " of Seneca oil credited to Indians. Its existence in any vast amount appears to have been unknown until 1845, when a spring was " struck," while boring for salt, near Tarentum, thirty-five miles above Pittsburg, on the Alleghany. Experiments having proved its constituents to be nearly the same as those of the artificial carbon oil, a company was organized in New York to attempt its purification by the same process applied to the latter. But little was effected, however, and in 1857 Messrs. Bowditch and Drake, of New Haven, commenced operations at Titusville, on Oil creek, where traces of early explorations were found, and in August, 1859, a fountain was reached by boring, at the depth of seventy-one feet, which yielded 400 gallons daily. Before the close of the year 1860, the number of wells and borings was estimated to be about two thousand, of which seventy-four of the larger ones were producing daily, by the aid of pumps, an aggregate of eleven hun.dred and sixty-five barrels of crude oil, worth, at twenty cents a gallon, about ten thousand dollars. Wells were soon after sunk to the depth of five or six hundred feet, and the flow of petroleum became so profuse that no less than 3,000 barrels were obtained in a day from a single well, the less productive ones yielding from fifteen to twenty barrels per diem. In several instances extraordinary means were found necessary to check and control the flow, which is now regulated in such wells according to the state of the market, by strong tubing and stop-cocks. The quantity sent to market by the Sunbury and Erie railroad from the Pennsylvania oil region, which has thus far been the principal source, increased from 325 barrels in 1859 to 134,927 barrels in 1861. The whole quantity shipped in the last-mentioned year was nearly 500,000 barrels. Since August, 1861, the product has rapidly increased. The present capacity of the wells is estimated at 250,000 to 300,000 barrels per week. So important, however, have the operations in this article become that a railroad, we understand, has been chartered in Pennsylvania exclusively for the transportation of the oil to market. From a recent number of the "Register," a newspaper published at Oil City, Pennsylvania, we copy the following statement respecting the product of petroleum in that vicinity: " We learn that the number of wells now flowing is seventy-five, the number of wells that formerly flowed and pumped is sixty-two; the number of wells sunk and commenced is three hundred and fiftyeight; total, four hundred and ninety-five. The amount of oil shipped is set down at 1,000,000 barrels; amount on hand to date, 92,450 barrels; present amount of daily flow, 5,717 barrels. The average value of the oil, at $1 per barrel, is $1,092,000; average cost of wells, at $1,000 each, is $495,000; machinery, building, &c., from $500 to $700 each, $500,000. The total number of refiners is twenty-five. The detailed report of the condition of the wells shows that production is on the increase. Holders are firm at fifty cents per barrel at the wells, and don't seem to care about selling any great amount at that price." With increased facilities for getting it to the seaboard at a cheap rate for transportation, the operations will doubtless become much more extended than at present. The exportation of crude and refined petroleum from the principal Atlantic cities to Europe, South America, and the West Indies, has already become considerable, the larger proportion being shipped to England. Much of it is sent to Eu-ope in this crude state, in lwhich form it is said to be preferred for the sakbe of the collateral prod(ucts obtained in the process of refining. It is probable, however, that the highlly inflammlaile character of the unrefined article, owing to the presenc of certain gaseous or exceedingly volatile compounds may prove an objection to its shipment in that state. The qualrltity exported from the cities of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and San Francisco, from the 1st of January to the 1st of April, 1862, amounted to 2,342,042 gallons, valued at $633,949. The receipts at Cincinnati, PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 73 during the same period, of carbon and petroleum oils, were 519,960 gallons, or 13,000 barrels, nearly one-half of which was petroleum oil. The exports from the three cities first mentioned, from the first of January to the 16th of May of the present year, were 3,651,130 gallons, worth $S89,886, and the shlipments in the last week of that period from the same places, were 255,600 gallons, valued at $42,160. A large reduction has taken place in the price since the commencement of the trade, and particularly during the last few months. The price of crude petroleum in Philadelphia on the 4th January, 1862, was from 22 — to 23 cents a gallon, and of refined oil 37- to 45 cents. On the 29th March the prices had declined at the same place to 10 and 12 cents for crude, and 25 to 32 cents for refined oil, while the most recent price current lists place it at 9 and 19 cents. Although the capacity of the existing wells already exceeds a profitable demand, there appears to be no assignable limit to the flow, or to the localities which may be found to yield it, whenever an augmented demand shall warrant farther search or increased production. The bituminous coal areas of the United States are estimated to cover upward of 62,000 square miles in eight of the middle, southern, and western States. Springs and reservoirs of petroleum have been discovered throughout nearly their whole extent. They have also been noticed by Captain Stansbury on a branch of the Yellow creek, 83 miles from Salt Lake City, in Utah, on the route to Fort Leavenworth. They exist also in some of the neighboring British provinces. It is probable that the saliferous strata of our western country may be generally found to yield this interesting mineral product. The importance of this article is not limited to its value as an item in the export trade of our cities. Attention appears to have been first directed to it on account of the demand for a safe and cheap material for illumination, in place of the dangerous compounds of turpentine and other explosive hydro-carbons, as well as for lubricating purposes in which it has proved to be a valuable substitute for animal oils. There is no doubt that the various other uses of crude petroleum, or its constituents, will render it a valuable acquisition to the arts. The business of refining the raw product, in order to remove from it all corrosive and volatile elements, already employs a number of establishments, and will become one of some magnitude. Practical chemistry is daily adding to the number and variety of uses which the substances eliminated in the process of rectification may be made to subserve in the arts. Although the extraction of oil, pitch, and tar from bituminous shale was the subject of a patent in England as early as 1695, and the manufacture and purification of oil, gas, and other hydro-carbons from coal received several improvements by the Earl of Dundonald and others at a later period, the patent of Mr. Young, of Manchester, secured in England in 1850, and in the United States in 1852, " for the obtaining of paraffine oil, or an oil containing paraffine, and paraffine from bituminous coal," appears to have given the first great impulst to the manufacturing of these oils as a source of artificial light. The patent, which covered a very successful process, has given rise to suits at law, one of which was recently brought, without success, to restrain the sale in England of petroleum oils, by the name of American paraffine oil, as damaging to the sale of his " paraffine oil," on account of the highly inflammable character of the former. Illumninating oil from coal appears to have been made as early as 1846 by Dr. Gesner, of Nova Scotia, and in 1854 the Kerosene Oil Company, on Long Island, commenced the first manufactare of carbo-hydrogen oil under patents secured by Dr. Gesner, using cannel coal from. England, New York, and other parts of the United States. The Breckenridge coal-oil works on the Ohio, at Cloverport, Kentucky, were commenced in 1856, and were soon followed by others, to the number of twenty-five in operation in 1860 in Ohio alone, with a working capacity of three hundred gallons of light oil each, per diem. There were then about fifty-six factories in the United States, exclusive of some fifteen 74 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. engaged altogether on petroleum, and several small private coal-oil works. The capital expended in coal-oil works and cannel coal mines was estimated at nearly four million dollars. The manufacture of coal-oil lamps, resulting from the use of the oil, formed the principal business of sixteen companies, who employed 2,150 men and 400 women and boys, and work for 125 looms in making the lamp-wick. The cannel coal employed by them, as well as wood, peat, and other substances of vegetable origin, when subjected to destructive distillation in close vessels, at a heat below that at which they yield gas in abundance, affords a large quantity of a light supernatant oil, amounting to about one-fifth of the product, which, having been purified and re-distilled, yields a very volatile and napthalous fluid, of light specific gravity, containing some paraffine oil, and highly inflammable, owing to the presence of benzoin or benzole. There is also obtained a heavier oil, which is a safe and valuable burning oil, a denser lubricating oil, and solid paraffine, a peculiar white crystalline substance, beautifully adapted for candles, and now manufactured to some extent for that and other practical uses. The petroleum of our country has been found to be a more economical source for these several compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and enables the manufacturer to dispense with the first stage of the process referred to. The cheapness of crude petroleum, and the simple and comparatively unexpensive process by which a safe and economical illuminating oil may be obtained, give an unusual interest to this subject, as affording the means of preventing the great loss of life shown by the recent census to result from the dangerous compounds so extensively used for that purpose. Although the petroleum oils, when imperfectly rectified, so that all the benzole has not been expelled, are exceedingly explosive, owing to the heat generated by the combustion of the solid parafiine readily vaporizing and igniting the more ethereal portion, it may with great facility be freed from all volatile substances, and a very simple and practical test enables the purchaser to ascertain its fitness for use. The precautions required in the treatment of petroleum, as well as the expense of thoroughly purifying it, being somewhat greater than with coal oils, many are tempted to neglect it or even to add a portion of the lighter and cheaper oil to make the heavy oil burn more readily. All these oils possess an advantage over other kinds in the fact, that when once properly deodorized, they do not become rancid or ferment by keeping, but rather lose by age any odor they may have retained. Of eight several products obtained from petroleum by chemical analysis, two or three only were solidified by cold of fifteen degrees below zero, the first three or four remaining perfectly fluid, and none possessed corrosive qualities, showing their fitness as lubricators. Experiments have shown that crude petroleum is admirably adapted to the manufacture of gas, and have led to the expectation that its use will greatly reduce the cost of its manufacture, if it does not entirely supersede the use of coal for that purpose. The " carburation of gas," by attaching to the gas-burner a reservoir of oil, through which the gas is made to pass before combustion, has been found greatly to increase the economy and illuminating power of coal-gas. The various collateral and residuary products of the distillation, which have been generally wasted heretofore, will all doubtless be utilized as the progress in analytical and technical chemistry throws more light upon their nature and relations. Several of them are already employed in Europe, if not in this country, in the manufacture of some of the new and beautiful dyes which practical science has recently introduced in the arts. Benzine, which it is the object of the rectifier to eliminate, is used, to some extent, as a flavoring material, though some recent facts make it doubtful if it is wholly innoxious to the health. The acids, caustic alkalies, and other materials used in the purification of the crude qualities of petroleum may all be restored to use or employed as fertilizers, and the dense, pitchy liquids obtained in the manufacture are available in PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 75 the composition of water-proof cements, roofing, varnish, and fuel. The absence of fatty acids may possibly prevent the saponification of these oils with alkalies for the manufacture of soap, but the more extended use of petroleum for the purposes we have named, which will be effected by time and improved manipu lations of the article, will suffice to render it a most valuable acquisition' to the raw materials and manufactures of the country. Having partially reviewed the progressive industry of our country during the last decade, and seen the advancement in all that relates to the peaceful arts, the numerous improvements made in the implements and enginery of warf.are, which are patent and undeniable, deserve consideration. Our improved fire-arms, especially rifles and pistols, have obtained a reputation not alone in Europe, but in Africa, Asia, and the islands of the sea, the traveller finds that his revolvers of American invention and manufacture exert a salutary influence on the Bedouin and the robber. The machinery for making the various parts of rifles and other fire-arms, which, in its automatic exercise, seems almost endowed with reasoning faculties, owes its origin to the inventive genius of New England. The Enfield rifle was transplanted to England by a son of Vermont, under whose superintendence the arms were made. And even the Armstrong gun, which obtained for its reputed inventor the honor of knighthood, was invented in this country, for a model was submitted and the principle demonstrated to scientific gentlemen at Harvard College anterior to its appearance in Great Britain. (See notes.) In the year preceding June 1, 1860, a year devoted to peaceful pursuits, the manufacture of fire-arms was limited, and yet two establishments in a single city of Connecticut produced to the value of over one million of dollars. Had the national inventory been taken two years later, the magnitude of this and kindred branches of manufacture, stimulated by the necessities of the country, would have excited astonishment. (See note on fire-arms, p. 118.) Without any special stimulus to growth-depressed, indeed, during the years 1S57 and 1858, in common with other public interests, by the general financial embarrassments of those years-and with a powerful competition in the amazing growth of manufactures in Great Britain and nearly every other nation of Europe, the manufactories of the United States had nevertheless been augmented, diversified, and perfected in nearly every branch, and almost uniformly throughout the Union. Domestic materials, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, found ready sales at remunerative prices, and were increased in amount with the demand, while commerce and internal trade were invigorated by the distribution of both raw and manufactured products. Invention was stimulated and rewarded. Labor and capital found ample and profitable employment, and new and unexpected fields were opened for each. Agriculture furnished food and materials at moderate cost, and the skill of our artizans cheapened and multiplied all artificial instruments of comfort and happiness for the people. Even the more purely agricultural States of the south were rapidly creating manufactories for the improvement of their great staples and their abundant natural resources. The nation seemed speedily approaching a period of complete independence in respect to the products of skilled labor, and national security and happiness seemed about to be insured by the harmonious development of all the great interests of the people. Peace reigned within our borders and waited upon ouriname abroad. But in an evil hour the tide of prosperity has been stayed, whether to be rolled back or not, the ninth census will reveal. BANKS AND INSURANCE. (APPENDIX-TABLE No. 34.) Among the evidences of prosperity and general accumulation of wealth in the United States, the multiplication of banks with increased aggregate capital is 76 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. one of the most significant. When, as in this country has been generally the case, individual promises representing produce and merchandize, and made available through the instrumentality of banks, are almost the sole means by which commodities pass from the producers to the consumers, the increased action'of the banks becomes the index of larger production and more active trade. Where crops and the products of manufacturing industry are more abundant, the aggregate amount of paper created by their interchange is larger, and the negotiations of this paper require greater banking facilities. This want usually manifests itself in a more lucrative banking business, which draws more capital into that employment. Such a state of affairs presented itself during the decade which closed with 1860. The bank movement in the United States during that period underwent great expansion without becoming less sound. In that respect it presented a strong contrast to the expansion that occurred in the decade which ended with 1840. In that period a season of speculation in bank stocks and wild lands manifested itself, and the paper created for bank negotiation represented imaginary or speculative values rather than commodities produced. Those values were never realized, and the whole paper system based on them collapsed. If we compare the aggregate features of the banks at each decade with the population and the sum of the imports and exports for corresponding dates, the results are as follows: Years. No. ofbanks. Capital. Loans. Specie. Circulation. Import & export. Population. 1830... 330 $145,192,268 $2' 0,451,214.'22,114,917 $61,323,898 $144,726,428 12,866,020 1840.... 901 358,44 2, 92 462, 896,523 33,105,155 103,968,572 239,227 465 17,069,453 1843.... 691 22, 861,948 25 1 544, 937 33,505,806 58,563 608 149,090,279............ 1850.... 872 227, 469,074 412,607,653 48,677,138 155,012,911 330, (37 038 23,191,876 1860.... 1,562 421,880,095 691,945,580 83,594,537 207,102,477 762, 28,550 31,445,080 The year 1843 was that of the lowest depression after the extensive liquidation that followed the expansions of 1837-'39. In that year the bank credits were, however, large, as measured by the foreign trade or the sum of the imports and exports, but an internal trade had been developed through the settlements of the western country which required more credits. The operation of the general bankrupt law aided in clearing away the wreck of over two hundred banks that had failed, and which failures involved that of several sovereign States that had loaned their credits for bank capital. The elements of prosperity were now again active, and banking facilities were required to a greater extent. The severe losses the public had suffered made some more comprehensive guarantee necessary to a full restoration of confidence in bank paper. In New York, in 1838, a new principle had been adoptedthat of requiring the banks to deposite security for their circulating notes and holding stockholders liable to an amount equal to the value of their shares. On this basis the banking of New York was thenceforth to operate; and the principle, as its value became recognized, was gradually adopted in other States. The failure of the Irish harvests of 1846-'47, followed by those of England in 1848-'49 by creating a great demand for American breadstuffs, stimulated business and gave a new impulse to banking. The year 1850 showed an amount of foreign trade more than double that of 1843. With the increase of business the banks were very prosperous, as is manifest in the fact, that although the capital of the banks was no more in that year than in 1843, their discounts were one hundred and fifty millions, or 60 per cent. greater. Thus the decade opened with a very lucrative banking business, and amid the greatest excitement in relation to the gold discoveries of California. The spirit of enterprise abroad was very strong, and the impression that prices were to rise by reason of the PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS 77 depreciation of gold was prevalent; hence the general desire to operate, in order to avail of the anticipated profits. Industry of all descriptions was very active and productive, and there never was a period when the national capital accumulated so fast, a remarkable evidence of which was afforded in the vast amount expended in the construction of railroads; while, of the large capital accumulated, a considerable portion was employed in banking. The incorporated bank capital increased nearly two hundred millions, and the private bank capital half as much. The report of the Treasury Department gave the latter amount at $118,036,080. The distribution of the incorporated banks among the several States is given in the Appendix, (Table No. 33.) The increase of bank capital was large in the Atlantic cities, particularly in Boston and New York, of which the number and capital were respectively as follows: 1850. 1860. Increase. No. Capital. No.j Capital. No. Capital Boston.................................... 30 $21, 760,000 42 $36,581,700 12 $14,821,700 New York................................ 31 33,600,602 55 69,758,777 24 36,158,175 Total of two cities............... 61 55,360,602 97 106,340,477 36 50, 979,875 This increase of banks, following the general expansion of business, brought with it the necessity of some improved means of adjusting the daily mutual balances. The fifty-five banks in New York city, for example, were each compelled to settle as many accounts daily. To obviate that great labor the clearing system was devised. Each bank sends every morning to the clearing-house all the checks and demands it may have received the day previous, in the course of business, upon all others. These in a short time are interchanged, and a balance struck and paid. This system was established in 1853, and the amouno t of the exchanges and balances annually were as follows: Year. Amount exchanged. Balances. 1854................................... $5,750,455,987 06 $297,411,493 1855........................................ 5,362912,098 33 289,694,137 1856....................................... 6,906,213,328 47 334, 714,489 1857..................................... 8333,226,718 06 365,313,901 1858........................................ 4,756,664,386 09 314,238,910 1859...................................... 6 448005,956 01 363,984,682 1860....................................... 7,231,143,056 69 308,693,438 1861..................................... 5,915,742,758 05 353,3'83,944 Total for eight years............... 50,704,365,288 81 2,627,434,997 With the development of business the transactions grew immensely up to to 1858, when they fell off nearly one-half under the panic of that year. They recovered gradually up to the breaking out of the rebellion. The banks of Boston and Philadelphia adopted the same system with similar results. The figures indicate to what an extent the credits of individuals, created in the operations of business, are cancelled through the intervention of the banks of the cities where the commerce of the whole country centralizes. In the States of Illinois, Mississippi, Arkansas and Florida, after the collapse of 1837, no banks were again created up to 1850, and the'three last named are 78 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. still without them, with the exception of two small ones in Florida. Texas has a small bank at Galveston, and Utah, Oregon, and New Mexico have none. In the District of Columbia four old banks expired by limitation of charter in the hands of trustees, and Congress refused to recharter them; but they continue to transact business. It is probable that a large portion of the increase in banking, particularly at the west, has been due to the introduction of the security system of New York, the idea of which seemed to popularize that which had previously been in bad odor. The following table shows the States which have adopted the free banking principle in whole or in part: 1860. States. Year adopted. Stocks held. Circulation. New York............................................... 1838 $26,897,874 $29, 959,506 Michigan................................................. 1849 192.831 222,197 New Jersey.............................................. 1850 962,911 4,811,832 Virginia................................................. 1851 3,584,078 9,812, 197 Illinois................................................... 1851 9,826,691 8,981, 723 Ohio..................................................... 1851 2,153,552 7,983,889 Indiana................................................. 1852 1,349,466 5, 0, 246 Wisconsin........................................ 1854 5,031,504 4,429,855 Missouri................................................ 1856 725,670 7,884,885 Tennessee................................................ 1852 1,233,432 5,538,378 Louisiana................................................. 1853 5,842,096 11,579,313 Iowa.............................................. 1858 101,849 568,806 Minnesota................................................ 1858 50,000 50, o00 M assachuset ts............................................. 1859................................ Total............... 57,951,954 97,212,827 The principle cannot be said to have worked well except in New York, where it required constant alterations for many years to bring it to perfection. In Illinois it was an entire failure, and the new constitutional convention adopted a clause looking to the prohibition of any more banks and to the suppression of the existing circulation. INSURANCE. The progress of insurance in the United States has been rapidly following the development of commerce and trade, of which it is the necessary accompaniment, since the system of buying and selling goods on credit necessitates the resort to every possible means of making those credits safe. None is more obvious than that of requiring all goods to be insured. It follows that as commodities increase in quantity and value, the amount to be covered by insurance must expand in the same proportion. Unfortunately, however, there have been no regular statistics collated from year to year, as in the case of banks, by which that interesting index to the growth of the national wealth might be compared. The State of Massachusetts has paid most attention to this matter, and the annual reports are very valuable. The number of companies and amounts at risk have been as follows in that State: Year. Number of Capital stock. Fire risks. Marine risks. companies. 1840........................................ 41 $7,475,000 $51,998,596 $50,631,877 1850........................................ 30 6,106,875 63,943,273 76,082, 529 ]860..................................... 117 6,353,100 348,923,289 101,972,974 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 79 The total property at risk has increased in the ten years $310,870,461. Under the present laws of New York the insurance returns are well organized. Taking the figures in connexion with those of the leading ones of other States, the results are as follows: Number of [ Capital and At risk. companies. assets. New York................................................. 135 $53,287,547 $916,474,956 Massachusetts............................................ 117 6,353,100 450,896,263 Connecticut................................................ 12 5,364,686 279, 322,184 Rhode Island................................................ 6 2,419,688 32,187,104 Philadelphia.................................... 10 6,510,601 139,229,374 New Orleans............................................... 9 6738,031 221100,000 Charleston...........................................47,291,000 Augusta, Georgia................................. 1 952,858 7,000,000 Jersey City................................................. 179 713 5231061 Peoria, Illinois.................... * - *.............. 1 363,995 6 806,377 Total........................................ 2,105,538,319 The amount at risk by all the companies in te pae Union may approach three thousand millions, and the losses were reported as follows for 1860: Vessels and freights......................... $13, 525, 000 Cargoes.................................. 15, 050, 700 Total marine............................. 28, 575, 700 By fir................................... 22, 020, 000 Total losses.............................. 50, 595,700 The number of United States life insurance companies is about 47; number of lives insured,-60,000; total amount insured, $180,000,000; annual premiums, $7,000,000. VALUE OF REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE. (APPENDIX-TABLE No. 35.) The marshals of the United States were directed to obtain from the records of the States and Territories respectively, an account of the value of real and personal estate as assessed for taxation. Instructions were given these officers to add the proper amount to the assessment, so that the return should represent as well the true or intrinsic value as the inadequate sum generally attached to property for taxable purposes. The result of this return by all the census taks i e nd in tae ere t will bappear tha te No. 34, whereby it will appear that the value of individual property in the States and territories exceeds the sum of sixteen thousand millions of dollars, representing an increase of one hundred and twentysix and a half per centum in ten years in value in the aggregate, and an increase of sixty-eight per cent. per capita of the free population. The rate of increase has been immense in the western States, while the absolute gain in the older States has been no less remarkable. For example, the rate of increase in Iowa has been more than nine hundred per cent., while the absolute increase of wealth has been two hundred and forty-seven millions of dollars; while Pennsylvania has increased at the rate of ninety-six per cent., with an an absolute gain in wealth of near seven thousand millions of dollars. The wealth per capita for Iowa in 1850 was $123, while in 1860 it amounted to $366, a rate of increase ,8 0 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. of one hundred and niDnety-seven andr a half per cent. The wealth of Pennsyl-'vania in 1850 per capita was $312; in 1860 per capita was $487; the rate of increase fifty-six per cent. It must be borne in mind that the value of all taxable property was returned, including that of foreigners as well as natives, while all was omitted belonging to the States or United States. In considering the relation of population to wealth, the fact must be borne in mind that a much larger proportion of the property of the western than eastern States is held by non-residents, and that this circumstance is not without its influence in exaggerating the wealth of individuals in States where large investments have been made by persons resident elsewhere. The effect of internal improvements upon the prosperity and wealth of the country can not be better illustrated than by the rapid enhancement in value of all property brought within their influence. To trace the causes of our great progress in wealth, and to pursue the investigation in detail, would be profitable and interesting, but the want of time makes it incumbent to postpone further review of this table to another time. AGRICULTURE. (APPENDIX-TABLE No. 36.) View of t/ie condition and progress of agriculture in the United States. It appears from the returns of the last census, that the ratio of increase of the principal agricultural products of the United States has more than kept' pace with the increase of population. Indeed, there appears no reason to doubt the continuance of an abundant supply of all the great staple articles, equal to the necessities of any possible increase of population or national contingency for ages to come. It is also gratifying to note the evidences of improvement in some of the most important agricultural operations, proving that our farmers are fully in sympathy with the progressive spirit of the age, and not behind their fellow-citizens engaged in other industrial occupations. The products of the great west are giving a tone to the markets of Great Britain and the continent. Chicago has become one of the first grain markets in the world, and as the boundless region still further west is being developed, every channel of communication with the Atlantic coast will teem with the products of the soil. Illinois alone sends now to the great market at New York an average of two thousand head of cattle weekly, and other States, comprising regions almost unknown at the former census, and still more distant from the seaboard, are adding and increasing their contributions. New plants and animals have been introduced in the past decade. From the products of the sugar cane-sorgtum sacc/haratum-transplanted from the Chinese empire, the west is furnished with a new article of domestic luxury and utility, and rendered comparatively independent of the sugar cane of more southern States. The great dairy interest in our country during this period has increased the production of cheese and butter, and already American cheese is as well known in English markets as the best English dairy cheese. Indian corn is now an indispensable article fob Great Britain, and each sue ceeding. year is increasing the demand for this important product of our country, which is raised in every State and Territory of our Union. While it is admitted that very much remains to be accomplished by the agricultural interest of our country, it cannot be doubted that the past ten years has shown to the world that the United States has within its own territory the resources which will enable us to compete with the older nations of the world in every department of domestic industry. The London exhibition in 1851 made known that the United States had the PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 81 means of supplying the implements and machinery needed in every country in Europe. Since that time our reapers and mowers, ploughs, steam-engines, and railroad cars have found their way to the Old World, and an American in taking the tour of the continent will, in the great empire of Russia, find himself on board of an American railroad car drawn by an American locomotive on a railroad built by an American engineer. We point to these advances as evidence that the enterprise of our countrymen, with so wide a scope for its development at home, manifests itself wherever a profitable field opens for its exercise abroad. At a period like the present, when, for the preservation of the national life and character, the resources of the country are subjected to a greater strain than they have ever yet borne, when a large portion of its effective labor is diverted to the same sacred duty, and all the productive forces of the Union are controlled to an unprecedented extent by causes more pervading and subversive in their effects than any which could possibly arise from extraneous sources, it is a subject of the highest gratification that we are blessed with the amplest returns from the labors of the husbandman. The crops of hay and grain, as the result of a favorable season and a broader cultivation of land, are believed especially to have afforded abundant and timely harvests. Regarded either as a source of cheap and ample supply for a vast commissariat with the least possible drain upon the public chest, of cheap and plenary subsistence to the numerous unemployed and dependent classes, or as a source of exports and employment for the commercial and shipping interests, the bounty of our land is at the present time a subject of national congratulation and thankfulness. The increasing annual products of agriculture in our highly-favored country, and the hay and grain crops in particular, furnish striking illustrations of the close interdependence and connexion of all branches of the national industry. The dependence of agriculture upon the results of mechanical skill, as well as the astonishing progress of the latter within the last half century, is strongly exemplified in the application of labor-saving appliances, which become still more valuable, in emergencies like the present, in all the operations of the farm, The saving effected by new and improved implements in Great Britain within a dozen years preceding 1851 was stated by a competent authority to be not less than one-half on all the main branches of farm labor. Our own progress in this respect is believed to have been more rapid than that of any other agricultural people, and to be in advance of our application of the fruits of purely scientific research in the improvement of agriculture. In nearly every department of rural industry mechanical power has wrought a revolution. The inventive genius of the country has not only contrived to make it prepare the crop for market and to sew or knit the family apparel of the farmer, but to rock and " tend " the infant as well as to rend from the embrace of earth the centuryrooted oak which our fathers were forced to leave to the slow eradication of time. Whether the superior agricultural advantages and the demand for improved implements and machinery in the United States have stimulated the facile ingenuity of our mechanics, or have only been seconded by its ready contributions to industry, we shall not stop to inquire. The greatest triumphs of mechanical skill in its application to agriculture are witnessed in the instruments adapted to the tillage, harvesting, and subsequent handling of the immense grain crops of the country, and particularly upon the western prairies. Without the improvements in ploughs and other implements of tillage which have been multiplied to an incredible extent, and are now apparently about to culiniate in the steam plough, the vast wheat and corn crops of those fertile plains could not probably be raised. But were it possible to produce wheat upon the scale that it is now raised, much of the profit and not a little of the product would be lost were the farmer compelled to wait upon the slow process of the sickle, the cradle, and the hand-rake for securing it when ripe. The reapingGc 82 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. machine, the harvester, and machines for threshing, winnowing, and cleaning his wheat for the market have become quite indispensable to every large grain grower. The commercial importance of the wheat crop and its various relations to the subject of domestic and foreign supply, to markets, the means of transportation, storage, &c., make it highly important that the producer shall have the means of putting his crop in the market at the earliest or most favorable time and with the greatest precision. TVheat.-The quantity of wheat grown in all the States and Territories in the year 1849 was 100,485,944 bushels. The quantity grown in 1859 was 171,183,381 bushels, an increase of nearly seventy per centum, or about double the increase of population in the same period. Some of the older wheatgrowing States-Pennsylvania, Virginia, New York, and Ohio-do not show a proportionate increase, owing to the destructive agency of the wheat midge, and the consequent unwillingness of farmers to subject themselves to repeated losses from this cause. Fortunately, the midge is diminishing where it was formerly most destructive, and wheat-growing will soon be resumed in many localities in these States where for a time it was almost abandoned. To the introduction and greatly extended cultivation of spring wheat in the northwestern States, is the country mainly indebted for the increase in the amount of wheat produced. In Illinois this crop has increased in ten years from 9,414,577 bushels to 24,159,500 bushels; in Wisconsin, from 4,286,131 to 15,812,625 bushels in the same period. In many cases in these States the quantity grown has exceeded the means of ready transportation, or the demands of the market, and has therefore been too great to be profitable. There appears among the contributions of the New York State Agricultural Society a statement of Dr. Asa Fitch, entomologist for that useful association, relating to depredatory insects, of so much general interest as to claim insertion in this report. It is a matter of no small import that this association have introduced into this country from abroad certain parasites which Providence has created to counteract the destructive powers of some of these depredators, by limiting their efficiency and destroying their numbers. We have heretofore been suffering from the destructive agency of some of these enemies to the grain crop, which have been introduced from abroad, without enjoying the influence of their natural enemies which remained at home. It is gratifying to realize that the New York State Agricultural Society has manifested a spirit so philanthropic in conception, with the prospect of results so important. Dr. Fitch remarks: "The grain aphis made its advent in a most remarkable manner. That an insect never seen before and not known to be present in our country should suddenly be found everywhere in New England, and most of the State of New York, in profuse numbers in every grain field of this wide extent of territory, and literally swarming upon and smothering the crop in many fields, was a phenomenon which probably has no parallel in the annals of science. How it was possible for this insect so suddenly to become thus astonishingly numerous was a mystery which seemed to most persons to be inexplicable. It is the most prolific of any insect which has ever been observed. I find it commences bearing when it is but three days old, and produces four young daily. Thus the descendants of a single aphis will in twenty days amount to upwards of two millions, each day increasing their number to almost double what they were the day before. This serves to account for the surp ising numbers which we had of this insect. "The aphis was everywhere supposed to be a new insect, and one writer went so far as to name and describe it scientifically, in full confidence that the world had never before known anything like it. My examinations, however, fully assured me that it was identical with a species which has long been known in the grain fields of Europe. And on my announcing this, the erroneous views which one and another were adopting were speedily abandoned. "Our best European accounts of this insect are very imperfect. They only speak of it as occurring in June and July, whereas I find it is present on the grain the whole year round. And when the grain is but a few inches high, if half a dozen of these insects happen to locate themselves on the same plant they suck out its juice to such an extent that the plant withers and dies. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 83 " As yet I have never been able to find a male of this species. They are all females. This is proved by placing any one supposed to be a male in a vial; next morning two or three young lice are always found in the vial with it. the general habits of insects of this kind are well known. The aphis on the apple tree and other fruit trees, when cold weather arrives, give birth to males. The sexes then pair, and the female thereupon deposits eggs, which remain through the winter to start these insects again the following year. I had supposed it would be the same with this aphis on the grain. I thought, when autumn arrived, I should meet with males and find eggs dropped on the blades of the grain But there were none. The females and their young continued to appear on the grain till the end of the season. They are everywhere on the grain now, buried under the snow, ready to warm into life and activity again when the spring opens And on grain growing in flower pots, on which I am keeping these insects in full activity through the winter to notice what I can of their habits, no males have yet appeared. When, and under what circumstances this sex will be produced, is a most curious subject, still remaining to be ascertained. It at present looks as though the female and their descendants were prolific permanently, without any intercourse of the sexes. "Last summer such multitudes of parasites, ladybugs, and other destroyers of this aphis, had become gathered in the grain fields at harvest time that it seemed as though it would be exterminated by them. But at the end of the season this insect appeared as common on the young rye as I had noticed it at the opening of spring. The present indications, therefore, are that this aphis will be as numerous on the grain the coming summer as it was the past, if the season proves favorable to its increase " As to the army worm, it may be remarked that for almost a century it had been known that in this country was a kind of worm whose habit it was to suddenly appear in particular spots in such immense numbers as to wholly consume the herbage over an extent frequently of several miles, an t then abruptly vanish, nothing being seen of it afterwards. Thus it was one of the most singular and also one of the most formidable and alarming creatures cf this class that was known to be in our world. Yet, what kind of worm this was, and what insect produced it, remained wholly unknown down to the present day. Appearing here and there all over the country the past season, this army worm became an object of the deepest interest; and from Illinois on the one hand, and Massachusetts on the other, specimens of the moths bred from these worms were sent to me for information as to what the name of this insect really was. " With regard to the wheat midge, I would observe that in this country injurious insects are much more numerous than iu Europe, occasioning us far greater losses than are there experienced. A year ago I received from lrance a vial filled with insects as they were prcmiscuously gathered by the net in the wheat fields of a district where the midge was doing much injury. It then occurred to me that by gathering the insects of our wheat fields here in the same manner, it would furnish materials for a very accurate comparison of the wheat insects of this country with those of Europe. As the result of a comparison thus made, I find that in our wheat fields here the midge formed 59 per cent. of all the insects on this grain the past summer; whilst in France, the preceding summer, only seven per cent. of the insects on wheat were of this species In France, the parasitic destroyers of the midge amounted to 85 per cent; while, in this country, our parasites form only 10 per cent. And after the full investigation of the subject which I have now made, I can state this fact with confidence-we have no parailes in this couitry that destroy the wheat midge. The insect so common on wheat, and which resembles the European parasites of the midge so closely that, in the New York Natural History, it is described as being one of that species, and in the Ohio Agricultural Reports it is confidently set down as another of them, I find has nothing to do with the wheat midge, but is the parasite of an ash gray bug which is common on grain and grass, laying its eggs in the eggs of this bug, and thus destroying them. "I stated to the society, a year since, that the wheat midge had wholly vanished the previous summer; not one of its larva could I find. on a careful search over an extensive district around me. But the past season this insect appeared in the wheat again, as numerous as usual. This has led us into important changes in our views of the habits of this insect. How was it possible for it to utterly disappear from the wheat one year and be back in it in swarms the next year? Obviously it must have other places of breeding than in the wheat. And, therefore, if no wheat was grown in this country for a few years, as has so often been proposed, it would not starve and kill out this insect The insect would resort to other situations, and would sustain itself there, returning into the wheat again as numerous as before, when its cultivation was recommenced. And what could it be that banished this insect from the wheat in 1860, and brought it back again in 1861? The remarkable difference in the weather of these two years furnishes an answer to this question. When the midge fly came out to deposit its eggs in June, 1860, the weather was excessively dry; in 1861 it was very wet and showery. And thus we learn the fact that these flies cannot 84 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. breathe a dry, warm atmosphere; they are forced to retreat to places where the air is damp and moist. When the uplands, the ploughed fields, are parched with drought, the midge cannot abide in them; it must go to the lowlands along the margins of streams, where it must remain so long as the drought continues. Here it must lay its eggs and rear its young, depositing them, probably, in the grass growing in these situations. And hence we also learn that if the last half of June is unusually dry, our wheat that year will escape injury from the midge; but if the last half of June is very wet and showery, this crop will be severely devastated." Indian corn.-This crop in 1849 was 592,071,104 bushels; in 1859 it was 830,451,707 bushels, which is an increase of more than forty per cent. In a.majority of the States this is undoubtedly the most popular crop; it is less liable to failure than any other, and is applied to so great a variety of useful purposes. No important changes have been made either in the varieties cultivated or in the modes of cultivation, except in the gradual substitution of animal for human labor. Cotton.-The rapidity with which the cultivation of cotton has increased in the United States is truly wonderful. In the beginning of the present century the annual exportation was less than 5,000 bales; in 1849 the quantity grown had reached 2,445,793 bales of ginned cotton of 400 pounds each; in 1859 it had further increased to 5,196,944 bales, or more than 110 per cent. in ten years. The whole crop is the product of thirteen States, but is chiefly obtained from eight of them. Immense as is the quantity of cotton produced, the demand is equal to the supply. Prior to the production of cotton in such vast quantities in the more southern States, it was extensively cultivated for domestic purposes in North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and southern Illinois, and it is not improbable that its cultivation may be re-established in some of these States with profit to the producer and advantage to the consumer. Dairy products.-The quantity of butter produced in the census year 1859-'60 is set down at 460,509,S54 pounds, which is an increase of 46 per cent. on the product of 1849-'50. The amount of cheese returned is 105,875,135 pounds, or 339,242 pounds more than the product of 1849-'50. Cheese is especially rich in flesh-forming constituents, and is therefore regarded as a highly nutritious article of diet, well adapted to the use of the laboring man, and capable of doing more to repair the waste of muscular exertion than many times its weight of butter or of fat meat. Still it appears that cheese does not enter largely into the daily food of the working classes of this country, as it does in Germany and Great Britain. Were it produced more abundantly, and sold at a lower price, it is probable that an article of food so convenient and economical would be more fully used. The cheese exported from the United States to other countries is about 15,000,000 pounds annually. In fact, were cheese-making as well understood in our country generally as it is in Europe, the demand would be greatly increased. It is believed that our people suffer immensely by not thoroughly understanding the most approved processes of cheese-making. Comparatively little of the prodigious quantity produced can be termed a first rate article. While many of our most enterprising dairymen supply an article creditable to the country, in Europe what is termed American cheese is not purchased with that confidence with which we receive theirs, and for the reason that the processes have not reached that perfection which alone contributes to uniformity of excellence and distinctiveness of character. When this point is attained a taste is cultivated, and increasing demand follows, and profits enlarge. An article so nutritious and easy of transportation should form some portion of our army rations. Domestic animals.-The tables of agriculture will show a satisfactory increase in the live stock of the country. In addition to returns of animals employed in agriculture and possessed by farmers, we have prepared a table from the returns PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 85 of the census-takers which represent an estimate of the different varieties of live stock which, being owned by persons not engaged in agricultural pursuits, were not included in the agricultural schedule. These returns we believe entitled to confidence, and they swell considerably the numbers contained in the official statements. As all live stock thus circumstanced was omitted in the previous census, we have, in all our comparisons and calculations, ignored it, because, being omitted in previous censuses, its introduction into the figures at this time would interfere with the apparent rate of increase. The horses included in the table referred to comprise carriage, team, and other horses which were previously, and in this census, omitted, but which will be seen to make a vast increase to the number returned in the agricultural schedule. The addition to all varieties of live stock thus made to appear, and which exists, is a matter of no inconsiderable importance. Value of animals slaughtered.-The value of slaughtered animals for 1849 was $111,703,142, in 1859 it had reached $212,871,653, the largest part of the increase being in the western States. The manufacturers of soap, candles, leather, glue, bone-black and others depending on this source for their material have received a proportionate development. Sheep and wool.-The number of sheep returned by the census of 1850 was 21,723,220, and the amount of wool 52,516,959 pounds. In 1860 the number of sheep returned was 23,317,756, and the amount of wool 60,511,343 pounds. In addition to the number of sheep above mentioned as returned by the census, the assistant marshals reported 1,505,810 as their estimate of the number of sheep not included because owned by others than farmers, so that the entire number of sheep in the United States on the 1st day of June may safely be placed at 62,017,153, and a proportionate amount may be added with propriety to the clip of wool for the same period. While the sheep of the United States increased but 1,594,536 between 1850 and 1860, the imports of wool and woollens during that period were as follows: C" o -:Z. 0.Year.: J Year. tE3 I I,: v D', 5 o CcE o 3 w * ~. 3. _ 1850.................... $1,681,691 $17,151,509 1856................... $1,665,064 $31,961,793 1851............... 3,833,157 19, 507,309 1857................... 2,125,744 31,286,118 1852................. 1,930,711 17,573,964 1858................... 4,022,635 26,486,091 1853................... 2, 669,718 27,621,911 1859................. 4,444,954 33,521,956 1854.................. 822, 185 32,382594 1860................... 4,842,152 37,937,190 1855.................. 2,072,139 24,404,149 The aggregate exports of domestic wool during the whole of the same period only reached the value of $1,562,502; and there were no exports of domestic manufactures of wool. The average price of fine wool in one of our principal wool markets, (Boston,) for the last thirty-five years has been 50-30 cents per pound; of medium, 4286cents; of coarse, 35. cents. The consumption of mutton has rapidly increased. The supply now as rarely exceeds the demand as with any other meat, and the best qualities out-sell beef in our markets. No country is better adapted by natural, and on the whole, by artificial conditions to the production of wool than the United States. It appears to be conceded that Australia and South America contain the only very extensive regions of the earth now capable of competing with equal areas of our country 86 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. in this production. That narrow rim of vegetation which encloses the vast inland deserts of Australia presents not a circumstance of superiority, for this object, over the immense natural pastures of our western and southwestern States and Territories, and it is manifestly inferior to them in important conditions. Portions of it arc destitute of running streams for hundreds of miles, and it is subject to the periodical recurrence of droughts, which in some cases have extended through years, drying up all minor vegetation, and proving most destructive to flocks and herds. The government price of lands is higher than in the United States. Its distance from its vwool market equals nearly half the circumference of the globe. Yet its exports of wool rose between 1810 and 1850 from 167 pounds to 40,000,000 pounds! South Amferica is also becoming an extensive producer and exporter of this staple. Here, too, no natural conditions of superiority over those of the United States present themselves, while there are political and moral ones which undeniably are hostile to the security and permanence of so exposed a branch of industry. Apart from the mere question of the cheap production of wool, the experience of the most advanced agricultural nations, like England, Germany, and France, goes to show that sheep are a necessity of a good general system of husbandry on even the highest priced lands and amidst the densest population. They afford as much food to man, in proportion to their own consumption, as any other domestic animals. They are believed to return more fertilizing matter to the soil. In addition to these things, they alone furnish wool. England proper has about five hundred and ninety sheep to the square mile. The United States proper (exclusive of Territories) have about forty-eight to the square mile. Our people have not lacked the necessary breeds to embark vigorously and advantageously in every department of sheep husbandry. In fine-wool varieties we have selections from the best flocks of Germany. In varieties ranging from fine to medium we have the American merino, yielding fifty per centum more wool than his Spanish ancestor, without a deterioration in its quality. In coarse varieties, we have the choicest mutton-breeds of England, and also hardy and productive sub-varieties between these and what are termed our native sheep. No country has ever been so liberal in importing the most highlyesteemed foreign breeds of sheep, and none has been more successful in acclimating them. Some have been greatly improved among us, and none, it is believed, have degenerated where the systems adapted to their culture have been found profitable. In view of all the preceding facts, it would seem most anomalous that a people so intelligent and enterprising as our own should have advanced so slowly in one of the most important departments of industry, should have consented so long and so largely to import a prime necessary of life which they could actually produce and market at a less cost than the exporter. American wool-growers attribute this state of things mainly to two causes: tariff regulations, which give protection to the woollen manufacturer and not to the producer, and to the unsteadiness which has marked our tariff policies. Though the monetary state of the country and other incidental causes have undoubtedly contributed their influences, it is not to be denied that a comparison of wool prices under the different tariffs gives color to the first conclusion, because, contrary to all the earlier anticipations of the growers, they show that there has been no coincidence whatever between high and low wool prices and what are termed high and low tariffs, but quite as often precisely the reverse. If the above position of the producer is well taken-if he is not equally protected with the manufacturer-it is not a sufficient answer to his complaint to say that he needs no protection because he can already produce the staple as cheaply as his foreign competitor. The ordinary wool-growers of the United States can no more live as he now lives, on the same profits which content the wealthy Anglo-Australian or South American grower, than can our ordinary PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 87 manufacturers live as they now live on the profits which content the manufacturers of Europe. Much the greater number of our producers are comparatively small land-holders and capitalists, yet they have the duties of intelligent freemen to discharge and the expenses of liberal members of society to incur. Their expenditures in directions which tend to comfort and self-respect, and which promote civilization and the public interests, are ten times greater than those of persons of the same wealth in the foreign countries from which the competition comes. Is not our government as much bound, both by justice and expediency, to assist this class of men to preserve their respectable status as to render like assistance to any other class? Is the production of a great staple of less consequence to our country than its manufacture? It is complained that the rapid and almost radical changes which have taken place in our tariff legislation, now stimulating both the producer and manufacturer of wool beyond the boundaries of prudence, and now suddenly withdrawing much of the protection on which their anticipations and arrangements for the future were founded, have necessarily led to ruinous disappointments, and finally impaired the confidence of the community in the safety of investments in a husbandry subject to such interferences. The present would seem an auspicious period to establish permanent policies in these particulars. One of the principal causes which has rendered it difficult to estimate the public receipts in advance-the fluctuations between large and small sales of the public lands-is now probably removed. These sales, always advancing at the same time with imports and duties, that is, in periods of pecuniary inflation, were sometimes sufficient at such periods, with the aid of only a moderate tariff, to lead to the accumulation of large surpluses of revenue. These produced clamorous and successful calls for a reduction of duties. But in periods of pecuniary depression the sales of the public lands fell off; the reduced tariff was found insufficient to raise the necessary revenue, and another change in the opposite direction became necessary. While it is not probable that surplus revenues will accrue, from any cause, for many years to come, the most intelligent and experienced wool-growers of our country ask for no extreme or disproportioned legislation in their behalf. They only ask that in establishing a system of revenue adequate to the public wants, the interest they represent receive a share of protection fairly proportioned to its importance and requirements. If this is accorded, and the policy established is allowed to acquire a permanent character, it is not doubted by our agriculturists that this important branch of industry will rapidly attain a development which will no longer leave us tributary to foreign nations for one of the most important necessaries of life. In view of the limited number of American publications devoted to sheep husbandry which have appeared, we feel it a duty to refer to a valuable repertory of useful information, being a treatise on fine-wool sheep husbandry, by Henry S. Randall, LL.D., of New York, read before the New York State Agricultural Society, February 12, 1862. 127 pages, 8vo. Sugar and molasses. —Notwithstanding the large quantities of sugar and molasses produced in the United States, a large amount is obtained from abroad. The sum paid for imported sugars, in 1859, exceeded $31,000,000, and in the same season 30,000,000 of gallons of molasses were imported. The rapidly increasing culture of the Chinese sagar-cane is supplying a great want. The introduction of such a crop to the notice of the American farmer is a prominent feature of the past decade. While, in the present state of knowledge, much difficulty and uncertainty seems to attend the manufacture of sugar from this plant, it has proved its value as very productive in sirup or molasses. The plants introduced into this country are from Asia and Africa, and vary considerably in character. They are liable to hybridization with each other, and with the broom corn, and much care is required to preserve the varieties 88 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. distinct. So far as we have information, Mr. J. H. Smith, of Quincy, Illinois, has been the most successful cultivator of the imphee, and his efforts have been attended with much success. While, with our knowledge of the disappointments which have been experienced in Europe and this country as to results, we would not recommend a heedless expenditure of time and means in the culture of the imphee, we are sufficiently confident in its value, under many circumstances, as to hope that farmers generally of the north and west will devote some attention to the culture of the plant, and fairly test its utility for the production of sugar. The product of cane sugar, as returned by the Seventh Census, was 237,133 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds each; in 1859 it was 302,205 hogsheads. The product of molasses for the former year was 12,700,991 gallons; for the latter 16,337,080 gallons. From the sorghum and imphee, 7,235,025 gallons of molasses were made in 1859. The amount of maple sugar made in 1850 was 34,253,436 pounds; in 1860 the product was 38,863,884 pounds. This increase is not large, but sufficient to afford gratifying evidence that our beautiful maple groves and forests are not becoming extinct, while many are preserved with commendable care. We wish it could, with truth, be added that the cultivation of this noble tree was extending in a ratio equal that wherein the old trees in the forest are diminishing under bad treatment and the demands for new land for tillage. The landholder who appropriates a few rods of land to the preservation or cultivation of the sugar tree not only increases the value of his estate but confers a benefit upon future generations. Tobacco.-The tobacco crop, in 1849, amounted to 199,752,655 pounds, being a decrease of more than 19,000,000 pounds according to the previous census; in 1859 it reached 429,390,771 pounds. To the production of this amount every State and Territory contributed, although Virginia and Kentucky furnished much more than any other. It would seem surprising that a crop which is said to impoverish the soil more than any other, and to iajure to some extent every one who uses it, should be found so desirable as to increase 106 per cent. in ten years; but such is the effect of a ready market with remunerative prices. Several of the northern States present a very large increase in the production of this article. Among these, Ohio, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania exhibit both the largest product and the greatest increase. Ohio raised, in 1859, over 251 million pounds, and New York increased her production from 83,189 pounds to 5,764,582 pounds; Massachusetts fiom 138,246 to 3,233,198, and Connecticut from 1,267,624 to 6,000,133 pounds. Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Kentucky, and other of the more southern States show a greatly augmented growth of the staple. There has been a commensurate increase in the manufacture of snuff, cigars, and other ultimate products of the tobacco crop, while the consumption of the article in various forms doubtless keeps pace with the production. WVine.-The returns upon the subject of wine-making show a very large increase in an article which promises to become one of great commercial value. The wine culture has increased in a considerable number of States, but more particularly in Ohio, California, and Kentucky. The quantity of domestic wines was increased from 221,249 gallons in all the States and Territories in 1850, to 1,860,008 gallons in twenty-two States in 1860, or at the rate of 740 per cent. Of this quantity the three States above named made nearly one million gallons, and Ohio alone more than half a million gallons. The return was probably far short of the real amount. The culture of the grape and the manufacture of wine are rapidly increasing. So soon as cultivators become assured that they possess varieties of the grape PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 89 of sufficiently good quality, thoroughly hardy and adapted to our climate, the development of this form of industry is likely to be still more rapid. More than $4,000,000 was paid by citizens of the United States in 1859 for imported wines; the amount paid by consumers for a factitious home-made article it is perhaps impossible to ascertain. A good native wine may and should at once take the place of the spurious article, and in a few years of a large part of the imported. This is the more desirable, inasmuch as the disease which so seriously affects the vineyards of Europe greatly diminishes the quantity and increases the price of good wine, and at the same time tempts producers there to practice extensive adulterations. Nothing will effect a substantial temperance reform so certainly and speedily as the production of good wines in such quantity as to place them within the means of the poor as well as the rich; and every man who plants a vine will be a useful co-operator in the beneficent work of relieving the country from the evils of intemperance by the substitution of a healthy beverage for the various forms of poisons which take the name of spirits and concentrate and diffuse misery over the land. Hay and clover.-The hay crop of 1849 was 13,838,642 tons; in 1859 the quantity reported is 19,129,128 tons. This increase is not proportionate to the increase of live stock in the country, but it appears that, with better farming, more roots and cut straw and other rough fodder are used, and therefore less hay is required. Without adding to the present extent of meadow lands, the hay crop might probably be greatly increased by the careful introduction of the best varieties of grass. The quantity of clover-seed grown in 1849 was 468,978 bushels; in 1859 the amount was 929,010 bushels. This increase is important not only in a commercial point of view, but still more so as indicative of improvement in our agricultural system. Orchard products.-These consist principally of apples and peaches, dried and undried. Their value in 1849 was $7,723,186; in 1859 it had reached $19,759,361. This large increase is principally due to the fact that for several years great attention has been paid to the introduction and cultivation of improved varieties of fruit, and to processes for the preservation of fruits by artificial means, which now occupy a great amount of capital. The pear, which for several years was almost left out of general cultivation on account of what was termed the "blight," has of late been less affected by this injury than formerly, and is now extending rapidly in public estimation, being justly regarded as one of the most delicious and profitable of fruits. Silk.-The production of raw silk in the United States still remains inconsiderable in comparison with what was at one time expected. It has, however, been demonstrated that many parts of the country are well adapted to the growth of the mulberry, and that the production of silk is profitable. Were silk-raising pursued steadily wherever the climate is suitable, very profitable employment would be-afforded to thousands of persons, especially females, who are now almost without such employment during a considerable portion of their time. The best way to make silk-growing profitable to individuals and the country, is to encourage its production in small quantities by many families, rather than for a few persons to undertake its production on a large scale; at least, such is the lesson taught by all silk-producing countries. By such means the cost would prove trifling, but the aggregate product would be immense. The value of silks of all kinds imported in the year ending June, 1860, exceeded $33,00.0,000. Imnprovements.-No better evidence of the progressive improvement of American agriculture need be adduced than the great amount of animal forces employed to assist the labor of man. The number of horses, mules, and oxen engaged in agricultural labor is probably greater than the number of men, a proportion that 90 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS, has no parallel in any other country. All of this animal force is, of course, made available through some form of machinery. Since the preceding census the use of the reaper and mower has become not merely general but almost universal. Some of the most important crops are now seeded, cultivated, gathered, and prepared for use or market with little or no labor from man except where he is aided by mechanical appliances and animal force. The employment of steam in agricultural operations is much less common in the United States than in Great Britain, but is gradually increasing. Draining. —This important improvement has made great progress in the estimation and practice of our farmers. Tile factories have been established extensively in many parts of the country, and consequently the material for making permanent drains is much cheapened. Should the next ten years witness an equal advance in this direction, underdraniing will be regarded as among the most indispensable operations of the farm, and its benefits will soon be fully realized. Underground draining involves an amount of wealth not yet appreciated, though rapidly becoming realized by the American farmer. It is an undoubted fact that the most productive portions of our farms, and which are fertile in fevers, lie neglected and worse than useless for the want of knowledge or the absence of enterprise. An assistant marshal in the State of New York made report of one farmer near Geneva, who has laid on a moderate-sized farm some fifty miles of tiles, and acquired wealth as the result. A single year's crop from land before useless, has sometimes paid all the expense of the improvement, and the drains made twenty years since are as efficient as when first constructed. For health and wealth nothing contributes more where circumstances admit of it-and where do they not, to a greater or less extent?-than underground drainage. An implement of great value has recently been patented, which opens and covers a furrow of considerable depth, and lays at the same time pipe for introducing or carrying off water. Irrigation.-This is already found to be necessary or highly beneficial in Utah, New Mexico, and California, and is there extensively practiced. To systematic irrigation we may look for covering with luxuriant vegetation millions of acres now commonly regarded as unfit for cultivation. It will doubtless be found to prove remunerative in many of the older States where it has not yet been adopted. Progress of invention in threshing instruments.-As next in point of importance to the production of grain consists the facility for its early and economical preparation for market, the value of implements and machinery tending to this end cannot be overestimated; and as the progress whereby perfection is attained in any improvement so valuable as that which has, through a long process of years, attended the construction of threshing implements, is interesting to the political economist as well as the farmer and statesman, we have endeavored to group together all the essential facts connected with their history. The plough, hay and grain cutters, and some other implements of husbandry, have attained to such perfection within a short period, and their history is so generally known to the present generation, that special allusion to them may with propriety be deferred to a future period. It appears that the number of patents granted in the United States for threshing-machines, exclusive of a considerable number for threshing clover, and those combining threshing apparatus with cider or grist mills, straw-cutters, 4c., was tkree hundred and fifty-our —a larger number than had been given for any other instrument or process, except the plough and the water-wheel. Some kind of mechanical means for separating grain from the ear appears to have been early contrived. A complete history of the successive changes in the means and instruments for effecting this would be a curious and interesting PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 91 chapter in the record of the world's progress. Such a retrospect, could it be made, would show a remarkable uniformity in the methods adopted throughout the world in ancient and modern times. It would show that, until within a recent period, mankind has been altogether unsuccessful in originating or transmitting any essential improvement upon the most ancient plan of which we have any record. The primitive mode of "treading out the corn" upon a smooth circular "threshing floor" in the open air, beneath the feet of the unmuzzled ox, or other animals, has prevailed among eastern nations from remote antiquity. This triturating process, however, appears from very early times to have been facilitated by certain instruments. Thus, "threshing instruments of iron" are mentioned by the prophet Amos; and "a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth," at a later period, by Isaiah. Smaller grains, having a less adhesive envelope, appear to have been separated by implements analogous to the flail, as elsewhere mentioned by the same prophet: " For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument, neither is a cart-wheel turned about upon the cummin; but the fitches are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod." Cummin is threshed by the same mode in Malta at the present day, and in Syria may still be seen in common use the representative of the new, sharp threshing instrument with teeth. It is described as a thick plank or sledge drawn by oxen, and having inserted upon its under surface pieces of stone, flint, or iron, projecting from three-quarters to half an inch, by which the ears of corn are torn asunder. Its more ancient form among the Hebrews was frequently that of a square frame with rollers, encircled by three rings or wheels serrated in the manner of a saw. It sometimes resembled in form a cart, by which name it is called in the passage quoted. The threshing floor of level, hard-rolled earth was sometimes covered so as to afford shelter to the laborers during harvest; as that of the wealthy Boaz, which has furnished so interesting an illustration of the simplicity of ancient manners and customs. It was usually constructed upon an elevation exposed to currents of wind, to carry off the chaff; as that of Ornan, the Jebusite, occupied the rocky eminence of Mount Moriah, and, with the threshing instruments and oxen, was purchased by David to be forever honored as the site of the holy temple. Hesiod, who soon after wedded the muse to agriculture, directs the threshing floor to be so placed: "Smooth be the level floor on gusty ground, Where winnowing gales may sweep in eddies round." That the threshing instruments employed had great mechanical effect upon the sheaves over which they were drawn may be inferred from their frequent use in the imagery of the prophets as descriptive of violence and ruin. TLhe tribula, as the same implement was called by the Romans, has furnished our language with a synonym for the worst forms of affliction. It is uncertain at what time the flail was first introduced. But it was in common use among the Romans, and throughout the greater part of the empire, as well as among most nations of modern Europe, for several centuries superseded nearly every other implement. This highly efficient but tedious and laborious instrument still holds its place upon small farms, and for certain kinds of crops upon large ones, in Great Britain and America. There are few, whose privilege it is to have been born in the country, who are not familiar with an article pleasantly associated with the rural literature and experience of ancient and modern times. The earliest attempt on record to produce an implement of the character of' the modern threshing-machine was made toward the middle of the last century. The genius of mechanics appears about that time to have suddenly invaded the domain of rural economy. The horse-hoe, the drill-plough, and many other valuable contributions were made by it to the labor of the farm and the fireside. 92 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. In place of the spinning-wheel and the distaff, it supplied the spinning mill and the jenney. The threshing floor of clay, the trampling of oxen, and the flail of the thresher" Sweating over his bread Before he eats it; the primal curse; But softened into mercy, made the pledge Of cheerful days and nights without a groan," it sought to replace by the threshing-machine. For the dash of the water-wheel and the moil of men and brutes it substituted the Briarean arms and tireless energy of the steam-engine. These and a thousand other subtitutions in agricultural and general mechanics, if less picturesque than the objects they have supplanted, have made ample amends by their pre-eminent service to mankind; and if mowing, reaping, and threshing machines shall ever have their protean forms arrested and fixed in a definite and recognizable shape, they may in time gather about them as many agreeable associations as their earlier and simple representatives-the scythe, the sickle, and the flail. It is an interesting fact that as the first specific mention of the production of artificial light from coal gas was made nearly two hundred years ago in an historical account of Virginia, given to the Royal Society of England, by the Rev. John Clayton, of' Yorkshire, so the earliest proposition on record, probably, to apply machinery, and perhaps water-power to the threshing of grain, occurs in a work upon that colony of still earlier date. It is found in a tract published in London, in 1650, by Ed. Williams. He urges a vigorous prosecution of the plan of colonization in that quarter, and states, among other reasons, that it would stimulate the invention of labor-saving engines, which were necessary to half-peopled plantations, but were regarded as oppressive monopolizers of labor in over-populous countries. He gives an "explication of the sawmill, an engine wherewith, by force of a wheel in the water, to cut timber with great speed." This mechanism he proposed to introduce into Virginia, and finishes his description of it by saying that the artificer might "easily convert the same to an instrument of threshing wheat, breaking of hemp or flax, and other as profitable uses." It does not appear that the machine was at that early period ever applied to any of those "profitable uses." A number of the first attempts, however, to construct threshing mills in this country were made in the Old Dominion. We propose to glance at some of the early attempts to introduce this class of machinery upon American farms and at some of the results of later invention to show that our people have not been slow to appreciate the advantages of such mechanism nor unsuccessful in supplying it. It is proper, however, before speaking of American machines to look a little at what has been done in Great Britain, where they were first invented. Our own progress may thus be better understood. The first person who ever projected a threshing-machine is said to have been the celebrated Jethro Tull, of Shelborne, in Berkshire, the inventor of the drillplough, and the father of the horse-hoeing husbandry and of systematic agriculture in England, who died in 1740. In constructing an effective threshingmachine he was far from successfil. His attempt was immediately followed by that of Michael Menzies, a Scotcbman, belonging to the fertile grain district of East Lothian. His more successful machine, patented in 1732, is considered the initial instrument of its class. It consisted of a system of flails attached to a revolving cylinder, driven by a water-wheel, and was pronounced by a committee of the Society of Improvers, in Scotland, " of great use to farmers both in threshing the grain clean from the straw and in saving a great deal of labor, for one man would be sufficient to manage a machine which would do the work of six." The next attempt appears to have been made about twenty years after by Michael Sterling, who made a machine on a very different principle, PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 93 that of the flax-hulling machine, in common use. It was found to break off the heads, and to be only well adapted for threshing oats. In 1766 a machine, which could be moved either by horse or water power, and was said to thresh great quantities of corn in a short time, was presented to the London Society of Arts, by Mr. Evers, of Swillington, in Yorkshire, the inventor of a winnowingmachine deposited with the society. Messrs. Alderton and Stewart, of Northumberland, in 1772, devised a machine, with an indented drum six feet in diameter and a number of fluted rollers, between which the grain was rubbed from the ear. (' A mill for separating grain from straw," patented in 1785 by William Winlan, of Marylebone, was constructed upon the principle of the coffee-mill, and performed more than it promised by grinding as well as threshing the grain. The price of this machine was about eC15, as appears from a letter of General Washington, dated November 1, 1787, to Arthur Young, in the sixth volume of whose Annals of Agriculture he had seen a cut and description of it. He requested Mr. Young to procure one, if he was able to recommend it and thought it sufficiently simple to be kept in order by common laborers. In a subsequent letter the general says he is convinced that a Scotch machine, described by his correspondent, was superior to Winlan's, and he concluded to wait a little before he procured one. Some other machines, constructed upon the rubbing principle, were found to damage the grain-an objection thought by some to lie against all machines when used for seed-wheat, and were laid aside. In 1792 Mr. Willoughby, of Bedford, in Notts, returned to the system of flails introduced by Menzies, and constructed a machine with loose beaters attached to a horizontal axis or cylinder, turned rapidly by means of a horsewheel and made to act upon a grated flooring. A Mr. Jubb, of Lewes, in 1795, also made a threshing-machine in which the straw was carried by feeding rollers between two rapidly revolving beaters, whence the corn fell into a winnowing-machine. During the next year the model of a threshing-machine was presented to the Society of Arts of which we have no description. About the same time the description of a curious machine, worked by one horse, walking in a circle of forty feet and moving a cylinder upon which were placed thirty-two flails, making twenty revolutions to one of the horse-wheel was given to the same society. It did not prove to be an efficient agency. In October of that year John Steedman, of Trentham, patented a machine having a number of flails fixed upon a rotary cylinder, while a circular table, revolving horizontally, brought the straw beneath their strokes. All the foregoing machines and a machine with flails, invented by J. Wardrop, of Virginia, introduced the same year in England, have long been regarded as nearly impracticable in principle. The machine which was more properly the basis of those now in use in Scotland and elsewhere, was brought out in 1785, by Andrew Meikle, of Tyrringham, in East Lothian, through a gentleman named Stein, who had long seen the defect of the rubbing process and agreed with the son of Mr. Meikle to build him a perfect instrument. The machine was completed in 1786. It introduced the corn between two rollers and threshed it by four beaters fixed upon a revolving drum. Previous to obtaining a patent, an improvement was made upon the original form of the beaters by substituting for a flat surface a comparatively sharp edge, thus "scutching out the grain," as he termed it, by acting in the direction of the ear, a modification not easily explained without a cut. The inventor, according to Sir John Sinclair, received substantial evidence of the gratitude of his countrymen, whose "voluntary donations" made a comfortable provision for his old age and for his family after him. Professor Low remarks, that "to Andrew Meikle, beyond a question, belongs the honor of having perfected the threshing-machine," although many changes have since 94 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. been made in many parts. It was probably the instrument referred to in the letter of General Washington. In 1789 the first machine with a rake and fan attached, to perfect the cleaning of the grain, was invented, it is believed, by F. Bailey, of Chillingham. In 1795 Mr. Wigfall, of Lynn, patented some improvements, in which he attempted to combine the stroke of the flail with revolving beaters. The latter were loosely attached by short bits of chain instead of being fixed, as in Meikle's scutchers. The grain was carried to the fan by a shaking screen and rolling cloth on an endless arch. About the year 1800 or 1801 the Society of Arts first offered a premium of thirty guineas or a gold medal for a threshing-machine. The medal was accordingly adjudged by the society, in 1810, to H. P. Lee, esq., of Maidenhead Thicket, who, finding the machines then in use so complicated, inefficient, and liable to get out of order, had one constructed under his own directions, which was highly commended for its simplicity and effectiveness. In it rollers were first dispensed with for feeding the straw to be threshed. It was three feet in diameter and two and a half feet in length, and, with two horses, would thresh about twelve bushels in an hour. It consisted of four vanes or beaters, fixed to an axis revolving within a drum or cylinder, formed of iron plates grooved or ribbed parallel to the axis, and connected by wooden curbs so as to admit of Being placed nearer or further from the beaters, according to the kind of grain to be threshed. It was made at a cost, including the horse-wheel by which it was carried, of X40. It was subsequently improved by Mr. William Lester, of Paddington. Another invention called the bolting-machine, afterward much improved by R. Garrett & Son, of Leicester, was highly spoken of at a later period. A patent was taken out in England over twenty years ago by Joseph Atkinson, of Braham Hall, Yorkshire, for a machine said to have been previously patented in this country by S. Turner, of New York. Many other threshing-machines of various degrees of merit were introduced in Great Britain during the first half of this century. Hand threshing-machines were quite common, and received several improvements by Ransom and other large manufacturers. The machines in use in Scotland twenty years ago were generally on the principle of Meikle's, and combined all the later improvements. Those in use in the eastern part of England were generally portable threshers, without rakes or fanners attached. There was much difference in the performance of different machines. A machine erected for J. Hanning, esq., of Dorset, about 1801, would thresh, clean, and sack, it was said, in twelve hours, with the assistance of five men, four hundred bushels of grain. A report on the Scotch machines in 1796 states that those carried by water, or four horses, would generally thresh from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty bushels per diem. Arthur Young states in a report of Norfolk, in 1804, that machines built by Wigfall cost from ~120 to ~210, and worked by six or seven men and four to six horses, would thresh in a day, of wheat, from eighty to one hundred and sixty bushels; of barley, one hundred and twenty to two hundred and fifty-six; and of oats or peas, from one hundred and sixty to three hundred and twenty bushels. The only threshing mill in use in Kent, in 1805, R. Boy's, had by many improvements and alterations been brought to work extremely well. Operated by four horses and twelve men it would thresh, of wheat one hundred and ninety-two bushels, of barley two hundred and fifty-six, and of oats three hundred and twenty bushels daily. A machine of R. Kerr's, described by Sir John Sinclair in 1812 would, with six horses, four men, and four women, thresh about three hundred bushels of wheat in a day, at a saving of one-half the expense of the ordinary mode of threshing. Steam was applied to the business of threshing upon the example farm of Lord Ducie, at Whitfield, where a machine with some valuable modifi PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 95 cations was constructed under the directions of his manager, John Morton, and was driven by an engine of six-horse power. Thus it is apparent that considerable skill and enterprise had been expended upon this class of machines at an early period in the present century. Although tolerably successful, the inventors do not appear to have as yet produced instruments devoid of considerable complication and expense, both in the construction and working of them, which would preclude their general use on farms of moderate size. The early attempt to introduce from abroad into the United States did not, on these accounts, meet with much success. Their high cost, complexity, and liability to get out of order, as well as the amount of horse power and manual assistance required, were objections which led many to doubt the utility of such machines upon American farms. The flail, therefore, and the primitive system of treading out grain by cattle, continued in use as the favorite modes during many years of the present century. The former prevailed in most of the northern States, while in parts of Pennsylvania, in Delaware, the eastern shores of Maryland and Virginia, and, we believe, in Rhode Island, grain was generally trodden out by oxen or horses as the more expeditious method. Horses were preferred for this work. A crop of 3,000 bushels could thus be threshed and secured from "the best laid schemes of mice and men" in ten days, which would employ five threshers with the flail for one hundred days. The treading floors were from forty to one hundred and thirty feet, more commonly sixty to one hundred feet in diameter. with a path twelve to fourteen feet wide near the periphery upon which the grain was laid. The horses were led round at a slow trot, in platoons equidistant from each other, so that four ranks could preserve the distance of one-fourth of a circle and represent the four cardinal points. The floors were sometimes removed from field to field, but permanent floors made hard and smooth, and kept so by careful use, were preferred. They were commonly fenced round, sometimes with an outer and inner fence. Toward the end of the last century Mr. Benjamin Sylvester, of Caroline county, Maryland, introduced the use of a roller to be attached to the horses upon the treading floor. It consisted of a good piece of white oak six and onehalf feet long by twelve to fifteen inches square, which was reduced to an octagon or eight square, and encircled at each end with an iron ring, and had an iron axis in each end. Each of the eight planes were bored with about a dozen two-inch holes, in which were inserted stout pegs of oak, alternating with those in the next row, and made shorter at one end of the roller than the other to fit them for running in a circle. This appendage to the threshing floor cost about twelve dollars, and drawn by three horses, with four men to turn the straw, would thresh a floor of thirty bushels in favorable weather in two hours, or from sixty to eighty bushels in a day. It was introduced into Kent county, Delaware, by Judge John Clayton, wvho, after an experience of over twenty years in preparing for market an annual crop of five hundred to eight hundred bushels of wheat, and as many of oats, considered it superior to any other known mode of threshing. George Cummins, esq., a senator from that county and a large farmer, continued its use for the same length of time, and with Mr. Nicholas Ridgely, of Dover, whose account of it was published in the memoirs 6f the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture in 1816, and other experienced farmers, concurred in the opinion of Mr. Clayton. Although a Scottish threshing-machine was about that time introduced into some parts of the State, the wheat from Kent county was all threshed in the manner above described, and was said to be more sought after and to bring a better price at Wilmington than any other. A good threshing machine of moderate cost was a desideratum, however, with the mass of farmers, and as the Scotch machines were expensive, the attention of American farmers and mechanics had been long turned to the construction of 96 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. an instrument adapted to the circumstances of the country. An effort in this direction appears to have been made before the revolution. In the Pennsylvania Magazine or American Monthly Museum, vol. 1, for 1775, is a plate and description of a threshing-machine constructed with some improvements after a model shown by Mr. Ferguson in his lectures in London. In the account of it the maker is said to have heard of machines for threshing grain erected in America, but had never seen or heard a description of them. We have met with no other reference to such inventions in this country during the colonial period. We find our mechanics, however, immediately upon the organization of the Patent Office, prepared to put on record their inventions in this line, and it is probable some of them may have been made much earlier. The first patent issued by the Secretary of State'for a threshing-machine, was dated March 11, 1791, being the seventh on the records of the office. It was to Samuel Mulliken, of Philadelphia, who on the same day received letters patent for machines for breaking and swingling hemp, for cutting and polishing marble, and for raising a nap on cloth, &c., all of which could scarcely have fallen ready armed and equipped for use from his fertile brain. On the second of August of the same year another patent was recorded for a threshing-machine by William Thompson, of Virginia. In the following year Colonel Alexander Anderson, of Philadelphia, an extensive distiller who made some important improvements in the application of steam to his own branch of manufacture, endeavored to supply the desideratum of a threshing-machine. Hiis machine, a model of which was deposited with the American Philosophical Society, was not patented. But one erected upon its plan in Maryland was found to answer well. After a time the wheel warped so as to impede its action, and from want of confidence or energy in the owner, and the absence of the inventor, it was laid aside. In 1794 two patents for threshing-machines were taken out by Virginiansone dated April 28, by William Hodgson, and the other November 5, by James Wardrop, of Ampthill, in that State. Wardrop's machine, as already mentioned, was introduced in England in 1796. It was made with flails or elastic rods twelve feet in length, of which twelve were attached in a series having each a spring requiring a power of twenty pounds to raise it three feet high at the point. A wallower shaft with catches or teeth, in its revolution successively lifted each flail in alternate movements, so that three of the flails were operated upon by the whole power, viz, twenty pounds. The whole weight to be overcome was one hundred and twenty pounds, and the machine was worked by two men. The flails beat upon a grating, to which the corn to be threshed was fed by hand. We cannot say what success it met with in England. Patents were taken out in March, 1797, by William Booker, also of Virginia, and in November by Richard B. Elliott, of Massachusetts, who were followed in June, 1798, by Thomas C. Montin, who patented a threshing-machine, making nine inventions of that kind in eight years. The next machine brought before the public was that of Christopher Hoxie, of Hudson, New York, patented August 20, 1801. It was considered more promising than any of its predecessors, but did not come into general use. During the year 1802 a Mr. Prentiss, from Edinburg, erected in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, six or seven machines upon the Scotch principle, which were found to answer well. But on account of the extreme care required in feeding them and the inability of common workmen to keep them in repair, the builder being engaged in another business at a distance, prevented their general adoption. The increased demand for American breadstuffs in Europe during the continental wars, and the impulse given to American agriculture about this time, produced frequent attempts to project a threshingmachine adapted to general use. In July of this year two patents were issued for threshing and cleaning grain-one to Ezekiel Miller, of New York, and one to Joseph Pope, of Boston, afterwards of Hallowell, MLaine, a very ingenious PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 97 mechanic and the inventor of an orrery which was purchased by Harvard College. Twenty years after, and four years before his death, Pope received another patent for a machine for the same purpose. In October, 1803, J. F. Turner, of Delaware, followed with a threshing-machine, and during the following year patents were issued to Thomas'Barnatt, of Philadelphia, for threshing and cleaning grain; to Samuel Houston, of Virginia, for the Columbian threshing, break, and cleaning fan; and to James Deneale, of Dumfries, in the same State, for an improvement in threshing-machines. B. B. Bernard, of Virginia, and Simon Willard, jr., of Hudson, New York, took patents in 1807, the former for a simple thresher, and the latter for threshing and cleaning. But one patent was given in 1808, four in 1809, and six in 1810, for threshing and cleaning grain, including one by Isaiah Jennings, of Brookfield, New York, the inventor of the patent burning fluid so extensively used in late years. The number of threshing-machines patented during the next twenty-five years, including those which combined other operations and horse power, was over 240, or nearly ten annually upon an average. In 1815 the trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture offered, among others, a premium of one hundred dollars for the most approved machine for threshing and separating grain, adapted to a farm of medium size, to be claimed before the first of June, 1816. In the summer of the last-mentioned year a Mr. Dumbleton, from England, introduced in the middle States a threshing-machine which was thought at the time to supply all that was desirable. He erected one at Port Penn, Delaware, which gave complete satisfaction. It was speedy, clean in its threshing, easy of management, and portable. We have not seen a full description of it. A machine patented by Seth Ballou, of Livermore, in Maine, in 1821, was the subject of patented improvements by Messrs. Boyd and Ketchum, of Pennsylvania, in 1825, by the inventor in 1826, and by George Jessup, of Troy, New York, in 1830. During the latter year the large number of thirty-four patented inventions connected with the threshing of grain were recorded, and in the following year thirty-eight-the largest number in any year of the period before mentioned. Many of our most ingenious mechanics exercised their skill upon these machines, including Moses Pennock, of Kennett square, Pennsylvania, the inventor of the revolving horse-rake; Jacob Perkins, the inventor of the machine for cut-nails, and numerous others. Pennock patented a vibrating thresher in May, 1827. A machine patented in January, 1831, by Samuel Turner, of Aurelius, New York, was, a few years after, patented in England by a Mr. Atkinson, of Yorkshire. It appears to have been upon the principle of those now in use, having a drum surrounded by a series of pegs so arranged as to pass a similar row of pegs placed on a concave, surrounding nearly one-half the circumference of the drum. In the year 1831 two patents were issued for horse power for threshing-machines to N. P. Stanton, of Syracuse, New York, and to John Lammon, of Macedonia, in that State. These, which now form an important branch of the business of the manufactures of agricultural machinery, have been the subject of 147 patents up to 1857. The great exhibition in London, in 1851, gave an immense impulse to the use and construction of agricultural machines in England and America. Europe was on that occasion first made acquainted with the extent and excellence of American inventions in this department, in which our greatest triumphs were achieved. A great variety of threshing-machines were there exhibited, adapted to steam and horse power. All the English horse-power machines required from four to eight horses to work them. Only one, which was exhibited by the Messrs. Allen, of New York, was operated by a single horse. 7 c 98 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. New York manufacturers have shown much enterprise in the department of rural mechanics. In July, 1852, under the direction of the executive committee of the New York State Agricultural Society, an extended and thorough trial of agricultural implements, lasting eight days, was made at Geneva before a select committee. Trials were, on that occasion, made of simple threshers entered by Messrs. Emory & Co., of Albany; George Westinghouse, of Central Bridge; Eddy & Co., Union Village; Ezra W. Badger, of Fly Creek, and George F. Jerome, of Hempstead. The Messrs. J. A. Pitts, of Buffalo; Harris Scovill, of Tompkins county; Daniel Woodbury, of Palmyra; J. Rapalje & Co., of Rochester, and Hall & Thompson, of Rochester, exhibited threshers and separators combined. Nearly all of this large number from a single State were found to be highly efficient machines. One of the largest of them was found to be capable of threshing and cleaning, with eight horses and seven men, 250 bushels of grain in a day, at a cost of four cents and seven mills per bushel. A less efficient machine, requiring double the time to perform the same work, would thresh, without cleaning, 135 bushels, with the aid of five men and two horses, at a cost of four cents and four mills per bushel. The balance of economy generally was found to be in favor of the large machines. The price of the larger machine was $150, and of the smaller but $35. Of nine competing machines the price of three was $150; of one, $145; of two, $40; and of three, $35 each. The horse power exhibited by the same manufacturers was also subjected to careful tests. They were both upon the chain or railroad principle and upon that of the sweep or lever, and cost about $100 each. We thus perceive what an immense gain had been effected in the economy of threshing over the most approved methods and instruments in use in England and America only forty or fifty years before. The World's Fair in New York, in 1853, brought together also splendid illustrations of the progress of the United States in the application of mechanics to the business of the farm. There was a good representation of threshing-machines, of which the following were the principal, which may be supposed to exhibit the highest perfection which the instrument had then attained: The "Farmer's Labor-saving Machine," for threshing, separating, cleaning, and bagging grain, ready measured for the market at one operation, was designed for two horses, and was said to be capable of threshing and cleaning 100 bushels per day. It was patented in June, 1848, by E. S. Snyder, of Charlestown, Virginia, who also exhibited the model of another thresher with an upright cylinder. The rotary seed and grain thresher, with revolving flails, invented by R. W. Palmer, of North Carolina, possessed some new features; and a machine on the old spiked cylinder plan, exhibited by the same manufacturer, contained several improvements. Mr. Palmer took out a patent in England in 1853, and in the United States the next year. Hathaway's combined threshing, hulling, and cleaning machine for all kinds of grain and seeds patented in 1848 by Bradford G.. H Hathaway, of Yates county, New York, was said by the inventor to be capable of threshing and cleaning 600 to 800 bushels of wheat in a day. Gilbert's excelsior thresher and cleaner, patented by Joseph C. Gilbert, of New York, possessed some peculiarities in the construction of the cylinder, for which superiority to all others was claimed; A No. 3 machine of this patent, costing $110, would thresh and clean, it was said; with two horses, 10 to 1,200 bushels of wheat in a day. The improved threshing and separating machine, patented by J. R. Moffit, of Piqua, Ohio, differed in many respects from any other. It was a powerful machine with much complicated but ingenious mechanism. Moffit's machine was introduced in England soon after the NewYork exhibition. It was put in operation upon the farm of Mr. Mechi, at Tiptree Hall, in Essex, PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 99 and driven by a steam power of four horses, and threshed 256 bushels of wheat in four hours, cleaning it in perfect readiness for the market. Of barley it afterwards threshed 56 quarters or 448 bushels in six hours, turning out the grain clean and ready for malting or sale; it turned out 10 quarters in 73 minutes, and outstripped all the exertions of the feeders. Its weight was 129 hundredweight without wheels and driving gear, and cost in America $115. During the Paris exhibition, a trial of mowing, reaping, and threshing machines was made about thirty miles from Paris, which attracted a great concourse from the capital. A correspondent of the New York Tribune says: "Six men were set to threshing with flails at the same moment that the different machines commenced operations, and the following were the results of half an hour's work: "Six threshers with flails.................. 60 litres of wheat. Pitt's American thresher-....... —-----..-. 740 4 4 Clayton's English thresher..........-..... 410 ".. Dunoir's French thresher................... 250 " " Pinet's Belgium thrasher................. 150 " In regard to Pitt's machine the "Moniteur" says: "Pitt's machine has, therefore, gained the honors of the day; tliis machine literally devours the sheaves of wheat; the eye cannot follow the work which is effected between the entrance of the sheaves and the end of the operation. " It is one of the greatest results which it is possible to obtain. "The impression which this spectacle produced upon the Arab chiefs was profound." The "Moniteur " might have added that the effect was no less wonderful to the Prince Napoleon, who returned twice to the machine and declared that it was "frightful to look at,! " as it must have been to all those who never before saw a genuine, fast American thresher. The machine of Diunoir is used almost exclusively in France, but already the demand for the Buffalo machine is s6 great that without doubt it will supersede all others. A machine by G. F. S. Zimmerman, of Virginia, the patentee combined operations for threshing, separating, cleaning twice, screening and Lagging all kinds of small grain at one and the same time. For this machine it was claimed that with six or eight horses it would prepare for the mill 300 to 500 bushels of wheat, and with twelve horses and as many men 800 to 1,000 bushels in a day. Mr. R. L. Allen, of New York, and perhaps other manufacturers also, exhibited threshing-machines, and the Messrs. Von Brocklin, Winter & Co., of Branford, Canada East, sent a machine of their invention and manufacture, having some resemblance to Moffit's, and which had the appearance of being simple, strong, and efficient. The portable steam-engines for farm purposes began, about twenty years ago, to be advocated by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and are now in very general use. They travel, with or without threshers attached, from farm to farm to do the threshing and other work. They are from three to eight or ten horse power, and consume about one hundred weight of coals per diem for each horse power. One of the smallest size named will thresh 20 quarters or more daily. Most of the large farms in England and Scotland have also fixed steamengines of four to ten horse power for threshing and other uses. Their average cost in 1844 was about $600 each, but is now much reduced. By the use of steam and improved threshing-machines the crop is now threshed in the field in about the same time it would take to remove it to the barn. Steam-engines and steam-threshers have within a few years been introduced in Ohio and other parts of the west. A machine of about ten-horse power was several years ago built at Chilicothe, Ohio, and was employed in threshing grain in the fields of the farmers. With 100 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TUE EIGHTH CENSUS. three men accompanying it, and some assistance from the farm hands, it did the work of seventy flails, threshing about 100 bushels an hour, or 700 bushels in a day. It was estimated that the counties of Ross and Pickaway, in Ohio, would require thirty steam-threshers to prepare for market an average wheat crop, the united savings of which would be equal to the labor of forty thousand men. The immense importance of the threshing-machine with steam as a motive power, as well to the grain-grower as to the manufacturer, when they shall have been more generally introduced throughout our extended country, may be readily inferred. To the farmer, in enabling him to take advantage of any sudden rise in the price of grain, and to secure it fiom mischances by fire, weather, or otherwise, its value is very apparent. Messrs. Hoard & Brodferd, of Watertown, New York, were among the first in this country to manufacture steam-engines for farm use. The specimens exhibited by them at the World's Fair in London were, perhaps, not inferior in merit to the best of a large collection. ATNew domestic animals.-Camels and Cashmere goats have been successfully introduced, and strong hopes are entertained of their perfect acclimation and permanent utility. Italian bees have also been brought into the country, and are believed to possess many advantages over the common black variety. Associations and exhibitions.-Among the means and incentives to improvement enjoyed by the farming community we cannot overlook the influence of associations and annual exhibitions. These are not new, but they prove none tie less useful, are now established in most of the States, and in almost every county of some of them. A somewhat new and important application of the association principle has been made in many towns and neighborhoods by the organization of local societies or farmers' clubs. The great advantage of these township associations consists in their adaptation to bring agricultural improvement home to all the people. Ag/ricultural schools and colleges.-But few agricultural schools are in successful operation, although several have been established. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Michigan, and Iowa, have each one, and one or more are about to be established in other States. It does not argue well for the agricultural taste of our people, that while we are in advance of most European countries in the number of our common schools and colleges, we are greatly behind some of them in institutions designed to teach the innumerable applications of science to agriculture, and to elevate and throw a charm around this noble employment. Periodicals.-The number and excellence of agricultural and horticultural periodicals leave little to be desired except that some of them were in the hands of every farmer. Forty papers and magazines, devoted almost exclusively to topics pertinent to farming and gardening, are published in the country, Diseases of animals.-Among the embarrassments which still interfere seriously with farming operations are the diseases of domestic animals. Two forms of disease have more especially attracted attention-the pleuro-pneumonia of neat cattle in Massachusetts, and what is known as hog-cholera in the western States. In reference to the former, the people of the whole Union have incurred a heavy debt of gratitude to the State in which it first appeared, for the prompt and energetic measures adopted to prevent its diffusion. The disease which prevailed among swine caused great destruction, and unfortunately but cmall success attended any efforts devised to arrest its progress. These visitations, with others of more common occurrence, cannot fail to sug PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 101 gest the necessity of a class of well-educated veterinary surgeons. In this particular most European countries are greatly in advance of the United States. It is believed there is nothing about the rural economy of the Old World from which we may so profitably learn a lesson as in securing skilful, medical, and surgical treatment for domestic animals. This necessity has been made still more apparent by recent losses of army horses. We are of the opinion that the country, in the purchase and loss of horses during the insurrection, has incurred expenses already which, under other, circumstances, could have been avoided, to an amount greater than would have been required to maintain a national veterinary school or college on an extended scale for half a century. In truth, we are not sure that the interest on the amount lost would not permanently support such an institution. The multiplication and cost of insurances on live stock furnishes proof of the little reliance placed on the skill of the professed cattle and horse doctor. Destructive insects.-In many instances whole armies of destructive insects have rendered the labors of the husbandman unprofitable or fruitless. The wheat midge, the chinch bug, and the army worm, besides those that have for years preyed on the products of the orchard and garden, occasion the loss of millions of dollars annually. By the labors of entomologists we have been taught to know these enemies more fully, and led to cherish the hope that we shall yet learn how to protect our crops from their ravages. Meteorological observations.-The want of meteorological knowledge, and consequent want of adaptation of our industry to the laws of climate, both general and local, is a frequent source of loss to the farmer. Through the system of meteorology inaugurated by the Surgeon General of the United States army, and that now efficiently carried on by the Smithsonian Institution, the climate of the United States will soon be as well understood as its geology or geography. When the knowledge thus obtained is thoroughly popularized we may expect to see it beneficially applied. For information respecting agricultural products, not referred to in the foregoing notes, the reader is referred to the tables of agriculture appended to the report. The great labor required in the preparation of tables involving such vast interests and varied details has precluded their completion prior to the moment when it becomes necessary to submit them to the printer, a circumstance which is sufficiently explanatory of what some may be disposed to consider a meagre commentary upon a matter of so great importance. It is not improbable that some inconsiderable errors may be detected in the foregoing notes, attributable to the tables having, in some cases, been slightly varied after their adoption as the text for comment. It is confidently believed, however, that no material error or discrepancy will be found to exist in any part of the report. THE PUBLIC PRESS. (APPENDIX, TABLE No. 37.) Among the elements which determine the characteristics of a people no branch of social statistics occupies a more important place than that which exhibits the number, variety, and diffusion of newspapers and other periodicals. Composing, as they do, a part of the reading of all, they furnish nearly the whole of the reading which the greater number, whether from inclination or necessity, permit 102 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. themselves to enjoy, and it was in virtue of this fact that the most philosophical of British statesmen signalized "newspaper circulations" as a more important instrument of the popular intelligence than was generally imagined in his day. The writers of these papers, he added, " are indeed, for the greater part, either unknown or in contempt, but they are like a battery in which the stroke of any one ball produces no effect, but the amount of continued repetition is decisive. Let us only suffer any person to tell us his story, morning and evening, but for a twelvemonth, and he will become our master." And if such was the idea of Burke respecting the influence of the public press, it is equally true that the quality and the dissemination of its fugitive sheets may be said to stand as an exponent at once of the intelligence and the domestic economy of any people. It was in this view that Lord John Russell, in his great speech on Parliamentary reform, delivered in the year 1822, cited the multiplication and improvement in newspapers as gratifying evidences of the augmented wealth and expanding culture of the middle classes in Great Britain. And it was in this view, also, that a great Greek scholar was accustomed to say that a single newspaper published in the age of Pericles (had that age produced any such phenomenon) would, if handed down to us, be a better index of Athenian life and manners than can now be found in any existing memorials of the Grecian civilization. The newspaper and periodical press, now covering so wide a field of activity in every department of thought, has won its way to the commanding position it occupies from very small beginnings. Taking its origin in Italy, and under a form bearing some resemblance to that of modern times, capable of being traced to the sixteenth century,'the newspaper has in our day enlarged equally the area of its diffusion and the character of its contents, while the celerity with which it is disseminated equalizes throughout large tracts of country the conditions of that popular intelligence which make up an enlightened public opinion. The earliest English newspaper, entitled the " Murcurie," was little more than the present "Court Circular" in respect of its matter, while its periodical visits from London to York were, in the time of Cromwell, accomplished "in the brief space of a fortnight or three weeks," At the present day the newspaper and the periodical have become "popular educators." Instead of mere chronicles of formal proceedings or passing events they are vast depositories of discussion and information on all topics which engage the thoughts or enlist the activity of men in the figure of society. A free press has thus become the representative and, for the masses, the organ of that free speech which is found indispensable to the development of truth, either in the religious, the political, the literary, or the scientific world. In each and all of these domains the newspaper and the periodical have accordingly become most efficient agents. And in no country has their influence been more sensibly witnessed, or more widely extended, than in the United States. The universal diffusion of education, combining with the moderate prices at which the daily visits of the public press may be secured, has given to the newspaper a very great currency among us. And where so large a share of the popular activity is, from the very nature of our civil institutions; engrossed in social and political discussions, it is easy to predict that the public press must here ever exert a power which renders it mighty for good or for evil, according to the intelligence and the virtue of those who preside over its conduct. The tabular statement appended to this report, relating to this subject, strikingly illustrates the fact that the people of the United States are peculiarly "' a newspaper-reading nation," and serves to show how large a portion of their reading is political. Of 4,051 papers and periodicals published in the United PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 103 States, at the date of the census of 1860, three thousand two hundred and forty. two, or 80.02 per cent., were political in their character. Two hundred and ninety-eight, or 7.38 per cent., are devoted to literature. Religion and theology compose the province of two hundred and seventy-seven, or 6.83 per cent., while two hundred and thirty-four, or 5.77 per cent., are classed as miscellaneous. The last decade in our civil history has been one of extraordinary political agitation. Accordingly we find that there has been a very large increase in the number of political papers and periodicals, as compared with corresponding publications at the date of the preceding census. In 1850 their number was 1,630. In 1860 it was 3,242, being an increase of nearly 100 per cent. In 1850 the number of religious papers and periodicals was 191. In 1860 it was stated at 277, being an increase of 45 per cent. In 1850 the number of papers and periodicals of every class in the United States was 2,526. In 1860 the aggregate under this head reaches, as before stated, 4,051, showing a rate of increase of 60.37. The total circulation of all kinds amounted in 1850 to 426,409,978 copies. In 1860 the annual circulation is stated at 927,951,548 copies, showing a ratio of increase of 117.61. The total white population of the United States was stated at the date of the census of 1850 to be 19,553,114. In 1860 the census returns report it at 27,008,081, the ratio of increase being 38.12. These figures show how largely the increment of the newspaper and periodical circulation has exceeded the increase of population during the last ten years. In 1850 the annual circulation of all kinds afforded 21.81 copies to each white person in the Union. In 1860 the total circulation was at the rate of 34.36 per person. New Hampshire and South Carolina are the only States which, as compared with the data of 1850, show any considerable decline in the number of copies of papers and periodicals published within their limits. In the States of Maryland and Vermont, and in the District of Columbia, the emissions of the public press at the two dates are nearly uniform. The largest increase, as might have been expected, occurs in the State of California. Of the total circulation in the country, three States, New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, furnish 539,026,124 copies, or considerably more than half of the aggregate amount. PROGRESS OF RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DECADE OF 1850-'60. (APPENDIX, TABLE No. 38.) The decade which terminated in 1860 was particularly distinguished by the progress of railroads in the United States. At its commencement the total extent in operation was 8,588.79 miles, costing $296,260,128; at its close, 30,598.77 miles, costing $1,134,452,909; the increase in mileage having been 22,004.08 miles, and in cost of construction $838,192,781. While the increase in mileage was nearly 300 per cent., and the amount invested still greater, the consequences that have resulted from these works have been augmented in vastly greater ratio. Up to the commencement of the decade our railroads sustained only an unimportant relation to the internal commerce of the country. Nearly all the lines then in operation were local or isolated works, and neither in extent nor design had begun to be formed into that vast and connected system which, like a web, now covers every portion of our wide domain, enabling each work to contribute to the traffic and value of all, and supplying means of locomotion and a market, almost at his own door, for nearly every citizen of the United States. Previous to the commencement of the last decade only one line of railroad had been completed between tide-water and the great interior basins of the country, the products of which now perform so important a part in our internal 104 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. and foreign commerce. Even this line, formed by the several links that now compose the New York Central road, was restricted in the carriage of freight except on the payment of canal tolls, in addition to other charges for transportation, which restriction amounted to a virtual prohibition. The commerce resulting from our railroads consequently has been, with comparatively slight exceptions, a creation of the last decade. The line next opened, and connecting the western system of lakes and rivers with tide-water, was that extending from Boston to Ogdensburg, composed of distinct links, the last of which was completed during 1850. The third was the New York and Erie, which was opened on the 22d of April, 1851. The fourth, in geographical order, was the Pennsylvania, which was completed in 1852, although its mountain division was not opened till 1854. Previous to this time its summit was overcome by a series of inclined planes, with stationary engines, constructed by the State. The fifth great line, the Baltimore and Ohio, was opened, in 1853, still further south. The Tennessee river, a tributary of the Mississippi, was reached, in 1850, by the Western and Atlantic railroad of Georgia, and the Mississippi itself, by the Memphis and Charleston railroad, in 1859. In the extreme north the Atlantic and St. Lawrence, now known as the Grand Trunk, was completed early in 1853. In 1858, the Virginia system was extended to a connexion with the Memphis and Charleston and with the Nashville and Chattanooga railroads. The eight great works named, connecting the interior with the seaboard, are the trunks or base lines upon which is erected the vast system that now overspreads the whole country. They serve as outlets to the interior for its products, which would have little or no commercial value without improved highways, the cost of transportation over which does not equal one-tenith that over ordinary roads. The works named, assisted by the Erie canal, now afford ample means for the expeditious and cheap transportation of produce seeking eastern markets, and could, without being overtaxed, transport the entire surplus products of the interior. Previous to 1850 by far the greater portion of railroads constructed were in the States bordering the Atlantic, and, as before remarked, were for the most part isolated lines, whose limited traffics were altogether local. Up to the date named, the internal commerce of the country was conducted almost entirely through water lines, natural and artificial, and over ordinary highways. The period of the settlement of California marks really the commencement of the new era in the physical progress of the United States. The vast quantities of gold it produced imparted new life and activity to every portion of the Union, particularly the western States, the people of which, at the commencement of 1850, were thoroughly aroused as to the value and importance of railroads. Each presented great facilities for the construction of such works, which promised to be almost equally productive. Enterprises were undertaken and speedily executed which have literally converted them into a net-work of lines, and secured their advantages to almost every farmer and producer. The progress of these works in the aggregate, year by year, will be seen by the tabular statements at the close of the report. The only important line opened in the west, previous to 1850, was the one from Sandusky to Cincinnati, formed by the Mad River and Little Miami roads. But these pioneer works were rude, unsubstantial structures compared with the finished works of the present day, and were employed almost wholly in the transportation of passengers. Within the decade, in place of this one line, railroads have been constructed radiating from lakes Erie and Michigan, striking the Mississippi at ten and the Ohio at eight different points, and serve as trunk lines between the two great hydrographic systems of the west. These trunk lines are cut every few miles by cross lines, which, in the States east of the Mississippi, are sufficiently PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 105 numerous to meet every public and private want, and to afford every needful encouragement to the development of the resources of this country. The southern States have been behind the northern in their public enterprises, though, at the date of the census, they were prosecuting them with great energy and vigor. The progress inland of the great trunk lines of the south has been already noted. The opening of the Mobile & Ohio, and of the Mississippi Central, which will soon take place, will give completeness to the system of the southwestern States, and leave little to be done to make it all that is wanted for that section of the country. West of the Mississippi less has been done, for the reason that the settlements there are of a more recent date, and the people less able to provide the means for their construction than those of the older States. But even upon our western frontier extensive systems have been undertaken and very considerable progress made in their execution. A more interesting subject than the progress of our public works would be their results, as shown in the increased commerce and wealth of the country. But such inquiries do not come within the scope of this report. It is well ascertained, however, that our railroads transport in the aggregate at least 850 tons of merchandise per annum to the mile of road in operation. Such a rate would give 26,000,000 tons as the total annual tonnage of railroads for the whole country. If we estimate the value of this tonnage at $150 per ton, the aggregate value of the whole would be $3,900,000,000. Vast as this commerce is, more than three-quarters of it has been created since 1850. To illustrate the correctness of the estimate made, the following statement is added of the tonnage transported by the railroads of the State of New York for 1860, with the estimated value of the same. The classifications are made by the companies: Kinds of freight. Tons carried. Value per ton. Total value. Products of the forest.................................... 373, 424 $20 00 $7, 468,480 Products of animals...................................... 895, 519 200 00 179,103,800 Vegetable food............................................ 1,103,640 50 00 55,182,000 Other agricultural products................................ 143,219 15 00 2,148,055 Manufactures........................... 511,916 250 00 127,979,000 Merchandise........................................... 783,811 500 00 391,905,500 Other articles............................................. 930244 10 00 9,302,440 Totals.....4............................... 4,741,773 163 00 773,089,275 If we make a deduction of one-quarter for duplications-a portion of the tonnage passing over more than one road-the aggregate would be 3,556,330 tons, having a value of $579,681,790. The railroads of Massachusetts transported, for the same year, 4,094,369 tons; or, making the deductions for duplications, 3,070,027 tons, and having a value of $500,524,201. The number of miles of railroad employed in the transportation of freight being 2,569 in the State of New York and 1,317 in the State of Massachusetts, with the deductions named, the amount of freight transported in these States average 1,700 tons per mile. We have estimated the tonnage of all the railroads of the United States to average one-half the amount 106 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. of the roads in these States. That this is not an overestimate is shown by the following statement of the tonnage of several interior lines: Roads. Length of miles. Tons transported. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati................................... 141 295, 835 Little Miami.......................................................... 120 343,961 Cleveland and Toledo................................................... 147 250,483 Michigan Central................................................. 282 378,570 Michigan Southern............................................... 525 398,679 Illinois Central..................................................... 700 496,390 Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy......................................... 310 538,670 Chicago and Rock Island............................................... 228 301,668 Galena and Chicago............................................. 259 381,188 Total..................................................... 2,712 3,386,393 Average per mile, 1,250 tons. TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES. Tons. The total tonnage of the United States in the year 1814 was.... 1, 368, 127 Since which period have been built (to June, 1861, inclusive).... 8, 307, 397 Total owned and built since 1814..................... 9, 675, 524 The total tonnage owned at the close of the last fiscal year (June 30, 1861) was.......................................... 5, 539, 812 Showing the total decrease in forty-seven years, by decay, wreck, and other loss, to have been.............................. 4, 135, 712 It would appear that the loss by wear and tear, decay, wreck, fire, and other causes, was in forty-seven years 42.75 per cent., while in the past ten years alone it has been about twenty-five per cent. The rapid advance in the ship-building interest during the last forty-seven years, in which the northern States have largely participated, is shown in the following tabular statement of the tonnage built in each decade since 1821, and in the seven years previous: Tonnage built in Annual average. United States. Tuns. Tons. Seven years, 1815-1821.............................................. 638,563 91,223 Ten years, 1822-1831.............................................. 901,598 90,159 Ten years, 1832-1841................................................ 1,178,693 117,867 Ten years, 1842-1851............................................... 1,99,263 199,926 Ten years, 1852-1861.............3.......................... 3,589,300 358,930 Total forty-seven years.................................... 8,307,417 176,753 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 107 Recapitulation of the number and cla's of vessels built in each State oj the Union during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1860. CLASS OF VESSELS. States and Territories. 0 3. C a | Maine.................................... 43 20 95 2 2 172 57,867 New Hampshire.......................... 4................ 1........ 5 3,808 Vermont............................. 2........ 2 110 Massachusetts........................... 30 2 91 2 7 132 33,460 Rhode Island.............................2 1................. 1 4 1 4 1,95 Connecticut.............................. 6 1 15 9 4 35 7,758 New York............................... 4 3 31 125 38 201 31,936 New Jersey........................................ 20 17 1 38 4,254 Pennsylvania.............................. 1 2 16 68 65 152 21,615 Delaware................................................ 7 1 6 14 5,826 Maryland................................ 8 6 24 2 3 43 7,798 District of Columbia............................................. 36........ 36 2,458 Virginia.................................. 1 1 3 4 17 26 4,372 North Carolina.......................................... 9 5 3 17 864 South Carolina................................... 1........ 1 2 12 Georgia................................................................. 4 4 667 Florida.................................................. 2....... 3 255 Alabama................................................. 3..... 5 8 1,189 Mississippi........................................ 5 1 1 7 326 Louisiana........................................... 4........ 8 12 1,500 Tennessee......................................................... 5 5 433 Kentucky........................................................... 29 29 8,631 M issouri.................................................................. 13 13 4,081 Illinois................................................................................ Ohio................................................. 5 3 32 40 6,192 W isconsin......................................... 1........ 1 2 95 Michigan....................1................. 6 8 8 23 2,903 Texas.................................................. 14 1 1 16 1,006 California............................. 20 2 3 30 2,023 Oregon............................................... I.............................. Washington Territory...................................................................... Total 1859 —'60................... 110 36 372 289 264 1 071 212,892 1858-'59.................... 89 28 297 284 172 870 156,602 1857-'58.................. 122 46 431 400 226 1,225 242,286 1856 —57.................... 251 58 504 358 263 1,434 378,804 1855-'56.................... 306 103 594 479 221 1,703 469 393 1854-'55.................... 381 126 605 669 243 2, 024 583,450 Total six years...................................................................... 043,427 Average............................................................................ 340571 108 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. The total tonnage of the United States at the end of the fiscal year 1851 was 3,772,439 tons. If to this we add the tonnage since built and officially reported as 3,589,200 tons, it will show a total of 7,361,639 tons. Tonnage own'd At the end of the yearin the Year built. Tons. United States. Presumed ton- Actual tonnage. nage. June 30, 1851........................ 3,772,439 1851-' 5 351,493 4,123,932 4,138,440 1852....................... 4,138,440 1852-'3 425,471 4,563,911 4,407,010 1853........................ 4,407,010 1853-'4 535,616 4,942,626 4,802,902 1854............... 4,802,902 1854-'5 583,450 5,386,352 5,212,001 1855........................ 5,212,001 1855-6 469,393 5,681,394 4,871,652 1856........................ 4,871,652 1856-'7 378,804 5,250,456 4,940,843 1857.................... 4940,843 1857-'8 242,286 5,183,19 5,049,08 1858..................... 5,049,808 858-'9 156,601 5,206,409 5,145,037 1859......................... 5,145,037 1859-'60 212,89 5, 357, 929 5,353,868 1860..................... 5,353,868 1860-'1 233,194 5,587,062 5,539,812 Tons.....................3....................... 3,589, 00 51,283,200 49,461,373 Presumed loss in ten years.......................................1,827 51,283,200 This is equivalent to a total loss in ten years, from July 1, 1851, to June 30, 1861, of 1,821,827 tons, viz: Tons. Existing June 30, 1851................................. 3, 772, 439 Built since, (ten years, to June 30, 1861).................... 3, 589, 200 Total owned and built in ten years.............. 7, 361, 639 Actually reported June 30, 1861.................... 5, 539, 812 Loss in ten years by decay, wreck, and other causes..... 1, 821, 827 According to the United States treasury report, the loss in ten years has been 1,821,827 tons, or nearly twenty-five per cent., or about 2, per cent. per annum. What portion of this loss is by wreck, and what portion by actual decay, are not shown. Unfortunately the statistics of wrecks and of total and partial losses are not preserved by authority of law, but, in view of their importance, it seems proper that they should be carefully ascertained by private enterprise or public authority. The total tonnage of the United States, at the close of the fiscal year June 30, 1861, was 5,539,812 tons, of which the State of New York owned 1,740,940 tons, or nearly thirty per cent. of the whole. During the same fiscal year the tonnage built was 233,194 tons, of which New York built 46,359 tons, or nearly twenty per cent. The tonnage owned in each district of the State, and built during the two years 1859-1861, was as follows: PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 109 Tonnage owned in New York and built in 1859-'61. Tonnage built Tonnage built Tonnage owned 1859-1860. 1860-1861. June 30, 1861. New York.......................................... 23,484 33,122 1,539,355 Buffalo................................................. 3, 76 8,292 108,224 Oswego............................................................ 4,718 55,552 Greenport............................................. 381.............. 7,080 Sag Harbor........................................... 150 166 5,621 Dunkirk.............4.................................................................. 4274 Oswegatchie........................................................................... 7332 Genesee....................................................................... 2982 Champlain............................................................... 1,791 Cape Vincent........................................................ 61 5,228 Cold Spring....................................................................... 1,839 Sackett's Harbor...................................... 3,988................ 888 Niagara............................................... 116............... 774 State of New York.......................... 31,905 46,359 1,740,940 All other States................................... 180,986 186,835 3,798,872 Total tons................................. 212,891 233,194 5,539,812 1859-1860...................................... 212,891 5,353,868 1858-1859................................. 156,602 5,145,037 1857-1858..................................... 242,286 5,049,808 1856-1857...................................... 378,804 4,940,843 Maine takes the lead as a ship-building State; New York is the second. The other prominent ones are as follows for the past three years, showing a more rapid advance in New York than in other States: 1860-1861. 1859-1860. 1858-1859. States. ________________________ Total tons, three years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Maine........................................ 57,343 57,867 40,905 156,115 New York..................................... 46,359 31,936 16,313 94,608 Massachusetts............................... 37,206 33,461 31,270 101,937 Pennsylvania................................... 24,754 21,615 14,476 60,845 All other States................................. 67,532 68,013 53,638 189,183 Tons built, years 1859-1861............... 233,194 212,892 156,602 602,688 Thus New York, which in 1858-'9 built but little over ten per cent., has, in the last vear, built about twenty per cent. of the whole, and is the second instead of the fourth State in this industrial work. The immense value of this large property in tonnage, owned by our people in 1861, both as a source of temporary profit to the owners, and as an active and permanent means of extending abroad and at home the commerce and manufactures of the country, can scarcely be overestimated. Assuming the average value per ton at forty dollars, the value of this tonnage may be stated at $221,592,480, viz: State of New York........ 1,740,940 tons- $69,637,600, or 31.41 per cent. Other States............ 3,798,872 tons 151,954,880, or 68.59 per cent. Total, U. S., June, 1861.. 5,539,812 tons 221,592,480 110 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CONGRESS. During my superintendency of the seventh census, the Secretary of the Interior, upon the recommendation of the Census Board, directed me to proceed to Europe to investigate the manner of conducting statistical operations in other countries, that we might avail ourselves of all useful information attainable as to the best plan of arranging the details of our census, and my instructions enjoined it upon me to effect, if possible, some arrangement whereby the results of periodical censuses should be ascertained as nearly uniform in time and details as practicable, and the facts classified upon like principles as far as circumstances would admit, in order to allow of the more ready comparison of their details. In my report of December, 1851, representation was made of the course pursued for accomplishing the objects of my mission, and it now gives me pleasure to state that the views of my superior officers here, being at the same time cordially advocated by Baron Quetelet, of Belgium, Doctor Farr, of London, and other distinguished men of science, an important general movement occurred throughout Europe resulting in arrangements for an international congress to elevate the science and improve the administration of statistics, to be held at Brussels the succeeding year, which, however, on account of the unsettled state of Europe, was postponed to the latter days of August, 1853, when the first statistical congress convened at that city, and closed on the 2d of September. In the opening address Baron Quetelet referred complimentarily to my efforts as those of one of the originators of this great movement, and expressed his regret that a political change had severed my connexion with the administration of the census and occasioned my absence. Encouraged by the success attending the convention at Brussels, congresses have since been held at Paris in the month of September, 1855, at Vienna, in September, 1857, and lastly in London, in July, 1860; and arrangements have been made for a fifth congress to be held in Berlin in 1863. I was present at the congress of Paris, and presented a paper which was read and is published at length in its proceedings. As at the first congress held at Brussels, so in the last convened in London, an unequivocal tribute was paid to the agency of this country in directing public attention to the importance of this movement. All these congresses have been attended by many of the most distinguished scientific men of Europe, and their proceedings, which form several quarto volumes, in three languages, contain perhaps the most valuable contributions to statistical science which have ever been published. BUREAU OF STATISTICS. It may not be improper in this connexion to express the opinion that the establishment of a permanent bureau of statistics would prove of inestimable advantage to the country. Such a bureau is maintained by every enlightened government of Europe, and the want of one here has been seriously felt by Congress and the people. Such a bureau has been frequently recommended by Presidents and heads of departments. Eighteen years since the subject was referred to a select committee of the House of Representatives, which made an able report, from which the following extracts are made: The importance of statistical knowledge is proved by the circumstance that scarcely any civilized government exists in the world where a department or bureau has not been established for the purpose of collecting, recording, and arranging statistical facts, and for the dissemination of correct information upon the fiscal, commercial, agricultural, and manufacturing interests of the respective countries wherein such institutions are established. England, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, Belgium, &c., and several of the smaller powers of Germany and Italy, have, in some shape or other, and under various desig PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 111 inations, long possessed the advantages of correct official information upon their several national statistics." "Correct and extensive statistical information is no less necessary to the mass of the people, in order that they may desire, appreciate, and understand correct legislation, than it is for the legislator to enable him to comprehend and to promote the best interests of his constituents. The want of such of a bureau, or rather the want of the information which it would be the means of collecting and disseminating, has long been felt and acknowledged, and by none more than by those members of the national legislature who have been anxious to legislate correctly and impartially, and thereby best advance the true interests of the nation. In many cases the information which has been necessary, owing to the want of a systematic and regular arrangement of materials, cannot be procured but after very great delay; and, in some cases, no diligence or exertion of the department upon which the call has been made can furnish the necessary replies. There are now calls on some of the departments remaining unanswered which were made two years ago; and such is the quantity of extra labor thrown upon the departments by these calls for information that, in one office, the number of extra clerks employed is greater than that of the regular clerks of the department." "Such a bureau would furnish correct information respecting the commercial, the financial, the navigating and shipping, the manufacturing, and the agricultural interests of the country; a digested body of facts relative to the revenue, the custom-house, the post office, the land office, and the Indian department; correct statements respecting the population, the expenses and details of the army and navy, the progress of internal improvements, the state of banks and other institutions, and of monetary affairs and exchanges; and, in short, a regular, connected, and methodized arrangement of every subject to which facts and figures bear any relation, and which are in any way connected with the history, the progress and the condition of the nation at large, and those of the various States and Territories. And here it may be remarked, that, by a full and complete arrangement of the prices of stocks, the rates of exchanges, the quantity of unemployed capital, as exhibited by the amount of deposits in banks and other variations in the money market, the best opportunities for the execution of government financial operations would be ascertained, and the public interest materially promoted." " The duties of the bureau would extend to the arrangement, condensation, and elucidation of the statistics offoreign nations, and to all the various branches of international commercial intercourse, materials for which are daily accumulating, especially from consuls and other public agents abroad." The labors of a statistical bureau would most essentially contribute to the increase of sound knowledge upon all subjects connected with national and international affairs among the people. The theories, often conflicting, of political economists would give place to the practical results of experience, the sober truths of figures, and the unerring demonstrations of facts. The true interests of the people of the country, as a people one and indivisible, would be perceived and understood. Knowledge of the most important kind would be given to the community; additional power, the result of knowledge, be placed in the hands of the legislature; the welfare of the country advanced by its interests being better understood; and legislation would be consistent and onwards, uniformly conducing to individual happiness and national honor and prosperity. It is hoped that nations will no longer seek to conquer by war or physical force, but by an honorable rivalry in the cultivation of the arts of peace, of commerce, of agriculture, of manufactures, and of science. Practical and useful information must be furnished to our people, to enable them to compete with other nations in their laudable career. The object of this bureau would be to furnish this information, and thus place the materials for sound thought, and the foundation for correct action, within the grasp of 112 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. every American citizen. The committee above referred to closed their report with these words: "It is, therefore, respectfully submitted that the establishment of a statistical bureau would be a measure highly advantageous to the public interests, one of very easy and ready practicability, and productive of not only a saving of time and labor, but an absolute diminution of the annual expenses of the general government." No words of mine could add force to such representations, which are doubly applicable in the present condition of the country. It may not inappropriately be added that the census has become so cumbersome on account of the vast area embraced within its operations, and the increasing numbers of population, and enlargement of our material interests, that its successful management demands administrative talent only to be acquired by experience, and must require most of the years of a decade for its completion. With the facilities this office possesses, it would add but little comparatively to its labors to prepare an annual report on population, agriculture, manufactures, commerce, internal improvements, &c., &c., while its permanent establishment would insure the maintenance of a valuable repository of statistical information important to the legislator and statesman. In my opinion, a permanent bureau of statistics, having charge of the census, would add but little to the expenses of the government, as its effect would be to obviate the necessity of employing the vast clerical force now requisite because of their inexperience, and for the reason that the great statistical facts of the country are collected by the census but once in ten years. THE BRITISH CENSUS FOR 1861. The population returns of the British census for 1861 have been courteously furnished to this office in advance of the publication of the full results. They show the number of inhabitants, the division of the sexes, the amount of emigration during the preceding ten years, and, as to Ireland, the religious profession of the people, together with a few other particulars. The census was taken on the 8th of April, and on that day the population of England and Wales, and of the islands in the British seas, was 20,205,504. It was estimated that the portion of the army, navy, and merchant seamen out of the country belonging to England and Wales, not enumerated, was 162,021. The actual increase of population in these divisions of the kingdom was 2,169,576, which was greater than in any previous decade, though the rate of increase has somewhat diminished, owing, it was supposed, to emigration to the United States and elsewhere. The islands in the British seas had a population of 143,779. In respect to the sexes, there were 9,825,246 males and 10,380,258 females, showing an excess of 555,012 females. The disparity is in part accounted for by the absence of men in the army, navy, and merchant service, and from the greater number of males than females who emigrate. The number of inhabited houses enumerated was 3,745,463, of uninhabited 153,494, total 3,898,957; being an increase of 467,424 since 1851. This gives 5.33 inmates for each inhabited house, and would appear to afford a very comfortable amount of aggregate accommodation in regard to shelter to the inhabitants. The progress of population in England and Wales for sixty years has been surprisingly regular. In 1801, the whole number of inhabitants was 9,156,171; in 1811, 10,454,529; in 1821, 12,172,664; in 1831, 14,051,986; in 1841, 16,035,198; in 1851, 18,054,170; in 1861, 20,223,746. The rates of increase per cent. during these several decades, beginning with the end of 1801, was 14, 16, 15, 14, 15, 12. As has been observed, the falling off in the rate per cent. of increase from 1851 to 1861 was accidental, emigration having carried out of the kingdom during the ten years no less than 2,287,205 persons. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 113 In eleven districts there was an excess of registered births over registered deaths of 2,260,576, and in the same districts there was an ascertained increase of 2,134,116 persons. The census of Scotland, taken on the same day, exhibits a total population of 3,061,251, of whom 1,446,982 were males and 1,614,269 females. There were 679,025 separate families, and 393,289 inhabited houses. The number of children attending school between the ages of five and fifteen was 456,699. The increase in the whole population since 1851 was 172,509, or a trifle over six per cent. The females outnumbered the males in Scotland by 167,287. In the returns for Scotland a list of seventy-six cities and towns is given, containing 1,244,578 inhabitants. Whether this comprises the entire urban, as distinguished from the rural population, does not appear; but such is probably the fact, since a few of the places named are mere villages or haimlets of less than five hundred inhabitants. The number of inhabited houses in these cities and towns was 89,520, showing 13.90 inmates to each house. The number of separate families is stated to be 286,585, giving 4.28 individuals to each family. Edinburg, the capital, contains 9,820 inhabited houses, and a population of 168,000; each house, therefore, contains 17.12 inhabitants. Glasgow is the principal commercial city. Its population is 394,857, and it has 13,873 houses which are inhabited, showing that each house accommodates 28.45 persons. Ireland.-It was found that on the 8th of April, 1861, Ireland contained 5,764,543 inhabitants, of whom 2,804,961 were males and 2,959,582 females. The decrease of the whole population from 1851, as shown by this return, was 787,842, being at the rate of 12.02 per cent. during the ten years. In 1841 the population of Ireland was 8,175,124, and in 1851 6,552,385. The falling off during that decade was 1,622,739, or 19.85 per cent. The only localities in which an increase of population was shown by the last census, were Dublin and the towns of Carrickfergus and Belfast, where there is a gain of 18.88 per cent. on the returns of 1851. In explanation of the general decrease of population in Ireland, it is stated that of 2,249,255 emigrants leaving the ports of the United Kingdom from the 31st March, 1851, to the 8th April, 1861, 1,230,986 were Irish, of whom 1,174,179 persons were set down as permanent emigrants. It is remarked that the whole of the last decade was remarkably free from famine, pestilence, riots, and civil commotions, so that the condition of the country was such as ordinarily produces an increase rather than a decline of population But the effects of the great calamities of 1846 and subsequent years extended over the first few years of the last decade, precluding the restorative energies of the country from coming into force and action. As to religion, the Irish people are divided as follows: 4,490,583 are Roman Catholics; 678,661 belong to the established church of England, and 586,563 are Protestant Dissenters. The last-named class includes 528,992 Presbyterians and 44,532 Methodists. The Protestant population are chiefly found in the province of Ulster, where they are about equal in numbers to the Catholics. The commissioners, in their report, note it as a fact worthy of remark, that no objections were made to the inquiries directed to be put on the subject of religion, and that fifteen complaints were made to them of the inaccuracy of the results. The total number of inhabited houses in Ireland in 1861 was 993,233; in 1851, 1,046,223; and in 1841, 1,328,839. This shows a falling off corresponding with the decrease of population. The diminution of inhabited houses from 1841 to 1851 was at the rate of 21.27 per cent., and the decrease since 1851 was 5.08 per cent. It was found that there were 1.14 families in each house. The number of families returned was 1,129,218, showing a decrease of 75,101, or 6.24 per cent. on the returns for 1851. The decrease from 1841 to 1851 was 268,468 families, being at the rate of 18.23 per cent.; (the average number of 8 c 114 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. persons to a family in 1861 was 5.10; in 1851, 5.44; in 1841, 5.54;) results showing a gradual thinning out of the households, attributable to emigration and the other causes leading to a decline in the population. From these statements it will be perceived that the people of Great Britain and Ireland but little exceeds twenty-nine millions, and that the population of the United States has not only, for the first time, reached that of the mother country, but has run beyond her near two, and a half millions of people. DISEASES, AND CAUSES OF DEATH. (APPENDIX, TABLE No. 6.) [Continuation of the chapter on mortality, ending page 32.] In the previous discussion of mortality statistics from other points of view, the conclusion was reached (p. 30) that the actual deaths in the United States occur at the rate of one in forty-five or forty-six of the whole population, and that they amounted to about 680,000 during the year 1860. It will further be admitted, in respect to the corresponding prevalence of sickness and invaliding, that twice the number of annual deaths in a large community will exhibit very nearly the number that are constantly sick. This rule is practically confirmed by numerous statistical comparisons, and though applicable more directly to manhood than to infancy and old age, yet on the whole it is found to furnish a near and convenient approximation. Accordingly, doubling the number of deaths, we readily obtain 1,360,000 for the number constantly sick during the year of the census. The number of sick will be seen to constitute about one twenty-third part of the whole population. Besides watch-care, maintenance, and other attendant charges, so much is the efficiency of our population in respect to labor diminished, and so much is lost to industry and production. It is true that a certain prevalence of disease must be deemed, in the course of nature, "the inevitable lot," yet a large portion is needless, being clearly traceable to the neglect of temperance and the laws of health. The diminution of the current rate of sickness and mortality evidently pertains to the general prosperity and happiness, and may well constitute the leading idea in examining the statistics of disease. AWhat diseases are most influenced by the vicissitudes of climate, and what by the conditions of place? The former depending on the condition of the atmosphlere, and attacking many persons at the same time, have long since been designated epidemic diseases; of which fever, dysentery, influenza, smallpox, and scarliatina or scarlet fever, are examples. The diseases arising from some peculiarity of the soil and surface have been similarly termed endemic; thus, ague is endemic in some marshy districts. More recently it has been proposed to include both epidemic and endemic, together with contagious diseases under the single title of zymotic diseases. The zymotic, from a Greek word signifying leaven or fermentation, are the first division in the general classification of diseases by Dr. Farr, whose researches now constitute a fundamental portion of the system of vital statistics. Among zymotics are arranged four diseases which are contagious, and which can visit the same individual, as a general rule, but once in the lifetime; these are smallpox, measles, scarlatina, and wlaooping-cough. The last three prevail among children more especially. Other maladies under this head, such as dysentery, fevers, and cholera, are noted for wide fluctuations in different periods. Such peculiarities give to this category the greatest interest, and the question whether one particular year or locality is more healthy than another chiefly depends on the relative mortality from zymotic diseases. All other diseases may be regarded as isolated disorders, such as apoplexy, consumption, dropsy, which bear off nearly the same proportion of the living in every year. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 115 Zymotic diseases. Deaths, Deaths, Proportions, Proportions 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. Cholera........................................ 985 33,074 0.28 11.87 Cholera infantum.............................. 4,804 3,960 1.35 1.45 Croup................................................... 15 188 10, 706 4.25 3.84 Diarrhcea......................7................. 7,847 6, 366 2.20 2.28 Dysentery.......................................... 10,461 20,556 2.93 7.38 Erysipelas.......................................... 2,756 2,786 0.77 1.00 Fever, intermittent...................4............... 4,447 964 1.25 0.35 Fever, remittent...................................... 11102 18,496 3.11 6.63 Fever, typhoid, typhus............................ 19, 207 13,099 5.38 4.69 Fever, yellow...................................... 657 785 0.18 0.28 Influenza......................................... 387 252 0.11 0.09 Measles....................3...................... 3,900 2,983 1.09 1.07 Scarlatina...................................... 26, 393 9,584 7.39 3,44 Smallpox.............................................. 1,263 2,352 0.35 0.84 Syphilis............................................... 231 146 0.07 0.05 Thrush.............................. 554 424 0.16 0.15 Whooping-cough............................... 8,400 5, 280 2.35 1.90 Total zymotic.............................. 118,582 131,813 33.22 47.28 Other specified diseases................................. 218, 261 134,803 61.14 48.36 Violent deaths.......................................... 20,115 12,174 5.64 4.36 Unknown.......................................... 36 648 44, 233....................... Grand total....................................... 393, 606 323, 023 100.00 100.00 Here the wide and striking difference between the proportions of zymotic disease, 33 and 47 per cent., at once indicates the year ending June 1, 1850, to have been one of unusual mortality. The prevalence of Asiatic cholera has already been mentioned.-(Page 23.) It will be seen that dysentery and remittent or common fever also prevailed in excess during the same year with the Asiatic or epidemic cholera. But deaths from intermittentfever (fever and ague) and from scarlatina (scarlet fever) were more frequent in the year of 1860 than from the same diseases in the former year. Cholera, meaning primarily a vomiting or purging of bile, has the three varieties of cholera morbus, Asiatic cholera, and cholera infantum. The first two have been classed under the single head of cholera, since both have similar characteristics. It is usually after long intervals that some contagion in the air gives the disease a malignant type, as above noted. Of the deaths returned in 1850 there were 1,568 from cholera morbus, although there appears no very definite line of distinction between this and epidemic cholera. Cholera infantum, allied to diarrhcea, is one of the summer diseases of children, which proves most fatal with those from three to eighteen months old, and during the process of teething. The deaths from this disease appear to have been almost equally distributed in 1850 and 1860, and very many of them have probably occurred in the large cities. Yellow fever appears not to have prevailed extensively in either year. Only 785 deaths from this cause were reported in 1850, and only 657 in the year 1860. At intervals of years this disease takes a malignant type and prevails a dreaded scourge in tropical climates along the sea-coast. The whole population increased in the last ten years about 35 per cent. Therefore, by adding a little more than one-third to the deaths by each disease 116 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THIE EIGHTH CENSUS. in 1850 the results can then be compared with those of 1860 on an equal basis of population. By this method it will be found that measles and thrush (cancerous sore mouth) occurred with equal rates of mortality in both years; croup and some other diseases nearly so, as will be seen by inspection of the preceding statistics. The inquiry, What maladies have. been the most fatal in the United States? is answered by the table given in the Appendix. A slight inspection will show that the number of deaths by consumption is the greatest of all. Next to this is the family of fevers, of which the mortality has just been stated. The deaths from consumption and some other noted diseases have been as follows: Diseases. Deaths in 1860. Deaths in 1850. Consumption...................................................... 48,971 33, 516 Pneumonia................................................................ 27076 12, 130 Pleurisy............................................1..................,262 2,167 Scrofula............................................................ 2,683 1,860 Delirium tremens, intemperance.......................................... 1,504 951 Dropsy................................................................ 12, 034 11,217 D[iphtheria....................................................... 1 3............... Consumption, according to medical authority, "begins with a change in the constitution, followed by the deposit of a cheese-like matter, forming tubercles in the lungs and other parts, ending in ulceration. When this tuberculous matter is deposited in the glands of the neck and in the bones and joints it constitutes scrofula; in the glands of the abdomen, mesenteric disease; neither of which affections differs from consumption in its essential anatomical cause." Consumption is believed to prevail more extensively in the northern States, as fevers, predominate in the southern States. Pneumonia is characterized by inflamlm:ation of the lungs, and pleurisy by inflammation of the lining membrane (f the lulgs. The total deaths in 1860 from consumption, pneumonia, and Lpleurisy were 77,309. Deliricum tremens, or mania a potu, " a disease caused by the abuse of spirituous liquors, is characterized by tremor, sleeplessness, and delirium." Under the same head are brought the deaths returned from intemperance, making a total of 1,504, and showing the large increase of 58 per cent. during the past ten years. DilphtAeria is the most recent name of a disease characterized by a thick membranous exudation in the throat. It is allied to croup and to scarlet fever, vith whicTh it is sometimes confounded. It is asserted to' be not contagious, but curable in a large majority of cases. In 1850 the name had attracted little or no atrention; and in 1860 the number of deaths from this cause were but 1,663, a number much less than the notoriety of the disease would imply. It belongs to the zymotic class. Lastly, the statistics of Violent Deaths will be found interesting, as the causes of demise are more intelligible or less shrouded in mystery than those of disease. It appears that only 5,669 "accidental deaths" of females were reported, against 12,399 deaths of males by accident. A still greater disparity of the same kind is shown in the subdivisions of " drowning, fall, fire-arms, freezing," and "railroad" accidents. The deaths by " suffocation," however, are quite evenly distributed among the two sexes. But among the deaths by "burns and scalds" the predominant loss ranges decidedly to the side of females, a result of fire naturally following from domestic avocations and difference in attire. On the whole, taking the accidental deaths as the measures of risk during that year contrasted with the present, the implied inference may be expressed that the male class are fully twice as much exposed to dangers as the female class, in their usual habits of life. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 117 Under the head of suicides are counted 794 deaths of males and 208 of females, or nearly as four to one. Among these desertions from life, "hanging" is the principal resort. To complete the dark picture in which has been given to the " unproportioned thought, its act," 458 deaths by justifiable and unjustifiable " homicide" are also reported, together with 526 "murders" and 61 "executions." So many distinct cases have been gathered, and a considerable number more have doubtless escaped registration. For further details, until the full returns of the census are published, reference may be made to the table of diseases and violent deaths in the Appendix. As to arrangement, the alphabetical list of diseases extends across four successive pages for the first group of States from Alabama to Illinois, inclusive; then a second group of States ifom Indiana to Michigan is inserted in the same manner; and so on, making five groups in all, with a final aggregate for the whole United States. NOTES. THE RELATIVE POSITION OF STATES, IN AREA, POPULATION, DENSITY OF POP' ULATION, RATIO OF INCREASE, AND INCREASE ACCORDING TO AREA. The diagram and table which precede the population tables in the Appendix are designed to illustrate the relative rank and position of the several States from different points of view. The diagram exhibits the numerical position according to gross population. The light lines indicate the slaveholding States, the black lines the free States. Virginia, for example, having the largest population in 1790, maintained that position until 1810, after which she successively sunk to the second, third, fourth, and, in 1860, to the fifth place. Ohio, which was first included in the census in 1800, then standing eighteen, stood thirteen in 1810, five in 1820, four in 1830, three in 1840, 1850, and 1860. The upper figures, with the circles, give the decennial ratios of increase. The detached column of circles contains the mean ratios of increase. The table gives the numerical position in 1860 of the several States in point of area, population, population per square mile, average ratios of increase for the time during which each State has been represented in the census, and actual numerical increase of population per square mile from 1850 to 1860, and also from 1790 to 1860 for those States which were included in the first census Were we to continue the erroneous estimate of the area of Iowa entertained in 1850, that State would occupy an improper position in this table. The correct area is 55,045 miles, population per square mile 12. 26, absolute increase per square mile, 1850 to 1860, 8.77. POPULATION OF CITIES. (APPENDIX, TABLE No. 40.) The table above referred to shows the population of some of the more prominent cities of the United States, as returned by the census of 1850 and of 1860, respectively; also the increase and decrease, and rate per cent. of increase and decrease in population from 1850 to 1860. The average increase in the population of the cities above enumerated is 78. 62 per cent.; the increase of the whole population of the United States during the same period (as is shown in another table) is 35. 59 per cent. The average decrease of the ten cities in the table, whose population has diminished since the returns of the census of 1850, is 14. 66 per cent. INCREASE IN POPULATION. Cities. From 1840 to 1850. From 1850 to 1860. Per cent. Per cent. New York......................................................... 64.86 56.27 Philadelphia*............................................. 54.27 65.43 Boston.............................................................. 19.68 29.9 Baltimore........................................................ 65 23 25.65 Cincinnati........................................... 149.11 39.5i Saint Louis........................................................ 372.26 106.49 New Orleans..................................................... 13.87 44.94 Chicago.................................................... 570.31 264.65 * The bounds of Philadelphia were extended in the year 1852 so as to dmbrace the entire county, which accounts'to some extent, for the great and unusual increase of population during the last decade. 118 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. CONCLUSION. It has been my endeavor in the foregoing statement, to represent impartially the condition of the material interests of the country for the year ending June 1, 1860; that previous to the one in which the unhappy rebellion, at present existing against the integrity of the government, assumed shape and form. However imperfect in detail and deficient in completeness, it has been my aim to impart all the information available, in a form acceptable to the general reader. The figures which we have given, make it appear that during the decade from 1850 to 1860 our population, in the aggregate, has increased more than thirty-five per cent. More than fifty millions of acres of land were brought into cultivation. The productions of agriculture multiplied in ratio greater than the population. The products of manufacture increased nine hundred millions of dollars, or at the rate of eighty-six per cent. The banking capital ran up from $227,469,074 in 1850, to $421,880,095 in 1860, while the circulating currency was augmented $52,089,560. The amount of insurances increased about $311,000,000. MAore than 22,000 miles of railroad were completed, and the capital involved increased from $296,640,148 in 1850, to $1,151,560,829 in 1860; while to indicate on the map of our country the lines of telegraph would be to represent the web of the spider over its entire surface. Our internal and foreign trade kept pace with our advance in production and increase of capital. Education, free to a great extent, has been made more accessible, and crime has rather diminished. We experienced no effects of wide-spread pestilence, and our country seemed the chosen abode of prosperity and peace. Admitting that the insurrection has tended to depress commerce, to paralyze many branches of industry, and plunged the nation into a debt of surpassing magnitude, and while the ordinary internal trade, so vast in its amount, has been suspended between the North and West and the South, there may be found abundant causes for thankfulness that the mass of our population has thus far experienced but gently, the sufferings and desolation usually attendant upon a revolution of so wide-spread and serious a nature as this has proved. The naCHANGES OF AREA. By such as desire to institute a very minute consideration of the progress of particular States, and the District of Columbia, for all periods, the fact should not be lost sight of, that for a period of near half a century a portion of Virginia, including the city of Alexandria, was enumerated as part of the District of Columbia, but for the last two censuses has been included in Virginia —a circumstance which affected the ratio of progress from the sixth census of Virginia and the District. In this connexion it may be mentioned for the benefit of future inquirers, that since the taking of the eighth census, two towns (Seekonk and Pawtucket) of Massachusetts have been assigned to and have become part of Rhode Island, and Fall River, of the latter State, has become a part of the city of Fall River, Massachusetts. By the eighth census the population of these places was as follows, viz: Seekonk, 2,662; Pawtucket, 4,200; Fall River, 3,377. This arrangement gives to Rhode Island 6,862 of the population of Massachusetts, and to the latter State the population of Fall River, resulting in the gain to the former State of 3,485 on the number returned by the census, and the loss of that number to the State of Massachusetts. FIRE-ARMS. [Continued from page 75.] The first rifles made by machinery to use the Minie ball, or its equivalent, were made at Hartford, Connecticut, and Windsor, Vermont, for the English government. The machinery and tools for the armory at Enfield, England, were made at Windsor, Vermont; Hartford, Connecticut; and Chicopee, Massachusetts. Robbins & Lawrence did most of the work on such machinery and tools, and James T. Ames, agent of the Chicopee Works, got out the stocking machinery, and some other parts. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 119 tion may seem to bend with its present burdens, but the American people possess a buoyancy and energy equal to the emergency. The truth is, the mass of our people feel some of the calamitous effects of the insurrection less than those of other governments experience them, and the singular and anomalous fact is apparent to all, that, while the people of the United States beyond the direct influence of the rebellion, and who constitute a large proportion of its inhabitants, are prospering in every branch of industry, and while our government securities are being eagerly absorbed, and the stocks of the Northern States are coveted at a premium, many of the powerful nations of Europe witness the prostration of their manufactures and decline of commerce with serious apprehensions lest the pressure on their people may lead to deplorable sufferings. The manufactures of the North and the agriculture of the vast West have progressed with a vigor altogether beyond expectation, and while the influx of gold and the unexampled exports of breadstuffs, and the demand for army supplies, in provisions, forage, horses, and various fabrics of our own production, have protected the North and West from financial convulsions and pecuniary suffering, the spirit of self-dependence which the comparatively helpless condition of many of the Southern States, cut off from foreign supplies, has compelled them to encourage in the promotion of manufactures, will doubtless exercise a wholesome effect upon their fiture prosperity. That, amid the immense and unexampled exportations of grain and provisions, the large withdrawal of labor from agriculture and manufacturing pursuits, the country should possess, as it does, an immense surplus of provisions, and that the means of subsistence should have scarcely appreciated in value, or the cost of labor should not have greatly risen, affords the strongest proofs of the energies of our people and the inexhaustible nature of the resources of the land; and it is hoped that the truth as presented by the census, will teach us the importance of union and harmony, and stimulate a proper pride in the country and people as one and indivisible. A people who have in twenty-five years doubled their numbers and much more than quadrupled their wealth need not apprehend with misgiving any inability to pay all the national debt which has been incurred. That we have suffered and lost materially, and temporarily in national dignity, notwithstanding what we continue to enjoy, must be evident to all; but, as in the convulsions of nature and the physical sufferings of communities or desolations of cities, the evil is generally but transitory, often resulting in accelerated prosperity, by the sweeping off of the feebler elements and bringing new energies and resources into action, we may not unreasonably hope that a few years will obliterate most of the painful reminiscences resulting from our present unhappy condition, and that while history will point to this period as one of dire calamity in our experience as a nation, we will, before the taking of the ninth census, be restored to harmony, and, profiting by the past, realize the importance of peace and the blessings of prosperity, with a good assurance of the long continuance of both. I have the honor to be your obedient servant, JOS. C. G. KENNEDY, Superintendent. Hon. CALEB B. SMITH, Secretary of the Intcrior. DIAGRAM Illustrating the relative course and position of each State, with ratio of increase, from 1790 to 1860. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. MEAN RATIO. Va. 1 >..-..... 17.............;.73.-. 27.52.2.e 8 63.45 Q ^'9.6 I27.8- 25.71PA.. N. C. 3.) /.. ~Cias 4 2.2 3619...........~500 6131 I. 9 146........ 10-;.' LL. 7m,7ass. )^*^ -.' 4."a 4 Md,. o.,,)-. -""" 83.....-i.:.... iS. C. 7"' \.j 1.53l7 ^1( MA1SS. G1.''~..'22.02' 33 78.........'57.0' N en. l7 1,. S / 175.,3,.....,,',5.08^...'' i 7.:1'.,:-. 9'. DliB~e 19 9, lt3 0 19'* 4 9 tD. RIC. %.....', 6,.:^%, Ten. ^*^"'*^ *^r(^./ —@.}H,i 29)/,cal3J \*;3i I 1$ o....' "..r..... 0Miss.4) 13) T 47 -D. 1. OD~:~~'.... Ga.. 13 13 -, % 13., 13:...13.}.....94"':qo d2 Mich. 9 402.38'/ "',f 1....9.,s:%,"'-..^ /- ~91 "'' 14:' -...4.,.ro 0 46,!&.06 ][S iv. II. 1D:)^(^';.~- J^ al.'... it..29 i:.1.1.,15..iOre.32, 1 4. 15 ~~Ga,~ 13'~','1 19. 0.4 4 4.943 24..01. 7..n. 13-07 - 3-D1. 4:q"'"" MISS..'.19.;:,,,,~ I....4 1 04C13 7 24 251.14 IOWA Tg~en2. 12 2 v.' " M 22",.' k. 7,: ".': l7,: A1.74 )%. ~ 19:': 19 /: 2~.t' i ".,.?..:= k,~a,9 [.::.... 2oll.2.... Mich. ",2..O2: "2..i: 2 t / 2!21 25 2 A 26. 26. 2''~ 3, %. 27 27 "~':"7.1 -2 21 6 52:'... 60. w..~.'.. 27.:'.,27.y.,. Dl H. \'..Yo -Ore.3" I""' PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 121,States in the order of their area and population. ARRANGEMENT OF STATES ACCORDING TOAbsolute increase of populatic.n Population per per square mile. Area in sq. miles, Population.. Mean ratio. square mile. 1790 to 1860. 1850 to 1860. 1. Tex.. 237,331 1. N.Y.. 3,880,735 1. Mass. 157.83 1. Minn. 2,760.87 1. Mass. 109.28 1. Mass. 30.33 2. Cal... 188,982 2. Pa... 2,906,115 2, R. I.. 133.71 2. Wis.. 520.47 2. R.L. 80.79 2. N. J. 21.93 3. Ore.. 95,274 3. Ohio. 2,339,502 3. Conn. 98.45 3. Cal. 310.37 3. N.Y. 76.97 3. R... 20.74 4. Minn. 83,531 4. Ill... 1,711,951 4. N. Y. 84.36 4. Iowa. 298.99 4. N. J. 58.64 4. Conn. 19.12 5. Mo... 67,380 5. Va... 1,596,318 5. N.J.. 80,77 5. Ore.. 294.65 5. Pa... 53.74 5. N.Y. 17.03 6. Va... 61,352 6. Ind.. 1,350,428 6. Md... 73.43 6. Mich. 217.65 6. Conn. 47.50 6. Ill... 15.54 7 Fla.. 59,268 7. Mass. 1,231,066 7. Pa.., 63.18 7. Ind.. 202.83 7. Mo.. 39.26 7. Pa... 12.93 8. Ga... 58,000 8. Mo.. 1,182,012 8. Ohio. 58.54 8. Tex. 184.22 8. Ky. 28.73 8. Md.. 11.06 9. Mich. 56,243 9. Ky... 1,155,684 9. Del.. 52.93 9. Ill... 183.40 9. Del.. 25.05 9. Ind.. 10.72 10. I11... 55,405 10. Tenn. 1,109801 10. Ind.. 39.93 10. Ark.. 139.14 10. Vt... 24.26 10. Del.. 9.76 11. Iowa. 55,045 11. Ca... 1,057,286 11. N. H. 35.14 11. Miss. 131.,81 11. Tenn. 23.55 11. Ohio. 8.99 12. Wis.. 53,924 12. C. 99.,622 12. Vt... 34.79 12. Mo... 130.92 12. N. H. 19.85 12. Wis.. 8.99 13. Ark.. 52,198 13. Ala.. 964,201 13. Ill... 30.90 13. Ohio. 122.07 13. S. C. 18.55 13. Iowa. 8.77 14. Ala.. 50,722 14. Miss. 791,305 14.'Ky... 30.67 14. Tenn. 79.77 14. Me.. 17.72 14. Mo.. 7.43 15. Miss. 47,156 15. Wis.. 775,881 15. S.C.. 28.72 15. Ala.. 72.11 15. Ga.. 16.81 15. Mich. 6.25 16. La... 46,431 16. Mich. 749,113 16. Va... 26.02 16. Fla.. 59.32 16. Va.. 13.83 16. La... 4.65 17. N.Y. 46,000 17. La... 708,002 17. Tenn. 24.34 17. La... 58.20 17. N.C. 13.31 17. Ky.. 4.60 18. Pa... 46,000 18.S. C.. 703,708 18. N. C. 22.06 18. Ky.. 57.60................ 18. Ark. 4.32 19. Tenn. 45,600 19. Mid.. 687,049 19. Me.. 20.94 19. Ga... 45.75......... 19. Miss. 3.93 29, N.C. 45,000 20. Iowa. 674,948 20. Ala... 19.01 20. N.Y. 42.61.......... 20. Ala. 3.80 21. Ohio. 39,964 21. N. J.. 672,035 21. Ga... 18,23 21. Me.. 31.69............... 21. Va.. 2.85 22. Ky.. 37,680 22. ie... 628,279 22. Mo... 17.54 22. Pa... 31.26............... 22. N. C. 2.76 23. Ind.. 33,809 23. Tex.. 604,215 23. Miss. 16.78 23. Vt... 23.01................ 23. Ga... 2.61 24. Me... 30,000 24. Conn. 460,147 24. La... 15.25 24. N.J.. 20.62................ 24. Tenn. 2.35 25. S.C.. 24,500 25. Ark.. 435,450 25. Wis.. 14.39 25. Mass. 18.61................ 25. Minn. 1.98 2. Md.. 9,356 26. Cal.. 379,994 26. Mich. 13.32 26. R. I. 18.60................ 26. Tex.. 1.66 27. N. 11. 9,280 27. N. 1. 323,073 27. Iowa. 12.26 27. S. C. 17.43............... 27. Cal.. 1.53 28. Vt... 9,056 28. Vt... 315,098 28. Ark.. 8.34 28. N.. 14.25................ 28. Me 1.50 29.N.J.. 8,320 29. R.I.. 174,620 29. Tex.. 2.55 29. N. H. 12.91................ 29. S. C. 1.44 3'. Mass. 7,800 30. Minn. 173,855 30. Fla.. 2.37 30, Md... 11.72.......... 30. Fla...89 31. Conn. 4,674 31. Fla.. 140,425 31. Minn. 2.08 31. Va... 11.54............... 31. N. H..88 32. Del.. 2,120 32. Del,.. 112,216 32. Cal.. 2.01 32. Conn. 10.12................ 32. Vt....11 33. R.I.. 1,306 33. Kan. 107,206 33. Ore...55 33. Del.. 9.79............................... 34. Ore.. 52,465.......................................................... AP P E N D I X, COMPRISING TABLES REFERRED TO IN THE REPORT. 124 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE NO. 1.-Population of thze States and Territories from NOTES.-(*) Indicates all persons, except indians, not taxed. (t) Added or deducted to make the aggregates, CENSUS OF 1790. STATES. White. Free colored. Slave. Total. A labam a............................................................................................. A rkansas................................................. * * **.............. California................................................................................ Connecticut.................................. 2581 2801 2,759 238141 Delaware.................................... 46, 310 3, 899 8,887 59, 096 Florida................................................................................................ Georgia........................................ 52,886 398 29, 264 82,548 Illinois............................................................................................... Indiana............................................................................................... Iowa...................................................................... Kansas......................,............................,.......,,............. Kentucky...................................... 61,133 114 11,830 73, 077 L ouisiana............................................................................................ Maine....................................... 96002 538......... 96,540 Maryland..................................... 208,649 8, 043 103,036 319, 728 Massachusetts.................................. 373 254 5,463........... 378,717 M ichigan.............................................................................................. Minnesota............................................................................... Mississippi............................................................. M issouri..........................*****...... *........................................................ New Hampshire....................... 141,111 630 158 141 899 New Jersey.............................. 169,954 2,762 11,423 184,139 New York..................................... 314142 4654 21,324 340,120 North Carolina............................... 288,204 4,975 100,572 393, 751 Ohio.. 0...................................................................... Oregon.............................................................................................. Pennsylvania.................................. 424,099 6,537 3,737 434,373 Rhode Island................................. 64,689 3,469 952 69,110 South Carolina........................... 140,178 1,801 107,094 249,073 Tennessee....................... 32, 013 361 3,417 35,791 Texas,.,............ [ T exas...................,........,............................................... Vermont..................................... 85,144 255 17 85,41.6 Virginia...................................... 442,115 12,766 293,427 748,338 W isconsin.......................................................................................... 3,172,464 59,466 697,897 3,929,827 TERRITORIES. Colorado............................................................................................. Dakota........................................................................................ Nebraska.........................................-............... N evada.............................................................................................. New Mexico.................................................................................... Utah.............................................................................................. W ashington................................................................................... District of Columbia...................................................................... 3,172,464 59,466 697,897 3,929,827 _________________________ ______ _______~~~ ~~~~~ __ _ _1_ _ _ PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 125 1790 to 1860, respectively, with the rate of increase and decrease. published incorrectly in those years. (:) Persons on board vessels-of-war in the U. S. naval service. (1) Loss. CENSUS OF 1800. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1790 TO 1800. White. Free colored. Slave. Total. White. Free colored. Slave. Total. ~...........................................................................................................~........................... ~.....................................................I............. ~.............................,...........I........................................................ 244,721 5,330 951 251,002 5.21 90.28 65.531 5,40 49,852 8,268 6,153 64,273 7.64 112.05 30.761 8.76 101,678 1,019 59,404 162,101 92.25 156.03 102.99 96.37 4,577 163 135 41875................................................ 179,871 741 40,343 220,955 194.22 550.00 241.02 202.36 150,901 818........... 151,719 57.18 52.04............ 57.16 216,326 19,587 105,635 341,548 3.67 143.52 2.52 6.82 416,793 6,452............ 423,245 11.66 18.01........... 11.76 5,179 182 3,489 8 850.......................................... 182,898 856 8 183,762 29.61 35.87 94.931 29.50 195,125 4,402 12,422 211,949 14.81 59.37 8.74 15.10 556,039 10,374 20,343 586,756 77.00 122.09 4.061 72.51 337,764 7,043 133,296 478,103 17.19 41.56 32.53 21.42 45) 028 337............ 45 365............................................ 586 094 14,561 1, 706 602,361 38.19 122.74 54.341 38.67.65,437 3,304 381 69,122- 1.15 4.751 59.971.02 196,255 3,185 146,151 345,591 40.00 76,84 36.46 38.75 91,709 309 13,584 105,602 186.47 14.041 297.54 195.05 153 908 557........... 154,465 80.76 118.43............ 80.84 514,280 20,124 345,796 880,200 16.32 57.63 17.84 17.63 4,294,435 107,612 889,797 5,291,844 35.37 80.96'27.50 34.66,066 783 3,244 14 093................................................ 10,066 783 3,244 14,093 4,304,501 108,395 893,041 5,305,937 35.68 82.28 27.97 35.0 i less 12 t less 12 126 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 1.-Population of the States and Territories, yc.-1810. CENSUS OF 1810. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1800 TO 1810. STATES. White. Free Slave. Total. White. Free Slave. Total. colored. colored. Alabam a............................................................................................ Arkansas...............,........................................................ California....................................................................................... Connecticut........... 255,279 6,453 310 262,042 4.31 21.06 67.041 4.40 Delaware............... 55,361 13,136 4,177 72,674 11.05 58.87 32.111 13.07 Florida.............................................................................................. Georgia............... 145,414 1,801 105, 218 252,433 43.01 76.74 77.12 55.73 Illinois............... 11,501 613 168 12,282............................... Indiana................ 23,890 393 237 24,520 421.95 141.01 75.55 402.97 Iow a................................................................................................ Kansas. K ansas.............................................................................................. Kentucky.............. 324,237 1,713 80,561 406,511 80.26 131.17 99.69 83.98 Louisiana.............. 34,311 7,585 34,660 76,556............................... Maine................. 227,736 969.......... 228,705 50.91 18.45........ 50.74 Maryland............... 235,117 33,927 111,502 380,546 8.68 73.21 5.55 11.42 Massachusetts.......... 465,303 6,737............ 472,040 11.63 4.41........ 11.53 Michigan............... 4,618 120 24 4,762............................... Minnesota....................................................................... Mississippi.......... 23,024 240 17,088 40,352 344.56 31.86 389,76 355.95 Missouri.............. 17,227 607 3,011 20,845................................ New Hampshire........ -213, 390 970............ 214,360 16.67 13.31...... 16.65 New Jersey............ 226,861 7,843 10,851 245,555 16.26 78.16 12.641 15.86 New York.......... 918,699 25,333 15,017 959,049 65.22 144.19 26.181 63.45 North Carolina.......... 376,410 10,266 168,824 555,500 11,44 45.76 26.65 16.19 Ohio................... 228,861 1,899......... 230,760 408.26 463.05........ 408.67 Oregon....................................................................................... Pennsylvania.......... 786,804 22,492 795 810,091 34.24 54.46 53.391 34.49 Rhode Island........... 73,314 3,609 108 77,031 12.03 9.23 71.651 11.44 South Carolina......... 214,196 4,554 196,365 415,115 9.14 42.98 34.35 20.12 Tennessee......... 215,875 1,317 44,535 261,727 135.39 326.21 227.84 147.84'Texas.......................................................... Vermont............... 216,963 750........ 217,713 40.96 34.64...... 40.95 Virginia................ 551,534 30,570 392,518 974,622 7.24 59.09 13.51 10.73 W isconsin.......................................................................................... 5,845,925 183,897 1,185,969 7,215,791 36.13 70.89 33.28 36.36 TERRITORIES. Colorado..................................................................................... Dakota................................................................................ Nebraska................................................................................... Nevada.................................................................. New Mexico......................................?........................................... Utah................................................. ~................................................ W ashington....................................................................................... District of Columbia.... 16,079 2,549 5,395 24,023 59.73 225.54 66.30 70.46 5,862,004 186,446 1,191,364 7,239,814 36.18 72.00 33.40 36.45 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 127 TABLE No. 1.-Population of the States and Territories, L4c.-1820. CENSUS OF 1.820. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1810 TO 1820. STATES.. ---------- White. Free Slave. Total. White. Free Slave. Total. colored. colored. Alabama............. 85,451 571 41,879 127,901................................ *18 Arkansas............... 12,579 59 1,617 14,255............................... California....................................................... *100 Connecticut............ 267,161 7,844 97 275,102 4.65 21.55 168.07 5.02 Delaware............... 55,282 12,958 4,509 72,749 l0.14 11.35 7.94 0.10 Florida........................................................................................ *4 Georgia................ 189,566 1,763 149,654 340.983 30.36 *2.0U11 42.23 35.08 *49 Illinois................. 53,788 457 917 55,162 367.68 125.44 445.83 349.53 Indiana................ 145,758 1,230 190 147,178 510.12 212.97 119.83 500.24 Iowansa............................... Kansas............................................................................................. *18.2 Kentucky.............. 434,644 2,759 126,732 564,1k:5 34.05 61.06 57.31 38.82 *484 Louisiana.............. 73,383 10,476 69,064 152,923 113.87 38.11 99.26 100.39 *66 Maine.................. 297,340 929......... 298, 269 30.56 14.12........ 30.45 Maryland.............. 260,223 39,730 107,397 407,350 10.67 17.01 13.68 7.04 *128 Massachusetts....... 516,419 6,740........... 523,159 10.98 0.04........ 10.86 *131 Michigan............... 8,591 174............ 8,765 _,86.03 45.00........ 8681 Minnesota........................................................................ Mississippi............. 42,176 458 32,814 75,448 83.18 90.83 92.02 86.97 *29 Missouri............. 55,988 347 10,222 66,557 225.00 14283 239.48 219.43'139 New Hampshire........ 243,236 786......... 244,022 13.98 118.96........ 13.90 *1.49 New Jersey............. 257,409 12,460 7,557 277,426 13.46 58.86 130.35 13.04 *701 New York............. 1,332,744 29,279 10,088 1,372,111 45.06 15.57 132.82 43.14 North Carolina......... 419,200 14,612 205,017 638,829 11.36 42.33 21.43 15.00 *139 Ohio................... 576,572 4,723............ 581,295 151.93 148.07........ 151.96 Oregon............................................................................'*1,951 Pennsylvania........... 1,017,094 30, 202 211 1,047.507 29.26 34.27 173.45 29.55 *44 Rhode Island.......... 79,413 3,554 48 83,015 8.31 11.52 155.55 7.83 South Carolina......... 237,440 6,826 258,475 502,741 10.85 49.89 31.62 21.11 *50 Tennessee.............. 339,927 2,727 80,107 422,761 57.46 107.06 79.87 61.55 Texas............................................................ *15 Vermont............... 234,846 903............ 235,749 8.24 20.04....... 8.29 *250 Virginia................ 603,087 36,889 425,153 1,065,129 9.34 20.67 8.31 9.31 W isconsin............................................................................... TERRITORIE~S. 7,839,317 229,456 1,531,748 9,605,152 34.10 24.77 28.85 33.11 Colorado............................................................................................. Dakota............................................................................................. Nebraska......................................................................................... Nevada........................................................................................ New Mexico........................... U tah............................................................... W ashington.............................................................................. District of Columbia..... 22,614 4,048 6,377 33,039 40.64 58.08 18.02 37.53 7.861,931 233.504 1,538,125 9,638,191 34.11 25.23 28.79 33.13 f Add6 f Add 20 f Less 87 f Less 60 128 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 1.-Population of the States and Territories, ic.- 1830. CENSUS OF 1830. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1820 TO 1830. STATES. White. Free Slave. Total. White. Free Slave. Total. colored. ~ colored. Alabama................ 190,406 1,572 117,549 309,527 122.82 175.03 180.68 142.01 Arkansas................ 25,671 141 4,576 30,388 104.07 138.98 182.99 112.91 California.................................................................................... Connecticut.......... 289,603 8,047 25 297,675 8.04 2.58 74.221 8.17 Delaware........... 57,601 15,855 3,292 76,748 4.19 22.35 26.991 5.05 Florida................. 18 385 844 15,501 34,730................................ Georgia................ 296,806 2,486 217,531 516,823 56.57 41.00 45.35 51.57 Illinois............... 155,061 1,637 747 157,445 188.28 258.02 18.531 185.17 Indiana............. 339,399 3,629 3 343,031 132.85 195.04 98.421 133.07 Kansas................................................ Kentucky..517,787 4,917 165,213 687,917 19.12 78.21 30.36 21.09 Louisiana.............. 89,441 1,190 109,588 215,739 21.88 59.05 58.67 v 40.63 Maine.................. 398,263 16,710 2 399,455 33.94 28.09........ 33.89 Maryland............... 291,108 52,938 102,994 447,040 11.86 33.24 4.091 9.74 Massachusetts.......... 603 359 7,048 1 610,408 16.83 4.56.....,. 16.65 Michigan............... 31,346 261 32 31,639 264.87 50.00...,.... 255.65 M innesota........................................................................................ Mississippi............. 70,443 519 65,659 136,621 67.02 13.31 100.09 81.08 Missouri............... 114,795 569 25,091 140,455 105.03 63.97 145.46 110.94 New Hampshire........ 268,721. 604 3 269,328 10.47 23.i51........ 10.31 New Jersey............ 300,266 18,303 2,254 320,823 16.64 46.89 70.171 15.58 New York............. 1,873,663 44,870 75 1,918,608 40.58 53.24 99.251 39.76 North Carolina........... 472,843 19,543 245,601 737,967 12.79 33.74'19.79 15.552 Ohio................... 928,329 9,568 6 937,903 61.00 102.58...... 61.31 Oregonl................................................................ Pennsylvania.....1..... 1,309,900 37,930 403 1,348,233 28.78 25.58 90.99 28.47 Rhode Island........... 93,621 3,561 17 97,199 17.89 0.19 64.581 17.02 South Carolina......... 257, 863 7,921 315,401 581, 185 8.06 16.04 22.02 15.06 Tennessee............. 535,746 4,555 141,603 681,904 57.06 67.03 76.76 61.28 T exas............................................................................................... Vermont............ 279,771 881........... 280,652 19.12 2.43........ 19:04 Virginia.............. 694,300 47,348 469,757 1,211,405 15.12 28.35 10.49 13.71 W isconsin........................................................................................... f5,318..................... 5,318............................... 10,509,815 313,447 2,002,924 12,826,186 34.07 36.60 30.76 33.53 TERRITORIES. Colorado......................................................................................... Dakota.......................................................................................... Nebraska............................................................ Nevada................................................................................. New Mexico.................................................... Utah................................................................... Washington........................................................................................ District of Columbia..... 27,563 6,152 6,119 39,834 21.28 51.97 4.041 20.57 10,537,378 319,599 2,009,043 12,866,020 34.03 36.87 30.61 33.49 PRELIMINA'RY REPORT ON THE EIGIITH CENSUS. 129 TABLE No. 1.-Population of the States and Territories,!4c.-1840. CENSUS OF 1840. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1830 TO 1840. STATES... --------- White. Free Slave. Total. White. Free Slave. Total. colored, colored. Alabama............... 335,185 2,039 253,532 590,756 76.03 29.07 115.68 90.86 Arkansas............... 77,174 465 19,935 97,574 200.62 229.78 335.64 221.09 California...................................................................... Connecticut............ 301,856 8, 105 17 309,978 4.23 0.72 32.001 4.13 Delaware........... 58,561 16,919 2,605 78,085 1.66 6.71 20.861 1.74 Florida................. 27,943 817 25,717 54,477 51.98 3.191 65.09 56.86 Georgia................ 407,695 2,753 280, 944 691,392 37.36 10.74 29.15 33.78 Illinois................. 472,254 3, 598 331 476,183 204.56 119.79 55.681 202.44 Indiana............... 678,698 7,165 3 685,866 99.97 97.43........ 99.94 Iowa................... 42,924 172 16 43,112............................ Kansas........................................................................................... Kentucky.............. 590,253 7, 317 182,2 58 779,828 13.99 48.81 10.31 13.36 Louisiana.......... 158, 457 25,502 168,452 352, 411 77.16 52.61 53.71 63.35 Maine.................. 500,438 1,355............ 501,793 25.65 13.86........ 25.62 Maryland............... 318,204 62,078 89,737 470,019 9.03 17.26 12.871 5.14 Massachusetts.......... 729, 030 8,669............ 737,699 20.82 22.99....... 20.85 Michigan.......... 211,560 707.. 212,267 574.91 1.70.88........ 570.09 M innesota............................................................................... Mississippi......... 179,074 1,366 195,211 375,651 154.21' 163.19 197.31 174,96 Missouri............... 323, 888 1,574 58,240 383,702 182.14 176.62 132.11 173.18 New Hampshire........ 284,036 537 1 284,574 5.69 11.091 66.661 5.66 New Jersey......... 351,588 21,044 674 373,306 17.09 14.97 70.091 16.36 New York.............. 2,378,890 50, 0-27 4 2,428, 921 26.96 11.49 94.661 26.60 North Carolina.......... 484,870 22,732 245,817 753,419 2.54 16.31 0.08 ~ 2.09 Ohio................... 1,502,122 17, 342 3 1,519,467 61.08 81.25 50.001 62.01 Oregon.......................................................................................... Pennsylvania.......... 1,676,1115 47,854 64 1,724,033 27.95 26.16 84.111 27.87 Rhode Island........... 105,587 3,238 5 108,830 12.78 9.071 70.581 -11.97 South Carolina......... 259,084 8,276 327, 038 594, 398,0.47, 4.48 3.68 2.27 Tennessee......... 640,627 5,524 183,059 829,210 19.57 21.27 29.27 21.06 Texas............................................................................................ Vermont............... 291,218 730............ 291,948 4.09 17.131........ 4.02 Virginia................ 740,858 49,852 449,087 1,239,797 6,07 5.28 4.041 2.34 Wisconsin........ 30,749 185 11 30 945................... 16,100...................... 6, 100............................... 14,165,038 377,942 2,482,761 17,025,741 34.78 20 57 23.96 32.74 TERRITORIES. Colorado.................................................................................... Dakota.............................................................................................. Nebraska......................................................................... Nevada.............................................................................. New Mexico........................................................................... Utah................................................................................. Washington............................................................................ District of Columbia..... 30,657 8,361 4,694 43,712 11.22 35.09 23.281 9.74 14,195,695 386,303 2,487,455 17,069,453 34.72 20.87 23.81 32.67 9 130 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 1.-Population of the States and Territories, 4-c.-1850. CENSUS OF 1850. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1840 TO 1850. STATES..- - - - - WThite. Free Slave. Total. White. Free Slave. Total. colored, colored. Alabama.............. 426,514 2,265 342,844 771,623 27.24 11.08 35.22 30.62 Arkansas............... 162,189 608 47,100 269,'87 110.16 30.75 136.26 115.12 California.............. 91,635 962......... 92,597........................... Connecticut............ 363,099 7,693............ 370,792 0.28 5.081........ 19.62 Delaware............... 71,169 18,073 2,290 91,532 21.52 6.82 12.091 17.22 Florida................. 47,203 932 39,310 87,445 68.92 14.07 52.85 60.52 Georgia................ 521,572 2,931 381,682 906,185 27.93 6.46 35.85 31.07 Illinois................. 846,034 5,436............ 851,470 79.14 51.08........ 78.81 Indiana................ 977,154 11,262......... 988,416 43.97 57.55........ 44.11 Iowa................... 191,881 333............ 192,214 347.02 93.60........ 345.85 Kansas............................................................................................... Kentucky......... 761,413 10,011 210,981 982,405 28.99 36.81 15.75 25.98 Louisiana.............. 255,491 17,462 244,809 517,762 61.23 31.521 45.32 46.92 VdAne.................. 581,813 1,356............ 583,169 16.26 0.07........ 16.22 Maryland............ 417,943 74,723 90,368 583,034 31.34 20.36 0.70 24.04 Massachusetts.......... 985,450 9,064............ 994,514 35.17 4 55....... 34.81 Michigan............... 395,071 2,583......... 397,654 86.74 265.34........ 87.34 Minnesota.............. 6,038 39............ 6,077.......................... Mississippi......... 295,718 930 309,878 606,526 65.13 31.911 58.74 61.46 Missouri............... 592,004 2,618 87,422 682,044 82 78 66.32 50.10 77.75 New Hampshire........ 317,456 520........... 317,976 11.76 3.161....... 11.74 New Jersey........... 465,509 23,810 236 489,555 32.04 13.14 64.981 31.14 New York..... 3......... 3,048,325 49,069............ 3,097,394 28.14 1.91 l........ 27.52 North Carolina....... 553,028 27,463 288,548 869,039 14.05 20.81 17.38 15.35 Ohio................... 1,955,050 25,279........... 1,980,329 30.15 45.76........ 30.33 Oregon................. 13,087 207............ 13,294............................... Pennsylvania......... 2,258,160 53,626............ 2,311,786 34.72 12.06........ 34.09 Rhode Island........... 143, 875 3,670............ 147,545 36.26 13.34........ 35.57 South Carolina......... 274,563 8,960 384,984 668,507 5.97 8.26 17.71 12.47 Tennessee.............. 756,836 6,422 239,459 1,002,717 18.13 16.25 30.80 20.92 Texas.................. 154,034 397 58,161 212,592............................... Vermont................ 313,402 718............ 314,120 7.61 1.641........ 7.59 Virginia................ 894,800 54,333 472, 528 1,421,661 20.77 8.98 5.21 14.60 Wisconsin............. 304,756 635......... 305,391 891.01 243.24........ 886.88 19,442,272 424,390 3,200,600 23,067,262 37.25 12.28 28.91 35.48 TiERRITORIES. Colorado..................................................................... Dakota........................................................................... Nebraska............................................................................................. Nevada.............................................................................................. New Mexico........... 61,547...................... 61,547............................ Utah.................. 11,354.......... 26 11,380................................ Washington....................................................... District of Columbia.... 37,941 10,059 3,687 51,687 23.75 20.30 21.451 18.24 19,553,114 434,449 3,204,313 23,191,876 37.74 12.46 28.82 35.87 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 131 TABLE No. 1.-Population of the States and Territories, S4c.-1860. CENSUS OF 1860. RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1850 TO 1860. STATES. - -------- -------- - -------- - -------- ------ - ----- ---- ----- *. White. Free Slave. Total. White. Free Slave. Total. colored, colored Alabama............... 526,431 2,690 435,080 964,201 23.43 18.76 27.18 24.96 Arkansas............... 324,191 144 I 111,115 435,450 99.88 81.251 135.91 107.46 [*14,555] California........,...... 361,353 4,086........... 365,439 294.34 324.74........ 310.37 Connecticut............ 451,520 8,627............ 460,147 24.35 12.14........ 42.104 Delaware.............. 90,589 19,829 1,798 112,216 27.28 9.72 21.481 22.60 Florida................ 77,748 932 61,745 140,425 64.70....... 57.07 60.59 Georgia................ 591,588 3,500 462,198 1,057,286 13.42 19.41 21.10 16.67 Illinois................. 1,704,323 7,628............ J711,951 101.45 40.32........ 101.06 Indiana................ 1,339,000 11,428............ 1,350,428 37.03 1.47........ 36.63 Iowa................... 673,844 1,069......... 674,918 251.18 231.53........ 251.14 Kansas................. 106,579 625 2 107,206.......................... Kentucky.......... 919,517 10,684 225,483 1,155,684 20.76 6.72 6.87 17.64 Louisiana.......... 357,629 18,647 331,726 708,002 39. 6.78 35.50 36.74 Maine................. 626,952 1,327......... 628,279 7 2.141........ 7.74 Maryland............. 515,918 83,942 87,189 687,049 23.14 12.35 3.521 17.84 Massachusetts.......... 1,221,464 9,602............ 1,231,066 23.95 5.93........ 23.79 Michigan............. 742,314 6,799............ 749,113 87.89 163.22........ 88.38 Minnesota.............. 171,864 259......... 172,123 2,775.06 709.38........ 2,760.87 Mississippi............ 353,901 773 436,631 791,305 19.68 16.881 40.90 30.47 Missouri................ 1063,509 3,572 114,931 1,182,012 79.64 36.44 31.47 73.30 New Hampshire........ 25,579 494........... 326,073 2.56 5.00/........ 2.55 New Jersey........,.. 646,699 25,318 18 672,035 38.92 6.33 92.371 37.27 New York......3....... 3,831,730 49,005............ 3,880,735 25.70 0.131........ 25.29 North Carolina.......... 631,100 30,463 331,059 992, 622 14.12 10.92 14.73 14.20 Ohio.......... 2,302,838 36,673............ 2,339,511 17.79 41.12........ 18.14 Oregon................. 52,337 128......... 52,465 299.92 38.161........ 294.65 Pennsylvania........... 2,849,266 56,849............ 2,906,115 26.18 6.01........ 25.71 Rhode Island........... 170,668 3,952...... 174,620 18.62 7.68.18.35 South Carolina......... 291,388 9,914 402,406 703,708 6.13 10.65 4.53 5.27 Tennessee.......... 826,783 7,300 275,719 1,109,801 9.24 13.67 15.14 10.68 Texas.............. 421,294 355 182,566 604,215 173.51 10.581 213.89 184.22 Vermont.......... 31.. 314,389 709........... 315,098 0.31 1.25Z........ 0.31 Virginia............. 1,047,411 58,042 490,865 1,596,318 17.06 6.83 3.88 12.29 Wisconsin........ 774,710 1,171.......... 775,881 154.20 8.44....... 154.06 26,706,425 476,536 3,950,531 31,148,047 37.37 12.30 23.44 35.04 TERRITORIES. Colorado............... 34,231 46............ 34,277................................ a2,261 Dakota................. 2,576........5.. 76...................... Nebraska............. 28,759 67 15 28,841................................ Nevada................ 6,812 45............ 6,857............................... a10,507 New Mexico........... 82,924 85............ 83,009 34.73................ 51.94 Utah.................. 40,214 30 29 40,273 254.18........ 11.53 253.89 a426 Washington........ 11,138 30............ 11,168............................... District of Columbia.... 60,764 11,131 3,185 75,080 60.15 10.66 13.621 45.26 26,973,843 487,970 3,953,760 31,443,322 37.97 12.33 23.39 35.59 a Indians. 132 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 1-Continued. Ratio of increase of population of the States and Territories, 4fc. 2 Representation 0 1 RATIO OF INCREASE FROM 1790 TO 1860. uuderthe appor- M 0 tionment. 3 ~~WhSTATES.-_ _ _ -. ~ White. Free Slave. Total. | colored. 5 ft 0Q 0 I.5 Q. Alabama.............. a516.06 371.10 938.90 653.87 790169 6 1... 6 Arkansas............... a2,477.24 144.07 6,771.68 2,950.87 391,004 3.... 1 3 California.............. b294.34 324.74.......... 310.37 365,439 3 1 3 Connecticut............ 94.13 208.00.......... 93.22 460,147 4....... 4 Delaware.. 95.61 408.57 179.76 89.88 111,496 1.... 1 Florida................ c322.89 10.43 298.33 304.33 115,727 1... i.... 1 Georgia........... 1,018.60 779.40 1,479 41 1,180.81 872,406 7 1.... 7 Illinois........... dl14,718.92 1,144.37........ 13,838.70 1,711,951 13.... 4 14 Indiana........... e29,154.97 6,911.04...... 27,601.09 1,350,428 11....... 11 Iowa................. 1469.85 541.86.......... 1,465.57 674,913 5.... 3 6 Kansas........... 107,206 1........ 1 Kentucky.............. 1,404.13 9,271.92 1,806.03 1,481.46 1,065,490 8 2.... 9 Louisiana.............. d942.32 145.84 857.09 824.82 575,311 5.... 1 5 Maine.................. 553.06 146.65......... 550.80 628,279 5 1.... 5 Maryland............... 147.27 943.67 115.38 114.88 652,173 5 1.... 5 Massachusetts.......... 227.25 75.76.......... 225.06 1,231,066 10 1.... 10 Michigan............... 15,974.36 5,565.83....... 15,631.06 749,113 6.... 2 6 Minnesota.............. e2,775.06 564.10.......... 2,760.87 172.123 1 1 2 Mississippi........... e6,733.38 3-24.73 12,414.50 8,841.30 616,652 5........ 5 Missouri.............. d6,073.50 488.47 3,717.03 5,570.48 1,136,039 9.... 2 9 New Hampshire........ 130.73 21.59.......... 129 79 326,073.... 3 NewJersey............. 280.51 816.65 163,361.11 264.96 672,027 5........ 5 New York.............. 1,119.74 952.96........ 1,040.99 3,880,735 31 2.... 31 North Carolina.......... 118.98 512.32 229 18 152.09 860,198 7 1.... 7 Ohio.................... e5,014.24 10,780.19.5,057.08 2,339,511 18 3 19 Oregon................. 8299.92 138.16.......... 294.65 52,465 1....... 1 Pennsylvania.......... 571.80 769.65.......... 569.03 2,906,115 23 2.... 24 Rhode Island......... 163.82 13.92.......... 152.67 174,620 1 1.... 2 South Carolina......... 107.87 450.47 275.75 182.53 542,745 4 2.... 4 Tennessee............. 2,482.65 1,922.16 7,969.04 3,000.78 999,513 8 2.... 8 Texas........8.......... 173.51 110.58 2J3.89 184.22 531,188 4....2 4 Vermont............... 269.24 178.04.......... 268.90 315,0198 2 1.... 3 Virginia........... 136.90 354.66 67.29 113.32 1,399,972 11 2.... 11 Wisconsin..f......... d2,219.46 532.97.......... 2,407.29 775,881 6.... 3 6 741.87 701.41 466.06 692.65 29,553,273 233........ 241 TERRITORIES. Colorado....................................................................................... D akota................................................................................ N ebraska........................................................................................ N evadas........................................................................................... New Mexico............ 34.73........... 51.94............ Utah..................8. 6254.18.......... 11.53 253.89.... Washington............................................................ District of Colum bia... e503.66 1,321.58 11.82 43....75. 750.30 720.65 466.53 700.16....................... a From 1820. 8 From 1853. c From 1830. d From 1810. e From 1800. fFrom 1840. TABLE No. 1-Continued. Table showing the nu'mber of the Inhabitants of the States and Territories at each Census from 1790 to 1860, inclusive, and the number of Whites, Free Colored, and Slaves, respectively, together with the rate of increase of each class during the several decennial terms andfor the whole period. I ooS 0 0 0 0 S ao *2...0 ~o Aggregate population. 1790. 183 18400. 1810.7 1820. 1830. 1849. 481850. 1860. 0 Cd CZ C3 Total population........... 3,929,827 5,305,925 35.02 7,239,814 36.45 9,638,131 33.13 12,866,020 33.49 17,069,453 32.67 23,191,876 35.87 31,443,2-2 35.59 700.16 0 Total white population....... 3,172,464 4,304,489 35.68 5,8 2,004 36.18 7,861,937 34.11 10,537,378 34.03 14,195,695 34.72 19,553,114 37.74 26,973,843 37.97 750.30 Total free colored population. 59,466 108,395 82 28 186,446 72.00 233,524 25.23 319,599 36.87 386,303 20.87 434,449 12.46 487,970 12.33 720.65 Total free population........ 3,231,930 4,412,884 36.54 6,048,450 37,06 8,095,461 33.84 10,856,977 34.11, 14,581,998 34.31 19,987,563 37.07 27,461, 813 37.40 747.66 z Total slave population....... 697,897 893,041 27.97 1,191,364 33.40 1,538,038 28.79 2,009,043 30.61 2,487,455 23.81 3,204,313 28.82 3,953,760 23.39 466.53 Total colored population..... 757,363 1,001,436 32.23 1,377,810 37.58 1,771,562 28.58 2,328,642 31.45 2,873,758 23.41 3,638,762 26.62 4,441,730 22.07 486.48 i.,. - _.. Total population in 1860, including Indian tribes. H Total population of the States and Territories.......................................... 31,443,322 Q White population of Indian Territory west of Arkansas................................... 1,988 Free colored population of Indian Territory west of Arkansas....................... 404 Slave population of Indian Territory west of Arkansas............................... 7,369 Population of Indian tribes, (according to table on page 136).......................... 294,431 31,747,514 05r 0^~ TABLE No. 2. Table showzng the population of the States and Territories by Sexes, according to the Eighth Census, 1860. WHITE. FREE COLORED. INDIANS. SLAVES. Aggregate f STATES. -------------------------------------------------- I [ [ [Total free.- [ ( population. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Alabama........... 270,190 256,081 526,271 1,254 1,436 2,690 81 79 160 529,121 217,766 217,314 435,080 964,201 Arkansas............ 171.477 152,666 324,143 72 72 144 24 24 48 324,335 56,174 54,941 111,115 435,450 California........... 239,856 98.149 338,005 2,827 1,259 4,086 8,269 6,286 14,555 379,994..........................379,994 *22,385 *963 *23,348 Connecticut......... 221,851 229,653 451,504 4,136 4,491 8,627 7 9 16 460,147.... 460,147 Delaware........... 45,940 44,649 90,589 9,889 9,940 19,829...... 110,418 860 938 1,798 112,216 Florida.............. 41,128 36,619 77,747 454 478 932 1 1 78,680 31,348 30,397 61,745 140, 425 Georgia.I........... 301,066 290,484 591,550 1,669 1,831 3,500 17 21 38 595,088 229,193 233,005 462,198 1,057,286 Illinois............. 898,941 805,350 1,704,291 3,809 3,819 7,628 11 21 32 1,711,951................................... 1,711,951 Indiana.............. 693,348 645,362 1,338,710 5,791 5,637 11,428 121 169 290 1,350,428............................ 1,350,428 Iowa................ 353,900 319,879 673,779 566 503 1,069 27 38 65 674,913................................... 674,913 M Kansas............ 58,806 47,584 106,390 286 339 625 86 103 189 107,204........... 2 2 107,206 Kentucky............ 474,193 445,291 919,484 5,101 5,583 10,684 18 15 33 930,201 113,009 112,474 225,483 1,155,684 Louisiana........... 189,648 167,808 357,456 8,279 10,368 18,647 90 83 173 376,276 171,977 159,749 331,726 708,002 0 Maine............ 316,527 310,420 626,947 659 668 1,327 3 2 5 628,279............. H....................... Maryland............ 256,839 259,079 515,918 39,746 44,196 83,942.......599,860 44,313 42,876 87,189 687, 049 Massachusetts....... 592,231 629,201 1,221,432 4,469 5,133 9,602 13 19 32 1,231,066.................................. 1,231,066 Michigan........... 389,919 349,880 739,,99 3567 3232 6,799 1,208 1,307 2,515 749113............................... 749,113 Minnesota......... 91,804 77,691 169,495 126 133 259 1,254 1,115 2,3619 172,123......................... 172,123.. Mississippi.......... 186,273 167,626 353,899 372. 401 773 2....... 2 354,674 219,301 217,330 436,631 791,305 Missouri............ 563,131 500,358 1,063,489 1,697 1,875 3,572 13 7 20 1,067,081 57,360 57,571 114,931 1182,012 New Hampshire..... 159,563 166,016 325,579 253 241 494...................... 326,073.......................326,073 New Jersey......... 322,733 323,966 646,699 13,312 13,006 25,318........................ 672,017 6 12 18 672,035 New York.......... 1910,279 1,921,311 3,831,590 23,178 25,827 49,005 75 65 140 3,880,735............... 3,880,735 North Carolina...... 313,670 316,272 629,942 i 14,880 15,583 30,463 597 561 1,158 661,563 166,469 164,590 331,059 992,622 Ohio................ 1,171,698 1,131,110 2,302,808 18,142I 18,231 36,673 22I 8 30 2,339,511.............23.............. 2, 39,511 Oregon............... 31,451 20,709 52,160 76 52 128 64 113 177 52,45....52,465 Pennsylvania...... 1,427,943 1,421,316 2,849,259 26,373 30,476 56,849 3 4 7 2,906,115.......................... 2,906,115 Rhode Island....... 82,294 88,355 170,649 1,831 2,121 3,952 8 11 19 174,620.............................. 174,620 South Carolina..... 146,160 145,140 291,300 4,548 5,366 9,914 41 47 88 301,302 196,571 205,835 402,406 703,708 Tennessee........... 422,779 403,943 826,722 3,538 3,762 7,300 31 29 60 834,082 136,370 139,349 275,719 1,109,801 - Texas.............. 228,585 192,306 420,891 181 174 355 212 191 403 421,649 91,189 91,377 182,566 604,215 g Vermont............ 158,406 155,963 314,369 371 338 709 9 11 20 315,098.................................. 315,098 Virginia............ 528,842 518,457 1,047,299 27,721 30,321 58,042 55 57 112 1,105,453 249,483 241,382 490,865 1,596,318 Wisconsin.......... 406,309 367,384 773,693 653 518 1,171 288 325 613 775,881......................... 775,81 t199 t05 404.............................................................................................................. Total............... 13,690,364 13,007,246 26,697,610 229,126 247,410 476,536 12,650 10,720 23,370 27,197,516 1,981,389 1,969,142 3,950,531 31,148,047 TERRITORIES. C6lorado............ 32,654 1,577 34,231 37 9 46....................... 34,277................................. 34,277 Dakota............... 1,592 984 2,576..................... 1205 1,056 2,261 4,837............................. 4,837 District of Columbia.. 29,584 31,179 60,763 4,702 6,429 11,131 1........ 1 71,895 1,212 1,973 3,185 75,080 Nebraska............ 16,689 12,007 28,696 35 32 67 30 33 63 28,826 6 9 15 28,841 Nevada.............. 6,102 710 6,812 35 10 45................. 6,857......................... 6,857 New Mexico....... 43, 679 39,245 82,924 45 40 85 5,347 5,105 10,452 93,516.93,516......................... 93, 516 t20 t35 t55 Utah..20,178 19,947 40,125 13 17 30 46 43 89' 40,244 18 11 29 40,273 Washington......... 8,225 2,913 11,138 26 4 30 195 231 426 11,594............................ 11,594 Total.............. 158,723 108,597 267,320 4,893 6,541 11,434 6,824 6,468 13,292 292,046 1,236 1,993 3,229 295,275 Total in States and Total in States and Territories....... 13,849,087 13,115,843 26,964,930 234,019 253,951 487,970 19,474 17,188 36,662 27,489,562 1,982,625 1,971,135 3,953,760 31,443,322? * Chinese and half-breeds, t Half-breeds. 0Q1 *C.x 136 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 3.-Indian Territory west of Arkansas, Whites, Free Colored, and Slaves. White. Free colored. Slave. Subdivision. Total. Total. -otal otal. Aggrfree. gate. Males. Fems. Males. Fems. Males. Ferns. CHOCTAW NATION. Counties, Boklookloo............... 6 4 10................. 10 5 8 13 23 Eagle..................... 16 10 26................. 26 90 92 182 208 Red River................. 9 4 13.......... 13 177 167 344 357 Towson.................. 86 63 149 2 3 5 154 135 144 279 433 Nasboba................. 10 5 15 24 23 47 62 5 5 10 72 Kiamitia................. 39 20 59.................. 59 179 201 380 439 Cedar................... 7 10 17.........,........ 17 31 49 80 97 Blue..................... 183 90 273 4 3 7 280 144 115 259 539 Gaines................... 30 2 32 5 3 8 40 45 51 96 136 Sugar Loaf and Skallyville. 24 16 40................. 40 27 24 51 91 Skallyville................ 70 58 128.................. 128 93 108 201 329 Samnloy and Skallyville.... 27 13 40........... 40 14 17 31 71 Wade..,.................... 17 25 42 42 Jacksfork............................................ 27 21 48 48 Atoka........................................................... 7 5 12 12 Cole................................................................... 129 140 269 269 507 295 802 35 32 67 869 1,125 1 172 2,297 3,166 CHEROKEE NATION. Cherokee Nation.......... 502 211 713 8 9 17 730 1,222 1,282 2,504, 3,234 CREEK NATION. Creek Nation............. 204 115 319 151 126 277 596 811 840 1,651 2,247 CHICKASAW NATION. Counties. Tishomingo............... 53 26 79 1...... 1 80 119 121 240 320 Panola.................... 26 14 40...... 40' 150 170 320 360 Pickens................... 18 9 27 5 7 12 39 121 119 240 279 Pontotoc............................................. 58 59 117 117 97 49 146 6 7 13 159 448 469 917 1,076 SEMINOLE COUNTY. Seminole County.......... 6 2 8 18 12 30 38...................... 38 Total............... 1,316 672 1,988 218 186 404 2,392 3,606 3,763 7,369 9,761 Indian population in the States and Territories not enumerated in the Census and retaining their tribal character. West of Arkansas................... 65,680 Oregon........................... 7,000 California.......................... 13,540 Tennessee................... 181 Georgia....................... 377 Wisconsin............................ 2,833 Indiana.............................. 384 Colorado Territory.................... 6,000 Kansas....................... 8,189 Dakota Territory...................... 39,664 Michigan.......................... 7,777 Nebraska Territory.................... 5,072 Minnesota...................... 17,900 Nevada Territory.........7........... 7,550 Mississippi................... 900 New Mexico.......................... 55,100 New York............................ 3,785 Utah Territory............. 20,000 North Carolina...................... 1,499 Washington Territory.............. 31,000 294,431 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 137 TABLE No. 4. Manumitted slaves, according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census, (1860,) respectively. SEVENTH CENSUS. EIGHTH CENSUS. STATES. Slaves. Manu- One out Per cent. Slaves. Manu- One out Per cent. mitted. of- mitted. ofAlabama............. 342, 844 16 21, 427.0046 435,080 101 4,310.0231 Arkansas............. 47,100 1 47,100.0021 111,115 41 2,711.0369 Delaware............ 2,290 277 8 12.0960 1,798 12 149.6674 Florida.............. 39,310 22 1,786.0559 61,745 17 3,632.0275 Georgia............ 381,68.2 19 20,088.0049 462,198 160 4,360.0229 Kentucky........... 210,981 152 1,388.0720 225,483 176 1,281.0780 Louisiana........... 244.809 159 1,539.0649 331, 726 517 641.1558 Maryland............ 90,368 493 183 5455 87, 189 1,017 85 1.1664 Mississippi........... 309,878 6 51,646.0019 436,631 182 2,399.0416 Missouri............. 87,422 50 1,748.0571 114,931 89 1,291.0774 North Carolina....... 288, 548 2 144,274.0006 331,059 258 1,283.0779 South Carolina...... 384 984 2 192,492.0005 402,406 12 33,533.0029 Tennessee............ 239,459 45 5,321.0187.275,719 174 1,584.0630 Texas................ 58,161 5 11,632.0085 182,566 31 5,889.0169 Virginia.............. 472,528 218 2,167.0461 498,865 277 1.771.0564 District of Columbia......................................... 3,185 8 398.2514 3,200,364 1,467 2,181.0458 3,953,696 3,018 1,309.0763 TABLE No. 5. Fugitive slaves, according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census, (1860,) respectively. SEVENTH CENSUS. EIGHTH CENSUS. STATES. Slaves. Fugitives. One out Per cent. Slaves. Fugitives. One out Per cent. of- ofAlabama........... 342,844 29 11,822.0084 435,080 36 12,086.0082 Arkansas............ 47,100 21 2,242.0445 111,115 28 3,968.0252 Delaware............. 2,290 26 88 1.1353 1,798 12 150.6674 Florida............. 39,310 18 2,184.0457 61,745 11 5,613.0177 Georgia.............. 381,682 89 4,288.0233 462,198 23 20,096.0049 Kentucky....... 210,981 96 2,198.0455 225,483 119 1,895,0527 Louisiana............ 244,809 90 2,720.0366 331,726 46 7,211.0138 Maryland............ 90,368 279 324.3088 87,189 115 758.1318 Mississippi.......... 309,878 41 7, 558.0132 436,631 68 6,422.0155 Missouri............. 87,422 60 1,457.0686 114,931 99 1,161.0860 North Carolina........ 288,548 64 4,508.0222 331,059 61 5, 262.0184 South Carolina....... 384,984 16 24,061.0041 402,406 23 17,501.0057 Tennessee......... 239, 459 70 3,421.0292 275,719 2 9,509.0105 Texas............... 58,161 29 2,005.0498 182,566 16 11,410.0087 Virginia.............. 472,528 83 5,693.0175 490,865 117 4,194.0238 3,200,364 1,011 3,165.0315 3,950,511 803 4,919.0203 138 PRELIMINARY REP RT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE Table of Mortality in the United States from June 1, 1859, JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE. STATES AND TERRITORIES,. Alabama............. 638 482 554 526 628 530 634 521 781 667 477 475 Arkansas................... 496 376 505 367 545 453 478 386 414 353 288 295 California.. 231 124 182 105 210 106 247 103 268 148 196 75 Connecticut................ 274 241 265 248 306 273 309 297 289 308 207 189 Delaware................... 52 54 51 54 54 54 48 60 42 74 43 40 District of Columbia.. 63 63 49 42 70 75 58 45 60 50 54 30 Florida...................... 93 62 102 70 85 64 77 73 98 91 47 50 Georgia............... 576 507 610 593 588 554 557 555 733 699 515 511 Illinois..................... 779 690 843 741 1,078 885 866 767 834 728 588 572 Indiana.............. 622 549 649 708 813 784 715 678 731 679 481 444 Iowa............... 290 241 315 309 394 348 355 283 319 303 170 157 Kansas..................... 66 48 53 30 67 43 74 58 51 58 37 37 Kentucky.................. 749 646 775 701 752 750 832 735 845 820 652 566 Louisiana..691 420 560 369 592 413 619 550 809 615 633 524 Maine............... 305 295 313 322 384 409 379 345 402 443 226 -245 Maryland.. 319 284 319 294 358 336 379 340 378 368 299 285 Massachusetts.. 825 884 804 763 946 938 863 895 940 937 750 677 Michigan.................. 338 279 347 322 406 355 359 358 399 325 206 207 Minnesota............ 34 43 56 44 57 55 50 50 73 60 34 28 Mississippi................. 558 456 501 490 542 515 576 564 783 689 486 482 Missouri.................... 769 596 758 683 911 728 831 759 849 671 620 472 New Hampshire.......... 157 165 197 212 250 218 220 268 216 211 125 129 New Jersey................ 357 286 353 326 429 410 411 35A 464 409 285 224 New York................ 2,232 1,975 2,303 1,987 2,689 1,300 2,442 2,182 2,649 2,447 1,629 1,465 North Carolina.......... 544 483 505 526 563 566 586 579 808 791 555 605 Ohio....................... 1,058 981 1,172 1,117 1,340 1,301 1,253 1123 1382 1210 860 794 Oregon.................... 17 9 14 15 10 15 14 10 13 17 3 9 Pennsylvania............. 1,418 1,250 1t547 1,343 1,841 1,644 1,687 1,443 1,785 1,495 1,108 902 Rhode Island........... 104 103 74 95 126 100 112 103 116 121 78 76 South Carolina............ 422 362 378 397 483 425 433 389 538 594 403 452 Tennessee.................. 678 579 671 596 789 680 693 660 757 707 552 594 Texas....................... 439 375 452 395 435 404 490 414 547 447 327 316 Vermont.................. 118 125 155 146 182 196 147 184 170 173 109 107 Virginia................ 861 804 924 885 1,112 1,120 1,067 1,035 1,360 1,269 1,011 1,004 Wisconsin................... 296 284 394 319 472 380 420 382 399 352 216 157 Dakota.1... 1............................. 1.......................................... Nebraska................... 16 13 16 20 17 12 17 12 17 19 16 11 New Mexico............... 71 38 69 72 77 55 55 59 81 81 64 46 Utah.. 16 17 10 5 12 11 16 15 35 10 8 13 Washington................ 3 1 2 2 3 7 5 1 3 2 2 1 Total................. 17,576 15,190 17,847 16,239 20,617 18512 19,376 17,632 21,438 19,441 14,360 13,266 Grand total........... 32,766 34,086 39,129 37,008 40,879 27,626 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 139 No. 6. to May 31, 1860, inclusive, by months, ages, and sexes. JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER. 8 7' U U E B 3 B B B_ B... _, 536 526 554 485 560 509 499 461 400 374 464 415 28 35 6,753 6,007 12,760 367 350 351 377 375 367 304 28:3 281 229 301 264 35 22 4,738 4,12-2 8,860 179 81 158 74 182 79 189 111 195 106 225 112 11 8 2,473 1,232 3,705 247 187 289 279 244 250 262 254 219 208 252 234 5 2 3,168 2,970 6,138 76 55 79 84 44 45 50 36 38 30 40 42 1... 618 628 1,246 79 72 68 56 47 33 31 35 48 32 48 37 10 20 685 590 1,275 63 60 76 60 78 64 88 72 67 51 83' 62 22 11 979 790 1,769 535 509 527 476 523 498 491 429 433 355 480 419 83 51 6,651 6,156 12,807 764 643 1,050 924 1,149 977 957 794 686 528 680 624 66 50 10,340 8,923 19,263 534 489 769 731 843 790 684 680 481 438 507 394 12.. 7,841 7,364 15,205 217 186 391 309 478 433 409 370 271 227 259 213 8 5 3,876 3,384 7,260 78 46 89 71 101 84 80 62 59 49 52 50....... 807 636 1,443 737 640 736 646 688 645 618 620 592 490 594 565 39 32 8,611 7,856 16,467 597 394 564 386 530 367 496 335 508 271 575 370 80 61 7,254 5,075 12,329 265 228 312 315 343 340 294 310 260 306 294 265 8 6 3, 78 3,829 7,614 359 311 359 353 276 268 208 211 241 207 269 234 67 48 3,831 3,539 7,370 843 851 1,232 1,212 1,082 1,044 877 873 706 741 790 794 25 12 10,683 10,621 21,304 278 239 428 342 351 344 261 217 265 218 269 229 14 13 3,921 3,478 7,399 47 23 42 46 47 60 62 48 44 30 44 28 4.. 594 515 1,109 569 546 554 534 454 427 427 342 347 241 451 365 177 138 6,425 5,789 12,214 783 645 976 863 994 922 820 678 623 497 624 456 29... 9,587 7,970 17,557 145 145 199 217 177 216 167 161 166 167 163 168 4 6 2,186 2,283 4,469 311 276 361 307 282 284 241 204 227 183 278 229 25 12 4,024 3,501 7,525 1,863 1,511 2,172 1,942 1,914 1,677 1,6331,405 1,607 1,340 1,803 1,464 147 106 25,080 21,801 46,881 451 523 499 517 458 470 447 475 389 399 427 367 33 41 6,265 6,342 12,607 1,068 943 1,100 992 1,019 984 942, 823 788 716 857 808 46 46 12,886 11,838 24,724 6 7 7 4 4 9 12 10 13 9 17 7....... 130 121 251 1,222 1,067 1,274 1,122 1,123 910 1,108 915 905 837 1,165 1,014 49 40 16,232 13,982 30,214 106 92 153 124 129 130 89 8-2 78 97 106 83 1 1 1,272 1,207 2,479 451 434 417 367 37-2 420 379 354 293 282 352 289 38 21 4,959 4,786 9,745 665 696 637 665 678 679 616 565 466 411 528 528 39 47 7,769 7,407 15,176 328 303 377 305 347 246 487 330 430 313 391 354 71 46 5,121 4,248 9,369 120 102 109 145 148 132 119 127 127 132 141 138 2 1 1,647 1,708 3,355 994 953 1,011 925 834 824 752 771 663 629 767 715 115 68 11,472 11,002 22,474 244 193 336 269 319 278 301 215 219 194 265 218 1 6 3,882 3,247 7,129 1. I................1 3 1 4 12 3 25 26 26 26 20 17 12 6 7 15....... 201 180 381 63 37 43 45 53 33 53 33 49 26 56 41 2 3 736 569 1,305 18 6 21 10 17 23 25 23 ~ 22 12 15 14....... 215 159 374 2...... 1 2............ 1..... 2 2 3 5....... 27 23 50 16,220 14,402 18,347 16,608 17,289 15,887 15500 1373'2 13,220 11,383 14,64.2 12,629 1295 958 207,727 185,879 393,606 30,622 34,955 33,176 29,232, 24,603 27,271 2,253 393,606 393,606 140 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 6. —Table of Mortality Under 1. Under 2. Under 3. Under Under Under 10. Under Under 4. 5. 15. 20. STATES AND TER —--- --- -- RITORIES. C oC3 C C) 5) _i 4 _i' i i aa Alabama......... 1,787 1,506 825 614 388 331 194 181 141 147 379 371 233 246 322 300 Arkansas......... 914 772 402 336 272 244 163 175 138 156 410 383 274 246 308 309 California........ 340 252 146 156 127 99 94 75 71 57 127 121 30 30 47 40 Connecticut...... 492 399 208 168 134 130 100 80 77 74 183 165 55 84 116 118 Delaware......... 120 112 55 59 38 40 18 19 17 9 41 48 27 24 27 39 Dist. of Columbia. 166 150 75 45 19 32 22 18 13 15 37 35 1.2 22 30 33 Florida........... 164 155 84 77 57 40 36 31 29 37 82 59 48 35 32 37 Georgia.......... 1,889 1,585 800 659 382 322 184 202 144 129 299 359 230 241 282 305 Illinois........... 2,412 1,970 1,384 1,177 825 672 459 431 297 274.733 773 309 305 381 388 Indiana........ 1,696 1,438 880 839 566 533 341 350 2471 230 640 711 241 302 342 384 Iowa............ 971 805 546 412 277 274 154 155 106 100 260 260 117 105 139 149 Kansas........... 164 185 75 71 55 37 30 29 18 20 52 52 35 22 33 20 Kentucky........ 2,123 1,677 898 735 501 456 334 265 218 228 684 635 326 367 349 493 Louisiana........ 1,126 1,001 592 529 407 370 220 197 158 141 438 432 213 214 288 292 Maine............ 496 427 222 196 156 142 81 80 72 63 180 172 89 147 211 304 Maryland......... 805 716 367 320 236 242 127 121 96 75 229 194 109 98 138 170 Massachusetts... 2,250 1,920 910 744 464 440 247i 300 224 211 508 492 216 235 348 492 Michigan......... 753 672 353 3001 231 229 148 151 117 94 262 274 126 95 151 177 Minnesota........ 154 129 65 44 35 38 17 17 19 10 30 32 14 14 13 22 Mississippi....., 1,581 1,411 745 613 332 334 237 200 154 162 443 441 264 276 295 325 Missouri.......... 2,239 1,765 1,187 1,055 690 584 370 315 235 260 665 682 281 313 396 393 New Hampshire... 343 275 108 100 71 68 33 37 31 31 91 80 53 67 94 119 New Jersey...... 809 689 366 318 243 192 168 176 119 113 296 264 107 105 125 119 New York........ 4,458 3,545 2,313 2,046 1,580 1,430 1103 1022 717 685 1,784 1,702 639 636 816 876 North Carolina.... 1,629 1,391 715 611 399 333 171 204 142 140 354 376 216 253 253 306 Ohio............. 2,594 2,054 1,2'21 1,149 896 873 608 56' 462 458 1,078 1,126 377 444 459 585 Oregon........... 32 30 12 8 9 11 9 4 8 3 13 15 3 83 8 Pennsylvania...., 3,185 2,475 1,432 1,200 982 889 668 606 438 442 1,162 1,110 482 485 556 636 Rhode Island.... 237 183 121 101 57 51 33 35 29 15 77 53 25 33 38 51 South Carolina.... 1,281 1,191 520 467 285 272 155 134 105 104 347 305 173 218 219 251 Tennessee........ 1,98e 1,675 790 709 431 377 277 210 193 163 508 476 296 304 370 445 Texas............ 1,115 932 508 432 284 261 165 146 117 107 316 328 187 186 266 281 Vermont......... 190 157 81 73 62 51 47 45 38 21 87 67 55 60 64 109 Virginia.......... 2,864 2,376 1,094 976 627 503 370 330 228 256 696 730 374 429 462 548 Wisconsin........ 981 675 433 347 300 2-29 169 153 108 95 284 285 121 107 133 115 Dakota............ 1............................................................. Nebraska......... 64 60 15 17 9 11 4 9 3 9 14 12 7 7 7 6 New Mexico.... 140 112 44 63 44 28 13 11 12 16 32 29 24 20 25 38 Utah............. 82 45 39 31 14 9 41 6 7 10 5.... 4 6 Washington...... 2 3 1 1 2 1........ 2 3.... 1.... 3 Total.......... 44,636 36,91520,633 17,798 12,537 11,17875737084 534 5156 13,830 13,662 6393 6784 8142i9292 Grand total.... 81,551 38,431 23,715 14,657 10,498 27,492 13,177 17,434........I...... PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 141 in the United States, ~4c.-Continued. Under 25. Under Under 40. Under 50. Under 60. Under 70. Under Under Over Unk'wn 30. 80. 90. 90. ages. 8 i ~ cd?.2? s n i;i Ei E ^ a a a a) a a a a CZ 426 376 267 267 436 477[ 386 351 319 240 328 252 190 198 74 83 50 56 8 11. 370 317 239 231 418 422 318 213 217 140 163 97 87 49 29 20 8 10 8 2 139 70 289 82 565 130 259 48 148 31 48 21 19 5 5 3.... 4 19 8 112 154 149 162 269 280 252 182 2233 183 286 245 276 269 177 209 40 62 9 6 35 40 25 37 54 43 42 40 37 27 32 37 36 32 10 17 2 5 2.... 21 35 36 42 72 45 53 30 48 27 39 25 28 21 12 10 2 5........ 65 53 43 52 80 64 56 50 73 31 49 28 29 19 13 10 11 9 28 3 338 361 235 292 433 451 343 334 287 257 363 1279 221 193 122 119 65 61 34 7 487 472 412 408 691 660 579 399 525 338 425 296 244 204 100 86 18 14 59 56 384 412 307 333 551 608 455 375 423 315 391 282 244 219 108 9 19 24 6.... 144 156 163 138 230 299 216 148 211 140 180 124 97 87 49 23 10 8 6 1 47 33 55 37 89 54 52 37 54 i9 28 12 15 7 4 1...... 1.... 433 533 346 358 550 592 450 406 434 345 398 271 310 250 184 166 50 69 23 10 516 288 558 305 981 480 750 316 483 183 260 159 135 75 55 49 40 33 34 11 261 283 224 260 278 350 242 244 264 222 337 306 368 335 258 230 46 67.... 1 195 204 146 183 288 282 287 233 249 193 240 209 201 161 97 96 21 41.. 1 425 564 669 767 965 1,039 834 763 764 627 738 682 686 732 353 477 69 132 3 4 209 221 170 187 283 298 262 226 312 169 258 169 192 134 70 56 19 23 5 3 24 30 37 35 63 47 47 44 36 26 19 13 13 9 7 5 1............ 371 372 286 283 472 449 391 306 285 208 271 199 128 106 60 57 55 43 5 4 542 467 452 388 772 623 606 380 487 309 345 250 186 90 72 78 20 18 42 110 144 103 174 159 190 149 140 183 156 191 180 252 250 169 231 43' 39 3 2 160 182 157 167 287 298 294 172 232 172 260 160 233 210 121 129 23 28 24 7 1,034 1,03911631135 2,174 1,871 1,801 1,337 1,597 1084 1,575 1215 1357 1202 752 741 161 194 56 41 308 346 231 328 380 479 331 347 25 312 296 357 297 272 162 187 56 88.... 12 586 612 474 555 861 895 777 605 675 488 703 541 630 504 371 275 61 68 53 43 3 7 8 12 11 11 6 2 6'2 2 21 1 I... 1............... 760 771 659 685 1,262 1,066 1,075 784 1,010 646 1,044 776 929 820 465 470 80 93 43 28 61 64 52 65 109 119 85 82 84 75 102 84 76 98 47 50 13 27 26 21 236 242 185 157 305 367 257 264 239 223 272 246 215 166 98 111 60 65 7 3 428 517 316 430 525 598 419 417 373 299 3614 289 256 271 164 144 60 67 11 16 358 295 342 231 488 393 352 257 267 152 170 115 83 64 32 29 16 11 55 28 87 104 62 88 104 146 101 1381 118 138 152 146 215 180 148 143 34 41 2 1 543 609 385 496 672 898 657 634 645 555 741 626 612 508 326 354 116 164 60 10 124 163 142 166 258 285 229 191 208 164 193 125 1-40 93 57 46 2 8........ 12 6 11 8 17 13 19 8 10 10 6 2 1.... 1 1........ 1 55 38 56 39 99 65 69 35 49 28 33 21 11 9 7 11i 11 5 12 1 14 7 14 5 12 131 2 8 10 9 4 3 1 1 2................ 2 2 5 1 7 4 3 3. I...../..3...... 10,425 10,589 9477 9585 16,270 15,405 13,508 10,54611,925 8543 11,306 8845 9014 7844 47914729 1282 1582 645 342 21,014 19,062 31,675 24,052 20468 20,151 16,858 9,520 2,864 987 ~,034/,o:~~j:tc~ju~/ g, 14/,7I18,,311 69~84 201,6 1:51,7j0.g7. 4:/]ol: j.614 TABLE No. 6-Continued. Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States and Territories from divers specific causes, (alphabetically arranged,) during the year from the 1st day of June, 1859, to the 31st day of May, 1860, inclusive. ALABAMA. ARKANSAS. CALIFORNIA. I CONNECTICUT. DELAWARE. DIST. COLUMBIA. FLORIDA. GEORGIA. ILLINOIS. Causes of death.- Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Abscess.................. 7 3 4 5 15 4 9 6 1 1 1 2 5....... 9 6 11 5 Abscess, lumbar...................................................................................................................... Aniemia....................................................................................................... A ngina pectoris............................................................................................................................... 1....... A neurism........................... 1........ 5 1........2..................................... I.......... I...................2 Apoplexy................. 57 50 13 16 30 11 57 39 2 1 6 1 2 5 35 27 54 35 Ascites........... I 1 I.......... 3...................................1. 1 1.................................................. Asthma................. 15 21 3 1 6 1 1....... 2 1 2 1 3 4 17 12 9 10 Bowels, disease cf........ 67 63 9 13 13 6 15 10 2....... 1........ 6........ 69 51 15 11 Brain, disease of.......... 89 58 111 85 40 27 42 26 4 1 12 7 16 17 51 36 160 125 Brain, softening of................. 1 3..4............4............................ 2 1 Bronchitis................ 35 28 20 12 11 9 11 3 5 7 2 4.. 41 26 41 33 Cancer................... 24 49 14 18 11 7 26 48 2 9 6 5 5 6 35 46 50 69 Canker................................1........1......2 5..................... 1....................... 19 16 Carbuncle.............. 1 1 31 1.... 1 1.. 1 4.. Cephalitis................ 221 144 197 181 63 58 79 51 17 18 17 8 25 28 158 112 380 321 Child-birth................ 124........ 86........ 49........ 53....... 17........ 6 30........ 135........ 223 Cholera.......... 18 5 4 1 1 14 5 4 1 1 3....... 6 5 52 18 Cholera infantum........ 67 33 25 17 16 10 71 52 13 20 15 15 3 3 65 63 167 148 0 Chorea........................... 1............................. 1 1....................................... 1 2 1 2 4 Cold water............................................................................... 1.............................................................. Colitis.................... 44 20 11 15 4....... 9........ 5 2 1 1 9 2 29 20 23 23 c Consumption............. 252 344 160 169 367 157 596 673 94 107 132 123 53 44 196 295 986 962 Convulsions...;.......... 48 56 42 22 12 12 33 37 5 2 23.13 3 5 64 49 143 85 Croup................... 222 203 218 159 43 30 83 81 35 23 17 14 12 11 239 184 622 536 Cyanosis..................... Cyanotitis................................1........ 2............................... 1............................... Cystitis.................. 4 1........ 1 3........ 2 1 1............................... 8 4........ Debility.................. 28 29 4 2 18 12 13 28 6 8 3 3 1 1 27 31 32 39 Delirium tremens......... 5 3........ 13 1 18 2 2........ 2........ 1....... 10 2 27 3 Diarrhoea................. 202 126 40 50 24 15 13 7 8 20 26 19 40 31 209 158 313 294 Diabetes.................. 7 1..... 1 3........ 5 1..... 1........ 9 5 12 5 Diptheria................ 16 31 4 6 34 24 13 12........ 1 2........................ 8 9 22 19 Dropsy.................. 277 265 111 120 56 10 80 122 16 19 9 10 64 47 283 293 205 203 Dysentery............... 167 146 101 77 48 22 65 58 23 24 14 6 26 21 223 171 457 388 Dyspepsia................ 22 11 8 2 2 2 3................ 4 3 28 15 24 7 Enteritis.................. 58 55 67 39 41 36 47 34 18 8 10 9 8 11 63 52 155 123 g Epilepsy.................. 9 3........ 4 4 1 5 3................................ 14 8 14 7 Erysipelas................23 34 50 26 7 5 3 35 5 1 4 2 4 5 35 40 85 96 Fever, intermittent........ 106 83 207 187 41 22 1 1 1 3 6 5 26 16 82 81 259 205 Fever, remittent.......... 233 208 303 299 85 39 65 58 10 7 2 4 56 49 199 206 361 321 Fever, typhoid............ 450 386 287 227 84 30 125 91 22 34 16 27 50 38 472 415 654 529 Fistula.........1..1................ 3........ 1....................... 1 Fits..................... 35 34 34 36 9 13 66 51 5 10 7 3 7 8 31 42 78 69 Gastritis................. 15 28 16 29 2 7 4 7 1 3........ 3....... 2 12 10 15 15 Gout..................... 1 1.. 1 1 1...........1...................... I............. 0 Heart, disease of'.......... 33 51 19 13 67 23 103 72 8 15 17 15 11 4 59 53 106 86 Heat.................... 8 3 7 3 4........ 2................ 2.......1 5 4 20 1 Hemorrhage............. 23 20 10 10 17 7 20 22 2 2 10 3 9 3 21 17 23 16 Hepatitis................. 1 3 3 2 3........ 3 3........ 1...............I....... 1 1 3 7 Hernia.................. 5....... 2........ 9 1 3 4 2........ 1 1 2..i..... 5 2 9 7 Hipdisease..........2... 2 1............. 3....... 3............ 1........ 2................ 1I....... 3 1 Hydrocephalus............ 15 12 3 3 18 16 42 45 2 2 13 20 1 2 13 14 104 52 Hydrophobia.............. 1 I....................................................................................1 1 3 Hydrothorax.............. n20 34 5 9 4 1 2 5.......... 3........ 2 2 15 19 4....... Ileus... 1..............6...................................................... Infantile.................. 144 120 27 13' 17 14 15 16 10 7 28 29 23 22 104 86 189 184 Inflammation......... 14 10 11 13 10 1 11 8 1 2 1 1 2 4 37 35 37 25 Influenza............... 9 9 3 6........ 2 3 4 1........ 1 1........... 11 6 9 5 Insanity................. 2 7 4........ 5 1 6 7 4 6 9 6.............. 4 5 11 6 Intemperance............. 32 2 11........ 25 4 16 1 10 2 4........ 5 1 35........ 22 2 Intussusception........... 1 1...................................... 1 31...... Ischuria.................................................................................................................... Jaundice................. 13 6 7 11 2........ 5 6 3........4 3... 1 11 15 18 15 Table of iiortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 4c.-Continued. l-A ALABAMA. ARKANSAS. CALIFORNIA. CONNECTICUT. DELAWARE. DIST. COLUMBIA. FLORIDA. GEORGIA. ILLINOIS. Causes of death. -- ------- ------- ---- -------- ____ ___ -____- -------— ____DLAEIS CLi-. FLORIDA. —-- Male. Female. Male. Femle Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Joints, disease of........................................................ 2 2............................................................................. Kidney, disease of........ 13 2 2 1 4 1 13 3 1...... 2........ 3 1 11 1 13 5 i~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Laryngitis3 1................... 2 4 3 Liver, disease of.......... 40 31 24 17 17 10 32 31 10 3 1 3 12 4 44 34 81 62 Lungs, disease of........ 40 34 32 15 28 12 33 31 2 5 8 2 1 5 33 38 79 63 Malformation............. 5 2.............. 3........ 1........................ 1 1 1. 4 2 1. Marasmus................ 7 8 5 5 3 2 15 9 3 2.2 1 3 1 6 5 4 3 Measles.....31 31 20 31 4 9 7 48 37 2 2................ 1 21 26 56 53 M etritis................ 4....... 5....................................... 1....................................... 9........-....... Mortification.............. 2 3 1 1 5........ 6 2 2........ 1........ 1 3 2 2 3 Necrosis..6 3 2.......... 1 2....... 11 6 2 2 N ephria.................................. 1I........ 1......................................................................I.......... 1....... Nephritis............. 1 1 1 5 1 Neuralgia.......... 18 18 9 12 2 2 6 7......................... 1 17 14 30 25 Oldage................... 122 141 34 35 7 6 183 211 6 23 7 17 17 11 126 175 124 138 H Ovarian dropsy................................................................... Paralysis................. 45 38 21 15 32 8 57 55 18 10 13 6 8 6 56 65 62 65 Paramenia...................... 24........ 11.....1.1.............. 1........ 7 7 Parotitis.................. 2 2 1................................... 2............... 1................ 1........ 7 5 Pericarditis.............................................................. 1 2........................................... 4 3 Peritonitis.................. 27. 4.3.....................1 4 5 Phlebitis................ 2....................... 1............................................... 1 Pleurisy.................. 11 10 18 11 5...... 13 8 3 1 3 2 3 3 11 13 23 23 Pneumonia............. 837 540 932 593 88 29 155 147 21 19 23 45 117 73 737 530 772 585 Prostate, disease of................................................................................... Puerperal fever................... 50....... 63........ 3........ 12........ 1........ 2........ 5 59............... 53 Purpura and scurvy.......1 3.......... 1................ 1................ 1 4.............. Quinsy.................. 28 28 29 30........ 2 1 2 1 3................ 3 1 24 38 19 16 Rheumatism.............1 531 33 13 8 8 3 18 17 6 6 8 2 5 2 35 29 56 22 Scarlatina................ 118 133 222 215 239 202 188 201 36 38 34 27 3........ Ill 106 855 843 Scrofula................. 39 41 14 25 6 7 19 19 2 1 1 1 1 2 35 24 68 60 Skin, disease of...... 88 82 102 55 1 ~ 1 2 1 3........ 6 7 115 78 43 40 Smallpox......................... 2 4... 4....... 5 8 2....................................... 7 1 4 4 Spina bifida........ I............................................... 1........................................ I..................................... Spinabifida.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l6 1. Spine, diseaseof.......... 26 14 8 4 6........ 7 4 5 1 1 3 4 15 13 28 25 Splenitis................. 2 1 4 1....1... I............................................. 1 6 1 0 Still-born............... 33 27 6 8 20 22 17 9.......................... 3 4 35 22 59 36 Stomach, disease of....... 3 5 3 1 1 1 1 2............... 1........ 4 4 3 8 Stone.................... 16 5 5 2 1 13 1 4 1 1....... 3 1 26 3 23 2 0 Stricture of urethra....... 2 1 1........ 2......................................................3......... 1....... Sudden death............. 28 10 6 10 4 6 13 7 1........ 3 3 3 1 18 20 9 10 Syphilis.................. 9 5........ 1 23 1 1 1........................ 1................ 4 6 4 1 Tabes mesenteria......................................... 2...................................................................................... Teething................. 230 177 33 33 26 28 31 21 2 4 16 10 27 22 168 151 96 102 Tetanus.................. 91 60 12 3 9 1 13 3 2........ 2 2 11 11 40 38 29 28 H Throat, disease of........ 33 33 23 25 16 9 22 25 3 7 1........ 3........ 26 20 8 1 86 Thrush.................. 15 17 7 8 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 2 1 2 19 10 16 23 Tumor................... 3 4 1 1 4 2 1 18 1 2 1 1 2........ 7 12 11 14 Ulcers................ 12 12 7 12 6 2 3 1....................... 1 2 2 12 11 14 9 Ulcer of intestines. 1......................... 2 3 Unknown................ 808 800 532 575 145 103 168 127 69 64 68 61 118 108 984 982 819 706 H Uterus, disease of................. 17....... 9........ 1....... 2............. 5 24 3 Whooping cough.......... 153 181 87 100 7 16 40 57 6 11 18 4 10 159 174 183 199 Worms................. 75 88 64 69 1 1 2 3 3 6 1........ 22 17 112 84 18 26 Yellow fever 1........ 2....................................................... 11 2 3 1 1....... Totals,..* 6,204 5,651 4,474 4,009 2,054 1,189 2,976 2,896 575 614 655 585 890 740 6,104 5,714 9,747 8,734 Aggregates..... 11,855 8,483 3,243 5,872 1,189 1,240 1,630 11,818 18,481 Total of violent deaths. 905 377 462 266 57 35 139 989 782 Grand totals.......... 12,760 8,860 3,705 6,138 1,246 1,75 1,769 12,807 19,23 _____________________ —-------------—........ —-------------- ( ^I Table qf Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 4yc.-Continued. CZ INDIANA. IOWA. KANSAS. KENTUCKY. LOUISIANA. MAINE. MARYLAND. MASSACHUSETTS. MICHIGAN. Causes o d Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Femalc. Abscess................. 5 2 3 2............... 12 4 9 10 8 6 2 7 21 12 5 6 Abscess, lum bar......... 1................ *................*.......................................... 2.....>........................... 1........ Ana-mia............... 1 I............. I 1... 1.. 4 2.............. 1 6............. Aneurism. 1.6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2. 1. Apoplexy................ 42 30 22 20 1 1 47 34 79 25 33 13 34 20 110 84 24 21 g Abscies% ubr..20.. 6 i 7. 2 21 1. Ascites............................................................................ 2..............................2 1........ I'd Asthma.......10 7 3 7............................... 5 9 17 5 5 4 8 8 26 19 6 4 0 Bowels, disease of....... 24 12 6 5 3 2 19 14 20 13 31 28 12 10 150 121 12 12 H Brain, disease of........ 116 111 57 58 12 16 91 57 131 77 84 72 52 42 247 182 104 81 Brainsofte ing of....................... 1 1........ 5........ 3........ 3....... 2........ 21 12 1........ Bronchitis................ 39 31 17 28 3 1 46 38 38 25 6 7 21 7 32 21 8 6 Cancer................ 30 56 18 38 4 5 26 66 18 36 50 62 21 41 95 199 29 30 Canker.................. 6 10 7 3........ 1.........1..... 1 35 33................ 80 80 6 12 a Carbuncle............... 6 2....... 1........5........ 5 1 2........ 3................ 2 1. Cephalitis............... 345 297 173 141 31 21 284 214 157 131 69 44 99 89 92 84 2 116 77 4 Child-birth...................... 150........ 61................ 135................ 58........6148 84........ 251........ 97 Cholera................. 24 11 10 3 6........ 21 15 29 20 20 16 13 7 43 33 15 5 Cholera infantum........ 81 75 51 50 10 8 81 68 53 40 20 16 39 43 436 367 17 15 Chorea.................. 2 2........ 1................' 1 1........ 1................ I Cold w ater............................................................................................................................................................. Colitis................... 31 23 14 5 3 2 25 20 26 10 15 8 10 10 7 8 14 3 Consumption............ 848 856 317 431 53 54 722 1,020 547 296 871 1,298 541 656 2,168 2,677 553 634 Convulsions............. 99 77 65 48 8 7 85 63 60 61 8 9 42 46 133 76 71 64 Croup................... 400 378 235 225 39 31 441 346 91 80 68 51 150 149 307 294 140 111 Cyanosis................ 1 1................2 3................. 2........ 2 3................ Cystitis................ 3 1 3 2................ 9 1 7 2 3........................ 1....... 8 1 Debility................. 20 22 11 6 3 4 26 23 66 62 1 9 14 19.70 80 11 15 Delirium tremnens.......17 6............... 22 1 70 15 3 4........ 27 3 5........ Diarrhcea............ 151 127 125 99 25 15 106 84 326 143 52 49 106 75 86 60 61 47 Diabetes................ 12 2 5 1........ 1 14........ 1 1 13 7 2........ 21 8 5 1 Diptheria................ 21 30 26 174 36 43........ 451 4 10 13 14 2........ Dropsy.................. 171 165 71 84 16 13 246 227 175 144 108 138 124 122 240 302 94 128 Dysentery.............. 293 291 152 112 17 24 126 103 265 165 66 71 132 109 278 290 114 117 Dyspepsia............... 27 13 10 1 2 1 21 15 12 4 8 6 10 15 14 2 10 4 Enteritis................ 125 73 60 58 14 7 113 79 83 66 35 31 38 39 92 118 60 61 t Epilepsy................. 12 8 6 8 1 1 9 13 5 6 6 1 5 3 27 12 8 4 Erysipelas............... 87 74 41 24 9 7 60 62 24 24 33 20 17 9 83 70 37 35 Fever, intermittent....... 185 180 122 108 69 76 116 123 116 72 1 1 3 5 2 3 50 43 > Fever, remittent......... 21 215 124 111 58 32 260 274 384 254 85 95 64 65 136 124 112 104 Fever, typhoid........... 490 472 225 188 59 40 473 423 317 241 212 222 132 123 363 337 164 163 Fistula..................5...................................... 5 1 3.. 1........ 1........ 2 3................ Fits..................... 68 62 27 22 3 2 54 47 49 48 44 44 37 39 120 116 62 47 ^ Gastritis................ 17 33 8 8 3 1 33 44 17 18 2 1 13 18 26 22 8 51 Gout.................... 1.......1...... I.......................... 2 1 1........ 4.2. Heart, disease of......... 62 76 34 37 2 4 85 77 79 56 139 107 99 82 389 316 59 58 Q Heat.................... 10 1 12........................ 13 1 35 9 1........ 5........ 7 1 4........ 1 Hemorrhage............. 15 24 9 4........ 1 26 22 12 18 17 7 15 11 44 40 12 10 3 Hepatitis............... 44 6 3............... 6 2 13 7. 2 4........ 2........ 1 1 W Hernia.................. 9 4 5 5 1........ 9 5 9 4 11 5 2 2 6 4 8 1 Hip disease............. 2 1......2 2 2........ 2 3.............. 11 8 1 1 f!j Hydrocephalus.......... 32 28 29 20 1 1 30 23 12 8 63 73 34 25 241 237 55 39 0 Hydrophobia............................ 1 1................ 1 1................................................ 2........................ Hydrothorax............. 3 7 3 6... 2 4 8 7 3 3 5 2 19 9 3 2 Ileus.................................................................................... I........................................................................; Infantile................ 102 92 91 56 12 23 215 172 91 62 26 18 37 64 337 283 34 24 j Inflammation............ 14 13 9 9 2........ 11 12 25 14 12 10 1 7 28 26 35 23 Z Influenza................ 4 4 2 3........ 1 7 8 14 5 10 13 1 19 26 1 1 (i Insanity................. 4 2 3 1................ 3 9. 11 5 6 5 6 1 34 28 4....... Intemperance........... 26........ 6........ 5........ 48 4 47 9 5........ 22 1 38 20 19 1 Intussusception.......... 2........................................ 1........ 2... 1.... 3 1 1 Ischuria.....................~...,........................................................ 1........................................ 1....................... Jaundice............... 17 13 8 8 2 1 14 9 8 8 4 4 4 9 11 13 13 5 Jointsi disease of......................*.......................................................*.................. 8 1.............. -1 Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, Sfe.-Continued. (O INDIANA. IOWA. KANSAS. KENTUCKY. LOUrSIANA. MAINE. MARYLAND. MASSACHUSETTS. MICHIGAN. Causes of death. - - -- -- --- -- Male. Female Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Kidney, disease of....... 19 2 8 2 1........ 22 4 19 3 29 3 9 2 46 13 9 2. Laryngitis............... 3........ 2 1 1...... 3... 1 1 9 Liver, disease of......... 59 44 32 18 7 3 44 38 29 16 41 21 27 23 72 83 36 30 Lungs, disease of........ 42 33 56 30 9 8 64 64 36 23 65 55 25 15 171 143 68 22 Malformation......... 2 2 1... 3 2 3 2 1..................... 1........ 2 1 Marasmur............... 2 3 3 2........ 10 10 21 20................ 5 4 20 22........ 3 Measles................. 92 104 20 24........ 2 73 80 121 95 15 16 61 59 81 60 20 33 M etritis......................... 4........ 2........................ 2........ 5........................ 7........................ Mortification............. 4 2 1 1 1 1 8 2 14 1 6 1 1........ 9 14 7 2 Necrosis................. 7 4 20 128 3 2 6................ 3........................ 3........ N epbria................................................................................................................ >................. d...................... 1 Nephritisa.......... 1 2..................... 1 3........1....................... 52 3 Nephiritis1 2.1.1....... 1 2 3 Neuralgia............... 21 31 12 12 2 19 25 2 5 3 7 3 7 7 20 10 3 Old age................. 114 128 65 46 8 3 185 217 128 94 196 235 104 159 361 535 87 104 Ovarian dropsy.................................................................................................. I........ I........ 2................ Ovariandropsy. 3....................... 1........ 1 4.............. Paralysis. 5 72 2 2 3 6 88{0 3 7 8 2 6 6 7 0 4 2 Pericarditis.............. 1.............................. 1....... 1................................ 1 2 1........ Peritonitis............... 2 1.. 2........ 1............... 7 8........ 2 Phlebitis................ I I........ 1................................ 1........ 1........ 2........ 1 2................ Pleurisy................ 10 16 7 8 3 2 17 15 75 35 10 7 38 16 51 50 15 6 Pneumonia.............. 688 461 343 238 91 50 589 430 774 449 160 133 200 117 534 467 320 246 0 Prostate, disease of...... 1........................................................ 3........ 1................................................:.. -.. Puerperal fever.................. 47........ 15........ 3....... 58........ 34........ 4.... 9....... 26........ 16 Purpuraand scurvy......1........ I 1 3 1........................ 1 1 2................ Quinsy.................. 18 23 4 3 1........ 19 19 7 5 2 1 4 2 1........ 6 3 Rheumatism............. 40 30 9 8 7 1 41 35 39 17 18 12 34 15 37 36 11 12 Scarlatina............... 677 755 177 160 31 27 772 733 211 196 182 165 182 159 382 427 336 321 Scrofula................. 90 62 30 27 7 2 102 99 20 15 29 10 27 21 55 55 28 12 Skin, disease of.......... 28 18 6 6 2 79 70 22 16 5 5 2 1 10 5 2 2 Smallpox................ 7 2........ 5........ 1 8 7 7 9 35 21 5 2 297 174 6 2 Spina ifid...............24 Spina bifida......................................................................................................I................ 2 4........... Spine, disease of........ 20 29 7 7........ 4 18 23 15 4 11 14 15 13 33 29 12 12 Splenitis......... 3....................... 1 4 1 1 1................................ 1....... 1 3 Still-born................ 19 21 69 58 2 8 71 49 13 7 1........ 10 5 70 28 5 5 Stomach, disease of 4 5....................... 1 3 4 7 6 3 7 3 2 2 2 4 Stone.................. 23 2 8........ 1 1 29 2 2 1 19 4 8 2 30 7 13........ Stricture of urethra.......... 4 2......... 2 1 4............ Sudden death............ 13 6 5 2 2 1 15 12 12 5 6 8 22 15 23 9 4 8 Syphilis................. 2........ 1 1...... 9 4 12 6 1 3....... 1 15 11 3....... Tabes mesenteria...... 1 1............. 1........ I........ 14..................................... 4............ Teething................ 30 27 29 18 3 3 37 27 238 251 23 13 61 54 167 126 22 29 Tetanus... 10 8 4 2................ 41 20 148 96 2 1 14 1 16 4 5 5 3 Throat, disease of........ 119 169............... 2 2 65 61 79 99 25 39 23 18 57 71 16 19 Thrush................. 1 1 14 10 3........ 2 8 13 8 8................ 12 10 5 7 3 6 0 Tumor.................. 8 10 3 2 1........ 6 9 3 7 9 23 7 6 26 50 5 7 Ulcers.................. 7 4 3 5 1 2 10 11 9 2 1 2........ 2 9 3 2 2 H Ulcer of intestines........3 1 1 1.2 2 1 1 1 1 1........ 1 2 1 2 Unknown............... 650 649 349 291 61 46 1,178 1,071 598 493 139 137 512 444 303 320 237 218 Uterus, disease of...... 3 1.......2................ 1........17........................ 1 8 1 Whooping cough......... 138 184 84 128 21 17 197 239 143 177 33 39 104 102 139 213 52 66 Worms.................. 25 22 6 3............ 40 29 115 82 7 5 12 12 10 5 12 10 Yellow fever. I....6 1 118 36........14 6.......... Totals............... 7,421 7,181 3,645 3,298 749 616 8,027 7,622 6,751 4,886 3,488 3,759 3,617 3,460 10,025 10,368 3,585 3373 _ _ — — _ _ --— _-_-_-_ —-__ - — _ —-- --- ---- --- ---- --- ---- -— ___ ____ z Aggregates....... 14,602 6,943 1,365 15,649 11,637 7,247 7,077 20,393 6,958 Total of violent deaths 603 317 78 818 692 367 293 911 441 Grand totals........ 15,205 7,260 1,443 16,467 12,329 7,614 7,370 21,304 7,399 ---------------------------------------------------------------.... [ 21.[ 65[ al I 791 991 39/~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~C Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, &c.-Continued. A MINNESOTA. MISSISSIPPI. MISSOURI. NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. NOR'H CAROLINA. OHIO. OREGON. Causes of death.- -- - -- - ---- -- -- Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Abscess......................... 1 2 1 14 8 6 5 10 9 61 51 1 2 20 11........ 1 M Abscess, lumbar..................................................... 1 1........ 6........................ 4 1...... Anemia................................................................. 1 1 8 2................ 1............... Aneurism................................ I........................................1 7 4........ 2...................... i An~~~~mia~i.....1...1.1..2.1 1.. Aneurism..........1 7 4.2.........5....... Apoplexy................ 3 4 36 21 50 27 22 17 57 35 307 197 42 45 99 77 1 1 A scites.................................................. 8....................................... 6........ 1....................... Asthma................................. 3 12 4 3 2 1 8 7 49 36 16 13 22 27.......... 0 Bowels, disease of....... 2 5 38 26 27 22 15 11 7 5 55 62 28 28 31 13...... 1 Brain, disease of......... 15 8 109 64 119 92 36 25 91 38 526 379 36 43 194 136 2 2 Brain, softening of... 2....... 2 5 3........ 1 28 10 1. 1 1.............. Bronchitis........ 1........ 26 14 62 51 3 5 60 39 99 74 26 23 48 48....... 1 Cancer.................. 1 6 17 44 32 47 36 66 36 39 216 306 28 80 98 131 2....... Canker................ 3............. 5 2 12 17 110 17........ 5 5............... Carbuncle........................ 11 4 1........ 1........ 8 2........ 3 1............... Cephalitis................ 17 24 206 169 377 297 23 23 100 100 525 429 127 98 434 341 4 2 Child-birth...33..112 16 0 8..42..15..22 Child-birth...................... 33........ 112........ / 161........ 20 87........ 87........ 426........ 228........ Cholera.................. 3 1 14 10 40 21 5 4 16 8 87 72 6 8 34 32 1....... Cholera infantum......... 22 24 69 54 97 79 39 40 77 56 367 323 47 39 143 117.............. Chorea........................ 1............................................ 1 3 6........ 3 3 2............... 0 Cold w ater.............................................. 1......................................................................... 1....................... t Colitis.................. 1........ 20 10 27 20 5........ 16 7 56 43 39 33 54 31.............. Consumption............. 67 84 239 315 650 652 508 655 667 683 4,021 4,186 308 453 1,669 1,826 9 12?D Convulsions.............. 22 11 57 52 243 161 7 3 82 60 435 398 32 20 271 183 1 3 Croup.................... 27 18 224 204 621.480 39 33 158 160 972 825 235 192 476 401 9 6 Cyanosis....................................................... 1 4 1 1 1......... Cystitis......1.. 3................".........3........................./..... Debility................. 3 5 26 25 44 51 15 10 37 30 179 179 24 25 35 47 Delirium tremens......... 1....... 7... 29 2 8 9........ 91 13 5........ 26 2.... Diarrhoea................. 6 5 167 96 398 309 13 14 67 57 411 375 229 235 237 241 1....... Diabetes... 4.........7.....9 5 6 2 64 19 4 4 24 10 1.... Diptheria......................... 48 51 36 32....8 8 150 187 11 11 27 27............ Dropsy................... 11 13 198 180 202 188 77 73 121 127 599 712 249 339 293 343........ 2 Dysentery................ 9 8 139 132 257 186 46 39 64 75 554 477 239 192 303 227 1....... Dyspepsia........................ 18 15 16 4 3 2 7 8 50 26 21 14 43 29..... Enteritis................. 5 6 61 65 139 119 20 24 78 62 418 372 35 49 210 156 3 3 t4 Epilepsy........................ 6 11 5 3........ 10 4 49 36 2 7 17 19........ Erysipelas................ 4 3 29 30 71 6] 23 21 31 25 198 165 24 36 109 89 3 4 Fever, intermittent........ 5 3 142 116 300 209 1........ 18 10 48 39 46 70 110 89 1 1 Fever, remittent.......... 19 19 335 309 399 399 39 61 75 52 329 226 162 216 219 194 3 4 Fever, typhoid............ 24 13 414 394 603 453 121 118 90 69 592 429 517 492 553 485 4 4 Fistula........................................... 1 4.........................................1. Fits...................... 2 3 40 56 84 62 38 18 66 48 400 332 43 34 118 96 2 4 0 Gastritis................... 28 22 30 26 5 8 1 2 45 46 20 9 20 38........ 1 Gout......1.......2 3 1 1 1 1....H Heart, disease of......... 4 7 50 45 80 57 85 73 106 84 732 575 68 47 202 185............... 0 Heat........2........ 11 6 20 4. 10 2 4.30 7 3 10 36 4 1....... 1 Hemorrhage.............. 2 4 19 15 24 16 9 5 17 12 111 59 26 16 46 37 1....... Hepatitis................. 1........ 6 1 7 4................ 4 3 15 11 3 1 9 4.............. Hernia................. 1 9 3 8 3 3. 22 13 14 1 15 6............... Hipdisease.............................. 1 2 2................ 2 3 4 17 13 1........ 3 2.............. Hydrocephalus........... 5 3 17 10 27 27 22 15 53 49 591 479 12 6 103 72 2...... Hydrophobia......................................... 3 1 4................ 1....................... Hydrothorax.............. 1 2 18 16 4 4 2 2 10 2 25 29 27 18 15 5............... Ileus.................................................................................................................... 1....................................... Infantile................. 5 2 too 106 129 95 56 30 49 39 303 219 166 134 159 143 1....... Inflammation............. 2 3 19 14 21 17 13 9 18 17 148 141 14 13 33 29 2 2 Z Influenza...................... 5 0........ 2 5 96 8 6 10 5........... C Insanity.......................... 1 3 1 17 11 4 3 3 3 37 25 2 6 10 9............... Intemperance............ 3........ 19........ 27 3 8........ 20 2 88 13 31........ 31 5 1. Intussusception........................... 2........ 1.........1........................................ 1 1 1............... Ischuria.................................................................................................. 2...........i.......................................... i Jaundice......................... 1 6 4 28 12 1 1 6 9 42 42 20 12 36 25........ 1 Joints, disease of........... 1.............-.. Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 4r.-Continued.A t'~~~~~~~; MINNESOTA. MISSISSIPPI. MISSOURI. NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. NOR'I! CAROLINA. 01110. OREGON. C auses of death. --— _ —- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Kidney, disease of..........13 2 25 3 12 3 10 5 93 26 14 2 30 6..... Laryngitis.............................................. 5 1.............. 3 1 8 4 3 2.............. Liver, disease of.......... 6 9 33 24 64 35 21 28 21 25 194 144 48 42 88 68 1 5 Lungs, disease of......... 11 2 39 35 65 75 35 24 39 26 431 324 15 18 143 113 3 1 1 Malformation..................... 1 4 1 4 3 1....................... 4 5 2 3 3 3............... Marasmus........................ 2 7 3 12 4............... 24 14 165 177 14 9 12 6.............. Measles.......................... 3 98 82 131 116 3 2 30 46 379 367 58 68 216 233 1....... Metritis......................................... 3........ 2....................... 3........ 8........ 6........ 7. Mortification.............3....... 1 4 2 9 6 4 2 32 14 5 1 7 3............... Necrosis................................. 5 4 9 1 1.1 2 7........ 5 4 14 6............... Nephria.................................... 1................................ 1........ 8 8 1........ 2...................... Nephritis......................... 1 3................ 29 6........ 8 2.............. Neuralgia................ 2 1 10 8 29 28........ 5 4 5 43 66 19 13 26 37.............. Old age.................. 6 12 98 108 90 123 122 168 114 160 687 858 137 228 374 356............... Ovarian dropsy................................................................................................... 2....................... I1.............. Ovarian dropsy...2.1.... Paralysis................. 2 5 19 29 44 36 48 88 75 65 379 310 90 76 153 178........ 1 Paramenia....................................... 10........ 11........................................ 4........ 5........ 13............. Parotitis................. 1........ 6 5 11 10................................ 15 6 1........ 1 2............... Pericarditis...................................... 1........................................ 5 3........ 1 7 5.............. Peritonitis.............................. 2........ 1................ 10 9 1 6 7 5............... Phlebitis............................. 1........................ 1................................................ I.................... I Phlebitisy.............1...1.......... Pleurisy................................. 12 9 30 22 5 10 18 15 76 51 31 11 28 16.............. Pneumonia... 42 25 940 600 831 575 107 117 159' 120 1,251 850 499 418 717 594 5 7 W2 Prostate, disease of..................... Puerperal fever........... 3........ 57........ 74 7........ 14........ 42........ 38........ 63........ 1 Purpura and scurvy......... 1 1 4 2 1 1 1........ 4........ 2........ 7 1.............. Quinsy........................... 1 22 23 32 32................ 3 3 8 13 17 19 14 15............... Rheumatism.............. 2 2 23 19 41 28 11 7 20 15 139 83 43 31 55 59,...... 1 Scarlatina............. 38 18 149 119 440 456 82 87 365 329 2,350 2,332 179 184 1,636 1,781 19 18 Scrofula................. 4 7 42 40 62 65 18 22 19 21 105 94 52 49 84 94 2....... Skin, disease of........................ 52 49 72 62 4........ 2 1 8 6 55 41 24 10.............. Smallpox...................................6 16 6 7 1 163 129 1........ 59 76............... Spina bifida.................. o....................... o**.. I***..**.... O........ 1............................ o.............................................. Spine, disease of.......... 2.... 17 17 21 23 5 9 16 7 81 44 14 8 47 30........ Splenitis.............1 2 6 1............................... 4 2 2 2 3 2............... Still-born............................ 33 30 28 19 2. 7 2 86 70 30 25 58 55........... Stomach, disease of............... 1 3 6 10 6. 3.1 21 10 3 1 14 14. Stone..................1 13....... 12... 13 1 9 1 82 4 33 1 51 3 1....... Stricture of urethra....................... 3 1 1. 2. 4.3.1............. Sudden death................. 5 3 12 5 6 4 11 12 38 33 22 23 32 21 2 12 Syphilis.......................... 6 3 1...... 1 1........ 1 112 3 4 5 3............... Tabes mesenteria......................... 1........ 2............................................................ Teething........ 7 1 150 142 111 125 6 14 42 41 263 230 52 45 69 67 2. 2 Tetanus.................. 7 1 57 32 53 25 1 1 14 3 51. 39 18 9 32 17.............. Throat, disease of........................ 37 39 74 78 11 16 49 51 215 217 29 30 236 246 7 10 Thrush................. 1 10 8 19 21 1 3 4 10 11 18 20 10 6............... Tumor......... 1........ 3 3 6 3 4 11 12 12 50 62 5 12 19 15.................. Ulcers.................... 3...... 9 4 6 15 2........ 5 3 12 10 8 4 8 5 1....... Ulcerofintestines.............................. 1 1............... 1 1........ 8 4..... 4...... Unknown........... 66 53 754 726 1,054 932 96 101 205 168 1,464 1,068 1,033 1,056 959 824 9 13 Uterus, disease of.......35........ 5.8. 1...... 1 8.15......... Whooping cough. 13 15 172 196 158 193 20 28 84 88 307 397 199 201 169 239 2 2 Worms.................. 3 1 73 56 41 34 1 4 4 3 41 47 78 66 13 26...... Yellowfever.... 3 3 5 2..............2.2........ 15......... 1 Totals.... 520 489 5,937 5,461 9,061 7,757 2,061 2,251 3,768 3,415 23,571 21,361 5,861 6,041 12,132 11,578 112 117 Aggregates........... 1,009 11,398 16,818 4,312 7,183 44,932 11,902 23,710 229 Total of violent deaths. 100 816 739 157 342 1,949 705 1,014 22 Grand totals....1,10......9,214 17,557 4,469 7,525 46,881 12,607 24,724 251 * —----------- -------------- -------------------------- 7[ I CO Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 8fc.-Continued. PENNSYLVANIA. RHODE ISLAND. SOUTH CAROLINA. TENNESSEE. TEXAS. VERMONT. VIRGINIA. WISCONSIN. Cause of death. -- - --- ---- _ —-- --—'_ENYVNA Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Abscess.................................. 7 15 3 2 9 9 11 3 9 7 2 18 7 3 3 Abscess, lumbar............................................................................................................................................. Ansemia1 1.,.2................. Anwmia................................... 1 1........................................................................... 2........................, Angina pectoris............................ Aneurism................................ 2........................................................................................................ Apoplexy................................. 235 176 15 24 50 50 40 35 22 28 21 25 80 66 41 29 Ascites......................................................................................................................... - Asthma.................................. 44.32 1 3 14 9 8 11 7 3 1 22 28 9 5 0 44~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ 2 32 14[ 9 5 1 Bowels, disease of........................ 38 25 9 3 53 37 32 19 19 16 2] 6 62 49 10 4 Brain, disease of.......................... 232 156 19 12 60 49 70 60 84 56 27 24 142 72 29 25 Brain, softening of........................ 10 8 3 1 3 2 1 2........ 1 5 2 6 2 1 2 Bronchitis................................ 169 140 4 6 35 35 37 45 25 24 3 1 65 68 8 6 Cancer............................. 99 208 14 31 16 48 25 62 19 25 30 52 66 102 26 23 Canker................................ 6 4 7 2................................... 1 4 1 1 8 13 o Carbuncle.............................. 9 6................ 2 2 3 4 2 2................ 2 1 1........ M Cephalitis............................... 439 334 27 17 93 66 330 250 176 112 23 20 231 183 89 71 g Child-birth....................................... 323 16........ 113........ 122........ 100........ 27....... 238........ 131 Cholera.................................. 30 34 3 2 11 6 16 7 6 5 5 3 24 18 4 5 Cholera infantum........................ 191 182 39 30 42 58 64 60 18 25 10 7 99 70 19 1a Chorea.............................................. 1. 4.......... 2 2........ 1 1 1 1........ Cold w ater...........................................I................................................ I........................................ I......... Colitis................................... 54 21 3 25 19 29 14 19 14 1 2 62 50 20 1 Consumption............................. 2,567 2,445 254 313 173 217 593 847 221 199 314 465 855 1,254 417 493 C/ Convulsions............................. 345 287 34 18 48 40 77 55 50 41 2 3 191 121 111 87 Croup.................................... 736 583 43 25 128 126 489 415 172 126 40 38 339 279 136 123 Cyanosis................................. 1 4........ 1..................................................................... 1 1 Cystitis................................. 11 2....1..... 1........ 1 4........ 1 1........ 16 4 2 Debility............................... 172 152 16 12 29 29 30 17 21 14 8 10 36 33 30 21 Delirium tremens......................... 56 9 5 1 8.4 1 10........ 4........ 15 1 7. Diarrh a................................. 218 178 25 16 119 142 118 96 125 79 7 9 191 177 78 53 Diabetes.................................. 17 3 3 2 3 2 6 1 7 1 14 3 3 5 6 4 Diptheria................................. 118 128 12 11................ 2 2 2 2 4 2 115 155 1 1 Dropsy................................... 497 510 27 33 257 308 209 230 100 122 49 75 469 452 77 82 Dysentery................................ 390 332 32 28 139 138 137 158 169 164 25 23 388 340 139 103 Dyspepsia................................ 52 36 1 1 16 19 20 18 8 1 1 3 40 33 11 1 Enteritis................................ 262 175 18 7 40 24 97 86 73 61 43 28 104 72 71 43 - Epilepsy................................. 28 24 6 3 3 9 5 2 2 1 1 5 9 9 13 - Ersiels........................ { ~ Erysipelas............................... 134 116 5 17 13 4 48 40 23 32 20 10 48 43 33 26 ~ FEp,interpsyen........................24i Fever, internittent.40 33........28 27 107 116 61 72 1 3 44 24 27 13 Fever, remittent......................... 280 235 9 6 201 199 284 320 254 258 20 19 174 155 85 99, Fever, typhoid............................ 763 579 37 29 333 332 482 436 351 350 111 99 565 491 151 110 Fistula.............................3...... oiut.s............................ 1 1 F..... 186 166 14 12 53 42 56 40 32 20 22 101 70 60 59 Gastritis............................... 37 24 2 2 11 9 Gout..................................... 5.................................................................................'........ 411 Heart, disease of.......................... 322 327 36 32 43 53 66 45 30 25 79 71 129 142 38 31 0 Heat...........7 2 8 55.......... 7 2 8 5 5 3 9 4 Hemorrhage.............................. 67 58 9 7 15 10 30 22 12 14 7 3 46 51 12 8 -3 Hepatitis................................. 14 11 2 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 94 3 Hernia.................................. 22 6........ 1 10 2 12 2 6 1........ 2 25 7 6 3 Hipdisease............................... 8 3................ I........................................ 2 1 5 1. Hydrocephalus........................... 172 129 34 17 11 13 20 11.9 7 13 15 39 32 38 29 Q Hydrophobia.........3.................... 3.......................1 a..... 2 11 1 Hydrothorax............................. 20 23 3 4 20 14 15 5 2 3 6 3 35 17 3. Ileus................................................................. 1....I........................................ Infantile.................................. 256 184 6 14 79 95 103 103 65 50 6 5 252 257 73 56 L Inflammation............................ 68 57 5 1 18 10 18 16 24 19 2 3 21 12 22 12 Influenza................................. 3 11........... 15 6 6 5 5 6 1 20 9 8 3 5 Insanity................................. 32 21 3 2 3 5 8 3 3 7 1 2 4 8 5 4 Intemperance....................4........ 54 3 10 4 16 4 45 1 17........ 3........ 4 3 6 10.. Intussusception.1.............1........ 2.1........3 2. Ischuria.................................................. Jaundice............................... 32 28 1 2 9 2 9 12 4 4 2 2 24 21 3 7 Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 4c.-Continued. PENNSYLVANIA. RHODE ISLAND. SOUTH CAROLINA. TENNESSEE. TEXAS. VERMONT. VIRGINIA. WISCONSIN. Cause of death. - --- - ----- --- - --- ---- Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female,. Male. Female. Male. Female. Joints, disease of.....*...,......................................................................................................,........................................... Kidney, disease of........................ 43 9 2 2 9 2 16 7 13 4 8.... 24 5 3 2 Laryngitis................................ 5 1 1........................ 1 1 3.2....................... Liver, disease of.......................... 120 99 12 9 42 30 46 39 29 24 12 14 65 58 39 36 Lungs, disease of......................... 151 115 8 7 23 30 45 47 42 25 31 39 61 58 54 37 Malformation............................ 6 4 7 5 5 3 6 4 1 1........ 1 3 4 1 2 Marasmus................................ 64 63 8 13 13 13 3 2 1 1................ 11 5 2 2 Measles............................. 96 121........ 3 15 34 63 58 59 76 5 5 80 60 29 26 0 M etritis........................................ 9....................... 3....... 5....... 3................... 9................ Mortification............................. 21 12 1 4 2 1 3 1 1........ 5........ 7 7 7 3 Necrosis................................. 11 4................ 7 2 8 4........ 1................ 7 4 1 N ephria.................................. 2................................................................I........ 1............................ Nephritis................................ 8 2 2 23 1 2 3 1 5 8 2........ Neuralgia................................ 50 34 1 1 2 5 19 35 17 11 4 5 14 28 14 17 Old age................................... 398 500 42 64 152 153 154 199 47 61 122 133 379 495 83 80 Ovarian dropsy................................... I........................................................................................................... - Paralysis..................279 268 21 11 46 52 64 65 6 18 33 39 163 208 22 23 Param enia................................3................................ 7....................... 6........ 2 Parotitis................................. 2 1............I....................... I. 1........ Pericarditis................. 3 3.............. I..................................1. Peritonitis............................. 1 5 3 5........ 1.1 2 2 1........ Phlebitis.1~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1.........1.U P lebitis.................................. I........ I.............................. I...................... I............... M Pleurisy................................. 72 49 1 5 11 14 12 6 6 8 2 6 60 34 10 5 Pneumonia............................... 626 494 64 72 621 443 690 475 552 412 94 66 956 649 244 186 Prostate, disease of........................... 2........................................ Puerperal fever......................44............. 3 40 94........ 39........ 3........ 100........ 14 Purpura and scurvy....................... 4 3 1 1 2........ 3........ 2 1........ 1 5 3................ Quinsy............. 10......... 9 6 23 11 3 34............... 13 14 5 3 Rheumatism............................. 85 66 6 5 28 15 62 46 28 16 5 5 78 64 27 14 Scarlatina................................ 1,595 1,561 48 42 84 78 452 427 109 112 134 110 294 307 480 417 Scrofula.................................. 84 74 5 6 28 29 88 99 24 22 6 9 172 163 20 15 Skin, disease of......................... 19 17 1........ 20 17 92 99 66 48 1 3.44 22 6 1 Smallpox............................... 41 46 7 1................ 5 5........ 1 4 7 15 9 8 7 Spinabifida............................................................... 1........ 4 1............................................................... Spine, disease of.......................... 5 6 486 Spine, disease of.......................... 56 48 6 4 12 5 24 17 13 7 5 6 45 26 13 3' Splenitis........................................................".... 1 2 1 2 1 2............... 3........ Still-born............................ 59 44 3 1 20 29 54 37 15 20 2 2 79 40 15 6 Stomach, disease of...................... 18 1........ 1 1........ 6 10 2........................ 4 11 3 2 Stone.................................. 60 3................ 16 3 24 6 7 1 14...... 34 6 11 2 Stricture of urethra....................... 3........................ 3........ 1......... 1... 7 1............ Suddendeath............................. 44 21 5 1 20 18 27 24 8 4 1 43 38 5 6 Syphilis.................................. 8 3 2 2 6 7 4 5 1 1......... 1 8. Tabes mesenteria................................. 1................................................................................ 2................ I....... O Teething............................... 74 70 21 16 187 173 83 72 105 95 3 1 92 112 50 39 Tetanus................................ 40 23 2 1 49 57 77 34 56 31........ 3 62 32 25 32 Throat, disease of........................ 107 150 2 5 29 33 37 46 17 19 4 3 166 196 20 26 0 Thrush.................................. 8 9........ 2 11 7 17 14 5 5 1........37 30 3........ Tumor................................. 26 31 1 3 4 1 7 8 1 2 6 9 6 10 2 3 Ulcers.................................... 11 13................ 6 4 13 12 1 1 2 1 10 7 3 6 Ulcerofintestines........................ 1 4......... 2........ 1 1 1....... 2................ 1 2 Unknown............................... 982 833 56 66 608 568 1,018 995 619 593 88 75 1,881 1,786 328 237 Uterus, disease of....................40.... 3 1 5 2 6 3.1................ 7........ 3 Whooping cough......................... 224 253 33 27 173 165 122 169 77 77 15 17 412 509 63 49 Worms.................................. 19 19 1 4 76 62 49 48 31 24 3 1 71 93 13 6 Yellow fever............................................................. 2........ 1........ 327 103...2........................ Totals......^................ 15,138 13,708 1,174 1,167 4,612 4,501 7,240 7,108 4,633 4,056 1,567 1,673 10,699 10,512 3,574 3,157 W Aggregatss.................. 28,846 2,341 9, 113 14,348 8,689 3,240 21,211 6,731 Total of violent deaths.............. 1,368 138 632 828 680 115 1,263 398 Grand totals........................ 30,214 2,479 9,745 15,176 9,369 3,355 22,474 7,129 ___________________________________ ______ _ ____ —-------- - ---— ^ —--—. —- -___ Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 4C.-Continued. DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. NEW MEXICO. UTAH. WVASHINGTON.TOTALS. Causes of death. G- ----- ----- - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- - --- - -------- - Grand totals. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Abscess... 1...2.....829............... 21 54 i i Abscess........................................................................................... 329 215 544 Abscess, lumbar....................................................................19 423 Anm m ia.........................................................................................................................21 1839 Angina pectoris....................................................................................................................4 6 Aneurism.............................................................33 11 44 Apoplexy..................................................... 3 7 4......... 1.................... 1,776 1,3023,078 Ascites.................................................................................................. 43 1053 Asthma........................................... 1......... 7 5.................................... 358 312670 Bowels, disease of..................................................... 2 3.......... 2....................904 7081,612 Brain, disease of.................................... 2 2 6 3 1 1.......... 1 3,219 2,3265,545 Brain, softening of.110.................54 164. Brain, s fteningof............................................................................................................110 54 164 ~4 Bronchitis.......................................... 1.......... 4 1............1.................... 11,053 8671,920 Cancer........................................... 12........................................ 1,228 2,064 3,292 Canker............................................ 2 1.................... 10 5....................231 230461 Carbuncle........................................................................................................................ 63 3598 Cephalitis......................................... 8 13 3 2 6 2 1 1 5,762 4,573 10,335 Child-birth................................................... 3.......... 40.......... 7.......... 3.............. 4,0654,065 Cholera....................................................... 4 2....................................... 595 390985 Cholera infantum................................... 2 1.......... 4.............................. 2,579 2,225 4,804 Chorea............................................................................................................................21 3556 Cold water.......................................................................................................................... 5............. 5 Colitis.......................... 10....................................'. 2'..\............................................. 713 "' 447 1,160. Cold water..................5...... Consumption...................................... 13 15 18 16 8 10 2 6 23,029 25,942 48,971 Convulsions....................... 5 2.................... 4 1....... 2 2,961 2,280 5,241 Croup.............................................. 2 1 7 2 13 10 3 3 8,232 6,956 15,188 Cyanosis..........................................................................................................................11 2031 Cyanosis......... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 20 31 Cystitis.......................................6 1..... 149 31 180 Debility................................................. 2 1 1 1.......... 11075 1,067 2,142 Delirium tremens................................... 1.............................................. 52056576 Diarrhea........................................... 3 2 6 2 5 5.................... 4,3373,107,847 Diarrhcea. 3 2 6 ~~ ~~~~~~~~2 5 5.4, 337 3, 510 7, 847 Diabetes............................................................ I..............................28995384 Diabetes...... 1....~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~289 95 384 Diptheria......................................... 1 2..............I.................................. 7888751,663 Diptheria.. ~~ ~~ ~~1 2....788 875 1,663 Dropsy............................................. 2 3 21 20......... 3.......... 25,8046,230 12,034 Dropsy~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3..2.3.21.20. 2 5,804 6,230 12,034 Dysentery...................................... 6 6 12 13 3 5 1 5,6204,841 10,461 Dyspepsia.......................................... 1.......... 4 2.......... 1....................517 319836 Enteritis.......................................... 5 3 4 7 17 7 1.......... 2,7912,2685,059 Erysipelas...............1 2 3 2 2................... 1,460 1,296 2,756 Fever, intermittent.................................. 12 15 8 1................................... 2,392 2,055 4,447 Fever, remittent................................... 13 8 98 94 4 4................... 5,760 5,342 11,102 Fever, typhoid...................................... 10 8 3 3 2 6.................... 10,3218,886 19,207 Fistula....I...................................... 30 7 37j Fits........................... 4 3 1 1 1 2.. 2,057 1,778 3,835 I' Gastritis......................................... 7 4.......................................478 540 1,018 Gout......................................................... 3341 H Heart, disease of................................... 1 19 6 1......... 3,4532,952 6, 405 Heat................................................ 2................................................299 61 360 Hemorrhage....................................... 1 2 2.....................................741 577 1,318 Hepatitis................................................................................... 118 82 200 Hernia........................................................................................................ 4.. 260 100 360 Hip disease............................................................................5 47 122 Hy-drocephalus..................................... 1 1.............. 3........ 1,880 1,535 3,415 Hydrophobia............................................................................................................271239 Hydrothorax....................................... 2............................................................... 309 257 566 H Ileus.......................................................................................................... I...................3 1 4 Infantile............................................ 9 6 8 5 37 20.................... 3,364 2,848 6,212 Inflammation.......................................1 14.... 3 7..........726596 1,322 Influenza.1.......................1...I..........1.......... I 1.......................... 194 193 387 3 Insanity.......................... 251 200 451 Intemperance..................................... 1......... 7.......... 8........................................84088928 Intussusception.............2.....................9.....................12......41 Iscburia.........................................................................................................................4..............4 Jaundice................................... 1.......... 1......................................367314681 Joints, disease of.................................................................................................... 10414 C. Table of Mortality, distinguishing by Sex the number of Deaths in the United States, 4-c.-Continued. DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. NEW MEXICO. UTAH. WASHINGTON. TOTALS. Causes of death. Ge- --- - --- -- --- --- - - ---- --- Grand totals., Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male Female Male. Female. Male. Female. Kidney, disease of..................................................... ]........................................ 540 124 664 Laryngitis..................................................................6 74 Liver, disease of.............................................. 1 11 3 3 1 1.......... 1,464 1,165 2,629 Lungs, disease of................................... 2.......... 7 2 2... ~....................... 1, 999 1,576 3,575 Malformation................................................................................................................. 76 55 131 Marasmus......................'................................................................................... 444 416860 Marasmus~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.................1.........444 416 860 M easles............................................ 1.................................................. 1,937 1,963 3 900 M etritis..1................................................... 1................................................................ 100 100 M ortification....................................... 1........................................ 1.......... 185 95 280 H N ecrosis................................................................................................................. 142 71 213 Nephria....................................................................................................... 17 11 28 Nephritis.......................................................................................................................... 89 34 123 Neuralgia......................................... 1.......... 1 4........................................ 418 491 909 Old age........................................... 2 1 11 14 2 1 1.......... 4,895 5,992 10,887 Ovarian dropsy......................................................................................................................... 99 Paralysis......................................... 2.......... 1 2 2.......... 1.......... 2,308 2,319 4,627 Paramenia....................................................................... 5.................................................... 157 157 Parotitis............................................................................................................................ 75 47 122 Pericarditis...................................................................................................................... 27 22 49 Peritonitis..........................................................................................................................49 64 113 Phlebitis........................ 12 14 26 Co Pleurisy............................................................... 38 46.......... 1.................... 728 5341,262 ~ Pneumonia......................................... 20 13.......... 2 4 21........... 15,804 11,272 27,076 Prostate, disease of.......................7..... 7 Puerperal fever............................................. 1..................................................................... 1,097 1 097 Purpura and scurvy.................................................... 2............................................... 52 2779 Quinsy................................................................. 1......... 3.............................. 367 361 728 Rheumatism............................................................ 10 7.......... 1.................... 1,101 772 1,873 Scarlatina.....................I......... 3 7 1 1 2.......... 1 2 13,217 13,176 26,393 Scrofula............................................ 1 1.......... 1........................................ 1,389 1,294 2.683 Skin, disease of..................................... 1 1 2 1 1 1....................981 771 1,752 Smallpox.................................................... 1........................................729 534 1,263 Spina bifida...................................................................................................................... 8 7 15 Spine, disease of................ 1......................................................................................609 454 1,063 Splenitis..............................................................................................................47 29 76 Still-born............................................................... 2 2...................................... 926 691 1,617 Stomach, disease of.................................................... 4 6.....................................134 133267 0 Stone...................6............................................. I I.................................. 606 67 673 Stricture of urethra....................................................1.................................. 48 11 59 Sudden death......................................................... I.....................................8.......... 469 347 816 Syphilis.......................................................................................................... 138 93 231 Tabes mesenteria..........................................................29 22 51 Teething........................................... 2............................ 6 5......... 12,564 2,345 4,909 Tetanus.............................................................. 1 1...................................... 994 624 1,618 Throat, disease of.................................. I.......... 11 2.......... I................... 1,646 1,851 3,497 Thrush..................................................................................... 1..............................282 272554 0 Tumor............................................................... 4 2.......................................256 355 611 Ulcers............................................................ 1 3 1.............................. 200 171 371 Ulcer of intestines............................................................................................ 1..........38 36 74 Unknown...................... 1 1 2 3 18 151 157 18 31.......... 1 19,151 17,497 36,648 Uterus, disease of.............................................. 1.................................................... 246 246 Whooping cough............................ 9 12 5 10....................................... 3,825 4,575 8,400 W orms................................................................... 1.......... 1,045 958 2,003 Yellow fever..................................... 502 155 657 7 Totals...................... 3 1 180 170 551 531 173 147 18 23 193,572 179,919 373,491 z ____ ______ __ ___ ___ ___ _____ _________ —__ _____ ____ ____ 171 Aggregates................ 4 350 1,082 320 41373,491............ 2 Total of violent deaths................... 31 223 54 920,115............ Grand totals................ 4 381 1,305 374 50 393,606........... I,, 1G62 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 6.-'4 S 0 0,..... DEATHS.. 0 0 a M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. I. ACCIDENTAL: Accidents not specified.. 103 35 79 9 126 2 61 9 10 2 6 Burns and scalds........ 90 152 26 35 16 17 13 34 3 5 2 3 Drowning.............. 61 12 38 9 87 8 47 6 15 1 7...... Fall.................... 27 7 13 4 15 4 10 5 5 2 3 1 Fire-arms.............. 36 2 22 1 43..... 7 1 1 6..... 6 Freezing................ 2...... 4 2......... 1.......... L ightning.............. 3 6 1 2........... 2.............................. Neglect and exposure.........1 2 2 2...... 2......................... Poison................. 20 14 14 9 12 3 6 2 1 2 3 1 Railroad............... 7......... 1..... 9 3 1........... Strangulation.......... 10 4 1 2 1.... 1 3................. Suffocation............. 135 121 35 36 5 1 5 3 1 1...... Total accidents. 495 353 235 109 310 35 163 66 37 13 28 5 II. SUICIDE: Cutting throat...................... 5 2.................. Drowning.....................1 1............. 2 3........................ Fire-arms............... 3.12 2............ I...... Hanging................ 10 1.......... 5 1 5...... 1........... Poison................. 2 1 1 6 3 5 3..... Strangulation................................................................................ Suicides not specified. 3 1... 6...... 9...... 1...... 1. Total suicides........ 18 3 2 1 34 4 25 6 2...... 2...... III. HOMICIDE............. 17...... 8...... 40 1 1..... 2............. IV. MURDER............... 18..... 17 3 31 3 3 2 1 1............ V. EXECUTED............ 1...... 2...... 4.................. 1................. Total violent deaths.. 549 356 264 113 419 43 192 74 43 14 30 5 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 163 Violent Deaths. 0~ 0 0'- ~ M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 10 5 102 30 168 23 130 24 70 9 13 2 130 23 134 23 18 28 121 195 79 69 63 86 25 41 6 11 72 84 52 82 14 2 40 15 102 19 75 10 47 8 6 1 82 15 103 12 3 1 32 14 42 13 22 14 15 6 1.... 42 18 31 5 8.... 23...... 30 3 11 3 11 2 9...... 35 1 46 1...... 1 6 1 3......2...... 6.. 4...... 2 1...... 2 4 1 16 2 1 3 7 1 2...... 4 1 2 2........... 8 5 2 2 1...................... 1 2 3...... 3 4 18 16 34 33 37 26 15 9 3 2 37 28 29 13 5...... 11... 33 7 27 2 2................ 9 2 1...... 1 2 10 5 11 3 10 4 7 4...... 7 3 1 3 7 5 125 146 5 3 4 6 2 2............ 79 51 34 39 69 50 500 428 525 177 383 178 207 82 40 16 502 228 438 181 1...... 1..... 2...... 1................................... 2..................................... 2........... 1.........1 2 3 1. 3 4 3.......... 3...... 8...... 4..... 3............ 1 5...... 5..... 1 2 3 11 3 6 1 5 1 1...... 14 2 3...... 2...... 1 1 4...... 3...... 5 1 1 2 1...... i 1,..................,............ I.................................................................. 7 3 9 5 7 3...... 2 1 6 1 4 1 4.... 14 7 34 10 21 4 14 4 3 3 27 5 18 3 4...... 15 5 12 1 8.. 5...... 8 1 30...... 15 2 5...... 17 2 22 1 8 1 4...... 7.... 23 1 29 3 7...... 1............................ 1................ 2...... 3...... 89 50 547 442 593 189 420 183 231 86 58 20 584 234 503 189 164 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 6-Violent 0.0 ~~~~~~0 DEATHS. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. L ACCIDENTAL: Accidents not specified.. 45 4 51 10 140 88 96 12 16 1 113 36 Burns and scalds....... 26 25 29 43 48 62 32 46 8 10 65 108 Drowning.............. 139 13 48 8 218 27 84 18 32 9 45 12 Fall.................... 33 10 14 3 69 15 26 11 1...... 15 6 Fire-arms.............. 5 1 10 1 8...... 20 2 2 1 28 6 Freezing.. 2..1.2..1. 12. 2 9]1 Freezing........................ 1...... 12...... 2...... 9 1 Lightning............ 2 5... 1...... 2 2 1 1 8 4 Neglect and exposure... 2 2 2...... 6 11 2................. 8 6 Poison................. 5 2 7 2 6 7 9 3 2 1 22 15 Railroad.............. 8 1 13..... 44 8 11................. 7 1 Strangulation........... 3...... 5 1 4 2 4 2...... 1 9 3 Suffoi)cation......................... 9 6 12 5 2...... 1.... 116 123 Total accidents....... 268 61 195 74 557 225 300 96 65 24 445 321 11. SUICIDE: Cutting throat.......... 3...... 1...... 7 1..... 2........................ Drowning.............. 4 3 1...... 4 4........................ 2 1 Fire-arm s........................... 1...... 7..... 2.................. 3...... Hanging............... 12 4 2 2 19 2 14 2 3...... 2 1 Poison................ 3 i............ 8 5 5 1................ 1 Strangulation................................... 2................................... Suicides not specified.. 2 1 6 2 43 8 8 2 1...... 8 3 Total suicides........ 24 9 11 4 90 20 29 7 4...... 15 6 I1. HOMICIDE............. 4...... 4..... 6 8 5...... 3 1 21 1 IV. MURDER............... 1..... 4 1 5...... 2 2 2 2, 5..... V. EXECUTED................................................................. 1 2..... Total violent deaths... 297 70 214 79 658 253 336 105 74 26 488 328 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 165 Deaths-Continued. 2~~~~~~~~~ w t> i>"> " i3 0 b0 - 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~ M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 125 23 30 7 03 7 467 72 74 15 216 39 1...... 342 34 75 77 6 10 34 40 155 186 80 149 105 121 3 1 149 125 79 15 34 2 71 8 353 41 51 8 140 28 3 2 225 45 30 18 10 4 22 5 166 37 20 7 81 23............ 101 14 33 5 4 1 4 1 39 2 14 2 38 1............ 33....... 3...... I...... 3...... 10 1 5..... 4.................. 7...... 10 2 1 1 1...... 7 1 6 2 7 1...... 5 3 5...... 3...... 1...... 15 7 5...... 6 3...... 6 5 36 21 3..... 5 3 34 30 14 9 23 22..... 1 22 8 11 1 4...... 24 6 96 10 2 2 53 1............ 96 8 10 7 1 1 1 3 15 5 10 7 9 6............ 9 10 37 38 1...... 3 6 21 12 88 95 6 2............ 7 5 454 207 98 26 232 79 1,378 404 369 296 688 247 7 4 1,002 257 i....5.....2 9 1 2 1 3.................. 7 3 1 1 3 1 1...... 2 5............................. 4 1 4......... 2...... 8 1 2...... 3 1............ 5...... 10 2 12 1 8 1 36 6 2 1 9 3............ 26 7 4...... 2 1 1 2 10 10 3...... 4 1............ 10 4................................................................... 1......................... 5 2 3 1 5 2 31 11 3 1 14 4 1...... 15 1 25 5 27 4 17 7 96 34 12 3 37 10 1.... 67 16 26.................. 2...... 19 2 6 1 18 3 5...... 17...... 21 1...... 2 3...... 13...... 15 1 11...... 2...... 1............ 2...... 3...... 2........................ 526 213 125 32 256 86 1,509 440 404 301 754 260 18 4 1,094 274 166 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTHII CENSUS. TABLE No. 6.- Violent Ca S'0t DEATHS. M'0 -. I I I~~~~ I) I M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. I. AeGIDENTAL: Accidents not specified.. 26 1 80 24 112 20 79 91 21 2 164 42 Burns and scalds........ 8 16 82 124 64 108 37 74 11 14 142 231 Drowning.............. 28 7 47 24 42 14 60 12 18 5 108 20 Fall.................... 10 2 26 13 27 7 30 6 6 3 41 22 Fire-arms.............. 1...... 11...... 35 3 49 2 1...... 33 1 Freezing............... 2...... 1 1 4 2 9 1 1 7...... Lightning.......................... 6 6 2 1 7 1 1..... 11 6 Neglect and exposure.. 2 2 6 7...... 4 6...... 2 1 Poison................. 4 5 8 7 33 33 25 19 1 4 34 22 Railroad................ 4 1 7 I 12.... 1 1 2...... 15..... Strangulation.......... 1 1 7 2 9 3 5 4 I...... 21 5 Suffocation........................ 56 74 11l 101 39 38 1 2 139 _22 Total accidents..... 86 35 331 282 458 292 345 183 63 31 717 427 II. SUICIDE:: Cutting throat,................................. 1........................ 2...... Drowning.............. 2 1 1...... 3....................... I.... 2 Fire-arms.............. 2................. 8 1 6....... Hanging.............. 1...... 2..... 5....... 4 1 7 3 5 6 Poison..3......... 2 2 3 2 6 3...... 3...... Strangulation...................................................................... Suicides not specified.. 2 1 4 1 6 2 14 3...... 3 5 2 Total suicides...... 9 5 7 1 25 5 27 3 17 4 21 10 [II. HOMICIDE......................... 3...... 19...... 53 3............ 9 3 l~~t. Hoiescso~ ~ ~~~.. 3. 19....53 3.9 3 IV. MURDER............... 3 2 0 1......62 3........... 19 3 V. EXECUTED......................... 3...... 7 1 1.7 2'otal violent deaths. 98 40 347 285 529 299 488 192 80 35 773 490 NOTES. Under "accidents not specified," are included deaths of 20 males and 57 females by the fall of Pemberton Mills, at Lawrence, Massachusetts. Under accidental deaths by "poison," are counted deaths of 3 males and 2 females by arsenic, 3 males by corrosive sublimate, and 9 males and 3 females by strychnine. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 167 Deaths-Continued., C. 5) 0 M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. &F. 75 10............ 5...... 12 2 7.................. 3,502 664 4,166 41 41............ 1 3 7 16 4 5............ 1798 2,477 4, 275 88 11............ 2 3 7 4 9 5 5...... 2,660 459 3,119 25 1............ I..... 1 2 1 1...... 1018 303 1,3291...... 1............ 6 1 15...... 6 1 1...... 684 46 730 6 1.................. 1 4............................. 125 14 139 3 2............ 1...... 5 3 2.................. 134 58 192.............................. 3.................. 1...... 103 60 163 20 14............ 3 1 4....................,...... 552 391 943 28.......................................................... 544 55 599 3 1................1....................... 188 97 285 2 3....................... 2............................ 1091 1,045 2,136 291 85............ 19 10 62 26 29 11 8...... 12,399 5,669 18,068 1................................................................ 57 10 67...... 2........................................................ 40 31 71 1......................... 1........................ 109 4 113 6 1........................................................... 249 55 304 1.................................................. 199 46 145........................................................................ 2 I3 5 1.............................238 61 299 14 4.............................. 1.794 208 1,002 2................. 2 23...... 13...... 1...... 426 32 458 1 1........................ 94 12...................... 479 47 526 i....................4. 1........................ 4. 57 4 61 308 90............ 21 10 185 38 492 12 9...... 14,155 5 960 20,115 NOTE. Among the suicides by " poison," are included 3 males and 3 females by arsenic, 1 male by corrosive sublimate, and 12 males and 3 females by strychnine. 168 PRELIWMI'AiY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 7. Table showing the number of Deaf and Dumb in the United States and Territories, according to the Eighth Census, 1860. DEAF AND DUMB. STATES. --------------- Free. Slave. Alabama............................................................ 235 67 Arkansas................................................. 127 15 California.......................................................... 68................. Connecticut........................................................ 473.................. Delaware.................................... 57 1 Florida.............................................................. 18 9 Georgia 345 83 Georgia............................................................. 345 83 Illinois.............................................................. 801.................. Indiana............................................................ 691................. Iowa... 282.................. Kansas.............................................................. 30.................. Kentucky.......................................................... 641 75 Louisiana........................................... 215 38 M aine............................................................... 354.................. Maryland..................................................... 246 35 Massachusetts..................................................... 512.................. Michigan............................................................ 335.................. M innesota........................................................... 33................ M ississippi......................................................... 164 55 M issouri............................................................ 520 46 New Hamphsire.................................................... 212.................. New Jersey......................................................... 282.................. New York.......................................................... 2, 077.................. North Carolina...................................................... 440 106 Ohio........................................................... 1,171.................. Oregon.............................................................. 16.................. Pennsylvania....................................................... 1,587.................. Rhode Island........................................................ 62.................. South Carolina....................................................... 170 53 Tennessee.......................................................,. 422 73 Texas........................................................... 180 24 Vermont.......180.................. Virginia............................................................. 768 121 Wisconsin.......................... 378................ TERRITORIES. District of Columbia................................................. 54 1 Dakota.................................................................... N ebraska............................................................ ]5.................. New M exico.......................................................................... U tah............................................................... 14.................. Washington.....................9.................. 14,269 808 14,269 Total........................................ 15,077 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 169 TABLE No. 8. ialue of Agricultural Implements produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. States and Territories. Value of products Value of products Per cent. inin 1850. in 1860. crease. Maine............................................... $259,787 * 339,180 30.5 New Hampshire...................................... 119,096 134.935 12.4 Vermont............................................... 133,355 157, 647 10.7 Massachusetts....................................... 820,141 *1, 740,943 112.2 Rhode Island.......................................... 72,000 *117,845 63.6 Connecticut........................................... 258,047 266,162 3.1 Total in New England States.............. 1,662,426 2,755,712 65.8 New York............................................ 1266,276 3,429,0:37 170.8 Pennsylvania......................................... 853,513 1455,760 70.5 New Jersey.......................................... 72,636 198,211 172.9 Delaware............................................ 15,175 90,581 49.7 Maryland............................................. 257,656 318980 23.8 District of Columbia................................... 6,550................................ Total in Middle States..................... 2471,806 5,492,569 122.2 Ohio................................................. 557932 2,690,943 3. 3 Indiana.............................................. 146,025 709,645 386.1 Michigan............................................. 30,600 412,192 1250.3 illinois.............................................. 761,970 2,552,165 235.0 Wisconsin............................................ 187,335 563,855 201.0 M innesota.............................................................. 17,000.............. I owa................................................ 17,900 112, 590 529.0 Missouri.............................................. 37,550 280,037 645.7 Kentucky............................................. 184,615 597,118 245.1 K ansas.................................................................0,000.............. Total in Western States.................. 1,923,927 7,955,545 313.7 Virginia.............................................. 213,906 339,959 58.9 North Carolina........................................ 32.930 40,000 21.4 South Carolina...................................... 29,939 4,800 Decrease. Georgia............................................. 228,837 252,075 10,1 Florida.............................................. 17,600.............. Alabama............................................. 34,500 t583,678 16.9 Louisiana............................................ 25,610 86,408 237.5 Texas.......................................................... 140,000 Decrease. Mississippi........................................... 109,260 94,283 Decrease. Arkansas............................................. 11,900 5,700 Decrease. Tennessee.......................................... 97,570 17,980 Decrease. Total in Southern States................... 784,452 1,582, 483 101.7 California............................................................... 9,375.............. Oregon........ 5,830.............. Total in Pacific States................................ 15,205.............. Aggregate in United States................. 6,842,611 17, 802,514 160.1 * Including forks, shovels, and scythes. t This amount includes 41i8,925 worth of cotton gins. 170 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE NO. 9.-Statistics of Pig Iron produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. Tons of ore States. Tons of ore Tons of pig iron. Value. mined. New Hampshire.......................................... 1,000 Vermont............................................... 4,500 3 Massachusetts............................................ 25 000 13, 700 403,000 Connecticut.............................................. 20,700 11,000 379,500 New York................................................ 176,375 63,145 1,385,208 Pennsylvania............................................. 1706476 553,560 *ll: 427,379 New Jersey.............................................. 57, 800 29,048 574,820 Maryland................................................. 79, 200 30,500 739,600 Ohio..................................................... 228,794 94,647 2,37,261 Indiana...................................... 375 9, 375 Michigan............................................... 17,900 10,400 291,400 Wisconsin............................................... 4,500 2,000 40, 000 Missouri................................................... 42, 000 22,000 575,000 Kentucky................................................ 73, 600 3, 362 534,164 Virginia................................................. 23,217 9, 096 251,173 Tennessee............................................... 53,20 18,417 457, 000 Total........................................ 2 514,282 884,474 19,487,790 Product in 1850..................................................... 13, 491,898 Increase, (44.4 per cent.)....................................................... 5,995,892 * Pennsylvania makes 62.5 per cent. of the quantity, and 58.6 per cent. of the value of the whole production. TABLE NO. 10.-Statement of quantity and value of Bar and other Rolled Iron made in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. States. Tons. Value. M aine.................................................................... 5, 300 332,000 New Hampshire.......................................................... 70 7,000 M assachusetts............................................................ 20,285 1 291, 200 Vermont....................................................... 1,100 63, 250 Connecticut............................................................. 2,060 175,500 New York.........................................................38, 275 2, 215, 250 New Jersey............................................................. 25,006 1,370, 725 Pennsylvania...........................................259,709 12,643,500 Maryland........... -... I........................................ 7,000 556,000 Ohio..................................................................... 10,439 692,000 Indiana............................................................. 2,000 105, 000 Missouri.................................................................. 4,678 535,000 Kentucky........................................................ 6,200 514 000 Tennessee....................... 5,024 483,248 North Carolina............................................................ 1,007 92,948 Virginia................................................................ 17,870 1,147,425 South Carolina..........................................................' 275 24,750 Total........................................................ 406,298 2, 248, 796 Product in 1850...................................................... 15,938,786 Increase, (39.5 per cent.)....................................... 6,310,010 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 171 TABLE No. 11. Value of Steam Engines and Mlachinery produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. States and Territories. Value of product Value of product Per cent. in 1850. in 1860. increase. Maine............................................ $648,180 $681,295 5.1 New Hampshire....................................... 606,170 898,560 48.0 Vermont.............................................. 363, 494 493,836 36.0 Massachusetts......................................... 5,220, 482 5,131, 238 Decrease. Rhode Island........................................... 1,210,728 1,068,825 Decrease. Connecticut............................................ 735,455 1,953,535 165.0 Total in New England States.................... 8,784,509 10,227,289 16.4 New York.............................................. 8,422, 744 10,484,863 24.0 Pennsylvania............................................ 4,214,213 7,243,453 71.1 New Jersey............................................. 890,123 3,215,673 260.0 Delaware............................................... 301,044 550,500 82. o Maryland.................................. 910,100 1,285,000 41.0 District of Columbia................................... 17,000 130,583 668.0 Total in Middle States........................... 14,755,224 22,910,072 55.2 Ohio................................................ 2,153,297 4,855,005 120.0 Indiana............................................... 215,970 426,805 97.0 Michigan.............................................. 329050 309,082 Decrease. Illinois................................................. 247,595 307,500 24.0 Wisconsin.............................................. 124,790 384,600 208.0 Iowa................................................... 6,200 186,720 2911.0 Missouri............................................... 228,675 719,500 210.0 Kentucky.............................................. 319,740 1,004,664 214.0 Kansas..................................................... 40,000...... Total in Western States......................... 3,625,317 8,233,876 127.1 Virginia................................................ 439,455 1,478,036 236 0 North Carolina................................ 34,300 92,750 170.0 South Carolina...................................... 73,400 462,192 529.0 Georgia............................................... 69,000 375,325 443.9 Florida.................................................................. 31,000............. Alabama...............................................' 140,075 524,350 274.0 Louisiana............................................................. 318,400............ Texas................................................... 5,850 55,000 840.0 Mississippi.............................................. 30,000 528,000 1660.0 Arkansas.............................................. 9,600 21,750 126.0 Tennessee.............................................. 31,604 174,000 450.0 Total in Southern States........................ 833,284 4,060,803 387.3 Utah................................................................ 15,000............ California.............................................................. 1,600,510............ Oregon............................ 71,000........... Total in Pacific States.................................. 1,686,510........... Aggregate....................................... 27998,334 47)118,550 68.2 172 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE NO. 12. Statistics of Iron Founding in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. States Value in 1850. Value in 1860. Maine.............................................................. $309,671 $429,896 New Hampshire.......................................................... 256,129 379,923 Vermont................................................................. 413 501296,430 Massachusetts............................................................ 1,921, 895 1,801,035 Rhode Island.............................................................. 195, 700 335,600 Connecticut............................................................... 851,888 752,895 Total in New England States................................. 3,948,784 3,996,779 New York........................................ 5, 912,698 8,216,124 Pennsylvania.............................................................. 3,092,347 4,977,793 New Jersey............................................................... 1,016,151 2,203,338 Delaware................................................................. 156,462 640,000 M aryland............................................................... 515, 862 742, 876 District of Columbia....................................................... 41,296 94,400 Total in Middle States........................................ 10,734,816 16, 874,531 Ohio..................................................................... 2,484,878 1, 650, 323 Indiana................................................................... 296,080 168,575 Michigan.................................................. 61,000 383, 002 Illinois.................................................................... 347 180 605,428 W isconsin................................................................ 114, 214 377, 301 Iowa.......................................... 8, 800 187,435 M issouri................................................................ 341, 495 1,041,520 Kentucky.......................................... 186,340 757,400 Total in Western States....................................... 3,839,987 5,170,984 Virginia................................................................... 409,836 809,955 North Carolina.......................................................... 48,577 56,650 South Carolina........................................................... 98,959 5,000 G eorgia................................................................... 99040 79,000 Florida................................................................................. 63,000 Alabama................................................................. 238,500 142,480 Louisiana.............................................................. 312, 500 525,800 Texas..................................................................... 60,500 70,877 Mississippi........................... 84,400 147,550 Arkansas......................................... 52,000 Tennessee................................................................ 235,618 552, 050 Total in Southern States...................................... 6,587,930 2,504, 362 Aggregate in United States............................... 20,111,517 28,546,656 Increase, (42 per cent.).................................................. 8,435,139 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TIHE EIGHTH CENSUS. 173 TABLE No. 13.- Statistics of Coal produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. BITUMINOUS. ANTHRACITE. STATES. -— _________ __________-___________ Bushels. Value. Tons. Value. Rhode Island................................... 95,000 $28,500 1, COO $5, 000 Pennsylvania................................... 66,994, 295 2,833,859 *9,397,332 11, 839,574 M aryland....................................... 14,200,000 464,338............................ Ohio........................................... 28,339,900 1,539,713........................... Indiana........................................ 379, 035 27,000............................ Illinois........................................ 14,2 868,120 964,187............................ Iowa........................................ 72,500 6,500............................ M issouri....................................... 97, 000 8, 200.......................... Kentucky.................................... 6,732,000 476,800.......................... Virginia........................................ 9,542,627 690,188............................ Georgia........................................ 48,000 4,800........................... Alabama....................................... 10,000 1,200............................ Tennessee..................................... 3,474,100 413,662........................... Washington Territory.......................... 134,350 32,244............................ 144,376,927 7,491,191 9,398,332 11,874,574 Anthracite-tons............................. 9,398,332 $11,874,574 Bituminoqs-tons............................ 5,775,077 7,491, 191 Aggregate tons....................... 15,173,409 19,355,765 Value of coal mined in 1850............................. 7,173,750 Increase, (169.9 percent.)....................... 12,192,015 * Of bituminous coal, Pennsylvania produced 46.4 per cent. of the quantity, and 37.8 per cent. of the value of the whole; of all kinds of coal, 75.9 per cenit. of the whole value. TABLEr, No. 14.-Statistics of Copper and other metals mined in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. NICKEL. ZINC. LEAD. COPPER. STATES. -------------......._Tons of ^ o o TValue. Tons of Value Tons of Value. Tos of Value. ore. ore. ore. ore. New Y ork............................................................. $800................. Pennsylvania......... 2,348 $28, 176 11,800 $72,600.................... 70 $2,450 M aryland........................................................................ 1 500 60,000 M ichigan......................................................................... 6,283 2, 292, 186 Illinois................................................................. 72, 953.................. Wisconsin.............................................................. 325,368.................. Iow a............................................................. 160,500.................. Missouri..................................................... 4,164 356,660 50 6,000 Virginia............................................................... 61,000 1,500 31,880 North Carolina................................................................. 2,000 105,000 Tennessee....................................................................... 2,379 404,000 New Mexico.................................................................... 650 415,000 Total........... 2,348 28,176 11,800 72,600.......... 977,281 14,432 3,316,516 174' PRELIMINARY REPORT O0 THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE NO. 15. Statistics of Printing in thefollowing States during the year ending June 1,1860 States. Books. Jobs. Newspapers. Value in 1860. Value in 1850. Maine........................... $54,000 $63,836 $177,103 $294,939 $119,988 New Htampshire.............................. 120,080 124, 790 244,879 44,706 Vermont........................ 9,975 36,450 53, 276 99,701 19, 980 Massachusetts................... 397,500 529,347 1,979,069 2,905,916 1,493,232 Connecticut...................... 487,900 36,000 117,600 641,500 577, 850 Rhode Islarnd................... 20,500 70,062 114, 700 205,262.............. N.cw York....................... 6,920,102 2,574,529 13,422,254 22,916,385 6,163,809 New Jersey.............2........ 24,163 43,469 149,638 217,270 36,142 Pennsylvania................... 2,264,250 1,905,205 2,112,132 6,281,587 1,717,612 Delawafe...................................... 81,400 23,932 105,332............. Maryland........................ 58,000 122,800 169, 355, 350,155 379,569 District of Columbia.............. 635,000 39,500 104,000 778,500 77,736 Michigan........................ 4,200 83,281 122,248 209,729 20,000 Illinois.......................... 13,90O 327,925 412,148 753,973 18,475 Wisconsin....................... 15,419 74,070 90,955 180,444 28,698 Iowa............................ 15,000 76,077 49,136 140,213 5,450 Missouri......................... 10,000 119, 53 139,996 269,749 22, 150 Kentucky........................ 64,000 49,500 191,100 304,600 131,200 Ohio............................ 673,800 632,606 844,377 2,150,783 357,565 Indiana....................................... 62,123 73,292 135,415 92,648 Tennessee....................... 175,750 133,200 182,270 491,220 45,895 Aggregate.................. 11,843,459 7,181,213 20,653,37] 39,678,043 11,352,705 TABLE No. 16. Statistics of Sewing lMlachines produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860. C ~ " ~' AVERAGENUM ~~~~~ Ca~~~~~~~~~~- *"! a < a BERROF HANDS I V 1 I ~ s. ^ EMPLOYED. Cost of Number of Value. ~~STATES ^ | C _________. labor. machines. C C~ C~'Male. Fem. Z 0 New Hampshire...... 5 &20,350'25,160 97..... $39,540 6,000 $134,500 Vermont................... 25, 000 8,320 40...... 19,200 3,500 42,000 Massachusetts............... 253,000 61,171 509 8 244,560 21,400 1,067,300 Rhode Island........ I 35,000 6,745 60...... 21,600 6,000 90, 000 Connecticut................ 420,000 162,450 679...... 443,400 39,268 2,784,600 New York............ 19 368, 200 212,440 412...... 132,720 27,230 1,043,805 Pennsylvania......... 12 212,500 52,598 240 20 115,440 5,149 249, 355 Ohio................ 8 46,200 36,072 114...... 40,776 7,283 178,785 Delaware............. 1 10,000 2,875 15...... 6,010 500 15,000 Aggregate........ 4063,236 13902516,330 5,605,345 TABLE No. 17. Clothing made in the following States during the year ending June 1, 1860. Number Capital invested, Raw material AVERAGE NUMBER OF ANNUAL PRODUCTS. of establish- in real and per- used, including HANDS EMPLOYED. Annual cost of STATES. ments. sonal estate, in fuel. labor. - the business. Male. Female. Value in 1850. Value in 1860. Maine................................... 93 | 352,750 | 940,709 258 2,218 | -359,324 | 917,311 $1,632,946 New Hampshire.......................... 67 144,180 334,589 136 1,046 212,664 616,233 669,044 l Vermont................................ 39 72,100 131,899 83 239 68,832 124,560 250,669 x 0 Massachusetts................ 194 1 303,100 4,084,771 1,503 3,180 1,134,400 8: 757,156 6,440,671 J Rhode Island........................... 65 316,700 604,831 398 970 268,260 422,372 1,138,086 Connecticut.......................... 57 337,000 782,105 406 1,085 275,604 1, 519,433 1 338,985 Z New York............................... 842 8,028,811 14,341 094 14,576 17,732 6,265,015 16,007,534 24,969,852 H Pennsylvania............................ 667 5,325:088 6,244,185 7,776 10,152 2,911,612 6, 988,498 12,192,603 j New Jersey............................. 137 1,592,775 2,232,145 2,224 4,922 1,164,854 2,484,594 3,975,436 j Delaware................................. 20 69,675 102,208 64 167 46,176 83,602 179,840 s Maryland............................... 148 1,266,150 1,909,676 2,233 3,779 931,056. 2.694,377 3,256,716 H District of Columbia...................... 34 125,150 191,668 150 177 91,860 297,900 342,798 Ohio............................... 436 3,021,221 4 339,684 6,348 6 848 2 264,352 2, 765,232 8,615,329 t Aggregate in 12 States and D. C..... 2,799 21,954,700 36,239,564 36,155 52,515 15 994,009 43,678,802 64,002,975; Increase, (47. percent.).............................................................................................................................. 20,324,173 176 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 18.-Value of Sawed and Planed Lumber produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. States and Territories. Value of product Value of product Per cent. inin 1850. in 1860. crease. Maine.................................................. $5,872, 573 $6,784,981 15.5 New Hampshire......................................... 1,099,492 1, 226,784 11.6 Vermont.............................................. 618,065 1,065,886 72.4 Massachusetts......................................... 1,552,265 2,288,419 47.4 Rhode Island........................................... 241,556 172,174 Decrease. Connecticut............................................ 534, 794 531,651 Decrease. Total in New England States......... 9, 918,745 12, 069,895 21.5 New York............................................. 13,126,759 12,485,418 Decrease. Pennsylvania......................................... 7 729, 058 11,311,149 46.3 New Jersey............................................ 1,123052 1,602,319 42.6 Delaware............................................... 236,863 261, 72 10.0 AMaryland............................................. 585,168 724, 122 23.7 District of Columbia................................... 29,000 70,825 144.2 Total in Middle States..................... 22,829,900 26,455,005 15.8 Ohio.................................................. 3,864,452 5,600,045 47.5 In.diana................................................. 2,195,351 3,169,843 44.3 Michigan.............................................. 464,329 7,033,427 185.4 Illinois.............................................. 1,324,484 2,275,124 71.8 WVisconsin............................................. 1,218,516 4,836,159 297.0 Minnesota.............................................. 57,800 816,808 131.3 Iowa.................................................. 470,760 2,378,529 405.9 Missouri................................................ 1,479, 124 3,70, 992 150.3 Kentucky............................................. 1, 502 434 2,2000,674 46.4 Kansas...................................................... 945, 088............ Nebraska................................................................ 316,104.......... Total in Western States..................... 14,577,0250 33,274,793 128.2 Virginia............................................. 977,412 2, 537,130 159.5 North Carolina.......................................... 985,075 1,073,968 9.0 South Carolina........................................ 1, 108,880 1 077, 712 Decrease. Georgia............................. 923, 403 2,064,026 123.5 Florida............................................. 391, 034 1,475, 240 277.3 Alabama............................. 1, 103, 481 2,017,641 82.8 Louisiana.............................................. 1,129,677 1,018,554 Decrease. Texas.................................. 466,012 1,612,829 246.1 Mississippi.......................................... 913,197 2, 055,396 125.1 Arkansas.............................................. 122,918 1, 033,185 746.0 Tennessee................................ 725, 387 1,975,481 172.4 Total in Southern States.................. 8,846,476 17,941, 162 102,3 New Mexico............................................ 20 000 65,150.......... Utah.................................................. 14,620 13, 565 807.8 California.............................................. 959, 485 4,214,596 339.4 Oregon...................................... 1,355,500 586,600 9.7 Washington......................................................... 1,172,520 5 Total in Pacific States...................... 2 349,605 6,171,431 162.7 Aggregate in United States................ 58,521,976 95,912,286 63.9 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 177 TABLE NO. 19.- Value of Flour and XMeal produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. States and Territories. Value of product Value of product Per cent. in 1850. in 1860. increase. Maine.................................................. $946,358 $1,576,863 64.8 New Hampshire........................................ 1,127,016 1,486,981 31.9 Vermont.............................................. 719,231.1,659,898 130.7 Massachusetts.......................................... 2,475,553 4, 196,710 69.5 Rhode Island........................................... 90,651 515,699 469.9 Connecticut............................................ 961,677 1,719,294 78.7 Total in New England States................ 6. 320, 4s6 11 155,445 76.5 New York.............................................. 33,037,121 35,064,906 6.1 Pennsylvania.......................................... 24, 115,575 26,572, 261 10.1 New Jersey........................................... 4,056 761 6,399,610 57.7 Delaware............................................... 1,214,017 1,844,919 52.0 Maryland.................5.....................499 265 8 020,122 45.6 District of Columbia.................................... 510,440 1,184,593 132.1 Total in Middle States...................... 68,433,179 79,086,411 15.5 Ohio................................................ 14,372,270 27,129,405 88.7 Indiana................................................. 5,564,091 11,292,665 104.9 M ichigan................................................ 4,093,681 8,663,288 111.1 Illinois................................................ 5,781483 18,104,804 213.0 Wisconsin.............................................. 3,536,293 8,161, 183 130.7 Minnesota.............................................. 500 1,310,000 2619.0 Iowa................................................... 2,019,448 6,950,949 239.0 Missouri............................................... 5,124,003 8,997,083 75.5 Kentucky............................................... 2,182,223 5,034,745 130.7 K ansas................................................................... 284,281........... Nebraska..............................................110,391............ Total in Western States..................... 42,673, 992 96,038,794 125.0 Virginia............................................... 9,408,892 15,212,060 61.6 North Carolina.......................................... 1,447,211 3,185,251 120.1 South Carolina......................................... 1,151,128 876,250 Decrease. Georgia............................................... 1,362,437 3,:323,730 143.9 Florida.................................................. 28,575 355,066 1145.5 Alabama................................................ 860,241 807,502 Decrease. Louisiana............................................. 93,939 11,694 Decrease. Texas............................................... 50,540 2,179,610 4324.6 Mississippi.................................... 461,838 541,994 17.3 Arkansas................................................ 115,875 453,999 294.0 Tennessee............................................. 1,601,141 3,820,301 138.6 Total in Southern States.................... 16,581,817 30,767,457 85.5 New M exico............................................................ 374,190............ Utah................................................... 253,600 237,635 Decrease. California.............................................. 754,192 4,335,809 475.0 Oregon................................. 881,140 1,074,828 219.8 W ashington............................................................. 73,800........... Total in Pacific States....................... 1,888,332 6,096,262 22.8 Aggregate in United States............ 135,897,806 223,144,369 64.2 12 c 178 PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EIGHTH REPORT. TABLE No. 20. Spirituous Liquors distilled during the year ending June 1, 1860. Gallons of Gallons of Gallons of Total gal- Value. St whiskey,high brandy, gin, New England lons. States and Territories. wines and &c. wines, and &c. ruin..glcohol. Maine............................ 1....................... 452,000 452,000 $142,500 Massachusetts................... 11 972, 000............ 2,396,800 3,368, 00 1,266,570 Connecticut....................... 7............ 203,100......... 203,100 109,250 Total in N. England States......... 19 972,000 203,100 2,848,800 4,023,900 1,518,320 New York........................ 77 21,923,732 2,924,800 1,303,680 26,152,212 7,698,464 New Jersey....................... 52 1,517,985........................ 1,517,985 490,842 Pennsylvania..................... 191 8,335,302........................8,335,302 2,183,421 Maryland......................... 20 1,182,700........................ 1,182,700 329,641 Total in Middle States............. 340 32,959,719 2,924,800 1,303,680 37,188,199 10,702,368 Ohio.............................. 137 15,140,475 20,500............15,160,975 4,197,429 Indiana........................... 32 8,358,560........................ 8,358,560 1,951,530 Kentucky......................... 166 3,247,203 880............ 3,248,083 959,651 Illinois.......................... 42 15,165,760.................. 15,165,760 3,204,176 Michigan......................... 7 251,320............2............ 51,320 73,704 Wisconsin........................ 15 531,250........................ 531,250 101,346 Minnesota...................... 8 58,000........................ 58,000 15,950 Iowa............................. 13 383,320........................ 383,330 81,830 Missouri.......................... 19 1,572,200.................. 1,572,200 309,000 Kansas........................... 1 1,800....................... 1,800 3,750 New Mexico...................... 1 10,750 1,575............ 12,325 22,425 Utah.............................. 3 2,600...................... 2,600 6,800 Total in Western States........... 455 44,723,238 22,955............44,746,193 10,927,591 California........................ 24 526,965 236,300.. 761,265 349,410 ~N 526~96!2~, 300............ 763, 265 349, 410 Oregon........................... 1 40,000........................ 40,000 40,000 Total in Pacific States............ 25 5660,965 236,300.......... 03,265 389,410 Tennessee........................ 85 272,930 10,264............ 283,194 176,648 Virginia.......................... 62 757,980....................... 757,960 391,143 North Carolina.................... 100 100,155....................... 100,155 72,341 South Carolina.................. 29 33,532......................... 33,532 31,982 Georgia.......................... 8 16,620........................ 16,620 11,804 Alabama......................... 5 28,800........................ 28,800 13,044 Texas............................ 8 12,650........................ 12,650 12,400 Arkansas.......................... 2 8,500.................... 8500 6,125 Total in Southern States........... 299 1,231,167 10,264. 1,241,431 715,487 Aggregate in United States......... 1,138 80,453,089 3,397,419 4,152,480 88,002,988 24,253,176 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 179 TABLE No. 21. Malt Liquors brewed in the fo7lowing States and Territories during the year endizng June 1, 1860. States and Territories. No. of estab- Barrels. Value. lishments. Maine............................................................. 57,230 $36,19 New Hampshire.................................................... 3 17,200 86,000 Massachusetts....................................................... 13 133,600 658,700 Rhode Island.................................................... 4 6,400 31,267 Connecticut........................................................ 6 16,030 91,210 Total in New England States........................... 31 180,460 903,346 New York.......................................................... 175 90, 77 4, 96,151 New Jersey......................................................... 22 155,430 865,910 Pennsylvania....................................................... 17 585,206 3,246,681 Maryland.............................................. 26 44,664 242,286 District of Columbia................................................. 13484 84,300 Total in Middle States................................... 3 1,89,551 9,435328 Ohio............................................................... 29 402,035 1, 912,419 Indiana............................................................. 50 66,338 328, 116 Kentucky.......................................................... 17 74,850 219,700 Illinois........................................................... 75 218,043 1,309,180 Michigan........................................................... 42 57,671 354, 758 Wisconsin...................................................... 124, 96 702, 812 Minnesota.......................................................... 24 14,080 77,740 Iowa............................................................... 3935,588 221,495 39 35:588 221, 495 M issouri............................................................ 55 172 570 1,143,450 Kansas.............................................. 4 5,100 52,800 Nebraska.......................................................... 2 2 200 16,400 Utah............................................................... 2145 4,200 Utah..2 145 4,200 Total in Western States................................. 460 1,173,576 6,343,070 California........................................................... 7187,8 6 1 211,641 Oregon............................................................. 84 152 83 750 Total in Pacific States................................... 89 91,958 1,295,391 1 4 00O 24,000 Tengnessee........................................................39545 1, 24001 Aggregate.............................................. 970 3,239,545 18 001,135 TABLE No. 22. o Cotton Goods produced durihg tte year ending June 1, 1860. |~ z. | l | INUMBER OF- AVERAGE NUMBER OF ANNUAL PRODUCT,. H Capital in- Pounds of Value of raw HANDS EMPLOYED. Annual cost ^. STATES.. = vested. cotton. material. __ - __ of labor. Maine............Spindles. Loois. Male. Female. In 150. In 1860. Maine...................... 19 $6,108,325 23,438,73 | 3,000,000 300,000 6,000 1908 4,342 $1,244,928,2,630,616 |6,36,623 152.3 > Nerw Htampshire...... 44 13, 878,000 39,212,644 9,758, D921 669,885 17,015 6,300 13,859 4,574,.520 8, 61,749 16,631.531 87. Vermont................... 10 321,000 1,057,250 133,000 19,712 424 142 225 78,468 280,300 357,400 27.5 ^ Massachusetts......... 200 33,300,000 126,66,0689 14,778,344 1,739,7 00 44,978 12,635 22,353 7221156 21,394,401 6,745,864 68.9 Rhode Island......... 135 11,500,000 38,521,608 5,281,000 766,000 26,000 5,474 6,615 2,417,640 6,495,972 12,258,657 88.7 Connecticut................ 64 6,000,000 15,799,140 4,000,000 464,000 8,787 3,314 4,275 1,453,128 4,122,952 7,641,460 87.0 0 Total in N. E. States..... 472 71,107,2335 244,695,454 36,951,265 3,959,297 103,204 29,773 51,569 16,989,840 43,785,990 0301 535 83.4 H New York................. 70 5,427,079 25,910,876 2,988,270 328,816 7,511 3,043 4,288 1,271,592 5,019,323 7,471,961 48.8 t Pennsylvania............... 8,253,640 32,855,669 6,73,275 358,578 10,678 5,350 7,370 2,265,912 5,812,12 11759000 102 NewJersey................. 29 1,845,000 2,257,8'5 1,693,663 96,112 1,18] 853 1,371 435,684 1,289,648 3,250,770 152.1 H Delaware................... 11 572,000 2,717,000 521,492 25,704 494 486 521 002,884 538,439 919.103 70.7 Maryland.................. 19 2214,500 12,020,119 1,41,913 49,891 1,520 947 1,568 464,112 2,021,396 2,796,877 38.3 ~ Total in Mliddle States.... 281 18,357,219 76,055,666 13,625,016 861,661 21,466 11,749 15,143 4,659,984 14,780,932 26,272,111 777 Virginia..... 13 1,325,243 7,30,7,Y2,797 770,977 28,700 521 741 952 262,410 1,446,109 1,063,611 Dec. North Carolina............. 36 1049,750 5,152,750 564,612 30,14 49 416 1,210 168840 985,411 930567 Dec. South Carolina............ 17 87,825 3,845,811 419,500 16,461 931 372 584 132,180 842,440 588950 Dec. Georgia................... 32 1,854,603 12,977,904 1,689,075 44,312 1,058 1,376 1,909 482,520 1,395,056 2,215,636 58.8 Florida.............. 1 30000 00000 000........................ 40 25 7,872 49,920 40,000 Dec. Alabama.................. 11 1,306,500 4,389,641 623,963 28,540 663 567 765 206,124 308,585 917. 105 130.0 Louisiana.................. 2 1,075,000 1,993,700 283,900 4,225 150 70 70 24,000.............. 509,700........ Texas...................... 500,000 588,000 78,90,700 100 160.......... 35,480.............. 99,241....... Mississippi... 4 350,000 534,400 163,419 1,844 28 155 155 33,996 92,000 955,135 108.7 9 Arkansas................... 1 55,000 60,000 6,750....................... 20 10 7,200 17,360 13,000 Dec. Z Tennessee................. 25 930,000 3,172,000 283,838 7,914 80 214 437 109,764 508,481 533,318 4.8 8 Total in Southern States.. 143 9,303,921 40,219,003 4,906,954 164,840 4,013 4,161 u,117 1,471,416 5, 665, 062 7,172,293 26.6 1 Ohio....................... 7 250,000 1,815,000 250,000 15,000 400 270 340 112,400 594,204 629,500 5.9 H Indiana.................... 2 250,000 800,000 100,000 11,000 375 176 190 72,468 86,660 349,000 3)2.0 o Illinois.................... 3 10,009 40,000 8,000................ 8 8 1,980.............. 15,987........ Missouri.3 169000 100,000 14,500 14,500............. 85 85 31,080 142,900 230,000 60.8 Kentucky................. 4 104,000 311,000 139,000 9,500........... 93 53 21,000 445,639 167,500 Dec. Total in Western 8tates.... 19 733,000 3,066,000 511,500 50,000 775 639 676 238,998 1,269,403 1,391,987 9.6 0 ___ H___ _ ________________ ^ _ _ ___ __ _ __ Total ~~~o inWsen'tts. - Aggregate............ 915 99,551,465 364,036,123 55,994,735 5,035,798 19,458 45,315 73,605 23,360,168 65,501,687 115,137,26 75.78,_____\ ___________ _____ _______________________________ ____________ _________________________ ___ _ ______ 0 z C92 612 Tennesee............. 4370 10~ 76 5 3 3 3,t 25 i 930~ 000 3~ 172~ 000 283, 838 7~ 9 1 4 2 t4 508~ 481 4. Total in Southern States.. i ~~ TABLE No. 23. Woollen Goods, (including Carding and Fulling and Mixed Goods,) produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. AVERAGE NUM~BER OF] Pounds of MBEROFANUMBER 0F- AVER UMPBERDO ANNUAL PRODUCT. Capl iPounds oHIANDS EMPLOYED. SAE NTE T RS Capital in- Pounds of Value of raw Annual cost STATES AND TERRITORIES. ~ etd cotton used in ___________ _________ S E AN T Tvested, wool. g material. - ---- of labor. ----- mixed goods. ~5~~~~' Spindles. Looms. Male. Female. In 1850. In 1860. Maine.................... 61 $989,400 2,646,200 100,009 $1,047,496 11,765 185 604 499 $277,440 $1,022,929 $1,674,800 New Hampshire.......... 71 1,519,550 3,596,730 321,280 1,732,074 36,320 696 1,003 1,003 499,764 2,139,967 2,876,000 0 Vermont................. 50 1,781,550 3,303,500 59,300 1,679,594 23,371 463 830 1,065 388,956 1,.S20,769 2,550,000 Massachusetts............ 131 10,179,500 26,271,200 3,589,500 11,613,174 159,651 4,237 6,6453 4,608 2,645,868 12,781,514 18,930,000 Rhode Island.......... 50 2,986,000 5,000,000 1,881,200 3,920,155 86,048 1,586 2,483 1,568 1,012,836 2,504,700 6,599,280 Connecticut.............. 90 2,494,000 8,000,000 995,932 4,206,000 76,178 1,753 2,291 1,460 917,437 4,974,959 5,879,000 Total in N. E. States... 453 19,950,000 48,817,630 6,947,212 24,198,493 393,333 8,920 13,856 10,203 5,742,301 25,244,838 38,509,080' -- - ^= - - = -1 * - " - - _ _ _ _ -. H __ o New York................ 235 4,598,233 11,708,230 2,685,000 4,979,631 87,887 1,686 3,786 4,255 1,591,248 7,605,774 9,090,316 Pennsylvania............ 447 5,642,425 6,223,850 4,753,413 6,770,347 108,326 4,334 6,682 4,022 2,229,936 5,792,566 12,744,373 S New Jersey.............. 35 937,400 1,712,000 656,000 682,743 10,361 270 812 5S7 320,304 1,020,941 1,527,209 Delaware................. 6 98,000 147,500 120,000 78,807 1,000 76 79 38 27,888 249,510 156,635 Maryland............. 25 287,200 955,800 77,000 254,874 2,480 66 228 127 77,868 319,240 581,955 --— _ —--— _ —---------------------------— _____ ____ ______ __0________ Total in Middle States.. 748 11,563,258 20,747,380 8,291,413 12,766,402 210,054 6,432 11,587 8,969 4,247,244 14,988,031 24,100,488 1/2 Virginia.................. 69 476,380 1,329,738 70,000 466,020 7,574 121 517 108 114,636 826,746 809,760 North Carolina............ 22 286,700 441,290 125,000 170,111 1,000 20 145 149 46,092 71,470 260,279 South Carolina........... 8 9,500 37,800.............. 13,420...................... 10......... 1,964 15,100 17,177 Georgia.................. 28 174,600 1,500,000 150,000 243,700 1,480 20 62 45 17,480.............. 465,000 Alabama................. 15 100,000 342,235 20,000 90,000 1,000 20 46 28 18,000 21.800 218,000 Texas................. 9 24,100 106,250 18,000 30,950... 17 7 6,780 22,000 49,123 Mississippi............... 9 109 500 376,400 107,000 133,290 1,000 21 204 20 12,408 31,670 184,500 Arkansas................. 8 8,550 90,800 20,000 26,960...........1.......... 9... 1,680 8,800 31,840 Tennessee............... 59 128,050 570,865 260,000 143,151 500.......... 145 58 36,636 111,225 267,622 Total in Southern States 227 1,317,980 4,795,378 770,000 1,317,602 12,554 202 1,155 415 255,676 1,108,811 2,303,303 Ohio.................... 113 623,650 1,054,540.............. 393,344 5,827 96 356 153 137,064 1,513,978 692,333 Indiana................. 84 458,144 1,009,000.............. 344,500 8,266 177 561 93 165,108 528,700 695,3 9 Illinois.................... 33 233,450 545,000............. 182,320 1,000 20 173 33 51,072 370,870 266,230 Michigan................. 20 139,500 223,100............. 91,090 1,000 20 98 50 38,316 192,043 174,398 Wisconsin............... 15 96,800 212,400.............. 56,820 1,100 20 78 24 26,868 60,105 167,600 Iowa.................... 23 109,100 265,200.............. 103,373 1,000 20 120 21 35,916 112,454 167,960 Missouri.................. 99 212,845 856,244............. 230,911 896 29 190 14 47,172 358,427 425,319 Kentucky................ 92 645,800 1,310,700.............. 598,445 3,990 94 539 112 131,340 803,507 1,128,882 g ______ _____ ____ ____ ____ _____ ____~~~~~~~~_ _ ______ H"' Total in Western States. 479 2,519,289 5,476,184............... 2,000,803 22,979 476 2,115 500 6732,856 3,940,084 3,718,092 I~~~~~~ California................ 1 100,000 400,000.............. 50,000 500 30 40 20 3.,600............. 5000 Oregon................... 1 70,000 150,000............. 27,000 280 15 27 13 1,200.............. 85,000 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t4 Total in Pacific States... 2 170,000 550,000.............. 77,000 780 45 67 03 49,800.............. 2:5,000 ___ ~ __ _________ _____________ ____________ — __ — _ -_ _ _ __ __ __ __ H -=== - *.- Aggregate.......... 1,909 35,520,527 80,386,572 16,008,625 40,360,300 639,700 16,075 28,780 20,120 10,927,877 45,28.1,764 68,865,963 ^!~~~~~~~~~ w[ "~ ~~ ~4~~~~~~~ 004 0 Oregon................... I 7 0,000 150,0009.............. 27,080727 ~ 813 16,2.............. 8500 184 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 24. Leather produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. States and Territories. Value of product Value of product Percent inin 1850. in 1860. crease. M aine.................................................. $1,701,299 $2,011.034 18.2 New Hampshire........................................ 944,554 1,933,949 104.7 Vermont................................................ 640,665 1,000,153 56.1 Massachusetts.......................................... 5,672,559 10, 354,056 82 3 Rlode Island........................................... 133,050 80, 897 Decrease. Connecticut............................................. 775, 325 953,782 23.0 Total in New England States.................. 9,867,452 16,333,871 66.6 New York............................................. 9,802,670 20, 753017 111.7 Pennsylvania............................................ 6,296,363 12,491,631t 98.4 New Jersey............................................ 1,269,982 1,297,627 2.1 Delaware............................................ 213742 37,240 Decrease. Maryland............................................... 1,426,734 1,723,033 17.2 District of Columbia..................................... 56,000 37,000 Decrease. Total in Middle States......................... 19,065,491 36,344,548 90.7 Ohio.......................................2,110,982 2,799,239 32 6 Indiana................................................ 750,801 800,387 6 6 Michigan............................................... 401,730 574,172 42.4 Illinois................................................. 337,384 150,000 Decrease. Wisconsin............................................. 181,010 498,268 175.2 Minnesota..................................................... 1, 400........1....1 Iowa.................................................. 24,550 81,760 23.3 Missouri................................................ 356,361 368, 826.6 Kentucky............................................. 1,108,533 701,555 Decrease. Kansas................................................................... 850............ Total in Western States....................... 5,281,351 5,986,457 13.3 Utah.................................................................... 93255............ California...........................................................................26 214............ Oregon................................................................... 14,5C0............ W ashington............................................................. 17, 500............ Total in Pacific States........................................... 351,469........... Virginia................................................. 927,877 1,218,700 3i, 3 North Carolina......................................... 363,647 343,020 Decrease. South Carolina......................................... 282,399 150,985 Decrease. Georgia............................................ 403,439 393,164 Decrease. Alabama............................................... 344,445 340,400 Decrease. Louisiana............................................ 78,085 47,000 Decrease. Texas................................................. 52,600 123, 050 13-2.0 Mississippi............................................ 241,632 223,862 Decrease. Arkansas.............................................. 78,824 115,375 46.3 Tennessee.............................................. 804,631 1,118,850 38 9 Total in Southern States....................... 3,577,579 4,074,406 13.8 Aggregate in United States.................... 37,791,873 63,090,751 66.9 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 185 TABLE No. 25.-Boots and Shoes manufactured in the following States during the year ending June 1, 1860..1S i|. AVERAGE NUM- ANNUAL PRODUCTS. ~ 1^1W I, IBER OF HANDS STATES AND TERRITO- a. - EMPLOYED. RIES. a g a - -_ __________ 5':c * -5^= C 05~~~~~~ ZU a, ao ~ *5Male. Female. Value in Value in - 5, ~-., o 1850. 1860. Maine................ 295 420,984 879,031 1, 820 702 -592,032.$961,556 41,661,915 72.8 New Hampshire...... 337 583,285 2,497,471 3,479 1,365 1,07,048 2,610,169 3,863,866 48.0 Vermont............. 148 133,962 210,595 484 58 169,224 342,353 440,366 25 6 Massachusetts........ 1,497 11,169,277 24,497,344 47,353 22,045 17,226,408 24,102,366 46,449,209 92.6 Rhode Island......... 66 104,495 155,937 382 31 86,028 69,098 315,959 357.2 Connecticut.......... 211 510,400 839,435 2,521 777 831,108 1,861,783 9,044,762 9.8 Total in N. E. States... 2,554 12,929,403 29,079,813 56,039 24,978 19,981,848 29,947,325 54,767,077 82.8 New York............ 2,276 3,212,423 4,848,877 11,838 2,028 3,567,636 7,766,42810,878,797 39.8 Pennsylvania........ 2,178 2,823,672 3,127,628 10,826 2,344 3,102,128 5,636,733 8,178,935 36 0 New Jersey.......... 373 574,035 814,926 2,357 482 761,976 1,698,877 1,850,137 8.9 Maryland............. 453 333,955 515,954 1,577 292.......... 1,372,358 1,944,167 Dec. Delaware............. 53 85,026 98,107 263 58 80,664 157,254 226,470 37.7 District of Columbia.. 56 67,55 96,549 273 20......... 144,597 209,785 45.2 Total in Middle States. 5,389 7,096,636 9,501,341 27,134 5,224 7,512,404 16,776,247 22,588,291 34 6 Ohio................ 950 1,115,476 1,455,686 4,259 342 1,340,712 2,320,096 3,623,897 56.1 Michigan............. 273 339,167 380,676 976 58 295,392 527,479 863,315 63.7 Indiana......... 461 3417,370 428,614 1,148 51 381,516 506,039 1,034,341 104.4 Illinois............ 3921 378,110 400,348 1,047 27 292,992 478,925 963,052 101.2 Wisconsin.......... 217 266,065 431,175 917 50 204,964 289,998 901,944 211.7 Minnesota............ 60 45,980 59,578 120 20................... 133,395..... Iowa................. 118 125,377 141,922 336 10 109,404 56,533 325,296 475.6 Missouri............ 277.291,680 326,699 904 43 331,704 559,238 868,768 55.5 Kentucky............ 264 218,215 290,766 828 29 255,840 403,212 685,783 70.1 Utah................. 13' 4,520 17,535 28........ 15,480......... 36,833..... Nebraska............. 9 9,950 9,824 33 1 19,072.......... 28,651..... Total in Western States. 2,963 3,141,910 3,942,823 10,596 631 3,239,376 5,141,520 9,465,205 84.1 Virginia.............. 250 263,547 265,113 879 116 258,768 596,883 718,591 20.4 Louisiana............ 497 388,440 547,001 1,137 170 382,572 406,825 1,391,121 242.4 Tennessee............ 94 84,617 111,681 153 11 72,684 243,976 262,348 7.5 Georgia.............. 117 153,430 173,666 349 10 92,904 244,260 357,267 46.3 Tot. in 4 South'nStates. 958 890,034 1,097,461 2,518 307 806,928 1,491,944 2,729,327 80.3 Aggregate........ 11,864 24,050,983 43,621,438 96,987 31,14031,540,55653,357,036 89,549,900 67.8 India-rubber Goods produced in the following States during the year ending June 1, 1860. Massachusetts........ 5 638,000 532,900 324 74 107,832 276,080 803,000 190.9 Rhode Island......... 156,000 105,011 60 44 29,434 215,000 246,700 14.7 Connecticut......... 13 1,415,000 1,245,800 662 347 320,436 1,218,500 2,676,000 119.6 New York............ 6 625,000 369,000 458 207 153,924 548,500 977,700 78.3 Pennsylvania......... 2 7,500 5,300 6 4 3,106 19,400 13,500 Dec. New Jersey........... 3 720,000 51,90 315 382 186,768 723,605 1,013,000 40.0 Aggregate........ 31 3,561,500 2,760,911 1,825 1,058 801,500 3,001,085 5,729,900 90.9 186 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 26.-Furniture produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. {C|! Capital Raw ma- AVERAGE NUM- Value Value. invested in terials used, BER OF HANDS of productin of product in STATES. Y 72 real and per- iincluding EMPLOYED. 1850. 1860. ^ sonal estate fuel. __________ O in the busiO ness. Male. Female Maine..................... 55 103,717 73,329 263 10 $164,112 $236,534 New Ilampshirc.............. 59 179,000 1!9,397 348 7 191,048 357,195 Vermont.................... 64 149,200 82,248 340 2 123,960 268,735 Massachusetts................ 190 1,521,858 1,114,483 3,216 1,269 2,635,216 3,365,415 Rhode Island.................. 23 140,500 97,843 16b 12 59,036 217,472 Connecticut..44 277,900 207,025 4C0 6 358, 310 514, 425 Total in New England States... 435 2,372,175 1,694,325 4,733 1,306 3,531,682 4,959,776 New York.................. 625 3,723,931 2,325,015 6,295 380 4,966,092 7,175,060 Pennsylvania.. 494 1,725,436 948,969 3,109 17 2,553,790 2,938,503 New Jersey................... 60 170,250 100,106 252 17 384,807 232,500 Delaware..................... 15 55,700 20,007 36 4 42,905 50,052 Maryland.................... 63 31, 7C0 210,869 507........ 705,165 626,154 District of Columbia........... 12 22,950 15,630 28 2 85,975 44,420 Total in Middle States.......... 1,269 5,999,987 3,620,596 10,227 420 8,738,734 11,066,689 Ohio................... 355 2,273,743 844,797 3,993 97 1,809,390 3,703,605 Indiana................... 153 291,692 160767 675.. 430393 601,124 Michigan...................... 105 269,955 107,949 604 12 196,255 450,028 Illinois........................ 130 442,060 166,889 634 6 357,203 873,609 Wisconsin....85 228,500 97,598 351 39 177,377 366,525 Minnesota.................... 29 47,000 17,705 93............ 63,269 Iowa........................ 60 134,950 35,282 224........ 51,805 157,491 Missouri.................... 47 128,095 66,052 157....... 258,391 203,142 Kentucky..................68 1559........15 66,688 26.. 680,179 256,046 Total in Western States........ 1,03 3,971,910 1,553,727 6,993 154 3,960,993 6,674,839 Agg'te of 20 States and Dis. Col. 2,736 12,344,072 6,878,648 21,953 1,880 16,231,409 22,701.304 Increase, (39.8 percent.)................... 6,469,895 TABLE No. 27.-Musical Instruments produced in tke following States during the year ending June 1, 1860. s, Capital Raw ma- MONTHLY AVER-..onthly cost Value of. invested in terials used, AGE NUMBER of labor. annual proA real and per- including OF IHANDS EM- duct. S. sonal estate fuel. PLOYED. o in the business. Male. Female. Maine........................ 5 37,000 9,075 23........ $965 $32,850 New Hampshire............. 6 34,200 16,375 76........ 2,564 64,800 Vermont...................... 4 25,500 17,840 4........ 1,560 57,960 Massachusetts................. 36 980, 5)0 608,927 945. 53,424 1,762,470 Rhode Island................. 1 500 50 3........ 100 1,200 Connecticut................... 1 4,000 1,495 4..... 140 4,000 New York... 77 2,654,700 1,083,419 2,449 4........... 3,392,577 Pennsylvania......27 265,000 103,050 323................... 475,950 Total in 8 States.............. 157 4,001,400 1,840,231 3,865 4 58,753 5,791,807 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 187 TABLE No. 28.-Jewelry, Silverware, 4;c, produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. Valueofgold Value of Value of Value of Val. of silver Val. of jew- Total States. assayed and watches. gold-leaf silverware, plated &Bri- elry,watch- value. refined. and foil. tanniaware. cases, &c. Maine....................................... $23,000 $11,240 $34,240 New Hampshire...........................11,300 11,300 Vermont................................. $24,700 7,500 5,750 37,950 Massachusetts...................... $348,900 $17,700 196$360 341,375 1,744,306 2,648,641 Rhode Island........... $269,500.......... 9,000 490,000............ 2,238,178 3,006,678 Connecticut.................................. 80,000.32,600 1,579,760 195,124 1,887,484 New York.............. 420,570.......... 108,372 1,593,795 563,745 2,779,981 5,466,463 Pennsylvania........... 430,000.......... 264,600 519,650 561,650 2,356,230 4,132,130 New Jersey........................ 4,500.......... 7,000 665,500 1,604,344 2,281,344 Delaware................ 1,800 1,800 Maryland............................ 30,000............ 600 30,600 District of Columbia.................... 15,950 15,950 1,120,070 353,400 479,672 2,894,105 3,742,530 10,964,803 19,554,580 TABLE No. 29. —lluminating Gas produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. IS H S. RAW MATERIAL USED, g ANNUAL PRODUCTS. ^ M ~'*3 ^ S INCLUDING FUEL- ff0 STATES AND TERRITORIES.'S.* ~ 2 a Tons of Val. of raw o Quantities, Value, in-. o ~.. 5 coal. material. in 1,000ft. clud'gcoke. Z _ _ _ _ Z _ _ Maine.................... 10 $840,000 5,482 $41,865 59 $21,732 44,087 $143,852 New Hampshire.......... 5 248,000 3,436 36,226 31 5,760 25,980 86,843 Vermont................. 2 106,000 570 4,600 7 2,640 2,824 15,215 Massachusetts............ 10 2,686,500 59,200 362,565 225 169,404 366,553 967,058 Rhode Island............. 4 792,600 8,383 62,213 64 22.320 68,450 197,735 Connecticut.............. 8 566,000 14,664 56,473 53 20,196 70,338 232,054 Total in New England... 39 5,239,100 91,735 563,942 439 182,052 578,232 1,642,757 New York............... 43 7,558,150 215,516 1,564,884 2,691 979,464 1,809,921 4,881,805 Pennsylvania............. 30 5,248,554 120,131 651,919 1,006 472,452 828,553 2,147,802 New Jersey............... 15 986,130 7,660 64,004 86 45,156 70,599 239,474 Delaware................. 2 177,300 1,520 10,500 12 5,220 12,800 33,175 Maryland............... 2 87,000 550 5,200 9 3,600 2,800 13,500 District of Columbia....... 2 612,000 10,500 52,625 108 4,800 77,764 242,388 Total in Middle States... 94 14,669- 134 355,877 2,349,132 3,912 1,510,692 2,802,437 7,558,144 Ohio..................... 22 1,668,650 30,173 92,470 356 135,936 195,701 491,748 Indiana............... 7 388,8530 6,470 24,426 49 23,772 36,628 96,012 Illinois................... 8 1,335,000 5,083 81,096 182 65,700 105,029 342,142 Wisconsin.............. 4 100.000....................... 30,000 94,176 Iowa~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~.. 4..........!1-2,900 5590 Iow a.........'...........'. 4................................................ 12,900 55,900 Missouri................. 2 605,000 15,317 48,750 61 30,480 101,817 419,306 Kentucky............. 2 117,966 5,625 25,223 88 38,040 60,857 96,449 California............... 4 270,000 1,815 62,975 20 26,883 16,950 146,200 Total in Western States. 53 4,485,466 64,483 334,937 756 320,808 559,882 1,741,933 Virginia.................. 15 264,000 1,840 12,955 31 6,396 22,580 59,700 North Carolina............ 1 27,000......... 788 3 900 674 4,046 Georgia................ 2 273,000 2,500 31,100 35 17,520 21,058 96,000 Alabama................. 1 125,000 3,000 22,000 20 21,600 13,218 58,000 Tennessee................ 1 200,000............. 25 13,200 16,000 63,800 Total in Southern States. 20 889,000 7,340 66,843 114 59,616 73,530 281,546 Aggregate United States. 206 25,282,700 519,435 3,314,854 5,221 2,073,168 4,014,081 11,224,380 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 800 188 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TIlE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 30. Quantity and value of Salt made in the following States during the year ending June 1, 1860. States. Bushels. Value. M assachusetts............................................................ 30, 900 7,874 New York................................................................ 7,521,335 1,289,511 Pennsylvania................................................................ 604,300 154,264 Ohio................................................................... 1,744, 240 276,879 Virginia....................................................3............. 2,056,513 478,684 Kentucky............................................. 69,665 21,190 Texas.................................................................... 120,000 29, 800 California................................................................. 44,000 7,100 Total........................................................ 12,190,953 2,265,302 TABLE No. 31. Product of the Fisheries during the year ending June 1, 1860. Value of the Value of product of codfish, Value of Value of Value of Value of Total. States and Territories. whale fish- mackerel, shad, &c. white fish. saimon. oysters. eries. &c. Maine..................... $1,050,755......................... $... $1,050,755 New Hampshire............................................. 64,500 Massachusetts..............6, 526,238 2,774,204.................. 9300,442 Rhode Island......... 246 50 62,400............................... s d308, 750 Connecticut.......... 731,000 281,189.................................... 1,012,189 New York....................... 14,955 6,815 $36,00......... $93,270 151,040 New Jersey........... 167,660 209,277 M aryland....................................... 5,80..................... 15,305 21,105 Indiana.......... 17,500. Michigan............................................. 250,467.................... 250, 467 Wisconsin..... 8 2......................3512............... 83,512 Virinia....................................... 33,600.............. 53,145 86,745 North Carolina.................................................. 2,100 101,868 Florida.......................... 68,952........................... 8,952 1Texas................................................... 6, 093 6,093 California................ 77,000 $18,950.......... 113,950 Orefgon.......................................3.. 45013..................... 13450 Washington......................................... 18,900 44,597 63,497 Aggregate........ 7,521,588 4,183,503 21,0 464,479 51,300 382,170 12,924,092 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 189 TABLE No. 32. Soap and Candles produced during the year ending June 1, 1860. Capital Raw ma- AVERAGE NUM- ANNUAL PRODUCTS. invested in terial used. BE.R OF HANDS S real and per- including EMPLOYED. sonal estate fuel... ---------.~~ in tbebusi-I ~in the busi-~Male. Female. Value in Value in 3 ness. 1850. 1860. Maine.................. 13 $25,100 ] 37,954 35....... 52,180 53,637...... New Htampshire........ 11 31,800 34,756 31...... 30,165 64,514 114.4 Massachusetts.... 76 632,650 1,348,481 389 18 1,263,678 1,910,206 51.1 Rhode Island.......... 6 47,000 81,698 22 525,370 107,332 Dec. Connecticut............ 31 140,650 259,836 84 2 124,285 396,045 219.0 Total in New Enland... 137- 877,200 1,761,725 561 20 1,995,678 2,531,734 26.8 New York.............. 130 1,378,600 2,692,836 410..... 3363,207 3,836,503 14.0 Pennsylvania.......... 92 1,302,458 2,011,665 507... 31,496,209 2,937,798 96.0 New Jersey............ 10 73,000 224,825 42 4 444,885 595,075 33.0 Delaware............... 2 32,000 30,730 12........ 43,000 61,510 41.8 Maryland............... 10 143,700 346,703 4...... 579,553 433,345 Dec. District of Columbia.... 3 10,000 42,930 15........ 18,100 62,587 247.6 Total in Middle States... 247 2,939,78 5,3-19,689 990 4 5,944,954 7,926,808 33.3 Ohio................... 25 621,927 1,778,64 212 32 611,193 2,418,972 294.0 Indiana................. 16 89,100 198,900 58........ 52,262 256,535 388.0 Michigan............... 9 46,200 83, 200 42 2 86,032 108,478 25.0 Illinois................ 22 113,500 258,939 73....... 184,739 386,442 109.0 Wisconsin.............. 12 67,100 113,760 37........ 149,374 187,010 25.2 Iowa................... 7 35,000 69,805 20.... 113,470...... Missouri.............. 12 620,800 1,313,328 246 55 513,593 1,649,380 207.0 Kentucky.............. 10 189,500 166,162 105 25 239,609 486,900 103 0 Total in Western States. 11] 18,17 3 Total in Wetstel States. 113 1,783,127 3,982,736 793 114 1,836,802 5,607,187 205.0 Virginia................ 18 140,800 187,496 83 4 179,073 29,903 56.0 Louisiana............... 16 27,700 76,231 50........ 175,000 156,30 Dec. Texas................. 1 10,000 995 4.............. 9,700...... Tennessee..2 20,000 27,8 9........ 40705 44000.... 000.. Total in Southern States. 37 234,500 292, 55`2 146 4 394,778 489,913 24.0 California.............. 11 57,300 124,551 23.................... 204900...... Other States, (estimated)................................. 27,518 5200,000...... Aggregate in U. States... 545 5,861,885 11,512,253 2,513 142 10,199,730 16,960,542 66.0 190 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 33.-Approximate statistics of the Products of Industry for the year ending June 1, 1860. T Capital in- Value of AVER&GE NUMBER OF c | vested, i real raw material sNss E alue of anSTATES AND TERRITORIES. and personal |. estae inteused, includ- -.. nual product. -~.E estate, in the a= business. Male. Female. Maine........................ 3,582 o$22,000,000 $20,861,452 25,000 14,710 $36,075,498 New Hampshire............. 2,582 25,900, 000 21 t 400,000 19,200 1(, 900 45,500,000 Vermont.................... 1,501 9,500,000 8,110,000 8., 940 1,860 16,000.000 Massachusetts........... 7, 766 133,00), 000 14i,000000 148,800 68, 300 266000,000 Rhode Island................. 1, 160 23,300,000 23,400,000 21,200 12;,000 47,500,000 Connecticut............ 2,923 45,72, 000 40,140,000 44,160 21,620 83,000,000 Total in New England States. 19,514 259, 420,000 257,911,452 267,00 135,390 494,075,498 New York.................... 23,236 175,449,206 209,899,890 174,059 47,422 379,623,560 Pennsylvania................ 21, 100 189,000,000 145,300,000 185,141 38,000 285,500,003 New Jersey................... 4,060 40,000,000 42,600,000 114,660 13,060 81,000,000 Delaware..................... 564 5,360,000 5,375,000 5,332 860 9,920,000 Maryland..................... 2,980 51,800,000 21,900 003 20,800 20,100 42,576,000 District of Columbia.......... 424 2,650,000 2,801,000 2,556 387 5,51-2,000 Total in Middle States....... 5,364 464,259,206 427,875,890 502,548 119,829 804,131,560 Ohio......................... 10,710 58,000,000 70,000,000 69,800 11,400 125,000,000 Indiana................. 5,120 18,875,000 271,360.000 20,600 710 43,250,000 Mlichigan................... 2,530 24, 000,000 19,000,000, 22,8 60 1, 35,200,00 Illinois...................... 4,100 27, 70000 33,800,000 23,500 870 56,750,000 Wisconsin.................. 3, 120 16,580,000 17,250.000 16,320 770 28,500,000 Minnesota.......... 565 2,400,000 2,060,000 2,215 15 3,600,000 Iowa........................ 1,790 7, 500, 003! 8,500,000 6,475 102 14,900,000 Missouri...................... 2,800 20,500,003 24,000,000 20,130 1,200 43,500,000 Kentucky............. 3,160 20,000, 000 21, 380, 000 20,580 1,460 36,330,000 Kansas.................. 299 1,063,000 669,269 1719......... 2,800,000 Nebraska.................... 107 271,475 238,225 331 8 581,942 Total in Western States.... 34,301 196, 89,475 224,257, 494 204,530 17795 390411,942 Virginia.................... 4,890 26,640,000 30,880,000 33,050 3,540 51,3001000 North Carolina.........2...... 2790 9,310,000 9,860,000 11,760 2,130 14,450,000 South Carolina............... 1, 050 5,610,000 3, 620,000 6,000 800 6,800,00 Georgia....................... 1,724 11,160,000 10,000,000 9,910 2,18) 13,700,000 Florida...................... 180 6,675,000 965,000 2,310 170 2,700,000 Alabama.................... 1,117 8,260,000 4,400,000 6,620 1,140 9,400,000 Louisiana.................. 1,710 7,110,000 7,380,000 7,610 80 15,500,000 Texas........................ 910 3,850,000 2,770,000 3, 360 110 6,250,000 Mississippi................... 86 3,740,000 2,460,000 4,540 150 6,000,000 Arkansas..................... 375 1,040,000 909,000 1,523 35 2,150,000 Tennessee.................. 2,420 17,270,000 9,365,000 11,960 1,135 17,100,000 Total in Southern States.... 18,026 100,665,000 82,609,000 983,640 11,470 145,350,000 Utah........................ 152 412, 126 398,528 348 9 823, 000 California.................... 3,505 23,682,593 16,558,636 23,803 463 59,500,000 Oregon................. 300 1,293,000 1,452,000 996 10 3,138, 000 Washington................. 52 1,296,700 505,000 886 4 1,405,000 New Mexico.................. 86 2,081,900 432,0 10 949 33 1,165,000 Total in Pacific States..... 4,095 28,766,319 19,346,164 26,982 516 63,031,000 Aggregate in United States... 128,300 1,050,000,000 1,012,000,000 1,100,000 285,000 1,900,000,000 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 191 TABLE No. 33 a. Statement of the Leading Mlanufactures, and the value of product of eaci, for the year ending Jau>e 1, 1860. Value of proNo. Leading manufactures. dluet in rou duct in round numbers. 1 Flour and meal................................................ 224,000,000 2 Cotton goods............................................................. 115, 000,000 3 Lumber........................................................................ 9,000 000 4 Boots and shoes............................................................... 90,000,000 5 Leather, including morocco and patent leather.................................... 72, 000,000 6 Clothing......................................................................... 70,000,000 7 W oollen goods................................................................... 69,000,000 8 Machinery, steam engines, &c.................................................. 47000,000 9 Printing: Book, job, and newspaper.............................................. 42,000,000 10 Sugar refining.................................................................... 38,500,000 11 Iron founding........................................................... 28,500,000 12 Spirituous liquors......................................................... 25,000,000 13 Cabinet furniture............................................................... 24000 000 14 Bar and other rolled iron......................................................... 22,000 000 15 Pig iron.......................................................................... 19,500,000 16 Malt liquors................................................................... 18,000,000 17 Agricultural implements......................................................... 17,800,000 18 Paper........................................................................... 17 500,000 19 Soap and candles................................................................ 17,000,000 192 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 34. A comparative statemizent s/owing by States tfe number of Banks, the capital, loans, specie, circulation, and deposits. SEVENTH CENSUS, 1850. STATES. o Capital. Loans. Specie. Circulation. Deposits. Alabama................. Alabama................. 2 $1,800,580 $4,670,458 $1,998,820 $3,568,285 $1,474,963 Connecticut.......... 43 9,907,503 15,607,315 640,622 5,253,884 2,395,311 Delaware................ 9 1,293,185 2,264, 313 159,773 833,960 502,765 Florida.............................................................................................. Georgia............. 21 13,482,198 11,421,626 2,112,446 9,898,827 2,580,826 Illinois......................................................................................... Indiana................. 14 2,082,950 4,395,099 1,197,880 3,422, 445 630,325 Iow a.................................................................................................. K ansas.............................................................................................. Kentucky.............. 26 7,536,927 12,506,305 2,794,351 7,643,075 2, 323,657 Louisiana............... 25 12,370,390 197309,108 5,716,001 5,059,229 8,464,389 Maine................... 32 3,248,000 5,830,230 475,589 2,654,208 1,233, 671 Maryland................ 25 8,128,881 14,900,816 2,709,699 3,532,869 5,838,766 Massachusetts........... 126 36,925,050 63,330,024 2,993,178 17,005,826 11,176,827 Michigan................ 6 764,022 1,319,305 125,722 897,:364 416,147 Missouri................ 6 1,209,131 3,533,463 1,198,268 2,522, 500 1,098,981 New Hampshire......... 22 2,375,900 3,821:,120 129:399 1,897,111 566,634 New Jersey............. 26 3,754,900 7,158,977 622,885 3,046,658 2, 411,861 New York.............. 198 48,618,762 107,132,389 10,045,330 26,415,526 50,774,193 North Carolina........... 18 3,789,250 6,056,726 1,645,028 4,249,883 942,098 Ohio.................... 57 8,718,366 17,059,593 2,750,587 11,059,700 5,310,555 Pennsylvania............ 52 17,701,206 384 23,274 4,327,394 11,798,996 17,689,212 Rhode Island............ 63 11 645,492 15,492,547 297,661 2,553,865 1,488,596 South Carolina.......... 14 13,213, 031 23,312,330 2,218,228 11, 771270 3,065,686 Tennessee.............. 23 6,881,568 10,992,139 1,456,778 6,814,376 1,917,757 Vermont................ 27 2,197,240 4,423,719 127,325 2,856,027 546,703 Virginia................. 37 9,824,545 19,646,777 2,928,174 10,256,997 4,717,732 W isconsin........................................................................................... Total.............. 872 227,469,077 412,607,653 48,671,138 155,012,881 127,567,655 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 193 TABLE No. 34.-Statement of the number of Banks, 8-c.-Continued. EIGHTH CENSTIS1 1860. STATES9. O Capital. Loans. Specto. Circulation. Deposits. Alabama............... 8 $4,901,000 $13,570,027 $2, 747, 174 $7,477,976 $4,851,153 Connecticut............. 74 21,512,176 97,856,785 989,920 7,561,519 5,574,900 Delaware............... 12 1,640,775 3,150,215 208,924 1,135;,772 976, 22 Florida.................. 2 300, 000 464,630 32,876 183,640 129,518 Georgia.................. 29 16, 689,550 16,776,282 3211, 974 8,798,100 4,738, 289 Illinois.................. 74 5,251,225 387,229 223,-812 8,981,723 697,037 Indiana................. 97 4,343,210 7,675,861 1,583,140 5,390,24 1, 700, 479 Iowa.................... 12 460,450 724,228 225,545 563,801 527,378 Kansas.................. 1 52,000 48,256 8,268 8,895 2,695 Kentucky.............. 45 12,835,670 25,284,869 4,502,250 13,520,207 5,662,892f Louisiana............ 13 24,496,866 35,401,609 12,115,431 11,579,313 19,777,812 Maine............. 68 7,506,890 12,654,794 670,979 4,149,718 2, 411,022 Maryland................ 31 12, 568,962 20,898, 762 2,779,418 4,106,869 8,874,180 Massachusetts........... 174 64,519,200 107,417,323 7, 532,647 22, 086,920 27,804,699 Michigan................ 4 755,465 892,949 24,175 222,197 375,397 Missouri................ 38 9,082,951 15,461,192 4,160,912 7,884,885 3,357,176 New Hampshire......... 52 5,016,000 8,591,688 255,278 3,271,183 1,187,991 New Jersey.............. 49 7,884,412 14,909,174 940,700 4,811,832 5,741,465 NeW York............... 303 111,441,320 200,351,332 20, 921,545 29,959,506 104,070,273 North Carolina........... 50 6,6265,478 12, 213,272 1,617,687 5,594,047 1,487,273 Ohio.................... 52 6,890,839 11,100,462 1,828,640 7,983,889 4,039,614 Pennsylvania............. 90 25,565,582 50, 327,157 8,378,474 13,132,892 26,167,843 Rhode Island.......... 91 20,865,569 268,719,877 450, 920 3, 558,295 3,553,104 South Carolina.......... 20 14,952,062 27,801,912 2,324,121 11,475,631 4,165,615 Tennessee.............. 34 8,067,037 11,751,019 2,267,710 5,538,378 4,324,799 Vermont................ 46 4,029,240 6,496,523 198,409 3,882,983 787,834 Virginia................. 65 16,005,156 24,975,792 2,943,652 9,812,197 7 729,652 Wisconsin............... 108 7,6-20,000 7,592,351 419,947 4,429,855 3,085,813 Total................ 1,642 421,890,095 691,495,580 83,564,528 207,102,477 253,802,122 Total Seventh Census. 872 227,469,077 412,607,653 48,671,138 155,012,881 127,567,655 Increase............. 770 194,421,018 278,887,927 34,893,390 52,089,596 126,234,474 13 C 194 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 35. The assessed value of Real Estate and Personal Property, according to the Eighth Census, 1860. States and Territories. Real estate. Personal property. Alabama............................................................ $155,034,089 $277,164,673 Arkansas.............................................................. 63,254,740 116,956,590 California........................................................... 66,906,631 72,748,036 Connecticut........................................................ 191,478,842 149,778,134 Delaware........................................................... 26,273,803 13,493,430 Florida............................................................. 21,722,810 47,206,875 Georgia........................................................ 179,801,441 438,430,946 Illinois............................................................. 287, 219,940 101,987,432 Indiana.......................................................... 291,829,992 119,212,432 Iowa............................................................... 149,433,423 55, 733, 560 Kansas........................................................ 16,088,602 6,429,630 Kentucky.......................................... 277,925,054 250,287, 639 Louisiana.......................................................... 280,704,88 155,082,277 Maine................ 86,717,716 67, 662, 672 Maine..................................................... 86,717,71667,662,672 Maryland........................................................... 65, 341,438 231,793,800 Massachusetts..................................................... 475,413,165 391,744,651 Michigan..................................................... 123,605,084 39,927,921 Minnesota......................................................... 25,391,771 6,727, 002 Mississippi........................................................ 157,836,737 351, 636,175 Missouri............................................................ 153,450,577 113 485,274 New Hampshire................................................... 59,638,346 64,171,743 New Jersey........................................................ 151,161,942 145,520,550 New York.......................................................... 1,069,658,080 320,826,558 North Carolina..................................................... 116,366,573 175,931,029 Ohio................................................................ 687,518,121 272,348,980 Oregon............................................................ 6,279,602 12,745,313 Pennsylvania....................................................... 561,192,980 158,060, 55 Rhode Island....................................................... 83,778,204 41326,101 South Carolina...................................................... 129,772,684 359,546,444 Tennessee.......................................................... 219,991,180 162,504, 020 Texas.............................................................. 112,476,013 155,316,322 Vermont.......................................................... 65,639,973 19,118,646 Virginia................................................. 417,952,228 239,069,108 Wisconsin......................................................... 148,238,766 37,706,723 District of Columbia................................................. 33,097,542 7,987,403 Nebraska Territory.................................................. 5,732,145 1,694,804 New Mexico Territory............................................... 7,018,260 13,820,520 Utah Territory..................................................... 286,504 3,871,516 Washington Territory............................................... 1,876,063 2,518,672 6,973,106,049 5, 111,553,956 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 195 TABLE No. 35-Continued. The true value of Real Estate and Personal Property according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census, (1860,) respectively; also the increase, and increase per cent. REAL ESTATE AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. STATES AND TERRITORIES. _ Increase. Increase per cent. 1850. 1860. Alabama...................... $228 204, 332 ^$495,237,078 $267,032, 746 117.01 Arkansas....................... 39 841,025 219, 256,473 179,415,448 450 32 California...................... 22,161,872 207,874,613 185,7192,741 837.98 Connecticut.................... 155,707,980 444,274,114 288,566,134 185.32 Delaware....................... 21062,556 46, 242,181 25,179,625 119.54 Florida........................ 22,862 270 73,101,500 50,239 230 219.74 Georgia...................... 335,425,714 645,895,237 310,469,523 92.56 [llinois........................ 156, 265,006 871, 860,282 715,595,276 457.93 Indiana........................ 202,650, 264 528, 835,371 326,185,107 160.95 Iowa.......................... 23,714,638 247, 338~,265 223,623,627 942.97 Kansas............................................................................... Kentucky...................... 301,628,456 666,043,112 364, 414,656 120.81 Louisiana...................... 233,998,764 602 118,568 368,119,804 157.31 Maine.......................... 122,777,571 190,211,600 67,434,029 54.92 Maryland....................... 219.217,364 376,919,944 157 702 580 71.93 Massachusetts................ 573,342,286 815,237,433 241,895,147 42.19 Michigan....................... 59,787, 255 257,163,983 197,376,728 330.13 Minnesota...................... Not returned. 52,294,413................................ Mississippi................ 228,951 130 607,324,911 378,373,781 165.26 Missouri........................ 137, 247,707 501,214,398 363,966,691 265.18 N ew Hampshfre................ 103,652,835 156,310,860 52,658, 025 50.80 New Jersey*.............. 200,000,000 467,918,324 267 918, 324 133.95 New York...................... 1,080,309,216 1,843,338,517 763,029,301 70.63 North Carolina....... 226,800,472 358,739,399 131,938,927 58.17 Ohio.......................... 504,726,120 1,193,898, 422 689,172,302 136.54 Oregon....................... 5,063,474 28,930,637 23,867,163 471.35 Pennsylvania................... 722,486,120 1 416,501,818 694,015,698 96.05 Rhode Island................. 80,508,794 135, 337,588 54,828,794 68.10 South Carolina................ 288, 257,694 548,138,754 259,881,060 90.15 Tennessee...................... 201, 246,686 493,903,892 292,657, 206 145.42 Texas......................... 52,740,473 365,200,614 312,460,141 592.44 Vermont..................... 92,205,049 1222,477,170 30,272,121 32.83 Virginia....................... 430,701,082 793, 249, 681 362,548,599 84.17 Wisconsin...................... 42, 056, 595 273,671,668 231,615,073 550.72 District of Columbia............ 14,018,874 41,084,945 27,066,071 193.06 Nebraska Territory......................... 9,131,056............................... New Mexico Territory........... 5,174,471 20, 813,768 15,639,298 3092 24 Utah Territory........... 986,083 5,596,118 4,610,035 467.50 Washington Territory............................... 5,601,466................................ 7,135,780,228 16,159,616,068 8,925,481,011 126.45 * Partly estimated. 196 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36.-Productions of Agriculture for 1850 and 1860. LANDS IMPROVED. LANDS UNIMPROVED. STATES. _ 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. iJcres. Jcres. dcres..cres. Alabama............................... 4, 435,614 6, 462, 987 7,702,067 12,687,913 Arkansas............................... 781,530 1,933,036 1,816,684 7,609,938 California.............................. 32,454 2,430,882 3,861,531 6,533,858 Connecticut............................ 1, 768,178 1,830,808 615,701 673,457 Delaware.............................. 580,869 637,065 375,282 367,230 Florida................................. 349,049 676,464 1,246,240 2,273,008 Georgia................................ 6,378,479 8,062,758 16,442,900 18,587,732 Illinois................................. 5,039,545 13,251,473 6,997,867 7,993,557 Indiana................................ 5,046,543 8,161,717 7,746,879 8,154,059 Iowa................................. 824,682 3,780,253 1,911 382 5,649,136 Ka as.................................................. 372,835................ 1,284626 Kentucky.............................. 5,968,270 7,644,217 10,981,478 11,519,059 Louisiana.............................. 1,590,025 2,734,901 3,399,018 6,765,879 Maine.................................. 2,039,596 2,677,216 2,515,797 35023,539 Maryland............................... 2,797,905 3,002,269 1,836,445 1,833,306 Massachusetts......................... 2, 133, 436 2,155,512 1,222,576 1,183, 212 Michigan............................... 1,929,110 3,419, 861 2,454,780 3,511,581 Minnesota.............................. 5,035 554,397'23,846 2,222,734 Mississippi............................. 3,444,358 5,150,008 7,046,061 11,703,556 Missouri................................ 2,938,425 6,246,871 6,794,245 13,737,938 New Hampshire........................ 2,251,488 2,367,039 1,140,926 1,377,591 New Jersey............................ 1,767,991 1,944,445 984,955 1,039,086 New York.............................. 12,408,964 14, 376,397 6,710,120 6,616,553 North Carolina......................... 5,453,975 6,517,284 15,543,008 17,245,685 Ohio.................................. 9,851,493 12,665,587 8,146,000 8,075,551 Oregon................................. 132,857 895,375 299,951 5,316,817 Pennsylvania........................... 8,623,619 10,463; 306 6,294,728 6,548,847 Rhode Island........................... 356,487 329,884 197,451 189,814 South Carolina.......................... 4,072,551 4,572,060 12,145,049 11 623,860 Tennessee.............................. 5,175,173 6,897,974 13,808,849 13,457,960 Texas.................................. 643,976 2,649,207 10,852,363 20,486,990 Vermont......................... 2,601,409 2,758,443 1,524,413 1,402,396 Virginia............................... 10,360,135 11,435,954 15,792,176 19,578,946 Wisconsin....................... 1,045,499 3,746,036 1,931,159 4,153,134 Total States...................... 112,833,813 162,804,521 180,361, 927 244, 428,549 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of.................... 16,267 17,474 11,187 16,789 Dakota............................................... 2,115................ 24,333 Nebraska......................... 122, 582................ 501,723 New Mexico............................ 166,201 149,415 124 370 1,177,055 Utah................................... 16,333 82,260 30,516 58,898 Washington............................................. 83,022................ 300,897 Total Territories.................. 198,801 456,868 166,073 2,079,695 Aggregate........................ 113,032,614 163.,261,389 180,528,000 246,508,244 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 197 TABLE No. 36.-Productions of Agriculture for 1850 and 1860-Continued. CASH VALUE OF FARMS. VALUE OF FARMING IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY.STATES. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Alabama............................... 64, 323,24 172, 176,168 5,125,663 7, 287,599 Arkansas.............................. 15, 265,245 91,673,403 1,601,296 4,024,114 California.............................. 3,874,041 46,571, 994 103,483 2, 443,.297 Connecticut.................... 72, 726,422 90, 830,005 1,892,541 2,339,481 Delaware................................ 8, 880,031 31,426,357 510,279 817,883 Florida................................. 6,323.109 16,371,684 658,795 888,930 Georgia................................. 95,753,445 157, 072,803 5,894,150 6,844,387 Illinois.................................. 96,133, 290 432,531,072 6,405,561 18,276,160 Indiana................................ 136,385,173 344,902,776 6,704,444 10,420,826 Iowa............................... 16,657,567 118,741,405 1,172,869 5,190,042 Kansas......................... 4...................... 11,394,184................ 675,336 Kentucky....................... 155,021,262 291,496,955 5,169,037 7,474,573 Louisiana................... 75,814,398 215,565, 421 11,576,938 20,391,883 Maine................................. 54,861,748 78,690,725 2,284,557 3,-298, 327 Maryland...................... 87,178,545 145,973,677 2,463,443 4,010,529 Massachusetts.......................... 109,076,347 123,255,948 3,209,584 3,894,998 Michigan.............................. 51,872,446 163,279,087 2,891,371 5,855,642 Minnesota.............................. 161,948 19070,737 15,981 1044,009 Mississippi............................. 54,738,634 186,866,914 5,762, 927 8,664,816 Missouri.............................. 63225,543 230,632,126 3,981,525 8,711,508 New Hampshire........................ 55,245,997 69.689,761 2, 314, 125 2,68.2,412 New Jersey............................ 120,237,511 180,-250,338 4,425,503 5,746,567 New York............................. 554^546,642 803,343,593 22,084,926 29,166,565 North Carolina......................... 67,891,766 143,301,065 3,931,532 5,873, 942 Ohio.................................. 358,758,603 666,564,171 12,750,585 16,790,226 Oregon............................... 2,849,170 14,765,355 183 423 949,103 Pennsylvania.................. 407,876,099 662,050,707 14,722,541 22,442,842 Rhode Island........................... 17,070,802 19,385.573 497,201 587,241 South Carolina.......................... 82,431,684 139, 652,508 4,136,354 6,151,657 Tennessee.............................. 97,851,212 272, 555,054 5,360,210 8,371,095 Texas................................. 16,550,008 104, 007,689 2,151,704 6,114,362 Vermont............................... 63,367,227 91,511,673 2,739,282 3,554,728 Virginia.............................. 216,401,543 371,696,211 7,021,772 9,381,008 Wisconsin.............................. 28,528,563 131,117,082 1,641,568 5,758,847 Total States.................... 3,267, 879,245 6,638,414,221 151,385,170 246,125,065 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of.................... 1,730,460 2,989,267 40, 220 54,410 Dakota................................................ 97 335................. 15,574 Nebraska............................................... 3,916,002............... 180, 082 New Mexico............................ 1,653,922 2,701,626 77,960 194,005 Utah................................... 311,799 1,637,854 84,288 255,854 W ashington........................................... 1,116,202................ 202,506 Total Territories................. 3,696,181 12,458,286 202,468 902, 4:31 Aggregate........................ 3,271,575,426 6,650,872,507 151,587,638 247, 027496 198 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36.-Productions of LIVE STOCK. STATES. Horses. Asses and mules. Milch cows. Working oxen. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Al abama........... 128,001 127,205 59,895 108,701 227,791 234,045 66,961 92,495 Arkansas.......... 60,197 101, 249 11,559 44,158 93,151 158, 873 34, 239 70,944 California.......... 21 719 160,395 ] 666 13,744 4, 280 198 859 4 780 31.527 Connecticut......... 26,879 33,276 49 82 85,461 98,877 46,988 47, 939 Delaware.............. 13,852 16, 562 791 2,294 19,248 220 595 9, 797 9,530 Florida................. 10,848 13,424 5,002 10,909 72,876 92,704 5,794 7)787 Georgia............. 151, 331 130,771 57,379 101,069 334,223 299.688 73,286 74,487 Illinois................. 267,653 575,161 10,573 38,881 294,671 5302,731 76,156 90,973 Indiana............... 3141299 409, 504 6,599 18, 627 284,554 491, 033 40, 221 95 982 Iowa................... 38,536 174, 957 754 5,713 45,704 188,546 21, 892 56,563 Kansas........................... 18, 882........ 1,430.......... 26,726.......... 20 133 Kentucky......... 315, 682 355,704 65,609 117,635 247,475 269,215 62, 274 108, 999 Louisiana.............. 89,514 79,068 44,849 92 259 105,576 130,672 54,968 61, 008 Maine............ 41, 721 60,6:38 55 104 133, 556 147,315 83, 893 79, 792 Maryland........... 75,684 93,406 5,644 9, 829 86,856 99?,463 34,135 34,524 Massachusetts.......... 42216 47786 34 108 130,099 144,492 46,611 38,221 Michigan......... 58,506 154,168 70 359 99,676 200,635 55,350 65,949 Minnesota.............. 860 17,122 14 395 607 40,386 655 27,574 Mississippi........... 115,460 117,134 54.547 112 488 214,231 207,134 83,485 104 184 Missouri............... 225,319 361,874 41,667 80,941 230,169 345,243 112,168 166,588 New Hampshire........ 34,233 41,101 19 1 0 94,277 94,880 59,027 51,512 New Jersey............. 63955 79,707 4, 089 6,362 118,736 138, 818 12:070 10,067 New York.......... 447,014 503,725 963 1,553 931:,324 1,123,634 178,909 121, 702 North Carolina........ 148,693 150,661 25,259 51, 388 221, 799 228,623 37,309 48,511 Ohio............. 463,397 622,8029 3, 423 6,917 544,499 696309 65,381 61, 760 Oregon................. 8, 046 36,600 420 990 9, 427 53,072 8,114 7, 426 Pennsylvania.......... 350,398 437,654 2,259 8, 832 530,221 673,547 61,527 60,371 Rhode Island........... 6,168 7,121 1 10 18, 698 19,700 8,139 7,857 South Carolina......... 97,171 81,125 37,483 56,456 193,244 163,938 20,507 22,629 Tennessee.......... 270,636 289,548 75, 303 119,221 250,456 247,105 86, 255 104,495 Texas............... 76,760 320,621 12,463 63, 000 217,811 598,086 51,285 172,243 Vermont.......... 61,057 67, 250 218 35 146,218 171,698 48,577 42,860 Virginia........... 272,403 287,522 21,483 41,014 317,619 330,627 89,513 97,862 Wisconsin............ 30, 179 116,192 155 1,019 64,339 193,996 42,801 93, C0 Total States...... 4,328,387 6,089,942 550.295 1,116,533 6,368,785 8,663,265 1,683,067 2,188,154 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of.... 824 641 57 122 813 639 104 69 Dakota........................... 84........ 19.......... 286.......... 348 Nebraska......................... 4,522........ 473.......... 7,125.......... 12,720 New Mexico............ 5,079 10, 119 8,654 11,255 10,635 34,461 12,557 26,104 Utah.................. 2,429 5,145 325 973 4,861 13,052 5,266 9,903 Washigloa.....5...... 5,005........ 178.......... 10,034.......... 2,777 Total Territories.. 8,332 25, 516 9,036 13,020 16,309 65,597 17,627 51,921 Aggregate......... 4,336,7i.) 6,115,458 559,331 1,129,553 6,385,094 8,728,862 1,700,694 2,240,075 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 199 Agriculturefor 1850 and 1860-Continued. LIVE STOCK. Other cattle. Sheep. Swine. Value of live stock. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Dollars; Dollars. 433,263 452,643 371,880 369,061 1,904,540 1,736, 959 21,690,112 43,061,805 165, 320 318,355 91,256 202,674 836,727 1,155,379 6,647,969 22,040,211 253,599 952,048 17,574 1,075,718 2,776 453,523 3, 351,058 36,601,154 80,226 95,091 174, 181 117, 107 76,472 75,120 7, 467, 490 11,311,079 24,166 25, 596 27,503 18,857 56,261 47,848 1,849,281 3,144,706 182.415 284,736 23,311 29,958 209,453 274,314 2,880,058 5,480,789 690,019 631,707 560 435 512,618 2,168,617 2,036,116 25 728,416 38,372, 734 541,209 881,877 894,043 775,230 1,915,907 2, 279,722 24,209,258 73,434,621 389,891 582 990 1,122,493 2,157,375 2,263,776 2,498,528 22,478,555 50,116,964 69,025 291,145 149,960 258,228 323,247 921,161 3,689,275 21,776,786............ 41,000........ 15,702........... 128,309.............. 3,205,522 442,763 457,845 1,102,091 938,990 2,891,163 2,330,595 29,661,436 61,868,237 414,798 329,855 110,333 180,855 597,301 642,855 11 152,275 24,751 822 125,890 149,827 451,577 452:472 54,598 54,783 9,705:726 15,437,533 98,595 119,254 177,902 155,765 352,911 387,756 7,997,634 14,667,853 83,284 97,201 188,651 114,829 81,119 73,948 9,647,710 12,737,744 119,471 267,683 746,435 1,465,477 205,847 374,664 8,008,734 23,220,026 740 51,043 80 13 123 734 101,252 92,859 3,655, 366 436,254 415,559 304,929 337,754 1,582,734 1,534,097 19,403,662 40,245, 079 449,173 657,153 762,511 937,445 1,702,625 2,354,425 19,887, 580 53,693,673 114,606 118,075 384,756 310,534 63,487 51,935 8,871,901 10,924,627 80,455 89,909 160,488 135 228 250 370 236,089 10,679,291 16,134,693 767,406 727,837 3,453,241 2,617,855 1,018,252 910,178 73,570,499 103,856,296 434,402 416,676 595,249 546,749 1,812,813 1,883,214 17,717,647 31,130,805 749,067 901,781 3,942,9'29 3,063,887 1,964,770 2,175,623 44,121,741 80,433,7804 24,188 93,001 15,382 75,936 30 235 79,660 1,876,189 6,272,892 562,195 685,575 1,822,357 1,631,540 1,040,366 1,031,266 41,500,053 69,672,726 9,375 11,548 44,296 32,624 19,509 17,478 1.532,637 2,042,044 563,935 320, 209 285,551 233,509 1,065,503 965,779 15,060,015 23;,934,465 414,051 408,574 811,591 773,317 3, 104,800 2,343,948 29,978,016 61,257,374 661,018 2,733,267 100,530 783,618 692,022 1, 368378 10,412,927 52,892,934 154,143 149,359 1,014, 122 721993 66,296 49,433 12,643,228 15,884,393 669,137 615,696 1,310,004 1,042,946 1 829,843 1,589,519 33,656,659 47,794,256 76,293 225,210 124,896 332,454 159, 276 333,957 4,897,385 17,807,366 10,280,372 14,599,325 21,342,537 22, 431,428 30,344,350 32,497,811 542,067,276 1,098,862,355 123 158 150 40 1,635 1,099 71,643 109,640............ 338............ 2338............ 287.............. 39,116............ 8,870............ 1.,757............ 25,965.............. 1,216,328 10,085 29,228 377,271 836,459 7,314 9,489 1,494,629 4,386,084 2,489 17,369 3,262 37,888 914 10,780 546,968 1,729,012............ 16,072............ 10,162............ 9,836.............. 1,147,681 12,697 72, 075 380,683 886,328 9,863 57,456 2,113,240 8, 627,861 10,293)069 14,671,400 21,723,220 23,317,756 30,354,213 32,555,267 544,180,516 1,107,490,216 200 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE NO. 36.-Productions of Agriculture WHEAT. RYE. INDIAN CORN. STATES..- _ -..._.. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Alabama............... 294,044 1,222,487 17,261 73,942 28,754,048 32,761,194 Arkansas.............. 199,639 955, 298 8,047 77,869 8,893,939 17,758,665 California.............. 17,2-28 5,946,619........ 51 244 12,236 524,857 Connecticut............ 41,762 52,401 600,893 618,702 1,935,043 2,059 835 Delaware............... 482,511 912,941 8,066 27, 209 3145,542 3,892,337 Florida....... 1,027 2,808 1,152 21,314 1,996,809 2,824,538 Georgia................ 1,088,534 2,544,913 53,750 115,532 30,080,099 30,776,293 Illinois................. 9,414,575 24,159,500 83,364 981,322 57,646,984 115, 296,779 Indiana................ 6,214,458 15,219,120 78,792 400,226 52,964,363 69,641,691 Iowa................... 1,530,581 8,433,205 19,916 176,055 8,656,799 41,116,994 Kansas.............................. 168,527............ 3,928........... 5,678,834 Kentucky.............. 2,142,822 7)394,811 415,073 1,055,262 58,672,591 64,043,633 Louisiana............ 417 29,283 475 12,789 10,266,373 16, 205,856 Maine.................. 296,259 233,877 102,916 123,290 1,750,056 1,546,071 Maryland.............. 4,494,680 6,103,480 226,014 518.901 10,74.9,858 13,444,922 Massachusetts......... 31, 211 119,783 481,021 388,085 2,345,490 2,157,063 Michigan................ 4,925,889 8,313,185 105,871 494,197 5,641,420 12,152,110 Minnesota............. 1,401 2,195,812 125 124,259 16,725 2,987,570 Mississippi............. 137,990 579,452 9,606 41,260 22,446,552 297563,735 Missouri............... 2,981,652 4,227,586 44, 268 293262 36, 214,537 72,892,157 New Hampshire........ 185,658 238,966 183,117 128,248 1,573,670 1,414,628 New Jersey........... 1,601,190 1,763,128 1, 255,578 1,439,497 8,759,704 9, 723,336 New York............. 13,121,498 8,681,100 4,148,182 4,786,905 17,858,400 20,061,048 North Carolina......... 2, 130,102 4,743,706 229,563 436,856 27,941,051 30,078,564 Ohio................. 14,487,351 14,53-2,570 425,918 656,146 59,078,695 70,637,140 Oregon................. 211, 943 822,408 106 2,714 2,918 74,566 Pennsylvania......... 15,367,691 13,045,231 4,805,160 5,474,792 19,835,214 28, 196,821 Rhode Island.......... 49 1,131 26,409 28, 259 539,201 458,912 South Carolina......... 1,066,277 1,285,631 43,790 89,091 16,271,454 15,065,606 Tennessee............. 1,619,386 5,409,863 89,137 265,344 52,276,223 50,748, 266 Texas.................. 41,729 1,464,273 3,108 95,012 6,028,876 16,521,593 Vermont.............. 535,955 431,127 176,233 130, 76 2,032,396 1, 463,020 Virginia................. 11,212,616 13,129,180 458,930 944,024 35,254,319 38,360,704 Wisconsin............. 4 286,131 15,812,625 81,253 888,534 1,988,979 7,565,290 Total States........ 100,164,356 170,176,027 14, 183,094 20,965,046 591,630,564 827,694,528 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of.... 17,370 12,760 5,509 6,939 65,230 80,840 Dakota............................... 945............ 700............ 20,296 Nebraska............................. 72, 268............ 1,185............ 1,846,785 New Mexico........... 196, 516 446,075........... 1,300 365,411 710,605 Utah................... 107,702 382,697 210 872 9,899 93,861 Washington......................... 92,609........... 244............ 4, 792 Total Territories... 321,588 1,007,354 5,719 11,240 440,540 2,757,179 Aggregate.......... 100,485,944 171,183,381 14,188,813 20,976,286 592,071,104 830,451,707 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 201 for 1850 and 1860-Continued. OATS. RICE. TOBACCO. GINNED COTTON. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Bushels. Bushels. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. *Pounds Bales.* Bales.* 0,965,696 716,435 2 312, 252 499,559 164,990 221,284 564,429 997,973 656,183 502, 866 63,179 215 218, 936 999, 757 65,344 367,485.......:..957,684............ 6 1,800 1,000 3,150........................ 1,258,738 1,522,218.......................... 1,267,624 6,000, 133....................... 604,518 1,046,910....................................... 9,699........................ 66,586 46,779 1,075,090 223, 209 998,614 758,015 45,131 63,322 3,820,044 1,231,81.7 38,950,691 52,507,652 423,924 919,316 499,091 701,840 10,087,241 15,336,072............................ 841,394 7,014,230........... 6.5,655,014 5,028,755............. 19 1044,620 7,246,132 1~............ 1,524,345 5,879,653............................ 6,041 310,919................................... 80,744...................................... 16,978........................ 8,201,311 4,617,019 5,688 24,407 55,501,196 108,102,433 758 4,092 89,637 65,845 4,425,349 6,455,017 26,878 40,610 178,737 722,218 2,181,037 2,988,939........................................ 1,583...................... 2,242,151 3,959,298............................ 21,407,497 38,410,965....................... 1,165,146 1,180,075........................... 138,246 3,233, 198....................... 2,866,056 4_ 973,098........................... 1,245 120,621....................... 30,582 2,200,050........................................ 38,510....................... 1,503,288 121,033 0, 719, 856 657,293 49,960 127,736 484,292 1,195,699 5,278,079 3,680,870 700 9,767 17,113,784 25,086,196........... 100 973,381 1,329,213........................... 50 21,281...................... 3,378,063 4,539,132............................ 310 149,485........................ 20,550,814 35,175,133.............. 1,120 83,189 5,764,580........................ 4751,17 [79 DI7 9180 5,46J55 6 7,683 9T76 11,984,786 32,853,250 50,545 145,514 13,472,742 15,479,133.......................... 10,454,449 25,528,972........................ 61,214 900,204........................... 325 215........................ 21,538,156 27,387,149............................ 912,651 3,181,586..................... 215,232 234,453...................................... 705...................... 2.322,155 936,974 159,930,613 119,100,528 74,285 104,412 300,901 353,413 7,703,086 2,343,122 258,854 30,516 20,148,932 38,931,277 194,532 227,450 199,017 988,812 88,203 25,670 66,897 98,016 58,072 405,100 2,307,734 3,511,605....................................... 12,153........................ 10,179,144 10,184,865 17,154 8,225 56,803,227 123,967,757 3,947 12,727 3,414,672 11,059,270............................ 1,268 87,595....................... 146,565,140 172,089,095 215,313,497 187,140,173 199,736,318 429,364,751 2,445,793 5,196,9 4 8,134 29,548........................... 7,800 15,200................................... 2,540....................................................................................... 79,977........................................ 3,801........................ 5 7,491............................ 8,467 6,999...................... 10,900 188,036............................ 70 10........... 1,133............ 158,001........................................ 10....................... 19,039 465,593............................ 16,337 26,0200............ 11,133 146,584,179 172,554,688 215,313,497 187,140,173 199,752,655 429,390,771 2,445,793 5,198,077 * Of 400 pounds each. 202 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36.-Productions of Agriculture WOOL. PEAS AND BEANS. IRISH POTATOES. STATES. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Pouneds. Pounds. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Alabama..................... 657,118 681,404 892,701 1,483,609 246,00 397,566 Arkansas..................... 182,595 410,285 285,738 439,412 193,832 418,000 California.................... 5,520 2,681,922 92,292 184,962 9,292 1,647,293 Connecticut.................. 497,454 335,986 19,090' 25,864 2,689,725 1,833,148 Delaware..................... 57,768 50,201 4,120 7,438 240,542 377,931 Florida....................... 23,2l47 58,594 135,359 364,738 7,828 18,549 Georgia................... 990,019 946,229 1,142,011 1,765,-214 227,379 316,552 Illinois....................... 2,150,113 2,477,563 82,814 112,624 2,514,861 5,799,964 Indiana.................... 2,610,287 2,466,264 35,773 77,701 2,083,337 3,873,130 0 Iowa........................ 373,88 653,036 4,775 45,570 276,120 2,700,515 Kansas.................'.... 22593............ 10,167........... 283,968 Kentucky.................... 2297,3 2,325,124 202,574 288,349 1,492,487 1,756,532 Louisiana.................. 109,897 296,187 161,732 430,410 95,632 332,725 Maine........................ 1,364,034 1,495,063 205,541 246,918 3,436,040 6,374,617 Maryland..................... 477,438 491,511 12,816 34,407 764,939 1,264,429 Massachusetts................ 585,136 377,267 43,709 45,346 3,585,384 3,201,901 Michigan..................... 2,043,283 4,062,858 74,254 182,195 2,359,897 5,264,733 Minnesota.................... 85 22,740 10,002 18,802 21,145 2,027,945 Mississippi................... 559,619 637,729 1,072,757 1,986,558 261,482 401,804 Missouri...................... 1,627,164 2,069,778 46,017 107,999 939,006 1,990,850 New Hampshire.............. 1,108,476 1,160,212 70,856 79,455 4,304,919 4,137,543 New Jersey................... 375,396 349,250 14,174 27,675 3,207,236 4,171,690 New York.................... 10,071,301 9,454,473 741,546 1,609,334 15,398,368 26,447,389 North Carolina............... 970,738 883,473 1,584,252 1,932,204 620,318 830,565 Ohio........................ 10,196,371 10,648,161 60,168 105,219 5,057,769 8,752,873 Oregon...................... 29,686 208,943 6,566 34,616 91,326 311,700 -Pennsylvania............... 4,481,570 4,752,523 55,231 123,094 5,980,732 11,687,468 Rhode Island................. 129,692 90,699 6,846 7,699 651,029 542,909 South Carolina............... 487,233 427,102 1,026,900 1,728,074 136,494 226,735 Tennessee................... 1,364,378 1,400,508 369,321 550,913 1,067,844 1,174,647 Texas........................ 131,917 1,497,748 179,350 359,560 94,645 168,937 Vermont..................... 3,400,717 2,975,544 104,649 68,912 4,951,014 5,147,908 Virginia...................... 2,860,765 2,509,443 521,579 515,004 1,316,933 2,292,118 Wisconsin................... 253,963 1,011,915 20,657 99,804 1,402,077 3,848,505 Total States..............52,474,31159,932,328 9,196,170 15,099,74665,725,633110,023,139 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of........ 525 100 7,754 3,749 28,292 31,733 Dakota.............................................. 94...........286... 9 489 Nebraska................................ 3,312............ 4,508............ 169,762 New Mexico................. 32,901 479,245 15,688 38,584 3 5,354 Utah........................ 9,222 75,638 289 3,135 43,968 140,370 Washington......................... 20,720........... 38,005........... 191,354 Total Territories.......... 42,648 579,015 23,731 88,267 72,263 548,062 Aggregate................ 52,516,959 60,511,343 9,219,901 15,188,013 65,797,896 110,571,201 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 203 for 1850 and 1860-Continued. -SWEET POTATOES. BARLEY. BUCKWHEAT. VALUE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Dollars. Dollars. 5,475, 204 5,420,987 3,958 14,703 348 1,334 15,408 213, 323 788,149 1,462,714 177 3,079 175 488 40,141 56,230 1,000 158,001 9,712 47307,775......... 36,486 17.700 607, 459 80 2,710 19,099 20, 813 229,97 309,107 175,118 508,848 65,443 142,213 56 3,646 8,615 16,355 46,574 114,225 757,226 1,213493............ 15 55............ 1,280 21,716 6,986,428 6,508,541 11,501 14,682 250 2,023 92,776 176,048 157,433 341,443 110,795 1,175,651 184,504 345,069 446,049 1,145, 936 201,711 284,304 45,483 296,374 149,740 367,797 324,940 1,212,142 6,243 50,938 25,093 454,116 52,516 216,524 8,434 131,234.............. 9921...... 36,799............ 724 998,179 1,057,558 95,343 270,685 16,097 18,929 106,230 604,851 1,428,453 2,070,901............ 144 3 160 22,359 110,923.............. 1,435 151,731 802,109 104,523 339,520 342,865 501,767 208,993 23,744 745 17,350 103,671 212, 338 164,051 252,196.............. 616 112,385 134,891 105,895 123,202 463,995 925,519 1,177 36,285 75,249 305,914 472,917 600,435 132,650 I, 137,678 200 781 1,216 125,130 515 27.,677............ 298 4,741,795 4,348,491 228 1,596 1,121 1,740 50,405 259,380 335,505 335,102 9,631 2'28,502 23,641 182,292.514,711 810,975.............. 161 70,256 121,103 65,265 89,996 248,563 557, 9:34 508,015 1,034,832 6,492 24,915 878,934 877,386 607,268 429,402 5,629 7,523 3,585,059 4,186,667 3,183,955 5,126,305 1,761,950 3,726,380 5,095,709 6,140,039 2,735 3,445 16,704 35,924 34,348 643,688 187,991 297,908 354,358 1,601,082 638,060 2,327,005 695,921 1,858,673.............. 335............ 26,463........... 2,685 1,271 474,934 52,172 103,190 165,584 530,716 2,193,692 5,572,026 723,389 1,479,938'.............. 946 18,875 40,993 1,245 3,573 63,994 83,691 4,337,469 4,115,698 4,583 11,490 283 602 35,108 213,989 2,777,716 2,614,558 2,737 23,489 19,427 14,421 52,894 314,269 1,332,158 1,853,306 4,776 38,905 59 1,612 12,505 46,802............. 623 42,150 75,282 209,819 215, 821 315,255 198,427 1, 813,634 1,960,808 25,437 68,759 214,898 477,808 177,137 800,650 879 2,345 209,692 678,992 79,878 67,622 4,823 76,096 38,264,591 41,601,750 5,165,136 15,613,604 8,956,102 17,651,061 7,700,112 19,696,345 3,497 4,191 75 175 378 445 14,843 9,980.......................................................................................... 115.............. 163............ 1 1,243.......... 12329........... 161.............. 180 5 6,099 100 6 8,231 19,701 60.............. 1,799 12,283 332 96........ 9,280.............. 18............ 1,715............ 977........ 23,779 3,557 4,552 1,879 21,515 810 13,853 23,074 63,016 38,268,148 41,606,302 5,167,015 15,635,119 8,956,912 17,664,914 7,723,186 19,759,361 204 PRELIMINARY, REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36.-Productions of Agriculture WINE. VALUE OF PRODUCTIONS OF BUTTER. MARKET GARDENS. STATES. _ __ 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Gallons. Gallons. Dollars. Dollars. Pounds. Pounds. Alabama................. 220 19,130 84, 821 135,181 4,008,811 6,125, 708 Arkansas................. 35 1,005 17,150 38,094 1,854,239 4,062,481 California................ 58,055 494,516 75,275 1,074,143 705 3,338,590 Connecticut............. 4,269 46,783 196,874 337,025 6,498,119 7,620,912 Delaware................. 145 683 12,714 37,797 1,055,308 1,430,502 Florida................... 10 1,661 8,721 18,213 371,498 404,470 Georgia................. 796 27,646 76,500 201,916 4,640,559 5, 439,765 Illinois................... 2,997 47,093 127,494 418,195 12,526,543 28, 337,5i6 Indiana.................. 14, 055 88,275.72,864 288,070 12, 81,535 17,934,767 Iowa..................... 420 3,706 8,848 141,549 2,171,188 11,526,002 Kansas............................. 241............ 36,353........... 1,012,975 Kentucky................ 8,093 179,949 303,120 458,246 9,947,523 11,716,609 Louisiana................ 15 5,030 148, 329 390, 742 683,069 1,440,943 Maine.................... 724 3165 122,387 194,006 9,243,811 11,687,781 Maryland........... 1,431 3,222 200,869 530,221 3,806,160 5,265,295 Massachusetts............ 4,688 20,915 600,020 1,397,623 8,071, 370 8,297 936 Michigan................. 1,654 13,733 14,738 145,058 7,065,878 14,650,384 Minnesota.......................... 394 150 94,681 1,100 2,961,591 Mississippi............... 407 10,106 46,250 124,608 4,346,234 5,111,185 Missouri.................. 10,563 27.827 99 454 346,405 7,834,359 12,704,837 New Hampshire.......... 344 9,401 56,810 76,256 6,977,056 6,956,764 New Jersey.............. 1811 21,083 475,242 1,542,155 9,487,210 10, 714,447 New York................ 9,172 61,404 912,047 3,381,596 79,766,094 103,097,279 North Carolina.......... 11,058 54,064 39,462 75,663 4,146,290 4,735,495 Ohio.................... 48,207 562,640 214,004 860,313 34,449,379 50,495,745 Oregon............................ 2,603 90,241 86,335 211,464 1,012,339 Pennsylvania............. 25,590 38,623 688,714 1,384,970 39,878,418 58,653,511 ihode Island............. 1,013 507 98,298 146,661 995,670 1,014,856 South Carolina........... 5,880 24:964 47,286 187,348 2,981,850 3,177,934 Tennessee................ 92 13 562 97183 274,163 8 139,585 10,000,823 Texas.................... 99 13 946 12,354 55 943 2, 344 900 5,948,611 Vermont................. 659 2,923 18,853 24,792 12,137,980 15,681,834 Virginia.................. 5,408 40,508 183,047 589,411 11,089,359 13,461,712 Wisconsin................ 113 9,511 32,142 207,153 3,633,750 13,651,053 Total States....... 218,0,23 1,850,819 5,182,261 15,300,885 313,247,014 459,672,652 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of...... 863 118 67,222 139,108 14,872 18,835 Dakota................................................... 500.............. 1,670 Nebraska...................... 631............ 9,680.............. 352,697 New Mexico.............. 2,363 8,201 6,679 17,640 111 13,133 Utah....................... 60 23, 868 45,465 83,309 293,065 W ashington........................ 179............ 27,749.............. 157,802 Total Territories...... 3,226 9,189 97,769 240, 142 98,292 837, 202 Aggregate............ 221,249 1,860,008 5,280,030 15,541,027 313,345,306 460,509,854 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 205 for 1850 and 1860-Continued. CHEESE. HAY. CLOVER SEED. GRASS SEED. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Pounds. Pounds. Tons. Tons. Bushels Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 31,412 9,607 32,685 55,219 138 187 547 653 30, 088 16, 952 3,976 8,276 90 60 436 3,110 150 1,564,857 2,038 306,741............ 4............ 162 5,363, 277 3,898, 411 516,131 562,425 13,841 13,671 16,628 13:024 3,187 6,579 30,159 36,973 2, 525 3,595 1,403 1,165 18,015 3,784 2,510 7,594........................ 2.......... 46,976 15,587 23, 449 46,448 132 635 428 1,914'1,278,225 1,595,358 601,952 1,834,265 3,427 16,687 14,380 202,808 624,564 569,574 403,230 635,322 18, 320 45,321 11,951 31,866 209, 840 901, 220 89,055 707,260 342 1,564 2,096 69,432.............. 28053.............. 50,812............ 98.......... 2,633 213,954 190,400 113,747 158,484 3,230 2,308 21,481 62,563 1,957 5,494 25, 752 46,999 2............ 97 701 2,434,454 1,799,362 755,889 975,716 9,097 48,851 9,214 6,307 3,975 8,342 157,956 191,744 15,217 39,811 2,561 3,195 7,088,142 5,294,090 651,807 665,331 1,002 1,295 5,085 4,852 1,011,492 2,009,064 404,934 756,908 16,989 49,480 9,285 6,555............. 198,904 2,019 274,952............ 156............ 2,314 21, 191 3,419 12,504 32, 885 84 217 533 1,175 203,572 259.633 116,925 401,070 619 2,216 4,346 55,713 3,196,563 2,232,092 598,854 642,741 829 11,992 8,071 5,573 365,756 182,172 435,950 508,729 28,280 39,208 63,051 85,410 49,741 413 48,548,288 3, 728,797 3,564,786 88,222 106,933 96,493 81,622 95,921 51,119 145,653 181, 365 576 332 1,275 3,008 20, 819,542 23,758,738 1,443,142 1,602,513 103,197 216,545 37,310 53,475 36,980 82,456 373 26,441 4 307 22 3,793 2,505,034 2,508,556 1,842,970 2,245,420 125,030 274,363 53,913 57,204 316,508 177,252 74,418 82, 725 1,328 1,221 3,708 4,229 4,970 1,543 20, 925 87, 592 376 28 30 38 177,681 126,794 74,091 146,027 5,096 8,062 9,118 41,532 95,299 277,512 8,354 11,349 10 449.......... 2,976 8,720,834 8,077,689 866,153 919,066 760 2,444 14,936 11,420 436,292 280, 792 369,098 445,529 29,727 36,961 23,428 53,063 400,283 1,104,459 275,662 853,799 483 3,848 5,003 26,383 105,497,547 105,788,652 13,831,558 19,073,506 468,973 928,849 416,831 899,868 1,500.............. 2,279 3,180 3............................................ 1,122........... 35................................... 15,762.............. 25,320........... 5............ 206 5,848 37,250.............. 1,103............ 2............. 30,998 21,325 4,805 20,026 2 3............ 101.............. 12,146............... 4,871............ 116........ 211 38,346 86,483 7,084 55,622 5 161........ 518 105535893 105875135 13838642 19129128 468978 929010 416831 900 38 105,535,893 105,875,135 13,838,642 19,129,128 468,978 929,010 416,831 900, 386 206 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36.-Productions of Agriculture HEMP. --------------------------------------- -HOPS. STATES. Dew-rotted. Water-rotted. Other prepared. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Pounds. Pounds. Alabama...................................................................... 276 1,069 Arkansas........................ 140 15 30........ 676 157 164 California............................................................................... 10 Connecticut 3............................. 554 959 Delaware.................................................................. 348 414 Florida........................................................... 1 14......... Georgia......................... 1........................ 30 261 199 Illinois.................................................................. 3,551 7,129 Indiana............................................................ 1 92,796 75,053 Iowa........................................................................ 8 242 1,797 Kansas. 44................ 44..................................... 130 Kentucky.............. 16,432 33,044 1,355 2,026........ 4,344 4,309 5,899 Louisiana..............125 8 M aine..................................................... 50 40,120 102,987 Maryland.............. 63 18........................ 254 1,870 2,943 Massa~chusetts........12159 11,0 Massa~chusetts......................................................... 1-21:595 111m 301 Michigan.....................................10,663 61,704 M innesota............................................................................... 149 Mississippi..7.....473... 71 M ississippi............. 7 6.................................. 473 2'21 Missouri............... 15,968 15,789 60 1,507........ 1,972 4,130 2,265 New Hampshire................. 18........ 50........ 13 257,174 130,428 New Jersey... 230................... 230...................... 00 2, 133 3,722 New York........... 1 32, 191 3 99........ 3,531 2,536,299 9,655,542 North Carolina......... 36.......... 3................ 3,016 9,246 1,767 Ohio............... 100.......... 50................ 3 63,731 22,344 Oregon......................................... 8 187 Pennsylvania.......... 44 1,640........ 189........ 2,174 22,088 41,576 Rhode Island..................................... 277 50 South Carolina.................. 1........................ 2..........2 Tennessee............. 454 6 141 10........ 787 1,032 2,329 Texas............................................ 10............. 10.... 7 122 Vermont........................ 2........ 1........ 288,023 631,641 Virginia............... 88 5 51 3....... 4 11,506 10,015 Wisconsin...................... 97........ 15........ 244 15,930 135,587 Total States........ 33,193 83,240 1,678 3,940...... 17,300 3,496,964 11,009,833 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of.......................................................... 5 15 Dakota...................................................................................... Nebraska....................... 7 2.............................. 41 New M exico........................................................................................ Utah........................................... 1................ 50 95 Washington............................................................... 28 Total Territories.............. 7........ 3.................. 65 179 Aggregate.......... 33,193 83,247 1, 78 3,943........ 17,300 3,497,029 11,010,012 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 207 for 1850 and 1860-Continued. FLAX. FLAXSEED. SILK COCOONS. MAPLE SUGAR. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Pounds. Pounds. Bushels. Bushels. Pounds Pouds Pounds. Pounds. 3,921 109 69 68 167............ 643 543 12 291 3,233 321 541 38 1 9,330 3,097...................e......*........-...............,,.....................,* *e....,..,. * o,. * *....... 17.928 1,187 703 109 328 18 50,796 44,259 11,174 8,112 904 2,126............ 9......................... 50................................... 6................................ 5,387 3,303 622 96 813 72 50 991 160, 063 32,636 10,787 11,202 47 436. 248,904 131,751 584, 469 73,112 36,888 155,159 387 959.. 2,921,192 1,515,594 62,660 28, 888 1,959 6,130 246 217 78,407 248,951.............. 13............ 9...................................... 1,548 2,100,116 728,234 75,801 28,881 1,281 340 437,405 380,941................................................... 29............ 255........... 17, 081 2,997 580 489 252 73 93,543 306,742 35,686 14,481 2, 446 1,570 39 3 47,740 63,281 1,162 165 72 7 7............ 795,525 1,006,078 7,152 3,359 519: 223 108 1,043 2,439,794 2,988,018.............. 1,968............ - 73........................ 2,950 310,947 665.............. 26 10 2......................... 99 627,160 109,837 13,696 4,656 186 127 178,910 142,430 7,652 1,347 189 31 191 1 1,298,863 2,255,012 182,965 48,651 16,525 3,241 23............. 2,197 3, 455 940,577 1,514,476 57,963 56,986 1,774 259 10,357,487 10,816,458 593,796 216,490 38,196 20,008 229 338 27,932 30,845 446,932........... 188, 880 250,768 1,552 2,166 4,588, 209 3,323,942 640 50........... 4................................................ 530,307 310,030 41,728 24,209 285 163 2,326,525 2,768,965 85............................................................... 28........... 333 344 55 313 123 20 200 205 368,131 161,740 18,904 9,611 1,923 50 158,557 117,359 1,048.............. 26............ 22 26............ 69 20,852 5,107 939 331 268........... 6,349,357 9,819,939 1,000,450 487,330 52,318 30,673 517 225 1,227,665 937,643 68,393 21,641 1,191 4,256........... 15 610,976 1,584, 406 7,709,126 3,778,843 562,307 611,780 10,843 6,561 34,253,436 38,863,568........................................................................................ 2...................................... 316 550 4,197 5 145............ 1.............................. 39............................................................... 550 4,2365 147...................... 316 7.709,676 3,783,079 562,312 611, 927 10,843 6,562 34,253,436 38,863,884 208 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36.-Productions of Agriculture CANE SUGAR. CANE MOLASSES. SORGHUM MAPLE MOLASSES. MOLASSES. STATES. _____ __________ __________ 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1860. 1860. Hhds.* Hhdg.* Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Alabama................. 87 108 83,428 81,694 67,172............. Arkansas.................................... 18........................... 115,673 California............................................................... 100.............. Connecticut.................................. 665.............. 395 2,277 Delaware.................................... 50 761 852.............. Florida.................. 750 1,761 352,893 435,890............................ Georgia.................. 846 1,167 216,245 546,770 103,450 20 Illinois...................................... 8,354.............. 797,096 21,423 Indiana..................................... 180,325.............. 827,777 203,028 Iowa........................................ 3,162.............. 1,993,474 97,751 Kansas......................................................... 79,482 2 Kentucky................ 10.......... 30,079.............. 365,861 139,036 Louisiana................ 226,001 297,816 10,931,177 14, 535,157............. 66,470 M aine....................................... 3,167......................................... Maryland.................................... 1,430 45 862 2,404 M assachusetts............................... 4,693.......................................... Michigan................................. 19,823.............. 266,509 384,521 Minnesota............................................................ 14,974 21,829 Mississippi.............. 8 244 18,318 3,445 8,207.............. Missouri...................................... 5,636 22,305 776,101 18,289 New Hampshire............................. 9,811......................................... New Jersey............................... 954 36 360 8,088 New York................................... 56,539 15 265 131,841 North Carolina...................... 38 704 12,494 263,475 17,759 Ohio........................................ 197,308.............. 707,416 392,932 Oregon....................................... 24............. 419............. Pennsylvania................................ 50,652.............. 9,605 127,455 Rhode Island................................. 4 15............. 5 South Carolina............ 77 198 15,904 15,144 51,041............. Tennessee............... 3 7..... 7,223 294,322 485,828 6,754 Texas.................... 7,351 590 441,918 388,937 115,051 3,600 Vermont................................... 5,997.......................................... Virginia...................................... 40,322 50 221,017 100,139 Wisconsin.......................... 283 9,874.............. 19,253 83,003 Total States.......... 237,133 302,205 12,696,697 16,337,080 7,176,042 1,944,299 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of................................................................................ Dakota.............................................................................. 20 Nebraska.............................................................. 23,105 275 New M exico................................. 4, 236.............. 3,369............... Utah........................................ 58.............. 32,509............... W ashington.......................................................................................... Total Territories.......................... 4,294.............. 58,983 295 Aggregate............ 237,133 302,205 12,700,991 16,337,080 7,235,025 1,944,594 Of 1,000 pounds each. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 209 for 1850 and 1860-Continued. BEESWAX BEESWAX. HONEY. TOTAL BEES- VALUE OF HOME-MADE VALUE OF ANIMALS AND HONEY. WAX & HONEY. MANUFACTURES. SLAUGHTERED. 1850. 1860. 1860. 1860. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 897,021 153,018 1,189,073 1,342,091 1,934,120 1,920,175 4,823,485 10,325,022 192,338 50,797 802,748 853,545 638,217 928,481 1,163,313 3,895,399...,..... 570 2,370 2,940 7,000 265,674 107,173 3,562,887 93,304 4,371 62,730 67,101 192,252 48,954 2, 20(2,266 3,181,992 41,248 1,993 66,137 68,130 38,121 17,591 373,665 573,075 18,971 10,883 1,163,540 1, 174,423 75,582 62,243 514,685 1, 201,441 732,514 61,505 953,915 1,015,420 1,838,968 1,431,413 6,339,762 10,908,204 869,444 56,874 1,333,280 1,390,154 1,155,902 933,815 4,972,286 15,159,343 935,329 35,074 1,186,865 1,221.939 1,631,039 847,251 6,567,935 9,592, 322 321,711 32,802 919,750 952,552 221,292 314,016 821,164 4,403,463............ 467 14,942 15,409........... 15, 371.............. 547,450 1,158,019 68, 340 1,768,692 1,837,032 2,459,128 2,095,578 6,462,598 11,640,740 96,701 4,748 90,770 95,518 139,232 503,124 1,458,990 2,083,736 189,618 8,769 314,685 323,454 513,599 490,787 1,646,773 2,780,179 74,802 6,960 193,354 200,314 111,828 67,003 1,954,800 2,821,510 59,508 3,289 59, 125 62,414 205,333 245,886 2, 500,924 2,915,045 359,232 41,972 728,900 770,872 340,947 143,181 1,328,327 4,080,720 80 2,083 32, 840 34, 23............ 8,057 2,840 7:2,418 397,460 40,449 595,859 636,308 1,164,020 1,318,426 3,636,582 7,528,007 1,328,972 79,190 1,585,983 1,665, 173 1,674,705 1,984,262 3,367,106 9,844,449 117,140 4,936 125,142 130,078 393,455 251,013 1,522,873 3,787,500 r56,694 8,130 185,925 194,055 112,781 27,588 2,638,552 4,120,276 1,755,830 121,019 2,369,751 2,490,770 1,280,333 717,865 13,573,883 15,841,403 512,289 170,495 2,055,969 2,226,464 2,086,522 2,045,372 5,767,866. 10,414,546 804,275 52, 415 1,389,292 1,441,707 1,712,196 600,081 7,439,243 14,293,972............ 334 627 961............ 45,914 164,530 640,196 839,509 52,570 1,402,128 1,454,698 749,132 544,732 8,219,848 13,399,378 6,347 540 5,261 5,801 26,495 7,824 667,486 713,725 216, 281 40,479 526,077 566,556 909,525 815,117 3,502,637 6,072,822 1,036,572 104,286 1,494,680 1,598,966 3,137,790 3,166,195 6,401,765 12,345,696 380, 825 2, 585 550,708 577,293 266,984 596,169 1, 116,137 5,218,987 249,422 8,258 204,647 212,905 267,710 63,295 1,861,336 2,549, )01 880,767 94,861 1,430,811 1,525,672 2,:156,312 1,575,585 7,502,986 11,488,441 131,005 8,009 207,184 215,193 43,624 128,423 920,178 3,368,710 14,853,128 1,357,071 25,013,760 26,370,831 27,484,144 24226,461 111,543,994 212,032,055 550 24 510 534 2,07.5 440 9,038 55,440.....................................................................................375............ 202 9,465 9,667.................1,776...... 100, 755 2.................................6.. 6,033 26,396 82,125 309,168 10 3............ 3 1, 392 69,643 67,985 268,752........... 564 5,256 5, 20............ 33,506............. 105,108 562 793 15,231 16,024 9,500 131,761 159,148 839,598 1,453,790 1,357,864 25,028,991 26,386,855 27,493,644 24,358,222 111,703,142 212,871,653 14 c 210 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 36-Continued. The number of Horses, Asses and Mules, Neat Cattle, Sheep, and Swize, as returned by circular of assistant marshals of Census, 1860. STATES. Horses. Asses and Neat cattle. Sheep. Swine. Alabama........................... 11,692 3,975 4t1 208 12,404 63 528 Arkansas........................... 5, 329 4,035 22, 731 6,481 18,919 California.................... 12,769 3,452 53,795 23,414 3,762 Connecticut................... 16,239 135 22,104 2, 700 26,034 Delaware........................... 3,791 440 6,779 559 7,969 Florida............................ 4, 562 2,145 78,836 1,675 26,092 Georgia............... 43,641 19,000 203,070 120,596 375,350 Illinois............................. 114,163 7,700 218,459 33,822 254,380 Indiana............................ 39, 425 3,074 79,340 32,012 146,034 Iowa.............................. 36,018 2, 054 94,184 22,267 130,891 Kansas............................ 8,124 ],234 34,938 1,145 16,500 Kentucky.......................... 61,209 18,427 128,045 67,161 234,255 Louisiana........................... 24,197 14,916 76,331 21,643 50,755 Maine.............................. 28,296 98 77,240 61, 926 21,196 Maryland........................... 9,224 880 9,555 1,135 15,113 Massachusetts.................... 56,745 2 48,329 8,616 43,146 Michigan............................ 30,601 151 80,760 47,916 57,316 Minnesota.......................... 8,063 479 29,823 2,473 19,718 Mississippi.......................... 2,445 596 6,881 1,062 3,175 Missouri............................ 80,569 10,625 118,181 96,005 412,368 New Hampshire...................... 12,881 6 21,254 6,191 17,423 New Jersey........................ 28,519 6,022 41,664 12,093 71,516 New York......................... 92,458 2, 293 31,801. 3,065 100,791 North Carolina.................. 29,955 8,494 113,241 77,296 206, 97 Ohio.............................. 117,101 3,240 222,956 132,653 317,116 Oregon.................. 16,690 7,302 59,199 10,788 10,728 Pennsylvania........................ 66,180 6,407 168,104 53,225 200,236 Rhode Island....................... 7,191 49 6,144 5, 455 7,242 South Carolina......................................................................................... Tennessee..................... 21, 25 8,871 58,512 29,854 108,577 Texas.............................. 95497 13,082 861,646 320,926 198,261 Vermont........................... 17,201 12 26,686 18,015 18,526 Virginia............................ 42786 6,608 143,535 112,591 198,121 Wisconsin........................ 27869505 120,450 11,885 70,866 TERRITORIES. Columbia, District of................ 1,233 159 1,092 62 1,744 Nebraska.................. 1, 779 951 2,484 52 1,376 New Mexico....................... 6,541 8,536 27,116 142,110 7,624 Utah............................... 1,400 375 9,75 4, 325 3,625 Washington.................. 1,206 457 1,661 212 656 Total.................... 1,185,514 166,786 3,347,009 1,505,810 3,467,905 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 211 TABLE No. 37. Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States in 1860. POLITICAL. RELIGIOUS. STATES AND TERRI- TORIES. S Z.. Q) Q) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R W Cl..~~~~~~~ C~~~~ o ~~~~~ C ~~0 0 0 i l I I ~. Alabama............ 9 1 6 73........ 89 2.................. 2 Arkansas.............................. 34 34 2.................. 2 California.......... 22 3 25 68 1........ 96 4 2............ 6 Connecticut......... 14 1..... 30............ 45 3.................. 3 Delaware................. 4...... 9............ 13............................. Florida.................... 1 2 17.............. 20............................. Georgia............. 12 1 5 56 1........ 75 2 2............ 4 Illinois............. 23 1 6 228 1... 259 5 6............ 11 Indiana.............. 13 5...... 154......... 172 3 3........... 6 Iowa................ 9 2 2 106.............. 119...... 1............ 1 Kansas.............. 3.... 21.............. 24............................. Kentucky............ 4 1 3 57.............. 65 4 1............ 5 Louisiana. 2 6... 68..2.. 2 Louisiana........... 4 2...... 62.............. 68 2.................. 2 Maine............... 7...... 4 37........... 48 6.................. 6 Maryland............ 6...... 2 49.............. 57.............................. Massachusetts....... 17 13 3 78 1....... 112 18 10 3...... 31 Michigan........... 8 3 1 96 1........ 109 3 1............ 4 Minnesota........... 4............ 43.............. 47 1................... 1 Mississippi.......... 5 1 2 62.............. 70 1................. 1 Missouri............ 15...... 3 122 1........ 141 9 2............ 11 New Hampshire...................... 17.............. 17 1.................. 1 New Jersey.......... 15 1...... 63............ 79 1 1............ 2 New York.......... 68 8 5 280 2.... 2 365 24 25 5 2 56 North Carolina... 8 4 1 47.............. 60 5 1............ 6 Ohio................ 22 4 8 219 3........256.. 2 37 Oregon................ 2............11 13 1................... 1 Pennsylvania........ 28 3 1 242 3........ 277 20 17 4 2 43 RAhode Island 5 1 2..1... Rhode Island....... i 5 1...... 12.............. 18............................. South Carolina..... 2...... 4 27.............. 33 1 1 1..... 3 Tennessee........... 8...... 7 51.............. 66 7 2 1..... 10 Texas................ 3...... 3 65............. 71 4.................. 4 Vermont 2............ 24.............. 26 4.................. 4 Virginia............. 15 11 5 85 1........ 117 11 2............ 13 Wisconsin........... 14...... 8 127.......... 149.................. 1 District of Columbia.. 5 2 1 4...... 1 13............................. Nebraska Territory....... I 12.............. 13.............................. New Mexico Ter..................... 2.............. 2.............................. Utah T erritory................................................................................... Washington Territory................. 4.................................... Total.............. 372 74 84 2,694 15 1 2 3,242 171 86 14 6 277 212 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 37.-Newspapers and Periodicals LITERARY. MISCELLANEOUS. STATES AND TERRITORIES. > - | I cI I t! i l.. 0'0 Q < EsE-4 Q a E- E Alabama2 2................. 2.......... 4............................... Arkansas............... 1I............................................. California............... 9 1.......... 10................ 8 I............ 9 Connecticut............ 2 1 2... 5........................... 2 Delaware............... 1............... 1............................................. Florida................. 2.............. 2.............................................. Georgia............ 13 8 1.... 2............................ 4 Illinois.................. 3 5.......... 8...... 1.... 2 5............ 8 Indiana................. 5.............................. 3............ 3 Iowa......................... 1.......................... 6 3............ 9 Kansas.............................................................. 3.................. 3 Kentucky.............. 3 1.......... 4................ 3........... 3 Louisiana................ 22 4 1...................... 9 M aine................. 4 3.......... 7 1......... 5 3............ 9 Maryland..... M aryland......................................................................................... Massachusetts.. 31 18 2.... 51.... 3 7 1 18 128 Miclsigan~~~~~..3.. 5..3...1 1....171I 92 M ichigan............... 3................ 3................ 1 1............ 2 Minnesota........................................................................ 1 M ississippi.......... 1................ 1................ 1................. 1 Missouri........... 5 4......... 9 1......... 7 4............ 12 New Hampshire.. 2....................................................... New Jersey............. 6.... 1 7................... 2............2 New York......... 1 33 24 5.... 63 5 2 2 29 18...... 2 58 North Carolina.......... 5 2.......... 7...................... 1............ 1 Ohio................ 1 6 17.......... 24 1.......... 8 13...... 1 23 Oregon......................................................................... 1 1 2 Pennsylvania........... 17 6 1 1 25 I.......... 18 2 1...... 22 Rhode Island........... 5 1......... 6.................................. 2 South Carolina....... 4.......... 5................ 3 1............ 4 Tennessee............. 2. 1 1 5............. 1 1............ 2 Texas.................. 9 3.......... 12................ 1............ 2 Vermont......................... 1...... 1...................................... Virginia............... 2 1......... 3................ 5 1............ 6 W isconsin............. I 1......................... 2 1............ 3 District of Columbia.............................................................................. Nebraska Territory..... 1.. 1 Nebraska Territory........................................................ 1............ 1 New M exico Ter................................................................................ Utah Territory...................................................... 2.................. 2 W ashington Territory........................................................................... Total........... 2 177 104 12 3 298 13 5 2 131 75 3 5 234 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 213 in the United States in 1860-Continued. NUMBER OF COPIES. I;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V 8,820 52,886 400 74,289 7,200........................ 7,175,444...................... 1,000 38,812....................................... 2,122,224 58,444 3,300 2, 300 131,249 34,600........................ 26,111,788 19,100............ 400 68,436 500 7,100............ 9,555,672....................... 3,294 12,850...................................... 1, 010, 776............ 1,400 2,500 11,600..................................... 1,081,600 18,650 3,600 900 127,322 29,500 1,000............ 13,415,444 38,100 2,936 1,026 282,997 31,100....................... 27,464,764 8,881............ 1,600 134,600 14,300........................ 10,090,310 7,700 695 500 76,945 3,400........................ 6,589,360 1,650........................ 20,270..................................... 1,565,540 19,500 2,750 2,000 123,947 31,400........................ 13,504,044 41,000............ 1,850 77,800..................................... 16,948,000 8,141 3,978............ 95,510 18,540........................ 8,333,278 53,200 6,146............ 62,898...................................... 20,721,472 169,600 2,400 40,700 778,660 353,100 21,500 3,000 102, 000,760 14,150 9,000 9,150 92,648 3,900........................ 11,606,596 2,524............. 30,030....................................... 2,344,010 15,370 2,500 5,000 65,867...................................... 9,099,784 44,550 7,800........ 277,357 24,300........................ 29,741,464................................. 19,700...................................... 1,024,400 18,510............ 1,000 131,506 10,000............ 1,000 12,801,412 487,340 18,900 58,871 2,600,925 2,045,000 57,600 766,000 320,930,884 3,550 200 2,162 65,612 7,850...................... 4,862,572 84,560 4,212 3,500 805,810 218,850............ 4,750 71,767,742 800........................ 14,820 4,000............ 8,000 1,074,640 233,550 3,900 9,800 700,961 464,684 6,800 13,000 116,094,480 10,300............ 2,000 35,990 1,400........................ 5,289,280 1,600 6,200............ 41,070 4,500 500............ 3,654,840 11,300 4,509............ 101,839 43,760 3,500 12,000 10,053,152 5,360 9,288............ 90,615 2,775........................ 7,855,808 750....................... 44,665 2,000........................ 2,579,080 44,400 2,750 21,212 189,360 43,900........................ 26,772,568 14,125 3,220............ 111,400 10,400........................ 10,798,670 32,910 4,600 3,000 26,000.............. 3,000............ 10,881,100 1,000 7,750 1,000........................ 519,000.................................... 1,150...................................... 59,800...........6........................ 6,300...................................... 327,600.................................... 2,350..................................... 122,200 1478,435 107170 175,165 7,581.930 3411,959 101000 807750 7,951,548 1, 478,435 107,170 175,165 7, 581,930 3,411,959 101,000 807,750 9 27, 951,548 214 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38. RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES. A comparative statement of the extent of line completed, and the cost of construction and equipment thereof, in the years 1850 and 1860, respectively. [In these tables, when a road is found to extend over two or more States, the length and cost are adjusted to the States accordingly. When, however, the length so overlapping does not exceed a few miles, the whole is given to the State in which the owners are domiciled.] STATE OF MAINE. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS.. - 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Androscoggin.......................................... 37.00.............. $757,381 Androscoggin and Kennebec........................ 55.00 55.00 $1,816,670 2,218,318 Atlantic and St. Lawrence.......................... 48.00 149.00 1,642,214 7,559,066 Bangor, Oldtown, and Milford....................... 11.00 12.50 135,000 244,726 Calais and Baring............................................... 6.00.............. 226,160 Great Falls and South Berwick...................... 6.00.............. 169,210 Kennebec and Portland (with branch)............... 59.50 72.50 1,742,370 2,871,264 Lewyls Island............................................. 16.50.............. 315,397 Machiasport........................................ 7.75 7.75 110,000 100,000 Penobscot and Kennebec................................... 54.78.............. 1,879,986 Portland and Oxford Central......................... 13.00 18.50 260,000 370,000 Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth.................... 51.34 51.34 1,293,640 1,500,000 Somerset and Kennebec........................................ 37.00.............. 835,946 York and Cumberland........................................... 18.50.............. 1,090,317 245.59 542.37 6,999,894 20,137,771 DeductAtlantic and St. Lawrence, in N. H. and Vt...................... 70.20............. 3,561,386 Total in Maine........................... 245.59 472.17 6,999,894 16,576,385 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Ashuelot............................. 23.76 23.76 506,018 506,018 Boston, Concord, and Montreal...................... 51.34 93.54 1,282,945 2,863,584 Cheshire........................................... 53.64 53.64 2,739. 318 3,075,964 Cochecho.......................................... 17.53 28.12 421,71'5 847,007 Concord........................................... 34.53 34.53 1,386,788 1,500,000 Concord and Portsmouth............................ 18.23 47 00 478,464 1,108,859 Contoocook River............................... 14.16 14.64 209,063 257, 069 Eastern...................1........................ 16.55 16.55 525,205 525, 205 Great Falls and Conway............................. 6.59 20.09 133,520 433,565 Manchester and Lawrence......................... 26.47 26.47 732,796 1,000,000 Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers.................. 43.30 52.68 821,986 1,282,504 Northern (with branch)............................. 82.57 82.57 2,795,603 3,343,167 Peterboro' and Shirley......................................... 9.36.............. 245,643 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 215 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. -, _ 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Sullivan...................................... 24.68 25.26 $930,063 $1,250,000 White Mountains.............................................. 20.78.............. 371,037 Wilton............................................ 11.80 15.43 159,257 226,979 425.15 564.42 13,122,741 18,836,601 AddAtlantic and St. Lawrence, from Maine........................... 52.00............. 2,638,064 Boston and Maine, from Massachusetts............... 40.17 40.17 1,651,392 1,793,994 Total in New Hampshire................ 465.32 656.59 14,774,133 23,268,659 STATE OF VERMONT. Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers.................. 40.03 90.70 1 323,039 2,531,146 Rutland and Burlington.............................. 119.54 119.54 4,343,441 4,607,451 Rutland and Washington....................................... 44.73.............. 1,771.683 Rutland and Whitehall (with branch)............................ 8.39.............. 255,700 Southern Vermont............................................ 8.00.............. 200,000 Vermont and Canada............................................ 47.00.............. 1,350,695 Vermont Central (with branch)..................... 120.00 120.00 5,134,421 8,402, 055 Vermont Valley................................................. 23.69.............. 1,301,886 Western Vermont (with branch)............................... 59.50............. 1,083,500 279.57 521,55 10,800,901 21,504,116 AddAtlantic and St. Lawrence, from Maine............................ 18.20.............. 923,322 St. Lawrence and Atlantic, from Canada......................... 17.00.............. 908,777 Total in Vermont......................... 279.57 556.75 10,800,901 23,336,215 STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. Agricultural Branch........................................... 15.03......... 360,017 Amherst, Belchertown and Palmer................... 19.50.............. 295,337 Berkshire......................................... 21.14 21.14 600,000 600,000 Boston and Lowell (with branch).................... 27.62 28.62 1,945646 2,428,593 Boston and Maine (with branches)................. 83.05 83.05 4,021,606 4,303,499 Boston and Providence (with branches)............. 47.47 47.47 3,416,323 3,i61,000 Boston and Worcester (with branches).............. 40 68.40 4,882,648 4,738,442 Cape Cod Branch (with branch)..................... 28.84 47.14 626,543 1,031,625 Connecticut River (with branch).................... 52.35 52.35 1,798,825 1,802,043 Danvers Branch............................................... 9.20.............. 233,124 Dorchester and Milton Branch....................... 3.26 3.26 132,171 136,789 Eastern (with branches)............................ 58.51 72.50 3,095,186 4,168,949 Easton Branch................................................. 3.78.............. 55,894 216 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. -. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Essex (with branch)................................ 21.18 21.18 $537,869 $747 008 Fairhaven Branch..................................... 15.11......... 400,055 Fitchburg (with branches).......................... 65.78 67.78 3,552,282 3,540,000 Fitchburg and Worcester............................ 13.99 13.99 259,073 333,884 Grand Junction, (Boston)........................... 6.18 9.00 763,844 1,946,942 Hampshire and Hampden...................................... 24.96.......... 596,651 Horn Pond Branch.............................................. 0.66............. 1307 Lexington and West Cambridge..................... 6.63 6.63 242,160 251,258 Lowell and Lawrence.............................. 12.35 12.35 333,254 363,158 Marlboro' Branch.............................................. 390......... 157,500 Medway Branch........................................... 3.60.............. 37,909 Middleboro' and Taunton............... 8.55.............. 156,257 Midland (Norfolk county, &c.)...................... 25.96 61.34 1,060,990 3692,144 Nashua and Lowell................................ 14.58 14 58 651,214 654,603 New Bedford and Taunton (with branches).......... 21.08 21.59 498,751 553,014 Newburyport...................................... 8.55 26 97 106,825 597,386 New York and Boston......................................... 21.50......... 744,130 Old Colony and Fall River.......................... 87.26 87.26 3,361,701 3,434,164 Peterboro' and Shirley.............................. 14.10 14.10 272, 647 265,327 Pittsfield and North Adams......................... 18.65 18.65 443,678 443,678 Providence and Worcester.......................... 43.41 43.41 1,824,796 1,761,543 Rockport...................................................... 4.01.............. 83 718 Salem and Lowell.................................. 16.88 16.88 316,943 464,013 South Reading Branch............................. 8.15 8.15 293,759 299,628 South Shore........................................ 11.50 11.50 420434 501,5 Stockbridge and Pittsfield........................... 21.93 2193 448700 448700 Stony Brook...................................... 13.16 13.16 265,526 267,383 Stoughton Bianch................................... 4.04 4.04 93,433 99,478 Taunton Branch (with branch)...................... 11.68 11.68 307,136 313,156 Troy and Greenfield (tunnel).................................. 7.00.............. 1,040,238 Vermont and Massachusetts (with branch)........... 69.00 77.00 3,406,244 3,268,415 Western........................................... 117.81 117.81 8,033,708 8,443,881 West Stockbridge............................. 2.75 2.75 41,516 39,600 Worcester and Nashua.............................. 45.67 45.67 1,410,197 1,378,898 1,072.91 1,310.13 49,465,628 60,653,q99 DeductBoston and Maine, in New Hampshire............... 40.1 7 40.17 1,651,392 1793,994 Providence and Worcester, in Rhode Island.......... 18.00 18.00 756,648 808398 58.17 58-17 2,408,040 2,602,392 1,014.74 1,251.96 47,057,588 58,051,307 AddNorwich and Worcester, from Connecticut........... 21.00 21.00 829317 831,021 Total in Massachusetts.................... 11035.74 1,272.96 47,886,905 58,882,328 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 217 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. MIILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS... -- 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. New York, Providence, and Boston.................. 50.00 50.00 $2,045,946 $2,158,000 Providence, Warren, and Bristol............................... 13.60............ 448,667 50.00 63.60 2,045,946 2,606,667 AddHartford, Providence, and Fishkill, from Connecticut.............. 26.32.............. 903,762 Providence and Worcester, from Massachusetts...... 18.00 18.00 756,648 808,398 Total in Rhode Island..................... 68.00 107.92 2,802,594 4,318,827 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. Danbury and Norwalk.............................. 23.81.............. $402,476 Hartford and New Haven (with branches)............ 72.38 72.38 $2,631,541 3,461,396 Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill................... 50.77 122.36 2,076,854 4,205,966 Housatonic.................................. 74.00 74.00 2,400,000 2,439,775 Naugatuck......................................... 57.00 57.00 1,335,001 1,578,301 New Haven, New London, and Stonington................... 61.00.............. 1,851,877 New Haven and Northampton (with branches).................... 59.66.............. 1,400,000 New London, Northern............................. 66.00 66.00 1,450,410 1,578,568 New York and New Haven.......................... 62.25 62.25 3,005,395 5,315,871 Norwich and Worcester............................. 66.00 66.00 2,598,514 2,613,694 448.40 664.46 15,497,715 "24,847,924 DeductHartford, Providence, and Fishkill, in Rhode Island............... 26.32.............. 903,762 New York and New Haven, in New York............ 14 1 4.14 678,624 1,129,041 Norwich and Worcester, in Massachusetts............ 21.00 21.00 829,317 831,021 35.14 61.46 1,507,941 2,863,824 Total in Connecticut...................... 413.26 603.00 13,989,774 21,984,100 STATE OF NEW YORK. Albany and Vermont.......................................... 32.95.............. 2,020,667 Albany and West Stockbridge....................... 38.25 38.25 1,930, 317 2,392,984 Avon, Genesee, and MQunt Morris............................. 15.53.............. 329,225 Black River and Utica (with branch).................. 37.53.............. 1,237,553 Blossburg and Corning............................. 14.81 14.81 250, 000 496,661 Brooklyn and Jamaica............................... 11.00 11.00 369,856 369,856 Buffalo, New York, and Erie.................................... 142.00.............. 3,150,762 Buffalo and New York City.................................... 60.00.......... 2,901,868 Buffalo and State Line.............................. 68.34.............. 2,788,284 Cayuga and Susquehanna.......................... 34.61 34.61 580,310 1,095,600 Chenltng..................................... 17.36 17.36 400,000 400,000 218 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38. —Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF NEW YORK. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS... 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Elmira, Jefferson. and Canandaigua.......................,...... 46.84............. $1,274,779 Hicksville and Cold Spring....................................... 4.00.............. 45,263 Hudson and Boston........................ 31.50 17.33 $821,331 175,000 Hudson River....................................... 74.71 143.72 6,666,681 11,388,279 Long Island (with branch).......................... 86.50 86.50 2,191,812 2,566,270 New York Central (with branches)................... 447.00 555.88 20,023,863 30,840,71.3 New York and Flushing......................................... 7.80............. 245,000 New York and Erie (with branch)................... 337.00 465.00 20,066,208 35,320,907 New York and Harlem (with branch).......... 80.17 132.87 4,666,372 8,022,788 Niagara Bridge and Canandaigua................................ 10021.............. 3,210,616 Niagara Falls and Lake Ontario.................................. 13.15.............. 393,775 Ogdensburg, Northern (with branch)................. 58.00 119.50 2,979,937 4,809, 8m Oswego and Syracuse............................... 35.91 35.91 548,353 791,002 Plattsburg and Montreal........................................ 23.17.............. 349,773 Potsdam and Watertown....................................... 75.36.............. 1,600,028 Rensselaer and Saratoga............................. 25.26 25.26 687,324 912,172 Rochester and Genesee Valley.................................. 18.45.............. 654,021 Sackett's Harbor, Rome, and New York......................... 18.50.............. 389,310 Saratoga and Schenectady........................... 21.50 21.50 396,379 480,684 Saratoga and White Hall (with branch)............... 45.38 47.52 1,312,772 901,684 Staten Island................................................... 13.20.............. 287,832 Syracuse, Binghampton, and New York.......................... 80.94.............. 2,854,212 Troy and Bennington............................................ 5.38.............. 235, 924 Troy and Boston................................................ 34.91.............. 1,534,763 Troy and Greenbush................................ 6.00 6.00 282,527 294,908 Troy and Rutland............................................... 17.27.............. 349,939 Troy, Union, and Depot......................................... 2.14.............. 752,601 Union Ramapo................................................. 0.25............. 50,000 Watertown and Rome............................... 24.00 96.76 603,457 2,275,944 1,388.96 2,687.70 64,777,499 130,191,501 AddNew York and New Haven, from Connecticut........ 14.14 14.14 678,624 1,129,041 Total in New York........................ 1,403.10 2,701.84 65,456,123 131,320, 54 STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Belvidere Delaware......................................... 64.21.......... 3,134,656 Burlington and Mount Holly......................... 7.12 7.12 99,551 120,000 Camden and Amboy (with branches)........... 92.37 92.37 4,000,000 5,918,658 Camden and Atlantic.............................. 60.23.......... 1,833,933 Central, of New Jersey......................... 9.50 63.80 236,461 5,835,576 Flemington......................................... 12.00......... 287,087 Freehold and Jamesburg........................................ 11.50......... 231,174 Millstone and New Brunswick...................... 6.62.............. 111,114 Millville and Glassboro.......................... 22.30......... 190,422 Morris and Essex................................... 34.02 52.52 1,231,792 1,757,991 Newark and Bloomfield....................................... 6.00............. 10,098 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 219 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF NEW JERSEY. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. ------— _________ 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. New Jersey......................................... 33.80 33.80 $2,800,691 $4,933,259 Northern New Jersey............................................ 21.27............. 411,929 Paterson and Hudson................................ 14.00 14.00 630,000 630,000 Paterson and Rainapo............................... 15.12 15.12 350,000 350,000 Raritan and Delaware Bays (with branch)........................ 22.00......... 330,000 Sussex......................................................... 12.00.............. 417,143 Warren............................................ 21.04.............. 1,876,712 West Jersey................................................... 22.00.............. 517,2 79 Total in New Jersey...................... 205.93 559.90 9,348,495 28,997,033 STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. Alleghany Valley.............................................. 45.00.............. 1,765,300 Bald Eagle Valley.............................................. 7.00.............. 411,000 Barclay Coal................................................ 16.50.............. 261,906 Beaver Meadow (with branches).................... 20.47 52.23 417,819 1,226,762 Bellefonte and Snowshoe....................................... 18.33.............. 366,600 Catasauqua.................................................... 13.00.............. 150,000 Catawissa...................................................... 64.00.............. 4,059,767 Chester Valley................................................ 21.50.......... 1,371.9(0D Chestnut H1ill................................................... 4.16.............. 121,400 Cumberland Valley................................ 52.0 52.00 1,187,750 1,192,111 Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western........................... 113.50.............. 9,145,930 Delaware and Hudson Canal Companies............. 26.50 27.50 741,576 1,792,829 East Brandywine.................................. 17.50.............. 350,000 East Pennsylvania (with branch)................................ 36.52.............. 1, 098,602 Erie and Northeast............................................. 18.50.............. 700,000 Erie and Pittsburg.............................................. 40.25............. 800,000 Fayette County................................................ 12.69.............. 153,800 Franklin........................................... 22.50 22.50 225,000 525,000 Gettysburg.........................................17. 12.............. 274,481 Hanover Branch.................................... 12.20.............. 202,095 Harrisburg and Lancaster (with branch).36.00 54.00,1250,057 1,882,550 Hazleton and Lehigh......................................... 14.50.............. 290,000 Hempfield............................3......................... 32.00............. 1,809,563 Huntingdon and Broad Top (with branches)............. 50............. 1,354,930 Lackawanna................................................... 9.00.............. 180,000 Lackawanna and Bloomsburg.................................. 80.00............. 2,400,000 Lehigh and Luzerne (with branches)..... 10.50.2........... 253,466 Lehigh and Susquehanna.......................... 19.71 19.71 1,000,000 1,380,00 Lehigh Valley....................................... 45.50.............. 3,787,533 Little Schuylkill (and branches)................................. 33.50..... 3,299,605 Littlestown.................................................... 7.25.............. 76,000 Lorberry Creek.................................... 5.13 5.13 10,000 10,000 Lyken's Valley (with branches).................... 15,50 19.70 300,000 429,000 McCauley's Mountain.............................. M i6,00..2........... 200,000 Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill...................... 13.00 26.25 200,000 400,000 Mill Creek and Mine Hill (with branches)............ 8.29 12.52 233,715 310,850 220 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the TUnited States-Continued. STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven (with branches). 39.08 72.28 $800,000 $2,861,066 Mount Carbon (with branches)...................... 6.26 6.26 178,735 204,501 Mount Carbon and Port Carbon.................... 2.50 2.50 230,700 282,350 North Lebanon (with branches)................................. 8.20......... 309,195 North Pennsylvania (with branches)............................. 67.15...... 5,868,586 Pennsylvania (with branches)...................... 218.14 359.21 10,112,452 26,646,447 Pennsylvania (coal company's)....................... 47.00 7.00 1,604,837 1,998,819 Philadelphia and Baltimore Central.............................. 36.50.............. 874,690 Philadelphia (Sunbury) and Erie................................ 148.00.............. 9,575,699 Philadelphia, Norristown, and Germantown.. 2....... 2 0. 20 954,635 1,674,378 Philadelphia and Reading (with branches)........... 95.00 154.00 16,325,332 24,125,701 Philadelphia and Trenton.......................... 28.20 28.20 564,000 607,666 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore............. 98.00 98.00 6,052,037 7,788,786 Pittsburg and Connellsville...................................... 59.00.............. 2,919,698 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago............................ 467.50............ 17,479,905 Quakake Valley................................................ 14.09.............. 668,933 Schuylkill and Susquehanna................................. 54.00......... 1,258,700 Schuylkill Valley (with branches)................... 18.46 24.45 437,600 573616 trasburg............................................... 4.25 4.25 4.25 42,500 42,500 Shamokin Valley and Pottsville...................... 28.05 29.15 560,000 1,696,406 JBwatara............................... 6.006.00 100,000 100,000 Tioga (with branch)................................ 25.85 29.61 427,316 789,281 Trevorton............................................ 14.50........ 762,000 Tyrone and Clearfield...................................... 22.00.............. 440,000 Union Canal Company's.............................. 5.75...................57,500 Westchester (with branch).......................... 10.25 10.25 100,000 106,888 Westeester and Philadelphia.............................................. 1,485,315 Williamsport and Elmira........................................ 78.00.............. 4,050,314 Wrightsville, York, and Gettysburg.................... 13.00 13.00 425,708 400,046 879.34 2,935.49 44,481,769 159,681,986 DeductPhiladelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, in Del. & Md. 79.00 79.00 4,878,636 6,278,664 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, in Ohio, Ind. & Ill............. 416.00.............. 15,554,240 79.00 495.00 4,878,636 21,832,924 Add- 800.34 2,440.49 39,603,133 137,849,062 Northern Central, from Maryland................... 22.00 102.00 2,079,921 5,622,648 Total in Pennsylvania..................... 822.34 2,542.49 41,683,054 143,471,710 STATE OF DELAWARE. Delaware............................5525..... 84.000.............. 552,257 Junction and Breakwater............................................... 77,040 Newcastle antd Frenchtown......................... 16.19 16.19 861,325 744,520 Newcastle and Wilmington................................. 5.00.............. 150,000 Add- 16.19 113.69 861,325 2,523,817 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, from Penn.. 23.00 23.00 1,420,365 1,827,972 Total in Delaware...................... 39.19 136.69 2,281,690 4,351,789 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 221 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States, vc.-Continued. STATE OF MARYLAND. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETO. RAILROADS. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Annapolis and Elkridge............................. 21.50 21.50 $442,000 $442,000 Baltimore and Ohio (with branches)................. 178.00 386.80 8,798,619 24,918,773 Washington branch (of' B. & O. R.)................. 30.00 30.00 1650 000 1,650,000 Cumberland Coal and Iron (with branches).......... 10.40 14.00 300,000 560,000 Cumberland and Pennsylvania (with branches)....... 9.00 27.50 300,000 1,254,992 Eastern Shore..................................................., 6.125,000 George's Creek.......................,00..................................... 600000 Northern Central (with branch)..................... 67.50 142.00 3,506,637 8,228,731 Western Maryland................................... 18.00.........300,000 316.40 667.30 14,997,256 38,079,496 Deduct- - Baltimore and Ohio, in Virginia...................... 97.00 241.00 4)794,807 15,520,403 Northern Central, in Pennsylvania................... 22.00 102.00 2,079,921 5,622,648 119.00 343.00 6,874,728 21,143,051 Add- 197.40 324.30 8,122,528 16,936,445 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, from Penn.. 56.00 56.00 3,458,280 4,450,712 Total in Maryland...................... 253.40) 380.30 11,580,808 21,387,157 STATE OF VIRGINIA. Alexandria, Loudoun, and Hampshire............................ 41.51.............. 1,533,038 Alexandria and Washington................................. 6.12.............. 122,400 Blue Ridge (State road)........................................ 16.81.............. 1,604,761 Clover Hill.................................. 18.50 18.50 185,000 185, 000 Manassas Gap (with branches).................................. 86.73............. 3,153,228 Norfolk and Petersburg......................................... 80.00.............. 2,129,029 Northwestern Virginia (by B. & 0. R. Co.)...........103............. 5,683,753 Orange and Alexandria (with branches).......................... 156.70.............. 6,421,798 Petersburg (with branches)......................... 80.00 80.00 1,123,821 1,259,854 Rtichmond and Danville (with branches).............. 27.69 143.19 1,405,538 3,726,037 Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac (with branch) 75.00 78.50 1,509,959 1985,579 Richmond and Petersburg (with branch)............. 24.89 24.89 943,291 1,222,523 Richmond and York River........................................ 23.66......... 725,394 Roanoke Valley................................................ 22,00......... 476,612 Seaboard and Roanoke.............................. 80.00 80.00 1,000,000 11469,246 South Side (with branch)........................... 10.00 132.00 120,000 4,239,537 Virginia Central.................................... 70.07 189.19 943,984 5,493,950 Virginia and Tennessee (with branches)........................ 214.86.............. 7,430,835 Winchester and Potomac............................ 32.00 32.00 558,912 575,830 Add- 418.15 1,530.16 7,790,505 49,438,404 Baltimore and Ohio, from Maryland................. 97.00 241.00 4,794,807 15,520,403 Total in Virginia........................ 515.15 1,771.16 12,585,312 64,958,807 222 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Atlantic and North Carolina..................................... 94.92.............. $2, 157,503 North Carolina.................................................. 223.00.............. 4,235,072 Raleigh and Gaston................................. 87.00 97.00 $870,000 1,240,241 Western........................................................ 41.50......... 830,000 Western North Carolina......................................... 84.00.............. 1, 740,000 Wilmington, Charlotte, and Rutherfordton...................... 110.00.............. 2,200,000 Wilmington and Manchester..................................... 161.50.............. 2,869,223 Wilmington and Weldon (with branch).............. 161.50 176.50 2,411,623 3,196,588 Deduct- 248.50 988.42 3,281,623 18,468,627 Wilmington and Manchester, in South Carolina............ 99.00.......... 1, 758,834 Total in North Carolina................... 248.50 889.42 3, 281,623 16,709,793 STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Blue Ridge (with branch).................................. 33.00.............. 2, 989, 165 Charleston and Savannah....................................... 103.32.............. 2,319,784 Charlotte and South Carolina................................... 109.60.............. 1, 719,043 Cheraw and Darlington......................................... 40.30......... 612,316 Greenville and Columbia (with branches)............ 47.00 164.25 876.776 2,762,930 King's Mountain................................................ 22.50......... 225,000 Laurens........................................................ 32.00......... 543,403 Northeastern.................................................. 102.00.............. 2,054,315 South Carolina (with branches)...................... 242.00 242.00 6,649,205 6,503,106 Spartanburg and Union......................................... 40.00......... 897,391 Add- 289.00 888.97 7,525,981 20,626,453 Wilmington and Manchester, from North Carolina.. 99................,758,834 Total in South Carolina.................... 289.00 987.97 7,525 981 22,385,287 STATE OF GEORGIA. Atlanta and West Point........................................ 86.74.............. 1,192,389 Augusta and Savannah......................................... 53.00.............. 1,032,298 Barnesville and Thomaston..................................... 16.00......... 240,000 Brunswick and Florida......................................... 43.50......... 755,919 Central, of Georgia................................. 190.72 190.72 2,996,118 3, 700,000 Etowah....................................................... 8 87......... 112,526 Georgia (with branches)........................... 213.00 232.00 4, 00,000 4,156,000 Macon and Brunswick......................................... 37.50......... 927,349 Macon and Western................................ 102.00 102.00 1,276,422 1,501,964 Main Trunk (Atlantic and Gulf)................................ 109.69.............. 2,193,817 Milledgeville and Eatonton...................................... 22.00............. 275,901 Milledgeville and Gordon........................................ 17.00......... 213,500 Muscogee..................................................... 50.00.......... 1,000,000 Rome and Kingston............................................. 20.00......... 250%000 Savannah, Albany, and Gulf..................................... 68.13.......... 1,386,634 Southwestern (with branches).................................. 209.07.............. 4,217,948 Western and Atlantic............................... 138.00 138.00 5,000,000 5,901,497 Total in Georgia.......................... 643.72 1,404.22 13,272,540 29,057,742 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 223 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF FLORIDA. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. - 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Florida................................................. 154.20.............. $3, 084,000 Florida and Alabama........................................... 45.10.............. 1,133,000 Florida, Atlantic, and Gulf Central............................. 59.30.............. 1,212,000 Pensacola and Georgia..................................... 115.90.............. 2,719,000 Perdido and Junction.......................................... 6.00.............. 60,000 Tallahassee........................................ 21.00 21.00 o210, 000 420, 000 Total in Florida................... 21.00 401.50 210,000 8)628,000 STATE OF ALABAMA. Alabama and Florida............................................ 115 60.............. 2:981,716 Alabama and Mississippi River......................... 30.30............ 618,965 Alabama and Tennessee River.................................. 109.80.............. 2,446833 Marion and Cahawba.......................................... 14 00.............. 280,000 Mobile and Girard................................................. 57.30....... 1,500,000 Mobile and Great Northern...................................... 49.16............. 1,094,603 Mobile and Ohio.............................................. 482.80.............. 14,484,000 Montgomery and West Point (with branch).......... 88.50 116.90 1,286,209 2,265,983 Tennessee and Alabama Central................................. 6.10...........10... 781,591 Tuacumbiaand Decatur............................ 44.00............ 660,000.............. 132.50 1,001.96 1,946,209 26,453,691 DeductMobile and Ohio, in Mississippi, Tenn., and Kentucky.419.80.............. 12,594,000 132.50 582.16 1,946,209 13,859,69 AddMemphis and Charleston, from Tennessee........................ 161.00.............. 3,731,497 Total in Alabama......................... 132.50 743.16 1,946,209 17,591,188 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. Grand Gulf and Port Gibson......................... 8.00 8.00 120,000 120,000 Mississippi Central.............................................. 187.00.............. 4,534,937 Mississippi and Tennessee...................................... 99.20.............. 2,149,319 Raymond.......................................... 7.00 7.00 100,000 100,000 Western Mississippi................................ 60.00 143.60 1,800,000 4,308,000 75.00 444.80 2,020, 000 11,212,256 AddMobile and Ohio, from Alabama................................. 282.50.............. 8,475,000 N. Orleans, Jackson, and Gt. Northern, from Louisiana........ 118.00.............. 3,786,974 Memphis and Charleston, from Tennessee....................... 27.00.............. 625,779 Total in Mississippi....................... 75.00 872.30 2,020,000 24,100,009 224 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Coutinued. STATE OF LOUISIANA. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS.. -- 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Baton Rouge, Grosse-Tete, and Opelousas..................... 17.00.............. $327,112 Clinton and Port Hudson............................ 14.00 22.00 $400,000 750,665 Mexican Gulf...................................... 27.00 27.00 500,000 662, 90 Milnburg and Lake Pontchartrain................... 4.50 6.00 120,000 212,938 New Orleans and Carrollton (with branches)......... 8.00 15.00 300,000 500,000 New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern...................... 80.00.............. 4,459,680 New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western.................... 206.00.............. 6,611, 181 Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Texas.................... 53.75.............. 1,662,691 West Feliciana..................................... 26.00 26.00......... 620,000 79.50 452.75 1 320,000 15,807,178 DeductN. Orleans, Jackson, and Ot. Northern, in Mississippi........ 118.00.............. 3,786,974 Total in Louisiana........................ 79.50 334.75 1, 320,000 121020,20)4 STATE OF TEXAS. Buffalo Bayou, Brazos, and Colorado............3............... 32.00.............. 1,000,000 Galveston, Houston, and Henderson............................. 72.00.............. 2,500,000 Houston, Tap, and Brazoria..................................... 60.00.............. 2,000,000 Houston and Texas Central..................................... 90.00.............. 4,232,345 San Antonio and Mexican Gulf.......................... 25.00.............. 500,000 Southern Pacific............................................... 27.00............. 1,000,000 Total in Texas............................. 306.00.............. 11,232345 STATE OF ARKANSAS. Memphis and Little Rock........................................ 38.50.............. 1155,000 STATE OF TENNESSEE. Central Southern................................... 47.58.............. 1, 079,572 Cleveland and Chattanooga........................... 30........................ 867,210 East Tennessee and Georgia......................... 110.80.............. 3,637,367 East Tennessee and Virginia.................................... 130.28.............. 2,866,297 Edgefield and Kentucky............................. 46 70.............. 1,289,771 Memphis and Charleston (with branch)........................... 290.96.............. 6,744,647 Memphis and Ohio............................................. 130.60.............. 2,612,019 Memphis, Clarksville, and Louisville............................. 56.80.............. 1592,518 McMinnville and Manchester.................................. 34.20.............. 590,623 Mississippi Central and Tennessee............................... 49.00.............. 1,188,377 Nashville and Chattanooga (with branch)............ 158.75.......... 3,632,882 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 225 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of thze United States-Continued. STATE OF TENNESSEE. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. _~... 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Nashville and Northwestern.................................... 98.40.............. $ 2,460, 000 Tennessee and Alabama......................................... 45.81.............. 1,185,053 Winchester and Alabama............................... 38.12.............. 629,662 1,268.62.............. 301,375,998 DeductMemphis and Charleston, in Mississippi and Alabama............. 188.00.............. 4,357,276 1,080.62............. 26,018,722 AddMobile and Ohio, from Alabama................................. 117.30.............. 3,519,000 Total in Tennessee................................... 1,197.92........... 29,537,722 STATE OF KENTUCKY. Breckenridge................................................... 8.53.............. 312,000 Covington and Lexington........................................ 80.22.............. 4,019,9905 Lexington and Big Sandy....................................... 17.09............. 694,024 Lexington and Danville...................................... 13.16.............. 824,448 Lexington and Frankford........................... 29.18 29.18 $551,226 645,702 Louisville and Frankford........................... 49.03 65. 10 1,279,315 1,567,894 Louisville and Nashville (with branches)........................ 253.20.............. 8,530,718 Maysville and Lexington....................................... 18.80.............. 601,298 New Orleans and Ohio (Paducah branch)........................ 59.65.............. 1,172,398 Portland and Louisville.......................................... 5.00.............. 100,000 78.21 549.93 1.830,541 18 468,477 AddMobile and Ohio, from Alabama................................. 20.00.............. 600,000 Total in Kentucky........................ 78.1 569.93 1,830,541 19,068,477 STATE OF OHIO. Bellefontaine and Indiana....................................... 118.23.............. 3,088,218 Carrolton.......................................... 11.50.............. 225,000 Central Ohio.................................................... 137.C6.............. 6,502,178 Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton............................... 60.30.............. 3,153,188 Cincinnati and Indianapolis Junction............................ 42.00.............. 1,050,387 Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville.......................... 132.80.............. 6,250,841 Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati................ 135.41 141.20 3,008, 616 4,772, 526 Cleveland and Mahoning..................................... 67.00.............. 2,768,320 Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula........................... 96.60.............. 3,987,076 Cleveland and Pittsburg (with branches)................... 203.50.............. 9,320,288 Cleveland and Toledo............................... 188.60.............. 7,187,250 Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati................ 61.39.......... 1,574,693 15 C 226 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF? 01110. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTIO9, ETC. RAILROADS. 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Columbus and Indianapolis...................................... 103.00............. 3,090,618 Columbus and Xenia................................ 54.56 54.56 $721,720 1,781,938 Dayton and Michigan........................................... 144.00............ 5,200,15 Dayton and Western............................................ 36.30............. 1,104,085 Dayton, Xenia, and Belpre...................................... 16.13.............. 860,496 Eaton and amilton............................................ 45.08.............. 1,101,744 Fremont and Indiana......................................... 36.00.............. 1,310,922 Greenville and Miami............................... 32.00.............. 888,000 Iron............................................................ 13.00.............. 219,121 Little Miami.................................. 83.40 83.40 1,418,875 4,290,493 Marietta and Cincinnati (with branch)........................... 204.40.............. 10,683,687 Ohio and Mississippi............................................ 192.30.............. 18,635,688 Pittsburg, Columbus, and Cincinnati (with branch)................ 125.00.............. 4,772,951 Sandusky, D)ayton, and Cincinnati (with branch)... 173.90 173.90 3,662,349 4,594,178 Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark (with branch)...... 116.00 126.00 1,692,840 2,309,126 Scioto and fHocking Valley............................... 55.60.............. 1,103,975 Springfield and Columbus....................................' 9.50.............. 346,589 Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg......................... 49.80............. 2,05,039 Toledo, Wabash, and Western.................................. 243.00.............. 8,019,539 563.27 3,013.15 10,504,400 122,398,299 DeductOhio and Mississippi, in Indiana.............30.............. 16,794,417 Toledo, Wabash, and Western, in Indiana....................... 172.00.............. 5,676,344............ 34530............... 22,470,761 563.27 2,667.85 10,504,400 99, 927, 538 AddMichigan Southern, from Michigan.................. 12.00 82.60 180,000 2,657,407 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, from Penn........... 249.00.......... 9,311,406 Total in Ohio............................. 575.27 2,999.45 10,684,400 111,896,351 STATE OF INDIANA. Chicago and Cincinnati...................................... 61.00.............. 1,250,000 Cincinnati and Chicago........................................0 080,433 Cincinnati, Peru, and Chicago.................... 29.....13........ 1, 161,209 Evansville and Crawfordsville................................. 132.00.............. 2,465,792 Indiana Central.......................................... 2,233,361 Indianapolis and Cincinnati (with extension)...... 109.80.......... 3,457,108 Indianapolis, Pittsburg, and Cleveland............... 28.00 8277 312,579 1,902,693 Jeffersonville................................. 16.00 78.00 170,000 2,182,004 Joliet and Northern Indiana..........................00 1,172,908 Kmghtstown and Shelbyville........................ 27.00 27.00 270,000 270,000 Lafayette and Indianapolis................................ 64.00.............. 1,856,287 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS, 227 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF INDIANA. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. -- 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago................ 35.00 288.00 $417,954 $7,029,494 Madison and Indianapolis (with branches)........... 86.00 135.00 1,800,000 2,667,704 Peru and Indianapolis......................................... 74.00............. 2 371,554 Rushville and Shelbyville........................... 20.00 20.00.950,000 320,000 Shelbyville Lateral................................. 16.00 6.000 160,0 00 Terre Haute and Richmond..................................... 73.00.............. 1,611,450 Union Track and Depot......................................... 3.54............. 265,033?28. 00 1,418.60 3,380,533 34,457,030 DeductJoliet and Northern Indiana, in Illinois............0............... 3 0.00 781,950 228.00 1,388.60 3,380,533 33,675,080 AddMichigan Central, from Michigan.............................. 52.00.............. 2,402,608 Michigan Southern, from Michigan.................. 185.00.............. 5,951,820 Ohio and Mississippi, from Ohio..................... 173.30.............. 16,794,417 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, from Penn.................. 155.00.............. 5,794,879 Toledo, Wabash, and Western, from Ohio...................... 172.00.............. 5,676,344 Total in Indiana.......................... 228.00 2,125.90 3,380,533 70,295,148 STATE OF MICHIGAN. Bay de Noquet and Marquette............................... 20.50.............. 410,000 Chicago, Detroit, and Canada Grand Junction............................. 57.00. 1,710,000 Detroit and Milwaukie.............................. 25.00 188 00 408,000 9,118,219 Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo............................... 51.00........... 1,522,821 Flint and Pere Marquette............................... 33.00......... 1000,000 Iron Mountain (Northern Michigan)....................... 25.00.............. 500000 Michigan Central................................... 226 00 284.80 6,339,667 13,158,958 Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana (with branches) 103.00 484 60 2,378,082 15,590,952 354.00 1,143.90 9,125,749 43,010,950 DeductMichigan Southern, in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.... 12.00 279.60 180,000 8,995,291 Michigan Central, in Indiana and Illinois...................... 65.00.............. 3,003,260 12.00 344.60 180,000 11,998,551 Total in Michigan....................... 342.00 799.30 8 945,749 31,012,319 STATE OF ILLINOIS. Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis................................... 220.00.............. 10,000,000 Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy.................... 13.00 138.00 195,000 7,468, 926 Chicago and Milwaukie.................................. 45.00.............. 884,344 Chicago and Northwestern.......................... 213.00.............. 10684,92o2 228 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF ILLINOIS. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS., _____ —--- 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Chicago and Rock Island........................................ 181.50............. $6,913,554 Elgin and State Line............................................ 32.20.............. 581,317 Galena and Chicago Union (with branches).......... 42.50 261.25 $695,507 9,352,481 Great Western (with branch)........................ 55.00 182.00 550,000 5.086,206 Illinois Central................................................ 738.25.............. 27,195, 391 Illinois Coal................................................... 4.00.............. 100,000 Joliet and Chicago.............................................. 35.80.............. 1,000,000 Logansport, Peoria, and Burlington.............................. 171.00.............. 5,000,000 M ound City................................................... 3.00............ 60,000 Ohio and Mississippi............................................ 148.00.............. 4,870,686 Peoria and Bureau Valley..................................... 46.60............. 2,106,000 Peoria and Oquawka............................................ 94.00.............. 3,769,889 Quincy and Chicago........................................... 100.00.............. 1,978,550 Quincy and Toledo............................................. 34.00............. 750,000 Rockford...................................................... 28.00.............. 560,000 Rock Island and Peoria........................................ 11.00.............. 220,000 Sycamore and Cortlandt......................................... 5.00.............. 75,000 Terre Haute, Alton, and St. Louis (with branches)................ 208.30.............. 8,865,252 Warsaw and Peoria........................................... 13.00............. 300,090 110.50 2,912.90 1,440,507 108,822,518 AddJoliet and Northern Indiana, from Indiana....................... 30.00.............. 781,950 Michigan Southern, from Michigan.............................. 12.00.............. 386,064 Michigan Central, from Michigan................................ 13.00.............. 600,652 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, from Penn.................. 12.00.............. 447,955 Racine and Mississippi, from Wisconsin......................... 35.00.............. 1,279,530 110.50 3,014.90 1,440 507 112,318,669 DeductChicago and Northwestern, in Wisconsin............... 147.00.............. 7,374,108 Total in Illinois.......................... 110.50 2,867.90 1,440,507 104,944,561 STATE OF WISCONSIN. Beloit and Madison............................................. 17.30.............. 350,000 Kenosha, Rockford, and Rock Island.................. 28.30.............. 1069,069 Manitowoc and Mississippi..................................... 7.50........... 200,000 Milwaukie and Chicago........................................ 40.00............. 1,830,073 Milwaukie and Horicon........................................ 42.00.............. 1,137,912 Milwaukie and Minnesota...................................... 199.89.............. 7,400,000 Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien (with branches)...... 20.00 234.40 612,382 7,500,000 Milwaukie and Superior............................. 18.00.............. 360,000 Milwaukie and Western............................ 57.22............. 1,498,762 M ineral Point................................................. 32.00.............. 1,813,9 27 Racine and Mississippi......................................... 104.00.............. 3,802,016 Sheboygan and Fond du Lae.................................... 20.00.............. 500,000 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 229 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. STATE OF WISCONSIN. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. RAILROADS. _____._________ _____.... 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Wisconsin Central............................................ 1000.............. $250,000 Add- 20.00 810.61 $612,382 27, 711,759 Chicago and Northwestern, from Illinois......................... 147.00.............. 7,123,282 Deduct- 20.00 957.61 612,382 34,835,041 Racine and Mississippi, in Illinois..............................35.00.............. 1,279,43.5 Total in Wisconsin...................... 20.00 922.61 612,382 33,555,6C6 STATE OF IOWA. Burlington and Missouri........................................ 93.30.............. 2,492,758 Cedar Rapids and Missouri.......................... 25.35............. 612,359 Chicago, Iowa, and Nebraska................................ 82.11............ 1,860,251 Dubuque and Pacific........................................... 111.18.............2. 2,836,833 Dubuque, Marion, and Western,............................. 51.00............. 1,351,790 Keokuk, Fort Des Moines, and Minnesota................. 92.00.............. 2,879,615 Keokuk, Mt. Pleasant, and Muscatine............... 25.20.............. 1,022,306 Mahaska County................................00............ 120,000 Mississippi and Missouri (with branches)................... 187.63.............. 6,318,721 Total in Iowa..................................... 679.77....... 19,494,633 STATE OF MISSOURI. Cairo and Fulton................................................ ] 213, 497 Hannibal and St. Joseph.................................... 206.80.............. 12,364,139 North Missouri............................1........ 168.80.............. 6,966, 144 Pacific (main line).................................. 189.70.......... 11,219,541 Southwestern Branch.................................... 7.50............. 3, 872,510 Platte County................................................ 37.00............. 925,000 Quincy and Palmyra............................................ 10.50.............. 250, 000 St. Louis and Iron Mountain, (with branch)............... 90.15.............. 5,531,981 Total in Missouri..................................... 817.45............. 42,342,812 STATE OF CALIFORNIA. California Central............................................ 43.80.............. 1, 900, 000 Sacramento Valley.......................................... 22.50.............. 1,600,000 Las Mariposas.................................................. 3.75.............. 100,000 Total in California................................. 70.05.............. 3,600,000 STATE OF OREGON. Cascade Transit.............................................. 3.80.............. 80,000 230 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. RECAPITULATION. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. STATES. ---------- - ---- - 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. Maine................................. 245.59 472.17 $6,999,894 $16,576,385 New Hampshire.......................... 465.32 656.59 14,774,133 23,268, 65 Vermont................................... 279.57 556.75 10,800,901 23,336,215 Massachusetts....................74.............. 1,272.96 47,886,905 58,882,328 Rhode Island....................................... 68.00 107.92 2,802,594 4,318,827 Connecticut....................................... 413.26 603.00 13,989,774 21,984,100 New England States.................... 2,507.48 3,669.39 97,254,201 148,366.514 New York.......................... 1,403.10 2,701.84 65,456,123 131,320,542 New Jersey................................ 205.93 559.90 9,348,495 28,997,033 Pennsylvania........................... 822.34 2,542.49 41,683,054 143,471,710 Delaware........................... 39.19 136.69 2,281,690 4,351,789 Maryland........................... 253.40 380.30 11,580,808 21,387,157 Middle Atlantic States................. 2,723.96 6,321.22 10,350,170 329,528,231 Virginia............................................ 51515 1,771.16 12,585,312 64,958,807 North Carolina...................................... 248.50 889.42 3,281,623 16,709,793 South Carolina.................................. 289.00 987.97 7,525,981 22,385,287 Georgia............................................. 643.72 1,404.22 13,272,540 29,057,742 Florida............................................. 21.00 401.50 210,000 8,628,000 Southern Atlantic States................ 1,717.37 5,454.27 36,875,456 141,739,629 Alabama.......................... 132.50 743.16 1,946,209 17,591,188 Mississippi......................................... 75.00 872.30 2,020,000 24,100,009 Louisiana............................. 79.50 334.75 1,320,000 12,020,204 Texas.........................................306.00....... 11,232,345 Gulf States............................. 287.00 2,256.21 5,286,209 64,943,746 Arkansas......................................................1,155,000 Tennessee............................................ 1,197.92.............. 29,537,722 Kentucky.......................................... 78.21 569.93 1,830,541 19068,477 nterior States, South................... 78.21 1,806.35 1,830,541 49,761,199 Ohio............................................... 575.27 2,999.45 10,684,400 111,896,351 Indiana..................................... 228.00 2,125.90 3,380,533 70,295,148 Michligan........................... 32.00 799.30 8,945,749 31,012,399 Illinois........................................... 110.50 2,867.90 1,440,507 104,944,561 Wisconsin......................................... 20.00 922.61 612,2382 33,555,606 Minnesota.................................................. Iowa.......................................................... 679.77............. 19,494,633 Missouri.................... 817.45..............,342,34812 Kansas...................................................................... Interior States, North................... 1,275.77 11,212.38 25,063,571 413,541,510 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 231 TABLE No. 38.-Railroads of the United States-Continued. RECAPITULATION. MILEAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC. STATES. -, 1850. 1860. 1850. 1860. California..................................................... 70.05............. $3,600,000 Oregon................................................ 3.80............. 80,000 Pacific States....................................... 73.85.............. 3,680,000 New England States................................. 2,507.48 3,669.39 $97,254,201 148,366,514 Middle Atlantic States.............................. 2,723.96 6,321.22 130,350,170 329, 528,231 Southern Atlantic States............................ 1717.37 5,454.27 36,875, 456 141,739,629 Gulf States......................................... 287.00 2,256.21 5,286,209 64,943,746 Interior States, South............................... 78.21 1,806.35 1,830,541 49,761,199 Interior States, North............................... 1275.77 11,212.38 25,063,571 413,541,510 Pacific States.................................................. 73.85.............. 3,680,000 Total United States..................... 8539.79 30,793.67 296,660,148 1,151,560,829 City railroads in 1860........................................... 402.57............. 14,862, 840 Total.............................................. 31,196}........ 1...... 1,166,422,729 City Passenger Railroads, 1860, not included in Tables of Commercial Railroads. CITY OF BOSTON. RAILROA.DS. Length of Cost of roads, track. equipment, &c. Miles. Boston and Chelsea........................................................ 2.18 $140,000 Broadway.................................................................. 2.93 63, 496 Cambridge.................................................................. 4.80 481,377 Charleston and Medford.................................................... 2.96 34,000 Chelsea Beach*.......................................................................................... Cliftondale........................................................... 6.74 110,200 Dorchester.................................................................. 4.77 155,6923 Dorchester Extension..................................................... 1.48 12,800 Lynn and Boston*............................................................... 27,800 Malden and Melrose....................................................... 3.41 420183 M etropolitan............................................................... 13.27 684, 325 Middlesex................................................................... 5.77 348,000 Newton................................................. 2......... 2.87 26,845 Somerville................................................................. 2.68 43,345 Stoneham street........................................................... 2.42 11,750 Suffolk..................................................................... 3.31 138,673 Union, (equipment only)....................................... 157,971 Waltham and Watertown.................................................. 2.13 19, 700 West Camhbridge........................................................... 1.57 12,850 West Roxbury.............................................................. 1.85 53,737 Winnisimmet.................................................. 2.25 50,000 Total...................................................... 67.39 2,964,875 *Not completed. 232 PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 38-City Passenger Railroads, 1860-Continued. CITY OF NEW YORK. RAILROADS. Length of Cost of roads, track. equipment, &a. Miles. Eighth Avenue.........11..................................................... 11.13 859,834 Ninth Avenue........................................................... 9.22 397,832 Second Avenue............................................................. 16.57 1,181,537 Sixth Avenue............................................................... 8.37 946,961 Third Avenue............................................................... 16.50 1,616,671 Total.............................................................. 61.79 5,002,835 CITY OF BROOKLYN. Broadway.............................................................. 9.26 222,834 Brooklyn Central........................................................... 21.53 586,619 Brooklyn City.............................................................. 49.13 1,262,225 Total............................................................. 79.92 2,071,678 Total.79.9 2 2,7071,678 HOBOKEN CITY. Hoboken and Hudson City................................................... 1.79 32,000 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. Citizens...8.50 200,000 Delaware County.......................................................... 3.00 27,500 Frankford and Southwark.................................................... 16.50 551,000 Fairmount.................................................................. 5.00 140,000 Fairmnount and Arch Street................................................ 5.00 180,000 Germantown, 4th and 8th streets............................................ 7.25 300,000 Girard College............................................................... 5.50 160,000 Green and Coates Streets................................................... 5.25 220,000 Heston, Mantua and Fairmount.............................................. 7.00 100,000 North Philadelphia......................................................... 5.50 300,000 Philadelphia and Gray's Ferry............................................... 7.00 176,000 Philadelphia City............................................................ 4.00 100,000 Philadelphia and Darby.................................................... 4.25 117,200 Richmond and Schuylkill.................................................... 5.25 130,000 Ridge Avenue and Manayunk................................................ 9.00 185,000 Second and Third Streets.................................................... 18.75 450,000 Seventeenth and Nineteenth Streets....................................... 6.00 120,000 Thirteenth and Fifteenth Streets............................................. 6.00 100,000 West Philadelphia........................................................... 9.25 255, 000 Total............................................................. 14800 3,811,700 PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 233 TABLE No. 38-City Passenger Railroads, 1860-Continued. CITY OF CINCINNATI. Length of Cost of roads, track. equipment, &c. Miles. Cincinnati Street............................................................ 5 $151,913 City Passenger.............................................................. 5 111,412 Passenger................................................................. 3 69, 837 Pendleton and Fifth Street Market Company............................ 3j 70,000 Total............................................................ 17 403,162 CITY OF ST. LOUIS. St. Louis.................................................................... 10.20 298,604 Citizens'................................................................. 8.29 117,437 People's................................................................... 4.48 83, 875 M issouri................................................................... 3.33 76,674 Total............................................................ 26.30 576,590 RECAPITULATION. CITIES. Length. Cost cfroads, &c. MSiles, Boston, Mass....................................................... 67.39 2, 64,875 New York, N. Y.......................................................... 61.79 5,002,835 Brooklyn, N. Y.............................................................. 79.92 2,071,678 Hoboken, N. J.............................................................. 1.79 32,000 Cincinnati, Ohio........................................ 17.38 403,163 St. Louis, Mo............................................................... 26.30 576,590 Philadelphia, Pa...................................... 148.00 3,811,700 Total............................................................. 402.57 14,862,840 NOTE. We doubt not that the sum stated (page 231) as the aggregate cost of our roads is considerably too small, and for the reason that the leading roads in furnishing and perfecting their works have expended large sums out of their earnings which have not gone to capital stock or bonded debt. We know of one rood which has thus expended near $2,000,000, TABLE No. 38.-Continued. t C.^) Number of miles of Railroads in operation at the end of each year,from 1850 to 1860, inclusive. STATE, 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1837. 1858. 1859. 1860. Maine.................... 245.59 292. 322.47 2147 333.47 359.97 41467 429.17 451.17 467.67 472.17 472.17 New Hampshire........................ 465.32 536.78 567.78 643.86 643.86 656.59 656.59 656.59 656.59 656.59 656.59 Vermont................................ 279.57 413.29 471.32 506.22 511.72 529.42 529.42 529.42 529.42 54875 556.75 Massachusetts.......................... 4 1,047.44 1,105.34 1,144.27 1,27296 1,272.96 1,272.96 1,272.96 1,272.96 1,272.96 Rhode Island........................... 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 94.32 107.92 107.92 107 92 107.92 107.92 107.92 Connecticut............................ 412.26 463.25 506.96 506.96 506.96 506.96 589.34 589.34 589.34 63.00 603.00 New England States........... 2,506.48 2,81154 2,983-97 3,163.85 3,261.10 3,488.52 3,585.40 3,607.40 3,623.90 3,661.39 3,669.39 0 New York.............................. 1,403.10 1,845.55 2,249.77 2,406.10 2,567.40 2,595.35 2,641.70 2,674.06 2,675.31 2,690.84 2,701.84 New Jersey............................. 205.93 303.37 317.87 347.17 375.17 466.02 485.29 507.33 516.33 535 60 559.90 Z0 Pennsylvania........................... 822.34 1,030.15 1,113.05 1,144.55 1,404.22 1,537.22 1,799.17 1,925.42 2,081.07 2,339.99 2,442.49 Delaware..39.19 39.19 39.19 39.19 44.19 56.19 79.19 115.19 123.69 136.69 136.69 Maryland.............................. 253.40 274.26 326.80 326.80 326.80 326.80 326.80 351.80 361.80 370.80 380.30 18 Middle Atlantic States.............. 2,723.96 3,492.52 4,046.68 4,263.81 4,717.78 4,981.58 5,332.15 5,573.80 5,758.20 6,073.92 6,221.22 g Virginia................................ 515.15 652.44 954.33 1,099.9 1,21882 1,269.41 1,341.21 1,531.17 1,594.19 1,658.25 1,771.16 North Carolina......................... 248.50 248.50 311.00 386.00 534.00 544.00 638.92 689 92 789.92 889.42 889.42 South Carolina......................... 289.00 378.50 598.35 652.35 669.35 759.65 847.65 878.65 906.35 987.97 987.97 Georgia................................. 643.72 794.72 909.72 962.46 983.46 1,020.46 1,165.43 1,241.70 1,297.32 1,355.90 1,404.22 Z Florida................................. 21.00 21.00 21.00................................... 56.00 128.00 198.30 289.80 401.50 C7 Southern Atlantic States............ 1,717.37 2,095.16 2,794.40 3,100.77 3,405.63 3,593.52 4,049.21 4,469.44 4,786.08 5,181.34 5,454.27 Alabama.............................. 132.50 132.50 161.00 214.72 304.00 334.54 454.00 531.80 531.80 628.40 743.16 Mississippi............................. 75.00 75.00 96.20 06.20 222.30 278.00 413.00 483.50 604.13 697.80 872.30 Louisiana.............................. 79.50 79.50 79.50 89.00 198.00 203.00 249.50 261.00 281.00 294.75 334.75 Texas...................................................................I............ 32.00 40.00 71.00 157.00 205.50 284.50 306.00 Gulf States.................... 287.00 287.00 333.70 399.92 756.30 855.54 1,187.50 1,433.30 1,622.43 1,905.45 2,256.21 _______.....____. __________ ____ -_______ -_______ _______ ________ A rkansas................................................................................................................................................... 38.50 Tennessee......................................... 112.33 185.44 291.25 329.25 466.05 541.21 769.69 887.60 963.10 1,197.92 d Kentucky............................. 78.21 94.10 94.10 167.10 241.90 241.90 267.90 304.90 458.50 537.00 567.93 W Interior States, South............... 78.21 206.43 5279.54 458.35 571.15 707.95 809.11 1,074.59 1,346.10 1,500.10 1,804.35 E Ohio............................... 575.27 895.42 1,385.94 1,777.37 2,001.28 2,453.16 2,522.73 2,619.57 2,651.23 2,811.61 2,900.75 Z 3729 14652 L86.843 n.9 9.0 2,036 1256.901. Indiana............................... 228.00 538.50 755.92 1,208.61 1,317.29 1,40652 1,806.84 1,894.79 1,994.70 2,013.62 2,125.90 Michigan............................... 342.00 379.27 431.27 431.27 444.17 474.23 500.49 602.50 642.37 737.40 799.30' Illinois................................. 110.50 271.39 412.19 759.62 788.40 886.79 2,135.33 2,501.65 2,733.92 2,781.20 2,867.90 ^ Wisconsin.............................. 20.00 50.00 70.60 70.60 97.25 187.50 276.40 629.92 647.35 826.00 922.61 M M innesota..................... I.......................** *.......................................................................................I............................. Iowa......................................................................................... 68.50 253.86 343.71 379.36 532.80 679.67 Missouri.................................................................... 37.50 37.50 138.70 144.22 317.63 547.20 724.25 817.45 K ansas.................................................................................................................................................................... 0 Interior States, North......... 1;275.77 2,134.58 3,055.92 4,284.97 4,685.89 5,615.40 7,639.87 8,909.77 9,596.13 10,426.88 11,113.58 California........................................................................................ 8.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 70.05 Oregon...........................................................I...........................I.................................................................. 3.80 Oregon...... 3.8 it17't~ ~1~~~ Pacific States................................................................................. 8.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 73.85 New England States.................... 2,506.48 2,811.54 2,983.97 3,163.85 3,261.10 3,488.52 3,585.40 3,607.40 3,623.90 3,661.39 3,669.39 Middle Atlantic States.................. 2,723 96 3,492.52 4,646.68 4,263.81 4,717.78 4,981.58 5,332.15 5,573.80 5,758.20 6,073.92 6,221.22 0 Southern Atlantic States................ 1,717.37 2,095.16 2,794.40 3,100.77 3,405.63 3,593.52 4,049.21 4,469.44 4,786.08 5,181.34 5,454.27 Gulf States...............9.............. 287.00 287.00 336.70 399.92 756.30 855.54 1187.50 1433.30 1,8622.43 1,905.45 2,256.21. Interior States, South............. 78.21 206.43 279.54 458.35 571.15 707.95 809.11 1,074.59 1,346.10 1,500.10 1,804.35 12 Interior States, North.................. 1,275.77 2,134.58 3,055.92 4,284.97 4,685.89 5,615.40 7,639.87 8,909,77 9,596.13 10,426.88 11,113.58 Pacific States..................................................................................... 8.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 73:85 Total United States................. 8,588.79 11,027.23 13,497.21 15,671.67 17,397.85 19,250.51 22,65.24 25,090.30 26,754.84 28,771.08 30,592.87 I 3____________00_____I___431.27___________444,17__________50o.49/____________6o2.5 0_________. n TABLE No. 38-Continued. to z'Q Number of miles of Railroads brought into use during each year from 1851 to 1860, inclusive. Miles of railSTATES. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. road builtin ten years. g t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Maine.................................. 46.88 30.00 11.00 26.50 54.70 14.50 22.00 16.50 4.50....6........ 226,58 NewfHamphsire....................... 71.46 31.00 76.08............ 12.73................................................... 191.27 t Vermont.............................. 133.72 58.03 34.90 5.50 17.70............................ 19.33 8.00 277.18 Massachusetts.......................... 2.00 9.70 57,90 38.93 128.69.......................................... 237.22 ^ Rhode Island............................................................... 26.32 13.60........................................................... 39.925 Connecticut........................... 51.00 43.70................. 23.............38........... 13.66............ 190.74 New England States.............. 305.06 172.43 179.88 97.25 227.42 96.88 522.00 16.50 37.49 8.00 1,162.91 0 New York.............................. 442.45 404.22 156.33 161.30 27.95 46.35 32.36 1.25 15.53 11.00 1,298.74 New Jersey......................... 97.44 14.50 9.30 28.00 90.85 19.27 22.04 9.00 19.27 24.30 353.97 Z Pennsylvania........................... 207,81 82.90 31.50 259.67 133.00 261.95 126.25 155.65 258.92 102.50 1, 620 15 Delaware................................................................... 5.00 12.00 23.00 36.00 8.50 13.00............ 97.50 Maryland20.86 52............................................... 25.00 10.00 900 9.50 126.90 Middle Atlantic States............ 768.56 554.16 217.13 453.97 263.80 350.57 241.65 184.40 315.72 147.30 3,497.26 ^ Virginia.............................. 137.29 301.89 145.63 118.86 50.59 71.80 189.96 63.02 64.06 112.91 1,256.01 North Carolina...................................... 62.50 75.00 148.00 10.00 94.92 51.00 100.00 99.50........... 640.92 South Carolina......................... 89.50 219.85 54.00 17.00 90.30 88.00 31.00 27.70 81.62........... 698.97 Georgia................................ 151.00 115.00 52.74 21.00 37.00 144.97 76.27 55.62 58.58 48.32 760.50 Z Florida.................................................................... 35.00 72.00 70.30 91.50 111.70 380.50 ------ ------ ------ ------ _ _ —----- ----------- -------- 0 2 Southern Atlantic States.......... 377.79 699.24 327.37 304.86 187.89 434.69 420.23 316.64 395.26 272.93 3,736.90 Alabama.......................................... 28.50 53.72 89.28 30.54 119.46 77.80........... 96.60 114.76 610.66 Mississippi............................ 078.126.1.0 55.70 135.00 170.50 120.63 93.6 7 174.50 797.30 Louisiana.....9.50 109.00 5.00 46.50 11.50 20.00 13.75 40.00 255.25 Texas......................................................0..... 00,8.00 31.00 86.00 48.50 79.00 21.50 306.00 GulfStates.................................. 49.70 63.22 356.38 99.24 331.96 245.80 189.13 283.02 350.76 1, 969.21 Arkansas.............................................................................................................................. 38.50 38.50 Tennessee............................. 112.33 73.11 105.81 38.00 136.80 75.16 228.48 117.91 75.50 234.82 1,197.92 Kentucky............................. 15.89.......... 73.00 74.80............ 2600 37.00 153.60 78.50 30.93 489.72 ----- ~ ~ ~ ~~ ----- -- -. _ _. _ ___ ____________ _ __ Interior States, South............. 128.22 73.11 178.81 112.80 136.80 101.16 265.48 271.51 154.00 304.25 1,726.14 Ohio................................. 320.15 490.52 391.43 223.91 451.88 69.57 96.84 31.66 160.38 89.14 2,325.48 Indiana............................... 310.50 217.42 452.69 10868 89.23 400.32 87.95 99.91 18.92 112.28 1,897.90 Michigan............................... 37.27 52.00............ 12.90 30.06 26.26 102.01 39.87 95.03 61.90 457.30 Illinois................................. 160.89 140.80 347.43 28.78 98.39 1,248.54 366.32 232.27 47.28 86.70 2,757.40 Wisconsin.............................. 30.00 20.60... 26.65 90.25 88.90 353.52 17.43 178.65 96.61 902.61 M innesota.................................................................................................................................................. Iowa...................................................................... 68.50 185.36 89.85 35.65 153.44 146.87 679.67 M issouri.................................................................. 1. 5 Missouri.... 37.50.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~ 101.20 5.52 173.41 229.57 177.05 93.20 817.45 K ansas................................... ~...................'............................................ Interior States, North............. 858.8.1 921.34 1,229.05 400.92 929.51 2,024.47 1,269.90 686.36 830.75 686.70 9,837.81 California..................................:.....................................05.. lOregon i................................. 8.00....................................................0....................................... 48.05 70.05 Oregon......................................................3.80 PacificStates.....................................................................51.8073.80 - ~~~Pace~ific States-...8........................ ~;. 00 14.00-=== ==................................... 51.85 73.85 New England States.................... 305.06 172.43 179.88 97.25 227.42 96.88 22.00 16.50 37.49 8.00 1,162.91 Miiddle Atlantic States.................. 768.56 554.16 217.13 453.97 263.80 350.57 241.65 184.40 315.72 147.30 3,497.26 Z Southern Atlantic States............... 377.79 699.24 327.37 304.86 187.89 434.69 420.23 316.64 395.26 272.93 3,736.90 Gulf States......................................... 49.70 63.22 356.38 99.24 331.96 245.80 189.13 283.02 350.76 1,969.21 Interior States, South................... 128.22 73.11 178.81 112.80 136.80 101.16 265.48 271.51 154.00 304.,25 1,726.14 Interior States, North................... 858.81 921.34 1,229.05 400.92 929.51 2,024.47 1,269.90 686.36 830.75 686.70 9,837.81 Pacific States..............................................8.00 1..................................... 51.8573.85 Total United States............... 2,438.44 2,469.98 2,195.46 1,726.18 1,852.66 3,353.73 2,465.06 1,664.54 27016.24 1,821.79 22,004.08 [ TABLE No. 39.-Canals and River Improvements. MILESOFNAVIGAT'N. DIMENSIONS. LOCKS.. 0M 0 Canals and river improve- States. Points connected. Chambers. W o; I i ioIi III, 0 co W~~~~~o Cumberland and Oxford..... Maine......... Portland-Sebago Pond.................................... 20.50........ 34 4 25........... 168 Songo River Improvement.......do.......... Sebago Pond-Brandy and Long Ponds................................ 30.00...... 4 1............ 8 50000 Bon Falls.................. N. Hampshire. 0.75.................... 4............ 25 25,000 r Hooksett Falls..................do.......... 0.13.................... 3............ 16 17,OO 0 Amoskeag Falls...............do.......... 1.00.................... 45 50,000 ~~~~~ ~ ~~~d..... Around the Falls so called in the Merrimac river............ ~-J 4 ",U Union..........................do.......... 3.00 6.00............ 7..................... Sewall's Falls..................do.......... 0.25.................... 2....... I [*'...... Pawtucket................. Massachusetts. 1.65........ 60 4 5.....3....... ~~~~~~~~~~~ White River................ Vermont........ 0 50........... Watuguuchy....................do........ 0.40.................................... Bellows' Falls.................do.......... 0.16. 9.50. Monta~~,ue. Massachusetts. ~Around the Falls so called in the Connecticut river... 3.02..5 Montague................. Massachusetts.Around the Falls so caled in the Connecticut river......... 25 3 8......'...... 75.......... South Hadley...................do.......... 2,00.................... 5............ 50........... Enfield Falls................ Connecticut....j 5.50................... 3 90 20 30.. Eric........................ New York..... Albany (Hudson river) and Buffalo (Lake Erie) 350.58............ 70 7 71 110 18 582 Champlain.................... do.......... Grand Junction (Erie canal) and Whitehall (Lake Champlain) 64.00....... 70 7 20 110 18 180 1 Waterford Side-cut.........do.......... IVaterford-Hudson River................................. 2.75........ 70 7 3 110 18 133 4873738 Glenn's Falls Feeder........do.......... Upper Hudson-Summit Level........................... 7.00........ 40 4 13 90 15 132 Black River....................do.......... Rome (Erie canal) —High Falls of Black river............... 35.62........ 70 7 109 110 18 1079 ~~~~~~ 30109{ 80 Summit Feeder.............do.......... Black River and Elder Creek-Summit, 23 miles from Rome... 12.48.................................. 3,01832 Black River Improvement.......do.......... High Falls-Carthage............................................. 42.50 60 5 1 110.18 Feeders, etc............................................................................................. 12.95........................... t35019,832 Feeders...................do........................................................... 9.. 1,0..................1...9.....3.9 Chenango~~~~~do...... Utica (Erie canal) and Binghamton (Susquehanna river) 9.1.70 7 14 iO 1 06.. Feeders~~~~~~~~~~~~~~do.1750.' i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2,439,676 Oneida Lake...................do..........Higginsville (Erie canal)-Oneida Lake.................... 6.00.................. 7...... 58 50,000 Oneida River Improvement......do..........Oneida Lake-Oswego River and Canal..........0..................... 20............ 1,977 Oswego........................do..........Syracuse (Erie canal)-Oswego (Lake Ontario).............. 18.25 20.00 70 7 18 110 18 157 2,806187 Baldwinsville Side-cut..........do.......... Baldwinsville-Seneca River............................... 1.00............................................. Cayuga and Seneca.............do.......... Montezuma (Erie canal)-Geneva (Seneca lake)............ 20.71............ 10 110 18 76 Cayuga Lake Branch.......do..........Foot of Cayuga Lake-East Cayuga........................ 2.06................... 1 110 18 10 1169,276 Seneca River Towing Path.......do......... (Along the Seneca river)............................................ 5.00............................................... Crooked Lake..................do..........Dresden (Seneca lake)-Penn Yan (Crooked lake).......... 7.69.....................38..... 273 305,245 t Chemung......................do..........Head of Seneca lake-Elmira (Chemung river)............... 23.00....49............ 491 Feeder....................do.......... Horsehead's (Chemung canal)-Knoxville................... 16.75........... 3............ 27 949,603 Genesee Valley.................do.........Rochester (Erie canal)-Olean (Alleghany river)............. 107.00......106............ 1,064 0 6 Dansville Branch.......do..........Shakers (Genesee Valley canal)-Dansville................. 6.75.................... 8............ 82 5,601,606 Millgrove Extension.........do..........Olean-Millgrove (Alleghany river)....................... 11........ t240,000 Junction.......................doElm..........E ira (Chemung canal)-Pennsylvania State Line.......... ~11.00..............................................00.......... Delaware and Hudson....... N.Y. and Pa... Eddyville (Hudson river)-Honesdale, Pa................... 108.00........ 50 6 105 100 19 950 6,185,616 Delaware and Raritan....... New Jersey.... Bordentown (Del. river)-New Brunswick (Raritan river)... 43.00 75 8 15 20 24 150 Y~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 15 ]20 3 293 5028 Delaware Feeder..........do..........Bull's Island (Delaware river)-Trenton..................... 22.50........ 60 6 1 100 24 4 3,35,287 Morris................... do..........Jersey City (Hudson river)-Philipsburg (Delaware river).... 101.00........ 40 5 23 98 22 1,674 2,825,997 0 Lehigh Navigation......... Pennsylvania.. Stoddardsville (Lehigh river)-Easton (Delaware river)...... 39.25 45.3 60 5 78 100 12 1,297 4,455000 Schuylkill Navigation..........do..........Philadelphia (Delaware river)-Port Carbon................. 108.50........ 70 6 70 110 18 6i6 10,285,000 ~Delaware Division.............do..........Easton (Lehigh river)-Bristol (Delaware river).............. 59.80........ 40 6 24 100 12 167 2,433,350 North Branch...................do;....... Wilkesbarre-State Line of New York..................... 105.00........ 40 5 27 90 15 258 1,0(0,000 Wyoming......................do.......... Wilkesbarre-Northumberland........................ 64.0...... 40 5 8 90 15 69 1,889,000 West Branch& Susquehanna.....do..........Farrandsville-Duncan Island............................ 117.00....... 40 5 31 90 15 225 Bald Eagle Branch..........do..........Lock Haven, W. B. and S. canal-Bald Eagle............... 3.00........ 40 5......................... 2,729,743 Lewisburg Cross-cut............do...................................................................... 1.00. 40 5......................... j Union.........................do..........Reading (Schuylkill river)-Middletown (Susquehanna river).. 77.00........ 36 4 84 90 17 503 Fine Grove Branch..........do........Union Canal-Pine Giove.................................. 22.00....I... 36 4..................3..0.. 6,125,000 0 PieGoe rnh..........do.........UinCnl Susquehanna and Tide-water. Pa. and Md.... Wrightsville-Havre de Grace,Md.......................... 45.00........ 50 5 29 110 17 233 4,668,486 0:~ Pennsylvania............... Pennsylvania. Columbia (Susquehanna river)-Hollidaysburg.............. 156.00 17.00 40 4 76 90 15 671 C^ Western Division................. Johnstown-Pittsburg...................................... 76.00 27.00 40 4 45 90 15 -469. 1,000,00 Monongahela Navigation........do..........Pittsburg (Ohio river)-Geneva........................................ 35.......................... 905,837 Youghiogeny..................do.......... McKeesport-West Newton.......................................... 18.00... 5 2........... 200,00 [ ip * Completed in 1860. h Probahly in use in 1861. t Completed in 1861. Completed in 1859.1 Pennsylvania' Pennsylvania. Columbia (Susquehanna river) —Hollidaysburg.............. 17.0(] 40~<^ TABLE No. 39.-Canals and River Improvements-Continued. MILES OF NAVIGAT'N. DIMENSIONS. LOCKS. --------— __ _______________ 0 _0 Canals and river improve- States. Points connected.. Chambers. I ments. 0 - I 0 - j.M ^ 0 4 C ________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c ___ __ __ _ __ _ __ o aH ^ *S Z ^ Erie........................ Pennsylvania.. Bridgewater (Ohio river)-Erie City (Lake Erie)........... 136.00........ 40 4 133 90 15 930 French Creek Feeder........do.......... Bemus Dam-Main Canal.................................. 27.00........ 40 4 16 90 15 128 528 Wiconiseo.....................do.......... Wiconisco Creek-Duncan's Island......................... 12.25........ 40 4 6 90 15 35 393,440 Chesapeake and Delaware... Delaw...... Delaware City-Back Creek (Elk river).................... 12.63........ 66 10 3 220 24 32 3547561 Chesapeake and Ohio....... Maryland. Georgetown, D. C.-Cumberland, Md....................... 184.50........ 50 6 74 100 15 606 10,506,309 Alexandria........... Virginia....... Alexandria-Washington Aqueduct....................... 7.20........ 50 6........................ 1,068,762 James River and Kanawha.,... do.......... Richmond-Buchanan.................................... 147.78.............................................. 6,139,280 Dismal Swamp.............. Va. and N. C... Deep Creek, of Elizabeth river-Joyce's Creek, Pasquo- 22.50. 40 6y 4 100 22 I tank river. I 331 Northwest Branch..........do.......... Northwest River-Main Canal.......................... 6.00........ 24 4 1 100 22 J 1,151,066 o Lake Drummond Branch....do.......... Lake Drummond-Main Canal........................... 5.00........ 16 2........................ Albemarle and Chesapeake.. Virginia..... Southwest Branch of Elizabeth River-North Landing River.. 8.50........ 60 8......................... Albemarle and Chesapeake.. North Carolina. Coinjock Bay-North River................................ 5.50........ 60 8......................... * Weldon......................do.......... (Roanoke River Improvement)......................... 12.0..................................... 100............ Clubfoot andHarlow............do.... Clubfoot Creek-iHarlow Creek............................ 1.50.................................................... Santee.................... South Carolina Charleston Harbor-Santee River........................... 22.00........ 32 4 13 60 10 103 720000 Winyaw......................do.......... Winyaw Bay-Kinlock Creek............................ 7.40..................................................... Catawba.......................do0.......... (Several short canals)...................................... 6.50.......................................................... C12 W ateree Canal..................do.......... Jones' M ills- Ellicott's................................... 4.00.......................................................... Saluda........................do.......... Head of Saluda Shoals-Graniby Ferry (Congaree river)....... 6.20...................................... 36. Drehr's.........................do.......... (Round Falls in Saluda river)..1,50120........ Lorick's........................do.......... (On Broad river, above Columbia)..................................................... Lockhart's.....................do.......... (Around Lockhart's Fall in Broad river).................... 2.72.................... Brunswick................. Georgia........ Brunswick Harbor-Altamaha River...................... 12.00.............................................. 500000 Ogeechee......................do..........Savannah-Ogeechee River............................... 16.00............................. 6....0 Muscle Shoals..............Alabama.......(Along Muscle Shoals of Tennessee river)................. 35.76........ 60 6 16 120 32 96 1,400,000 Huntsville.......................do..........Huntsville-Triana (Tennessee river)...................... 16.00.......................................................... Orleans Bank...............Louisiana.......................................4.25......................... 4......................... Barataria Navigation............ do..................................................................... 22.00 63................................................. Carondelet....................do.........New Orleans-Bayou St. John............................. 2.00................................................. Lake Veret.....................do..........Lafourche Bayou-Lake Veret................................. Louisville and Portland......Kentucky.....Louisville-Portland...................................... 2.50........ 50 10 4...................... t 0 Kentucky River Navigation......do..........Mouth of Kentucky-Junction of North Fork.............. 260............ 17 175 38 216 2,500,000 4 Licking River Navigation........do..........Mouth of Licking-West Liberty.................................... 231............ 21 130 25 310 2,000,000 Green River Navigation.........do..........Mouth of Green-Bowling Green.................................. 175.................. 160 36........ 500,000 Barren River Navigation........do.................................................................0............................................. Ohio and Erie............ Ohio..........Portsmouth, Ohio river-Cleveland (Lake Erie)....307.00........ 40 4 152............ 1,085............ Columbus Branch...........do..........Main Canal-Columbus................................... 10.00.......................................................... Lancaster Branch.........do......... Main Canal-Lancaster................................... 9.00........................................................ Zanesville Branch....... do......... Main Canal —Zanesville............................................................................. Athens Branch.............do..........Lancaster-Athens........................................ 56.00................................................... Granville Branch...........do..........Main Canal-Granville.................................... 6.00.................................................... Walhonding Branch........do.........Main Canal-Coshocton................................... 23.00................................................... Eastport Branch............do.......... Main Canal-Eastport..................................... 4.00........................................................ H Dresden Branch.............do..........Main Canal-Dresden (Muskingum river)....................00........................................................ Miami and Eric................do.......... Cincinnati- Defiance...................................... 178.00......................................................... Lebanon Branch........do..... Main Canal-Lebanon..................................... 20.00..................................... Wabash and Erie........do..........Toledo-State Line of Indiana.... 0.00.......................................................... Sandy and Beaver..............do......... Bolivar-Liverpool......................................... 86.00........................................................ Canton Branch.............do.......... Main Canal- Canton...................................... 14.00......................................................... Mahcning......................do..........Akron-State Line of Pennsylvania....................... 87.00...................................................... Muskingum Improvement......do..........Dresden-Marietta (Ohio river)...................................... 91................................................ Wabash and Erie...........Indiana.........Evansville (Ohio river) —State Line of Ohio................ 379.00......................................................... Whitewater....................do..........Lawrenceburg (Ohio river)-Cambridge City................. 74.00........................................................ Illinois and Michigan.......Illinois........Chicago (Lake Michigan)-La Salle (Illinois river).......... 102.00........................................................ Fox and Wisconsin.........Wisconsin......Green Bay-Mississippi River t........................................................................ Sault St. Marie.............Michigan......Lake Michigan-Lake Superior............................ 0.75.......................................................... Des Moines River Improvem't. Iowa.........Keokuk-Des Moines City ~............................................................................................... * Completed inl861. t Not yet completed through. Completed in 1856. ~ Not yet completed.. 242 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 40. Table showing the population of the principal cities and towns in the United States, according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census (1860,) respectively; also the numerical increase and increase per cent. Cities and towns. Counties. States. Population Population Increase. Increase in 1850. in 1860. per cent. Aby......... Albany........ New York........ 50,763 62,367 11,604 22.86 Alleghany City.....Alleghany.........Pennsylvania...... 21,261 28,702 7,441 35.00 Augusta........... Richmond.........Georgia........... 11,753 12,493 740 6.30 Augusta............Kennebec........ Maine............. 8,225 7,609.......... 7.49 Auburn............Cayuga............ New York......... 9,548 10,986 1,438 15.06 Alexandria.........Alexandria........Virginia........... 8,734 12,652 3,918 44.86 Ann Arbor..........Washtenaw.......Michigan.......... 4,868 4,483......... 1. 7.91 Annapolis..........Anne Arundel.. Maryland.......... 3,011 4,529 1,518 5042 Alton..............Madison.......... Illinois............ 3,585 7,338 3,753 104.69 -Baltimore......Baltimore.a....... Maryland.......... 169,054 212,418 43,364 25.65 Buffalo.............Erie...............New York......... 42,261 81,129 38,868 91.97 Boston.............Suffolk............Massachusetts 136,881 177,812 40,931 29.90 Bangor.............Penobscot.........Maine............. 14,432 16,407 1,975 13.68 Bath..............Sagadahoc........Maine............. 8,020 8,076 56 0.70 Burlington..........Chittenden........Vermont.......... 6,110 7,713 1,603 26.24 Burlington..........Burlington.........New Jersey........ 4,536 5,193 657 14.48 Burlington..........Des Moines........Iowa.............. 4,082 6,706 2,624 64.28 Brooklyn...........Kings............. New York......... 96,838 266,661 169,823 175.37 Charleston..........Charleston.........South Carolina.... 42,985 40,578........... 5.60'Cincinnati..........Hamilton..........Ohio.............. 115,436 161,044 45,608 39.51 Columbus..........Franklin..........Ohio............. 17,882 18,554 672 3.76 Cleveland..........Cuyahoga.........Ohio.............. 17,034 43,417 26,383 154.88 Chicago............Cook..............Illinois............ 29,963 109,260 79,297 264.65 Cambridge..........Middlesex.........Massachusetts..... 15,215 26,060 10,845 71.28 Canandaigua.......Ontario............New York......... 6,143 7,075 932 15.17 Columbia...........Richland..........South Carolina... 6,060 8,059 1,999 32.98 Columbus..........Muscogee.........Georgia........... 5,942 9,621 3,679 61.91 Chilicothe..........Ross..............Ohio.............. 7,100 7,626 526 7.40 Detroit.............Wayne............Michigan.......... 21,019 45,619 24,600 117.03 Dover..............Strafford..........New Hampshire... 8,196 8,502 306 3.73 Dayton.............Montgomery.......Ohio............. 10,970 20,081 9,111 83.05 Davenport.........Scott..............Iowa.............. 1,848 11,267 9,419 509.68 Dubuque...........Dubuque........Iowa.............. 3,108 13,000 9,892 318.27 Des Moines.........Polk..............Iowa.............. 986 3,965 2,979 302.12 Fall River..........Bristol............Massachusetts..... 11,524 14,026 2,502 21 -71 Feeik........ k........ Maryland.......... 6,028 8,143 2,115 35.08 Fayetteville........Cumberland.......North Carolina.... 4,646 4,790 144 3.09 Fredericksburg.....Spottsylvania......Virginia........... 4,061 5,022 961 23,66 Freeport........... Stephenson........Illinois........... 1,436 3,529 2,093 145.75 Fort Wayne........Allen.............. Indiaoa.......... 4,282 10,388 6,106 142.59 Gardiner.......... Kennebec.........Maine............. 6,486 4,487...... 30.82 Gloucester.........Essex.............Massachusetts..... 7,786 10,904 3,118 40.04 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 243 TABLE No. 40.-Population of the principal cities and towns, 4r.-Continued. Cities and towns. Counties. States. Population Population Increase. Increase in 1850. in 1860. per cent. Georgetown........ Washington.......Dist. of Columbia.. 8,366 8,733 367 4.38 Galveston.......... Galveston.........Texas............. 4,177 7,307 3,130 74.93 Galena............Jo Daviess......... Illinois............ 6,004 8193 2189 36.45 Hartford.......... Hartford...........Connecticut....... 13,555 29, [54 15,599 115.08 Hudson....... Columbia.......... New York.. 6....... 286 787 901 14.33 Harrisburg.......... Dauphin......... Pesylvania..... 834 13,405 5,571 71.11 Ithaca.............. Tompkins.........New York......... 6,909 6,843........ 1.. 0.95 Indianapolis.........Marion...........Indiana........... 8,03 18,611 10,577 131.65 Iowa City.......... Johnson........... Io1,582.........5,214 3,632 229.58 Jersey City.........Hudson. New Jersey........ 6,856 29,226 22,370 326 28 Keokuk.....................I a................ 2,478 8,136 5658 228.32 Lowell....... Middlesex... Massachusetts..... 33,383 36,827 3,444 10.31 Louisville......... Jefferson.......... Kentucky..... 43,194. 68,033 24,839 57.50 Lynn.............. Essex.............Massachusetts.....14,257 19,083 4,826 33.85 Lockport.. Niagara........... New York......... 12,3123 13,523 1,200 9.73 Lancaster.......... Lancaster........ Pennsylvania..... 12, 369 17,603 5,234 42.31 Lynchburg.........Campbell.........Virginia........... 8,071 6,853........ 1. 15.09 Lexington.......... Fayette.......... Kentucky........ 9,180 9,321 171 1.53 La Fayette......... Tippecanoe........ Indiana...........1,215 9,387 8,172 672.59 Lansing............ Ingham........ Michigan.......... 1,229 3,074 1,845 150.12 La Porte........... La Porte.........Indiana........... 1,824 5,028 3,204 175.65 Manchester......... Hillsboro'.........New Hampshire.. 13,932 20,109 6,177 44.33 Mobile............. Mobile............ Alabama.......... 20,515 29t258 8,743 42.61 Montgomery........ Montgomery.......Alabama.......... 4,935 35,902 30,967 627.49 Milwaukie.......... Milwaukie........ Wisconsin........ 20,061 45,246 25,185 125.54 Marblehead......... Essex............. Massachusetts..... 6,167 7,647 1,480 23.99 Middleboro'........ Plymouth.......... Massachusetts..... 5,336 6,272 936 17.54 Memphis........... Shelby............ Tennessee........ 8,89 22,623 13,784 155.94 Muscatine.......... Muscatine........ Iowa.............. 2,540 5,324 2,784 109.60 Madison........... Jefferson..........Indiana........... 8)012 8,130 118 1.47 New Haven........ New Haven.......Connecticut........20,345 39,267 18,922 93.00 New York......... New York........New York......... 515,547 805,651 290,104 56.27 Newark.......... Essex.............New Jersey........ 38,894 71,914 33,020 84.89 Norfolk.......... Norfolk..........Virginia........... 14,326 15,6X1 1,285 8.96 Nashville.......... Davidson.........Tenhessee......... 10,478 16,988 6,510 62.13 New Orleans....... Orleans..........Louisiana......... 116,375 168,675 52,300 44.94 Nashua.......... Hillsboro'........New Hampshire.... 5,820 10,065 4,245 72.93 Nantucket......... Nantucket........Massachusetts.... 8,452 6,094..........27.89 Newburyport....... Essex............Massachusetts..... 9572 13,401 3,829 40.00 Newport........... Newport......... Rhode Island...... 9,563 10,508 945 9.$8 New London....... New London.. Connecticut...... 8.,991 10,115 1,124 12.50 Newburg........ Orange.......... New York......... 11,415 15,196 3,781 33 12 Newbern.......... Craven.......... North Carolina.... 4,681 5,432 751 16.04 Natchez.......... Adams.......... Mississippi........ 4,434 6,612 2,178 49.12 Pekin.............. Tazewell.......... Illinois............ 1,678 3,467 1,789 106.61 244 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 40.-Population of the principal cities and towns, fyc.-Continued' Cities and towns. Counties. States. Population Population Increase. Increase in 1850. in 1860. per cent. Portland............ Cumberland....... Maine........... 20,815 26,341 5,526 26.54 Portsmouth......... Rockingham....... New ampshire... 9,738 9, 335......... 1. 4.13 Portsmouth......... Norfolk............ Virginia........... 8,122 9,502 1,380 16.99 Frovidence......... Providence........ Rhode Island..... 41,513 50,666 9,153 22.04 ^Philadelphia........ Philadelphia....... Pennsylvania...... 340,045 562,529 22, 484 65.43 Pittsburg..........Alleghany........ Pennsylvania...... 46,601 49,217 2,616 5.61 Petersburg.......... Dinwiddie......... Virginia........... 14,010 18,266 4,256 30.38 Plymouth.......... Plymouth......... Massachusetts...... 6,024 6,272 248 4.12 Poughkeepsie....... Dutchess.......... New York......... 13,944 14, 726 782 5.61 Paterson........... Passaic............ New Jersey........ 11,334 19, 588 8,254 72.83 Peoria.............. Peoria............ Illinois............ 5,095 14,045 8,950 175.66 Quincy............Adams............ Illinois............ 6,902 13)632 6,730 97.51 Rochester.......... Monroe........... New York......... 36,403 48,204 11,801 32.42 Richmond.......... Henrico........... Virginia........... 27,570 37,910 10,340 37.50 Roxbury............ Norfolk.......... Massachusetts..... 18,364 25,137 6,773 36.88 Reading............ Berks............. Pennsylvania...... 15,743 23,161 7,418 47.12 Raleigh............. Wake............. North Carolina.... 4,518 4,780 262 5.80 Richmond.......... Wayne............ Indiana........... 1,443 6,603 5,160 357.51 Rock Island........Rock Island....... Illinois............ 1,711 5,130 2,419 199.82 Springfield.......... Hampden......... Massachusetts..... 11,766 15,199 3, 433 29.18 Salem.............. Essex.............. Massachusetts..... 20,264 22,252 1,988 9.81 Syracuse.......... Onondaga......... New York........ 22,271 28,119 5,848 26.26 Savannah.......... Chatham.......... Georgia........... 15,312 22, 292 6,980 45.59.-St. Louis........... St. Louis.......... Missouri........... 77860 160,773 82,913 106.49 San Francisco...... San Francisco..... California......... 34,776 56,802 22,026 63.34 Schenectady...... Schenectady...... New York......... 8, 921 9,579 658 7 38 Steubenville........ Jefferson......... Ohio.............. 6140 6,154 10 0.16 Thomaston......... Knox............. Maine............. 2,723 3,218 495 18.18 Troy..............Rensselaer........ New York........ 28,785 39,232 10,447 3629 Taunton........... Bristol............ Massachusetts.... 10,441 15,376 4,935 47.27 Utica............... Oneida............New York........, 17,565 22,529 4,964 28.26 Vicksburg.......... Warren........... Mississippi........ 3,678 4,591 913 24.82 Washington........ Washington........ Dist. of Columbia.. 40,001 61,122 21,121 52.78 Wilmington........ New Hanover..... North Carolina... 7,264 9,552 2,288 31.50 Worcester.......... orcester........ Massachusetts..... 17,049 24,960 7,911 46.40 West Troy......... Albany............ New York......... 7,564 8, 820 1,256 16.60 Wilmington........ New Castle....... Delaware.......... 13,979 21,508 7.,529 53.86 Wheeling.......... Ohio.............. Virginia........... 11,435 14,083 2,648 23.16 Zanesville.......... Muskingum........ Ohio.............. 10,355 9,229.......... 1. 10.87 I indicates loss. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 245 TABLE NO. 41. Population of the United States by Counties, Census 1860. STATE OF ALABAMA. WHITES. FREE COLORED. T SLAVES. Total Agg'te COUNTIES. ------------- free. populaMale. Female. Total, Male. Fern. Total. Male. Female. Total. tion. Autauga.......... 3,616 3,502 7, 118 7 7 14 7,132 4,677 4,930 9,607 16,739 Baldwin.......... 2,105 1,571 3,676 67 73 140 3,816 2,266 1,448 3,714 7.530 Barbour.......... 7,490 7,139 14,629 20 13 33 14,662 7,996 8,154 16,150 30,812 Bibb.............. 4,045 3,982 8,027 9 16 25 8,052 1,899 1,943 3,842 11,894 Blount............ 5,165 5,028 10,193 3 3 6 10,199 295 371 666 1 0,865 Butler............ 5,881 5,379 11,260 26 18 44 11,304 3,411 3,407 6,818 18,12. Calhoun.......... 8,624 8,545 17,169 11 17 28 17,197 2,107 2,235 4,342 21,539 Chambers......... 5,764 5,551 11,315 25 25 50 11,365 5,908 5,941 11,849 23,214 Cherokee......... 7,665 7,656 15,321 16 21 37 15,358 1,479 1,523 3,002 18,360 Choctaw......... 3,539 3,228 6,767 9 7 16 6,783 3,552 3,542 7,094 13,877 Clarke.......... 3,987 3,612 7,599 7 7 14 7,613 3,617 3,819 7,436 15,049 Coffee............ 4,275 3,925 8,200 4 2 6 8,206 673 744 1,417 9,623 Ionecuh......... 3,318 3,101 6,419 4 6 10 6,429 2,463 2,419 4,882 11,311 Coosa............ 7,314 6,736 14,050 7 4 11 14,061 2,530 2,682 5,212 19,273 Covington........ 2,863 2,768 5,631 8 9 17 5,648 396 425 821 6, 469 Dale............. 5,264 5,117 10,381 6 1 7 10,388 870 939 1,809 12,195 Dallas............ 4,025 3,760 7,785 28 52 80 7,865 12,907 12,853 25,760 33,625 DeKalb.......... 4,866 4,987 9,853 2 2 4 9,857 430 418 848 10,705 Fayette........... 5,735 5,410 11,145..... 2 2 11,147 815 888 1,703 12,850 Franklin......... 5,259 4,860 10,119 5 8 13 10,132 4,136 4,1:359 8,495 18,627 Green............ 3,887 3,364 7,251 6 4 10 7,261 11,981 11,617 23,598 30,859 Henry............ 5,343 5,121 10,464 10 11 21 10,485 2,213 2,220 4,433 14,918 Jackson........... 7,582 7,229 14,811 26 41 67 14,878 1,724 1,681 3,405 18,283 Jefferson........ 4,573 4,505 9,078 6 13 19 9,097 1,298 1,351 2,649 11,746 Lawrence........ 3,627 3,546 7,173 9 5 14 7,187 3,311 3,477 6,788 13,975 Lauderdale........ 5,312 5,327 10,639 19 25 44 10,683 3,666 3,371 6,737 17,420 Limestone......... 3,615 3,600 7,215 3 3 6 7,221 3,970 4,115 8,085 15,306 Lowndes........ 4,299 4, 03 8,362 9 5 14 8,376 9,650 9,690 19,340 27,716 Madison.......... 5,969 5,717 11,686 105 87 192 11,878 7,237 7,336 14,573 26,451 Marengo.......... 3,527 3,234 6,761 1..... 1 6,762 12,313 12,096 24,409 31,171 Marion........... 4,921 4,973 9,894 4 1 5 9,899 648 635 1,283 11,182 Marshall.......... 4,868 4,732 9,600 22 29 51 9,651 896 925 1,821 11,472 Macon........... 4425 4,200 8,625...... 1 1 8,626 9,014 9,162 18,176 26,802 Mobile........... 15,730 12,830 28,560 543 652 1,195 29,755 5,912 5,464 11,376 41,131 Montgomery...... 6,473 5,651 12,124 27 43 70 12,194 11,908 11,802 23,710 35,904 Monroe........... 3,560 3,356 6,916 15 31 46 6,962 4,293 4,412 8,705 15,667 Morgan.......... 3,781 3,811 7,592 18 19 37 7,629 1,817 1,889 3,706 11,335 Perry............ 4,866 4,613 9,479 27 12 39 9,518 9,275 8,931 18,206 27,724 Pickens......... 5,152 4,965 10,117 4 4 8 10,125 5,976 6,215 12,191 22,316 Pike.............. 8,068 7,578 15,646 3 1 4 15,650 4,433 4,352 8,785 24,435 Randolph......... 9,134 8,998 18,132 10 13 23 18,155 896 1,008 1,904 20,059 Russell........... 5,543 5,393 10,936 12 6 18 10,954 7,823 7,815 15,638 26,592 Shelby............ 4,623 4,347 8,970 7 19 26 8,996 1,851 1,771 3,622 12,618 St. Clair.......... 4,703 4,533 9,236 5 4 9 9,245 867 901 1,768 11,013 Sumter.......... 3,095 2,824 5,919 13 12 25 5,944 9,402 8,689 18,091 24,035 Tallapoosa........ 8,718 8,436 17,154 1...... 1 17,155 3,220 3,452 6,672 231,827 Talladega......... 7,305 7,329 14,634 11 10 21 14,655 4,430 4,435 8,865 23,520 Tuscaloosa........ 6,582 6,389 12,971 35 49 84 13,055 5,196 4,949 10,145 23,200 Walker........... 3.777 3,684 7,461................ 7,461 246 273 519 7,980 Washington...... 1,093 1,026 2,119 24 32 56 2,175 1,296 1,198 2,494 4,669 Wilcox........... 3,578 3,217 6,795 15 11 26 6,821 8,816 8,981 17,797 24,618 Winston........ 1,742 1,712 3, 454..................3,454 61 61 122 3,576 Total....... 270,271 256,160 526,431 1,254 1,436 2,690 529,121 217,766 217,314 435,080 964,201 NOTE-160 Indians included in white population. 246 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE NO. 41-Population of the United States by Counties, &c.-Continued. STATE OF ARKANSAS. WHITES. FREE COLORED. Total SLAVES., Total ~~~~~~Agg'te COUNTIES. ----------------— free. populaMale. Female. Total. Male. Fern. Total. Male. Female. Total. tion. Arkansas..........2,094 1,829 3, 923 39...... 3,923 2,603 2,318 4,921 8,844 Ashley............2,592 2,237 4,829..................4,829 1,818 1,943 3,761 8,590 Benton......... 4,534 4,387 8,921 1..... 1 8,922 190 194 384 9,306 Bradley.......... 3,026 2,672 5,698.................. 5,698 1,263 1,427 2,690 8,388 Calhoun..........1,660 1,462 3,1 22..................3,122 492 489 981 4,103 Carroll............ 4,641 4,412 9,053................. 9,053 152 178 330 9,383 Chicot......... 1,011 711 1,722.....7...... 1,722 3,888 3,624 7,512 9,234 Clark............... 3,990 3,526 7,516 2 3 5 7,521 1,083 1,131 2,214 9,735 Columbia.........4,689 4,163 8,845 3 2 5 8,850 15814 1,785 3,599 12,449 Conway......... 3,104 2,791 5,895 5......... 5895 377 425 802 6,697 Crawford........3,597 3,389 6,986...... 6 6 6,992 403 455 858 7,850 Crittenden........1,522 1,051 2,573.................2,573 1,231 1,116 2,347 4,920 Craighead.........1,564 1,414 2,978...... 1 1 2,979 44 43 87 3,066 Dallas......... 2,508 2,280 4,788 I 1 4,789 1,865 1,629 3,494 8,283 Desha......;...... 1,532 1,123 2,655 8 12 20 2,675 1,955 1,829 3,784 6,459 Drew...........2,955 2,626 5,581.............. 5,581 1,725 1,772 3,497 9,078 Franklin..........3,319 3,011 6,330 4 2 6 6,336 493 469 962 7,298 Falton............2,086 1,850 3,936............... 3,936 33 55 88 4,024 Green.............2,934 2,720 5,654..................5,654 82 107 189 5,843 Hempstead.........4,618 3,971 8,589 2...... 2 8,591 2,733 2,665 5,398 13,989 Hot Spring........2,632 2,387 5,019 2 1 3 5,02 298 315 613 5,635 Independence.... 6,793 6,177 12,970............... 12,970 647 690 1,337 14,307 Izard............. 3,487 3,346 6,833.... 6,833 181 201 382 7,215 Jefferson..4.......,4,271 3,542 7,813 3 9 12 7,825 3,667 3,479 7,146 14,971 Johnson...........3,476 3,163 6,639....... 6,639 486 487 973 7,612 Jackson...........4,234 3,723 7,957...... 1 1 7,958 1,254 1,281 2,535 10,493 Lafayette........ 2,263 1,883 4,146 4 3 7 4,153 2,294 2,017 4,311 8,464 Lawrence........ 4,654 4.221 8,875 3...... 3 8,878 247 247 491 9,372 Madison...........3,793 3,651 7,444.............. 7,444 134 162 296 7,740 Marion............3,108 2,815 5,923 2 6 8 5,931 118 143 261 6,192 Mississippi....... 1,276 1,158 2,434.........2,434 746 715 1,461 3,895 Mbnroe............1,853 1,578 3,431..... 3,431 1,138 1,088 2,226 5,657 Montgomery...... 1,866 1,675 3,541..................3,541 48 44 92 3,633 Newton...........1,705 1,664 3,369.................. 3,369 12 12 21 3,393 Ouachita..........4,552 3,905 8,457 1...... 1 8,458 2,187 2,291 4,478 12,936 Perry.......... 1,138 1,024 2,162..... 2,162 152 151 303 2,465 Phillips.......... 3,363 2,559 5,932 1 3 4 5,936 4,675 4,266 8, 941 14,876 Pike.......... 2,017 1,781 3,798...... 3.....,798 114 113 227 4,025 Poinsett........ 1,368 1,167 2,535................ 2535 52 564,086 3,621 Polk.............. 2,109 1,981 4,090.........4,090 77 95 172 4,262 Pope.......... 3,600 3,305 6,905..................6,905 488 490 978 7,883 Prairie............3,M65 2,750 6,015.................. 6,015 1,412 1,427 2,839 8,854 Pulaski........... 4,555 3,632 8,187 -6 1 7 8,194 1,782 1,723 3,505 11,699 Randolph........ 3,079 2,823 5,902.................. 5,902 175 184 359 6,261 St. Francis....... 3,272 2,779 6,051.............. 6,051 1,324 1,297 2,621 8,672 Saline.......... 3,096 2,795 5,891.................. 5,891 361 388 749 6,640 Scott..........2.... 578 2,352 4,930............... 4,930 109 106 215 5,145 Searcy..........2,686 2,492 5,178..................5,178 49 44 93 5,271 Sebastian........4,499 4,058 8,557 1 1.... 8,558 311 369 680 9,238 Sevier............3,768 3,382 7,150.....7150 1,717 1,649 3,366 10,516 Union............ 3,194 2,763 5,957................ 5,957 3,161 3,170 6,331 12,288 Van Buren........2,664 2,493 5,157............. 5,157 93 107 200 5,357 Washington.......6,859 6,274 13,133 27 20 47 13,180 741 752 1,493 14,673 White............3,621 3,260 6,881 2 1 3 6,884 687 745 1,432 8,316 Yell.............. 2,838 2,497 5,335................ 5,335 523 475 998 6,333 Total...... 171,501 152,690 324,191 72 72 144 324,335 56,17454,941111,115 435,450 NOTE.-48 Indians included in white population. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 247 TABLE. No. 41.-Population of the United States by Counties, Sfc.-Continued. STATE OF CALIFORNIA. WHITES. FREE COL- INDIANS. HALF- CHINESE. 0. ORED. BREEDS. COUNTIES.. M. F. Total. M. F. Tot'l M. F. Total2 M. F. Tot'] M. F. Total Alameda....... 5,489 3,059 8,548 37 18 55 70 61 131............ 188 5 193 8,927 Amador........ 6,1512,101 8,252 65 23 88.............. 15 7 22 2,4681002,56810,930 Butte........... 7,770 1,967 9,737 57 14 71 98 23 121............ 2,111 662,17712,106 Calaveras...... 10,088 2,458 12,546 83 12 95.... I I............ 3,527 130 3,65716,2 Colusi......... 1,543 622 2,165 1b 7 25 48 20 68 4 3 7 9.... 9 2,274 Contra Costa.... 3,395 1,790 5,185 18 9 27 52 44 96 8 10 18 2.... 2 5,328 Del Norte...... 1,050 291 1,341 27 21 48 139 126 265.... 1 1 337 1 338 1,993 El Dorado...... 11,844 3,671 15,515 210 67 277 4 4 8............ 4,603 159 4,762 20,562 Fresno......... 774 225 999 3.... 3 18521442 3,294....... 304 5 309 4,605 Humboldt...... 1,721 777 2,498 5 1 6 59 69 128 17 25 24 13 37 2,694 Klamath.... 1,077 143 1,220 4 4 17 9 26 13 7 20 525 8 533 1,803 Los Angelos.... 5,712 3,509 9,221 59 28 87 1095 884 1,979 20 15 35 10 1 1 1,333 Mariposa....... 3,385 918 4,303 69 21 90 3 4 7............ 1,784 59 1,843 6,243 Marinn...... 2,339 758 3,097 22 1 23 85 45 130 47 33 80 4 4 3,334 Mendocino..... 2,037 868 2,905 3... 3 693 361 1,054............ 5 5 3,967 Merced........ 800 314 1,114 16 7 23 3 1 4............................ 1,141 Monterey....... 2,708 1,597 4,305 15 2 17 248 163 411........ 6 6 4,739 Napa.......... 3,445 2,003 5,448 33 22 55.l 1.....1.... 17.... 17 5,521 Nevada........ 11,457 2,681 14,138 111 45 156 3 2 5............ 2,064 83 2,147 16,446 Placer......... 8,507 2,312 10,819 43 9 52 5 2 7.2,347 45 2,392 13,270 Plumas......... 3,284 567 3,851 5... 5 84 24 108...... 399 399 4,363 Sacramento..... 14,738 6,954 21,692 308 160 468 186 65 251..... 1,527 204 1,731 24,142 Santa Barbara.. 1,816 1,362 3,178........... 220 145 365............................ 3,543 San Bernardino. 1,482 1,022 2,504 11 8 1 16891339 3,028.........5,551 Santa Clara... 7,426 4,399 11,825 52 35 87..................................... 11912 Santa Cruz..... 3,1481,764 4,912 22 10 3.....4,944 San Diego...... 850 399 1,249 7 1 816161451 3,067...................... 4,324 San Francisco.. 33,990 21,636 55,626 786 390 1176........................................56,802 San Joaquin.... 6,131 3,178 9,309 80 46126..........9,435 San Luis Obispo 1,098 672 1,770 9 3 12..................................... 1,782 San Mateo 2,211 935 3,146 44 24 68................................. 3,214 Shasta.. 3,295 1,023 4,318 32 10 42........................................ 4,360 Sierra.......... 9,793 1,537 11,330 40 17 57.......................................... 11,387 Siskiyon... 6,252 1,306 7,558 47 24 71......................................... 7,629 Solano......... 4,681 2,416 7,127 30 12 42....................................7..... 7,169 Sonoma.. 7,425 4,357 11,782 58 27 85.......................................11,867 Stanislaus...... 1,606 594 2,200 24 21 45.......................................... 2,245 Sutter.......... 2,390 970 3,360 18 12 30....................................3,390 Tehama........ 2,997 1,005 4,002 31 11 42.................... 4,044 Trinity......... 4,469 639 5,108 16 1 17................................ 5,115 Tulare......... 3,456 1,159 4,615 12 11 23......................................... 4,638 Tuolumne....12,575 3,488 16,063 12 37 161......................................... 16,229 Y olo........... 3,196 1,493 4,689 10 9 27......................................... 4,716 Yuba........... 10,255 3,180 13,435 150 83 233............13.........6.......... 13,668 Total.... 239,856 98, 149 338,005 2827 1259 4086 8269 6286 14,555 124 84 208,261 879-23,140 379,994 NOTE.-Included in white ppulatin, in the last twenty counties, excepting San Diego, there are 3,007 Indians, 28 halipbreeds, and 11,779 Chinese. 248 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. TABLE No. 41.-Population of the United States by Counties, 4c.-Continued. STATE OF CONNECTICUT. COUNTIES.. - populaMale. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. tion. Fairfield........................ 36,614 39,186 75,800 790 886 1,676 77,476 Hartford.................. 43,766 44,877 88,643 671 648 1,319 89,962 Litchfield....................... 23,001 23,206 46,207 577 534 1,111 47,318 Middlesex...................... 14,771 15,751 30,522 153 184 337 30,859 New Haven..................... 46,881 48,351 95,232 942 1,171 2,113 97,345 New London.................... 2989 3398 60,387 634 710 1,344 61,731 Tolland........................ 10,105 10,348 20,453 137 119 256 20,709 Windham...................... 16,731 17,545 34,276 232 239 471 34,747 Total.................... 221,858 229662 451,520 4,136 4,491 8,627 460,147 NOTE.-16 Indians included in white population. STATE OF DELAWARE. WHITES. FREE COLORED. SLAVES. Agg'te ~~~~~~~~~COUNTIES. Total COUNTIES. --------------------------— I —-----— free. populaMale. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Fern. Total. tion. Kent............ 10,614,9,716 20, 330 3,671 3,600 7,271 27,601 89 114 203 27,804 Newcastle........ 23,035 23,320 46,355 4,068 4,120 8,188 54,543 121 133 254 54,797 Sussex........... 12,291 11,613 23,904 2,150 2,220 4,370 28,274 650 691 1,341 29,615 Total........ 45,940 44,649 90,589 9,889 9,940 19,829 110,418 860 938 1,798 112,216 STATE OF FLORIDA. WHITES. FREE COLORED. SLAVES. Agg'te Total _ _ COUNTIES. - ----- free. populaMale. Female. Total. Male. Femrn. Total. Male. Female. Total. tion. Alachua.......... 2,034 1,733 3,767 4 4 8 3,775 2,263 2,194 4,457 8,232 Brevard.......... 136 88 224 1...... 1 225 8 13 21 246 Calhoun....... 442 453 895 17 10 27 922 254 270 524 1,446 Clay............. 716 672 1,388 4 3 7 1,395 268 251 519 1,914 Columbia......... 1,367 1,215 2,582 1...... 1 2,583 1052,583 1,058 1005 2,063 4,646 Dade............. 54 26 80 1...... 1 81 1 1 2 83 Duval............ 1,561 1,364 2,925 71 91 162 3,087 1,050 937 1,987 5,074 Escambia......... 2,034 1,620 3,654 77 76 153 3,807 1,076 885 1,961 5,768 Franklin......... 730 648 1,378 3 3 6 1,384 271 249 520 1,904 Gadsden.......... 2,085 1,896 3,981 2 4 6 3,987 2,809 2,600 5,409 9,396 Hamilton........ 1505 1,229 2,734 12 11 23 2,757 697 700 1,397 4,154 1Hernando*....... 500 500 1,000.................. 1,000 100 100 200 1,200 Hillsborough...... 1,291 1,124 2,415 2...... 2 2,417 264 300 564 2,981 Holmes........... 619 652 1,271 2 1 3 1,274 49 63 112 1,386 Jackson......... 2,757 2,506 5,263 26 17 43 5,306 2,442 2,461 4,903 10,209 Jefferson......... 1,764 1,734 [ 3,498 1 3 4 3,502 3,075 3, 299 6,374 9,876 * Estimated; no schedule returned. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EIGHTH CENSUS. 249 TABLE No. 41.-Population of the United States by Counties,