DR. WILLIAM SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE; COMPRISING ITS ANTIQUITIES, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, AND NATURAL HISTORY. REVISED AND EDITED BY PROFESSOR 1t. B. EHACKETT, )D.D. WITH THE COOPEIRATION OF EZRA ABBOT, A.M., A.A. S. ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN OF HARVARD COLLEGE. VOLUME I. A TO GENNESARET, LAND OF, -= —-= —-- -- Jerusalem. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY HURD AND HOUGJITON. 459 BROOME STREET. 1868. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by HURD AND HOUGHTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. RIVERSIDE, CAIMBRIDGE: STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. THE reputation of Dr. William Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible " is now too well established to need any special commendation. It contains, by universal consent, the fruit of the ripest Biblical scholarship of England, and constitutes a library of itself (superseding the use of many books otherwise necessary) for the study and illustration of the Scriptures. As a whole, it is unquestionably superior to any sinilar Lexicon in our language, and cannot fail to maintain this rank for a long period to come. In this American edition, the Publishers reprint the entire work, without abridgment or change, except the correction of typographical errors, or an occasional verbal inaccuracy, and of mlistakes in quotation and reference. At the same time, the reprinting of this Dictionary, after the lapse of several years since its first publication, and of a still longer time since the preparation of many of the articles, affords an opportunity to give to it some new features, required by the progressive nature of Biblical science, and adapting it more perfectly to the wants of' stu(lents of the Bible in our own country. Among the characteristics in which the American edition differs finom the English, are the following:- 1. The contents of the Appendix, embracing one hundred and sixteen pages, and treating of subjects overlooked or imperfectly handled in the first volume, have been inserted in their proper places in the body of the work. 2. The numerous Scripture references, on thd accuracy of which'he value of a Bible Dictionary so much depends, have all been verified anew. The corrections found necessary in these references, and silently made, amount to more than a thousand. Many other mistakes in quotation and reference have been corrected during the revision of the work. 3. The system of cross-references from one article to another, so indispensable for enabling us to know what the Dictionary contains on related but separated subjects, has been carried much further in this edition than in the English. 4. The signification of' the Hebrew and, to some extent, of the Greek names of persons and places has been given in English, according to the best authorities (Simonis, Gesenius, Dietrich, Fiirst, Pape) on this intricate subject. We have such definitions occasionally in the original work, but on no consistent plan. The Scripture names reveal to us a striking peculiarity of the oriental mind, and often throw light on the personal history and the geography of the Bible. 5. The accentuation of proper names has required adjustment. Dr. Smith's "Concise Dictionary of the Bible " differs here widely from the larger work; and in both, forms perfectly analogous are differently accented, in many instances, without apparent reason. In the present edition, this subject has received careful attention; and in respect to that large class of names whose pronunciation cannot be regarded as settled by usage, an attempt has been made to secure greater consistency by the application of fixed principles. 6. The English edition, at the beginning of each article devoted to a proper name, professes to give " the corresponding fbrms in the Hebrew, Greek, and Vulga.te, together with the variations in the two great manuscripts of' the Septuagint, which are often curious and worthy of notice." But this plan has been very imnperfectly carried out so far as relates to the fobrms in the Septuagint and Vulgate, especially in the first volume. The readings of the Vatican manuscript are very (iii) iv PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. rarely given where they differ from those of the Roman edition of 1587, -a case which frequently occurs, though this edition is, to a great extent, founded on that manuscript; and those of the Alexandrine manuscript are often ignored. The present edition of the Dictionary seeks to supply these defects; and not only have the readings of the Roman text (as given by Tischendorf) been carefully noted, with the variations of the Vatican and Alexandrine manuscripts as edited by Mai and Baber, but also those of the two other leading editions of the Septuagint, the Complutensian and the Aldine, and of the Codex Sinaiticus, whenever the forms given in them accord more nearly with the Hebrew, or on other accounts seem worthy of notice. To these last two editions, in the Apocrypha especially, we must often look for the explanation of the peculiar spelling of many proper names in the common English version. Many deviations of the later editions of this version from the first edition (1611), important as affecting the orthography of Hebrew proper names, have also been detected and pointed out. 7. The amount of Scripture illustration derived from a knowledge of Eastern customs and traditions, as made known to us so much more fully at the present (lay by missionaries and travellers in the lands of the Bible, has been largely increased. More fiequent remarks also have been made on difficult texts of Scripture, for the most part in connection with some leading word in them, with which the texts are naturally associated. 8. The obsolete words and phrases in the language of the English Bible, or those which, though not obsolete, have changed their meaning, have been explained, so as to supply, to some extent, the place of a glossary on that subject. Such explanations will be found under the head of such words, or in connection with the subjects to which they relate. 9. On various topics omitted in the English work, but required by Dr. Smith's plan, new articles have been inserted in the American edition, with additions to others which seem not fully to represent our present knowledge or the state of critical opinion on the subjects discussed. The bibliographical references have been greatly increasedl, and care has been taken to mention the new works of value, or new editions of works in geography, philology, history, and exegesis, in our own or other languages, which have appeared since the original articles were written. Further, all the new wood-cuts in the Abridged English edition, illustrating some of the most important subjects in geography and arekheology, but not contained in the Unabridged edition, are inserted in the present work. Many additional views of Scripture scenes and places have been introduced from other more recent publications, or engraved from photographs. 10. Fuller recognition has been made of the names and works of American scholars, both as an act of justice to them as co-workers with those of other lands in this department of study, and still more as due to American readers. It must be useful certainly to our own students to be referred to books within their reach, as well as to those which they are unable to consult, and to books also which more justly represent our own tendencies of thought and modes of statement, than can be true of those prepared for other and foreign communities. References are made not only to books of American writers, but to valuable articles in our Periodicals, which discuss questions of theological and Biblical interest. In addition to the aid of Mr. Abbot (who has had special charge of the proofrea(ling, the orthobpy, and the verification of references to the original texts and ancient versions of' the Bible, and has also given particular attention to the bibliography), the editor has had the cooperation of eminent American scholars, as will be seen by the list of namnes subjoined to that of the writers in the English edition. It is proper to add that the Arabic words in the Dictionary have been revised by the Rev. Dr. Van Dyck, one of the translators of the modern Arabic Bible, or by Professor Salisbury, of Yale College. H. B. HACKETT. NEWTON CENTRE, December 20, 1867. PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.:THF present work is designed to render the same service in the study of the Bible as the Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Biography, and Geography have done in the study of the classical writers of antiquity. Within the last few years Biblical studies have received a fresh impulse; and the. researches of modern scholars, as well as the discoveries of modern travellers, have thrown new and unexpected light upon the history and geography of the East. It has, therefore, been thought that a new Dictionary of the Bible, founded on a fresh examination of the original documents, and embodying the results of the most recent researches and discoveries, would prove a valuable addition to the literature of the country. It ha~ been the aim of the Editor and Contributors to present the information in such -a form as to meet the wants, not only of theological students, but also of that larger class of persons who, without pursuing theology as a profession, are anxious to study the Bible with the aid of the latest investigations of the best scholars. Accordingly, while the requirements of the learned have always been kept in view, quotations from the ancient languages have been sparingly introduced, and generally in paren; theses, so as not to interrupt the continuous perusal of the work. It is confidently believed that the articles will be found both intelligible and interesting even to those who have no knowledge of the learned languages; and that such persons will experience no difficulty in reading the book through from beginning to end. The scope and object of the work may be briefly defined. It is a Dictionary of the Bible, and not of Theology. It is intended to elucidate the antiquities, biograt. phy, geography, and natural history of the Old Testament, New Testament, and Apocrypha; but not to explain systems of theology, or discuss points of controversial divinity. It has seemed, however, necessary in a " Dictionary of the Bible," to give a fihll account of the Book, both as a whole and in its separate parts. Accordingly, articles are inserted not only upon the general subject, such as "Bible,"" Apocrypha," and " Canon," and upon the chief ancient versions, as " Septuagint" and "Vulgate," but also upon each of the separate books. These articles are naturally some of the most important in the work, and occupy considerable space, as will be seen by referring to " Genesis," " Isaiah," and " Job." The Editor believes that the work will be found, upon examination, to be far more complete in the subjects which it professes to treat than any of its predecessors. No other dictionary has yet attempted to give a -complete list of the proper names occurring in the Old and New Testaments, to say nothing of those in the Aporyp'ha. The present work is intended to contain every name, and, in the case of minor names, references to every passage in the Bible in which each occurs. It is true: that many of the names are those of comparatively obscure persons and places; but this is no reason for their omission.:On the contrary, it is precisely:for such articles that a dictionary is most needed. An account of the more important persons and places occupies a prominent position in historical and geographical works; but of the less conspicuous names no information can be obtained in ordinary books of reference. Accordingly many names, which have been either entirely omitted or cursorily treated in other dictionaries, have had considerable space devoted to them; the result beingthat much curious and sometimes important knodl(v) vi PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION. edge has been elicited respecting subjects of which little or nothing was previously known. Instances may be seen by referring to the articles " Ishmael, son of Nethaniah," "Jareb," "Jedidiah," "Jehosheba." In the alphabetical arrangement the orthography of the Authorized Version has been invariably followed. Indeed the work might be described as a Dictionary of the Bible, according to the Authorized Version. But at the commencement of each article devoted to a proper name, the corresponding forms in the Hebrew, Greek, and Vulgate are given, together with the variations in the two great manuscripts of the Septuagint, which are often curious and well worthy of notice. All inaccuracies in the Authorized Version are likewise carefully noted. In the composition and distribution of the articles three points have been especially kept in view - the insertion of copious references to the ancient writers and to the best modern authorities, as much brevity as was consistent with the proper elucidation of the subjects, and facility of reference. To attain the latter object an explanation is given, even at the risk of some repetition, under every word to which a reader is likely to refer, since it is one of the great drawbacks in the use of a dictionary to be referred constantly from one heading to another, and frequently not to find at last the infbrmation that is wanted. Many names in the Bible occur also in the classical writers, and are therefore ineluded in the Classical Dictionaries already published. But they have in all cases been written anew for this work, and from a Biblical point of view. No one would expect in a Dictionary of the Bible a complete history of Alexandria, or a detailed life of Alexander the Great, simply because they are mentioned in a few passages of the Sacred Writers. Such subjects properly belong to Dictionaries of Classical Geography and Biography, and are only introduced here so far as they throw light upon Jewish history, and the Jewish character and faith. The same remark applies to all similar articles, which, far from being a repetition of those contained in the preceding dictionaries, are supplementary to them, affording the Biblical information which they did not profess to give. In like manner it would obviously be out of place to present such an account of the plants and animals mentioned in the Scriptures, as would be appropriate in systematic treatises on Botany or Zoology. All that can be reasonably required, or indeed is of any real service, is to identify the plants and animals with known species or varieties, to discuss the difficulties which occur in each subject, and to explain all allusions to it by the aid of modern science. In a work written by various persons, each responsible for his own contributions, differences of opinion must naturally occur. Such differences, however, are both fewer and of less importance than might have been expected from the nature of the subject; and in some difficult questions - such, for instance, as that of the " Brethren of our Lord " — the Editor, instead of endeavoring to obtain uniformity, has considered it an advantage to the reader to have the arguments stated from different points of view. An attempt has been made to insure, as far as practicable, uniformity of reference to the most important books. In the case of two works of constant occurrence in the geographical articles, it may be convenient to mention that all references to Dr. Robinson's " Biblical Researches" and to Professor Stanley's " Sinai and Palestine," have been uniformly made to the second edition of the former work (London, 1856, 3 vols.), and to the fourth edition of the latter (London, 1857). The Editor cannot conclude this brief explanation without expressing his obliga.tions to the writers of the various articles. Their names are a sufficient guarantee for the value of their contributions; but the warm interest they have taken in the book, and the unwearied pains they have bestowed upon their separate departments, demand from the Editor his grateful thanks. There is, however, one writer to whom he owes a more special acknowledgment. Mr. George Grove of Sydenham, besides contributing the articles to which his initial is attached, has rendered the Editor important assistance in writing the majority of the articles on the more ob PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION. vii scure names in the first volume, in the correction of the proofs, and in the revision of the whole book. The Editor has also to express his obligations to Mr. William Aldis Wright, Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge, and to the Rev. Charles P. Phinn of Chichester, for their valuable assistance in the correction of- the proofs, as well as to Mr. E. Stanley Poole, for the revision of the Arabic words. Mr. Aldis Wright has likewise written in the second and third volumes the more obscure names to which no initials are attached. It is intended to publish shortly an Atlas of Biblical Geography, which, it is believed, will form a valuable supplement to the Dictionary. WILLIAM SMITH. LONDoN, November. 1863. WRITERS IN THE ENGLISH EDITION. UNITIAIS. NAMES. H. A. Very Rev. HENRY ALFORD, D. D., Dean of Canterbury. H. B. Rev. HENRY BAILEY, B. D., Warden of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. H. B. Rev. HORATIUS BONAR, D. D., Kelso, N. B.; Author of " The Land of Promise." [The geographical articles, signed H. B., are written by Dr. Bonar: those on other subjects, signed H. B., are written by Mr. Bailey.] A. B. Rev. ALFRED BARRY, B. D., Principal of Cheltenham College; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. W. L. B. Rev. WILLIAM LATHAM BEVAN, M. A., Vicar of Hay, Brecknockshire. J. W. B. Rev. JOSEPH WILLIAMS BLAKESLEY, B. D., Canon of Canterbury; late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. T. E. B. Rev. THOMAS EDWARD BROWN, M. A., Vice-Principal of King William's College, Isle of Man; late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. R. W. B. Ven. ROBERT WILLIAM BROWNE, M. A., Archdeacon of Bath, and Canon of Wells. E. H. B. Right Rev. EDWARD HAROLD BROWNE, D. D., Lord Bishop of Ely. W. T. B. Rev. WILLIAM THOMAS BULLOCK, M. A., Assistant Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. S. C. Rev. SAMUEL CLARK, M. A., Vicar of Bredwardine with Brobury, Herefordshire. F. C. C. Rev. FREDERIC CHARLES COOK, M. A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. G. E. L. C. Right Rev. GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH COTTON, D. D., late Lord Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India. J. L1. D. Rev. JOHN LLEWELYN DAVIES, M. A., Rector of Christ Church, Marylebone; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. G. E. D. Prof. GEORGE EDWARD DAY, D. D., Yale Collee, New Haven, Conn. E. D. EMANUEL DEUTSCII, M. R. A. S., British Museum. W. D. Rev. WILLIAM DRAKE, M. A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. E. P. E. Rev. EDWARD PAROISSIEN EDDRUP, M. A., Principal of the Theological College, Salisbury. C. J. E. Right Rev. CHARLES JOHN ELLICOTT, D. D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. F. W. F. Rev. FREDERICK WILLIAM FARRAR, M. A., Assistant Master of Harrow School; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. J. F. JAMIES FERGUSSON, F. R. S., F. R. A. S., Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. E. S. Ff. EDWARD SALUSBURY FFOULKES, M. A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. WT. F. Right Rev. WILLIAM FITZGERALD, D. D., Lord Bishop of Killaloe. (viii) LIST OF WRITERS. ix INITIALS. NAMES. F. G. Rev. FRANCIS GARDEN, M. A., Subdean of Her Majesty's Chapels Royal. F. W. G. Rev. F. WILLIAM GOTCH, IL. D., President of the Baptist College, Bristol; late Hebrew Examiner in the University of London. G. GEORGE GROVIE, Crystal Palace, Sydenham. H. B. H. Prof. HORATIO BALCIH HACKETT, D. D., LL. D., Theological Institution, Newton, Mass. E. H-s. Rev. ERNEST HAWVKINS, B. D., Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. H. H. Rev. HENRY HAYMAN, B. D., Head Master of the Grammar School, Cheltenham; late Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford. A. C. H. Ven. Lord ARTHUR CHARLES HERnVEY, M. A., Archdeacon of Sudbury, and Rector of Ickworth. J. A. H. Rev. JAMES AUGUSTUS HESSEY, D. C. L., Head Master of Merchant Taylors' School. J. D. E-I. JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M. D., F. R. S., Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. J. J. H. Rev. JAMES JOHN HORNBY, M. A., Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford; Principal of Bishop Cosin's Hall. W. H. Rev. WILLIAM HOUGHTON, M. A., F. L. S., Rector of Preston on the Weald Moors, Salop. J. S. H. Rev. JOHN SAUL HowSON, D. D., Principal of the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool. E. H. Rev. EDGAR HUXTABLE, M. A., Subdean of Wells. W. B. J. Rev. WILLIAM BASIL JONES, M. A., Prebendary of York and of St. David's; late Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford. A. H. L. AUSTEN HENRY LAYARD, D. C. L., M. P. S. L. Rev. STANLEY LEATHES, M. A., M. R. S. L., Hebrew Lecturer in King's College, London. J. B. L. Rev. JOSEPH BARBER LIGHTFOOT, D. D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. D. W. M. Rev. D. W. MARKS, Professor of Hebrew in University College, London. F. M. Rev. FREDERICK MEYRICK, M. A., late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford. OPPERT. Prof. JULES OPPERT, of Paris. E. R. O. Rev. EDWARD REDMAN ORGER, M. A., Fellow and Tutor of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury. T. J. 0. Ven. THOMAS JOHNSON ORMEROD, M. A., Archdeacon of Suffolk; late Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. J. J. S. P. Rev. JOHN JAMES STEWART PEROWNE, B. D., Vice-Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter. T. T. P. Rev. THOMAS THOMASON PEROWNE, B. D., Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. H. W. P. Rev. HENRY WRIGHT PHILLOTT, M. A., Rector of Staunton-on-Wye, Herefordshire; late Student of Christ Church, Oxford. E. H. P. Rev. EDWARD HAYES PLUMPTRE, M. A., Professor of Divinity in King's College, London. E. S. P. EDWARD STANLEY POOLE, M. R. A. S., South Kensington Museum. R. S. P. REGINALD STUART POOLE, British Museum. J. L. P. Rev. J. LESLIE PORTER, M. A., Professor of Sacred Literature, Assern. X LIST OF WRITERS. DITUIALS. NAMES. bly's College, Belfast; Author of" Handbook of Syria and Palestine," and "Five Years in Damascus." C. P. Rev. CHARLES PRITCHARD, M. A., F. R. S., Hon. Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. G. R. Rev. GEORGE RAWLINSON, M. A., Camden Professor of Ancient History, Oxford. H. J. R. Rev. HENRY JOHN ROSE, B. D., Rural Dean, and Rector of Houghton Conquest, Bedfordshire. W. S. Rev. WILLIAM SELWYN, D. D., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen; Lady Margaret's Professor of' Divinity, Cambridge; Canon of Ely. A. P. S. Rev. ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY, D. D., Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford; Chaplain to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. C. E. S. Prof. CALVIN ELLIS STOWE, D. D., Hartford, Conn. J. P. T. Rev. JOSEPH PARRISH THOMPSON, I). D., New York. W. T. Most Rev. WILLIAM TIIOMSON, D. D., Lord Archbishop of York. S. P. T. SAMUEL PRIDEAUX TREGELLES, LL. D., Author of " An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament," &c. H. B. T. Rev. HENRY BAKER TRISTRAM, M. A., F. L. S., Master of Greatham Hospital. J. F. T. Rev. JOSEPH FRANCIS THRUPP, M. A., Vicar of Barrington; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. E. T. Hon. EDWARD T. B. TWISLETON, M. A., late Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. E. V. Rev. EDMUND VENABLES, M. A., Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. B. F. W. Rev. BROOKIE FOSS WESTCOTT, M. A., Assistant Master of Harrow School; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. C. W. Rev. CHRISTOPHER WORDSWO}RTH, D. D., Canon of Westminster. W. A. W. WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT, M. A., Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge. WRITERS IN THE AMERICAN EDITION. A. EZRA ABBOT, M. A., A. A. S., Assistant Librarian of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. S. C. B. Prof. SAMUEL COLCORD BARTLETT, D. D., Theol. Sem., Chicago, Ill. T. J. C. Rev. THOMAS JEFFERSON CONANT, D. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. G. E. D. Prof: GEORGE EDWARD DAY, D. D., Yale College, New Haven, Conn G. P. F. Prof. GEORGE PARn FISHER, D. D., Yale College, New Haven, Conn. F. G. Prof. FREDERIC GARDINER, M. A., Middletown, Conn. D. R. G. Rev. DANIEL RAYNES GOODWIN, D. D., Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. H. Prof. HORATIO BALCH HACKETT, D. D., LL. D., Theological Institution, Newton, Mass. IT. H. Prof. JAMES HADLEY, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. A. H. Prof. ALVAH HOVEY, D. D., Theological Institution, Newton, Mass. LIST OF WRITERS. xi INUTIALS. NAMES. A. C. K. Prof. ASAHEL CLARK KENDRICK, D. D., University of Rochester, N. Y. E. A. P. Prof: EDWARDS AMASA PARK, D. D., Theol. Seminary, Andover, Mass. A. P. P. Prof. ANDREW PRESTON PEABODY, D. D., LL. D., Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. G. E. P. Rev. GEORGE E. POST, M. D., Tripoli, Syria. R. D. C. R. Prof. RENSSELAER DAVID CHANCEFORD ROBBINS, Middlebury College, Vt. P. S. Rev. PHILIP SCHAFF, D. D., New York. W. G. T. S. Prof. WILLIAM GREENOUGH THAYER SIEDD, D. D., Union Theological Seminary, New York. H. B. S. Pr1of. HENRY BOYNTON SMITH, D. D., LL. D., Union Theological Seminary, New York. C. E. S. Rev. CALVIN ELLIS STOWE, D. D., Hartford, Conn. D. S. T. Prof. DANIEL SMITH TALCOTT, D. D., Theol. Seminary, Bangor, Me. J. H. T. Prof. JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, M. A., Theol. Seminary, Andover, Mass. J. P. T. Rev. JOSEPH PARRISH THOMPSON, D. D., New York. C. V. A. V. Rev. CORNELIUS V. A. VAN DYCII, D. D., Beirft, Syria. W. F. W. Prof. WILLIAM FAIRFIELD WARREN, D. D., Methodist Episcopal Seminary, Mass. S. W. Rev. SAMUEL WOLCOTT, D. D., Cleveland, Ohio. T. D. W. President THEODORE DWIGHT W OOLSEY, D. D., LL. D., Yale College, New Haven, Conn. *A* The new portions in the present edition are indicated by a star (*), the editorial additions being distinguished by the initials H. and A. Whatever is enclosed in brackets is also, with unimportant exceptions, editorial. This remark, however, does not apply to the cross-references in brackets, most of which belong to the original work, though a large number have been added to this edition. ABBREVIATIONS. Ald. The Aldine edition of the Septuagint, 1518. Alex. The Codex Alexandrinus (5th cent.), edited by Baber, 1816-28. Comp. The Septuagint as printed in the Complutensian Polyglott, 1514-17, published 1522. FA. The Codex Friderico-Augustanus (4th cent.), published by Tischendorf in 1846. Rom. The Roman edition of the Septuagint, 1587. The readings of the Septuagint for which no authority is specified are also from this source. Sin. The Codex Sinaiticus (4th cent.), published by Tischendorf in 1862. This and FA. are parts of the same manuscript. Vat. The Codex Vaticanus 1209 (4th cent.), according to Mai's edition, published by Vercellone in 1857. "Vat. H." denotes readings of the MS. (differing from Mai), given in Holmes and Parsons's edition of the Septuagint, 17981827. " Vat.' " distinguishes the primary reading of the MS. from " Vat.2" or " 2. m.," the alteration of a later reviser. WRITERS IN THE ENGLISH EDITION. INITIALS. NAVIES. H. A. Very Rev. HENRY ALFORD, D. D., Dean of Canterbury. H. B. Rev. HENRY BAILEY, B. D., Warden of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. H. B. Rev. HORATIUS BONAR, D. D., Kelso, N. B.; Author of "The Land of Promise." [The geographical articles, signed H. B., are written by Dr. Bonar: those on other subjects, signed H. B., are wvritten by Mr. Bailey.] A. B. Rev. ALFRED BARRY, B. D., Principal of Cheltenham College; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. W. L. B. Rev. WILLIAM LATHAM BEVAN, M. A., Vicar of Hay, Brecknockshire. J. W. B. Rev. JOSEPH WILLIAMS BLAKESLEY. B. D., Canon of Canterbury; late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. T. E. B. Rev. THOMAS EDWARD BROWN, M. A., Vice-Principal of King William's College, Isle of Man; late F'ellow of Oriel College, Oxford. R. W. B. Ven. ROBERT W~ILLIAM BROWNE, M. A., Archdeacon of Bath, and Canon of ]Wells. E. H. B. Right Rev. EDWARD HAROLD BROWNE, iD. D., Lord Bishop of Ely. W. T. B. Rev. WILLIAM THOMAS BULLOCK, M. A., Assistant Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. S. C. Rev. SAMUEL CLARK, M. A., Vicar of Bredwardine with Brobury, Herefordshire. F. C. C. Rev. FREDERIC CHARLES COOK, M. A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. G. E. L. C. Right Rev. GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH COTTON, D. D., late Lord Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India. J. Ll. D. Rev. JOHN LILEWELYN~ DAVIWS, M. A., Rector of Christ Church, Marylebone; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. G. E. D. Prof. GEORGE EDWARD DAY, D. D., Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio. E. D. EMANUEL DEUTSCH, M. R. A. S, British Museum. W. D. Rev. WILLIAM DRAKE, M. A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. E. P. E. Rev. EDwARD PAROISSIEN EDDRUP, M. A., Principal of the Theological College, Salisbury. C. J. E. Right Rev. CHARLES JOHN ELLICOTT, D. D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. F. W. F. Rev. FREDERICK WRILLIAM FARRAR, MI. A., Assistant Master of Harrow School; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. J. F. JAMES FERGUSSON, F. R. S., F. R. A. S., Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. E. S. Ff. EDWARD SALUSBURY FFOULKES, M. A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. W. F. Right Rev. WILLIAM FITZGERALD, D. D., Lord Bishop of Killaloe. (iii\ iv LIST OF WRITERS. INITIALS. NAMES. F. G. Rev. FRANCIS GARDEN, M. A., Subdean of Her Majesty's Chapels Royal. F. W. G. Rev. F. WILLIAM GOTCH, IL. D., President of the Baptist College, Bristol; late Hebrew Examiner in the University of London. G. GEORGE GROVE, Crystal Palace, Sydenham. H. B. H. Prof. HORATIO BALCII HACKETT, D. D., LL. D., Theological Institution, Newton, Mass. E. H-s. Rev. ERNEST HAWKINS, B. D., Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. H. H. Rev. HENRY HAYMAN, B. D., Head Master of the Grammar School, Cheltenham; late Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford. A. C. H. Ven. Lord ARTHUR CHARLES HERVEY, M. A., Archdeacon of Sudbury, and Rector of Ickworth. J. A. H. Rev. JAMES AUGUSTUS HESSEY, D. C. L., Head Master of Merchant Taylors' School. j. D. H. JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M. D., F. R. S., Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. J. J. H. Rev. JAMES JOHN HORNBY, M. A., Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford; Principal of Bishop Cosin's Hall. W. H. Rev. WILLIAM HOUGHTON, M. A., F. L. S., Rector of Preston on the W~eald Moors, Salop. J. S. Ho. Rev. JOHN SAUL HOWSON, D. D., Principal of the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool. E. H. Rev. EDGAR HUXTAiLE, M. A., Subdean of Wells. W. B. J. Rev. WILLIAM BASIL JONES, M. A., Prebendary of York and of St. David's; late Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford. A. H. L. AUSTEN HENRY LAYARD, D. C. L., M. P. S. L. Rev. STANLEY LEATHES, M. A., M. R. S. L., Hebrew Lecturer in King's College, London. J. B. L. Rev. JOSEPH BARBER LIGHTFOOT, D. D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. D. W. M. Rev. D. gW. MARKS, Professor of Hebrew in University College, London. F. M. Rev. FREDERICK MEYRICK, M. A., late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxfbrd. OPPERT. Prof. JULES OPPERT, of Paris. E. R. O. Rev. EDWARD REDMAN ORGER, M. A., Fellow and Tutor of St. AnuLustine's College, Canterbury. T. J. 0. Ven. THOMAS JOHNSON ORMEROD, M. A., Archdeacon of Suffolk; late Fellow of' Brasenose College, Oxford. J. J. S. P. Rev. JOHN JAMES STEWART PEROWNE, B. D., Vice-Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter. T. T. P. Rev. THOMAS THOMASON PEROWNEI, B. D., Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. H. W.. P. Rev. HENRY WRIGHT PHILLOTT, M. A., Rector of Statunton-on-Wye, Herefordshire; late Student of Christ Church, Oxford. E. H. P. Rev. EDWARD HAYES PLUMPTRE, M. A., Professor of Divinity in King's College, London. E. S. P. EDWARD STANLEY POOLE, M. R. A. S., South Kensington Museum. R. S. P. REGINALD STUART POOLE, British Museum. J. L. P. Rev. J. LESLIE PPORTER, M. A., Professor of Sacred Literature, Assenl LIST OF WRITERS. v UK1TIALS. NAMES. bly's College, Belfast; Author of " Handbook of Syria and Palestine," and " Five Years in Damascus." C. P. Rev. CHARLES PRITCHARD, M. A., F. R. S., Hon. Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. G. R. Rev. GEORGE RAWLINSON, M. A., Camden Professor of Ancient History, Oxford. H. J. R. Rev. HENRY JOHN ROSE, B. D., Rural Dean, and Rector of Houghlton Conquest, Bedfordshire. W. S. Rev. WILLIAM SELWYN, D. D., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen; Lady Margaret's Professor of' Divinity, Cambridge; Canon of Ely. A. P. S. Rev. ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY, D. D., Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford; Chaplain to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. C. E. S. Prof. CALVIN ELLIS STOWE, D. D., Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. J. P. T. Rev. JOSEPH PARRISH THOMPSON, 1). D., New York. IW. T. Most Rev. WILLIAM THOMSON, D. I)., Lord Archbishop of York. S. P. T. SAMUEL PRIDEAUX TREGELLES, LL. D., Author of " An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament," &c. H. B. r. Rev. HENRY BAKER TRISTRAM, M. A., F. L. S., Master of Greatham Hospital. J. F. T. Rev. JOSEPH FRANCIS THRUPP, Mi/. A., Vicar of Barrington; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. E. T. Hon. EDWARD T. B. TWISLETON, MI. A., late Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. E. V. Rev. EDMUND VEINABLES, M. A., Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. B. F. W. Rev. BROOKE Foss WESTCOTT, M. A., Assistant Master of Harrow School; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. C. W. Rev. CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D. D., Canon of' Westminster. W. A. W. \aILLIAM ALDIS WRIGIIT, {.; A,, Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridg'e. WRITERS IN THE AMERICAN EDITION. A. EZRA ABBOT, M. A., A. A. S., Assistant Librarian of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. S. C. B. Prof. SAMUEL COLCORD BARTLE TT, D. D., Theol. Sem., Chicago, Ill. T. J. C. Rev. THOMAS JEFFERSON CONANT, D. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. G. E. D. Prof: GEORGE EDWARD DAY, D. D., Yale College, New Haven, Corn G. P. F. Prof. GEORGE PARK FISHFER, D. D., Yale College, New Haven, Conn. F. G. Prof. FREDERIC GARDINER, Knox College, Gainbier, Ohio. D. R. G. Rev. DANIEL RAYNES GOODWIN, D. D., Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. H. Prof: HORATIO BALCH HACKETT, D. D., LL. D., Theological Institution, Newton. Mass. A. H. Prot: ALVAH HOVEY, D. D., Theological Institution, Newton, Mass. wvi LIST OF WRITERS. INITIALS. NAMES. A. C. K. Prof. ASAHEL CLARK KIFSNDRICK, D. D., University of Rochester, N. Y. E. A. P. Prof. EDWARDS AMASA PARK, D. D., Theol. Seminary, Andover, Mass. A. P. P. Prof. ANDRE W PRESTON PEABODY, D. D., LL. D., Harvard College, Camnbridge, Mass. G. E. P. Rev. GEORGE E. POST, M. 1)D., Tripoli, Syria. R. D. C. R. Prof. RENSSELAER DAVID CHANCEFORD ROBBINS, Middlebury Colle'e, Vt. P. S. Rev. PHILIP SCHAFF, D. D., New York. W. G. T. S. Prof. VWILLIAMH GREENOUGH THAYER SHEDD, D. D., Union Theological Seminary, New York. H. B. S. Prof. HE NRY BOYNTON SMITH, D. D., ItL. D., Union Theological Seminary, New York. C. E. S. RIev. CALVIN ELLIS STOWE, D. D., Hartford, Conn. D. S. T. Prof. DANIEL SMITH TALCOTT, D. D., Theol. Seminary, Bangor, Me. J. P. T. Rev. JOSEPH PARRISH THOMPSON, D. D., New York. C. V. A. V. Rev. CORNEIUS V. A. VAN DYCKI D. D., Beirfit, Syria. W. F. W. Prof. WILLIAIM FAIRFIELD WARREIN, D. D., Methodist Episcopal Seminary, Mass. S. W. Rev. SAMUEL WOLCOTT, D. D., Cleveland, Ohio. T. D. W. President TIHEODORE DWIGHT WOOLSEY, D. D., LL. D., Yale College, New Haven, Conn. S.R* The new portions in the present edition are indicated by a star (*), the editorinAl additions being distinguished by the initials H. and A. Whatever is enclosed in brackcets is also, with unimportant exceptions, editorial. This remark, however, does not apply to the cross-references in brackets, most of which belong to the original work, though a large number have been adlded to this edition. ABBREVIATIONS. Ald. The Aldine edition of the Septuagint, 1518. Alex. The Codex Alexandrinus (5th cent.), edited by Baber, 1816-28. Comp. The Septuagint as printed in the Complutensian Polyglott, 1514-17, published 1522. FA. The Codex Friderico-Augustanus (4th cent.), published by Tischendorf in 1846. Rom. The Roman edition of the Septuagint, 1587. The readings of the Septuagint for which no authority is specified are also from this source. Sin. The Codex Sinaiticus (4tlh cent.), published by Tischendorf in 1862. This and FA. are parts of the same manuscript. Vat. The Codex Vaticanus 1209 (4th cent.), according to Mai's edition, published by Vercellone in 1857. " Vat. H." denotes readings of the MS. (differing from Mai), given in Holmes and Parsons's edition of the Septuagint, 17981827. " Vat. " distinguishes the primary reading of the MS. from " Vat. " or " 2. ml.," the alteration of a later reviser. DICTIONARY OF BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, AND NATURAL HISTORY. A AARON A'ALAR. [ADDAN.] speak His words to them. Aaron only approaches AA'RON (191h~ [perh. == — ] 1n mounl- with Nadab, and Abihu, and the seventy elders of m ss T F t.. Israel, by special commandcl near enough to see taineer, Ges.; or from't, enzlichtezed Fiirst]: a God's glory, but not so as to enter His ilmmeliate'Aapciv: Aaqron), the son of Armram ( presence. Left then, on iMoses' departure, to guide T. the people, he is tried for a momlent on his own kindrled of the Highest) and Jochebed (-...I.. responsibility and he fails, not from any direct whose glory is Jehovah), and the elder brother of unbelief on his own part, but from a weak inability Moses and Miriam (Num. xxvi. 59, xxxiii. 39). to withstand the demand of the people for visible He was a Levite, and, as the first-born, would c"gods to go before them." Possibly it seemed to naturally be the priest of the household, even before him prudent to make an image of Jehovah, in the any special appointment by God. Of his early history well-known forim of Egyptian idolatry (Apis or we know nothing, although, by the way in which Mnevis), rather than to risk the total alienation of he is first mentioned in Ex. iv. 14, as 4" Aaron the people to false gods; and his weakness was rethe Levite," it vould seem as if he had been warded by seeing a " feast of the Lord" (Ex. xxxii. already to some extent a leader in his tribe. All 5) degraded to the lowest forlm of heathenish senthat is definitely recorded of him at this time is, suality, and knowing, from Moses' words and deeds, that, in the same passage, he is described as one thlat the covenant with the Lord was utterly broken. "4-who could speak well." Judgicin from, the acts There can hardly be a stronger contrast with this of his life, we should suppose him to have been, weakness, and the self-convicted shame of his excuse,. like many eloquent men, a fman of impulsive and than the burning indignation of Moses, and his. comparatively unstable character, leaning almost stern decisive mleasures of vengeance; although wholly onl his brother; incapable of that endurance beneath these there lay an ardent affection, which. of loneliness and temptation, which is an element of went almost to the verge of presumption in prayer real greatness; but at the same time earnest in his for the people (Ex. xxxii. 19- 34), and gained fordevotion to God and man, and therefore capable of giveness for Aaron himself (Deut. ix. 20). sacrifice and of discipline by trial. It is not a little remarkable, that immediately His first office was to be the " Prophet," i. e. after this great sin, and almost as though it had (according to the proper meaning of the word), the not occurred, God's fore-ordained purposes were interpreter and i" Mouth " (Ex. iv. 16) of his broth- carried out in Aaron's consecration to the new office er, who was 4"slow of speech; " and accordingly of tile high-priesthood. Probably the fall and the he was not only the organ of communication with repentance from it may have made him one " who the Israelites and with Pharaoh (Ex. iv. 30, vii. 2), could have compassion on the ignorant, and them but also the actual instrument of working most who are out of the way, as being himself also comof the miracles of the Exodus. (See Ex. vii. passed with infirmity." The order of God for the 19, &c.) Thus also on the way to Mounlt Sinai, consecration is found in Ex. xxix., and the record during the battle with Amalek, Aaron is mentioned of its execution in Lev. viii.; and the delegated charwith Hur, as staying up the weary hands of Moses, acter of the Aaronic priesthood is clearly seen by when they were lifted up for the victory of Israel the fact, that, in this its inauguration, the priestly (not in prayer, as is sometimes explained, but) to office is borne by Moses, as God's truer representabear the rod of God (see Ex. xvii. 9). Through tire (see Heb. vii.). all this period, he is only mentioned as dependent'The form of consecration resembled other sacriupon his brother, and deriving all his authority ficial ceremonies in containing, first, a sin-offering, from him. The contrast between them is even the form of cleansing from sin and reconciliation more strongly marked on the arrival at Sinai. [SIN-OFlr, EINCG]; a burnt-offering, the symbol of Moses at once acts as the mediator (Gal. iii. 19) for entire devotion to God of the nature so purified the people, to come near to God for thenm, and to [BulRNTr-o FERING]; and a meat-offering, the a * Dietrich suggests (Ges. Heb. Heandsbi. 6te Aufl.) thaskful acknoleclgment and sanctifying of God's natural blessings [MEIAT-OFdERING]. It sad, howrnch, or ftcent, lilke'17ZI.. ever, besides these, the solenm assumption of the 2 AARON ABANA sacred robes (the garb of righteousness), the anoint- it from Abiathar, and restored it to Zadok (of the ing (the symbol of God's grace), and the offering of house of Eleazar), so fulfilling the prophecy of 1 the ram of consecration, the blood of which was Sam. ii. 30. A. B. sprinkled on Aaron and his sons, as upon the altar NB. In 1 Chr. xxvii 17 "Aaron and vessels of the ministry, in order to sanctify.. 17, "Aaron them for the service of God. The former ceremonies is counted as one of the "tribes of' Isael." represented the blessings and duties of the man, the AA'RONITES, THE (|'T S: O'AapS~Y. latter the special consecration of the priest. sti'ys Aaron, Aronitce). Descendants of Aaron, The solemnity of the office, and its entire de- and therefore priests, who, to the number of 3700 pendence for sanctity on the ordinances of God, fighting men, with Jehoiada the father of BIenaiah were vindicated by the death of Nadab and Abihu, at their head, joined David at Hebron (1 Chr. for s "offering strange fire " on the altar, and appa- xii. 27). Later on in the history (1 Chr. xxvii. 17) rently (see Lev. x. 9, 10) for doing so in drunken we find their chief was Zadok, who in the earlier recklessness. Aaron's checking his sorrow, so as at narrative was distinguished as "a young man least to refrain from all outward signs of it, would mighty of valor." They must have been an imbe a severe trial to an impulsive and weak character, portant family in the reign of David to be reckoned and a proof of his being lifted above himself by the among the tribes of Israel. W. A. W. office which he held. Froml this time the history of Aaron is almost AB (b_, IJther), an element in the composientirely that of the priesthood, and its chief feature tion of many proper names, of which Abba is a is the great rebellion of Korah and the Levites Chaldaic form, the syllable affixed giving the emagainst his sacerdotal dignity, united with that of phatic force of the definite article. Applied to God Dathan and Abiram and the Reubenites against the by Jesus Christ (Mark xiv. 36), and by St. Paul temporal authority of Moses [KORAH]. The true (Rom. viii. 15; Gal. iv. 6.) [ABBA.] Ri. W. B. vindication of the reality of Aaron's priesthood was AB. [MOTNTHS.] not so much the death of Korah by the fire of the AB'ACUC, 2 Esdr. i. 40. [HA3AKiUIK.] Lord, as the efficacy of his offering of incense to ABAD'DON, Rev. ix. 11. [APOLLYON.] stay the plague, by which he was seen to be accepted ABADIAS A [Ad. B:] Abas an intercessor for the people. The blooming of ABAD'AS ('Aaas; [Ald. Baas:] Abhis rod, which followed, was a miraculous sign, dlis). OBADIAH, the son of Jehiel (1 Eslr. viii. visible to all and capable of preservation, of God's 35). W. A. W. choice of him and his house. ABAG'THA (8,1=8: [ZaeOoxad; Alex. The only occasion on which his individual char- FA. ZviaOaO; Comp.'ABayaOd:] Abgatha), acter is seen, is one of presumption, prompted, as one of the seven eunuchs in the Persian court of before, chiefly by another, and, as before, speedily Ahasuerus (Esth. i. 10). In the LXX. the names repented of. The murmuring of Aaron and Miriam of these eunuchs are different. The word contains against Moses clearly proceeded from their trust, the same root which we find in the Persian names the one in his priesthood, the other in her prophetic Biytha (Esth. i. 10), Bigthaln (Esth. ii. 21), Bijginspiration, as equal commissions from God (Num. t/hana (Esth. vi. 2), and Bacoas.' Bohlen explains xii. 2). It seems to have vanished at once before it from the Sanscrit bayaddita, " given by fortune," the declaration of Moses' exaltation above all proph- fiom baga, fortune, the sun. ecy and priesthood, except that of One who was to come; and, if we may judge from the direction AB'ANA (,:: b'Aavc; [Vat. H. (Vat.2 of the punishment, to have originated mainly with Mai) ApBava; Alex. Naeaava; Comp.'AguavYd:] Miriam. On all other occasions he is spoken of as Abana), one of the " rivers (1li17) of Damasacting with Moses in the guidance of the people. T: Leaning as he seems to have done wholly on him, it cus " (2 K. v. 12). The Barada (Xpvef op0a3 of is not strange that he should have shared his sin at the Greeks) and the dwecJ are now the chief streams Meribah, and its punishment [M3osEs] (Nu1m. xx. of Damascus, and there can be little doubt that the 10 - 12). As that punishment seems to have purged former of these represents the Abana and the latter out from Moses the tendency to self-confidence, the Pharpar of the text. As far back as the days which tainted his character, so in Aaron it may of Pliny and Strabo the Barada was, as it now is, have destroyed that idolatry of a stronger mind, into the chief river of the city (Rob. iii. 446), flowing which a weaker one, once conquered, is apt to fall. through it, and supplying most of its dwellings Aaron's death seems to have followed very speedily. with water. The Awac is further from Damascus, It took place on Mount Hlor, after the transference and a native of the place, if speaking of the two toof his'robes and office to Eleazar, who alone with gether, would certainly, with Nannian, name the Moses was present at his death, and performed his Baracla first (Porter, i. 276). To this may be adburial (Nums. xx. 28). This mount is still called ded the fact that in the Arabic version of the pasthe "~M~ountain of Aaron." [HoR.] sage - the date of which has been fixed by IEdiger The wife of Aaron was Elisheba (Ex. vi. 23); and as the 11th century - Abana is rendered by BaRthe two sons who survived him, Eleazar and Itha-o mar. The high priesthood descended to the former, cla,. Further, it seems to have escaped and to his descendants until the time of Eli, who, although'of the house of Ithamlar, received the high notice that one branch of the Awc - if Kiepert's priesthood (see Joseph. Ant. v. 11, ~ 5, viii. 1, map (in Rob. 1856) is to be trusted - now bears ~ 3), and transmitted it to his children; with them the name of:Vctady Barbar. There is however no it continued untilthe accessionof Solonlon, who took reference to this in Robinson or Porter. The Baracla rises in the Antilibanus near Zeba It is noticeable that the ceremonies of the restora- ddny, at about 23 miles from the city, and 1149 tion of the leper to his place, as'one of God's people, — __ bear a strong,reseniblanee to those'of consecration. b The Keri, with the Targum Jonathan and tho Se hey. xiV. 10 - 32. Syriac version, has Amanah. See margin of A. V. ABARIM ABDIEL 3 feet above it. In its course it passes the site of those regions must remain to a great degree ohbthe ancient Abila, and receives the waters of Ain- scure.a G. FTjeh, one of the largest springs in Syria. This *ABBA. The Chaldee or Aramaic appends the was long believed to be the real source of the article instead of prefixing it as in Hebrew; and Barada, according to the popular usage of the country, which regards the most copious fountain, hence when Abba ('!_) occurs the exact 6 irea7p not the most distant head, as the origin of a follows for the sake of Greek readers. See Winer's river. We meet with other instances of the same l]pist. ad Galat. p. 96. Abba, as the vernacular mistake in the case of the Jordan and the Orontes term (a vox solennis from childhood), was of course lAIN]; it is to Dr. Robinson that we are indebted more expressive than any foreign word could be, for its discovery in the present case (Rob. iii. 477). and came, as it were, first to the lips as the writer After flowing through Damascus the Barada runs or speaker thought of God in the filial relation, across the plain, leaving the remarkable Assyrian which the word designated with such fullness of ruin Tell es-Salahiyeh on its left bank, till it loses meaning. See Usteri's Corn. iiber d. Brief an die itself in the lake or marsh Baehret el-Kibliyeh. Mr. Galat. p. 148. Tholuck (on Rom. viii. 15) reminds Porter calculates that 14 villages and 150,000 souls us that Luther preferred to translate 7raTrp liebev are dependent on this important river. For the Vater rather than Vaoter merely, as the more natcourse of the Baradcl see Porter, vol. i. chap. v., ural dictate of his childlike feeling toward God. Journ. of S. Lit. N. S. viii., Rob. iii. 446, 7. Light- Some others think that Abba passed over from the foot (Cent. Chor. iv.) and Gesenius (Thes. 116) Aramneean Christians to the Greek-speaking ChrisLexicon tians as a sort of proper name, and had merely quote the name as applied in the L exico ned with r'. To mainthat force as combined with o 7ra~rip. To mainArd2ch to the Amana. G. tain this view, Meyer has to say (on Gal. iv. 6) * Gesenius ( Thes. p. 116) supposes Abana to be a that in Mark xiv. -6 the Evangelist puts "Abbat" commutation for AMeANa by an interchange of the into the mouth of Jesus as he prayed in the garden labials D, and: it may be a dialectic or a provin- in anticipation of a usage which began to exist at a cial difference. See also Keil's BB. der Knige, p. period. H. 368. Amana or Abana means "perennial" (comp. AB'DA (08`3 [servant, a Chaldee form]: 77;a: as said of water in Is. xxxiii. 16 and Jer. Ausciil; [Vat. Edppa; Alex. ABw; Comp.'AP_.....8 and iecla oi ths rAsd:] Abda). 1. Father of Adoniram (1 K. iv. 6.) xv. 18) and is especially appropriate to this ever- 2. ['Iwo,8; Comp.'A8ilas-.] Son of Shamlllua flowing stream.'Ihe only biblical allusion to the (Neh. xi. 17), called Obadiah in 1 Chr. ix. 16. name is that in Naaman's scornful interrogation in 2 Kings v. 12: t"Are not Abana and Pharpar, AB/D)EEL (bt..::=:. [om. Ald. Rom. Alex. rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of FA.; Comp.'A/e'A;:] Abdeel), father of SheleIsrael?" There may be something more than miah (Jer. xxxvi. 26). [A. V. ed. 1611 reads Abpride of country in this; for the waters of Abana diel.] (Barada), especially after the confluence of the AB'DI [my servant]:'AIaP; [Vat. stream from "'jc/h, its most copious fountain, are n a remarkably fresh and sparkling, and at the present A/e;] Alndex. Ae36s: Abci). 1. A MIerarite [MaIIlday proverbially salubrious, while those of the Jor- |sA.I], and ancestor of Ethan the singer (1 Chr. dan are mixed with clay and tepid, though not vi. 44). unfit for drinking (Richter's WVal'lkftslten, p. 157; 2. ('A/3i.) The father of Kish, a Merarite LeRob. Phys. Geog. p. 165). Ii vite in the reign of Hezekiah (2 Chr. xxix. 12). From a comparison of this passage with 1 Chr. AB'ARIM (so Milton accents the word), the vi. 44 it would appear either that ancestral names e' mount," or " mountains of " (always with the def. were repeated in Levitical families, or that they bearticle, 81:Y, - NiT, or -,-b so Pos -b'An- came themselves the names of families, and not of individuals. apes, [etc.] or ev so) zrEpaov To oIopd aov, = the individuals. [ee.]oE vToo, = t P''3. ('A/33a; FA. AB3Eia.) One of the Benerniountoins of the fiurther por-ts, or possibly of the fords), a mountain oer range of highlands on the east lam [sons of Elam] in the time ofEzra, who had for~ds), a mountain or range of highlands on the ea(Ezr. x. 26). AV. A. W. of the Jordan, in the land of Moab (Dent. xxxnii. arried a foreign ife (zr. x. 26). t A 49), facing Jericho, and forming the eastern wall ABDI'AS (Abdios). The prophet OBADInlr of the Jordan valley at that part. Its most ele- (2 Esdr. i. 39). W. A. W. vated spot was " the Mount Nebo,' head' of'the' AB'DIEL (1 -.T... [servant of' God]:.'ABPisgah," from which Moses viewed the Prom-ton ised Land before his death. There is nothing to Chr. v. 15). prove that the Abarim were a range or tract of any X The casual notice here is all that is known to length, unless the Ije-Abarim (" heaps of A.") us of this Abdiel from the Bible. The celebrity namled in Num. xxxiii. 44, and which were on the which the name has acquired arises chiefly from south frontier of Moab, are to be taken as belong- Milton's use of it as applied to that only one ing Milton's e tit amst be reapplied to that aonly one ing to them. But it must be remembered that a among the hosts of Satan, of whomn. he could say: - word derived from the samte root as Abarim, namely, ong t he, v Among the faithless, faithful only he;"...v, is the term commonly applied to the whole -_ _ _ _'____ of the country on the east of the Jordan. a * For a concise statement of the somewhat perThese mountains are mentionedl in Num.. xxvii. plexed relation of Abarim, Nebo, and Pisgah to each 12, xxxiii. 47, 48, and Deut. xxxii. 49; also prob- other) the reader may consult Dr. Robinson's Piles ic C.'eography of Palestine, p. 62. Kurtz (Gesch. des A. alaly in Jer. xxii. 20, where the word is rendered in B.) has a section (ii. ~ 88) on the " Gebirge Abarim. the A. V. "passages." See also Raumer's Paldstina, and Ritter's Erdkuinde on In the absence of research on the east of the Abarim. Additional information, the result of later Jordan and of the Dead Sea, the topography of discoveries, will he found under NEB. I-I 4 ABDON ABEL and whom (referring to the etymology) he repre- kings of Syria (1 K. xv. 20) and Assyria (2 K. xv. sents as receiving the lofty praise - 29). In the parallel passage, 2 Chr. xvi. 4, the name " Servant of God, Well done; well hast thou fouglt." is changed to Abel Maim, V8'2 ~ = Abel on the The namle corresponds to the Arabic Abdallah. waters. Here Sheba was overtaken and besieged See Wilkinson's Personal Noames in the Bible by Joab (2 Sam. xx. 14, 15); and the city was (London, 1865), p. 297. H. saved by the exercise on the part of one of its inAB'DCON ('l.TZl [Vservile]:'A3ci&V~; [in habitants of that sagacity for which it was proverbJudg., Alex. Aap/IwFo, Aa/BIct:] Abdlon). i. A ial (18). In verses 14 and 18 it is simply Abel, judle of Israel (Judg. xii. 13, 15), perhaps the and in 14 Abel is apparently distinguished from n Beth-maachah.d If the derivation of Gesenius be same person as Bedan in 1 Sam. xii. 11. 2. [VTat. ABatwv.] Son of Shashak (1 Chr. the correct one, the situation of Abel was probably viii. [Vat23). A,3a~cvP] Son o Shashak(1 in the Ardcl el-Huleh, the marshy meadow country 3. First-born son of Jehiel, son of Gibeon [rath- wich drains into the Sea of Merom, whether at er, /ftther of Gibeon, i. e. the city or people of Abil (Robinson, iii. 372), or more to the south eGiroll (1 Chr. viii. 30, ix. 35, 36). (Stanley, S. and P. p. 390,,note). Eusebius and Gibeon] (1 Chr. viii. 30, ix. 35, 36). 4. ['A,63/4; Vat. Ao&,( o/i; Alex. A63wv.] Jerome place it between Paneas and Damascus; ] but this has not been identified. Son of Micah, a contemlporary of Josiah (2 Chr. xxxiv. 20), called Achbor in 2 Kings xxii. 12. 2. A'BEL-MA'IM:'AjEAjUtv: AB'DON (I.':Itn [servile]:'Aj3~ov, a,n8- AbelZaain,), 2 Chr. xvi. 4. [ABEL, 1.] c av,'PaBcOW), a city in the tribe of Asher, given 3. A'sIsEL-IIZRA'IM (Mitzraim), E.n3.', acto the Gershonites (Josh. xxi. 30; 1 Chr. vi. 74). cording to the etymology of the text, rning No place of this namle appears in the list of the co rdipt, trh eot Alogyrov [.Pletezctns heymuti], towns of Asher (Josh. xix. 24-31); but instead we (this meaning, however, requires a different pointfind (28) 1]%V, "ilHebron," a which is the same ing, 4Z8 for the name given by the Caword, with the change frequent in Hebrew of 1 naanites to the floor of Atad, at which Joseph, his brothers, and the Egyptians made their mourning for X. Indeed many MISS. have Abdon in Joslh. xix. 28 (Ges. p. 980; Winer, s. v.); but, on the for Jacob (Gen. 1. 11). It was beyond (r?.:other hand, all the ancient versions retain the R, on the east of) Jordan, though placed by Jerome except the Vatican LXX. which has'EAX3ctv (Alex. at Beth-Hogla (now Aisz-I(Ijla), near the river,'Axpdv [ and so Comp.; 17 MSS. have EBpwov]). on its west bank.e [ATAD.] ABED'NEGO (4.".71:'ABEAAvay,: Ab- 4. A'n.-suIT'TcIs (with the article.. dlenago), i. e. servant of Nego,b perhaps the same as.. [Be-Aa; Alex. BeAo-avT-T; Conap. Nebo, which was the Chaldcean name of the planet'AEXorazi/e: Abelsotins]), the meadow of the Mercury, worshipped as the scribe and interpreter of the gods (Gesen.). Abednego was the Chal- acacias, in the "plains" (flCP=the deserts) dean name given to Azariah, one of the three of Moab; on the low level of the Jordan valley, friends of Daniel, miraculously saved from the as contradistinguished from the cultivated " fields"' burning fiery furnace (Dan. iii.). [AzAR IH, No. on the upper level of the table-land. Here —their 24.] 1R. W. B. last resting-place before crossing the Jordan - IsA'BEL (EM4= meeadowv c according to Ge- rael " pitched from Bethjesiimoth unto A. Shittim," TBEL (.. _ ea o, according to Ge- N1um1. xxxiii. 49. The place is most frequently senius, who derives it from a root signifying mois- mentioned by its shorter name of Shittim. [SHITture like that of grass: see, however, in favor of a TatL.] In the days of Josephus it was still known different meaning [latzentation], the arguments of as Abila,- the town embosomec in palms,f (b'rou Lengerke, Kenaan, i. 358, and Hengstenberg, Pent., O vVv Eor~ts o'Avlv'A/ /, 4oatic4pv7'ov o' eacr Trb ii. 319); the name of several places inl Palestine:1.7A/BEL-T-bAAAH(-~6"0h. t % ~'Ant. iv. 8, ~ 1), 60 stadia from the river (v. 1. A'nBEL-BBErTH-IA'tCHAH (17; -..l 1, ~ 1). The town and the palms have disappeared; [houzse of oppressios: 2 S.'AX Kael Be0/.caX or | but the acacia-groves, denoted by the name Shit-, aep aoX (Alex. BsailaXa): Abecl et Betlhatsacha: tim, still remain, "m llarking with a line of verdure 71 K.'ABX o'tov MaacxsvM: Abel dossits il(acha: cl * It is certain from 2 Sam. xx. 14, that they swere 2 K. i'AUReA Kcal Xi ~a.tgaaXd; Alex. X/ KaBeX' different, and no doubt the fuller name signified Abel BepteaaXa: Abel domuns i.]), a town of some im- near Beth-Maachah (HIengstenberg, Pent. ii. 319; portance (7roXts Kal yTrp(oroXts, " a city and a mo- Robinson, iii. 372). See Ges. Heb. Gr. ~ 116, 5 a, for ther in Israel," 2 Sam. xx. 19), in the extreme north this mode of expressing local proximity. See Thomson's of Palestine; named with Dan, Cinneroth, Kedesh; Landz and Bookc, i. 327, for a description of Abel. II. and as such falling an early prey to the invadisg e * The Biblical text knows nothing of any connection between Abel-Mizraim and Beth-Hogla. Whether a The Ain is here rendered by H. The H in the " beyond the Jordan: denotes the east or the west well-known Hebron represents Ch. Elsewhere (as side, depends on the position of the speaker, like our Gaza, Gomorrah) Ain is rendered by G in the Author- Trans-atlantic, whether used on one side of the water ized Version. or the other. Against the supposition of Kitto and b -* A "' dragon" was worshipped with Bel at Baby- others, that Joseph's funeral escort, with the body of ion, and Dietrich (Ges. Heb. Handswb. 18638) thinks Jacob, travelled through the Great Desert, by the way well of lRcliger':s comparison of Nego with the Sanskr. of the Dead Sea and Moab, in going to Canaan, instead naga, " serpent." H. of the direct course througrh Philistia, see Thomson's c It is in favor of Gesenius' interpretation that the Land and lBook, ii. 385. H. Chaldee Targum always renders Abel by idiswor, which f It was amongst these palms, according to Josein later Hebrew lost its special significance, and was phus, that Deuteronomy was delivered by Moses. See usad for a level spot or plain generally. the passage above cited. ABEL ABIASAPH 5 he upper terraces of the Jordan valley" (Stanley, menger, Entdeckt. Jud. i. 462, 832; Hottiinger, 3. and P. p. 298). Hist. Or. 24; Ersch & Gruber, Encyklop. s. v.; and 5. A - the Kss-cin V. Thle place of his murder and his AB -E0o7 T:7 T grave are pointed out near Damascus (Pococke, b. eeadmow of the dance: ['Ae3.,xseovxd'; Alex. Ba- ii. 168); and the neigbl.oring peasants tell a curireXgueovAa: Abelbnlhula]), named with Beth-shean ous tradition respectin- his burial (Stanley, S. and Scythopolis) and Jokneam (1 K. iv. 12), and P. p. 413). herefore in the northern part of the Jordan valley The Oriental Gilosticism of the Sabhoans made Eus. ev rE avAbcv). The routed Bedouin host fled Abel an incarnate iEon, and the Gnostic or Maniroim Gideon (Judg. vii. 22) to "the border (the chean sect of,he Abelita inh North Africa in the lip' or brink') of Abel-mleholah," and to Beth- time of Augustine (de H]cees. 86, 87), so called,hittah (the "house of the acacia"), both places themselves from a tradition that Abel, though weing evidently down in the Jordan valley. Here married, lived in continence. In order to avoid Elisha was found at his plough by Elijah returning perpetuating original sin, they followed his example, lp the valley from Horeb (1 K. xix. 16-19). In but irn order to keep up their sect, each married Jerome's time the name had dwindled to'A3eX/Aea. pair adopted a male and female child, who in their 6. A'nBEL-CERAMINI ( Il~?'S.:.['E3eXaP- turn vowed to marry under the same conditions. Ulel; Alex. AeAX v:Urerweo~W: Abel quce est vineis. W. B. consitac]), in the A. V. rendered" the plain [Mrarey. A'BEZ (1s, in pause?..:'PerEIS; [Ald.'Abel'] of the vineyards," a place eastward of Alex.'AeuE; (Co np.'Ae,13s:] Abes), a town in Jordan, beyond Aroer; named as the point to the possession of Issachar, named between Kishion which Jephthah's pursuit of the Belne-Almlon [sons and Reineth, in Josh. xix. 20, only. Gesenits of A.] extended (Judg. xi. 33). A Kw&U/ a'eE- -mentions as a possible derivation of the name, that xopo'pos "ABEX is mentioned by Eusebius at 6 (Jerome, 7) miles beyond Philadelphia (Rabbah); and the Chaldee for tin is FiT2:S [but Fiirst thinks another, o'voeplpos caXoveE'vq,, more to the north, it may be from VMS, and hence height.] Pos12 miles east firom Gadlara. below the Hieromax. Ruins bearing the name of Abila are still found in sibly, however, the word is a corruption of.., the same position (Ritter, Syria,. 1058). There Thebez [which see], now Tibds, a town situated were at least three places with the name of Aroer not far from Engannim and Shunem, (both towns on the further side of the Jordan. [AROnec.] of Issachar), and which otherwise has entirely es7. "The GREATr r AaEL' ['inaCy.'or stone,'] caped mention in the list in Joshua.b G. in the field of Joshua the Bethshemite" (1 Sam. A'BI (21S [Jiether- = progenitor]: "ABov; vi. 18). By comparison with 1.4 and 15, it would d. Ao; Comp. A'in [Ald. B'AuO0'; Comp.'A/3]: Abi), mother of seem that: has been here exchanged for /, and king Hezekiah (2 K. xviii. 2). The name is writthat for ~LnS should be read 72q-stone. So ten Abijah (M}22M) in 2 Chr. xxix. 1. Her fathe LXX. and the Chaldee Tarfgum. Our trans- tber's name was Zechariah, who was, perhaps, the lators, by the insertion of " stone of," take a middle Zechariah mentioned by Isaiah (viii. 2). R. W. B. course. See, however, Lengerke (358) and Herxheimller (1 Sam. vi. 18), who hold by Abel as being ABI'A, ABI'AH, or ABI'JAH (~}. = the name subsequently given to the spot in refer- -, [hoseJlther is Jehovch]:'Ald; [in 1 ence to the "L'mourning" (3n1~i. >) there, ver. 19. Chr. vii. 8, Pom.'A6troi3, Alex. AGBou; Comlp. In this case compare Gen. 1. 11. G. Ald.'A$td:] Abia). 1. Son of Becher, the son of Benjamin (1 Chr. vii. 8). A'BEL, iln Hebr. HEB]EL ('3...'J: ~ "A3eXA: 2. Wife of Hezron (1 Chr. ii. 24). Abel; i. e. breath, ar, vpo, trasitorai7ness, probably 3. Second son of Samuel, whom, together with so called from the shortness of his life),a the second his eldest son Joel, he made judges in Beersheba son of Adam, murdered by his brother Cain (Gen. (1 Sam. viii. 2; 1 Chr. vi. 28). The coriuptness iv. 1-16). Jehovah showed respect for Abel's offer- of their administration was the reason alleged by ing, but not for that of Cain, because, according the Israelites for their demanding a king. to the Epistle to the Hebrews (xi. 4), Abel " by 4 Mother of king Hezekiah. [AnI.] faith offered a more excellent sacrifice than Cain."' 1. W. B. The expression " sin," i. e. a sin-offering, "lieth at the door" (Gen. iv. 7), seems to imply that the 5. (022q':'A/,id: Abia, [Abias.]) ABIJAIL or need of sacrifices of blood to obtain forgiveness was ABIJAIc, the son of Rehoboam (1 Chr. iii. 10; ahleady revealed. On account of Abel's faith, St. Matt. i. 7). Augustine makes Abel the type of the new regen- 6. Descendant of Eleazar, and chief of the eighth erate man; Cain that of the natural man (lde Civ. of the twenty-four courses of priests (Luke i. 5). Dei, xv. 1). St. Chrysostom observes that Abel He is the same as AItJATr 4. W. A. W. offered the best of his flock - Cain that which was For other persons of this name see ABIJAH. most readily procured (Horez. ise Gen. xviii. 5). ABI-AL'BON. [ABIEr.] Jesus Christ spoke of himl as the first martyr ABI'ASAPH, otherwise written EBI'A(Matt. xxiii. 35); so did the early church subsequently. For Christian traditions see Iren. v. 67; SAPH (eD~, Ex. vi. 24, andcl BD~l, 1 Chrysost. Hon,. in Gen. xix.; Cedren. Hist. 8. Chr. vi. 8, 22 [(Heb.), 23, 37 (E. V.)], ix. 19: For those of the Rabbins and Mohammedans, Eisen-'Atdraoap,'ABtod,,'A/t3arap: Abiasceqh; according to Simonis, " cups pcattenr abstulit Dens," a'. Or, it may be from the mother's impression of the brevity and frailty of human life, which she had b * Mr. Porter (Handbook, ii. 647) puts Abez in his now begun to understand; antd in that case the child list of Scripture places not yet identified. Knobel zould have been so named at his birth. H. and Keil also regard the name as now lost. Ii. ABIATHAR ABIATHAR with reference to the death of Korah, as related in added in xxiii. 6, that when he did so " he came INun. xvi.; but according to Fiirst and Gesenius, down with an ephod in his hand," and was thus fJther1 of' gatherinsg, i. e. the gatherer; compare enabled to inquire of the Lord for David (1 Sam. %, Asaph, 1 Chr. vi. 39). He was the head:xxiii. 9, xxx. 7; 2 Sam. ii. 1, v. 19, &c.). The fact of David having been the unwilling cause of of one of the families of the Korhites (a house of the death of all Abiathar's kindred, coupled with the Kohathites), but his precise genealogy is some- his gratitude to his father Ahimelech for his kindwhat uncertain. In Ex. vi. 24, he appears at first ness to him, made him a firm and steadfast friend sight to be represented as one of the sons of Korah, to Abiathar all his life. Abiathar on his part wvas and as the brother of Assir and Elksanah. But in firmly attached to David. He adhered to him in 1 Chr. vi. he appears as the son of Elkanah, the son his wanderings while pursued by Saul; he was of Assir, the son of Korah. The natural inference with him while he reigned in Hebron (2 Saml. ii. from this would be that in Ex. vi. 24 the expres- 1-3), the city of the house of Aaron (Josh. xxi. sion "the sons of Korah" merely means the faim- 10-13); he carried the ark before him when David ilies into which the house of the Korhites was sub- brought it up to Jerusalel (1 Chr. xv. 11 1 IK. divided. But if so, the verse in Exodus must be it. 26); he continued faithful to him in Absalom's a later insertion than the time of Moses, as in rebellion (2 Sam. xv. 24, 29, 35, 36, xvii. 15-17, Moses' lifetime the great-grandson of Korah could xix. 11); and " was afflicted in all wherein David not have been the head of a family. And it is re- was afflicted." He was also one of David's chief markable that the verse is quite out of its place, counsellors (1 Chr. xxvii. 34). Whe, however, and appears ilnproperly to separate ver. 25 and ver. Adonijah set himself up for Iavid's succ essor on 2:3, which both relate to the house of Aaron. If, the throne in opposition to Solomon, Abiathar, however, this inference is not correct, then the Ebi- either persuaded by Joab, or in ivalry to Zadok, asaph of 1 Chr. vi. is a different person from the or under some influence which cannot now be disAbiasaph of Ex. vi., namely, his great-nephesv. covered, sided with him, and was one of his chief But this does not seem probable. It appears from rtisans, ile Z s n Sl's side.,that that branch of the descendants partisans, while Zadok was on Solomon's side. 1 Chr. ix. 19, that that branch of the descendants For this Abiathar was banished to his native viiof Abiasaph of which Shallunl was chief were por- lage, Anathoth, in the tribe of Benjamin (Josh. xxi. ters, "keepers of the gates of the tabernacle "; and 1), and narrowly escaped with his life, which was oShallu ver. 3 that Korattithiah, the s t-bornet o ffice over the spared by Solomon only on the strength of his long Shiallun the Korahite, had the set office over the and faithful service to David his father. He was things that were made in the pans," apparently in no longer permitted to perform the functions or the time of David. From Neh. xii. 25 we learn enjoy the prerogatives of the hitgl-priesthood. For that Abiasaph's family was not extinct in the days we are distinctly told that " Solonlon thrust out of Nehemiah; for the family of Meshullam (which Abiathar from being priest to the Lord; " and that is the same as Shallumn), with Talmon and Akkiub, " Zadok the priest did the king put in the room of still filled the office of porters, s" keeping the ward Abiathar " (1 K. ii. 27, 35). So that it is difficult at the threshold of the gate." Other remarkable to understand the assertion in 1 K. iv. 4, that in descendants of Abiasaph, according to the text of Solomon's reign "Zadok anc! Abiathar were the 1 Chr. vi. 33-37, were Samuel the prophet and priests; " and still more difficult in connection with Elkanah his father (1 Sam. i. 1), and Heman the ver. 2, which tells us that "Azariah the son of singer; but Ebiasaph seems to be improperly in- Zadok " was " the priest: " a declaration confirmed serted in ver. 37.a The possessions of those Ko- by 1 Chr. vi. 10. It is probable that Abiathar did hathites who were not descended from Aaron, con- not long survive David. He is not mentioned sisting of ten cities, lay in the tribe of Ephraim, again, and he must have been far advanced in years the half-tribe of Manasseh, and the tribe of Dan at Solomon's accession to the throne. (Josh. xxi. 20-26; 1 Chr. vi. 61). The family of There are one or two other difficulties connected 1_1koanah the Kohathite resided hn Mount Ephraim with Abiathar, to which a brief reference must be (1 Saum. i.:1). A. C. H. lmaclde before we conclude this article. (1.) In 2 ABI'ATtHAR (Thlt:'AeaOap: Abi- Sam. viii. 17, and in the duplicate passage 1 Chr. xviii. 16, and in 1 Chr. xxiv. 3, 6, 31, we have at/ ai; but the version of Santes Pagninus has ENbi- athert, according to the Hebrew points. In Mark ii. heAsonelecs substituted for Abi.thr, and Aisnelechl the son of' Abiathai, instead of Abiathar the son of 26, it is'A a'dOap. According to Simonis, the name AlionelecA. Where in 2 Sam. ox. 25 and in every neeas (ujs)petr slerte ssn~itinrthAhiselech. Whereas in 2 Sam. xx. 25, and in every ImeanlS "d(CujUS) patert ste7perstes mzansit, mortu7 sell. mr " but acoin toFrst and Gese- other passage in the 0. T., we are uniformly told scil. matre;" but according to First and Gese. nilse, Iate? of ezcelleldce, or abundance). Ab- that it was Abiathar who was priest with Zadok tlar was that one of alln the sons of Ahimelech tA in David's reign, and that he was the son of Ahimthar was that one of all the sons of Ahiimelech the high-priest who escaped the slaughter inflicted elech, and that Ahimelech was the son of Ahitub. upon his father' who use by Saul, at th e instiation The difficulty is increased by finding Abiathar upon his father's house by Saul, at the instigation ose time David of Doeg the Edomite (see title to Ps. lii., and the as the high-priest in whos e David psalm itself), in revenge for his having inquired of ate th e shew-bread, n Mark ii. 26. (See Alfordc the Lord for David, and given him the shew-bread ad loc.) However the evidence in favor of David's I.... Qfriend being Abizathav the son of Ahinelech, preto eat, and the sword of Goliath the Philistine, as friend being A the son of is related in 1 Sam. xxii. We are there told that ponderates so strongly, and the impossibility of any when Doeog slew in Nob on,'bat day fourscore and rational reconciliation is so clear, that one can only n ~. a... n suppose with Procopius of Gaza, that the error five persons that did wear a linen ephod, " one of suppose, s, the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named was a clerical one originally, and was propagated Abiathar, escaped and fled after David; " and it is from one passage to another.b The mention of Abiarthar by our Lord, in Mark ii. 26, might perhaps a See The Genealogies of ouer Lord and Saviour be accounted for, if Abiathar was the person who Yeseus Christ, by Lord Arthur Hervey, p. 210, and p. 214, note. b -5 See addition, infra. H. ABIATHAR ABIEZER 7 )ersuaded his father to allow David to have the time of this transaction with David, and that the )read, and if, as is probable, the loaves were Abi- citation in Mark follows a tradition of that fact, Ithar's (Lev. xxiv. 9), and given by him with his not transmitted in the 0. T. history. We have )wn Iland to David. It may also be remarked other instances of a similar recognition of events'hat our Lord doubtless spoke of Abiathar as or opinions not recorded in the 0. T., to which the!~"j;n,; "the priest," the designation applied to N. wr. witers refer as apparently well known among the Jews; such as e. g. Abraham's first call in Ur khimelech throughout 1 Sam. xxi., and equally of the Chaldees (Acts vii. 3, compared with Gen. Applicable to Abiathar. The expression &pXte- xii. 1); the tomb of the patriarchs at Sychem,,Evs is the Greel translation of our Lord's words. (Acts vii. 16); the giving of the law by the agency (2.) Another difficulty concerning Abiathar is to of angels (Gal. iii. 19, Heb. ii. 2), and others. letermine his position relatively to Zadok, and to Lange's note on Mark ii. 26 (Bibelwerk, ii. 28), crecount for the double high-priesthood, and for the deserves to be read. For some very just and iclvancement of the line of Ithanmar over that of thoughtful remarks on the proper mode of dealing Eleazar. A theory has been invented that Abia- with such apparent contradictions of Scripture, see thar was David's, and Zadok Saul's high-priest, ConZmentary on iMark (p. 53), by Dr. J. A. Alexbut it seems to rest on no solid ground. The facts ander. H. of the case are these: - Ahimelech, the son of A'BIB. [MONTHS.] Ahitub, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, was high-priest in the reign of Saul. On his death his and AB a [fher son Abiathar became high-priest. The first men- of knowledge, i. e. wise]:'ABeIaa, ['A13~3; Alex. tion of Zadolk is in 1 Chr. xii. 28, where he is de- A/3tpa, AS6aa:] Abida), a son of Midian [and scribed as "a young man mighty of valor," and grandson of Abraham through his wvife or concubine is said to have joined David while he reigned in Keturah] (Gen. xxv. 4; 1 Chr. i. 33). Hebron, in company with Jehoiada, " the leader of E. S. P. the Aaronites." Froml this time we read, both in AB'IDAN (17?1q8 [fJther of the judge, the books of Samuel and Chronicles, of " Zadok and.; or A, Abiathar the priests," Zadok being always named [Alex. twice Ab e3i.ae:] Abidas,), chief of the tribe first. And yet we are told that Solomon on his of Benjamin at the time of the Exodus (Num. i. accession put Zadok in the room of Abiathar. Per- g, ii. 22, vii. 60, 65, x. 24). haps the true state of the case was, that Abiathar was the first, and Zalok the second priest; but A'BIEL [as a Christian name in English cornthat from the superior strength of the house of monly pronounced Abi'el] (..9.8H [fathesr of Eleazar (of which Zadok was head), which en- strength, i.e. strong]:'AB,~2:: Abiel). 1. The abled it to furnish 16 out of the 24 courses (1 Chr. father of Kish, and conseqAu ently grandfather of xxiv.), Zadok acquired considerable influence with Saul (1 Sao. ix. 1), as well as of Abner, Saul's David; and that this, added to his being the heir commander-in-chief (1 Sam. xiv. 51). In the genof the elder line, and perhaps also to some of the ealogy in 1 Chr. viii. 33, ix. 39, Ner is made the passages being written after the line of Zadok were father of Iish, and the name of Abiel is omitted established in the high-priesthood, led to the pre- but the correct genealogy according to Samuel is: - cedence given him over Abiathar. We cave al- AiEe L. ready suggested the possibility of jealousy of Zadok being one of the motives which inclined Abiathar to join Adonijah's faction. It is most remarkable Kish Ner how, first, Saul's cruel slaughter of the priests at r Nob, and then the political error of the wise Abi- Saul Abner athar, led to the fulfillment of God's denunciation 2. One of David's 30 "'mighty men" (1 Chr. against the house of Eli, as the writer of 1 K. ii. xi. 32); called in 2 Sam. xxiii. 31, Abi-albon, a 27 leads us to observe when he says that " Solomon name which has the same meaning. R. W. B. thrust out Abiathar from being priest unto the Lord, that he might fulfill the word of the Lord ABIE'ZER ( F, therf help:A which He spake concerning the house of Eli in e'ep,'Ihs, [Alex. in Josh., AXe'Ep: Abiezer,] Shiloh." See also Joseph. Ant. viii. 1, ~~ 3, 4. Cdosns Abiezer). 1. Eldest son of Gilead, and deS h. A. C.. H scendant of Machir and Manasseh, and apparently 5 Some adhere to the text, without resorting to at one time the leading family of the tribe (Josh. the supposition of a clerical error. It is deemed xvii. 2, Num. xxvi. 30, where the name is given in possible that Ahimelech and Abiathar were heredi- the contracted form of'17SV7, Jeezer). In the tary names in the family, and hence, that the father and the son could have borne these names genealogies of Chronicles, Abiezer is, in the present respectively. It would thus be accounted for that state of the text, said to have sprung from the Abiathar is called the son of Ahimelech in 1 Sam. sister of Gilead (1 Chr. vii. 18). Originally, therexxii. 20, and that Ahimelech is called the son of fore, the family was with the rest of the house of Ahiathar in 2 Saml. viii. 17. The same person Gilead on the east of Jordan; but when first met consequently could be meant in Mark ii. 26, whether with in the history, some part at least of it had the one name was applied to him or the other; and crossed the Jordan and established itself at Ophrah, the reason why the father is mentioned by his name a place which, though not yet identified, must have Abiatlar, and not that of Ahimelech may be that been on the hills which overlook from the south the former had become, historically, more familiar the wide plain of Esdraelon, the field of so many of in consequence of the subsequent friendship be- the battles of Palestine (Stanley, pp. 246-7; Judg. tween Abiathar, the son, and David. Another vi. 34). Here, when the fbrttmes of his family explanation is,.that Abiathar was for some un- a * A. V., ed. 1611, and in other early editions, reads known reason acting as the father's vicar at the Abida in both passages. A. S ABIEZRITE ABIJAH swere at the lowest - " my' thousand' is' the poor The names of No. 2 and 4 are written in some one' in Manasseh" (vi. 15)- was born the great MSS. ('A3lXaa, [Ald. Alex.'A1LyaiLo judge Gideon, destined to raise his own house to al- d. Alex. A most royal dignity (Stanley, p. 229) and to achieve Comp. A/tA,] 1 Chr. ii. 29;'Atl3yaia, [Alex. for his country one of the most signal deliver- AsaaAX, Comp.'AjBXa''x,] 2 Chr. xi. 18), which ances recorded in their whole history. [GIDEON; Gesenius conjectures to be a corruption of' >=[ OPIRAH.] The name occurs, in addition to the._ passages above quoted, in Judg. vi. 34, viii. 2. tP., but which Simonis derives from a root 7l? 2. One of David's " mighty men " 2 Sam. xxiii. and interprets," father of light, or splendor." 27; 1 Chr. xi. 28, xxvii. 12). G. R.W. B. ABIEZ'RITE ("IT?7 1s4 [the fathet? ofj ABI'HU ([Sq.7 l[ [He (i. e. God) is fathhelp]: r'raTrcp'roe'Eo8pi in Judg. vi.;'A,31'Er-pi er]: b'Ajoio6a; [Comlp. in Num. iii. and 1 Chr. in Judg. viii.; Alex. 7ra'sp A/3egpl, 7r. rov Ie(pt, xxiv.'Afhov:] Abide), the second son (Num. iii. sr. Ae(SLGpes: peater j/?aeilic Lzkri, jcnmiliea nzi). 2) of Aaron by Elisheba (Ex. vi. 23), who with his [Joash, the father of Gibeon, is so termed], a de- father and his elder brother Nadab and 70 elders scendanlt of Abiezer, or Jeezer, the son of Gilead of Israel accompanied Moses to the summit of Sinai (Judg. vi. 11, 24, viii. 32), and thence also called (Ex. xxiv. 1). Being together with Nadab guilty JEEZERITE (Num. xxvi. 30). The Peshito-Syriac of offering strange fire (Lev. x. 1) to the Lord, i. e. and Targum both regard the first part of the word not the holy fire which burnt continually upon the:" Abi " as an appellative, " father of," as also the altar of burnt-offering (Lev. vi. 9, 12); they were LXX. and Vulgate. W. A. W. both consumed by fire from heaven, and Aaron and "Abiezrites " (A. V.) in Judg. vi. 24, aId viii. his surviving sons were forbidden to mourn for 32, stands for the collective 4 Abiezrite," which them. [Occurs also Ex. xxiv. 9, xxviii. 1; Num. does not occur as plural in the Hebrew. H. iii. 4, xxvi. 60, 61; 1 Chr. vi. 3, xxiv. 1, 2.] AB'IGAIL [3 syl., Heb. Abiga'il], A(?. 11. NWV. B. v ABI'HUD ('1'>.S [whzoseJfether is Juor 5:>=1S [fttlher ofe Ezxltaction, or, wh*losefather "or i] [/tkhes of exudtafio n, or, whese father ckda; or, is renown]: Aos5: Abiudscl), son of Bela r(joices]:'Afyzaea: Abigail). 1. The beautiful a g of Benj (1 Chr. viii. ). wife of Nabal, a wealthy owner of goats and sheep in Carmlel. When David's messengers were slighted ABI'JAH or ABI/JA. (: by Nabal, Abigail took the blamle upon herself, l~, i3~l, willof Jehoah:'A1ld,'A/3o, supplied David and his followers with provisions, T-:'-: * and succeeded in appeasing his anger. Ten days LXX.;'AP is, Joseph.: AbkiClg, Abin), the sos after this Nabal died, and David sent for Abbuail and successor of Rehoboam on the throne of Judah and made her his wife (1 Sam. xxv. 14, s:. (1 I. xiv 31 2 Chr. xs. 16). He is called Ab.ah By her he had a son, called Chileab in 2 Sam. i. ill Cocles, A in Kings; the latter name 3; but Daniel, in 1 Chr. iii. 1. For Daniel The- being probably an error in the MSS., since the nius propose to read to hi bLXX. have s:othing corresponding to it, and their nius proposes to read 7 T,: suggested to him by form,'Afisov, seems taken from Abijahuc, which the LXX. AaXou'a (Then. Exegy. Hasclb. ad loc.). occurs 2 Chr. xiii. 20, 21. Indeed Gesenius says 2. A sister of David, married to Jether the lsh- that some MSS. read Abk'ah in 1 K. xiv. 31. The maelite, and mother, by him, of Amasa (1 Chr. ii. supposition, therefore, of Lightfoot (IIasri.. O. T. 17). In 2 Sam. xvii. 25. she is described as the p. 209, Pitman's edition), that the writer in Kings, daughter of Nahash, sister to Zeruiah, Joab's who takes a much worse view of Abijah's character mother, and as marrying Ithra (another form of than we find in Chronicles, altered the last syllable Jether) an Israelite. to avoid introducing the holy JAH into the name The statement in Samuel that the mother of of a bad manl, is unnecessary. But it is not fanciAmasa a was an Israelite is doubtless a transcrib- ful or absurd, for changes of the kind were not uner's error. There could be no reason for recording usual: for example, after the Samaritanl schism, this circumstance; but the circumstance of D)avid's the Jews altered the nanle of Shechem into Sychar sister marrying a heathen Ishmaelite deserved men- (cdrunken), as we have it in John iv. 5; and Hosea tion (Thenius, cegsy. Hctndb. Ssaa. 1. c.). (iv. 15) changes Bethel, house of God, into BethR. W. B. aven, house of' naulght. (See Stanley, S. ( P. p. ABIHA'IL (b [fther of iight, i. e. 222.) From the first book of Kings we learn that Abimihi7 ty]:'AB,8XaX: [Abihail; in Num.,] Abi- jah endeavored to recover the kingdom of the Ten haiel). 1. Father of Zuriel, chief of the Levitical Tribes, and made war on Jeroboam. No details family of Merari, a contemporary of Moses (Num. are given, but we are also informled that le walked iii. 35). in all the sins of Rehoboam (idolatry and its at2. Wife of Abishur (1 Chr. ii. 29). tendant immoralities, I K. xiv. 23, 24), and that 3. ['ABtXa-ia; Ald.'APtXa~X; Comp.'ABlAX.] his heart "4 was not perfect before God, as the heart Son of Huri, of the tribe of Gad (1 Chr. v. 14). of David his father." In the second book of Chron4. Wrife of Rehoboam (2 Chr. xi. 18). She is icles his war against Jeroboam is more minutely called the daughter, i. e. a descendant, of Eliab, the described, and he makes a speech to the men of elder brother of David. Israel, reproaching them for breaking their allegi5. ['AjutLa3ad$3; Cormp.'AXcdaIA.] Father of ance to the house of David, for worshipping the Esther and uncle of Mordecai (Esth. ii. 15, ix. 29). b, In such combinations, says Fiirst (Handwob. a * "'Motherl" must be an inadvertence here for ss " father of Amasa." The correction Islhnaelite for Is- i. 319), I -S hIe /iiiself, refers to God, as expressive raelite is suggested in the margin in later editions of of the utmost reverence, like hit among the Persians, the A. V. I-I. and aTos, hKEsVOs, among the Greeks. H. ABIJAM ABILENE 9 golden calves, and substituting unauthorized priests associated with Lebanon by Josephus (Ant. xviii. 6, for the sons of Aaron and the Levites. He was ~ 10, xix. 5, ~ 1, xx. 7, ~ 1; B. J. ii. 11, ~ 5). successful in battle against Jeroboam, and took the Its name probably arose from the green luxuriance cities of Bethel, Jeshanah, and Ephrain, with their of its situation, "Abel" perhaps denotilng "a dependent villages. [t is also said that his army grassy meadow." [See p. 4, a.] The name thus consisted of 400,000 men, and Jeroboam's of 800,- derived is quite sufficient to account for the tradi000, of whom 500,000 fell in the action: but Ken- tions of the death of Abel, which are associated nicott (The Ilebrew Text of the Old Testamnenzt with the spot, and which are localized by the tomb Considelred, p. 532) shows that our MSS. are fre- called Nebi IIoabl, on a height above the ruins of quently incorrect as to numbers, and gives reasons the city. The position of the city is very clearly for reducing these to 40,000, 80,000, and 50,000, designated by the Itineraries as 18 miles from Daas we actually find in the Vulgate printed at Yen- mascus, and 38 (or 32) miles from Heliopolis or ice in 1486, and in the old Latin version of Jose- Baalbec (Itin. Ant. and Tab. Pent.). phus; while there is perhaps some reason to think It is impossible to fix the limits of the Abilene that the smaller numbers were in his original Greek which is mentioned by St. Luke as the tetrarchy text also. Nothing is said by the writer in Chron- of Lysanias. [LYSANIAS.] Likle other districts icles of the sins of Abijah, but we are told that of the East, it doubtless underwent many changes after his victory he " waxed mighty, and married both of masters and of extent, before it was finally fourteen wives," whence we may well infer that he absorbed in the province of Syria. Josephus assowas elated with prosperity, and like his grandfather ciates this neighborhood with the name of Lysanias Solomon, fell, during the last two years of his life, both before and after the time referred to by the into wickedness, as described in Kings. Both rec- evangelist. For the later notices see the passages ords inform us that he reigned three years. His just cited. We there find " Abila of Lysanias," mother was called either Maachah or Michaiah, and " the tetrarchy of Lysanias," distinctly menwhich are mere variations of the same name, and tioned in the reigns of Claudius and Caligula. We in some places (1 K. xv. 2; 2 Chr. xi. 20) she is find also the phrase'ABLAa AvoeacYou in Ptolemy said to be the daughter of Absalom or Abishalom (v. 15, ~ 22). ~ The natural conclusion appears to (again the same namle); in one (2 Chr. xiii. 2) of be that this was the Lysanias of St. Luke. It is Uriel of Gibeah. But it is so common for the true that a chieftain bearing the same name is word cl, dunybtes, to be used iln the sense of lmentioned by Josephus in the time of Antony and Cleopatra, as ruling in the same neighborhood grnddaughytesr or descendant, that we need not (Ant. xiv. 3, ~ 3, xv. 4, ~ 1; B. J. 1, 13, ~ 1; also hesitate to assume that Uriel married Absalom's Dion Cass. xlix. 32): and from the close connection daughter, and that thus Maachalh was daughter of of this man's father with Lebanonl and Damascus Uriel and granddaughter of Absalom. Abijah (Ant. xiii. 16, ~ 3, xiv. 7, ~ 4; B. J. i. 9, ~ 2) it is therefore was descended from David, both on his probable that Abilene was part of his territory, and father's and mother's side. According to Ewald's that the Lysanias of St. Luke was the son or grandchronology the date of Abijah's accession was B. C. son of the former. Even if we assume (as many 968; Clinton places it in B. C. 959. The 18th writers too readily assume) that the tetrarch menyear of Jeroboam coincides with the 1st and 2d of tioned in the time of Claudius and Caligula is to Abijah. be identified, not with the Lysanias of St. Luke 2. The second son of Samuel, called AnBIAH in but with the earlier Lysanias (never called tetrarch our version ('Ataid, LXX.). [ABIA, ABIAH, and never positively connected with Abila) in the No. 3.] times of Antony and Cleopatra, there is no diffi3. The son of Jeroboam I. king of Israel, in culty in believing that a prince bearing this name whom alone, of all the house of Jeroboam, was ruled over a tetrarchy having Abila for its capital, found "somle good thing toward the Lord God in the 15th year of Tiberius. (See Wieseler, Chroof Israel," and who was therefore the only one of nologische Synopse cder vier Evanlyelien, pp. 174his famlily who was suffered to go down to the 183.) grave in pe'ace. He died in his childhood, just The site of the chief city of Abilene has been unafter Jeroboaln's wife had been sent in disguise to doubtedly identified where the Itineraries place it; seek help for him in his sickness from the prophet and its remains have been described of late years Ahijah, who gave her the above answer. (1 K. xiv.) by many travellers. It stood in a remarkable gorge 4. A descendant of Eleazar, Mwho gave his name called the Sd/c Wady Barada, where the river to the eighth of the twenty-four courses into which breaks down through the mountain towards the the priests were divided by David (1 Chr. xxiv. 10; plain of Damascus. Among the remains the in2 Chr. viii. 14). To the course of Abijah or Abia, scriptions are most to our purpose. One containbelonged Zacharias the father of John the Baptist ing the words Avravtov TeTrpdpXou is cited by Po(Luke i. 5). cocke, but has not been seen by any subsequent 5. A contemporary of Nehemiah (Neh. x. 7). traveller. Two Latin inscriptions on the face of a G. E. L. C. rock above a fragment of Roman road (first noticed ~.6. A priest who returned with Zerubbabel in the Qucster/y Review for 1822, No. 52) were firom Babylon (Neh. xii. 4, 17). A. first published by Letronne (Journal des Savans, 1827), and afterwards by Orelli (Inscr. Lat. 4997, ABJ'JAM. [ABILEE.i, No. 1.] 4998). One relates to some repairs of the road at AB'IJA. [Ar3ILENE.] the expense of the Abileni; the other associates the ABILE'NE ('A/3tXrq', Luke iii. 1), a tetrar- 16th Legion with the place. (See Hogg in the chy of which Abila was the capital. This Abila Transs. of the Royal Geog. Soc. for 1851; Porter, must not be confounded with Abila in Pernea, and in the Journal of Sacred Litereature for July, other Syrian cities of the same namle, but was sit- 1.853, and especially his Damnascus, i. 261-273; uated on the eastern slope of Antilibanus, in a dis- and Robinson, Later Bib. Res. pp. 478-484.) trict fertilized by the river Barada. It is distinctly J. S. II. 10 ABIMAEL ABISEI ABIM'AEL ( -:nzher of Mael]: should be said to have died by a woman, he bid his *( [father of ael] armor-bearer slay him. Thus God avenged the'Af,8qpa4; [Alex. A3,8L/erlX:] Abinmael), a descend- murder of his brethren, and fulfilled the curse of ant of Joktan (Gen. x. 28; 1 Chr. i. 22), and prob- Jotham. ably [as the name implies] the progenitor of an 4. ['Axt LYee; IA. AxetxLEAeX; Aid. A/sArab tribe. Bochart (Phaleg, ii. 24) conjectures EAEX: Achimelech.] Son of Abiathar the highthat his name is preserved in that of MdAl, a place priest in the time of David (1 Chr. xviii. 16), in Arabia Aromatifera, mentioned by Theophrastus called Ahimelech hi 2 Sam. viii. 17. [AHISIE(Rist. Plant. ix. 4), and thinks that the Malite LECH.] R. W. B. are the same as Ptolemy's Manitne (vi. 7, p. 154), e The reading Ahimelech in 1 Chr. is supported and that they were a people of the Minseans (for by about 12 MSS., and by the principal ancient whom see ARABIA). The name in Arabic would versions, including the Syriac and Chaldee as well, as the Sept. and Vulgate. See De Rossi, Tate. probably be written. S. P. Lect. iv. 182. A.'. 5. Ps. xxxiv. title. [AI-TITELEcCH 2.] A. ABIM'ELECH [ltebrewv Abimelech] ABIN'A)DAB ('277 [a Jflthetr noble or (:L37218,J father of' the king, or Jhathle-king: princely]:'Apsvasd$; [Comp. often'Aln'abdB:]'ABjpLEAEX: Abimelech), the name of several Phil- Abinadalclb). 1. A Levite, a native of Kirjathjeaistine kings. It is supposed by many to have been rim, in whose house the ark remained 20 years (1 a common title of their kings, like that of Pharaoh Sam. vii. 1, 2; [2 Sam. vi. 3, 4;] 1 Chr. xiii. 7). among the Egyptians, and that of Csesar and Au- 2. Second son of Jesse, who followed Saul to his gustus among the Romans. The name Father of war against the Philistines (1 Sam. xvi. 8, xvii. the King, or Father King, corresponds to Paclishah 13; [1 Chr. ii. 13]). (ather King), the title of the Persian kings, and 3. A son of Saul, who was slain with his brothAthlih (Father, pr. paternity), the title of the ers at the fatal battle on Mount Gilboa (1 SanmKhans of Bucharia (Gesen. Th/es.). An argument xxxi. 2; [1 Chr. viii. 33, ix. 39, x. 2]). to the same effect is drawn from the title of Ps. 4. Father of one of the 12 chief officers of Soloxxxiv., in which the name of Abimelech is given to men (1 K. iv. 11). R. W. B. the king, who is called Achish in 1 Sam. xxi. 11; AB'INER (n..:'A eH.%p; Alex.'Anbut perhaps we ought not to attribute much historical value to the inscription of the Psalm. a [riser, AeEV7p]: Abner). 1. A Philistine, kino of Gerar (Gen. xx., xxi.), the name ABsNEi is given in the margin of 1 Sam. who, exercist, ing tile ( Gem x *, x x., xiv. 50. It corresponds with the Hebrew. who, exercising the right claimed by Eastern W. A. W. princes, of collecting all the beautiful women of their dominions into their harem (Gen. xii. 15; ABIN'OAMl/ [Heb. Abino'am] (,m~ 8} Esth. ii. 3), sent for and took Sarah. A similar [aJftther gyracious]:'A/,6VEE4.; [Ald. Comp. someaccount is given of Abraham's conduct on this oc- times'Afavoe`/:].Abinoemn), the father of Bzarak casion, to that of his behavior towards Pharaoh (Judg. iv. 6, 12; v. 1, 12). R. W. B. [ABcRAIAMa]. BI'RA M (MI~MS [Jlther exalted]:'AB2. Another king of Gerar in the time of Isaac, ABI'AM ( [ater exated]:'Aof whom a similar narrative is recorded in relation Etpciv: Abiron). 1. A Ieubenite, son of Eliab, to Rebekah (Gen. xxvi. 1, seq.). who with Dathan and On, men of the same tribe, 3. Sorn of the judge Gideon by his Shechemite and Korah a Levite, organized a conspiracy against concubine (Judg. viii. 31). After his father's death Moses and Aaron (INum. xvi.). [For details, see he murdered all his brethren, 70 in number, with KOR.A.] the exception of Jotham, the youngest, who con- 2. ['Afttpds; Alex. Aeslpav: Abiracz.] lclcealed himself; and he then persuaded the She- est son of Hie, the Bethelite, who died when his chemites, through the influence of his mother's father laid the foundations of Jericho (1 K. xvi. brethren, to elect him king. It is evident from 34), and thus accomplished the first part of the this narrative that Shechem now became an inde- curse of Joshua (Josh. vi. 26). H. W. B. pendent state, and threw off the yoke of the con- ABI'RON ('AeIpc61: Abiron). ABnIAMr quering Israelites (Ewald, Gesch. ii. 444). When (Ecclus. xlv. 18). W. A. W. Jotham heard that Abimelech was made king, he ABISE'I (Abisei). ABISHUA, the son of addressed to the Shechemites his fable of the trees Phinehas (2 Esdr. i. 2). W. A. W. choosing a king (Judg. ix. 1, seq.; cf. Joseph. Ant. v. 7, ~ 2), which may be compared with the well- but this view is now regarded by the best scholars as known fable of Menenius Agrippa (Liv. ii. 32). erroneous. In early English, as in Anglo-Saxon, to After lhe had reigned three years, the citizens of was in common use as an intensive prefix toverbs and Shechem rebelled. He was absent at the tmeverbal nouns, somewhat like be in modern English, Shechem rebelled. He was absent at the time,butstrouger. Thus but he returned and quelled the insurrection. bu He to-bsac the ston, and ther flowicen usatris., Shortly after he stormed and took Thebez, but was Wycliffe, Ps. civ. 41. struck on the head by a woman with the fragment "Mote thi wicked necke be to-broke e." of a mill-stone a (comp. 2 Sam. xi. 21); and lest he Chaucer, Cant. Tales, 5859. We have it in Shakespeare's " to-,pincl/ the unclean a * The expression used in relation to this in A. V. knight " (Merry Wives, iv. 4), and perhaps the latest (ed. 1611), as in the Bishops' Bible, is " all to brake his example in Milton's " all to-r'ffled "' (Coenvus, 380). scull," i. e. "broke completely," or "all to pieces." " All " is often used to strengthen the expression, but In many later editions " brake " has been changed to is not essential. See Boucher's Glossary, art. ALL, " break," giving the false meaning " and all this in and Taylor's note; the Glossary to Forshall and Madorder to break." "All to " has been explained and den's ed. of Wycliffe's Bible; Eastwood and Wright's written by some as a compound adverb, " all-to "_=. Bible Wlord-Book, pp. 21, 22; and especially Corson's " altogether " (see Robinson in Bibl. Sacra, vi. 608), Thesauzrus of Archaic Eniglish, art. To-. A. ABISHAG ABNER 11 AB'ISHAG (2tL;>n [Jftyher i. e. author being apparently in disgrace for the slaughter of Absalom (2 Sam. xx. 6, 10).- The last act of ser-' error, nmisdeed, and hence said of man or worn- vice which is recorded of Abishai is his timely resan; a]'A3Loady: Abisag), a beautiful Shunammite, cue of David from the hands of a gigantic Philistaken into David's harem to comfort him in his tine, Ishbi-benob (2 Sanm. xxi. 17). His personal extreme old age (1 K. i. 1-4). After David's prowess on this, as on another occasion, when he death Adonijah induced Bathsheba, the queen- fought single-handed against three hundred, won mlother, to ask Solomon to give him Abishag in for himl a place as captain of the second three of marriage; but this imprudent petition cost Adoni- David's mllighty men (2 Sam. xxiii. 18; 1 Chr. xi. jab his life (1 K. ii. 13, seq.). [ADONIJAH.] 20). But in all probability this act of daring was achieved while he was the companion of David's ABI'SHAI b [3 syl.] ( [and ~rwandcerings as an outlaw among the Philistines. Jcth1er of' e gsif, Ges.; or Father, i. e. God, lwho Of the end of his chequered life we have no record. exists, Etirst]:'A3egre'd {[also'A3eGad,'Alurd, ABISH'ALOM (a;b~.~ [father of' etc.] and'ABlo-ra: Abisai), the eldest of the three peace]:'ABsoaekci: Abessclom), father of Maasons of Zeruiah, David's sister, and brother to Joab chah, who was the wife of Rehoboam, and mother and Asahel (1 Chr. ii. 16). It may be owing to of Abijah (1 K, xv. 2, 10). He is called Absalom his seniority of birth that Abishai, first of the threeThis person brothers, appears as the devoted follower of David. in 2 Chr. xi. 20, Long before Joab appears on the stage Abishai had must be David's son (see LXX., 2 Sam. xiv. 27). attached himself to the fortunes of David. He was The daughter of Absalom was doubtless called Mahis companion in the desperate night expedition to achah after her grandmother (2 Sam. iii. 3). the camp of Saul, and would at once have avenged ABISHU'A (.3L2: ['A$EFov,,'A/lyand terminated his uncle's quarrel by stabbing the to Simo sleeping Icing with his own spear. But David in-,3 to Sionis dignantly restrained him, and the adventurous war- Aqori ns stlts; i. qc. tretaTpos, and ocnearpos. riors left the camp as stealthily as they had come, according to 1iis. t, en lord of hfthrless. carrying with them Saul's spear and the cruse of tis, Gese 1 Son (f Bela, of the water which stood at his head (1 Sam. xxvi. 6-9). tribe of ellnjain (1 Chr. viii. 4). 2. Son of Phinelias, the son of Eleazar, and the During David's outlaw life among the Philistines, the son of leazar, and t e Aisai was probably by his side, thooh lothi father of Bukki, in the genealogy of the highAbishai was probably by his side, though nothing more is heard of him till he appears with Joab and priests (1 Chr. vi. 4, 5 50 51; zr. vii. 4, ). Asahel in hot pursuit of Abner, who was beaten in According to Josephus (isAnt. viii. 1, ~ 3) he executhe bloody fight by the pool of Gibeon. wAsahel ted the office of high-priest after his father Phinefell by Abner's hand: at sunset the survivors e- has, andc was succeeded by Eli; his descendants, fell by Abner's hand: at sunset" the survivors re- till Zadok, falling into the rank of private persons turned, buried their brother by night in the sepul- ti awre E fasling ito thame is orrupte persons chre of their father at Bethlehem, and with revengeis i in their hearts marched on to Hebron by break of Ico os. Noting is known of hitc. day (2 Sam. ii. 18, 24, 32). In the prosecution A. C. H. of their vengeance, though Joab's hand struck the AB'ISHUR ('%tWVU:l [Jfther of' the wall deadly blow, Abishai was associated with him in or p-right]'AAiroroip: Abisur), son of Shalmmai the treachery, and " Joab and Abishai killed Ab- (1 Chr. ii. 28). ner" (2 Sam. iii. 30). [AnErii.] In the war AB'SUM ('Ajtoa; Alex. AAioovat; [Aid. against Hanun, undertaken by David as a punish-', UM u Ahis) ABISHUA, the son of Phinment for the insult to his messengers, Abishai, as ehs (1 Esdr. v. 2). Called also BIssI. second in command, was opposed to the army of the Ammonites before the gates of liabbah, and AB L is or drove them headlong before him into the city, while AB'ITAL (Q_~ [whose fhther is dec or Joab defeated the Syrians who attempted to raise protection]:'Art-ax; Abitcl), one of David's wives the siege (2 Sam. x. 10, 14; 1 Chr. xix. 11, 15). (2 Sam. iii. 4; 1 Chr. iii. 3). The defeat of the Edomites in the valley of salt ABI'TUB ( 28 [Ither of goodness] (1 Chr. xviii. 12), which brought them to a state of vassalage, was due to Abishai, acting perhaps'AhciA; [Alex. Ahvrce]: Abitub), son of Shahaunder the iminmediate orders of the king (see 2 Sam. raim by Hushim (1 Chr. vi. 11). vini. 13), or of Joab (Ps. lx. title). On the out- ABI'UD ('Afhoil: Abiud). Descendant of break of Absalorn s rebellion and the consequent Zorobabel, in the genealogy of Jesus Christ (Matt. flight of David, Abishai remained true to the king; i. 13). Lord A. Hervey identifies him with Hoand the old warrior showed a gleam of his ancient DAIAH (1 Chr. iii. 24) and JUDA (Luke iii. 26), spirit, as fierce and relentless as in the camp of and supposes him to have been the grandson of Saul, when he offered to avenge the taunts of Zerubbabel through his daughter Shelomith. Shimei, and urged his subsequent execution (2 W. A. W. Sam. xvi. 9; xix. 21). -In the battle in the wood ABLUTION. [PURIFICATION.] of Ephraim Abishai commanded a third part of the AB'NER (7=S once father of army (2 Sam. xviii. 2, 5, 12), and in the absence.. -: of Amasa was summoned to assemble the troops in light: A3ev'Ip; [Alex. often ABev-7p Or Alaivqp]: Jerusalem and pursue after the rebel Sheba, Joab Ablner). 1. Son of Ner, who was the brother of ________ ish (I Chr. ix. 36) the father of Saul. Abner, a * On the origin and significance of the Bible therefore, was Saul's first cousin, and was made by names, see the article (Amer. ed.) on NAMIES. H. him commlander-in-chief of his army (1 Sam. xiv. b' This fuller article from the c" Concise Diction- 51). He was the person who conducted David into ary" has been substituted here for the article of four- Saul's presence after the death of Goliath (xvii. 57); teen lines in the larger work. H. and afterwards accompanied his master when he 12 ABNER ABOMINATION sought David's life at Hachilalh (xxvi. 3-14). From this there was indeed some pretext, inasmnuc as it this time we hear no more of him till after the was thought dishonorable even in battle to kill a death of Saul, when he rises into importance as the mere stripling like Asalhel, and Joab and Abishai main-stay of his family. It would seem that, im- were in this case the evenyers of blood (Num. mediately after the disastrous battle of Mlount Gil- xxxv. 19), but it is also plain that Abner only killed boa, David was proclaimed king of Judah in Hebron, the youth to save his own life. This murder caused the old capital of that tribe, but that the rest of the greatest sorrow and indignation to David; but the country was altogether in the hands of the as the assassins were too powerful to be punished, Philistines, and that five years passed before any lie contented himself with showing every public tonative prince ventured to oppose his claims to their ken of respect to Abner's memory, by following the power. During that time the Israelites were grad- bier and pouring forth a simple dirge over the ually recovering their territory, and at length Ab- slain, which is thus translated by Ewald (Diclter' ner proclaifiled the weak and unfortunate Ishbo- dces Altess Bundes, i. 99:sheth, Saul's son, as king of Israel in Mahanaim, As a villain dies, ought Abner to die? beyond Jordan —at first no doubt as a place of Thy hands, not fettered; security against the Philistines, though all serious Thy feet, not bound with chains apprehension of danger from them must have soon As one falls before the malicious, fellest thou! passed away - and Ishbosheth was generally recog- - i. e. " Thou didst not fall as a prisoner taken in nized except by Judah. This view of the order of battle, with hands and feet fettered, but by secret events is necessary to reconcile 2 Sam. ii. 10, where assassination, such as a villain meets at the hands Ishbosheth is said to have reigned over Israel for of villains " (2 Sali. iii. 33, 34). See also Lowth, two years, with ver. 11, in which we read that Da- Lectores on Hesbrew Poethy, xxii. G. E. L. C. vid was king of Judah for seven; and it is con- 2. Father of Jaasiel, chief of the lBenjanlites in firmed by vers. 5, 6, 7, in which David's llessage David's reign (1 Chr. xxvii. 21): probably the same of thanks to the men of Jabesh-gilead for buryiing as AuINER 1. W. A. W5T. Saul and his sons implies that no prince of Saul's ABOMINATION OF I)ESOLATIOZN house had as yet claimed the throne, but that Dnt ABOMINATION OF -E SOLATION vid hoped that his title would be soon acknowl- _(Cr $Bexv'/a.ris /p95oUeOsS Matt. xxiv. 15), edged by all Israel; while the exhortcation "to be entioned by our Saviour as a sign of the apedged by all Israel; while the exhortation "to be proaching destruction of Jerusalem, with reference valiant " probably refers to the struggle with the to Ian.g destruction of, Jxiir 11. The ebfrence Philistines, who placed the only appairent i dmpediment in the way of his recognition. War soon words in these passages are respectively, vn.Ij., broke out between the two rival kings, and a a" very,' and sore battle" was fought at Gibeon between the erni en 7..... of Israel un-der Abner, and the men of Judah under the LXX. translate the first word uniformly $54Joab, son of Zeruiah, David's sister (1 Chr. ii. 16). xAvycua, and the second ep'lsy.o-eoowv (ix. 27) and When the alrny of Ishbosheth was defeated, Joab's Epptsl eosws (xi. 31, xii. 11): miany MSS. however youngest brother Asahel, who is said to have been have hpavmoJE',ov, ihn xi. 31. The meaning of the "as light of foot as a wild roe," pursued Abner, first of these is clea first of these words is clear: t.1'i- expresses any and in spite of warning refused to leave him, so that Abner in self-defence was forced to kill hin. religious iomm)s'itp, and in the plural number espeAfter this the war continued, success inclining more cially idols. Suiclas defines 3/6EAoyyta as used by and more to the side of David, till at last the i- the Jews ra s e'Avv o Ka E ctva avprudence of Ishboshleth deprived him of the counsels Opw7rou. I ot is iportant to observe that the exand generalship of the hero, who was in truth the pression is not used of idolatry in the abstract, but only support of his tottering throne. Abner had of idolatry adopted by the Jews themselves (2 K. married RIizpah, Saul's concubine, and this, accord- xxi. 2-7, xxiii. 13). Hence we lust look for the ing to the views of Oriental courts, nlight be so fulfillmlent of the prophecy in some act of apostasy interpreted as to imply a design upon the throne. on their part; and so the Jews themselves appear Thus we read of a certain Armais, ho, ho, while left to have understood it, according to the traditional viceroy of Egypt in the absence of the king his feeling referred to by Josephus (B. J. iv. 6, ~ 3), that the temple would be destroyed [&' XeIpEs brother, "used violence to the queen and concu- the temple would be destroyed bines, and put on the diadenm, and set up to oppose oea rposiaow, ob reevos. With regard to his brother " (Manetho, quoted by Joseph. c. Apbion. the second word ~ 7, which has been variously i. 15). Cf. also 2 Sam. xvi. 21, xx. 3, 1 K. ii. 13- translated of desolfttion, of thie desoltorm, that aston25, and the case of the Pseudlo-Smlerdis, Herod. iii. isheth (Marginal transl. xi. 31, xii. 11), it is a par68. [AUSALOMi; ADONIJAH.] Iightly or wrongly, ticiple used substantively and placed in illmediate Ishbosheth so understood it, though Abner might apposition with the previous noun, qualifying it seem to have given sufficient proof of his loyalty, and with an adjective sense mtstonishinsy, horrible (Gesen. he even ventured to reproach him with it. Abner, incensed at his ingratitude, after an inclignant repli, s.. and thus the Whole g opened negotiations with David, by whom he was fies a horrible abominartion?. What the object remost favorably received at Hebron. He then un- ferred to was, is a matter of doubt; it should be dertook to procure his recognition throughout Is- observed, however, that in the passages in Daniel rael; but after leaving his court for the purpose was the setting up of the abomination was to be conseenticed back by Joab, and treacherously murdered quent upon the cessation of the sacrifice. The by hinm and his brother Abishai, at the gate of the Jews considered the prophecy as fulfilled in the city, partly no doubt. as Joab showed afterwards in profanation of the Temple under Antiochus Epiphthe case of AimTASA, from fear lest so distinguished anes, when the Israelites themselves erected an a convert to their cause should gain too high a place idolatrous altar (,acoois, Joseph. Alnt. xii. 5, ~ 4) in David's favor (Joseph. Ant. vii. 1, ~ 5), but os- upon the sacred altar, and offered sacrifice thereon: tensibly in retaliation for the death of Asahel. For this altar is described as 53EiAvxya pre s eiprctccevos ABRAHAM ABRAHAM 13 (1 Macc. i. 54, vi. 7). The prophecy, however, re- deean race, disdaining the settled life of the more ferred ultimately (as Josephus himself perceived, luxurious Canaanites, and fit to be hired by plunAnt. x. 11, ~ 7) to the destruction of Jerusalem by der as a protector against the invaders of tile North the Romans, and consequently the;3ExAvyua imust (see Gen. xiv. 21-23). Nor is it unlikely, though describe some occurrence connected with that event. we have no historical evidence of it, that his pasBut it is not easy to find one which meets all the sage into Canaan may have been a sign or a cause requirements of the case: the introduction of the of a greater migration from i-aran, and that he Roman standards into the Temple would not be a may have been looked upon (e. g. by Abimelech, BE'Av.y/Aa, properly speaking, unless it could be Gen. xxi. 22-32) as one who, from his position as shown that the Jews themselves participated in the well as his high character, would be able to guide worship of them; moreover, this event, as well as such a migration for evil or for good (Ewald, Gesch. several others which have been proposed, such as i. 409-413). the erection of the statue of Hadrian, fail in regard The traditions which Josephus adds to the Scripto the time of their occurrence, being sezbseqcent to tural narrative, are mlerely such as, after his manthe destruction of the city. It appears mlost prob- ner and in accordance with the aim of his writings, able that the profanities of the Zealots constituted exalt the knowledge and wisdom of Abraham, makthe abomination which was the sign of impending ing hinm the teacher of monotheism to the Chalruin.a (Joseph. B. J. iv. 3, ~ 7.) W. L. B. dgeans, and of astronomy and mathematics to the A'BRAHAM (,E 2l~, Jyhtler of a uclti- Egyptians. He quotes however Nicolaus of Dat T: - Illoascus,b as ascribing to him the conquest and govtudlce:'A3pad/$: Abrastham: originally ABRAM, ernment of Damascus on his way to Canaan, and BILOS, father of elevations: "APpaF.: Abram), stating that the tradition of his habitation was still the son of Terah, and brother of Nahor and Haran; preserved there (Joseph. ADnt. i. c. 7, ~ 2; see Gen. and the progenitor, not only of the Hebrew nation, xv. 2). but of several cognate tribes. His history is re- The Arab traditions are partly ante-MIohlamnlecorded to us with much detail in Scripture, as the dan, relating mainly to the Kaabah (or sacred very type of a true patriarchal life; a life, that is, house) of Mecca, which Abraham and his son "4 Isin which all authority is paternal, derived ulti- mail" are said to have rebuilt for the fourth time mately froim God the Father of all, and religion, over the sacred black stone. But in great measimperfect as yet in revelation and ritual, is based ure they are taken from the Koran, which has itentirely on that same Fatherly relation of God to self borrowed from the O. T. and from the IRabman. The natural tendency of such a religion is binical traditions. Of the latter the most remarkto the worship of tutelary gods of the famlily or of able is the story of his having destroyed the idols the tribe; traces of such a tendency on the part of (see Jud. v. 6-8) which Terahl not only worshipped the patriarchs are found in the Scriptural History (as declared in Josh. xxiv. 2), but also manufacitself; and the declaration of God to Moses (in Ex. turel, and having been cast by Nimrod into a fiery vi. 3) plainly teaches that the full sense of the unity furnace, which turned into a pleasant meadow. and eternity of Jehovah was nlot yet unfolded to The legend is generally traced to the word Ur, them. But yet the revelation of the Lord, as the (%d5), Abraham's birth-place, wllich has also the " Almighty God " (Gen. xvii. 1, xxviii. 3, xxxv. sense of "liht " or " fire." But the name of 11), and "the Judge of all the earth" (Gei. xviii. Abraham appears to be commonly remembered in 25), the knowledge of His intercourse with kings tradition through a very large portion of Asia, and of other tribes (Gen. xx. 3-7), and His judgment the title' el-Khalil," "the Friend" (of God) (see on Sodoin and Gomorrah (to say nothing of the 2 Chr. xx. 7; Is. xli. 8; Jamn. ii. 23) is that by promise which extended to " all nations ") must which he is usually spoken of by the Arabs. have raised the patriarchal religion far above this The Scriptural history of Abrahaml is divided narrow idea of God, and given it the germs, at least, into various periods, by the various and progressive of future exaltation. The character of Abraham is revelations of God, which he received - that which is formed by such a religion, and by the (i.) With his father Terah, his wife Sarai, and influence of a nomad pastoral life; free, simple, and nephew Lot, Abram left Ur for Haran (Charran), manly; full of hospitality and family affection; in obedience to a call of God (alluded to in Acts vii. truthful to all such as were bound to him by their 2-4). Haran, apparently the eldest brother - since ties, though not untainted with Eastern craft to Nahor, and probably also Abram,c married his those considered as aliens; ready for war, but not a daughter - was dead already; and Nahor remained professed warrior, or one who lived by plunder; free behind (Gen. xi. 31). In Haran Terah died; and and childlike in religion, and gradually educated Abram, now the head of the family, received a by God's hand to a continually deepening sense of second call and with it the promise.' I-is promise its all-absorbing claimls. It stands remarkably contrasted with those of Isaac and Jacob. b Nicolaus was a contemporary and favorite of Herod The Scriptural'history of Abraham is mainly the Great and Augustus. The quotation is probably limited, as usual, to the evolution of the Great Cov- from an Universal History, said to have contained 114 enant in his life; it is the history of the iman him- books. self rather than of the external events of his life; c " Iscah: (in Gen. xi. 29) is generally supposed to and, except in one or two instances (Gen. xii. 10- be the same person as Sarai. That Abram calls her 20, xiv., xx., xxi. 22-34) it does not refer to his re-his " sister" is not conclusive against it; for see xir. with, the resoftheword ote - 16, where Lot is called his " brother." lation with the rest of the world. To them he may Id It is expressly stated in the Acts (vii. 4) that only have appeared as a chief of the hardier Chal- Abram quitted Haran after his father's death. This is supposed to be inconsistent with the statements that a e Lange's note (Bibeluerk, i. 342), especially as Terah was 70 years old at' the birth of Abram (Geu. enlarged by Dr. Schaff (Coirn. on Mllatt. p. 424), enu- xi. 26); that he died at the age of 205 (Gen. xi. 32; aerates the principal explanations of this difficult ex- and that Abram was 75 years old when he left IIaran: pression. H. hence it would seem to follow that Abram migrated 14 ABRAHAM ABRAHAM was two-fold, containing both a temporal and spir- follows, gives us a specimen of the view which itual blessing, the one of which was the type and would be taken of him by the external world. By earnest of the other. The temporal promise was, the way in which it speaks of him as "Abram the that he should become a great and prosperous 11a- Hebrew," a it would seem to be an older document, tion; the spiritual, that in him "should all families a fragment of Canaanitish history (as Ewald calls of the earth be blessed" (Gen. xii. 2). it), preserved and sanctioned by Moses. The invaAbram appears to have entered Canaan, as Jacob sion was clearly another northern immigration or afterwards did, along the valley of the Jabbok; for foray, for the chiefs or kings were of Shinar (Babyhe crossed at once into the rich plain of Moreh, lonia), Ellasar (Assyria?), Elam (Persia), &c.; that near Sichem, and under Ebal and Gerizim. There, it was not the first, is evident from the vassalage in one of the most fertile spots of the land, he re- of the kings of the cities of the plain; and it exceived the first distinct promise of his future inher- tended (see Gen. xiv. 5-7) far to the south over a itance (Gen. xii. 7), and built his first altar to wide tract of country. Abram appears here as the God "The Canaanite" (it is noticed) " was then head of a small confederacy of chiefs, powerful in the land," and probably would view the strangers enough to venture on a long pursuit to the head of of the wai-like north with no friendly eyes. Ac- the valley of the Jordan, to attack with success a cordingly Abram made his second resting-place in large force, and not only to rescue Lot, but to roll the strong mountain country. the key of the various back for a time the stream of northern immigrapasses, between Bethel and Ai. There he would tlon. His high position is seen in the gratitude dwell securely, till famine drove him into the richer of the people, and the dignity with which he refuses and more cultivated land of Egypt. the character of a hireling; that it did not elate That his history is no ideal or heroic legend, is him above measure, is evident from his reverence very clearly shown, not merely by the record of his to Melchizedek, in whom he recognized one whose deceit as to Sarai, practiced in Egypt and repeated call was equal and consecrated rank superior to his afterwards, but niuch more by the clear description own [MIIELCOHIZEDEK]. of its utter failure, and the humiliating position in (II.) The second period of Abram's life is marked which it placed him in conlparison with Pharaoh, by the fresh revelation, which, without further and still more with Abimelech. That he should unfolding the spiritual promise, completes the temhave felt afraid of such a civilized and imposing poral one, ahlready in course of fulfillment. It first power as Egypt even at that time evidently was, announced to him that a child of his own should is consistent enough with the Arab nature as it is inherit the promise, and that his seed should be as now; that he should have sought to guard himself the " stars of heaven." This promise, unlike the by deceit, especially of that kind which is true in other, appeared at his age contrary to nature, and word and false in effect, is unfortunately not at all therefore it is on this occasion that his faith is incompatible with a generally religious character; specially noted, as accepted and "counted for rightbut that such a story should have been framed in eousness." Accordingly, he now passed into a new.an ideal description of a saint or hero is inconceiv- position, for not only is a fuller revelation given as able. to the captivity of his seed in Egypt, the time of The period of his stay in Egypt is not recorded, their deliverance, and their conquest of the land, but it is from this time that his wealth and power "when the iniquity of the Amorites was full," but appear to have berun (Gell. xiii. 2). If the domin- after his solemnl burnt-offering the visible appearion of the Hyksos in Memphis is to be referred to ante of God in fire is vouchsafed to him as a sign, this epoch, as seems not improbable [EGYIPT], then, and he enter's into covencnt with the Lord (Gen. since they were akin to the Hebrews, it is not im- xv. 18). This covenant, like the earlier one with possible that Abram may have taken part in their Noah (Gen. ix. 9-17), is one of free promise fiom war of conquest, and so have had another recom- God, faith only in that promise being required fromt mendation to the favor of Pharaoh. man. On his return, the very fact of this growing The immediate consequence was the taking of wealth and importance caused the separation of I.ot Hagar, $arai's maid, to be a concubine of Abram and his portion of the tribe from Abrsm. Lot's (as a means for the fulfillment of the promise of departure to the rich country of Sodom implied a seed), and the conception of Ishmael. wish to quit the nomadic life and settle at once; (III.) For fourteen years after, no more is reAbram, on the contrary, was content still to " dwell corded of Abram, who seems during all that period in tents" and wait for the promised time (Heb. to have dwelt at Mamre. After that timle, in xi. 9). Probably till now he had looked on Lot as Abram's 99th year, the last step in the revelation his heir, and his separation from him was a Proe- of the promise is made, by the declaration that it idential preparation for the future. From this time should be given -to a son of Sarai; and at the same he took up his third resting-place at Manire, or time the temporal and spiritual elements are disHebron, the future capital of Judah, situated in tinguished; Ishmael can share only the one, Isaac the direct line of communication with Egypt, and is to enjoy the other. The covenant, which before opening down to the wilderness and pasture land was only for temporal inheritance (Gen. xv. 18), is of Beersheba. This very position, so different from now made "everlasting," and sealed by circumthe mountain-fastness of Ai, marks the change in cision. This new state is marked by the change the numbers and powers of his tribe. of Abram's name to "Abraham," and Sarai's to The history of his attack on Chedorlaomer, which "Sarah," h and it was one of far greater acquaintfrom Haran in his father's lifetime. Various explan- a'O 7rep'T-is, LXX. If this sense of the word be ations have been given of this difficulty; the most taken, it strengthens the supposition noticed. In any probable is, that the statement in Gen. xi. 26, that case, the name is that applied to the Israelites by forTerah was 70T years old When he begat his three chil- eigners, or used by them of themselves only in speakdren, applies only to the oldest, Harnan, and that the ing to foreigners: see IEBREw. births of his two younger children belonged to a subsecquent period [CEIRuONOL(G. b The original name Ott7 is uncertain in derivasequent, perled [0CIRONOLOGY]. - ~ T ABRAHAM ABRAHAMl 15 snce and intercourse with God. For, immediately vi. 21-31) could not have been wholly unfelt by a'fter, we read of the Lord's appearance to Abraham the paltriarch himself, so far as it involved the sense in human form, attended by two angels, the minis- of the spiritual nature of the promise, and carried ters of His wrath against Sodoml, of His announce- out the fore-ordained will of God. ment of the coming judgment to Abraham, and (IV.) Again for a long period (25 years, Joseph. acceptance of his intercession for the condemned Ant. i. 13, ~ 2) the history is silent: then comes cities.a The whole record stands alone in Scripture the final trial and perfection of his faith in the for the simple and familiar intercourse of God with colmmand to offer up the child of his affections and him, contrasting strongly with the vaguer and of God's promise. The trial lay, first in the more awful descriptions of previous appearances preciousness of the sacrifice, and the perplexity in (see e. g. xv. 12), and with those of later times which the command involved the fulfilllllent of the (Gen. xxviii. 17, xxxii. 30; Ex. iii. 6, &c.). And proimise; secondly, in the strangeness of the conmcorresponding with this there is a perfect absence mand to violate the human life, of which the saof all fear on Abraham's part, and a cordial and credness had been enforced by God's special comreverent joy, which, umore than anything else, recalls mand (Gen. ix. 5, 6), as well as by the feelings of the time past when " the voice of the Lord God a father. To these trials he rose superior by faith, was heard, walking in the garden in the cool of the that " God was able to raise Isaac even from the day." dead" (Heb. xi. 19), probably through the same Strangely unworthy of this exalted position as faith to which our Lord refers, that God had the,, Friend " and intercessor with God, is the promised to be the " God of Isaac " (Gen. xvii. 19), repetition of the falsehood as to Sarah in the land and that he was not " a God of the dead, but of of the Philistines (Gen. xx.). It was the first time the living." tX he had come in contact with that tribe or collection It is remarkable that, in the blessing given to of tribes, which stretched along the coast almost to him now, the original spiritual promise is repeated the borders of Egypt; a race apparently of lords for the first time since his earliest call, and in the ruling over a conquered population, andcl another same words then used. But the promise that "in example of that series of immigrations which ap- his seed all nations should be blessed " would be' pear to have taken place at this time. It seems, now understood very differently, and felt to be far from Abraham's excuse for his deceit on this occa- above the temporal promise, in which, perhaps, at sion, as if there had been the idea in his mind that first it seemed to be absorbed. It can hardly be all arms may be used against urtbelievers, who, it wrong to refer preumsinently to this epoch the deis assunmed, have no "fear of God," or sense of claration, that Abraham "saw the day of Christ right. If so, the rebuke of Abimelech, by its dig- and was glad " (John viii. 56). nity and its clear recognition of a God of justice, The history of Abraham is now all but over, must have put him to manifest shame, and taught though his life was prolonged for nearly 50 years. him that others also were servants of the Lord. The only other incidents are the death and burial This period again, like that of the sojourn in of Sarah, the marriage of Isaac with Rebekah, and Egypt, was one of growth in power and wealth, as that of Abrahaims with Keturahll. the respect of Abimelech and his alarm for the The death of Sarah took place at KIiljath Arba, future, so natural in the chief of a race of conquer- i.e. Hebron, so that Abraham must have returned ing invaders, very clearly shows. Abranl's settle- from Beersheba to his old and more peaceful home. ment at Beersheba, on the borders of the desert, In the history of her burial, the most notable near the Amsalekite plunderers, shows both that he points are the respect paid to the power and charneeded room, and was able to protect himself and acter of Abraham, as a nighty prince, and the his flocks. exceeding modesty and courtesy of his demeanor. The birth of Isaac crowns his happiness, and It is sufficiently striking that the only inheritance fulfills the first great promise of God; and the ex- of his family in the land of promise should be a pulsion of Ishmael, painful as it was to him, and tomb. The sepulchral cave of Machpelah is now. vindictive as it seems to have been on Sarah's part, said to be concealed under the Mosque of Hebron was yet a step in the education which was to teach (see Stanley, S. 4 P. p. 101). [HEISRON.] him to give up all for the one great object. The The marriage of Isaac, so far as Abraham is symbolical meaning of the act (drawn out in Gal. concerned, marks his utter refusal to ally his son with the polluted and condemned blood of the Cation and meaning. Gesenius renders it " nobility," naanites. from the same root as " Sarah "; Ewald by " quarrel- The marriage with Keturah is the strangest and most unexpected event recorded in his life, Abrasome" (from the root T in sense of "to fight ). ham having long ago been spoken of as an old man; The name Sarah, "'9i.t., is certainly " princess." but his youth having been restored before the birth a Tradition still points out the supposed site of this of Isaac, must have remained to him, and Isaac's appearance of the Lord to Abraham. About a mile from Hebron is a beautiful and massive oak, which still bears Abrathatm'~s nlame. The residence of the present text, and to Josephus, the land of "Moriah," patriarch was called " the oaks of Mamre," errone- or - chosen by Jehocva, Ges. (comp. the name ously translated in A. V. " the plain " of Matmre (Gen. Jelhoah-Jireh "). The Samaritan Peutateuch has xiii. 18, xviii. 1); but it is doubtful whether this is the exact spot, since the tradition in the time of Jo- " Moreh," n.t.; the LXX. render the word here by sephus (B. J. iv. 9, ~ 7) was attached to a terebinth. zvr J'Isnqhuv, the phrase used for what is undoubtedly This tree no longer remains; but there is no doubt " Moreh " in xii. 6, whereas in 2 Chr. iii. they render that it stood within the ancient enclosure, which is "Moriah" by Antoppa: they therefore probably read still called "Abraham's House." A fair wass held "Moreh" also. The fact of the three clays' journey beneath it in the time of Constantine, and it remained from Beersheba suits Moreh better (see Stanley's S. y to the time of Theodosius. (Robinson, ii. 81, ed. P. p. 251); other considerations seem in favor of MoL856; Stanley, S. ~ P. p. 143.) riah. [ioRIoa.] 16 ABRAHAM'S BOSOM ABSALOM marriage having taken his son comparatively away, vers, Bonner Zeits. xiii. 58) that the word is a cormay have induced him to seek a wife to be the ruption of - beyond the river (Eusupport of his old age. Keturah held a lower rank ruption of than Sarah, and her children were sent away, lest phrates), which has just before been mentioned; a they should dispute the inheritance of Isaac, Abra- corruption not more inconceivable than many which ham having learnt to do voluntarily in their case actually exist in the LXX. The A. V. has ARwhat had been forced upon him in the case of Ish- BONAI (Jud. ii. 24). G. mael. Inael. AB`SALOM f (E'li~~lt the 2-l of peace: Abraham died at the age of 175 years, and his AB'SALO of e ace: sons, the heir Isaac, and the outcast Ishmael, united'A e6Eo'a~.oA: Abssalom), third son of David by to lay him in the cave of Machpelah by the side Maachah, daughter of Talmai king of Geshur, a of, Sarah. Syrian district adjoining the north-eastern frontier His descendants were (1) the Israelites; (2) a of the Holy Land near the Lake of Merolre. -IHe is branch of the Arab tribes through Ishmael; (3) scarcely mentioned till after David had committed the " children of the East," of whoml the Midian- the great crime which by its consequences embitites were the chief; (4) perhaps (as cognate tribes), tered his old age, and then appears as the instruthe nations of Alllnon and Moab (see these names); ment by whom was fulfilled God s threat against the and through their various branches his name is sinful king, that " evil should be raised up against known all over Asia. A. B. him out of his own house, and that his neighbor - On Abraham, see particularly Ewald, Gesch. should lie with his wives in the sight of the sun." i. 409-439, 2e Aufl.; Kurtz, Gesch. des A. Bltndes, In the latter part of David's reign, polygamly bore its 2e Aufl., i. 160-215; and Stanley, Lect. on the ordinlary fruits. Not only is his sin in the case of 1ist. of the Jewsish Church, Part I., Lect. i., ii. Bathsheba traceable to it, since it naturally suggests The Jewish legends respecting him have been col- the unlimited indulgence of the passions, but it also lected by Beer, Leben Abrahlsems izach Aufibsszung brought about the punishment of that sin, by raisder jiidischesn Saye, Leipz. 1859; see also Eisen- ing up jealousies and conflicting claims between the menger's Lntdlecktes Jucdessntlsssss. A. sons of different inothers, each apparently living ABRAHAM'S BOSOM. During the Ro- with a separate house and establishment (2 Sam. man occupation of Judiea, at least, the practice of xiii. 8, xiv. 24; cf. 1 K. vii. 8, &c.). Absalorn reclining on conches at meals was customary along had a sister Tanmar, who was violated by her halfthe Jews. As each guest leaned upon his left brother Anmnon, David's eldest son by Ahinoam, arm, his neighbor next below him would naturally the Jezreelitess. Tile king, though indignant at so be described as lying in his bosom; and such a po- great a crime, would not punish Amnlon because he sition with respect to the master of the house was was his first-born, as we learn fiorn the words Kal one of especial honor, and only occupied by his oabc EAii7r1tre -ib 7rv',eta'Ay'&u, Tero vloD adVrov, nearest friends (John i. 18, xiii. 23). To lie in o-Tr'Y ra rT 0l, trpWoT0roTeos aa Tor fil, which Abraham's bosom, then, was a metaphor in use are found in the LXX. (2 Sam. xiii. 21), though among the Jews to denote a condition after death wanting in the Hebrew. The natural avenger of of perfect happiness and rest, and a position of such an outrage would be Tamar's fhll brother Abfriendship and nearness to the great founder of salom, just as the sons of Jacob took bloody ventheir race, when they shall lie down on his right geance for their sister Dinah (Gen. xxxiv.). He hand at the banquet of Plaradise, " with Abrallham, brooded over the wrong for two years, and then inand Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdlom of heaven " vited all the princes to a sheep-shearing feast at his (Matt. viii. 11). That the expression was in use estate in Bsaal-hazor, possibly an old Canaanitish among the Jews is shown by Lightfoot (Hor. lIeb. sanctuary (as we infer from the prefix Baal), on the in Leic. xvi. 22), who quotes a passage from the border of Ilphrailll d Benjamin. Here he orTallllud (Kiddltshina, fol. 72), which, according to dered his servants to murder Amnon, and then fled his interpretation, represents Levi as saying in for saufety to his father-in-law's court at (Geshur, reference to the death of Rabbi Judah, "to-dasy he'iihere lie remnained for three years. I)avid was overdcwelleth in Abraham's bosom." The future bless- whellled by this accumulation of family sorrows, edlless of the just was represented under the figure thus completed by separation from his favorite of a banquet, "the banquet of the gardenl of EIden sa,'1a0hm he thought it impossible to pardon or or Paradise." See Schoettgen, ies1. leb. is stzl. lrecall. But lie was brought back by an artifice of viii. 11. [L\AZARUs.] M. A. r. Joab, who sent a woman of Tekoah (afterwards A'B1RAIM. [ABRATAi.] 3 known as the birthplace of the prophet Amos) to entreat the kinig's interference in a supposititiotus case ABRO'NAH (7s~111 [2passage], from similar to Absalom's. Having persuaded David to a to cross over), one of the halting-places of prevent the avenger of blood fi-orn pursuing a young, to cross over), one of the haltng-plces of man, who, she said, had slain his brother, she the Israelites in the desert, immediately preceding adroitly applied his assent to the recall of Absalom, Ezion-geber, and therefore, looking to the root, the and urged him, as he had thus yielded the general name may possibly retain the trace of a ford across principle, to " fetch home his banished." David the head of the Elanitic Gulf. In the A. V. it is did so, but would not see Absalom for two snore given as Ebronah ('E3pwa'; [Vat. Es,3pceva:] le- years, though he allowed him to live in Jerusalem. br-onn) (Num. xxxiii. 34, 35). G~ At last wearied with delay, perceiving that his ABRO'NAS ('ABpras; [Comp.'ApBova'; triumph was only half complete, and that his exAld.'Apova'l': ManLmble]), a torrent (XeLsaipos), clusion from court interfered with the ambitious apparently near Cilicia [Judg. ii. 24 compared with schemes which he was forming, fancying too that 25]: if so, it may possibly be the Nahlv Ab rais, sufficient exertions were not made in his favor, the or Ibrlathim, the ancient Adonis, which rises in the impetuous youlng man sent his servants to burn a Lebanonl at Af/ct, and falls into the, sea at.febeil field of corn near his own, belonging to Joab, thus (Byblos). It has, however, been conjectured (Mo- doing as Samson had done (Judg. xv. 4). There ABSALOM ABSALOM' 17 upon Joab, probably dreading somle further outrage letn (xix. 10), and lingering there far longler than was from his violence, brought hiim to his father, from expedient, Absalom crossed the Jordan to attack his whom he received the kiss of reconciliation. Ab- father, who by this tinle had rallied round him a salomll now began at once to prepare for rebellion, considerable force, whereas had Ahithophel's advice urged to it partly by his own restless wickedness, been followed, he would probably have been crushed partly perhaps by the fear lest Bathsheba's child at once. A decisive battle was fought in (;ilead, should supplant him in the succession, to which he in the wood of Ephraim, so called, according to would feel himself entitled as of royal birth on his Gerlach (Conzm. in loco), from the great defeat of mother's side as well as his father's, and as being the Ephraimites (Judg. xii. 4, or perhaps from now David's eldest surviving son, since we may in- the connection of Ephraim with the trans-Jordanic fer that the second son Chileab was dead, fiom no half-tribe of Manasseh (Stanley, S. and P. p. mention being made of him after 2 Sam. iii. 3. It 323). Here Absalom's forces were totally defeated, is harder to account for his temporary success, and and as he himself was escaping, his long hair was the imminent danger which befell so powerful a gov- entangled in the branches of a terebinth, where he erinent as his father's. The sin with Bathsheba was left hanging while the mule on which he was had probably weakened David's moral and religious riding ran away from under him. Here he was hold upon the people; and as he grew older he may dispatched by Joab, in spite of the prohibition of have become less attentive to individual complaints, David, who, loving him to the last, had desired that and that personal administration of justice which his life might be spared, and when he heard of his was one of an eastern king's chief duties. For Ab- death, lamented over him ihi the pathetic words, salom tried to supplant his father by courting pop- 0 my son Absalom! wcould God I had died Jiu, ularity, stancding in the gate, conversing with every thee! 0 Absanlo, szy son, my son! He was suitor, lamenting the difficulty which he would find buried in a great pit in the forest, and the conin getting a hearing, " putting forth his hand and querors threw stones over his grave, an old proof' kissing any mall who came nigh to do him obei- of bitter hostility (Josh. vii. 26).a The sacred sance." He also maintained a splendid retinue historian contrasts this dishonored burial with the (xv. 1), and was admired for his personal beauty tomb which Absalom had raised in the Kiny's dGll and the luxuriant growth of his hair, on grounds (conp. Gen. xiv. 17) for the three sons whom lhe similar to those which had made Saul acceptable had lost (conlp. 2 Sam. xviii. 18, with xiv. 27), and (1 Sans. x. 23). It is probable, too, that the great where he probably had intended that his own retribe of Judah had taken somle offense at David's maiilS should be laid. Josephus (Alnt. vii. 10, ~ 3) government, perhaps from finding themselves coin- imlentions the pillar of Absalom as situate 2 stadia pletely Ilerged in one united Israel; and that they from Jerusalem. An existing monument in the hoped secretly for preniminence under the less wise valley of Jehosbaphat just outside Jerusalem bears and liberal rule of his son. Thus Absalomll selects the namle of the'omb of Absalonm; but the Ionic Ilebron, the old capital of Judahl (now supplanted pillars which surround its base show that it belongs by Jerusalem), as the scene of the outbreak; Amasa to a much later period, even if it be a tomb at a,. his chief captain, and Ahithophel of Giloh his prin- G. E. L. C. cipal counsellor, are both of Judah, and after the rebellion was crushed we see signs of ill-feeling between Judah and the other tribes (xix. 41). But whatever the causes may have been, Absalom raised the standard of revolt at Hebron after foilts i years, as we now read in 2 Sam. xv. 7, which it seems better to consider a false reading for Jozs' s s (the number actually given by Josephus), than to - interpret of the fortieth year of David's reign (see TGerlach, in loco, and Ewald, Geschichte, iii. 217). The revolt was at first conmpletely successful; David I 2 fled from his capital over the Jordan to Mahanaim in Gilead, where Jacob had seen the " e Two Hosts " of the angelic vision, and where Abner had rallied R e- - _-. the Israelites round Saul's dynasty in the person of I --- _ the unfortunate Ishbosheth. Absalom occupied lJe. rusalem, and by the advice of Ahithophel, who saw that for such an unnatural rebellion war to the knife was the best security, took possession oi This was considered to imply a formal assumption K of all his father's royal rights (cf. the conduct of Adonijah, 1 K. ii. 13 ff., and of Smerdis the MIagian, Herod. iii. 68), and was also a fulfillment of Nathan's prophecy (2 Sam. xii. 11). But David The so-called Tomb of Absalom. had left friiends who watched over his interests. The vigorous counsels of Alhithophel were afterwards AB'SALOM ('Aceaamjs; [Comp Alex rejected through the crafty advice of Hushai, who'AcafcAvos, and so Sin. 1 MI. xiii.:] Absocltus, insinuated himself into Absalo's confidence to The same custom of heaping up stones as a work his ruin, and Ablitophel himself, seeing his marlk of detestation and (ignominy over the graves of albitious hopes frustrated, and another preferred perpetrators of crimes, is still observed in the lands by the man for whose sake he had turned traitor, of the Bible. For illustrations of this, see Tlomso.us inent home to Giloh and conmnitted suicide. At Losad and Bookc, ii. 234. atnd onar's lissasle of Esa last, after being solemnly anointed king at Jerusa- qstiry to the Jews, p. 318. II 2 18 ABSALON ACELDAMA Absaslomus), the father of Mattathias (1 Macc. xi. whole sea-board of Palestine -which is formed by 70) and Jonathan (1 Macc. xiii. 11). the bold promontory of Carmel on the opposite side. B. F. W. This bay, though spacious (the distance from Accho AB'SALON ('A,3esaoaXciju: Abesaloin). An to Carmel being about 8 miles), is shallow and exambassador with John from the Jews to Lysias, posed, and hence Accho itself does not at all times chief governor of Coele-Syria and Phcenice (2 offer safe harborage; on the opposite side of the Macc. xi. 17). W. A. W. bay, however, the roadstead of Haifc, immediately ABU'/BUS ('Ag~ovposr: Abobus). Father of under Carmlel, supplies this deficiency. Inland the hills, which firom Tyre southwards press close upon Ptolemeus, who was captain of the plain of Jericho, hills, which fro l Tyre sothwards pess close upon and son-in-law to Simoin MIaccaheus ( l Miacc. xvi. the sea-shore, gradually recede, leaving in the ilame11, 15). WV. A. W. diate neighborhood of Accho a plain of remarkable fertility about six miles broad, and watered by the ABYSS. [DEEP, TIHE.] H. small river Belus (Na/Vh Natescz), which discharges AC'ATAN ('AKcard: Eccetan). HAKKATAN itself into the sea close under the walls of the (1 Esdr. viii. 38). W. A. W. town. To the S. E. the still receding heights AC'CAD (TIS [Jbrtress according to Fiirst]: afford access to the interior in the direction of Sepphoris. Accho, thus favorably:placed in comnmand'ApXc~: Achad), one of the cities in the land of,'Ahintar - the other s being Babel, Erech, and Cal- of the approaches from the north, both by sea and Shne - whiche thers beging Babel, ErechNod Cal- land, has been justly termed the "key of Palesneh - which were the beginning of Nimrod's king- tine." dom (Gen. x. 10). A great many conjectures have In the division of Canaan among the tribes, been formed as to its identification: - 1. Following Accho fell'to the lot of Asher, but was never the readino of the oldest version (the LXX.), the wrest ll river Argades, - nie by iElian as in the Perwrested from its original inhabitants (Judg. i. 31); river Argades, mentioned by glan as in th an hedlce it is reckoned among the cities of sian part of Sittacene beyond the Tigris, has been Phcenicia (Strab. ii. 134; Pjn. v. 17; Ptol. v. put forward (Bochart, Phal. iv. 17). But this is 15). No further mention is made of it in the too far east. 2. Sacada, a town stated by Ptolemy O. T. history, nor does it appear to have risen to to have stood at the junction of the Lycus (Great much importance until after the dismemberment Zab) with the Tigris, below Nineveh (Leclerc, in of the Macedonian empire, when its proximity to WViner). 3. A district "north of Babylon" called the frontier of Syria made it an object of frequent'Apci-s3 (Knobel, Genesis, p. 108). 4. And per- contention. Along with the rest of Phcenicia it haps in the absence of any remains of the name this fell to the lot of Egypt, and was named Ptolemais, has the greatest show of evidence in its favor, NilSoer, who bis, a city on the Khabous river still retaining its after one of the Ptolemies, probably Soter, who is, a city on t he NKhbou river s tll retaining its could not have failed to see its importance to his name (Nisibin), and situated at the. E part of dominions in a military point of view. In the Mesopotamia, about 150 miles east of Ofa/4, and wars that ensued betwee n Syria and Egypt, it wathe midway between it and Nineveh. We have the tes- that ensued between Syria and Egypt, it was tiiiiony of Jerome (Osnonssticon, Achad), that it taken by Antiochus the Great (Ptol. v. 62), and timony of Jeromne (Olzomasticor, chc),that iat t a ched to his kingdom. When the Maccabees was the belief of the Jews of his day (Hebrcei dicunt)attached to his kingdom that Nisibis was Accad; a belief confirmed by the established themselves in Judea, it became the renderimns of the Tarogqums of Jerusalem and Pseu- base of operations against them. Simon drove his n nderin~s of the Targums ofTerusalem and P enemies back within its walls, but did not take it do-jonathan (8.s.2), and of Ephraem Syrus; (I Macc. v. 22). Subsequently, when Alexander and also by the fact that the ancient nale of Ni- Balas set up his claim to the Syrian throne, he sibis was Acar (Rosenmiiller, ii. 23), which is the could offer no more tempting bait to secure the coord give i the early Pesto version and peration of Jonathan than the possession of Ptoleword given in the early Peshito version,.flj, and mais and its district (1 Mace. x. 39). On the decay also occurring in three MSS. of the Onomasticon of the Syrian power it was one of the few cities of Jerome. (See the note to "Achad" in the of Jud,-ea which established its independence. Aledition of Jerome, Ven. 1767, vol. iii. p. 127.) exander Jannueus attacked it without success.'Ihe theory deduced by Rawlinson from the latest Cleopatra, whom he had summoned to his assistAssyrian researches is, that " Akkad " was the ance, took it, and transferred it, with her daughter name of the "' great primitive Hamite race who in- Selene, to the Syrian monarchy: under her rule it habited Babylonia from the earliest time,' who was besieged and taken by Tigranes (Joseph. Ant. originated the arts and sciences, and whose language xiii. 12, ~ 2; 13, ~ 2; 16, ~ 4). Ultimately it was 4' the great parent stock from which the trunk passed into the hands of the Romans, who constream of the Semitic tongues sprang." "' In the structed a military road along the coast, from inscriptions of Sargon the name of Akkad is ap- Berytus to Sepphoris, passing through it, and eleplied -to the Armenian mountains instead of the vated it to the rank of a colony, with the title vernacular title of Ararat." (Rawlinson, in Herod- Colonia Claudii Caesaris (Plin. v. 17). The only otus, i. 319, note.) The name of the city is be- notice of it in the N. T. is in connection with St. lieved to have been discovered in the inscriptions Paul's passage from Tyre to Caesarea (Acts xxi. 7). under the form.Kinzi kkacd (ibid. p. 447). G. Few remains of antiquity are to be found in the modern town. The original name has alone surAC'CiARON. [EK-RON.] vived all the changes to which the place has been AC'CHO (3V, hot sand (?):'AKXo, AKcn, exposed. W. L. B. Strabo; the PTOnEMzAIS of the Maccabees and N. AC'COS ('AKKCs; [Alex. AcXws, Field:] JaT.), now called AcccM, or more usually by Europeans, cob), father of John and grandfather of Eupolemus Saisnt Jean d'Acre, "the most imlportant sea-port the ambassador from Judas Maccabaeus to Rome (1 town on the Syrian:coast, about 30 miles S. of Macc. viii. 17). Tyre. It was situated,on;a slightly projecting headland, at the northern extremity of that spacious'COZ. [Koz.] bay —the only inlet of any importance along the ACEL/DAMA ('AKeXoaaid; Lachm. [and ACELDAMA ACELDAMA 19 risch.] ([Sin.] B)'AKEAXca/dX: Haceldalna); Xo- saders in 1218 for their Gcnapo Santo at Pisa, and )Lo, a~lf aros, "the field of blood;" (Chald. A j by the Empress Helena for that at Rome (Rob. i., 355; Raumer, p. 270). Besides the charnel-house.1ZT), the name given by the Jews of Jerusalem above mentioned, there are several large hollows in;o a "field" (XwpL'ov) near Jerusalem purchased the ground in this immediate neighborhood which )y Judas with the money which he received for the may have been caused by such excavations. The )etrayal of Christ, and so called from his violent formation of *the hill is cretaceous, and it is well leath therein (Acts i. 19). This is at variance known that chalk is always favorable to the rapid rvith the account of St. Matthew (xxvii. 8), accord- decay of animal matter. The assertion (Kraff't, p. ng to which the " field of blood" (a&pbs aeluaros) 193; Ritter, Pal. p. 463) that a pottery still exists was purchased by the Priests with the 30 pieces of near this spot does not seem to be borne out by silver after they had been cast down by Judas, as a other testimony.c G. burial-place for strangers, the locality being well e There are other views on some of the points known at the time as "4 the field of the Potter," a embraced in this article, which deserve to be,lmen(rby &'ypbv Tro KepaedoWs). See Alford's notes to tioned. The contradiction said to exist between Acts i. 19. And accordingly ecclesiastical tradition NMatt. xxvii. 8 and Acts i. 19 is justly qualified appears from the earliest times to have pointed out in the Concise Dictionary as "apparent,"'and two distinct (though not unvarying) spots as re-m' hence not necessarily actual. The difficulty turns ferred to in the two accounts. In Jerome's time wholly upon a single word, namely, iKTrrcjaTO, (Oszonm. Acheldlate) the "ager sanguinis" was in Acts i. 18; and that being susceptible of a twoshown "aad australem b plagamL montis Sion." Ar- fold sense, we are at liberty certainly to choose culfus (p. 4) saw the " large Jfig-tree where Judas the one which agrees with Matthew's statement, hanged himself," certainly in a different place from instead of the one conflicting with it. Manly unthat of the "small field (Aceldasla) where the derstand errcrtoa'ro in Acts as having a Hiphil or bodies of pilgrims were buried " (p. 5). Saewulf causative sense, as Greek verbs, especially in the (p. 42) was shown Aceldamla " next " to Gethsem- middle voice, often have (Win. N. T. GCr. ~ 38, 3; ane, l"at the foot of Olivet, near the sepulchres- Scheuerl. Syntax, p. 298). With this meaning, of Simeon and Joseph" (Jacob and Zacharias). Luke in the Acts (or Peter, since it may be the In the " Citez de Jlrerusalem" (Rob. ii. 560) the latter's remark,) states that Judas by his treachery place of the suicide of Judas was shown as a stone gave occasion for the purchase of " the potter's arch, apparently inside the city, and giving its field "; and that is precisely what Matthew states name to a street. Sir John Maundeville (p. 175) in saying that the priests purchased the field, since found the "elder-tree" of Judas "cfast by" the they did it with the money furnished to them by as image of Absalom;" but the Aceldama " on the the traitor. In like manner we read in the Gosother side of Mount Sion towards the south." pels that Jesus when crucified was put to death by Maundrell's account (p. 468-9) agrees with this, the Roman soldiers; but in Acts v. 30, Peter says and so does the large map of Schultz, on which to the members of the Jewish Council: -; Whom both sites are marked. The Aceldama still retains (Jesus) ye slew, hanging on a tree ": sd which all its ancient position, but the tree of Judas has been accept as meaning that the Jewish rulers were the transferred to the " Hill of Evil Counsel" (Stanley, means of procuring the Saviour's death. For other S. 4( P. pp. 105, 186; and Barclay's Mscq)c, 1857, examples of this causative sense of verbs, collp. and "City," &c. pp. 75, 208). Matt. ii. 16, xxvii. 60; John iv. 1; Acts vii. 21, The "field of blood" is now shown on the steep xvi. 23; 1 Cor. vii. 16; 1 Tim. iv. 16, etc. As southern face of the valley or ravine of Hinnom, explaining, perhaps, why Peter chose this concise near its eastern end; on a narrow plateau (Salz- mlode of expression, Fritzsche's remiark may be mann, Etude, p. 22), more than half way up the quoted: —The man (a sort of (icersa irrlisio) hill-side. Its modern name is Hak ed-daclm. It thought to enrich himself by his crime, but only is separated by no enclosure; a few venerable olive- got by it a field where blood was paid for blood trees (see Salzmann's photograph, "'ChaImp cdu (vang.. JMltt. p. 799). Many of the best critics, szany ") occupy part of it, and the rest is covered by as Kuinoel, Olshausen, Tholuck (1IS. notes), a ruined square edifice —half built, half excavated Ebrard ( TWissensch. Kritilc, p. 543), Baumgarten, — which, perhaps originally a church (Pauli, in (Apostelyesc7h. p. 31), Lanlge (Bibleler/o, i. 409), Ritter, Pal. p. 464), was in Maundrell's time (p. Lechler (Des' Apost. Gesch. p. 14), Robinson (Has468) in use as a charnel-house, and which the latest molny, p. 227), Andrews (Lije of' our Lord, p. conjectures (Schultz, Williams, and Barclay, p. 207) 511), and others, adopt this explanation. propose to identify with the tomb of Ananus (Joseph. It does not affect the accuracy of Matthew or B. J. v. 12, ~ 2). It was believed in the middle Luke whether "thi field of blood" which they. ages that the soil of this place had the power of very mlention was the present Aceldalma or not; for they rapidly consuming bodies buried inl it (Sandys, p. affirm nothing as to its position beyond implying 187), and in consequence either of this or of the that it was a "potter's field" near Jerusalem. sanctity of the spot, great quantities of the earth were taken away; amongst others by the Pisan Cru- c * Krafit's statement is (Topographie Jerusalemns, p. 193) that he saw people cutting or digging up clay there (Erde stechen), and not that they worked it up a The prophecy referred to by St. Matthew, Zecha- on the ground. Schultz, the Prussian consul (Jerusariah (not Jeremiah) xi. 12, 13, does not in the present lesn, eine VorlesLunlg, p. 39), and Porter ( Giant Cities, p. state of the Hebrew text agree with the quotation of 147), speak of a bed of clay in that place. See, also, the Evangelist. The Syriac Version omits the name Williams's Holy City, ii. 495. There is a pottery at altogether. Jerusalem at present, for which the clay is obtained b Eusebius, from whom Jerome translated, has here from the hill over the valley of Hinnom. I. iv /opeotL. This may be a clerical error, or it may d 5 The A. V. strangely misrepresents the Greek add another to the many instances existing of the here, as if the putting to death of Jesus was prior to shange of a traditional site to meet circumstances. the crucifixion. H. 20 ACELDAMA ACHAN Nor does the existence of traditions which point however, to illustrate rather than solve the diffiout different spots as "the field," prove that the culty, see Dr. Schaff's edition of Lange's Cornzmeenfirst Christians recognized two different accounts, i. tar'y, i. 505. H. e. a contradiction in the statements of Matthew and) signifies in the N. T. Luke; for the variant traditions are not old enough Can province,I (' a) signifies included the N. T. a (that of Arculf A.D. 700) to be traced to any such Roman province, which included th e whole of the source. Yet it is not impossible that the potter's field which the Jews purchased may actually be the with the adjacent islands. This province, with present Aceldama, which overlooks the valley of that of Maceconia, comprehended the whole of Hinilom. The receptacles for the dead which ap- Greece: hence Achaia and Macedonia are frequently pear in the rocks in that quarter show that the mentioned together in the N. T. to indicate all ancient Jews were accustomed to bury there. Geece (Acts xviii. 12, 27, xix. 21; Roe. xv. 26, It is usually assumed that Judas came to his xvi. 5 [T. R., but here'Areas is the true reading]; miserable end on the very field which had been 1 Cor. xvi. 15; 2 Cor. i. 1, ix. 2, xi. 10; 1 Thess. bought with his 30 pieces of silver. It was for a i 7 8). A narow slip of country upon the gtwiofoldh reason, says Lightfoot (Hlv. er. p. 690), northern coast of Peloponnesus was originally called twotbld reason, says Lightfoot (//(r'. i-ehr. p. 690), Achaia, the cities of which were confederated in that the field was called Aceldama; first, because,h were confederated in an aicient Ieague, which was renewed in B.C. 280 as stated in Matt. xxvii. 7, it had been bought with an ai ent League, which was renewed in B.c. 280 the price of blood; and, secondly, because it was for the purpose of resisting the Macedonians. This sprinkled with the man's blood who took that pice.League subsequently included several of the other sprinkled with the man's blood who took that price. Grecian states, and became the most powerful poSuch congruities often mark the retributions of litical b and hence it was natural for guilt. Yet it should be noted that Luke does not the ody in Gree and hence it wof s natural for the say in so many words that Judas "fell headlong Peloponnesus and the south of Greece, whe the and burst asunder " on the field purchased with his Peloponk Corinthesus and destroyed th of Greece when th46ey "reward of iniquity "; but may mean that the field n was called Aceldanma because the fact of the trai- (KaXou i Be ot'EXAdior &AA''Axa'ag rTye/OVa tor's bloody end, whether it occurred in one place o'P i, /Lt' XeLp&rayo "EAXkas i 3' or another, was so notorious (ya6wo-Tib /7yeo...'AXa(&Y roTre Troi'EAJ/vttcoV 7wpoeE0TrO(TCoV, atr~'e hc~tvOA T). In c Paus. vii. 16, ~ 10). Whether the Rloman province wOTrE c77H-qO-al). In eitlher case there is no inconsistency between the two reasons assigned by Mat- of Achaia wasestablished immediately after the thew and Luke for the appellation: the field could conquest of the League, or not till a later period, be called Aceldama with a double emphasis, both need not be discussed here (see Diet. of Geog. i. because it was 4 the price of blood," and because 17). In the division of the provinces by Augustus between the emperor and the senate in B.c. the guilty man's blood was shed there by his own tus between the emperor and the senate in B.C. hand. 27, Achaia was one of the provinces assigned to the senate, and was governed by a proconsul (Strab. Further, the giving of the 30 pieces of silver, senate, and was governed by a proconsul (Strab. xvii. p. 840; Dion. Cass. liii. 12). Tiberius in the " the price of hill that was valued, for the " pot- second year of his reign (A.. 16) took it away ter's field," fulfilled an O. T. prophecy. But why second year of his reign (An. 16) took it away the evafieldt fufilled an x. 9T. p rop hey. But why from the senate, and made it an imperial province the evangelist (Matt. xxvii. 9) should refer this v prophecy to Jeremiah, and not Zechariah (Zech. g. xi. 12, 13), in whom the words are found, is a Claudius restored it to the senate (Suet. Claucd. 25). This was its condition when Paul was brought bequestion not easy to answer. Possibly as the Jews fore Gallo who is therefore (Acts xviii. 12) cor(according to the Talmudic order) placed Jeremiah at the head of the prophets, his name is cited rectly called the "proconsul" (a'vOv7raros) of Achaia, which is translated in the A. V. " deputy " merely as a general title of the prophetic writings., of a, which is translated in the A. Y. "deputy" See Davidson's Bi-. Criticism, i. 330. Dr.. of Achaia. [For the relation of Achaia to Hellas, See Datvidlson's Bibt. C riltbicisi, i. 330. )r. E. Robinson (lac2irmony, p. 227) agrees with those who see GREECE, adfin.] think ala Troi rpoqpnTrov may be the true reading, ACHA/ICUS ('AXai'cAs), name of a Chrisbut certainly against the external testimony. The tian (1 Cor. xvi. 17, subscription No. 25). view of Hengstenberg is that though Zechariah's prophecy was directly Messianic and that of Jere- A HA (, trouble; written in 1 miah ante-Messianic and national, yet they both Chr. ii. 7: "AXa' or "AXap: Achan or Acharr), an really prophesy one truth (namely, that the people Israelite of the tribe of Judah, who, when Jericho who spurn God's mercies, be they his prophets and and all that it contained were accursed and devoted their warnings or Christ and his Gospel, shall be to destruction, secreted a portion of the spoil in his themselves spurned); and hence Matthew in effect tent. For this sin Jehovah punished Israel by quotes them both, but names Jeremliah only because their defeat in their attack upon Ai. When Achan he was better known, and because Zechariah incor- confessed his guilt, and the booty was discovered, porates the older prophecy with his ownl so as to give he was stoned to death with his whole family by to the latter the effect of a previous fulfillment as a the people, in a valley situated between Ai and pledge for the future: the common truth taught Jericho, and their remains, together with his propin the two passages, and the part of " the potter " erty, were burnt. From this event the valley reso conspicuous in them, being supposed sufficient to ceived the name of Achor (i. e. trouble) [ACnHOR]. admonish the reader of this relation of the proph- From the similarity of the name Achan to Achar, ecies to each other. See his C/s'istology of the 0. Joshua said to Achan, "Why hast thou troubled T. ii. 187 if., ~ 9 (Keith's trans.). So free a critic us? the Lord shall trouble thee this day " (Josh. as Grotius (Annott. ald loc.) takes nearly the same vii.). In order to account for the terrible venview: —" Cum autem hoc dictum Jeremim per geance executed upon the family of Achan, it is Zach. repetitum hic recitat Matt., simul ostendit quite unnecessary to resort to the hypothesis that tacite, eas pcenas imminere Judleis, quas iidem they were accomplices in his act of military insubprophetre olim sui temporis hominibus premdix- ordination. The sanguinary severity of Oriental erant." For other opinions, which may be thought, nations, from which the Jewish people were by no ACHAR ACHSAH 21 mneans free, has in all ages involved the children in twice found a refuge with himn when he fled from the punishment of the father. R. W. B. Saul. On the first occasion, being recognized by e The name occurs Josh. vii. 1, 18, 19, 20, 24, the servants of Achish as one celebrated for his xxii. 20. A. victories over the Philistines, he was alarmed for A'CHAR (arP:'AX'p: Acheas). A varia- his safety, and feigned madness (I Sam. xxi. 10ti T ('Ap c a)13). [DAVID.] From Achish he fled to the cave tion of the name of Achan which seems to have of AdullAin. On the secon d to thcas David fled arisn f e. of Adullam. On the second occasion, David fled arisen from the play upon it given in 1 Chr. ii. 7, to Achish with 600 men (1 Samn. xxvii. 2), and "Achar, the troubler' ('ADO'6c'r) of Israel." remained at Gath a year and four months. W. A. W. Whether the Achish [son of Maachah] to whlom Shimei went in disobedience to the commands of ACH'BOR (gt.: [smoiUse]:'AxoBp [also Solomon (1 K. ii. [39,] 40), be the same person is'Axw,/]ip,'AKxoOcSp]: Achobor). 1. Father of uncertain. R. W. B. Baal-hanan, king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 38, 39; 1 * In the title of the 34th Psalm, Abimelech Chr. i. 49). (which see) may be the royal title, and Achish in 2. Son of Michaiah, a contemporary of Josiah the history the personal name, as Hengstenberg, (2 K. xxii. 12, 14; Jer. xxvi. 22, xxxvi. 12), called De Wette, Lengerke remark. Fiirst (Hancdwb. s. Abdon in 2 Chr. xxxiv. 20. v.) regards Achish as Philistian and probably A'CHAZ ("AXa(: Achsze). AHAZ, king of se7ent-chearmer. The name occurs also 1 Samn. Judah (Matt. i. 9). W. A. W. xxvii. 3-12, xxviii. 1, 2, xxix. 2-9. H. ACHIACH'ARUS ('AXaLXa.pos, [FA. and ACHI'TOB ('AXrci$ [Vat. -XeL-]: AchiSin.] AXELXapos, [AXesa~apos, AXelFicap, etc.]), tob). AHITUB, the high-priest (1 Esdr. viii. 2; 2 i.Xe. X;W]Fn[qnF[= Postumus: AcEsdr. i. 1), in the genealogy of Esdras. s. e. IIIK Postumus: Achicharus). W. A. W. Chief minister, "cupbearer, and keeper of the sig- ACH'METHA. [ECISATANA.] net, and steward, and overseer of the accounts" at the court of Sarchedonus or Esarhaddon, king of OR, VALLEY OF, ( TH~ j.m.: Nineveh, in the Apocryphal story of Tobit (Tob. i. [papaW7Y'Axcip,]'E/,eicaXp; [Hos. scotAhs 21, 22, ii. 10, xiv. 10). He was nephew to Tobit,'AXip: vallis] Achor) = valley of' trouble, acbeing the son of his brother Anael, and supported cording to the etymology of the text; the spot at him in his blindness till he left Nineveh. From which Achan, the "troubler of Israel," was stoned the occurrence of the name of Aman in xiv. 10, it (Josh. vii. 24, 26). On the N. boundary of Judah has been conjectured that Achiacharus is but the (xv. 7; also Is. lxv. 10; Hos. ii. 15). It wa Jewish name for Mordecai, whose history suggested known in the time of Jerome ( Onom. s. v.), who some points which the author of the book of Tobit describes it as north of Jericho; but this is at variworked up into his narrative; but there is no rea- ance with the course of the boundary in Joshua son to have recourse to such a supposition, as the (Keil's JOSh/b', p. 131). G. discrepancies are much more strongly marked than No trace of the name is found any longer. the resemblances. W. A. W. Yet Achor " was situated at all events near Gilgal ACHI'AS (Achi/es). Son of Phinees; high- and the West-Jordan heights " (Knobel, Josuac, p. priest and progenitor of Esdras (2 Esdr. i. 2), but 116). It is a valley " that runs lp from Gilal toomitted both in the genealogies of Ezra and 1 Es- ward Bethel " (Thoson's Land and Book, ii. dras. He is probably confounded with Ahijah, the 185). The prophet's allusion in Hos. ii. 15 is not son of Ahitub and grandson of Eli. W. A. W. so much to the place as to the meaning of the name. "And I will give her.....the valley of A'CHI-IIM ('AXESUS, Matt. i. 14), son of Sadoc, Achor for a door of hope," i. e. through "trouble," and father of Eliud, in our Lord's genealogy; the through affliction and discipline, God will prepare fifth in succession before Joseph the husband of His people for greater blessings than they would Mary. The Hebrew form of the name would be otherwise be fitted to have bestowed on them. H....>, Jachin (Gen. xlvi. 10; 1 Chr. xxiv. 17), ACH'SA (,7Dlr:'Axcd; Alex. AXa; which in the latter place the LXX. render'AXIe/, [Comp.'O-d:] Achsa). Daughter of Caleb, or [Rom. ed.], or'Axe4L' [Vat.; Alex. Iaxenv, Comp. Chelubai, the son of Hezron (1 Chr. ii. 49).a'IaXe',u, Ald.'Axev]. It is a short form of Je- [CALEB.] W. A. W. hoiachin, the Lord will establish. The name, perhaps, indicates him as successor to Jehoiachin's ACH'SAH ( [?sn [Canklet]:'Ao-Xa; [Alex. throne, and expresses his parents' faith that God Comp. in Josh., Axea: Axe), daughter of Caleb, would, in due time, establish the kingdom of Da- the son of Jephunneh, the Kenezite. Her father vid, according to the promise in Is. ix. 7 (6 in the promised her in marriage to whoever should take Heb. Eib.) and elsewhere. A. C. H. Debir, the ancient name of which (according to the A'CHIO)R ('AX~Lip,. e. Fis~na t/se analogy of KIRJATH-ARBA, the ancient name of..*-O' v. Hebron) was Kirjath-Sepher (or as in Josh. xv. 49, brother of light; comp. Num. xxxiv. 27: Achlior: KIRJATH-SANNA), the city of the book. Othniel, confounded with'Aia'Xapos, Tob. xi. 18), a gen- her father's younger brother, took the city, and aceral of the Ammonites in the army of Holofernes, cordingly received the hand of Achsah as his rewho is afterwards represented as becoming a prose- ward. Caleb at his daughter's request added to lyte to Judaism (Jud. v., vi., xiv.). B. F. W. her dowry the upper and lower springs, which she A'CHISH (tP?:'AyXOes; [Alex. in 1 K. had pleaded for as peculiarly suitable to her inherAyXts; Comp.'AKXts, in 1 K.'AXIs:] Achis), itance in a south country (Josh. xv. 15-19. See a Philistine king at Gath, son of Maoch, who in the title to the 34th Psalm is called Abimlelech a' Achsa is merely an incorrect form which in mod-.iossiblg.o~-~ul ~ern editions of A. V. has been substituted for Achsah, (possibly corrupted from.1 7.). David I the reading of the first and other early editions. A. 22 ACHSHAPH ACTS OF THE APOSTLES Stanley's S. " P. P. 161). [GULLOTH.] The will not stand the test of searching inquiry. They story is repeated in Judg. i. 11-15. Achsah is will be found enumerated in Davidson's Introd. to mentioned again, as being the daughter of Caleb, the N. T. vol. ii., and Alford's prolegomena to vol. in 1 Chr. ii. 49. But there is much confusion in ii. of his edition of the Greek Testament. It must the genealogy of Caleb there given. [AcHSA; be confessed to be, at first sight, somewhat surprisCALEB.] A. C. H. ing that notices of the author are so entirely wantACH'SHAPH (FTWO [fJscination, or ing, not only in the book itself, but also, generally, ACTHSHA-I - _ [ ciato, o r min the Epistles of St. Paul, whom he must have magic rites]:'At(p [Vat. Abelq)], Kamd4 [?] and accompanied for some years on his travels. But Keda); [Alex. iAXtL, Axaaop; Comp. Xacaoq, our surprise is removed when we notice the habit'AXaodan); Ald.'AXLdap,'AXSd) p:] AchscTph, x- of the Apostle with regard to mentioning his coma-ph), a city within the territory of Asher, named panions to have been very various and uncertain, between Beten and Alammelech (Josh. xix. 25); and remember that no Epistles were, strictly speakoriginally the seat of a Canaanite king (xi. 1, xii. ing, written by him while our writer was in his 20). It is possibly the modern Kesaj; ruins bear- company, before his Roman imIrisonment; for he ing which name were found by Robinson (iii. 55) does not seem to have joined him at Corinth (Acts on the N. W. edge of the thileh. But more prob- xviii.), where the two Epp. to the Thess. were ably the name has survived in Clshafis [on the sea, written, nor to have been with him at Ephesus, at the foot of the north side of Mount Carmel], ch. xix., whence, perhaps, the Ep. to the Gal. was a town which, from its situation, must always have written; nor again to have wintered with him at been too important to have escaped mention in the Corinth, ch. xx. 3, at the time of his writing the history, as it otherwise would have done. If this Ep. to the Rom. and, perhaps, that to the Gal. suggestion is correct, the LXX. rendering, KEa'S, The book commences with an inscription to one exhibits the name in the process of change from the Theophilus, who, from bearing the appellation /cpdancient to the modern form. G. Rereos, was probably a man of birth and station. ACH'ZIB (:l~q [Jblselhood]: Ke([f, [Vat. But its design must not be supposed to be limited ~-y Alex. c, aprime cisism]'A; -to the edification of Theophilus, whose name is preKeEmB; Alex. Alex. A, a prima mano]'AXb(,E; fixed only, as was customary then as now, by way [othe ShefelaX (S cHELAzb). 1. A cwith Keildah, and of dedication. The readers were evidently intended the Shefelah (SEPHEI,A), named with Keilah and Mareshah (Josh. xv. 44, Micah i. 14). The latter to be the members of the Christian Church, passage contains a play on the name: " Tlhe houses whether Jews or Gentiles; for its contents are such as are of the utmost consequence to the whole of Achzib (:'1?~) shall be a lie (IT__)." It church. They are Thefisflnlent of thepromise is probably the same with CHEZIB and CHOZEnA, of the Father by the descent of the hIoly Spirit, which see. cand the results of that outpousring, by the dispersion of the Gospel among Jews and Gesntiles. 2. [In Josh.,'Exo(6i; Alex. A(eIp), **AXCEL) Under these leading heads all the personal and (so Aid.); Comp.'Axa(i;- in Judg.'AaXa(~ subordinate details may be ranged. Immediately [Vat. - Ae]; e. Alex. E lon A; Ad.'Axate A; after the Ascension, St. Peter, the first of the Comp.'Aa oxa(I.] A town belonging to Asher Twelve, designated by our Lord as the Rock on (Josh. xix. 29), from which the Canaanites were not whom the Church was to be built, the holder of the expelled (Judg. i. 31); afterwards Ecdippa (Jos. B. keys of the khingdom, becomes the prime actor unJ. i. 13, ~ 4,'EthGrnrwv). Josephus also (Ant. v. I der God in the foundingr of the Church. He is the 1, ~ 22) gives the name as'Apmci.... 7i Kmal centre of the first great group of sayings and do-'EmcFiiovs. Here was the Casale Hutberti of the'E 7ros. Here was the Casale i of the ings. The opening of the door to Jews (ch. ii.) Crusaders (Schulz; Ritter, Pal. p. 782); and it is a T d Gentiles (ch. x.) is his office, n in now es-Zib, on the sea-shore at the mouth of the d s by him, in A ft r erdc lsi 2 h. 20 m. N. of Akka (Robinson, good time, is accomplished. But none of the exiahr Iie.rda8vl,2 h. 20 m. cN. of Akka (Robinson, isting twelve Apostles were, humanly speaking, iii. 628; and comp. Maundrell, p. 427). After the fitted to preach the Gospel to the cultivated Genreturn from Babylon, Aclhzib was considered by the tile world. To be by divine grace the spiritual Jews as the northernmost limit of the Holy Land. conqueror of Asia and Europe, God raised up anSee the quotations from the Gemara in Reland (p. other instrument, from among the highly-educated 4o4). G. 544). C. and zealous Pharisees. The preparation of Saul ACI'PHA ('AxtBd [Vat. -XE,-]; Alex. AXi)a; of Tarsus for the work to be done, the progress, in [Ald.'Almided:] Agista). HAKUPHA (1 Esdr. v. his hand, of that work, his journeyings, preachings, 31). W. A. W. and perils, his stripes and imprisonments, his testiACI'THO ([Alex.]'AKlOC', [Comp. Ald. fying in Jerusalem and being brought to testify in'A0ciOC,] probably an error for'AXLtrC [which is Rome, - these are the subjects of the latter half the reading of Sin.]: Achitob, i. e. =-1Vr78 of the book, of which the great central figure is the the readin g of Sin.t: hAcrto), Jud. ve. -nm, Apostle Paul. ind br~other), Jud. viii~ 1; comp. 2 Esdr. F. W. Any view which attributes to the writer as his B. F. XW. chief design some collateral purpose which is served ACRABATTI'NE. [ARABATTINE.] by the book as it stands, or, indeed, any purpose ACTS OF THE APOSTLES (7rpcaEs beyond that of writing a faithful history of such &aroo.roAwv, Acta Apostolorusm), a second treatise facts as seemed important in the spread of the Gos(b8eiSepos Aoyos) by the author of the third Gos- pel, is now generally and very properly treated as pel, traditionally known as Lucas or Luke (which erroneous. Such a view has become celebrated in see). The identity of the writer of both books is modern times, as held by Baur; - that the purpose strongly shown by their great similarity in style of the writer was to compare the two great Apostles, and idiom, and the usage of particular words and to show that St. Paul did not depart from the princompound forms. The theories which assign the ciples which regulated St. Peter, and to exalt him book to other authors, or divide it among several, at every opportunity by comparison with St. Peter. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES ACTS OF THE APOSTLES 23 i'he reader need hardly be reminded how little any of various readings; more so than any other book much purpose is borne out by the contents of the (of the N. T. To this several reasons may have book itself; nay, how naturally they would follow contributed. In the many backward references to their present sequence, without any such thought Gospel history, and the many anticipations of statelaving been in the writer's mind. Doubtless many ments and expressions occurring in the Epistles, ends are answered and many results brought out temptations abounded for a corrector to try his by the book as its narrative proceeds: as e. g. the hand at assimilating, and, as he thought, reconcilrejection of the Gospel by the Jewish people every- ing the various accounts. In places where ecclesiwhere, and its gradual transference to the Gentiles; astical order or usage was in question, insertions or and others which might be easily gathered up, and omissions were made to suit the habits and views made by ingenious hypothesizers, such as Baur, to of the Church in aftertimes. Where the narrative appear as if the writer were bent on each one in its simply related facts, any act or word apparently turn as the chief object of his work. unworthy of the apostolic agent was modified for As to the time when and place at which the the sake of decorum. Where St. Paul repeats to book was written, we are left to gather them en- different audiences, or the writer himself narrates tirely from indirect notices. It seems most proba- the details of his miraculous conversion, the one ble that the place of writing was Rome, and the passage was pieced from the other, so as to produce time about two years from the date of St. Paul's verbal accordance. There are in this book an unarrival there, as related in ch. xxviii., sub fin. usual number of those remarkable interpolations of I-lad any considerable alteration in the Apostle's considerable length, which are found in the Codex circumstances taken place before the publication, BezLe (D) and its cognates. A critic of some emthere can be no reason why it should not have been inence, Bornemann, believes that the text of the noticed. And on other accounts also, this time Acts originally contained them all, and has been was by far the most likely for the publication of the abbreviated by correctors; and he has published an book. The arrival in Rome was an important edition in which they are inserted in full. But, period in the Apostle's life: the quiet which suc- while some of them bear an appearance of genuineceedecld it seemed to promise no immediate deter- ness (as e. g. that in ch. xii. 10, where, after mination of his cause. A large amount of historic /ekEXOr~IES, is added KaTr Erav robs E'7rTh aOmaterial had been collected in Judmea, and during movas, Kai) the greater part are unmeaning and abthe various missionary journeys; or, taking another surd (e. p. that in ch. xvi. 39, where we read after and not less probable view, Nero was beginning to deAXOeZ1, - E7rdovres,'HyvsoJapev Tra KcaO' 61zsA undergo that change for the worse which disgraced esr ibo'' aYpEs aficaLot. Kal Eaya-yo'vTes arapethe latter portion of his reign: none could tell how KaDXEoav abross XiEyov'es'EK'TS 7roXE~ W TarITs soon the whole outward repose of Roman society EE;OaT'e nt7rore 7radXt 0v u(rTpdapaC'1V E.Lv' e7rlmight be shaken, and the tacit toleration which KcpdSOVTes cKaO' jut). the Christians enjoyed be exchanged for bitter per- The most remarkable exegetical works and monsecution. If such terrors were imminent, there ographs on the Acts, beside commentaries on the would surely be in the Roman Church prophets whole N. T. [Alford, Wordsworth, DeWette, Meyer, and teachers who might tell them of the storm Lechler in Lange's Bibelwersc], are Baumgarten, which was gathering, and warn them that the Apostelieschichte, ocler der Elntwickelungsgany dler records lying ready for publication must be given Kirche von Jerusalem hiis Rom, Halle, 1852 [2d to the faithful before its outbreak or event. ed. 1859, Eng. trans. Edinb. 1854; Zeller, Die Such et prio7ri considerations would, it is true, Aplostelgeschichte nach ihrem Inhalt u. Ursprung weigh but little against presumptive evidence fur- krit. sunstersucht, Stuttg. 1854, first publ. in the nished by the book itself; but arrayed, as, they are, Theol. Jlahrb. 1849-51; and] Lekebusch, Die Comnin aid of such evidence, they carry some weight, position euned Entstehun# der Apostelgeschichte von when we find that the time naturally and fairly in- Neuem un ssetersuchlt, Gotha, 1854. dicated in the book itself for its publication is that The former of these work is a very complete one of all others when we should conceive that pub- treatise on the Christian-historical development of lication most likely. the Church as related in the book: the latter is of This would give us for the publication the year more value as a critical examination of the various 63 A. D., according to the most probable assign- theories as to its composition and authorship. [Zelment of the date of the arrival of St. Paul at Rome. ler's is the ablest attack on its genuineness and auThe genuineness of the Acts of the Apostles has thenticity.] ever been recognized in the Church. It is men- Valuable running historical comments on the tioned by Eusebius (H. EL. iii. 25) among the Acts are also found in Neander's Pflanzung u. o/okXoyo/uevaE OE7aL'ypa]al. It is first directly LeitZung der Chrsistlichen Kilche dlutch die Apostel, quoted in the epistle of the churches of Lyons and 4th ed., Hamburg, 1847 [Eng. trans. by Ryland Vienne to those of Asia and Phrygia (A. D. 177); in Bohn's Stand. Library, 1851, revised and corthen repeatedly and expressly by Ireneus, Clement rected by E. G. Robinson, N. Y. 1865]; Conyof Alexandria, Tertullian, and so onwards. It was beare and Howson's Life and Epistles of St. Paid, rejected by the Marcionites (cent. iii.) and Mani- 2d ed., Lond. 1856. Professed commentaries have chveans (cent. iv.) as contradicting some of their been published by Mr. Humphry, Lond. 1847, notions. In modern Germany, Baur and some [2d ed. 1854], and Professor Hackett, Boston, U. others have attempted to throw discredit on it, and S. 1852 [enlarged ed. 1858, and Dr. J. A. Alexfix its publication in the second century, mainly by ander, New York, 1857]. H. A. assuming the hypothesis impugned above, that it -tAdd to the collateral, helps Paley's Horce Paul is an apology for St. Paul. But the view has nce; Biscoe, The tIistosy of' the Acts of the Aposfound no favor, and would, ere this, have been for- tles cofirmnzed, etc., Lound. 1742, new ed. Oxf. gotten, had it not been for the ability and subtlety 1841; Meyer, J. A. G., VersuLch einer Ve-rtheidigif its chief supporter. unyg d. Gesch. Jesue uc. d. Apostel allein aus gpiech. The text of the Acts of the Apostles is very full Iu. rsm. ProJf'nsceribenten, 1805; Meijier, Diss. de ~24 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES ACTS OF THE APOSTLES Lucce &iLowL-TI'a in scribendo Actt. Apost. Libro', nied to be genuine by Baur. There is no reasonthag. Corn. 1827; WBttger's Beitrdige zus REinl. in able doubt of their genuineness. die Paulinischen Briefs, 1837-38; Birks's Horee 2. Paul's account of his conference with the Apostolicce; Lewin's Life and Epistles of At. Paul, Apostles at Jerusalem (Gal. ii. 1 seq.) - the pas-. 2 vol., Loud. 1851; Dr. Howson on the Ciaracter sage on which Baur chiefly relies for the establishof St. Pcaul (Hulsean Lectures for 1862); Lange, meut of his thesis —really overthrows it. The Ap2ost. Zeitalter, 1853-54; Dr. Schaff's History "false brethren" (ver. 4) were not Apostles, but of the Apostolic Church, N. Y. 1854, p. 191 ff.; the faction of Judaizers. Of the Apostles Peter, Lechler, Das cpostol. su. cd. nachplostol. Zeitaltesr, James, and John, he says (ver. 9) when they "4per2d ed., 1857; Pressens6, Ilistoire des trois premiers ceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave siecles de l'Eglise Chrsetienne, Paris, 1858, i. 348 to me and Barnabas the s'ight hland of fellowship." if.; Ewald, Gesch. d. ap2ost. Zeitalters, Gbtt. 1858 The sincerity of this act of fellowship is proved, if (Bd. vi. of his Gesch7. d. Volkes Israel); an art. in proof were needed, by the arrangement made for the Clristiaas Examinz er for July, 1861, on the the contribution for the poor, to be gathered by "Origin and Composition of the Acts of the Paul from the Gentile Churches (ver. 10). The Apostles"; the Abbe Vidal, Saint Paul, sa vie et controversy with Peter (ver. 11 seq.) was not about ses eeuvres, 2 vol., Paris, 1863; Vaughan, C. A., a principle, but was occasioned by the circumstance The Chr1-ch of the First Days, 3 vol., Lond. that the latter did "not walk u2r-igthtly," or was 1864-65; Smith, James. Voyage and Shiscpwreck false to his convictions. The circumcision of Timof St. Paul, 3d ed., Lond. 1866; and Kloster- othy, as recorded in Acts, is not rendered improbmann, 1indicice Lcanwce, seu de Itisera1rii in Libro able by the refusal of Paul (Gal. ii. 3) to circumnActt. asservato Ausctore, Gotting. 1866. cise Titus, since Titus was a heathen by birth, and On the chronology, see particularly Anger, De Timothy was circumcised, not to comply with a Tesmporumsz in Actis Apost. Rationze, Lips. 1833, demand of Judaizers, but to conciliate Jews. In and IWieseler, Chlronologie des cTostol. Zeitalters, the latter case, no principle was sacrificed; see 1 Gi;tt. 1848. H. and A. Cor. ix. 20. The right interpretation of Gal. ii. a Somnce additional remarkls will here be made removes the objections brought to the credibility of upon the theory of the Tiibingen school respecting the narrative, in Acts xv., of the Apostolic conventhe authorship of the book of Acts. This theory tion. In the light of this interpretation, the prinproceeds upon the assumption that Peter and the cipal objections of the Tiibingen school to the credrest of the original disciples of Christ were Judaiz- ibility of the book of Acts, as a whole, vanish. ers; i. e., that they insisted upon the circumcision But some of the positive proofs of the genuineness of the Gentile converts to Christianity, as an indis- of this book may be here briefly stated. pensable condition of fellowship. Consequently, 1. The testimony of the author, especially when according to Dr. Baur, Peter and Paul and the two we consider the form in which it is given. It is branches of the church of which they were respec- generally conceded that the third Gospel and Acts tively the leaders were placed in a relation of hos- are by the same author. This author declares tility to one another. After the death of these (Luke i. 2) that he derived his information from Apostles, various attempts'Were made to produce a eye-witnesses and contemporaries. The passages in reconciliation between the opposing parties. The Acts (xvi. 11, xx. 5-15, xxi. 1-18, xxvii. 1, xxviii. book of Acts, it is claimed, is the product of one 17) in which the writer speaks in the first person of these irenical or compromising efforts. A Paul- plural —the so-called " we" passages - prove him ine Christian in the earlier part of the second cen- to have been a companion of Paul. The theory tury composes a half-fictitious history, with the de- that Acts is a compilation of documents being unsign to present Paul in a favorable light to the Ju- tenable, we are obliged to suppose either that the daizers, and Peter in an equally favorable light to writer was a participant in the events recorded, or the adherents of Paul. Paul is represented as hayv- that he has introduced a document, retaining the ing circumcised Timothy, and as having in other pronominal peculiarity on psvuspose to deceive the points conformed to the Judaizing principles; whilst reader}. This last hypothesis is advocated by ZelPeter, on the other hand, in the affair of Cornelius ler. Bleek's theory that a document from Timoand on other occasions, and the Jerusalem Church thy is artlessly introduced without any notice to (in the narrative of Apostolic convention, for exam- the reader, is refuted by the circumstance that, in pie), are made out to agree almost with the tenets language and style, the passages in question corof Paul. One feature of Dr. Baur's system was respond with the rest of the book. the rejection of the genuineness of all the Pauline 2. The moral spirit of the book is inconsistent Epistles, save the two Epistles to the Corinthians, with the ascription of it to forgery and intentional the Epistle to the Romlans and that to the Gala- deception. See, for example, the narrative of Anatians. The following remarks form the heads nias and Sapphira. of a conclusive argument against the Tiibingen 3. The relation of Acts to the Pauline Epistles theory. proves the genuineness and credibility of the for1. Paul's general style of reference to the other mer. Both the coincidences and diversities make Apostles, in the Epistles acknowledged to be genu- up this proof. It is exhibited in part in Paley's ine, is inconsistent with that theory. He and Hoce Paulince. The Acts is seen to be anl indethey form one company, and are partakers of colm- pendent narrative. mlon afflictions. See 1 Cor. iv. 9 seq., 1 Cor. xv. 4. An examination of the contents of the Acts 5 seq. In the last passage (ver. 9) he styles him- will show the untenable character of the Tiibingen self " the least of the Apostles." When both hypothesis. See, for example, Acts i. 21, 22, where Epistles were written, he was engaged in collecting another Apostle is chosen to fill up the nuzmiber of a contribution for "the saints" at Jerusalem. the twelve, —a passage which an author such as The last two chapters of the Epistle to the Romans, Baur describes would never have written. See which show the friendship of Paul for the Jewish also Acts xxi. 15 seq., especially vers. 20, 21, Christians, are, on quite insufficient grounds. de- where the believing Jews who are zealous for the ACUA ADAM 25 law are declared to be "many thousands" (.tup- 6. ('Aaea; Alex. A6=as; FA. AZeIaCU: Adcaas.) daes). See also Paul's denunciation of the Jews, The descendant of another Bani, who had also Acts xxviii. 25 seq. taken a foreign wife (Ezr. x. 39.) The historical discrepancies which the critics 7. (Alex. AXaia; [Vat.] FA. AaXea: Adala.) find in Acts are such as, if they were made out to A man of Judah of the line of Pharez (Neh. xi. 5). exist, prove no "tendency" or partisan purpose 8.'ALa [Vat.'AEa 2. m. Ain the work, but only show that the author, like T T -: other credible historians, is not free firom inaccura- etc;] Alex. Aata: Adaias.) Ancestor of Maaseiah, ties. The speeches are doubtless given or repro- one of the captains who supported Jehoiada (2 Chr. duced in the language of Luke himself. Their his- xxiii. 1). W. A. W. torical credibility is shown by Tholuck (Theol. ADA'LIA (N?:: Bapep; [Vat. M. BapStudien u. Klritiken, 1839, II.). ca; Alex. FA. BapeX; Comp.'AdaeAd:] Adalia), In the defence of the Tibingen hypothesis, see a son of Haman (Esth. ix. 8). Baur, Das Christentthum tu. die chr.istliche Kirchee He was massacred by the Jews, together with der drei ersten Jahrhunderten, 2e Ausg., 1860; nine other sons of Haman, in the palace of the also, his Paeles; and Zeller, Die Apostelyeschichte. Persian king at Shushan, on Haman's downfall and In the refutation of this hypothesis, see Eduard the elevation of Mordecai to his place as chief minLekebusch, Die Composition u. Entstelhunys der ister of state (Esth. ix. 6-10). The name is PerApostelgeschichtte, 1854; Professor Hackett, Corni- sian, though the father was probably an Amalekmenteary on the Acts, revised ed. 1858 (both in the ite. H. introduction and in the exegesis of the passages pertaining to the controversy); Meyer, Apostelge-''AT 4/: Adam), the name schlichte; Lightfoot, ]E). to the Galatians, Camb. which is given in Scripture to the first man. The 1865, Diss. iii. St. Paul and the Three, pp. 276- term apparently has reference to the ground from 346; and Fisher's ]'ssays oct the Supernatural which he was formed, which is called Adamah O.rigin of Christianity, New York, 1865. ( Gen.. ). The idea of redness of c C.~ Ge. ii. T 7 ). The idea of redness of cobs' G. P. F. -F: A UA (AO; [Aid.'Afcov:] Accu). seems to be inherent in either word. (Cf. r1,7 ACU'A ('Atco53; [Aid.''Aioa Accub). AKICKUB (1 Esdr. v. 30); comp. Ezr. ii. 45. Lam. iv. 7; 7, red, 78 -Edom, Gen. xxv. AW. A.TW.: A'CUB ('AicoVp; Alex. Atcovsx; [Aid.'AicoV/3:] - 6 Accusu). BABnuK (1 Esdr. v. 31; comp. Ezr. ii. 30; f, a ruby: Arab. ~O colore jfsco 15). W. A. W." AD'ADAH (,7T V [festival]:'ApovA-; preeditus Iitit, rubrume tinxit, &c.) The generic & A t(T T ivl: A o;- term Adam, man, becomes, in the case of the first [Alex. Comp. Aid.'A3acd:] Adada), one of the man, a denominative. Supposing the Hebrew lancities in the extreme south of Judah named with guage to represent accurately the primary ideas Dimonah and Kedesh (Josh. xv. 22). It is not connected with the formation of man, it would mentioned in the Onormasticon of Eusebius, nor seem that the appellation bestowed by God was has any trace of it been yet discovered. given to keep alive in Adam the memory of his A'DAH (T17, oarnament, beauty:'AMd: earthly and mortal nature; whereas the name by Ad). 1. The first of the two wives of Lamech which he preferred to designate himself was Ish Ada). 1. The first of the two wives of Lamecb, t~ fifth in descent from Cain, by whom were born to ( J, a mnan of substance or worth, Gen. ii. 23). him Jabal and Jubal (Gen. iv. 19, [20, 23]). The creation of man was the work of the sixth 2. A Hittitess, daughter of Ellon, one (probably day. His formation was the ultimate object of the the first) of the three wives of Esau, mother of his Creator. It was with reference to him that all first-born son Eliphaz, and so the ancestress of six things were designed. He was to be the " roof (or seven) of the tribes of the Edomnites (Gen. xxxvi. and crown" of the whole fabric of the world. In 2, [4,] 10 ff. 15 f.). In Gen. xxvi. 34, she is the first nine chapters of Genesis there appear to be called BASHEMIATH. F. W. G. three distinct histories relating more or less to the ADA'IAH [3 syl.] (77"TV [whomn Jehovah life of Adam. The first extends from Gen. i. 1 to T T - ii. 3, the second from ii. 4 to iv. 26, the third from adorns]:'ESeid; [Vat. Ebeva;] Alex. Ie3SSa: v. 1 to the end of ix. The word at the commenceHadaia). 1. The maternal grandfather of King meft of the two latter narratives, which is renJosiah, and native of Boscath in the lowlands of dered there and elsewhere generations, may also be Judah (2 K. xxii. 1). rendered history. The style of the second of these 2. ('A8a'; [Vat. A(eia;] Alex. A8aia: Adaia.) records differs very considerably fiom that of the A Levite, of the Gershonite branch, and ancestor first. In the first the Deity is designated by the of Asaph (1 Chr. vi. 41). In ver. 21 he is called word Elohim; in the second He is generally spoken IDDO. of as Jehovah Elohim. The object of the first of 3. ('Abat'a; [Vat. A/ta;] Alex. Akata: Ada'a.) these narratives is to record the creation; that of A Benjaminite, son of Shimnhi (1 Chr. viii. 21), the second to give an account of paradise, the origwho is apparently the same as Shemoa in ver. 13. inal sin of man and the immediate posterity of 4. (Alex.:abSas, Abaia: Adaias, Adata.) A Adam; the third contains mainly the history of priest, son of Jeroham (1 Chr. ix. 12; Neh. xi. 12), Noah, referring, it would seem, to Adam and his who returned with 242 of his brethren from Baby- descendants, principally in relation to that patrilon. arch. 5. ('Abt'as: Ada'a.) One of the descendants The Mosaic accounts furnish us with very few,f Bani, who had married a foreign wife after the materials from which to form any adequate concepreturn from Babylon (Ezr. x. 29). He is called tion of the first man. He is said to have been J EDEUS in 1 Esdr. ix. 30. created in the image and likeness of God, and this 26 ADAM ADAM is commonly interpreted to mean some super-ex- fall upon him, and took one of his ribs from him, cellent and divine condition which was lost at the which He fashioned into a woman and brought her Fall: apparently, however, without sufficient reason, to the man. Prof. S. Lee supposed the narrative as the continuance of this condition is implied in of the creation of Eve to have been revealed to the time of Noah, subsequent to the flood (Gen. ix. Adam in his deep sleep (Lee's Job, Introd. p. 16). 6), and is asserted as a fact by St. James (iii. 9), This is agreeable with the analogy of similar pasand by St. Paul (1 Cor. xi. 7). It more probably sages, as Acts x. 10, xi. 5, xxii. 17. At this time points to the Divine pattern and archetype after they are both described as being naked without the which man's intelligent nature was fashioned; rea- consciousness of shame. son, understanding, imagination, volition, &c. being Such is the Scripture account of Adam prior to attributes of God; and man alone of the animals the Fall. There is no narrative of any condition of the earth being possessed of a spiritual nature superhuman or contrary to the ordinary laws of which resembled God's nature. Man, in short, was humanity. The first man is a true man, with the a spirit created to reflect God's righteousness and powers of a man and the innocence of a child. truth and love, and capable of holding direct inter- He is moreover spoken of by St. Paul as being course and communion with Him. As long as his "the figure, rs7ros, of Him that was to come," will moved in harmony with God's will, he fulfilled thle second Adam, Christ Jesus (Rom. v. 14). His the purpose of his Creator. WThen he refused sub- human excellence, therefore, cannot have been mission to God, he broke the law of his existence superior to that of theb Son of Mary, who was and fell, introducing confusion and disorder into the Himself the Pattern and Perfect Man. By the economy of his nature. As much as this we may subtlety of the serpent. the woman who was given learn from what St. Paul says of 4" the new man to be with Adam, was beguiled into a violation of being renewed in knowledge after the image of Him the one command which had been imposed upon that created him " (Col. iii. 10), the restoration to them. She took of the fruit of the forbidden tree such a condition being the very work of the Holy and gave it to her husband. The propriety of its Spirit of God. The name Adam was not confined name was immediately shown in the results which to the father of the human race, but like homo was followed: self-consciousness was the first fruits of applicable to swoman as well as man, so that we find sin; their eyes were opened and they knew that it is said in Gen. v. 1, 2, "This is the book of the they were naked.a The subsequent conduct of'history' of Adam in the day that -God created Adam would seem to militate against the notion'Adamla' in the likeness of God made He him, male that he was in himself the perfection of moral exand female created He them, and called their name cellence. His cowardly attempt to clear himself by Adam in the day when they were created." the inculpation of his helpless wife bears no marks The man Adam was placed in a garden which of a high lloral nature even though fallen; it was the Lord God had planted "eastward in Eden," conduct unworthy of his sons, and such as many for the purpose of dressing it and keeping it. It of them would have scorned to adopt.b Though is of course hopeless to attempt to identify the sit- the curse of Adam's rebellion of necessity fell upon uation of Eden with that of any district familiar him, yet the very prohibition to eat of the tree of to modern geography. There seems good ground life after his transgression, was probably a manifesfor supposing it to have been an actual locality. tation of Divine mercy, because the greatest maleIt was probably near the source of a river which diction of all would have been to have the gift of subsequently divided into four streams. These indestructible life superadded to a state of wretchare mentioned by name: Pison is supposed by edness and sin. When moreover we find in Prov. some to be the Indus, Gihon is taken for the iii. 18, that wisdom is declared to be a tree of life Nile, Hiddekel is called by the LXX. here, and at to them that lay hold upon her, and in Rev. ii. 7, Dan. x. 4, Tigris, and the fourth is Euphrates; xxii. 2, 14, that the same expression is applied to but how they should have been originally united is the grace of Christ, we are led to conclude that this unintelligible. Adaml was permitted to eat of the was merely a temporary prohibition imposed till fruit of every tree in the garden but one, which was the Gospel dispensation should be brought in. called the "tree of the knowledge of good and Upon this supposition the condition of Christians evil." What this was it is also impossible to say. now is as favorable as that of Adam before the Its name would seem to indicate that it had the Fall, and their spiritual state the same, with the power of bestowing the consciousness of the differerence between good and evil; in the ignorance of a * For an analysis of this first sin of the race the which man's innocence and happiness consisted. nature of the temptation, and its effects on the mind The prohibition to taste the fruit of this tree was of Adam, the reader will find Auberlen's remarks in(nforced by the menace of death. There was also structive (Die guttliche Offenbarung, i. 154 ff., translated in the Bibl. Sacra, xxii. 430 ff.). H. another tree which was called " the tree of life." b * The better view of interpreters is that Adam Some suppose it to have acted as a kind of rmed- meant to cast the blame of his sin not so much on icine, and that by the continual use of it our first Eve as on his Maker for having given to him a woman parents, not created immortal, were preserved from whose example had led him into transgression. And death. (Abp. Whately.) While Adam was in the in that disposition certainly he manifested only a trait garden of Eden the beasts of the field and the of human character that.has ever distinguished his fowls of the air were brought to himl to be named, descendants, namely, a proneness to find the cause of and whatsoever he called every living creature sin not in their own hearts, but in God's relations to that was the name thereof. Thus the power of them as having ordained the circumstances in which fitly designating objects of sense was possessed by they act, and given to them the moral nature which fitly fesignatin, oajects of sense was possessed by they possess. In that remonstrance of the Apostle the first man, a faculty which is generally considered James (i. 13-15) against this self-exculpatory spirit, as indicating mature and extensive intellectual re- Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of sources. Upon the failure of a companion suitable God," &c., we simply hear again the echo of Adam's for Adam among the creatures thus brought to him defense in the garden, " The woman whom thou gavest to be named, the Lord God caused a deep sleep to to be with me " (Gen. iii. 12). H. ADAM ADAMANT 27 single exception of the consciousness of sin and the acdrins b). The word Shdair occurs as a common knowledge of good and evil. noun eleven times in the 0. T. In eight of these Till a recent period it has been generally believed passages it evidently stands for souse prickly plant, that the Scripturai narrative supposes the whole and accordingly it is rendered " briers " e by the human race to have sprung from one pair. It is A. V. In the three remaining passages (Jer. xvii. maintained that the O. T. assumes it in the reason 1; Ez. iii. 9; Zech. vii. 12) it is the representative assigned for the name which Adam gave his wife of some stone of excessive hardness, and is used after the Fall, namely, Eve, or Chavvah, i. e. a liv- in each of these last instances metaphorically. In izg woman, "because she was the mother of all Jer. xvii. 1, Shdlezir = -" diamond " in the text of living; " and that St. Paul assumes it in his sermon the A. V. " The sin of Judah is written with a at Athens when he declares that God hath made pen of iron and with the point of a diamond," of one blood all nations of men; and in the Epistle i. e. the people's idolatry is indelibly fixed in their to the Romans, and first Epistle to the Corinthians, affections, engyraved as it were on the tablets of when he opposes Christ as the representative of re- their hearts. In Ez. iii. 9, Shllraz = I adamant." deemed humanity, to Adam as the representative "' As an adamant harder than flint have I made of natural, fallen, and sinful humanity. But the thy forehead, fear them not." Here the word is full consideration of this important subject will intended to signify that firmness of purpose with come more appropriately under the article MAN. which the prophet should resist the sin of the reIn the middle ages discussions were raised as to bellious house 6f Israel. In Zech. vii. 12, the the period which Adam remained in Paradise in a Hebrew word = " adamant-stone" -' Yea, they sinless state. To these Dante refers in the Paradiso, made their hearts as an adamant-stone, lest they xxvi. 139-142: — should hear the law,"- and is used to express the "Nel monte, che si leva pift dall' onda, hardness of the hearts of the Jews in resisting Fu' io, con vita pura e disonesta, truth. Dalla prim' ora a quella oh' i seconda, The LXX. afford us but little clue whereby to Come il Sol muta quadra, all' ora sesta." identify the mineral here spoken of, for in Ez. iii. 9 Dante therefore did not suppose Adam to have and in Zech. vii. 12 they have not rendered the been more than seven hours in the earthly paradise. Hebrew word at all, while the whole passage in Adam is stated to have lived 930 years: so it would Jer. xvii. 1-5 is altogether omitted in the Vatican seem that the death which resulted from his sin MS.; the Alexandrine MS., however has the paswas the spiritual death of alienation from God. sage, and reads, with the versions of Aquila, Theo" In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt dotion, and Symmachus, "4 with a nail of adasurely die:" and accordingly we find that this mant." I " Adamant" occurs in the Apocrypha, spiritual death began to work immediately. The in Ecclus. xvi. 16. sons of Adam mentioned in Scripture are Cain, Our English " Adamant" is derived from the Abel and Seth. It is implied, however, that he Greek,e and signifies " the unconquerable," in had others. S. L. allusion, perhaps, to the hard nature of the substance, or, according to Pliny (xxxvii. 15), because AD:I'A (=1 — earth: a [Comp. Aid.'A- it was supposed to be indestructible by fire.f The aeL:] Adorn), a city on the Jordan " beside ('T1) Greek writers a generally apply the word to some'Zarthan,' " in the time of Joshua (Josh. iii. 16). very hard metal, perhaps steel, though they do also It is not elsewhere mentioned, nor is there any ref- use it for a mineral. Pliny, in the chapter referred erence to it in Josephus. The LXX. (both MSS.) to above, enumerates six varieties of Acdaysues. [both in the Rom. ed. and the Alex. MS.] has oCv Dana (Sy st. Maineral. art. Diamonld) says that the AE~'povs KapLaOiapil [XVat. KaOiaetpal,, a curious word "Adamas was applied by the ancients to sevvariation, in which it has been suggested (Stanley, eral minerals differing much in their physical S. 4i. P. App. ~ 80, note) that a trace of Adam properties. A few of these are quartz, specular appears in apeis, D being changed to R according iron ore, emney, and other substances of rather to the frequent custom I of the LXX. high degrees of hardness, which cannot now be Note. The A. V. here follows the Ken, wh ich, identified." Nor does the English language attach any one definite meaning to Adamant; sometimes for ='tlq':l "by Adam," the reading in the He- indeed we understand the diamonldh by it, but it is brefw text or Chetib, has~:uS = " "fronm Adam,"7' often used vaguely to express any substance of iman alteration which is a questionable improvement (Keil, p. 51). The accurate rendering of the text., _ oS is "rose up upon a heap, very far off, by Adam, b Arab.,,0L et i q. L adathe city that is beside Zarthan " (Stanley, S. 4. P. i p. 304, note). G. mas. The Chaldee ~8~17). AD'AMAH (71n"7 [earth]:'AplaiO; c The word is then frequently associated with [Alex. Comp. Ald.'Aea/ud:] Edema), one of the, " thorns." "fenced cities" of Naphtali, named between Chin- d jY 8vvXL k cavrrvy, LXX. Alex.; "in ungue nereth and ha-Ramah (Josh. xix. 36). It was adamantino," Vulg. probably situated to the N. W. of the Sea of Gali- e a, Maa-w. lee, but no trace of it has yet been discovered. f It is incorrect to suppose that even the diamond, which is only pure carbon crystallized, is " invincible " ADAMANT (nl"i', shdmir?: &'6azdVTvos: by fire. It will burn, and at a temperature of 140 Wedgewood will be wholly consumed, producing cara Can the place have derived its name from the bonic acid gas. g Comp. also Senec. Hercul. Fur. 807: "Adamante fat' ground " (,tSl:) which was in this very texto vincire." neighborhood - "between Succoth and Zarthan" h Our English diamond is merely a corruption of (I K. vii. 46)? adamant. Comp. the French diamante. 28 ADAMANT ADBEEL penetrable hardness. Chaucer, Bacon, Shakes- graphers derive this word from the Hebrew Slhdmis. peare, use it in some instances for the lodestone.t There seems to be no doubt whatever that the two In modern mineralogy the simple term Adamant words are identical, and that by AdaTnant we are has no technical signification, but Adamcantine Slcar to understand the emery-stone,g or the uncrystalis a mineral well known, and is closely allied to that line variety of the Corundum. which we have good reason for identifying with the The word SHAIMIR occurs in the O. T. three Shominr or Adamant of the Bible.. times as a proper name -once as the name of a That some hard cutting stone is intended can man h (1 Chr. xxiv. 24), and twice as the name of be shown from the passage in Jeremiah quoted a town. The name of the town may have reference above. Moreover the Hebrew root b (Shdmar, 4"to to the rocky nature of the situation, or to briers cut," " to pierce "), from which the word is derived, and thorns abundant in the neighborhood.i reveals the nature of the stone, the sharpness of W. H. which, moreover, is proved by the identity of the (, or original word with a brier or thorns. Now since, in the opinion of those who have given much at- Adaeite:]'Appe.; [Alex. Aid.'Apiuai; Comp.'A3tention to the subject, the Hebrews appear to have Em.LU:] Acldz), a place on the border of Naphtali, been unacquainted with the true diaond it is nacquainted after Allon bezaanannim (Josh. xix. 33). very probable, from the expression in Ez. iii. 9, of By soie it is taken in connection with the next "adamllant charder thaen fint," d that by cinr is name, han-Nekeb, but see Reland, p. 545. In the intended sonme variety of Corgunnudn, a mineral post-biblical times Adanmi bore the name of Damin. inferior only to the diamond in hardness. Of this A'DAR (accurately Addar, 1C: [heig7t]: mineral there are two principal groups; one is crys- Zpada; [Alex. Ald. Comp.'Anaapa:] Acldldr), a talline, the other granular; to the crystalline va- place on the south boundary of Palestine and of rieties belong the indigo-blue sapphire, the red Judah (Josh. xv. 3) which in the parallel list is oriental ruby, the yellow oriental topaz, the green called HAZAR-ADDAR. oriental emerald, the violet oriental amethyst, the A AR. NTH.] brown adamantine spar. But it is to the granular A'DAR. MoTHS.] or massive variety that the Shdnzir may with most AD'ASA ('A ao4a, LXX.; Ta'A aod, Jos.: probability be assigned. This is the modern Eimery, Adarsa, Adazer), a place in Judnea, a day's jourextensively used in the arts for polishing and cutting ney from Gazera, and 30 stadia from Bethlhoron gems and other hard substances; it is found in (Jos. Ant. xii. 10, ~ 5). Here Judas Maccab5us Saxony, Italy, Asia Minor, the East Indies, &c., encamped before the battle in which Nicanor was and " occurs in boulders or nodules in mica slate, in killed, Nicanor having pitched at Bethhoron (1 talcose rock, or in granular limestone, associated Macc. vii. 40, 45). In the Onomasticon it is menwith oxide of iron; the color is smoke-gray or tioned as near Gupllna [the Roman Gophna and bluish-gray; fracture imperfect. The best kinds present Jsina, 2~ miles north-west of Bethel. See are those which have a blue tint; but many sub- OPHNI.] stances now sold under the naime of emery contain AD'BEEL (S'T: Na/SEX; [in 1 Chr., no corundum." e The Greek name for the emery at.; Com.: is Sszyris or Smiris,f and the Hebrew lexico- Adbeel;'AFiSl1Xos, Joseph.; "perhaps'miracle a Chaucer, Romaztut of the Rose, 1182; Shakespeare, llIid. Night Dr. Act ii. sc. 2, and Troil. and of God,' from..1' miracle," Gesen. s. v.) a Cress. Act iii. sc. 2; Bacon's Essay on Travel. son of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 13; 1 Chr. i. 29), and c' C ord b i r iitr *probably the progenitor of an Arab tribe. No satBut Gesenius, Thes. sub voc. 1=Wt i. q. -IDn isfactory identification of this name with that of T5, _ any people or place mentioned by the Greek geog-ru, dIortreit, rigsoit. Whence Arab. XI Sawyennr, aphers, or by the Arabs themselves, has yet been discovered. The latter have lost most of the names "an Egyptian thorn" (see'orska'l, FI. Eg'. Ar. cxxiii. of Ishmael's descendants between that patriarch s. _ and'Adnin (who is said to be of the 21st genera176), and ~), aedamas. See Freytag, Lex. Arab. tion before Mohammed), and this could scarcely 7, a.eryeAbhave been the case if tribes, or places named after S. V. them, existed in the times of Arabian historians or c Dana says that the method of polishing diamonds relaters of traditions: it is therefore unlikely that was first discovered in 1456 by Louis Bergnen, a citizen of Bruges, previous to which time the diamond was only known in its native uncut state. It is quite statements are correct; the one refers to the powder, clear that Shdmir cannot mean diamond, for if it did the other to the stone. The German Szirgel, or the word would be mentioned with precious stones; Schmirtel, is evidently allied to the Hebrew or Greek but this is not the case. words. Bohlen considers the Hebrew word to be of Indian origin, comparing asmira, a stone which eats d'.~ 7t. That -1, though it may some- away iron. Doubtless all these words have a common times be applied to " rock " generally, yet sometimes origin. =flint, or some other variety of quartz, seems clear g This is probably the same stone which Herodotus from Ex. iv. 25: -: Then Zipporah took a sharp stone n" (vii. 69) says the ZEthiopians in the army of Xerxes S) Tsr. That flint knives were in common use used instead of iron to point their arrows with, and X']'~) Ts~r. That flint knives were in common use by means of which they engraved seals. amongst Eastern nations is well known. Compare by means of which they engraved seals. that very interesting verse of the LXX., Josh. xxiv. In the Keri. The Chethib has 1 T"r' Sham r. 31. i It will be enough merely to allude to the Rabbinie Ansted's Mineralogy, ~ 394. cal fable about Solomon, the Hoopoe, and the worm f Arr zps, or rt ip ps, (riptS est Jtetov ethog Shamir. See Bochart's Hierozoicon, vol. iii. p. 842, (Hlesychius); o-/rtpts Aieos or-n (Dioscor. v. 165). Both ed. Rosenmiiller, and Buxtorf, Lex. Talmud. col. 2455. ADDAN ADDER 29 These names are to be recovered from the works of At any rate it is unlikely that the Jews were unacnative authors. But some they have taken, and quainted with this kind, which is common in apparently corrupted, from the Bible; and among Egypt and probably in Syria: the Echis alrenicoka, these is Adbeel, written (in the Jfir-cdt ez-Zemcin) therefore, for such is this adder's scientific name, CJ C. E. S. P. may be identical in name and reality with the ani-' rmal signified by the Hebrew Acshub. AD'DAN (]7_ [strong]:'Hdcv, LXX.;'AaXdp [Vat. AXAap, Alex. Atap], Apocr. 1 Esdr.: Adon, Vulg.), one of the places from which some of the captivity returned with Zerubbabel to Judcea who could not show their pedigree as Israelites (Ezr. ii. 59). In the parallel lists of Nehemiah (vii. 61) and Esdras the name is ADDOx and AALAR.,' \. G.: Perhaps the name Aalar in 1 Esdr. v. 36 cor-t responds to IMB1MER in Ezra and Nehemiah. It ) appears in Esdras as the name of a man. See I CHARAATHALA IA. A. AD'DAR (M1_:'AS[p; [Vat. AXEL; Alex.!-',; Apea; Comp.'AaSdp:] Addacs), son of Bela (1 Chr. viii. 3), called ARD in Num. xxvi. 40. ADDER. This word in the text of the A. V. is the representative of four distinct Hebrew names, mentioned below. It occurs in Gen. xlix. 17 (margin, arrow-snsrtce); Ps. lviii. 4 (margin, asp); xci. a, i 4j// 13 (margin, asp); Prov. xxiii. 32 (margin, cocka- / A//), trice); and in Is. xi. 8, xiv. 29, lix. 5, the margin Toxicoa, of Egypt. has adder, where the text has cockatrice. Our English word adlder is used for any poisonous snake, Colonel Han b lton Smith suogests that the Acand is applied in this general sense by the transla- shnib may be the puff or spooch-adder of the Dutch tors of the A. V.a They use in a similar way the colonists at the Cape of Good Hope, or that of Western Africa; but it has never been shown that synonymous ternm asp. the Cape species (Clotho arietans) or the W. Afri1. Acsh1/b (2.l-i~ &hois: aspis) is found can species (Clotho lateristriya), the only two hithonly in Ps. cxl. 3: " They have sharpened their erto known, are either of them inhabitants of a distongues like a serpent, adder's poison is under their trict so far north and east as Egypt. lips." The latter half of this verse is quoted by 2. Pethlen (Im.). [Asp.] St. Paul from the LXX. in Rom. iii. 13. The poison of venomous serpents is often employed by 3. Tseph/a, or Tsip/honi (UDr, ~;]Y.. the sacred writers in a figurative sense to express -EKyoya &ao7rcSYov, Kepdarrrs: syeguIus) occurs five the evil tempers of ungodly men-that malignity times in the Hebrew Bible. In Prov. xxiii. 32 it which, as Bishop Horne says, is'"the venom and is translated acdder, and in the three passages of poison of the intellectual world" (comp. Deut. Isaiah quoted above, as well as in Jer. viii. 17, it is xxxii. 33; Job xx. 14, 16). rendered cockatrice. The derivation of the word It is not possible to say with any degree of cer- from a root which means " to hiss " does not help tainty what particular species of serpent is intended us at all to identify the animal. From Jeremiah by the Hebrew word; the ancient versions do not we learn that it was of a hostile nature, and firom help us at all, although nearly all agree in some the parallelism of Is. xi. 8, it appears that the Tsikind of serpent, with the exception of the Chaldee ph/anzi was considered even more dreadful than the paraphrase, which understands a spider by Acs/hib, Pethlen. Bochart, in his Ilierozoicon (iii. 182, ed. interpreting this Hebrew word by one of somewhat Rosenmiiller), has endeavored to prove that the Tsisimilar form.b The etymology of the term is not?phoni is the Basilisk of the Greeks (whence Jerome ascertained with sufficient precision to enable us to in Vullrg. reads Reyuzlhs), which was then supposed refer the animal to any determinate species. Gese- to destroy life, burn up grass, and break stones by nius derives it from two Hebrew roots,c the com- the pernicious influence of its breath (comp. Plin. bined meaning of which is " rolled in a spire and H. N. viii. c. 33); but this is explaining an "ignolying in ambush; " a description which would ap- turm per ignotius." ply to almost any kind of serpent. The whole story of the Basilisk is involved in The number of poisonous serpents with which fable, and it is in vain to attempt to discover the the Jews were acquainted was in all probability animal to which the ancients attributed such terrilimited to some five or six species [SERPENT], and ble power. It is curious to observe, however, that as there are reasonable groiunds for identifying Forskal (Descr. Animsal. p. 15) speaks of a kind of Pethene and ShepAiphon with two well known spe- serpent (Coluber Holleilc is the name he gives it) cies, viz. the Egyptian Cobra and the Horned Viper, which he says produces irritation on the spot it is not improbable that the Acs7hlb may be repre- touched by its breath; he is quoting, no doubt, the sented by the Toxicona of Egypt and North Africa. a Adder, in systematic zoOlogy, is generally applied c Thes. sub voc.: — )_v, retrorsem seflexit, and to those genera which form the family Viperidcs; - Asp, ~?, insidiatus et. Alii Arab. kathaba (impetum tohe Vipera Aspis of the Alps. facere), vel etiam gashab (venenum) conferunt. 2., ccats. (FUrst.) 380 AD ER ADDER opinion of the Arabs. Is this a relic of the Bacsi- Erpenius] and Saadias have " the horned snake;" c liskan fable'? This creature was so called from a and so the Vulg. Cerastes. The LXX., like the mark on its head, supposed to resemble a kingly Samaritan, must have connected the Hebrew term crown. Several serpents, however, have peculiar with a word which expresses the idea of " sitting markings on the head - the varieties of the Spec- in ambush." The original word comes from a tacle-Cobras of India, for example-so that iden- root which signifies "to prick," "pierce," or tification is impossible. As the LXX. make use "bite." cr of the word Basilisk (Ps. xc. 13; xci. 13, A. V.) The habit of the She2phiphon, alluded to in Jait was thought desirable to say this much on the cob's prophecy, namlely, that of lurking in the sand subject. and biting at the horse's heels,e suits the character It is possible that the Tsipl7hni may be repre- of a well-known species of venomous snake, the eelsented by the Algerine adder (Clotho maumitanica) ebrated horned viper, the asp of Cleopatra (Cerasbut it must be confessed that this is mere conject- tes Hasselquistii), which is found abundantly in the ure. Dr. Harris, in his Neatsral History of the sandy deserts of Egypt, Syria, and Arabia. The Bible, erroneously supposes it to be identical with Hebrew word Shephiph6n is no doubt identical with the R(cjah zephen of Forskil, which, however, is a the Arabic Siffbn. If the translation of this Arafish (Trigon zephen, Cuv.), and not a serpent. bic word by Golius be compared with the description of the Cerastes in the British Museum, there will appear good reason for identifying the Shephiph6n of Genesis with the Ccrastes of naturalists.,' S~ibn, serpentis genus leve, punctis mllaculisque distinctumn "- "a small kind of serpent marked with clots and spots" (Golius, Arab. Lex. s. v.). " The Cerastes (Cerastes Hasselqvoistii), brownish white with pale brown irregular unequal spots" (Cat. if Snakes in Brwit. _11. pt. i. 29). It is not pretended that the mere fact of these two animals being spottel affords sufficient ground, when taken alone, for asserting that they are identical, for many. _ A//~J. serpents have this character in common; but, when i/ taken in connection with what has been adduced above, coupled with the fact that this spotted character belongs only to a very few kinds common in the localities in question, it does at least form strong presumptive evidence in favor of the identity of the Shephidjhnn with the Cerastes. The name of CeAlgerine Adder. (British Museum.) crastes is derived from a curious hornlike process >4. Shel7hph8io' t: i "'pyoi~ os. Ceas- above each eye in the male,/f which gives it a for4. S h Ehphz.' ya vdos: ceras-lidable appearance. Bruce, in his Travels in tes) occurs only in Gen. xlix. 17, where it is used Abyssinia, has given a very accurate and detailed to characterize the tribe of Dan:'" Dan shall be a account of these animals. He observes that he serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that found them in greatest numbers in those parts biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider shall fall which were frequented by the jerboa, and that in backward." Various are the readings of the old the stomach of a Cerastes he discovered the remains versions in this passaoe: the Samaritan interprets of a jerboa. He kept two of these snakes in a Shephiipih,)s by "lying in wrait;" the Targums of glass vessel for two years without any food. AnJonathan, of Onkelos, and of Jerusalem, with the other circumstance mentioned by Bruce throws Syriac, "a basilisk." b The Arabic interpreters some light on the assertions of ancient authors as Erpenius [i. e. the anonymous version edited by to the movement of this snake. Alian,a Isidorus, a The Basilisk of naturalists is a most forbidding- e'V 8' LLaooectv looking yet harmless lizard of the family Ig-Zuanid&, H {a; atarpoxaL7o- Kara o'('ov evivK:a vesel. order Saurida. In using the term, therefore, care Nicander, Theriac. 263. must be taken not to confound the mythical serpent f The female, however, is supposed sometimes to with the veritable Saurian. possess these horns. Hasselquist (Itiner. pp. 241, b f7j=' (IH-trmzan), perniciosus, from ~D', c' to 365) has thus described them: —" Tentacula duo, utrinque unum ad latera verticis, in margine superiori destroy." "Ita R. Salom. Chaldseum explicat, Onke- orbitue oculi, erecta,, parte aversa parunl arcuata, los autem reddit, Sicat serpenzs Htirman, quod est no- eademque parte parum canaliculata, sub-dura, memgnen seipentis cujusdam, cujus nmorsus est insanabilis; brana tenaci vestita, basi squamis minimis, una serie is ailtemn est basiliscus n'1fP." (Grit. Sri, i. erectis, cincta, brevia, orbitas oculorum dimidia longi1114.) tudine." With this description that of Geoffroy St. Hilaire o u) 5 may be compared:- "' Au dessus des yeux nait de c Ad s " [This is not the rendering of chaque ct une petite eminence, ou comme on a eou" tume de la dire une petite corne, longue de deux ou trois lignes, prisentant dans le sens de sa longueur des the versions referred to, which have S.o A.] sillons et dirigee en haut et un peu en arrimre, d'oi le noma de Csraste. La nature des cornes du Coraste est d From, pzengere, mordere, according to trns pen connue, et leurs usages, si toutefois elles Fiirst and A. Schultens; but Gesenius denies this peuvent Stre de quelque utilit6 pour l'animal, sont meaning, and compares the Syr..A.' to glide" entiAroement idgnorDs." to creep." gAo obv be od/ov 0rpoeLtv (2Elian, De Anin. xv. "' to creep." 13) ADDI ADINA 3] AStius, have all recorded of the Cerastes that, AD'DON. [ADDAN.] whereas other serpents creep along in a straight " This varied orthography, says Fiirst (ftancib. direction, this one and the Htelno'rrhous a (no p. 17) is owing to a dialectic difference which prodoubt the same animal under another name) move nounced W- as o. H. sideways; stumbling as it were on either side (and AD'DUS ('A6oais: Adidus). 1. The sons of comp. Bochart).b Let this be compared with what Addus are enumerated among the children of SoloBruce says: "The Cerastes moves with great ra- mon's servants who returned with Zorobabel (1 pidity and in all directions, forwards, backwards, Esdr. v. 34); but the name does not occur in the sideways; when he inclines to surprise any one who parallel lists of Ezra or Nehemiah. is too far from him, he creels with his side towards 2. ('Iae6ov6; [Vat. Ia&5ovs;] Alex. Iosaovs; the person," &c., &c. The words of Ibn Sina, or [Ald.'A3ods:] Acdin.) A priest whose descendAvicenna, are to the same effect. It is right, how- ants, according to 1 Esdr., were unable to establish ever, to state that nothing unusual has been ob- their genealogy in the time of Ezra, and were reserved in the mode of progression of the Cerastes moved from their priesthood (1 Esdr. v. 38). He now in the gardens of the Zoological Society; but is said to have married Augia, the daughter of of course negative evidence in the instance of a Berzelus or Barzillai. In Ezra and Nehemiah he specimen not in a state of nature does not inval- is called by his adopted name Barzillai, and it is idate the statement of so accurate an observer as not clear whether Addus represents his original Bruce. name or is a mere corruption. WV. A. W. _____________ __ A'DER (- [1n peuse -11 a flock]: "EEp; [Vat. qV77 6;] Alex..2Qep: Ileder). A Benjamite, son of Beriah, chief of the inhabitants of Aijalon (1 Chr. viii. 15). The name is, more c orrectly, EDER. W. A. W. AD'lDA ('AM&;oa [Sin. AaELSa, AaEwva or -Vot;] Joseph. "A6 MLha: Addus, Adiada), a town g on an eminence (Ant. xiii. 6, ~ 4) overlooking the low country of Judah ('A. l.Ep~X),T fortified by Simon Maccabaeus in his wars with Tryphon (1 Mlace. xii. 38, xiii. 13). Alexander was here defeated by Aretas (Ant. xiii. 15, ~ 2); and The Horned Cerastes. (From specimen in British Vespasian used it as one of his outposts in the Museum.) siege of Jerusalem (B. J. iv. 9, ~ 1). Probably The Cerastes is extremely venomous; Bruce identical with HAnID and ADITHAIo (which see). compelled one to scratch eighteen pigeons upon the G. thigh as quickly as possible, and they all died A'DIEL (57"TV [ornament of God]:'Ie31nearly in the same interval of time. It averages 12 {X; [Vat. corrupt;] Alex. EMr/X; [Conp.'A&W?,:] to 15 inches in length, but is occasionally found prince of the te of i larger.Itbelngs totefmily rid o Adiel). 1. A prince of the tribe of Simeon, delarger. It belongs to the family V:')e'iclre, order' ~Ophlid~ia.c [SE ~NrT.] ~scended from the prosperous family of Shimei (1 FrOpmhithdse [SERPENTeroot Stp hrpsildiedChr. iv. 36). He took part in the murderous raid From the root XShalplhc are possibly derived made by his tribe upon the peaceable Hlamite shepthe proper names of SI-IUPHAw M, whence the family herds in the valley of Gedor, in the reign of Hezeof the SHUPHAmITrS, SILEPHUPHAN, and SsIUP- kiah. PIm. W. H. PIH~TM. W. II~ 2. ('A~&{mA.) A priest, ancestor of Maasiai (1 AD'DI ('AM8L [Tisch. Treg.'ASWe]). 1. Son Chr. ix. 12). of Cosam, and father of Melchi, in our Lord's 3. ('OAKx; [Vat. Comp.] Alex.'32t1AX.) Angenealogy (Luke iii. 28); the third above Salathiel. cestor of Azmaveth, David's treasurer (1 Chr. The etymology and Hebrew form of the name are xxvii. 25). W. A. W. doubtful, as it does not occur in the LXX., but it A'DIN (7'1'.~ [dcelicate]:'A33~v,'A3~v [Vat. probably represents the Hebrew O T.S an ornasment, Ae] in Ezr., ['Atoe, AR i 1 Esdr.;] AFMv Aaewv] in Ezr., ['Aamvod, Aaie in 1 Esdr.; and is a short form of Adiel, or Adaiah. The lat-'H3ev [Vat. Hemtv] in Neh.: Adin, Acdan in Ezr. ter name in 1 Chr. vi. 41 (26 in Heb. Bib.) is ren- viii. 6). Ancestor of a family who returned with dered in the [Roman edition of the] Septuagint Zerubbabel to the number of 454 (Ezr. ii. 15 [1'Aaa", which is very close to Addi. A. C. H. Esdr. v. 12]), or 655, according to the parallel list 2. ('A3ti; [Vat. A86ewV:] Admllin.) This name in Neh. vii. 20. Fifty-one more [251 according to occurs in a very corrupt verse (1 Esdr. ix. 31), ap- 1 Esdr. viii. 32] accompanied Ezra in the second parently for AnNA (Ezra x. 30). NW. A. W. caravan from Babylon (Ezr. viii. 6). They joined AD'DO ('A83cW; [Vat. E&Erv: ] Addin). with Nehemiah in a covenant to separate themselves ID)o, the grandfather of the prophet Zechariah (1 from the heathen (Neh. x. 16). W. A. W. Esdr. vi. 1). W. A. W. AD'INA ([q?~. [plictnt]:'A&vd; [Comp. a Ao~x/& 8' ~e7'ol'Kaov bov 8~ees, o.al gepr~r~s Vat. FA.'Aaevdi:] Adina). The son of Shiza, a AoXrJcj s' EmOrKa~WV Vw biyov Uhga, sina KEpa0T-rre (Nicander, Theriac. 294). one of David's captains beyond the Jordan, and b Bochart (Hieroz. iii. 209, Rosenm.) says that the chief of the Reubenites (1 Chr. xi. 42). According Rabbins derive 1 from n claudicare, to the A. V. and the Syriac, he had the command bbinsder. frm, claudicare, Xof thirty men; but the passage should be rendered wherefore 91MV is claudits.;; and over him were thirty," that is, the thirty bec The celebrated John Ellis seems to have been the fore enumerated were his superiors, just as Benaiah first Englishman who gave an accurate description of was I" above the thirty " (1 Chr. xxvii. 6). tie Cerastes (see Philosoph. Transact. 1766). W. A. W. 3,2 ADINO ADONIJAH AD'iN'O,'THE EZNITE, 2 Sam. xxviii. 8. JEgina were conquered B. c. 456, the Athenians See JASHOBEXA-a. ordered their right thumbs to be cut off so that ADIINUS ('Iauvo's; [Vat. IasLvsos; Aid. they might not be able to handle the spear, though'A~IVYS:] Jaddimus). JAMIN the Levite (1 Esdr. as slaves they might pull the oar (ZElian, T1ar. ix. 48; coImp. Neh. viii. 7). W. A. W. Hist. ii. 9). The confession of the savage chief (Judg. i. 7) testifies to the natural sentiment that ADIITHA'IM (with the article, n%17._._ the wicked deserve to experience the sufferings [the double booty]: Comp.'AyEOOaau; Ald.'As- which they themselves have inflicted on others LayeOOaLy,: Adithaim]), a town belonging to Ju- (comp. Ps. vii. 15, 16). Adoni-bezek had hunilidah, lying in the low country (Shefelah), and atecl as well as mlaimed his victims: " they had named, between Sharaim and Gederah (with the gathered their meat under his table" (Judg. i. 7, article), in Josh. xv. 36 only. It is entirely omit- and comp. Matt. xv. 27). It is said of some of the ted by the [Vat. and Alex. MSS. of the] LXX. Parthian kings that at table they threw food to At a later time the name appears to have been their famished vassals, who would catch it up like changed to,Hadid a (Chadid) and Adida. For the dogs, and like dogs were beaten till blood flowed dual termination, comp. the two names occurring from them (Athen. D(eiln. lib. iv. p. 152 d). in the same verse; also Eglainm, Horonaim, etc. Adoni-bezek is obviously not so much a proper G. name as a title. H. ADJURATION. [Exoiicism.] * ADON'ICAM, ADON'ICAN. [ADoNAD'LAI [dissyl.] (>'n: [= M>117, jus- ii A,.] tice of Jalh]:'AAXt; [Vat.] Alex. A6a; [Comp. ADONI'JA ( Lord Aa'LAa':] Adli). Ancestor of Shaphat, the overseer is Jehovah:'Acowvis Adconias). 1. The fourth of David's herds that fed in the broad valleys (1 son of David by Ilaggith, born at ebron, while Chr. xxvii. 29). W. A. W. his father was king of Judah (2 Sam. iii. 4). AD'MAH (717Z'8 [ffortress, Fiirst]:'Aa- After the death of his three brothers, Amnon, Chiayc: Adasme), one of the t" cities of the plain," leab, and Absalom, he became eldest son; and, always coupled with Zeboim (Gen. x. 19, xiv. 2 when his father's strength was visibly declining, 8; Deut. xxix. 23; Hos. xi. 8). It had a king of put forward his pretensions to the crown, by equipits own. ping himself in royal state, with chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him, in imitation AD'MATHA (Hq [C' [Maso'cap; Vat. of Absaloml (2 Sam. xv. 1) whom he also resembled Alex. FA. Mahqajreap; Comp.'A&AaOdd:] Admia- in personal beauty, and apparently also in charac. tha), one of the seven princes of Persia (Esth. i. ter, as indeed Josephus says (Ant. vii. 14, ~ 4). 1~4). IFor this reason he was plainly unfit to be king, AD'NA ([tq.T1 [pleasure]:'E3sE; [Vat. H. and David promised Bathsheba that her son SoloEa,, Mai Asas:] Edn a). 1. One of the mon should inherit the crown (1 K. i. 30), for there f.amily ofi Pahath-oab whoretr. n. with Ezr, was no absolute claim of primogeniture in these family of Pahath-Mloab wlho returnecd with Ezra. Eastern monarchies. Solomon's cause was espoused and married a foreigln wife (Eazr. x. 30). and married a foreign wife (Ezr. x. 30). by the best of David's counsellors, the illustrious 2. pMavvtds; nat Alex. om.; Comp.'E, d as.* o r prophet Nathan; Zadok, the descendant of Eleazar, A priest, descendant of Harim, in the days of Jolakim, the son of Jesha (N th. xii. 15). - and representative of the elder line of priesthood; akim, the son o f J oshrua (Neh. xii V.A~ A15. Benaiah, the captain of the king's body-guard; together with Shimei and Rei, whom Ewald (GesAD'NAH (;T: _ [pTecLszure]:'EWvd: Ed- chichte, iii. 266) conjectures to be David's two surnas). 1. A Manassite who deserted from Saul and viving brothers, comparing 1 Chr. ii. 13, and idenjoined the fortunes of David on his road to Ziklag tifying ~Y72. with Pn tW (Shinzsszah in our from the camp of the Philistines (1 Chr. xii. 20). 2. (aE8vas; [Vat.] Alex. Esaas.) The com- version), and >77 with "T1 (our PRaddai). From mander-in-chief of 300,000 men of Judah, who 1 K. ii. 8, it is unlikely that the Shimei of 2 Sam. were in Jehoshaphat's army (2 Chr. xvii. 14). xvi. 5 could have actively espoused Solomon's cause. W. A. W. On the side of Adonijah, who when he made his ADO'NI-BE'ZEK (D'21'tq, lord of Be- attempt on the kingdom was about 35 years old (2 Sam. v. 5), were Abiathar, the representative of zek: o'AfWtheCa: Adonibesec), king of cBezek, a Eli's, i. e. the junior line of the priesthood (decity of the Canaanites. [BEzEK.] This chieftain scended from Ithamar, Aaron's fourth son), and was vanquished by the tribe of Judah (Jg. i. 3- Joab, te fander of avi 7), who cut off his thumbs and great toes, and latter of whom, a lw a ys audacious and self-willed, him* prisoner To Jerusalem where"he latter of wrhom, always audacious and self-willed, brought him prisoner to Jerusalem, where he died. He confessed that he had inflicted the same cruelty probably expected to find more congenial elements m in Adonijah's court than in Solomon's. His name upon 70 petty kings whom he had conquered. and influence secured a large number of followers Cassel in his note on Ju. i. 6 (Ric among the captains of the royal army belonging to Cassel in his note on Judg.. 6 (Richter. the tribe of Judah (colllmp. 1 K. i. 9 and 25); and Ruth, p. 6), mentions some parallels to this barbar- these, together with all the princes except Solomon, ity, which show that it was not uncommon in an- were entertained by Adonia at a great sacrificial cient times. The form of the mutilation was not were entertained by the ston at a great sacrificial arbitrary, but chosen in order to render those who Enro " The meaning of the stone Zoheleth is suffered it unfit for warlike service: henceforth they Enrogel." The meaning of the stone Zoheleth is very doubtful, being translated rock of the watchcould neither wield the bow, Ior stand firm in bat- o i o e, or esce by flight. hen the inhabitants of tower in the Chaldee; great rock, Syr. and Arab.; tie, or escape by flight. Whentheinhabitanand explained " rochc of the streanmn of water" by a If so, it is an instance of Ain changing to Cheth R. Kimchi. En-rogel is mentioned in Josh. xv. 7, (see Ge, p. 436). as a spring on the border of Judah and Benjamin, ADONIKAM ADORAIM 33 S. of Jerusalem, and may be the same as that der of the family returned with Ezra (Ezr. viii. 13; aft!erwards called the Well of Job or Joab (Ain I sdr. viii. 39). The name is given as Al)oNIAyub). It is explained sp7ring of the fuller by the JAH in Neh. x. 16. [In 1 Esdr. v. 14, A. V. ed. Chaldee Paraphrast, perhaps because he treads his 1611, etc. reads Adonictsn, and viii. 39, Adonicam. clothes with his feet (tn, see Gesen. s. v.); but -A.] W. A. W. comp. Deut. xi. 10, where " watering with the AIDONI'/RAML (el.r [lord of exaltafeet" refers to machines trodden with the foot, and tion], 1 K. iv. 6; by an unusual contraction ADOsuch possibly the spring of Rogel supplied. [EN- RAM 1 2 S ROGEL.] A meeting for a religious purpose would T a.., an be held near a spring, just. as in later times sites also HADORAM, =17 2 Chr. x. 18:'A~voipd4: for 7rpoo-evXa were chosen by the waterside (Acts [Vat. -VEL-, in 1 K. xii. Apa/C:] Aloniran, Ad&xvi. 1)i. Apa: Aoa, Ad x atvha. and Bathheba now.} thoroshn'am). Chief receiver of the tribute during the Nathan and Bathsheba, now thoroughly alarmed, reigns of David (2 Sam. xx. 24), Solomon (1 K. apprised David of these proceedings, who immedi- iv. 6) and Rehoboam (1 K. xii. 18). This last ately gave orders that Solomon should be conducted monarch sent hi to collect the tribute fro the monarch sent him to collect the tribute from the on the royal mule in solemn procession to Gihon, rebellious Israelites, by whom he was stoned to a spring on the west of Jerusalem (2 Chr. xxxii. death. [See also 1 K. v. 14.] R W B. 30). [GrHoa.] Here he was anointed and proclaimed king by Zadok, and joyfully recognized by ADO/NI-ZE'DEC (i7....=, lord of/justhe people. This decisive measure struck terror tice:'A6wvi,8e(EKc; [Comp.''AcoYVL-EVEK:] Acdoninto the opposite party, and Adonijah fled to the isecec), the Amorite king of Jerusalem who organsanctuary, but was pardoned by Solomon on con- ized a. league with four other Amorite princes dition that he should "shew himself a worthy aoainst Joshua. The confederate kings having laid man," with the threat that "if wickedness were siege to Gibeon, Joshua marched to the relief of found inl him he should die " (i. 52). his new allies and put the besiegers to flight. The The death of David quickly followed on these five kings took refuge in' a cave at MAIcKEDAH, events; and Adonijah begged Bathsheba, who as whence they were taken and slain, tfieir bodies " kinlg's mother " would now have special dignity hung on trees and then buried in the place of their and influence [AsA], to procure Solomon's consent concealment (Josh. x. 1-27). [JOSHU-.] to his marriag'e with Abishag, who had been the (. W. B. wife of David in his old age (1 K. i. 3). This was * Adoni-zedek (note the meaning') was no doubt regarded as equivalent to a fresh attempt on the the official name of the Jebusite kings at Jerusalem, throne [ABSALLOI; ABSER]; and therefore Solo- as Pharaoh was that of the Egyptian kings, Agag mon ordered him to be put to death by Benaiah, in that of the Amalekites, Jabin that of the Hazoraccordance with the terms of his previous pardon. ites, and the like. See Hengstenberg's Beitrcige. Far from looking upon this as "the most flagrant iii. 306, and Keil's Bitch Jossea, p. 171. II. act of despotism since Doeo massacred the priests ADOPTION (vio0eEia), an expression metaat Saul's command " (Newlman, Hebrew illlonarchly, AI)PTION (vfo e )l), an expression uoetach. iv.), we must consider that the clemency of phorically used by St. Paul in reference to the preSolomon in sparing Adonijah till he thus again re- sent and prospective privileges of Christians (Rom. vealed a treasonabl,e purpose, stands in remarkable viii. 15, 23; Gal. iv. 5; Eph. i. 5). He probably contrast with the almost universal practice of alludes to the Roman custom of adoption, by which Eastern sovereigns. Any one of these, situated a person not having children of his own light like Solomon, ~wvould probably have secured his adopt as his son one born of other parents. It was throne by putting all his brothers to death, whereas a formal act, effected either by the process named we have no reason to think that any of David's acdroyatio, when the person to be adopted was insons suffered except the open pretender Adonijah, dependent of his parent, or by aloptio, specifically thouglh all seen to have opposed Solomon's claims so called, when in the power of his parent. (See thoughanato seetohver poeomo'city, Dict. of Gs. ssand Ros. Ant. art. A)oPTIo.) The and if his execution be thought an act of severity, we must remember that we cannot expect to find effect of it was that the adopted child was entitled the principles of the Gospel acted upon a thousand to the name and sacraerivata of his new father. years before Christ came, and that it is hard for and ranked as his heir-at-law; while the father on us, in this nineteenth century, altogether to realize his part was entitled to the property of the son, the position of an Oriental king in that remote and exercised towards him all the rights and privthe position of an Oriental kin in that remotileges of a father. In short the relationship was to 2. [Ald. Vat. Alex.'AaoylaJ.] A Levite in all intents and purposes the same as existed between the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Chr. xvii. 8). a natural father and son. The selection of a per3. ['AWavia; Alex. Aavaa; Vat. FA. Eavia'; son to be adopted implied a decided preference and: ld. ['Aavia; Coe p.'Aovias: AoniA.] One of love on the part of the adopter; and St. Paul aptly Aid.'Aamda; lComp.'A~ o v[a: Adoida.] One of transfers the wvell-known feelings and customs conthe Jewish chiefs in the time of Nehemiah (x. 16). nete with the act to illustrate the position of the nectecl with the act to illustrate the position of the He is called Adonikam (=._~78::'AawvoKdia: Christianized Jew or Gentile. The Jews themAcdonicnem) in Ezr. ii. 13. Comp. Ezr. viii. 13; selves were unacquainted with the process of adopNeh. vii. 18. G. E. L. C. tion: indeed it would have been inconsistent with ADON'IKAP M (=T:1i178 [~loved oJf tihe elnemy, the regulations of the Mosaic law affecting the A O IKA [ld of te enemy, -: inheritance of property. The instances occcasionGes.; or losrd who assists, Fiirst]:'AaouLcvdac [or ally adduced as referring to the custom (Gen. xv. -Icmv; Vat. varies in each place]: Adonicam). The 3, xvi. 2, xxx. 5-9) are evidently not cases of sons of Adonikam, 666 in number, were among adoption proper. XV. L. B. those who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel ADO'RA or A'DOR. [AnoRAUr.] (Ezr. ii. 13; Neh. vii. 18; 1 Esdr. v. 14). In the last two passages the number is 667. The remain- ADORA/IM (a.?r]:'Adopal; [Alex.'Ab3 34 ADORA3I ADRAMYTTIUM cwparcy:] Aduram), a fortified city built by Rehobo- xcv. 6); but it was by no means exclusively used am (2 Chr. xi. 9), in Judaha (Jos. Ant. viii. 10, for that purpose; it was the formal mode of re~ 1), apparently in or near the SheJlClh, since, al- ceiving visitors (Gen. xviii. 2), of doing obeisance though omitted from the lists in Josh. xv. it is by to one of superior station (2 Sam. xiv. 4), and of Josephus (Ant. xiii. 9, ~1, 15, ~ 4; B. J. i. 2, ~ 6, showing respect to equals (1 K. ii. 19). Occai. 8, ~ 4) almost uniformly coupled with Mareshah, sionally it was repeated three times (1 Sam. xx. which was certainly situated there. For the dual 41), and even seven times (Gen. xxxiii. 3). It was termination compare Adithaim, Gederothaim, etc. accompanied by such acts as a kiss (Ex. xviii. 7), By Josephus it is given as "ASbpa,'A8&peos; and laying hold of the knees or feet of the person to in Asnt. xiii. 6, ~ 5, he calls it a " city of Idumnea," whom the adoration was paid (Matt. xxviii. 9), and under which name were included, in the later times kissing the ground on which he stood (Ps. lxxii. 9; of Jewish history, the southern parts of Judma it- -Mic. vii. 17). Similar adoration was paid to idols self (Reland, p. 48; REobinson, ii. 69). Adoraim is (1 K. xix. 18; sometimes, however, prostration was probably the same place with "Abcopa (1 Macc. xiii. omitted, and the act consisted simply in kissing the 20), unless that be Dor, on the sea-coast below Car- hand to the object of reverence (Job xxxi. 27) in mel. Robinson identifies it with bDdra, a " large vil- the manner practiced by the Romans (Pliny xxviii. lage" on a rising ground west of Hebron (ii. 215). 5: see Dict. of Anlt. art. ADonATIO), in kissing G. the statue itself (Hos. xiii. 2). The same cusa DdCs " is one of the largest villages in the dis- toms prevailed at the time of our Saviour's mintrict of Hebron, and is properly the chief place" istry, as appears not only from the numerous occasions on which they were put in practice to- wards Himself, but also from the parable of the intimates that Adoraim had a similar importance; unmerciful servant (Matt. xviii. 26), and from Corasld the dual (Fiirst, i. 22) implies that there was an nelius's reverence to St. Peter (Acts x. 25), in upper and lower town, as there might so easily be, which case it was objected to by the Apostle, as since the top of the hill overlooks the present Ddira implying a higher degree of superiority than he was on its slope. H. entitled to, especially as coming from a Roman to AIDOIRAM. [ADONIRAM.] whom prostration was not usual. W. L. B. ADORATION. The acts and postures by ADRAM'MELECH [lieb. Adramme'lech] which the Hebrews expressed adoration bear a great (5ApaehEX; [Alex. Aipa8LEAEbc:] similarity to those still in use amlong Oriental na- elec]. 1. The nam e of an idol worshipped tions. To rise up and suddenly prostrate the body, Acb theelecls] name of an idol worshipped was the most simple method; but generally speak- by the colonists introduced into Samaria from Seing, the prostration was conducted in a more formal pharvaim (2 I. xvii. 31). He was worshipped with manner, the person falling upon the knee and then rites resembling those of Molech, children being gradually inclining the body until the forehead burned in his honor. In Gesenius (sub voce) the touched the ground. The various expressions in word is explained to mean splendor of the kizng, being a contraction of:.. _.189. But Winer, quoting Reland, De vet. lingua Pers. ix. interprets the first part of the word to mean fire, and so regards _ this deity as the Sun-god, in accordance with the astronomical character of the Chaldman and Persian worship. Sir H. Rawlinson also regards Adrammelech as the male power of the sun, andl i ANAAIELECI-I, who is mentioned with Adraimmelech, as a companion-god, as the female power of the sun. (Rawlinson's He-rodotns, i. 611.) 2. [Alex. in 2 K. A6pegteAeX.] Son of the Assyrian king Sennacherib, whom he mnurdered in conjunction with his brother Sharezer in the temple of Nisroch at Nineveh, after the failure of the Assyrian attack upon Jerusalem. The parricides escaped into Armenia (2 K. xix. 37; 2 Chr. xxxii. Adoration. Modern Egyptian. (Lane.) 21; Is. xxxvii. 38). The date of this event was n. O. 6 80. G.E.L.C. Hebrew referring to this custom appear to have ADRAMYT (occasionally AT T-E. L. C. L ADRAMYT'TIUM (occasionally ATRAMLIYTtheir specific nmeaning: thus blPn (srireo, LXX.) TIUAI: and some cursive MSS. have'ATrpaAvpTWV&, describes the sudden fall; P7~ (iKcdUrIo~, LXX.) instead of'A&papVe-rr-,' in Acts xxvii. 2), a seav - T Xu *port in the province of Asia [AsIA], situated in the bending the knee;'1T' (Kcv7rrw, LXX.) the in- district anciently called iEolis, and also Mysia (see int'rp Acts xvi. 7). Adramyttium gave, and still gives clination of the head and body; and lastly its to deep gulf this coast t r its name to a deep gulf on this coast, opposite to (7rpeoUcVYeV, LXX.) complete prostration. The the opening of which is the island of Lesbos [MIterml -T [ (Is. xliv. 15, 17, 19, xlvi. 6) was intro- TYLEIE]. St. Paul was never at Adramyttium,? duced at a late period as appropriate to the worship except, perhaps, during his second missionary jourpaid to idols by the Babylonians and other eastern ney, on his way from Galatia to Troas (Acts xvi.), nations (Dan. iii. 5, 6). Such prostration was and it has no Biblical interest, except as illustratusual in the worship of Jehovah (Gen. xvii. 3; Ps. ing his voyage from Cesarea in a ship belonging to is a form of expression for the new kingdom, and that a Even without this statement of Josephus, it is none of the towns nalmed are necessarily in the limits plain that "J.udah and Benjamin," in 2 Chr. xi. 10, of Benjamin proper. ADRIA ADULLAM 35 this place (Acts xxvii. 2). The reason is given in culty, erroneously translates "17,, brought up," what follows, namely, that the centurion and his T:T prisoners would thus be brought to the coasts of instead of "bare." This accords with the opinion Asia, and therefore some distance on their way of the Targum and Jewish authorities. The martowards Rome, to places where some other ship gin also gives "Michal's sister" for " Michal." bound for the west would probably be found. Proably the error is clue to some early transcriShips of Adramyttium must have been frequent on this coast, for it was a place of considerable ADU'EL ('A5oviA [Alex. FA. Navql], traffic. It lay on the great Roman road between i. e. Ri?~,7 1 Chr. iv. 36 ('Iesrxx); ix. 12 Assos, Troas, and the Hellespont on one side, and ('Aar7x), the ornament of God). A Naphtalite, Pergamus, Ephesus, and Miletus on the other, and ancestor of Tobit (Tob. i. 1). was connected by similar roads with the interior of B. F. W. and W. A. W. the country. According to tradition, Adramyttium B. F. W. and W. A. W. was a settlement of the Lydians in the time of ADUL'LAM (Apocr. ODOLLAM, T Crcesus. It was afterwards an Athenian colony. [justice of the people, Ges.; but according to SiUnder the kingldom of Pergamus it became a sea- monis from inky and 1. hence hidiny-plcace]: port of some consequence; and in the time of St. T T Paul Pliny mentions it as a Roman assize-town.'O oeXd/4: [Odollatm, Odullam, Adullam]), a city The modern Aderamyti is a poor village. but it is of Judah in the lowland of the Sheje/lah, Josh. xv. still a place of some trade and shipbuilding. It is 35 (comp. Gen. xxxviii. 1, "Judah went down,e" described in the travels of Pococke, Turner, and and Micah i. 15, where it is named with Mareshah Fellows. It is hardly worth while to notice the and Achzib); the seat of a Canaanite king (Josh. mistaken opinion of Grotius, Hammond, and others, xii. 15), and evidently a place of great antiquity theat Hadrulmetum on the coast of Africa is meant (Gen. xxxviii. 1, 12, 20). Fortified by Rehoboam in this passage of thae sof A. S. H. (2 Chr. xi. 7), one of the towns reoccupied by the n this passage of the Acts. J. J..H. Jews after their return from Babylon (Neh. xi. 30), A'DRIA, more properly A'DRIAS (O'AWpfas: and still a city ('O. wrdXis) in the times of the Mac[Adria]). It is important to fix the meaning of cabees (2 Macc. xii. 38). this word as used in Acts xxvii. 27. The word The site of Adullam has not yet been identified, seems to have been derived from the town of Adria, but from the mention of it in the passages quoted near the Po; and at first it denoted that part of above in proximity with other known towns of the the gulf of Venice which is in that neighborhood. Shefelh, it is likely that it was near Deir Deebbdn, Afterwards the signification of the name was ex- 5 or 6 miles N. of Eleutheropolis. (By Eusebius tended so as to embrace the whole of that gulf.. and Jerome, and apparently by the LXX. it is conSubsequently it obtained a much wider extension, founded with EGLON: see that name.) The limeand in the apostolic age denoted that natural divi- stone cliffs of the whole of that locality are pierced sion of the Mediterranean, which Humboldt names with extensive excavations (Robinson, ii. 23, 51-53), the Syrtic basin (see Acts xxvii. 17), and which some one of which is possibly the 4"cave of Adulhad the coasts of Sicily, Italy, Greece, and Africa lam," the refuge of David (1 Sam. xxii. 1; 2 Sam. for its boundaries. This definition is explicitly xxiii. 13; 1 Chr. xi. 15; Stanley, S. - P. p. 259). given by almost a contemporary of St. Paul, the Monastic tradition places the cave at Kh/leiteitn, at geographer Ptolemy, who also says that Crete is the south end of the Wfeady Urtds, between Bethbounded on the west by Adrias. Later writers lehelm and the Dead Sea (Robinson, i. 481). G. state that Malta divides the Adriatic sea from the e No one who has seen the cave at Klhzreitzen Tyrrhenian sea, and the isthmus of Corinth the I can have any doubt of its fitness to be such a place oEgean from the Adriatic. Thus the ship in which of refuge as the cave of Adullamn evidently was to Josephus started for Italy about the time of St. David and his followers. For a description of this Paul's voyage, foundered in Adrias (Life, 3), and cavern see TEKOA. Dr. Thomson (Land and Book, there he was picked up by a ship from Cyrene and ii. 424 f.) pleads still for the correctness of the taken to Puteoli (see Acts xxviii. 13). It is through popular opinion. David, who lived in the neighignorance of these facts, or through the want of boring Bethlehem and had often driven his flocks attending to them, that writers have drawn an ar- over those hills, must have known of the existence gument from this geographical term in favor of the of the cave and been familiar with the eintrances to false view which places the Apostle's shipwreck in it. It was in a desert remote from the haunts of the Gulf of Venice. [AIELITA.] (Smith's Voy. Saul, or if approached by him was incapable of any and Shipzwreck of St. Paul. Diss. on the Island effectual assault. It was in the direction of Moab, llfeStca.) ~ J. S. H. whither David, shortly before betaking himself to A'DRIEL ( [flock7 of God]C: [Comp.] this retreat, had sent his parents and the women of in 1 his train. Stanley decides (S. & P. p. 254, note)'Adpr~; [Rom.'Eo-apriX, Vat. ~epet (om. in ( that the cave mntst have been in the Shefelah, beSam.); Alex. IopanlX, Erspy; Ald.'EYopmiA,'E~- cause the family of David "went down" to him a8p:] lHadriel), a son of Barzillai the Meholathite, there fiom Bethlehem (1 Sam. xxii. 1); but the to whom Satul gave his daughter Merab, although expression may be used also of Kh;eitdn, which is he.aci rexessslion ma be used also of KaptertItn, wit hici iS he had previously promised her to David (1 Sam. nearly 2 hours S. E. of Bethlehem and over a path xviii. 19). His five sons were amlongst the seven which descends rapidly almost the entire distance. descendanlts of Saul whom David surrendered to the That the town and the cave of Adullan are not Gibeonites (2 Saml. xxi. 8, 9) in satisfaction for the endeavors of Saul to extirpate the latter, although fact that the same name is often applied to different the Israelites had originally made a league with li localities. them (Josh. ix. 15). In 2 Sam. xxi. they are called the sons of Michal [the daughter of Saul and wife a * So also Thenius (Die Biicher Saegnels, p. 230), of David]; but as Michal had no children (2 Sam. accounts for the inconsistency. See further under vi. 23), the A. V., in order to surmount the diffi- MERAB..11. 36 ADULLAMITE ADUMMIM David was certainly in the cave of Adullam whether a husband was, in case of certain facts, when the " three chiefs" brought water to him 1bound to adopt it. The more likely view is, that from Bethlehem; and as it is said that the Philis- it was meant as a relief to the vehemence of implatines, through whom they forced their way for that cable jealousy to which Orientals appear prone, but purpose, were encamped at the time near Beth- which was not consistent with the laxity of the lehem (2 Sam. xxiii. 13, 14), we must infer that nuptial tie prevalent in the period of the New Testhe cave itself was near Bethlehem, and not so far tament. The ancient strictness of that tie gave off as the border of the plain of Philistia.a H. room for a more intense feeling, and in that intenADUL'LAMITE ( [sWX1 [see ADUL- sity probably arose this strange custom, which no.T... -: doubt Moses found prevailing and deeply seated; LAMr]:'OoeXXeaALrTS; Alex. OoXXa/eELeriTV: and which is said to be paralleled by a form of Odollamsites). A native of Adullam: applied to ordeal called the red water in Western frica lirab, the friend (or "shepherd"7 as the Vulgate ordeal called the "red water" in Western Africa Hiravh the friend (or "shepherd" as the Vulgate (Kitto, Cyclop. s. v.). The forms of Hebrew jushas it, reading.1.T.C for'i.. l ) of Judah (Gen. tice all tended to limit the application of this test. xxxviii. 1, 12, 20). W. A. W. 1. By prescribing'certain facts presumptive of ADULTERY. The parties to this crime were guilt, to be established on oath by two witnesses, a married woman and a man who was not he r hus- or a preponderating but not conclusive testimony band. The toleration of polyganly, indeed, renders to the fact of the woman's adultery. 2. By techit nearly impossible to make criminal a similar nical rules of evidence which made proof of those offence committed by a married man with a woman presumptive facts difficult (Sotah, vi. 2-5). 3. By not his wife. In the patriarchal period the sanc- exempting certain large classes of women (all intity of marria ge is noticeable frono the history of deed, except a pure Israelitess married to a pure Abrahmn, who fears, not that his wife will le se- Israelite, and some even of them) from the liability. duced fron him, but that he may be killed for her 4. By providing that the trial could only be before sake, and especially fronm the scruples ascribed to the great Sanhedrim (Sotah, i. 4). 5. By investPharaoh and Abimelech (Gen. xii., xx.). The ing it with a ceremonial at once humiliating and waoman's punishment was, as commonly amongst intimidating, yet which still harmonized with the eastern nations, no doubt capital, and probably, as spirit of the whole ordeal as recorded in Num. v.; in the case of Talllar's unchastity, death by fire but 6. Above all, by the conventional and even (xxxviii. 24). The Mosaic penalty was that both mercenary light in which the nuptial contract was the guilty parties should be stoned, and it applied latterly regarded. as well to the betrothed as to the llarried woman, When adultery ceased to be capital, as no doubt provided she were free (Deut. xxii. 22-24). A it did, cad divorce becere a matter of mere convebondwoman so offending was to be scourged, and nience, it would be absurd to suppose that this trial the tman was to make a trespass offering (Lev. xix. was continued. And when adultery became com20-22). mon, as the Jews themselves confess, it would have The system of inheritances, on which the polity been impious to expect the miracle which it supof Moses was based, was threatened with confusion posed. If ever the Sanhedrim were driven by by the doubtful offspring caused by this crile, and force of circumstances to adopt this trial, no doubt this secured popular sylpathy on the side of moral- every effort was used, nay, was prescribed (Sotah, ity until pa far adsvancetd stage of corruption was i. 5, 6) to overawe the culprit and induce confesreachecd. Yet fron stoning being mnade the penalty sion. Nay, even if she submitted to the trial and ve mniay suppose that the exclusion of private re- was really guilty, some rabbis held that the effect venge was intended. It is probable that, when on her might be suspen ded for years through the that territorial basis of polity passed away - as it merit of some good deed (Sotah, iii. 4-6). Bedid, after the captivity - and when, owing to Gen- sides, however, the intimidation of the woman, the tile example, the mlarriage tie became a looser bond an was likey to feel the public exposure of his of union, public feeling in regard to adultery suspicions odious and repulsive. Divorce was a changed, and the penalty of death was seldom or ready and quiet remedy; and the only question never inflicted. Thus i the case of the woman was, whether the divorce should carry the dowry, brought under our Lord's notice (John viii.), it and the property which she had brought; which is likely that no one then thought of stoning was decided by the slight or grave character of the her in fact, but there remleained the written la w suspicions against her (Sotlah, vi. 1; Gemcara Chethubotli, vii. 6; Ugol. Uxoiv I:eb. c. vii.). If the' ready for the purpose of the caviller. It is likely, husbanot, Vii. 6; Ugol. Uthrou I. c. vii.). If the also, that a divorce in which the adulteress lost he wer e i napable through derange dower and rights of nlaintenance, &c. (Gemac-a prisonnmellt, &c., of acting on his own behalf in the Chlethlboth, cap. vii. 6), was the usual remedy matter, the Sanhedrim proceeded in his name as suggested by a wish to avoid scandal and the ex- concerned the dowry, but not as concerned the trial citement of conmniseration for crime. The word by the water of jealousy (Sotah, iv. 6). H.H. 7rapaey~/ua-ltoatL [Se1,yuarfeat Lachm., Tisch., ADTUM'MIM, " THE GOING UP TO " or " OF" Treg.] (Matt. i. 19), probably means to bring the (M 89: rpBa's'A-aTSS,, [&:dcase before the local Sanhedrim, which was the.. - _: P.as usual course, but which Joseph did not propose to Oa'is AiOaedvs; Alex. 7rpooaava6auis A3oelMAu, take, preferring repudiation (Buxtorf, de Spons. et avae'. E1u.,lv:] ascensio or ascensuls Aclonmim) = Divort. iii. 1-4), because that could be managed the "pass of the red;" one of the landnmarks of privately (Xc~Ope)C the boundary of Benjamllin, a rising groncd or pass Concerning the famous trial by the waters of "over against Gilgal," and " on the south side jealousy (Num. v. 11-29), it has been questioned of the' torrent'" (Josh. xv. 7, xviii. 17), which is a I Since writing the above note, we find that Dr. Dictionarry (~ ii. 3), and in his Lectures on the Jewish Stanley is either not consistent with himself or has Church (ii. 69), he speaks without hesitation of the changed his opinion. In his article on DAvID in this cave near Khsitreitsn as David's cave of Adullam. H, AEDIAS AGABUS 37 he position still occupied by the road leading up I The later observations tend to narrow the rom Jericho and the Jordan valley to Jerusalem limits of the question: they indicate at least the Rob. i. 558 a), on the south face of the gorge of region if they do not fix the site of iE non. Jehe Wadcly Kelt. Jerome (Onor. Adosnsain) as- rome's testimony (Reland's Palcestina, p. 480) that ribes the name to the blood shed there by the rob- it was 8 miles south of Scythopolis (still shown iers who infested the pass in his day, as they still there in his day, " ostenditur usque nunc ") agrees Stanley, pp. 314, 424; Martineau, p. 481; Stewart) with the ascertained condition of that nleighborontinue to infest it, as they did in the middle hood. Dr. Thomson (Land and Book, ii. 176),,ges, when the order of Knights Templars arose who visited Beisdn (Scythopolis) and the neighbor)ut of an association for the guarding of this road, hood, represents the valley there as abounding in blud as they did in the days of our Lord, of whose fountains and brooks, which make it one of the )arable of the Good Samaritan this is the scene. most fertile places in Palestine. Though find3ut the name is doubtless of a date and significance ing no traces of the names still current, he says kr more remote, and is probably derived from some that XEnon and Salim were no doubt in this;ribe of "red men" of the earliest inhabitants of Ghor Beisrn. Dr. Robinson's Saline lies too far;he country (Stanley, p. 424, note). The sugges- inward to agree with the "juxta Jordanelll " of;ion of Keil that it refers to the " rbthlichen lFarbe Eusebius and Jerome; indeed, he gives up that poles Felsen," is the conjecture of a uman who has sition and fixes on a different one. The name lever been on the spot, the whole pass being of the merely of Salimr would not be decisive, as it seems wvhitest limestone. [Fiirst derives the name in to have been, and is still, not uncolmmon in Pales-he first instance from the color (red-sbrown) of the tine. [SitLIMa.] We have the more reason for -arth in the hills.] G. adhering to the traditionary site, that SMr. Van de AEDI'AS ('Ai'asr; [Vat. A-/eLas; Ald. Alex. Velde reports his finding, a -Mussulman oratory'AS[raas:] Helias), 1 Esdr. ix. 27. Probably a (Wely) called Shleykh Salimn near a heap of ruins, corruption of ELIAIH. about six English miles south of Beiscon, and two LE'GYPT. [EGYPT.] west of the Jordan (Syr. and Pal. ii. 346). Bleek (Brief an die Hebor. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 285 ff.) mlain-.'NEAS [so, correctly, A. V. ed. 1611, etc.; tains that this Salim was not only tile one where Eneas, later eds.] (Av'Eas: Enenes), a paralytic at John baptized, but of which Melchizedek was king Lydda, healed by St. Peter (Acts ix. 33, 34). (Gen. xiv. 18). As to JEnon, which is descriptive * The name shows that he was either a Greek or rather than local, the existence itself of fountains, a Hellenistic Jew. It is uncertain whether he was " deep waters " (U58ara 7roaXd), is all the identifia believer or not (SvOpw7riv'iva); but it was usual cation that the term requires. 1HI. to require faith of those who received such benefits. ZERA. [CHRONOLOGY.] H. N A ETHIO'PIA. [ETHIOPIA.] ZE~'NON (Ah'rie: /EnZnon), a place "near toPIA. [E oPA. Salim," at which John baptized (John iii. 23). It AETHIOPIC VERSION. [VERsIoNs, was evidently west of the Jordan (comp. iii. 22 ANCIENT.] with 26, and with i. 28), and abounded in water. AFFINITY. [MARRIAGE.] This is indicated by the name, which is merely a AG'ABA ('A icaBd; [Vat. marg. A'ya',ya; Greek version of the Challee -1?.:_"springs." Ales. raFa; Ald.'Aya8a:] Aggab), 1 Esdr. v. llnon is given in the OsZoacstico as 8 miles south 30. [HAGAB.] of Scythopolis, "juxta Salem et Jordanem." Dr. AG/ABUS b ("Aya/os: Agabuls), a Christian Robinson's most careful search, on his second visit, prophet in the apostolic age, mentioned in Acts xi. however, failed to discover any trace of either name 28 and xxi. 10. The samle person must be nieant in or remains in that locality (iii. 333). But a Sdlins both places; for not only the name, but the office has been found by him to the east of and close to (7rpovrT7qS) and residence (&7rb'Iepooo;iu'ov, a7rb NMbltrus, where there are two very copious springs -rs'IovLaaas), are the same in both instances. (ii. 279; iii. 298). This position agrees with the He predicted (Acts xi. 28) that a famine woukl requirements of Gen. xxxiii. 18. [SALEMI.] In take place in the reign of Claudius " throughofit all favor of its distance from the Jordan is the consid- the world" ((p'`hXrv Trv o1eiovjuvtsv). This exeration that, if close by the river, the Evangelist pression may take a narrower or a wider sense, would hardly have drawn attention to the "m inuch either of which confirms the prediction. As Greek water" there. and Roman writers used 71 obcovrYru of the Greek The latest writer on Jerusalem, Dr. Barclay and the Roman world, so a Jewish writer could use (1858), reports the discovery of Ainon at 1Tcrady it naturally of the Jewish world or Palestine. JoFara-lah, a secluded valley about 5 miles to the N. E. sephus certainly so uses it (Alnt. viii. 13, ~ 4) when of Jerusalem, running into the great l'acdy Fowcer spearing of the efforts of Ahab to discover the immediately above Jericho. The grounds of this prophet Elijah, he says that the king sought him novel identification are the very copious springs and Icar'i rataaV T'I oIacovrY7v', i. e. throughout pools in which W. Farn-ah abounds, and also the Palestine and its borders. (See Anger, De T'enepopresence of the name Selam or Seleim, the appel- r'so in Actis App. ratione, p. 42.) Ancient writers lation of another 1tcady close by. But it requires give no account of any universal famine in the more examination than it has yet received. (Bar- reign of Claudius, but they speak of several local clay, City of the Great King, pp. 558-570.) See famines which were severe in particular countries. the curious speculations of Lightfoot ( Choreog. In- Josephus (Asnt. xx. 2, ~ 6; ib. 5, ~ 2) mentions one gtriry, ch. iii. ~~ 1, 2, 3, 4). G. which prevailed at that time in JudTa, and swept away many of the inhabitants. Helena, queen of a Robinson's words, "On the south side. Adiabene, a Jewish proselyte who was then at Jeabove," are the more remarkable, because the identity Df the place with the Maaleh-Adummim does not seem b I This article (not accredited in the English edito have occurred to him. f tion) has been re-written here by the author. H. 38 AGAG AGATE rusalem, imported provisions from Egypt and Cy- 7, and another in 1 Sam. xv. 8, 9, 20, 32. The prus, which she distributed among the people to latter was the king of the Amalekites, whom Saul save them from starvation. This, in all probability, spared together with the best of the spoil, although is the famine to which Agabus refers in Acts xi. it was the well-known will of Jehovah that the 28. The chronology admits of this supposition. Amalekites should be extirpated (Ex. xvii. 14; According to Josephus, the famine which he de- Deut. xxv. 17). For this act of disobedience Samscribes took place when Cuspius Fadus and Tiberius uel was commissioned to declare to Saul his rejecAlexander were procurators; i. e. as Lardner com- tion, and he himself sent for Agag and cut him in putes the time (Credibility, P. I. b. i. ch. xi.), it pieces. [SAMIUEL.] may have begun about the close of A.D. 44, and Haman is called the AGAGITE in Esther (Bovlasted three or four years. Fadus was sent into ydaos, iii. 1, 10, viii. 3, 5, [MaNcedVy, ix. 21]). Judclea on the death of Agrippa, which occurred The Jews consider Haman a descendant of Agag, in August of the year A.D. 44; and it was about the the Amalekite, and hence account for the hatred time of the death of Agrippa (Acts xii. 1) that Paul with which he pursued their race (Joseph. A7nt. xi. and Barnabas carried the alms of the Christians at 6, ~ 5; Targ. Esth.). R1. W. B. Antioch to Jerusalem. If we attach the wider A'GAGITE. [AGAG.] sense to o0couVCE'YrqY, the prediction may import that a famline should take place throughout the Ronman empire during the reign of Claudius (the AGARE'NES (viol "ATap: fiuii Agar), Bar. year is not specified), and not that it should prevail iii. 23. [HAGcAREcES.] in all parts at the same time. We find mention (i sh sheb 1 cdccldd: of thlee other famines during the reign of Claud- es) is menioned four imes in ius: one in Greece (Euseb. Chron. i. 79), and two Xclds: achates) is mentioned four times in the in Rome (Dion Case (sx.Ch 11 Tac. An. xii. 43). text of the A. V.; viz. in Ex. xxviii. 19, xxxix. or thRe facts con crning these famines, see Walch,12; Is. liv. 12; Ez. xxvii. 16. In the two former For the facts concerning these fainines, see Wralch, passaes, wh ere it is represented by the Hebrew De Agalo vcte (Disse-tt. ccla ilctn Apost.ii.11l passaes, where it is represented by the Hebrew e At C saesrtta, Agtabus foretold to Paul, wl. woras sheb6, it is spoken of as forming the second then o up to Jerus foretold theo Pul, who wa stone in the third row of the high-priest's breastthen g oing up to Jerusale for the las t timei that plate; in each of the two latter places the original the Jews there would cast him into p rison and bind word is cadc6d, by which no doubt is intended a him hand andl foot. The prophet accompanied this ifferent stone. [RUBY.] InEz.xxvii. 16, where prediction with a symbolic act (that of binding his z., owan hands and feet with Paul's girdle), which wheteas ine th e argi has cz.xxvsopiii 13, served to place the event foretold more vividly be- whereas in t he very next chapter, Ez. xxviii. 13, fore them. The scene, being thus acted out before cys which icurs in the text, as the tra instead of an their eyes, was rendered present, real, beyond what erely differen t Hebrew word, nc; th is will any mere verbal declaration could possibly have entirely different Hebrew ords ere pec; a this will made it. show how much our translators were perplexed as to the meanings of the minerals and precious stones Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem mentioned in the sacred volume; b and this uncerQuam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus, et qum tainty which belongs to the mineralogy of the BiIpse sibi t~radit spectator." ble, and indeed in numerous instances to its botany Instances of such symbolism, though rare in the and zoology, is by no means a matter of surprise N. T., are frequent in the Old. See 1 K. xxii. 11; when we consider how often there is no collateral Is. xx. 1 ff.; Jer. xiii. 1 if.; Ezek. iv. 1 if., etc. evidence of any kind that might possibly help us, The name Agabus is variously derived: by Dru- and that the derivations of the Hebrew words have s g.enerally and necessarily a very extensive significasius, fo a locst; by Grotius, itsius, tion; identification, therefore, in many cases beand Wolf, from, hie loved. See Wolf's Csie s comes a difficult and uncertain matter. ioloycce ii. 117. Wach ( ) adopts Various definitions of the Hebrew word sheb the latter derivation, and compares the name with have been given by the learned, but nothing defithe Greek Agape, Agapetus, Agapius, and the like. nite can be deduced from any one of them. GeseWalch, in his Dissertamtio, treats (a) of the name nius places the word under the root sat ialC c "to of Agabus; (b) of his office as prophet; (c) of his take prisoner," but allows that nothing at all can prophecies; and (d) of their fulfillment. He be learned from such an etymology. Fiirst c with illustrates these topics fully, but adds nothing more probability assigns to the name an Arabic important to the results stated in this article. The origin, siaba, "to glitter." incidents in which Agabus appears are noticed at Again, we find curiously enough an interpretalength in Balaumgarten's Apostelgescliichte, i. 270 tion which derives it from another Arabic root, Sf. and ii.:113 fi H. B. fII ywhich has precisely the opposite meaning, viz. " to be dull and obscure." e Another derivation traces A'GAG (._, from an Arabic root " to burn," the word to the proper name Sheba, whence preGesen.:'Aydy and rFy: Ajgay), possibly the title cious stones were exported for the Tyrian muerof the kings of Anmalek, like Pharaoh of Egypt. chants. Of these derivations, it is difficult to see One king of this name is mentioned in Num. xxiv. any meaning at all in the first,f. while a contrary b See " Translators' Preface to the Reader," which e 1t.; cf. Freytag, Arab. Lex. ~.,.wl (viii. it is to be regretted is never now printed in editions Df the Bible. / c At,' captivium fecit, Gesen. Thlesaur. s. v. conj. of N"i&), obscu7a, aqZbib-,rlfiltit res alicei. dT T C/mp. Golius Arab. Lex. Inf Sed hTec nihil faciunt ad detegendam ejus natud Comp. Golius, Arab. Lex. A,.e exarsit. rani." -Braun. V. S. II. xv. i. AGE, OLD AGRICULTURE 39 Dne to what we should expect is given to the third, it, especially in the infancy of the state: it formed for a dull-looking stone is surely out of place under Moses the main qualification of those who amongst the glittering gems which adorned the sa- acted as the representatives of the people in all cerdotal breastplate. The derivation adopted by matters of difficulty and deliberation. The old Fiirst is perhaps the most probable, yet there is men or Elders thus became a class, and the title nothing even in it which will indicate the stone in- gradually ceased to convey the notion of age, and tended. That sh/eb6, however, does stand for some was used in an official sense, like Patres, Senatores, variety of agacte seems generally agreed upon by and other similar terms. [ELDERS.] Still it commentators, for, as Rosenmiillera has observed would be but natural that such an office was gen(Schol. in Exod. xxxviii. 19), there is a wonderful erally held by men of advanced age (1 K. xii. 8). agreement amongst interpreters, who all under- W. L. B. stand an c/gate by the term. * The distinction between irpeo,3'rvs and crpeOOur English agate, or cchet, derives its name 6'repos should be remarked. Though the forfrom the Achates, the modern Dirillo, in the Val mer refers always to age, the latter refers occadi Noto, in Sicily, on the banks of which, accord- sionally to age (Acts ii. 17; 1 Tim. v. 1; 1 Pet. ing to Theophrastus and Pliny, it was first found; b v. 5), but usually to rank or office. The point is but as agates are met with in ahliost every coun- of some interest as regards the age of Paul at the try, this stone was doubtless from the earliest times time of his Roman captivity. In P'hilem. ver. 9, known to the Orientals. It is a silicious stone of the apostle alludes to himself " as an old man" the quartz family, and is met with generally in (W&s crpea13'r'ls) for the purpose of giving effect by rounded nodules, or in veins in trap-rocks; speci- that remliniscence to his entreaty in behalf of Onesmens are often found on the sea-shore, and in the imnus. Paul is supposed to have been, at the time of beds of streams, the rocks in which they had been writing to Philemon (converted about 36 A. D., at imbedded having been decomposed by the elements, the age of 30, and at Rome 62-4 A. D.), about 60 when the aegates have dropped out. Some of the years old. According to Hippocrates, a man was principal varieties are called chalcedony, from Chal- called 7rpeoBbr'7-qs froll 49 to 56, and after that was cedon in Asia Minor, where it is found, carcelicas, called 7ypwcv. But there was another estimate chrysolracse, an apple-green variety colored by ox- among the Greeks which fixed the later period ide of nickel, JlIocha-stoaces, or maoss agajte, which (y7pas) at 69. Coray treats of this question in owe their dendritic or tree-like markiings to the his aVVEiclklops'IepaTercds, p. 167 (Paris, 1831).Cd imperfect crystallization of the coloring salts of Our most impressive imnage of old age in the N. manganese or iron, onyx-stozes, bloocl-stones, &c., T., as represented by its appropriate word, is that &c. Beautiful specimens of the art of engraving on which occurs in the Saviour's touching description cnatcedois/ are still found among the tombs of of what was to befall the energetic Peter in his last Egypt, Assyria, Etruria, &c.c W. H. days (ora, 7yr/pao'ss). See John xxi. 18. The AGE, OLD. In eally stages of civilization, term applied to Zacharias (Luke i. 18) is.rpeawhen experience is the only source of practical 3irT7is. The patriarch Jacob's characterization of knowledge, old age has its special value, and con- a long life, as he looked back upon it from the verge sequently its special honors. The Spartans, the of the grave, has hardly its parallel for truthfulness Athenians, and the Romans were particular in and pathos in all extant literature. See Gen. xlvii. showing respect to the aged, and the Egyptians 8, 9. H. had a regulation which has its exact parallel in the A'GEE [dissyl.] (8: [fbyitive: Bible (Herod. ii. 80; Lev. xix. 32). Under a pa- T triarchal form of government such a feeling was Alex. Aoau [Comp.'Add:] Age). A Hararite, father of Shalllmah, one of David's three mightiest still more deeply implantecd. A further motive was father of Shaia, th t superadded in te case of the Jew, who was taug heroes (2 Sam. xxiii. 11). In the Peshito-Syriac superacldd in t~e cse ofthe ew, wo wa t~z";l~the is called the casego of the kinew, whs mounwas tain." to consider old age as a reward for piety, and a slAgo of the king's nal token of God's favor. For these reasons the AGGE'US ('Ayyayos: Aggwces), [1 Esdr. vi. 1, aged occupied a prominent place in the social and vii. 3; 2 Esdr. i. 40.] [HA1GAI.] political system of the Jews. In private life they AGRICULTURE. This, though prominent were looked up to as the depositaries of knowledge in the Scriptural narrative concerning Adamn, Cain, (Job xv. 10); the young were ordered to rise up in and Noah. was little cared for by the patriarchs; their presence (Lev. xix. 32); they allowed them to imore so, however, by Isaac and Jacob than by give their opinion first (Job xxxii. 4); they were Abrahalm (Gen. xxvi. 12, xxxvii. 7), in whose time, taught to regard grey hairs as a " crown of glory " probably, if we except the lower Jordan valley (xiii. and as the "beauty of old men" (Prov. xvi. 31, 10), there was little regular culture in Canaan. xx. 29). The attainment of old age was regarded Thus Gerar and Shechem seem to have been cities as a special blessing (Job v. 26), not only on ac- where pastoral wealth predominated. The herdscount of the prolonged enjoyment of life to the in- mien strove with Isaac about his wells; about his dividual, but also because it indicated peaceful and crop there was no contention (xx. 14, xxxiv. 28). prosperous times (Zech. viii. 4; 1 Macc. xiv. 9; Is. IIn Joshua's time, as shown by the story of the 1xv. 20). In public affairs age carried weight with "Eshcol " (Num. xiii. 23-4), Canaan was found in a i. esse achateun, satjs probabile est, quum an engraver and a cunning workman;" and ch. xxxix. mires in hoc lapicle interpretum sit consensus." Vidl. 8:' And he made the breastplate of cunning work." Braun. de Vest. Sacerd. Hebreosr. II. c. xv. iii. * Occasional specimens of agate occur along the b KaXse MiOos Kai 6s &aXdrqe 6 &crr rod'AX5sTOV coast north of Tortosa, and it is very abundant near rOT'asU TOe lv' o Ke& i5, Ka, 7r:eatoelrai TtsfitO. -- Theoph. Antioch (Antakia), Rob. Plhys. GeoOr. p. 376. H. Fr. ii. 31, ed. Schneider, and Plin. xxxvii. 54; Lithog- d - On the single word " aged " in Philem. ver. 9, raphie Sicilienne, Naples, 1777, p. 16. the celebrated Lavater preached two of his 39 sermons c Compare with this Ex. xxxviii. 23: " And with on the Epistle to Philemon (Predigten fiber d. Brief him was Aholiab, son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an d. Philemnon, St. Gallen, 1785-6). H. 40 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE a much more advanced agricultural state than xix. 21; comp. Gen. xxii. 3, 6, 7). All this indiJacob had left it in (Deut. viii. 8), resulting prob- cates a non-abundance of timber. ably from the severe experience of famlines, and the Its plenty of water from natural sources made example of Egypt, to which its people were thus Canaan. a contrast to rainless Egypt (Deut. viii. 7, led. The pastoral life was the means of keeping xi. 8-12). Nor was the peculiar Egyptian method the sacred race, whilst yet a family, distinct from alluddl to in Dent. xi. 10 unknown, though less mixture and locally unattached, especially whilst prevalent in Palestine. That peculiarity seems to in Egypt. When, grown into a nation, they con- have consisted in making in the fields square shalquered their future seats, agriculture supplied a low beds, like our salt-pans, surrounded by a raised similar check on the foreign intercourse and speedy border of earth to keep in the water, which was demoralization, especially as regards idolatry, which then turned from one square to another by pushing commerce would have caused. Thus agriculture aside the mud to open one and close the next with becalme the basis of the Mosaic commonwealth the foot. A very similar method is apparently de(Michaelis, xxxvii.-xli.). It tended to check also scribed by Ro(binson as used, especially for garden the freebooting and nomad life, and made a numer- vegetables, in Palestine. There irrigation (includous offspring profitable, as it was already honorable, ing under the term all appliances for lnaking the by natural sentimlent and by law. Thus, too, it water available) was as essential as drainage inl our indirectly discouraged slavery, or, where it existed, region; and for this the large extent of rocky surmade the slave somewhat like a son, though it face, easily excavated for cisterns and ducts, was imade the son also somewhat of a slave. Taken in most useful. Even the plain of Jericho is watered connection with the inalienable character of inher- not by canals firom the Jordan, since the river lies itances, it gave each man and each family a stake below the land, but by rills converging from the in the soil - and nurtured a hardy patriotism. mountains. In these features of the country lay " The land is AMine " (Lev. xxv. 23) was a dictum its expansive resources to meet the wants of a mulwhich made agriculture likewise the basis of the tiplying population. The lightness of agricultural theocratic relation. Thus every family felt its own labor in the plains set free an abundance of hands life with intense keenness, and had its divine ten- for the task of terracing and watering; and the ure which it was to guard from alienation. The result gave the highest stimulus to industry. prohibition of culture in the sabbatical year formed, The cereal crops of constant mention are wheat under this aspect, a kind of rent reserved by the and barley, and more rarely rye and millet (?). Divine Owner. Landmarks were deemed sacred Of the two former, together with the vine, olive, (Deut. xix. 14), and the inalienability of the heri- and fig, the use of irrigation, the plough and the tage was ensured by its reversion to the owner in harrow, mention is found in the book of Job (xxxi. the year of jubilee; so that only so many years of 40, xv. 33, xxiv. 6, xxix. 9, xxxix. 10). Two occupancy could be sold (Lev. xxv. 8-16, 23-35). kinds of cumllmin (the black variety called " fitches," The prophet Isaiah (v. 8) denounces the contempt Is. xxviii. 27), and such podded plants as beans of such restrictions by wealthy grandees who sought and lentiles, may be named among the staple prodto' add field to field," erasing families and depop- uce. To these later writers add a great variety ulating districts. of garden plants, e. g., kidney-beans, peas, lettuce, A change in the climate of Palestine, caused by endive, leek, garlic, onion, melon, cucumber, cabincrease of population and the clearance of trees, bage, &c. (Jlis/hna, Celasi, 1. 1, 2). The produce must have taken place before the period of the N. which formed Jacob's present was of such kinds as T. A further change caused by the decrease of would keep, and had kept during the famine (Gen. skilled agricultural labor, e. g., in irrigation and xliii. 11). terrace-making, has since ensued. Not only this, The Jewish calendclar, as fixed by the three great lbut the great variety of elevation and local charac- festivals, turned on the seasons of green, ripe, and ter in so small a compass of country necessitates a fully-gathered produce. Hence, if the season was partial and guarded application of general remarks backward, or, owing to the imperfections of a non(Robinson, i. 507, 553, 554, iii. 595; Stanley, S. astronomical reckoning, seemed to be so, a month ( P. pp. 119, 124-6). Yet wherever industry is was intercalated. This rude system was fondly resecure, the soil still asserts its old fertility. The tained long after mental progress and foreign interHacedsn (PerrLa) is as fertile as Damascus, and its course placed a correct calendar within their power; bread enjoys the highest reputation. The black so that notice of a Veadar, i. e., second or interand fat, but light, soil about Gaza is said to hold calated Adar, on account of the lambs being not so much moisture as to be very fertile with little yet of paschal size, and the barley not forward rain. Here, as in the neighborhood of Beyprst, is enough for the Abib (green sheaf), was sent to the a vast olive-ground, and the very sand of the shore Jews of Babylon and Egypt (Ugol. cde Re Rust. v. is said to be fertile if watered. The Israelites 22) early in the season. probably found in Canaan a fair proportion of The year ordinarily consisting of 12 months was woodland, which their necessities, owing to the dis- divided into 6 agricultural periods as follows (Tocouraugement of commerce, must have led them to saphta Taanitih, ch. 1):reduce (Josh. xvii. 18). But even in early times timber seems to have been far less used for building. SOweG TIrE. material than among western nations; the Israel- begilning about ites were not skillful hewers, and imported both Tisri, latter half autumnal the timber and the workmen (1 K. v. 6, 8). No equinox rEary rair store of wood-fuel seems to have been kept; ovens arche.. were heated with such things as dung and hay (Ez. Kasleu, former half.. J v. 12, 15; Mal. iv. 1); and, in any case of sacrifice II. UNRTPE TImIE. on an emergency, some, as we should think, unu- Kasleu, latter half. sual source of supply is constantly mentioned for Tebeth. the wood (1 Sam. vi. 14; 2 Sam. xxiv. 22; 1 K. Shebath, former half. AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 41 II:. COLD SEASON. The produce of the land besides fruit from trees, Shebath, latter haltf.... 1was technically distinguished as 7 2181n' includAdar.....Latter rain due. [Veadar]..... ing apparently all cereal plants, n>3~2 (quicquid XNioan former half..... in siliquis nasciitur, Buxt. Lex.), nearly equivalent IV. HARVEST TiE. to the Latin tlegsnen, and 82:]D't or 81~ Beginning about Nisan, latter half..... vernal equinox. ";7 1 semiena hortensia, (since the former word Barley green. alone was used also generically for all seed, includPassover. ing all else which was liable to tithe, for which Ijar purpose the distinction seems to have existed. The Sivan, former half... Wheat ripe. plough probably was like the Egyptian, and the Pentecost. process of ploughing mostly very light, like that V. SuMlMER. called scarifcatio by the Romans (" Syria tenui Sivan, latter half. sulco arat," Plin. xviii. 47), one yoke of oxen Tamuz. mostly sufficing to draw it. Such is still used in Ab, former half. Asia Minor, and its parts are shown in the accomVI. SULTRY SEASON. panying drawing: a is the pole to which the cross Ab, latter half. beam with yokes, b, is attached; c, the share; d, the Elul. handle; e represents three modes of arming the Tisri, former half..... Ingathering of fruits. share, and f is a goad with a scraper at the other Thus the 6 months from mid Tisri to mid Nisan were mainly occupied with the process of cultiva- tion, and the rest with the gathering of the fruits. Rain was commonly expected soon after the autumnal equinox or mid Tiiri; and if by the first of Kiasleu none had fallen, a fast was proclaimed (ilishna, Taansith ch. i.). The common scriptural expressions of the "early" and the " latter rain" (Deut. xi. 14; Jer. v. 24; Hos. vi. 3; Zech. x. 1; Jam. v. 7) are scarcely confirmed by modern experience, the season of rains being unbroken (Robinson, i. 41, 429, iii. 96), though perhaps the Fig. 1. -Plough, &c., as still used in Asia Minor. - fall is more strongly marked at the beginning and (From Fellows's Asia Minor.). the end of it. The consternation caused by the failnrc of the former rain is depicted in Joet i., ii.; ad. end, probably for cleansing the share. Mountains ure of the former rain is depicted in Joel i., i. * nd and steep places were hoed (Is. vi. 25; Maimon. ad that prophet seems to promise that and the latter anishn. vi. 2; Robinson, iii. 595v 602-3). The rain together 4" in the first month," i. e. Nisan (ii. bresaking p of new land was performe602-3). as with 23). The ancient Hebrews had little notion of b reaking up of vo. Such new rfounrmed and falthe Romans tence slsoo. Such new ground and falgreen or root-crops grown for fodder, nor was the lows, the use of which latter was familiar to the long summer drought suitable for them. Barley long suer drought suitable for theJ. Baley ews (Jer. iv. 3; Hos. x. 12), were cleared of stones supplied food both to man and beast, and the plant, and of thorns (Is. v. 2; Gemara cierosol. ad loc.) called in Ez. iv. 9, 4 "Millet," ]~"1, holcus dochnca, early in the year, sowing or gathering from "among Linn. (Gesenius), was grazed while green, and its thorns" being a proverb for slovenly husbandry ripe grain made into bread. In the later period (Job v. 5; Prov. xxiv. 30, 31; Robinson, ii. 127). of mre d irration the enu- Virgin land was ploughed a second time. The of more advanced irrigation the "FenuZn proper words are MiM-,, proscinder e, and TTVr, greek," occurs, also the 2wU_, a clover, appa- p roper words are T proscindere, -Tand, offiingere, i. e., iteratse ut tfrnganatur glebce (by rently, given cut (Peahi, v. 5). Mowing (T., Am. cross ploughing), Varr. de R/. R. i. 32; both vii. 1; Ps. lxxii. 6) and haymakinug were familiar are distinctively used Is. xxviii. 24. Land already processes, bu ate a oexrs odtilled was ploughed before the rains, that the moistprocesses, but the latter had no express word, ure might the better penetrate (Mainon. ap. Ugol.'I2 standing both for grass and hay, a token de Re Rust. v. 11). Rain, however, or irrigation of a hot climate, where the grass may become hay (Is. xxxii. 20) prepared the soil for the sowing, as as it stands may be inferred from the prohibition to irrigate till ~~An -;o:. 5:;',<- j / *an ('/ ( ( Fig. 2.- Egyptian ploughing and sowing. - (Willinson, Tombs of the Kings. - Thebes) the gleaning was over, lest the poor should suffer able of the sower, being scattered broadcast, and (Pecah, v. 3); and such sowing often took place ploughed in rfterarclds the roots of the late crop twithout previous ploughing, the seed, as in the par- I being so far decayed as to serve for manure (Fel 42 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Fig. 3. - Goats treading in the grain, when sown in the field, after the water has subsided. - (Wilkinson, Tombs, near the Pyramids.) lows, Asia lAfinor, p. 72). The soil was then gathered to seed sown was often vast; a hundredbrushed over with a light harrow, often of thorn fold is mentioned, but in such a way as to signify bushes. In highly irrigated spots the seed was that it was a limit rarely attained (Gen. xxvi. 12, trampled in by cattle (Is. xxxii. 20), as in Egypt by Matt. xiii. 8). goats (Wilkinson, i. 39, 2d Ser.). Sometimes, The rotation of crops, familiar to the Egyptians however, the sowing was by patches only in well manured spots, a process called 3I2n, der. fl=,,pardus, from its spotted appearance, as represented a _ in the accompanying drawing by Surenhusius to EII iii!il) illustrate the Mishna. Where'the soil was heavier,!, Nl.......I[.III,,[I IIIIIIt.l/ l [,I I mi l, l I II I!llhit!lli Fig. 5. Sowing. (Suienhusius.) Fig. 4. - Corn growing in patches. (Surenhusius.) the ploughing was best done dry (" dum sicca tel- lure licet," Virg. Geory. i. 214); and there, though not generally, the sarritio (=I3n, der.'IM, to cleanse), and even the liratio of Roman husbandry, performed with tabulee affixed to the sides of the share, might be useful. But the more formal routine of heavy western soils must not be made the standard of such a naturally fine tilth as that of __. Palestine generally. "Sunt enim regionum propria L___.____. munera, sicut iEgypti et Africnh, in quibus agricola post sementem ante messem segetem non attingit 1 in iis autem locis ubi desidceraztmu sarritio," o _ &c., Colunmella, ii. 12. During the rains, if not too heavy, or between their two periods, would be the best time for these operations; thus 70 days before the passover was the time prescribed for sowing i i for the "wave-sheaf," and, probably, therefore, for i that of barley generally. The oxen were urged on by a goad like a spear (Judg. iii. 31). The custom of watching ripening crops and threshing floors against theft or damage (Robinson, i. 490, ii. 18, 83, 99) is probably ancient. Thus Boaz slept on the floor (Ruth iii. 4. 7.) a Barley ripened a week or two before wheat, and as fine harvest weather was certain (Prov. xxvi. 1; 1 Sam. xii. 17; Am. iv. 7), the crop chiefly varied with the quantity of timely rain. The period of harvest must always have differed according to elevation, aspect, &c. (Robinson, i. 430, 551.) The proportion of harvest Fig. 7. - Sowing. - (Surenhusius.) a * This practice continues to the present day. guard them; and this we had found to be universal in Speaking of a night spent near Hebron, Robinson (ii. all the region of Gaza." Thomson (Land and Book, 446, ed. 1841) says: " The owgers of the crops came ii. 548) refers to the same custom. See RUTH, BOOK every night and slept upon their threshing floors to OF. H. AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 43 (Wilkinson, ii. p. 4), can hardly have been un- in Jer. and Joel), either the ears merely in the known to the Hebrews. Sowing a field with divers "Picenian " method (Varr. cle Re Rust. i. 50), or seeds was forbidden (Deut. xxii. 9), and mninute stalk and all, or it was pulled by the roots (Peah, v. directions are given by the rabbis for arranging a 10). It was bound in sheaves -a process promseeded surface with great variety, yet avoiding jux- inent in Scripture, and described by a peculiar taposition of heterogenea Such arrangements are word, - or heaped, 1 in the shown ill the annexed drawings. Three furrows'... form of a helmet, formo m e 11t D 1 of a turban (of which, however, see another explanation, Buxt. Lex. / ]- - [. __ s.v. i7'] "~,s v. or n n] of a cake. The Fig. 12.-Reaping.-(Sureniuslus.)'ig. 8. —Sowing.-(Surenhusius.) sheaves or heaps were carted (Am. i. 13) to the floor-a circular spot of hard ground, probably, interval was the prescribed margin (Celaim, ii. 6). as now, from 50 to 80 or 100 feet in diameter. The blank spaces in fig. 5, a and b, represent such Such floors were probably permanent, and became mlargins, tapering to save ground. In a vineyard well known spots (Gen. 1. 10, 11; 2 Saln. xxiv. 16, wide spaces were often left between the vines, for 18). On these the oxen, &c., forbidden to be muz_ zled (Deut. xxv. 4), trampled out the grain, as we ~,Ml _ - Fig. 9. - Corn-field wvith Olives. - (Surenhusius.) /..::1whose roots a radius of 4 cubits was allowed, ancl ig. 18.-Threshing-flooe. The oxen driven round the rest of the space cropped: so herb-gardens the heap; contrary to the usual custom. - (Wilkinstood in the icdst of vineyards (Pecah, v.. ) son, T5iebes.) Fio'. 9 shows a corn-field with olives about and 17.s i. find 1represented in the Egyptian monlmlents. At amidst it. a later time the Jews used a threshingo sledge called io'orag (Is. xli. 15; 2 Samn. xxiv. 22; 1 Chr. xxi.'7 n j