l -~~~;S W~~""a X As0i PART 32 [SOLD TO SUBSCRIBERS ONLY.] PRICE 50c. a*U a aI5E33EEBIII5Ufl~ aa Ib5 E., a a a a a...... 0_ 0.@ * - ~~ C SI!Wed I o 0 X D@II m,. I ok0 UADRUPEDS BIRS, REPTILES FISHES, SHELLS ANED I NSECTS *l q < 3tINCLUDING THE INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO AGRICULTURE. BY _ SIR JOHN RICHARDSON, C.B., F.RS Lond., Hon. F.R.S Ed.,0 o Author of the Fauna B ricana. |g i'( WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.L.S., AND T. SPENCER COBBOLD,..D., F.L.S., A\ Q ASSISTED BY; l | Ii gW WILLIAM BAIRD, M.D. F.L.S., AND ADAM WHITE, Esq., CURATORS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTNENT OF THE BnnTISH MU'SnUM. I WITH A < j JOSEPH B. HOLDER, M. n., I 0: I O ~ ~ & YOR8TQ1~,"l HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN FAUNA. ORDER I.-BIMANA. THE study of the Natural History of Man embraces acters. In this class, Man forms but one genus, and almost every branch of human knowledge; it is not, that genus is in the e one order —Bimana-on account therefore, necessary in this portion of the present of the opposable thumb being restricted to the upper work to enter far into its domain. limb. To arrive at a just conception of Man, we In accordance with a generally accepted system, cannot regard him exclusively as an individual being, we introduce Man as the superior of the Animal for he is, as was well observed by Aristotle, a Kingdom-the sole representative of the Archen- social being. As a single object he is beyond coincephala-forming one order, and a solitary genus. prehension. Anatomy and physiology alone cannot That Man is thus fairly placed, is the nearly unani- determine his nature; neither can they, aided by mous feeling of naturalists, though it has been the psyclhology. We strive to know ourselves, but it is fashion of a few to declare such a bestowal an indig- our social life that in a great measure furnishes to us nity unworthy of the lordly creature. knowledge of Man; beyond this, we must look to Researches bearing upon the question of the pro- histories of peoples, and, ultimately, over the entire gress and antiquity of the human'race are, at the range of civilization. The testimony of Egyptian present time, pursued with great interest and zeal. antiquities shows, that the civilization of mankind The discoveries in caves and superficial deposits, of reaches farther back than the period assigned to fragments of pottery and stone implements, and, more Adam by tJUe Jewish law-giver, and now we have rarely, human remains, have led to the belief that Man abundant evidence lookinll to a period beyond what was coeval with some of the extinct Malnmmalia. Thlis we were wont to term civilization, yet one disclosing belief has been largely strengthened by various a high order of attainments in certain attributes of recent discoveries, particularly in the western por- mankind. tions of North America. It is our purpose here to Dr. Foster, in his recent work, The Pre-Historic arrange, as concisely as possible, the facts touching Races of the United States, says: "Tl'he combined this subject which are extant, and thus present all investigations of geologists and ethlnologists, prosethat can be gleaned of recognized scientific truth. cuted during the last quarter of a century, have In the original pages of the main portion of this thrown much lighllt upon the origin of the human work will be found, as a commencing chapter, an ex- race, and developed facts which require us to essencellent treatise on the subject of races, and some tially modify our pre-existing views as to the lenrth valuable matter on the psychological and physio- of time during which it has occupied our planet. looical relations of the human form to the next That Man lived at a timne far too remote to be erlhigher Mammalia. braced in our received system of chronology, surCuvier, in his character of the order Bimana, affirms rounded by great quadrupeds which have ceased to that Man is the only animal that possesses hands and exist, and under a climate very different f'onm what feet —" L'homme est le seul animal vraiment bimane now prevails, has been so clearly demonstrated et bipede." The. Quadrumana are distinguished by that the fact must now be accepted as scientific having hands instead of feet; a hand being de- truth." fined by Owen as having "the structural modification Sir John Lubbock says: "Ethnology is passing in the genus Homo, more especially those of the tlhrough a phase from which other sciences have pelvic limbs, by which the erect stature and bipedal safely emerged; and the new view in reference to the gait are maintained, such as to claim for Man, on antiquity of Man, though still looked upon with dismerely external zoological characters, ordinal distinc- trust and apprehension, will, I doubt not, in a few tion, at least." years be regarded with as little disquietude as are Man's psychological powers, in association with his those discoveries in geology and astrionomy which at extraordinarily developed brain, entitle the group one time excited even greater opposition." which he represents to rank with the primary divi- European archmologists have divided their subject sion of the class Mammalia, founded on cerebral char- matter into two principal heads: the Stone Age alid VOL. I. —a. ii BIMANA.-MAMMALIA.-BIkIANA. the Metal Age. They are further subdivided into Cave Bear, the most abundant of the accompanying epochs, the filrst having three and the latter two of Mammalia, were also found in the Liege caverns these periods.'I'he first epoch of the Stone Age in- more commonly than any other, and in the same scatcludes the Mammoth, the Cave Bear, and other ex- tered condition. Occasionally, sonie of the long bones tinct Mammalia. The second epoch, called also the of the Mammalia were observed to have been first Reindeer Epoch, covers the time when the existing broken across, and then reunited or cemented again species of Reindeer, the Aurochs (European Bison,) by stalagmite, as they lay on the floor of the cave. the Wild Ox, the Musk Ox and the Irish Stagr, with No example was discovered of an entire skeleton. other smaller animals, were common to the warmer The incompleteness of each was especially ascerportions of Europe. To the third epoch is referred tained in regard to the human subjects, Dr. Schmertlhat portion of the human race which was associated ling being careful, whenever a firarment of such with domesticated existing animals. The latter is presented itself, to explore the cavern himself and see called the Polished Stone Epoch, in view of the ad- whether any other bones of the same skeleton could vanced state of the art of makingr and finishing the be found. In the Engis Cavern, distant about eight stone implements in use at that time. It is a nota- miles from Liege, the remains of at least three ble fact that the stone implements found in Central human individuals were disinterred. The skull of America and the Antilles, and those exhumed from one of these, that of a young person, was embedded the North American tumuli are, nearly all of them, by the side of a Mammoth's tooth. It was entire, of the same high finish, both in sculpture and polish. but so fragile that nearly all of it fell to pieces as the European of this epoch. during its extraction. Another skull, that of an The Metal Age, with its two epochs of Bronze adult, and the only one preserved by Dr. Schmerand of Iron, brings with it somewhat of a history in ling in a sufficient state of integrity to enable the its monuments, their rude markings and inscriptions, anatomist to speculate on the race to which it and, in the later time, fairly laps upon the historic or belonged, was buried five feet deep in a breccia, in present period. which a tooth of a Rhinoceros, several bones of a As early as 1823, M. Bone, an accomplished French Horse, and some of a Reindeer, together with some geologist, found human bones in the undisturbed Loess, Ruminants, occurred. This skull is now in the at Lahr, in the valley of the Rhine, which were shown Museum of the University of Lieg(e, and is familiar to Cuvier, who, admitting that they were human, could to science as the Engis Skull. not believe they were of any considerable antiquity. In After speaking of his first visit to Dr. Schmerlingi the year 1828, human bones and teeth were found in the in 1833, Sir C. Lyell continues: "The year after, I cited cavern of Bize, in the south of France, with pottery, Schmerlingr's opinions, and the facts bearing on the and intermixed with bones of Mammals now extinct. antiquity of Man, in the third edition of my PrinciT'hese were all cemented by stalagmite, and exhibited ples of Geology, and in succeeding editions, without the same degree of fossilization. pretending to call in question their trustworthiness, In 1833, Dr. Schmerling found in the cave deposits but, at the same time, without giving them the of Liege human bones and rude implements of stone; weight which I now consider they were entitled to. these were associated with the bones of the Elephant, He had accumulated ample evidence to prove that Rhinoceros and other Mammals. Schmerlingr, after Man had been introduced into the earth at an devoting several years to the exploring of the numer- earlier period than geologists were then willing to ous ossiferous caverns which border the valley of the believe. Meuse and its tributaries, published two volumes, de- "'To be let down, as Schmerling was, day after day, scriptive of the contents of more than forty caverns. by a rope tied to a tree, so as to slide to the foot of Many of these caverns had never before been en- the first opening of the Engis Cave, where the besttered by scientific observers, and their floors were preserved skulls were found; and, after thus gaining encrusted by unbroken stalagmite. At a very early access to the first subterranean gallery, to creep stage of his investigations, Dr. Schmerling found the on all fours throulgh a contracted passage leading bones of Man so rolled and scattered as to preclude to larger chambers, there to superintend by torchall idea of their having been intentionally buried on light, week after week and year after year, the workthe spot. He also remarked that they were of the men who were breaking through the stalagmitic same color and in the same condition, as to the crust as hard as marble, in order to remove, piece by amount of animal matter contained in them, as those piece, the underlying bone breccia nearly as hard; of the accompanying animals, some of which, like the to stand for hours with one's feet in the mud, and Cave Bear, Hyena, Elephant and Rhinoceros, were ex- with water dripping from the roof on one's head, in tinct; others, like the Wild Cat, Beaver, Wild Boar, order to mark the position and guard against the Roe-deer, Wolf and Hedgehog, still extant. The fos- loss of each single bone of a skeleton; and at length, sils were lighter than fresh bones, except such as had after finding leisure, strength and courage for all their bones filled with carbonate of lime, in which these operations, to look forward, as the fruit of case they were often much heavier. The human re- one's labor, to the publication of unwelcome intellimains of most frequent occurrence were teeth de- gence, opposed to the prepossessions of the scientific tached from the jaw, and carpal, metacarpal, tarsal, as well as to the unscientific public; —when these metatarsal, and phalangial bones, separated firom the cilrcumlstances are taken into account, we need rest. of the skeleton. The correspondingl bones of the scarcely wonder that a paSSing traveler failed to BIANA. -MAMMALIA. -BIANA. iii stop and scrutinize the evidence, but that a quarter below the water level. This would indicate that of a century should have elapsed before even the there had been a submergence of the land, of what neighboring professors of the University of LiBge was once a continuance of the valley into what came forth to recognize and vindicate the truth- *is now a part of the British Channel. The workmen fulness of their indefatigable countryman." who cut this peat declare that none of the hollows In 1841, M. Boucher de Perthes found flint imple- during their lives have been refilled, and, therefore, ments in the valley of the Somme, France. These that peat does not grow; but this is a mistake, the were associated in the terrace gravel (which was increment in one generation not being appreciable to being removed for the fortifications of the place) the ordinary observer. Near the surface of this with bones of the Elephant, Rhinoceros, Bear, Hyaena, deposit occur Gallo-Roman remains, and, still deeper, Stag, Ox, Horse, and other animals. In 1847, he Celtic weapons of the Stone Period; but this is no published an account of his researches in a werk sure test of age, for in a semi-fluid mass heavy weapons entitled, Antiquitds Celtiqtues. would sink down by their own gravity. In one case, All of these discoveries were regarded as of little however, M. Boucher de Perthles observed several importance at the time, but later investigations have larger ditches of broken pottery lying in a horizontal awakened a new interest, and the old fields have not position, the shape of which must have prevetnted only been re-examined, but others have been opened, them from sinking through the underlyiing peat. Alwhich exhibit, it is thlought, much stronger proof lowing about fourteen centuries for the growth of the of the great antiquity of Man. The valley of the superincumbent vegetable matter, he calculates that Somme, now historical in the annals of Archalology, the thickness gained in a hundred years would be no which is about a mile wide and situated between more than three French centimetres, say about three Abbeville and Amiiens, is of the Chalk formation, English inches. This rate of increase would demand with horizontal strata., Bluffs, which are in some so many tens of thousands of years for the formation instances three hundred feet in height, bound the of the entire thickness of thirty feet, that we must valley; firom these heights a level plateau stretches hesitate before adopting it as a chronometric scale. out, the surface of which for about five feet in thick- The materials making up the deposit No. 2 are ness consists of brick earth; this is destitute of fossils. almost devoid of stratification, and are probably formed Patches of sand and clay, with Eocene fossils, are oc- of the mud or sediment thrown down by the waters casionally seen, and it is probable that this formation of the river when they overflowed the ancient alluvial once stretched continuously over the chalk, but has plain' of that day. Its upper surface has been deeply been broken up and removed by denudation; and these furrowed by water, at the time when the earthy matmaterials contribute largely to form those beds of ter of No.1 was superimposed. The Mamnmalia most gravel in which the flint implements and the Main- frequently found in this deposit, as well as No. 3, are mnalian remains are entombed. The following par- the followig-: Elephasprinigenius, Rhinoceiros tichoticulars from Lyell's work will give a more complete rhinus, Equlusfossilis, Bos pimigeniuls, Cervus somoexhibition of the subject: nensis, Cervus twa'andtus priscus, Hyacmna spelcea. I'he deposit No. 3 is made up of a succession of SECTION ACROSS THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME. beds, chiefly of a fresh-water origin, but occasionally a "1. Peat, twenty to thirty feet thick, resting on mixture of marine and fluviatile shells is observed. gravel deposited on chalk (newest deposit.) In the lowest beds of gravel and sand, in contact with "2. Lower level gravel, formingr the first bench, the chalk, flint hatchets, some perfect, others much with Elephants' bones and flint tools, covered with rolled, have been found. Above this bed occurs a fluviatile loam, twenty to forty feet thick. white, silicious sand, in which are found the remains "3. Upper level gravel, forming the second bench, of numerous fresh-water shells now common to the with similar fossils, and with overlying' loam, in all region, except Cyrena fluviatilis, which has disapthirty feet thick. peared from Europe, but inhabits the Nile and many "4. Upland loam, without shells, five or six feet parts of Asia. thick, spread over the plateau, as before described. The flint implements found in this connection ex" 5. Eocene tertiary strata, resting on the chalk hibit rude workmanship. The two prevailing forms strata in patches." are oval and pear-shaped. Their edges are more or less fractured or worn, either by use as instruments The peat, as before stated, is the most recent of before they were buried in the gravel, or by being rolled all these deposits, and occupies the lower parts of the in the river's bed. Many of them are stained ochrevalley, all the way from the sea to far above Ainiens, ous-yellow, while others have acquired white or brown including Abbeville, and in places is thirty feet thick. tints, according to the matrix in which they have All of the imbedded Mammalia, as well as the shells, been enclosed. The surface in many instances is enlare the same species as those now inhabiting Europe. crusted with a film of carbonate of lime, while in At some depth in this formation, near Abbeville, are others they exhibit those ramifying markings known seen trunks of alders standing erect as they grow, as dendrites, which is a useful test of their antiquity. with their roots fixed in the ancient soil. Stems of T'he most general test, however, is a varnish-like or the hazel, and nuts of the same, and trunks of the vitreous gloss, as contrasted with the dull aspect of oak and walnut abound. Traced to the sea coast, fireshly-fractured flints, a condition that has received the peat is seen passing under the sand-dunes and thie name of patina; used, also, in Numismatic lore. iv BIMANA.-MAMMALIA. —BIMANA. M. Lartet, after a close scrutiny of the bones sent to cured a fine Elephant's molar from the same pits, the Paris Museum for Cuvier's inspection, observed which Dr. Falconer refers to Elephas antiquus. that some of them bore the evident marks of an in- Hence it is inferred that both these animals coexisted strument agreeing well with incisions such as a rude with Man. flint saw would produce. Among others mentioned There is to be seen in the American Museum, New as havino been thus artificially cut, are those of the York, a collection of over three thousand objects Rhinoceros tichorhinus, and the antler of the Cervus in flint —implements in every stage of workmanship, somonensis. from the rude chip to the beautifully polished and The evidence obtained by naturalists that some of symmetrical celt or adze-nearly all obtained from the extinct Mammalia of this valley really lived and the valley of the Somme. A map and sectional drawdied in this part of France at the time of the imbed- ings show the locality and character of soil-immense ding of the flint tools in fluviatile strata, is most sat- chalk cliffs-from whence these curious relics have isfactory; and not the less so for having been put on been taken. The chalk cliffs have furnished the record long before any suspicion was entertained that material to our knowledge of the pre-historic Man, works of art would ever be detected in the same beds. and in the gravelly drift that has accumulated over Thus M. Baillon, writing in 1834 to M. Ravin, says: them, he, his associated beasts and implements have "'They begin to meet with fossil bones at the depth all found a mausoleum. A number of celts bear rude of ten or twelve feet in the sand-pits of the Somme, carvings, as representatives of the human figure, rings but they find a much greater quantity at the depth of and crescents; all much in the manner of our juvenile eighteen and twenty feet. Some of them were evi- slate-pencilartists. These ancient peoples seem to have dently broken before they were imbedded; others are had a fancy for all objects that bore any resemblance to rounded, having, without doubt, been rolled by running the human face or form. There are many specimens water. It is at the bottom of the sand-pit that the in this collection which have been carefully polished most entire bones occur. Here they lie without hav- and cut to preserve and heighten the supposed reilg undergone fric-tion or fracture, and seem to have semblance. These were undoubtedly household gods; been articulated together at the time when they were or, possibly, may have been used as toampum, if we covered up. I found in one place a whole hind limb may borrow a term from the North American Indian. of a Rhinoceros, the bones of which were still in their Among the choicest relics are beautifully-polished usual relative position.'hey must have been joined axes, set in Stag-horn and in long bones of domestic together by ligaments, and even surrounded by mus- animals. Implements of the hardest nature are found, cles, at the time of their interment. The entire skele- polished, and formed into beautiful shapes; Quartzton of the same species was lying at a short distance crystal, Jade and Porphyry are common. The sub from the spot." ject of Archaeology has heretofore received but little Prof. Noeggerath, of Bonn, informs us that about attention in America; it is therefore a matter of great the year 1845, when the bed of the Rhine was deep- interest that so much valuable material has been obelled artificially, several flint hatchets were brought tained. up by the dredge from the bed of the great river. The models of Swiss Lake Dwellinfgs, and a large Ascending the valley of the Somme from Abbeville to collection of stone and bone implements from the Amiens, a distance of twenty-five miles, we observe a same locality, are most important additions, and are repetition of all the same alluvial phenomena which of great value to the student of this interesting dewe have seen elsewhere in this region, with the single partment of science. exception of the absence of marine shells and of In 1857, in a cave near Dusseldorf, situated in the Cyrena fluviatilis. In both the lower and upper valley of the Neanderthal, and about seventy miles gravels, flint tools and the bones of extinct animals, from the caverns of LiSge, there was found a portion together with river shells and land shells of living of a human skull that has become more familiar to species, abound. A little below Amiens, at Montiers, the scientific world than others, in view of certain in the gravel, were found some flint knives, one of characters which stamp it as of an unusually low type. them flat on one side, but the other carefully worked, Other bones were found which were evidently portions and exhibiting many fractures, clearly produced by of the same skeleton, but the workmen had so scatblows skilfully applied. Some of these knives were tered them that only the long bones were preserved. taken from so low a level as to satisfy us that this Upon the surface of the cranium, both on the inner great bed of gravel at Montiers, as well as that of the and the outer, were a profusion of dendritical crystalcontiguous quarries of St. Roch, which seems to be a lizations, and some other bones were similarly ornacontinuation of the same deposit, may be referred to mented. The absolute and relative.lenoth of the long the Human Period. Dr. Rigollot had already men- bones agree well with the dimensions of a European tioned flint hatchets as obtained by him from St. individual of like stature at the present day, but the Roch, but as none have been found there of late years, thickness of the bones is regarded as very extraordinhis statement was thought to require confirmation. ary. The elevation and depression for the attachment'Fhe discovery, therefore, of these flint knives in gravel of muscles were developed in an unusual degree. of the same age was interesting, especially as many Some of the ribs were of a singularly rounded shape tusks of a Hippopotamus have been obtained from the and abrupt curvature. The remarkable depression of gravel of St. Roch, some of these recently by Mr. the forehead is not due to an artificial flattening, suchPrestwick; while M. Garnier, of Amiens, has pro- as is seen in practice among the barblarous nations of BIMANA.-MAMMALIA.~ BIMANA. V the Old and [New World, the skull being quite sym- ter Fifr. ii. e, such as the rain may have washed metrical. On the whole, the skeleton is regarded as down the slope of the hill IV. In that year a laborer that of an individual of small cerebral development Fig. ii. and uncommon strength of corporeal frame. Fig. i. observed that Rabbits burrowed at i,f. On reachiln The Neanderthal Skull. the long bones of a human skeleton; and his curiosity A represents a side view, B showing a front view of the being excited, he dug through, and eventuallyv canle enormous ridges, and C the aspect of fore- to a lae heav head from above. to a large heavy slab of rockf, h, which stood vertically against the entrance. On the other side of this Skulls taken from the tunuili of the Stone Period was an arched cavity, a, seven or eight feet in its in Borreby, Denmark, resemble this of N:eanderthal. greatest height, ten in width, and seven in horizontal One, particularly, has remarkably projecting super- depth. It was alnost filled with bones, among which ciliary ridges, a retreating forehead, a low, flattened were two entire skulls, which were recognized at once vertex, and an occiput which shelves upward and for- as human. The mayor of the town ordered all the ward. bones to be takenii out and buried in the cemetery. About the time that Schmerling was exploring There were, altogether, portions of seventeen d(listillct the caverns of Liege, the Rev. Mr, M'Enery at Brix- skeletons, of both sexes, and of all ages. The skulls ham, in Devonshire, England, founld in a cave, in red were considerably injured in the transfer, and, some loam, covered with stalagmite, bones of the Mammoth, years after, when a renewed interest in the subject Tichorrhine Rhinoceros, Cave Bear, and other Main- made it desirable to re-examine the relics, it was found malia, and also several remarkable flint tools, which that the sexton could not rernember the exact spot were regarded as of great arntiquity. There were also of interment. Thus was lost to science a rich hlarvest remains of Man in the same cave, of a later date. of ethnological knowledge. M. Lartet made some A discovery of much importance, as bearing on the explorations subsequently; he personally superinsubject of the antiquity of Man? is that made by Col. tended this labor, and found, outside the grotto, restWood, in 1861, of the remains of two species of Rhi- ing on the sloping terrace iA, ki, a layer of ashes and noceros in an undisturbed deposit, in the lower part of charcoal, c, about seven inches thick, extending over which were some well-shaped flint knives, evidently of an area of six or seven square yards, and going as far human workmanship. It is considered "clear, firom as the entrance of the grotto, aid no further, there their position, that Man was coeval with these two being no cinders or charcoal in the interior. Among species of Rhinoceros." the ashes, and in some overlying earthy layers, o, sepIn an interesting account of an ancient burial-place arating the ashes firom thIe talus e, were a great variety in Aurignac, in the south of France, Sir Chas. Lyell of bones and implements; among the latter, not fewer has given, with a sketch of the natural vault, a list of than a hundred flint knives, projectiles, sling stones the animals whose remains werefound associated with and chips, and among themn one of those silicious those of Man. We present here the most important cores or nuclei, with nulnerous facets, from which flint portion of the descriptive matter, with sectional view flakes or knives had been struck off, seemi-ng to prove of the place of sepulture. that some instruments were occasionally manufactured " A. Lartet has recently published a circumstantial on the spot. Among the bone instruments were account of what seems clearly to have been a sepul- arrows without barbs, and other tools made of Reinchral vault of the Post-pliocene Period, near Aurignac, deer-horn, and a bodkin formed out of the more comnot far from thfoot of the Pyrenees. Until the year pact horn of the Roe-deer. 1852, the opening into this grotto was marked by a "Scattered through the same ashes and earth were talus of small fragments of limestone and earthy mat- the bones of the various species of animals enumer vi BIMANA.-MAM1IVALIA.-BIMANA. ated in the subjoined list, with the exception of two- AMERICAN RECORD OF MAN'S ANTIQUITY. the Cave Lion and Sus scrofa (pig.) These latter were In America, a considerable number of discoveries fond within the grotto have been made which tend to carry back the origin I.-CARNIVORA. Number of of the human race to the same period when -the Illdiiduals. Mammoth and the Mastodon flourished, as seems so 1. Ursus spelnus, (Cave Bear).............. 5 clearly indicated in the recent Archaeology of the Old 2. Ursus arctos (Brown Bear)................ 1 3. Meles taxus (Badger)..................... 1 World. 4. Putorius vulgaris (Pole Cat)............... I In 1857, Dr. Winslow sent from California to the 5. Felis spelma (Cave Lion)................... 1 Boston Society of Natural History a fragment of a 6. Felis catusferus (Wild Cat)............... 1 human skull which was found in the pay-dirt, as7. Hyena spelma (Ciave FHyceea).........) 5 sociated with the bones of the Mastodon and Elephant, 8. Canis lupus (Wolf)..........3.......... 3 9. Canis ulpeus (Wolf).3.......,,,,.... 18 one hundred and eighty feet below the surface of Table Mountain. A human cranium was afterwards II.-HERBIVORA. found in the same State, deeply buried in the gold1. Elephas primigenius (Mfanmoth).......... drift, and covered with five successive overflows of 2. Rhinoceros tichorhinus (Siberian Rhin's)... 1 lava. Though thisfind was regarded with suspicion, 3. Equs cablls, (ors...........................12 Prof. Whitney, who obtained the specimen from the 4, Susscrofa (P/q*).........X.X.a........... finder, decided, after a carefull examination of the 5. Equus asinus (Ass)........................ 1 6. Cervus elephas (Stag)..................... skull and its locality, that its history was a truthful 7. Megaceros hibernicus (Gicqantic Irish Deer) I one. It was found in a shaft one hundred and fifty 8. C. capreolus (Roe-buck)................... 3 feet deep, near Angelos, in Calaveras County. The 9. C. tarandus (Reindeer)................... 10 shaft passed through five beds of lava and volcanic 10. Bison europeus (Aurochs)................ 12 tufa, and four beds of auriferous gravel. This speci" If we accept M. Lartet's interpretation of these men was submitted for examination at the meeting of deposits of Aurignac, they do not add anything to the the American Association for the Advancement of paleontological evidence in favor of Man's antiquity, Science, in Chicago, in 1869. From its position in this for we have seen all the same Mainmalia associated formation, the skull is regarded as older than the stone elsewhere with flint implements; and some species, implements of the drift of Abbeville and Amiens, or such as Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros hemitaechus the relics of the cave-dirt of Belgium and France. It and Hippopotamus major, missing here, have been is therefore considered by Prof. Whitney to belong met with in other places. An argument, however, to the Pliocene Epoch, a time prior to the volcanic having an opposite leaning, may perhaps be founded eruptions which spread their lavas over a larger poron the phenomena of Aurignac. It may, indeed it tion of the State. An instrument of stone was found has been said that they imply that some of the extinct imbedded in the gravel of the valley of San Joaquin, Mammalia survived nearly to our time. thirty feet below the surface, and the bones of the " First, because of the modern style of the works of Mastodon and Elephant are found very frequently, art at Aurignac. Secondly, because of the absence associated with artificial implements at various depths, of any signs of change in the physical geography of reaching to a hundred feet or more. Mr. W. P.the country since the cave was used as a place of Blake exhibited flint implements at the Paris Exposepulture." sition.which were found in the auriferous gravel of In closing this portion of our subject, which relates California. particularly to European Anthropology, it is proper On the island of Petit Anse, Louisiana, in a mine of to add the remarks of Sir Chas. Lyell concerning the rock-salt, a, fragment of matting was found near the two most remarkable specimens of human remains surface of the salt. About two feet above it were thus far found in the Old World. He says: remains of bones and tusks of a fossil Elephant. This "The two skulls which form the subject of the pre- matting was formed of the outer bark of the Southern ceding comments and illustrations have given rise to Cane (Ar1undinaria emacrosperma.) The late Dr. Koch, nearly an equal amount of surprise, for opposite of St. Louis, asserted that flint arrow heads and rereasons: that of Engis, because, beingr so unequivo- mains of charcoal were found in connection with the cally ancient, it approached so near to the highest or great skeleton of the Mastodon, which he forwarded Caucasian type; that of the Neanderthal, because, to the British Museum. In this there seemed to be having no such decided claims to antiquity, it departs some evidence that the great creature had been atso widely from the normal standard of humanity. * tacked and destroyed while mired in the bed of the * * *'The expectation of always meeting with a valley. Dr. Newberry says that many specimens that lower type of human skull, the older the formation in have come under his observation, showed signs of which it occurs, is based on the theory of progressive having been accidentally sunk in the mud, when the development, and it may prove to be sound; never- carcass was burnt by the setting fire of the peat. In theless we must remember that, as yet, we have no another instance, on the Pomme-de-Terre River, Mo., distinct geological evidence that the appearance of one of the arrow heads lay underneath the thigh bone what are called the inferior races of mankind has al- of the skeleton, the bone actually resting in contact ways preceded in chronological order that of the upon it, so that it could not have been brought higher races." thither after the deposit of the bone, a fact which BIMANA.-MAMMALIA.- BiANA. vii was carefully investigated. In July, 1859, Prof. from him the result of his ripe experience. It is his Holmes, of Charleston, S. C., described in the pages own settled conviction, arrived at through extensive of the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of explorations made in the mounds of Ohio and other Natural Sciences, the occurrence of fragments of Western States, that these vast and fancifully-shaped pottery, in connection with the bones of the Masto- tumuli were erected by a race closely related to, if don and Megatherium, on the banks of the Ashley not identically the same as, the Aztecs of Central River, S. C. The specimens of pottery, as well as the America, and that the interior of these mounds hold, bones of the great Mammals, are now in the American buried in state, the remains of important personages Museum, Central Park, N. Y., and form a part of of their time. It will be seen, then, if we accept this the valuable " Holmes Collection," lately purchased hypothesis, that our present race of North American by the trustees of the Museum. The plain on which Indians have had nothing whatever to do with the rests the city of New Orleans, says Dr. Dowler, rises origin of these works, but have used them as cononly nine feet above the surface of the Gulf of Mexico. venient places of burial, and, as Dr. Davis remarks: Excavations are made at times below this level, when " The mounds were not regarded by them as anything successive forests of Cypress trees are exposed. When more than natural hillocks." the foundations for the gas-works were laid, it had The late Dr. William Stimpson, whose memory been necessary to cut through four of the buried for- will be honored by every lover of Natural Science, ests. At a depth of sixteen feet the workmen found for his name has great prominence on the roll of our burnt wood and the skeleton of a Man, lying be- American z6ologists, was led to explore certain elevaneath the roots of a Cypress tree of the fourth forest tions near Chicago, that had long remained unrecoglevel. The cranium was like that of the aboriginal nized as anything more than natural inequalities of American race. Cypress trees, ten feet in diameter, the soil. Circular trenches, investing knolls two and were found in the lowest forest level, beneath which a half feet above the surrounding plain, were found to these bones reposed. In 1848, Count Pourtales dis- be definite works of a by-gone race, resembling those cerned a human jaw and other remains, in a fresh- already familiar to the inhabitants of Ohio and Wiswater sandstone on the shore of Lake Monroe, Fla., consin, except in size. Under Dr. Stimpson's direction associated with fresh-water shells of species still liv- these mounds were explored. Portions of eleven ing in the lake. No date can be assigned to the skeletons were found in the first *group opened, but formation of that deposit, from present observationi they were so far decayed that only one skull and at least. three frontal bones were sufficiently well preserved to At a time not far distant, our knowledge of these admit of measurement and comparison. remarkable peoples, the mound-builders, was restricted In Haas Park, near Chicano, Ills., mounds were to a very small number of facts, derived from the de- found to contain several very remarkable human sultory searchings of the curious; and as no fairly skeletons. Here, as well as in others, remains of scientific estimate had been brought to bear upon individuals of the present Indian race were found, the few items of information thus derived, we had but always as recent burials, generally on the surerroneously been led to believe that the few crania face. exhumed from the Western and Southern mounds, Fig. iii. were nothing more than those of the existing race of' Indian, or those of that type. The fact, also, that silver crosses and iron implements, which showed evidence of modern manufacture, were found in close contact with the human remains that were reported as exhumed from the mounds, had the effect to induce the belief, among some enquirers, that a higher state of civilization should be accorded the builders. On the other hand, it was an evidence to others that there had not existed any other people, save the present race of Red Men, and that the modern-built objects were obtained by the usual methods, many years since, when the Indians of the Eastern and Middle States came in contact with the Jesuit priests of Canada. No doubt a portion of the latter is quite.. true, and it is quite true that numerous crania of the present type of North American Indians have been exhumed from the various tumuli, both of the Southern States and those of the WVestern. It is also true, Skull from Kennicott's Mound, near Chicago. however, thanks to the industry of some of our savccans, By permission of Dr. Foster's publishers, we are that crania of a wholly different type have been taken enabled to present an illustration from his work on from the same source. We have had the privilege of the Ire-IIistoti c Races of the Uniled States. Fig. iii the acquaintance and friendship of Dr. E. HI. Davis, is the frontal portion of the most perfect specimen of New Yorlk, who, in company withl Mr. Squier, pub- of crlanium that was found in the Chicago tumulllli. llshed an exhaustive work on this sul!ject, and have rIl'he lettelrs a, a, indicate the unusual development. of viii BI1MANA.-MAMMIIALIA. —- QUADRUMANA. the superciliary ridges. Of a fragment of another, recognized, and it is brought forward prominently in the author remarks: "It is undoubtedly the most this work. The essential characters of the Canstadt remarkable hitherto observed. It is so far anomalous skulls, like those of Neanderthal, Engisheim and that I shall hereafter omit to compare it with exist- Denise, are a remarkable flattening of the cranial ing types." Several other crania have been observed vault, a backward projection of the posterior region in the Western mounds which, by their small capa- of the cranium, a development, sometimes enormous, city and peculiar conformation, add materially to the of the frontal sinuses, and the very oblique direction evidence in favor of the relationship of the Aztecs of the forehead, the depression of the parietals in and kindred people of Mexico. their postero-internal third, etc. These characteris"T''he first pages of a work by MM. Quatrefages, enti- tics are very much reduced in the female sex. Thus, tled Cra~nia Ethnica, are devoted to a consideration the superciliary ridges disappear almost entirely, the of the so-called fossil races of Man, which, however projection of the occipital is much less marked, but peculiar in their general character, the authors main- the flattening of the cranial vault, and some other tain to be stillpersistent in various parts of the world. characters, are persistent. The term Dolicho-platyThis they call the Canstadt Race, from the fact that cephalic has been applied to this cranial type, so well its first discovery was at Canstadt, in 1700, as the marked is the aggregate of its characters. The result of certain investigations undertaken by the authors consider the question of atavism, but are deDuke Ludwig, of Wftrtemburg. The importance of the cidedly of opinion that this form of cranium is not at specimen-a fragment of human remains-though it all incompatible with an intellectual development was figured by J/iger and Raas, has only recently been equal to that of a less exceptional condition."-Baird. ORDER II.-QUADRUMANA. THE Quadrumanes, or four-handed animals, having the hind limbs formed for grasping, like the anterior, FOSSIL QUADRUMANA. are mostly confined to the inter-tropical regions. In The first fossil of the Quadrumanous form was found two instances they are found without the limits. In in the Himalayas, in 1836. It belongs to the genus Paraguay a species is known, and a late discovery Semnopithecus. A fossil tooth was unearthed in the locates an Old World form in Northern India. During Pliocene beds of Essex, England, which is closely the late Franco-Prussian War, Abbe, a French allied to the Macacus sinicus. In 1839, Lund, who Jesuit, was traveling in India, and procured in Thibet. made extensive explorations in the bone caverns of several rare specimens of animals. Among them the Brazil, found the remains of a Monkey of great size, abbe noticed- a Monkey that is altogether new, and four feet in height, associated with bones of other in this locality far out of the usual abode of the Quad- animals. These were in the Pliocene of the limerumnanes. On reaching Europe he disposed of the stone formation, in which so many large excavations prize to an agent of the American Museum, in Cen- are found. This was described as a new genus-Protral Park, New York, where it now is. This places topithecus. Remains of a small Monkey, closely animals of this Order farther North than any have allied to the Gibbons, were found by M. Lartet in the been known to exist heretofore. Two principal di- Miocene of the south of France. visions are made in this Order: the Catarrhine A portion of the lower jaw,. with teeth, and a shaft Monkeys include those having the nostrils "near each of a humerus of a Quadrumane, equaling in size those other; the term, being from the Greek, refers to this of Man, were discovered in St. Gaudens, France, in character. They are all Old World forms. Other the upper Miocene. This form is nearly allied to the characters are peculiar to them, as the callous de- Gibbons, and has the generic title Dryopithecus. velopment on the buttocks, or over the ischial portion At a time when some government excavations were of the pelvis; the skeleton shows a broad, flattened being made in Greece, there were found twenty skulls process at the extremities. There are curious pouches of Monkeys, with the jaws and other bones in such a in the cheek, which are not seen in those of the New condition that M. Gandray was enabled to make a World Monkeys. It is this development of the cheek drawing of the whole skeleton. This was named the that enables the Catarrhine Monkey to fill his neck Mesopithecus; having some features in common with with food, as is seen sometimes to a ludicrous extent. the two genera, Semnopithecus and Macacus. The Anthropoid or Man-like Apes are at the head of Among the recent discoveries made by the natuthis group, represented by the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, ralists of the U. S. Exploring Expeditions in Western and Orang. The Platyrrhine Monkeys are all of the NorthAmerica, are remains of animals which indicate New World, and are characterized by having prehen- a close alliance with the Quadrumanes of the Old World. sile tails in most cases, and two extra teeth in each In Hayden's Report of the Geological Survey of the jaw, the whole number being thirty-six, the Catar- Teritories (1872,) Prof. Cope says: "In the Proceedrhines having only thirty-two. They are further dis- ings of the American Philosophical Society, 1872, tiguished by having no callosities on the ischium, the writer described a species of Quadrumanous Mamand no cheek pouches. nral, under the name of Anaptomorphus remulus, QUADRUMANA. -MAMMALIA. QUADaUMrANA. i comparing its dental and other characters with those completely absent orD the other. The forest regions of Simia. In the American Journal of Science and of tropical America are the favorite localities of these Art, for November, 1872, Prof. O. C. Marsh announced Monkeys, their range extending from the southern that he believed that three genera previously described portion of Mexico to about the thirtieth parallel ot by him, viz., Thinolestes, Limnotherium, and Telma- South latitude. tolestes, were referable to the Quadrumana, saying Monkeys of the New World are more numerous in that they'have the principal parts of the skeleton species than any other form, spreading over a wide much as in some of the Lemurs.' Prior to either of extent of country, some two thousand miles fiom East these determinations, the author described a new to West, and six to eight hundred from North to genus and species, as allied to Notharctus (Leidy), South. The conditions of life are similar in all this under the name of Tomitherium, but made no surges- range, and furnish, particularly with the arboreal tion as to its ordinal position. On re-examination of character, a secure and natural retreat for a class of the last-named genus, I am satisfied that it should animals that would be nearly helpless without them. also be referred to the Quadrumana." Prof. Cope The Howling Monkeys (Mycetes), and the Spider givesaa description of the generic characters, and then Monkeys (Ateles), are eminently of this group. The adds: "We have, then, an animal with a long thigh Cebidce are not entirely dependent upon the friendly free from the body, a fore-foot capable of complete shelter of the forest; some, even, are adapted for a pronation and supination, and a form of lower jaw life upon the broad areas of broken hillocks. The and teeth quite similar to that of the lower Monkeys. most northern limit of the Quadrumanes on this Con-'I'he form of the humerus and its relative length to tinent is now placed at a parallel of 23~ North latithe femur are quite as in some of the Lemurs."'I'he tude, or the Tropic of Cancer. This is also the species -is Tomitherium rostratum (Cope), and is limit of the Quadrumana of the Old World, with the judged to have been about the size of the prehensile- exception, noted previously, of the new Macaque from tailed Monkeys of South America. These remains Northern Thibet. The geographical distribution ot were found near Church Buttes, Wyomingr. Under the South American Monkeys is sharply defined in the generic title Notharctus, Prof. Cope describes a many instances. Trhere are none found, for example, species-N. longicaudus-" which probably associates west of the Andes until, in going, northward, we characters of the lower Quadrumana with Cercoleptes reach Guayaquil. Tschudi describes twenty-two speand other types." cies as occurring in Peru, but he carefully defines the Anaptomorphus aemulus, previously mentioned, is regions in which they are found.'lhe whole number described as a species about as large as a Marmoset, occur in the forest region east of the Cordilleras. In or Red Squirrel. " The dentition is more typically many instances the locality of South American AMonQuadrumnanous in this genus than in the last, and it keys is given as Peru, simply; in these cases it is might be referred decidedly to Lernuride, were it meant that the particular region lies east of the Cornot for the unossified syrnphysis. It no doubt repre- dilleras. A. certain amount of isolation is produced by sents a distinct group or family from Tomitherium, the great rivers; when there are no friendly trees upon and one more nearly related to the existing types of which they may cross to interlacing branches, they Madagascar and South Africa." seem to be restrained from passing the barrier. In the case of large rivers there is a marked difference FAMILY —CEBIDM. in the distribution on each side respectively. A large In accordance with the system adopted by Gray in number of the Family Cebidce were at one time inthe British Museum, the Monkeys of the New World eluded in the gronp called Ha2clicea. are arranged under nineteen genera, two of which are The Cebidca are arranged as follows: fossil, and extinct. These genera are all included in one Family-the Cebide —which is subdivided into TarsE I.-MYCETINA. numerous Tribes. This Family embraces all American This tribe is characterized by a pyramidical head Monkeys. The term Cebzes or Kebos is from the Greek, and an oblique face, a gibbous chin, and crop covered simply meaning Monkey; there is, then, no special with long, rigid hairs. The canine teeth are large; signification to the word, any more than there is to the lower jaw very much dilated behind. The os the term which is applied in a general way to the Old hyoides is very large and spongy. The thumb is disWorld Monkeys, the Simiadce meaning the same. tinctly formed; claws are convex, and the tail very The Cebidce, as we have seen, differ in several im- long. They are ferocious and noisy at night. Their portant particulars from the Simiade.'I'he presence food consists principally of leaves of trees, on which of an extra number of molars, a broad and distinct they constantly live. In the genus Mycetos the finnasal septum, the absence of cheek pouches and cal- gers are very long, the tail exceedingly strong, and the losities are notable, as well as the fact that many of face and lower part of the body naked. A most rethem have the tail most remarkably developed into markable feature in these Monkeys is the hollow bony an extra clasping member, which practically serves as vessel in the throat, which is formed by an enlargea fifth hand, suiting most admirably their arboreal ment of the hyoid bone; by this arrangement of the life. The thumb in these Monkeys is not completely vocal organs the creature is enabled to produce a opposable with the fingers, and in several instances hideous howling noise. They are large and heavy, and is wholly absent. Curiously, there are cases where possess colnplete prehlensile tails. Their special range the thumb is developed more or less on one hand, and is from East Guatemala to Paragruay. VOL 1.-b. QUADRUMANA. MAMlMVIALIA. -QUADRUMANA. Fig. iv. the windpipe; thus, through this mechanism, the wonderful resonance is produced. A singular method is pursued in catching these Monkeys. It is said that a certain nut of great size, emptied of its contents, leaves a narrow natural open-. ing; in this is placed a quantity of Sugar; the Monkey is just enabled to put his hand into the opening, but cannot withdraw it without leaving his prize —that is, he cannot take out a handful with his paw closed. It is stated to be a fact that their curiosity and acquisitiveness are so great, that they can be captured /,'" - 9 before they will relinquish their treasure, the weight and bulk of the nut so embarrasses them. The flesh - 5 m v.l of the Howler is eaten by the natives, but is not particularly esteemed, being quite dry...'.... ~, f - BLACK AND YELLOW HOWLER (Mycetes bicolor). -The male has uniform rigid black hair, the sides of the loins varied with yellow; hairs of this part black, with a broad, sub-central, reddish-yellow band. In-.habits Brazil. THE SILKY HOWLER (ffycetes laniger).-This species is of a reddish chestnut, with middle' of back golden yellow; the hairs are elongate, very soft and Slkull of iHEowler. silky, dark brown at the base; golden or chestnut at THE BROWN HOWLER (iMiycetes seniculus) —Plate the tip, with a close under fur. The hair of the hlead 2, fig. 5, and described in vol i, p. 38-is one of a group is rather elongate. A variety is mentioned with the having a most remarkable development of the hyoid end of the tail a little paler. This species is fiom bone and the under jaw, both increased in depth to Columbia. Dr. Slack regards it as " undoubtedly the allow of a peculiar formation of the vocal organs; same as M. seniculus." their voice is thereby greatly increased in volume, THE MANTLED HOWLER (fiycetes palliatus) isand they have accordingly been called Howlers. Or- the Aluatta palliata of Slack (Joburadl of Acad. ton says, "They are gifted with a voice of tremen- Nat. Sciences, Philadellphia, 1862.) It is a blackdous power and volume, with which they make night brown; the hairs of the middle of the back and upper and day hideous. Gangs of these large, howling crea- part of the sides yellowish-brown, with black tips; tures often entertained us with their terrific yells of the lower, parts of the sides elongate, brownisll-yelwhich, in the truthful language of Bates, increased low forming a kind of mantle on each side, which gives tenfold the feeling of inhospitable wildness which the it the specific distinction. It is found at Caraccas. forest is calculated to inspire." Hie adds: "They are THE RED AND YELLOW HOWLER (lMycetes auurathe only Monkeys which the natives have not suc- tus) has a dark red, or chestnut-brown color, with back ceeded in taming." They represent the Baboons of and sides golden yellow. The hairs are rather short the Old World in facial angle (300) and disposition, and rigid, dark at the base. The beard is darker. and the Gibbons in their yells and gregarious habits. THE BLACK HOWLER (Mycetes ccaraya) is black, THE URSINE HOWLER (71Mycetes ursinus)-called with rather elongate and rigid hair; the sides, especially also the ARAGUATO-iS one of the largest as well as at the loins, with a few interspersed reddish hairs. most abundant of the Monkevs of the New World. In This is the male, and the A. niger of Prince Maximilian. length they are nearly three feet; the tail somewhat The original of the latter is in the American Museum, exceeding that. The color of the fur is of a rich reddisll- Central Park, N. Y. It is also the Silnia caraya of brown, reflecting a bright golden sheen when a strong Humboldt, and inhabits Brazil. light is thrown upon it. There is a heavy beard, con- THE GRAY-HANDED HOWLER (ljfycetes barbats) sisting of long hairs, depending from the chin, and is black, with one-colored, rather rigid, moderatelylong cheeks of a darker hue. It is impossible to conceive hair. The hands, feet, inside of thighs, circumference of the intensity of the howling voice of these creatures; of face and end of the tail, grayish. From Brazil. they seem to delight in imitating the sounds of other THE YELLOW-HANDED HOWLER (lMycetes beelzeanimals, as that of the Jaguar. They are reputed to bul) is black, with rather soft, uniform black or reddish hold conversations, in which each seems striving to lair, with a few interspersed brown hairs on the shouloutdo the rest.'lhe anatomical structure of the ders. The feet, upper line and tip of the tail, spot in throat of these animals explains readily their great front of the ear and on the knee, reddish-yellow. vocal power. The hyoid bone, a structure quite small This is the Simia beelzebul of Linnueus, the M. rufimain Man, is in the Howler much larger. In the human nus of Kuhl, and inhabits Brazil. throat this bone supports thile root of the tongue, and THE VILLOUS HOWLER (Mycetes villosus) is black, gives attachment to certain muscles of thle neck. In with very long and silky hails, uniformly black on the throat of the Howler it is developed into a drum- tile chleeks and under the ears, brownish at the base. like organ, bony throughout, and commuicating with Habitat Brazil. QUADRUMANA. —MAMMALIA.-QUADRUMANA. xi Fig. v. TRIBE II.-LAGOTRICHINA. The Lagothrices are distinguished by a round head, perpendicular face, and small canine teeth. The hinder part of the lower jaw is but little dilated. They are slow and solemn in aspect, living in groups, and eating insects and fruit. The genus Ateles has a dry, hard and smooth fur. The cutting-teeth are large, unequal, the two middle ones very long and broad; the grinders are small and rounded. T'he thumb is rudimentary, or is absent altogether. The chin and throat are nearly bald.'The hair of the head is directed forward. The Spider Monkeys are characterized by their extremely long and slender limbs and tail. Their range is over the entire area which the family inhabits, being found on the west side of the equatorial Andes, and on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. The term Ateles signifies imperfect, and is applied to this group on account of the hands being thumbless, or nearly so. In some species the member is a rudimentary one. THE RED-FACED SPIDER MONKEY (Atelespaniscu8).-Plate 2, fig. 6. The Cebid&e are well represented by the Spider Monkeys, which have gained their appellation fiom their remarkably attenuated forms. The limbs are slender and singularly long, and the tail has quite the semblance as well as effectiveness of a fifth arm. T'he latter member is considerably longer than the body; its extremity upon the inner surface is soft and palm-like, devoid of hair, and is practically a very supple and sensitive finger. It is carried with exceeding grace as he advances, and is ever the avant courier of all his movements. One is constantly reminded of the Elephant's proboscis, so adroitly, invariably, does Ateles present this fifth clasping member to his work-we might with propriety. say hisfirst member-for no one can witness his progression without being impressed with the fact that the prehensile tail is the one important means to the peculiar locomotion required in arboreal life, so fully / adapted is this feature to the conditions of its existence and habits. Its almost requisite element seems to be an unbroken forest; this it has in all the grandeur of immensityv-the Brazilian and tropical belt of woodland, which extends nearly fiom ocean to ocean, the width of the Continent. Some of the marine Mammals would be but little more embarrassed turned to her accustomed seat. On the wire screen out of their appropriate element, than the Spider Moln- of the great cage they seemed to spread out like key deprived of the friendly branching trees. - Daddy-long-legs, impressing us much as that insect We have taken our material, and figure for descrip- does, with its strange, furtive movements. Now, one tion, directly from life, from the specimens in the ZOo- passes hand over hand along the horizontal bar, never logical Collection at Central Park, New York. Here omitting a convenient contact of the tail-tip, which are two species the A. paniscus and A. belzebuth — clasps a similar bar above, and slides along its surface, representing the most slender of the group, and show- as we lead our hand down a stair-rail, ready to grasp ing in perfection all their peculiar features. it in any emergency. A sudden caprice, and his body During the time occupied in sketching these indi- drops; suspended by the tail he swings to and fro, viduals, the male kept up an unceasing display of calis- glancing aimlessly, in the manner of all monkeysthenics; the female seemed annoyed at this much of in short, looking altogether as if he was doubtful the time, but occasionally, when rudely jerked firom the what to do next. In this moment of indecision, he floor by the long, upraised tail. which they invariably suddenly entertains a notion that his mate needs carry erectwhen walking, she wouldjoin in thegambols. stirring up; whereupon he drops upon the floor, inShe was soon wearied, however, and willingly re- stantly stands erect, extends hislong arms high above xii QUADRUrANu. MAMAALIA.- QAUADRUhMANA. his head as a balance weight, and strides off more the face is of a deep brown, as well as the ears, cheeks human-like, even, than the great Apes that are much and chin. Its lips are thought to be somewhat nearer Man in the scale of being. The illustration mobile, but less so than those of the higher Apes. here given-(fig. v.)-was taken from the living spec- THE BLACK-FACED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles ater) imen, and represents the creature in the actof walking is a Brazilian, with black body and face, a short upright without the aid of support. They are not crown of hair, and that on the forehead moderately able to continue this position longer than a few sec- long. The young are brown in color. It is the A. onds, always returning readily to the ground, or to paniscus, variety cayennensis of Geoff. any support that thefour hands may grasp, illustrat- THE BROWN-HEADED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles ing thereby their completely Quadrumanous character. fusiceps) is black, with rather long, shining, crisp The Spider Monkey is credited with the faculty of hairs,'the longer ones having indistinct brownish tips. robbing the nests of birds that build in fancied secur- The crown of the head is rusty brown, giving it a ity in the hollows of decayed trees. Ateles intro- special character, which gives rise to its specific name. duces his tail into the aperture, grasps the egf with Its particular locality is not given. the sensitive, finger-like tip, and, somewhat in the BARTLETT'S SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles bartlettii). presto! change!! manner of Joe Grimaldi, passes -Mr. Edward Bartlett, who made a tour of South the morsel, with a flourish, to his mouth. The clasp- America, says of the species: "I have what I coning power of the tail is retained even in death; Mon- sider as a new species of Spider Monkey. It has a keys that have been shot while hanging by that straight, erect, golden-yellow crest, a white stripe on member, remained suspended until decomposition each side of the face; belly and inside flanks brownloosened the firmly-set muscles sufficiently to allow ish-yellow; back black. I obtained it in the mounthe carcass to drop. tains. The Indians considered it a great prize." In THE MARIMONDA (Ateles belzebuth) resembles the the Proceedings of the Ziological Society of London, latter, but in color is much darker, being a dull black, is a figure by Wolff, and description of this species uniformly, with no glossy lustre. On the back and by Dr. Gray. The latter has since adopted the specific top of the head it is of a dense dead black. Though name variegatus. It was found by Mr. Bartlett, in mild and amiable to a fault this species, from its Eastern Peru, near Xeberos. He made a long journey peculiarly sombre aspect, has received its rather du- in quest of it, having learned that such an one existed bious specific name. In captivity it is gentle, and on the Rio Tigri, a small tributary of the Amazon. really exhibits a species of affection for those that At the highest point of the mountains in that region care for it, attaching itself strongly to certain persons he met with several, about eight or nine. He shot to whom it may take a fancy, and as frequently show- one, and the Indians brought down another with a ing dislike to others-though not viciously. This poisoned dart. One was sent to the British Museum, species walks precisely in the same manner as the and the other, much to his horror, was put upon the other. They do not set the sole of either hand flat fire and singed for cooking before he could regain it. upon the ground, but, turning the hinder feet inwards, " They seem," he says, " to go about in small parties, they walk upon the outer side. With all the species passing the forest in rapid movements, feeding on the proper position is on all-fours, and the forest berries, &c." branches are as essential to its condition as the web GRIZZLED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles grisescens).to the Spider. In their native forests, the Spider Dr. Sclater has named this, and Dr. Gray describes it Monkeys may be seen often clinging together in in Proc. Zio. Soc., Lon.. for 1865. The latter regards bunches, looking ludicrously like so much fruit. it as very like A. ater and A. paniscus, but is at once Their tails are, of course, used to coil around each known by its silvery hairs, intermixed with the black other, and travelers tell most remarkable stories of ones, and the pale color of the under side of the tail. their crossing streams, uniting in one long string, by There is no approach to these characters, he says, in any a close entwinement of tails and heads, and at last of the specimens of the species in the British Museum. swinging themselves over the chasm. This is no Its far is moderately long, black, with many silverydoubt true in a degree. white hairs interspersed. The tail is black, with CHAMECK (A. chameck).-This species is a native grayish on the underside. The hair of the forehead of Brazil, where it is quite common. Its thumb is is moderately long. It has no thumb. Its habitat is partially produced, but has only a single joint, and no not given, though it is probably Brazil. nail, the member seeming to be of no special use, as it HOODED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles cucculatus).cannot be opposed to the fingers. rThe fur of this species is very long and flaccid, of a The Chameck is a very gentle creature, and is sus- blackish-silvery gray; the crown and nape, the hands ceptible of considerable cultivation; like its relatives, and feet, are black; the sides of the rump are blackit is not so capricious of temper as the Old World ish; the hair of the crown very long, formingi a large Monkeys, and is safely handled in play by any one hood, which expands over the eyebrows. The face that tends it. Its length is twenty inches, the tail is reddish, large, and the orbits are black. The color being two feet more. The fur is long and hairy, hang- of the back is produced by an intermixture of very ing gracefully in dense masses over the limbs and long, blackish, and gray hairs.'he hairs of the crown, body. Its tail is curiously ornamented with the same and the hands and feet, are short and black to the flowing hair, excepting at its tip, which serves as its base. It has no thumb. Its particular habitat is not fifth finger. The color of the fur is an uniform black; given. QUADRUMANA. -MAMMALIA.-QUADRUMANA. xiii THE CHUVA (Ateles marginatus).-This was de- It is blackish in color, with the loins rather browner. scribed by Bennett in the Pro. Z5o. Soc., Lon., for r'he head, outside of limbs, and the upper and lower 1830, as A. frontalis, from a specimen living then in part of tail, are black. The throat, chest, belly, and the gardens of the Society; since then, Dr. Gray calls inside of the limbs, are grayish-white. T'he hair is it by the present specific title-after Kuhl and Geoff. long and( flaccid. It has no t humb. Habitat Brazil. It is a uniform black; its forehead and whiskers are white; the hair is moderately long; its face is flesh: BRACHYTELES. colored, with black orbits. It has no thumb. In- This genus is characterized by a soft, silky fur. habits Brazil. The lower jaw is moderately dilated behiind. The THE BROWN SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles hybiidus). hair of the head is turned backwards. It is dis— This is a more northern species, being found in St. tinguished by having the cutting-teeth equal, small; Juan, in Nicaragua. It is an ashy-gray, with black- canines short; grinders very thick and quadrangular. ish washings. The hair is very soft, rather curly, The septum of the nose is rather narrow. Thumb is intermixed with some longer, stiffer, blackish hairs. rudimentary, or wanting. The claws are compressed. The crown of the head, fore-arms, legs to the knees, Tail is very stronyg. and the greater part of the tail, black. The face is MIRIKI (Brachyteles arachnoides) is sometimes blackish, with thin white hair on the lips. It has no called MoiNo. This form has, as a characteristic, a thumb. The eyebrows are black, and there are many thick, short, and furry pelt, pretty uniformly brown elongate black hairs on the outside of the thighs. in color over the head, body and limbs, the paws The inside of the thigh and of the arm, near thearm — being very much darker than the rest of the body. pit, is grayish. A peculiar arrangement of the hairs about the face THE BRILLIANT SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles orna- gives the aspect of a moustache. Its fur is so extus).-This is like the melanochir, with all the colors tremely close, that hunters are accustomed to make intensified.'I'he forehead, and all of the upper part use of it to cover their implements, as it completely of the head and the outside of the arms and legs, are sheds the rain. Thle Milriki has a more perfectly deblack. The sides and under parts of the body, and veloped thumb than others of the family. Several inside of upper arms and legs, red-brown. varieties are mentioned, some with and others without BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles melan- a thumb. One with a rudimentary thumb is recorded ochir) is a very common species of this singular genus. by Prince Maximilian, and the specimen whicll ie A series of figures of this form are presented in the obtained in South America during his travels is in Proc. Zio. Soc., Lol., for 1875, accompanied with the American Museum, Central Park, N. Y. His notes by Mr. Sclater, who remarks that the present la'bel gives it as Ateles hypoxanthus. Curiously species exhibits great variations in color. They seem enough, there are cases where the thunib is absent on to vary between the form designated by Dr. Gray, A. one hand, and present in a more or less rudimentary ornatus, figured by Sclater in the same Society's pro- form in the other. The native names given by Slack ceedings for 1871, and the nearly uniform gray form, are MIariki kupo and Macaco vernello. Slack, in with black hands and feet, which Dr. Gray has called Proc. Phila. Acad. Sciences, for 1862, says, " In the Ateles albifrons in his Catalogue of i lonkeys in the IMagazine of M. Verreaux, of Paris, I found specimens British lfMuseum. Sclater says: "All the light-gray hawrving upon one hand the tubercle, and upon the specimens, with black hands and feet, are, so far as I other the nailed thumb; others with the tubercle can ascertain, from Nicaragua or Panama, and the upon one hand, but absent on the other." The presdark form —Ateles ornatus-alone, as Mr. Salvin in- ent species is ashy-brown with flesh-colored face. forms me, occurs on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. The base of the tail and the vent are ferruginous. I am inclined to think, therefore, that we have here Genital organs, brown. The females are ashy. It to deal with a series of local forms of a'not yet dif- inhabits Brazil. ferentiated' species."'he habitat of this Monkey is LAGOTHRIX. given as the West Coast of America. WHITE-FRONTED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles albi- This comprises the group called Woolly Monkeys. frons) differs from the pale varieties of A. melanochir, They are rather larger and less active than the others. in the forehead being white, fringed below with the The forests of the Upper Amazon Valley, and the dark hairs of the eyebrow, and in the feet being red. It slopes of the Andes and Venezuela and Bolivia, are may be a variety only. It is or a pale gray-brown, regions most frequented by them. Their hair is soft with white forehead; the crown is a darker brown. and woolly, and of a cinereous black color. The The tail, outside of the limbs, feet and groin, are red- thumbs are well developed. Limbs are short, propordish. The knees, elbows and hands, black. The tionately. Trlhe chin and crop are less hairy than outer and hinder side of the fore-arm is a blackish others. The hair on the crown is short, and directed wash; has no thumb. It inhabits Soutlh America. backwards.'I'he lower jaw is not largely dilated beTHE LONG-HAIRED SPIDER MONKEY (Ateles hind. The nostrils are oblique and rather closely vellerosus). —T'l'his is like the A. belzebuth, but the situated below. Spix, in his South/ Amer'ican Quadunder side of the tail is black as the upper, the pale rumana, gives this group the generic name Gastricolor of the insides of the arms does not come down margus, firol a notion of his that they were more voso near the hands, and the fur is much longer, and racious than any other of the order on this continent. spreads out in all directions on the head and body. Slack remalrks that the skull of this genus canl be xiv QUAD RUMANA.-MAMMALIA. — QUADRUMANA. readily recognized as distinguished from that of Mycetes suffer them to associate with them. These Sapajou or Brachyteles by the mode of articulation Monkeys are in great request for food, and, being very of the nasal bones with the intermaxillaries. In the abundant, are extensively used. Bates speaks of a Sapajous, no true articulation can be said to take large specimen of this genus that he sent to the place. British Museum, which measured twenty-seven inches In Brachyteles and Lagothrix a broad, well-marked in length, the tail being twenty-six more. A Black articulation takes place. 1The ramli of the lower jaw Howler measured twenty-eight inches. The skin of are much broader than in either of the before-men- the face in these Monkeys resembles that of an old tioned genera, approaching in size and form those of negro. The Tacuna Indians eat them, and it is calthe Howlers. Gray records as generic traits that they culated that the tribe of two hundred persons deare "slow, gregarious, meek, and often walk on their stroyed twelve hundred of them annually for food. hind legs." In captivity, it is much like the Spider Monkeygrave and confiding. It is not hardy, and seldom Figt. ~v. survives removal from its haunts. The Reddish Capparo is a dark reddish-gray. The hairs are reddish, with black tips. Thlle head and hands are rather darker. The inside of the fore-arms, chest and belly, is black; the groin, base of the tail and the sides, are redder. The hair on the chest and belly is abundant, long and rather rigid. It inhabits Brazil. TRIBE III.-CEBINA. In this tribe the grinders are 6 6, with blunt tubercles. The cutting-teeth are erect and contiguous to the canines. The canine teeth are very large. The orbits have a bony septum. The tail is very long and hairy, and has the end convolute. The penis has an expanded marginal gland. Gray, in describing Humboldt's Monkey. them, says they are " gregarious, lively and wanton," living on fruit and insects. HUMBOLDT'S LAGOTHRIX (Lagothrix humzboldtii) a called, also, the GRAY CAPPARO. —The Upper Amazon is the favorite abiding-place of this Monkey, which is The Cebi have round and hairy tails, which, though one of the largest of the American species; stout of prehensile to a considerable extent, is not depended limb, with a dense, black coat of fur, which reaches on for locomotion. Some are, therefore, found away to the tip of his prehensile tail, and forms a deep, thick- from the forests, being adapted for a life upon the set diadem around its head. Its fur is used exten- rocks and precipitous mountain ridges. sively in commerce. A finte series of specimens of This genus is divided by two distinctions, C. this Monkey is in the American Museum, Central fatuellus, robustus, and monachus, having five lumbar Park, N. Y., showing the male, female and several vertebrae, and a large head, and the remaining species young in various stages of growth. It is an interest- having six lumbar vertebrae, with small head. ing fact in this connection that so valuable a collec- SAI (Cebus capucinus), also called theWEEPER.tion of Monkeys is accessible to the student.'This is The Brazils form the natural habitat of the Caputhe largest series of prepared specimens on this con- cins, so-called; this latter term seems to have arisen tinent, comprising equally numerous species in the from the curious monk-like aspect of many of the two divisions of Old and New World. The types, species, particularly about the head. These Monkeys and all the specimens gathered by Prince Maximilian are quite intelligent, sprightly, and have curious, of Neuweid, are there, and a choice collection, also, quaint motions that render them always attractive. from Verreaux's, in Paris. The present species is a Th'leir food is of a mixed character, feeding on insects blackish-gray; the hairs individually are dark gray, and vegetables; they will also eat eggs, robbing nests with very short black tips. The head, chest, belly, for the purpose, and will not overlook even the hands and tail are black. The hair on the belly is feathered kind upon occasion. Tather longer. Tihe young are quite a uniform gray. THE BROWN CAPUCHIN (Cebusfatuellhs)-Plate This is the Gastrimargus olivaceus of Spix, Simia 2, fig. 7-is somnetimes called the HORNED MONKEY, and lagotricha of Humboldt, and L. capparo of Lesson. is a fair representative of the genus called, sometimes, It inhabits Peru, mouth of the Orinoco, and Columbia. Sapajous. They are reputed to be the most misTHE REDDISH CAPPARO (Lagothrix ifumantus) is a chievous of the Monkey tribe. They have the tails large Monkey found on the rivers Ycayali and Hual- I covered by hair, and differ from others in not having laga, and over tie whole valley of the Peruvian them prehensile. From their plaintive cry, the terim Amazons. It is very common ill the forests of the Weepers has been applied to each of the group. low country, generally in pairs; sometimes four or They are very mild and gentle, and easily tamed. six pairs are seen occupying the same trees. The Thle present species is characterized by an erect fringe QuAADR.UMANA. MA1MMALIA., QuADr,mUMAtA. xv of hair which stands out from the forehead; this and chest, white. The tail has rather long hair. divides, and presents an appearance of two horn-like The hair on the crown is short. projections, which gives the specific name. These THE WHITE-THROATED CEBUS (Cebus hypoleucus) horns do not appear until maturity. The furis mostly is black, with the forehead, front of crown, neck and a deep brown or chestnut, with a tinge of red. The sides of the head, white; shoulders and chest the crest is grayish. same. The face is a pale-flesh color. This is the WHITE-CHEEKED CEBUS (Cebus leucogenys) is Sai A gorge blanche of Buffon, and Simia hypoleuca of blackish, with soft, elongate, silky hair, and a Humboldt. It is one of the most common species thick under-fur. The hair of the head is shorter, that we see in the menageries. It inhabits Central and that of the face is reflexed. The cheek and America, Guiana, and Carracas. temples are whitish-yellow, giving rise to its specific THE WHITE-HEADED CEBUS (Cebus leucoeephaname. lus) has fur of a dark reddish-brown, and obscurely THE APELLA (Cebus apella).-This is regarded as a punctulated. Head to the front edge of ears, white. very variable species. Its fur is thick, harsh, of a The crown has a short, narrow, central black streak. reddish-brown color, darker on the middle of the back, The feet are blackish. Habitat Columbia. A variety, tail and legs. The fore-arms, whiskers and crown, C. versicolor, is mentioned. black or blackish. The front of shoulders is paler, THE PALE CEBUS (Cebusflavescens) has fur nearly or yellow. The crown spot is broad, and often pro- uniformly pale-yellow fulvous. The cheeks, whiskers duced into longitudinal crests, somewhat elongated. and hair under the throat, grayish. The crown, nape, A variety has pale yellowish fur, with yellow whiskers. and middle of the back are darker; outside of the legs, This is the Simlia apella of Linnaeus, S. cornu of Buf- redder. The hair of the top of the head and nape is fon, and C. macrocephalus, or Big-headed Cebus of elongated, and directed backwards.. This is the C. Spix. unicolor of Spix. Inhabits Brazil. THE SLENDER CEBUS (Cebus pallidus) has the CRESTED CEBUS (Cebus robustus).-The fur of crown patch on the back of the head small and black- this species is bright red in color. The limbs and ish or brown in color. A small, short crest is ob- tail are blackish. The crown is black. Some varieservable in some on each side. The fur is soft, gray- ties are noticed. Habitat Brazil. ish fulvous; the limbs and tail of a darker brown. THE GRIZZLED SAPAJOU (Cebus annellatus) has The beard is golden-yellow. It is the C. gracilis of brown fur, with reddish washings, especially on the Spix. Inhabits Bolivia. Two other varieties are thighs. The hairs have several pale rings. The hair recorded, the C. barbatus, Geoff, and C. flavus, Geoff of the crown is short, reflexed, forming a long, com*-the latter the Simia flava of Schreb. An albino pressed, central longitudinal crest. Streaks on the variety is named C. fulvus, by D'Orbigny, from side of neck, bent down on front of the shoulders, Bolivia. yellow. The belly is reddish. The crown, temple, THE TUFTED CEBUS (Cebus cirrifer). —The fur of whiskers, arms and legs, within and without, and the this is short, close, black. The face, chin, cheeks, tail, black. The face has deep black hairs. The sides of forehead, and narrow band over the eyebrow, crown spot is broad, with a broad line to the foreyellowish-white, with interspersed blackish hairs. head, and another on each side of the whiskers. No'The hair of the head is reversed, sometimes erected special locality is given. into two long tufts that are directed backwards. GOLDEN-HANDED SAPAJOU (Cebus ch-rysopus).THE THICK-FURRED CEBUS (Cebus sellerosus).- The face, throat, chest, and front of shoulders, pale The fur in this species is very thick, elongated, and gray-brown; the back of head and eyebrows darker, is of a blackish-brown, with long, shining hairs. The and blackish. The fur is a pale sooty-brown, washed top of the head, nape and whiskers, are black. The with golden. The outside of limbs is a golden fulvous. limbs and tail are blackish. The spot on the head The hair is soft. Spix's C. unicolor is considered by is black and narrow, coming to a point in two erect some authors to be this species. Habitat Columbia. pencils. Lord Stuart de Rothsay procured this in THE BONNET SAPAJOU (Cebus subcristatus).-Its Brazil. It is said to differ from most Cebi in the fur is blackish-brown; the outside of legs are yellowfront of the shoulders being like the back. ish washed. The sides of the face are pale ashy. THE MONK CEBUS (Cebus X:nthocephalls).-In I'he front of the shoulders and the upper arms, yellowthis species the hair is short, stiff, varied with black ish. The toes and fingers are elongate, and very and yellow in color. The crown, temple, whiskers, chin, slender. Hair of the crown is elongate, and divided by shoulders, haunches, arms, legs and tail, black. The a central line, diverging to the eyebrows, and forming back and sides are yellow, with more or less of black an erect transverse crest behind them. A variety has washing.. Sides of neck, chest and front of shoulders, the frontal crest not so distinct, the toes being shorter. yellow. The hair of the crown is reflexed, and short. No special locality is given. The forehead and temples are whitish-yellow. Two THE CAPPED CEBUS (Cebus capillatus).-In this varieties' are mentioned. This is the C. cuccula- the hairs of the crown are elongate, diverging in all tus of Spix. Its habitat is Paraguay and Rio directions. The fur is elongate, of a brown color, Janeiro. slightly washed with yellow, especially on the thighs. WHITE-FRONTED CEBUS (Gebus albiwons). —A T''he sides of the forellead are grayer. The sides of the pale reddish-brown, with back and outside of the neck, and outsides of the shoulders and arms, fulvous. limbs, redder. The face, forehead, throat, shoulders The crown and nape are blackish. Habitat Brazil. xvi QUADRUANA. -MAM iVALIA. — QUADRUIMANA. side of the thighs and shoulders closely punctated TRIBE IV.-CALLITrRICHINA. with black. The upper part, and the head and tail, This tribe includes forms that have the molar teeth black. The face, throat and inside of thighs, yellow~, with blunt tubercles. The canines are moderately ish-gray. The ears are hairy, and the tail moderately long. rhe cutting-teeth are erect, in a regular series long. A variety has the upper part of the head yelwith the canines. The head is rounded. The lower lowish, with more or less lon(r black tips to the hailr, jaw dilated behind. Eyes are moderate in size. Their makingthe fur more or less deep black. Habitat of habits are diurnal. The nostrils are situated far apart, both, Bolivia. Tlis and 0. ustus are larger than C. laterally, and the tail is very long, lax and straight. sciureus. The term Callithrix, which means "beautiful hair," is applied to several species in this tribe from their having a remarkably fine fur. This genus is characterized by having the tail covered with short hairs; septum of the nose nearly as CHRYSOTHRIX. broad as the cutting-teeth; ears large. Spinous proThis genus indicates by its name, that some of the cesses of lumbar vertebrae acute, triangular, nearly species are golden in color. The fur is soft, close, incumbent. They are diurnal in habit, gregarious, erect. The tail is cylindrical, elongate, and covered lively, agile, living on fruit, insects and birds' eggs. with short hair; the end being rather tufted, and THE RED TEE-TEE (Callithrix cuprea) is dark slightly prehensile.'The septum of the nose is very black and grav-grizzled. Its cheek, throat, hands, broad. The lower jaw narrow behind. The eyes and feet, legs and under side of body, dark red bay. The ears are large.~ The skull is very much elongated, tailis like the back, but rather darker. The hairs of and very large behind.''he septum of the orbit is the tail are dark gray, with a broad, subterminal Inembraneous. Spinous processes of the lumbar ver- black band. The eyebrows are black. A variety has tembrae are trapezoid. white at the end of the tail. Habitat Brazil. The Monkeys of this genus are called Squirrel THE WHITE-CHESTED TEE-TEE (Callithrix amMonkeys on account of their peculiar movements and ietus). —The back is reddish-washed, the hairs being slender forms. They are gentle, timid, yet active lit- black at the base. On the chest is a pure white spot. tle creatures. They are found in the tropical forests Hands are white; feet are black; forehead and tail from Costa Rica to Bolivia. black; hairs of the tail black at the base. It is the THE TEE-TEE (Chrysothrix sciureus) —Plate 3, Simia amieta of Humboldt. Habitat Guiana. fiYg. 8.-These little Monkeys are characterized by a THE COLLARED TEE-TEE (C(xllithrix toirquatus) coat of extreme beauty. The specific name of the is a dark reddish-brown; the hairs are red below, present one is derived from the resemblance of the with black tips; dark crown; the narrow margin to kind to a Squirrel; its general appearance and habits the face, white; hands, white; feet and tail, black; reminding one of the latter. The Tee-tee is found in the hair of the latter red at the lower part; the foregreat numbers in Brazil, where it is called Saimiri. head is black. Habitat Brazil. It is long and slender in body, with a tail equally so, THE REED TEE-TEE (Callithrix donacophilus).that is about ten inches. The latter is more like The fur of this species is a pale gray, or reddish-black that of a Rat than the usual form of its race. The gray. The chest and belly, gray or reddish-gray; the intelligence of this little creature is quite surprising; tail, pale; hairs of the tail gray, with dark tips. this, with its extremely gentle disposition, and almost The hands and feet are gray, like the back. Three entire fieedom from bad habits, renders it a favorite varieties are mentioned. Habitat Bolivia. pet. It has a curious habit of watching the lips of THE ORABASSU (Oallithrix moloch).-The fur is persons who speak to it, as if it strove to understand dark gray, black and red-grizzled. The cheeks, chest what is said. The fur of the Tee-tee is of a rich olive and belly are red. The hands and feet are dark gray. tint, with golden reflections. The ears are white; the Inhabits Brazil. under surface a whitish gray; the tip of the tail THE BRIGHT ORABASSU (Callithqrix ornatus) is black. Two varieties of the Tee-tee are mentioned: black and gray-grizzled; its forehead and ears are one with the back gray-punctated, and another with white; its temples, cheeks, throat, under side of body, the back washed with golden yellow. and inner side of legs, bright red chestnut. The hands THE SHORT-TAILED TEE-TEE (Chrysothrix ustus) and feet are gray; the tail, blackish-gray washed. has gray fur, minutely punctated with black. The The hairs of the tail are pale, with a broad subterback is golden-washed, the hairs being a pale reddish- minal ring. Inhabits New Grenada. Verreaux has yellow, with minute black tips. The outer sides of described it as C. discolor. the fore-arms are like the rest of the body. The tail THE MASKED TEE-TEE (Callithrix personatus).is short, thick, and black-tipped. The face is whitish. The fur is black-grizzled; the hairs are long and blackOne variety has the outer side of the fore-arm golden; ish, with narrow gray rings. The chest and beneath, while another has the same part of the fore-arm blackish-ashy; forehead, cheeks, whiskers, hands, feet colored like the rest of the body. and lower part of the legs, black; tail, blackish-ashy; THE BLACK-HEADED TEE-TEE (Chrysothrix en- hair near the base, reddish; of the lower half of the tomophagus).- The fur is golden brown. The hairs end, one-colored gray. Two varieties are noted. of the back black, with long, yellow tips. The outer Found in Brazil by Lord Stuart de Rothsay. Q0UADRUMANA. -MAMMALIA. —QUmADIRUMANA. xvii THE BLACK-FRONTED TEE-TEE (Callithrix nigri- parts of base of limbs and tail, fulvous. Tail is cylfrons) has a bristly fur, gray colored, washed with indrical in form. It is the N. felinus of Spix, Nocblack. The forehead, ears, spot on each side of the thora of Cuvier, Chirogaleus of Vigors, and Callitllhrix neck, hands and feet, inside of fore-arms and leg, infulatus of Licht and Kuhl. black; chin, blackish; back of crown and nape, BROAD-TAILED VIT(E (Nyetipfitheeus lemurinns). whitish-gray. The tail is reddish, the hairs of which The tail of this species is quite peculiar, spreading are red to the base. The young are similar. Found like that of a Squirrel; it is depressed and broad. by Lord de Rothsay in Brazil. There is a rounded, white spot over each eye. The THE RED-BELLIED TEE-TEE (Callithrix castaneo- frontal streaks are indistinct. The fur of the body venteris).-The fur is dark blackish-gray, minutely and tail, elongate. Azara records that this Monkey annulated with gray. Outside of the limbs, reddish- is found in the Andes of New Grenada, at an elevawashed; forehead, hands and feet, black. The whis- tion of four or five thousand feet above the sea, and kers, throat and chest, belly and inside of limbs, dark that they make the woods resound with their clamorred chestnut. Tail is black, with tip whitish-washed. ous cries of dcIftci1i. These creatures are called by -Iairs of the tail black to the base. Habitat Brazil. some Owl-faced Night Apes, from their broad radiBLACK-HANDED TEE-TEE (Callithrix melanochir). ate faces and large eyes. By the Indians they are hlie crown, throat and inside of the limbs are black, designated Ei-d. Bates saw them tamned in Brazil, and gray and black, mixed. A variety has the tail and says that they utter a hoarse cry, like the supbright red. Another has less red in the fur. It in- pressed barking of a Dog. Their habitat is in the habits the province of Bahia, Brazil.. neighborhood of Bogota, Colombia. THE GRAY TEE-TEE (Gallithrix gigo).-The crown is nearly all black, slightly gray-dotted. The sides of TRIBE VI.-PITHECINA. the face, gular band and inside of the limbs are black. A variety has the throat whitish. It is called by Spix, The molars are in this tribe ] 4. The incisors on C. cinerescens. the lower jaw are large, inclining forward, converging, rJRInBE V. NY0TIFITHECINA. and separated from the canines by a space. Thle lower jaw is not dilated behind. The fur is harsh Molars in this tribe are ] i. The incisors are ver: and elongate. The claws are bent; and the nostrils tical, in a regular series with the canines. The lower are far apart. jaw is dilated behind. Eyes are large, and nocturnal. PITHECIA. Nostrils are small, close together, as in the Old World Monkeys. This genus is characterized by having the chin clothed with a heavy beard, the crown with a radiNYCTIPITHECUS. ated, divided wig. The head and limbs are short. The eyes in this genus are very large and lateral. Tail long, and covered with long hair. The septum The hair of the orbit is arranged like the face of an of the nose is broader than the incisors. In habits Owl. The septurn of the nose is narrow.'l'he ears they are slow, sad, voracious, vociferous and gregaare large; the claws small and weak. The spinous pro- rious. This is Brachyurus of Spix, and Yarkea of cesses of the lumbar vertebrae are acutely triangular Lesson. and incumbent. THE BLACK YARKE (Pithecia leucocephala).THE DOUROUCOULI (Nyctipithecus trivirgatus). — The specific name of this indicates white-head, and The term Nyctipithecus in this group refers to their the individuals bear it out in a degree. Gray says nocturnal habits, meaning literally, Night-Monkey. the forehead is yellow when fresh, and white when The present species is the one most known. It sleeps exposed and faded. M. Geoffroy thinks the color during the day, drawn up like a hybernating animal, depends on the size of the specimen. and sallies forth at dusk to capture and feed on in- It is an elegant creature in form. and is singularly sects and the smaller animals within reach. Its large decorated in the female, by a thick and long fringe of eyes enable it to see very distinctly at night. On the white hairs around the head; the male has the same, head there are three very distinct black lines, which but shorter. The top of the head is a deep black. radiate from each other; this has given rise to the There are such differences between the male and fespecific name trivirgatus, or three-striped. male as have led naturalists to suppose they were The fur is short. The color of throat and inside separate species. On the hairs of the female there of limbs, grayish-ash; the chest and belly are ferrugin- are distinct rings, of a rusty-brown color, which give ous. The tail is slender, cylindrical, of a blackish- the whole body of fur a mottled appearance. The brown, with a yellowish-brown at the under part of hair of the male has none. The food of these creabase. This is the N. vociferans of Spix, and Simia tures is said to be wild bees, and their comb, whichb of Humboldt. Its habitat is recorded as Peru. they capture with much adroitness. Their long THE VIT(E (Nyctiithecus corme'rsonii). —This hairy covering probably renders them invulnerable species has black facikal streaks, irregular, and con- from the stings of the bees. They are called Foxfusedlymarked. iThe side ones are linear in shape; tailed Monkeys, on account of the beautiful Foxthe middle one, broad and lozenge-shaped; frontal like tail of some species; the latter quite in contrast spots are short and white. The fur is ratherlong and with the stub tails of the Cacajao. The body and thick. The color of the neck, chest, belly and inner tail of the Black Yarke is of a dark brown color; VoL. I.-C. xviii QUADRUIMANA. MAMMALIA. -QUADRUMANA. under the chin and throat the hair is almost entirely it drinks; indeed, it is said to drink differently from absent, the skin being of an orange hue. It is the other animals-holding its beard away with one hand, Simia leucocephala of several naturalists; the Simia and passing water to its mouth with the palm of the pithecia of Schreb, Pithecia ochrocephala of Kuhl, P. other. In tlie collections of the American Museum, chrysocephala of Geoff, P. inusta of Spix and Saki of in Central Park, N. Y., are several fine specimens of Buffon. Habitat Brazil. this Monllkey, notably a male and female. They THE YARKE (Pithecia monac7hus) has black fur, with gray washings; the hairs are very long, harsh, with white tips. Tlhe forehead and crown of the male is yellow; of the female is white. The specimen figured by Gray, in the Voyage of the Sltlphuir, has the face quite bald. This is the Yarque of Buffon, Simia mlonachus of Humboldt, P. hirsuta of Spix, P. quapa of Poeppig, P. nocturna of Lesson and P. irrorata of Gray. Habitat Brazil. THE WHITISH YARKE (Pithecia albicans).-TIThe fur is yellowish-white; tail, and large patch on the back, black, slightly washed with white; the hairs with short white tips. The sexes and young are similar. Bates gives the locality of this as Lake Tefie and the Upper Amazons. The Bearded Saki. THE WHISKER YARKE (Pithecia irufiventer) is grayish-black, with pale washings. The hairs are attract especial attention for their rich black fur, and rather soft, with a subterminal yellowish rinlg. The for their beautiful long pompon-like tails. Humboldt forehead is like the back, with moderately elongated relates of this Monkey that, when enraged, it has hairs; the moustache is yellow; the belly, red. In driven its sharp teeth deeply into a thick plank. the young the moustache is white, and the under sur- When out of teinper it grinds its teeth, and leaps face gray. This is the Safgouin of Buffon, Simia about, grinning, and exhibiting extraordinary mobilpithecia of Linnaeus, Fox-tailed Monkey of some, P. ity in the muscles of its face. It lives alone, or with rufibarba of Kuhl, P. capillamentosa of Spix, and P. its mate, differing essentially in this habit from other pogonias of Gray. South American Monkeys. Its cry is stroing, and TRIBE ~VII.-BRACFi1YURINrlvA resonant, reaching far into the depths of the forest. Being nocturnal in its habits, this capacity for disIn this tribe there are molars as follows: [ ~. The cordant vocalizing renders it anything but a desirable incisors on the lower jaw are long, shelving and con- neighbor; approaching in some degree the unearthly verging, as in the preceding, and separated from the cry of the Howling Monkeys. This is the Simia canine teeth by a space. The lower jaw is dilated chiropotes of Humboldt, P. chiropotes of Geoffroy, behind; the nostrils far apart. rIThe fur is soft and Simia sagulata of Traill, and Brachyurus satanus of silky. The claws are blunt. Gray. The habitat is given as Orinoco, Demerara, and Guiana. BROWN CUXIO (Chiropotes satanus). —This is This genus has the fur soft and short; the tail as long characterized by an ashy-brown fur; face, crown, as tihe body, thick, and club-shaped. The crown is beard, limbs and tail, densely hairy; hairs elongate covered with hair in the shape of a wig, divided by a chin-beard moderate ill size and length. In the Paris central longitudinal line. Tihe chin is large, bearded Museum, the male specimen has the back brown, and on each side. The lower incisors are rather shelving. the wig black; the female havinmg the back and the Limbs are strong, and short. Chiropotes is Lesson's, wig fulvous. The young are nearly uniform brown, a'so Cacajao. Spix calls it Bracliyurus, and Geoff, and the wig slightly developed. This is the BrachyPitllecia. Chiropotes, made up from two Greek words, urns israelita of Spix, and Chiropota couxio of Lesson. meaning hand, and to drink, refers to the habit of the Inhabits Brazil. memlbers of this genus to pull away their beards and THE BLACK CUXIO (Chirop)otes ater) has the fur drink from the other hand, which they dip into the a jet black, and shining. The hairs of the eyebrows water for that purpose. project forward unusually. In the young the fur is CUXIO, OR BEARDED SAKI (Chiropotes sagulata(). black, with very short, pale tips to some of the hairs Certainly this creature gets its former specific name' on the back. The hair of the crown radiates from Satanus, fairly, if its looks belie it not. Its coat is of the centre, and projects forward. The beard is ridian uniform brownish-black; and a peculiar confirmation mentary. The tail is slender, as long as the body and of beard, produced by a group of hairs which start hlead. Inhabits Brazil. forward from the sides of the jaw and chin, gives to THE WHITE-NOSED CUXIO (Chiropotes albinasa). the creature a truly satanic expression. The beard is A single youllg specimen of this in the Paris Mumexceedingly long, full and heavy, and of the deepest seum, fiom Brazil, has the fur of the body and head black. Cuxio is said to be particularly fastidious deep black, pale washed, with white nose. It is the concerning it, and to hold it aside with its paw when Pithecia albinasa of Geoffioy. QUADRUMANA.-.AMM ALIA — QUADRUMANA. xix OUAIArIAa. g THE RED ACARI (Ouakarita rubicunda) has bright red fur, with fulvous yellow on the neck. The nape In this genus the fur is short and silky. The face is pale yellow. It is the B. rubicundus of Geoffroy. is subeylindrical. The crown and forehead have short Habitat Brazil. hairs directed forwards. There is very little beard. THE WHITE ACARI (Ouakaria calva).-Azara The legs are elongate. Lower jaw is dilated behind. speaks of this Monkey as the WHITE UAI(ARI, this latThe incisors of the lower jaw are very shelving. This ter being spelled as it is pronounced. He found it on is the Brachyurus of Geoffroy and Spix, Cacajao of the Japura, and says that the natives "brought them Lesson. Gray remarks that the converging, slender, down with poisoned arrows, and then restored them by shelving, lower cutting-teeth, the slender limbs and putting salt into their mouths." The throat is of a the short tail show some affinity with Indrus of the deep golden red. The fur is fulvous, whitish on the Lemurs. back, and yellow or golden below and on inner sur- Fig. viii. face of limbs. The tips of the hairs of the clown are black, and of some of the hairs of the back, gray. In the female the hairs are elongate, red and black. A variety has the back with some reddish hairs. This is the B. calvus of Geoffroy. Habitat Para. TRIBE VIII.-THAPALINA. The molars in this tribe are h, as in tlhe Old World Monkeys. The lower cutting-teeth are vertical, in a regular series. The lower jaw is not dilated behind, as in the last cited tribe. The nostrils are far apart, and laterally placed. _______ HAPALE. In this genus, the conch of the ear is rather large The Cacajao. and prominent; externally it is bald, with cross band of elongated hairs on the inner surface of the conch, THE CACAJAO (Ouokaria melanocephala) is one of forming an elongated pencil.'l'he tail is annulated. several curious forms, which are distinguished by The lower cutting-teeth elongate, slender, linear, and havingl the incisor teeth oblique and proclive, and a as high as the canines. These are, as well as others short tail; the appearance is so singular that, at first, of this tribe, possessed of only five instead of six molars the opinion of naturalists was that it had been on each side of the jaw. They have the same numndocked. These Monkeys are not so well known as ber as those of tlle Old World Monkeys, yet they others. In captivity it is noticed to be inactive and differ from them more in other respects than any other docile. A very decided difference is noticeable in its of the Cebidce, or American forms. Trhe thumb is ability to handle objects with its hands; even in eat- not opposable, and the fingers are provided with ing it is awkward and maladroit. It is blessed with sharp claws. The great toe, or hallux, is very small; the following names: Mono-feo, or Hideous Monkey, the tail is not prehensile, but is very long, and covered Chucuto, Chucuzo, and Caruizi. Its specific name is with fine hairs. appropriate, meaning black-headed, in allusion to its THE WHITE-EARED MARMOSET (rapale aurita) black wig-like crown, and in contradistinction to the is blackish in color, minutely punctulated with yelother species, the WVhite-headed Saki. lowish or reddish. The sides of head, limbs and'I'he full-ogrown Cacajao reaches the length of two hinder part, black; crown, brown; face, large; spot feet, the tail being only from three to five inches long. on the forehead and short ear-tufts, gray. A variety Its head is flattened at the temples, which gives it a has the back blackish. without any indication of striking appearance, contrasted with other Monkeys. cross band. This is the Jacchus auritus of Geoffroy. The terms Yarke and Saki are applied to the various A second variety has the back red, punctulated with species of this genus, the present one being called narrow, faint, paler cross bands, especially on the the Black-headed Yarke, or Saki. It is found in the loin. Jacchus humeralifer, is recorded by Geoffroy forests that border the Rio Negro, and the Cassi-'its face, shoulders, chest, arms and ear tufts are quiare, but is not seen in great numbers. Some nat- white; thighs brown, and white-grizzled." All inhabit uralists fancy that this should be considered the Amer- Brazil. The latter, according to Bates, is found only ican representative of the Magot or Ape of the Old in dry woods. The color of its fur is beautifully World. T'he color of this Cacajao is black; the back varied. When hungry or uneasy, it utters a weak, and sides of its body are yellow. The loins, outside stridulous cry, like a grasshopper. of thigh and end of tail, chestnut-red. It is the Hapale chlrysoleucos is described by Natterer, in Simia melanocephala of Humboldt, P. melanocephala Annals of Natur'al History, for 1843, as being found of Geoffroy, Brachyurus ouakaria of Spix, and 0. inIBahia. Aspecimenof thisvariety is in the Museum Spixii of Gray. Habitat Brazil. of Vienna. xx QUADIRUMANA.-MAM1MALIA.-QUADRU1UANA. JACCHUS. MIco. This genus has the conch of the ears large, bald, In this genus there are no annulations to the tail. with a tuft of elongated hairs formincg an expanded The tail is black. The ears are large, exposed, and tuft on the ear, opening on its front edge. The hair naked externally, and internally they have no pencil of the sides of the crown elongate. Tail annulated of hairs. with black. Back cross banded. Lower cutting- THE BLACK-TAILED MARMOSET (Mico melanurus). teeth elongate, slender, cylindrical, as longs as the This is a rare form. Mr. Sclater gives a fine figure canines. and description, in Proc. Z5o. Soc. Leond., for 1875. MARMOSET (Jacchus vulgaris)-Plate 3, fig. 9.- It resembles somewhat the argentatus, and shows a This elegant little creature is a native of Guiana and nearly uniform silvery coat, whitest on the head and Brazil. The term OUISTITI is applied to it by some. cheeks and on the upper surface of the toes. It has It is characterized by a long and remarkably soft fur, a black tail, sharply defined in color at its base. varied by strips of brown upon a whitish or yellow This is Jacchus melanurus:of Geoff, and H. melanura ground, the outside of thighs and the back having of Wagner and Schreb. An albino variety is known; gray cross bands, and the head a white spot on upper the tail, however, is black. Mico is a term used by part of the nose. The tail is long and bushy, white, Buffon; Simia argrentata is Linnmeus' name; Fair and encircled by rin.gs of black. Curious radiating Monkey is Pennant's, and Pennant calls it Cebus tufts of white hairs spring from the cheeks, contrasting canus. Bolivia is given as its habitat. boldly with the dark color of the head.'TIhe MarmoLJEONTOPITHECUS.. set is a favorite pet, and, thlough not as intelligent as other species, is susceptible of much cultivation, be- This genus has head covered with elongate hairs, coming attached to its keepers, and showing a good those round the face bent backwards. The face is deal of affection. Its food is both animal and vege- rather naked; the ears being bald and partly hidden. table, feeding equally on insects and fruits. The The tail is not ringed. T'le lower cutting-teeth are length of the full-orown Marmoset is about seven or short, and truncated. The canines are conical. eight inches, the tail being twelve inches more. It is MARIKINA (Leontopithecus rosalia).-T his exquite silent generally, but emits at times, when irri- quisite little form is also called the SILKY MONKEY. tated, a sharp whistle, which gives rise to the term Its graceful shape and extremely beautiful fur make Ouistiti. Its habits are much like the Squirrel. Its it an attractive pet. The peculiar disposition of the size being so petite, it easily climbs over the limbs of fur arollund its neck has given it the trivial name of trees and secures its favorite food, the eggs of birds. Lion Monkey; its size and habits, however, will hardly This is the Simia jacchus of Linnleus, Ouistiti of sustain such relations.to the king of beasts. A ricli Buffon, Hapale jacchus of Illiger. A variety has golden sheen is the characteristic of its coat, its hairs ear-tufts white, and head black. Another, J. albicollis having the appearance of the raw silk as it is unwound of Spix, has ear-tufts white, hinder part of the head, from the cocoon of the silk worm.'I'he color is nearly and back of neck, gray. A third, J. penicillatus of uniform, the paws being somewhat darker.'lThe Geoff and Spix, has ear-tufts black, and hlead and neck Marikina is very cleanly, dressing its fur with extreme black. A fourth variety, J. leucocephalus of Geoffroy, care. It is extremely timid, showing no disposition has black ear-tufts, blackish head and neck, and whit- to resent injury, but escaping with the greatest ish forehead, temples and face. A fifth, J. leucogenys, agoility when threatened by foes. Its voice is a sharp has face, cheeks and throat, paler gray-brown than hiss, but it is seldom vented. Its body is about eighlt the fourth variety, but is otherwise the same. A inches in length, the tail about twelve inches. sixth variety is like the third, with no white spot on'rhe Marikina is a golden yellow, with more or less the nose. Gray records a note as follows: " See red. A variety has head, feet, hands and end of tail, Jacchus chrysopygus, Natterer-lHilkan, Del. Flor. blackish, It is the Marikina of Buffon. Simia et Fatuna —black; rump and inner sides of thighs, rosalia of Linnueus, and Midas rosalia of Geoff. I-Tabgolden; forehead, lurid yellow; Imane descending itat Brazil. below the humerus; inhabits Brazil." BLACK AND GOLD MARMOSET (L. chl'ysomeltas).As the generic name imports, these creatures are CEzBUEcLA. called LION MONKFYS, the specific name indicating This genus is cliaracterized by having small, short the black and golden hues. rI'he fur is exceedand, externally, slilghtly hairy ears, hidden in the ingly rich in color, and fine in texture. The circumelongated reversed hair of the crown. It has no ear- ference of the face, the fore-arms, hands and base ofr tufts. The tail is dark-ringed. Back punctulated. tail are golden fulvous, the rest black. This is the The lower incisors are elongate, cylindrical, and as Hapale chrysomelas of Prince Maximilian; several lone as the canines. specimens of his own collecting now belong to the THE PIGMY HAPALE (Cebuella pygmea). —This cabinets of the American Museum, Central Park, N.Y. is ferruginous, yellow in color, with black and red, varied. The neck, clhest, belly, and inside of thighsEDIpu. and arms, yellowish. Hands and feet alre yellow- In this genus, the face and sides of the head are brown. It is the II. pygmea of Spix and Geoffi'oy. rather nalked. The crown has a patch of hair which QUADRUMANA. MAMMALIA. QUADRnUMANA. xxi is elongated in most instances. The tail is not ringed. Bates saw it in Brazil. In the Paris Museum there The hair of the neck is elongated. The lower incisors are two species, M. rufoniger, Geoffroy, Brazil, and are short and truncated. The canines are conical. M. devillii, Geoffroy, Peru. THE PINCHE ((dipus titi).-This delicate little Midas nigrifrons is another of Geoffroy's, from creature is about eight inches in length, its tail being Castelnau's Expeditionz to South America. M. illigeri, about twelve more. Its voice is soft and gentle, and is described by Pucheran, Colombia. M. fuscicollis is compared to the twittering of a bird-hence, prob- is by Spix, from Bolivia. These varieties are more ably its name, titi. or less like the M. flavifrons. GEOFFROY'S (EDIPUS ((Edipus geoffroyi).-This THE TAMARIN (Midas ursulus).-This is the one is the Midas oedipus of Spix. It is gray-brown. most familiar to us. Buffon called it Tamarin nDgre,'l'he hair is soft, blackish at the base. The nape, Linnseus, Simia midas, Geoff, M. rufimanus. Bates back of the neck and base of tail, chestnut-brown. says these Monkeys are never seen in large flocks; The crest, throat, chest, fore-legs and front of hind'three or four sometimes congregate. It seems to be legs, white. The end of tail black. Salvin found less afraid of Man than any other Monkey. Its mode it in Panama. of progression is like that of the Squirrel, confining itself to the large boughs of the trees on which' it travels. Its curiosity is sure to get the better of it, This genus has the face and forehead hairy. The and when met with, it always stops and gazes intently hair of the head is like that of the body. The ears at the intruder. Its expression is pleasing and intelare large, naked and devoid of tuft. The incisors on ligent; and this is due largely to its facial angle, lower jaw short and truncated. The canines conical. which is 600. The quick movement of its head, and The tail is black, and has no rings. the way they have of inclining the head to one side WHISKERED MIDAS (Midas mystax).-This spe- as they listen, gives them a knowing expression. cies and the two following firom one group, having This species is black, with hinder part of back rather the lower lip white, while the others have black nose mottled with grayish-white. One variety has black and white whiskers; it was described by Spix, and hands-; another has yellow or orange hands. located in the Upper Amazons and Peru. It is black, with back and thigh brownish-washed; beneath, it-is dull black. Nose, and upper and lower lip, with This genus has the head naked in front. The a broad tuft of long white hairs-this latter character hinder part of the head is covered with short hairs. may have suggested the term mystax. Gray refers to'I'he ears are bald and exposed. The tail is not ringed. a Midas pileatus of Geoffroy, which is" Brown, reddish- The lower incisors are short and truncated. The washed, with limbs and tail black; the crown bright canines are conical. red, nose and lips white." PARTI-COLORED MIDAS (Seniocebus bicolor) has a RED-BELLIED MIDAS (Midas labiatus).-This is gray coat, brown punctulated. 1'he back of the head, black, with the hinder part of the back washed with neck, chest and fore-legs are white.'The tail is black gray. Hinder part of the chest, belly and inside of the above, and brownish beneath and at the tip. In the limbs and under side of the base of the tail, rufous. young the face is hairy, with naked forehead. It is the Tip of nose, and edges of the upper and lower lip, white. Midas bicolor of Spix, (Edipus titi, junior, of Lesson, Bates locates them on the north side of the Amazon. and Hapale bicolor of Wagner. Habitat Brazil. THE CROWNED MIDAS (Midas 9lrifventer.) —The specific name indicates a rusty belly, and the color bears it out. The general complexion is black; T'his genus is represented by large and naked ears. the hinder part of the back is washed with gray. The conch of the ear is large, covered both illside and Hinder part of the chest, belly and inside of limbs outside with elongated hairs, which form a fringe on and under side of base of the tail, are rufous. Trlip of the circumference, but not a pencil. The tail is pale, thle nose and the edges of the lips, white. T'he crown but not annulated. The lower cutting-teeth are has a rufous spot, and the nape is gray. It is the elongate and cylindrical, the two outer as long, as the M. elegantulus of Slack. canines, the two middle rather shorter, and equal. WHITE-CHEEKED MIDAS (Midas leucogenys).- " This genus diflers from Mico in the ears beilng large, This is black, with the outside of hind limbs washed roundish, flesh colored, covered inside and out with grayish. The face is black, with a large triangular distinct, rigid, expanding hairs, which form a double white spot under each cheek. M. nigricollis of Spix fringe on the circumference." is near this. Aicoella sericeus has white fur, soft and silky.'I'he THE BROWN-HEADED MIDAS (MidasEflavifrons). legs, feet and tail are a pale yellowish; the ears roundYellow fronted, literally, is this species, according to ish, large and fesh colored. Found in Brazil by Natthle specific name. Its head is a pale brown, the terer. This is the Hapale argentea of Sclater. In a hinder part of back being rather mottled with white. later mention Sclater gives this as Hapale chrysoleucos. Its general color is black. THE WHITE AND GOLD MICO (lMicoella chrysoA male is described having the outside of the leucos).-In this the fur is yellowish-white. The fore limbs bright rufous-washed; the under side of body and hind legs, the belly and tail, are pale chestnutand inside of limbs, red brown. The female has brown. T'Ihis is the Hapale chrysoleucos of Sclater. outside of limbs and under part of body, blackish. Proc. Zio. Soc., 1869. Xxii CHEIROPTERA. — MAMMALIA. CHEIROPTERA. ORDER III.-CHEIROPTERA. WING-HANDED animals, comprising the Bats alone, uncouth appearance. They rise from the earth with are indicated by the term of this Order, the two difficulty, preferring to climb to a certain height, to Greek words composing the name meaning hand and throw themselves outwards and upwards, and thus wing respectively. They are found in all parts of the to take wing. This is always accomplished with the world, some groups being confined to the Eastern head downwards, and with face towards the wall. It Continent, others are peculiar to the Western; while will be seen, then, that as they drop and take winlg, in some instances they are cosmopolitan. Species in they are sure to come right side uppermost. It has this Order are very numerous, over four hundred hav- been a matter of surprise that the Bat, with its exing been described. tremely minute organs of vision, can see so clearly We have derived from Wallace's late work, Geo- and accurately in the darkest nights. The experigraphicajl Di.stribution of Mammals, the following ments of Spallanzani, testing this matter by depriving arrangement of the Cheiroptera: one of sight, and then submitting it to experiments, In the family Pteropidc,, he makes nine genera and which proved that its eyes were not essential to a sixty-five species, all belonging to the Old World perfect performance of its customary evolutions, are exclusively. given in detail, in vol. i, p. 49.:In the family Phyllostomidte, thirty-one genera and A curious habit in the Common Bat of the Northsixty species are recorded. These are the Leaf-nosed ern States is known to every school-boy: "Bat! Bats, and are confined to the region east of the Andes, Bat!! come into my hat," is a familiar exclamation, to latitude 330 South, in Chili. The " Blood-suck- and a toss of the old beaver into the air will most ing" Bats, or Vampires, belong to this group. surelyv bring Bat down, and not unfrequently into the'IThe family Rhinolophidce comprises seven genera hat. When managed skilfully, the boy is apt to win. and seventy species. These are the curious "Horse-'I'he skeleton of the Bat is much like that of the shoe " Bats, peculiar to the Old 7World. higher forms in its general aspect, and, in the posIn the family Vespertilionidce lie records eighteen session of full-sized clavicles, its chest looks marvelgenera and two hundred species, inhabiting various lously like the human. It is well named wing-handed, parts of the world: in America, as far north as Hud- for the elongated fingers form a strongr, yet delicate son's Bay and the Columbia River. In Europe they frame-work for the thin membrane which lies between. approach, if they do'not pass, the Arctic Circle. The Th'e thumb is highly utilized, notwithstandingr it has remote islands of Azores, Bermudas, Fiji, Sandwich, been reduced, -or rather has not been developed and New Zealand, all have representatives of this equally with the fingers; it serves the very important family. purpose of a support for the claws upon which the In the family Noctilionidce, there are fourteen female Bat hangs while at rest with a lapful of young. genera and fifty species.'l'hese, called the Short- Thl'e sense of smell is remarkably developed in the headed Bats, are found in every region, but irregularly Bats, curious leaf-like appendages being seen in some, distributed. In America they range from Mexico and attached to the nostrils; this seems to argue a purCalifornia to Chili. pose, and the presence of similar appendages to the ear probably indicates a keen sense of hearing. A FOSSIL EXTINCT (HEIROPTERA. singular sucking apparatus is seen in the I'hlzyllostomes, In the Upper Eocene, fossil bones of this Order which aids them in drawiing thejuices of plants, or the have been found by Cuvier. A complete skeleton of flesh on which they may feed. During the colder the form named Vespertilio parisiensis was taken season the Bat hybernates, seeking out some obscure from the Gypsum of Montmartre. Six fossil species recess of the cave that it fiequents. See vol. i, p. 50, have been found b)y Lund in the caves of Brazil. for an interesting account of this habit. There is little to record of the lhabits of Bats. Bats are naturally at ease while on the wing, or in They are generallyknown as nocturnal or crepuscular the presence of an object sufficiently large to attach in their mode of life. Opportunities are offered octhemselves to. Dark caverns are particularly desira- casionally, however, for observing them. One of the ble localities. most notable examples of the congregation of Bats is The extensive caverns in the mountainous regions recorded in the Smithsonian Miiscellaneoes Collections, of the Helderbergs and the Alleghanies are frequent- vol. vii, in the form of a letter from M. Figaniere, ed by myriads. Here, particularly in the Cave of Portuguese Minister to the United States, addressed Schoharie-, we have seen them clinging to the rough to Prof. Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Instiwalls, densely massed. At such times, if suddenly tution. He says: " Having purchased the property put to flight, they appear to rise simultaneously, as a known as Seneca Point, inl Cecil County, Maryland, cloud, and the rush of air thus occasioned reverberates inear Clharlestown, we took possession of it in May of in deafening'peals. Bats do not like the ground, and the following year. Thle dwelling is a brick structure, when forced to progress upon a surface, make a most covered with slate, in the form of an L, two'storied, CHEIROPTERA. -MAMMALIA. —CHEIROPTERA. xxiii with garret, cellars, stone laundry and milk house here were disclosed some 1500 or 2000 Bats, of attached.'The houses had remained unoccupied for which the larger number were killed, the remainder some time, and appeared damp and neglected." The seeking, the barns, trees and other places of concealweather was warm and beautiful when they arrived, ment in the neighborhood. In the main building nine and they availed themselves of the occasion to sit on thousand, six hundred and forty Balts, firom actual the open veranda and lawns. The chairs were scarcely cotunting, were destroyed. The manure, as well as the occupied by them, when, to their amazement and bodies of the slain, was used to fertilize the flower and horror, the air became clouded with small black Bats vegetable garden, and thus, in some degree, they hovering about the house, entering and almost ob- served to compensate us for the annoyance to which scuring the early twilight, causing a stampede among we had been subjected." tile ladies, who fled, covering their heads, fearing the With free use of disinfectants, it was five years dreaded little vampires would make a lodgment in before the stench fiom this enormous 13at-roost was their hair. eradicated. An amusing description follows concerning the The habits of the Bat favor the breeding and rapid various means used in vain to exterminate them; increase of various pests, as Bed-bugs (Cinex lectuscientific friends were applied to, and others sent laris) and Acari, in immense numbers. various recipes, but all to no purpose. " Evening An interesting anecdote is related in Godman's after evening did we patiently, though not compla- Natural History, by Titian Peale: "In June, 1823, cently, watch this periodical exodus of dusky wings a son of the keeper of a city park in Philadelphia, into light, from their lurking place, one after another, brougrht home with him a young Bat (L. noveboraand in some instances in couples and even triples, censis). Three hours afterwards, in the evening, as according as the size of the holes or apertures from he was conveying it to the museum in his hand, which they emerged in the slate roofing would permit. while passing near the place where he caught it, the Their excursions invariably commenced with the cry mother made her appearance, and followed the boy of the Whip-poor-will, both at coming evening and at two squares, flying around him,. and finally alighting early dawn, and it was observed that they always on his breast-such was her anxiety to save her offdirected their flight towards the river, undoubtedly- spring. Both were brought to the museum, the young to damp their Mouse-like snouts; they then returned one firmly adhering to the mother's teat. This faitlto gambol, and satisfy their appetites, as the absence ful creature lived two days, but died of injuries reof Gnats and Musquitoes testified. I thus ascertained ceived in its capture. The young was too small and one very important fact-that this Bat ate and drank immature to live." twice in twenty-four hours. Such appeared their Audubon relates an amusing incident that occurred habit. Upon ascertain)ing this fact, after having tried to a guest, whom he does not mention by name, but suffocation by sulphur with only partial success, I who is known to be the eminent naturalist, M. Rafimmconcluded to adopt a more efficient mode of warfare, esque.'The latter had been assigned a room, and and for this purpose ordered all the holes and fissures " when it was waxed late, and we had all retired to in the wood-work, and apertures in the slating, to be rest, every person, I imag(ined, was in deep slumber, closed with cement. This put a stop to their egress; save myself, when, of a sudden, I heard a great uproar but to avoid their dying by starvation and deprivation in the naturalist's room. I got up, and reached tile of water, which would manifoldly increase the annoy- door, when, to my astonishment, I saw my guest rumnance, by adding their dead to their living stench, I ning about the room naked, holding the handle of inly ordered apertures of about two feet square to be favorite violin, the body of which he had battered to opened in the lath-and-plaster partition, on each side pieces against the walls, trying to kill the Bats which of tile garret windows, and also in the ceiling of every had entered by the open window, probably attracted garret room; lastly, when the Bats' reveille was by the insects around his lighted candle. I stood sounded by the Whip-poor-will, all the hands of our amazed, but he continued running around the room establishment, men and boys, each armed with a until he was fairly exhausted, when he begged mne to wooden implement, shaped like a cricket bat, marched capture one of the animals, as lie felt sure they were to the third floor,' on murderous deeds with thoughts a new species." intent.' A lighted lantern was place in the middle The Bats of North America have been so thorof the room. After closing the windows to prevent oughly studied by Dr. Allen, U. S. A., that we coinall escape into the open air, the assailants separated sider it as adding to the usefulness of this work manyat proper distances to prevent clubbing each other, fold by presenting the larger portion of the matter. and awaited the appearance of the Bats, enticed into In the announcement by Prof. Henry, Secretary of the room by the artificial light, and impelled by their the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian Alfisc. Colown natural craving.'The slaughter commenced, and lections, 165), in June, 1864, he says: "The followinfo continued with sanguinary vigor for several hours. memoir by Dr. Alleni is'designed to exhibit the present This succeeded perfectly. After a few evenings, the state of our knowledge respecting the species of war terminated by the extermination of every indi- Cheiroptera, or Bats, found in America, north of vidual of the enemy in the main building.''lhere was, Mexico, and their general geographical distribution. however, a coclk-loft in the laundry, which gave evi- It is based principally on the specimens in the Smithdence of a large population. In this case I had the sonian Institution and other American Societies." slater remove the slates that needed repairing, and No order of Mammals has received so little attention Xxiv CHEIROPTERA. -MAMMALIA. — HEIROPTERA. as the present. Gray, of the British Museum, has given Nyctinomus nasuttus, Tomes. —This is the Molossus a very thorough account of the Fruit-eating Bats, nasutus of 6pix, Dysopes nasutus of'remminck, N. but they do not concern us, as they are all of the Old braziliensis of Geoffroy, N. mlurinus of Gray, Nycticea World-those, at least, that are technically so called. cynocephala of Leconte, Molossus cynocephalus of We have consulted many works, including those of Cooper, and M. fuliginosus of same author, Rhinopoma the French and German explorers, on the zoology of carolinensis of Gunlach and Nyctinomus mexicanus of South America and Central America, and have Sauss. perused the long line of "ITransactions " and "Pro- The head of this species is rather large, the heavy, ceedings" of the various learned societies, in hopes pendulous lips giving it a bulky appearance.'I'lhe of bringing together a somewhat complete account of ears are as broad as high, obtusely square, almlost the Bats of the American Continent. The valuable joining at the top of the head; on their inner, anterior collection of the Prince Maximilian, and the superb border, five small warts are observed. The outer borspecimens procured from M. Verreaux, of Paris, all der is emarginate at its upper, strongly concave at its now in the American Museum, in Central Park. N. Y., lower portion, where at its basal third it is doubled have been consulted with advantage. Altogether, we upon itself. The mouth has upon it a bristled wart. find little of value that is not included in the " Mono- The fur is thick, short, soft, and almost entirely graph " by Dr. Allen. The habits, of course, are not confined to the body. Above, it is dark fawn at the well known, and are less likely to be observed than tip, with a base of a whitish hue. It extends up upon those of most other animals. the back of the ears one third their height. There is In Dr. Allen's " Monograph," he arranges the Cheir- a very delicate patch on the interbrachial membrane. ol)tera under two principal sections: Istiophora and In front, the color is light cinereous at base; the tip Gymnorrhina-the former having upright appenda- is a delicate fawn. The foot is large; toes furnished ges on the nose, and the latter without them. The with long hairs. This species is extensively distribufollowing single species, only, is classed under the ted throughout the warmer parts of America. Speciformer head; the others, commencing with family mens obtained in South America agree well with Noctilionidce, are under the latter. those found in South Carolina; and those from Hayti, also, are the same. FAMILY-MEGADERMATID2E. FAMILY-YESPERTILIONIDtAE. MAcROTUS. — Gray. This genus has the nose-leaf simple, triangular and NYcTICEJUS.-Paf acuminate. The ears are large and joined; the leafy In this genus the head is short, broad and flat. It appendage is simple and erect. The interfemoral has two upper incisors. The ears are small, simple, membranes are large, giving rise to the family appel- widely separated, with the basal lobe small and lation, large skin. The point of the tail is free. The curved; the external basal lobe also rather inconspicudentition is: Molars, a; Canines, I; Incisors, 4; ous. Between the latter and the angle of the mouth Canines, -; Molars, 6; - 34 teeth. a small wart is seen. The tragus is straight on the THE CALIFORNIA BAT (Macrotus californicus). — internal, irregularly convex on the outer, border. The The head of this species is long.; face hairy. The face is black; nostrils are simple, not produced, and ears are large, as its generic name imports, and very little emarginated. The sides of face are very almond-shaped, united over head by an incised, trans- much swollen. The lower jaw has a large naked place verse membrane, and are slightly hairy. The fur is at the chin. Eyes are small, with a wart above on each indistinctly tricolored. Above, the base is white, the side. The membranes are naked, blackish-brown, terminal third fawn colored, and its tip white. T'he extending to the base of the toes. The tip of the hair about the face is shorter, and more inclined to tail is exserted. The fur is rather scanty, with brown. Immediately behind the junction of the ears the exception of a small patch at the base of the head is almost naked. Its habitat is California. interfemoral membrane. T'he color of the back Specimens are found at Cape St. Lucas. is dark fawn on the upper half, and the lower is a The Large-eared Bat is closely related to M. Water- lighter hue. Specimens are from Pennsylvania to housii of Gray, from Cuba, Hayti and other West Texas. Indian islands, but is a distinct species. Xycticejus crepuscularis, A llen.-Vespertilio creeks FAMILY NOC'TI~ILIONIDAI.. of F. Cuvier, N. humeralis of Rafinesque. NYCTINOMus.- Geoff. LASIURUS. —Raf. This genus has the ears generally joined; the lips This genus is characterized by having the head are thick, pendulous and grooved. The nose is sharp depressed, lips slightly fiinged, the nostrils wide apart, and well defined. The tragus is obtuse, broad and the skull fiat and massive, occipital crest prominent, square.'I'The tail is produced beyond the inter- and the facial line abruptly elevated. femoral membrane, nearly half its length. The great THE RED BAT (Lasiurus noveboracensis, Tbomes). toes are separated from the others, and are fringed on'Ihis is Vespertilio noveboracensis of Erxl, Nycticejus the outer side. The skull is very papery and inflated, noveboracensis of Leconte. It is distributed over the the facial angle very small, the auditory capsules temperate regions of North America, and is somelarge, and lower jaw slender and elongated. what abundant.'I'he head and face of this is hairy. CHEIROPTERA. -MAMMALIA. — CHEIROPTERA. XXV The nose is blunt, rounded slightly and emarginated, the nostrils opening semilaterally.'T'he sides of the face are slightly inflated, and set with small bristles; This genus has the molars less than A, the head a similar row of longer hairs surrounds the eyes. flat and broad, the lips swollen, tratgus bluntish, and The upper lip, especially on the sides of the face, is internal basal lobe of ear rounded and obtuse. It is more massive than the lower, and is somewhat pro- closely allied to VYepertilio; the wing membranes duced. The ears are subrounded. TIhe posterior are heavier in the former, and it has a thick and surface of the ear is covered with hair one half its leathery ear and tragus. length. The fur of the body is silky and long, in CAROLINA BAT (Scotophills carolinensls, Geof).front somewhat denser, but longer on the posterior Vespertilio of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Harlan, Godiman, portion. It is a light russet red in color, tinged Leconte and Cooper. The head is flat, nostrils ernarwith yellow. The hairs are tipped with gray towards ginate. The ear is shorter than the head, is broad at the neck. At each shoulder, a conspicuous white the base,and obtusely rounded at its tip. The tragus tuft is seen. Trhe basal joint of the thumb is also is straight on the inner side, and on the other a little similarly decorated. convex, and is nearly half the height of the auricle, THE HOARY BAT (Lasiurus cinereus, Allen). — and notched at the outer lower part. The nostrils The Vespertilio pruinosus of several writers, V. are rather large, separated by an emarginate space. cinereus of Leconte, Scotophilus pruinosus of Gray, The tip of the tail is exserted. The hair is uniformlly Nycticejus pruinosus of Temminck, Wagner, Schinz bicolored, except on the ears and margins of the and Prince Maximilian, and Lasiurus pruinosus of body. On the back, it is dark plumnbeous at the base. Tomes. On the head, the hair is more woolly and thickly set; The head of this species is large, flat and hairy, it covers half the posterior part of the ears and runs the sides of the face somewhat inflated, the tips on almost to the nose; in the latter portion it is slightly whiskered. The nostrils are wide apart, and longer, and bicolored, as in the back. The fur oni the snout rather high and emarginated, the lower lip under side is lighter than that on the upper. A light with a smooth naked space anteriorly. The ears are brown tinge tips each hair. The terminal joint of as broad as high, of a round form, with a laroe inter- tail is exserted. The wing membrane is attached to nal lobe. Theylie close to the head, and nearly cover the base of the toes. The dentition in S. carolinensis the eyes. The ears are black on the borders, and is: Molars, 4; Canines, -; Incisors, 6; Canines, {; hairy to a considerable extent without, and less so Molars, 4; = 32 teeth. wvitllin, the extreme border being naked.'The fur is THE BROWN BAT (Scotophilus fescas, Paclisot de thick and soft in allparts. In color the neck, beneath Bezmuvois).-Vespertilio fuscus of Leconte, Vesp. the ears, is a faded yellow, the breast a dark fawn, arcuatus of Say, Vesp. phaiops of Rafiuesque and tipped prominently with white; the two colors com- Wagner, Vesp. ursinus,'lT'em. and Prince Maximilian, bined give the tint upon the axilhe. lThe head, and Vesp. gryphus of F. Cuvier and Wagner, Vesp. caroli, posterior surface of the ears, are of the same yellowish Leconte, and Scotophilus greenii of Gray. The ears hue as the anterior portion of the neck. Below these of this are moderate in size, leathery in structure, half points, the hair is everywhere of a rich chocolate- erect and turned slightly outswards. Tl'hey are convex brown, tipped with white. The contrast of color on the inner border, strailght on the outer, and slightly gives a brilliant effect, and suggests the term Hoary, emarginate in some cases. The basal lobe is well develby which trivial name it is known. The dentition is: oped. The tragus is nearly half as highl as the auricle. Molars, C; Canines, +; Incisors, 6; Canines,; Mo- straight on the inner border, somewhat convex and lars,; - 32 teeth. Specimens have been obtained diverging on the outer. It resembles the S. carolinenfirom Nova Scotia and throughout the Southern and sis very closely, and both approach very near to the S. Western States. It is occasionally found ill New serotinus of Europe. The dentition is simnilar to that England. of the last species. The wing expanse measures from Lasiurus intermedias, Allen. —In this species the nine to eleven inches. It seems to be well distributed head is large, fiat and hairy; the snout is high, throughout the Contianent. ernarginate and brown in color; the nostrils open THE GEORGIAN BAT (Scotophilus georgianus, sublaterally. The sides of the face are somewhat Alle).-'l'This is the Vesper. georgianus of F. Cuvier, inflated. lhere is a fringe of short hairs on the Leconte and Wagner, TVesper. monticolaof Bachman, mouth and lower jaw. The ears are high, elliptical, Vesper. crassus of F. Cuvier, and Vesper. ealarii of pointed and nearly hairless. They are strongly con- the same. The head is flat, but less heavy and thick vex on the inner border, and quite straight on the than the other Scotophili, and moderately haily. Te outer. At the base of the outer border is a well- sides of tihe face are prominent and studded with developed lobe. The fur is not so full as in others. hairs. T'he nose is fiat, broad and hairless; the nosrl'he general color is olive-brown. Iairs are black- trils are small, oblique and opening sublaterally. Tahe ish at base, of a dirty brown at centre. In front, fua is thick. long and soft. Color is dark rufous-brown the color is not so dark as in the rear. The denti- on the back, brighter in front. The base of the hairs tion is: Molars, 4; Canines, +; Incisors, ag; Canines, in front and behind is a dark plumbeous. TIyhe fur; Molars, A; = 30 teeth. The expanse of wings, extends to the upper third of the posterior surface of twelve to thirteen inches. (Allen in Proc. Phil. the interfemoral membrane, the anterior surface of AcTd. Nat. Sciences.) which is decorated with numerous small tufts, arVOL. I.-d. xxvi CHEIROPTERA.-MAHIMALIA. CHEIROPTERA. ranged transversely. The fur of the body encroaches Vespertilio evotis, Allen. —This has a head rather a little upon the front surface of the wing membrane. small, with pointed face somnewhat covered with The wings extend to the base of the toes. The point whiskers. The snout is produced; the ears are large, of the tail is a little exserted, or free from the high, and erect and oval. The last joint of the tail membrane. The skull is small and thin; it is flat, is exserted, or free. The membranes are a light but not so much so as in other Scotophili. r'The brown color, in some darker. Hair is long, plumdentition is: Molars, 6; Canines, +; Incisors, 4; beous in color at the base behind, with light brown Canines, M; Molars, -; = 34 teeth. The expanse of tips, inclined to yellowish towards the head.'The wing ranges from eight to nine inches. This Bat fur in front is dark maroon, or black at base, with is found in Pennsylvania, and extends to Texas and whitish tips. Th'lis has the largest ear of an.y AmeriMexico. can species of Vespertilio. The cranium is very much THE SILVERY-HAIRED BAT (Scotophihts noctiva- inflated, the face slender and pointed. Dentition: gars). —'lhis is the Vesper. noctivagans of Leconte, Molars, 6; Canines, ~; Incisors, 4; Canines, +; MoVesper. auduboni Harlan, and V. pulverulentus of lars, -; = 38 teeth. Temminck, Leconte and Prince Maximilian. Thle head No specimens have been found east of the Rocky of this Bat is flat, broad and moderately hairy.'l'he Mountains. It is common along the Pacific Coast, snout is hairless; the nostrils are widely separated, fiom Puoet Sound to Lower California. Its wing opening sublaterally, the space between being emar- expanse is from 8;-6 to 10 inches. ginate. The sides of the face are somewhat swollen. THE LITTLE BROWN BAT (Vespertilio subulatius, 1The skin of the face and ears is blackish, with the ex- Say) is the V. californicus of Bachman and Peale, ception of the internal basal lobe of the latter, which V.'caroli of Wagner and Temminck, and V. domnesticus is whitish. The fur is long and silky, tending to of Green. The head is light, moderate in size; face black in color; in some cases, the tips of the hairs is whiskered; ears smaller than in the preceding. are hoary. r'he color is very much the same on both The tragus is erect and half the height of the ear; sides the body. The thumb is small and furred the interfemoral membrane is smallest. The point of slightly; the wing is furred on the posterior surface. tail is exserted, or free. Tl'he dentition is the same Thle dentition is: Molars, 6; Incisors, 46; Canines, +; as in the last mentioned. The expanse of wing is Molars, 6; and Canines, j; = 36 teeth. The expanse about nine inches. Specimens of this Bat are from of wing is about twelve inches. This species resem- Nova Scotia, Maine, and through tile Middle States bles, somewhat, the European S. discolor of Kuhl. to Mexico. It inhabits the region extending from the Atlantic Vespertilio affinis, Allen.-This is a new species, Coast to the Rocky Mountains. In some instances, described by Dr. Allen. Tile head is moderate in specimens are found to be entirely black. size, slightly depressed; face hairy; ears small, inner THE WESTERN BAT (Scotophilus hesp2erus), de- border convex, outer concave. Lip is whiskered; scribed by Dr. Allen as a very small species, and re- body is robust; feet longs and slender, a few curved sembles the S. pipistrellus of Europe, in the shape of hairs at the base of the nails. The wilng membranes its hlead, &c.'I'he head is small and flat, the face are attached midway to the base of the toes. Tile being blunt and stout, with no hairs. The wing point of the tail is free; thumb is rather large; wing membranes are attached to the base of toes. The memlbranes dark brown, but thin. The fur is thicker body is slender.'The tip of tail is covered by the behind than in front, and extends a little onto the rmembrane-not exserted.'I'The fur is somewhat interfemoral membrane. The color is a lustrous light scanty, thickest on the back, where it is an obsciure, chestnut-brown above; below, it is the same color of dirty gray, blending in some to a brownish color, that a lighter shade, inclining to yellowish. The dentition in front being thinnerand of a lighter hue. The bulk is the same as in the preceding. This is from the of the fur is a dark plumbeous, the above mentioned vicinity of Fort Smith, Arkansas. colors referring only to the tips. The dentition is: THE BLUNT-NOSED BAT (Vespertilio lucifugus, Molars, -; Canines, I; Incisors, 4; Canines, I; Mo- Leconte)-V. brevirostris of Maximilian —has a large, lars, -; = 34 teeth. Its wing expanse is about seven somewhat flattish head, with lips covered partially inches. IHabitat California. with hair. IThe snout is more obtuse than in other species of Vespertilio. The nostrils are sublateral VESPERTILIO.-Kreyserling and Blasius and some distance from the free border of the upper In this genus the molars are 6. The skull is in- lip. The ears are narrow, blunt at the tip, and slightly flated, raised above the line of the nasal bones; the emarginate on the outer side. The tragus is half as internal basal lobe of the ear sharply defined, and higlas the auricle. A well-defined space on the chin. more or less acute. Linnaeus gave the term Vesper- The feet are large, the interfemoral membrane of tilio to the whole order of CHEIROPTERA. The word moderate size. The point of tail is fiee. Tilhe is suggestive and appropriate, as well as euphonious- color is similar to that of V. subulatus. The dentireferring to the crepuscular habits of the creatures tion as in V. evotis. The narrow, blunt ear, short described-as.Vesper-timrre is the portion of the day face and the elevation of the nostril above the free when they "most do congregate" and sally forth. margin of the upper lip, are characters which distinGeoffri'oy St. IHilaire restricted the term to the Naked- guish this species. V. daubentonii of Europe bears nosed Bats. It has been since used in a still more some relation to this, in thle shape of the ears and restricted sense. tragus. A form sent to the Smithsonian Institution, CHEIROPTERA.-MAMMALIA. CHEIROPTERA. xxvii from St. Louis, Dr. Allen remarks, has the wing flat, not very broad, and the face is somewhat covered mnembrane attached to the ankles, the foot being en- with hair. Lips are thin and compressed. The facial tirely free. Iii other respects, it agrees with V. luci- crest is elevated on a line with the nostrils, the latter fugus. This present species is common throughout being small and membraneous on the edges, and exthe United States and south to Panama. Its ex- ternally wider than internally, opening almost laterpanse of wing is 8.6 to 10 inches. ally, and with a shallow concavity between them. THE GILA BAT (Vespertilio yumanensis, Allen). — The ears are very large and slightly hairy on the inFrom that dreaded military post, where the heat is said ternal border. ThL'e tragus is half as hiogh as the ear, to be " unutterable," Major Geo. H. Thomas sent a straight on the inner edg6, diverging on the outer, specimen of this Bat, which Dr. Allen has named for and having a circular lobe at the base, almost at right the locality-Fort Yuma being situated on the Gila angles to the tragus proper. The hair is long, fine River. In general appearance, says Dr. Allen, this and soft. On the upper parts it is dark at the base, Bat resembles both V. subulatus and Scotophilus quite blackishl; the tips are dusky and brownish. georgianus. It is, however, smaller than the former, The base of the ear is covered with hair, a delicate the membranes more delicate, the foot proportion- line extending up the internal border. The fur of the ately larger, the interfemoral membrane smaller, but belly is like that of the back. The interfelnoral it agrees with it in the subulate tragus and in the membranes are naked, and the base of. the thumb, dentition. Its relation to S. georgianus is seen in also, hairless. The thumb and foot are slender, a few the light brownish snout and ear; its variance there- long hairs on the back of the latter. This Bat is from, in the longer and more acuminate tragus, the confined to the South Atlantic States. Specimens smaller size of the thumb, and the difference in the num- range fiom nine to eleven inches in expanse of wing. ber of the molars. Its expanse is from 8.6 to 9 inches. TOWNSEND'S SYNOTUS (Synotus towzsendi, WaigTHE CALIFORNIA BAT ( Vespertilio nitidus, Allen). ner). —'his resembles the preceding, but is stouter, This is described and named by Dr. Allen, in the and the membranes are somewhat lighter. The face Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, for 1862. It bears is broader and more lengthened. The crests are high a strong resemblance to V. mystacinus of Europe. A and well-defined, with the wart between the internal specimen, labelled V. oregonensis by Dr. Leconte, in border of the ear and mouth larger than in S. macrothle Smithsonian Institution, is thought by Dr. Allen tis. Thle tragus is of the saime general shape, with to be this species. Tile V. Nitidus is small in body; marked lobe at the base.'The small ovate lobe near thIe head and face are very hairy; the liostrils separa- the angle of the mouth is seen as in the preceding ted by a narrow, slightly emarginate space.'The ears species.'The limbs are slender. and the thumb and are lonlger than the head. The lips are extensively foot rather small. T'he hair is everywhere thick, fine whiskered; the thumb and foot small.''he tip of the and long. In color it is brown above, the hairs not so tail is rarely free. rhe fur is long and silky. The base marked in two colors, the base being only slightly of the hair is plumbeous, that behind having russet and darker. In front it is lighter, where it inclines to a brown tips, and in front it is a lighter russet or ashy ferrug'inous brown at base. The back of the foot is onl the tips.'I'he interfemoral membrane is naked, slightly furred.'The dentition is tile same as in the excepting the usual tuft at the shoulders, and a few preceding; the central incisors of the upper jaw are, lightish hairs arranged transversely in front. The however, more distinctly bifid at the cutting edge. dentition as in V. evotis. As far as ascertained, It-inhabits the central regions of tile United States. this species is confined to the west of the Rocky Specimens are fiom Utah and Upper Missouri. Tile Mountainls. Its expanse of wing ranges from 7 to winlg expanse is fiom ten to eleven inches. It is the 8.6 inches. Plecotus townsendi of Cooper. SYNOTUS. —Keyserling and Blasizs. ANTROZOUS.-A llen. This genus has, as characters, very large ears, the This ogenus is established in a paper by Dr. Allen, outer border extended anteriorly as far as the tragus. published in Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1862. It There are large excrescences on the nose, continuous differs from Vespertilio in the hligh and slenlder snout, with tile inner border of the ear. A semicircular fold the crested and narrow skull, elevated, broad ears, is seen on the base of the outer border of the ear. and in having one incisor less on each side, in either It has no tongue-shlaped appendage at the base of jaw. T'he head is large; nose highll, tapering and the inner border, as in the genus Plecotus. narrow; the snout aingular and blunt; the nostrils As represented by Keyserling and Blasius in Wiegm. situated on the apex of the snout; the outer borders Archiv.fiir Naturg., 1839, this genus includes both are joined above in a transverse line; the eyes are tie species in the United States. It is closely allied to large; the ears are longer thanl the head, and not Plecotus, a European genus, as both are to Vespertilio. joined.'I'he skull is lomng, with a small crest at the'T'he skull is rather large; cranium is inflated, and it posterior, tapering towards the anterior. The dentihas no occipital crest. Dentition is: Molars, A; tion is: Molars, 1; Canines, 1; Incisors, 1; Canines, Canines,; Incisors, 6; Canines, l-; Molars, 6; =-; Molars, 5; -= teeth 28. teeth 36. THE PALE BAT (Antrozous pallidus, Allen). — THE BIG-EARED- BAT (Synotus macrotis, Alleln). Leconte records it in PJroc. Phil. Acad. N. S., 1855, as This is the Plecotus macrotis of Leconte, P. lecontii Vespertilio pallidus, and Baird, also, the same, in Reof Cooper, Synotus lecontii of Wagmer. The head is port Mez. Bound. Survey, 1858.'The head of this spe xxviii CHEIROPTERA. -_MA1AMMALIA.-CHEIRoPTERA. cies is partially covered with hair of alight brown color. Macrotis mexicana of Saussure is very near the last Over each eye is a small wart; between the outer named species, and is found in same region. A border of the ear and angle of the mouth is a larger species, described by Gray as Macrotis waterhousii, one, and under the lower jaw is another. The ears is found in TIayti, Jamaica and other West India are high, elliptical, and at the hinder part of the base islands. Both of the latter are very closely allied, if covered with hair. Alongr the inner border of the ear not identical with, M. californicus of Baird. Moris a narrow slip of fur, and along the anterior portion moops blainvillei of Leach is found in Cuba and of the ear is a still narrower band of fur. The tragus Mexico. Aelo cinnammomea of Schinz is also from is half as high as the auricle, lancolate, and, in many Cuba. Five others of this genus are. respectively, instances, terminating in a fine point, sometimes in a from Brazil, Hayti and Jamaica. Phyllodia parnellii blunt one; it is straight on its inner border, diverging of Gray is from Jamaica. on its outer, where it is finely toothed or crenulated. In the genus Phyllostoma, there are twenty-two Thle outer border of the ear does not reach the angle species recorded as inhabiting Brazil and Mexico. of the mouth by several lines. TIhe feet are rather In the Voyage of the Betagle, Darwin gives a fine large. Two varieties of color are observed-the fawn figure and description of Phyllostoma grayii. This is and the yellowish-brown. In the latter, tile inter- said to be the species described as P. childreni, from femoral membrane is destitute of hair, and at the base Pernambuco. Lophostoma is represented by two of the thumb a few brown hairs are seen. This Bat species in the Bolivian Cordilleras and in Guatemala. measures in wing expanse from eleven to twelve Centurio flavigulus of Gray is from Cuba, C. mexiinches. Specimens are from California, Oregon, New canus of Saussure from Mexico, C. senex of Gray Mexico and Texas. from Brazil, Schizostoma minutum of Gervais in South America generally. In the genus Glossophaga, SOUTH AMERICAN CHEIROPTERA. or Phyllophora of some authors, is one species found D'ORBIGNY'S BAT (Desmodus d'o7lbignyi). —This in Surinam, Brazil and the West Indies. G. breviis one of the "blood-sucking" creatures, or " Vam- caudum of Maximilian is hemiderma of some, and pires," so dreaded by all travelers in the tropical childreni of Gray; found in Brazil and Surinamn. regions of South America, and about which there has Glossophaga is Anoura of Gray; it has two speciesbeen much dispute, many naturalists doubting the ecaudata of Geoffroy, and geoffroyi of Gray. truth of the stories told concerning its blood-thirsty The following named Chei-roptera are found in propensities. Mr. Charles Darwin, duringhis travels, South America, or near Central America, and in the which are recorded in the Voyage of the Beagle, had West Indies. Sturnira has two species. Arctibeus opportunities to verify the statement that this Bat has seven, having~ a range from the West Indies to actually does suck the blood from beasts, and in some Chili. Brachyphyllia has one in Cuba. Sternoinstances that of Man. HIe says they are the cause derma three in Mexico and Chili. Phyllonicteris of much trouble in these regions. IHe was bivouacked one in Jamaica. Among the Gymnnorrhines, Noctilio on one occasion, near Coquimbo, in Chili, when his has two in Jamaica and Brazil, one being common servant was aroused by hearing the horses restive, to both countries. Nyctonomus is represented by two and apparently annoyed by some unusual cause. He in the West Indies and in Nortl Ainerica. Nyctellus thought he could distinguish some object on the lepidus is found in Cuba.'Thyroptera bicolor and horse, and when he suddenly clasped his hands upon'1'. tricolor are, respectively, from the Amazon and it, found that lie had captured a Vampire. In the Surinam. Emballonura has seven species in Brazil morning, it was found that the horse's back was and Surinam. Diclidurus albus of Maximilian is found swollen and inflamed in one spot, and the blood had in Brazil; Ichnoglossa rivalis of Sauss in Mexico and flown out of a wound made by some sharp agent. Orizaba.'l'hese Bats have no molars to grind food with, but Dysopes, a genus widely distributed in the Old as have sharp incisors and canines. The small size of well as the New World, has, according to Murray, the interfeiroral membrane gives greater freedom to twenty-one species on this continent, mostly in South the motion of the legs, and the unusually great size America. Furipterus has two species; Natalus has of the claw and thumb gives a greater power for this also two, all from Brazil and Guiana. Hyonycteris fastening upon the sides of beasts; there seems to be is represented in two species in Central America an evident development of parts for this mode of and Quito. Nycticejus has two in South America. life. Lasiurus has four in America, and several in the Old Desmodus murinus is describedby Wagner as having World. Scotophilus has seven in South America a range through New Mexico. Desmodus rufus of and Cuba, as well as many in the Old World. SixMaximilian appears to be the same as cinerea of teen species of Vespertilio are found in the southern I)'Orbigny and the fuscus o Lund, which is found in portion of this continent. ranging firom Cuba to Chili. Brazil, Bolivia and Guatemala. Tylostoma miexicana Many others are found in the northern portions, and is mentioned by Saussure as common in Mexico. in the Old World. INSECTNVORA.-MAMMALIA. -INSECTIVORA. XXiX ORDER IV.-INSECTIVORA.* THE Insect-eaters are characterized by having varia- S. araneus from France. Seven species of Sorex have ble canine and incisor teeth, the molars being prism- been taken fiom the Miocene of France. A genusshaped, with acute cusps. The feet are plantigrade, Mysarachne-with one species from Auvergne, and and provided with claws; the digits are not elonga- Plesiosorex talpoides, from the same. In Sansans, ted, nor thumbs opposable. The clavicles are corn- France, a. Blarina. plete. As an Order, these creatures are not largely A well-approved arrangement of the members of represented in America.: They are not found at all this Order is that of Dr. J. A. Wagner, in the fifth in South America, nor in Australia. It is an interest- volume of his supplement to Schreber's ASaugthiere, ing fact that those regions that form the exceptions, published in 1855. Five families are established, as are inhabited by Marsupials; the latter being, as is well follows: Dermoptera, Indian Archipelago; Scandenknown, found in no other. One genlus-Solenodon — tic, India, Borneo and Java; So?'icid, East Indies, which has given much trouble, in so far as its true Europe, Africa, North America; Talpidca, spread place is concerned, is found in Cuba and St. Domingo. over the whole world, save South America and New Some, as the North American Shrews, are found as Holland; Aculeata, confined to the Old World. Of far south as Mexico. these, only two families concern us, viz: So-iciids The food of these animals, as the name imports, is and TalpidcE. almost exclusively insects, worms, snails, etc. Trhe teeth are found to be admirably adapted to their work, being provided with cutting edges for tearing, and The ancient naturalist, Pliny, has left us the term flat surfaces for grinding their food. Sorex, a Shrew-mouse, which is now embodied in the Many of them live under ground, subsisting on present family designation. The Shrews are Mouseworms obtained in the long and winding furrows, like in appearance, with a considerably elongated which they construct in connection with their nests. muzzle. There are no distinguishable canines, except, As mild and harmless as they seem-and no animal perhaps, in some cases spurious ones. The bony looks more so than a Mole or Shrew-they are really annulus of the orbit is wanting, or imperfect. The most vicious. They fight with exceeding fury, and ear has a distinct concha. The feet are regular and the victorious curiously emulates the example of the normal, the anterior pair being smaller than the poslord of the forest, by scalping and mutilating his terior. These characters of feet and ears distinguish enemy. They are also excellent swimmers, being able it readily from the Family Talpidce. On the sides of to cross quite sizable streams. the tail of these creatures are peculiar glands. EXTINCT INSECTIVORA. SUB-FAMIILY —SORICIND. The first traces of Mammals found by geologists Under this head we have three genera, belon(ring were Insectivorous Marsupials. Remains, also, have to North America, viz: Neosorex, Sorex and Blarina. been found at a very early date, which are referred These are spread over the whole of the northern by some to the true Insectivores. The Stereogna- hemisphere, some being seen very far in the North. thus, from Stonesfield beds, is claimed to be of this The region of the Rio Grande is their southernmost Order, though by others to be of the Ruminantia. A limit, though, in the Old World, species are found in lower jaw of a small so-called insectivorous animal, Southern and Central Africa. named Spalacotherium, was found in the Purbeck Ihlle genus Sorex includes the larger number of the beds; thus placing Mammalia midway between the American species. The largest forms are found in older Oolitic and the older Tertiary Periods. The in- the genus Blarina; and these are quite unlike any sect nature of these ancient forms is indicated by the of the Old World. presence of insects in large numbers in the Purbeck beds. In the Tertiary beds numerous remains are found, which have received the following generic This genus, established by our accomplished Amernames: Dimylus, Geotrypus, Iyporysius, Palmeospalax. ican naturalist, Prof. S. F. Baird, is characterized by Talpa europea has been found fossil in the bone caves having the ears rather short, and partly furred on of Europe, T. coeca in Italy, T. minuta in South both surfaces; they are also valvular in form. The France, Dimylus paradoxus in Miocene beds at dental formula is given as follows: Anterior Incisors, Weissenau, Geotrypus acutidens in Miocene of Au- 2; Lateral Incisors and Premolars,'-5; Molars, 4-4; vergne, G. antiqus. in freshwater Miocene, Auvergne, = 32. The upper anterior incisor has a well-defined Hyporysius tellurus, South France; Galeospalax myg- hook at the base. the lower one with two tubercles daloidesin Auvergne, Palaeospalax mnagnus inOstend. and a notch.'l'he first two upper premolar teeth Sorex foidens has been found fossil in England. are equal, and larger than the fourth, which exceeds * For much of the material under the present and succeeding Orders, we have drawn upon the U. S. Pacific R. R. Reports of Explorations and Suzrveys. ZOology by Prof. S. F. Baird. XXX INSECTIVORA. MAMMALIkA INSECTIVORA. the third, and equals the basal hook of the anterior lines. Its large feet and claws, and very thick tail, one. The fifth is smallest. All the teeth are colored are also highly characteristic. The tail appears very at the tip. The tail is longer than the body, with a thick, as much so as in Mus musculus. All the teeth pencil of hairs at its end. are chestnut in color at the tips." NAVIGATOR SHREW (Neosorex navigator).-This FORSTER'S SHREW (Sorexforsteri).-This is one of species is described by Prof. Baird from a skin sent the older and well-known species. It was first noticed to the Smithsonian Institution, by Dr. Cooper, which by Forster, in the T'rans. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Phil. he procured at Fort Vancouver, W. T. It is said to It is found in the Eastern States, being quite common very nearly resemble the S. fimbripes of Bachman, in New York. It is small, of a dark cinereous color, but may be distinguished by its longer tail, which is tipped with brown; beneath, it is cinereous. Its fur nearly one half longer than the body, instead of being is short; ears broad and hairy. Tail is nearly as long shorter. The hind feet are much longer. The fur as the body. In length it is four inches. DeKay is very long and full, and is extremely soft; its color gives the following description: "Body slender; nose above and on the sides is a mixed, hoary and smoky elongated and divided at the tip; whiskers long, white brown. and black; fur fine and short; feet slender, with five white and slender toes; tail four-sided, with a slight pencil of hairs at the tip." This genus is common to both Continents, and em- RICHARDSON'S SHREW (Sorex richardsonii).braces the larger portion of existing species. Baird records the present species, with the following TROWBRIDGE'S SOREX (Sorex trowobridgii) has a remarks: " A single skin of what I believe to corresslender body, elongated, with a snout broad, depressed pond to the S. richardsonii of Bachman, lhas a considand pointed. Its whiskers are numerous, moderately erable resemblance to S. forsteri, but is larger, and the long, and light colored. The ears are unusually large. tail shorter in proportion. Like it, the ears are small T'he fore-feet are large in proportion, and quite broad. for this group, less than in the much smaller S. cooperi. The palms are broad; and the tail is the length of The tail is shorter than the body, exclusive of the the body. The color is a dark sooty brown or black, head, but scantily provided with hair.''he hairs of intermixed with hoary. Its habitat is principally in the back are very short, only about 0.15 of an inch. the North Western Territories; it is not found east There is a distinct gland on the side, about one third of the Rocky Mountains, being as common on the of an inch long, and one twentieth wide, covered with Pacific side as Scalops aquaticus is on the Atlantic. short, close, silky hairs, indicating the position of the THE VAGRANT SHREW (Sorex vagrans). —Fron musk gland. The color above is a rusty iron-gray, Dr. Cooper's ms., the present species has been de- the under parts lighter." scribed, and also from skins sent from the Western THE BROAD-NOSED SHREW (Sorex platyrrhinus). Territories to the Smithsonian Institution. S. va- This little species is thought to be closely allied to grans is characterized by having the ears moderately the Long-nosed Shrew of Bachman, but differs in large; fur rather long and full; feet rather small; tail general color, larger size, and its proportionally longer longer than the body, scantily haired at the tip. The tail. De Kay, in Natural History of New York third lateral tooth above is smaller than the fourth. V7zammals, speaks of a specimen found by Mr. Bell at The anterior, upper incisor has a rounded internal Tappan, in Rockland County. It was captured lobe, in broad contact with its fellow. The color in a cellar of an old house, was exceedingly aoile, and above is olive-brown, varied with hoary; beneatli, it when excited, emitted a shrill, twittering squeak. It is dusky yellowish-white. Sides are a little paler ate greedily of flesh, but died in a few days. It seems than the back. Head and body measure two inches; quite unaccountable why certain animals die so quicktail one and two thirds. The teeth are all chestnut ly after capture, though they may be well cared for, colored at the tips. and seemingly, no harm has been done them. The SUCKLEY'S SHREW (Sorex suckleyi).-This differs Broad-nose is so minute that it has gained the repufrom the preceding in being of a chestnut-brown, tation of being one of the smallest quadrupeds on the instead of an olive-brown color; the belly is less pure Continent, the weight of one specimen being only 47 in its lighter parts. Its fur is much shorter, the feet grains. In distribution, it is known to range from Eastsmaller, tile skull broader, and ears considerably ern Massachusetts to Ohio, and as far north as Burlingsmaller. The species is named for Dr. George Suck- ton, Vt. Its specific characters are: ears large and ley, one of the naturalists connected with the Western conspicuous, tail scarcely longer than the body, and expeditions. The color above is a light chestnut- only scantily provided with hair. The upper prebrown; beneath, it is grayish-white. Its length is molars are imbricated anteriorly, and decreasing two and a quarter inches; tail one and a half. gradually in size. Color above, chestnut or dark THICK-TAILED SHREW (Sorex pachyurus).-This brown; beneath, pale cinereous. Length over two is readily distinguished from the others by its full fur, inches; tail scarcely exceeding one and a half inches. thick tail, large feet, &c. It is found in the North The ears are large, and generally very distinctly visWestern States. Baird describes it as a new species, ible. and remarks: "The body of this species appears COOPER'S SHREW (Sorex cooperi). —This isanother unusually stout and full, owing to the length of the of a group of Shrews that have considerable resermnfur, which exceeds that of any American specieswitlh blance to each other. Their habits are not well which I am acquainted, measuring on the back five known, consequently there is little to be recorded, INSEGTIVORA.-MAMMALIA.-INSECTIVORA. xxxi excepting some of the characteristic features which observation, one specimen weighing less than twentymay render them distinguishable to the inquiring two grains. It is readily distinguished, by its olivereader. The specific characters of this Shrew are: brown color and small number of lateral incisors, as body very slender and small; ears ratherlarge; longest well as diminutive feet, from S. personatus and S. hairs on back about one and a half lines. Feet slen- cooperi. In form, it resembles S. hoyi, but is much der, but moderately long. Tubercles on the sole, large smaller in size and proportions, much darker in color, and distinct. Tail nearly as long as the head and has larger ears, less dentations on the lower anterior body, well pencilled at the tip. Third upper premo- incisors, &c. It is named after the late Zadock lar tooth above equal to the fourth. Premolars not Thompson of Vermont. imbricated. Anterior upper incisor with an inner lobe in contact with its fellow. Color above, light chestnut-brown; beneath, pale brownish or chestnut- This genus includes the short-tailed Shrews, and a white. Length mostly under two inches; tail one prominent characteristic is the apparent absence of and ten twelfths. ears. It is considered a very natural group, and one HAYDEN'S SHREW (Sorex haydeni). —This re- differing entirely from any other in the world. The sembles the S. personatus, excepting in size, the lat- Blarinas are divisible into two sections: A. with five ter being smaller. The hands are broader in the premolars in upper jaw, and B. with four upper prepresent species, and the tail is larger and thicker. It molars. also bears a close resemblance to S. cooperi. Its THE MOLE-LIKE BLARINA (Blarinac talpoides), colors are light, but not bright, grayish, chestnut- called, also, the CAROLINA SHREW. —This is one of the brown above; beneath, lighter yellowish-white, with section A., having thirty-two teeth, including five a tinge of brown. rThe tail is brown above, dusky at premolars in upper jaw. This is a large species, the tip and beneath, with the feet light gray. The tip measuring three and a half to four inches, with a tail of the teeth are pitchy-chestnut. The teeth are thirty- four tenths of an inch. Its color is a bright lustrous two in number. The specific characters are: Head iron-gray over the surface, the base being of a slate less than eight tenths of an inch, acutely attenuated. color. T'he nose and feet are flesh colored. The nests Body about 1.-7-1- of an inch; vertebrae of tail, 1.-,7%%-. of this Mole are about a foot under ground, com-'Tail very thick and swollen; hind feet, four tenths of posed of fibres of roots and grasses. They feed on an inch. worms, larvae of insects, etc. It is the most abunTHE MASKED SHREW (Sorex personatus).-This dant of the North American Shrews, and is found species was described by Bachman formerly as the S. everywhere in the Northern States, reaching south longirostris, and is continued as such in Auduzbon and as far as Georgia. Bachman's N. A. Quadbdrupeds. It is nearly the small- THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW (Blarina brevicauda). est of the group. The specific name of this species This is the largest of all the North American Shrews. would seem to indicate some special characteristic, The prevailing color is a blackish-plumbeous on the but we cannot find any allusion to the matter in the back and sides, dark plumbeous beneath. There is various descriptions published. This is probably one sometimes a faint purplish gloss on the fur above. of the too frequent cases of attaching meaningless The head is very broad and massive, rather obtuse. names. If a creature has a remarkable specific Tail, with its hairs, about as long as its head. character, it should by all means be recognized, by De Kay says he has seen specimens from New Jeradoption of its name; but there is little sense in call- sey, and has heard of its capture in Albany. It has ing an animal masked, when their are no signs of been taken in Connecticut, also. From a specimen such a character present. The color above and on taken in Queen's Co., N. Y., the following description its sides is a light chestnut-brown; beneath, dull is given by De Kay: "Rostrum robust, broad; whiswhite, with a tinge of chestnut. Length, one and kers numerous,long, radiating; those along the margin three quarter inches; tail, one and one twelfth. This of the mouth, 0.5 lolng. A projecting fleshy septum species is considered to be closely allied to S. platyr- just anterior to the two upper incisors, and'extending rhinus, though smaller. The tail and hind feet are nearly between them. Fur thick, moderately long, shorter in proportion. Its habitat is throughout the dark brown, very sparse around the region of the Middle States. mouth and on the extremities, rather allowing the HAY'S SHREW'(Sorel hoyi).-This is from Wis- skin beneath to be seen; rather more dense on the cousin, and measures about the same as the preced- tail. Nose dark brown, bifid. Eyes, with a small ing. Its color above is olive chestnut-brown, with a naked space around them, 0.55 distant from the nose. little hoariness. It is described by Baird as very Auditory hole large, transverse, narrow beneath, small and slender, with prominent ears; very small naked, with an oblique septum across the upper half, feet, the posterior five eighths the length of the skull. and a small lobe near the middle, about 0.6 posterior Tail about the length of the body, exclusive of the to the eye. Fore-feet 0.5 long,; three toes subequal, head. Only four lateral upper teeth. All the teeth longest; outer slightly longer than inner. Tuberlarge and dark colored. Anterior upper incisor with cles on the palm, six —two in a line behind the inner very prominent, serrated lobe on the inner face, in toe, and two behind the outer, the fifth between the contact with its opposite. base of the second and third toes (counting firom THOMPSON'S SHREW (S. thomrnpsoni). —" The small- the outside), and the sixth. is placed at the base of estspecies," says Prof. Baird," tha.t has come under my the fourth toe. On the hind feet the tubercles are Xxxii INSECTIVORA.-MAMMALIA. INSECTIVORA. similar in number and situation, but are larger and in the region of Hudson's Bay, but not in the United more distinct. Tail cylindrical, very slightly tapering. States. Its length is three and a half inches; the Total length, 4 inches; of the tail, 0.75; hind feet, tail is two and seven twelfths. Tile back is hoary0.75." Specimens of this Shrew are described by black; the belly ash-gray. Prof. Baird, from Illinois, Nebraska and Iowa. FRINGE-FOOTED SHREW (Sorex flmbriata). —Dr. CAROLINA SHREW (Blarina carolinensis).-This Bachman describes this species from a single specimen is the species described by Bachman as the CAROLINA found in Lycoming Co., Pennsylvania. It measured SHREW. In size, it is considerably smaller than B. two and an eighth inches to the root of the tail, the tail talpoides. Its body is stout, with large feet, and a one and three quarters. Above, the color is brown; moderately pointed nose. The hand is large, broader beneath, it is buff.'i'he fur is unusually long. TJhe than the foot, its claws being considerably longer. most notable characteristics are the broad fore-feet, Soles naked, except on the heels. Tail is short, rather and the curious fringe of hairs which border them. less than the head, with short bristly hairs forming a The great paws quite resemble those of a turtle. pencil at tip. The color is a dark leaden-gray above, THE SMALL SHREW (Sorex parvus).-A species beneath a little paler, with a faint gloss of dark sooty- described by Say, in Long's Expedition, 1823. It rebrown on the tips of the hairs above, and a very slight sembles closely Bachman's S. cinereus. hoariness produced by a paler bar near the tips of the HARLAN'S SHREW (Sorex harlani).-A very small hairs above. T'his species differs from brevicauda in Shrew, collected first by Lesueur at New Harmony, having much smaller hands and longer tail. Its body Iid., and described by Duvernoy. It has thirty teeth, is somewhat smaller. This Shrew is common in the and measures two and a fourth inches in length. Its Southern States. color above is brownish-gray, and a purer gray beneath. NARROW-HEADED SHREW (B. angusticeps).- THE SOLENODON (Solenodon paradoxzts). —This Baird describes a Shrew from Burlington, Vt., under little creature, also called NGOUTA, has been a puzzle the above name. " In external appearance," he says, to naturalists; hence its specific name. It is found "it perfectly resembles the B. talpoides, and caroli- in the island of IHavti. Several characters common lensis, but is intermediate between them in size." to other families are united il this form. Its teeth It has some remarkable peculiarities in skull, the lat place it among the Shrews; some externlal characters ter being much narrower than any lie had seen. Tlhe give it an aspect commmon to the Opossums. Its fur outlinie of the jaw outside of the molars, as viewed from is long, harsh and coarse; in color a pale red, tinged above, instead of being convex is stright. The color with yellow. It is rather larger than the commnor is nearly an uniform bluish-gray all over, with a wash rat, having a tail similar to the latter.'I'lle dentition of brown on the back; the feet and tip of tail are of the Agouta is singular. Van der Hoeven says: wvllite. Its length is 2.-q~0o-; tail 1.00. "The two middle incisors of the lower jaw are small, ASH-COLORED SHREW (Blarina cinerea).-Tllis narrow, placed between two long, conical ones, and species, with those following, belongs to the section 13, having four upper premolars, 30 teeth. It is found Fig. ix. in various parts of the country, from the Eastern States.to Georgia and Florida. Its color above is iron-gray, glossed with dark olive-brown; beneath, it is a light gray. Color of the tail sharply defined. Head and body about two and a half inchies. Tail 0.70. WEAK-FOOTED SHREW (B. exilipes). —This is a very small Shrew, having remarkably small feet. Its body is slender. In color, a hoary olive-brown above, with a chestnut tinge; beneath, it is grayish-white. - Tail is bicolored. In. size, the head and body are less..... than two inches; tail about 0.60. The crowns of.. the teeth, as in other species,have the chestnut color- - = —: inig darkest on the tips. The Solenodon. BERLANDER'S SHREW (B. berlandieHi).-This is another small species, with a moderately stout are hollowed on the inside by a deep groove; the secbody. Its fur is full, compact, and soft, but short. ond grooved incisor of the lower jaw distinguishes'I'lle ears are small, and inconspicuous. It is readily this genus from all the others of which the dental distinguished from others, except B. exilipes; from system is known hitherto." Two middle incisors this it may be known by its shorter hair, which re- of the upper jaw are extremely large, almost triangusemnbles long piled velvet, and from the feet, which lar in form, and are separated from the small lateral are broader and larger. More distinction is seen incisors by a considerable interval. This dentition however, in the teeth, which are much larger every would seem to indicate an insect diet, but a living way. The colors are different. The Rio Grande is specimen showed a preference for grain. the most northern limit. No other Shrew has been In general aspect the Solenodon resembles the rat found so far South. as he is seen casually. One species of this curious THE MARSH SHREW (Sorex pamlustris). —This is creature is all that is known at present. The generic regarded as a strongly marked species. It is found term signifies channel-toothed. INSECTIVORA.-MAMMALIA. INSECTIVORA. xxxiii and cartilaginous. The nostrils open either at the FAMIINPAT PIJY ALPD J *end of the muzzle, or laterally or superiorly. This family is characterized by the absence of ex- COMMON MOLE (Scalops aquaticus).-T-his species ternal ears, by having no visible neck, the fore-feet has the same designation as the European species, greatly expanded, with stout fossorial claws, and but the habits and general appearance are quite dislimbs very short. The auditory opening is in some tinct. The American Scalops aquaticus, or Shrewspecies very minute, in others as large as usual. The mole, has thirty-six teeth; eyes and ears excessively eye is extremely small, and often concealed by the minute; the former not covered by integument. integument. The nostrils are sometimes at the end Nostrils antero-superior; palms broader than long, of the snout, and in others lateral or superior. In claws included. Tail nearly naked; feet fully webbed. one genus the snout is surrounded by a fringe, which Color dark plumbeous, with occasionally a brownish'radiates evenly in the form of a star. The tail is tinge. Feet and tail white. This form is bulky and usually short; in some it is as long as the body. The shapeless; its claws are the most noticeable feature, fur is soft, compact and velvet-like. Moles are dis- being large and immensely strong, as is requisite for tributed over the world, with the exception of inter- the work that it accomplishes under ground. Its tropical portions, and South America and Australia. favorite food being the earth-worm, gardens are Three types are peculiar, respectively: Talpa to Europe consequently the scene of its labors, as well as and Asia; Scalops to North America; Chrysochloris other localities, where it proves often to be a doubtto South Africa. All are quite limited in species. ful benefactor-the good resulting from the destrucUrotrichus is a genus hitherto considered peculiar to tion of earth-worms being counterbalanced by the the Cascade Mountains of Washington Territory, but innumerable furrows executed just below the surface has lately been found in Japan, and thus proves to be of garden beds and walks. The Shrew-mole has a the only one known to inhabit the two continents. wide geographical range, being found from Carolina In America the Moles are found in almost all por- as far as 500 of. North latitude, and from the Attions, as far south as Mexico. Condylura inhabit the lantic to the Pacific Coast. In size it is the same as northern portion of the United States, from the the British species —about seven inches in length. Atlantic to the Pacific. One, or possibly two, species SILVER OR PRAIRIE MOLE (Scalops argentatus).of Scalops is restricted to the Pacific Coast; one to This is very similar to the preceding, and small specithe Atlantic; one is found sparsely in Massachusetts, mens are with difficulty distinguished. It is larger New York and Ohio, and another on the prairies of than S. aquaticus, palms rather narrower, and has a Michigan, Illinois and the West. silvery plumbeous fur, which has been likened to The genus Talpa does not exist in America, nor recently cut lead. The general color of the feet and does the American Scalops inhabit any part of Eu- tail is white, the latter being more hairy than in the rope. other species, as well as longer. The ear is also a A genus-Chrysochloris-called the Cape or Gilded little larger. A species is described by Bachman, Mole, from its beautiful greenish-golden fur, is con- under the name Scalops latitnanus-Broad-handed fined wholly to South Africa. It differs from the true Shrew. Its characters are given as follows: Larger Moles in having three fingers developed in the fore- than the common Shrew, intermediate in size between paws, instead of five. The teeth are less in number; S. townsendii and S. breweri. Hair longer and thinbut in general aspect, and in habits, it resembles the ner than on either of the other species, and slightly Mole; their galleries are somewhat deeper. Three curled. Palms larger than any other known. Tail species are known: one from the Cape, one from naked, and color nearly black.' Inhabits Mexico and Natal, and a third from Mozambique. Texas. OREGON MOLE (Scalops townsendii).-This species EXTINCT SPECIES. is characterized by a general color of dark purplish, almost sooty-black, nearly uniform. Eye small, not The Mole has been found fossil in bone caves and covered by integument. Tail rather scantily covered diluvial deposits, and several extinct species of Mole- by hair. Nostrils opening on the upper surface of like animals occur in the Miocene deposits of the the tip of the snout. Palm large and broad. A south of France and of Germany. variety from California is less in size, with palms, tail and muzzle thicker.'The nostrils are more terminal. The color is a light sooty-brown. Tail more hairy. This genus is characterized by an elongated nose, HAIRY-TAILED MOLE (Scalops breweri).-Diswithout fringe; nostrils superior or lateral; eyes tinguished by large ear openings, eyes covered by inhidden; tail short; teeth thirty-six or forty-four, tegument, lateral nostrils, rather narrow, a densely the two anterior upper ones unusually large, and hairy tail, dark plumbeous color, glossed with ashysomewhat like those of a Rodent. The feet have brown. The fur is long and full, not quite so glossy very large, broad palms; the claws are large, de- and soft as in the S. aquaticus. pressed, five in number; the hind feet much narrower than the anterior; the toes are more or less webbed to the claws. r'he tail is short, naked and This genus has the peculiarity of the fringed or hairy. Eyes are very small, sometimes covered by star-shape to the nose, a series of elongated caruncles the integument. Snout is long, depressed, conical surrounding the end of the snout. The nostrils are VOL. I.-e. xXXiv INSECTIVORA. -- MAMMALIA. — CARNIVORA. circular and terminal; tail nearly as long as the body, as there are three true molars, the latter quantity covered by hair. Auditory opening large. This would be divided into: Premolars, -4 and Molars, group of Moles is peculiar to the northern portions -3. The analogy of dentition would, however, make of North America. the formula more probably: Incisors, 3-1; Canines, STAR-NOSED MOLE (Condylura cristata)-Fig. 18, O- -; Premolars, 3-3_; Molars, 3-.;= 2 = 36. The vol. i, p. 64.-This has the general form of Moles. genus Urotrichus in many respects resembles the The color is a uniform dark sooty-brown or blackish. Shrews, and, in fact, may be considered as forming T'he tail is long, without the hairs, about as long as the the connecting link between this family and the Moles, body, exclusive of the head. The term Condylure, through Condylura." meaning" knotty-tail," is absurdly given it, and has GIBBS' MOLE (Urotrichus gibbsii, Baird).-The even been adopted as a generic designation, because the only specimen of this Mole known, at the time the tail, when dried, becomes knotted, from the protusion above record was made (1854), was obtained by Mr. of the vertebrae. The rayed appendage gives to this George Gibbs, of Steilacoom, near the White River, creature a most singular aspect, situated on the ex- Cascade Mountains, Washington Territory. It now tremity of its long and slender snout; its uses are bears the number 662, as a cabinet specimen in the not clearly understood, though it may be service- Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. It is said to able in affording a delicate medium of touch, while bear a close resemblance to the Condylura in color, in the dark caverns that it delights in. feet and tail, from which it is readily distinguished by URoTRICHUs. the much elongated muzzle, and the absence of the radiated snout. Its size is about that of the Sorex This is a genus established by Temminck, which carolinensis. Its color is a uniform dark sootyis characterized as follows: "It has the muzzle pro- plumbeous. The body is about two and a quarter longed into a cylindrical tube, which is continued inches long, and the tail is the same length, exclusive some distance beyond the incisors, and terminates in of the head. The latter is constricted at its base, a simple, naked bulb. The nostrils are cylindrical, thickened at the middle slightly, and comes to a and open on the side.'I'he eyes and ears are con- gradual tapering at the end. It israther smaller than cealed. Tail is long and hairy. Fore-feet moderately the Japanese U. talpoides, as described by Temminck, large, and shorter than the hind ones, the upper and the feet and tail being proportionately larger. The under surfaces of both covered with small plates." color of U. talpoides is maroon-brown. The skull of The interesting fact of the discovery of a member of this specimen was too much injured, and was too this group in America is thus recorded by Prof. immature, to present the dental and other important Baird in U. S. P. R. -R. Explorations and Surveys. characters. The permanent teeth had not taken their Zoology, vol. viii: " I have the pleasure of first intro- places. Prof. Baird has, however, been able to give ducing a genus of Insectivorous Mammals into the the following: " The skull is broader, and narrows Fauna of North America, hitherto only represented anteriorly rather more abruptly than in Scalops. The by a single species, the U. talpoides from Japan. nasal bones extend as far as the anterior edge of the The specimen is unfortunately not quite mature, and upper incisors, as in Scalops, not in Condylura. the skull, with its dentition, is imperfect, so that I am There may be made out an anterior scalpriform inobliged to rely on Temminck for the dental formula. cisor, broader than in Scalops, and projecting downIn external form, this animal exhibits a close resem- wards and behind the two smaller ones of similar blance to Condylura, the only striking difference shape. The permanent canine is not distinguishable, 1Being in the much elongated and tubular muzzle, unless this be indicated by the emerging crown of a without radiations, and the nostrils lateral, not ter- tooth, apparently with two roots. The premolars minal. The feet, hands and tail are very similar. each have two roots. The molars are three in numThe dental formula, according to Temminck, is: In- ber. The lower anterior incisor is much as in Condycisors, -i; Canines, 1-; Molars, o-7; _ 36; or, lura-broad, horizontal and half spoon-shaped." ORDER V.-CARNIVORA. THE Carnivorous animals, or Flesh-eaters, include well as to cut the flesh of their prey. The clavicles those beasts formerly known under the systematic are very small, and in some instances are entirely term FERE, which constituted an Order of the older wanting. The stomach is very simple, and the intesnaturalists.'They are now grouped as follows: Plan- tines are short. Individuals of this Order are found tigrades-those that walk upon the flat palms and in every part of the habitable globe, between two soles —the Bears; and Digitigrades-those walking and three hundred species having been described. upon their digits, or toes and fingers-the Dofgs and Scanty remains of the Carnivorous animals have Cats. The Seals are by some authors included, and been found fossil in the Eocene and the Lower Mioare called Pinnigrades, from the fact that they pro- cene formations. In the caves of the diluvial degress by means of their fins, or fin-like feet. The posits, about the time of the Glacial Epoch, fossil teeth of the Carnivora are sharp and scissor-like, four remains were deposited. The caves of Brazil have of them being stout and long, and adapted to tear as furnished very interesting material, attributable to CAxNIVORA.- MAMMALIA.-OARNIvoRA. XXXV the Pliocene Epoch. Some bones have been found to flee from Man quite willingly, and the hunter in the Mauvaises Terres, east of the Rocky Moun- requires little else but a stout staff to kill it. tains. All that were deposited before the Glacial The Glutton feeds on small quadrupeds, and, as we Epoch are regarded as belonging to a different type have seen, when pushed by hunger, readily resorts to from that of existing Carnivores. dead carcasses of the traps. In general aspect this creature is not unlike a Bear, and Linnaeus, on that account, FAMILY —URSID.E. placed it under the title Ursus. It is not often seen alive in collections. A specimen was kept in the ZOoThis small group includes the Bear-like forms en- logical Society's Gardens, in London, where an opporbraced in the' genera Gulo, Taxidea, Procyon, Nasua tunity was offered to study its habits to a certain extent. and Cercoleptes. They are small in size, and differ Itwassaid to haveratheragood-humored aspect,except from the true Bears in having longer tails. when it showed its teeth. It was restless, and climbed the trees with ease, playing upon the branches with GULo. —Storr. considerable skill and freedom. The young are said In this genus, which has but one existing species to make their appearance about May-the litter num(allowing the American and European to be identical), bering from two to four at birth. Its specific characthere are thirty-eight teeth. The molars are five in ters are seen in its dark brown hair, black tail and number above,'and six below. The lower sectorial legs (save the base), a lighter broad band on the flanks, tooth has no internal tubercle. The soles are densely which passes over the base of the tail and rump, and hairy, and furnished with six small, naked pads. The a grizzled light patch along the temples. The head tail is nearly equal to the head in length, and is very is pointed somewhat, as in the Bears. The muffle is bushy. The body is stout, and has quite the aspect naked for about a half an inch from the end of the of the true Bears. In the essential features of denti- snout. The eyes are very small; the ears, also, are small tion and general structure, the genus Gulo is like the and concealed in the fur. The feet are large and Martens and Weasels, though differing greatly in strong; these, with the legs, are striking characters, shape. The hairy under surfaces of its paws, and its giving it much of the ursine aspect that is noticeable being only partially plantigrade, have served to place in this species. The claws are very large, sharp and it among the latter, in the arrangement of some curved, the fore-feet being more formidably armed. authors. Baron Cuvier, however, regarded it and The soles are densely covered with stiff hairs. The other genera included in this group, as having a place color is pretty uniform dark purplish-brown; the here, among the Urside. sides of the neck, and a spot between the legs, are Fossil remains of Gulo have been found in the bone white. The length of the Wolverine is about thirtycaves of Germany and in France. Two species were six inches from nose to root of tail; the vertebral enumerated, but Baron Cuvier considered them as tail, nine inches; the hair of the tip, five inches more. belonging to existing species. THE WOLVERINE (Gulo luscus, L'inn.)-Plate 11, fig. 36.-This is the Mustela gulo of Linnaeus, Ursus This genus is characterized by having a stout, gulo of Schreber, G. borealis of Nilsson, Keyserling robust and depressed body, a short tail and remarkably and Wagner. It is identical with the Glutton of large and fossorial claws. The posterior upper molar Europe, and was first described by Linnaeus as Ursus is very large and subtriangular. The skull is wedgegulo, and afterwards as U. luscus. For a time it was shaped. The dentition is: Incisors, A-s; Canines, regarded as distinct in species from the European -_-; Premnolars, 3-i (including the upper sectorial); animal. The Wolverine is an inhabitant of the colder Molars, L-2- (including lower sectorial); - 32 teeth. regions of the two continents, though it is occasion- In young specimens there is an additional premolar ally seen in Northern New York. In the Rocky (first), which soon disappears; this adds 1 —1 preMountains it is common; and it has been seen in molar to the lower jaw, making 34 in all. This genus some parts of Missouri. The most southern locality is common to North America only. Two species are known is the basin of the great Salt Lake. Fabulous known-one in Mexico, and the other inhabits the accounts are extant concerning the ferocity of this Western U. S. and British Columbia. Skulls brought creature. In this country it is principally notori- from Mexico and California were examined byWaterous for depredations among the traps of the Marten house, and he established the genus, erroneously rehunters, whose bait, and even captured prizes, it garding the British-American species as identical frequently purloins. In the districts north of Raquette with the present. It is regarded as astonishing that Lake, in New York State, it is yet occasionally this animal should have been confounded with Meles seen. The celebrated John Hunter, a half breed of the Old World. The most noticeable feature in among the Indians of Canada, calls this creature Trlaxidea is in the occipital region, which is greatly gwing-gwah-gay, which, he says, means a " tough expanded, the width being equal to that of the skull. thing," or, a " hard character," referring undoubtedly The skull of Meles is more like Procyon than Taxidea. to its character and disposition. The Wolverine was In the latter the occipital crests are well developed, formerly found as far south as Carolina. It is rare the saggital only moderately.'he differences bein all regions. Prof. Emmons states that it still tween these two forms are seen also in the teeth, exists in the Hloosac Mountains, Massachusetts. though they have the same nunlber.'I'hough having a reputation for ferocity, it is said Under the term Badger, Murray records"' three and xxxvi CARNIVORA.-MAMMALIA.- -CARNIVORA. possibly five species: the European, whose range ex- fJavus) is another name it also has borne. It was tends through Europe and Asia from the Atlantic to then placed next to the Viverras, under the name the Pacific, and the two species in North America. Be- Mexican Weasel ( Viverra caudivolvula). Its teeth, sides these, there is in Eastern Siberia a larger variety, having flat surfaces, and its curious prehensile tail, confined to the Steppes, the common species of Sibe- were characters that seemed to remove it from the ria being found only in the woodlands." Temminck Carnivorous tribe; and, since it eats both animal and has described another, by the name of Meles anakuma, vegetable food, it is now ranked with the ursine anfrom Japan; the latter is considered by some to be imals. The Kinkajou inhabits a large portion of nearer the North American species-Murray doubts it. Fossil remains have been found in the bone caves Fig. x. of Europe belonging to two extinct species. THE AMERICAN BADGER (Taxidea americana, Baird). —This animal is widely distributed throughout the United States, ranging from Wisconsin to the Pacific Ocean, reaching far to the north. South of latitude 350 it appears to be replaced by the species berlanldieri, called Meles labradoria by Bennet, Proc. Zoo. Soc., L;ondon,'1833, and Meles americanus, by Zimmerman in Pennant's Arctic Ziology. "The differences between the European and American," says Prof. Baird, "are so strongly marked as scarcely to require a comparison. Thus, in the former the sides and top of the head may be described as white, the end of the muzzle completely encircled by this color; a little more than half way between the snout and the The Kinkajou. eye commences a stripe of black, truncate anteriorly, and sending down a small branch'towards the canine; South America, and reaches as far north as Mexico this stripe widens gradually, including the eye and ear, and the West Indies. It is known as Honey Bear, and is lost on the shoulders. The black of the legs Milanariri or Guchumbi. The adult is equal in size to extends over the throat to near the end of the chin. a common house Cat, but is much more powerful There are thus on the top and sides of the head five physically. It has a most remarkable tongue, one stripes-a median and two lateral white ones, and two that can be protruded to an unusual extent; indeed, intermediate of black-in addition to black beneath it seems to be as useful to the animal as the prehenthe head and anterior to the ear, all the stripes of sile tail, for it can insinuate the tip into places where the same width. In the American Badger the top of insects are congregated, and adroitly remove them to the head is. grizzled with a narrow white median its mouth; in this way, too, it extracts honey from line; the end of the muzzle, top and sides, is black; the comb of the wild Bees. It has the faculty oft' the cheeks are white, with a crescentic black patch using the tail for similar purposes, much the same as anterior to the ear. The whole under parts of the in the case of the Spider Monkeys. It is thoroughly throat and head are white. The naked miuzzle of nocturnal in habits, finding daylight troublesome to its the European is much larger than in the American." eyes. The pupils are susceptible of great expansion The most striking differences are to be seen in the and contraction. It is said to utter a low, bleating hairs of the upper part of the muzzle, the smaller sound, as it emerges at twilight, and then, in the acears, the stouter feet and claws, the more conical or ceptable shades of night, it galnmbols with great activity wedged-shaped head, &c., of the American species. and skill upon the treesoftlleforest. Itis easily tamed, The length of this latter is twenty-two inches from becominig to its master much as the pet Dog is, ready the nose to root of the tail. The tail, in its vertebrae, to play, and affects to bite precisely like the latter. five inches; the same, including the hairs, six inches. Though in this tamed state it is affectionate, and See also vol. i, p. 74. receives with great apparent pleasure any fondling or THE MEXICAN BADGER (Thxidea berlandieri, caresses, yet, when wild, it is extremely ferocious, offerBaird). —This is the T. labradoria of Waterhouse, ing a most determined and spirited resistance when and Meles labradoria of Bennet, Proc. 75io. Soc., Lon- assaulted by AMan. don, 1833. In specific characters it is like the Amer- THE BROWN COATI-MONDI (NAasua narica)ican Badger, but has the light line on the top of the Plate 11, fig. 38. —This genus, an exclusively Amerihead continued, with intervals to near the rootof the can one, has only five species, one of which-the tail. It is described by Prof. Baird in Report of Mex. N. braziliensis-is fossil, and found in the bone caves Bound. Survey, and in Pacific R. R. Reports. of Brazil, and is extinct.'I'he Nasua narica (someTHE KINKAJOU (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) - times also called Quasjic) derives its name from the called also POTTO. This creature has been somewhat I Latin, meaning nose, which might suggest a conveniof a puzzle to naturalists. Its general aspect and its ent trivial designation, as Nosey. It is a lively and habits have led some to regard it as allied to the funny creature, very common in collections, both as Lemurs, and it earned the name of Yellow Macauco living and preserved specimens, and is often tamed from that circumstance. Yellow Lemur (Lemur and kept as a pet in its native country. A good Ij C ARNIVORA. -MAMMALIA.-CARNIVORA. xxxvii series of the species is seen in the cabinets of the chase, the Coon is " treed." A blazing fire is then American Museum at Central Park, N. Y., and made of pine chips, directly under the tree, which living ones in the Gardens of the Ziological De- illuminates its branches, rendering' all quite visible. partment. In general habits the Naricas resemble One then climbs the tree, and dislodges the creature. the Raccoons; they climb well, and have the same Audubon delights in a description of a Coon hunt, diet. Their snout, so remarkably produced, is useful and adds: "It would be a good scene for a skilful in rooting the ground, and no doubt they pro- painter. The woods present a wonderfully picturcure insects and other food with as much facility as esque appearance on such an occasion." the Hog with a similar organ. The Coatis have a curi- The Raccoon is exceedingly dextrous with its foreous set of tubercles on the surface of the feet, which feet, and, when tame, follows its keeper wit!l the same are quite characteristic. They are nocturnal in habit, constancy as the Dog or Cat. It ascends trees readconfining themselves a good deal among the branches ily, and is often tempted aloft for the dainty prize of of trees, where they rob the nests of birds; though a nest of eggs. It watches Turtles as they lay, dethey resort, as we have seen, to the ground, when they spoiling their nests, adroitly uncovering the eggs in are obliged to " root, or die." Though becoming a the sand. Its favorite resorts are retired swampy safe and interesting pet, when kept in confinement, it lands, well covered with lofty trees. The young at proves a formidable enemy when opposed in its wild birth are very small, six in number, brought forth state. Several species of this genus have been re- early in May. A hole in a rotten tree is preferred for corded: the N. monticola of Peru, by T''schudi and its nest. In the Southern States, the banks of N. socialis of Prince Maximilian, which is the N. the streams near salt water are lined with a small rufa of Desm, annulata of the same, and striata of Shaw. oyster, which is so sought after by the Coon that it This is the Coati of Mexico and South America, has received the name Raccoon Oyster. The Racthe Nasua solitaria of Maximilian, and nocturna of the coon hybernates, as the Bear does, for several months. same author. Is found in Guiana, Braziland Bogota. It is sometimes called Mapach, though the term Coon is a more thoroughly universal one. The genPROCYON. — Storm'. eric name Procvon is from the Greek-before the Dog;'The generic characters of Procyon include a pointed its literal meaning indicates the relative position of muzzle, short and oval ears, long and bushy tail. the two members of the Carnivora. They have five toes, and strong, non-retractile claws. BLACK-FOOTED RACCOON (Procyon hernandezii, The feet have naked soles. In walking they rest WTagler). —This in general appearance resembles the upon the toes, but drop down on the heel when stand- P. lotoc. In size it exceeds it. The feet are larger ing. The mammae are ventral, six in number. A and stouter, and the bare portion of the palms exgland on each side of the anus secretes a disagreeable tend further up the wrist. The tail is longer and thinfluid. Linnaeus placed the Raccoon with the Bears, ner, and tapers slightly at the tip. The black rilgs are on account of its plantigrade feet. The body is narrower and better defined; only the terminal three densely clothed with two kinds of hairs-the outer or four encircle the tail completely. The range of this 1ong and coarse, the inner more soft and like wool. Raccoon is from the Rio Grande of Texas, west to THE RACCOON (Procyon lotor, Storr.)-Plate 11, the Pacific, as far as Cape Flattery, near Puget's fig. 37.-The Raccoon is too commonly known to re- Sound. Another specimen is described, under the quire a detailed descriptive account of its parts. Its variety name mexicana. The general markings are geographical range is very large, being found in every said to be much like those of the preceding, but the portion of North America, as high as 600 North, on color is lighter, the long hairs being tipped with dark the Pacific side. Lewis and Clark saw it on the reddish-brown, instead of black. The feet are whitish Columbia River, and it has been found in Northern above, the hinder ones with a tinge of chestnut on California. Its southern limits are not so well their outer portion. The tail has six distinct annulaknown. In Paraguay, specimens have been obtained. tions of purplish-chestnut, besides the tip; the interIts habits are mostly nocturnal. Though it eats vals rusty-whitish, a little larger than the dark animal food, it seems to prefer vegetable. It is cre- rings. dited with the habit of washing or soaking its THE PSORA, OR CALIFORNIA COON (Procyon food in water whenever it is possible to do so, and psora, Gray)-During the voyage of the British corfor this it has received its specific name lotor, or vette Sulphur, Sir Edward Belcher procured this washer. The German naturalists term it wasch-bd6r, species on the Coast of California. Prof. Gray deor Washing Bear. The body of the Raccoon measures scribed it in the Annals and Mfcagazine of iat. ltist., about two feet, exclusive of the tail; the limbs are London (1842), giving it the present name. It is short and narrow; the tail is about ten inches in recorded as having a "tail reduced to stump." The length. The fur is used in the manufactures, some- figure given of this particular specimen in the times for hats.'I'hough classed with the plantigrade Voyage of the Sulphur, is evidently made from or palm-walking animals, it steps on its toes, or memory, or possibly was drawn by an unskilled hand, rather, the heel is elevated when it walks, while the as its form is quite unlike that of specimens since obtrue plantigrade puts the whole palm down. tained, and the coloring does not correspond to deCoon hunting is one of the much-prized sports of scriptions made from the actual object. A good the Southern States, especially with the negroes. specimen, now in the American Museum, Central An experienced Dog is set upon the trail, and, after a Park, N. Y., shows the tail about fifteen inches in Xxxviii CARNIVORA.- MAMMALIA. CARNIVORA. length, but, as is seen in fig. xi., which was drawn the species as follows, viz: "Thalassarctos, the Polar from it, exhibits the terminal half quite mutilated, Bear, one species; Ursus, the true Bears, twelve the end having the appearance of having been broken species, which range over all the Nearctic and Palmarctic regions as far as the Atlas Mountains, the Fig. xi. Indo-Chinese sub-region in the mountains, and to Hai-,- _ iS Anan and Formosa; Helarctos, the Malay or Sun Bear, one species, confined to the Indo-Malayan sub-region; Melursus or Prochilus, the Honey Bear, one species, confined to the first and second oriental sub-regions, over which it ranges fi'rom the Ganges to Ceylon; and Tremarctos, the Spectacled Bear, commonly known as Ursus ornatus, which forms a distinct group." i~_~___-~. =-: A good deal of discussion has been recorded con________"~I 5~~ cerning the relative characters of the Bears of the two continents; it is now pretty well established that The califoria Raccoon.. those of Europe differ from the American sufficiently to indicate distinct species. The Bear has certain off, while the hairs are, on the latter portion, appar- characteristic habits common to all. In most instances ently sparsely set, or are accidentally bruised and it climbs with great facility, appearing to be as agile, disarranged. Ti'he specimen obtained by Sir Ed- in proportion to its immense size, as a Squirrel. Its ward Belcher was from the Sacramento River. Its flexible limbs and long, well-armed paws, give it a close proximity to the variety of Procyon hernandezii sure lodgment among the branches of the forest. (P. mexicana), which is found in Sonora, as well as its In mounting a tree, the Black Bear leaps like a Cat general resemblance to the latter, suggest that a to the lower branches, and then readily pulls himself further examination may prove to unite them. Prof. upwards on the outstretching limbs. We have witBaird says: 1" Upon the whole, though the description nessed this feat with surprise and pleasure at the is not sufficiently perfect to admit of a minute corm- Zoological (tardens in Philadelphia, where the Bearparison, I am inclined to consider the P. psora as pits are extremely well planned and well kept. essentially the same with the Sonora specimen, with The Bear is a good swimmer, and digs with the imonly a smaller cheek patch, and both of them varie- mense power that his big paws suggest. Its diet is ties of P. hernandezii." The dimensions given are as exceedingoly varied; leaves of trees are eaten with apfollows: the head and body twenty-seven inches in parent relish at times; Bees and their comb form a length; tail, three inches; hind foot, four and a half; favorite portion; and in winter, when the weather has skull, five inches long and three and a half inches pinched it to extremity, it resorts to roots, which are broad.' skilfully unearthed by the long and powerful claws. THE CRAB-EATING RACCOON (Procyon cancriivo- The young are usually from one to four in number, and I'us).-A trivial name of this is AGONARA, known as are quite small during the first few days of existence. such in Central America and further South. rl'he T'he litter is usually produced about the end of Janspecific title is thought to be erroneously chosen, as uary or the first of February, and it is an interesting it is not more given to Crab-eating than others. In fact that the Bear, though having been deprived of size it is rather above the common species. The tail food for several months, is yet able to sustain a toleris shorter in proportion to the body, and is marked able condition while nursing the litter. They are with six black ings'il upon a grayish or blackish- unsocial creatures, frequenting the deep ravines and yellow ground. A dark patch encloses each eye, caverns, or inaccessible heights, and usually singly, and, passing backwards almost to the ears, is merged or in pairs. The extraordinary habit of hybernatilng into a dark spot on the crown. In various parts is considered more fully under the description of the of the country it is called Maxile, Wasch-bftr, and Black Bear. The dentition of Bears exhibits a Cioutlamacasque. design of a frugivorous nature rather than carnivorous URSUS.-Linn. exclusively, and the formula is the same as in the Canidce generally. The molars in the lower jaw Bears are regarded as forming one of the most number seven, the maximum known to the Mammals clearly-defined groups in the Animal Kiinfgdonl. They of placental structure. A peculiarity of the premolars. constitute the typical genus in the family Ursidce, or smaller grinding-teeth, is seen in their transitory and, with later writers, form a group which they entitle nature; they are very small, and are often destroyed Tribe Plantigrada. They are rather sparsely dis- or lost. The first and fourth of these premolars are tributed as regards species, and are specially repre- usually persistent. A difficulty in determining species sented in the temperate regions of the North Ameri- is found in the variations in size at maturity, and illn can continent. A few species are found in the same the very considerable difference between the sexes. latitudes in Europe and Asia, and a single species- For example, the males of Ursus arctos and U. amerthe Ursus ornatus —inhabits the Andes of South icanus, have the forehead flatter and less arched America. One only is found in Europe, the corn- transversely than the females and young males. The mon Brown Bear (T. arCtos), which is also found in dentition is: Incisors,'-'- Canines, 1-l; Premothe northern portions of Asia. Wallace enumerates lars, 4 4-; Molars,,2 -2f = 42. CARNIVORA. -MAMMALIA.-CARNIVORA. xxxix present Bear of the Pyrenees. In North America the Pliocene of Illinois has furnished an extinct form, In the Pliocene of France, a form of Ursus was called Ursus priscus. U. amplidens is from the same found to be different from any of the present living formation. Arctodus is an extinct genus, recorded as genera, and has been named Hyaenarctos.'This also lately found in North America. appears in the Upper Miocene of the same localities. THE GRIZZLY BEAR (UCrqsus horribilis, Ord).It is as large as the skeleton of the Cave Bear (UUrsus This is eminently the superior of all the Carnivorous spelceus), and has characters approaching those of the animals of this continent, both in size and in its Hysenas. In the Siwalik Hills of North Western dreaded attributes, for Ephraimn, as he is familiarly India, this form is found in the Upper Miocene de- termed by the trapper, is too fond of attacking Man posits. In the''ertiary Period, in America, the Ur- without provocation. This being true, it affords side are represented by one form-an extinct genus almost the only instance of the kind known, all other from the Pliocene of Nebraska-called Leptarchus. animals readily or instinctively avoiding the gaze of The Post Pliocene of the Brazilian Caves of South Man. The Grizzly Bear derives its name from the America has furnished nearly all we have of that occasional silvery and grizzled appearance of its coat, continent. These caves are numbered by thousands; the latter being extremely variable, sometimes bearing they are in the limestone of the province of Minas- a chestnut-brown, and in the others ranging from Geraes, a district near the head-water. of the San that to a steel-gray. Its coat is very thick and heavy, Francisco River, in Central Brazil. Only sixty of the and in the young animal actually hangs in long masses thousands visited contained bones in any quantity. from its sides. The fore-limbs of the creature are They have a floor of reddish earth. "In one experi- enormously powerful, the paws beingr, in the adult, ment," says Dr. Lund, " half a cubic foot of this earth eighteen inches in length, and armed with sharp noncontained jaws of 200 Opossums, 2000 Mice, besides retractile claws five inches in length. The length of remains of Bats, Porcupines and small Birds. In a full-grown adult averages between six and seven another trial the whole of the earth in a cavern was feet, and its weight eight hundred pounds. In the carried out for examination, amounting to 6552 firkins; collection of the American Museum, at Central Park, and, from calculation made by measured samples, it N. Y., is a specimen of this size, which was captured was estimated to contain nearly seven millions of jaw by the Prince Maximilian, while travelling in the bones of Cavies, Opossums, Porcupines, Mice and West. A fine living specimen, in the Zoological other small Mammals and Birds and Reptiles. This Collection at the same place, shows the fur of a dark immense accumulation is believed to have been formed chestnut color, and very thick. The specific characfrom the bodies of animals brought into the caves by ters of the Grizzly are: Extreme size; tail shorter Owls; and, as these are unsocial Birds, the quantity than the ears; hair coarse, darkest near the tips, with found implies an immense lapse of time. More than light tips; an erect mane between the shoulders; an hundred species of Mammals, in all, were found in feet very large; fore-claws twice as long as the hinder these caves. Some were living species, or closely ones; a dark dorsal stripe from occiput to tail, and allied to such, but the majority were extinct, and a another lateral one on each side along the tlanks, obconsiderable number-about one fourth-belonged to scured and nearly concealed by the light tips; the inextinct genera, or genera not now inhabiting South tervals between the stripes are lighter; all the hairs America. Stone implements were found, in connec- on the body, brownish-yellow or hoary at tips; region tion with human remains, in several of the caves, with around ears dusky; legs nearly black; muzzle pale, extinct animals. Fossil extinct Ursidco were repre- without a darker dorsal stripe. The range of the sented here by a form called Arctotherium, which is Grizzly Bear is considerable, yet not so extensive as closely like the genus containing the Spectacled Bear that of the Black Bear; it is met with first on the of Chili. The Hypenarctos is found in the Pliocene Missouri, above Fort Pierre, and is more abundant of the Pampas and in Pat/gonia. higher up the river, particularly on the YellowA remarkable series of bones have been found in the stone. Along the region bordering the Rocky MounMiocene beds of Europe and in the Siwalik Hills, which tains it is common, and extends southward as far are allied to both Dog and Bear; they have been given as Mexico. A variety from Sonora and the copper the family name Arctocyonidce. The genus Amphycion mines of Newv Mexico is described by Prof. Baird as is a member of this family. Prof. Owen regards this U. horriaceus. as the forerunner of the Plantigrade tribe. The latter That the Grizzly Bear does not always give chase was found in the Miocene beds of the south of France. to Man is proven by Mr. Audubon, in his various acIn the Miocene of Epplescheim a smaller species has counts. While making an extended tour through the been found, which has been referred to the Wolverine wilds of the eastern regions of the Rocky Mountains, genus, under the name of Gulo' diaphorus. During in company with Mr. Bell, of New York (from whom the Pliocene Epoch, the Bears seem to have been ex- we have heard the narrative), he came upon a large ceedingly numerous. The great Cave Bear was very male Grizzly, and, after the members of the party had abundant in Central Europe and Southern Russia. each discharged several shots, they captured him. In the British Museum are crania of great dimen- On the same day they fell in with another, swimming sions, indicating an enormous beast, exceeding by far towards a carcass of a Buffalo, which had caught on the present Polar species. Remains of a different a snag in the stream. On seeing the party, the Bear l l form have been found in Spain. One resembles the immediately stood erect, as is its invariable habit, xl OCARNIVOnA. M)IAIAMl [ALIA. —CARNIVORA. and, after uttering a loud grunt or snort, made a leap him as "the old man with the fur cloak," or as the into the bushes and gained the upper bank, disappear- "disturber." ing as quickly as possible. Several W~olves were The habit of hybernating, or sleeping away several waiting near by for their turn, and they, too, slunk months in a retired spot or cavern, is a most remarkaway, with their tails between their legs. The Grizzly able one. It is said that the Bear will not do this generally inhabits the swampy, well-covered portions unless it is sufficiently fat to exist comfortably withof the districts, keeping a good deal among the trees out leaving the den until spring. In this cave it gets and bushes, and in these retreats it has its bed or its living as well as may be outside, exposed to the lair. It rambles abroad at night as well as by day. rigors of winter. It is so entirely oppressed by The young and the females hybernate, but the males sleep when hybernatingr, that the hunter finds it come forth in quest of food. A den or winter retreat necessary to punch his game before he can take a satwas found to measure ten feet in length, by five isfactory aim. The Black Bear is quite prolific, hayfeet high and six feet broad. Mr. Audubon's son ing from one to four at a birth —going seven months relates that this animal, if not forced by hunger, with young. When born the cubs are very small, not will always readily give way to Man —this, of exceeding eight inches in length. Tlhey remain with course, always supposing him not cornered; for what the mother until six months of age. T'he Black Bear beast or living creature will not fight when thus was abundant throughout the State of New York, but placed? is now confined to the mountainous districts. BearBLACK BEAR (Ursus amelicanus, Pallas). —The meat was once so common in New York, that the most familiar species in America. It had a range of term Bear-.Marfket was given to one of the markets great extent when the country was first settled. of the city, where it was chiefly sold. In those times Its flesh is so highly esteemed that even now the the price of the pelt ranged fiom four to twelve dollars, creature is hunted with great eagerness; and, in the and the oil was one dollar a pound. The food of the season, many of our city markets are provided with Black Bear consists of fruit, insects and small quadBear's-meat. Its fur and fat are well-known articles rupeds. According to some authors it prefers vegeof value in commerce. The color, and excellent qual- table food. Audubon, however, considers it as fond ity of the fur, render it a desirable article for use in of fish diet, and, contrary to the opinion of others, the colder portions of the country. The fat of the lie says that lie is positive that it will always Bear has long borne a reputation for promoting the select flesh to fruit. In Maine, the lumber-men set growA of tihe hair; the hard, white fat that is found traps, with guns attached, and capture the animlal in in the interior of the body being used for this purpose. that manner. A funnel-shaped enclosure is conWhether it possesses any valuable properties or not, structed by driving stakes into the ground, in two it is certainly extensively furnished as an article of converging lines, with both ends open. The narrow commerce.'IThe more innocent swine of the Western one is just sufficient to admit, the muzzle of a gun; States have a reputation for supplying a portion of the other is broad enough to admit the creature's head this demand. The Black Bear is called in some and shoulders. The gun is so arranged that it will quarters the Musquaw, a term probably derived from be discharged the instant the Bear seizes the bait the Aborigines. Hunters tell us that Bears have a which is attached. The Black Bear is somewhat habit of treading in the same path repeatedly, so that migratory, moving southwards, in severe winters, in they make a beaten road. This the trappers readily considerable numbers, though singly. They couple find out, which gives them an easy method of follow- in September and October, and almost immediately incg Up their game. During the monlth of June, Bears the females retire to the den. The males, and females are very thin, when their flesh is not esteemed. Then, that are not gravid, roam abroad in winter, and do too, they are engaged in finding their mates, and are not always hybernate, especially if they are not fat. particularly savage at such times. The Indians of When not fortunate enough *to fall in with a dead NTorth America have a custom of trying to propitiate trunk to ensconce itself, the Bear scratches away the thie spirit of the captured and dead Bear.'They have leaves and earth to make a suitable bed, and then a certain respect for the intellectual and physical lies down to receive the first fall of snow for a coverpowers of the animal; they, therefore, deck the head ing-. Its breath makes a small hole in the snow, of the carcass with trinkets of various sorts, and lay which allows a sufficient quantity of air to pass ill for it, With much ceremony, on a new blanket. Tobacco breathing. The quantity of hoar-frost which gathers smnoke is then blown into the nostrils by the brave who around the opening serves to betray it to the hunter. has slain the creature. A speech is now made by this The specific characters of the Black Bear are: Size brave, wherein lie extols the courage and other attri- small, feet moderate, fore-claws not twice as long as bates of the defeated animal, says a few words of the hinder, color uniform throughout, either black or comfort and praise for its living relatives, expresses brownish, the hairs darkest towards the tips. It is extreme penitence for the past act, yet hopes that found from the northern portions of the continent to all may be, on the whole, regarded as satisfactory. Mexico. In California it is replaced by the Grizzly. This singular custom, though one quite in keeping THE CINNAMON BEAR (Ui-sus cinnamoeus, with the habits of our Aborigines, is not unlike one Bachman).-Thlis is mregarded as a variety of the preknown to the Scaudinaviais. A Norwegian speaks ceding. The hair is rather longer and softer than with great circumspection of a Bear; he will not use that of the Black Bear.'Ihe color is a dark chestnut the word that designates that creature, but alludes to or cinnamon, with purplish reflections. CAI CRNIVORA.- -IAMI3IALIA.- CARNIVORA. xli POLAR BEAR (U~'sts vza~itivzits, irnn.) —Plate 12, iliating' the Bears in many important particulars. fi. 39. —The NANNOOK, oR WHITE BEAR, is emphati- The Sub-Family ifeleince includes the (enera Meles cally a marine animal, though not in the same sense and Arctonyx, Old World Badgers, the African as that of theWhale. Its powers of endurance, in T'Ieludus,and the American Taxidc, or Badgers. The the frozen seas in which it freely plunges for its latter are found under the Family MiUsidce. lielligame, are truly astonishing. The rich, silvery coat vorince, or Honey-eaters, as the name imports, are of this Bear has given rise to its name. His food is Indian and African Badgyer-like creatures, some of naturally of an animal nature, as any other would them called Ratels. Afephitimwce heretofore inscarcely sustain the creature. It is a matter of great eluded the American Skunks; these notorious wonder that the Nannook can pursue with such ac- creatures having been preeminently considered so, curacy his accustomed method of capturing fish. He with reference to their unique secretory functions, will plunge into the icy waters, and in a surprisingly and such being so manifestly foul, thie sub-family short period bringt up a fish or young Sealthat helhas name is particularly apt.'I'lhe fifth sub-family is markied for a prize. His sense of smell is very keen; this Ictonychina, including the African genera Ictonyx aids him materially in searchino out the breathing and Zorilla. Ilelictidinc is Asiatic, witl one holes of Seals. At these apertures the White Bear genus-Helictis. Lutrince is represented by the watches with an intent to seize the first creature that Otters, and the Sea-Otters are included in the eighth shows a head or limb. He is said to swim lunder and last sub-fal.mily - Elryydiezce. Fiom the fact water with great ease, and to approach his prey in that the publications of the Smithsonian Institution this manner, when there is an open sea to operate will probably long remain as standard works of referin. Its endurance is very great: it has been known ence for the student of Mammalita, we adhere to to swim forty miles in crossing, a strait. Though the arrangement of Prof. Baird, which places the animal food is its appropriate nutriment in its chosen lMfustelidce of America in three sub-families, viz.: Jlf(abodes, yet it more readily takes to vegetables and tince. Let'ince and Melizce. Forms in the Family iJ~essweetmeats while in captivity. In some of the telidce vary considerably; among them are the smallest Zdological Collections it is fed on bread alone. Thle Carivora, and some, as the Otters. are quite bulky. aspect of the White Bear is unmistakable: its head A striking difference in form is noticeable, for expresents a peculiar shape; thle line of profile, from the ample, between the Skunks and the Weasels. Their forehead to the nose, is almost straight; the foot is food varies in its character; some are omnivorous, enormous, compared to that of other Bears, measur- others are carnivorous. Thle absence of a ccecum in ing one sixth of the length of the body, while that the intestines suggests a close relationship to the of the Black Bear is only one tenth. Its flesh is es- Bears; on the other hand, they approximate the carteemed by those who fr'equent the northern regions. nivorous type only through the dental development, The Esquimaux assert that the Bearl has no evacua- which subserves that group. The anal glands are tions during the period of hybernation. Females developed to an extraordinary extent, which, in the that are not pregnant roam abroad like the males, Skunk of our country and in tlle'l'eledu and similar and do not always hybernate. See also vol. i, p. 84. forms of the Old TWorld, have attained the maximum THE SPECTACLED BEAR ( Ug-szs ornzatuzs).-This of mephitic potency. is the only species inhabitingl South America, where This group of the CUai2'ivoia is characterized as its range is over the Cordilleras. It is black, with having, on either side of each jaw, a single tubercular the exception of two semicircular, yellow marks above molar tooth only. The sectorial premolar is typical the eyes, which suggest the trivial name. inl shape. The feet have five toes, and are plantigrade or digitignrade. FAMII-AIMUSTE LID E. FossIl EXTINCT MIUSTELIDzE. MNiustela, from the Latin, a Mouse. Pliny made use of this word to designate a species of fish; it Species of Otter, Wreasel and the Badlger and was at that time used also as the name of the W~easel. Glutton, noticed under U'rsidce, occur in European The typical genus now bears that name, and the bone caves and- other Post'JTertiary deposits. In group of Musteline animals naturally comes under the North America a Galictis is found fossil and extinct, above family head. Species of this group are very the present living species being confined to tropical numerous,.a recent computation recording as many regions. It occurs also in. company with MAlephitis as ninety-two. They are distributed by late writers, in the Brazilian caves. Species of Mustela have such as Wallace and others, in eight sub-families, been found in tile Pliocene of France and of South three of which have representatives on the American America, and Lutra in the Pliocene of North Amercontinent. Under the sub-family name ll]ustelinc, ica. Five extinct genera have been found in Mliowe find arranged the Weasels, the Pole-Cats, Sables, cene caves of Europe, called Taxodon, allied to AMartens and the genus Galictis. Gulo, the genus Badger and Otter, Potamotherium, an extinct form which includes the Gluttons, we place with the Bears, of Otter, Paltomlnephitis, a Skunk-like creature, amd in accordance with our plan to change as little as folrms belonging to existimg genera Lutra and Muspossible the uniformity of this work, the first part tela. In Greece was found an extinct genus, now being arrangled according to the system of Cuvier. called Promephitis —a form, as the name imports, reEarlier autlhors have regarded the Glutton as approx- sembling the Skunks, but preceding it in date of deVo,. I.-f. xlii CARNIVOR. — MAiMMALIA. —- C.RNIvORA. velopment. In the Upper Miocene of Siwalik Hills, writer on this subject, for who has traversed, as he North-west India, species of Lutra and Melivora are has, the wild wood-land, the deep forests, and the found, as well as the extinct genera Enhydrion and mountainous plains, with an eye open to everything Ursitaxuls. During the Miocene Period there were that occurs? Audubon was called on one occasion none in North America, apparently. by his servant, rather hastily, to shoot some creature, when it was found to be a fine specimen of the IMUSTELA.- L/?lZ. Fisher. He wished to study its habits, and allowed it to remain unmolested. It had climbed to the top Thlle genus Mustela, the typical one of the Sub- of a tall tree, on which a grape vine had entwined Family Mustelince has thirty-eight teeth, one mo- itself. He shook the vine vigorously, and teased it lar in each upper jaw, and two in the lower. The in a gentle manner, when the creature became inpremolars are four in number on each side, above tensely furious. It leaped from one bough to anand below. The lower sectorial tooth has a small other, showing its teeth, and hissing or growling. tubercle on its inner surface. T'he body is slender, Now it would run half way down the trunk, and the tail is long. The genus includes the Martens, elevating its back like an angry cat. It fell only in distinction from the Weasels. They have a large after several discharges of the gun, showing great range over the globe, but two only belong to Nortil tenacity of life.'T'his proved to be a male, and America. One of these-the Fisher-is thle largest measured twenty-five inches in length; and the tail, of the race, and the other is a close relative of the including the fur, fifteen inches. On another occaPine Marten of Europe. sion, Audubon saw a Fisher chase a Squirrel, both The teeth are as follows: Incisors, --; Canines, passing him, in their eagerness, unconcernedly; they -; Premolars, 4; Molars, --; 38. were at full speed, and, in this case certainly, the THE FISHER, OR BLACK CAT (IMustela pennantii, Fisher would have proved the faster, for nothing could Ei'xl.)-This is the largest known species of the have saved the Squirrel had not a friendly tree interfamily. It is a handsome animal, having quite a re- vened, upon which it leaped, and instantly put itself semblance to the Fox; its bushy tail and large size out of reach on the slender' branches, findino there a make it an attractive creature. It is, however, one sure haven that the enemy dare not invade, thoughl that is less known, probably, than most of our Main- lie unlhesitatingly followed as far as he dared go. Inalia. Buffon described this species under the tri- The Squirrel was so terrified, it did not let well vial name Pekan. Godman calls it Pennant's Marten. enough alone, but dropped to the ground from the In New York it is known by the hunters as the highest part of the tree; the Fisher followed down Black Cat. In Massachusetts it is called the Fisher the trunk; but Audubon was so incensed at this eviWeasel. Thirty years ago the Fisher was abundant in dent attemlpt at jockeying that he immediately interthe northern portions of the Middle States. It is fered, and saved the life of the Squirrel, which, hlad nearly a nocturnal animal? and lives mostly on small the Fisher fairly followed, lhe would have regalrded as quadrupeds; it also eats fish, frogs, &c., but does not fair game. This occurred on a warm morning of live on fish so exclusively as to give any reasonable July, which is some proof that this animal is not color for its name; yet it is best known as the Fisher. altogether nocturnal in habits. It is not uncommon It climbs trees easily, and has, in many respects, the for other animals, that are regarded as nocturnal in habits of the Raccoon. According to Richardson, habits during some portion of the year, to go out at it beams out its reputation as a Fisher by eating up mid-day, when pushed by hunger. The huntems say the driecl fish of the natives of the cold regions. The that the Fisher is only taken at night in traps. Fisher is hunted regularly in Canada, where it is Lewis and Clark saw it chase the Raccoon from tree very numerous, and even troublesome. The season to tree, in a long andcl well-contested lrun. Richardson commences about tile 10th of October, and lasts to says that it feeds much on fi'ogs in the winter, and the middle of May, when the furs are not so valuable. learns from the backwoodsmen that its favorite food The ordinary price is $1.50 per skin.'T'he geograph- is the Canada Porcupine, which it will kill by biting ical range is between the fourteenth and seventeenth in its belly-a pretty difficult feat, it should be said, parallels of Nortlh latitude, extending across the judging firom the known hmabits of the latter. The continent. It brings forth two young at a birtll, Fisher is found at the northl as fiar as the Great Slave annually. Lake, at Labrador, and extends to the Pacific Coast. Its specific characters are: Grayishl over the head Audubomm saw it on the mountains of Virginia. Lewis and anterior parts of the body; dark brown or black and Clarkl met with it at tlhe mouth of the Columbia behind; tail bushy; the largest of the genus; the River. fur is long, fine and lustrous, increasing in length on AMERICAN SABLE (lfustel amnerlicana, Trlrthie posterior parts of the animal; it is longer and ton) —Plate I., fig. iii. —l'HE SABLE of the hunters of blacker in winter. Audubon regards it as having New York and othler Northern States, resembles diminished in numbers greatly, even in tile thinly- closely the Pine Marlten of Europe; its fur is beautisettled portions of the country. Very little of its ful, ald is a muchl valued article of tIle trapper. Like Imistory or habits is known or has been written. He many othlers, it is more valuable the further north it occasionally met with it, but says: "With us it is is obtained. fr from a common species." This means more, comn-'lhe Sable is a very active, pretty creature, inhabiting fmlomn Audubon, than fiom alny other observer and ing the elevated and woody portions of tihe country. CARNIVORA.-MAMHALIA. -CARNIVOIA. xliii It lives entirely in the forest, differing essentially in molars are three on each side, above and below; the this respect from many others of the family that lower sectorial tooth has no inner tubercle; the tail frequent the rocks and open country. It preys upon is usually long. Squirrels and other small animals. Being nocturnal Many of the species are peculiar to this continent. in habit, it steals forth and robs the birds of eggs, Three distinct groups are recognized, which exhibit as well as the occupant of the nest of its life. It sufficient differences to suggest nearly a generic builds its nest in trees, and brings forth six to eight subdivision. In the Putorius proper the body is to a litter.'he marvellous fecundity of this creature stout, and the under surfaces are darker than the would naturally secure for it -enormous numbers in sides. There are none of this group in America. the regions of its habitat; but the great value of its Another, to which the title or sub-generic name fur, though subject to the fluctuations of fashion, Gale has been applied, has the body very slender and serves to induce the trappers, and, in consequence, a elongated; the fur is lighter belowV than above and continual warfare is kept up against it. on the sides; the naked pads on the feet are small, Hunters say that the beech-nut, in its season, draws and more or less hidden by hair. This group contains the Sable away from the meat-bait of their traps; but all the Weasels of America, except the Minks. The the naturalist, more in accordance with reason, as- Putorius nigripes of Audubon and Bachman is concribes the diversion to the probable presence of sidered doubtful, and holds an uncertain position at Squirrels, and other small Rodents that are likely to present. The third, Lutreola, has the color nearly be drawn hither by the abundance of favorite food- uniform all over; the feet are webbed very perfectly, the beech-nuts; in these little animals the Sable their naked pads being large, and uncovered by the finds legitimate game, choosing the excitements of hairy soles; the intervals between the metacarpal the chase. The hunters who are employed in this and the metatarsal pads are not occupied by hairs; business set so many traps, which are called, collec- the posterior upper molar is longer than in Gale. tively, a " Sable line." This sometimes extends sixty The Mink, which so resembles the Otter, is of this or seventy miles, six' to tell traps being placed within group. a mile. The trap is constructed by driving a series'IThe dental formula of the true Weasel is: Incisors, of chips into the ground, to form three sides of a 3-3-; Canines, +-_; Premolars, a-I; Molars, 1 —; square about six inches across; the top is covered -E 34. by spruce boughs. The bait —a piece of venison, a LEAST WEASEL (Patorius pusillus, Aud. andI Mouse, or the like-is made fast to the end of a Bach.)-This is the smallest of the North American round stick, and placed within the trap, resting on species. It is distinguished by its size and extremely a round stick, which lies on the ground across the short tail, the black tip of which, so constant in open end; on this rests a short, upright stick, sup- other species, is absent here. It is very similar to porting a heavy log or small tree. Any disturbance the P. vulgaris of Europe, but is smaller. It was for of the bait causes the log to fall and crush the ani- a time considered as the same. Dr. Godman, on the mal. These traps are visited once a fortnight, and authority of Bonaparte, describes it as Mustela vulsometimes oftener, when possible. The traps are so garis. It is even considered generically distinct by constructed as to protect, in a measure, the captured some authors. Tl'hough rather a common animal in animal from the attack of larger Carnivores; but they the colder portions of America, it is not easily capare not unfrequently broken down and robbed of the tured, and is, consequently, not a familiar one. Most contents. people know what a Weasel is, but few have really The specific characters are seen in the general seen them. It feeds on mice, young birds, insects, &c. color being reddish-yellow, with a black clouding; If the present species has anything like the habits above, it becomes lighter towards the head, which is or temper of the European that it so much resembles, someti.mes white; a broad, yellowish patch is on the it must be a truly formidable creature when thoroughthroat, widening below so as to touch the legs; the ly angry. Tales are told of individuals following a central line of the belly, in some instances, yellowish; person, and actually seizing him by the throat, and legs and tail are black; the feet are densely furred. inflicting a severe if not fatal wound. The predacious The Pine Marten is shy, cruel and cunning. Dr. birds, even, are not safe in attempting their capture. Godman says that it enlarges the nest of the Squir- Cases are known where a Hawk, that had seized for rel, after destroying the occupant, and takes posses- its prey a Weasel, was seen to waver, and eventually sion, thereby taking the benefit of the labors of the fall dead, now the victim of the creature that its weaker, When irritated, the Marten arches its back powerful claws but a moment before clutched so seanld makes a hissing noise like the Fisher. curely. The Weasel had bitten through the neck of the bird, and sucked its life-blood. Such wonderful PUTORIUS. — CUvier. - agility is exhibited by this creature as to challenge our admiration. One has been seen to spring at and'I'This genus is constructed to admit a few species capture a Bunting on wing. Even Partridges have that differ from the preceding Mustela in having been broughllt down, just as they were rising. A one molar less on each side, above and below. Idi- curious incident is related of a Crow and a Weasel, viduals are generally larger, and the body less slender, each at the same time watching the coming forth of than in the typical species. They have thirty-four a laying hen; the exultant cackle of the latter was teeth: one molar above and two below; the pre- a signal for both enemies to charge, but the Crow xliv CARNIVORA. -MAMMAL IA. -— CARNIVORA. always won. There is a show of audacity and cour- species; and De Kay has described it as the New age in this little thing, which would be absurd were York Ermine. Pennant calls it Stoat Weasel, from it not backed by real and serious results. It attacks its apparent affinity with the English Stoat. Harlan Man with as little hesitation as it does a Mouse. has it the Mustela ermiinea, and Godman the Ermine Instances are known where they have united several Weasel. Among the trappers it is called Catamingo. in a group, and attacked a horse and rider. As This Weasel is found as far south as Pennsylvania, savage as the Weasel appears, it is often tamed, and and specimens have been found in Wisconsin and becomes a safe and interesting pet. A lady gives an Arkansas. It is not known north of Massachusetts, account of one that seems to have become, to her, as but is probably distributed throughout the Southern completely tamed as a Cat or Dog. She says: "In and South-western States. Compared with P. cicogthe midst of twenty people this little animal distin- nanii, its longer tail and larger body will at once guishes my voice, seeks me out, and springs over distinguish it. Compared with the Ermine of Europe everybody to come to me. With his two little paws — P. erminea —it is decidedly different.'rThlle most he pats me under the chin with an air and manner striking variation is in the tail, which, including the of extreme delight. He also played with a Cat and hairs in P. erminea, is about as long or a little Dog with equal familiarity." Other instances are longer than half the body. The hairs on the extrermrecorded of this species being tamed. ity are very long and bushy. This Weasel, it is The specific characters are: Color same as in P. nove- thought, does not change its color, remaining brown boracensisin itssummercoat, but smaller; unchanging; throughout the year as far north as Massachusetts. tail one fourth of the whole length; length twelve to There seems to be some doubt expressed about its thirteen inches. It remains brown throughout the being white at all in winter, in any latitude. year in the United States. Sir John Richardson THE LONG-TAILED WEASEL (P. longicatlda, states that it changes to white in the northern re- Rich.)-This is a larger species, its length to tail begions. Prince Maximilian states that this species is ing about eleven inches, the tail vertebrae being white in winter, but does not say in what locality. about half this length; the black of the tail is about Fine specimens that were obtained by the prince one fourth of the length. The color of body above in America are now in the collection of the Ameri- is a light olivaceous-brown, with a brownislh-yellow can Museum, New York. beneath; the edge of the upper lip and chin is white; SMALL BROWN WEASEL (Putorius cicognanii, in winter it is pure white throughout, the tail with a Baird).-This is regarded as one of the most easily black tip. r1'he light space on the belly is much identified and strongly marked species. It is nearer wider than that of P. noveboracensis. Muzzle is the pusillus, yet distinguished by its longer tail and broad. Baird, in Pac. R. P. Rep., Ziology, says black tip. This Weasel seems to be common in "T''his species, which belongs to the section of ErMassachusetts, but its geographical range is not well mine Weasels, is larger than any of its congeners, established. It is characterized by being brown in excepting the American Ermines. Like the P. nigricolor above and white beneath. The tail is one fifth pes of Aud. and Bachman, it is characterized by the of the whole length. The feet have long hairs. Its breadth of the muzzle, as very distinctly shown in length to tail is about eight inches; tail vertebrae, one the skull. The hair is, even where remarkably stiff; third of this. Two fifths of the tail is black. The coarse and short, much like that of the P. frenata." form is rather more robust than the preceding. It is doubtful whether it changes its color in the RICHARDSON'S WEASEL (Putoqrius rwchardsonii, colder months. Bair'd). —l'his is a little larger than the preceding. KANE'S ERMINE (Putorius kaneii, PBird).-'IThis It is found in much the same localities. T'he hairs is from the regions of the north-west, and is said to do not form a brush on the tail, as in some species. be a perfect miniature of the Old World Ermine. It The feet are much smaller, more delicate and slender has been named by Prof. Baird for the lamented than in P. noveboracensis; though actually larger Kane, the medical officer of the first Polar Expediin body, the feet are relatively smaller than in P. tion sent out by'our country in search for Sir John cicognanii; the tail, of course, is considerably longer; Franklin. In this connection Prof. Baird says: "As the ears are higher and narrower at the base than in the most Arctic mammal it may ever be my privilege the last-mentioned species. It is readily distinguished to name, and especially as all Ermine, emblem of from P. cicognanii by the longer tail, the vertebra spotless purity and integrity, I propose to call it alone of which are half the length of the body, in- after Dr. Kane, the devoted martyr to the cause of stead of requiring the entire tail to effect the same science and humanity, and thus impose upon it anll proportion. It is much smaller and darker than P. appellation which will be understood and appreciated noveboracensis, and the whole upper lip is brown. in whatever portion of the world this description.. Specific characters: Length of body to its tail, may be read." nine inches or less; the tail vertebrae about half this The specific characters are thus given': "Length length; the black of the tail is one half or two to tail about eight and a half inches; tail vertebrme thirds its length. In summer, it is a dark chestnut- about one sixth this length; black of tail one half brown above, whitish beneath; whole upper jaw the total length. In summer brown above, edge of brown, in winter white. The tail has a black tip. upper lip, whitish; in winter white, tail with black COMMON WEASEL (Putorius noveboracensis, De tip. TheF fur is soft and fine; above, of rather a dark Kay). —WHIT E WT VE.XSIL is another name for this cllestnut-brownl; Ibeneath, sulphur-yellow. The under CARNoR. A.-MAMMALIA. —CARN1IVOzA. xlv part of the head, and a wide margin to the upper Cat and Skunk. The fur of this species is at times jaw, are white. The feet are yellowish-white, but in great request as a fashionable winter article of dress. there is no white about the ears. Compared with The specific name lutreola was given it by Forster, summer specimens of the Ermine from Northern in token of its Otter-like resemblances. It is the Sweden, the size is much less; the tail, perhaps, a Mustela vison of Brisson, Cuvier, Harlan, Maximillittle longer; the terminal hairs shorter; the black ian, Scrieber and Gmelin; Mustela (Putorius) vison tip less extensive, occupying not more than half the of Richardson; Lutra vison of Shaw. Putorius lutretotal length; instead of nearly two thirds.'The end ola of Europe is smaller than our species, and has of the vertebrm falls considerably in advance of the the edges of the upper lip white, which never occurs posterior third of the black tip, instead of consider- on the American Mink. ably behind it, as in P. erminea. The winter speci- LITTLE BLACK MINK (Putoeris nigrescens, Aud. men differs in about the same characters. The and Bach.)-This is not thoroughly established as a animal is about the size of the American P. cicog- distinct species, though it appears under the above nanii, which it otherwise greatly resembles and title in Audubon and Bachman's work. Prof. Baird represents.'The tail is, however, shorter, thicker, reluctantly admits it, without having had an opporand the terminal hairs are longer. The black tip occu- tunity to determine the matter by an examination of pies, likewise, a larger portion of the tail." —Baird. a sufficient number of specimens. It is the species BRIDLED WEASEL (Piutori'usfrenatus, And. and that furnishes the best fur of the Mink, being nearer Bach.)-This species is readily distinguished from the Russian Sable in quality than any other. In size, other American forms, except P. xanthogenys, by it is smaller than the common variety, with a chestthe curious patch of yellowish-white on the forehead, nut-brown color, glossed with black. The tail is aland another anterior to each ear. It is quite abun- most entirely black; the end of the chin is white. dant around Matamoras and Brownsville, Texas, but Specimens are found in Massachusetts and as far is not known farther north. west as Kansas. YELLOW-CHEEKED WEASEL (Putorius xantho- BLACK-FOOTED FERRET (Putorius nigripes, And. genys, Baird). —This is peculiar to the California and Bach.)-Audubon and Bachman describe this Coast. It is closely allied to P. fienatus in general species as of the size of the Pine Marten; tail, with' characteristics, in tint and pattern of coloration. hairs, one third the whole length of head and body; The ears are rather more acute than in the last forehead, feet and end of tail, black; body yellowspecies, and not so broad at the base. The toes are ish-brown above, white beneath. longer, and less fully webbed; the under surfaces of PERUVIAN WEASEL (MiJtstela agilis).-For want all the feet are more densely furred. As its name of a better common name, we adopt the above, no indicates, it has three patches of yellow on the other being recorded, as far as we have seen.'IThe cheeks. The upper parts and sides are a chestnut- termi agilis can hardly be assumed to be distinctive brown; a dull brownish on the belly; a paler tint of habits, as no mention is made of this species beis on the chin; there is a yellow spot on the top ing more fleet or sprightly than others. It would of the muzzle, anterior to the eye, and a patch of seem, then, appropriate enouglh to call it the Peruthe same commences acutely about midway on the vian Weasel, inasmuch as it is said to be the only edge of the upper lip, and passes in a sub-crescentic species found ill South America. "M. agilis (not direction behind the eye, about half way between it of Audubon and Bachman) is very slender in form, and the ear, though not getting as high as the upper with a small and pointed head; the tail much shorter edge of the latter; the whole space between the ear than the body. The head, back and tail are reddishand the border, just described, is occupied by this gray, thie latter a little darkish at the tip; the under color; there is a dusky spot on each side of the parts generally are grayish-white; the base of the lower jaw; thIe upper part of thie head is a little hairs above is gray; then follows a broad, grayishdeeper in color, though far from having the intensity yellow ring, succeeded by a reddish-brown tip; the of P. frenata; the tail is like the back, dusky at head above is either entirely dark brown, or with a the tip. white border to the upper lip. The length of body COMMON MINK (Putoeius vison, Gapper). —Tluis to root of the tail is 9.10 inchles; the tail, 4.4~ is the most familiar species in our North-eastern inches; the head, 1-ien inches. This species, a States, and is found in every farm-yard, oftentimes true Putorius, differs materially from the larger much to the annoyance of the farumer. It is a true North Alerican Weasels in the absence of a Weasel, though it does not altogether resemble the black tip to the short tail —in this respect, resemsmaller species. Thepopular term Mink issaid to be bling the P. cicognanii. It probably bears a near corrupted firom the early Swedish lecenk. T'he hunters resemblance to P. boccamlnela of Italy. The lack recognize two varieties —the Mountain Mink and of white or yellow blotches on the forehead disWVater Mink. It lives exclusively near ponds or rivu- tinguishes it fr om either P. fienata or xantholgeys. lets, feeding on fishes and mollusca. In habits, it re- It inhabits the cold and barrLen plateaus of the Perusembles the Otter. Pennant regarded it as so like, vian Cordilleras, and is the only true Weasel well that he called it the Lesser Otter. It swims and established as inhabiting the southern half of the dives with great facility, and has the power to re- continent.'"-B-caird. mai submerged a long time. It has a very offen- The P. agilis was described by Tsclludi ill his sive odor, likened by some to a mixture of that of the FaeICu Peuu-ana, 1844-6. xlvi CARNIVORA. -IIMAMIMALIA. CARNIVORA. confirms this, and relates all instance of seeing two Otters engaged at this trick, and that they made Otters are here indicated; Lutra, the old Latin twenty-two slides while he looked on. They live in name for the same, being expressed in the sub family small families, like the Beaver, bringing forth two designation. They resemble very closely, in their young at a litter, about the middle of March. The typical aspect, the Minks, but, in the form of skull period of gestation is not known. In baiting the and teeth, approach nearer to the Skunks. The traps, the secretion from the anal gland is used to body is notably long, the feet are short, and the toes attract them. In streams stored with fish in abunare webbed. They are all large, and are amphibious. dance, the Otter is sure to take up his residence, and Three genera are recognized-Lutra, the typical here he creates great havoc. Not content with a form; Pterura, confined to South America; and modest meal, or a sufficiency, lie must gratify his Enhydris, which includes the Sea Otters. Baird pleasure. In his love of fishing, lie destroys many gives the following as the sub-family characters, viz.: more fish than he can eat, by taking a bite from the "Mustelidce, with the posterior upper tubercular choicest morsel, and leaving the carcass to some less molar large and quadrate. Number of molars the fastidious creature. In seasons when the streams same in each jaw. Feet short and palmated." are not accessible, the Otter invades the poultryyard, and proves a formidable marauder. The Otter LUTRA.-Linn. has been tamed, and proves a gentle and inoffensive pet, notwithstanding its extreme ferocity when wild. This genus has an extended distribution, every''The Chinese make use of Otters, and it is said that quarter of the globe having a representative. The they are as common in the East as trained dogs in absence of marked colors, and a general resemblance other countries. A systematic method of instruction among the species, renders their classification very is adopted by the Chinese, which results in their difficult. The more prominent features are seen in being of great use to their masters. They not only the naked muffle, the more or less palmated and catch single fish, but are trained to drive whole hairy feet, the details of skull, &c. A thoroughly shoals into the nets.'I'wo half-grown Otters were marked species is found in the Lutra canadensis. kept, during the winter of 1877, at the New York The skull of the Otters, in general, has some re- Aquarium, where they offered an excellent opportusemblance to that of the Martens, but is more de- nity to the naturalist to study their habits and living pressed and more contracted behind the orbital aspect, and the public, amusement, and a chance to beprocesses. The top of the skull is nearly straight, come acquainted with an animal seldom seen alive in and almost parallel with the margin of the lower the settled partsof the country. In thewater, theOtter jaw. The generic characters are seen in an elongated glides swiftly and gracefully, and with so little disturbbody; short and palmated feet; distinct digits, with ance that it easily captures its prey before it is alarmed. a longer central one; a tail moderate in size, de- Their fur is in great request; there are two kindspressed and rounded on its sides. The dental formula one is close, fine and soft, lying next to the body, is: Incisors, 3-_; Canines, I —'; Premnolars, ~-4; Mo- rendering the creature a warm clothing in the cold lars, — 2; - -36. season; the other is a long, shining and coarser hair. NORTH AXERICAN OTTER (Lutra canadensis, Sa- In preparing the fur for the market, the skin is bine).-The Otter was once numerous in the Eastern scraped on the inside, so that the longer hairs, which States, as well as in other parts of the country, but actually protrude farther into its substance, are is now exceedingly scarce. In the extreme northern loosened, and then drawn out by a vigorous brushing. districts it is yet hunted for its fur, which ranks in Audubon gives entertaining accounts of Otters, havvalue next to that of the Beaver. It is exceedingly ing had considerable personal experience with them. shy, building its place of abode on the banks of some He says: "It is a cold winter morning. We see a running stream, where it is secure from intrusion, dark object making its way towards the spot on and where it may readily take to the water, in which which we stand, throuoh the swiftly-dividing element. it seems more at home than on land. Its burrow is It has not observed us. It is an Otter, and now so constructed that an opening is had under water, within range of our old gun' tear jacket.' We take and a small breathing hole communicates through but a moment to aim andfire. The water is agitated the soil of the bank with the open air. It is quite by a violent convulsive movement of the animal. as sagacious as the Beaver in its avoidance of the Our dog plunges into the river and, swimming eagerly trap, and the trapper has to resort to sinking the to the Otter, seizes it; but the latter dives, dragging steel implement under water, beneath the opening of the dog beneath the, surface, and, when they reapthe burrow or at the bottom of one of their "slides." pear, the Otter has seized the dog's nose, who strugThe "slide" is a most remarkable result of habits gles violently. The brave fellow does not give it up, peculiar to Otters. In winter, they select a high but eventually drags the'Otter to the shore, where bank of snow, and amuse themselves for hours in lihe is soon dispatched." Audubon also observed sliding down headforemnost. In summer, they choose Otters near Henderson, Kentucky, "on the borders a steep bank by the side of a stream, which termi- of a beautiful pond, lined with reeds and brakes. nates in deep water, and here they indulge in the Here were Otters engaged in catching and devouring same recreation.'This would seem to be incredible, fishes. When pursuing a fish, they dived handsomebut there are ample evidences of its truth. Audubon ly and expertly, occasionally remaining under water C ARNIVORA.-l MA.VIA MALIA. -CARNIVORA. xlvii more than a minute.'IThey generally held their prey, velopment of the post-orbital process of the frontal when they came to the surface, by the head, and bone, broad inter-orbital space, very broad and short almost invariably swam with it to a half-sunken log muzzle, &c. Its specific characters are given as folor to the margin of the pond, to eat the fish at leis- lows: Length of body about four and a half feet. The ure." He found them at another locality, several naked muzzle is wider than long, no naked point beliving together in an old dead stump. The trunk of ing sent down from its anterior edge. The under the tree was so hollow that it communicated with surfaces of all the feet but slightly hairy; the naked the water, and the Otters had easy access to it under terminal pads not isolated fiom the other bare porthe surface of the stream. Audubon visited Cooper tions by hair, except in the central digits of the foreRiver to see the Otters that were, at that time, very feet; the naked portion of the palm not invaded by numerous there. He counted, on the morning of his hair from the carpal region. Color above is livervisit, forty-six, as they were swimming down with the brown, the long hairs with lighter tips; not apprecitide, in groups. At the mouth of the river they ably lighter on the belly; sides, and under surface of separated, and each pushed on up the various creeks the head and throat, dirty-white. T'he ears in this to catch Mullet. When the tide rose again, they all species are very small, pointed, and higher than swam back up the river, to return to their customary broad; the hind-feet are rather larger than the fore, retreats. He also tamled several Otters, and corrobo- but the fingers are proportionately the same. rates the stories related concerning their docility, and even affection-in the latter respect seeming more ENHuDRA.-Fleming. like that of the Cat; his pets being in the habit of This genus includes only one species. Its characclimbing into his lap, and having free range of his ters are seen in a fin-like shape to the fore-feet, the library. This species is the L. lataxina of Fred. anterior ones four-lobed; the lobe next to the outer Cuvier; L. vulgaris var. canadensis of Wagner; is the longest, having two claws above; the hindLataxina mollis of Gray; the same of Gray in toes become shorter from the fifth to the first. Tile Aud. and Bachman (N. A Quadrupeds); Lutra bra- skull and teeth differ materially from the true Otters. ziliensis, Harlan; Lutra hudsonica, Fred. Cuvier, in'the first small premolar of the upper jaw, on either Supplement to Bufflon, 1831. The specific characters side, is wanting, the total number being less by two, are indicated as follows, viz.: Its length is about or thirty-four in all. four and a half feet. - The muzzle is longer than wide, SEA OTTER (Enhydra mrancina, Fleming)-also with a naked point along the medium line of the called KALAN in the northern regions.-This is a very upper lip anteriorly. The under side of the feet, much larger animal than the land Otters, and, in near the circumference, is covered with hair, suffi- its habits and general appearance, rather resembles ciently to isolate the naked pads of the tips. A the Seal. It is an inhabitant of the Pacific Coast, hairy strip extends forward from beneath the carpus in both hemispheres; reaching, on this continent, as on the palm. The color above is liver-brown, barely far south as Monterey. The fur is of exquisite brilllighter beneath; the under surfaces, and sides of iancy, shining with a glossy velvet-like sheen; it head and neck, a dirty-whitish. The body is low, is valued moderately, but sufficiently so to cause a depressed, and the legs are short. Thle feet are gradual scarcity, through the constant warfare made webbed to a point opposite the root of the claws. on this animal by trappers. T'he Sea Otter has a habit Considerable difference of opinion has been explessed of leaving the coast when summer commences, and, in concerning the existence of more than one species of company with its mate, proceeds up the river until it Otter in the interior of the United States. "The reaches the fresh-water lakes of the interior; there it differences between the European and Ameriaan remains until the cold season commences, when it reOtters," says Prof. Baird, "are very appreciable, both turns to tile open sea, where it is not likely to be dein the external form and the skull, the most striking prived of means of subsistence. There seems to be a peculiarity of external form in the European being special adaptation of the limbs of this creature for the small size of the naked muzzle, as compared with swimming, and an almost continuous life in the sea, the American." differing in this respect from the land Otters, which CALIFORNIA OTTER (Lutrca californica, Grqay).- are quite capable of living out of the sea. This is the This very closely resembles the Otter of the Eastern Lutra marina of Steller, Godman, Harlan, Wagner, States. A comparison of it with the L. canadensis, Demarest and Erxleben; Latax marina of LessOn; by Prof. Baird, gives the following differences: The Mustela lutris of Linne.us and Gmelin; Phoca lutris naked muzzle is decidedly shorter, antero-posteriorly, of Pallas; Lutra lutris of F. Cuvier; Enhydris stelleri the width remaining the same. Length of the naked. of Fischer, and E. gracilis of the same. portion is less than its width, instead of being greater, as in L. canadensis. The angle of the pos- SUB-FAMraY-MEIN 1E. terior outline is, consequently, less acute, and is This group, according to later arrangement, elmshorter, not running so far back on the forehead. braces the Skunks and several genera that we have, The septumn of the nostrils is narrower, and there is according to the Cuvierean system, placed with the no naked poinit running down from its middle line, Bears, The genus Meles mepresents the European and partly bi-secting the middle of the upper lip, as Badger; and Mydaus, Helictis and Arctonyx are in the canladensis. Both of our species are distin- Asiatic forms;''Taxidea and Mephitis being peculiar guished from L. vulgaris of Europe by a great de- to Alnerica. xlviii CARNIVORA. 3M~AMMALIA.-CARNIvoRA. having much less white. Its length is seventeen FOSSIL EXTINCT MELINn. inches, the tail about twelve inches. Bennett deIn the bone caves of Europe are found several scribes the same species as M. nasuta, and Lessing fossil and extinct forms allied to this family. Meles the same as Thiosinus nasuta. antidiluvianus is one that has been recorded and TEXAS SKUNK (iJephitis varians, Gray).-This is named. Another genus, called Palaeomephitis, has another Texas species, said to be abundant there. It been discovered in the fresh-water calcareous beds of is the M. macroura of Audubon. The specific characSteinhein. ters are seen in a full and bushy tail, which is attenuMEPHITIS. - Gavtie'r. ated and pointed at the end, where the hairs are long.'I'he vertebrae of the tail are the same length as the The mephitic or bad odor resulting from the secre- body. Its color is black, with a narrow, white frontal tion of peculiar glands in these animals, suggests the line. A white nuchal patch, broad and truncated generic name. The sub-family name-from Meles, the anteriorly, extends between the ears, then passing Latin for Marten-has a more general signification. backward, narrowing a little, to between the shoulThe Mustelidc are all in bad odor, they all have ders, where it bifurcates narrowly, the branches passodoriferous glands, more or less potent or disagree- ing along the sides to the hind legs; another narrow able; but the Skunks!-" And smelt so, pah!" white stripe on either side commences within the Lichtenstein has established two groups, which he termination of these, and runs out on the posterior regards as exhibiting well-marked differences. Thi- half of the tail. The tail is black, the hairs on the osmus he establishes as having the upper incisors basal half being white; on the middle of the tail, linear, the outer stronger and longer than the inter- there is a patch on which the hairs are white to the mediate ones, the lower equal, with a longitudinal end. Its length to the root of the tail is fifteen groove in the posterior face. There are three upper inches; the vertebrae measures fifteen inches, and molars on either side, and five on the lower, the an- the terminal hairs three and a half. terior sometimes deciduous. The naked muzzle is CALIFORNIA SKUNK (Mephitis occidentalis, depressed, projecting, and with nostrils on the under Baird). —T'his is a large species, inhabiting the surface; the soles are broad and naked; the tail region about California, where the two preceding moderate in size. Mephitis he regards as having species are not known. It resembles MI. varians, nearly equal upper incisors, the outer one being a excepting that it is much stouter, with stronger and little stouter. There are four upper molars on each broader feet; the tail, also, is much shorter, being side, and five on the lower jaw, the anterior being entirely black externally, instead of a patch of white always persistent. The snout is prominent and not in the central parts. The skulls differ somewhat. depressed, and the nostrils are laterally situated. Professor Baird gives the specific characters as folThe soles are somewhat narrow, and partially or en- lows: "'In size, that of a Cat. Tail vertebrae two tirely hairy. All the North American species belong thirds the head and body. Bony palate with small, to the latter, excepting the M. mesoleuca, which is a narrow emargination in the middle of its posterior Thiosmus. In treating this subject, Prof. Baird adds: edge. Color black, with a white nuchal patch bifur"J. E. Gray, in Charleswcorth's Mag. of Nat. History, cating behind and reaching to the tail, which is en1837, vol. i.,p. 581, establishes two genera —Conepatus tirely black. The feet seem to be a notable character and Marputius-the latter of which, to some extent, in this species, being exceedingly large and broad." covers the ground of Thiosmus, and anticipates it in THE SKUNK (Mfephitis meophitica, Baird.)-Plate point of date. Though objectionable in some respects, 10, fig. 33.-This is the Skunk par- excellence, the a strict regard for the law of priority may cause it mephitic Mephitis, literally and emphatically, ac to be retained. The species of these two divisions cording to the text. To a portion of our readers, it of Mephitis belong to America exclusively, and were superfluous to call attention to the renowned extend throughout both halves of the continent. attributes of this creature. To the rural denizen, it Several are peculiar to Mexico. Of Thiosmus, two is one of the salient objects of his earlier memories; are Mexican, one of them extending into the United to him, its possibilities are unutterable, its conseStates. All the rest are South American, where the quences ineffaceable. With all its demerits, however, restricted Mephitis does not occur." the Skunk is not without certain admirable qualities. WHITE-BACKED SKUNK (HMephitis mesoleuca, It is handsome-notwithstanding the poet saith, Licht.) —This was first described by Lichtenstein "Handsome is that handsome does "-and it is gentle from a specimen brought from Chico, in Mexico, and as a kitten. Mr. John Bell, the eminent taxidermist, is one of his genus Thiosmus. Audubon says that has given a very interesting account of the capture it is quite common in Texas. Its geographical dis- and taming of a litter of young Skunks. Mr. Audutribution has not been fully determined. l'he specific bon studied these specimens, and made from them characters are: A broad, uninterrupted band of the figures found in his large work, the Quadrupeds white, beginning abruptly at the nape as a transverse of North Amnerica. The glands were removed from straight line, and occupying the entire back to the these little creatures early; consequently, they were tail, which also is entirely white; the body is en- handled with entire impunity, and proved to be intirely black, excepting the white dorsal stripe. It is teresting pets. Mr. Bell says that they exhibited regarded as similar to M. leuconota of Lichtenstein, from the earliest moment.a tendency to turn and but is much larger, has a longer tail, and differs in assume the attitude requisite for a discharge of the CARNIVORA. — AIVIMALIA. — CANIVOA. xliX glands, and continued to do this even after the re- also described by the same author as the preceding. moval of the latter.'The fur of the common Skunk It is recorded as being found in the more temperate is long, and strikingly and pleasingly embellished by regions of Mexico. On the head is a broad patch an alternation of black and white stripes. When of white, which is continued behind into a broad seen at night —for it is crepuscular or nocturnal in stripe over the body and tail. On the sides is a habit-especially on a moonlight night, it seems single longitudinal white stripe. The length of the either conscious of its latent powers, or is essentially body is fourteen inches; of the tail vertebrse, thirteen good-natured, showing less fear even than the domes- inches; its terminal hairs, five inches. tic Cat. We have seen one walk deliberately along lmephitis vittata.-In Oaxaca, in Mexico, Lichtenthe middle' of a town street, its tail erect, flowing stein discovered this, and gives the following specific like a fountain plume. It will suffer you to approach, characters: From the nose to the vertex a narrow and the unwise or inexperienced may, most likely, line; one or two streaks on each side, along the occibe impelled to catch it. In most instances the at- put; a solitary stripe on each side, from the parotid tempt is rewarded with complete success —in the region to the base of tail. Body thirteen inches; Pickwickian sense. Macbeth's soliloquy is here ex- tail vertebre eleven; terminal hairs four inches. actly reversed, for it is the deed and not the attempt confounds us. See also vol. i., p. 86. GALICTIS. LITTLE STRIPED SKUNK (Mephitis bicolo2r).This is the smallest of American Skunks, and is par- This genus, as recorded by Mr. Bell, is characterticularly handsome in the disposition of the black ized by having eighteen molar teeth, ten being spuriand white marking of its fur. In length, it is only ous. On the upper jaw are four, and on the lower, about that of the Weasel, though stouter in body. six. For a more particular account, see vol. i., p. 87. Its nose is long and pointed, the nostrils being sit- THE GRISON (Galictis viltata, Bell.) —Fig. 23, vol. uated on the sides. The body is black, with an ir- i., p. 88. —This is a native of Brazil, Paraguay and regular four-sided figure on the crown of the head. Chili, and is also common as far south as Patagonia. On the base of the ear, forward. is a crescent shape It is regarded as a particularly fierce creature, even of white. Four parallel stripes run lengthwise of the in captivity and. domestication. Fred. Cuvier relates body; two narrow ones commence at the occiput, an instance of the Grison's ferocity: "One that had separated a half an inch, and one on either side of been kept in a state of domestication, and well fed, these, broader, and closing in with the lower edge of became so enraged at a Lemur that it fell upon it the crescentic patch of the face, extending along the and soon killed it, breakling the bars of its own cage middle of the sides; another stripe on each side be- to reach the unfortunate quadrumane. Yet it was gins on the side of the belly, behind the axilla. gentle and docile in play, seizing the hand of its Th'lese stripes are all continuous until they are in- imaster in mock attempts at biting, yet never inflictterrupted on the middle of the body. Four spots ing a wound. Its memory was quite striking, as it now replace the stripes, and they are sometimes so always remembered those that fondled it, and alplaced as to resemble stripes transversely across the lowed considerable familiarity for those that petted flanks. The hairs of the tail are entirely black, ex- it gently. Its odor is a great drawback, however, to cept the terminal portion of longer hair, which is its being kept as a pet.'I'his is the Viverra vittata white. of Schreber; Gulo vittatus of Desm, Rengger and iepihitis mesomelas. —This species has no trivial Fischer; Ursus braziliensis of Thunberg; Le Grison name, and its specific designation does not seem to of Buffon; El Huron inenor of Azara. It is called be particularly distinctive. Its characters are re- Grison, Huron and Quiqui in Chili, and Cachorilo corded as follows: From the nose to the vertex de Mato in Brazil. there is a narrow, white band and a nuchal spot, THE MAIKEL (Conepatus amazonzica, Gray).truncated anteriorly, divided behind into two, ex- Gray describes this animal in the Magazine q(tlVattending along the sides of the back and tail. The ural History, London, and mentions a variety under short fore-claws, and the densely hairy soles of the the specific name humboldtii. Lichtenstein called it feet are characters that distinguish it sharply from MIephitis amazonica. Its habitat is in the Straits of others. Lichtenstein, who first described it, and Magellan. gave the locality as Louisiana, gives the length as THE PATAGONIAN MAIKEL (C. humboldtii, Gray). nineteeu inches, the tail beinug nine. -This is recorded by Gray in the Catalogue of the Mliephitis letuconota.-This is another species de- Mlammncals in the British Mltseuvz, under the above scribed by Lichtenstein, as coming fro m the River title, though at one time lhe regarded it as a variety Alvarado, Mexico. Its characters are seen in a of thle preceding. These animals are not often seen, white stripe, which runs the length of the back, and very little is recorded of their habits. widening about the middle, coining to,a point at the vertex, contracting at the posterior, and ending THE TAYRA (Galera barbara, Gray).-This genus at the terminus of the tail. Its length to root of has this solitary species only. It is known as the tail is twenity-four inches; of tail, twelve inches. The (GREAT WEASEL by Azara, wlho described it. Its stripe inl tle middle of thle backl is three inches in habits arle not well known, thlloulgh it has been kept widtlh. for a time in captivity. It is said to be extremely Mephitis lzmacrlonra. —Another MIexican species, lively and amusing, uttering a kind of voice wlhich VOL. I.-. I CARNIVORA. -MAMlVMIALIA. C ARNIVORA. resembles somewhat the call of a hen to her chickens. formerly supposed to be peculiar to Texas and It is about the size of the common Marten, and in Mexico, has since been found somewhatr abundantly color is a uniform black, slightly tinged with brown, in California. The district in which it occurs, if nlot with the exception of a large white patch, which exclusively, certainly most abundantly, is that incovers the throat and upper portion of the chest. It cluding the foot hills of the Sierra Nevada, on the is said to burrow in the ground for its breeding re- eastern side of the great trough of San Joaquin and treat. Linnaeus called it the Mustela barbara; and Sacramento. In this half-wooded region, the home it was known to Prince Maximilian as AiMustela of the gold hunter, it is well known. Thle miner gulina; to Erxleben as M. galera. Illiger calls it calls it the Mountain Cat. It frequently enters his Gulo canescens; Retz. and Desm, Gulo barbatus; tent and plunders his provision bag. When caughlt, Trail, Viverra poliocephala; Schreb, Viverra vulpe- as it often is, it becomes so familiar and amusing, cula; Brown and Buffon, Galera subfusca. It is and does so much to relieve the monotony of the found in the Brazils and various parts of tropical miner's life, that it is highly valued, and commands America.'I'hree varieties are mentioned by Gray, quite a large price. The Bassaris is, perhaps, equally one as havingv the head and shoulders gray-brown, another with head grayish, and a third having a dark grizzled head. Two extinct species of Galera are found in the Post Pliocene of North America. FAMILY-IVIERRIDJ.zE. This family is represented in America by only one genus, and one species only of that genus. One hundred species are enumerated by Wallace as inhabiting the Old World. One species, the Genette, is indigenous to the southern part of Europe. They ~4. U'. are mostly animals of a medium size, with a slender - and elongated body, a pointed muzzle, and a long - and annulated tail. Most of the species have hairy American Civet. soles, while in others they are bare. Their walk is plantigrade. They have the two anal glands of the efficient as a mouser with the common Cat, is much ufestelice, with others in the anal and pubic regions more playful, and, to a large nlumber of the members peculiar to them. The Afirican form, the Civet Cat, of every community who are Cat-haters, mnight be a furnishes to commerce the well-known musky mat- desirable substitute." Mr. Charlesworth sent some ter, called Civet, a secretion from some of the peculiar specimens of the Bassaris to the British Museum, anal glands. Dr. Gray has a careful revision of the and remarks that it is sometimes called Basset, and Viverridc in Psoc. Zo6l. Soc., London, 1864, in which that the Mexican term is pronounced Cacolnistle. he divides the group into thirty-six genera. Two He says it is abundant in the city of Mexico, and prominent sub-divisions of the group include the Cat- that it frequents the barns and out-houses, like thle footed and the Dog-footed, so called by the same Cat, seeming never to be met with far from the author. h'lle former are represented by the Civets abodes of man. Its habits are nocturnal. Its ravages and the Paradoxuri. The latter are queerly denom- among the hen-roosts and pigeons earn for it an uninated such from some fancy of an observing natural- desirable reputation, differing in this respect foniom ist that the individuals of the group have a way of the same among the miners of California, where it exhibiting their tails in extraordinary contortions; proves a pleasing pet. It has two or three at birth. hence the two termns, paiadox and utrus —"unexpect- Mr. Waterhouse observes that the skull has all the ed tailed."'T'he other group includes the fchneu- characters of the Paradoxuri. mnons. Fossil remains of both groups have been found in Miocene strata in the south of France. EXTINCT FORMS ALLIED TO DoGS AND CATS.'The Ictitherium is one genus found in the Miocene of Greece. Soricictis, Tylodon and Palomonyctis are Canidce.-Fossil remains of Canine animals have other extinct genera found in the same localities. been known more than one hundred years. In 1772 AMERICAN CIVET (Bassarq'is astuta.)-Fig. xii.- they were found in the caves of Franconia, in Europe. Th'Iis being the only creature in America at all in Schmerling found bones of the domestic Dog in the affinity with this family, it is most certainly ap- caverns of Liege.'The common Wolf of the present propriate to call it as above. The Mexican terms day seems to have existed in these caverns at the Cacomixle and Tepemaxthalon are local, and less same period; and the two were probably co-existent distinctive. Bassaris, from the Greek, indicates a with pre-historic Man. Remains of the Do( were supposed resemblance to the Fox. In Mexico and found by Lund in the caverns of Brazil, and they are California it is called Mexican or Ring-tailed Cat. regarded as bearing a close relation to those of the Dr. Newberry gives the following account of this species nIow existing in thie same regioil. unique animal in the U. S. Pascfc R. R. Report Canis.-Fossil extinct species of this genus hlave on ALammals: "Tllis beautiful animal, wllicll was been taken from Upper Miocene deposits of the Si CARNIVORA. -MAMMALIA. —CARNIVORA. li walik Hills of India, as well as from the Post Plio- tion of a skull of several individuals, was discovered cene and Pliocene of Europe. The Upper Eocene by Hayden, and named A. gracilis. of France has furnished some forms. Four species Galecynus is a term given to an extinct genus, were found in the Post Pliocene deposits of North representing a Fox-like animal, intermediate between America, and in the Miocene of Colorado are four the Dog and the Viverras. This is from the Pliocene species. Prof. Hayden obtained the jaws of an ex- of CEninghen, in Switzerland. tinct species of Wolf, which he names Canis smvus. Thalassictis and Ictitherium. —These terms are ap A smaller species, represented by fragments of jaws plied by authors to extinct genera of Viverridcs, found with the former, he calls C. temerarius. An- which resemble the Hyaenas. They are represented other, larger than any of the American Wolves, from by three species, larger than the existing Viverras. the same locality, is named C. haydeni. Canis vaver Simocyon is an extraordinary Carnivore, of the size is a species of Fox, about the size of the present of the Panther, having canines of a Cat, the molars Swift Fox (C. velox), founded on jaw fragments of a Dog! and jaws shaped like those of the Bear. from Nebraska. Another, quite as large as the Protocyon is an extinct genus, with two speciesWolf, is described by Prof. Marsh as C. montanus. P. troglodytes and P. validus-from the bone caves C. incertus is found on the banks of the Parana of Brazil. River. C. protoplax and C. robustior are from Brazil. Speothus is from the preceding locality, and has Canis indianensis is a form first described by Dr. one species-S. pacivorus. Leidy as C. primoevus, but is now regarded as quite Abathmodon is recorded as an extinct genus from distinct from that species. It is founded on an the same region. upper maxillary, with teeth, from the banks of the ygynodon.. —Three species of this genus have been Ohio River, near Evansville. It is also represented discovered in France. by the ramus of a lower jaw, found in California. Palaconictis is represented by one species-P. Its time is in the Quarternary Period, and indicates gigantea —in European deposits. an animal larger than any living Wolves of either Soricictis is another, from the same region, having continent. It is less robust than C. primtevus and one species-S. leptorhincha. C. haydeni, but larger than C. smvus of the same Elocyonz, with one species-E. martrides-also beformation. longs to the European fossiliferous regions. Sinopa.-This genus is founded on a few bones Otocyon is a living genus, resembling the Dogs, found in the deposits at Fort Bridger, Western found in South Africa, a region not much known to United States. It was about the size of the Gray palaeontologrists. It has one species-O. megalotis. Fox, and is judged to be intermediate between the The generic name is from the Greek, and refers to Weasels and the (anidce. One species is known, and dog's ear, the specific name indicating big ear. named S. rapax. It is regarded as one of the most Vulpes is represented by two species from the ancient forms of this Order thus far discovered. Gypsum beds in the Eocene of Paris, France. Vulpavus is another form found at Fort Bridger, Hycenodontidce is the term given to an extraordinary and described by Prof. Marsh as V. palustris. family, extinct and fossil, exhibitingv a relationship Mesonix is an extinct genus, described by Prof. with the Canine Family on one hand, and the Feline Cope in Hayden's Report of the U. S. Geological on the other, with certain ties to others. The term Survey of the Teir-itories, with one species, M. refers to the fancied resemblance of the teeth to obtusidens. He regards it as representing a family those of the Hymena. By some, this family has been distinct from any now living on the globe, yet referred to the Marsupials, based upon the fossil remore closely allied to the Canidce than to any other. mains of several species that were discovered in the T'he remains were found on the bluffs of the Cotton- Lower and Middle Tertiary deposits of France, parwood River, and measured the size of our largest ticularIly in the Paris Basin. Prof. Gervais obtained Wolves. a cast of the interior of a cranium of one of the Amphicyon is a name given by Dr. Leidy to an ex- species, and asserts his belief that it is allied to the tinct genus of Carnivores, established on fossil re- marsupial Thalacinids, particularly through the secmains found in the Middle Tertiary deposits of France torial character of the true molars; on the other and Germany. The general form and construction of hand, it resembles the Carnivores in the development skull, and character of the teeth, indicate a near rela- of only six incisor teeth in each jaw, and the abtionship to the Wolves. A dozen species have been sence of the inflected margin of the lower jaw. indicated as once extant in Europe; one viewed by Hycenodon.-'lhis is the type of the family, partakCuvier was pronounced a "Dog of gigantic propor- ing of the characters, in part, of the Hymnas, Cats tions." Remains of two species, referable to the and Wolves. Dr. Leidy has described three species same genus, have been discovered in the Miocene from the Miocene of Dakota. The largest is H. Tertiary deposits of the Mauvaises Terres of White horridus, equal in size to a Black Bear. H. cruentus River, Dakota. A. vetus is about the size of the and H. crucians are smaller species, about the size living Prairie Wolf, and was indicated by the dis- of a Cat or Red Fox. Some authors assert that covery of a mutilated cranium and fiagments of a the IEymnodon shows, in addition to the above charjaw and teeth by Dr. John Evans and Prof. Hayden. acters, a resemblance to the Weasels, the Raccoons A smaller species, less than any existing Fox, indi- and the Opossums; to the latter, probably, thrlough cated by fragments of jaws, teeth, and the facial por- the character of brain indicated by the features dis Ifi CAANIvo1.. -.-IMAM IVIALIA. — CARNIVORA. cerned in the cast made by Gervais. The genus was - ycenictis is a gennus occurring in the Upper Mliofirst b)rought to light through discoveries of remains cene deposits of Greece and ill Hungary. in France. Dr. Evans and others have since found Lyccenca and HRericyon are genera partaking equalsix species in the Mauraises'ITerres of Dakota. 1I. ly of the characters of the Dog and Glutton; found horridus is regarded as exhibiting characters that in same locality as preceding. indicate one of the most sanguinary beasts that has Pseudocyon is allied to the Wolf and Fox families, ever existed, to our knowledge. It is indicated by and, with the two preceding forms, are from tllh the greater part of two skulls, together with a few Upper Miocene of Central and Western Europe. fragments of jaws and teeth of other individuals. Pterodon is an allied form fiom the beds of the T'he specimens of jaws and teeth have afforded us a Upper Eocene in France. view of the entire dentition of the animal, which is _/Eluqogale is another of the same period, from thle truly formidable. The powerful canine teeth are Phosphate beds of the south of France. supplemented by the unusual number of three teeth, Galethylax, Cyotherium and Cyniodictis were constructed nearly after the model of the single sec- small, and, with the existing genus Canis, are found torial tooth of other carnivorous mammals, though in the Upper Eocene of France. the last one alone reaches full development of the _Aetocyon represents an animal about the size of corresponding tooth in the latter. The true sectorial a Wolf, and is regarded as a very ancient and generalmolars of the Hymneodon, the last of the series of ized form of Carnivore, which cannot be placed in teeth, are constructed like those of the Lion and any existing family. It is found in the Lower Eocene Tiger. These teeth are the broadest and strongest of France, and is thus the oldest known member of of all, and combine the mechanism of the wedge and the Carnivora. scissors, thereby being exceedingly appropriate for Patriofelis, TUintacyon and one already recorded cutting animal tissues, even including the solid bones. above-the Sinopa-are animals nearly the most The temporal fossae are enormous, and enclose masses ancient of the order. They are recognized by some of solid muscles, which operate with exceeding' force remains found in the Middle Eocene of Wyoming, on the long levers of the lower jaws. The skull of by Prof. Cope, in 1875.'I'hey are all of large size, this species measures about a foot in length. iH. and belong to no existing family. P. ulta was decrucians is much smaller. A half dozen imperfect termined from portions of the lower jaw by Dr. Leidy. skulls, with fragments of jaws and teeth and other Pacchycena is from the preceding locality, and is bones, have been found, fiom which the species was allied to Pterodon. established. Though small, comparatively, it ex- Pqotototous, from the same locality, is allied to hibits the same possibilities in the dentition and Amphicyon and the Viverride. strength of jaw that the larger has. H. cruentus Limnocyon is a Civet-like Carnivore, with resemnwas found in fragments at the same locality as the blances to the Canine animals, and is from the same preceding. region as the latter. ffesonix is referred to the same family by Prof. llfachcerodus.-This is a form exhibiting enormousCope, who has indicated it by remains found in the ly developed Canine teeth. It was larger than tIle Eocene of New Mexico and Wyoming, associated existing Lion and Tiger. Remains of this creature with several others, which could not be seen to be- were found in the Miocene of Greece. It is an inlong to any existing family. teresting fact that the great Carnivores whose reSynoplotheriu.m. -A fore-foot and leg' of a form mains are nlow found in Middle Europe are now hitherto not known were found in the deposits of entirely confined to tropical regions. The present Mammoth Buttes, neat South Bitter Creek, Wyom- form exhibits characters that suggest the extreme ing, and named by Prof. Cope as above. One species development of the Feline race. It is found in the only has been recognized, which is called S. lanius. Siwalik Hills of India, in the Upper Miocene of It presents a more generalized type than others be- Dakota, in the Brazilian bone caves, and in the Pliofore mentioned, resembling the Hymnas and the cene Period of temnperate South America. This Bears. Thllis is figured in Hayden's Report of the U. great flesh-eater, or sabre-toothed Tiger, as its name S. Geological SurLvey of the'Territoaries, 1872. Prof. suggests, was recognized in the deposits of Dakota Marsh has described two geD.era from the same for- from perfect crania, on w'hich is distinctly seen the nation, which embrace species approaching this. lengtlhening downwards of the chin to receive and Stypolophus is a genus formed by Prof. Cope fiom protect the enormous caiine teeth. The upper remains obtained by him in the Eocene of the canines are nearly as long as the entire lower jaw. Bridger group, associated with the preceding forms. It has been suggested that this is a fair example of l'llhis embraces smiall Carnivores closely allied to the the mutual correlation of structure-for offence and foregoing. S. insectivorus, S. pungens and S. brevi- defence-of animals inhabiting the same region; tile calcaratus are indicated as species. powerful jaws and enormous upper canines being, iverrasvius is another form allied to thelatter, and apparently, purposely adapted for tearing- up the named by Prof. Marsll.''he species, V. parvivorus, was lage Armadillo (Glbyptodon), whose carapace or updetermined by Prof. Cope from fragments of jaw and per shell is found in the superficial deposits of South oth.er bones found at Black's Fork, on Green River. America, of thle same age, and is seemingly an imIcticyon.-Wvallace remarks:" Ccanide are 1replre- penetrable tortoise-like armor. The Jaguar is tile sented in South America by Canis and Icticyoni." living representative of this nmlonster. D1r. Lund dis C ARNIVORA.- - IABHIALIA. CARNIVORA. liii covered the remains of the Mlach erodus in the Bra- those of the larger quadrupeds. In size it differs but zilian caves, and expresses the opinion that they are little fronl the existing species, and in other respects of the same age as those of Europe, viz.' the Plio- nearly corresponds to them. The bone caves of Engcene, subsequent to the Glacial Epoch. The band land are stored with the remains of great numbers of of territory extending, with interruptions, along the this anld other maimmals, whose living representatives line of the AMissouri and tihe Mississippi Rivers, fiom are now knownl to require a much warmer temperathe northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico to the ture. It is inferred, therefore, that tile climate has Arctic Ocean, is prolific in the remains of extinct changed very materially. Felis aphlanista is a much animals. That. portion aloing the Missouri River- larger species, fould originally in tile Miocene sands the Mauvaises'Ierres-has furnished enornmous quan- of Eppleshieim.'I'he beds of Sansans, ill France, have tities of bones, a large portion of which are of extinct furnished a smaller species. Several teetl, in fragforms.'Ihe ranige of these Feline beasts of a by-gone ments of upper jaws and portions of the lower jaw, age must have been- considerable on each side of this indicate a species of Tiger apparently different firoml long Tertiary belt, extending', probably, towards the any previously described. The specimens were disAtlantic seaboard. covered by Prof. -Hayden, durinog Lieut. Warren's "The teeth of MIXacherodus are long, curved and Expedition in 1857, on the Loup Fork of tile Niocomepressed, with usually a trenchant and serrated brara River, Nebraska.'I'lley belong to the Pliocene edg(e behind and before; whlence the name,'sabre- Tertiary formation, and the species is called F. autoothed Tigers,' applied to tile group, which has been gustus. Felis imperialis is a species determined firom divided into three Fenera, viz.: Drepanodon (from fragments of jaw found in San Leandro, California. tile Greek, a scimitar); Smilodon (from the Greek, a The specimen indicates a species equal in size to the chllisel or graver); and Machlmrodus. Many species largest living Bengal Tiger. Felis exilis is a species have been described from thle Middle and Later Ter- found by Dr. Lund il the Brazilian caverns, and another tiary and the Quarternary deposits of Europe, Asia, from thle same locality is called Felis protopantller. North and South America.'Ihe dental formula is Felis atrox is from the Miocene of thle Mauvaises thie same as in tihe Cats, viz.: Incisors.'-; Canines, T''erres, Missouri. In the Upper Miocene of Pikermi, T-; Premon ars, i -; Molars, +-l = 30 teetlh. TIe near Atlihens, in Greece, M. Gaudray collected a large sectorial or flesh tooth is tile last premolar in tile number of genera and species of extinct mammals, upper jaw and the true molar of tihe lower jaw. T'lie among wlhich were four species of Felis, ranging from true mnolar of the upper jaw is a tubercular tootli. thle size of a Cat to tlmat of the Jaguar. Tile widelyTh'le lower canines are small. The incisor teeth are distributed Machmlerodus was associated with tlhein. larger and longer than in the Cats."-alfatsh.'l'he Siwalik hills of India furnisil sever:al extinct A species fiom thle Mauvaises'Terres of Dakota is Feline forms, and thle same is true of other Asiatic namied M. primtrvus, wlhich is somewhat smnaller tlhall regiomns. Tlhe Post Pliocemne of America hias two tile living Cougar or Pumna. Thl'lle skull resembles species as large as the living Lion. that of tile latter quite closely; tie orbit, howvever, TIuceifelis is a form of Felidce as large as thle is smaller, and the braiin-case is less in capacity.'lihe present Lion, lately discovered in Texas. fore part of the lo'er jaw, below tle sympllysis, is Oxyceaca,. consisting of several species, some as prolonlged downward for the protection of thle large large as tile Jaguar, was allied to Hymnlodoln and upper canines when the mouth is closed. A larger Pterodon.'Ihese were discovered in the T'ertiary of species is recognized, from more imperfect rernais, New Mexico. fimom the same locality of thle Miocene Tertiary. Im Pachyaena is another form allied to the precedinlg, the Siwalik Hills of Imndia another Miocene species and found in the same deposits. is found, and is called M. sivalensis. Another, fromn Cyncelurms, the genus containilng tile Hunting' tlle'ertiary of Val d'Arno, is a large species, the upper Leopard of India, is represenlted in tlle Brazilianl canines measuring eight and a lialf inches along tile caves by all extinct species smaller than the living anterior curve. From the Quarternary of Kent's one. It is associated with five species of Felis and Hole, in England, a species, called M. latidens, was the widespread Machlrodus. exhlumed, and this is thought to Ihave equalled tlie largest Tiger of the present species in size. A still FAmIYn —HYIYENIDF. larger acl lnd ore powerful one, naLmed lM. neogmus, was discovered in the Quarternary deposits of tile Thllis family is not represented in America by presBrazilian caves. In this species, the canines project- ent living forms nor by extinct fossil remains, as far ed about eight inchles from their sockets.'lThe later as is known. Tihe genlus Hymnlodol, founld inl tile species of Macllerodus were, without doubt, coeval Niobrara districts of tlhe Western United States, as with Man; but the group became extinct before tile well as in Europe, is of anotller family, bearing a comlmnencemlent of tile Historic Period. name which only sigmnifies Hymnla-like toothi..''lle Felis.'-T'his existing family is represented in tle Hyemnas are strictly Afirican. Wallace accords tllem bone caves of Europe by all extinct species-the F. one genaus and tllree species. Other authors introspelta. Nearly every cave in Europe Ilas remains of duce the term Protelis as tile generic name of the this extinct animal. It is knowin as thle Cave Liom, Aard Wolf, and timus make two genera.'IFle typical its specific name indicating its usual locality. Its name Hysena signifies, in Greek, a Sow. Fossil reremains are exceedingly abundant, associated with i mains of Hymenas have been found imn Elurope anid im ARIOA. AMMACARNIvORA. -MAMMALIA.-CARNIVoRA. the Himalayas. The Cave Iyeena is a notable one, from the Cats, are seen in the elongated muzzle, and abundant in the caves of England. In the Mio- poiuted and erect ears, smaller eyes, longer hair and cene of Europe occur quite distinct genera, which bushy tail. There is a difference observable in the have been named HIyaenictis and Lycana —the latter eyes of some of this group, the Wolves lhaving the from the Upper Miocene of Greece. Ictitherium is pupils round, while the Foxes have them elliptical. another, supposed to be intermediate between the Burmeister has pointed out an important distinction Viverridce and Hycenidce, and Thalassictis, which in the form of tle post-orbital process of the frontal unites the Weasels and Hymneus. bone. In Wolves it is triangular, and convex on its upper surface, rounding outwards and downwards, FAMITY-CANIDA11. with the point extending below the plane of the interorbital space. In the Foxes this is hardly convex Members of this family are pretty evenly dis- above; in some instances it is concave, and thle tributed Over this continent and Asia. Europe and point scarcely dips at all. It is a notable fact that Africa have few. The proportion of species to the all South American forms of the Fox-like animals several continents is given by one author as follows: have the Wolf type of structure; their pupils being Europe and Asia, fifteen; North America, ten; South nearly circular. America, nine; and Africa, eight. A number of these SuB-FAMILY LUPINAE. species are found in more than one country; Europe has five, four of which are in Asia, Africa and America. The Canine animals have been grouped into two In Australia the sole representative known is the quite natural sub-families, the Lupines or Wolves, Dingo, which, being the only non-marsupial of any vwhich, according to later authors, include all the considerable size in the country, it is thought that it South American forms, being called Lupilne, and all may have been introduced. Wallace enumerates the true Foxes are the VulTpince. This sub-family is three genera, seventeen sub-genera, and fifty-four characterized as having a very convex post-orbital species. In mnany respects the Dogs resemble the process to the frontal bone, which curves downwards, IIymenas more closely than the Cats; they have, for with little or no indentation or depression in its upper instance, non-retractile claws. surface. The characters of Canidce are given by Prof. Owen as follows: "The incisors are in a series, forming the segment of a circle, and increase progressively in'I'he generic characters of Canis are essentially size from the first to the third or outer one; the that of the sub-family. Burmeister has separated trenchant margin of the crown is divided by two the Fox-like Wolves of South America, calling the notches into a large middle and two lateral lobes, groups, respectively, Lycalopex and Pseudolopex. If the inner lobe being obsolete in the exte-rnal incisor. this arrangement be adopted, there should be some The premolars have strong, sub-compressed conical modification in the statement of generic characters. crowns, gradually enlarging posteriorly, and acquiring'I'he pupils in this case are entirely circular and large, one or two accessory posterior lobes with the in- the tail rather short, in distinction from the smaller crease in size. The fourth upper premolar is the size-long tail, slender muzzle, and pupil varying from sectorial tooth, and is much larger than the one an- round to elliptical. The arrangement of Prof. Baird, terior to it; its blade is divided into two cones by a in recording the North American species, has been wide notch, the anterior cone being the strongest followed, and reference made to Dr. Gray's paper and most produced. The tubercle is developed from (Proc. Zo6l. Society, London, 1868,) in treating of the the inner side of the base of this lobe. The first and South American forms. second upper molars are tuberculate; each supports two external cusps and a broad internal basal, sub- NORTH AMERICAN CANIDE. tuberculate talon. The second molar is less than half GRAY WOLF (Canis occidentalis, De Kay; Lupus the size of the first. The first true molar below is occidentalis, Gray).-According to Richardson, who the sectorial one; the blade is divided by a vertical is considered the best authority on this subject, a linear fissure into two cones, the posterior the largest; striking difference is seen in the general aspect of the behind this the base of the crown extends into a European and American Wolves, which were conbroad, quadrate, tuberculate talon. The second molar siderled at one time merely varieties of one species. has two anterior cusps on the same transverse line, He says: "'The Amnerican Wolf of the northern disand a posterior broad, flat talon; the last lower tricts is covered with long and comparatively fine molar is the smallest of all the teeth. The incisors, fur. Its form is more robust than the European; its canines and first premolars have each. a single fang; muzzle is thicker and more obtuse; its head larger the second and third premolars above, and all pre- and rounder; and there is a sensible depression at molars and molars below, have two fangs, except the the union of the nose and forehead. Its forehead is last lower molar, which has but one. The upper more arched. The ears are shorter and wider; and sectorial or fourth premolar, and the last upper true several other points are noticeable wherein a differmolar, have three fangs. The first upper true molari ence exists. In tIle European Wolf the ful7 is coarser, has four fangs." Thle deciduous dentitioi of Canlid with less of the soft wool which is found under the isr Incisors, 3 —; Canines,'-; Molarls, _.3; = 28. long, soft hair of the other. Its ears stand higher, The more conspicuous characters, as distillguished and appear to be nearer tog'ether. Its loins are more CARNI.VORA. -.- IAMAMALIA. -.- CAnNIVOtA. Iv slender, its legs longer, feet narrower, and its tail ders and back. A variety called Mexicanus-the MExmore thinly clothed with fur." The specimens. ob- ICAN LoBO WOLF —iS varied with gray and black, has served by Richardson were mostly from the coldest more of a mane than usual, a black or dusky band regions, and were, therefore, more likely to be clothed around the muzzle, and a dusky stripe down the forewith the soft and fine fur than the European ones of leg. Audubon calls this Lupus gigas, and gives a lower latitude that he had probably seen. Great several anecdotes concerning its immense strength difficulty has been experienced inl determining the and endurance. correct relation of the several varieties which have THE BLACK WOLF (var. ater) is entirely a jet been observed in North America. Prof. Baird says: black. This variety is found more numerous in "It is difficult to occupy a middle ground between Florida than elsewhere. Audubon says it was very considering all our Wolves as one species with many abundant in Henderson, Kentucky, when. he first revarieties, or making all these varieties into as many sided there. He killed one ill the act of seizing a distinct species. Thus we have the pure white Wolf turkey in his yard; the brute squatted, and evidently of the Upper Missouri; the dusky blackish-plumbeous aimed to avoid being seen. He describes a practice Wolf of the Missouri; the entirely black Wolf of then current among planters of constructing fallsFlorida and the Southern States; and the entirely pits dug in the earth, and covered lightly with foliage, red or rufous Wolf of Texas. These vary, too, ill and baited. At one time he accompanied a neighbor, shape, as well as in color, the more southern ones ap- and found three in one pit, two of them the black pearing usually more slender, and standing higher on variety. Audubon was quite astonished to see the the legs-in consequence, perhaps, of the comparative planter jump into the pit with tile three beasts, and shortness and compactness of the fur. Th'le more deliberately cut their hamstrings.'I'The animals usual variety of color, perhaps, is the gray, which is were then hauled out and given to the dogs to fight, found all over North America to the Arctic regions, as it is supposed they were too much for the curs, the others being more local ill their distribution. whole-handed. He wished to " sharpen the dogs' * * * I1n conclusioln, I am not able to comne to a scent, too." On another occasion he observed a decision- as to the absolute number of species of beautiful black Wolf following a man like a Dog. North Amnerican Wolves. Of existence of varieties It proved so entirely tame that the owner had beof color and, perhaps, of form and internal structure, coime attached to it, and refused to part with it for there is no doubt. For the present, I prefer to con- a large sumn. The variety called White Wolf' in the sider all as one species, and to assume this with good West is exceedingly abundant in the Missouri River reason, as distinct from some at least of the European region, and is often in company with the Prairie Wolves, if that continent possesses more than. one." Wolf in large bands. Mr. Bell has told us that when Maximilian, in Journey to _North America, 1841, he went through that country with Mr. Audubon, says: "This Wolf (Canis v:ariabilis) is distinguished they saw eighteen in one gang. They cross with the from that of the Eastern States (which resembles Dogs of tile Assiniboni Indians. Th'lle gait of the the European) by the somewhat smaller size, shorter, American Wolf is much like that of a large Newthicker snout, somewhat shorter ears, and by the foundland Dog. want of the dark stripe running down the legs in C. THE RUFOUS WOLF (var. r'ufus) is a very comlupus of Europe; also by the color, varying from the mon variety in Texas, though all others are found ordinary Wolf's gray to pure white. In any troop of there. Its color above is a mixed red and black; bethese, one may see some that are entirely white and neath it is lighter. pale, some more mixed with gray, and others that PRAIRIE WOLF (Canis latrans, Say).-Plate I. are entirely gray. In the living animal tile iris is fig. ii.-This is a well-known animal in the western whitish-gray, waslied with yellowish, dotted with dark portionl of North America, where it is also called on the external border, and colored with yellowisll- CoYorE. Eschscholtz, in 1829, described this animal, brown around the pupil; in a word, the iris is pale which lie found in California, and named C. ochroyellowish-gray-brown, darker around the pupils. T'he pus; it was also noticed by the zoologists of thle gray variety has around the eye, the cheeks and sides corvette Sulphur. Woodhouse has described it as C. of the mouth, whitish; forehead mixed with gray; frustror; and ill Lewis and Clark's Expedition it is top of nose pale reddish; the short, truncated ears recognized as tile Burrowing( Dog (Lyciscus cajottis) are pale grayish-yellow; upper parts of the anmimal of Hamiltonl Smitlh.'lThis animal resembles tile Fox are yellowish-gray, withl decided black tips to tile in tile sharpness of its muzzle, and tile Wolf in thle hairs; legs, belly amnd lower parts of the body, un- fulness of its tail. It is, however, a true Wolf, and mixed whlitish. T'he dark longitudinal stripe on tile suggests a representation here of the Old World fore-legs of C. lupus is not fouind in this species. A Jackals. Considerable differences have beenl noticed specimnen of thlis Wolf, killed at Fort Clark, and re- in the development of specimens from various parts duced by hunger, weighed 58 pounds, and the penis of the continent, but an examinlation of large limnbone was 4" 7"' long, TIhe varying Wolf brinlgs bers has resulted in clearing away any doubts that forth firom four to nine young, in April, ill its burrow." were entertained, and now only one species is recogTHE DUSKY WOLF (Canis occidentalis, vcar. nu- mlized. Maximmiliall megards tile Prairie Wolf as exbilus, SaKy). —'lhe general aspect of tlis variety is a actly imntermediate in size and shape betweenl tmhe dusky leaden color, with cloudillgs of black alld Wolf and Fox; ill dentition, agreeinlg mmore closely shadings of grayisll oil thle sides of neclk and slhioul- with tile Wolf, inasmuch as tile frommt teetli are lvi CARNIVORA. MAMMIALIA.-CARNIvORA. lapped on either side.'Tihe shape is Wolf-like, the the fore part of the back and shoulders, where the neck short and thick, the body thick; the head, color has a rich purplish tinge. A variety of the red however, is smaller and somewhat more like that of is sometimnes called the Sampson Fox, which has the the Fox; the tail is short and thick, as in the tail and body without the tlong hairs, the soft Wolf; the legs tolerably high; the snout is longer woolly fur being entirely exposed. ThIe red tints are and more pointed than in the Wolf; the ear is toler- lighter, and there are no grizzled hairs on the hinder ably pointed, strong, fine, and shaped as in the latter; back. Thle tail has no black in it. In Northern the head is broad above; the end of the nose black.Ohio, this variety is most known. Prof. Baird reand moist; the internal ear well supplied with hairs; marks that he has seen a similar condition of the the whiskers long and black, and other similar hairs hair among skins of the Canis griseus of Chili, and implanted along the corner of the mouth and above in some other species. The common Red Fox of the eyes.'T'he entire animal is of a dirtygrayish-vel- America was long regarded as identical with the low, with the ears and top of the nose inclining to red- European Red Fox (V. Tulgcaris). Differences exist, dish. It brings forth its young in burrows in April, though so sliglht that a comparisono of nnmerous often as many as ten in number. Its bark is much specimens of adults is required to establish the matlike that of the domestic Dog. Hunters agree in ter quite fully. In the American Fox, the texture of noticing that the Prairie Wolf is exceedingly inquisi- the fur differs in being. miuch longer, mnore silky and tive, a probable cause of whicli is its enormous appe- softer. Thl'le tail is more bushy and more nearly tite; for no sooner is the report of a gun heard thani cylindrical.'T'he mnzzle is shorter, and the eyes are all the curs within earshot are onl their feet, and placed nearer together.'I'lhe feet are larger. The venture to approach even toward the hunter. They red color is not so dark; the tint is less uniform over learn to connect the sound of fire-arms with what the body; and the beautiful golden ihue which disoften results, and forthwith anticipate a feast from tinguishes the fur of the American animal is wantthe fallen carcass.''This species is about thirty-eight ing in the European. In Gray's paper, in Prq'oc. Zoa. inches in length, from the nose to the base of the Soc., London, 1868, this species is called Vulpes tail; the tail to end of the vertebrm is fifteen pennsylvanica. inches; including the terminating hairs, it is about CROSS FOX ( Vulpes Jtlvts, var. decssCatts).Thllis three inches more. The ears are three and a half is regarded as a variety only, but hlas been distillinches in height. This W~olf, in Gray's later arrantgoe- guislled by the above specific title by Geoffroy and ment (1868), is called Chrysocyon latrans, and fol- others. It is called Cross Fox froin the fact that a lows the C. jubata. dark band extends along the back, which is crossed by another of same color on the shoulder. It is SuB-FAMILY-VULPINJAE. seldom found south of Pennsylvania, but is common in New York. It is largei tlhan the Red Fox, and This group is characterized by an elliptical pupil has a more bushy tail. The under surfaces of the alld a slender head. The upper incisors are scarcely feet are niorie closely furred. The muzzle, legs anmd lobed. The post-orbital process of the frontal bone under parts generally, including the inside of thle is but slightly bent downward, and the anLterior edge limbs, with the convexity of the ears, are black. is turned upwards; a longitudinal shallow pit or in- rThe tip of the tail is entirely white. dentation is seen at the base. This includes the SILVER FOX, BLACK FOX (Va12pes fulvus,'var. Foxes of North America, several distinct types of argeetatuts).-".I'he color of this variety is a unliform which are indicated. Ill one, tile tail is composed of lustrous black, with a distinct white tip to the tail. long hairs mixed withl tile shorter fur in even pro- 0mn tile top aind sides of thle head, however, and onl portion, anld exhsibiting a handsome bushy cylindri- the posterior half of the back, including the outside cal appendage. The skull is more or less Wolf-like of the thighs, the long hairs are grayishi-silvery at in shape, and several minor details are noticed in the the end (thlie extreme tips black), grizzling tile back cranium.'Io this group the generic term. Vulpes is very conspicuously.'lThe same feature is observable applied.'I'he Gray Fox represents the other group. at the base of the tail anid to some distance. ol its Certain anatomical differences are rermarl-ked in tile sides; it is also seei slightly on thle shoulders.''ie skull, and the muzzle is muclh shorter; but the most Lunder fur is of a sooty color, not very dark, however, striking feature is seen in the conicealed erect inane anld becomingl lighlter on thle sides of thle neck anld of stiff hairs along the upper line of the tail, unmixed flanlks. In the only one of thle three specimens in with the fur at all, oiL each side of which the rest of' the Smithsonian Collection at Washiimngton, No. 1190, the hair is arranged, the latter fallling down on thIe in wllichm tile feet are elltire, tlIe soles are much less sides in a muanner quite differenlt from that ill the densely furred thllal in the Cross Foxes, anid more Red Fox.''lhe members of this group are desig-iated miearly mesemblimig the Red Fox of the Eastern States as Mane-taied Foxes, Urocyon being tlie generic in this respect. It is by mmo means certaini that these terlm, milncaing literally Dog-tailed. specimiemis are miot black varlieties of' thie Vulpes ImRaAMERICAN FOX (Vmdpes ftlyvus, Rich.) —Sevelral crourUs." —Baid. Remnains of tile Red Fox aLe varieties aro ticedhe otied, which a egardedl as o nily colspicuously abselit illthe bone caves of America, such, all really being the same species, but having while those of the Gray Fox ale abulCdan lt; thllis umimportan t differemlces i color alld size.'I'he red fact is worlthy of weighty consideration wheml we variety is a bmighlt, clear, yellowisl 1ufous, darlkest onI reflect that it is possible tmhat thle Euopean Fox may CARNIVORA. — MAMMALIA. —-CARNIVORA. lvii have been imported from the Old World, as we Arctic regions of the globe, and is seldom seen farknow that the Horse certainly was introduced here ther south. Audubon claims that it is occasionally by the Spaniards. found in Newfoundland. It is smaller than the Red PRAIRIE FOX (Yulpes macrourus, Baird; V. utah, Fox; its tail is large and full; soles of the feet A21ud. and EBach.)rTlhis is the Fox parl excellence of thickly furred, which gives rise to the specific name. America, and is regarded as the finest species known. The adult is pure white, the young a greyish-lead Its specific characters are seen in its size, and length color. The term Pied Fox is sometimes used for of fur and tail, exceeding the V. fulvus. The tail this species, as in Jccmes' Voyages, 1633. Pennant vertebrae measure eighteen inches, the width of tail called it Greenland Dog; Godman has it Isatis or about eight to nine inches. The ears are very large, Stone Fox; the Esquimos of Melville Island call it and acutely pointed, exceeding in these particulars Terreeanee-arioo; the Greenlanders, Terienniak; the the Red Fox. The eyes are even nearer together Russians, Peszi.'l'he Arctic Fox becomes very tame than those of the latter, which feature is strikingly when kept near a camp, and the wild ones suffer different from that of the European animal. The themselves to be caught very easily. See also vol. colors are much like those of the fulvus. A dark i, p. 105. yellowish cross is descernable on the shoulders, and GRAY FOX (Vul2les virginiamls). —This is one of the upper part of the head is grizzled like the lower the forms claimed as Urocyon, the Gray Fox being part of the back. There is more white, especially on typical of the group of that name alluded to under the lower parts, than in the latter. The fore-feet are the sub family heading. Dr. Gray calls them bristleblack; on the hind-feet, this color only extends in a tailed Foxes. It is the Canis cinereo-argentatus of narrow line on the anterior face. The length of the many writers; C. griseus of Boddaert; Renard triPrairie Fox is thirty-three inches from the nose to the color of St. Hilaire and Cuvier. The specific charactip of the tail. A notable peculiarity of tile skull of ters of' this species are seen in tihe head and body this Fox is the elongated and slender muzzle, which being somewhat over two feet in length, the tail exceeds that of the Red Fox as much as that of the rather more than half as long, with a concealed mane latter does the samle part in the European animal. of stiff hairs.'Il'e prevailing color is a mixed hoary THE KIT FOX, SWIFT FOX (VYulhpes velox, Aud. and black. The convexity and base of the ears, and Bach.) —This is the Canis cinereo-argentatus of sides of leck, edge of the belly, and a large portion Richardson and Sabine; C. microtus of Reichenbach; of the fore-legs, are a rusty or cinnallmox color. Enand the Kit Fox and Burrowing Fox of Lewis avsd circling thle muzzle is a black band, widening on thle Clark. It is smaller than the Red Fox. The head chin. The lower portion of face, and tile throat, are is short and broad; the ears are small; the legs are pure white.'The tail is hoary on its sides; on the short. The tail is very dense, cylindrical and bushy, upper side and its tip, black; beneath, rusty. The and is about half as long as the body and head. The Gray Fox is found in the Middle States, in Texas general color above, including the ears and tail, is and California, and on the north-west coast at Fort yellowish-gray. Tle back is prominently grizzled.- Vancouver. The sides and portions of the legs are pale reddish- COAST FOX, SHORT-TAILED FOX (Vulpes littoryellow; other parts of legs, whitish. The tail is alis, Baid).-T'l'his is another of the group for which tipped with black. The under fur of this species is the generic term Urocyon has been suggested. It is exceedingly dense, showing'plainly through the longer hardly more than half tile size of the preceding hairs.'l'he soles are densely covered with hair, quite species.'The tail is about one third the length of concealing the naked pads. The fore-claws are the body. The body above is hoary and black.'lhe sharper and more curved than in others. T'le ears sides of tile neck, fore-legs and lower parts of sides, are much smaller, are thicker, and are densely coated a dull cinnamon.'The chin and sides of muzzle, with hair on both sides, except in the passages. This black. The tail has a concealed mane of stiff hairs, Fox is considered too distinctively marked to be as in the Gray Fox, and with a black stripe on the confounded with ally of the American species; the upper surface. Tlhis is the smallest of the American Canis corsac of Siberia is nearer it than any other, species. Lieut. Trowbridge, U. S. A., brought a according to Richardson. Maximilian says: "This number from San Miguel, California, where, he says, species, C. velox, scarcely half the size of the Euro- they are very tamle, scarcely taking the trouble to pean Red Fox, is shaped somewhat like it.' * * get out of the way, and, when escaped from a trap,'.The eye is greenish-gray, with darker pupil. * * In returning directly to the same place —in this, reseinwinter, the animal is more of a pale grayish-brown, bling the Arctic Fox, which is said to even enter the washed with brighter; all the hairs with decided white trap a second time almost immediately. T'his species tips. The total length is two feet, eight inches, seven is a miniature of the Gray Fox, so closely resemblillng lines. The stomacll is considerably curved; it was it tliat a casual observer might well umistake it for a commonly full of fragments of skin, leather, with hair, smaller individual of the same. In thle history of berries, remnants of mice and grasshoppers, upon several specimens recorded is mentioned the circumwhich the Foxes of the prairies are necessitated to stance of the tail vertebrm being missing, the relive on in a great measure. Tile female brings forth i sult seemingly of mutilation. Th'llis curiously compares from four to eight young, in holes, in Marchl or April." with similar facts concerning the Psora of Califorllia. ARCTIC FOX ( Vuzlpes lagyoputs, Linn.) —T'l'lis beau- Among the few points of difference betweem this and tiful creature is, as its name imports, a dellizell of tIle thle preceding is a softer and fuller fur, tIle coarse VOL. 1.-h. lviii C AnRNIVORA. -IMAMIALIA. CARNIVORA. hlair not much exceeding the under fur. The tail is lowlands of Paraguay, where the numerous streams shorter, but the mutilation above mentioned must render it almnost a necessity to take frequently to the account for this feature.'I'The head and body' of an water; it is, consequently, a good swimmer. Its long adult measured eighteen inches only, while the Gray legs give it a peculiar aspect when walking, as it Fox is twenty-four to twenty-eight inches in length. strides off with tile swinging motion of a large Newfoundland Dog. Its voice is gouaac, repeated fireSOUTH ARMERICAN CANIDIE. quently and loudly, and is heard at great distances. There is no very marked differences in the sexes. IJn In a paper on the Uanidce, by Dr. J. E. Gray, in habit it is solitary. Azara gives. the following deProc. ZoA. Soc., London, 1868, the South American scription: "Trhe length is exactly five feet; the tail forms are very fully considered, more with reference, nineteen inches, the hairs measuring nearly four inches. however, to the crania of the different species. The It stands in front two feet ten inches and a half; beNorth American forms we have described according hind, two feet eleven inches. The ears are six inches to the arrangement most familiar to American natur- high, the broadest part four inches; they are not, alists-that of Prof. Baird, in Xiclmnmals of ATorth properly speaking, sharp, but erect and very thick. Amer~icc. The Canines of the southern continent From the tip of the muzzle to the ears it is nine we place in accordance with Dr. Gray's system. He inches and three quarters; to inner angle of the eye, remarlks in his paper: "The Dogs form a very five inches. Tile whiskers are two and a half inches natural group; and it was early divided by the com- long, black in color. The upper jaw projects an munity and naturalists into Dogs and Foxes, accord- inch.'T'he canine teeth were ten lines long, though ing to the length of tail and sharpness of face. The much worn. The eye is small and sunken. From Ccezidce have been separated by general consent into the eye, forward, tile muzzle is almost equal thickness three natural groups, according to the length and to the tip. T'Ihe female has six mammne. Underform of the tail-the Wolves having a short and neath the neck is a large white spot; the long hairs straight tail; the Dogs a more or less elongated tail, within the ears, and the extreme half of the tail, are bent to the left, and more or less curledl; the Foxes likewise white. Thle fur and hind-feet to the claws, an elongated bushy tail. In South America there is the lower jaw fiom the corner of the mouth fora group with skulls like Wolves, but with.long, slen- wards, and tile extremity of the upper one, are all der tails, wllich may be called long-tailed W~olves. black; the rest of the coat is a clear, somewhat yel-''hllere is no doubt that the form of the tail affords lowish-red color. The mane commences on the occivery permanent characters, and has considerable in- put; it continues erect till it passes the shoulder; it fluence on the habit of the animal. Dr. Burmeister is five inches and three quarters in length, and of the has divided the family into two tribes, according to above-mentioned red color in the basal half of each the form of the post-orbital proces's: First, LuGpirmce, hair, and the remainder to the tip is black.'IThlle including the genera Canis, with a short tail, and hair all the body over, including the bellv, with the Lycalopex and Pseudolopex, with elongated tails, the exception of the inferior part of the fore-legs, is very skull being generally thick and solid; Second, Vcl29pince, long; on the extremity of the spine it is four inches including Vulpes and Urocyon, the skull being elon- anid a half; it is neither completely flattened nor gated, slender, thin and light. T''he habit of the very rough, and would make excellent carpets.'I'he animal is generally nocturnal, and the pupil of the hair of the tail is rather busily, and of the same eye elliptical, erect." In this arrangement, under the length as that of the body." genus Lupus, the species occidentalis of North America is described. Fox-TAIED WoIvas. CHRYSOCYON. -Bu1nrm. Individuals of this group are characterized by an AIembers of this genus have the head very long elongated tail, which reaches below the heels, and is ald nose slender. The pupils ard round. The tail is more or less curved, and covered with more or less short, reaching only to the hocks.'I'The skull is elon- elongated hair, not forming a full brush. gated; nose very long; coronal crest is single and linear.'I'lie post-orbital process is thick, convex LYCALoPEX.-BmTrm. above, and benlt downwards at the tip. The premolars approximate each other, and are large. iThe In this genus the pupil is circular, and the tail sectorial tooth is in the same line as the other teeth. reaches below the hocks. The upper tubercular teeth The internal palate is narrow. Gray makes thle dis- are oblong, and together are much longer than the tinction between the present and tile following flesh tooth. This genus was instituted by Burmeisspecies that this has the "ui2pper sectorial tooth ter in his Faunca Braziliana. nmoderate.." THE VETERAN (Lycalo2)ex vetulus, BWurm.) —As THE RED WOLF (Chsrysocyon jubata). —Tlhis is no trivial name is given this species, and as it is to be tile Loup rouge of the French, and tile Agiara presumed that the specific term vetulus is applied for gnazfi of the Guaranese or native population of Cen- some good and sufficient reason, we venture to extlal South America, which signifies a great Fox. tract from its Latill root the above designatien. Tile'i'he Chilians call it Culpeu, and Maximilian describes casual or lay reader must have a name. The tail of it as Canis campestris. It inhabits tile extensive this species is very long and bushy. Under side of CAsRNIDVo A. MLIA.A VOA. lix body a pale yellow color; the snlout reddish-brown. of mammie. The hair on the loins and tail is three The coronal ridge is narrow and linear. Maximilian inches in lengthl; on the muzzle and ears, very short. regarded this species as Canis azarae. It inhabits The outer part of fore-leg, as far as the claws, reddishBrazil. cinnamon in color, like the outer part of the ear; the YELLOW-TAILED WOLF (Lycalolemx falvicaudls, hind-leg, to within two inches of tile claws, the same. ]Burm.)-Again we apply a name extracted fiom the The muzzle, as far as the eyes, is blackish, and the specific designation of Burmeister, the under side of remaining parts of the head are covered with cinnathe tail being a reddish-yellow or fulvous. The tem- mon-colored hair, with white tips.'l'he lower jaw is poral muscles are separated by a well-marked, narrow black on the under parts, and the remaining parts lanceolate crown, which is linear for one fourth of its under the head are white. All the inferior parts length behind. Tile upper sectorial tooth is short, of the body, with the inner parts of the hindbroad and thick; the upper tubercular teeth are legs, are whitish, although in reality the tips of the large, and nearly similar in size and form. This is hairs are white, and the inner parts dark. The called by one author Canis fulvicaudatus. Its habitat rest of the coat is a mixed gray, proceeding froim is South America generally. The teeth of these each hair, having two white and two black bands, creatures vary in size in the same species. A variety, the tips being of this last color, which predominate L. chiloensis, has the upper sectorial tooth con- greatly in the loins and tail. Tlhe tip of the former pressed, with the inner front lobe rather in front of is almost black. In addition to what is stated the front edge of the tooth. The crown of tile skull above, there is another interior coat or down of is flat and narrow, and sub-vase shaped; the hinder a white color, very soft, one inch long. Th'lle young opening of the palate, broad and expanded. Water- at first are almost entirely black." house called this Vulpes azarm, and Gerrard, V. vetu- GRAYISH-YELLOW WOLF (Pseudologexa griseus, lns. Its habitat is Chiloe. Burm.) —This is one of tile second group, which have the fore-legs entirely red-yellow, and soles of the feet PSEUDOLOPEX.- BUlrrnMz. lred-brown in color. The fur is a reddisll-yellow-gray.''This genus has an elongated tail, reaching below The body is small. It is the Canis griseus of Gray, the hocks.'The pupil is elliptical in tile daylight. andci Vulpes griseus of Gerrard. Habitat, Patagonis, The skull has a linear coronal ridge. T'he upper THE COLPEO (Pseudolopex vzagelleniceus, Bvuqm.) is tubercular teeth, taken together, are scarcely so long one of the same group as the preceding, but much larger. as or very little longer than the flesh tooth. Two It has a red fur, the back being black. Waterhouse groups are noticed in this genus; the following has called it Canis azarUe; Molina, C. colpaceus; Mayer, the fore-legs gray externally,'and soles of the feet a C. tetradactyla; and Shaw, the Chili Fox. It inblackish-brown. habits Chili and. Bolivia, anld Darwin saw it in the THE AGOUARACHY (Pseudolopex azarce, Bur-mn.)- Straits of Mafgellan.'IThis is the most familiar species of the tribe. M Iaxi- THE ANTARCTIC FOX (Pseudolopezx antarcticus).milian described it, as well as the two preceding'I'his is pretty well known to voyagers to the South species, under the present specific name. Gray and Pacific. Darwin, ill Voyage of the Beagle, ientioins Vanderhoeven also called it the same; Schinz had it, and predicts its entire extinction from the Falkit Canis braziliensis, and Wagner, C. melanostomus. land Islands —its most notable habitat. It is very The eminent naturalist, Azara, was hlonored by circumscribed in rangoe, and is seldom seen elsewhere. the present nomenclature.'i'he first portion of the THE SLENDER FOX (Pseiudolopex gracilis, Bzntm.) trivial name is synonymous with raposa, fox and -This is another form recorded by Dr. Gray without zorro-local designations; the terminal, " chay," being any convenient popular desigon'tion. It is presumed regarded as only added to distinguish it from the native to be somewhat more graceful or slender thani others namIe of Canis jubata. Its range is firom Brazil, of the group, otherwise it is inconceivable wily it irs through Paraguay, to Patagonia; Darwin met with called gracilis. Burmeister describes it in Reise La it in the latter region. Mr. Waterhouse, in a corn- Plata, vol. ii, p. 406. It is also mentioned in Arch. nlunication to the ZoOlogical Society of London, VNaturg., 1862, p. 130. It inhabits tile Pampas of speaks of this Fox-tailed WVolf as smaller thanl the Mendoza. C. magellenicus, and less common and mischievous, 0 T1o v s.. — Gray. more shy in manner, and as confininig itself more to the lower parts of the country, inhabiting the prov- This genus was originally a part of Lycalopex, but inces of Valparaiso, Aconcag.ua and Colchagua. It is instituited separately to include two species. The is well knlown. to tile natives under the name of skull is elongate, the nose tapering and moderate inl Chilla.'The tubercular molars are three in number, length.''lihe temporal muscles are separated by a the front always the largest. Azara describes this base-shaped crown. The teeth are forty-four iil species as follows: "'lThe ear is three and three- number-twenty oil the upper and twenty-four on quarter inches in height, and two inches in breadth the lower jaw. Oi1 each side of tIle upper jaw are at the base.'Ih'le head is six inches long'; at the two tubercular grinders, and three ill each side of broadest part it is three alnd a half inches wide. the lower jaw. The two hiinder are circular, tIle'The ears are two inches apart, which distance is hindmost very miute. reduced to less than hlalf at pleasure. The canines THE CRAB-EATING FOX (Thouts ccrl clivoros, were six lines long, though wornl. It has three pairs.Desn.)-Mayelr, ill ZoOlogical Annals, calls it Vivelrra lx CARNIVoR. -- MA1[MALIA.-CARNIvoRA. cancrivora. Lund, in his work onl Brazil, naines it dog of tile Alco race. Thl'le best-known variety of Canis brazilielsis; Wagner, C. melampus; Buffon, the Indian Alco is the woolly breed, so much soughlt Chien des bois; other authors, Chien sauvage, Canis after under the appellation of the Aexican Mopsey." thous and'Surinarm Dog. Its habitat is mostly The illformer above-mentioned says, further: I Guiana, where it roams in small packs.. A specimen should not forget to mention that there is a wild in the Museum at Central Park, N. Y., gives the Dog in Eastern Haiti, very different lroll' the Feral habitat as New Grenada. Its general aspect and Houlld of St. Domingo, delineated by Col. Hamilton color is sonmewhat that of the Jackal, though con- Smith.'Th'lis wild Dog is called a Xibaro (Hibtr6o), siderably more slender. and at all points resembles thle Aguara Dog of SurYELLOW-LEGGED FOX (Thous fCulvies).-T'lhis is iain. Tradition malkes tlelm Indian.'ITh'lley maindescribed in Piroc. Zoo. Soc. for 1837, by Martin; by tain a uniforlll character in every district in which Waterhouse, in ZoOlogy of the Beagle; Gerrard, ill they are known." Ca4talogue of Bones of cfamnzals; and by Burlneister, in La Plata and Ar~ch. Naturg., 1862. Its abitat F FE DE. is Chili. Memlbers of this family have tile head short and THE ALCO (Canisfamiiaieris). —A.m ong the numer- broad. Thle feet are digitigrade, with five toes oil ous domlesticated Dogs that inhabit every quarter of the fore-feet, and four oil the hind.'I'he claws are the globe, this little creature is preemiilnenltly interest- retractile and sheathed. The molars, including the ing, and particularly flom thle fact that it is quite premolars, are x-x or 3 —-; tIle incisors are ~.'l'he easily traceable to its native indigenous progenitors. posterior upper, or true molar, is very sinall. Cats T''here is evidenlce that two distinct breeds of iiidi- are especially distinguished firom the Dogs by tlheir genous Canidce were living in thle West India Islands retractile, sharp and compressed claws. TI'e number at the time of their discovery, and tliat the comumonl of toes onl each foot, respectively, is the same as ill lnamne Alco was a generic term applied to both. Onme Canidce.'lThe tongue is lpeculiar in its arlamlent of breed-tlle silky-llaired Alco-was probably intro- slharp-recurved prickles. There is a close uniformity duced from Yucatan and Mexico, tile seat of Indiani in tile osteological characters of this family, particucivilization.'I'Theothlerbreed-theslhort-haired-camne larly in the structure of the skull and teeth. Two from the Southern SpanLish Mainl by the predatory groups are, however, recogmnized amlong the American Caribs. A variety, called thle Mexicanm Mopsey, diffeis Ielidce. Omne hias compact fur, a lengthlened tail, only; from the detailed description of Buffon, in hav- high shoulders, and the jaw armed with four molars ing woolly illstead of silky llair. Bryanl Edwards, inI above. Th'le other hias loose, ofteni loing hair, with his History of the West Indies, quotes an author less beauty and gloss; the tail is tutrncated; the ears mnamed Acosto, who says: "The Dog's amnomiig tile are tipped with pencils of loiing hair, and thle ililldIndians of St. Domimngo were a smnall mnute creature, legs are higher than tlhose of the preceding'; three with a nlose like that of a Fox, whichl thle niatives upper molars on each side. This includes the tribe called Alco.'Th'le Indians were very fonid of them, of Lyuxes; tile other, the Cats proper, Felis. carrying them oni their shoulders."'Thlle AMexican Mopseys are oftell so formed. " Of tile three differenllt species of Dog illeluded by Fernalldez, ill Iiistory of the Animals of New S2ai~n, under tile generic name This genlus, whlicl illlccldes tile typical Cats, is Alco, Buffon, rejectilng at once tlhe hairless Dog', characterized by a very small aniterior premnolar, and identical with the Bald Turk of thle Old Comitimment, a tail which equals ill length one half that of tile admits readily the species called Ytzcuinte potzotli-a body. Five species of true Cats are knoWIn to inihabit Dog, shlort-nlecked in all uLnusual degree, anmd humped tile Unlited States, all inlhabiting thle regioin of thle ill shape, with silky air —adcl the Techllichlli, wild lower Rio Grande, tile F. concolor Iavimigo a much and melancholy ill aspect, as true aborigillal Dog's. larger rainge. Thlle dental formula of tile Cats is: The first of these two species lie recognizes as tile Inlcisors, 3 —3; Canines, +-j; Premolars, M-o; Molars, same with tile Lap-dog of Peru, and tile other as a -- - 30. larger and lighter-mlade species, but dull and spirit- THE AMERICAN PANTHER (lFelis concoltor, Linl.) less, which the Inldianls make use of inl tile chase, ii -Plate I., fig. i. —This is the largest and most powerwhich he sees tile Forest Dog of Guiana." Mr. ful of North American Cats, if we except the Jagruar, Philip Henry Gosse, from whose work, A lVturalist's which is more properly a southern species, well knownl Sojouzln in Jamzaicac, tile above is derived, illet with ill nearly all portions of the country as the Panlther, onme of tihe white, silky Lap-dogs at Spanish T'own, Paillter, American Lion, Cougar, Puma, &c. Cuvier which lie considered to. be the true nlative Dog, AIex- and St. Hilaire called it Le Cougouar; Azara, Guazican Mopsey or Alco.:He was here inlformed that uara; and Margrave, Cuguacuarana. It reaches ill " tie Gascllhis of Charlevoix, and the Gasques of Gar- size the dimensions of the largest Dog, and weighs, cilasso and Peres, described as sinall dogs, absolute- inl some imlstances, 150 pounds. It is found from the ly imute, with dowiy or silky hair of different anid Straits of Magellan to tihe fiftieth parallel north, often of briglht colors, possessed by tile natives of particularly in a line with tihe imountains. It is St. Domingo amd tile neighborillg islamids, alld used cowardly, though possessimig great stremngtlh and feroin the chase of tlheir almost only quadruped, tihe city, approaching its prey always stealthily, and Agouti, before the arrival of tile Spalliards, was a rletreating readily firom tile face of Maln. De Kay CARNIVORA. — MAMMALIA. — CARNIVORA. relates an instance of a hunter having captured two and rehearsed to us their tale of wonder. Their cubs, while the mother followed without making any simple ignorance allowed full play to credulous surattempt to attack, and finally disappeared on reach- amise and alarm. Thougli the Puma is well known ing, the vicinity of the settlement. The natural habit to the inhabitants of Upper Florida, it is very selof the Puma is to lie in wait upon branches of trees, donm seen oil the islands of the reef, and these simple and fiom thence to spring upon the prey. Some wreckers were utterly confounded with fear. Some authors assert that the creature purposely pounces "enormous creature had pounced down upon the upon the shoulders. and forcibly draws back the head cabin," and tile two mangled pups which we saw to dislocate the neck. Certaillly it frequents the there attested plainly that mischief had been atlarger trees, and quickly seeks shelter in the branches tempted. The men had mustered courage enough to when met by Man. chase the creature, whereupon the pups were aba.nLike other Cats, the Puma swims, though deeply, on doned. TIhe fact that thle tracks disappeared at the account of its compact bulk; and instances are record- edge of the cay, in direct lille with the next nearest, ed of individuals crossing froml the mainland to Terra was evidence that the creature had gone on for furdel Fuego. We knew one instance of a Puma which ther plunder. Our party returned to the vessel to had crossed froml the mainland to one of the cays or sleep over this exciting matter, and to make ready islands of the Florida Reef, and tile havoc which it for a stalking hunt on llthe next night. Morning come, occasioned for a distance of several miles, in various we were on shore at Metacombe Cay; the tracks places, and on different cays, which were separated were visible here, too. Puma had swum directly fiom each other by wide and deep channels, showed across from Plantation Cay. After a day's.work plainly that tile creature took very readily to the along the shore; we reached the eastern end of Mewater. It was in November, a pleasant season to tacombe, where another brace of wreckers were envisit this sub-tropical region. We were engaoed, camped. Here was the same story of rapine and with a party of United States officers, detailed from bloodshed. During the night, the tPuma had visited Forts'laylor and Jefferson, for the purpose of survey- the hog-pen of the establishment, and, curiously ing the long line of coral islands which extend frorm enough,- instead of leaping over the low bars of the Tortugas to Cape Florida. It was just twilight- pen, had deliberately bitten off a large piece of plank, that period in the tropics between daylight and dark and, seizing one of the hog's ears, made off with it. that surprises every new comer by its extraordinary The muscular power and strength of jaw required to brevity. We had tramped wearily along tile extend- accomplish this feat upon so stout a plank must be ed beach of Plantation Cay, and had come suddenly, enormous. It was now proposed to build a fire near about midway of the island, upon large tracks in the the hog-pen, and retire for the nigllt in the wreckers' moist sand. Some great beast had, evidently, at this cabin. A board was placed across the door-way, point, elmerged from the thicket of mangroves. Here behind which Pablo, our cook, was to take the first was a chance for our ambitious hunters. We measured watch; he was charged with strict orders to call the the tracks; they were four inches wide by four and a party on tile first signs of the enemy. Sleepinmg was half in length; they were those of a Feline, and, con- a thing nearly impossible, for the mosquitoes were sequently, none other than those of the Puma, for a present in clouds. Near mIidnight, when tile nearest large Dog would leave marks of the non-retractile approach to sleep had been attained, the report of claws, and no other northern Carnivore is so large. Pablo's rifle called every one to thle front.'lhe WVe soon arrived at tile eastern end of the island, to Inegro had lost all cautiomm, aid blazed away at tle which point the tracks were continuous; and where, first sight of the beast. Several good shots, hmowever, in the ripple of the sea border, they vanish; evident- were up ill good time, and we had the satisfaction of ly tile creature had taken to the channel and swam taking the measurement of one of tile largest of his to the nei ghboring cay. Night closed in upon us; kild —a male Puma. His appetite had been sharptile mangroves were here replaced by larger trees, lened by fasting, anld the several attempts made to amLd tile deeper soil bore forth a rank growth of grass carry off his prey only resulted in whetting his desires and shrubbery. In the dense mass of foliage, we dis- for more, and thus it was a pretty safe conclusion to cerned a light, which came from a wrecker's hut, the make that lie would return for another attempt after only humanl habitation we had met with on the reef. tasting so daintily of tile porker's ear. lie had crept The.surroundings were exceedingly sombre and sug- stealthily alonig, and was just in sight, near the fire, gestive. As is common near tropical homes, however when Pablo's shot caused him to leap with a humble, tile cocoa-nut palm was here pretmuinentr prodigious bound over tile fire-brands; but a second rearing its grand plumes above the dark back- shot ended his career. Instances are not uncommon ground, and relieved against the star-lit sky, in all in Upper Florida of this anmimal's dispositioni to the beauty of its flowing: leaflets.'IThe dense under- enter human domains. We have heardc authentic growth, cavern-like, where, in the clearing, stood the reports of children being seized from tile fields where rude habitation, reflected' fitfully the lurid blaze of the parents were at work. the camp-fire; the broad, glossy foliage of the banana'l'le Puma is occasionally killed in tile Adiron — sparkled with the play of light; the fire-flies, here dclacks, and the trivial name Painter, a colrruption of and there, flecked the broad hiatus of darkness; while Panther, has given, more tham once, opportunity for the wreckers, wlhose scared looks were quite iil amusing misapprelhension. A timid cockney, who ummison with tile scene, gazed furtively about them, affects the two-fold accomplislhmenlt of "artist and lxii C ARNIVORA.-MAMMALIA. CARNIVORA. sportsman," armed and equipped with the best ap- upon all-fours. On the breast of the former are two proved gear and tackle, with portable camp-stools, or three prominent black marks, which are not seen easels, and all the paraphernalia so delectable to the in the Leopard. Some individuals —and one notable craft, inquired, with much assurance, if there "was example we have seen in the Central Park Collecmuch, if any, shooting hereabouts." "Oh, yes," said tion-have the skin most brilliantly colored, the his guide, " pooty tol'able, now and then a Painter; ground being of the richest golden sheen, upon which several on'emr killed this season." The prowess of the deep-black rosettes contrast most admirably. A the artist-sportsman, as we may conceive, was mar- black variety is not uncommon, wherein the spots vellously tried by this answer. One of the largest are still visible, though the color of the fur is very male Pumas we have ever seen was at the establish- nearly uniform; this is due, probably, to a melanotic ment of Mr. Bell, the New York taxidermist; it was condition, which is supposed to be induced by the shot by one of the engineers engaged in a survey of the presence of too much iron in the blood. An opposite Adirondack region. Several fine specimens are kept state is that of the albino-one in which there is in the Zoological Collection at Central Park, where complete absence of coloring matter in the skin and they have repeatedly bred, giving birth usually to certain other tissues; the eye, for example, is red in two. De Kay says: "'When a boy, I remember the the latter, owing to the delicate membranes having consternation occasioned by the appearance of one no coloring but that given by the presence'of red of these animals (the Puma) in Westchester County, blood. Two fine specimens of the Black Jaguar are not more than twenty-five miles from New York." in the American Museum, Central Park, N. Y. It is In the early settlement of the State, the animal was the general impression that the Jaguar, as well as believed to be a Lion. In Vanderdonck's History of the Puma, is intractable and untamable, but inthe New XNetherclands, the author says, "Though the stances are extant of both creatures being tamed country is fierce in climate, and in winter seems and made quite docile. A specimen of the Jaguar, rather cold, nevertheless, Lions are found there, but taken to England by Capt. Inglefield, of the British not by the Christians, who have traversed the land Navy, proved so thoroughly good-natured that it was without seeing one.''lhe females are only Sknown to to its keepers all that any domestic Cat may be. us, and those only by the skins; the males are too "It was playful, and was as mischievous in its sport fierce and active to be taken." The Ptuma is occa- as any kitten, delighting to find any one who would sionally seen in the Catskill Mountains, and particu- join in a game of romps, and acting just as a kitten larly in the counties of -Herkimer, St. Law~:,;Ie and would under the same circumstances. As the animal Hamilton, N. Y. Individuals have been shot in in-creased in size and strength, its play began to be Vermont, and a few have been seen and captured in rather too rough to be agreeable." This individual Massachusetts. It is rarely seen farther north than was two years old when it was taken to England. New York. I'wo years after its arrival, Capt. Inglefield visited it, THE JAGUAR (Felis onca, Linn.)-Fig. 36, vol. i, when the creature at once recognized its former p. 116.-This magnificent Cat exceeds in size, owner, allowing him to pet it, and exhibiting co1nstrength and beauty all other Carnivores of the con- siderable fondness.'Ihe Jaguar will not attack Manl tinent; indeed, these special attributes have gained unprovoked, but is a fearless and relentless enemy to for it the title of American Tiger. It is found as far all other living creatures, excepting the Boa Connorth as Eastern l'exas, extending to Red River, and strictor. We were told that a large Jaguar, which south through Paraguay and Brazil. Its westernmost remained some time in the Central Park ZoOlogical limit, according to Mr. Weyss, is the Gaudeloupe Collection, had been kept in confinement many Cation (Sierra madre). The Apaches call it Tutin- years, and had been the hero of several remarkable quille, and the Mexicans, Tigre. The Jaguar is the tales. At one time, while " on thle ro'd " with Mr. representative of the Leopard onl this continent, and, Van A1m1burgh's Menagerie, the cage of a large Boa though larger, is very closely allied to it. required some repairs; its glass door was newly set In the ZoOlogical Collection at Central Park, in putty. During the following night, the huge folds N. Y., are several fine full-grown Leopards of both of the snake pressed off the glass, and gave speedy sexes; there have been at various times very beau- exit to the occupant. It was but a coil or so distant tiful specimens of the Jaguar, also adult, and of from the den of the Jaguar. The huge serpent, now either sex. We have been very familiar with the experiencing a realizing sense of the blessings of various aspects of these creatures, regarding them, liberty, quietly and cautiously unfolded a scheme of as they are stationed near each other, with critical neighborly visitings. The usual grand rounds of lattention. It is difficult to point out any very marked the night-watchman brought him, in due course, to difference between them, excepting, of course, the the Jaguar's cage, where a most extraordinary tableau very notable one of angular and spotted lings. The was in progress. The great Cat, whose prowess is head of the Jaguar is rather longer, and the visage is not wont to be arraigned for trifles, was crouched in less amiable; there is also a general expression of one corner, utterly impotent with fear, and exhibitmuscular power, which, in the Leopard, is concealed ing in his visage every expression of profound terror by a roundness of outline in every part.'rhese fea- and apprehension that brute is capable of, lwhile the tures, however, may not be noticeable in the wild stolid, unconcerned serpent lay, all innocent of harmlstate. T1he tail of the Jaguar is shortel than tlhat of ful motive, coiled around the bars of the cage, hlis the Leopard, reaching the ground only as it stands head peering in amid out of the perilous presence of CARNIVORA.- MAMMALIA.-CARNIVOR.. lxiii the great beast. A bloody tale is related in the Re- by a single blow of thle Jaguar, and fishes are seized port of the U. S. Miexicanz B-oztdacy SLrvey. In the fiom the lake or stream by its nimble talons. year 1824, at the convent of San Francisco, in Santa OCELOT, TIGER CAT (Felis pcaqcdalis, Lina.)-Thllis Fe, a lay brother, who had just returned from his is the F. armillata of F. Cuvier; F. griffithii of devotions, met in the hall-way of the convent, face to Smith; F. catenata of Griffithl; and F. chibiguazu of face, an enormous Jaguar. Th'I'le creature, finding others. In size it is about that of the Wild Cat. itself cornered, sprang upon the monlk, and very The ears are black, with a wvhite spot. Tail above quickly killed him.'The guardian, aroused by the is black, with narrow white bands. On the back cries, came at once to the scene, and had scarcely of the neck are fine stripes, with lighter intermade an attempt to resist the beast before lie was vals. Along the back is a series of full black mortally hurt. A third person was slain almost as blotches, more or less continuous. The rest of the,quickly. Mr. Iriondo, a senator of the State, being back and sides show a grayish net-work, enclosing present, armed several men, and succeeded in driving angular blotches, more or less elongated, black exthe Jaguar into an inner room; but, in this encounter, ternally, brownish-yellow in the centrie. The blotches a fourth human victim was sacrificed. A hole was next the dorsal line are more serial and smaller. The now bored in the door leading to the inner room Ocelot inhabits all of Texas, and reaches north as far where the creature had been enclosed, and througlh as Red River. It resembles, more or less, other that he was shot.'TI'e measurement of this Jaguar South American species. It weighs rather more was five feet from tile nose to the root of the tail. than F. macroura or F. oceloides. F. mitis is nearer The Jaguar has a reputation for immense pliy- it in size. From the nose to the root of tail it sical strength. One instance is recorded of the beast measures twenty-seven inches. Its fur is short, close seizing a Horse (after capturing it in the same man- and glossy. The skin is prized for certain purposes, ner attributed to the Puma-that of leaping upon its and often, it is said, commands the same price as neck and forcing the head backwards until the spinal that of the Jaguar. The Ocelot is regarded as less cord is broken), and dragging it to a stream, swim- amenable to cultivation or kind treatment; fierce ming across, and at last lifting it upon the bank, and treacherous in the wild state, it scarcely becomes where it feasted on the carcass. Humboldt re- a safe or attractive pet when kept in confinement. garded the largest specimen he met with as "exceed- It is surly and capricious, growlilng fiercely and spiting in length any'Tiger of India which I have seen ting when thle cage is approached. At times, or perin the collections of Europe."'This Cat seems to hiaps more particularly with certaiil individuals, it understand fully tile advantage of I" Turtle-turnino- " piturs nad exhibits somlething like a pleasant temper. The huge Sea T'urtle goes upon the sandy beach to - TIGER CAT (Felis eyraC, Desmn.)-Berlandier oblay her eggs; after digging a hole, and laying her tained a specimen of this Cat in Matamoras, and, on'complement," she covers them with due care, and the strength of this, Prof. Baird enumerates it with cautiously returns seaward. At this juncture, the the North American Felidcn. It is the size of a comgreat feline, who has wisely overlooked the whole morl Cat, but longer in body; its neck is much proceeding, now deliberately approaches, and most longer, and its general form is musteline. The tail adroitly capsizes the huge reptile. Once on her is rather longer than tile body. Its color is a uniform back, she is completely helpless. Jaguar is conscious brownish-red, a little paler beneath; tile hairs are of this, as is the " mlariner, who finds his occupation not nlottled.. Its head is small; the ears are short, in't." He, therefore, proceeds deliberately to un- without tufts; the body is slender. Dr. Berlandier cover the eggs, then and there indulging his taste tamed one to a certain extent, but there seems little with the delicious relish, as entremets to the more evidence in favor of their proving acceptable pets. solid pabulum thus securely in hand. He waives In tile desolate regions of Tamaulipas, and in Guiana, the traditionalfirst course, declining soup of his Tur- Brazil, Paraguay, and tile Rio Grande of'l'exas, they tle, but may be said to take it ravz oln the half shell. abound.'Tlo realize fully how skilfully this Cat separates the THE YAGUARUNDI (Felis yaguar.undi, Desm.) — flesh froml the shells of the Turtle, we should read This is larger, somewhat, and decidedly longer thai tihe accounts of Humboldt and other South American the common Cat.'['lle tail is as long as the body, travelers. The sharp claws are introduced between exclusive of tlle neck and head. Th'le prevailing color the shells, and every particle is separated.'I'he is a uniform grizzled brownish-gray, with no spots or arboreal habits of the Jaguar fit it for an easy cap- markings. T'he hairs are annulated and tipped with ture of prey frotm tile nunerous bands of Monkeys, black.'lhe young are more rufous. It is the F. besides the larger animals, whichl, we have seen, he mexicanus of Desm., and F. cacomitl of Berlandier. does not hesitate to attempt. The Capybara is the'The latter author procured a specimen in Matamoras, most common victim, as it is sluggish and easily cap- which fact establishes tile habitat of the animal f'artured. Thle little Peccary gives him infinite difficulty, tiler north than it had hitherto been known to live. however, not hesitating to give him battle, and often Paraguay is said to be its southern limit of range. proving a most deadly foe, instead of an easy victim, With the Puma and Lynx it exhibits a striking conwhich his insignificant appearance betokens. Its trast to all other members of the family by its plain, sabre like teeth are used witll deadly effect, and f:e- uniform color. quently prove too much for the aggressor. Imstalnces THEI MARGUAY (Fel/s tigrina).-'Tllis is one of are recorded of birds on the wing beimig struck dowin the hamdsomest of tlie smaller Cats common to Yxiv CARNIVORA. M-TIAMMALIA.-C ARNIVORA. tropical America. It is beautifully marked, and is said distinct subterminal half rings; inner surface of ear to become a pleasant pet when tamed. Mr. Waterton with a white patch."-Baird. The same authority speaks of tamning one so that he was as docile and remarks, concerning the difficulty of determining the as safe a pet as the domestic Cat. The ground color subject of species in this genus: "In the study of of this species is a bright tawney; the face is striped the North American Lynxes, although a considerdownwards with black; the shoulders and body able number of specimens have been before me, I marked both with stripes and large, oblong black have found it difficult to come to satisfactory conspots, and small spots on the legs. The breast, belly clusions, owing to the imperfect condition of some and insides of the limbs are whitish. T'he tail is and the uncertainty as to date of collecting others. long, marked with black' and gray. Its habit is It is well known that this species, having a very wide arboreal, mostly watching its prey from the branches range, varies much, not only with locality and season, of trees in the deep forests. Its young are two in but those from different localities will vary much at number. It breeds once a year. the same time. Northern skins of Wild Cats have THE PAMPAS CAT (Ftalis?ajeros). —This is about generally longer and softer hair the year through the size of a large house Cat, measuring about twenty- than the southern, while, as in the Deer, the hair will six inches in lenlgth. It is strictly a South Ameri- have a reddish or bay tinge, which is replaced by a can species, though it ranges the entire Southern grayish in winter. In many of our animals of wide continent. T'he fur is long, of a pale yellowish-gray distribution, there appear to be several races, as far color generally, with the sides of the body banded as dimensions are concerned, in particular species; with brownish tinge. The tail is peculiar, being skulls of the same relative age being different in size. short and bush-like at the extremity. This is particularly the case in the Cats, Raccoons, THE CHATI (Felis mitis). T'his is little larger Bears and Deer; and, as a general rule, the farther than the preceding, measuring about three feet, the south we go, the smaller the species. This condition tail included. Above, the fur is pale yellow, with of things adds not a little to the confusion which dark brown irregular patches; beneath, it is white. prevails. The skulls vary much, too, with age, and Beneath the throat there are two bands, crescent- probably also with sex, although the specimens beshaped, having the aspect of collars. The tail, to- fore me, not having' the sex indicated, do not afford ward the tip, has a series of faint rings. Tile Chati the clue to the peculiarities of n'iale or female. There is found in South America exclusively, and is said to appear to be at least three species of smaller Ameribe gentle and tameable. can Lynxes in North America-the common Bay THE CHIBIGUAZU (Felis chibiguazvu).-This Cat V "''7r., rwhich reaches from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is larger than the preceding, measuring four feet,; troughout nearly the whole latitude of the United including the tail, which is about thirteen inches States, but is replaced in Texas and Southern Calilong. It is said to be unusually cunnilng and de- fornia by the Lynx maculatus, and in Northern Oregon structive, yet, when kept in confinement, becomes and Washington Territories by the L. fasciatus.'I'he tractable and docile. Other species are known to precise limit of the last-mentioned species, other than inhabit the tropical regions of South America, but as indicated, has not been ascertained. The examinlittle is known of them. Felis hernandezii is found ation of a large number of well-prepared specimens in Mexico; Felis colcola, Guiana and Surinam; F. of different ages, sexes, seasons and localities will, geoffroyii, the Pampas and Patagonia; F. grisca however, be necessary fully to unravel the perplexities (Gray ocelot), Central A merica; F. jacobita, Bolivia; which now encompass the whole subject." F. pictus of Gray and F. pseudopardalis are from Specimens of this form are in the Smithsonian Inthe Bay of Campeche. stitute, from Carlisle, Pa.; St. Johns, Florida; from Nebraska, California, Oregon, Missouri and Alabama. LYNX. —Raf. This Cat is fiequently captured; several fine specimens are kept at Central Park, N. Y. They are not Dr. Gray and De Kay, in the Aetw York Zollogy, sociably inclined, seeming better pleased to'retire use the term Lyncus for this genus. Its characters from sight; spitting and snarling when approached, are seen in the absence of the small anterior pre- and constantly wearing a thoroughly forbidding and molar and the brief and abruptly truncate tail. There sinister countenance. Measurements are given as are, besides, certain differences of structure in the follows: Length of head and body, twenty-eight and cranium. There are four forms of this genus in the three-quarter inches. One was tiventy-seven inches. United States. The tail of former is seven inches. Height of latter AMERICAN WILD CAT (Lynx rufus, Raf.)-T-'he at shoulder, fifteen and a half inches. Authors have specific characters of this form are given as follows: given it various names: F. ruffa by Guilderstaedt;'1'he fur moderately full and soft; above and on the F. rufa, Schreber and others; Lynx montanus by sides, pale rufous, overlaid with grayish-the latter Raff. and Harlan;. L. floridianus by Raff.; Bay Cat color most prevalent in winter; a few obsolete dark and Mountain Cat by Pennant. spots on the sides, and indistinct longitudinal lines TEXASWILD CAT (Lynz rzfus, var. mzaculeatus). — along the middle of the back; color on the throat Baird gives the specific characters of this Cat as: like the sides, but much paler; beneath, white spot- "Fur short and rather coarse; color above and on ted; inside of the fore and hind-legs, banded; tail sides, light reddish-brown, overlaid with grayish in with a small black patch above at the end, with in- the winter; quite distinct spots of darker on the CARNIVORA. MAMMALIA. PINNIPEDIA. lxv back and sides; color on the throat paler than Its dimensions are much the same as others previoussides; beneath, white spotted; inside of legs, banded; ly mentioned. tail with a small black patch at the end above; inner CANADA LYNX (Lynx canacdensis, Rf.) —'Ilis surface of ear black, with a white patch. In addition Lynx is the largest of all the North American species. to the markings described there is an obscure dark It is quite easily distinguished by its general aspect line along the sides of the neck, starting below the of bulkiness; its feet are larger, and the longer hair ear, and two rounded black spots between the anterior gives a stouter look to the limbs and body.'The extremities of these lines, which diverge slightly from neck has a pointed ruff on each side.'Thlle tail is each other. The ears are quitelarge and pointed. Tl'he very slort, but densely covered with hair. T'he genprevailing color above is a chestnut-brown, darkest eral color is gray, sometimes being quite' whitish. on the vertebral region; this is, however, imparted The pencils on the ear tips are black and very by a large number of crowded, rounded spots, between prominent, being about two inches long; and the exwhich the color is lighter." AMeasurement given is treme tip of tail is black. Along the margin of the three feet fiom nose to root of tail; tail vertebrae, ears the hair is black. The head and body of this five and three-quarters inches; tail, including hairs, Lynx is thirty-four and a half inches in length; the six and a half inches. The Mexicans call it Gato tail vertebrse, four and a half inches; tail, with hairs, montes; the Yuma Indians, No me; the Cochines five and three-quarters inches. Some doubt exists of California, Chimbi. Its voice is likened to the among European authors concerning the identity bePuma, when enraged. Mexico, l'exas and California tween this and the European species-some claiming seem to be the favorite localities of this variety. them as one species. This is the Loup cervier of the RED CAT (Lynx fasciatus, Raf.)-T'lhis is the early French writers, and the Big Gray Wild Cat of'I'OGER CAT of Lewis and Clark. It is described as the New York hunters. Godman calls it thle Northhaving a very full and soft fur, and pencilled ears. ern Lynx, an!d De Kay adopts this as his trivial The back is of a rich chestnut-brown color, a little designation, and Lyncus borealis as the systematic paler on the sides and on the throat, which has a Dname. It is, perhaps, better known as the Canada darker band on the dorsal portion. Along the Lynx. In the northern districts of NewYork State central line of the belly is a dull whitish tint, with it is not uncommon, where it preys on thle Hare and dusky spots, extending to lower part of sides. No other small quadrupeds, occasionally venturing into spots or bands are to be seen on the upper part of the farm-yards to seize upon young pigs, lambs, &c. the sides. Ears are black inside, with a very incon- It is regarded as a timid animal, and one that is spicuous patch of grayish. Terminal third of tail easily destroyed. Its locomotion is rather peculiar,, above, black. This species is considered remarkable consisting of a series of leaps, alighting on all-fours for the softness of its fur, and resembles, in that re- at each bound. It swims well, taking to the water spect, the L. canladensis. It is rather distinguished readily. It breeds once a year, having two at a tilne. from others by its rich chestnut color. It was first No Lynx has beenl found in South America, though described by Lewis and Clark, intheir report of 1814. some of the species extend their range pretty well Its habitat is mostly in the regions of the northwest. down in Central America. ORDER VI.-PINNIPEDIA. are found in the West Indian seas; the remainder are SEALS. confined to the colder portions of the globe. Most ANIMALS having' fin-like extremities —" flippers," so of those found in the soutllern hemisphere differ called by the "toilers of the sea "-are, in the no- somewhat fiom thlose of the northern regions, not menclature of science, Pinnipeds, or designated as a only in species, but in belonging to different groups. whole group, Pinnipedia, from the Latin, pinna, a'The Seal is adapted, to a certain extent, for terresfin or wing(, and 2pedia, from the nioun pes, a foot; trial locomotion.'I'lie muscles of the trunk are hlellce, fin-footed. Thmey are, on a general view of enormously developed to aid tlle weaker anatomy of Mammals allied to them on eithler hand, so far as the the extremities. Ample opportuiity is, of late years, appearance of the skeleton goes, on a middle ground, offered to witness tile progression of these creatures the Whale, an air-breathing mailmmal, beilng a few several species of them are kept in public collections grades less perfect in its bony structure, havinlg for very successfully. The metllod of their progress is ilmstance no hinder extremities, but supplied with an much like that of the Surveyor, or Inchl-worm.'ilhe external development of the nmmscular tissues that hinder extremities are drawnll forwards, and placed qnite simulates tile fin of a fish, though it is horizon- with their extended webbed feet flatwise upoim tIle tal, instead of vertically.placed. as in fishes. On the surface; tile body is now thrown out to its utmost other side the Otter, especially the Sea Otter, is a tension, the " tippers " or forward limbs aiding somnedegree more advanced towards the typical vertebrate what to break the fall and to grasp the surface. T'lle Mammal. Seals are not numerous as species; ilot main exertion seems to be expended in the lattem over tlhirty Ihave been enumerated. Dr. J. IE. Grav thlird ofthie body, wiici curls uncder witlhi tIle feet! both distributes tlhem into thirteen genera.'Iwo species together forming a sort of C spring, tile mlluscles of VOL. I. —. lxvi PINNIPEDIA. MAMMALIA.-PINNIPEDIA. which being contracted are, at the moment of pro- "flippers" closed snugly to reduce the body to the gression, suddenly elongated, which results in a jerk minimum of slenderness. It requires " rapid transit" or push forwards. The whole action is seemingly to pursue and catch fishes of the kind they are ac-: laborious, and is exceedingly uncouth. All forms of customed to feed upon in the great tanks of the the Pinnipeds are voracious to a great extent, spend- larger aquaria, but they seldom fail to procure ing a large portion of their time in securing food; enough to satisfy them. We were greatly amused the remainder is passed in basking in the sun or on witnessing the Seals at Coney Island Aquarium, sleeping. Virgil has it: where, in a large tank, two were confined. A raft was anchored in the centre, on which the creatures "' Stelnunt se somno diversae in littore Phocae." basked and rested when out of water. Numerous During warm days of sunshine, Seals are often killed small fishes ('T'om-Cods), from three to six inches in while sleeping, though it is recorded that they length, were grouped in apparent terror along the habitually "sleep and wake alternately about every borders of the raft, seemingly on the alert, and quite 180 seconds." It is said by many observers that, unwilling to trust themselves out of the shelter of its while a herd of Seals lies at rest, sleeping, sentinels kindly neighborhood. The Seals, evidently distrustremain on guard; and, curiously enough, these sen- ful from unsuccessful attempts at their capture, would tinels in many instances are females. Notwitll- lie with their mouths nearly touching the fishes, their standing the apparent solidity of the Seal, observers, large lustrous eyes peering at them wistfully, the as old Seal-hunters, assert that it often sleeps while latter, in shoals, swaying over and around them, selying on its back on the surface of the sea. Fabri- cure in the feeling of association and the knowledge cius and other naturalists mention this as fact. In' (?) that their movements in this situation are too one instance, a steamer ran directly against one be- quick for the enemy's present possibilities. Let one fore it awakened. A singular tenderness is noticed finny individual leave his companions and take to in the nose of these creatures, and, in tile Seal-fish- the open "field"; the Seal quickly shoots forth, dartery, it is taken advantage of. A light blow on this like, flashing like a gleam of light, and pretty surely organ disables them; and this allows the fisherman seizes his prey. Then he has acquired an impetus to procure a large number before they can get to that equals, it seems, that of the fish, for it was a their holes and disappear, as they do not recover fair chase, involving a zigzag course, and an occaquickly.,';The cranium of the Seal is much thinner sional doubling-such as the Hare so successfully than that of other Carnivoqra, and the nasal bones enacts when closely pressed. are quite delicate in structure, which may account Notwithstanding the delicate nature of the Seal's for the peculiar vulnerability of this point. Even nose, the creature is very tenacious of life. Instances the ancients knew of this fact; a passage in Oppian are recorded of the carcass, deprived of its skin, conalludes to it-" Non hami penetrantphocas," etc. tracting sufficiently to rotate the pelvis upon the The voice of the Seal is something between the spine, upon its being irritated; this is, however, a cry of a young child and the bleating of a lamb or matter of reflex nervous action. The creature is kid. There were a dozen or more wild Seals (Phoca killed with difficulty, requiring a bullet through the vitzulina) brought to the New York Aquarium in heart or brain. the winter of 1877. The keeper, I noticed, handled'Ihe common Seal of the Arctic regions is known them very familiarly, yet, while doing so, they snarled to the Eskimos as Nutchook, and is the staff of and seized the staff which he held with a good deal life to them. Ninoo is the White Bear. It is said of savageness, and kept up a sort of growling which that it is very difficult to get within rifle-shot of the very closely resembled the voice of a cross dog under Seal; but Ninoo has such winning ways that Nutsuch circumstances. Seals are said to be fond of chook even comes to his arms to be hugged. Here music, and it is also credited that Seal-fishers take we see the power of music again, or the seductive advantage of this fact to entice them within reach of influence of something much like it. Ninoo is aware their weapons. Mr. R. Brown, F. R. G. S., relates of the Seal's habit in sleeping with regular intervals that he has "often seen them raising their heads of "cat-nap" length, and, on discovering one, lies above water, listening to the sea-songs of sailors, as closely on the ice, now creeping stealthily on his belly they worked at the capstan or pumps, or tracked the during the period of the Seal's repose, now hugging ship to the ice-floe."'The tuneful Orpheus, whose the ice in the minimum of bulk, while Nutchook powers are said to fail in holding the Dolphin en- rouses to look abroad. At the moment when the Seal tranced, may yet be said to captivate these, the more discovers the Bear, or the mutual recognition passes, susceptible and intelligent of ocean's denizens.''The Ninoo soothingly gives voice; it is quite distinct ancients, too, were aware of this propensity to listen from his ordinary utterance; he "talks" to Nutto sweet sounds. "Gaudebant carmine phocce." is a. chook, say the Eskimos. It simply charms, and familiar line to the classical scholar. Sir Walter the "cat-nap" comes again. Forward goes Ninoo, Scott has given us his mite in this Seal literature- and so on, until the distance is so little the Seal is "Rude Heiskar's Seals, through surges dark, actually struck down by the paws of the Bear. This Will long pursue the minstrel's barik." most remarkable fact is verified by nuinerous observers. Capt. Hall had a native, named Koojesse, Seals move rapidly in the water, often on their who, like some otlhers of his lkind, had learned to backs or sides, and frequently with the feet and imitate this method of hiunting from thie White Bear. PINNIPEDIA. -MAMMALIA.- -PINNIPEDIA. lxvii Hall witnessed this "talk" with a Seal. Koojesse and a sister of the same person has practiced the laid upon the ice, and crawled as near as was pru- performance in the New York Aquarium, remaining dent towards the Seal. As they recognized each below the surface over two minutes at one time. other, Koo' began pawing the ice with his right hand There is, then, no special structure for this purpose, and foot, while he uttered his "' Seal talk." At this, but an adaptability, so to speak.'The Seal is said the Seal rose and shook his "flippers " both fore and to learn gradually to swim and to remain immersed. aft, seemingly in imitation of Koo', and rolled over The Seal has an enormous quantity of blood, which in apparent delight. Now it dropped its head, evi- must be taken into account in this matter. In the dently in " cat-nap."'I'hen Koojesse hitched along Narwhal and other Whales there is a very large plexstill nearer, and so on, the intervals of sleep or re- us, or network of blood-vessels, about the vertebral pose, and alertness, being quite regular, until the column; this would seem to point to the explanacreature was within striking distance of the spear. tion of their endurance under water. Seals are said In winter, the Seal is driven to considerable in- to remain some twenty-five minutes immersed, but genuity to provide its home comforts; especially is authors doubt it; five to eight is the ordinary time the female so situated. In addition to the usual observed in the case of the common species. It is hole kept open for its necessary breathing place, the interesting to compare the skeleton of the Seal with female constructs a dome under the snow, just over those of other Mammals, especially through the the hole; this is merely an excavation around the various grades down to the Whale, where the hind external surface of the opening in the ice, the snow limbs are entirely wanting. See Plate 34, fig. 114, at that time supposed to be of considerable depth. vol. i. The snow is pulled down into the hole and cast into the water. A. shelf is left around the borders of the air-hole, on which the young are born. Here they The commercial importance of the Seal fishery is are nursed and tended until able to dive into the very considerable to several of the great powers cold, dark seas to search for their own substance. among nations. The numinber of Seals taken yearly The igloo, as this Seal retreat is called by the na- by the British and continental ships (principally tives, is quite secure from intrusion, unless the snow Dutch, Norse and German), in the Greenland seas, proves too light in quantity; the Bears and other Arctic average about 200,000. It is estimated that from Carnivo'ra then succeed in preying upon the young. eighty. to one hundred Seals yield about a tun of oil; The Eskimos Dogs are often very successful in this this oil sells for $150 per tun.'l'he skins are valued hunting, or, rather, there are some of their Dogs that at a dollar and a quarter each; this, added to prove especially expert in it, and those animals are the preceding, exhibits an amount of nearly $300 prized very highly, and are carefully trained to make as the value of between eighty and one hundred the most of it; for the Dogs will not hunt for their Seals. It is thought that the Seal fishery must at own prey. no distant day materially decrease, and eventually Seals are, as a group, very much alike in their diet, come to a serious interruption. It is well known living on the same kinds of food; the most prom- that before the introduction of mineral or vegetable inent are various species of Grustacea, which swarm oils, the Whale fisheries were quite at a standstill; in the northern seas. They are generally harmless, and that now the various cetaceans are notably inand susceptible of much cultivation. The common creased in numbers. The south seas once produced Phoca vitulina is often tamed, and proves an inter- an enormous number of Seals, many more than the esting and intelligent pet. The Bladder-nose, or north, and are now quite stripped of them.,Crested Seal, is an exception; it is reputed to be very combative. When approached, lie inflates his crest FossIL EXTINCT PINNIPEDIA. and gives battle at once, not deigning to retire, and, indeed, often giving chase to his human enemy. The secondary formations of New Jersey, in which'I'he anatomy of the Seal is peculiar in some respects. the green sand occurs, were supposed at one time to While in carnivorous animals generally the intestine have furnished remains of a species of Whale and is very short, in the Seal it is exceedingly extend- the tooth of a Seal. Authors differ in their estimate ed, in some instances measuring fifty and fifty-six of the.value of the determination in the latter case. feet in length. There was at one time a notion held Mr. Samuel R. Wetherill discovered the tooth in the by physiologists that the Seal's habit of remaining green sand, about a mile and a half south-east of Burbeneath the water for so long a time, as it is known lington, N. J., associated with numerous fossil shells to do, was owing to structural differences in the and Ammonites. This interesting relic excited a heart and liver, &c.'I'hefoamene ovale of the heart great deal of interest at the time, and was examined was found in a few cases to be open, and other struc- by many scientific men. It has since beef mislaid, tural conditions were commented on with reference and doubts have been expressed regarding its nature. to this habit. It is now thought, by later observers, It was referred to a living genus, which circumstance that the cause is entirely physiological, and not elicited some criticismln, as no genius of Mammals has structural; this is hinted at in the examnple of sev- lived through so many cycles.'lThis tooth was deeral girls, who have exhibited their powers of sub- scribed by Dr. Leidy, in Proc. Acad. NAat. Sci., Phila., aqueous endurance in public. In one instance, the 1853, under the name of the existing genus, Stenorindividual remained imnmersed fully three miiniutes, hynchus vetus, from a drawing by Mr. Conrad. In 1xviii PINNIPEDIA. -MAMMAL IA. — PINNIPEDIA. this genus' there is a striking resemblance of the is tile common Seal of England, and ranges over the teeth to those of a Shark; it hlas, therefore, been whole northern shores of Europe. It is the Phoca suggested that this may be nothing more than a vitulina of Linn., as well as P. communis; P. cannia worn specimen of thle latter, such being found in the of Pallas; and P. variegata, linnei and littorea of locality from whence the Wetherill specimen came. others. English sailors call it Sea-dog, Sea-calf, Sea-'I'he next more ancient deposit in which Seals have cat. Scotch fishermen name it Selkie, Selach and been found is the Miocene. Six or eight species Tang-fish. In West Scotland it is Rawn.'l.'he hlave been found in this and Pliocene deposits. Dr. Swedes term it Sprlklig SkAl. In other parts of Mantell met with considerable numbers of the bones Scandinavia it is Wilkare Sk/l, Kubbsael and the and teeth of two species of Seals in tile superficial Spotted Seal (den Spattede Sal). In Norse it is deposits of birds' bones, which lie in immense beds Stenkobbe; Finnish, Hylje; German, See-hund (Seaon the northern and middle islands of thle [New Zea- hound); Frencl,Veau marin and Phoque. The Danes land group. These are supposed to be those of ini Greenland nanie it Spragled Sael-hund. The EsStenorhyncllus leptonyx and Phoca leonina —species kimos in some parts call it Tupelo, on being shown now living on those islands. Similar deposits, made a picture of it. up of the remains of the common Seal (Plloca vitu- South of Hudson's Bay this species is not numerlina) are seen on the coast of Great Britain. In the ous on our shores, only single individuals being seen uipper Miocene of France extinct fossil forms occur, occasionally, either swiirming near the entrance of resembling the Otaria of the Antarctic regions; anid some harbor or mouth of river, or, as at Nahant, livin tile Pliocene of Montpelier, of the same, is an'ing in very small colonies on the rocks some disextinct Seal, named Pristophoca occitana. Remains tance off shore. We knew of such a colony that of Pinnipeds are also founid in Algeria, embedded in occupied the ledge known as Lobster Rocks, at the Post Tertialy deposits. entrance of Lynn Harbor. When the water was smooth, the round hleads of these creatures could be'FAMILY-PIIPH~: fOCIDA3.. discerned shining with reflected light. The Seal has a large brain, and is, consequently, very intelliPhoca is from the Greek-a Sea-calf, or Seal-used gent; its face beams with good-nature and intellias such by Pliny, and often by Greek writers in song gence; its eye is very attractive and gentle in and story.''he term is-here used to designate an expression. Several are kept in the New York important group of Seals, which have the muffle Aquarium, where they amuse the visitors by nulnerhairy on the edge and between the nostrils.'Tlhe ous manipulations, which they have been taught to ears have only a small aperture and no conch. The perform.'I'ley are very easily tamed, and seem alrlis and legs are very short, and thle wrist equally always to have a strong attachment for their master. so. The toes are sub-equal, arched and exsei'ted.'l'he voice of thle Seal is a bark, much like that of a T'he hind-feet are large and fan-shlaped; tile inner Dog,. When irritated, it mnakes a noise like the and outer toes large anld long, the three middle ones snarling of anl angry Cat, showing its teeth. Somle shorter.'lThe palmns and soles are hairy.'I'he claws species are said to utter tile syllable pa repeatedly. are distinct and sharp.'Ihe cranium has no post- This species probably affords tle Greenlander and orbital process, or is obsolescent. T'he alisphlenoid Eskimos their most useful article., of domestic comcamnal is absent. The mastoid processes are pro- fort and also of trade. The Seal skin is applied to duced largely, seeming to form a portion of the audi- innumnerable uses, and the flesh is all-important as an tory bullae. The scapula is extended upwards anid article of diet. Th'le native huts are lighted by the backwards towards the posterior superior angle. oil; the blood, mixed with other substances, forms Tl'here is no scrotum, the testicles being ellclosed in an edible soup; anid the sinews are put to endless the body. uses in the outfit of the fisherman and hunmter. Even tlhe immemubramnes are dried anid stretclhed over tihe TRIBE-PHOCINA. apertures of thle huts, to serve as windows ifl lieu of Dr. J. E. Gray, whose system we follow here (Sup- glass, being sufficiently translucent to admit all light plement to the Catalogue of the British Aiuseum, for practical purposes. Seal hunting on a great scale Seals and Whales, 1871), arranges thle Seals in several is seen on thle coast of North America; sixty ships tribes, the present including inidividuals with skull of one hunldred to omne hundred anid fifty or two huntapering in front, nose-hole moderate in size, the dred tonls each are engaged in the business.'I'he oil is molars, excepting the first, with two roots. This tile most valuable portion. Each Seal supplies about tribe is confined to the Nortll-Atlantic and Arctic a half a barrel of' oil. seas. In size this species is about four feet in length, some reachinmg inearly five feet. De Kay, who calls it Phoca concolor, gives, as its characteristics, the color l'his genus includes those having a rather narrow as uniform dark slaty-gray; the young entirely light muzzle, waved whiskers, fingers gradually shortened, yellow. It breeds in Autumn, brimnging forthl commoinpalate angularly niotchled behlinid, sub-cyliudlical hairs, ly two at birthl. A certain reef iin New York Harmbor thlimi uider-fur, amd llairy hind-toes between tile webs. — Robin's Reef —is inamed firom the fact that numnbers THE COMIMON SEAL (Callocephalus vitulinus)- of Seals formelrly resorted there; the terlll robin or Plate 12, fig. 40-of our northern and eastern shliores, robyn being tile name in Dutclh for Seal. Even now PINNIPEDIA. MAMMALIA.-PINNIPEDIA. 1xix they are occasionally seen, particularly at Execution Rocks, in Long Island Sound. Some are seen in Passaic River, N. J., every year, and are not un- This genus is represented by individuals having the frequently taken ill nets. Mention is made by Dr. palate truncated behind; fingers gradually shorter; De Kay of one being exhibited in New York, in muzzle rather produced; hair dry, flat, close-pressed, 1824, which was taken ill a seine in the Chesapeake without any under fur; web between the hind-toes, Bay, near Elkton, Maryland. baldish. Thlle lower jaw is dilated and inflexed beAn interesting circumstance is that a Seal, closely neath in fiont, so as to close in the front part of the like the present species, named P. caspica, is now gullet.'I'The grinders are rather distinct. They inliving in the Caspian Sea, and another. allied to P. habit the Northern Ocean. fcetida, in Lake Baikal.'ihe water of the latter is HARP SEAL (Pagophilus grcenlandicus).-This is wholly fresh, and the former does hot contain one Phoca oceanica of Lepechl; C. oceanicus, Lesson; P. fourth of the saline contents of sea-water. These semilunaris, Bodd'; P. dorsata, Pallas; P. mulleri, species are regarded by some authors as undoubtedly Lesson; P. desmarestii and P. pilayi, of same; P. identical with the forms they resemble, and the in- lagura of F. Cuv.; and P. albicauda of Desmarest. ference is strong that those lakes have at one time The popular names are: Saddle-back of English been portions of the Arctic Sea, the land now in- sailors; White-coats and Bed Lampiers of Newfoundterveniing having been upraised. land sealers; Svartsiden of Danes; Atka of GreenThle specific name, vitulina, is derived from the landers. The dark markings on its sides and back Latin, meaning Calf-like; probably its voice suggests give rise to some of the names above mentioned. the idea, as the young utters a plaintive cry when The habits of this Seal are much the same as those deprived of its mother. of other species. It is regarded by the sealers as RINGED SEAL (Callocephalus hispidus).-lThis is rather a stupid creature, and easily captured. Its found in the North Sea. Fred. Cuvier gives the fol- food consists of crustaceans and small fishes. It has lowing description: "Grinders more simple than a wide ranlge, being found at different seasons of those of C. vitulina; skull more depressed; inter- the year in all parts of the Arctic Seas. Stragglers maxillaries advanced between the maxilla and the find their way into the temperate climate, and this nasal for one third of their length; frontal and species is now recognized as a member of the Fauna palatines not united in the orbits; palate angular of all the northern shores of Europe and America. behind." To' the Greenlander, these Seals prove of vast imAnother variety, called C. fRetidus, and also the portance for their hides, oil and flesh. One fullRinged Seal, is described as having the back black- grown animal will weigh 230 pounds, the skin and ish, or on its side large oval, whitish, thin rigs; blubber being 100 pounds. the circle round the eyes of one color; the hairs of THE BANDED SEAL (Pagophilus equtestris).-Tllis the beard'thin and brown; the grinders rather far species is recorded under the generic title Pagophilus, apart; fur short and crisp, recurved at tip; lower but with a? It is the Phoca equestris of Pallas; jaw dilated and inflexed beneath in fiont.'IThe young P. fasciata of Shaw; and P. annellata of Radde. a greenish-black; eye unlike adult; beneath, paler. Gill arranges it in the genus Histriophloca, under the'This is Pagomys fcotidus of Muller; P. fcetida of same specific name as is here adopted. The Banded same; P. bothnica, Gmelin; P. fasciata, Shaw; P. Seal is not well known; its distribution is said to annellata, Nilsson; P. discolor, Gray.; and P. fred- extend eastward to Amoor Land. It is seen on the erica of Lesson. Its popular names are Ringlad Sk/l, coast of Alaska, bordering on Bellring Sea, and is Morunge, H-Iringanor, Kuma, Nerpa, of Russians; an occasional visitor at the Aleutian Islands. Gill Neitsiah of Greenlanders and Danes; Hoe-rat of remarks: "l The species is remarkable for color, as Northern English and Scotch. It is the smallest of well as structural peculiarities. Th'L'e male is at once the Greenland Seals, and is considered of little con- recognizable by the color, and this may be said to be sequenfce commercially.'The specific name, fcetidus, a chocolate-brown, except (1) a band of whitishis derived from the fact that the old males emit a most yellow, bent forward towards the crown around tile disgusting odor. Homer refers to this as follows: neck; (2), an oval ring of the same color on each side, encircling the fore-feet, and passing in front just "Web-footed Seals forsake the stormy swell, before them; and (3) another band, also bent forwalrd And sleep in herds, exhaling nauseous smell." above, behind the middle of tlhe trunk.'l'here is con-'I'lis species seems to be confined to high latitudes siderable variation in the extent of these bands, and in Spitzbergen Sea. Ill North Greenland they are sometimes the pubibrachial rings are mIore or less captured by the natives for food and other uses; and confluent with the posterior band. Th'le females are some are found in Southern Greenland, being quite simply whitisli-yellow, or have very indistinct traces numerous about August. of the posterior band." The Russian traders used In tihe arrangement of Gray, the Caspian Seal formerly to procure the skills of these Seals for orna( C. caspicus) comes next; it is supposed to be a waif mental purposes, visiting Cape Romanzoff to get tlhein. of thIe conimmon C. vitulina. Thlle species measures from G to 8 feet in lengtll. Two species are enumerated after thie above —the Anotller species, called Pagophilus ochotensis, is Norway Seal (C. dinidiatus), and Largllha Seal (C. mentioned by Gray as living in the North Pacific; largha) —the latter froln the North Pacific. it is Plloca ocllotensis of Pallas. lxx PINNIPEDIA.-MAMMALIA. PINNIPEDIA. approaches the Walrus is seen in the disproportionate size of the brain, as compared with that of the Common Under this ]lead Gray places two species. Seal; its remarkably small brain seems to be accomRICHARD'S SEAL (Ifalicyon qicharqdi)-inhabits panied by a corresponding degree of intelligence-(as the North Pacific and Columbia River. the creature has not been successfully tamed or PEALE'S SEAL (Halicyon pealii ).-This is the domesticated)-failing entirely to exhllibit tle bright, Halichserus antarcticus of Peale, Wilkes' U. S. Ex- " knowing " aspect of the other members of the order. plorting Expedition.;' Gill calls this a typical species The size of the brain of this species, which measured of Phloca, and adds that it appears to be identical eight feet in length, did not exceed that of a Comwith those that occur along the California and Ore- moll Seal (P. vitulina), which is less than four feet gon coasts. So there must be some error as to the in length. assigned habitat in the Antarctic Seas, and proposes TRIBE III —MONACHINA. the name Phoca pealii." This tribe is placed under a section by Gray, PHocA. —Gray. which has four cutting-teeth above and four or two below. In this particular tribe the cutting-teeth THE BEARDED SEAL (Phoca bcaqbata) is the are 4, the upper ones transversely notched. The Phoca lanica of one author; Callocephalus barbatus palatine bones are not produced beyond the inner of F. Cuvier; Phoca leporina of Lepech (?); and margin of the orbits. They inhabit the MediterCallocephalus leporinus of F. Cuvier. Its popular ranean Sea and the North Atlantic. names are Leporine Seal and Great Seal. It is dis- The typical genus, Monachus, is an inhabitant of tinguished by having larger and longer moustaches, the Mediterranean, and includes one species-the and in being one of the largest of the order. Among MONK SEAL (1I. albiventer.) the Eskimos it is prized particularly for the very serviceable hides from which, on account of the TRIBE IV —STENORHYNCHINA. length, they procure fishing-lines and harpoon-lines. I'he blubber is more delicate in taste than any other, The cutting-teeth are 4, conical and acute. The and is prized accordingly.'TIhis Seal is said to be hinder-feet are nearly clawless. occasionally seen off the northern coast of Scotland. It is considered solitary in habit,'and frequents the STENORHYNCHUS. —Gray. most distant and undisturbed places. It is not so watchful and lively as the Common Seal, nor is it so This genus is represented by one species, an ineasily alarmed. Its length is about 14 feet. Its habitant of the Antarctic Ocean. color is a'deep brownish-black; in the younger state, SEA LEOPARD (Stenor'hynchus leptonyx). — Tlhe a light greenish-blue.'T'he body is full or ventricose; nostrils of this species open like those of the Whales. the hair very short, rigid; the tail very short. The stomach, when examined, was found to contain THE WHITE-CHEEKED SEAL (Phoca nauriica).- sea-weeds and a large quantity of small parasitical'This species is recorded by Gray as a synonym of worms. "'lihe species appears to extend from the Phoca barbata of Temnminck, in Fauna Jrapanica; Antarctic to the New Zealand Seas, the New South and P. naurica and P. albigena of Pallas. It in- Wales and Falkland Islands."-Gray. habits the North Pacific and the Japan Coast. LOBODON. — Gray. TRIBE II-HALICH(ERINA. This genus, and several following, has the three In this group the muzzle is broad and rounded. front upper and first front lower grinders singleTh'lle skull is higher in front; the nose-hole very rooted; the rest two-rooted. The skull' is elongate, large; the grinders conical; the two hinder of the and the muzzle similarly produced. The molar teeth upper, and the hinder one of the lower jaw, double- are rather compressed, with large lobes in fiont, and rooted. three lobes behind the large central one. The head THE GRAY SEAL (IHaichoarus grypfhus).-'I'his is is lengthened considerably. T'he ear has no conch a well-known species on the coast of Sweden, and is externally. The muzzle is broad; nostrils ovate, and occasionally seen in the waters off Greenland, in hairy to the edges. The whiskers are stiff; the Disco Bay and elsewhere. It is various-named by orbits large, or moderately so; the posterior portion authors-as, griseus by Nilsson; Phoca halicherus of the temporal bone very convex, nearly hemnisby Thienemann; P. thienemanni by Lesson (in young pherical. The cutting-teeth are 4; Canines, f —; state); and P. scopulicola by Thienemann (young). Molars, -.. The fur is close-set, rigid, with no Its popular names are Graskal of the Scandinavians; under fur.'ITapvaist of the Scotch; and Htiaf-fish of the northern THE CRAB-EATING SEAL (Lobodon carcinophoca). Scotch. The latter name is used by Sir WalterlScott -In this species the head, back, hind-feet and upper in the "Pirate."'Ihe Icelanders call it Utselur. part of tail, pale olive; the fore-feet, sides of face,'The resemblance of this species, in many respects, to body, and tail beneath, yellowish-white; the hinder the Walrus, has given rise to discussion with refer- parts of thIe sides of tIle body, and base of hind-fin, ence to its true place. A character which closely yellow-spotted, the spots unequal and often con PINNIPEDIA. -MAMMALIA. —PINNIPEDIA. 1xxi fluent. The whiskers are white, the upper ones 1'RIBE V —CSTOPHORINA. dusky and smaller. The expedition of the Erebus and Terror procured this Seal, and the British In this group the cutting-teeth are -. The grinders Museum possesses the specimen. Its habitat is in have large, swollen roots, and a small, compressed, the Antarctic Seas. simple-plaited crown. The muffle of the male has a dilatable hairy appendage. LEPTONYX.- Gray. MORUNGA.- Gray. In this genus the skull is broad and depressed behind; the muzzle is short and broad; the grinders The genus Morunga is characterized by having tlhe are somewhat compressed, with a small sub-central muzzle broad and truncated in fiont, and the foreconical tubercle, and a very small posterior one; the head convex. The front claws are obsolete, the lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle. hinder ones distinctly formned. Whiskers are very T'he fore-feet are clawless. The head is flattened, the long and large. It is said to have many characters profile presenting a form like cupid's bow; muffle in common with the Crested Seal of northern waters. hairy between the nostrils, the latter ovate" in form. Lord Byron mistook the male' and female of this'The whiskers are flattened, and somewhat waved. species for mother and young, as there is great disThere is no exterior conch to the ear. The skull crepancy in size, the male being eighteen feet and resembles Cuvier's figure of Phoca bicolor; the nose the female about ten feet in length. rather short, broad, and high above; orbits rather ~ THE SEA ELEPHANT (lfforunga elephantina)large; petrous portion of the temporal bone convex Fig. 39, vol. i., p. 127.-This is a rival of the Walrus and hemispherical. The cutting-teethl are 4, conical, in singularity and immensity. It is curious, as sirnusomewhat recurved; those of the upper jaw largest, lating in the sea the greatest beast of the field and the middle in each jaw smaller, the outer upper forest. There are numerous synonyms, by as many much larger. The canines are +-+, large, conical, authors. One of thenm is M. patagonica, which indicurved and compressed, the upper the largest. The cates thlat the creature has been seen near that locality. griinders are 6-, prominent. The lower jaw is We, therefore, gladly introduce it in our History of slender, with a short symphysis in front, and narrow, the American _Fauna, as it is a wonderful object, without any angle at the hinder part of the lower and one about which most astonishing tales are edge. The fore-feet are small, elongate, triangular, told. There is nothinlg lmore surprising than the hairy above and below; the hind-feet are moderate record of its length and bulk. Some author gives in length, the two marginal toes the largest, rounded the length of an individual as thirty feet, aiid a at the end; the claws are small, the two middle ones circumference of eighteen feet. It is said to live a largest. The fur is short, with no under fur. good deal out of water, wandering among the marshy FALSE SEA LEOPARD (Leptonyx weddellii). —T'llho groronds. Now, this is extraordinary, too, when we Antarctic Expeditions-notably that of the Erebus consider what an enormous bulk there is to be and Terror —brought specimens of tlhis Seal. At dragged or jerked along by aid of its insignificant Patagonia sonme were observed. It is easily dis- feet or "'flipers." It is said to emigrate, moving tinguished from the Stenorhynchus by the shortness southward as the summer comes on, and, when tIle of the wrist and thIe triangular form of its fore- winter weather sets in, returning to its haunts in feet. This is intermediate between Stenorhynchus the more northlern regions.'The first emigrationll is in and Ommatophoca. June, when the females give birth to their young. A curious story is told of thle males at.this time OMMATOPHOCA. —Gr'ay. folrming a cordon betwveen the females and thle sea, to prevent them from deserting the young.']'his The skull in this genus is broad, alnd depressed story is not vouched for. Tlhe males fighlt desperatebehind.'T'he muzzleis broad, very short.'T'he orbits ly. r'They alre thouglht to be polygamous, each male are large. Tile grinders are small, compressed, with having a herd of females in his charge. The huna central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on eaclh ters take advantage of thle fact that females will side of it.'L'he canine-teetll of the male are four to continue to herd around thle male even wlhen closely five inches long. The fore-feet are very slightly pressed; the latter is, therefore, not molested, while clawed. The ears are small, no external conch tile females are shlot down iii numbers. Should tile being visible. rThe muffle is hairy between and to male be killecld, the females would disperse at once. the edge of the nostrils; the latter are oval.'I'he Te Sea Elephant is considered as rather sluggish whiskers are taperisng, conical. Th'lle cutting-teeth and iactive, and is not so formidable an antagonist are, small and conical.'The tail is short, and as the Walrus, notwithstandcling its great bulk anid conical in shape. Fur close-set and rigid. strength. Its teethi are most'formidable in aspect, ROSS'S LARGE-EYED SEAL (Ommctophoca rossii). tlloughll the molars are slllall —tlle latter have a curi-This is described as of a greenish-yellow in color a od s mushroom-like apex. Tlie canines are large. of fur, with close, oblique yellow stripes on thie side, The peculiar proboscis-like appendage of the nose, and pale beneath. It is figured in the Zoslogy of seen only in the adult males, is not very conspicuous the Erebus and TerrEor. Its habitat is in i t he An- when tle creature is at rest; but, when excited, it tarctic Seas. blows into it, causing such an inflation that thle oe 1xxii PINNIPEDIA. -1MAMMALIA. PINNIPEDIA. semblance to the trunk of the Elephant is quite tempt has been made to tame it; it is, therefore, apparent. Like otlier Seals, it is easily tamed. wild and shy. The young are nearly as large as the Common Seal WEST INDIAN HOODED SEAL (Cystophora antilof our waters at birth, a circumstance which gives larumn).-This is recorded by Gray as havino a broad an idea of the immense bulk of this creature. Two face; the outer and upper cutting-teeth and canines cubs are generally produced, the period of gestation broad and strongly keeled on each side, and longibeing about nine or ten months.'ITh'le full-grown tudinally plaited within. The fur is gray-brown in male is said to yield seventy gallons of oil. One of color; the lips, and beneath, yellow. Dr. Pickerinlg, the Falklands is called Elephant Island, from the in the Report of U. S. Exploring Expedition to the fact that enormous numbers of these creatures fre- Antarctic Seas, saw one in mid-ocean 135 miles disquented it. Mr. Sclater informs us, however, that tant fiom land; it was concealed under water at when Leconmte visited the island they had deserted times, and appeared to swim entirely by its pectoral it.'They are yet met with in other localities. fins. FAMILY —TR [ C HE CHID2E. CYSToPHORA. The muzzle in this family is broad, truncate, and'hlle nose in this genus, in the male, is provided swollen above. The ears have no conch. T'he eyes with a compressed hood of considerable dimensions, are very prominent. Th'I'lle skull has no post-orbital extending to the back of the hlead; the muzzle is processes; the mastoid processes are strong and broad and hairy; the nostrils are large. T'he muzzle prominent, the surface being continuous with the of the skull is broad, and narrowed on each side in auditory bullfe. A distinct alisphenoid canal is front. The forehead is flat; the palatine bone broad present. The cutting-teeth are 2 in the young, and square. Thile hair is elongate and cylindrical; and 2 in the adult; the grinders all with sinlgle roots. the' whiskers flat and waved. The claws are rThe scapula has the hinder margin nearly straight, five in number, distinct from the integument. The with the spine a short distance from and nearly young is like that of the Harp Seal,'but is dis- parallel to it.'rllhe anterior and inferior feet are tinguished by the hairiness of the muffle between equal in size, the former destitute of claws; the the nostrils, and by the teeth not being lobed, but fingers decreasing in a curved line; the hind-feet only plaited on the surface. with five toes, all provided with claws; the pallns HOODED SEAL (Cystophora cristata)-Fig. 37, and soles are hairy in the young. Tail is rudimenvol. i, p. 126-is another curious form belonging to tary.'I'lhe locomotion is produced by the action of this order, the hood in this case being the more tile abdominal muscles while the feet are placed striking feature, though the extreme size to which it flatwise on the ground, the hind-feet being brought attains invests it with niore than ordinary interest. forward, with the posterior third of the body curved rThe head of the Crested Seal is very broad, and the under. muzzle is short. A cartilaginous crest rises abrupt- TRICHECHUS. ly over the head, six or seven inchies in height, forming a sort of keel in the centre;. this supports a sort The Walrus is the one only form in this genus. of cowl or hood, wlhich is a development of the Its generic characters are largtely embraced il the septunm. of the nose, the nostrils opening on each side preceding family description. The muffle, palin and of it.']'his is not seen in the young and the females, soles are callous, with the hair more or less worn and is ollly noticed when the male is enraged, being off in the adult.'Ihe skin is covered with small thlen inflated in a most grotesque manner. The ovate scales.'l'The nose has very rigid, white, comuses of this crest are not understood; it is one of pressed bristles, rounded at the end. The fore-feet nallly such examples where the male is provided with are small, the front claw rudimentary; the hind-feet some extraordinary appendage, which seems to be con- rather large, the first and fifth toes elongated, with niected some way with sexual functions. The males a distinct flap and rudimentary claw. are extremely pugnacious, particularly during the THE MORSE; WALRUS (TYrichechus rosmarus)mating season. Tlie color of this species is a dark Plate 13, fig. 42. —Tlis is tile most remarkable and blue-black oil the back, fading to a yellowish-white niost formidable of the memnbers of this order. It is on the undei portions of the body. Large gray spots found in vast herds, which frequent the regions of are spread irregularly over the body, and inl tile ice in both polar seas. As many as seven thousand centre of each is a black spot.''lle head, tail alid have beei seen in a hlerd. Curious tales are told of f'eet are black. In thIe youlg anilnal the colors are their habits.'lThe Walrus is sluggislh on land, aidl, not so datk, being a slate-gray on the back and consequently, is quite willing to rest wherever lie silvery-white beneath. may drop after crawlin g up from a hole in the ice; r'Ihe Crlested Seal is found in South Greenland, others coining up give himn a puslh, alld so tile cuiiiand is occasionally seen on the opposite shores of ous movement goes ol, until hundreds often are the main-land. It is quite comimon in Davis' Straits collected. As may be imagined, this great creature from September to March. T'Ilhe natives here give it is clumsy and unwieldy on land. It attains a great the name of Neitsersoak. A slmall specimen of the size-a full-growvn miale measuredt fifteen feet in Crested Seal, whlich the sailors called Bladder-nose, length, and authors mentlio eveln greater bulkl. T'he is kept alive at the New York Aquarium. No at- Walrus has been tamed, and it is said to be quite as PIxNIPEDIA. MAMMIALIA. PINNIPEDIA. lxxiii docile and intelligent as the Seals. It produces one The Eared Seals form quite a natural group or usually at a birth. $Winter is the usual time for the family distinct from the Earless Seals, the Phocide; appearance of the young. The mother nurses it on they also exhibit features, many shades advanced, as shore, and in the water carries it under the " fore-flip- mammals. They have limbs that serve them somepers." The term Walrus signifies, literally, " Whale- what more like those of the typical quadrupeds; they horse," and the specific name is fiom the Latinized progress on land by aid of these limbs, the body being Norwegian, Rosmar, "Sea-horse." It is thought at the time raised from the ground. The scrotum that the Walrus feeds mostly ou vegetable matter and genital organs are external, as in the Dog. procured at the sea-bottom, and that one of the uses They do not swallow under water, nor do they of the great tusks is to uproot its food, which con- masticate there; and they do not drink as the sists of certain parts of the vast growths of algae. Earless Seals do at times.'T'he pupils of the eyes'IThe flesh is highly prized by the voyagers, as well as contract and dilate enormously. The skulls of these by the native population of the Arctic regions.'The animals change very materially during their growth, dentition is curious, and a portion of it-the tusks- insomuch as to render it a matter of much difficulty quite remarkable. These are sometimes two feet in to determine species, without a large experience and length, the girth measuring nearly seven inches, and a very full series of specimens. Eared Seals are the weight tenl pounds each. Ordinarily the tusks characterized particularly by the under fur, which are about one foot in length. The ivory is very fine lies between the roots of the longer and more rigid in quality, and commands a large price. The im- hairs; hence, the more familiar term of the sealermense size of the roots of the tusks necessarily re- the Fur Seal. Much difference is noticed in the quires a corresponding breadth of snout to receive quantity and fineness of their under fur, which varies them and give strength to weapons so formidable; according to the species or country. Those having this results in a peculiar aspect of the face, which is inferior fur are called Hair Seals, and are collected rather ferocious and forbidding. The other teeth generally for their oil, the skins not being much are very small, comparatively. While young there prized. It is said that the Fur Seal skins are much ale six incisors in each jaw, two canines, ten molars in request in China. In Gray's Sitpplement to Cat. in upper jaw and eight in lower.;Vhen the animal Seals and Wh7ales, 1871, the only species of Eared has reached its full growth, the incisors all fall out. Seal, or Fur Seal, that had been observed in cap-'The economy of this phenomenon is not apparent. tivity was the Otaria leonina, or Sea Bear. Since The Walrus proves a most valuable prize to *the then several others have been kept successfully, and native population. Its skin, teeth and oil are valued much information is likely to be recorded concerning highly with us, while with the natives its whole their habits. Among facts recently noted by seacarcass furnishes almost every article required in faring observers, those furnished by Captain Musgrave their domestic life. In close quarters it proves a are interesting. He says: "T''''leir habits are much formidable foe; and being very tenacious of life, it unlike those of the Earless Seals. Trhe young are fights with intense fury, even when severely wounded. brought forth far inland, and they are taughllt to The enormous tusks prove terribly destructive, swim very gradually; at first the young do not take especially when the creature is approached by a readily to the water, their dams devoting considerboat, when the latter affords an object upon which able time to this duty." to spend his vengeance and fury. Though strictly an Arctic animal, yet stragglers have been known to TRIBE I-OTARIINA. visit the coast of Scotland. The young animal is OTARIA. black throughout, the adult a pale brown. rTle Walrus is a northern form, inhabiting more especial- In this genus the grinders are ~. In the adult ly the North Pacific. skulls the fourth upper grinder is under the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth and last in a line FAMILY-OTARIAD2E. with the back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is rather in front, on the EARED SEALS. line of the condyles.'I'he nose in this family is simple; the muffle I-THE SEA LION (Otaria jftbata)-Fig. 38, vol. i, rather large, callous above and between the nostrils; p. 127-is a most ferocious-looking creature, having ears with a cylindrical, external conch. The arms the savage aspect of the other large species, and and legs are rather elongate. The fore and hind- additional features which add materially to its forfeet are frilnged. The fore-feet are fin-like, with a midable appearance. It is very large, measuring scalloped naked membrane. The hind-feet are claw- fifteen feet in length, and weighing some sixteen less, and palms and soles of both are bald. The hundred pounds. The color of the male is a reddishtoes are nearly of equal length, the outer one on brown, which is paler in the older ones. Upon the each side being rather the strongest; the three middle neck and shoulders is a heavy mass of stiff, curly, toes have claws. The fur has more or less of under crisp hair, bearing some resemblance to the mane of fur, distinct and shorter. The alisphenoid canal is the Lion.''he female has no mane. The fur is a present, as is also a post-orbital process. The cut- chestnut-brown. In the fall of the year Sea Lions ting-teeth are 4, the upper ones often bifid. Tlhe are seen in great numbers on Behring's Island, canines are conical. The grinders are - or ~. where they rear their young.'I'he male is said to VOL. I.-k. 1xxiv PINNIPEDIA. MAMMALIA. PINNIPEDIA. take charge of only three or four females, instead of grate is a well-known fact, but where they pass a whole herd, as is the habit of some Seals.'The the winter is a puzzle to observers. They make Sea Lion is reputed to be naturally peaceable, per- their appearance at the proper season in spriilg, mitting the approach of man with indifference. It is plump and fat; the females produce their young, easily taken by the hunters, and great numbers of and the countless herds remain along the shores, them are slain-tthe natives securing them by means usually in selected localities, until the young are of poisoned arrows, as well as by the harpoon. The able to take to the sea. Observation proves that bllatant voice of these creatures is sometlhing fearful. in some instances individuals return to the same rocks many years in succession. An old chief of TRIBE II —CALLORHININA. the native tribes in Alaska witnessed the return of a Fur Seal seventeeni years successively to the same The grinders in this tribe are 6 —. The skull is rock. This Seal had lost one of his flippers, which oblong; the face broad, shorter than the orbits, and rendered him very noticeable. the forehead arched. A Captain Bryant spent some time upon the island of St. Paul, and made some very intelligent CALLXORHINUS. observations of the lhabits of these creatures. About the first of April, when the snow is quite gone and T'his, the typical genus, is characterized by an the drift ice has mostly passed, a few old males elongate skull, which has the forehead rounded in are seein in the water about the island, and, after front of tlle orbits, and the same rather swollen., two or three days' reconnoissance, venture on The palate is concave, as wide in front as at the shore and examine the rookeries, as they are called. end of tlle tooth line, and rather narrowed behind. After a few days, more begin to arrive, the first The sixth upper molar is just behind the hinder edge haviing departed to convey the information that all of the zygomatic arch.'Th'le fifth anid sixth upper is rio'lit. Thlle old males do not allow the young and the fifth lower molar have two diverging roots. ones to come to their grounds, and they appropriate T'Ile fore-flippers are small and narrow; the flap of with considerable exactness a certain amount of toes very long. space for themselves alld harem, which consists of NORTHERN SEA BEAR (Callorhinis ut'sinuzs)- fiom ten to fifteen fenales. "Might is right," is Plate 13, fig. 41. —TIis is Plioca ursinus of Linnius; their motto, and the old males determine their Otaria (Callorllinus) ursina of Peters, 1866; Otaria places by that code. The young males are kept at stelleri of Lesson anld Muller; C. ursinus of Allen; proper distance, herding by themselves at another Arctoceplhalus ursin]us of Gill, 1866; A. monteriensis portion of the shore. Captain Bryant gives some most and Californianus of Gray, 1859 (young ones). Gray extraordinary statements of the habits of the old records this Seal as inhabiting the seas of Kamt- males. He says: "As soon as a female reaches the scliatka. Scammon. gives the Fur Seals a wide shore, the nearest male goes down to meet her, geographical range, extending nearly to the higllest meanwhile making a noise like a clucking of a hen navigable latitudes ill both nlorthlelin and southern to her chickens. EIe bows aind coaxes her, and ]lemispheres. He observed this species in Bellring then, when lie has gotten himself between her and Sea and onl the coast of California. In the latter tlle water, alters his tone, and growls harshly at her, locality hle found tllem breeding from May to and drives her to a place in his harem. lThe males August, and on the coast of Patagonia froin Octo- select a time when their neighbor'turk' is away ber to March.'Ilie habits of the Fur Seal, according fi'oln his home, and then steal his wife or wives; toScamlmon,differ considerably firom those of the Hair this they do by taking them in their mouths and Seals.'lleir geographical rlange is very extended; lifting them over the hleads of the others, carrythey bask in a trlopical sun, or endure with apparent- ingl them as a Cat does hler kittens." Captain Bryant ly equal comfort the rigors of thle icy regionls of vouchlles for these statements, as also for the fact thle poles. Oil the coast of Chili their numbers that the old males do not eat for a long period, were so great, in 1798, that the American ship while they are in attendance upon the harem. He Betsey procured a full cargo of skins. It was says: "The old males teach the young to swim on estimated at the time that there were left on the their return from feeding —the latter being rather islaid —which is not over twelty-five miles in reluctant at first to enter the water. By the last of circulnferenllce-at least 500,000 Seals. Subsequently October thle Seals begin to leave tile islands in small there were taken but little short of a million skins. companies, the males going last, and by themselves."'IThe Seal-fishery in this region was carried on almost The account given by Captain Scammon is so exclusively under the American flag. On the Pacific profuse in valuable facts which are not generally Coast, from Gray's Harbor to Valcouver Island, accessible, we take it as desirable to present more the Ilative Indians take a few Fur Seals.'I he fully the matter relating to the capture of the Fur latter make their appearance about Malerc, and re- Seals, and their preparation for market. During matin ultil midsulnmer; during tlhis leriod the the montlis of Junle and September the natives take Ilndialls devote thleir whole time to the sealing'.'l'he tlle largest number for their skins. It will be seen best locality for tlhis is said to be Cape Classet. 110ow much 11o01e Of a terrestrial animal the Eared Tlhe islallds of St. Paul and St. George, in Behllling Seal (Otaq'iade) is than thllose of tIle Phocidca, as the Sea, are favort.e localities. Thlat thlese Seals mi- latter are too much like a fish to travel upon land PINNIPEDIA. -MAMMALIA. —PINNIPEDIDA 1XXV any considerable distance. The natives commence this Sea Bear, as well as for considerable other to drive herds of these creatures to some colivenient Inatter concerning it. Scarcely any order of Mainplace in shore, great care being taken not to heat mrals is less known and less popularly described. them, as the fur is injured thereby. The old males The larger number of species are found noticed only are not desirable, and, as they are more stubborn in MSS. or tile printed T'ransactions of Societies. and sullen, are easily left behind. The more val6-'lThe Seals of this family are known to be more nearly able young or middle-aged are thus selected, and amphibious and of higher organization than. those of driven on to the killing ground, which is sometimes the Phocidce. The present species is about the size six miles away from the shore. This is done par- of a very large Bear, and resembles no object miore ticularly to avoid disturbing the remaining Seals at than that animal. Its extreme length is seven and the "rookery" by the smell of blood, and the havoc a half feet. l'lhe teeth resemble those of the Sea and noise thereby created. Arrived at the grounds, Lion, only they are not more than one quarter thle they are watched for a while until they are cooled, size.'The apex of the tongue is bifurcated, tile then thle most desirable are dispatched by a sharp eyes very prominent and full, the iris black, and tIle blow upon the nose. Besides the skin, each Seal pupil bright green; there are eyelids and brows, yields a gallon and a half of oil. The linings of with a nictitating membrane to remove any foreign the throats are saved, and salted as an article of matter that may lodge ill the eye. Tile limbs are so trade to other ports in the territory, being used by arranlged that the creature may progress somewhat the natives to make waterproof cloaks or frocks, to after the manner of land animals, although they are wear in their canoes when hunting the Otter or exceedingly uncouth and move very slowly. Steller fishing. The skins are salted and packed in square says: "The skins of the young are much prized for bins, where they lie about forty days; they are then clothing. When I was in Behring's Island, I pretaken out, the salt removed, and a small quantity of pared a garment for my use with my own hanlds, clean salt sprinkled upon them, when they are and will ever retain a grateful recollection of it. folded, flesh-side in, and packed for commerce. These animals are found in amazing numbers in the There are about twelve miles of sea coast on St. islands of the north-west coast of North America, Paul's Island occupied by Fur Seals as breedingp and so crowd the shore they oblige the traveller to grounds, with all average width of fifteen rods. quit it and climb up the precipices."''lhey are as Allowing twenty Seals to the square rod, Captaini regularly mnigratory as birds of passage. Scammnon computes the number of breeding Seals at the enormous figures 1,152,000. Deducting one tenth TRIB III-ARCTl'OCEPHALINA. for males leaves 1,037,800 breeding females.'l'he value of the skins at the ground, or that paid by'I'his tribe is characterlzed by having the molar the Russian Company to the natives, is tenl cents teeth -—, the face of the skull shelving in front, and per skin, the company finding bins and salt. Pre- the fifth and sixth molar teeth situated behind the vious to 1866 the skins were worth $3.00 each. front of the zygornatic arch. The name is derived Soon after the transfer of tile territory to the United from the Latin, meaning Bear head, from the strong States, which was about the time the skins became ursine appearance of these Seals. fashionable, they were valued at $7.00 each. Inl 1871 they were again at a low figure, britnging only PHOCARCTOS. $3.00 a-piece, owing to the over-stocked state of In this genus-also deriving its name fiom the same the market. At the time of the sale of the territory source as the above Bear Seal-thle skull is elongate, to the United States, it was estimated that the and tlhe forehead fiat.'The palate is concave and annual yield was 80,000 skins. Trhe opinion of the deep, with a thickened malgin on each side inl fiont, men who have especial care of the Seals is that it widest ill the middle part of the tooth-line, and has reached 100,000, and that the yearly killing of gradually narrowed behind the teeth; the internal this number will in no way check their increase. nare is oblong, loniger thlan broad, truncate in front, In 1873 the number taken was 145,000, at the fol- the front edge in a line with tile orbital process of lowing places: St. George's Island, St. Paul's, and tile zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed Behring Sea, 100,000, the remainder in Copper and roots; some of them have a very indistinct longiBehring Islands, on the coast of California and tudinal groove on tile side; the fifth upper grinder Washington Territory, Robin Island, Okotsk Sea, has two distinct roots. Tile ear bones are not promiSouth Shetland Islands and Cape Horn. The net nent, and have a flat lower surface. T''he flap of tile value of the fishery is about $1,174,500 yearly. toes is moderate in size. Gray says, in connection Great care is required to determine clearly the with the above synopsis of the generic characters, identity of the species, when so much confusion "I have not seem anl adult skull, but have described exists in the nomenclature of these tribes. Peron, from those tell inclhes long, of which the bones are not the distinguished Antarctic voyager and naturalist, knit." This is Otaria of Allen, in Bul. M1us. Comp. is convinced that, "under the name of Sea Bear, Zool., Cambreidge, Mass. there really exists more thllan twenty Seals which THE SOUTHERN HAIR SEAL (Phocarctos hookeri) differ fornom each other in all their minute character- -Tlhis species lhas a brown-gray fur, slightly grizzled, istic points." We are indebted to Jardine's Nlat. nearly wlhite eimeatlhi; hairs shlort, close-pressed, Lib., vol. xi., Seals, for Steller's minute account of ratlher slellclder, flattened, black, with whitish tips; lxxvi PINNIPEDIA. —MAMMALIA. -PINNIPEDIA. the feet are reddish or black. The young are a pale ratner orowner-black beneath; under fur brown, very yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length sparse; hairs slender, polished, black, with very 18 inches. The latter is in the British Museum. slender brown bases. The three specimens are iu The Falkland Islands and Cape Horn are regarded the British Museum. as its principal localities. Another section is characterized by Gray as having the fourth, fifth and sixth upper grinders with ARCTOCEPRHALUS. two distinct diverging roots; the fiftlh in a line with This genus is established by F. Cuvier for several the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch. And this forms which come under the designation of FUR peculiar to America. SEALS.'I'Thle species have an under fur, which is THE SOUTHERN FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus nigresnearly concealed by the coarser and stiff, bristle- cens).-This is described under the above nauie by like hair which covers the whole body. Commercially, Gray in Zo71. Erebus and Terror; Catalogue Seals these Seals are very important, their capture giving and Whales in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866; as occupation to a large number of the ilhabitants of A. falklandicus in Cat. Seals and Whales, by Gray; the nortll-west coast.''The characters are seen in the by samne as Euotaria nigrescens in Annals and Maeg. face of the skull being elongate, and the forehead fiat; _Nat. Hist., 1868; and as Otaria falklandica by Peters, the palate is concave, particularly in front, with a Monatsb, 1866; A. falklandicus by Allen, Bul. Mus. thickened margin on each side near the teeth, and Comp. Zoil. Camb., ii; O. falklandica by Sclater then narrowed behind; the internal nasal openingD' in Proc. Zol1. Soc.; and Otaria nigrescens of Morris, elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in in same, 1869, p. 106. front, edge in a line with the orbital process of the'Th'le locality given for this species is Volunteer zygoinatic arch, which is large and well developed. Rock, Falkland Islands, and the authlority as Capt. T''he flaps of the toes are moderately large. Gray Abbot. Gray says: "'l'he two specimens in the examnined an adult skull of this species, from Cape 3British.Museum agree in most particulars; but they Horn, and states that the fifth hinder grinder has differ considerably in tile form of the hinder nostrils. only very short rounded callous roots, which are One has the hinder nasal-opening with a slightly slightly divided into two lobes, and the hinder sixth arched, nearly truncated, front edge." upper grinder seems to have a root of a similar A third section, whichl includes the remaining character. In the skulls of the older (which are not species of Arctocephalus, has the fourth, fifth and adult, as they have the sutures between the bones sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots-the still distinct) the fifth and sixth upper grinders have fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of two distinct diverging roots. the zygomnatic arch; the palate narrow. This group A section is here instituted by Gray, which in- is found in Australia. cludes those forms that have the fifth and sixth AUSTRALIAN FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus cinereus). upper mnolars with two roots (?); thle sixth upper -Peters calls this Otaria (Arctoceplhalus) cinerea, ill partly behind the hinder edge of the zygonmatic arch; Monatsb, 1866. Gerrard, in Catalogue of Bones of'lhe following single species is recorded under this Brititsh liuseum, has it A. nigrescens. In thle Catasection, and its locality is Africa. logue of the Sydney Museum it is called Otaria, or THE CAPE FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus antarcticus). Black Seal. Allen, in Bul. Yus. Comp. Zoil. Camb., -This is Phoca antarctica of Fischer's Syzopsis, anld names it as A. cinereus.'I'his species is is black, with'IThunberg in Mdmvoirs Acad., Petersburg; A. schisthy- grayer beneath; the under fur is abundant, reddishperoes of Turner, in Jouurnal of Anatomy, 1868; brown. A. schllistuperus -of Giiuther, Zoo1. Record, 1868; A. FORSTER'S FUR SEAL (A. forsteri).-This is dealltarcticus, Allen, Bul. fMus. Comp. Zoil., Cambridge, scribed originlally as Plloca ursina by J. R. Forster, Zhass., ii, p. 45; A. delalandii, Gray, Proc. Zoil. Soc., who found it at Cloudy Bay, inl New Zealand. Mr. Lond., 1859; and Ann. and N1/ag. Nat. Hist., 1866; Allen sees "no difference between this and A Ph'oca ursina of Cuvier, Oss. fossil; A. ursinus, F. cinereus." Cuvier, dmn. lfus., vol. xi.; Otaria ursina, Nilsson; THE FUR SEAL OF COMMERCE (A.falklandicus). Halarctus delalandii, Gill; Otaria (Arctocepllalus) — This is the notable Fur Seal which supplies thle pusilla, Peters, Monatsb, 1866; Petit Phmoque, Buffon, rich furs of commlnerce. Pennant calls it tile Falkland Btist. XNaturelle; and Phoca pusilla of Schreb. Seal. Shaw records it as Phlloca falklandica, and'ihe locality of this Seal is given as Southl Africa Lesson as Otaria sliawii, and tile same author in a and the Cape of Good Hope. The descriptionls are later work has it Otaria hlouvillii. Fischer in Synopvery meagre. Gray gives the following: (1) Adult sis of Mammals calls it Phoca liouvillii. New male, with slight mane, called "large wig." Fur Georgia, Falklanid Islands, is thle favorite habitat. whitish, with a few inlternmixed black hairs; under It is a very distinct species, known from all others by fur short, reddish. (2) Adult, witihout mamne, called the shortness, evenness, closeness and elasticity of by the dealers in furs, "1lmiddling." Fur reddish- tihe fur, and the lemngth of tile under fur. T'he fur is wliite, grizzled, with scattered black hlairs; ullder soft enougll to wear without tie removal of the side of the body darker, reddisll-browm; under fur longer hairs. In some kinds tlhere are numerous sllort, reddish. (3) Young, about 18 inclies long, lomg hairs, which are removed by slhaving tile skin called "black-pup," fmomn Cape Good Hope. Fur until they fall out, the roots being severed by tihe black, polished, soft, smooth, without any gray tips, process. This Seal is described as having a loing anid PINNIPEDIA. -MAMMALIA. —PINNIPEDIA. lxxvii slender shape, being much like a double cone, largest at the middle and tapering at the extremities. The head is broad and rather flat; the external ear black, This, the typical genus, has the palate concave, narrow, pointed, and projecting backwards. The narrow in front, wider at the line of the last molar, fore-paws are situated in the middle of the body, and and then contracted behind. The hlinder nares are have no nails. Th'l'e ind flippers are rhomboidal in narrow, elongate, twice as long as wide, acutely shape, and have a fleshy and membraneous expan- arched in front, front edge in a line with the front Sion, which is terminated with five straps.'I'There are edge of tile orbital process of the malar bone. The nails to the toes, excepting the great one, those of under fur is sparsely set. the three middle being much tle larger, and quite CALIFORNIAN HAIR SEAL (Zalophus gilliespii).straight.'l'llhere are five rows of whiskers of a This is the Otaria gilliespii of Macbain; Arctocebrownish-black color, the hairs simple and tapering. plhalus gilliespii of Gray, Proc. Zol1. Soc., 1859, in In some specimens a dark marking under the eye is which the skull is figured life-size; and Z. gilliespii observed.'Thl'le disproportion between the size of the of Gill and Allen.'11he localities of habitat are male and female is quite surprising. The male measures given as North Pacific, South California and Japan. nearly seven feet in length, and tile female three and Gray says he has not seen tile skull fiom a Japanese a half feet. This species is particularly polygamous; specimen, and is, therefore, not able to judge whether as many as twenty females often. coming under the it is the same as the Californian. He remnarks that care of one male. In the early part of December the the species is at once known by tile lengtll of tIle females land to produce their young, the male re- face, and that a line drawn across tile palate at tIle inaining with them during the period of gestation, fiont edge of the zygomatic arch leaves one third of the time being about twelve months.'IThey seldomn the palate behind the line, and two thirds ill front. have more than one at birth. Great affection is'his is in all other species of the genus, but inl this displayed by them at this season, their young being one it leaves only one fourth behind. tended with the greatest care. In about four weeks NEOPIOCA. the young are able to take to the water. A singular fact, made apparent by close scientific observers, is The palate in this genus is concave, broad, as that the young are taught by the mother to swim. broad before as at the hinder part of the toothTh'lis process being soon completed, the young are line, then rather suddenly contracted; the hinder abandoned to their own ways, remaining niear shore nares broad, rather longer than broad, with thle front until the coats of fur and hair are fully developed.. edge broadly arched, which is furthler back than the When the South Slletland Seals were first visited fiolnt edge of the orbital process of the zygomatic they had no fear of man, and would even show no arch, or malar bone, which is thick and fliat. There apprehension when. their fellows were being de- is very little under fur. The toe-flaps are moderately stroyed around them. developed. CAPE HAIR SEAL (Ai'ctocephalus? nivosts). —Dr. AUSTRALIAN HAIR SEAL (Neophoca lobata).Gray has this recorded in Cat. Seals and Whales in This species is Otaria australis of Quoy and Gaimlard, BBrit. Mus., 1866, with a? after the genmeric term. Voyage of the Astrolabe; and Zalophus lobatus of'The fur of the Cape Hair Seal is very short, close- Allen, in Bul. Mllus. Glomlp. Zool., Camb. Mr. Allenl pressed, black in color, varied with close, small, often considers this as undoubtedly the Otaria cinerea of confluent, white spots; thle under side of the neck with Destarest, from Peron. The upper grinders are all a few scattered, white hairs. The belly is red-brown single-rooted, the root of the last two (tlle fourth (niearly bay); hairs are short and thick,, and bearing and fifth) being, rather compressed, with anm obscure one color to the base.'I'here is no under fur, except- central longitudinal groove on the inside; thle first ing a trifle upon thle crown of tile head. The speci- two grinders 9f the lower jaw with oblong, the last men here described is in the British Museum; the three with compressed roots, and the fourth and skull, unfortunately, is not with it, and, therefore, fifth with a slight longitudinial groove on the side. In there is no information concerning it. A synonym the younger skulls the roots of tile grinders are more is A.? nivosus, Ann. and Mag. Nat. liist., 1866. It oblong, less compressed, and do not show thie lateral is very different from A. antarcticus in the form and grooves, as far as the teeth can be seen, without belength of the hair, and by being almost destitute of ing drawn fioni the sockets. under fur. TRIBE IV-ZALOPHINA. rhlle molars il this group are -, large, thick, in''lThe molars are —, more or less far apart; the a close continuous series, the fifth upper in front of hinder upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic tle back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders arch, anid separated fiom thle other grinders by a are all single-rooted; in thle younlger skull they are concave space. placed rather further back, tle hinder part of the upper lnolar being belhind the back edge of the zygomatic arch. T''he last or sixth molar in each jaw, whiclh There is no under fur to species of this genus.'T'he is generally two-rooted, is absent.'I'he face of thle skull palate is flattish, or rather concave in fiont, as wide in is produced considerably, and the forehead is flat. frolnt as at the end of thle tooth-line, amid tlhem slight 1XXViii PINNIPEDIA. MAMMALIA. PINNIPEDIA. ly narrowed behind. The posterior nares are oblong, inhabited portions of the coast, entering the bays elongate and broadly truncate in front, tile front and harbors and rivers, often disporting fearlessly edge being behind the line of the orbital process of near the shipping, and quite habitually frequenting the zygomatic arch.'I'he grinders have large oblong some particular rock or promontory, which it mainroots; tile second, third and fourth upper ones have tains with a persistence that only yields to superior a sub-central longitudinal groove on the outer side, strength or prowess. Capt. Scammon met with this and a, less marked one on their inner surface; the species between the latitude of the Gallapagos islands, inner sides of all but the first of the lower ones are near the equator, and nearly to Behring's Straits, similarly grooved; the fifth upper grinder (or more extending westward as far as the island of Saghalien, properly tile sixth in the normal series) has two dis- on the coast of Eastern Siberia. The captain says: tinct roots.'Th'lle lower jaw is much more elongate "At tile Farallones islands we saw the largest females than that of Otaria jubata; the hinder angle is more we have ever met with on the California Coast. oblique, and the lower margin long and straighllt. Hence, what we have formerly taken to be the The flap of the toes is short. Eumetopias stelleri may prove to be the Zalophus NORTHERN SEA LION (Eumetopias stellerli). — gilliespii; but if such be the fact, both species in-']llhis Sea Lion has been, as Dr. Gray observes, one of habit the coast of California, at least as far south as the zoological paradoxes. Some confusion will, no the Farallonles. Moreover, both species herd together doubt, continue to exist concerning the relations of in the rookeries. A confusingl variety exists in their the numerous forms of Otarines to each other, al- figures, especially in the shape of the head: some though observers are increasing and facts concerning have a short muzzle, with a full forehead; others their habits accumulating. We follow the arrange- with a forehead and nose somewhat elongated; and nlent of Gray, from the fact that the British Museum still others of a modified shape between the two excollections must have afforded him vastly more in- tremes." Some doubt has formerly existed concernformation than is likely to be at the disposal of any ing the possible migration of this Seal. Scammon other person. The synonyms given of this Seal are: sets the matter at rest by exhibiting arrow-heads Arctocepllalus monteriensis of Gray in Cat. Seals and and spears, such as are used by the North Coast Whales and Proc. Zoll. Soc., 1859; Eumetopias cali- natives, which were found embedded in the flesh of forniana, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst., Saleim, Mass., 1866; individuals slain in thle tropical seas. Prof. DavidOtaria stelleri, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales; Otaria soin, of the U. S. Coast Survey, found a spear-head, (Eumetopias) stelleri, Peters, in ifonatsb, 1866; such an one as is used by the natives of Alaska, in Eumetopias stelleri, Gray, Ann. and aig. Nat. Hist., a large Sea Lion taken at Point Arenas, latitude 1866, and Allen in Bul. tets. Comp. Zofl., Camb.; 390. The Sea Lion very closely resembles the Fur Leo mlarinus, Steller; Phloca jubata of Pander anld Seal, thoughll the great spread of the hind flippers in D'Alton; and Arctoceplhalus californianus of Gray the latter will at once suggest the difference. The ill Cat. Seals and JWhales-a young specimen. Cali- largest Sea Lion measures about sixteen feet in fornia and Behring's Straits are the favorite localities lenlgth, fi oum the nlose to the end of the flipper. It of this Seal. yields about 40 gallons of oil; its weight beinlg about SEA LION OF STELLER. —Dr. Hamilton describes 1000 pounds. A prominent feature, besides the a form under this name in Jagrdine's Niat. Lib. le glistening white teeth, is the stiff, bristly moustache. states that Steller records the length of the animal It is an interestimmg fact that the MouLd Builders, as about fifteen feet. His systematic name is given whose works have been examined in Ohio and some as Phoca jubata of Gmeliln. It is described as hav- of the Southern States, exhibited considerable skill ing, ill the mimales, a stiff and crisp hIair about the ill carving certain utensils; some of their pipes were lieck, the females anld youIlg being enltirely fiee from elaborately worked in stone, the bowl usually repreany such appenidage. Tlhe females are shlorter and senting- some anlimlal form. lAmong others, tile Sea mimore slenmder than their mates. The hide is very Lion is accurately represented, though thlese pretlhick, and covered with coarse, stronmg hair of a red- historic people were thlousands of miles away fromn dish color, which is paler in old ones. Thle female the locality where a knowledge of the Sea Lion could has a bright ochre tint, the youmng approachimng be obtained. In one beautiful specimen of this kind a chestnut. il'he head is large, anid nose produced of pipe, which is in tile Davis Collection of the and upturned considerably. lThe eyes are very Americanl Museum of Natural History, N. Y., the large, the inner angle beimig " stained, as it were," features of the Sea Lion are strongly marked, eswith cinnabar; the pupil exhibits a green color, pecially tile stiff, elongated moustache. Like the Fur the iris white; eyebrows are bushy; the ears coni- Seals, the Sea Lions appear to be able to live a long cal, upright, large and distinct. lThe mamne par- time without food, both the male anid female remaining ticularlv distinguishes it, hence the name, thloughl it without eating during a conlsiderable portion of the is believed that onmly old males have it. T']is species breeding season. The immense amount of fat whichl is probably the Otaria jubata-see the same under the they carry no doubt supplies the system with nourishgemnus Otaria. r'This Sea Lion is only equalled in im- iment during thlis season —they have a double coatimng portance to the inmhabitants of' tIle I'Pacific Coast by tile of fat lyilg betweemm the tissues. Havimig no fur, tlhis Fur Seals (Calloirhinmus). Wihile hmavimig a very ex- Seal is of less value timan others, but is yet prized f'or temmded geographical range, it flequellts the mnost certaimi features, the testes being sold to tIle remlote ammd secluded places, as well as the tlhickly Chimiese, wlio regard them as medicinal, and tihe PINNIPEDIA. MAMMALIA. RODENTIA. lxxix largest hairs of the moustache are used by them for the first by Peters, and the other by Murie in Pqoc. personal ornament. Thl'e Sea Lion is said, onl tlle Zool. Soc., 1869. Tl'he habitat is recorded as Juan authority of Capt. Scammon, to play upon the Curi- Fernandez Island. This form'l is a black-gray in osityv of the Penguin, and other lalrge water birds, color-grayish-yellow oln the head and neck, brownishin suclh a manner as to draw them to the water, black beneath; thle base of thle limbs a rusty-browll, when it adroitly seizes their legs, and feeds upon the and shining; the hair of the beard, in six rows, partly carcass. Folrmerly the skins of this Seal welre of no black, partly quite white, and partly black with value, but they are now sold for use as glue stock. white base. T'he thick under hair is rusty-red. Sea Lions inhabit tile same regions as the Fur Seals, and often quite near the same rookeries.'I'he natives T'he preceding m.atter concerning the Pinnipeds drive them as they do the other forms, the time for is not particularly inviting to the general readelr, doing so being at night. The most effective instru- but, it is hoped, will prove acceptable to the student ment for urging the unwieldy creatures oil is found who may not be able to consult tile authorlities. to be an umbrella, which. being opened and shut at Great confusion has attended the examination and intervals, is sure to excite the poor creatures to every classification of these forms, and thougll several exeirtion.'Th'lree days and nights pass in tis opera- authorities have produced what they regard as satistion, when the creatures are broughlt to the slaughter- factory solutions, yet no doubt much more lilght will ing place. As in the case of the Fur Seals, thley are be forthcolming when larger collections of the indibrought thus far to avoid the havoc whiclh results viduals, thle skills and skeletons, shall come to be from thle killing, and which would otlherwise unduly examined by competent autlhorities. The British disturb thle colony at the rocks. Mluseum has usually been thle most liberally endowed with specimens suitable for study, and we naturally ARcTOPHOcA. look to the labors of Dr. Gray, one of its most Dr. Peters described this sub-genus from a speci- prominent curators, for a fair expression of results. men sent fiom Chile by Dr. Philippi. It differs from WTe hiave searclhed very extenisively for matter touchiZalophus mostly in the palate, wlhich is narrower, ilng the habits of the Seals, but find little that is rebut rather wider bellilnd, and thle teeth ratller far liable. Jardine's Natutralist's Library contains a apart. Gray says: "I have not seen any skull agree- valuable stock of facts concerniing evevy order of ing with these characters."'This is described as zoology, and has a fair stoclk of description oil tlhis lhaving abundant under fur. "'The form of the skull, particular subject; but the singular ullcertainty of and the large size of the orbits are very similar to nomenclature r~enders it of doubtful service. We those of Phocarctos hookeri, but thle number anld hIlave, therefore, carefully selected such as is clearly form of the teeth are different. In the lffonatsbericht, of value, and lhave endeavored to avoid any possible May, 1866, Dr. Peters described and figured with confrusion in the presenitation of specific descriptiols. considerable detail a skull of a Sea Bear, from Juan In a paper, Prodrome of a kfonogrcph of the PinniFernandez, under the name Otaria philippi, forming peds, communicated to tile Essex Institute, in Salel, for it a sub-genus, which he calls Aretophoca. In October, 1866, by Dr.'Lheodore Gill, thle Seals are his revision of that paper, published in the same presented under a somewhat different arrangement work for November, 1866, he places it as a synonym, frotimo the preceding. T'l'lhe student desiring, a tllorougll or sub-species, of what he calls Otaria falklandica, view of thle subject will, of course, wish to consult which is my Arctocephalus niglrescens, and not thle tlhat work, as well as the treatise of J. A. Allen onl Otaria falklandica of Shaw, nor the 0. falklandica the Eared Seals, in thle Bal. hitus. Comp. Zool., Canmof Burmeister, as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have bridge, eass., 1870.'IThe plan of thle present work shown above. Il this paper lie removes Otaria contemplates, wlhile adhering as nearly as possible to falklandica (that is, nigrescens) firom the sub- thle more generally recognized systems, anll exllibitioll genus Phocarctos, to which he referred it in his of the more recent individual views, particularly first paper, and places it in his sub-genus Arcto- those of Almericalln naturalists.'rIlese will be prephloca."-Gray. sented in tables at thle close of thle volume.'Ilhe CHILIAN FUR SEAL (Arctophoca philippii).-The valuable worlk by Capt. Scammon exllibits a very synonyms are Otaria philippii, and Otaria hookeri- full account of a few prominent species. ORDER VII.-RODENTIA. THIS order, comprising the gnawing animals, is, by and allied forms, and the latter the Mouse-lilke anilate authors, entitled Glires, Rodents. Two sub- mals. Eleven families alre embraced in this arranleorders are instituted Simnpl'icidentati, Ordinary ment. Iln mnodern scientific phraseology thle Rodents Rodents, and D)uplicidentati, Leporine Rodents-tie are regarded as of the sub-class ilLonodelphia, or latter embracing the Hare-like forms. rI'wo other Placentalia, and as iineducabilian placenitiferous divisions are made, called Series: First,Sciuromor- mammals. lile late manificellt work on the Ropha, Sciurine Rodents, and secondly, Myomorpha, dentia by Dr. Coues and Mr. Allen-M lonograbphs of Murine Rodents-the former including thle Squlirrels North American Rodentica, hayden's Geological 1xxx RODENTIA. — MAMMALIA. -RODENTIA. Report, 1877-furnishes a vast amount of valuable mammals, between eight hundred and nine hundred matter on this subject, and we deem it fortunate that being known; and they are very evenly distributed. we are enabled to present in this work a suitable In South America there are more than in the digest of its contents under the appropriate heads. northern half of the New World, but the great numThis order is plainly distinguished by the peculiar bers of species included in the one genus, Hespershapeof thecutting-teetll,which are singularly uniform omys, cause this preponderance.'T'here are no in appearance throughout the whole group. It is cllar- indigenous Rodents common to both Europe and acterized by having two incisors in each jaw, with one America, excepting the Beaver, which is regarded by exception —the Leporide —whicli have a second rudi- some as the same in both countries. The Muskmentary pair behind the upper incisors.'I'e cutting- at, and a species of Spermophilus are said to occur teeth are very large and long, and grow continuously in Kamtschatka; in this event these would hold as in the form of an arc, or segment of a circle, which, exceptions. Tlhere are no South American species were they not regularly worn at the points by mas- in North America, but a close relationship exists betication, would so develop as to form a curved tusk, tween the genera. Wallace gives the following as or penetrate the roof of the mouth; in either event regards the families of Rodents, and number of the creature is deprived of the usual means of sub- genera and species: Xuridce has thirty-seven genera sistence, and dies. Tliisliappens occasionally, tlhroughl and three hundred and thirty species. The true accident, in several groups; the Woodchuck, Arc- Mouse (Mus), he records, is not found indigenous in tomys, and Rats are known to present remarkable North nor South America, nor in three insular instances. The wise provision here of a hard groups belonging to the Australian region, but is enameled exterior, and a softer inferior surface, se- indigenous in the remaining portions of the globe cures a keen chisel-shaped edge, which serves for very widely. Hesperomys represents it in the New gnawing, a habit that suggests a name for the order World; eighty or more species are enumerated. — Rodentia, from the Latin, rodere, to gnaw. At Spalaccidce is exclusively of the Old World, and has the roots of the cutting-teeth are pulps, in which seven genera and seventeen species. Dilpodida has are constantly forming new substances for their three genera and twenty-two species. T']his is an growth. The continuous wear of a surface so un- Old World group, excepting Jaculus, or Meriones, equal results in securing.a cutting instrument, which with one species. Mlyoxidce has one genus and has been imitated by man. Axes are made in the twelve species, all foreign. Saccomyidce has six same manner, by introducing a piece of steel between genera and thirty-three species, all North American. two softer plates of iron, the wear of which produces Castoridce has one genus and two species, American similar results. In some instances the molars have and European. Sciuridce has eight genera, and one the salme provision as the incisors, the pulp furnish- hundred and eighty to two hundred species.'!These ing a continuous growth. In extreme age some of are largely firom North America and Europe and the molars, from a lack of supply from the persistent Asia, but are absent in West Indies, Australia and pulp, throw out slender fangs that answer the pur- South America, as far north as Paraguay. Happose of roots, and then the upward growth ceases. liodontidce has one genus and two species, both'The molars of Rodents generally are very compli- American. Chinchillida has three genera and six cated in structure, consisting of three portions- species, all South American. Octodontidap has eight the hard enamel, which covers the dentine, or soft genera and nineteen species, South American and bony portion, and the cement, or crusta pet~rosa, Afiican. Echimydae has ten genera and thirty which encircles the exterior of the enamel. Between species, which are found in South America and tile incisor teeth and the molars there is a wide Africa. Cercolabidce has three genera and thirteen space, the canines being entirely absent. The con- to fifteen species, all American. Hystricidce has dyle of the lower jaw is rounded, and slides along three genera and twelve species, all Old World. the glenoid cavity longitudinally. The tibia and Cavidcc has six genera and twenty-eight species, all fibula of most Rodents are separate; in Muridce American. Lagomyidce has one genus and eleven and Leporidce they are united, or anchylosed below. species, common to both worlds. Leporide has one All have the clavicles more or less developed; the genus and from thirty-five to forty species, common Porcupines have none, and those of the Hares are to both hemispheres. quite reduced in size. The feet have the normal The two sub-orders are regarded as very clearly denlumber of five toes, the thumb being more or less fined. In the first sub-order, Simplicidentati, the rudimentary. The hind feet have five toes in most incisors, or cutting-teeth, are limited to two in each genera, but in some only four are seen; there are jaw, the enamel being entirely confined to the front' only three in Cavia, Dipus and Dasyprocta. All surface of each tooth. There is a true alisphenoid have prehensile feet, excepting the Hares and Cavies. canal, and an external one in the skull. The fibula The intestinal canal is long in most, and has a well- never articulates with the calcaneum. T''he testes are formed ccecurn; in Myoxina there is none. abdominal, but descend periodically. Nineteen famMembers of this order are known to all portions of ilies are enumerated as belonging to this sub-order. the globe, and are particularly abundant in America, rThe Duplicidentati are characterized by having four where there are said to be as many as exist in all cutting-teeth in the upper jaw and two in the lower; *other parts of thle world together. Tile order con- the external ones in the upper jaw are very small, and taimis more species than any other of the class of situated somewhat subordinate to the others. In early RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA.-RODENTIA. lxxxi life six incisors are present. Th'lle enamel of the ill- sonius, and is recorded by Mil. Allell as "the smallest cisors of this sub-order is present on both sides, but mammal of the Fauna to which it pertains." FroIn is considerably thinner behind. Tilhe skull has no true the Tertiary of Colorado. alisphenoid canal.'The fibula articulates distally Mysops fraternus, Leidy, is about thle size of a with the calcaneum. The testicles are externally AMouse, and is found in Grizzly Buttes, Wyominlg. situated.'l'wo families only are known. l1 minuthis, Leidy.-Size of thle last. Wyonming. Colonomys celer, Jliarsh. —About half the size of a FossIL EXTINCT RODENTS. Brown Rat. Hen,.y's Fork, Wyoming. Members of this order are regarded as of very Taxymys lucaris, Marsh.-Rather smnaller than thle ancient lineage, some of thle present living being Flying Squirrel. From same place. represented as far back as the Eocene. We are Tillomys senex, ilfitrsh.-About the size of a Rat. mostly indebted to the labors of Professors Marsh, Same. Leidy and Cope for our knowledge of these forms. T. 2parvus, 1M1arsh, is a smaller species from Grizzly Among others who have discovered and described Buttes, Wyomning. them may be named Prof. B. F. Mudge, of Kansas. The Sciuridce are represented in Europe, in the ScIURIDM.-Tlhe bone caverns of Pennsylvania have Upper AMiocene, by Spermophilus and Sciurus; in tIle yielded remains of extinct species of'T'amias and Newer Pliocene by Arctonmys. In the Miocenle of Sciurus. The remains from the Tertiary deposits of Europe, also, are Brachyinys, Lithomys and Plesiarcthe Western Territories, with one exception which tomys; the latter is intermediate between the is doubtful, are all of extinct genera. Th'le genera Marmot and Squirrels. Wallace expresses the beParamys and Sciuravus are abundant in the Eocene lief that the Squirrels are of an Old World type, and( deposits. These animals were, apparently, of size that they have entered tlhe New World recently in ranging froIn the Red Squirrel to those one fourth a geological point of view. larger than thle Woodchuck. Other forms are genera CASTORIDE. —Fossil remains of thle Beaver have Taxylnys, Marsh; Tillornmys, Marsh; and Heliscomys, been found in New York and other States, associated Cope. with remains of Castoroides; they are found in the Scitrus calycinus, Cope, is an extinct species Post Pliocene and in the'lTertiary. found in the Port Kennedy Bone Cave, Penn. About Eucastor tortus, Leidy.-Thllis is an extinct genus, the size of tile S. hudsonius. found by Dr. Haydeni on the banks of tile Niobrara S. panolius, Cope, is from caves of WVythe Counlty, River; it was smaller thanm the Marmot or WoodVa. Smaller than the preceding by a third. chuck. S. relictus, Cope, is about the size of the C(hickgree. Steneofiber nebrascensis, Leidy. —''his is another From the Tertiary of Colorado. extinct form fiom tile White River, Dakota, on thle Tamias Icevidens, Cope, is fiom tile bone cave of Bad Lands;l it was about the size of the former. Wythe County, Penn. S. pansus, Cope.-'This is a recent discovery fiom Arctomys vetus, llfarsh.-Th'llis was about one tihe Santa F6 Marl Beds; it is closely allied to thle third as large as the Arctomys monax, and is from preceding. the Loup Fork Pliocene, Nebraska. In Europe one species is found extinct in the Paramys robustiis, Marsh.-This was somewhat Upper Miocene. Trogontlherium is an extinct genus larger tlhan tile Woodchuck, and is from the Lower fiom tile Post Pliocene of Europe, anld aiiothler —'lertiary deposits of Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. Chalicomys-is from tile samime. P. leptodus, Cope, is about the same size, with ISCHIYROMIDIE.-Th is is an extinct family, named by smaller incisors. Locality, South Bitter Creek, Wy- Mr. E. R. Alstomn (Proc. Zoil. Soc., London, 1876), to oming. receive Prof. Leidy's genus Iscllyromnys.'Th'lle dentiP. delicatus, Leidy. —About one fourth less thanim tion is as in Sciuridce. h'lie skull resembles Castie former. From the Eocene beds near Fort Bridger, toridac, but with the imnfra-orbital opening large, a Utah. sagittal crest, no post-orbital process, palate broad, P. delicatior, Leidy.-Rather smaller than thle basi-occipital'keeled. precediing. Same locality. Ischyromys typezs, Leidy.-About the size of a P. delicatissiinus, Leidy.-Smaller than either tile Musk-rat; tile forml of skull somewhat resemnblinlg preceding, and from same localities. tlhat of tile Beaver. F'rom Bad Lanlds, Dakota. Sci'uravus nitidus, Ml/rsh.-T'llhis is about the size Gymnoptychuts chrysodon, Cope. —Four species of of a Brown Rat. Grizzly Buttes, Wyomning. this extinict genus are described by Prof. Cope. S. S. nudans, lAarsh.-Rather larger than the pre- minlutus is "scarcely larger thlan a House-mlouse." ceding. From same locality; and, by Prof. Cope, Pseudotomus hiatus, Cope, is another forlm, about from Upper Green River, who refers it to Paramys. the size of tile Agouti, Ilaving characters of ArctoS. parvidens, Marsh. —Half tie size of the last, mys, Fiber, and some otllels. Locality, Bad Lamnds, with the teeth differing considerably.:Helnry's Fork Dakota. alld Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. Another species is MYOMORPHA —MURIDE. Eumnys elegans, Leidy.described by Dr. Leidy, who megards it as somewhat In the Bad Lands of Bear Cmreek, Daklota, D'. Ilaydell doubtful as to the genus. found a poI'tiom of tile lower jaw, whlichl indicates an Heliscomys vetus, Cope.-Tlhis gellus is somethinmg animal tIle size of a Brown Rat, tlie gellus beillg ex like the Muridce; tile species is smaller than S. hud- tinct. E. coxodon, GCope.-A silllilar formln to thie pri. VOL. I. —. 1xxxii RODENTIA. -M AMMVIALIA. RODENTIA. ceding. From Santa Fe marls. Neotoma qnagister, much higher point, and tile zygollnatic arch is much Baird.-T'lhis living genus has an extinct species, less curved downwards. In Castor, on the contrary, named as above, found in the caves of Pennsylvania, it reaches the small lachrymnal, by whlich only it is at Harrisburg and Carlisle. It is based on a mnumber separated firom tile anti-orbital process of tile fiontal. of under jaws, which average somlewhat larger than I'lhe narrowest portionI of the skull is behind the those of the existing species. Arvicola (Isodelta) middle, instead of anterior to it, as in Castor. TI'le speothen, Cope. —T'l'is and several others mentioned basilar cavity seen in Castor is entirely wanting, alnd below are extinct species found in the bone caves the auditory bullte are smaller.'lThe olars differ of Pennsylvania, at Port Kennedy. A. (Pityrnys) strikingly in structure, not only from Castor, but tetradelta, Cope; A. (Pitymys) didelta, Cope; A. from those of all other Rodents, except the Chininvoluta,Cope; A. sigmodt8s,Cope; A. (Anaptogonia) ehillidce, a near resemblance being met with elsehiatidens, C(ope. where only in the last molar of Hydrocherus. They GEOMYIDrAn. Geomysbisulcatus, Marsh.-Froim thle consist of a series of laminll of dentine completely'Pliocene of Camp Thorne Loup Fork, Northern NRe- inclosed by enamel, held together by a thin coating braska. Colotaxis cr'istatus, Cope.-An extinct gemnus of cement. The circunmference of the triturating from the "T'1ertiary of the Plains." There are three surface of the tooth is thus devoid of the continuous Inolars, with plicate crowns, two connecting' cusps, with plate of enamel that forms an uninterrupted border crescentic sectioni on the outside, eaclh of which gives in the molar teeth of ordinary Rodents, and is deeply rise to two transverse crests, which are unconnected. serrated. The molar teeth are essentially different Of these crests, the anterior and posterior are mar- fiom those of Castor, with wlhich genus this form is ginal and less developed than thle median pair.'lThe usually compared." Many other points of difference intervals are deep, without cement. are recorded, which, with the above, are found in Prof. HYSTRICOMORPHA-HYSTRCIDA. Hystrix venustus, Hayden's Report oil Rodentia, before alluded to.'hlle Leidy. —T'his is an extinict species froin the Plio- report also continues: "It will be seen that Cascene of I)akota. Dr. Leidy says: "'l'hey apparently toroides presents a singular comnbimnation of chlaraCindicate a species of Porcupine, but inl structure are ters, allyilng it onl tile one ihanid to the Beaver, anid unlike those of tile recent American Porcupine on the other to the Chlinchillas and Viscachas, and (Erethizona dorsatus), and exhibit a more evidenit also to the Musk-rat, but which, at tile same timie, relationsllhip with those of the Crested Porcupine separate it widely from either group." In size (Histrix cristata) of Europe." It is well kniown that Castoroides exceeded any living Rodenit, and is tihe latter is not found living in Allmerica; conise- itself exceeded in thills order by only a single extinict quently, this discovery is inlteresting, as introducilng forll of Hydrochcerus, described by Lulnd, froll tlhe for the first timee ain Old World form of this faamlily bonle caves of Brazil. From thle wide differences into our Fauna. noticed between tlhis and its well-knlowmn allies, it is Erethizoin cloacinum, Cope. —''is is an extinct placed by itself as a type of a distilnct anld hitherto species of the present genus of American Porcupines, unrecogIgnized family. T'lhe genera Amublyl'hiza and found in Port Kennedy caves, Pennl.; determined Loxoinylus, described by Prof. Cope, from. the bone froml teeth, which exhibit a larger average size than caves of Amnguilla Islanld, West Indies, are referred to those of the living species. n1m the Pliocenle and this group.'Th'lle former has one species-A. illuiMiocene of Europe, some forms of this family are data, Cope; the latter two-L. longidens, Cope, and found. L. latidenis, Cope. CASTOROIDmIDJ.-This is ail extimnct famlily allied to IYDROCHc ERIDA. HydrocheArus cesopi, Leidy.Castoridce, anld has a representative in Castoroides In tle Post Pliocene of the Ashley River, at Chlarlesohliensis. This "Fossil Beaver" was a most remark- ton, S. C., were found teeth referred to this genus, able animial, its size being about that of a commonm which includes the largest living Rodent-the South Black Bear. A skull of this species measures over Americanl River Hog (H. capybara). Thllese teeth twelve iniches in lengthl, exceeding conisiderably that of differ from tile existing forum, and Dr. Leidy has esthe largest livinig Rodellt —the Capybara. Certaini ain- tablishled tile above species. 11n tile Brazilian Caves atomnical features of the skull indicate that te llhabits this familily is represented, associated with Ccelogelys, of this animal differed greatly foomn the modern Beaver. Dasyprocta and Kerodon. T'I'e last named is abuilTh'le discovery of portions of a jaw and teeth at Nash- danlt in tile Pliocene of La Plata. Cavia and Dasyport, Ohio, and described by Dr. Foster, first brought procta are found in tile Miocene of Switzerland anld the animal into niotice. Dr. WVymnan' aterwards foumnd France. No well-marked extinict genus of this tile ramus of a lower jaw in Memphis,'T'einn., and family has been tfound. Dr. Leidy other ftigments in South Clarolina and ini LEPORIDIE.-rT'lle Hares exhibit several extinct Illinois. Mr. Boll, of tihe Cambridge Museum, foulnd genera in tile Miocene deposits of Dakota and Colorsomme remnains in Texas, in the alluvial deposits oni ado. Like the preceding forms, they are represented'l'rinity River, associated with remainis of tlie extinict by only a few fragmenits of jaws and teeth, and nione Horse anid tile Mastodon. 1"l'iTe skull of this animal were of amny considerable size over the odinary resemmibles tihe Castor, or Beaver, but tile cramlial por- livimig species. tion is relatively very much slllaller and mllore dfat- Palceolagus haydeni, Leidy. —T'llis was follmlerly tened, and tile facial porItion Imucl i larger thmlla ill called'T'riciummm by Cope, several lhundred specimmienis that genus. T'1me zygolllmatic processes arise at a hlilavilg beeit examnimed by the latter naturalist. A RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA. — RODENTIA. lxxxiii detailed account of the peculiarities is found ill France there are numerous species of the extiict Hayden's Report, Rodentia, 1877, where also will be genus Theridomys, allied to Cercolabida. In the fobuid the references to original descriptions. Upper Miocene of Germany is an extinct genus, P. agapetillls, Cope, is smaller thali the preceding, Aulacodon. The Brazilian caves produce a large with larger incisors. A larger is P. turgidus, Colpe, species of Cercolabes. and another form is P. triplex, each from the same. Lagomyidca.-Extinct forms of this family are seen in Panolax sanctce-fidei, Cope, is named from its lo- the Post Pliocene ofEurope. In the Miocene of France cality, Santa Fe. It was about the size of the com- and Germany is found the extinct genus'I'ilanomys. mon Northern Hare. This genus is not clearly defined, FAiILY —SCIURIDI. according to the author, and is provisionally recorded. P1raother-iumi palatinum, Cope, is from the Port The Squirrels are the typical forms of this family. Kenledy Bone Cave, Chester, Penn. The dental formula is now stated as follows: InciFossil remains of existing species are found in the sors, 1 —I-; Premolars, 2-~ or -i; Molars, 3r- = rO various bone caves of America, associated with other io.'I'he molars are rooted, with tuberculated crowns Xlammalia. In the crevices of lead-bearing rocks of during youth; the tubercles soon become much Illinois, and in the Post Pliocene deposits of Ashley mnodified, or nearly obliterated by attrition, giving River, in Charleston, S. C., they are found. Lepus the form of transverse ridges. The first upper prebraziliensis occurs in the caves of Brazil. Lepus molar, when two are present, is often minute, and is occurs in the Post I'liocene of France. A gigan- generally much smaller than the second. The feet tic alnilnal, which has received the namne Toxo- are either scansorial (fitted for climbing), or fosdon, is considered to have close affinity with the sorial (suited to digging in the earth). Perfect clavRodenits. Th'lle species T. platelnsis had incisors like icles are present, and nearly perfectly fiee fibulse. thle Hare. Prof. Owen remarks: "The dentition'l'here is a small, naked muffle, and a cleft upper lip. closely resembled the Rodenit type, but manifested it T'he Sciurines are found throughout all the contiupoil a gigalltic scale, and tended to complete the nental portions of thle world, excepting Australia, clhain of affinities which link the Pachydermatous but are notably more numerous in the northern with tle Rodent alnd Cetaceous orders." D'Orbilgny hemisphere. The genus Sciurus is universally dishas later determined, from a discovery of another tribute(t, with the above exception. Cynornys, on species, the fore-arin being secured, that the creature the other hand, is limited to a small portion of North had limbs not unlike the'l'apir and Capybara; to America. Spermophiles are more numerous in the the latter it bears most resemblance. It is judged latter country. Pteromlys occurs only in the trothat its length Ilust have beeni from twelve to six- pica] portions of Asia, and Xerus in Afiica. In teen feet.'I'le skull was two feet four inches in South America the Sciurines are represented only by length, and one foot four inches across its breadth. the genus Sciurus, and by a few species only.'Ihey''lhe family Toxodontidca is formed to admit the two are more abundant in Central America, and the species.'rL'le remains were found in South America, genus Sciurus is found to have more species in near Bahia Blanca, by Mr. Darwin. Southernl Mexico than in any equal area in the New'I'he Dipodidce, an Old World family, is represented'World. 1hl the United States, not over three species by extinct forms in the Miocene of the Alps and in are found in one locality together, and north of that, France, the Myoxidce in the Maltese caverns, and in not over one is known. Europe has a single species; France and Switzerland. but they occur somewhat more abundantly in Asia Thile extinct group HIebetidentati, nearly allied to ald Africa.'he forms under consideration have the Rodents, las some peculiarities of dentition. been the subject of minute inlvestigation, and much T'here are two illncisors ill the upper jaw, and four in confusion. has of late been dispensed by tile assiduthe lower, thle outer ones of the lower jaw very ous labors of our American naturalists. Since the small.'I'he enamel is continuous around the teeth; year 1850, the North American Sciuri have been tlhe crowns are transversely hollowed, and the points r educed in numbers fromn twenty-seven species to six, clhiseled. The fibula articulates with the calcaneum. with.six or seven additional geographical races or Omle family only is recognized-the Afesotheiriidcw- sub-species. "'1'he species," says Professor Baird, ofr wlhich one species is known, from tile Pliocene of " exhibit an unusual tendency to run into varieties of South America. color, among which gray, red anid black ale the preExtinct Ghinchillidce are found in the caves of dominating onles, with all possible intermediate Brazil and in thle Post Pliocene of La Plata. Species shades.'h'lese varieties are sometimes more or less of the family Octodontidce are found inl Pliocene constant ill particular localities, sometimes chanlging of La Plata. The Eocene of South Ailmerica pro- with everyv litter." T''his group of Rodents seems duces Megamys, an extinct genus, allied to Capro- paiticulaily to have a tendemncy to rnelanismn, the opmnlys, both of this family. In Europe, the Lower posite of albinism. Th.'lere are jet black Squirrels, and AMiocene yields two extinict genera of tile same- occasionally pure white ones, with the pimnk eyes that Palhomys and Amrch-lomys. are clmaiacte-istic of tiis comdition.''lle fanlmily Echimny ide is 1represemlted in tile Biazilian caves by ali extinct species of the genus Carteolodll. aiid tlIe extimmct genera Myopotamus, Lonchieres, Lou-'I'lhis genus is cllaracterized most remarkably by clhiophorus and Plhyllomys. In the Upper Miocene of tile extenisive expanlsion of tlle skin betweei tile fore IxXXiV iRODENTIA. MAMMALIA. -RODENTIA. and hind-feet. Thlle creatures are enabled by this facilities in tle examination of species of this genus, structure to glide from tile tops of tall trees to the and we find that they have reduced the number of grounld, or from one tree to another, as a parachute species firom "some thlirty or more to nine or ten falls tlrough the air.''lhey cannot fly as the Bird, that seem valid, with two additional sub-species." Iior even as the Bat.'I'lis genus is merely a modi-'Th'le smallest species is the most northern in habitat, fled form of Sciurus, possessing rudimentary powers and the next smaller is in the extreme South. Inl of flighllt.'Ihe species are crepuscular in lhabit, or tile sub-tropical regions are the largest, with fine niocturnal. In North America one species is known, bIushy tails. " None are thus far known firoIn tile but its distribution is widely extended; its size, too, inter-tropical islands." varies extensively, according to its locality. A CHICKAREE (Sciurus hudsonius, Pallas).-Among single species is found in Europe, and Asia has the several varieties tllis is called the EASTERN CHICKseveral.'I'lTe European species is much smaller tlihan ARFE. Its average length from end of nose to base of ours. tail is six and three-quarter inches; its fur above is a AMERICAN FLYING SQUIRREL (Sciurl'o2pterus vol- pale gray Iulvous; below, pure white. The ears are ucella, Pall., Geoff.)-Plate 14, fig. 43-is one of blackish toward the end, and in winter are pencilled or the several varieties formerly called by a distinct tufted. The middle of the back is generally red, and name from others. In the late work on Rodentia, there is a short black line laterally.'L'his is, in the by Allen and Coues, it is called the SOUTHERN FI,YING Northern States, the most familiar animal of this SQUIRREL. Its length, exclusive of the tail, is less order, or perhaps equally so witli thle little Striped than six inches, generally less than five and a half. Squirrel. It is a noisy little creature, pretty surely TI'le tail is said to be less dusky, often witli no blackish met with in ally dry woods, either running up and whlatever, and tile general color of the body above down some tall tree, or leaping gayly along the stone rather more yellowish. It inhabits thle United wall, uttering now and tlien the twittering chirp, States-exclusive of the Pacific slope north of Cal- Chick-a-qee! which suggests its name. It feeds on ifornia, and the Rocky Mountains north of Colorado, cones of thle fir, hickory and other nuts, and also on and tlience southward to Guatemala. This little thle seeds and buds of other trees. The Sable is creature was described as early as 1651 by Fernan- said to be its greatest enemy. It dives and swims, dez, fiom'Mexican specimens, and, in 1743, Catesby upon occasion, when closely pushed. A variety, recorded it fiom South Carolina. Prof. Baird, ill called RICHARDSON's CHICKAREE (S. richardsoni), is iawmmals of Nor'th America, 1858, admitted four about seven and a hlalf inches ill length. This species, but the question is now fairly settled upon variety is found in the Rocky Moulltains. the present basis, that is —one species, with several THE WESTERN CHICKAREE (S. douglassi) is anvariations. h'lie variety iudsonius —the NORTHERN other niere variety of the preceding, measuring tle FLYING SQUIRREL —is regarded as attaininlg a length same in lengthl; it is found in the Western States. of six inches or more. The color above is a dull The variety S. frenmonti has a length of body seven yellowish or reddish-brown. Its ihabitat is muostly and three-quarter inclies; it ranoges from the eastern north of parallel 490, exteinding' furtiler southwvard base of the middle portion of the Rocky Mountains along tile Rocky Mountainis and on thle Pacific to the Pacific. The four varieties of thle Red slope. Although tlmese are regarded as somewhat Squirrel are thought to be readily distinguishable by distimnct varieties, yet our authors consider tlem as the coloration, especially by the markings of thle tail. "gradimng insensibly into each othier."'I'lhe Flying T'I'le variety hudsonius is smaller thlan others; tile Squirrel is a gentle little creature, easily tamed, and otlllers do not differ materially in size. All the onme that proves a very pleasant pet. It is firequently varieties, except fiemoloti, have a distinct reddish kept in a tamed state by the country people. bamnd alongo the middle of the back, which extends from thle top of the head to the end of tile tail. In SCIURUS.-LifmZ. 1hudsollius it is yellowisll-red; in otliers it is muchl'llhe generic characters are in part a short and darker tint. All are white or grayish-wlhite below, very broad skull, tile cranial portion being' greatly except douglassi, wliich has thlat surface fulvous. A expamlded; the post-orbital processes terminate in a conspicuous black lateral line is mnore or less prelonig slenider point, directed posteriorly (and more or valent in summer in all of them.''le hiabitat of tlhis less outwvardly) and decurved tile imalar bone is Squirrel includes the entire contiment., slenlder, thle planle of its expression being nlearly ver- THE GRAY SQUIRREL (Sciuqus carolinensis, tical; tihe anti-orbital foramen, a, iarrow vertical Cmelin). —Trhe Gray Squirrel is familiar to those slit, opening far in advance of tile first premolar. living somewhat reinote from thle large towns, and T'I'le upper mlolars are four or five; tile first premolar, thlloughlout the continent three varieties are notice]d. whenu two are presemnt, very small.''The muzzle is Variety leucotis has a length of body tell and a lialf short, anid tile niasals greatly narrowed posteriorly. inclies, varying from nine to eleven and a half.'I'he'Ihe ears are well developed, sometimes tufted, es- pelage above is a whitish-gray, with a dorsal area pecially in cold weather. In this genus there is and lateral line of yellowish-brown; beneath, it is absent tile well-marked black stripes on tile dorsum. wllite. It is found ill tIle New England States,'Tllelre arle mo cheek pouclhes, and no lateral mem- Canada, ammd as far west as Iowa. bralles collnecting tile limbs.'Ihle autllors of Ro-'I'he variety carolinensis, the SOUTHERN GRAY dentict; Iaydem's Report, 1877, hmave had unuSunl SQUIRRE,, manges in lengtli fromn eiglht amid a llalf to RODENTIA. — 1AMIVIALIA. RODENTIA. 1XXXV ten and a quarter inches. Above, the pelage is tinguished fiom the preceding by its whitish nose brownish-yellow, varied with black, with generally and ears. It is found in the Gulf and South Atthe sides of the neck, shoulder and thighs mixed lantic States, from Maryland to Louisiana. The with whitish; beneath, it is white. It is found in Western variety, ludovicianus, is smaller than thle Florida and other Gulf States. preceding, about the size of the cinereus; its body is'IThe variety yucatanensis, the YUCATAN GRAY about twelve to thirteen inches in length, ranging SQUIRREL, is small in size, intermediate between the from eleven to fourteen. Above, it is a dusky carolinensis and hudsonius; its length being ten gray, with a prominent rufous cast; the ears, feet inclies. It has a coarser and hard pelage. The ears and ventral surface are fulvous, varying to briglht are narrow and pointed; in winter somewhat tufted. ferruginous.'i'his is found in tile Mississippi Above, the hlair is gray, with the middle of the back region. brownish; beneath, it is white; the hairs of the tail CALIFORNIA GRAY SQUIRREL (Sciullus lossor, are ringed with white and black. Its habitat is Peale).-T'he special characteristic of this form is Yucatan, Mexico and Guatemala. The New Eng- its constancy of coloration. Its length is twelve to land variety shows, in a large proportion, no signs of thirteen inches, rangingo from ten and a half to twelve the central dorsal area of brown. In the Middle and a half inches. The color above is a clear plumStates, and some of the Western, tlie specimens beous-gray; beneath, it is pure white. There is no show it very distinctly. lateral line..l This species differs from the Eastern The Gray Squirrel ranges eastward as far as New Gray Squirrel (S. cai'olinenisis) in its larger size, and Brunswick, and extends westward to the meuthl of tail being relatively much lonlger; the gray of the the River Platte, and thence southward to the gulf, upper parts, also, lacks tIle suffusion of red or fulvous, reaching to Nebraska and Mexico. It feeds upon whicih is seen in the latter; it is also purer white nuts, seeds and berries, and builds its nest in the below.'I'he present species is wholly restricted to hollow branch of some tree, four to six young being the Pacific slope, none being found hitherto east of produced at a birth. During the breeding season the Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges of mountains. they are exceedingly pugnacious, but tile stories of Its nearest relative is the S. collioei of Mexico, a formn emasculating each other are untrue. A remarkable of the sam1e size and relative length of tail; its colorpeculiarity of this species is its habit of migration. ation is, however, different. The melanistic variety D)i. Bacllman describes an instance which he wit- lhas not appeared in this species. nessed, in the autumn of 1808, a short distance above ABERT'S SQUIRREL (S. aberti, Woodh.)-This is Albany. On that occasion troops of Squirrels sud- described by Prof. Baird as S. castanonotus (11fam. denly made their appearance. They swam the Hud-.N A., 1859). It is eleven inches in length; thile tail son in some places, between Waterford and Saratoga. to end of hairs twelve more. Its color above is a Those which were noticed crossing1 the river were plumbeous-gray, with generally a more or less broad swimming deeply and awkwardly, with their bodies dorsal area of reddish-brown; beneath, it is pure and tails wholly submerlged. Many were drowned, white; the sides of the body have a miore or less disand those which were so fortunate as to reach the tinct black line, separating the white of the under opposite bank were so wet and fatigued that they parts. Black varieties are noticed, varying fiomn were readily killed. On that occasion their migra- browllish to jet black. The tail is centrally black tion did not extend further than the mountains of above, with broad white edges; the under part Vermont. T'l'he motive for this unusual movement whlolly white. The ears are very large; in winter was supposed to be a temporary failure of supplies with long pointed tufts, one to one and a half inches of requisite food. in length, and are larger than those of any otlier FOX SQUIRREL (Sciurn'us niger, Lbinn).-'lhree species. Th'lle brownish color of the back varies varieties of this form are seen.'IThe NORTHERN -Fox from a yellowish to a strong reddish and chestnut SQUIRREL, variety cinereus, has a length of body this area varies in width from a narrow line to thle twelve to thirteen inches, varyi~ng to fourteen inches. whole width of the back, occasionally being wholly It is a whitisli-gray above, yellowish-white beneath, wanting. In some a small chestnut-colored spot is with edges and under surfaces of the tail fulvous, seen at the base of tile ear.'lhe geograplical range varying to rufous below. Varieties are seen with is fiom Central Colorado to the Apache Mountains under surfaces, legs and feet blackish. Audubon of Arizona. and Bachman call it the Cat Squirrel. Its range is COLLIE'S SQUIRREL (S. collicei, Rich.) —Tlle spealong the Atlantic States, from Virginia to Southern cific characters of this species are seen in the coloraNew England. Prof. Baird says: "Specimens from tiou, and in the ears being considerably slhorter and St. George's County, Maryland, are more'foxy' than smaller, not half as large as in the preceding species; any described. It abounds in the Middle States, it also has a shorter tail, more brownish gray of tile and is called there Fox Squirrel and Cat Squirrel." upper surface, and a yellowish-brown dorsal area, Variety niger, SOUTHERN FOX SQUIRREL, is larger, be- which covers nearly all the back.'There are no ear ing tlhirteen anld a half inches in length, ranging from tufts, and no lateral lines. Thile length of body is twelve to fifteen. Th'l'e color is variable; tIle nose twelve and a half ilcehes; the tail to end of vertebrae nld ears arle whitish, usually conlltrasted stlroigly withl eleven illches; the latter to elld of hairs foulrteei tile dorsal color, whlich is generally gray. In dusky inches. Mr. Collie found tills species common oil varieties tIle head is often quite black. It is dis- the west coast of Mexico. Ixxxvi RODENTIA. MAMMAL1A. RODENTIA. THE VARIED SQUIRREL (S. boothia, G'ay).- iron-gray, often having a patch of yellowish-rusty onl This is S. variegatus of Erxleben, 1777; S. rigidus the nape, and a considerable area of the samre on the of Peters, 1863-4; S. intermedias of Verreaux; and rump; beneath, it is a pure white, a yellowish white, several other synonyms are recorded. Its form is or deep golden. "The pelage of the whole upper stout; ntmuzzle short and broad; its ears rather small. surface is generally with a broad subterminal band of''he tail is narrow, and somewhat longer than the yellowish or golden, sometimes showillg faintly head and body.'lihe pelage is full, coarse and long'. through the surface."''his species was first deT'he length of head arnd body is twelve and a half scribed by Geofftoy, the naturalist of the French ship inchles; of the tail to the end of the hairs, twelve Venus, in 1855, fiom specimens found at Monand three-quarter inches. Its color above is dark terey. brown, mixed with yellowish-gray or black, with a BRAZILIAN SQUIRREL (S. cestuans, Linn.)-A shade of fulvous; the sides are often paler, and an large number of synonyms are appended to this indication in some of a broad grayish sublateral species. Pennant called it as above, and Buffon has banld; beneath, it is deep brownish-red; frequently it it Le gracnd Gue'linguet. A variety, called S. rufohas unsymmetrical patches of whlite.'The coloration niger, is Macroxus irroratus and M. griseogeila of of tlhis species varies so much that authors regfard it Gray. The variety estuans has a body much smaller as difficult to settle upon one satisfactory descrip- than any preceding, being seven to eight inches, and tion.'lhe above is regarded as intermediate be- the lengtlh of tail, including the hairs, nine to nine tween the extremes, though it is but an epitomne, as and a half inlchles. Trhe ears are of mediunm size, attd most of our present matter must necessarily be. rounded. The tail is narrow, and distichous till near FIRE-BELLIED SQUIRREL (S. hypopy'rrhus, tlte terminus, when it is more cylindrical. The pelage Wagler).-'Ihis is S. nigrescets of Bennet (Prioc. Zool. is soft and short. The general color above is a dalr Soc., Lond., 1833); Macroxus nigrescens, Gray; and olivaceous-brown, minutely varied with fulvous or S. griseocaudatus, M. colliai, M. dorsalis, M. miaurus pale rufous; beneatlh, including the insides of tlhe and MA. melania of samne (Ann. and lfiag. NYat. Hist., limbs, it is generally a reddishl-yellow, varying fi'om a 1867). Its specific clharacters are seen in its slender- pale rufous to fulvous. The tail is yellowish-brown, ness, the great leingtlth and narrowness of its ears. atid ringed with black. Tihere is a rillg of yellowislh the remarkable lengtlh of its tail, which, witlh the around each eye. The sides of the muzzle, chin atd llairs, is one fiftlh to olle fourtlh longer than tlte lead tlhroat are yellowish-white.'I'This species presents tmd amid body. It is a commuon form in Soutlhern Mexico marked variations in color, attd is not seen to vary and Central America, southward to Ecuador; it also much with locality. No melanistic specimens have is found otl the west coast of South America, S. been seen. Th'le specimens examined by Mr. Allen griseocaudatus of Gray beitjg found to be the same are from Brazil. as this, as well as S. variegatoides of Ogilby. This The variety rufoniger is larger tlhan the precedillg species is large, but slender. Thle lengtlh of body is aestuans, the length being eiglht and three-quarter tell and a half to twelve and a lhalf inches; tail to inclhes; of tail to end of hair's nine to nine and tlhreeend of the hairs is twelve and three-quarter to sixteenm quarter inchles. Little difference in coloration is inclhes. The color is variable, ammd a strong tendency seen; the dorsal surface is a little darker and redder, is seen to botlh albinism and melanism. The pelage and the lower parts rather lighter; the tail is also is coarse and lharsh. washed yellowislh-red, instead of very pale yellow, RED-BELLIED SQUIRREL (S. aur'eigaster, F. and the black r'ings are broader and darker; the Cuvier).-'I'his is S. ferruginiventris of Aud. and latter coloration is regarded as quite noticeable, as Baclh.; Macroxus aureogaster and M. nmorio of Gray distinguislhed fi'om the sestuatns.'T'lhe specimens ex(Ann. and Jag. Nat. Hist., 1867).'lhe head and body atinied by Mr. Allen are fi'omn Costa Rica; those lmeasure ten amid a half imncles; tail to end of hairs firom Venezuela are smaller. eleven and a half inches.'lhe pelage is soft and ORIZABA SQUIRREL (S. teqjhr'ogaster, Cray, full.'llThe color above is a clear dark gray; beneath, Allen).-This is Macroxus fraseri of Gray, and it is a deep reddish-orange, which blends with the several otlher forms are referred by himn to the gray of the sides, extending often highl upon the same gellus, formerly described under different names, slhoulders, occasionally meeting on the back. The as M. middellinensis and M. tTniur'us. Thlis is sides of the head ammd chin are a light gray.- Thle the same in size as the preceding.''le color is tail is tricolored below, centrally it is a deep reddish- dm'k olivaceous above, witlh minutely varied yellow orange, then black and Wlmite edged; the upper sur- or rufous. The middle of the back is darker tlhan face is black and wlhite mixed. The color is said to the sides, and with less rufous. Beneath, it is whitishvar..y less tlhan in most other Mexican varieties. This gray or fulvous, varying it different specimens from species is not seen north of Mexico. nearly pure wlhite to orange. Trhe tail above is GOLDEN-BELLIED SQUIRREL (S. leucops, Gray.)- black, with white waslhings; below, it is reddish-'I.'lis is S. aureogaster of Geoffroy; Macroxuis griseo- brown, riniged with black centrally, with a broad flavus and M. leucops of Gray (Ann. and MHag. Nat. subtermninal bar of black, ended with whitish tips. Hist., 1867.) i'lle lengtm of this fo4 n is twelve and a'lTis species is fiom Cemtral Guatemala and Mexico. half inchies; thie tail, withm Imai's, twelve to timirteen GERRARD'S SQUIRREL (S. gerrardi, Gray).-Th'is incites. Tfhe pelage is soft amnd full. Time color is Macroxus gerrardi of Gray; M. brunmmeo-mmiger of above is gray, varying fmom a whitislh-gmay to a dairk Castelnau; M. xantihotus of Gray; and M. ignitus RODENTIA. —,MAMMVALIA. -RODENTIA. 1XXXVii of same. It is iltermediate in size between S. vari- pouches are large. The pollex has a well-developed abilis and S. rufoniger; its length is nine and a half nail. The tail is shorter than the body, flattened inches; of tail to end of hairs tell inches. It is from and rather broad, shorter and much narrower than in Panama and Central America generally. Sciurus. Tile pelage is full generally, and soft. The PERUVIAN SQUIRREL (S. variabilis, Geoffroy). — dorsal surface has two and sometimes four longiGray described this as Macroxus fumigatus, Ann. tudinal stripes bordered on each side. l'amnias reand N/ag. N-atl Hist., 1867; Tscihudi as S. tricolor, sembles stronlgly Spermophilus, the more noticeable in Fluna Per1uana. Other synonyms are recorded. differences beinog: In Tamias there is occasionally it is a larger form; body eleven inches long; tail to only a single upper premiolar, and when two are end of hairs thirteen and a quarter inches in length. present tile first is generally minute, but little larger Th'le pelage is short, harshl, and sparse. TIhe ears are than those of S. lhudsonius. Inl Spermlophilus two long and narrow, the tail very full and bushy. are always presenlt, and tile first is functionally deAbove, the color is black, varied with fulvous, or veloped, beiing from one fourth to one half tile size red; beneath, it is abruptly paler, of a yellowish- of the second. Il'l'amias the whole dentition is white. Occasionally the whole animal is black. weaker, and tile teeth relatively smaller. The'I'his species is -distinguished by its large size and tanti-orbital foramen is sometimes quite narrow, lo1ng narrow ears. and the outer and lower border is lmot generally D)OUBTFUL SPECIES. developed into a projectilg bolly rim, culmninlating ill a tubercle, as in Spermophilus. Thle tail is Under the above head Mr. Allen considers some usually more flattened, and tile general form is more forms that have been named by foreign authorls, and Sciurine. Th'le skull is more delicate, also. have not yet been clearly recognized. Sciurus As above defined, accordinlg to Mr. Allen's synebouxi, Is. Geoff., was Obtained in Peru by Dr. nopsis, Tamnia-s has four species. All are represented Neboux, for whom it is named. Geoffroy gives a in North America; three of themi are not found elsecolored figure of it ill thle Voyage of the Venus. It where; the fourtlh, T. asiaticus, rainges over tIle measured 10-~6 inches. Although this species western portion of North America and a large por'seems quite differenlt from. any other described, Mr. tioni of Northernl Europe and Asia. Allen says, "It lmay, however, be merely a gray THE STRIPED SQUIRREL (Tam7ias striatus, Linn., phase of some other well-known species, possibly of Baird) is the Sciurus striatus of Linllseus. No other S. lypopyrrhus." animal is more familiar to the country-side than tlhis Sciurus dimidiatus, Wateirhouse, named by Gray, cheery little Chipmuc k, Chippillg, or Ground Squirrel, Macroxus, was described by Waterhouse as a South as it is variously ternied. Hackey is another name, American species. Some doubt is expressed about known more in the Middle States. Old stomle walls its Americanl origim. seem to be the favorite resort of this little creature, Sciurus bottce, Lesson. —This is said to have come and every coulttry boy finds such localities most cerfiromn California. taini to yield ready game to his box-trap. The lemngth Sciurus clarkei, Ham. Smith, called Spermophilus of this species is five and tlllhree-quarter inches; the clarkei by some authors. This was figured by Haml- tail to end of tile hairs four anld a quarter inceles. iltom Smith from a specimen in Peale's Old Museuml, Th'I'llis creature is too well knlowmn for us to add mnore Philadelphia, which was said to have been brought descriptive mlatter. Its coloration is very coinstant. home forom tile West by Lewis and Clark, tle Mis- lMr. Allell says: T'i'llle variation inl about a ihunidred souri explorers. It does nlot agree with any knownm skins of New Ellglaild specimlelns consists merely ill American Sciurus. Authors consider it a doubtful a more or less grayer cast of the upper surface in American formn.I some than in others, ill tile sides beimig more strongly Sciumus socialis, Wagner, is a species described by yellowish, anld tile runip of a darker or lighllter shade WaVagner, ill 1837, fromi two specimens brought firom of chestnut.'The stripes vary sommmewhlat in widtlh Mexico.'T'ley were at first named S. albipes, after- and purity of color."'The Striped Squirrel inlhabits wards S. varius, then they were called by the present from Minnesota to the Atlantic, anid from Caniada to name. Georgia. It is niot found in tile "alluvial districts of TIrIArIs..-IIlliger.. Carolinma," nor ill Florida. NORTHERN CHIPMUCK ( T. borealis, Gmelin, Allen).'Thle characters of this genus are seen in the nar- -T'lhis is.'. quadrivittatus of Aud. and Bach., anid rowed skull anteriorly, the long post-orbital pro-'1'. pallasi, Baird. Thie variety borealis has a lenigth cesses, which are slender and directed downward and of five and a half ilchies; thle tail to end of hairs is backward.''lie mialar bone has a miore oblique five inches.''lihe color above is a pale yellowishplane, and tile zygomiatic process of the maxillary is gray, with a faint wash of brownish fulvous on tile more expanded anid depressed thian in Sciurus, but sides; the back has five black lines, which alternate rather less so than in Spermophilus.'I'lhe allti- with four lines of yellowish-gray, all being nearly orbital foramen is oval, and situated in tile base of equal inl breadth, and somewhat sharply defined. It the zygommiatic process of the maxillary.'the upper is grayishl-whlite beneath.'I'lhe sides of the head premolars are two or one; wliemi two are present the have two miarrow limme3 of grayishl-whlite, extendimig first is gemerally minute. Ears of medium size or frommi tile nose to tile ear, a brownislh-black stripe insmllla;, well clothed, but never tufted.'l'he cheek tervening; a narrow blackish-brlown stripe is above lxxxviii RODENTIA. -MAIMALIA.-RODENTIA. the light ones, and another below them. The middle records that the farmers have complained that the black stripe extends from the occiput to the base of Gray Spermlophile destroys their young chickens. the tail.'IThe habitat is North-easternl Europe, The term Spermophile indicates their seed-eating' Northern Asia and North-western North America, propensity. southward nearlv to the United States. As it is LINE-TAILED SPERMOPHILE (Speirmophilts g#agnfound more southward it nmerlges into tile variety qnurius, Say, Bach.)-Thlis is very distinct from any quadrivittatus, thie RocIY. MOUNTAIN CHIPMUCK. The other species of the genus. It is notedi for its wide, lenogth of this is four alld a half to five inches. Its full and bushy tail, and large and pointed ears, also range is from the middle and southern portions of for its general Squirrel-like form. Its color and size the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.'Th'le variety is different, excepting in the species S. empetra, pallidus, thie PALE CHIPMUCK, is smaller and paler which is its nearest "affine." Mr. Say brought this than the preceding. its length is four and a quarter fronm tile headwaters of thle Arkansas River in 1823. inches; the tail to end of hairs four inches. It is Several varieties are noticed, called S. beecheyi anld common on the dry plains of the Upper Missouri and S. douglassi. The popular name is GROUND SQUIRREL, Yellowstone, anld the desert plains of thle Great The length of this species is about twelve inclies; Basin. Variety townsendi is larger, the lenogth be- the tail to the end of the hairs is nine inches. The ing1 53-., inches. It inhabits the Pacific (Coast from color above is a mottled white and black, or grayish, Northern California to British Columubia. Variety The tail is white and black, in alternating bands, dorsalis, tile GILA CrIPIMUCK, is of medium size, and longitudinally arranged, two black and three white. is found in the Gila region, Arizona. Its habitat is Colorado, southward to Mexico, and HARRIS' CHIPMUCK (T. hariqisi, Anud. and Bach., westward to the Sierra Nevada. Allen). —lhis species is five inches in lenlgtll. It was PARRY'S SPERMOPHILE (S. empetc~a, Pall., Allen). obtained originally ill Oregon, and is now found in -This is the QUEBEC MARMIOT of Foster and. Pennant, New Mexico and California. It is regarded as a and S. parryi of Baird. Tlhere are three varieties, desert animal, differing from others of thle genus, called respectively kodiacensis, erethrogluteus and which are inhabitants of the woodland. emrpetra, as above. It is about tile size of S. gram-l SAY'S CHIPMUCK (T. lateralis, Say, Allen).- murus, or rather larger, its length ranging froln Audubon and Bachman describe this as Spermo- twelve to fourteen inches; the tail fiom end of tile plmilus. Its lenglth is seven and a quarter inches, hairs is four and a hIalf imnches.'I'The color of this being thle largest of the:genus. It is said to vary species is a imixed yellowisli-brown, white and black, greatly in color', even among specilmens from the the white appearing in square-like blotches. Richsame locality. It was first described by Say, in ardson says: "Th'l'is Spermopllile inhallbits tile barrenl 1823, from specimens fiom the Arkansas River. Its grounds skirting tile sea coast from Hudson's Bay, habits closely resemble those of the Eastern Chip- round by Melville Pemninsula, to Behlring's Straits." lmuck. RICHARDSON'S SPERMOPHILE (S. r'ichardsoni, SPERRM~oPHIm~~LUS.-F. q'uvier. Sabine, Rich.) —r'wo varieties are seen. S. townsendi (one of themn) was described by Audubon and T'Ille skull in Spermopllilus is very variable in its Bachman as a separate species. It is also recorded forlll; it is either narrow and elongate, or short and as such by Baird. T'Ihle S. richardsomni is seven to broad, with the dorsal limne moderately or strolngly nine and a half inches in length.'l'lme general color convex, and the zygomatic arches greatly or only is yellowishll-brown.above. Thle ears are small and moderately expanded. The cheek pouches are well pointed.'I'he tail is short anld flattenled, mnore or developed. ThIe ears are miever tufted.''The nail of less bushmy, occasionally terete. This variety is larger tthe pollex is generally undeveloped. The genus than the other. The species is found as far east as includes a group of quite dissimilar forms, some re- the Pembina Mounltains, and extenids westward as sembling thle Squirrels, others Cynlomnys, anmd somie far as thle Rocky Mountails. Its southlern extreme hiave a look of Tamias. It is conisidered impossible is near the Laramie Plains. to subdivide the Amnerican forms of this genus into THE SHORT-TAILED SPERMOPHILE (S. mollis, sharply-defined groups, yet they admit of being sep- Kfennicott) is described by the author of tile specific arated imnto three sections, as above indicated.''lIme naime in Piroc. Acad. NaLt. Sci., Phil., 1863. It was Spermophliles are confined nearly to tile colder portions procured in Utah. Other specimens have been founid of tile country, and they are equally represented ini in Nevada. In coloration it resermbles S. mollis and nortllern portionls of both the Old anld New World. Iin several other forms. The ears are so small that North Amllerica inone occur east of the plains and little is seen of themn. The muzzle is very much prairies; they range westward to the Pacific Coast, and compressed; tile tail very short and flattened. TLhe southward as far as tile plains of Northern Mexico. pelage is soft and furry. Its length is six to six and All of tile known species, except one, have represent- a half inches; the tail to end of hairs two and a half atives witllin tile United States, this being S. annu- inclhes. latus, known as yet firom a single specimen only, from FORT YUMA SPERMOPHILE (S. tereticaudus, WVestern Mexico. Several species are remnarable Baird). —This is described by Prof. Baird in 211am. as being carnivorous to a certain extent, or having _/K. A. Its length is about six inches; tail to end of carlmivorous propemisities. Specimens have been seen hairs four and three-quarter imnches. Its color is a to devour Mice and small Squirrels. Mr. Kennicott yellowisll-brown and grlay above. r'The ears are neally RODENTIA. -i4MAMMALIA. -RODENTIA. lxxxix obsolete; the tail slender and rounded, as indicated able circumstance that in'ten years the offspring of by its specific name. As yet only three specimens one pair of these animals should spread over so large are known to science; those are the ones described a tract. by Prof. Baird, in 1857, which were brought from ANNULATED-TAILED SPERMOPHILE (S. annutlaFort Yuma by Gen. G. H.'I'Thomas. tus, Aud. and Bach.) —This species was first described SONORAN SPERMOPHILE (S. spilosoma, Bennet). by Audubon and Bachman, in 1842. It is a Mexican -This species was found by Mr. Bennet in "that form, and rather rare. Thle general form is very part of California which joins Mexico." Audubon much like the Squirrels.'ihe ears are broad, fully and Bachman describe it as S. mexicanus. Its a half an inch high, and rounded above. The tail is length is six and a half to seven inches. It is rare nearly the length. of the body, including the hairs. in collections, though it is said to be abundant in The length of the body is nine and a half inches. the region of the Gulf of California, and as far east as El Paso, and northward to Fort Stanton.Y.-f. KENNICOTT'S SPERMOPHILE (S. obsoletus, Kenni- This genus, like the preceding, has been variously cott). —This is closely allied to the preceding, its form named: as Arctomys, Spermophilus, Anisonyx, etc. and size being the same. Its color is a dull yellowish- T'Ihe generic characters are seen in the "rather short brown, indistinctly spotted with lighter, the spots be- skull, which is broad, highly arched and massive. ing bordered with black posteriorly. The ears are The upper premolars are two, the first large. TIhe nearly obsolete. The tail is terete near its base, and dentition is heavy. The grinding-teeth, except the broad and tufted at the end. Its habitat is in Utah first premolar and last molar, have the transverse and the neighboring region. breadth twice the antero-posterior. The last molar THE MEXICAN SPERMOPHILE (S. mexicanuts, is much larger than the others. The cheek pouches Licht., Wagner). —This form was first found in Mex- are of moderate size. The tail is very short and ico, but is now known on the Texan side of the Rio flattened; the ears rudirnentariy; the pollex large, Grande. Its size is eight to eight and a half inches with a well-developed nail; the pelage short, full and in length; tail to end of hairs five and three-quarter soft; the coloration without spots or streaks." This inches. The color is similar to others, " with numel- genus is especially characterized by the massive ous lines of subquadrate spots of white." The ears dentition; there is also a remarkable convergence of are small, but distinct. The pelage is coarse and the upper molars. It is represented by only two stiff. species; those are confined to the parks and plains STRIPED SPERMOPHILE (S. tridecemlineatus, of the great mountain plateaux. (Mitchell) Aud. and Bach.) —This species is met THE PRAIRIE DOG (Cynomnys ludovicianus, (Ord) with as far east as Minnesota, and it extends west- Baird).-Plate II, fig. vii.-Called also the MISSOURI ward to the Rocky MAountains, and southward to BARKING SQUIRREL. Godman calls it the Prairie Missouri and Western Texas. Latterly it is seen as Marmot; Richardson the Wistonwish; and Say the far east asNorthern Ohio. Two varieties are known- Louisiana Marnot.'T'he length of this creature is one called pallidus, rather smaller. "In the pattern about twelve inches, with a tail about five inches, inof coloration this quite strongly resembles the S. cluding the hairs. Lewis and Clark first met with it mexicanus.'The latter is smaller, and has a longer on the banks of the Missouri River, in 1804. The tail; it also differs in some characters of skull." eastern limit of its range is near the ninety-eighth FRANKLIN'S SPERMOPHILE (S.ffranklini, Sabine, parallel. The Prairie Dog is an interesting pet, as Lesson).-This is also called the GRAY-HEADED SPER- it readily becomes domesticated. Specimens are MOPHIILE. It is about tell inches in length; the tail kept at the Central Park Gardens, New York, where to end of hairs six and a quarter to eight and a half they amuse greatly by their curious habits.'Tlhough inches. No species is so strongly marked as this, called Barking Squirrel, it nevertheless does not and, consequently, it is not confounded with any bark, but emits a true sciurine voice. It is also far other. It seems to have been quite unknown to fiom being dog-like. It does not inhabit, willinglyv, Audubon and Bachman, though quite common in the same burrow with the Rattle-snake and Owl, as Illinois and Wisconsin. Mr. Jillson, formerly of is so commonly believed; the latter simply chance Lynn, Mass., and now of 1'uckerton, N. J., has to occupy the deserted holes of the "Dogs." communicated to Mr. Allen's Monograph on Rodentia THE WESTERN PRAIRIE DOG (G. columbianus, some very interesting facts concerning its introduc- ( Ord) Allen) is the Arctolays lewisi of Audubon and tion into Tuckerton, in the State of New Jersey. Bachman, and SHORT-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG of Baird. He says that a single pair were introduced there in The length of this form ranges from nine and a half to 1867, when they escaped. The same species, in con- eleven and a half inches. The tail is very short and siderable numbers, are now found nine miles from flattened, usually a pure white. This is a smaller that place, and also four miles south of the same. animal than the preceding, with the tail about one "Th'l'ey are very common on all the farms in Tucker- half the length of the same in that species. It is ton, and seem always to keep in the fields, as I have confined to the region west of the Rocky Mountains. never seen them in the woods. I find very little dirt Like the other species, it lives in large companies, at the mouths of their burrows, sometimes none. sometimes two hundred acres being populated by They destroy young chiclkells and turkeys."'I'hey them. Each burrow has ten or twelve occupants. are called Gophers in that region. It is a remark- The earth thlrown up from tile excavations form VOL. I. —rn. XC RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA.- RODENTIA. elevations upon which they are wont to sit as senti- size of the present one; its smaller ears and longer nels to warn the community of approaching danger. tail are also marked in comparison.'Ile color of In the event of danger, they emit a shrill whistling this Marmot is sometimes a rich golden upon tile noise somewhatlike tweet! tweet! tweet! Their food upper surfaces. There are also some differences inl consists of the roots of grass, etc. the cranium. THE HOARY MARMOT (Arctomys pruinosus, ARcToMys.- Schreber. Gmelin). —This is also called tile WHISTLER. The This genus has rather small grinding-teeth. The extreme size of this species, and its entirely different size of the animal is large compared to others; the coloration, renders it readily distinguished. The body thick-set, broad and depressed. The cheek European Marinot resembles it more closely in size pouches are small; tail rather short and bushy. The and color than any other. The rudimentary thumb, ears are small. The nail of the pollex is either broad which is present in all American species, is wanting and flat, or wanting. The pelage is coarse, with in the European. Pennant first described the Hoary thick under fur. Animals of this group are found Marmot in 1781, from a specimen taken in Hudson's throughout the northern and middle portions of the Bay. It is said to extend north to the Arctic Circle, northern hemisphere, and not elsewhere. the Columbia River being its southern limit. Its THE WOODCHUCK (Arctomys monax, Linn., Schre- length is from twenty-three to twenty-five inches, the ber). —Plate I, fig. iv.-The generic term indicates tail being nearly half as long. Its color is a clear gray-.Bear-mouse, probably from the massive nature of the ish-white, varied with black. The ears are quite small, skulls in this group.'T'he length of this creature is well clothled, and nearly concealed by the surroundabout fourteen inches. Its habitat extends from the ing pelage. The tail is full and round. Carolinas northward to Hudson's Bay, and westward from the Atlantic Coast to Western Missouri, Iowa FAMILY-HAPLODONTID.E. and Minnesota. The specific name monax was first given by Linnaeus in describing tile "Monax or Mar-'This is a very peculiar group or family, founded motte of America." In the Atlantic States it is upon the existence of a single species of Rodent, called Ground Hog, or WVoodchuck. This creature is called by the natives Sewellol. T''he teeth are: Invery colnmo1n in the country-side, yet few really know cisors, Premolars, Molars, 3-. All are it, its habits being rather crepuscular. It selects the rootless, prismatic in shape, and simple.'I'he claviunder side of some large boulder, or the stump of a cles are perfect. An interesting and thorough report large tree, where it constructs a deep burrow. It is of the family characteristics are recorded by Dr. said to be social in its habits, several animals bur- Coues, in his Monograph, which forms one of the rowing near each other. " We noticed thirty or forty series in Dr. Hayden's Report on the Rodentia, 1877. burrows in one field." —DeKay. It brings forth four Dr. Coues says:' The general tendency has been of or five at a litter. The burrow is said to contain late years to associate Haplodon more or less intilarge excavations, in which the animal stores its mately with Castor,. nd to refer both to the Sciurine provisions. It hybernates in tile colder season, after series, if not to the Sciuridae itself." The skull, lihe carefully closing the entrance to its burrow. Trhe Iemarks, is strongly and urnistakably sciuromorphic. Woodchuck is said to be common in the mountainous In its habits, too, there is a resemblance. districts of the Carolinas, but is not known on the sea-shore. HAPLODON.-Rich. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MARMOT (Arctomysflaviventer', This genus has been variously named, as: AplodonAud. and Bach.) —This species was first described tia, Apluodontia, Haploodon, etc. The present term by Audubon and Bachman, in 1841, from a specimuen has reference to its simple teeth. Its characters are brought from the mountains of California, near seen in its stout and heavy form, its cylindrical body,'Jexas. Its northerni range is probably about the short limibs, tie broad and fiat hlead, tle short terete forty-ninth parallel. It is seeminlgly a strictly Alpine and hirsute tail, the very long and bristly whiskers, species, and is gregarious in habit, like the European thle absence of cheek pouches, the diminutive eyes and Marmot. Its size is considerably more than that of long bristly hair, with woolly under fur. In progresthe Woodchuck, measuring in some instances eigh-, sion it is plantigrade. In habit it is fossorial anld teen and a half inches. Th'le tail to the end of the gregarious. Its voice is shrill, and its food is entirely hairs measures nearly ten inches. The color is, above, of vegetable matter. a mixed gray; fulvous and reddish-brown; below, it THE SEWELLEL (Haplodon rufus, Raf., Coues).is yellowish or golden, varying to rufous. The ears'I'his inlteresting animal was first discovered in 1805, are rather small. The tail is long, rounid, full and by the famous travelers, Lewis and Clark, inm thle bushy. Melanistic specimens are quite common. country near the mouth of the Columbia River. Mr. Allen says: "At Montgomnery, Colorado, where The present name is that which the natives gave it. this species occurs in great abundance, and where I'The Indians mnake great use of the skins, which they have seen a dozen or more sitting on thie rocks at dress with tile fur on, and fasten together with ome time within easy rifle-shot, generally several sinews of thie Elk and Deer. It mounts a tree and black ones were to be seen associated with the burrows in the groumd precisely like a Squirrel. Dr. others, as well as others more or less blackisll."''lhe Newberry says of it: "'T'his renmarkable alirnal seems principal difference in the two species is thle larger limited to a narrow district when compared with RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA. —RODENTIA. xci most of those which, with it, inhabit the region it fifty-eight pounds, measured over four feet fiom nose occupies. In Washington'T'erritory it is found from to end of tail. The forrn is so short that he runs the coast to the Rocky Mountains." It is doubtful with difficulty. He walks with a waddling gait, his whether it is found south of the Columbia River, body barely clearing the ground, and his tail dragalthough it is reported from California. Very little ging. In the water lie is at ease, and his movements is known of its habits. According to certain few rapid. While swimming, lie uses the hind-legs exobservations it is not an hibernating animal. Mr. clusively, the fore-paws being drawn up under the Geo. Gibbs, the ethnographer, says of it: "Its name chest. He is a burrowing animal; deep excavations in the Nisqually language is Showt'l (Showhurll). are made in the banks of streams, where he may reIt burrows extensively in the ground, Near their treat for safety, preferring this to the "lodges," abodes were small bundles of some herb or plant, cut which are constructed above water for the purpose with nicety, and laid out on logs to dry or wilt.'l'he of rearing the young.'I'he female brings forth her Indians trap them, and value their flesh very much litter early in May, from two to five at a birth. The as food." If this habit of cutting food in parcels for habitat is remarkably extended: from the borders of future use is theirs truly, it is exceedingly curious. the Arctic Seas to Mexico and the Gila River, and The Yakima Indians call the aniral Sguallah. Mr. from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Beavers are now Gibbs says that the statement that it climbs trees is seldom found east of the Mississippi River; occaprobably all error. It lives in communities, like the sionally one is captured in Maine, New York and Prairie Dog, sitting upon the mounds at the burrows Virginia. In some portions of Canada and in Caliand whistling as those little creatures do in the early fornia they are yet numerous. There are marked morning. Dr. Suckley says: "It is probable that it differences in the habits of the two varieties. The has several litters of young in a season. The Sewellel European Beaver is said to lead a solitary life in is about as large as the Musk-rat, and is said to burrows, rarely constructing dams, while the Amerisomewhat resemble that Rodent. Its color is brown- can form is notably a skilful builder of dams and ish, mixed with black, lighter and more grayish lodges, as well as burrows. Canals of remarkable below." construction and purpose are also the work of this FAMILYv — CASTORIDiA. interesting creature. IThe European animal was once abundant in the region around the Black Sea There are many points of resemblance between during the Classical Period. Pliny calls it the this family and the Sciuridce.'I'here is but one " Pontic Beaver." He gives a brief account of its genus representing the living species.'T'he molars in habit of cutting down trees, but does not mention this family have a long, persistent pulp, the teeth any instance of dam building, though a few examples continuing to grow for a long time, and only becom- are known. It is a remarkable fact that the reputed ingtruly rooted late in life. The incisors are very sagacity and intelligence of the Beaver is not exlarge, the Beavers being the typical gnawers.'Ihe plained by the size or development of brain. This general structure of the skull indicates great incisive organ is but a step in advance of that of the bird, as power. the Beaver. is a monotrematous animal, that is: it CA Lin. has but one opening at the anal region, which indiCASTOR.-Linrn. cates a low rank among Mammals.'l'he great com-'The characters are seen in the four-toed feet, the missure, or coipus callosum, is absent in the brain. palmate hind-feet, the double-clawed second toe, the The brain is, also, entirely smooth on the surface. broad, flat and scaly tail, and in the broad and heavy'l'he Beaver is noted for a peculiar secretion, called body, which is most powerfully developed posteriorly. castoreum, which has long been reputed as a medi-'The molars are -4 single-rooted, te pulp being cine. It has two sets of secreting organs situated in persistent until late in life.'Ihe skull lacks the post- the anal region, the upper pair furnishing the casorbital processes; otherwise it has the general form toreum, and the lower an oily secretion. A remarkof Sciuride. able provision against the possible harm resulting THE BEAVER (Castorjiber, Linn.)-Plate 15, fig. from too long immersion in water, is seen in an 50.-One species only is known, yet two well-marked enlarged portion of the great vein, or vena cava, varieties are noticed, one inhabiting North Ameri- where it passes through the liver. As in birds, this ca, and the other Europe and Western Asia. The receives an extra supply of blood, which serves when American form is regarded as rather larger than the respiration is temporarily suspended, as while passing other. Some difference is seen in the nasal bones, under water to its various works. Mr. Lewis H. and some less important features are said to vary in Morgan, in a very complete and exhaustive treatise, the two. T'Ihe European Beaver does not perform The American Beaver and his lWorks, has given most the work of building dams and houses to that extent entertaining accounts of the dams, canals and other seen in the case of the American animal. The Beaver works of this animal, from which we take certain is the largest Rodent living, with the one exception, facts. Around the southll-west shores of Lake Suthe Capybara, of South America, which is about a perior, Mr. Morgan, in his profession as civil-engineer, third larger. The color is a rich reddish-brown. had most unusual opportunities of viewing and watchBlack varieties are sometimes seen, and albinos are ing the skill of the Beaver. Through this entire not rare. When full-grown, the Beaver weighs fronm area the Beavels are now abundanlt, and undisturlbed thirty to sixty pounds. A specimen, wllich weiglhed in tlheir works. Th'le dam, called by thle natives xcii RODENTIA. MAMMALIA. RODENTIA. oko —nmin, is the principal work, its object being to mud, intermixed with vegetable fibre, and were exfurnish an artificial pond, which shall render the tended to the bottom of the pond and trench, with water sufficiently and evenly deep as to protect the the exception of the openings at their ends. Where entrances to their lodges and burrows, which are they joined the floor, they were constructed with partially submerged. This self-imposed task, seem- neatness and precision, "the upper parts and sides ingly, of building dams is one of the most astonishing forming an arch more or less regular, while the bottllings in connection with animal " instinct," sagacity, ton and floor edges were formed with firm and comor intelligence.''llhe animal naturally builds a bur- pacted earth, in which small sticks were embedded. row, as any other, in which to rear the young, or It is difficult to realize the artistic appearance of retreat for protection. Besides this, we see him some of these entrances without actual inspection." exercising the ingenuity of an engineer in construct- The quantity of sticks used in the construction of ing a house with a submerged cellar, through which this lodge was about a cord. In most instances the lie reaches a close chamber, the integrity of which floor of the lodge is from two to six inches above is dependent upon a steady level of the surrounding the water.. It is evident that some calculation is water; the water must be above the entrance, but exercised to maintain a proper water level, as the below the floor. Does he anticipate the possibilities, " cuttings " which they pre/pare for food have to be or has he experiellced a flood and. its discomforts in carried by the Beavers down to the bottom of the his well-built home? One thing is true: he con- pond, and thence up the inclined plane to the enstructs, throughll immense labor, a dam which causes a trance. Ihere they must drag the " cuttings " by the stay of the water; and, by constant care and prompt teeth up and into the lodge, depositing them upon repairing, the needed condition is fulfilled. His house, the floor. Now, if there is great discrepancy in the or lodge, is a sort of edifice for ordinary purposes, elements of structure, the Beavers may find it a diffiwhile the burrow is a more natural means of protec- cult feat, to lift the "cuttings " by the teeth after tioi. On the small grass islands that are seen in they are out of water; while immersed, the buoyancy Beaver Meadows these houses are constructed; they is greatly in their favor. "It is evident that the consist of immense piles of sticks and mud, formed Beavers regulate the discharge of surplus water into a donie-shaped but. One measured by Mr. through their dams with a view to the maintenance, Morgan was sixteen feet in diameter at the water- as nearly as possible, of a uniformn level of the pond; lile. The vertical height of the lodge from water and great variation would either flood their hiabitalevel was four feet six inches. This lodge was opened tions or expose their entrances. * * * In all by Mr. Morgan, who found about one foot in thick- this, decisive evidence seems to be furnished of their hless of the top "substantially solid."'The ground- possession of a free intelligence, as well as of conplan showed a chamber seven feet and eight inches structive skill." There is usually a moat or ditch, in length, and seven feet in breadth.'the vertical about three feet wide, excavated around the lodge, height was a little over twelve inches. An entrance opening on one side into the pond. The number of issuing from the pond was ten feet in length, another lodges in a large pond seldom exceeds four. The side entrance being seven feet in length. The roof stories about lodges colltaining several rooms for was about three feet, and the side walls nearly five special purposes are not true. Mr. Morgan regards feet thick. "Among the characteristics of tile the specimens of lodges that are double as the work Beaver," says Mr. Morgan, "is that of cleanliness, of numerous individuals, and not by one pair. Moreand nothing appeared in this chamber to detract over, these double houses do not communicate with from his reputation in this respect.'lThere was no each other, the roolls heing entirely separate.'The opening for liglt or' ventilation; but yet, from the burrows are small underground chambers, usually porous nature of the materials, as put together, constructed under the root of a tree, or entered from sufficient air would penetrate the lodge from without untder a rock, and extend about fifteen. feet into the to satisfy the requirements of its occupaits, whose bank of tile stream or pond. They are used, seemlow respiration enables them to endure the confined ingly, exclusively for temporary protection, the enatmospliere of the lodge and burrow. Their breath trance being under water, alld, no external mark bein the winter season, rising through the top ofr the ing visible, they furnisil a surer hliding-place than lodge, dissolves the snow, thereby exposing their the lodge, which is veryconspicuous. Dr. Newberry, habitation to the trapper." T'Ihe entrances, usually speaking of the Beaver lodges and burrows, says: two, are the most remarkable parts of the edifice, be- "The sides of the stream [in Oregon and California] ing constructed very skilfully, and even artistically. are lined with their habitations. We found the'I'wo kinds are seen: one is straighlt, or as nearly so Beavers in numbers, of which, when applied to as possible, the floor being an inclined plane, rising Beavers, I had no conception." One of the most gradually from the bottom of the pond to the chali- remlarkable feats, or instances of engineering skill, ber; the other is abrupt ili its inclination, and sinu- performed by the Beaver, will be considered when we ous in its course. Mr. Morgan regards the first as a have examined the nature of the food which it de"wood entrance," from its evident design to facilitate pends upon, and the conditions required for its posthe admission of " wood cuttings," upon whichl they session. Tlhe Beaver is exclusively a vegetable eater, subsist durimig the winter. The other entrance is for and subsists mostly upon tile bark of deciduous ordinary passage.'Ih'ese passages were rudely arcl!ed trees, not upon that of tile pines and other evergreelns over witlh a roof of interlaced sticks, filled in witlh that glrow in the low-lgroulds. It pref'ers birch RODENTIA.-MAMMALIA.-RODENTIA. xciii cottonwood, poplar, etc. In the summer it eats the direct to the lodge. In one instance, one of these roots of the pond-lily and other plants that grow in canals had several dams constructed across it for the the water-side. As Beavers do not hibernate, they purpose of flooding a still larger surface. This canal are compelled to provide a store of provisions for the was 449 feet in length, and about three feet in winter, during which their ponds are frozen over, width and two and a half in depth, and was cut when they are shut in and unable to pass out to pro- entirely by the Beavers; the bottom revealing great curb food. In the month of September they com- numbers of roots, some very large, which had been cut mence preparing for the cold season.''hey repair across in the progress of the work. In some cases their dams, and cut down trees to prepare their the canal was carried around the foot of the rising "chips" for future eating. All this work is per- ground in two branches, thus securing a frontage of formed at nighlt. Observers have failed to get sight greater extent. Here was a necessity: no wood of them while engaged, although they have been suitable for their purpose, either for building or for seen at early morning in some few instances. The food, could be obtained easily. The ground was wood-cuttings which they prepare are deposited by surveyed, we may safely assume, and a simple solusome unknown process upon the bottom, " how, is a tion of the matter was accomplished. Just such a question;" says Mr. Morgan, "tle yellow birch is channel as we should expect was cut, up to the about the salne specific gravity of water." It is nearest point that water would flow to, and then the probable that when soaked the wood remains im- work was carried on in proportion to their wants. mersed. When the animal is frozen in, it is essen- ITrees were felled and cut in pieces, and rolled down tial to his comfort that he have free access to his the hill into the channel; once there, it was an easy -wood-pile, or store of provisions, whicll.are deposited matter to push the logs before them, as is their near the lodge, but upon the bottom of the pond. custom, swimming with themn to the place of deposit. Now " when they leave their normal mode of life in It is said that they hug the pieces, when not too the banks of rivers, and undertake to live in depend- large, to their chest, and, as they do not ever swim ence upon artificial ponds of their own formation, witl the fdre-paws, they easily progress with the they are compelled to forecast the consequences of loads. On land, these loads would be nearly out of their acts at the peril of their lives." They have, their power to manage. The nearest point, in the therefore, to build their dams sufficiently high so as to above example, where the proper wood could be obsecure a depth of water that will not entirely freeze: tained was five hundred feet. Mr. Morgan has conthere should be space left for unobstructed passage tributed most valuable specimens of the work of to. and fiom the "commissary." It will readily be Beavers, as well as a vast amount of interesting asked: How will this condition be sustained in the knowledge that had not previously been known as extreme cold regions, where a considerable depth of reliable. He has preserved and sent to the Ameriwater freezes? One cause will be seen in the heavy can Museum, in Central Park, N. Y., two trunks of body of snow that usually covers the ice-bound ponds trees which show the work of Beavers. Onle is a of these regions; yet that quite shallow ponds re- yellow birch from Lake Flora, near Lake Superior, main open is well known, and trappers assert that w.hich measures thirteen and a half inches in diameover the Beaver-cuttings that have been deposited ter. This is cut so nearly in two that the tree had for winter use, the ice is usually thin. The ponds rfallen by its weight to one side, this side being much are rarely over six feet deep. Some local cause may more cut than the other. The slender portion reaffect the temperature of ponds, and of this the maining is broken in splinters, and would probably "astute" creature may have cognizance. A remark- have soon yielded to the sharp incisors of the aniable act of intelligence is now to be considered, mal, had it not been taken away. Another tree, of which follows upon the necessities incident to the the same dimensions, shows an, even gnawing about "chopping" and storing the "wood-cuttings," which half througrh the diameter. A fine specimen of are the preferred subsistence of the Beaver. Mr. Beaver, with small cuttings of the size usually seMorgan gives a detailed and most interesting account cured for eating, is in the collection, from the same of the discovery of a system of canals, whereby the source. Beaver is enabled to convey materials for food a We have given considerable space to this one considerable distance by water, thus facilitating species of Rodent, but tile subject is one of exceeda tedious and, in many instances, nearly impracti- ing interest. The marvelous execution of certain cable process of gathering a winter's store. In some devices strike us as something beyond any other cases the dam accomplishes the requisite purpose, as example. Although we meet at every hand most well as to furnish sufficient water for concealment of wondrous developments, we have the nmore willingly the burrows and openings to the lodges. It causes enlarged upon this theme for the purpose of giving the water to flow back in such volume as to brilng what is now known to be the truth concerning this large deciduous (and desirable) trees within reach by aninmal. As in the case of many another living water, or so near that the "cuttinlgs" may be rolled creature, absurd errors have been perpetuated in into it with little labor. Sometimes the coveted books of Natural History. Old stories from the woodland is removed too far from the water for classical writers, as well as of those more recent, this purpose; in this event, a canal is cut to the have come to us firom the various publications of the nearest point, and in such dimensions as to admit of day. In tile present account there is enough of the the comveyance of the cuttings and logs by water malrvelous, and yet it is truth. rThe stories of xctv RODENTIA. MAMMALIA.-RODrOENTIA. the Beaver carrying its loads upon the tail, and of its using the tail as a trowel, etc., are untrue. The tail is, no doubt, used to a certain extent to press the This genus embraces Sigmodont Rats of the largest mud into place, and, from its broad surface, is very size, their general aspect being highly murine. Th'lley serviceable in swimming. are peculiar to North America. WOOD RAT (Neotomafloridana, Say and Ord).MYOMORPIHA. —MURINE RODENTS.-MIC.E-TIIiE This is in color mucll like the Norway Rat. It is ANIMALS. found in the Southern United States and Mexico. FARIIrIYv —MURIDE.A Specimens are found, also, in Massachusetts and the Middle States, and it is common in California. The Mice are represented by this family name. DUSKY-FOOTED WOOD RAT (N. fuscipes, Coopeir). Mr. Allen, in his valuable Monograph of the series -This is a California species, described by Dr. in Hayden's Repoit on Rodentia, 1877, says: "With Cooper in 1857. It is regarded as unlike any other the exclusion of Zapus, which, as a type of a sep- known form. A singular compression of the tail is arate famllily, will be treated in a separate me-moir, noticed; its color, also, is singular, being very dark the family Afueidce is represented in North America or black, and the feet are dusky. by only two sub-families, lfurinm and Ar~vicolince, FERRUGINOUS WOOD RAT (iV. ferruginea, Tomes). out of the number of groups into which it is usually — l'his is about seven and a half iinches long, the divided. As represented in North America, and by tail being six and a half inches. Its color is a rich the two sub-families, the family Muridce has the fol- rusty-red, almost golden-rust color along the sides. lowing characters: Incisors, -; Prenolars, 0s'-; The whiskers are very long, and jet black at base. Molars, 3-x; = = 16 teeth. BUSHY-TAILED WOOD RAT (N. cinerea, (Ord) "The sub-family iirince has rooted molars; and Baircd).-This is rather the largest of the genus, becompressed incisors, narrower than deep. The root ing nearly eleven inches long. Its habitat is Western of the under incisor causes a protuberance on the outer North. America. side of thie mandible, at or near the notch between SIGMODON. Sayl and Or&d. the condylar and coronoid processes. The palate isN ay and O nearly plane; the nasals projecting anteriorly." The general form of the animals comprising this "In Ar'vicolince the molars are normally rootless genus is stout and like the Ar'vicolince. The pelage (except in Evotomys), prismatic, with flat crown and is hispid from the presence of stiff hairs. The ears serrate periphery. The incisors are often broader are large and orbicular. The profile of the head is than deep. The root of the incisor causes a pro- strongly convex; the muzzle short, obtuse and hairy, tuberance, if any, on the inner side of the mandible, except the nasal pad. at or near notch between the condylar and descend- COTTON RAT (Sigmodon hispidus, Say and O'd). — ing process.'I'The palate is highly arched. The This is found in the Southern United States and nasals are not produced beyond the premaxillaries." Mfexico, particularly on the coast region. Godman recorded it as Arvicola, Baird as S. berlandieri, and SUB-FAMILY-MU1INZE. Aud. and Bach. as A. texiana. It varies from four to six inches in'length.'The length of tail is fiom Mr. Allen makes two tribes, as follows: "lfuges 2-s to 3~-0,% inches. and Sigmodontes. This separation of the Old World (lures) and New World (Sigmodontes) representatives of the sub-family, seems to us warranted, and The classic term Hesperia, the "land of the west," not alone on geographical grounds; for a decided is incorporated with a derivation fiom 1lus, "a difference in dentition is found, serving for their im- Mouse," and made to embrace certain forms of the mediate identification. New or Western World that are close representa"'llXfres.-Molars of the upper jaw with the tub- tives of the true Mus, or murine animals of the Old ercles in three series. Palate extending back of the World. A sub-genus is instituted as follows: molars. (Palseogean.)" True Rats and Mice of the Old World. SUB-GENUS-VESPERIIUS.- Cotes. "Sigmodontes.-Molars of the upper jaw with the Dr. Coues, from whose Monograph we extract the tubercles in two series. Palate ending opposite the present matter (Hayden's Relp)ort on Rodentia, 1877), last molars. (Neogean.)" Rat-like animals of the says: "We restrict our term vesperiimus to leucopus New World. and its immediate North American allies. As inti"T'he Mures which occur in North America — mated before, it is exactly equivalent to Hesperomys namely, four species of the typical genus Mus —not of Baird, as limited by that author. * * * The being indigenous to this country, and beincg more- only otlier name, except Hesperomys, that we can over among the best known of mammals, are not find has been applied to the present sub-genus, is treated hlere." _I3lusculus of Rafinesque; that name, in strict techTRIBE SIGMODONrPES nical confolrmity with thle rules of nomenclatule, ought to be adopted; * * * but thle name is so All the llLurine indigenous to America are in- insepalrately connected with Mls musculus that to cluded under this section. use it in a different connection, and one when tile RODENTIA. — IAMMALIA. - RODENTIA. XCV tribal distinctions from Mus especially require to be PARASITIC MOUSE (IH californicues, (Gamnbel) signalized, would result ill an evil of far more conse- Baird).-This is about the size of a "half-grown quence than the breach of a rule of nlomenclature." House-rat, with extremely long ears and tail." HabThe sub-genus Vesperimus —the composition of the itat, Southern and Lower California. name probably referring to the crepuscular habits of THE AZTEC MOUSE (H. (Vesj.) aztecus, DeSausthe animal-is characterized by a size of body sure).-A Mexican species, about three and threemedium or small, and by its lithe form and quick quarter inches in length, the tail averaging over four movements. rThe eyes are large and prominent; the inches. snout pointed. The ears are large, rounded, thin BLACK-EYED MOUSE (H. (Veasp.) melanophy~rs, and sparsely set with hairs. The tail is terete, slen- Uoues).-Has the " general aspect of a large species der, closely hairy. T'he pelage is soft, close and of the Hesperomnys leucopus group."'The ears are glossy, with a few long bristly hairs.'l'he skull is large and leafy; whiskers very long and conspicuous; thin and papery, contrasting strongly with the length four inches; tail four and a half to five inches. Arvicolincm in this respect.'I'he dental structure is Habitat, Southern Mexico. equally weak, and the habits of tile creatures fully correspond, the diet being of softer substances. WHITE-FOOTED OR DEER MOUSE (Ilesperomys'T'he skull in this genus is strictly as in the preced( Vespe rimtus) leucopus). —This little animal is called by ing, but with larger molars. Pennant, AMERICAN FIELD MOUSE; by Godman, Mus MISSOURI MOLE MOUSE (Hfesperomys (Onychomys) agrarius; by Baird, H. myoides and H. gambeli; by leucogaster, ilax.)-Maximilian procured this during the latter, also, H. boylii, in Proc. Acad. N. S., his journey in North America, and the type is now Phila., 1855; and by DeKay as Arvicola emmonsii. owned by the American Museum, Central Park, Numerous other synonyms are recorded; this is ac- N. Y. It is found in the Upper Missouri region. counted for by the fact that a great variety is found ARIZONA MOLE MOUSE (H. (Ony.) torridus, throughllout the extensive ral-nge of the species. Dr. Coues).-TThis form is from Arizona. It was described Cones says: "It is curious to observe that almost by Dr. Cones, in 1874, in Proc. Acad. Nabt. Sci., Phil. every considerable geographical area within the It resembles the latter, with rather larger limbs. limits" of its habitat, "produces a slight strain or breed of its White-footed Mice." * * *'"We venture to assert that we can distinguish in North This is characterized by having the superior mar-' America about twenty kinds of Hesperomys leucopus, gin of the orbit with a prominent sharp edoe or upon characters at least as constant, reliable and bead.'The anteorbital foramen is nearly circular tangible, as those hitherto held to define the greater above (resembling that in Zapodidce), continued bepart of the'species' that have been in vogue of late low as a slit much narrower than in Hesperomys years."''lhe habitat of this anitmal is throughout proper.'Th'le hind-legs are short, but the feet are the northern portion of North Amnerica, as far as very long and large, as ill Fiber. It exceeds in size Puget's Sound, to California on the west, and Massa- any other known species of Hesperomys, and has the chusetts on the east; general appearance of Sigmnodon or Mus. The A species, or sub-species, called H. leucoplus gossi- species approach the true Mus of the Old WVorld pinus, Leconte, ilnhabits the South Atlantic States. mlore closely than any other of our Rodents. It is larger than the preceding, being about four RICE-FIELD MOUSE (Hlesperomys (Oryzornys) palinches in length, with a shorter tail. Another is ustris, (Hark.) TVccgner).-This is the A1rvicola orizicalled H. leucopus sonoriensis, Leconte. It is the vora of Aud. and Bach., the specific term r1eferrinog to Mus leucopus of Richardson, and H. nebrascensis of its rice-eating propensities.'I'he sub-gemnus is namlled Baird.'I'he tail is shorter tllaln in the first-named. from oryza, tile Greek for Rice, mys being from thle It inhabits the interior of North America, west of Latin mus, a Mouse. This species is especially well the Mississippi, and from thle Arctic regions to known in the Southern rice-fields, extenlding to tlhe Mexico. Another form is the H. leucolpus eremicus, Gulf States. BairdI — THE DESERT-MOUSE, from the Valley of te REITHRODON.- e Gila, and Colorado. It is about as large as tile firstnamed. Several species were included in this genus by Prof. RED MOUSE; GOLDEN MOUSE (HI ( Vesp.) aureolus, Baird (ifam. N. A.), but, as now restricted, "the (Aud. and Bach.) Wag.) —''his is like tile preceding genus," says Dr. Coues, "appears to be confined to in size and shape, but different in color, " being a the southlern part of South America, from whichl golden-cinnanion above, and yellowish-white or pale three species have been described. It may be recogbuff below." Found in the Central and Southern nized at once by the longitudinal grooving of thle States. Baird records this as H. nuttalli. upper incisors, a feature not shared by any othler THE MICHIGAN MOUSE (H. ( Vesp.) michiganensis, South American Mice, as far as is known, and only (And. and Bach.) Wag.)-A very small species, rarely again met with among American Aluridce, in thle three inches in length; yellowish-browm above, with North Amnerican genus Ochetodon."'T'he latter is, a broad dorsal stripe of sooty-brown; below, pure im other respects, very unlike Reitlirodon, wliichi has wliite.''lhe feet are not entirely white. Habitat, a stout leporine form, of large size, and tail half as Upper Mississippi Valley. long as the tlrunk. xcvi RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA. — RODENTIA. Reithr'odon cumiculoides, Waterh., is the typical recognized at once by their prominent. ears, and species, found in Pataoonia. Its length is about six tawny red color. and a half inches, with tail three and a half inches. fvotomys r'utilus, (Pall.) Coues.-Dr. Coues says Reithrodon typicus, Waterh, is frolm La Plata, and of this species: " We have great pleasure in adding is about the same size. this interesting animal to our Fauna, our only prePeithi'odon chinchilloides, Waterh., is smaller. viously-recorded form being the variety gapperi, and From the Straits of Magellan. All of these were the Mus'rutilus of Pallas being supposed to be conbrought away by Mr. Darwin, while attached to fined to the north of Europe and Asia." Its habitat the English exploring ship "Beagle." Dr. Coues has is given as " circumpolar regions of both hemisestablished a sub-genus for the latter, which he de- pheres." Specimens have been found in Massacliunominates Euneomys. setts, where it is not rare. OCHETODON.- Couzes. RED-BACKED MOUSE (E. Cautilus gapperi, (Vig.) TCoues).-This is a form that is but little removed Animals of this genus have the general resem- fiom the preceding. The habitat is the northern blance to the true Mice, but have the characters of frontier of the United States. Hesperomys, excepting that the superior incisors are deeply grooved lengthwise; hence the name, ochetos, ARvICOLA. —Lace'pde. meaning canal. The tail is about as long as tile The molars are 3-3, rootless, perennial and prishead and body.'The form is slender and mouse- matic; the crowns divided into several closed islands like, and very small. The genus comprises some of of dentine by folds of the surrounding sheet of the smallest mnammals in America.'I'hey have a enamel, that meet from opposite sides and fuse close general resemblance to ungrown House-mice. along the medium line. The pelage is thick, soft, Tlhe teeth distinguish them readily, the molars hav- of ordinary fur, interspersed on the back with longer ing a peculiar aspect on the enamel loop, which re- bristly hairs.'I'he North American species are arsembles the Greek letter sigma; hence the name ranged in four groups, which are regarded as quite applied to the group —the Sigmodont Mur9incs. The natural. The generic term is derived firom arvuzm, upper incisors are grooved in a peculiar manner, also. a field, and cola, expressing habitation.'This feature is unique with the North American iJfurince.'T'hese grooves are longitudinal, and are SUB-GENUS-MYoNoMEs.-Raf. so prominent that when tlie incisors are closed, a lThe teeth are concerned in this subdivision very deep notch appears, giving four points, instead of considerably.'lhe ear is unrimmed in front. The two, upon the face of the teeth.'IThe under incisors fore-claws are not longer than the hind ones; tlhe are simple. A number of marked peculiarities are tail about one third the head and body, or more. also seen in the skull of this genus. "This section is especially characteristic of Nortl LITTLE HARVEST MOUSE (Ochetodon huimilis, America, not being, perilhaps, exactly matched in (Aud. and Bach.) Coues).-Much like the common Europe and Asia. It embraces the greatest number House-mouse, but smaller. Inhabits the South of American species of the genus, among them the Atlantic States, Sonora, and west to Nebraska. most widely distributed one of all, and includes, First described by Aud. and Bach., in 1841. likewise, the largest one of all, while none of them LONG-TAILED HARVEST MOUSE (0. longicauda, are so small as our species of Chilotus, Pitymys or (Baird) Coues).-Habitat, California. Evotomys." T'he peculiarities of dentition, as well MEXICAN HARVEST MOUSE (0. snexicanus, (DeS.) as other generic characters, are of that nature that Coues).-Larger than either the preceding. It is a more space is required than we can give to thie subMexican species, but found as far north as Louisiana. ject. We content ourselves, therefore, by making as valuable an abstract as our limits will allow, SUB-FAMILY —ARVICOLIN2E. COMMON AMERICAN-MEADOW MOUSE (Ar'vicola (lffonomes) 9'ipa-'ius, Ord).-A long name for a small The characters are seen in the normally rootless creature, but the specific one is appropriate, meaning molars (except in Evotomys), prismatic forms and flat a river-bank anilnal. A very large synonomy is atcrowns, the periphery being serrate. The incisors tached to the great work of Drs. Coues and Allen, as are often broader than deep. Tile palate is mighly applied to this species, many species being absorbed arched. lmhe fore-teeth are large and broad in com- in the present. Dr. Coues says, after a vely lengtlhy parison with the compressed and small incisors of treatise on the subject: "In 1857, manmy names, all the lfurqince. The molars, also, are strongly con- doubtless supposed by their several proposers to intrasted, thiose of the present group being so much dicate valid species, were either formally or virtually larger than those of the other. suppressed; and a further reduction of eight is simply an advance, pani passut, with thie increase of EVOTOnIYs.- Coues. our knowledge on thie subject. WVe trust we have This is the same as Hypudaeus of Baird. It is proven the position we take, and that we have seen much like Arvicola proper, but has ears plainly visi- the last of nonminal species based upon the endless ble above the fur.'L'he molars are each two-rooted, variations of Arvicola riparius." This Mouse seems the middle lower molarlike the last one.'I'he species to be common in every part of North America, beare few in niumnber. Tihe North American nmay be tween the two oceans above Virginia. RODENTIA.-MAMIMALIA.-RODENTIA. xcvii TOWNSEND'S MEADOW MOUSE (A. (Mlyonomes) PINE MOUSE (A. (Pitymys) pinetorunu, LeConte). townsendi, IBach.)-'llhis is a much larger species —'Lllis is a smalll Mouse, resembling a Mole, with than the precedil ig, mneasuling five to six inches inl close silky fur.'ITh'le tail is shorter than thle head. length. The tail is longer in proportion; and the'i'he hind-feet are small, with only five tubercles. ears are also rather larger. The whiskers are about'I'he fore-feet are comparatively large. Th'le ears are as lolng as thle head. Th'le soles of the feet, like those small, flat and round, with little hair, and!nearly conof riparius, have six tubercles. In color, it is nearly cealed in the fur. It inhabits the United States like tile preceding. Some doubt is expressed about east of the Mississippi. the validity of the species, and it may prove to be Arvicola (Pityrnys) guasiater, Coues).-In general only a variety of the A. riparitus. form and appearance this is like A. pinietorum. It is A variety called A. riparius, variety borealis, Rich- named as above friom the seemingly black aspect of the ardson, is the LITTLE NORTHERN MEADOW M'OUSE, fur, which, on closer inspection, however, is founld to found in North-western America. It is a little smaller be of an auburn shade.'Ihis species is from Mexico. than the former, with smaller ears anld feet, both be-;ing more ]hairy. SYNAPTiAlYS.-Baiid. CHESTNUT-CHEEKED MEADOW MOUSE (A. (AIyo.) T'Ihis is regarded as one of the miost strongly xanthognathus, Leach).-Found in North America, marked genera of American lUluridce. "'['lle most nlorth of the Unlited States. "6 It is one of the largest conspicuous and diagnostic character, if not really of tIe Anlericanl Arvicolce we have ever handled. It the ilnost important, is the sulcation of thle upper inmeasured six. aLd a half inches long when fresh, and cisors. It is a ulique feature among American Arvitile skill indicates a stout bulky anillal."'I'le colince, if not in the sub-family; and, in the AInerican tail is shorter in proportioi thall in riparius. Thlle representative o' tle whole lallllily Xur?'idte, only specific name indicates " yellow-clleeked," but its recurs in Ochetodoin of North and Reithrlllodon of color in the region of the chleeks is a briight bay oi' Southl America. The groove ruins near the outer chestnut. edge of the face of tile tootll. I Ochletodon alnd THE LARGE NORTHERN MEADOW MOUSE (A. Reithrodon it is Illedialll." ricAhardsoni, Azd. and Bach.) is a variety recorded COOPER'S MOUSE (S/yna29tomnys cooperi, Baird.)by Dr. Coues as doubtful. It is thle same as ap- This form is foumid in lIndiana ald Illinois, and west pears in DeKay's Relport on the flamnrals of New to Oregon anld Alaska. Prof. Baird named this species York. from an imperfect specimen, the only one that could SUB-GFENUS-(CHIroTus. —Ba]dirc.1. be obtained at the time. I)r. Cones has since received a numnber from Kansas, whicli fully answer to'l'llhis genlus is characterized by very smnall form, the characters recorded, Synaptomys beiing substiwith simall and orbicular ears (hmhemce tle naime, lip- tuted for Myodes anid Arvicola. eared-Clheilos, a lip, alld otus, ear); tile mnarginal portioi, or helix, incurved all aroulld. Tl'he surfies MYoDEs.-Pcllas. of tile ear are almost naked. T'lie skull in tills g'eius is massive, low amld broad; OREGON MEADOW MOUSE (A. (Chilotus) oregonus, tihe width of tile zygonma nlearly two thirds its lengthl. Baech.)-Th'is is said to resemble a half-grown A. Thl'le molar series is long —more thlain one fourth tIhe riparius at first sight, but examinlation sllows readily length of thle skull-very convergent aniteriorly; and tliat it is adult. It is fiom the Pacific Coast. the teethl are each veiny large. The d(etails of tile crowns of thle teeth are like those of tile preceding. SUB-GENUS-PPEDomIys.-Baird.' I.'lie first upper anld nulder molars are thle longest. Thle Myodes are large, anld have a long, thick pelage. Thie ears inl this sub-genus have not thle inflected'I'lie silout is blunt, covered with hair, excepting tile maringin of tile precedilg,, but ae concealed. The nlasal papille. T''lie ears are simlalli and concealed. plalltar tubercles are ohly five.'l'le fore-feet ale large; tlhere is nio thiumnb. PRAIRIE MEADOW MOUSE (A. (Pedomys) austeruts, lyodes obensis, Brants. —iTh'is has a folrl closely Le(onte.) —'L'lis inhiabits tile Westerni States and ad- like tihat of thie Norway Leimlnimig. It is founmd in joimlling territories, anld south to Louisiana. Asia, as well as Western America. WESTERN PRAIRIE MOUSE (A. (Pedomys) curtatus, Cope). —l'his is found in thie States west of tile CUNIcurs. Wagler. Mississippi.''llhe tail is shorter than the hlead; color T'his gelus is characterized by a skull lower and of the body a brownmishm-gray; size about four inches broader and more massive tihan in Arvicola, and il length. somewhat less so tian in Myodes.'The zygoma is not two tihirds thie lenlgth. In genleral characters it resembles thie pieceding. Some denital peculiarities This is below medium size. The body is cylindri- are recorded. cal, and Shrew-like in various features. Thle tail is COLLARED LEMMING (Cunicults torquatus, (Pall.) veiny short; tile ears small amid nearly comicealed, Coues).T-'L'his forIm is the only one of the genus in spaisely'pilose, withi fiat edges, tle border of meatmus America, and it is indCentical with that of' Noithei'n plain i1n fioit.'lime term of tIme sub-genus is frSomm Asia. Thlle C'ee Indians call it'" White Beam Mouse;" the Greek —pitus, pille; hence, Pine-mouse. Penmlllmat, time Hudson's Rat, amid Hair-tailed Rat; VOL. I. —n. xcviii RODENTIA.-MAMMALIA.-RODENTIA. others call it Hudson's Bay Lemmiing. 1'he specific general mlurine aspect is also seen in the individuals. name refers to certain Rabbit-like characters.'I'lie'i'le only other Rodenits that possess tile external feet are densely clothed on tile palms with fur, even pouches are tile Geomyide, wllich are entirely differin summer. 11 winter it is pure white. ent in external aspect.'File family name is derived flom tile Latin saccus, a bag.'lhe skull is liglht, FIBER. —Cavier. thill and papery.''llhe mastoid processes are enor-'l'his genus was embraced in tliat of Castor, by mously enlarged, reaching to tlhe top of the skull. Linlomus. It includes animlals that are tile largest'l'lle hind limbs are formled for jumping. Thle tail is of tile family.'l'he forln is like that of tile Arvi- as long as the body.'L'e pelage is coarse anld harsh, colince, but tile tail is nearly as lonlg as tile body, said to be mixed with flattened spines in somne iiiwithout the Iead, and it has a flattelned shape, with stances.'l'here is no unlder fur.'T'he species are no hairy coverilg, but a recticulated surface.'['lie very active, resenmblilng Mice in their movemients, octoes are incompletely webbed.'rhe ear's are small, casionally leaping like the Jerboas. withi promi ient angular aiititragus.'I'lThe whiskers are short. The pelage is ratller woolly in texture, SUB-FAMILY-PEROGN ATl'HIDINIE.- Coues. with certain long, glossy hairs interspersed.'lere are six lnaminer. Th'le perennial glands are highly de- This sub-fimlily was instituted by Coues. It hlas, veloped. The dceltitiol is strictly arvicoline. among other chlaracters, rooted molars; compressed MUSKRAT (Fiber zibethicts, (Lin.) Civ.)-''This and sulcate upper incisors; an1 inflated temlporal well-known animal is tile only species of tile genus. region (Inoderate as compared with others); and a'I'le pIeculiarmities of tail and feet separate it from comparatively hispid pelage. preceding forms.''lhe great size, also, is a prominent PEROGNATttUS. z]_/C&X. character. It extends over tile entire continent, being found from tile Rio Grtande to the Arctic regions. The upper incisors ill this genlus are small and compressed, inclining backwards. lheir faces tace FAMILY-ZAPODIDD. deeply channeled with a lonlgitudinal groove.'i'e JUMPING MIE. under incisors are small and simple. BANDED PEROGNATHUS (P. j.tsciact'ts, Max.) — T'his family is represented by only one species. It This is tile largest of the genus. Its length is about was assigned to the genus lifits by older writers, and four inches; tile tail somlewhat less.'I'lle ears are has been regarded as belolnginlg to tile Jerboas large. I'lle soles are naked to tile heels.'I'lThe color (Dipus) on account of its resemblance to the latter above is reddisli-yellow, closely linled with blackin its exterior.'.'llis family is regarded, however, as ish. It inhabits the country between the Missisfully distinct. sippi anld the Rocky Mountains, and the northern'I'he dentition is as follows: Incisors, 1-1; Canlines, portion of Mexico. I'lhe pelage of this species is; reola; Molars, a-.'lhe superior in- harsh, and is liketled to spun glass of a Aery delicate cisors are compressed alnd sulcate; the premolars nature. small; the mnolars rooted.''llhe cranial portionl of TUFT-TAILED POCKET MOUSE (P. penicillatus, tihe skull is shorter and broader than iin Muridce. Woodh.)-About tile size of Hesperomys leucopus.'Thl'e tail is much longer than the body, very slender, It is a iare animal, found in tile Basim of tile Coloraalld nearly naked.'l'he locomotion is by jumping. do River. MOUNTAIN POCKET MOUSE (P. 9nonticola, Bdaird). ZAPUS — Coues. -About tile size of _us musculus..'1e tail of this Tihe Zapus Lhas well-developed cheek pouches in- species is quite a distinguishingii featire, measuring, ternally. Tile ihand has five digits, the first beimig imncluding the hairs, ai inch longer than the head rudimentary, with a flat, blult nail. rhe palms are anid body. rl'he pelage is very soft and smooth for mnaked.''le foot has five digits, with claws anid webs the genus. Color above, yellowishl-cillnamio ln, limned at the base of each.''lhe pelage is coarse and harsh. with blackish; below, white. Its lemlgth is two anid JUMPING MOUSE; DEER MOUSE (Zapus hudson- a half inchles. It inlhabits tile western slope of ius, Cotes).-Tl'his odd little creature was first Rocky Mountains, Utalh amd Califorilia. brought to notice by Pelinalnt as tile "Long-leogyed HISPID POCKET MOUSE (P. hispidus, Baird).Mouse of Hudson's Bay," or a similar namie. Umlder''This is about three illches lolg'; the tail a little tihe lead of Deer Mouse (Meriones armericanus), De- nmore. It is very rare. Coues speaks of only two Kay describes this species. le says tllhat it is coIn- species beiing known, these being fromim Mexico. "Tlle mnon in all parts of New York State.'rlme Indians fur is exceedingly stiff amid coarse; the ear snmall, called it sVah-peh-sous, or tile anllial that "jumps conicealed in tile fur.'Th'le soles are naked.'The like a deer." it is said to leap ten or twelve feet at color above is yellowislh-cinliamon, closely lilned with a bound. blackish, thie color inot descending oil tile leg. The sides have a conlspicuous fulvous stripe. T'lie tail is FAMILY-S A C CO 1MYIDD -E. bicolom.''lle under parts ale wilite."'l'llis family is recognlized il thle peculiar chlaracter HONDURAS POCKET MOUSE (P. bicolor, Gracy) is of ezternal chieek pouclhes, which are lihed with a a species from tile Isthimius. "It is dalrk biowim furly imtegumnelit, alid olpem outside of tile moutil. A above —not black —with lharsilh pelage." RODENTIA. -MAMI3ALIA.- RODENTIA. Xcix CRICETODIPUS. -Baird. GEOMYS. This genus emlbraces quite diminutive animals, with This genus includes the formns havin(r tile superior hairy soles. T'Ile antitragus of the ear has no lobe. illcisors, deeply channeled along the middle.'I'The YELLOW. POCKET MOUSE (C.favems, Baird).-T'l'llis external ears are usually a 1llere vein of integumnent is imuch smaller than Mus llusculus. The head and around the orifice.'l'lie fore-claws are enormously body measure two inches in length; tail the same. developed.''lhe pouches are not pendulous, as was'I'le ear is sllall, nehrly concealed. The color above first supposed; they are wholly external, and lined is a pale buff, blended intimately with blackish; withli the fur of the integument. below, including the whole o' the fore-leg, pure white. COMMON POCKET GOPHER (Geomys bursarifus,''lile sides have a clear buff stripe.'I'le tail is ob- (Shaw) Rich.) —'lThis liovel creature abounds ill tile scurely bicolor. About the ears are seeni a few regionl about tile Mississippi River, friom rTexas wlhite spots. Habitat, tile Rocky Mountaii region, northward to Canada. Its length is'seven to eiglht and soutli to NMexico. The pelage is very fine and inclles; the tail about two or three. The pelage is glossy., soft and Mole-like. Its specific naime refers to tile LEAST POCKET MOUSE (C. parvus, Bairid) (and curious pocket or sack which is present in this group Peale?)-TIlis is like the preceding, but has longer of animals onl each side of tile neck. feet and tail. The hlabitat is the same. THE FLORIDA POCKET GOPHER (Geornys tuza, (Orad) Coues). —'lhis was described by Bartraim asI SuB-FAMILY-DIPODOMYiINAE. the Ground-rat. It is known more generally as the SALAi.MANDER —aim absurd nalne, as tile latter is more In this sub-family the molars are rootless; the properly a reptilian terlin. Mitcliell called it Hamilanterior inolar a simnple prisin. " Thle mastoids are ster, and Aud. and Bach. the Southern Pouchled Rat. extraordinlarily developed, evemn for this family." It is about tile size and shape of tile precedinig, and'I'le tympalmic is comimpletely bullous; soles of the feet is regarded as a " localized race " of tile same. denlsely hlairy, like those of tile Rabbit. Th'lle hind THE PECOS, OR CHESTNUT POCKET GOPHER lillmbs are elolngated, like those of tile Jerboa, and (Geomeys castanops, (Baird) LeConte). -Tiis is a rare formimed for jumipimng. The pelage is coilmparatively form, found ill Texas anid New Mexico. Its color is soft for the fammlily. a pale yellowishl-browll above, inclininpg mniore or less to dull chlestnut about the lead; below, it is whitish.. DwIP oD oiuYs.-GGCC~ray. It is rathler less in size tihanm tile preceding. T'I'le'T'lle skull in this gellus is lighlit, papery, thin, de- fore feet are shorter tlall tile hlind; tile feet alnd tail pressed and tapering in froiot.'lhe snout is pointed, mnearly naked. "l'The superior ilicisors with a sinigle ptrojecting beyomnd tile iicisors. Thle lachlryimals are medianm groove bisectimng tile face exactly." T'lis greatly excavated; tile mastoids extremely enlarged. feature of tile fromlt teeth gives all appearance of TI'he superior incisors are sulcate, anld poillt strongly four incisors instead of two; tile latter are oranige backwamrds; they are deeper thain wide. Molars are colored. simple anld rootless. Tihe general form is Jerboa- THE TUCAN, OR MEXICAN GOPHER (G. mexicanus, like, tile hilld-legs being very long. Tile tail is (Licht.) Rich.) is a Mlexicall species, witll tile colorrather lonlger tlian ti te head and body.'li'e eyes are ationi mucli like tile bursarius, but is Imuch larger large anld full; tile ears large anld round.'I'he wllis- than ally of tile Ullited States species. Its pouches kers are half as long as the whole body; tile upper anld hanlds are proportionally srnaller. Its length is lip not cleft; ammiple cheek pouches; tile pelahge long fiom ten to eleven inches; tail about three. amid very soft. Tlle size is thlat of a Ilalf-grownl Rit. THE QUACHIL (Geomrys hispidus, LeCbonte) is Tile denititiomi is siinple. Thre illcisors are sniall amnd. foulld ill lexico amid Central Amlerica, whlere it is delicate in both jaws, the upper being compressed; called CENTRAL AMERICAN POCKET GOPHER. Its most a dleep groove iruns downl tile cenitre of eaclh. nioticeable feature is seen in the nlakedness of tile tail KANGAROO RAT (Dipodomysphillipsi. Gqay).- and feet; tile formner beimng, in soine cases, entirely']'hlis delicate and graceful creature is founid in tile bare.'l'he hiispid niature of tile pelage is anlothier regionl of tile Pacific slope. It is smiall, rathier under proinineit feature, beinig cotarse, hIarsh1 and lustreless; four inchies in length, slender, with large ears, lobng it is long, anid interspersed witli stiff liairs Tile limibs, anid especially long tail. pouches are moderate ill size. "'l'he superior incisors ORD'S POCKET RAT (D. phillipsi ordi, TWoodh.)- with a single strong, deep furrow, lying wholly in tile Thlis was described by Prof. Baird as D. montanus, innlelr half of the tootli." alld also as D. ordi. It is founid inl tile Rocky MllountaiMl regioml, and eastward, reachinig into Mexico. It'l.'HO.M1oMYs. —21dx. is larger tlmall tile preceding. This gellus presents tile following characters: "'hlie superior illcisors are withlout a lnedianl sulcus, FAMILY-GEO,MYID E. but have a fille margilial groove (sornmetimles obsolete); tihe crowns of tile initermediate molars acutely edged Animals emibraced in tils fuinily are found in tile exteriorly. Tie roots of tile inferior incisors cause a cold-temperate and warmner regiois of contimmental protuberallce oln tile outside of tile base of tile coimAmerica. dylar -ramlus, ilearly as high as tile coidlyle itself; O RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA. —- ODENTIA. the end of the inandible thus singularly three-pronged. mnolar-teeth being fully rooted; in having less than'IThe external ears, tllough very small, are provided five toes to all the eet; in having tuberculate soles; with a distinct auricle." J'he genus has a range in the undivided upper lip; in a peculiar folrm of thle firomn British America to Mexico, and fromn tlihevalley lachrymall bone; and in sonme more or'less important of the Mississippi to the Pacific. particulars of osteology. Thle skuil differs in certain NORTHERN POCKETGOPHER (Thomnomys talpoides, features from that of the Old WVorld forms. (Rich.) Baii'd).-lThis is very nearly the color of the In South America certain forms are indigenous, House-rat. Its length is about six to eig1ht inches. whichl have been arran-ged under'- the sub-fainily title Its range is friom Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Moun- Synetheqinme; the genus Erethlizon, which belonlg's to tainis, mostly oni the west side of the Mississippi it, is the only one found north of MAexico. River. PACIFIC POCKET GOPHER (Th. talpoides bulbiv- ERETHIZON. —F. CutVier. orus, (Rich.) Coues). —'llis is Geoemys douglassi of NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINES. DeKay, in New York R eport oin Yarn., and the sanme of B1aird and Richardson. Its size is ratler Th'I'is genus is characterized by laving' four toes onil more than the last-mlentioned species.'I'he hand is the fore-feet, the hind being furnished with five. somewhat shorter than the foot, owing to the claws T''lley are all armied with stout curved claws.'Ilhe being shorter. Habitat, Pacific Coast, fiomn Wash- tail is shlort, thick and depressed; is not prellensile, ington'l'erritory to California. and is beset on the top, at the base, witli thick SOUTHERN POCKET GOPHER (Th. talpoides urnz- llairs and spines, and onl oter parts with rigid blinuts, (Rich.) Coues). —T. fulvus of Baird, who also bristles. Th'le lil)s are short but strollo'. It elldescribes the present species. DeKay has it Geomys braces the largest of tile Amlerican forlns. Another umiibrinius. It averages smaller tllall either of the character is seen in thle close approximation of tlhe preceding.'l'lie lenigth is about six iniches.'IThe nostrils.. This, with the Porcupines of the Old fore-feet are decidedly less than tile hinld-feet. "h'lle World, formally comlprised one genus, but the osteocolor varies from a uniform rich fawn to tawny- logical features, particularly those of the craniunm, brown sllhades, with or withlout a blackish dorsal are strikingly different.'IThlle present genus is eplrearea. It is occasiomnally quite gray, sometimes a sented by only one species, divisible, however, into lustrous coal-black all over." Habitat, much as the two well-mliarked geographical varieties. 1)recedilng. CANADA PORCUPINE (Erethizon dor'satuts, (Linn.) ROCKY MOUNTAIN POCKET GOPHER (Th. clusius, F. Cuv.)-Plate II, fig. vi.-'l'This creature, thougll iniCoues). Th'lis is thle smiallest known species. Its digenous to our land, is probably less kiiowmi to lellgth is about five inlches.'l'lle feet are remarkably most people thanl the Africanl species, which, f'ronl small; tlhe fore-claws weak, smiall anld little curved. time immemorial, has beeni the Porcupine to thle readT'lie mnuzzle is almost enltirely hairy, with a very ers of Natural History books.'Ih'le quills of tIle small, naked pad between the nostrils. Th'e tail is " fretful Porcupinle " are familiar objects, and tile fullvery shlort. T''he ears are minute. Its color above fledged " Corkintine" of " Patrick " is no less so to is a pale yellowish-gray, with a slight light brown the visitors of menageries and zo6ological gardells. shade; below, it is nearly whlite. Th.'ile feet and tail''lIle Amllericau formn has been kept alive in Central are white. End of sniout blackish.'I'le cutting- Park, New York, but its llabits are such that few teeth are orange colored onil tile exterior.'I'lie ma1n- obtainl a fair view of tile creature.''he notioln, mne are twelve in iumber. Like some other inistances, embraced almost universally, tllat these creatures tlis is so rare, or has so eitirely escaped tile atteni- "throw their quills' is whlolly iicorrect. T'le quills tiomi of naturalists, that, at the timime of publish- of tile upper surface of tlhe tail are loosely set inc Dr. Coues' Melmoir on these animals (who also in tile epidermllis, and their outer ends are barbed. described this species), there was but one specimeni'Ile alirmal, wilel irritated, turns its tail towards to exalmine; this was foulld by Dr. Win. A. Haml- tile olbject, and, with rapid strokes, drives tile quills mnond, thlien Asst. Surgeon U. S. A., at Bridger's into time flesh tihe hold of their roots being so l'ass, Rocky Mountains, in 1857. It is mnow in the slight, and tile barbs cling so closely, tlhat tihe Museum of thle Smithsoniani Institute, WVashington, weapons are left in tile wounds. We observed an1 anid bears tile mIumber 3051. Erethizoin, which was conifinied ill a small box with a hlalf-grown Hare; both were evidenitly ill fear, amld SERIES III.-IIYSTRICOMORPHAA: HYSTRICINE RODENTS. clunig closely to opposite cornelrs. A momnelltarl change of positioni caused the Hare to receive thle FAMILY — HYSTRICID]E]. full effects of the barbed battery of Eretlhizoi. Myriads of tIle smtnall missiles were seen thlrust into The term lystrix suggests the family designation, the skin. T'1'1 old keeper at Central Park affirmed meaninmig simply, l'orcupinle. The Porcupinies of the stoutly that lie "see'em fly." Nevertheless, tile Old and New Worlds lave been separated into two tiuth remnains —thle quills must come ill contact distinct, families, althoughl there is a lmarkled resera- with somie yieldioig object to sever tleir conimiectiomi blLance.'I'lie latter differ frolm tile former in havillg withl the alillal.'I'The 2retlizoll is calledl CAWQUAW perfect clavicles; ill the tail (witlhi tle exceptioli of by the Indiaus of thle Nortlh-west, almd URsou ili soiiei Eretl/izoll) beillg prelhelsile, mnome or less; ill the regiolls. ]Emmmmmonsl, ill lMaSS. Report on ill]amnal.s, RODENTIA.-MAOIALIA.-RODENTIA. ci 1840, calls it silnply Porcupine. DeKay describes work oil The fammals of North America, published it under the head of''The North American Porcu- ill 1857, but also to nearly all the lma.terial used by pine (thystrix hudsonius). Richardson namlles it him in his excellent elaboration of this family in the IH. pilosus. DeKay says: "'lIhe Porcupine is all ini- above-named work, togethler with the vast amount offensive aninmal, and very gentle in its manners. It of material that has since accutnmulated at the Smrnithfeeds on the leaves and bark of the helnilock (Pinus sonianl Institute. * * As all indication of the canadensis), the bass-wood ald ash. Thley mlove amlIount of material used in tile preparation of the very sluggishly, and when irritated, make a faint present Memioir, it imay be stated that of Lepns whining noise. By a strong cuticular lmiuscle they aimericanus, and its varieties, tile series of skulls erect their spines whlen about to strike." Audubon alone numnbers about one hundred and fifteen, which records an instance of the terrible effects of the stroke is supplenmented by about the same numnber of skills; upon a mastiff, whose face was so beset with thlle of Lepus sylvaticus, tile skulls numlber seventy, and offensive weapons as to renmllin several weeks in a tile skiils about one hundred and fifty." critical sttate of inflamlnationl. Eminions, inl Report'The faililyLeporid& is represented in both Americall on Qutad. MlLss., 1840, says:; It dwells ill dens, or continents, but by far more nuimbleis in the temlperate under rocks, and in tile hollows of trees. Wlhen as- parts of North'America. One species only reaches sailed; it illmmediately throws its head between the the Arctic (Lepus timidius), which also ranges around fore-legs, and erects tile spines oil its back, and, at tihe globe inl tile saine latitudes. Lepus braziliensis tile samlle timle, elevates its posterior parts and tail; is thle only form of Leporidce yet found in any part of if now touched, it gives a Slilart lateral blow with its South Amierica, its ranlge extending firon Patagoniat tail." We lhave seen with what results. Emmonos northward to Central Amnerica. It is inot anywhere says thlat it is coIImmon in tile vicinity of Williamls- abundant. The great interior arid plaitns furnish tile town, Mnass., and that al albino is somietimes mlet greater number of species, four being found there. with in Northernl NewYork. Th'is anlimal is too''lhe Hares are regarded as formling one of the most unique to be mnistaken for another, altllough a vailiety " natural and best-defined groups allollg lnalnials." exists, called the WESTERN PORCJUPINE, valiety epi- The genus Lagomys is excluded froln the present xnutllhus.''lhis is similar to t)he otler in external exhibit of Leporidce, but is considered their Ilearest appearance, but the lighlt tips of the loncg hairs are ally, tliere being evidently only a generic difference. pale greenisll-yellow, instead of white. Thle nasals The lengthened linmbs furnish the plillcipal features are also broader and longer. - Tlle range of the Ere- in the characterization of the Hares, with tile long' tlizoni is throughout the United States, firom AMaine ears, short and erect tail.'lhe skull also presents througlh tle Middle States to Kentucky, but is somle distinguising features. The'1'11 dental formula is not seen oil the sea-board portions. It is not found (as follows: Incisors, 2-; Canines, 0-; Premnolars, iln Virginia, according to Audubon. Tlhe western ~-,; Molars, 3-a; - 6- -28. Th'le limolars have formn reaches as far south as New Mexico alld no roots. Arizona. F11ll-grown specimens average about thirtyLErus. —Linn. five to forty ineches in lengtlh.'Iwo extilct formls are recorded in the chapter onl Tlhe characters of tile genus are well presented in Extinct Rodentia; these are interesting, as beino re- the description of thle famlily. Mr. Allen presents ill lated to tile Old World formns more closely tllha with his Melmoir a very careful " analysis of tile species our present. anid varieties." POLAR HARE (Leputs timidus, Linn.)-This is thle Svus-OaRDeR-L)UPLUC: [DENT'lA'T'I: only species found in tile Arctic regioIs, beinmg an iln-.habitant of tile whole Arctic circle. It is l)ure white LEPORINE RODENTS. in winter, with tile exception of the tips of thle FAMIrIY- LEFPORIDA3E. ears, which are black. Its sulllllier pela;ge is a " light yellow-browlishl-gray, varied with black; *ears black IHARES. ~ llrump anld upper surface of tail, sooty-plumbeous. This fanlily is tile subject of a Meimoir by Mm. Ears rather shorter tllan tile head; the Ilind-feet J. A. Allemi, in tile work oil Rodentia, published much loniger than tlhe lead; lengthl twenty-two to in connmectioni with Ilayden's Reports on. Geology twenity-six iichles; weighlt seven to eleven pounds." (1877). As with tile other Menmoirs, we acknlowledg(e T'lle L. variabilis of Pallas, a Europeani form, L. their extreimely valuable aid inl tile presentationi of hiberniicus, and several others of tile Old World, are our work, as it becoimmes absolutely nlecessary to nmake regarded as tile same species as the present, the extensive abstracts tlmerefroni. Thle author renarks: variationls being very sligh]t. It is, tound as far "Th'le present revision of the Amlerican Leporidce is south as Labrador anld tile northierl shlore of Great based upon tile imaterial conitaimned in tile National Slave Lake. Museumim at Wasbhinmgton, supplemenited by that of PRAIRIE HARE (Lepus camnpestris, Bach.)-'I'hmis tile Museum of Coimp. Amnatonmy at Camlbridg'e.''l'e has beenl described as L. varialilis by Lewis; L. virspecirneins in thle Museulm of the Bostoill Society of gimiammus by lHarlall alld Richllal'rdsoI;:alld L. towmiNatural History hlave also been exaiminmed.''lie sendi by And:. anld Bachi. In wimiter it is white, nmore author.has thus had access not ollly to tile types of or less tilged witlh yellowish-brown o0i the middle of tlle species desclribed by Prof. S. F. Baird, ii his great tile back. I1 summnier it is a yellowisll-gray in its K ~ —----- cii RODENTIA.-MAMMALIA. — RODENTIA. upper parts; tle under, white. The tail is very season, producing four to six at a birth. Its genleral long, equal to the head. Tile ears are long, about forml and habits are so much like thoseof the Elllisll one fourtli longer than tile lead. The lhind-feet are Rabbit that tile term hbas been applied to it ill thle rather longer than tile ears. Length of body, nine- Northernl States. teen to tweinty-tliree inches. This was first described A variety, nuttali, called tile SAGE HARE, differs by Lewis and Clark,in 1814. Its easternmost locality, only ill its paler tints and rather smaller size. as far as known, is Fort Riley, Kansas. Further Thle variety arizolT —tlle DESERT 1IARE-is ratller lorth, it extends to tile Missouri and to the Pacific. smaller yet, alld paler. T'his, as well as the precedIt is abundant in tile Salt Lake Valley. ingo, is called "Cotton-tail" on the Western plains. NORTHERN VARYING HARE (Lejpus americanus, T'le ears are imucll larger than those of tile preceding Allen).-T'Iis is the Northern Hare of DeKay; L. vir- varieties. Its habitat is ill tile deserts of Arizona. gillianus ofHar'lanu; L. variabilis of (4odmlanl; Prairie Variety auduboni is about tile size, or a trifle less, Hare of Eilnons, iln ass. Reports. Four vlarieties of the first-namned. are described; the present is white in winter, with This species, in its several varieties, occupies a the tips of tile ears narrowly bordered with black; large portion of tile southern lhalf of the continent. il summer, above and outer surface of limbs, pale It extends from Southern Maine to Florida. yellowish-brown, varied withll black; beneath, white. TROWBRIDGE'S HARE (Leputs trowbridgei, Baird). Lellgth of body fifteen to twenty inclles. -'l'his is tile smallest of the failily. The tail is very'lrhe Soutierim variety, L. virginia!nus, is similar in short, almmost rudimentary.'T'he ears, liead and hilldsize anld proportiOllS to tile precedimg.''lie winlter feet are about equal iln lemngtli. Its color above is pelage has more or less brown illixed withl the whlite yellowish-browmn, varied witl dark browll; beneatll, of tile upper parts. In sumlmer tile pelage is umore it is dusky gray, varying to whitish; the back of rulous, tile color beimng a rich reddisil-brownl. tile neck is rurous. Its habitat is east of tile Cash'lile Westelru Variyitig Hare, variety washimmgtomni, cade Ranmge, and aloiig tile coast to Cape St. Lucas, is " ratliei smmmaller than tile first, with tile summmmer froma Fort~ Crook oil tile mnortli. It wais first described pelage of a somewihat stronlger reddish timmt, probably by Prof. Baird, in 1855. whlite ill winter, except iml tile vicimlity of Puget's GRAYSON'S HARE (Lepus graysoni, Allen.)''m —lis Soumnd, wllere tliey ihave been observed to retain is a new species, described by Alr. Allein frommm a their suimmer pelage the whole year." specillmeu procured at Tres Marias Islands by thle Tihe Rocky Mountain variety, bairdi, is about tile late Col. A. J. Grayson. It is about tile size of L. samle ill size as tle first-mmnamled. "T'l'e most promlinlent sylvaticus, but differs considerlably in certainl features. distillctive feature in Baird's variety is ill tile suim- "'L'he general color is above, pale rufous or dull cimmmer pelage liavillg pul're wite under fur, long black namnou-browml, varied witl blackisll-brownl; below, tips to tile hairs, anld wliite feet, and, ill winter, tile whitish; upper surface of tile hiead, ferrugiuous, tenldency of tile pelage to become pure white to tile finlely mixed with black, faidillg anteriorly to paler base. Th'lme ears appear to be relatively lonmger ruous; sides of tile muzzle, yellowisli-browmn; sides tllall in anly other forill." It is a strictly alpine amui- of tile Ilead, pale fulvous brown; below and belimid meial, illiabitinlg the snowy summnits of the iligiler tile eye, sparsely varied with black; a aml.lrrow, pale peeks of tile Rocky. Mlouimtaiis. rillg arounld tile eye, not more comspicuous thalll in'Ti'hie species in somme form is found in all parts of L. sylvaticus; nape rut'ous; * * * tail above, tie wooded p.or'tiou of tile nmorthierln half of tile con- blackisll-brownl, shadiig into tile color of tile rumnp; itneut, exteudillg to New Mexico. DeKay says:- white below. * *''lie feet are small; nails llaked." " It occurs ill most parts of thle State of New York. O(me other specimen has been added to thlis (inumber Iu tile villter tile markets are stocked with tOiemm 8318 Sinitllsoialn Iiistitutioin), and is lnumlbered fromn tile Kadterskill and S1lomngo NMoulltailns. It 11,409. It is romTall Talluaca, Costa Rica. produces four to six young to a litter. It minakes BRAZILIAN HARE (Lepues braziliensis, Linn.)minore resistaLnce whenm seized thlanl aly other species." iThis is called, also,''APETI. It is about tile size of Emmoulllls, illn liass. Report on Quadr'upeds, says: "It L. sylvaticus, or a trifle sllmaller. Tl'ie ears are ratller exhibits mlore of tile hlbits of tle Englisll alilnal of this longer, amd tile tail shorter. Its fur is shllort ald nlallme thall either of tile other species peculiar to this harsh. Habitat, Paraguay, lnorthliward to Cemintral coumlntry. Its color scarcely chlanges iln this climallte." America. WOOD HARE (Lepus sylvaticus, Bach.)-T''is is CENTRAL AMERICAN HARE (Lepus braziliensis, represented by tliree varieties.'['lie term GRAY var. gabbi). -T'l is is tile size of L. trowbridgei. Its RABBIT is very commonly used to designate tie three. ears are very shiort; tail is rudinmelltary. Its color'1'11e presenlt variety, called L. nanlus by DeKay, is above is pale cillllnalllo-browln, stronlgly varied witli not so large as the preceding, being fr'omin tllirteenl to blackish.'.'lle whole upper surface of tile head is a seveinteeu immchies iin leingth. It is founid from lIud- " brighllt yellowish ferrugiuous, mixed withi black; son's Bay to Florida. It is timiid amid inoffeinsive. a coImspicuous large whlitishl spot, below alnd belind It does not burrow, but makes a for-m, a sliglit de- tihe inostril, bordered by a yellowishl-brown, whlichi piession ill tile ground slieltered by some shlrub. latter color extellnds over tile sides of tile hiead, whiere Sometimes it resorts to tile root of a tree, or stomme it is variedl with black. Tile most strikilmg pewall, wllere it may fild sufficielit shelter to rear its culiarity in tulis species is tlme siortutness of tile eams, young. It blreeds, ill Massacliusetts, thlree timines ill a whici alre muchl mllore so taial ill ally otiler." RODENTIA. — MAIIMALIA.-RODENTrIA. ciii MEXICAN HARE (Lepuscallotis, Wagler).-'l'his is be ill more temperate climes.''The breed presented a seen in two varieties —the NORTHERN JACKASS HARE great variety of aspect.'Th'lle ears of some were exand L. texianlus of Aud. and Bach. In color, is a ceedingly lonlg and erect; others were full "loppale ashy-gray above, tinged or mixed with brownisll eared."'I'llhese Rabbits burrowed, anld they subsisted or black.'Thle ears are more or less tipped with upon the succulent plants of the sanlldy cay; thle black.'l'le tail is black above. wild portulacca being the most commoi. Th'le term The Southern variety, callotis, is a trifle smaller; Rabbit is distinctively a specific name, and is applicthe black of the ear-tips nlearly obsolete, beillg re- able to the English L. cuniculus ollly. The word placed by a yellowish or pale white.''lhe species is Hare is applied to our Americall forlls, and means nearer L. califoriiicus than others. Habitat, from more than one kitnd.'I'lhe short leogs of the former, Oregon to Mexico. and its habit of burrowing, distinguish it especially THE CALIFORNIAN HARE (Lepus californicus, from ally other. Gray) is about the size, or a little smaller, than the preceding.'Th'le ears are about the same as in that FAMIIY-LAGOMYIDZE. species; the hiiud-feet shorter. Its color is the salie, but stroznger in tinits. It ravnges fiom the northern In this group the dentition is much like that of the part of California southward to Cape St. Lucas; its Hares. For a gloll tine the two were embraced ralgge east is limited by the Sierra Nevada Moun- uilder one head.'IThe Pikas, as they are termed, taiiis. Dr. Gray first described it, in 1837, under the "have the dorsal outline of the skull genltly arched, present name.' the occipital portion being but slightly below the MARSH HARE (Lepus palustris, Bachman).- plaue of tile inter-orbital region, instead of being About as large as L. sylvaticus, and generally re- greatly depressed, as in tile Hares. The orbits are sembles it; but has a miuch shorter tail, and incisors much slialler, and openi more upwardly, and tle broader and heavier. The ears are broader and more zygolmatic processes arise at a much higrher level. rounded. Its color above is a yellowish-brownl, in- * * * In general form, the skull is depressed or cliliiig to rufous, strongly shaded withl black. It flattenled, greatly expanded posteriorly, anid narrowed was first described by Bachmailin, in 1837. Its habitat alnteriorly.'l'lhe cuttiiig edge of the front upper is thIe low-lands of the South Atlantic States; its incisor is gouge-sllhaped, instead of chisel-shaped." imost northernl locality yet knownl is about Fort'l'lhe Pikas are nearly tailless.'T'lhe general form is Macon, Niorth Carolina. It is found in Florida and like that of the Ar.vicole.'I'lhere is a well-developed in Mexico. Specimnens were found by Mr. Ridgway, clavicle; the toes mumber five in front and four bein Mt. Carmilel, Illillois. He says: "It is very coin- hind; at the base of each toe is a prominenlt maked mIOli in bottom-lands, where it fiequents busily pad. I'lIese creatures are delicate and tender, ilihabswainps amid the borders of creeks." itiiig the loose rocks about the high Inountainous WATER HARE (Lepus aguaticus, 2Bach.)-T-'lhis cliffs.'I'llThey are social, livilug in colnmuliities, alid Hare is as lhrge as L. americanius. In color, it is store up food for the colder season.'I'lley sit up like L. sylvaticus. Its lenogth is nineteen to twenty oml their haunches, like thle Marmot, anld " utter a inches. Its pelage is rather harshl.'Ihe feet are sharp, shrill, barkilng cry." Omme species omlly is sparsely furred. It abounds in the cane-breaks of kniown in North America, which is confined to the tile Gulf States, and reaches as far niorth as Missouri. mountainous range of tile West. Western Asia is THE EUROPEAN RABBIT (Lepus cuniculus, Liun.) the home of the remaining species. is extensively acclimated in this country. 0On Sable NORTH AMERICAN PIKA (Lagomysprinceps, Rich.) Islamid, off Nova Scotia, it exists in a wild' state, -'i'his creature, knowni also as the LITTIE CHIEF where, it is said, it has in fifty years assumed "one HARE, is about seven inches in lengthl. Its ears are common silvery-gray tint, with wilite collars." " Rab- broad, large and rounded. "T'l'he color above is bit Key," niear Key West, is quite overrun with tile grayish-brown, varied with black aid. yellowishRabbits which live in burrows. In 1861, the writer brownl; the sides, yellowish-brown; below, grayish, procured a nlale Lop-eared Rabbit and a comumon more or less strongly tilnged with pale yellowishgray femliale, and kept thiemll in Fort Jefferson, Dry brownl. Whiskers are mumnerous, one to two amid a TIortugas, Florida.'I'hey increased to a great extenlt, half inchies long; in somlle nearly black. Th'lle texture and several pairs were placed oml Loggerhlead Key, of thie pelage is mnuch as ill Arvicole, especially in in tile neighborhood; here there was no populationl, A. xamnthio, being, muchl firmer thani in the Hames, save thle light-keeper alld famiiily, the island beiuug with a muchl smnaller amounit ofsoft unuder fur." about ten acres in extent, amid covered by cactus and Habitat as above, raangilmg alomig the suiimmits of tlhe "bay cedar." The Rabbits increased very rapidly, Rocky Moulutailis to British America. Mr. Allen amid hiave sinice beem a source of comfort to the few fouind it "' very abunidant near tile limits of trees, ilm individuals there residelnt.''The neat of' tile creatures thle vicillity of Moliotgomllery, Colorado.'I'hey appear is not so palatable as when reared in the mnorth, yet to rarely wander firom their homle; are timid, yet is a God-send to thiose who fiid other meat difficult easily becomie familiar. Tlhoughi retreatiug whlem first to plrocure.''lhiis exl)eimiemut was imistituted after alarmned, thiey sooii come cautiously out of thieir beiuig told tihat tile Govelluor-Geuieral of Jamaica holes, till one may lhear thieir slharp little cries ill miaisitaimued a warren, and used thie Rabbits for food. every directionm. T'Ieir color so rearly resembles tile Ve did not find thlem the luxury that they pove to rocks they live aong tihat they are not easily seein, civ.aRODENTIA. -MA iMMI.ALIA.-RODENTIA. and their cry is such as to easily deceive onle in respect and simple incisors.'I'he true C(hinlchillas hlave four to the point fromll which it proceeds. They sit erect,: toes, with a rudimentary fifth on tile fore-feet, and like the Marnmots, ald ill no way resemble Hares in four ol the hlind-feet. Th'.l'ey are gregarious, feedillg habits." on roots, alil live ill burrows or in rocky hillsides. SThe species C. lanigera is prized for its fur; and tile SOUTH A.MERICAN'RODFENTIA. demand is said to sensibly encroach upoin their nui1Waterhouse, in his work'On the Arrangement of bers.'The ancient Peruvians are salid to have used the Rodentia, divides the order Rodentia illto three this fur in the manufacture of their fine fabrics. The great fainilies-the Mice, the Porcupines and the hinder lilnlbs of thlese creatures are elonlgated, being, Hares. Subsequeltly he added tile Squirrels. Mur- nearly twice the length of the fore limbs. The ears ray has added two famililies, whiclh include Hyrax and are notably large; the clavicles are well formed; and'loxodon. Ill collsideringr the South American forms, the tail is developed to a tufted and quite ornamental we will follow tile arrangement exhibited by Anlldrew feature. Murray (Distribution of ifammals, 1866). THE CHINCHILLA (Chinchilla lanigera) — Fig. 48, vol. i, p. 141-is about the size of a full-growit Rat; FAMILY__-HISTlRICIDME. the tail being five or six inches in lenllth, and so clothed with hairs as to give all alspect of greater''liis family embraces, besides the Porcupines, the size to the creature. Th'lle fur is all asliy-gay; tile Cavies, or Guinea Pigs, tile Chinchillas, tile Clilian ilnferior parts whlitish. A peculiar aspect is givell Squirrels, or Octodons, the Spiny Rats, and the Pacas them by the great size of the eyes and globular.u anld Agoutas. shap)e of the large ears.'I'here are also abunldant THE CAPYBARA (Tydrochoerus capybara, Erxl.)- whiskers. Inl labit, this little ariln:ll is exceedingly Plate II, fig. v.-'hllis bears a local name of WATER docile, and is much prized in its native regions as a HOG, its gelleric title Inealinig the same, and its house pet. Lilke some other Rodlenlts, they are exhabits anld asp)ect suggest a relationship to the tremely prolific, otherwise thley would long siiice pachyderliatous animals. It is well: knownl as tie have been extilnct. largest living Rodent, its size beilig about that of a THE CHINCHA (Lagotis cuvieri) is much like tile hlalf-grown Hog.. This creature is not familiar, ordinary English Rabbit in size alid general appearthough of late it is occasiolially seeni alive in tile allce; particularly, it has Rabbit ears; hence tile ZoOlogical Collectionls. It is fonid of tile water, anlld genleric nrame... It lives on the western slope of tihe dives with great facility, reinaiiiiiig under the surface, Andes, where it is gregarious, occupyiiig tile burrows it is said, eighit or tell minutes. Its food is eintirely of other anilials, or the loose stony localities of thle vegetable. It is gregarious ill habit, hlerdiimg upoll mountain sides. tile banks of streamins, where it finds ready mneanis of Another species, L. pallipes of Beninet, is much seclusioll by diving —its sluggish imabit anid bulky like the present. It is a singulalr fact tha.t tile fur of forii reniderilg it all easy prey to tile Jaguar or other these animals comes off tile skin immllediately after large Cats. It ranlges over tile whole of South death, at tile least touch. America, east of tile Andes. THE VISCACHA (Lagostomnys trichodactylts) is not THE PATAGONIAN CAVY (Dolichotis patagonica) to be confounded with tile preceding, which someis like a long-legged Hare. It differs from tile Cavies times bears the same nanle.''lhis species is also geimerally in haviing quite comispicuous ears; amid its called BISCACIHo and MARMOT DIANA. It occupies tail is more developed. Mr. Darwin, who visited tlme the eastern slope of tile Andes, where it was seeil ill region, says: T''l'hisanimal is fouiid wliere tiecoutitry companies by MIr. Darwin anld others, livingV in holes. is a desert. It is a coimmnon feature in tile landscape A sinigular habit is related by tile forimer: "'I'le of Patagollia to see two, or three Cavies hoppinig Viscaclmas drag every hard object to tile imlolthis of about, one after anmothler, ill a straight line, over tile their burrows. Arouind eachl g'oup of' loles nia.ly gravelly plains whlich are tllinly clothed with a few bonies of cattle, stones, tllistle stalks, hard cliumps of thloriny busles and a withered herbage."'- I'his crea- earth, etc., are collected into a!heap, which fr'eqlluetly ture is also called MARA. It does niot bulrrow, but amouits to as mnuch as a whleelbarrow would connests in a forul. tain."'No explanatiol lhas yet beeml givenl of thiis GUINEA PIG (Cauica cobaya).-Thlis is a well-known singular habit. a.iminal, but most absurdly named, as it is neither a, An extinct geuins, Arcliseoliys, with two species, Pig nor a Guinea animmal. Possibly it may have is founmd in Europe. been called Guiana Pig originally, as it is sail to ilave descended from the wild species that is indigemn- SuB-FAMILY-OC'l'ODONTINA. ous to Brazil and Guiana. it is too familiar to require more inotice. Thlese anim'als are related to tile preceding, and their habits are immuch the same; tlheir ramnge being Sun-FAMIrY-CHINCHILLINE. chliefly along tihe Andes and their base. Many of tilem ilmliabit tile west side of tile imountains. The'I'e Chiieclmillas are especially circulmscribed, be- molars hlave no true roots.'I'le menlmbers of tile ilg found only ill Soutil America.'IThey hiave foir faminily are mostly small, withi stron01g fore-feet, arllmed molars, rootless, in each side of tile jaws, anmid smoothi withi powerftil claws. TIlle hiidl-feet ill most are RODENTIA. — IAMMALIA. RODENTIA. CV pentadactylous, while some are tetradactylous. Sev- West Indies. In habit they are slow and somewhat eral fossil extinct forms have been found ill South Bear-like. Obiedo described one as beinig named America. locally CHEI-IS. Another form ill this group is PlaBENNET'S HABROCOME (Habrocoizma bennetii).- giodonta ediunm, fould ill St. Dolillngo.'T'lis form exhibits, in common with others of the THE COYPU (tfyopotamwuqs coypus, folina)-Plate family, reinmarkably large auditory bullae; and there is 16, fig. 51. —'lThis is a notable formn. A specilnei of the the unusual number of seventeen ribs. - The inlcisors adult Coypu is ill the Americanl Museun, ill Central are narrow; and the crowns of the superior molars Park, N.Y., and, as there represented, it is a nlammoth have a siingle fold internally; those -of the inferior Rat. Its length is about two feet six inlches, having are angular, and directed forward. The ears are all the aspects of the common Norway Rat. It is a large and nearly naked; the whiskers long. The native of the streams in the region of the Amazon. feet are four-toed; and the tail is of medium size. It is a lively animal, having some of the habits of the'I'lhe pelage is soft and close. Another species, H. Beaver. Its tail is round, and like that of the Ritt. cuvieri, is much the same. Thle fur is used largely in the lhat nmanufacture. It CUMMINGS' OCTODON (Octodon degus). —This is a is said that 800,000 skinls have beenl imported into Clhilian species; called, also, tlhe CHILIAN SQUIRREL, Great Britain, under tile name of Neutria skinl. from its habits of climbing. The aspect is nucl as Cercoinys is represented by one species. Pteromys with the Chinchillas, wit'h large, round and naked has one species in Africa. Dactylomys has tlhree ears. It burrows and lives in communities, and has species; Loncheres, nine; Mesomys, two; ald Eclhisome of the habits of thle Rabbit. Two other species mnys, five. are known, as follows: 0. bridgesii and 0. peruana. SUB-FAMILY-DASYPROClINJE. THE SCHIZODON (Schizodon fuscus).-This is an inhabitant of thle eastern slope of the Andes. Its The genus Ccelogenys has two extinct species in habits are nocturnal. O'ne species only is known. the caves of Brazil. THE SPALACOPUS (Spalacopus pcppigii, Wagleqr). PACA (C3logenys paca, Linn.)-T'llis is also called — This is found in Chili, with habits similar to the thle SooTY PACA. On account of two cheek pouches preceding. Olne otheri species is known only —S. seen in this genus, the name Ccelogenys-mleaning noctivagus. The generic name is probably from a hollow-cheeked-is applied. The exterior of the reseiblance of tIle ears to those of tle Spalax. T his cleek bone is sillgularly rough, and the bone remarklatter species has a glossy and rich purple-brown fur. ably developed. This is a very pleasing-looking The iicisors are of a pale yellow in front. Ihe species; prettily spotted. Its leligtl is about two molars are illdented -on either side, so that tile figure feet. It is quite stout and heavy. Its propelnsity to eiglht is clearly represented; hence the family name, eat the sugar-cane renders it a troublesonme creature fiomn Octo-don. Tlhe ears, unlike the preceding forms, to the planters of the West Indian Islands. It burare very small; and the tail is very short. rows like the Rabbit. Its flesh is esteemed a luxury; BRAZILIAN CTENOMYS (Ctenomys bqraziliensis, but the fur is of no value, being harsh and wiry. TWaterh.) —Tllis is peculiar to Brazil.and neighllboring AGOUTI (Dasyprocta agouchy, Erxl.)-T'lis is a countries. The molar-teeth *are simple, decreasing comparatively filniliar animal, being oftenl seen in il size from before backwards, the last one with a Zoological Collections, alive. It is nocturnal in semi-cylindrical form, tile upper series being obliquely lhabit, and is said to eat meat at times, as is the case lunated, with! the concavity directed outwards; the with some other Rodents. The name Dasyprocta form of the lower group is oval.'IThe eyes and ears refers to the curious nmat of hair which hlangs over are small; the tail is short; the fore-feet furnished its hind-quarters. It is a inative of Central South with powerful claws, at the base having certainl stiff America. Seven species are enumerated; and onl hairs, directed inwards; these probably give thle fossil and extinct from the bone caves or Brazil. nalne —Ctenos, the Greek for comb, referring to these comb-like hairs. Habits are like those of the family. SUB-FAMILY- IYSTRICINA1. Other species are C. boliviensis, C. leucodon and C. magellanicus. Among thle Porcupines of South America is thle genus Chaitomys, with one species. Cercolabes is SUB-FAMILY-ECHIMYINJE. represented by six species and three fossil ones. C(CENDOO, OR BRAZILIAN PORCUPINE (Cei.colabcs SPINY RATS are tile animnals embraced in this prehe7silis). —'l'his is a remarlkable creature ill its group. They are not attractive, and appear to be arllor of spines and its prehensile tail, as well as less known than most others. One genlus, Pteromlys. peculiarly-arlned claws. Its h'abits are arboreal, findis found at thle Cape of Good Hope, and another, ing its food among the lofty branches of the forest, Aulacodus, in West Africa. il which it continually dwells. Including the tail, it An extinct genus, Carterodon, is found in thle is about three feet in lenllgth. It is Imocturnlal, sleepinig bone caves of Brazil. Genus Caproorys, with two most of the day. One species of this genus, tIle species, is found in Cuba. Seven other genera are palidus, is a native of thle West Indies. Aiu extinct founlld in Soutlh America, represented by twellty-one genus is fouid in two fossil species ill Europe. Oiine species. lThe Capromys is represented by C. prehen- species is foulid in Eastern Mexico. Thlee extinct sills, and C. pilorides. Tlhey are confined to the fossil species are known f rom the bone caves of Brazil. VOL. I.-o. oVI RODENTIA. -MAMMALIA. —-RODENTIA. tomys has traces of tlihem. Ill a family containiing FAMILY-LEPORIDtE. such an army of species as thle Squirrels, onle is glad to be able to break it up into brigades. After separOne species only of' this family is known to Soutli ating them from the Marmnots, Ground Squirrels and America, viz.: the Lepus brazilieiisis. Thle sub- Flying Squirrels, we hlavea very homogeneous section faLily Miyoxini is whlolly of the Old W~orld. -tle Squirrels proper —which peculiarly require farthler subdivision, but for which it is scarcely posFAMILY-SCIURID3E. sible to find good sectional characters. Onle small section may be, without inconvenience, takeni fiom Murray enumerates eleven species of this falnily in it, viz., the Bristly Squirrels (Xeri). Th'ese are the genus Sciurus. None of Pteromys is known Squirrels with bristles or spines in their fur, and are in South America —nor are the genera Tamias, coilfined to Africa, south of Sahlara. Tlle remlaihning Spermophilus, Cynomlys and Arctolys. are still numerous-about one hundred anid eiglity species-of which tile one half are synonyms; and I FAMILY-MUR,[DAE. hlave little doubt tlat, if the remlainder were subjected to the same stringelnt scrutiny that Auduboii Of this family, Castorinmc is absent in this conti- and Baclhman's North Amierican species have undernent, tile Beavers being confined to the northern half gone at the hands of Dr. Baird, they would be corof the hemisphere.'Ile Arvicolince are also illissillg respondilngly reduced." here. T'lle genlus Reithllrodon is represented in this'l'lle genus Sciuropterus is most largely represen ted region by tihree species, all being found oil the in the Indian Archipelagio-about a third of the southern coast, near Straits of Magellan; later whole are North Alerlican-and a single species writers place them in tie genus Ochetodonl. Of the (Sc. volans) is found in Northl-eastern Europe and 2lfurince (or Mouse proper), only two species are North-westerni Siberia. There are fifteen species in known in South America.'The sub-family tespero- all (a less number than given by Wallace); though myince is represented pretty fully in South America. the latter autior )probably includes the six or seven Caloinys lhas thirteen species, ranging fiom the ex- species of Pteromys ill the genus Sciuropterus. treme north to Patagonia. Habrotllrix has nine The six or seven forms embraced by Pteromys, acspecies and one extinct fossil. Oxymycterus lias cording to Murray, are peculiar to East India and tile six species, in Peru, Brazil and Chili. Holochilius Archipelago. He also places two species of Taiias hlas five species, ranging over tile entire continent. in Europe and Asia, and the remaininllg four or five" Alzodoni and Drymomnys have each one species, tile species ill Anmerica. former at an elevation of 14,000 feet. Of tile Spermophiles, Murray enumerates' "twentyfive species, of whiicl omne is extinict, anld has left G-EOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RODENTS. traces in the bone breccias of France and Germany." Of the othlers, " nine are Old World and fifteen Nortth THE SCIURIDJE, according to Wallace, as we have American species." None are found south of tile previously recorded, present ill eight genera fiom temperate latitudes of tile northlerni hmeniispimeie. one hiundred anld eiglity to two hunidred species, "Only two occur ill Europe." No Spermophiles are inonme beillg indigenous to tile West Inidies, Australia seen on the eastern border of the Ametricau continetit. alld Madagascar.'T'le southernmost limit inl South Gynomys, tile gellus which includes thle Prairie America is Paraguay. Dogs, is emitirely North Amaerican. Of the gelius Sciurus, one hundred and twenlty Arctomys, tile Marmots, according to Murray, are species are recognized. Sciuropterus hlas sixteeni to represented by seven species, three of which inhabit nileteen; Tanimias, five; Spermnophilus, twenty-six; the Old World, the reimiailingg species beiig peculiar Arctomys, eighlt. to tile New. Andrew Murray remarks, in his Geographical Dis- THE MURIDE, according to Andrew Murray, are tribution of Mammals: "Anatomnically amid phmysio- represented by twelity-seven species of Arvicola, Inot logically coiisidered, tile best classification of the founid oil tile Amnericanl conltinent; these are mostly Squirrels is into true Squirrels and Marmimots-a di- inidigenous to Europe anld Asia, one beinig Aflican. visiol wlliclh, with the exception of a single gemlus, Tile latter determniliation lie doubts, hlowever. NoLeo ('T'amnias), corresponds very nlearly to tile terrestrial and are found in SOutil Amleliica. arboreal Squirrels. h'le terrestrial Squirr1els consist Of the SPALACIN0, as recorded by Murray, eiglmteen of tile Marimlots (Arctoinys), tihe Prairie Dog (Cyno- species are of tile Old World, lnostly ili tile northern rnys), anid tile Spermioplhiles.'I'lie genus'Tamias is parts of Europe and Asia.'I'le curious forms of also terrestrial, but inl structure anld aiffinity belonigs Blind Mole-rats are fromi Southi Africa. None of to tile arboreal section, whlich, besides it, containis thiis group are Americai. Wallace imakes seven the tiue Squirrels (Sciurus), tile Spiny Squirrels genera and seventeen species, grouped under tile (Xerus), amid tile Flying Squirrels (Pteromliys). Like family term Spalacidce. tile l:tansters aid some otiher Rodemits, a coisider- THE SACCOnIYIN, ill Alurray's arranrgemient, are all able proportion of tile Squirrels possess cieelk American, amid confimled to tile Ilortilelrl Ilelmiispilelere. poucimes. All tile Spermlophliles aid'Jamilias hiave Wallace gives six gellera aid thlirty-timree species, largely developed interilal cimeek pouches; amid Arc- emiibraced in thie failnily Saccomyidc. RODENTIA. -_MAMMALIA. RODENTIA. CVii THE CRICETINME are all Old World forms. The established to admit a gigantic formof water Rodent, true Hamster (Cricetus) is the most familiar species larger than tile present Capybara. It is closely common in Middle Europe. allied to the latter. Andrew Murray regards the SIGMODONTES are represented nearly exclusively in Hyrax as "connected with the Capybaras, and, oil North Ainerica. Ochetodon is now regarded as em- the other hand, with tile Pikas and Hares." Cerbracing both forms. which were formerly placed in tainm bones were found by MA[r. Darwin, near Bahia the genus Reithrodon. These species are given, Blanca, in South America. The name Toxodon with more particulars, ill connection with the genus platensis has since been applied to the species recogOclietodon, previously mentioned. nized from them. The skull represenlts a large aniOf the HESPEROMY~INE, which are so largely North mal for a Rodent, being two feet four inches in Americali, Murray presents thirteen species of Calo- length, and one foot four inches in breadth. This mys as exclusively South American. Habrothlrix skull has incisors like those of the Hare the princihas nine species, confined to South America. Oxy- pal ones being supplemented by an additional small mlycterus has six species, with the same circuml- one directly behind, as inl the Hares.'T'he molars scribed range. The genera Holochilus, Akodon and were seven in number on each side. "The denDrymomlys have respectively four, one, and onle spe- tition," says Prof. Owen, "closely approached the cies, equally confiled to the same limits. Rodent type, and tended to complete the chain of Murray enumerates ninety-eight species of the affinities which link the Pachydermatous with the genus Mus-all Old WVorld-forty-five being Asiatic, Rodent and Cetaceous orders." The'I'okodon is twenty-six African, five European, and the remainder supposed to have been twelve or sixteen feet in length. in the Pacific Islands. None are American; the A form has lately been described by Prof. Marsh, Common Rat and Mouse beilg the same as the Euro- from the Upper Miocene of Oregon, wlhich is repeau forms, which llave beeni introduced. garded as different from any now in existence, called Of the MURIN.E there remain three genera and five Allomys, and thought to be allied to the Flying species, indigenous to South Africa and New South Squirrels, but having molars somewhat resembling Wales. These are the genera Steatomys, Pseu- those of the Unogulates. The Pliocene of South domys and Dendromys. America furnlishes a new genus-Cardiodus. In the'1'1he SArINTHINIE have four genera and sixteell Post Tertiary the Rodents were very abundalt, but species, Inaly of them ill Africa and Asia; two are in the species were, in most cases, different firomt those the South Sea Islands. Hydromys is one of the latter, now living. in tilhe marl of Issoire. EIyrax is placed in thle list PECTINATORID.E is represented oll]y ill Africa, by a of Rodents by Murray, aiid six species are enumerated, few species of two genera. all from Africa, exceptitlg one fiom Syria. MYOXINI has six genera and thirteen species, disDxsYPROCTINNm.-Th'le genus Ccelogmenys has one tributed throughout Europe, Asia and Africa. Th'le species-tile Caca, in South America. Two fossil little Dormouse of England is anl example of the and extimict species are known in the bone caves of group. Brazil, viz.: C. laticeps and C. major. Dasyprocta LEPORIDlE is represented by thirteen species of agouchly, and six others, are South American. Rabbits amid Hares in Asia, by seven in Europe,' ECHIMYINE.-T'llhis is represented by Capromys and by five in Africa, and the remimainder are found in two species, habitat Cuba; Plagiodotita, one species, North Amlerica, excepting omn, species, which is inSt. Domillgo; Myopotamus coypus, the notable "big digenous to South America. About forty species Rat," or " Coypu," of Brazil; Cercomys, one are known, included in one gemlus. species; Pteroamys, one species; Dactylonlys, three HISTRICINE. —In1 this sub-family are embraced species; Loncheres, nine species; Mesomys, two four genera. Wallace makes three ill tlhe family. species; Echlimnys, five species; amid a fossil extinct Chaetolnys, with one species, is South Americanl; genus, Carterodon-all Southl Amnericani. Aula- Cercolabes, withl six species, is from the same region; codus, witlh omle species, is an Afiicau gemnus. and also tlhree fossil extinct species. Erethizomn has OCToDoNTIN. —Habrocomna hlas two species; Octo- two species or varieties in North America; Hystrix, doll, one; Schizodon, oine; Spalacopus, two; Cten- the typical genus, has seven species, all African. An omnys, four —all South American. Wrallace places in extinct gemus-'l'hleridomnys-has tllhree species in the family OCTODONTIDAE, eight genera and nineteeni Europe; Meriones is represented in Africa by twenty species. species, and in Europe amid Asia by seven species; CHINCHIrLLINE.-Lagostomnys has one species; Mystromlys and Otomnys, with three and four species Lagidiulm, two; Chinchlilla, two —all South Aimeri- respectively, are found in Southi Africa. In New can. Wallace places three genera and six species ini South Wales and Australia the genus Hapalotis is the family. represented by eleven. species. CAvIINE.-TT he great Hydrochcerus belongs to DIPODNE.-Of this group the genus Dipus, inthis group. One species is known only. All ex- cluding the Jerboas, has seven species; two are extinct olle, Sulcidens, has been found in the Brazilian clusively Europeanl, alld thie remainder Afiican. caves. Doliclhiotis has one species, Alcemna bias Alactaga, of tile same group, has eight species. one, and Cavia has ten species, besides three fossil Asiatic and Afiiclan. Jaculus is American. Walextinct forms from the caves of Brazil. lace's family,.Dipodidca, illncludes three genera and'T'oxoDoNTID-.'1'his represents an extillct family, twellty-two species. ciii EDENTAT..-MAMM1ALIA. —EDENTATA. ORDER VIII. EDENTATA. T'l'ooTHLESS animals are indicated by the term of The bone caves of South America have furnished this order, though all of tile animals embraced hlerein forth most wonderful and numerous relics of this are not without teeth. A few have none; some have order, indicating an Edentate Fauna of great variety a full colmplement of molars, and no others; and one and enornmous individuals. In 1789, a Spanish offiformmm exhibits a set of incisor-like teeth, as well as cial sent from Buenos Ayres to Madrid a number of the usual inolars. Most of them, however, agree in the gigantic bones. Cuvier, after having examined them, absellce of inlcisors and canines. Thouogl this order found that a sufficient number were present to allow a includes many quite dissimilar forms, and those of satisfactory determination of their nature, and a' widely different lhabits, yet, in certain points of once regarded them as portions of an Edentate, which structure, there is a manifest affinity. Tlie strong has since been knowvn as Megatherium. Th'le head feet and claws of most species, and their general and shoulders, lie thought, were like the Sloth, and sluggishness, clumsy forms, and want of intelligence, the legs and feet like a nmixture of characters peculiar are quite characteristic of the group. They are to the Ant-eaters and Armadillos. Prof. Owen nearly peculiar to South America, althougllh feebly regards the creature as lhaving had the same hlabits represented in Africa, and India. Tl'he teeth are very as the Sloths, on a larger scale; that is, it ate simple; there are no roots and no enameled cappings leaves alnd branelhes, and hung upon tihe inferior surto the crowns. It is a notable circumstance, that face of the limbs of trees, as do tile Slotlis of thle tlhough the present living forms of this order are present day. An interesting discussion was induced comparatively small and insignificant, the extinct concerning the probable method adopted by this species are remarlkable for tile gigantic dimensions enormous creature in securingo its food. Cuvier aldi lnany or most of them exhibit, as we may judge Agassiz assumed tltvt it had a proboscis; but Owell froml the very perfect remains that are found in showed that the anatomy of the nostrils did not the caves and various deposits. provide for any considerable development in thlat Dr. J. E. Gray, in the C(atalogue of Eclentate Haum- direction. A rare chance furnished in one instance malia in the British 2hisenin, 1869, places the ani- the hlyoid bones of a specimen. Here was the lnals which we are to consider here, under two sub- secret: the extraordinary development, of the hyoid orders, and adds the Monotremies as a third; all regionl pointed to an unusual length and size of beimig embraced in ORDER BRUTA.'The latter term tongue; this, with the probable correspondence in is the original Linneani one' for these forms. The developiment of lips, rendered the creature completeteetli, as given by Gray in this connection, are ly adapted to its surroundings. Thllis species, tile of one or two kinds, all very similar, and they are M. cuvieri, was larger than the Rhinoceros, measuroftell entirely wanting. 1lThe grinders are rootless. ing eighteen feet in length. Thie femur is three ]'lhere are four free liinbs-the toes being united in the times the thickness of that of an Elephant. Another skinl to the claws, the latter compressed and elongate. species of Megatherium was found in the Quarternary't'lie tonmgue is elonlgate, and the mnammiln are pectoral deposits of South Carolina and Georgia, called M. or0 abdominal. mirabilis. ThEXTINCT EEA. ile llegaloznyx is another form of immense bulk, allied to the pleceding'; it is found in both heiniSouth Amemrica is nearly peculiar as the home of the spheres. President TIlomnias J.effersonl first described Edenltateanllimal. Iidividuals ofthis group are silgular tie creature in the Transactions of the Amzerican imm appearance, quaint and extraordlilnary; and there is Philosophical Society, 1799. 11le term which lie an umnusual disparity in tile aspect of thie various genera adopted, Megalonyx, indicates the stout claws whiich and species. One is excessively oeitr', anid another distinmguish the great beast. Dr. Wistar, of Pliilaequally so inl a wholly varied expression; and this delphia, placed it with the Sloths. Otiler specinmens ciharacteristic is very forcibly exilibited in the strange were subsequently found in the neighboring States. gigantic remaiis opened to us from the fossil beds and In Dr. Leidy's Jlemoir on the Extinct Sloth TR'ibe, ossiferous cave'rns of both thie Old and the New Worlds. thlis and othier species are minutely described and Scanty remainis of certain Edenitates, tilat seein to mnost thorouglily illustrated. Megalonyx had been be allied to existing Old World- forms, are found in founld in South America, represented by a few fraogEurope. In tile Miocene beds of Sansans, in France, ments of claws, etc., in the bone caves of Brazil. and in Lilz, were found remaiins of an extimnct genus, North American specimens were found in Virgillia whiich Cuvier regarded as related to the' Pamgolins. and in several of the Southern States. Tiis formn is called Macrothlerium. Prof. Owen has ilfegalonyx dissimnilis is anotiler species, founld in since, with more muaterial, announced his belief that Natchez, Miss. it is more correctly placed between Manis and Oryc- Ereptodon is ani extinct genus, determined fioln a teropus. Dr. Geibel tihinks it is nearer tile Arma- tooth found near Natchez; it is closely allied to dillos. The latter determimnation would place the Old tile precedimng. and New World forms nearer togethier thanm they Jfylodon is allothelr extinct gellus, first described hiave liitierto appeared to be. i by Harlain, naind tile species is now in his name. EDENTATA. -MAMMALIA.- EDENTATA. cix This was foulnd in the Big Bone Lick, Kentucky. It is not so large as the Megatllerium, yet it is giganticj FAMILY-BRADYPODIDE. measuring eleven feet ill lengtll. It was closely allied to the Slotlhs of the present day, and had In thils, the Sloth family, the grinders are without probably the same habits. Thlie teeth are eigliteen roots —are cylinldrical; the canines distinct and in number.''llhree species are already knlown: one acute. Thle body is covered with dry, crisp lair. froml the Asliley River, S. C.; one as above, and the'l'lle fore limbs are logr; the tail very short or watitotlier friom Soutli America. Several otlher extinct ing; the marllme m are pectoral; the tongue is elongenera are lkniown in the Pliocene and Miocene of gate.'IThlere are tlhree genera. The Slotlis are North antd Soutll America. especially confined to the legions of the great Scelidotheriimn has seven species in the Brazilian forests of Brazil, Bolivia and Guatemala. None are caves. found west of the Andes, nor do they extend into Cfelodon is foundl-one species-ill the same lo- Paraguay. cali ties. Sphenodon, replresented by onle species, is ill the samle region.''lle hands il tllis genus are two-clawed; the feet Orycterotheriumn-two species —fron tile Miocene are tllree-clawed. The front grinlder is large, like a beds of Nebraska and Soutll Carolina. canine-tooth. Th'le pterygoid bone is considerably Gnathopsis has one species ill Soutli America; anld roullded and vesicular. Th'is is genus Bradypus of F. allother extiinct genius froln tile same localities-tlie Cuvier. Brazilian caves —is called Och[otlheriIuI1. UNAU, OR TWO-TOED SLOTH (Choloepus didac-'Vle MMANIDIDE are not represented by fossil ex- tylus).-lllis formlll is about two feet in lellgtll, and tinct species. is found in Brazil and Guiana. Like other species,'I'le DASYPODIDE, elnbracillg the Armnadillos, are it is collfined to the arboreal regi.olls, wilere it prorepresellted by extinct species of Dasypus alld Xen- gresses witll great facility from braliclh to brancih over urns in tile Brazilian caves.'T'le following extillct ilnlmense forests. Its food conIsists of leaves, bu.ds genera are also fould in tile saine localities, deter- alId fiesh shloots. milled by fiagments of jaws alnd various portions of HOFFMAN'S SLOTH (C/Golcepus /hofzannfli).-Thlis other bonles, viz.: Hoplopliorus, Euryodon, Heter- is fouiiid in Porto Rico.'The arlllS aIld claws are odoii, PaclytleriumlI ad Cl llamnydotlLerium; tile lat- shorter than in the preceding. ter as large as a Rlilloceros. Eutatis, allied to Tolypeutes, is friol tile Pliocelne BRADYPUS. of La Plata. ORYCTEROPODID. is an extinct family, not repre- Ill this tile lhands adcl feet are tllree-clawed. The sellted in America.'I'le extilnct genus, Macro- frollt grinder is small; tile pterygoid is swollell, l1oltheriumll, alld the Iuge forln or ain extillct gellus, low alnd vesicular.'lhle skull is flattened above onl Ancylothleriuml, are foullnd in tile AMiocene of France tile forehead. anld Germuany. THE AI, OR THREE-TOED SLOTH (B. crinitts)AMYRMECOPHAGID.A i1as one extinct genus, Glosso- Plate 17, fig 55-is a native of Brazil. It is gray tlileiumml, in the caves of Brazil, and ill tile'Tertiary colored, witli reddish sides; tile back of tile neck of Uruguay. with a maine formed of elongate black lairs. It is ThIe most remarkable forms allied to tile Arlma- more common than tile precedillg. I'lie pelage of dillos are tlhe Glyptodonl and ScIhistopleurum; the thlis creature is exceedinlgly curious, reselmibling hay formner liaving several species-some of them mnearly of a soft kind. T'lle structure of tile armus alld reachlimng the size of anl Elephanit. legs —tlie formler beimng IImuc tile lonigest —is ialliIIoPLoPHoRID.E is a terum nIow used to embrace tile festly for facility in clilbinio, and thils, too, uponi thle latter forms.'Th'le word is firom tile Greek, imidi- ummder side of tile limllbs of trees. Uponl tile ground, catinig armor-beaqre'Tlley are Imost nearly related tlle SlothI is wholly at disadvantage, as lie is lot to tile livilig Pichliegos (Chllamnydophlorus), anid tile able either to staiid or walk. Arlladillos. Thle sliell or carapace is a vwhmole piece, Anotller species of Bradypus is the B. affinis, also as in tile'urtles.'l'tiey reseinble gigantic'T'or- a native of Brazil. toises, some of thiem attainiig a lenigth of fifteemn feet.'Thle Glyptodomn has become fatmiiliar to most observing visitors to scientific mauseumis, througlh thie Tl'le hiumids anld feet are thiree-clawed. T'lie skull admirable casts of the original specimen.'['liis aud is rounded above onl tile forehead.'I'lie fioilt tihe Megatlieriulm and Mylodon, fortunately, were grinders are smnmall.'Th'le pterygoid is comllpressed, recovered in such a perfect condition timat their crest-like and solid. Five species are kniown ill mounted skeletons are practically nearly entire. South Amlerica. SUB-ORDER —TARDIGRADA. SUB-ORDEr —EFFODIENTIA. Individuals of this sub-order have a short face, In tils group thie grinders alre lolle, or rootless. elonogate limbs, simple pelvis, amLd are herbivorous.'lle camines ale sometilmes entirely watimg; if CX EDENTATA. -MAMMALIA.- EDENTATA. present, they are like the grinders. The face is elon- XENURUs. gate; the mouth mostly small. Th'le body is armed with scales, spines, or rigid hairs.'Tlhe limbs are Head is elongate. The scapular and pelvic shields short and strong; the hinder ones the longest. Th'le are convex. The central rings, tell or eleven in stomach is simple; the nialar. bone simple, or want- number.'Toes, 5-5; teeth,; no internalxillary inmg.'IThe family Jfanididce is not found in America. teeth. Two species are known, viz., unmicinctus and Th'lle next is hispidus. Both are from Brazil. FAMILY- DASYPODID-A. FAMILY-1TOLYPEUTIDJE. Thl'le dorsal disks are closely attached to the back In this family the dorsal disk is only united to the of thle anilal. The pelvic shield is free from tile body by the centre of the back, free from thle hairy pelvis. The feet are strong; the hind-toes fiee; skin on the sides.. The scapular and pelvic slields claws, large.'.'he tail is elongate. are lalge, convex, and separated by three free central rings. Th'lle feet are weak; the fiont with elongated TATUSIA. and unequal claws, tile tips of which are placed upon the ground when tile animal walks. T'lle hind-feet Th'llis genus has five to eighllt central rings; four to are club-shaped, with flat, ovate nails; the paltms five toes. It has no cutting-teetli, and has eighlt and soles are covered with plates.'l'he tail is short. grinders on each side. T'le skull is attached to the frontal shield by two or PEBA, OR TATOUHOU (Tattusia peba)-Plate 17, more bony prominences. The animals have the fig. 56. —'lbis is native in Guiana and Brazil, about power to bend tile body into a complete sphere. tlirty i:chles in lengtli. It is a quiet, harmless creature, formed for burrowing, and inhabiting the TOLYPEUTES. great open plainis of the country. In commono with'The head in this genus has a flat frontal shield, the its relatives, it has a curious faculty of rolling itself hinder edge being prominent. The ears are granular. into a ball, nearly concealing its limbs and head.'The tail is conical, the base broadly expalded. There Their food is partly animal and partly vegetable. are four toes before and five behind; the hind-feet are AMr. Darwin alludes to their habit of digging witll smlall; the toes indistinct, united. Teeth are large. surprising rapidity, " nearly getting out of sight before'l'lle under side of thle body is covered with long one can dismount."'I'lhis species is found, also, in bristly hairs. l'The males are rather longer ill shape Central America, where it is called tlle'l'exan Arma- than the females.'l'le genital organs of the males dillo. It is esteemed a luxury in this region. T'lree are very large. These aitinals are very active. The other species are klnown to South America, one native Brazilians call them Tatu bola. Geoffroy, il about tile size of a Rat. Compt. Record, 1847, uses the term Apar as the generic name. Chleloniscus is another synonym. PRIONODO)S. APAR (TolyJpetes t1icincthUs). —'I'his is I)asypus This genus has tile three or foul fiont rings of the tricinctus of Linnseus; D. apar of Des.; T''atusia scapular shield deeply divided; f'ee whein young. apar of Lesson; and Apar of Buffon. It inhabits The central rinogs are numerous. It is planltigrade. Bolivia and near Buenos Ayres.'l'The fiontal shield is'ille teeth are 4-_4, small; the intermaxillary tooth- flat and broad, and the hinder margin regularly arched. less. One species is known —the''ATOU (P. gigas) Thl'lle skull has a bomny prominence over each orbit for Habitat, Paraguuay and Brazil. tile attachment of tile shlield. Tolypeutes ornoututs, called MATACO, has four1 fro10t DASYPUS. claws, the middle one very strong. Tr'his is other-'IlThe head is broad, covered with large plates. A wise similar to thle first; its habitat is thle same. series of small shields are under tile eyes.'l'lme A speciimeni of this species was kept in thle Zo6logifirontal plate is large and broad. Cenitral rings, six cal Society's Gardens, where its habits were observed. to eighlt in numlbier. The teeth are -%-6 —'1; tile first "It slept rolled up, with its head downmwards." upper ill tile intermaxillary.''lile Dasypus sexcinctus, and a new species, D. vellerosus, are all that Dr. Gray adds here tile family Glyptodontidce. belong to thlis group. Botll are fi'om Brazil anid We have previously treated of tile extinct formns Parag'uay. - under tile appropriate head. Gray states the matter - EUPHRAcTUs. in these ternms, viz.: "Glyptodontizde-Dorsal shield entire, not revolute, immovably fixed to tile upper Tl'he head is comical, covered with a shield of many part of tile very large pelvis. Genera: (1) Glyptopolygomnal plates, and with a tuft of hair under the don, Ozoen; (2) Panocanthus, Burqn.; (3) Hoploeyes. A narrow, strong band of plates is oni the phorus, Lund. (Schlistopleurum, gNodot.)" neck. T'lhe dorsal disk is very hairy. T'he toes are 5-5. Thme claws are acute amid triangular; the firont FaIIY-CHLAMYDOPHORID iE. one the largest. The teetlh are 9-9; nlmoderate in size. T'uHE PECHY (E. minutus), and PELUDO (E. villosa), The dorsal disks are divided into two parts beare South American. hind, forining an elongated dorsal and short pelvic EDENTATA.-MAMMALIA.-EDENTATA. cxi shield; the latter is attached to tile bones of tile pelvis. Two genera are known. MYRMECOPHAGA. In this genus the toes are 4-5. The palatine CHLAMYDOPHORUS. and pterygoid bones are united beneath the nasal canal for its whole lengtli. IThe fur of the body and The dorsal shield is attached only to the middle of tail is elongate and flaccid. The tail is extremely back; the sides of the back undeir the shield, the bushy. The skull is remnarkably long and slender. under side of the body and limbs covered with silky One species only is known.. hairs. GREAT ANT-EATER (ilfyrmecophaga jubata).-Plate PICHICIAGO (G. truncatus) —Fig. 51, vol. i, p. 152. 17, fig. 57.-T'lis singular creature is also called -This strange form is an inhabitant of Chili. It T''AMANOIR and ANT-BEAR. It is the largest of living unites to the characters of its allies, those' of the Edentates, measuring nearly seven feet in length, inMole to a certain extent, its large claws suiting its clusive of tile tail, which is about two and a half fossorial habits. It is rare, even in Chili, and is feet. The tail is a most wonderful feature, flowing seldom seen in collections.'I'he creature looks like like a fountain plume of great dimensions over tlhe an artificially made-up object, as if it may have been entire body of the animal. It is plantigrade, yet the carved in stone. Its posterior is abruptly truncated, curved claws render locomotion uncomfortable for and the back covered with a series of plates of any extended action. Its lhabits are slothful and armor, similar to those of the Armadillos; this coy- solitary; and it.sleeps during' a great portion of the ering is loose, excepting along tile dorsal ridge and day. Its food consists of Ants, principally; its top of the head. It is considered to be nearer the powerful claws serve to open the Ant-hills, while its Megatheliunl than any living species. Dr. Harlan, long and flexible tongue serves to collect them. who first described this creature, says: "We here Ille great size of the creature suggests a cornparipresent a newform, an animal combining in its ex- soI with the seemingly ignoble nature of its prey; ternal configuration a mechanical arrangement of but when the enormous quantities of insects that parts which characterizes, respectively, the Armadillo, congregate in tropical counItries is taken into acthe Sloth, and the Mole; constituting in them- count, we readily see the wisdozm of the relationlship. selves, individually and separately, of all other They are not numerous. IThe female has only one quadrupeds, those which offer the most remarkable cub at a birth, whicl clings to the back of the mother anatoical cllaracters." The natives of tile country even after it can shift for itself. call it the Blind Armadillo. Mendoza is the exact locality of its habitat; it does not extend over the TAMANDUA. Andes. Burmneister found a second species, which The toes in this genus are. 5-4. Thle palatine is now placed in another genus, as follows: and pterygoid bones are united beneath the nasal canal for the whole length. The fur is short and BURMEISTERIA. bristly. Thlle tail is prehensile. Strictly arboreal in This genus is distinguished by the dorsal shield hlabits. being attached as far as the edge to the skin of the THE COLLARED TAMANDUA (T. bivittata). —'lhis back. The pelvic disk and the tail are only covered resembles the preceding, excepting in the shape of partially with tesserse, or square plates; the sides the tail and in size, the present being about one-tlhird and under parts covered by woolly hair. the bulk of the'amanoir. It is more active than Burmeisteric retusa is the only species. It has the latter, and finds a lhome in tile thickest forests. the plates of the dorsal shield with one or two It feeds on insects, and is said to be fond of wild bristles on the hinder edge; those on the sides of honey. Its habitat is in Brazil and Paraguay. thle back with many bristles on the lower edge; T'he T. longicatuda, or YELLOW TAMANDUA, is silnithe upper part of the pelvic disk with pencils of lar to the present, but has longer tail and a ligllterbristles. It was formerly described by Burmneister colored pelage.'TLhe ears are large and roulded, as Clllam. retusus. It is larger than the preceding, and there is no mark upon the shoulder that diswhich is about thle size of a large Rat. Its habitat tinguishes the other. is Bolivia and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. CYCLOTHURUS. Dr. Gray introduces the Orycteropodidce as the next hlle toes in this genus are 2-5, the outer front family. None of these forms are found in America. one much the largest. Tl'e pterygoid bones nieet,'I'le Aard-Vark is tile typical species. Habitat and present two long, parallel, and little prominent Soutlh Africa, three species being known. crests. Thlle skull is short and broad. The 1ribs overlap each other from the great expansion of the exFAMILY-MYRMECOPHA(GIDE. terior edges. THE LITTLE ANT-EATER (UyClothurus didactyThe body is covered with hair. The head is coni- lus). —'lTis little form has a highlly prehensile tail; cal, elongate, with small mouth. Teeth are absent. hence the generic term, meaning twisted-tail. It is Cuvier called tlie group Edentatc gennina. The a native of tropical America, illnhabitillrng thle dense ribs are flat, more or less dilated externally; in forests. Lilke thle preceding, it is nocturnal in habit, Cyclotlluri thle ribs overlap firom tlhis cause. sleepillg dulring the day, with its tail enclosing the cxii. EDENTATA. -MAMMALIA. UNGULTATA. limb of a tree. It is said to have some of the lhabits latter, according to Prof. Leidy, the type of a disof Squirrels, being more lively than other forms of tinct family. Listriodon is regarded as allied to the the order.'Thie fore-feet ]have two claws only; the T'apirs. exterior one is imuch the larger.'IThe eyes are very'ITHE ANOPILOTHERIIDA are members. of an extinct smnall, and tile ears are hidden in the fur. Th'le family allied to the Swine, and with some relationwhole animal is covered with a rich, soft and curly ship to tile Camels. The genus Cllalicotherium, a fur of a pale yellow-brown color. large creature of the size of the Rlhinoceros, is repreTile C. dorsalis is a seconld species, found by Mr. sented by tlhree species in Germany and France. Salvin ill Costa Rica. It is known by the "dis- An extinct genus, Synaphodus, is allied to tile timnct, well-defined, broad dorsal streak, and the preceding. yellow color of the feet and tail." Its general color AMPHIaERICID. -- This extinct family is also is a golden-yellow. There are four macmin, yet only known under the title Xiphsdontidce. It is repreone younllg is produced at a birth. sented in two genera —Cainotlleriumn and Microtlherium. These were small, and intermediate between EXTINCT FOSSIL UNGULATES the Swine and Tragulidce.'TIe Giraffes were represented by the gigantic Helladotllerium, and the Under this head we arranuge the numnerous extinct Tragulidce by the extinct genus Hiyomoschus. formIs which are not only allied to the Ruminants, but CERIDE.'l.-The Deer, seemingly, were not knowim llave a close relation to those embraced in thle more until the Upper Miocene Epocli. Th'ley were then comprehensive terlm —UNGIuIATA. Th'lle latter desig- represented by Dorcatllerium and Amplli moscllus. nation is used by later writers, as embracilng in one The true Cervus is also found here, with the allied order tIe Horses and all hoofed animals. In the forms, now extinct, Drelnotlleriumn, Amphitragulus, Post Pliocene deposits, remains of Bos, Equus, Ante- AMicromeryx, Paleoneryx andll Dicroceru3s. lope, Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros and Phlacocllcerus BovIDA were not largely represented in Miocene are found. Equus is represented in the Pliocene; times. T'lhee'were no Slieep, Gxoats, nor Oxen. and, for the first time, Hipparion, a horse-like an-i- EQuIDm. were present in the Eocene Period of lnal, in which thle small lateral toes, seen in other Europe; represented by the extinct genus Anclliforms, appears. Both genera occur in Europe.'I'lme theriuml, and a more ancient form named Anchlilogenus T'apirus is found in the Newer Pliocene of pllus. France, and in tile older beds of Flrance and England; TIAPIRIDE and PALEOTHERIDME were very numerRhinoceros, Hippopotaumus and Sus appear ill the ous in species. Paloplotlleriumn was abundallt. same. The genus Cervus is seen represented in'T'lhese have affinities with tile Horse, Rhinoceros, great numbers ill this period. Eight species are Cadurcotherium, Lophiodon and Propalseotherium; found in Enlland; Antelopes; Oxen and Bison are Pacliynolophus and Plagiolophus are also allied. represented in tile same. The most niotable ex-'l'le latter Mr. Huxley regards as tile legitimate anamnple of Cervidce is tile great Irishl Elk (Ceervus cestor of tile Horse. Other forms are Corypilodon, megacerios). Remains of this animal are found in Plioloplmus and Hyracotlierium, Tapir-like animals, the Irish bogs.'JTlhere are mnumerous quite perfect somewhat resembling the Horse. Swine are represpecimens of the skeleton ill tile mnuseums; one ill sellted in tile Eocene by several small extinct Cenltral Park has a breadth of antlers reachling ear- genera. ly eight feet. A specimen in the British Museum ANOPLOTHERID.E were numerous. Of this extinct measures tell feet ill widtll across the antlers. family, tile Anmoplothleriumn is thle type. It was twoIll tile Miocene of Greece tile three-toed Hipparion toed, and Ihad a long( tail. A four-toed form is called is represenited, as well as three large species of Erytllerium. Rllilloceros, and omne species of tile extinct genus Leptodonl. Remlainls of a very large WVild Boar T1HE EXTINCT UNGULATES OF THE NEW WORLD. were discovered hiere; and ammong these remains were also a species of Giraffe and an extinict gemmus, Vast beds of fossil extinct animals have been discalled Helladotlleriuml. Antelopes were represented covered in tile desert regions of Nortil America, by extiimct genera Paleotragus, Palaeoryx, T'rIagoce- called thle " Bad Lan-ds," or Mauvaises'uelres of the rus and Palweoreas. An ancient form of Cervus is Frenclh settlers. Dr. Leidy, after visitimng tile localiseen in all extiict genus, mnamned Dremotlierium. Inm ties, whlere lie brought to light an imnense amoulnt the Miocemne of Europe, tile Ungoulates were repre- of material, describes a portion of thle counitry as a sented by Hipparion anld Ancllitherliunl. wide plain, at tile base of the Uintah Mountains, at TAPIRIDM.-Paloplotiherium is anl extinct genus of an altitude of nearly seven tlhousand feet above tIle the'ITapir family, foulid in thle Eocene. Hippo- level of the oceamn.'I'lis plain, at- the close of tIle tlieriunm is allied to thle latter. T''apirs, allied to Cretaceous Epoch, was probably a vast fresh-water living forms, are found ill tile Vienlna Basin. Ill the lake, anld a rich tropical vegetation, no doul)t, covered same locality and period are also Rhinoceros and its baniks. It is thouglmt tlhat thle counitry has since tile four-toed iorinless species, called Acerotlmerium. undergone slow and gradual elevation, sufficiemitly to Swine are iunuerous; and extinct genera Hlyo- drain its waters anid leave the surfiace dry laud. tlleriulm, Palmeochmerus and Chml'Omioorus, Hyopo-''lle'"Bridger beds," so called firom tlheir plroximlity tamus and Alnithlrailcotierium, are also here —the to Fort Blidger, ill tile great Uiltahll Basill, ale ill UNG ULATA. -MAMMALIA.-UNGULATA. cixi the form of terraces or table-lands, consisting of -Palauchienia-found in Mexico, was about tihe size nearly horizontal strata, variously colored indurated of t1he living Camel of t1he Old World.''1me species clays and sandstones.'1Thr'Iough atosplheric agelncies Auchenia californica exceeded it in size. Tlme extinct the beds are worn away, and the embedded fossils genus Procamlelus was found in tile Miocene of Vim'fall with the cruimbling masses. Dr. Leidy says, in ginia. Megalomeryx is anl extinct genus, allied to viewing the vast piles of broken terraces that coml- the preceding,. HIolmocallelus is fromI thle Pliocene. pose the " Bad Lands ": "'I'he utter desolation of tle Ili thle Miocenie are fouind the extinct genera Poebroscene, the dried-up water courses, the absence of any tlierium and Protoineryx, tle formter allied both to moving thling, and the profound silence which pre- Camel and Llama. vailed, produced a feeling that was positively oppres- BovIDm are represented by Bison latiflrons, and sive. When ll I thoughlt of the'buttes' beneath my tlhree others, in the Qlarternary of California and feet, withl tleir entolmbed remains of multitudes of Pennsylvania, and in other (Soutlhern) States; and by animals, forever extinct, and reflected upon the time an extinct genus-Casoryx —which is tlhought to be wlhen the country teemed with life, I truly felt that ilntermlediate between tile Antelope and Deer. The I was standing onl the wreck of a former world." Musk Ox-Ovibos-is represented by an extinct'11This legion has already become classic ground to slecies in tile Diluvium. thIe paleontologist. CERvrDA. —llThe Deer lhave representatives in tile TlHE EQUIDAE are here represenlted by six species of extinct genera Leptomeryx and Merycodus; thle latHorses, and one of Hipparion. In the''ertiary, Plio- tel. resembling the Camels, as well as Deer. Tile hippus trnld Protohippus are known.'T'lhese all have extinct genera Hypisodus and Hypertragulus, very tihe lateral toes developed, but they are not service- small individuals, are allied to Tragulus and Lepable. Ancllippus, Merycihippus anld Hyohippus are tomeryx. Several extinct species of Cervus are also related to thle European Hippotlieriunil.'Ilese are found ill the samne deposits -tile Miocene of Wyoming. very small, beiing only about two and a lhalf feet CAPRIDi are seen ill tile Pliocemne. One extinmct lhigh.. species-the mnaimlnilaris-is known. ANCHITHERIDIE is tile lainle of a family of extinct LiMNoHYID.Y1.-This is a tfamlily of anilmals, about formLs, resemllbling' the Horse. The lateral toes ill the size of Sheep. Limnohlyus is the type, anid these are so developed that they are used in loconmo- Colonoceras is of the famlily.'['lle lose of tlmese tion. Anchitlerium, as previously recorded, is folrms had horny protuberaLnces oil the upper sutrface. foumnd in Europe, as well as in Amlerica. A species'l'he wonderful genus Batllhmodol, five species of is namined A. bairdi. Four' others are enumerated. which have been described, fromn tile Eocene of New'lThe extinct genera Miollippus and Mesollippus emn- Mexico, is regarded as forming the type of a llew brace certainl Horse-like anlimals, about tile size of a family. Sheep, each having three toes oil each foot. Several RHINocEaoTID'E.-TIhis faimily was represented ill species, about tlhe size of a Fox, have beemi found imn these ancient times by Rhinoceros in tIle Pliocene tihe Eocenle of Utall amid Wyomning.'lllese lave four anld Miocene, anld by Aceratlleriuml anld Hyracodon toes before, anld tlhree behlinid.'T'lme last-mentionied in the AMLiocene. In the Eocene anid Miocene of are included inl tile genus Orohippus. Utah and Oregou, several wonderful extinict RhinoPalsosyop)s is all allied form, belonlingl to tile ceroses lhave lately beenl found; they forll time gemnus salme family us thle preceding, represented in thle Diceratllerium. There were two hor11s o011 tile snout, Eocene of Wyomimig by four species. Lynminolhyus side by side. Tl'lhey were niot so large as the living has one species. Hyracllyus is an extinict gemnus of forms. Allied to these was tihe extinct family odd-toed Pachiydermlls, found inm tile same locality; it BRONTOTHERIDE.-Certain of tmese forlms exceeded is closely related to tile tapiroid genus Loplliodon; in bulk the largest living Rlimioceros. Dr. Leidy and'also, in a less degree, with the Rhlinoceros-lilke Hy- Prof. Marsh describe the extinict genlera Brontothleracodon. Several species are kTown ill tile locemne. riumn,'lli tamotlieriuln and Meg'acerops and Ainisacodotn. Lophliotileliuml1 is all extinct genus of tapiroid Pacihy- Anmother remarkable genlus is Sylnborodonl, froml tile dermnis, closely allied to Lophlliodon. A form of odd- Miocene of Colorado; it ias sevenl species, omne of toed Pachllydielm, whichl is regarded as very curious. thelm having nlearly the bulk of an Elephant.'Illle is Tlrogosus, all extinct genus; it was about the size latter is thought to lhave had a proboscis. Peccaries of a living Peccary. It had no canlliles, aLnd was pro- are fouind inl the Pliocene of Nebraska and Oregon; vided with a large pair of incisors, like those of a amnd aln allied formn, called Th'inohyus.'l.'e Miocene Rodenit. Itis called'I'. castoroidens, or the "Beaver- exhibits allied genera Naniohyus, Leptochlcerus aind toothed G;nawinig-hog." Per echerus..Hyopsodhts is an extinlct genus, including tlhe ANTHRAco'HERIDM, a falnily which conlnects tile smlallest of Paclmydernms; and Microsyops is another rumimna'its witli tle Hippopotainus, and whlich is knlown o' the same size. Elotherium has three species; and ilI tie Miocene of Europe, is represented in Amnelica Dicotyles is represented by one species. by Hyopotaimus in the Miocene of Dakota, and by CAMELIDA, embracingl the Camels, is one of' tie Elotheriun in tle Miocene of Oregon and the Eocenle mmiost miumnerous families on tile A1memlican continent, of Wyomning.'['lie latter has lately beeni placed, by in so tfa' as 1elates to extimnct genelma aid species. P1of. MaLrsh, in the extinct order Tillodontia.'rime gemel'a Auchemia and PIocamelus, time latter LIMNOTHLERIDm.-In the Eocene of New Mexico with several species, are kmlloLI. Am1 extinct gemus ar1e several genera of extinct forms, allied to the VOL. I.-p. CXiV UNGULATA. -MAMMALIA. -SOLIDUNGULA. present family, viz.: Meniscotherium, Palaosyops notable example. The variety alericanus is found and Hyopotamnus. Other formis are: Pllhnacodus, ill North America. One other species is recorded the size of a Hog, allied to Elothlerium and Aclhve- froni Mexico, Georgia and Alabama. nodon, about the size of a Cow, but Hog-like in The Mastodon is represented in South America aspect. Pelonax is another form, between Hippo- by two species; and in North America by two potamus and Elothlerium. species —M. giganteus and M. lmnirificus; the latter OREODONTIDmE.-lThis wonderful family is strictly from Nebraska. all American one. Dr. Leidy applies tile termn'Th'le Middle Eocene of Wyoming and Colorado lias "ruminating hog" to thle individuals. They were yielded, through the agency of Dr. Leidy and others, abuldant during the Pliocene time, and especially so a series of Imost wonderful remnains, wlhich have in the Miocene.'lhey were like, in somue respects, proved of such exceptional importance, as stranfge the Camel and the Deer. Six genera and twenty forlms, that a separate and new order has been conspecies are recorded. The genus Merychus is firomn structed for them. thile Pliocene. DINOCERATA.-Wallace says: "This new order Thlle Miocene forms are Oreodon, Eporeodon, Mery- consists of animals with generalized Ungulate and chochcerus, Leptauchenia and Agriochcerus.'lie Proboscideam affinities. T'lhe lower jaw resembles latter is as far back as tile Eocene, and is like that of tile Hippopotamus.'l'They had five toes on tihe European family Anoplotheridw of the saime the anterior feet, and four on tile posterior; three epocll. pails of horns, the first pair oil top of tile head, In tile Brazilian caves, tile extinct Ungulates are large, and perhaps palinated, tile second above the mostly of the Post Pliocene and Pliocene deposits; eyes, while the third and smallest stood out sidea few are referred to tile Eocene. Dr. Lunid has wise oil the snout.'T'hey had enormous upper given to science a vast amount of material relating canines, of which the roots entered the middle to tile extinct Faumna of tile deposits. In the horn cores; mno upper incisors, and small molars." province of,AMillas Geraes, near tile headquarters of Four genera are recognized, namely: Dinoceras, the Saim Francisco River, are limnestonle caves. Dr. tile typical one, with three species; Tillnoceras, two Lund visited thousanlds of tlelm. Sixty only gave species; Uintatherium, omne species; and Eobasileus, evidence of having bonies in them. In our notice of two species. fossil Ursids, previously givemn, will be found an ac-'1ILLODONTIA is anmother new order, anld estabcount of the co9ntents of these caves. It is estimmated lislmed by Prof. Marsli, comibininig tile charmacters of that several thousands of years must liave elapsed Carnivorea, Ungulata an'd Rodentia.'I'wo families since they were thus chloked with such osseous are formimed, tile Tillothel idae and Stylinodontidce, mimasses. Some of the remaimns are of living species, which embrace three genlera-''illothlleriulm, Anchipbut the mllajor part are extinct. Stomne inlplelmenlts podus and Stylinodolntia. All are from the Eocene alld llumanl remnains were found in. some of them. of Wyomiing aind New Jersey.'Thle animials were'I'lThere were tile extinct and livillg genlera Leptothlle- rather small ii size, ranging between tile'Tapir and rium, Anitelope, Equus, Tapirus, Dicotyles, Auchebnia Capybara. Th'le skull was somewhat like tllat of the and Cervus. Equus anid Ailtelope are not knlownm in Bear. l'he Imolar-teetil were like those of Unlgulates, South America. alld the ilncisors like those of Rodelts.''The feet In tlle Pliocene Period of South America thlere were planitigrade, and the whole skeletoni is said to were two species of Equus, two of Macrauchenia, be Bear-like. Three 1iew genlera, allied to the preallied to Tapit anld Palkeotileriumi. These had ceding, found in the Eocene of New Mlexico, have long necks, and were of tile size of tile Camnel. In been niamned Ectoganus, Calaniodon anid Esthllonyx. Patagonia ain extinct gemmus hlas been found, and'They have, according to Cope, some relation with burdened with tlie designation Homalodontotheriuln. tile South Amlericanl Toxodontidm. A most wonder-''This is believed by Prof. Flower to be allied to the ful group of extinct animals is that bearinig the Rlhinmoceros, but still miore to tile Miocene Hyracodoni latter nlame; sonmie of them, it is said, rivaling eveni of North Amnerica. It also resembles tile extinict tihe ihuge Megatlmeriuml in size.''oxodoim and Nesogeuus Macrauchelia. T'lle extinict genus Nesodoni is donl are the gemnera, anid several species are found ill allied. In tile deposits of the Panipas there is ani tile deposits of the Pamipas and Patagomnia.'T'lhey extiict species of Dicotyles. Auchenia is repre- are allied to the Ungulates, Rodemits, Edentates anid sented by three extinct species in Bolivia. Thliere the aquatic Sirenia. are two extinct genera ill tile sarne forinationPalseolania and Camelothlerium. Three, species of SOLIDUNUULA. Cervus are found in tile samie. Ini tihe Eocene of Southi America, the Horses EQUIDER-The Horses.-Amierica lias no living (Equus) were largely represented; and the extinct species of this family, but miumerous fossil extinct genera Palseotheriumi and Anaptotheriumn, comnimoml forms, of great inlterest fiom their varied organLizain tile European T'lertiaries, are found in the samlie tion. One genus and eiglht species are now recogdeposits as those of the Pamrpas. nized as thie "personnel" of thie order. Referellce to ELEPrINTIDm. —Sever al species of Elephlas and the chapter oel Palme.omtology of Umgulates will show Mastodon, or allied forms, are founld ill tile'T'ertiary the great mlulmbers of this oeder wihich illhabited this deposits. Elephas primigenius —the MIAnMOrtH —is a, comItimiemit iii amciemit tilnes. UNGtULATA..VMA1IIMALIA. USNGULATA. CXV BAIRD'S TAPIR (Elasmognathts btairdii)-PFlate UNGULATA. *II., fig. viii.-Th'e specific cllartacters of this species FAMILY-TlAPIRJIDE. are a very short furl, close, and dark brown in color, or nearly black.'I'he lower parts of the cheeks and Wallace records two genera and six species of thle sides of tle neck, bay-browll; chin, tllloat, cliest, aind Tapir famlily. For a long time only two species were front edge of thle shoulders, g'rayish-wlhite. knownl-thle Malayan and the American. Lately sev-'t'he figure of Baird's!'Tapir referred to is that of a eral forms have been discovered in South America; youllg olle, whichl shows the peculiar stripes that and so8me authors claim that even four species are accompalny the young. It is said that this species is knowIn to that region. These are all founlld in the easily distinguishied froin others by its white chest, Andes of New Granada and Ecuador, at an eleva- and bay chieek. This is thle o0nly species of thle tion of eiglht to twelve thousand feet. One species, genus known. It is native of tile Istlmus of Panor, as some have it, two, of the allied genus Elas- ama, and extends northward into Mexico. mognathus, lhas been found in Central America, and Anotller form, which is regarded as somewhat from Panama to Guatemala. doubtful as a true species, is the E. dowii. The E. The term'i'apir is from the Latin, Tapir'us, which bairdii is thought to be the lalgest of American is a modified form of tile original BIrazilian.''l'hese species. animals closely resemble the Swine in form, yet are'Tapirs were largely represented in Eocene times. not so nearly allied to them as is usually supposed. in both countries; and they are allied to the extinct Tl'lley are Unlgulates of the Perissodactyle group, and family of Lophiodobtidce. are closely related to the Rlinocerbses and Hlorses. They are characterized by having the hind-quarters RHINOCEROTIDM is tile family which Wallace places project conspicuously backwards.''lle snout is pro- here to follow the'Ilapirs.'le Rhiinoceros is tlhe duced inlto a flexible rudimentary proboscis.'T'he only living genus represented, with nlille species. As ears are erect,. and developed moderately. The neck we have seen, there are nulnerous extinct formns ill is short, and thle tail also.'I'here ale four toes on both continents the hornless Acerotlherinmn, and the the fore-feet, and three onl thle posterior.'l'e dental Leptodon, and the curious Hyracodon of our Western formula is: Incisors a3; Canines, +; FPremolars, 4; deposits, theMiocene of Nebraska. More thanl twenty Molarsa,. r. species of extinlct Rhinoceroses are known. TAPIRUS.'l'Tle l1Tapirs, and anlothler form found in India-the HiPPOPOTAM)ID are represented by one genus and Rlilnocllherus-have the inargins of the upper jaw two species. Eigllt distinct species are knownll. but rolled inward.'"I'lhe Elasmognathi lhave them ione in tllis counltry. spread out so as to firmly emnbrace the mesethmoid." They are all inhabitants of wet lands, where water is abulldant. Wallace records five genera and twen ty-two species'I'lte'apir does not take water throuIgh the snout, of Swine-like animals; and lhe adds:''I'lhe Swine but raises that organ as it drinks by the month. may be divided into three well-marked groups, flrom One young only is born in a season, from one indi- peculiarities in thleir dentition. (1) The Dicotylividual.'I'he'Tapir seems to be quite easily domiesti- new, or Peccaries, with one genus; (2) the true cated. Cuvier gives some details of the tamne animnal. Swine, three genera-Sus, Potamocllhcers, and BaHe says it was gentle and confiding, and appeared to birussa; and (3) the Phacochoerince, or Wart Hogs." have 11o will of its own. It seemed to seek tile comn-'I'he Peccaries —two species-are those that claim painy o ootieer animals int an unusual degree. our notice, being indigenious to. the American contiTHE COMMON AMERICAN TAPIR (Tapiirus ter- nent. 1'estris)-Plate 25, fig. 82.-Tl'his species is foulld in THE COLLARED PECCARY (Dicotyles torqgutus) all parts of South Amel'ica, from. the Straits of MTa- -Fig. 74, vol. 1, page 190.-Th'is animual hlas the genegellan to tile Isthlmus of Darien. It is r'egar'ded as ral appearance of a Hog. It is peculiar to Soutli the largest of South Amnerican mlammals, mneasurilg America and Mexico. It is a gregarious animal, sometimes six feet from the nose to tail. It is noc- alnd, in its wild state, is exceedingly fierce and dalIturnal in habit, and selects one mate only. Tl'his is gerous. The Cougar and Jaguar are said to meet a tle'l'. americanus of former authors. very determined antagonist in this little creatrm'e. Tapisrus pinchaque is a species confined to the Its flesh is somewhat esteemed, thougli a domrsal Andes of South America, especially imn Ecuador and gland, which secretes a disagreeable fluid, renlders New Granada. This is the T'1. villosus, or Roulins' it a doubtful species of game. Tl'lme MexicalIs call it''apir, of authors. Its habitat is quite circumscribed,'I'AJAZON. Its lhabits are similar to commonl Swime. as we lhave seen. Gray gives it as "'The Cordilleras.'" WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY (Dicotyles labiatus).Th. is species is called by natives'I'AGNICATE. It is almost double tile preceding ini size amnd weigit. It Gray, imn Biit. u]is. Cat.,1869, gives tile chalactels is higllly gregarious, diffeling in this respect flom of this genus as follows: "'L'he internlasal cartilage the other; andl, in large troops, thiey traverse great ossified nearly the whole lengthl, tIle bolmy part pro- distances. The White-lipped Peccar'y is exclusively a duced beyond the end of the nasal.'' South American animal. cXVi RUHINANTIA. -MAMMIALIA. — UlNGULATA. ORDER IX.-RUMINANTIA. I'HE Rullningtilg Animals, embraced in this order, cated and mixed with the saliva, aid then swallowedl,:1re regarded as forinilg one of tle Imost clearly de- to go directly into the third stomach, called the filled groups of the animal kingdom.'I'le classifica- psalteritum, ironi the broad, leaf-like processes of tion adopted by late writers is more or less founded on membrane which line tile interior. Certain absorptile plan indicated by Prof. Owen, which exhlibits tion here'takes place, aniid the mass passes on to the as sub-orders Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Probosci- fourth comparttment, or true digesting stomach, called dea, and the extinct Toxodontia, under the order the abomasas. From here the usual phenomena of Ungulata. As the present matter is additional, or digestion proceeds. supplementary to the main portion of this work, the T'he eyes of Ruminants are placed on the sides of sequence and form of orders as are therein seen will the head, that they may command an extended vision be observed. Ona page 7, Vol. I., will be found a while grazing. Th'leir ears, also, large and. movable table which shows this arranlgement. Section B is for protective purposes. The sense of smell is parthat of the UNGtTLATE or HOOFED ANIMALS, embrac- ticularly active.'l'he importance of these animals to illg orders Rtuminantia, Solidungula, and Pachyder- mankind is too apparent to require notice here-their mata, which include the same forms found in the sub- flesh as food, every portionl of their bodies, their orders above-named. hides, blood, horns, hoofs, tallow, and their milk. Several important features of structure character- Indeed, so many and various are the products, one ize individuals of this order. The feet are bifid, each may well regard these creatures as special objects for phalalcge being terinillated by a distinct hoof. All manl's welfiare. Froml the earliest tinmes tley have but the Camels are destitute of cutting-teeth in the been domesticated, and they have always accompaupper jaw. The stomach is compound, the structure tnied nian thrloughout his nomadic career. and fllunctions of which are among the most important characteristics. Four different compartments FAMITY-C AMELIDM. are seen, each havinig certain offices, one exception omily being kllownl-that of the Camel, which has'I'lis falmily is represented in South America by Ilm'ee stomachs.'I'le presence of horns is another one genus, Auchlelia, with four species. Wallace constant feature, with some exceptions.'I'hese are enumerates two genera anwd six species il all. This variously developed in tile Sheep, Oxen, etc. They leaves the Bactrian Cainel of Asia, and the Dromeare solid protuberances from tile skull, covered by a dary, or Common Camel, of both Asia anid Africa. hollow sheath, which remains during the life of tile In our account of the extinct Carnelidce, it is seen animal. In the Deer and Antelopes-with tile sin- that this famlily was at one time very abundantly gle exception of the Giraffe, which has rudiments or represented in North America. knobs that are persistent-the lornls are solid, and THE LLAMA, OR GUANACO (Auchenia glamna) fall periodically. riTwo divisions are, consequently, Plate 23, fig. 75. —Thl'llis is a somewhliat talliliar aRllmade in the order-the Hollow Horn and tile Solid Ieal, tlhrough the specimens frequently placed in Horn Ruminants.'l'hree very natural groups are menageries and our zoological gaidens. it is mucll also recognized; two as above designated, and a like the Camel, tlouhll very lmuch smaller. Its size tlird, which includes tile Caminels and Llamas-tilose is about thlat of the Virginia I)eer. In tile wild state having no ihornls. thle hlair is exceedingly lonlg, aild it is used extel)-'I'he operations of rumination anld digestion are sively, in the form of guanaco, for mainuffacturing pursomewhat coinplicated in this order. Of tile four poses. Thle Llama is seem ill great numlbers in a stomach divisions, the first is called the rurnen, more or less donlesticated state. (Great lurnbers are or paulnchl; thiis receives the coarsely chewed food. used for burden aind traffic. It requires little care,''lTe second compartmenlt, or stomach, is curious- and is like the Camel in its endurance of thirst. ly formed to hold, by numerous little purses or'I'he voice resembles tile nleig'ling of a Colt. When pouches, tile water taken in. It is called tile reti- annoyed by anlly one approachillng, it dischlarges a culuzn, fromim its purse-like character.'I'lThe water quantity or saliva at tile imntruder.'Th'lis we lhave is gradually Imixed with tile coarsely-divided foomd, witnessed in tile Cenitral Park collection. Peru is wliceh is undergoilg a certain process in tile rumen, tile region most inhliabited by the Llamas. T'l'lley fieresemblilg mImastication. When thiis has advamlced quent tile coldest portions of tile mountaimnous reto a suifficienit pulpiness, a portion is received gions. imito tile muscular canmal, at tile termination of thie'lThe'PACA is found in similar localities. It differs cesophiagus. It is tliere moulded into a ball, and in having tawnly, browi-colored lmair, whlicih hangs ill propelled, by an inverted action of the muscles of tile very long pendant masses, furliishimlg the Inuch-prized gullet, into tile Inoutli, passinig, as is seen, over the alpaca wool. same groumid that it occupied in the first instance of Ti'le VIcvUNA is the smallest species, being about swallowiimg in tile crude form; timat is, wimile tile tile size of a Sheep. It is mome elegant ill shlape, creature is glrazing. there, in tile moutim, it is mfasti- tile legs being longer in proportion, anid more neatly RuMINAN TIA.-MAMVIMALIA.-TJYNGULATA. cxvii formed. Its eyes are large and intelligent. The northern regions; occasionally it is seen in the fleece surpasses in fineness and softness any other northern parts of New York and Maine. The known. Some attempts are being made to acclima- antlers of the Moose are most remarkable; their tize these creatures, in order to procure their wool wide palmate surfaces spread to such an extent that without sacrificing so many. The ancient Peruvians an enormous weight is sustained.'l'he neck is cormade use of the Llamas for various purposes, particu- respondingly developed. Unlike most ruminants, larly for beasts of burden. They prove, even in this creature has a short neck, one seemingly unfitted these days of steam, nost valuable for carrying over for grazing. As a compensation, the mouth is conthe mountain passes of the Andes. It is said that structed for eating the limbs of trees, and to this they easily carry a hundred and sixty pounds weight. end the lips are very mobile and elongated.'The Their flesh is esteemed as food.'The range of these term Moose is an Indian one, from musee, meaning animals is from Peru to the Straits of Magellan. wood-eater, in reference to its habits of grazing bits of shrubs and trees.''he "Moose wood," or Penn-''RAGULIDEM-tle Antelopes-are placed here, with sylvania maple (Aceir Penn.) derives its name from two genera and six species, as restricted in Wal- the fact that the Moose feeds off it. In winter lace's arrangement. All are of the Old World. these animals congregatein small droves, and occupy The allied American forms are placed in another a space which they keep tolerably habitable by group. tramping the snow. Their movements are very rapid, moving through the thickets with wonderful FAMILY-CERVIDzE. ease and caution.'rhey are timid and wary; and their senses are very acute. Hunters find great difficulty in reaching near enough, to shoot them. The Wallace elnumerates in this family eight genjera height of the Moose at the shoulders is about seven and fifty-two species. Tl'ley are found very generally feet. Much confusion has existed on account of the distributed, excepting in Africa, where they are name Elk being applied to two of our American restricted to the Mediterranllean region. Of our species; we, therefore, adopt the more comprehensive American species the genus Alces has one, and title.'I'arandus one (or two). Forty species of Cervus RANGIFER. —_Hamm. Smith. are-enumerated.'Ihe typical Deer have antlers, in the mllale, and in one instance-the Reindeer — The muzzle in this genus is entirely covered with the female has them. The Musk-deer have none. hair. The hoofs are broad, depressed, and bent in at Members of this family have deciduous horns, the tips. Tile external metatarsal gland is above which are solid, and are developed from tile fiontal the middle of tile leg.'I'The antlers are presolit in bone. The antlers, as tile horls are usually called, both sexes. are more or less branched. In the growing state, WOODLAND CARIBOU; REINDEER (Rangifer from the time of tile first puttinlg forth of the new caribou).-This is regarded as a peculiarly American antlers, there is a soft velvety integument, which species. It is large, mIeasuring three feet and six covers the surface in which the nutrient blood- inches in height at the slioulder. Professor Baird vessels lie. When tile antlers are perfect in growth, gives the measurements of an individual two and a tile velvet is rubbed off by the animal, and tile chan- half years old as follows: "To root of tail, seventynels which held the blood-vessels remain visible upon two inches; tail vertebrae, four inches; with hairs, the surface.''The circulation of the great vessels six ahd a half; height of the shoulder, forty-two that accompany the growing antler is eventually inches; fromI nose to ear, fourteen; height of ear stopped by a timely growth of tubercles around the behind, five inches." T'le antlers of the Reindeer base of the antlers; these so press upon the vessels vary exceedingly. The relationships of this species that coagulation takes place; the blood ceases to to the European Reindeer are not well ascertained. flow, and the velvety integument becomes dead, ex- By some zoologists it is supposed to be the same; traneous matter, and yields to tile process of rub- by others different. "The opinion is gaining that bing. the barren ground species is distinct, and as this'I'he dental fommula of Uervidv is: Incisors, ~-9; species cuts it off from the Arctic Circle, it would Canines (usually), -~-; Premolars, 1 —a; Molars,:-'. seem most probable that it cannot be the same with the animal inhabiting the circumpolar region of the ALCE.-lam. Stmrith. Old World."-Baird.'IThis species is considerably In this genus the mnuzzle is broad and much larger than the Barren Ground Reindeer, but has elongated. The neck is short and thick. smaller antlers. Richardson considers its northern IOOSE (Alce americanus, Jaqrdine). —his remlark- limit as south of Hudson's Bay, reaching as far west able animal was called by the earlier writers Cervus, as Lake Superior; southerly it extends to New and tile present generic termn Alce was used as its Brunswick and Maine. In the earlier timles it probspecific desigmnation. The various termns Moose Deer, ably ranged over the greater portion of New EiigBlack Eilk, Flat-horned Elk, and Black Moose are land. It is not found near tile Rocky Mountajns. used in different sections of North America. Thle Mr. Emmons, in his Report on Qtaedcrupeds of MiasMoose is regardled by late writers as identical witlh sachusetts, 1840, says: Wlhether thle Caribou was the Swedish Elk. Its rallge is now confined to tIle ever an inhabitant of this State (Mass.) is now diffi cxviii RUMINANTIA. -M1AM1VIALIA. —U NGULATA. cult to ascertain. It is only a few years since it to the Alces malchis, otherwise called the Moose." occasionally appeared in tile northern parts of Ver- If one examnple is of service ill the way of correcting mont and New Hampshire. the confusion of nomenclature, we gladly embrace BARREN GROUND CARIBOU (Rangifer g ern- the opportunity, and place at the head of our article laRTldicus).-This is much smaller than the preceding. the title which is determined to be thie only safe one,'L'lie bucks, when faiit, weigh eighty to one hundred and that is, WAPITI. Dr. De Kay records as local and twenty-five pounds. The horns, however, are names the following: Red Deer, Stag, Gray tMoose, much larger, and are more graceful in form. It is La Biche, Gray Elk, and Round-horned Elk; and he found in tile barren regions of Arctic America. Dr. adds: " It is surprising tha't for so long, and in Kinig, an author on Mlfammalia, asserts that this some districts so common an animal, so little is species is peculiar in the form of the liver, and that known of its habits. It is still (1842) found in the it does not have any gall bladder. State of New York, but very sparingly. * * * Professor Baird says: "It is a question, admitting TIhey are found in the north-western counties of this to be a distinct species, whether it should bear Pennsylvania, and the adjoining counties of New the name Grwenlandicus or Ai'cticus. Following the York."'I'he Wapiti is closely allied to the Red strict law of priority, however, I have retained the Deer or Stag of Europe. It is larger, and more imformer, although objectionable on account of its local posing eveni than the latter, notwithstanding some character." authors affect to regard it as " stupid and Donkeylike in habits." There seems to be agreat difference of opinionI concerning its nature. T'1hose who have This genus, according to Wallace, includes forty been familiar with the animal in its wild state, as species. it embraces those forms called true Deer. well as when confined, agree that it shows.a bold They are mostly confined to the northern hemisphere. and noble front, and exercises as much spirit as any. Nine species are found in South America, and about It is next in size tothe Moose, measuring over five feet the same number in North America, according to at the shoulders, and seven feet nine inches from the Andrew Murray.. None are found in Australia, nor nose to root of tail. The latter organ, however, is in Africa proper; that is, south of Sahara. The so short that it is hardly more than rudimentary. It characters of Cervus are seen in the large horns, lives in herds of considerable magnitude, even numwhich curve backwarids; the snags being directed bering several hundreds, which are usually under care forwards.'Ilhe tail is very short; the' hoofs broad of an old buck, who appeals to exercise a strict disand rounded.'l'he species are all rather large. cipline over them. Like others, it is fond of swi,,mWAPITI (Cermvts cancadensis).-Plate III, fig. ix.- iming, and readily takes to the water when pursued. So large and distinguished is this American Deer, *Great difference of opinion is expressed concernlill it remains a matter of reg'ret that its characteristics- the value of its flesh; some state that the hunters should not be better known. Very many are uncer- prize it, and particularly the marrow of its bolles. tain what animal is indicated when Elk is mentioned, TI'e skill and horns are certainly of great value to or the Moose, or the Stag, and American Stag. the native tribes. The latter are sometimes'nearly Wrapiti is more distinctive. Yet it is not extensively six feet in extent, from tip to tip. Thle color of the known. Some Europeanl authors, while describing pelage is a light cliestniut-red, with an abrupt patch Elk, add, as a synonym, Moose.'llhis is one source of of yellowish-white covering the rump and upper perplexity with our "general reader." In the late portions of the thlilghs. In winter the color is more issue of Johnson's Cyclopeedia, New York, the sub- gray. T'le Wapiti was once the most widely distriject Elk stands for Alces malchis (Moose), and tile buted of any American Deer, its range extendillo authlor adds: "T'lhe true American Elk (Alces ameri- fi'om ocean to ocean, and reaching as far north as cants) so closely resembles the above species that latitude 570. At tile present day it is not seen often some writers regard them as identical." Now, one eastward of Pemnnsylvania and Virginia. Audubon readinig the'article, from which the above extract is says: "When we first settled in Kenitucky some of taken, would readily become more confused, as the them were still to be mret with, but at present (1847) last two species referred to are really varieties only none are to be found; and they are not really in of the Moose, whichl is so familiar to people of Maine mllumbers until you pass the upper waters of tile Misand Canada; Alces malcihis being tihe variety corn- souri. They do not confine themselves to watermon to tile northern and correspondingm parts of courses, but roam over tile prairies." Audubon reEi'urope and Asia.'I'he above-quoted article contin- futes, with inidignation, the statements which tenll to uies, however: "Thie beast generally known in "corrupt the reputation of this noble animal. lle Alnerica as the Elk is tile Wapiti (Cervus canadensis), is always found to be wary and cunning as any ot tll-.amm animal nearly as large as the Moose. Several Deer kinld." otllerl large species of Deer are kllown locally as AMERICAN RED DEER (Cervus virginiancus) Elks, as in Ceylon; or of Antelope, as in South Plate III, fig. x. —There is quite as much conl'uAfrica. The true Elk, then, is what is called, in our sion here regarding the nomenclature. or trivial Northi-easterm States and in Canada, Moose." Dr. namnes. To call the creatnre tle Virginia Deer is to (Gill says of the Wapiti, the subject of our' presenit name with no special signification, as it is not parwriting: "It is mnore generally called Elk, but veiy. ticularly of that region.'i'he termi Red Deer is very improperly, inasmuch as thie name belongs by might well known to readers as another name for thie Eulro RU INANTIA.-MAMMALIA.-UNGULATA. cxix pean Stag; and a small species, herein described, is tomnous, the forks nearly equal.'The ears are nearly called the South American Red Deer (Coassus rutfus). as long as the tail. In winter the pelage is ashy-'The term Carcajou is sometimes used; and DeKay brown, with lighlt gray tips and annulations. The calls it the American Deer. The latter is quite un- tail is cylindrical, very slender, naked beneath, except wisely selected, as several other species are so closely at the end, which is a black tuft. The hair is very connected with it, and found in nearly similar locali- coarse and brittle, resembling that of the Antelope. ties, that great confusion is the result amlong those'Thlle winter coat is very dense and shaggoy." llle ilot familiar with the nature of them. range of the Mule-deer is mainly in the Upper MisWHITE-TAILED DEER (Cervugs leucurus). - This is souri region, the Yellowstone River beinlg its more C. macroutus of Rafinesque, and the LONG-TAILED favored locality. DEER Of Lewis and Clark. Its specific characters are BLACK-TAILED DEER (Ceq'vus columbianus). — seen ill the rather long tail, long and narrow hoofs, This Deer is regarded as strongly marked, and and compact fur. The skin is entirely white, with readily distinguished from C. virginianus. Its specia small dusky spot on the lip. The ears are gray, fic characters are: "Size about that of C. virginianus, with a white spot at the base.'I'he anal region, and or less; horns doubly dichotomous, the forks nearly the under surface of the tail, white. The tail is red- equal; ears more than half the length of the tail dish above.'The ear is narrow, but long, measur- gland of the hijnd-leg about one-sixth of the distance il(g 6.20 along its anterior edge; its greatest width between the articulating surfaces of the bone; tail 4.50.'I'hey are thinner and more acuminate than in cylindrical, hairy and white beneath, almost entirely tile Virginia Deer."-Baird. Tle feet are lomg and black above, tile under portion of the tip not black. slender.'I'le prevailing color in tile fall of the year, WVinter coat with distinct yellowish-chestnut anlnulaand probably in the winter, is a yellowish-gray, tionl ol tile dark ground, without white patch oil the clouded and waved with black, caused by the dusky buttocks.']'lhere is a distinct dusky Horse-shoe mark tips to the hairs.'I'his is purest and grayest on the on the forehead anterior to tile eyes." h'llis is imore back, neck and head, the lonug hairs onl the head only closely allied to C. inacrotis; thle long ears and beiiig more fulvous. The chin and throat are dull bifurcations of horns being similar il each. Its white; the former without any band, but merely habitat extends throughll Oregon to California. a dusky spot on the side. The ears are uniformly Lewis and Clark named it the BLACK-TAILED FALLOW brown ishl-gray, lined and pointed somewhat with DEER. dusky, the concavity and basal portion being white.'I'lie horns resemble very closely those of the C. virginiaiius, fr'om the eastern portion of the United Andrew Murray, inl Distribution of Jfzammals, States.'Ihe horns are mIore inclined to have three records the genus Elapllus, with species anitesiensis, Iosterior snags than the latter. In extremle age the fiom Peru; E. auritus, inlhabiting Brazil; E. cail1Ihoins become more compressed, and the warts to- pestris, Brazil and thle Rio Negro or Patagomnia; wards the base more prominent.'I'his species is E. cl!ilienisis, firomi the Cordilleras of Chili. E. casiavery abundant on the Upper Missouri and Upper cus is a Mexican species. E. goudoti is fiom New Platte, where it replaces the Virginia Deer. Granada. E. gymlnotis is fromll Cayenlne and Bogota; SONORA DEER (Cervlus Inexicanus).-Tllis Deer is E. leucotis fiom Patagonia; E. paludosus fiom described by ProL. Baird as " resemrnbling the C. vir- Brazil to Patagonlia; E. pulictulatus, Brazil; E. ginianus ill hor1ns and general characters, but smaller; savannasumi, British Guiana; E. superciliaris, Brazil. color varying but little with season; ashy or gray-'These are all of the genus Cervus, sub-genus Elaphus, isil-brownl, pointed with light gray anmulatiolms to the according to Murray.'IThe sub-genlus Subulo elmhairs.'Tail but little longer than the ears, white braces the species nemnoziragus, whichl is found in beneath and on the sides; whitish, with yellowisih- tihe plains and mountains of Brazil, Peru and Pararufous tinge above, except near base, where it is like guay. S. pudu is anothier, foummd in the Cordilleras tihe back. Gland oml the hind-leg as loneg as the bone of Chili. Anothler form, quite rare, is that of is thick." Tlhe tail measures seven inches to the THE RED DEER OF SOUTH AMERICA (Cervus tips of the hairs, anld about five to the end of tile (Scubulo) irufus)-Plate I[[, fig. xii.-T'l'his is one of bonie. Th'le hoofs are ratler sliort and broad.'l'he the smiall species but little known out of its niative hloris are regarded as like those of the virginianus, country, the middle regions of South America. Two "but, perhaps, with finer points." Prof. Baird says: specimenls, male and female, are in the cabinets of "T'l'lere is some doubt as to whether it is the true C. the American Museum, New York. mexicanus of authors; I shall, however, apply the nam1me provisionally." CAMELOPARDALID.M.-1This is exclusively all Old'Ilhe prinicipal difference is seen in its smnaller size. World family, havinig one genus anid one species, It is grayer in color, the hoofs are sllorter and conlfined to Africa. No extinct species has beenl broader, the tail shorter and whiter, and the ears are found in America. tlhi nner. FAMILY-BOViDJE. MULE-DEER (Cervus macrotis).-This is quite readily distinguished from other species by its long'I'he familiar term, Bos, is pretty univelrsally apeals, and its larger size. It is next to thie Wapiti ill plied to individuals of this group of almilnals —the gemeral dimensions. "The horms are doubly dicho- Oxen, Cows, Bisomi, Buffaloes, amld thie like. All are CXX BRUMINANTIA. MAMMALIA.- UNGULATA. very naturally recognized as of the same relation- 1 now arranged under other generic names, as Pcepliaship, and are quite readily named as above, Bos gus, Bubalus, Bibos, Anoa, etc. beinlg the Latin noun for Oxen-like creatures. This Audubon says: "In the days of our boyhood and group is characterized by the hollow horns, broad youth, Bison roamled over the small and beautiful muzzles, powerful limbs, and a general massiveness of prairies of Indiana and Illinois; lherds of them body. By Wallace's exhibit of the fami-ily Bovidce, stalked through the open woods of Kentucky and in which he includes, besides the above named, An- Tennessee; but they had dwindled down to a few telopes, Sheep and Goats, there are thirty-four stragglers, which resorted to the' barrens,' towards genera and one hundred and forty-nine species. the years 1808-9, and soon after entirely disuapAmong sub-fa'milies whichli he cdnstructs out of this peared. Thlleir range has since that period gradually number, that of Bovincz has six genera and thirteen tended westward." Audubon exclaims, in his eltlhuspecies. This sub-family embraces tile same forms siasin, at the novel sight before him, when viewing seen in our present family. the vast herds of these animals seen in the Missouri region. The herds wander great distances, and BISON. many are killed by falling into tile deep ravines, which they. are forced to approach by the vast Th'is genus is quite restricted, not only in the numn- multitudes always pressing on in their migrations. ber of species but in individuals, particularly as re- During Mr. Audubon's last journey onl the plains, ga'rds the European species, which has gradually Mr. Bell, tile taxidermist of New York, accompanied succumbed to the advance of civilization.'I'lTe him, fromh whom we have often heard most spirited American form is also rapidly passing away. relations of tile chase, and incidents of Bison mIigra-'T'he Bisons are characterized mostly by their tion. They "passed through lherds six days in sucshort horns, which curve inwards at tile point, cession." At another timle they " saw the prairie anid by an extra pair of ribs; the usual or normal black with theim, covering the view as far as the eye number in Bos being thirteen.'I'The llair is long could reach."'l'llough luge and heavy, they are reand shaggy, and in the males is developed into a presented as exceedingly frolicsome, gamboling as very prominent mane on the neck, shoulders and we oftenl see donmestic cattle do. Mr. Audubonl ehead. lates that a gentlemnan in Kentucky, Mr. Robert AMERICAN BISON (Bison americanus)- Plate 18, Wickliffe, kept a herd of Bisons over thirty yeals. fig. 59. —'l'is is a tfamiliar animal to most people of "''They were as docile as other cattle, grazing with the United States, and an important one to the un- his domestic hcrd in thle same field.'T'he tamle Bull settled population of the large western portions. It was unwilling to breed with the Bison-cow, but tIle is asserted on all hands that tile BUFFALO, as it is Bison-bull produced a cross with tile common Cow. almost universally termed, is rapidly on the decrease. From the latter I have several lhalf-breeds, one of'Th'le wholesale destruction of the beast is much de- which is a heifer; this I got by a domestic Bull to plored, as a large portion of tile creatures slain are produce a Bull-calf, which proved to be a very hfile not utilized sufficiently to warrant it. animal, of large size." These crossed or hlalf-breeds A fitle specimen of male Bison has beenl kept at C(en- are larger than either tile Bison or common Cow. tral Park, N.Y., miamy years; a female was.at one time Audubon states that tile Bison was flormerly coinkept with it, and a Imale Calf was raised from them. mnon in North and Soutll Carolina. T'llis individual. the Bull, presents a nioble exhibit of tile peculiar features of the species.'ITh'le strength'J'HE EUROPEAN BISON (B. boiassezs) is onle of two which lie exerts, inl his wild tossimngs and buttings species that now inhabit tile globe, and this is wellagainst tile heavy ironm cage, is sommmethiilg marvelous nighl extinict, or probably would be were it niot foin to bellold; the heavy iroil bars are bemit anid forced tile protectionl given it by tile Czar of Russia, wlio fiom their beds, and great caution is requisite to keep has for mlally years preserved them oil the coltihe creature within proper bounds. files of Lithluaia. Thl.'lis species is considered to be'h'le uses of this animal are too well known to dwell idenltical with tile great fossil Auroclh of tile Euroconsiderably upon them.'IThe flesh is a great boon pean cave deposits —tle Bison priscus of Owen. to tile savage tribes, eatell fresh, or in a dried state T''lle terml bonassus was applied to it by the anicienits. for winter use; tile skin is largely used, both by the It is very rare inl collections, particularly in Almerica; natives for tenit covers, and the endless purposes of a good specimen of tile stuffed skill of ani Aurocii is nomadic life, anld by peoples of cold climates as in the Americanl Museum, in Central Park, New robes and Clothing. York.'lThis creature, tllough having the genleal'l'he term Bison was ancienitly applied by Pliny to aspect of tile Amierican Bison, stands much higller, the Wild Ox of Europe.''The genus Bos, as at its legs being longer, and its body is larger anld mllore presemit determined, is represenlted by " only one liv- elongated; tile shoulders are niot so strongly proing species" (Wallace), and this the descendant of duced, and there is much less of the shagginess of tihe ancient B. primigenlius, which iranged over thlat region. We give place to thiis species, though Central Europe in the tilne of tihe Ronman Em ipire. foreigil to our shores, as it is of great inlterest, being The Chillingham wild cattle are regarded as the the only otlhei forln of this gemus.'lihe Buffaloes nearest living allies of tile ancient Bos.'I'lhe Buffa- are more numerous, but there are only two species of loes, Yaks, and othem forllls in Aftica and Illdia, are Bison. RUMINANTIA. MAMMALIA. UNGULATA. cxxi in' t.his creature is seen in tile presence of numnerous SuB-FAMm. y-ANTLILOC APRIN E. cutaneous glands-eleven. in number-rwhich secrete IA-NTILOCAPRrA. a stronIg, punlgent odor ("' a strong, herein odor," stays Richardson).'I'hose below the ears Imore particuIn tile famiily Bovidce Wallace places, with others. larly are potent; as also those of the ischiatic region. tliis single geinus with its single species, as forming a Dr. Murie regards te Pong-llolrn as a " Giraffesub-falmlily. Thllis form is regarded as very peculiar hoofed, Sheep-haired, Deer-headed, Goat-glanded Anon account of tile " great compression of tile basal telope." The flesh is much prized, having the repuportion of the lhorn, with the prominent anlgular tlation of being superior to either beef or venison. flattened process on its anterior edge."''lThe absence It is "'dark, fine-gr.ained and tender, with an agreeof the small false hoofs is another remiarkable feature. able flavor." l'lhis creature is a strictly herbivorous Prince Maximilian asserts that traces of one of those feeder. It is timid and shy. In fleetness it is said false hoofs may sometimes be seen in the fore-feet, to excel all other quadrupeds upon tile plainls, but but never two together.'I'lis genus was described does not long maintain its speed. It is particularly by Hanmilton Smith as Dicranoceros. gregarious; and Canfield credits it with beilng astonPRONG-HORN ANTELOPE (Antilocaprae amenci- ishingly salacious-exceeding tile Goat in this procana).-'l'his is the well-known Antelopeof our west- pensity. The curious white patch on tile stern, ern plains; called, also, PRONG-BUCK (Fig. 61, p. 172, which is so conspicuous, and elicits a query as to its vol. 1), Bereldo of the Mexicans, and Cabru and use, being so abrup)t in its color and form, is said to Cabrit. It is regarded as nearer the European Cha- exhibit an erect and radiated aspect when the mois than any other form. Its range is rather limited, creature is at play or excited.'l'The same is seen on being confined to the temperate regions of North the stern of the Wapiti, and is, no doubt, similar America, and to tile miore western portions comlprised in functions.'lhle Prong-horn is readily tained, and within the limits of the Mississippi River and the soon loses its shy, timnid action. Its true place in Pacific Ocean. It does not pass east of that river, the anilal kingdoin is thought to be nearer the and otnly reaches it in hig-h latitudes. It is now fouId Antelopes than any other group. In leaping it only Wvest of the Missouri River. It was very abuni- makes enormous horizontal distances, but fails in a dant in Califoi'ia about the time of its settlement. vertical direction. Like tlme Deer it has four active Its favorite range is upon tile barren or naked plains, mammne, whlile thle Goat has only two. In comlmnlOi avoiding quite sedulously the timber lands, as it de- with tile hiollow-horn ruminants it hIas a gall bladder, pends on its fleetness for escape fromn enemies. Lewis which is wanting in all (Cervidae. and Clark first noticed this amilnmal, describing it in Th.'lle female is sometimes found seemningly withl no a report of their expedition up the Missouri River horns; they are, however, present, tlhough concealed country. T'lie Pronig-buck is not so large as the Vir- by tile fur, being mnere rudimnents or kmlobs. The'l'le ginlia Deer. Anl aveage adult, firom the nose to the liair is cumiously tubular, and is stiff and hlarsh. eind-of the tail, measures fiom four feet ten iiclihes to five feet.''llThe leighllt at tile shoulders is two feet SUB-FAMILY —NEMORHEDINzE. and tenl inches; at the hiip, three feet and one inch.'I'le eye is larger than that of any known quadruped In this sub-family Wallace includes two genera of its size, being nearly that of tile Elephant. It is and ten species.'I'hese are the Goat-like Antelopes. intensely black ill color, but soft and gentle in ex-'lle typical genus-Nelnorlhedus-las nline species in pression, rivaling tile true Gazelle ill its winlling Asia.'rThe one other genus-Aplocerus-is whlolly. aspect. American, ammd is represented by only one speciesLong before the truth was known to science, hunt- the Rocky AMTou tain Goat. ers had observed that tile ilorlns of tile Prong-horn nALOCERUs-Hamn. Smith. Antelope were " dropped "as are thlose of the Deer; yet no definite information was elicited or recorded. T'Ihis genus hias variously been desigmnated, as In 1848 Dr. Calnfield, of Califorinia, sent thle informa- [laplocerus, by \Wagner; and Mazalna, by Rafinesque tion to the Smitlhsonian Institutionl, but the circum- and Gray; Capra, Antelope and Ovis. T'his formn is stance was so contrary to known examples that no a true Antelope in all essential features and affinlispecial interest was awakened. In 1855 Mr. Bartlett ties, tlhough having somewhat the aspect of tile Goat, attested the fact in the Zoological Gardens of Lon- fromin whence it derives its trivial name. In this doll, and in thle February followilng C(aufield's paper genlus the horns are veiy small, and ring-ed at thle was'ublishled. " nTle creature ihas a deciduous, base.'i'lhe nose is hairy, and ovine in aspect. It has hollow horn, which envelops a persistent core, which no mnufle, and no tear bag.'I'lere is ummder lfur, short is a process of tile skull.'his shell is true horn, and woolly; and the outer fur is long and pendant. alld has the samne general systeml of growth as other False hoofs are present. horns, although it is cast annually like antlers of THE MOUNTAIN GOAT (,A1plocerus mVontcanvts).Deer. It thus reveals an intermediate link Ietweenl Plate II, fig. xi. —'lhis is extrelne1ly uinfamiliar, amnd tile two principal groups of hollow and solid-iorniedl is thie only animnal of thie kimmd kmown. It is excluruminants."'hlie lower portionI only is hollow; tlhis sively American. Probably tile creature is not rame is quite flat, but the point'or otlher half is round, ald amnong the far-off and snow-cladi peaks of the Rocky becomes polished by wear. A strikillg chiLiacteristic Mountains, yet it is so nearly inaccessible in its VOL. I.-q. cxxii RULMINANTIA. -MAMIALIA.- PROBOSCIDEA. favorite habitat that the most experienced trapper, tile convexity thirty-six and a half inches, and the hunter or native has but a triflingr stock of informa- tips eighteen inches apiart." A full-giown Big-horn tion concerning it. A few specimens have been mneasures about three feet six inches in heighlit at the broughlt to tle east tllrouhll the agency of tle officers shoulders. of tile' Great Western and Pacific Railroads. Thle OvInos-BlctiGnvile. long and rugged path along which the hunter hlas to dragr his game has so far proved an effectual barrier This genus is characterized by havillg broad hoofs, to his preserving, in suitable condition, any consider- inflexed at their tips; a short tail, muzzle not naked, able number of these animals. Skins and portions but having a small space between tile nostrils devoid of the carcass are not unfreqaently brought in; but of lhair, not furrowed; horns much approximated at the whole animal, or its perfect skin, is a rare and the base, and very broad, bendingg rapidly downwards; valuable thing. Ilair very long and pel!danlt. Th'lle Mountain Goat is entirely white. The horns, THE MUSK-OX (Ovibos mzoschatus) —Fig. 57, vol. lhoofs and the edgfe of the nostrils are black. Like 1, p. 163. —This is a very rare animal in collections, the Goats it has a tuft of liair under the chin. It is none of our native mammals being so unfamiliar. closely allied to the Chamois of the Alps. Th'le most Only one living species is known. It bears a close northern range it attains is latitude 650 north. resemblance to the Slieep, and is considered to be allied to themn; the term MUSK-SIEEP is, therefore, SUB-FAMILY — CAPRINAE. more appropriate. It gets its specific name from a certain odor which is exhaled from it; this is said The Goats, Sheep and Musk-ox are embraced in even to impregnate tile flesl. It is confined to the this group.'TIwo genera and twenty-three species are barren grounds of Arctic America-beyond 60~enumerated. Capra is represented by twenty-two extending northiward as far as land is knowIl. species, and Ovibos by one. Of tile number in genlus Th] iough apparently clumsy, the Musk-ox runs nilnbly, Capra one only is indigenous to America. Ovibos and climbs the rocky hills with ease. Th'lle Bulls are was formerly common to the Arctic regions of bothi said to be quite formidable antagonists when closely continents, but is now confined to the American. pressed. Several fossil species ale found ill this and the Old World. In Europe, remlains of this animal CAPRA. are found in cave deposits as far southl as the Mediterranean. Late writers place tile Big-lorn or Mountaill Slleep in this genus. Wallace drops tile genus Ovis, and E1,EPIIANTIDME.-Thle Elephlants are represented by places the genera Capra and Ovibos as sole represen- one genus and two very markled species, the Asiatic tatives of tile sub-family apirince. and tile African. Fourteen species of Elephants, MOUNTAIN SHEEP; BIG-HORN (Uapra qmontana) and a greater number of tile allied genius Mastodon -Plate 18, fig. 61.-Thl'is noble-looking animal enjoys have been found, fossil and extinct, iln the two Coua similar notoriety to the preceding. As it is the only tinents. one of its kind it is unique. It is not so difficult to procure, and, conlsequently, we see it oftener in collec- HYRACOIDEA. —TlIis is all order which includes tions. A full-grown adult male is a marvel of power only ten or twelve small creatures in one genus, all in its hlead and horns. I'The latter are enormously of the Old World. They are the Conies of Scripdeveloped. The female hias smaller horns, and is less ture. in size. This species is much larger thian tile domestic Slleep. Audubon says "A large Big-horn will Th'lle orders Solidungula and Pachydermatat'are weiglh three hundred and fifty pounds, perhaps more; lost in our arrangement of tile species in Wallace's it is larger than a Virginia Deer." A magnificenlt system. Late classification ignores these orders, anid pair —male and female —[repared by Professor Ward, with greater propriety adopts the more compreheiinare in the American Museum. Professor Baird gives sive term Unlgulata. Tlle Horses, therefore, are some statistics of weight, etc., of tile lorns, as follows: placed at thie comimencemeiit of tile Ungulates, it "Ini one old animal, the horns are nineteen inches accordance with this later system. It is of less imapart at the tip; they measure fifteen and a half portanlce to us, perilaps, in making this change, as inchies in circumference at the base, and twenty- ineithier of tile orders concerni us especially, theree eight inchies in length around the curve. They weigh being nio representatives in America.'I'lhe Horses, eighteen and a half pouiids, with the perfectly clean indeed, are iiiterestinlg to us as fossil extinct species, skull, lackillg the end of the nose and the lower jaw. an abundance of material beillng kiiowi to our WVestlii a specimeni brought by Capt. Stansbury, the horns erln Territories, as we have seen ill the chlaplter on are eighiteeii inches in circumference; the horn along tile Palmeontology of Unlgulates. [ ____________________________ CE:TACE.A. —MA. IM]ALA. —C.ETA.cr.A. cxxiii ORDER XII.-CETACEA. l'HIs order embraces a very interesting and won- organization of Whales, as cotlpared with other drous group of animals - tle Whales, froin tile mamlals.'I'lte physiological fact that they remain a Anglo-Saxon Ihwal.'Illit they are confined to the great le'ngth of time beneathl the water without waters, and are formed like tile finny denizens of the breathing is remarkkable. 1Man, in a healtlly state, deep, they are quite naturally regarded as -fishes by must breathe every three seconds. Instances are the casual observer. Little anatomical knowledge is known, however, of persons remaining three minutes required to understand their true position; indeed, ilnlersed, all respiration being suspended. This is one physiological fact, which is most easily deter- accomplished by a girl who is oil exhibition throulghIinied by any one who witnesses tile living Cetacean, out thle country. T'le economy of tile circulating settles the matter without qualification: they breathe system. in the Cetaceans is seeit to differ friom that of the external air throughl lungs, and not by aid. of land animals, inasimuch as we fild a development of gills whose membraneous expanzsions, filled witl the arterial calals which. serves as a reservoir for blood, are exposed to the water, fiom whence comes arterial blood —that rich, red blood which is required the life-giviing oxygen. Again, the Whales suckle as the life-giving pabulum. A large portion of the their young, and, consequently, are of the great interior of the chest is lined with this plexus of Class Mamnralia, which is founded upon that funec- bloodl-vessels, and thle various interstices between tion. Wlhales are grouped accordinlg to certail tile ribs, and a large cushlion is formed by it exterior characters seetn iu their development. Tile Illost to the ribs and along tlte spine; it is even. distribproLtmitent are tile Whalebone Whales, the Balce- uted within the spinal column, and even on tile innidce, so called on account of the miouth having jaws terior of the craium.'Thlle amlount of blood ill a arte(d iwithl plates of whalebone, the uses of wllicll Whale is, comuparatively, very large, a circumlstance will be seeni fulther oil. The Cacihalots, or Spertii wvhich this reservoir at once explains. It is underWhales, folrm one group, and the Dolphins anotlher. stood tltat tlhe blood is at a higher temlperature thllan Whales descend illto tie great depths of oceanl itu terrestrial animmials, ranoginlg as high as 1040.''Ihe so considerably that we natu.rally look for somne econ- tnostrils, through whicli they take all tile air required, omly of their structure whlicll s!lall resist tile elior- are situated oil thle top of tile snout, or ill sotnie mIIous pressure that thley sustainl. We kulow that appearing to be directly oil the summuit of thle Itead. this is so moreat as to force water tllrougll tile pores'l'lle nostrils, or " blow-holes," commuunicate, as ill all of the hardest woods, and, consequently, to relnder it other nammalls, directly with tile passages to thle h eavy like lead. The integumnets, thmouglh soft and lumlgs; a peculiar mechanism of tile tihroat, wvhich is.velvet-like, are yet so organized as to resist effect- supplied withl valves, prevents the water that mlmay be ually this pressure. Th''e outside skill is lubricated taken inmto tile mnoutlh from passimng inmto themmt. Rewith all oily substaLnce whllichm prevenlts mnacerationl of gardingl thie voice of Whlales, thlere seemmms to be little tihe tissues; tlhen beneathl this is the 9qete mnucosum, a to conmmmunicate. Mr. Scoresby, all experienced meimbrane wlhich hiolds tile colorimng mllatter of tile scietntific Arctic observer, says: Whlales Ihave ino skinl tile satmme as that of the Negro; tlhirdly, thle voice "; and it is gemnerally uldlerstoodi that all others true skinm amdl tile blubber of falt immmmmedtiately under are similarly deficiemt. Older autllolrs, alld sommie it. Pi-of. Jacob, of Dublinl, regards tile blubber and observers of thle present day,,affilmll that they have true skill as one inltegulllmet, tile skin beintg Immodified heardl theimn bellow and utter loud cries. Cuvier did to hiold thie oily lmmatter ill cells.'Imle uses of tlhis tot doubt tliese statelllellts, but acqiuiesced ill tlhenl. blubber will readily occur wihenm we reflect that thmese Onme species, the Melas, hIas obtainled its trivial creatures imllabit tile coldest regiots, tlhe deep seas of mlamlle foi'ollm the alleged cilrculmstallce tlmat it "calls "; pelrpetualice.''le fat suffices to render tlleml walrmtllltll, hence tile "Ca'itng Whale." It is mlost reasonlable lyimng, as it does, like a blanlket spread over tile body. to admit thlese as facts, as tile other Marinle MatllAn amIIouImt of tims blulbber oit somme Wlhales is esti- Inals lhave voices of tile Immost potent character. mimated at thirty tolls weight. Thl'is fat is specifically Ti'le brain of tile Wlhales is smnall cotmparatively. ligliter thanm thle waters, andc thlus renders tile creature One of a specimmemn ninieteen feet long, and weighingm' buoyait anid active.''lme flesh of lWhales is tmuclh 11,200 pounds, weighlled omly tliree pounds twelve like thlat of the larger lalld amlmilllals; the bommes, too, oummces; tliat is, " oe thllree-tllousaLd l tl part of tile aire solid, aind, thioughl less compact, are like those of whlole aniilnal." Ill mIa1m it is calculated to be " onmeothmer matmmlnals.'li'e Ina1mmmmmm aire situated otl tile tliirty-fifth patrt."'Lihe Polpoises and Dolphllills seem breast ill tile group called hierbivorous Whlales, alld to hmave a imucim larger braiin. Cuvier records, "fr'omI are situated oil tile abdollmen in tile others. T'heir five exammminations, otl all average, tile brain weighled Imilk is said to be very rich, lhaving tile taste of Cow's ome-sixty-thlird part of tile whole." milk to whiicih cIeamiI is added.'['lie seinses of iVlales are considerably beyonmd''lhere is tothititg very peculiar ill the initelrlnl tou1 comIprelhension. With regard to smnell, the early cxxiv CETACEA. -MAMMALIA. CETACEA. writers concurred in attributing a good degree of eminent writer and clergyman of Exeter, Eng., this sense; and Anderson, in his account of Ice- says: " Of three hundred and twenty-two individuals, lanld and Greenland, narrates that the inhabitants of in the capture of which I had personally been concerned, the Faroe Islands, when they perceived their boats no one, I believe, ever exceeded sixty feet in length,. chased by the Sperm Whale, which is regarded as a and the largest I ever measured was fifty-eight, this particularly danogerous species, used to throw Castor being the largest I ever saw." An uncommonly overboard, which made the creature sink to the large specimen is recorded by the same author, which deep, in ordei to avoid the disagreeable odor. Gin- had the baleen, or whalebone plates, "nearly fifteen ger has a similar reputation; the blood of. animals, feet lonog." T'lis animal was not over seventy feet and Chalk and Sulphur, are supposed to possess even long. Captain S. says, again: "'I'lle largest conmgreater powers. Cuvier, as well as some other mon Greenland Whallle I ever heard of was menauthors, throws doubt upon this matter by stating tioned by Sir Charles Guisecke, who informs us that, that, "in the Cetacea there is all absence of olfac- in the spring of 1813, one was killed at Godhown, tory nerves and the usual organs of simell." From a measuring sixty-seven feet. But these are rare ingood deal of investigation in this direction, there stances. I therefore consider that sixty feet may be seems to be certain well-defined facts.'IThe prevail- considered as the average dimensions, and that inlg opinion now is that the sense of smell is pos- sixty-five feet is a magnitude which rarely occurs." sessed by the true Whales and the Rorqual, and is wanting in the rest. This may be subject to certain FAMIILY-BALA3NIDI]. qualifications whel other observations are mad'e. The organ of vision is very small, compared to the size'lThe true Whales are classed under this family of the creature. The largest Whale has an eye not designation. T'he great characteristic of this group larger than that of an Ox.'['lie rlange of vision is is the presence of a series of whalebone plates, extensive, tihe organ being placed on thIe parts mlost usually called baleen; hence the term of the family, prominent where the diameter is greatest. Its axis which is from the Greek, meaning simply a Whale. is directed downwards obliquely, and thus aids it inI Curiously enougll, the young of these Whales have scanning the region below it. Th'lle hearing organ is teetli, which are soon slhed, and give place to tIle peculiar in some respects: the eustachian tube sheets of whalebone.''hlle true Whales are recogreaches high up in the blowing-hole, anld, as there is nized, also, from their extremely large heads wlhich, no extelrnal ear, it is thought that the sounds are inl some species, amoullt to one-third of thle whole conveyed to the auditory apparatus through this length.'T'le nostrils are distinct, and situated longpassage. Othller senses, as taste and touch, seem to itudinillly along the top of the cranium.'ihe be of little consequence, as they are, seeminogly, not mammary glands are in the inquinal region, not in developed.''lIe mental faculties of thle Whale vary tile chest. Th'lle hands have five fingers, and are very ill different gellera very greatly; they all, however, broad. agree in a certain reciprocal regard that they seeml THE GREENLAND WHALE, OR MYSTICETE (Bato Lmamnifest towards each other.'1his is COminmoim licena mysticethts), called also the COMMON WHALEnot only betweenl the mother and youlg, but with BONE WNHALE —Plate 28, fig. 89-is thle most famlmilimemibers of the same group or shoal. All Cetaceans iar Cetaceani of our waters.''lie telnl Right Whale produce their young in nearly tile same nma11nner that is used by sailors, to designate it firom otliers thlat are landl anlllnmals do. Th'le Imale is called tile Bull; the of less accounit iin commerce; and Bow-liead, or fema.le, tlle Cow.'l'Ie period of gestation is sup- Great Polar Whale, are terms also used by whalers. posed to be nabout ninie mlonthms. TIle natural life of Marvelous stories are told about its lenlgth; but Cetaceains is thloughlt to extend to from. thirty to all Scoresby Ilas fully established tile fact that it'never hundred years. lThe Calf follows the mothler several exceeds sixty-five or sevenity feet. moIitihs. The'I' characteristic feature of this Wliale is thle'I'le amiount of oil yielded by tile larger kinid of baleeni, or whalebone-a series of plates, upwards of Whales reaches niearly twenty tuns. T'le peculiar three hulndred in uniumber, on each side of the jaw, products of these animals will be noticed inider thle wlmichl resemble a frame of saws in a saw-mill. These respective leals. Amllbelglrs isistsubstanice colimoni plates reacil tile length of six feet, and weiglh to all. It is founid inl the intestines, and is a con- together, in sonme inistances, a tun.l.''le flesh of thle cretionary formiationl, mottled anid rayish ill color, Riglit Whale is of a red color, anld, when cleared of anid whenm exposed oil its innller sur'face, is seeli to fat and broiled, is said to ble lnucle like coarse beer. elmclose the hiormly, beak-like processes of Cuttle- T'lIe bomies are very porous, ad.l contaiiu Iomuclm fine oil. fishles, derived from the great numibers of such mool- T''lle jaw-bones, wlhich ofteml immeasure tweinty-five feet luscs t-lat they eat. It has a peculiar odor, alnd is ill leingthl, produce a valuable portioni of oil.'Tlle used in giving to winles all agreeable flavor. In coil- Ilearing inl this WiVale is thloulght to be acute wxlhile sistenice it is soft and waxy, its chlenmical conistituemnts in thle water, but is evidemitly wanlting to a great exbeimig largely thle fatty substammce or principle called tenlt whlile inl tie air. Scoresby says, speakiiig of tile anllbreine. velocity of tlmis creature: "It is thie sanme along time'I'he size of VWhales is a subjectwmlichi Ias at surface amll idl otllelr directions. I have observed a timiies been collsiderably mnisapprehended. Captaiil Whalle desceindimg, after I had harpooned it. to tile Scoresby, tile niotable wllaler, and aflterwards tle deptlh of about omne-fourtil of a mile, withl tile aver CETACEA. -MAIMMALIA. — CETACEA. CXXV age velocity of seven or eight miles an hour. The are all important to the inhabitants of the Arctic usual rate, however, at wllich it swims, when onl regions. passage from one situation to another, seldom ex- Captain Scantmon, in his great work on the ceeds four miles an hour. They are capable, how- Mfarine lMammals of the North-west Coast of Ameever, of darting throuohl tle water with the velocity ica, relates that thills VlWhale has been observed to of -the fastest ship under sail, andc of ascending!remain on the bottom all hour and twenty minutes with such rapidity as to leap out of water." This after being struck, and then to come to the surface species usually remains oil the surface to breathe completely covered with mud.'lThe Arctic Bowabout two minutes, seldom loniger. During this time lhead, according to Captain Scaminon, is comparativeit blows eight or. nine times, and then descends for ly free fiom parasitic animals. A species of Cyalnus an interval usually of five or tenl minutes, and some- is seen, in some cases, about thle finls or head. The times, wheni feeding, fifteell. or twenty minutes.'I'his range of this VWhale is fronl east to west, froml is the opinion of shrewd observers; and Scoresby Nova Zeinbla to the coast of Eastern Liberia. adds: "Th'le Riglit Whales have no voice, but, in Dr. Gray, in ]lis Supllement to Cac0talogtue of blowiing, make a loud noise.'The vapor they eject Seals anid tV/sacles, records, as rallkinlg next to thle rises several yards, and appears at a distance like a present species, thle following, which inhabits the puff of smoke."'Ihe depth which they attain, when Miediterranean Sea: struck with thle harpoon, is said to be fully a mile at THE MEDITERRANEAN WHALE (Balcmna Meditimes; and some observers record broken jaws and terranea). crowns, which accidents are attributed to the force Balcena acngulata is next given, with its habitat with which they dive, even striking the rocky bot- as tile:North Sea. toml. Whales alre said to sleep in calmi weather. BBalcena 2zordcaper is anotherl, named by Bonnat, Such all occurrence was observed among the ice- whichl is synonryious with B. islandica of Brisson floes of Baffin'e Bay. The food of these Whales is and B. biscayensis of Eschrlllt. rlThis may be llnost remarkable, considering their wonderful bulk. called,'lley have nlo teeth, and their throat is extremely THE NORDGAPER (Balcena nodceaper, Bonnat). — small; consequently they cannot prey onl the larger This species is reputed as mIauchl liore active than the miiarine animals. Trlhey feed in certaiil regions called Greenland Whale, much quicker in its movements, by sailors "'Green Water." Captain Scoresby ex- and consequently Imiore difficult to capture. It is alllinied this water. He says: "It forms, perhaps, smaller, and has less blubber than tile last-mentioned. oiie-fourth of the (reenlland Sea, between. tile par- Its hlead is sllorter, also, and it has less of the allels of 740 and 80.'I'lhough liable to shift by tile whalebone. It is infested with a parasitic Cillrriped, currents, yet it is always found near certain situa- which attach themirselves ini great niumnbers around tionis. It is an olive-green, and of decided opacity." the head anid fins. It is regarded as a regular illhabCaptain Scoresby found thlat this color of tile water itant of the temperate portions of tile Nortl Atlantic. was due to innumerable animlalcules, mrost of themor iricroscopic; tihe greater nlunrber beir ihdfecluss. NEoeBALENA.'l'hese constitute the food of this enormnous crea- Inr this genus the skull is somewhat depressed, ture, tlhe Great Greenllanld Whale. With mlouthll with brain cavity nearly as long as the beak, dewide open, it swoops tlhroughi this sea of living pressed, anld llluch expanded oil the sides, with a forms, anid fills its enormous nliouth; then, by an ex- very deep notchl on the middle of each side, over thle pulsive movement, tile water is strainled through tile conldyles of tile lower jaw, and with a sub-triangular whalebone sieves and rejected, the jelly-fish food crown-plate. Th'le nose is as broad as tile exparnded passing thllougll the srmall swallow passage to the brain cavity at tlhe base, regularly attenuated to a stomach.''lie period of gestation is tlloughllt to be fine point inl fiont, and slightly archled downwards. about ninre months, and one only is produced at a'.'le lower jaw is lullinlar, conmpressed and higll; birth. At thle time of birth, tile youing is ten to tihe upper edge is thini, anid iniflexed tile greater part fourteen feet in lenogth. Thie cub is supposed to ac- of its lenogth, and is erect in firolt; tile lower edge is conipaLny tlhe parent about a year, as the balaen inflexed in firont, tile rest of tile edge being simiple. does not reach a sufficient size to enable it to pro- Thie baleen is elongate anld slender, several times as vide its own ftod before that tiure. It appears to long as broad, withl a firinge of a siingle series of fille attain its full growthll at tile tag'e of twenty or fibres; tle enameled surface is smnootl anLd.thllick. twenty-five years; its full age is thllougllt to be very ANTARCTIC RIGHT WHALE (Neobalcena Jifargizgreat.'li'e attachment of tile parent for its cub is ata, Gray). —This is regarded by whalers as the very Inarked andl interesting; tile whalers often take representative of thll Rigiht Whale inn the Antarctic advaitage of thils fact to capture tile dami. Captain seas. It is nIot over sixteen feet inl lengthl, but has Scoresby speaks with muchl feeling of the affection the reputation of furnIishiing tile " miost beautiful, displayed, anld tile anxiety of the damn when tile tihe most elastic, most flexible, anld thle touglhest young is in danger of capture. Th.'lle great creature whalebone or baleen yet discovered." becomes inisenisible of danger, and sacrifices everything to secure its younrg. This species, thougll EUBaLhNA.-Gay. somietirnes founid in conmpanry, yet is gnienrally foundI''lhiS gelUS is placed by Grlay ill a group tllhat hias solitryV, o1 ill pail's.'l'lie prodlucts of tlhis Whllale tlick baleer), withi no polisli, but with a tlhick, coarse cxxvi CETACEA. -MAMMALIA. — CETACEA. fringe, and a thin enamel coat onil each side. Thle generic characters are seen in the breadth of the MAcIEAYIu. Gray. first rib at the vertebral. end-the square tymllpanic Of this genus Gray makes one livinlg species and bolle, the aperture of wihici is Ilearly as lolng' as tile one fossil, fiom Lyme Reois in England.'rile former bone. Tlhe first six cervical vertebrle are all united inlhabits tile Australian seas. by their bodies. Tile upper lateral process of tile atlas is sub-cylindrical, narrow at the base, recurved SUB-ORDER-BAL2ENOPTEROIDEA. and rounded at the end; the lower lateral process is narrow at tile base, swollen and rounded at the end. Aniimals of this sub-order have tile head Inoderate The carpus, or wrist, is cartilagillous, with six carpal in size; tile body elonlgate; tile dorsal fill distinct, bones-a radius and cubitus, onle radial and one and rarely wanting. The belly is rarely sllloothl, but cubital, and two carpals il the second range.'I'lie usually plaited lonlgitudillally.'Tlle baleel is sliort shloulder-blade is as long as broad, with a snllall cylil- and broad.'I'The maxillary boles are broad; tile drical coracoid process, rounded at thle elld. Five pectoral fin is lanceolate, and arllls elongate, the llalallges to the lliddle filger, four to the illdex and radius and ulna much longer tihan tlle hlulerus. rilng fillgers, four to the little finger, and two to the'ille finugers are four ill nulllber, sub-equal.'T'ile vetthlumb.'I'lie first rib is simple at tile upper anld thin l tebrc of the neck are free, or partially ullited. l'lhe at the fiee edge.'I'le nlasal bone is lrhomIboidal alid tympanic bolles are oblong or ovate. lodelate. Thl'lle vertebrle nulllber fifty to fifty-nine. G- ay. FAMILY- AGAPHELIDA2. SEIBOLD'S RIGHT WHALE (Eabalcena seiboldii, (Gray). — This is figured in Captain ScaImSmon's Marqine Miamnmals of North-west Coast N7. A. as Faillily chlaracters are luoderate hlead, elongoate Baleuna seiboldii, and is synloilymous with B. japon- body, ilinder part of tile back keeled or nlotched; ica of Gray (Zoology of Erebus and Terr'or), thle cervical vertebrlae free; pectoral fill lanceolate; finsame of Escliriclit, and B. alutiensis of Meyer. Ill gers nlumbor four.'I'lle throat has 110 plates; tliere principal parts tills species resemlbles the Great is no dorsal fill; and the ribs are sinllle-headed. Greenland Whale.'I'The latter, however, has no appeiudage called the "bonnet," which is so colispicu- AGAPHELUS.- Cope. OUS il tile present, upon tile anterior extremlity of'The generic characters are essenltially those of thle the beak-like upper jaw. Anotlher species, tile Euba- fa;mily above named.'ITh'le acrotnio is present on laia australis, Gray (B. australis of Cuvier and 13. tile scapula. Prof. Cope, who describes this genlus, capeusis of Gm;ay), is particularly a Soutliern one. says: "'l'e baleell is peculiar. Througliout tlhe It mmieasures only about forty feet, at most.''lie lellgth of tile maxillary bonie it nowlihere exceeded upper jaw is so considerably curved that the baleen one foot ill lenlgth; and tile width of tile baud, or is really much longer tlhan ill others. Th.'llis Whale tile lenigtll of tile base of eacl plate, four imches. It appears in great numlbers off'lerra del Puego anmd is of a creamily-white; tile triug'e very coarlse, wllite, tile western coast of South Amlerica, and ranlges to alld resembling hogs' bristles." the coast of New Holland and the Cape of Good THE SCRAG WHALE (Agaphelus gibbosus, Cope). Hope. Eubalkena cisarctica is a species nlamed by -'llis is the only species yet described. It inhabits Plrof Cope, alld described by hii ill the Proc. Acad. the Nortll Atlantic. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1865. It is identical with B. biscayemsis of Van Beneden. RHACHIANECTES.- Cope. Th'lis genus, established by Cope, has the cervical HUNTERIus.- Cray. vertebrae free; tlhe throat without plates; has nlo'T'lie characters of this genus are a broad first dorsal fill, anid no acroi1io process to tile scapula. rib, with a double head at the vertebral eld; tyIil- THE CALIFORNIAN GRAY WHALE (Rhachianectes pamiic bonies square, the apertures of which are niearly glaucus, Cope).-Of this species, Prof. Cope remarks: as long as the bone. The vertebrle lnumber fifty- "Th'le points in which this species differs fromii those seveni or fifty-eighlt, the five first cervical-united. of tule genius Balhena, previously known, are UinmlerIll tle fourth, or ring fillger, are five plialauges, anld ous, and will nio doubt be increased oil a furtiler ill thle seconld, third aLld fifttl are four.'Th'le first rib knowledge of thle animal.'T'lie head, betweel oilleis bifid and articulated to the first tw6 dorsals, or the fourth anld one-fifth of the total leuo til, allies it to last cervical and tle first dorsal; the seconid ib very tlle slihot-head species. Fromim thle B. australis thle thick at the fiee emnd. T'le inasal bonies are very mnumber of dorsal vertebrae, and the color anmd sliortlarge. Three species are enumerated by Gray. liess of the baleel, distinguish it." Neither are illllabitanlts of our seas. FAMILY — MEGAP'I'ER [DZE.- GCay. - CAPERRA.- Gray. HUIMPBACIKED WHALES. T'lhis genus is coifimled exclusively to tile tegions'Il'he dorsal fil is low anad broad; tile pectoral fil about New %ealamld. One species only is enumner- veriy lotIg, witlh foul' very lomg fimgems, of many phaated.' Ilauges.'T'hie vertebbae numllber fifty or sixty.'IT'he CETACEA.-MAMMALIA.-aETACEA. cxxvii cervical vertebra are often anchylosed. Th'lie neural Body black above. white beneath. Second: Body canal is large, high and trimngular.'l'The ribs are black above and below, with more or less white motfourteen or fifteen. tling under the throat and about the abdomen; pectoral and caudal fins white beneath, or slightly spotted MIEGAPTERA.- G'ray. wi-th black. Third: Body black above, whlite beneath, The generic characters are seen in the absence of with under side of pectoral and caudal fin of a dark an acroonlion and coracoid processes to the scapula, ash color. Fourth: Body black above, witl gray motand in the body of cervical vertebrae being sub- tling beneath. In all these varieties, both the caudal circular. and pectoral fins differ in shape and size; the latter, LONG-HANDED HUMPBACK (Megaptera lonlgima- in some individuals, being exceedingly long, narrow na, Gray).-Tl'his was described by Gray, also, as AM. and pointed, wlhiile others are comparlatively short boops. It inhabits the North seas. A species in- and broad. There are still others whose pectorals habiting the seas of New Zealand is named by Gray are of intermediate proportions, but terminate abruptM. norae zelandiws. ly, which also represent the scalloped flukes present BURMEISTER'S HUMPBACK (Megaptera burmzeis- in some individuals. Again, in other examples, thle teori, Gray). —This is recorded in Gray's Catalogue caudal fin is narrow, pointed and lunate; in others, with a mark, "?" after the generic name, and. is still, it is broad, and nearly straight on the posterior given as a synonym of M. lalandii of Van Beneden. edge. All these varieties feed and associate together Its habitat is Buenos Ayres. A skeleton is in the on tile same ground, and in every particular their Museum there. habits are the same, so far as we have been able to THE AMERICAN HUMPBACK (iegaptera ameri- ascertain from careful observation. All, likewise, cana). —Gray places this as an inhabitant of Ber- are infested with the same parasites. As to thle mnuda waters, and adds a note quoted from Hartt's dorsal protuberance called the hump, it is, as has Geology ancld Physical Geogr'aophy *of Brazil, page been previously stated, of no regular shape or size, 182, as follows: "The Norwega is a Humpback, but is nearly of a uniform height; the posterior edge which has the belly white and smooth (?); back, very is sometimes tipped with white. As to the tuberdark bluish; length, fifty to fifty-five feet.'I'his cles oil the head an(d lips. they were present on all Whale gives more oil than the Mystica. The whale- we have examined-twenty or more specimens. bone is short, and sells well.'T'he beach on which''llhose about the lhead are always well developed, the Whales are cut up is strewed with bones.'I'lhe while those upon the lips, in many individuals, are fishery is carried on at Bahia on a much larger scale scarcely perceptible. In some instances, however, than at Caravellas." they equal or exceed those which crown the skull. Mlegaptera kuzi'ra is another form, having its hiab- I'llere is no regularity in the number of gular folds, itat in Japanese seas, a skull of which is at the which, as far as observed, vary in number from eighiMuseum in Leyden. teen to twenty-six. In some cases, they run parallel legaptera osphyia.-Prof. Cope, in Proc. Acad. to each other; but usually there are several that Nat. Sci., Phila., 1865, describes this species, and either cross or terminate near the pectorals.'le gives the Atlantic as its locality. A skeleton of animals are all described as beiiig black above; but, the creature is in thle Museum at Niagara.'Ihllis in the examples which have been examined, there was particular specimen is about thirty-four feet in not one, when closely scrutinized, which did not relengthll; but Prof. Cope is of the opinion that veal some slight marks of white." it belongs to one of the largest of the Balcnidce. The baleen measures two feet in lengtll, is black, PoEscoPIA. —Gra. with three rows of coarse bristles. Its base is one'IThe forms arranged under this generic!heading are curve; its length is spirally twisted. characterized as having a shoulder-blade with a Megaptera versabilis.-'l'his is another species, small coracoid process, and the cervical vertebrase described by Prof. Cope, in 1869, in Proc. Acaed. with bodies nearly square. Nat. Sci., Phila. Its habitat is the North Pacific LALAND'S WHALE (Poescopia lalandii). —A and the California Coast. skeleton of this Whale is in the British Museum, and its habitat is given as Cape of Good.Hope. It Captain Scammon, in his Marine hIalinmals of the is tile only species of the genus recorded in Cat. Seals Neorth-west Coast of N. A., remarks, concerning the and Whales by Gray, and we know of no other. multiplication of species —upon paper: "We have frequently recogn ized, upoll the California Coast, EscaRIcITIus.- Gray. every species here described, and even in the sanlle Gray establishes this genus, with the following school or'gam.' Moreover, we have experienced characters, viz.: Bladebone with large coracoid prothe greatest difficulty in finding any two of these cess; body of the cervical vertebral separate, small, strange animals externally alike, or possessing any roundishl-oblong.'l'he neural canal is very broad and marked generic or specific differences. If the differ-'high. ences pointed out as constituting different species are' ROBUST HUMPBACK (Eschr'ichtius'0robustts, mailltained, we conclude tlhere must be a great numii- GCray). Thle, habitat of tlhis species is given as bem. WTe have observed, both in the dead and living North Sea, coast of Devonshire, Sweden alld tile alnilmals, thle followingdifferentexternalmarks. First: Atlantic. Prof. Cope remarks: "The E. robustus cxxviii CETAOEA. -MAMMALIA. CETACEA. is admitted, on the evidence of a ramus of the under the River Plata, Soutli America. In tilis and the jaw, in tile Museum, Rutgers College, whiich is of a next succeedinig species, tile lateral rings of tile cerpeculiar form, and closely resembles tile figfure given vical vertebrse are shorter than the diameter of the by Lilljebourg of that portion of this rare species."- bodies of the vertebrue..Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 194. THE BRAZIL FINNER WHALE (Physalus braziliensis, Gray).-rllis was formerly Balen optera of FAMni,Y-PHYSALIDA. ( Gray, recorded as such inI the Zoilogy of the Erebts FINNER nd Teror. Its habitat is Bahlia, South America. FINNER WHALES. Over the llame of AlMr. E]. Hartt, Gray quotes the'I'lis family has, at various times, borne the title following: "Th'le first Wllales appear in the AbrolPhysalina and Physalinidce. Gray, who instituted lios waters at about the end of May, and they stay these names, has settled upon the present-Physa- until October. Thle females often bring the young lidce.'I'lIe dorsal finl stands higlh, erect, compressed withl them, and appear to seek the shelter of thle alnd sickle-shaped, at about tllhree-fourtlls the entire reefs." length firom tIhe nose.'I'lTe pectoral fin is moderate CuvIE0Ius -' Gray. in size, with four sort fingers of four or six plia-. UVIERIUS G langes. Tile vertebral column has fifty-five or sixty- Tllis genus, nalmed for the emninent naturalist, has four blocks.'lie cervical vertebrae are not joined, tIle rostrum of the skull broad, the outer sides curved, or anclhylosed. T'le neural canal is oblong and trans- especially in front; tile second cervical vertebra with verse. two short, thick, lateral processes.'I'le first rib is'llere are some forms of this family with the vertebrle sing'le-lleaded. The sternum is oblong, ovate and numlbering sixty or sixty-four, and the first rib single- transverse.'I'le hands are elongate; fin(gers slender, lieaded.'I'he following are enumerated as such: the second finoger mucli longer than the fore-arm bone.'ITlle scapula has a broad acromion and a rudiBENEDENIA.- Gray. mentalv coracoid. These Whales are characterized by having tile SIBBALD'S FINNER WHALE (Cuvieri.us sibbaldii, rostrum of tile skull narrow, attenuated, withl straighlt- Gray).-l'lThis is the C. latirostris of Gray, in a forslanting edges; second cervical vertebra, with two mer paper, and Physalus sibbaldii o' same autlhor; short truncated lateral processes; the first rib, sin- Balmenoptera of Van Beneden, and B. carolinue and gle-headed.'I'le genus takes name frome thle natural- B. musculus of others. It is also called thle GRAY ist, Van Beneden. —G'ay. FIN WHALE, by Turner. Its habitat is given as the KNOX'S FINNER WHALE (Benedenia knoxii, Nortlh Sea. Gray says: "T'llle Great Northern RorGrQay).-'Tllis is also called B. boops by Gray, in a qual of Knox is probably of this species. Its skelprevious paper. Its habitat is the North Sea and eton is in the Edinburgh Museum." coast of Wales. RUDOLPHIUS.- G'ray. PHYSALUS. —Gray..-ay. Tis is thle genus Sibbaldius of Lilljebourg. Its'The rostrum of the skull in thliS, the typical genus of dorsal fill is compressed, falcate, two-thirds the entire the Physalide, is narrow, attenuated, with straight- length from the nose. Ribs 13, 13 first pair short, sloping sides,''lle second vertebra of thle cervical dilated at the external end. Th'lme sternum is elongate, has a broad lateral process, with a large perforatioll not narrow- at thle posterlior lobe.'Thlle fingerls are at the base. Thle first rib is single-hlleaded.''lle elongate, the second finger rather shorter thllan the stemrnummm is trifoliate, witll a long, slender, hind pro- fore-arm bomme. Tile scapula is very broad, with a cess.'I'he fingers are sllorter tllan thle fore-arml large, broad acromion process and a moderate corabones. Tihe scapula is very broad; the acrolnion coid one.'and coracoid process are well developed. THE BROAD-HEADED FINNER WHALE (RzdolTHE ANCIENT FINNER WHALE (Physalus an- ]phius laticeps, Gray). —T'lis is ilamed Sibbaldius latitiquorum, Gray). —''lhe termm alcient, or antiquated, ceps by Gray, in a former paper; and Baleiloptera whichl we apply to this Wliale, afte' the specific name, laticeps by Van Beneden. Habitat, Northl Sea. The is probably as good as another.'l'liere is no record nose of the skull is more than twice the length of the of the reasons for this designationi. Van Beneden brain cavity fiomn the nasal bones. terms it- Balmenoptera musculus, and its habitat is recorded as the Nortlh Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, SIBBALDIUS.- Gray. etc.''The ribs of this species are mentioned as four- Thlis is Flowerius of Lilljeboulg.'Illme dorsal fin teell in number oml each side. is very small, far behind, and placed On a thick promDUGUID'S FINNER WHALE (Physalus duguzidii, inence. T'lle ribs are 14, 14; the first short, with Gray). —''lle ribs are nlumbered as fifteen on eacll sternal end very broad anld deeply nlotched. Tile side, and the habitat is the North Sea and Orkney sternlum is trifoliate, witli a short, broad hinder lobe. islanids.'T'lhis and tile species precedinlg hias the T'ile scapula is broad, with a very long acromion and lateral rimgs of the second cervical vertebra as lobng short, slender coracoid process. as tlle diameter of the body of the verteblre. THE NORTHERN FINNER WHALE (Sibbaldiuls THE PATAGONIAN FINNER WHALE (Physaluls borealis, Gray).- Flowerius gigas of Lilljebourg. patachonicus, Grcay). —'l'llis Whale is said to inhallbit Habitat, North Sea. Gray gives tile following note CETACEA. — MAM1IIALIA. —- CETACEA. cxxix in this connection: "Mr. Flower considers B. boreSECTION II.-DENTICETE. alis, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1866), from North Atlan!tic, as very nearly allied to Balelnoptera Toothed Whales, literally, are included in this schllegelii." section, as distillguished fiorn tile precedinlg, thle SCHLEGEL'S FINNER WHALE (Sibbaltdius schle- IMLysticete, or those having onlly tile whalebole apgelii, Gray). —Balsenoptera schlegelii of Vanl Bene- pendage in lieu of teetll. In this section tile teeth deli. Habitat, Java. h'lie cervical vertebrae in this are well developed in onle or both jaws, but are in species are separate. The beak of the skull is very some cases deciduous.'lThe hlead is large, or moderlong, beingi three and a lialf times the length of the ately so, and comnpressed. There are two tympallic brain cavity. bones, dissimilar and separate, becoming united, and THE ANTARCTIC FINNER WHALE (Sibbaldius (?) sunk in a cavity ill tile base of the skull.'I'lhe gullet antar'cticus, Gicay).-Ba.lelloptera anltarctica of Vau is large. Beneden, who regards it as a doubtful species. Hfab- Prof. Gray arranlges the sub-orders in this section itat, Buenos Ayres. whichll have certaiin relationls to each othler, ill two THE SULPHUR-BOTTOM FINNER WHALE (Sib- parallel series. Th'le first division ihas tlle nostrils baldius sulphiureus, Cope). —''lhe wllhalers of the longitudinal, parallel or diverging, and each covered north-west coast designate this species as above. with a valve; in tIhis division is the following subCaptain Scaimoll gives a figure and full descriptioll order: of tile animnal''lhe dorsal fin is very far back. It inhabits the North Pacific and Nlrth-west Coast of SUB-ORDER —PHYSE'TEROIDE A.- Gray. America, as far south as California. Sibbaldius tectirostris, Cope, inhabits tile North Pacific.''e "The lead in this group is blunt; the nostrils longSkeleton is in the Museunm at Phliladelphiia. Sibbal- itudinal, parallel or diverging, and each covered with dius tuberosus, Cope, and S. Iaticeps of same author a valve; the right onle is often obliterated.''lhere in earlier paper, inhabit tile North-east Coast of are ma.lly teeth in thle lower jaw, fitting into holes ill North America. the guIlms of the upper one. l'lhere is no distinct lachrylial bone.''lhe costal cartilages are not ossiFAMILY-B ALXENOPTERID2E. fled. r'hle hinder ribs lose thleir tubercular and rePIRKE WIH-ALE3S. I taming thll ir capitularl articulatioll withl tile vertebrle. The greater number of the cervical' vertebrse are anThe dorsal fin in this fial.ly is high, erect, coln- chylosed togetller. Th'le pterygoid are thick, propressed, about two-thirds of tile entire lengthl fiom cluced backwards, meeting in tile middle line, and not the nose. Thle pectoral fin is moderately large, with involuted to form tlme outer wall of tilhe post-palatine four short fingers. Tl'he vertebrme number fifty.:'T'le air-silus. The symphysis of tile mandible is either cervical vertebrae are sometimes; anchylosed. The of moderate or excessive length. Trlere are no funcneural canal is broad anld trigonal. Ribs are 11, 11. tionlal teeth ill the upper jaw. T'he teeth of thle nmanThe second cervical vertebra with a brl'ad lateral' dible are valious, often much reduced in number. expansion, perforated at thie base. The first rib is'I'le lachlrymal bones usually large and promlillelit. sinlgle-headed. Thle lower jaw las a conlical coronoid Bomles of tile skull are raised, so as to form all process. elevated promiinence or crest bellilnd the anterior BAL^E NOPTERA.- Gray. - lnares. Thle orbit is small, or moderate in size.'I'lhe pectoral limbs are small. The dorsal fin is usually In this, the typical genus (formerly Fabricia of present." —1Flower. Gray), tie lower lateral processes of tile third to tile seventhl cervical vertebrma with an angular projec- FAMIIY-CA'l.'ODONI'IDA. tion on tile lower edges. Thle fingers are slhort, thle length of tile fore-arm bolle.'lhe scapula is broad,''lle hlead is comllpressed, truncated iml frollt and very with an acromion process and coracoid elonigate and large.'l.'ie blowilig-lloles are separate, lillear in shape, slender. and situated ill front of tile head, on tile upper part. THE BEAKED PIKE WHALE (Balcenoptera ros- Th.'e outh is beneath, anld linear il slhape. Tile pectrata, Gray). —Habitat, North Sea. Balmnoptera toral fill is sliort, broad aid truncated.'Ih'le dorsal velifera, Cope. Has a large dorsal fil. Inhabits lunip is rounded.''lThe skull elongate, crlown concave, Oregon anld California Coast alld Queen Chlarlotte's and surroundec by a high perpelidicullar wall, folrlned Sound. by tie doubled-up maxilla amld occipital bones.''le upper jaw is toothlless.'l'le atlas is fiee, an(d tlhe SWINHOIA.-SGray. rest of tile cervical vertebre. united by their bodies Th'le lower lateral processes of tile third to tile and spilles inito a consolidated mIass. sixth cervical vertebla are slenlder aLid regularly curved, without any prominient angle on tile lower edge. T'h1lis is an East Indian or Chinese gemmus,'l'le atlas vertebla of this gemus is transverse, and having one species, as follows: learly twice as broad as lligl; tile central callal subTHE CHINESE PIKE WHALE (Swinlhoia chinen- trigomal and imarlow below.'I'lle skull is nearly ollesis, Gray).-Illlabits tile seas of Folrmosa. tllilrd tile entilre lengthi of tile body. VOL. I. —r. cxxx CETACEA.- MAMMALIA. CETACEA. THE GREAT-HEADED CATODON (Catodon macmro- Steno, all of the Illdianll Ocean alld South Seas, cephalus) —Plate 27, fig. 87.-Physeter macroceplha- save one from tile Northl Sea. Genus Sotalia, with lus of Flower. lnllhabits the tropical seas, and is acci- onle species, is known to the waters of British dentally in temperate regions. Flower regards this Guia.a. I'lThis falmily also includes tribes Delphias idelltical with tile C. australis. Accordilg to nina, Lagenorhynchina, Pseudorcaina, and PhocceMaury, tile Spermin Whale liever doubles tile Cape of nina. The first of these tribes emb races the famnilGood Hope, but does pass arournd Cape Horn. iar typical forms, the true Dolphins- Delplillnus, ence lie inllfers that there may be a warm unlder- with tell species, five being knownl in our Aillercurrent off the latter point. ical waiters. The gellus Clymellia illcludes fourteenl species, two being knlowI to waters of South MEGANEURON.- Gr ay. America and one to the North Sea. Genus DelphiThis genus has a sub-circular atlas vertebra, rather napterus has onle species, common to South Atlantic broadel than hiih1. The central canal sub-circular, and New Guinea. Ge2nus'Ilursio has seven species. in tile -middle of thle body, and widened above. Olle is found ill Pllhiladelphia Harbor, amld was deh'lhe rest of the anlirnal is ulknown. " It is placed scribed by Prof'. Cope as Delphinus erebennus, alld among tile Catodontidce because this family is the subsequently as D. tursio. Omme other species is only one that has tile atlas separate fronm the cervical known to waters of Buenos Ayres, South America. vertebrae, and of the silmp)le florm."-Gray. Eutropia has two species in the South Seas. Im KREFFT'S CATODON (Meganeurlon Irefftii, Gr'ay). the tribe Lagenorhynchina, genus Electra has seven — This is all Australiall species.'Thlle atlas is given species, one of which is native to the west coast of as measuring thirteen inches in width. North America, named E. thlicolea. Genera Feresa, Leucopleurus and Lagenlorhynchus have each one FAMILY-PHYSETERID.E. species. Of tribe Pseudorcaina, two genera are enumerated, each havilng two species.'Il'ile PhocceThe hlead in this group is depressed, and rounded nina includes genera Phocseta, Acantlhodelphlis and in front. The blowers are linear, thle left one often Neomieris. Phocsena is Nortlh American, and Acanobliterated, amld situated oil the back of the fore- thodelphis knlown to Braziliall waters, each hlavilg head. T'lle mouthl is small, immerior and roumded. ole species ommly. Thle dorsal fill is compressed alld falcate. Tie skull THE COMMON DOLPHIN (Delphinus delphis) — is short, crowmI comlcave, the hinmder portiom of thle Plate 28, fig. 88.-Historical amld classical, tile Dolwall formed by tile mnaxillaries, amd divided, as it phint Ias in all ages claimed a good degree of iiterest were, imito two sub-equal portions by a celltral boly amid attelltioln firomi tile general reader, as well as ridge, wlich is imore or less twisted towrards tile right fromn tile poet, the painter amid tile savant. It is side. Thle upper jaw is toothless. The atlas amd graceful ill form, ald has lonIg beeum the ideal of cervical vertebrse are all ummited into a solid mass. beauty ill certaill artistic groupings aiId designs.'[lle chlaracteristic promiminemice oil its hlead, with its PHYSETER.-Gr'ay. proloiiged smiout, is exaggeraled solnewhat to produce Thle hlead is large amid rather depressed in this, the tile comlvemtiollal art forml. Yet, whlat with its gracetypical form. It is omily kniown from i Sibbald's ful Illovemnemits amid attractive markimgs, it may well be descriptionl, whlich, says Gray, is rather specific, as is regarded as exceptioIally iliterestilg..'IThis is thie usual with his descriptions, amid are very correct. true Dolphliii of tile poet and tile painter, altlioug'h Mr. Flower doubts tile accuracy of it. II tile flan- tie sailor may claimll that tlme fish, so called, whlich ily PALyseteride are three gemmera, viz.: Pllyseter, exhibits most brilliait colors, imade chanlgeable Kogia amid Eupliysetes. Of tile first-lamed, omme while dyimmg by certaill aspects of tile circulatioum of species-tlle onlly onle-is all ihlllabitalt of tile the blood, is also tile true olle. Thlle latter hlas somlleNorth Sea.'Three species beloniging to tile other wllat tile samle outlille of hlead atld slouldlers; but two gellera are foulid ii tile waters of Indianu Ocealm tile former, also, has tile eloulgated flexible bodly, amid Australia.. Sub-order Sasuoidea is represelited with tile elegamut forked tail, whlose flukes add suci wholly ill Imidia. grace to tile drawimigs of aucieut works.''llouglh familiar to tihe reader by descriptioum anld illusS uB-ORD ElR-DDEL P1 fIN 0IDE1. tratioli, yet tile Dolphiui is seldom seemm alive.'ITh'le well-known Dolpiillns are included imi thiis Aim excelleuut oppoitumity was offered durilg tile group.'I'e characteristics are see ill tile two uos- wiuiter of 1878 at tile New York Aquariumll. tmils umlitilig imito a sinigle central transverse or cres- A specimens, measu'ring about seven feet ii lemmgth, ceuutic blower, oul the back of'tie crow,.''lime teeth was captured ill thle East River, New York, are perlnatlelit ii bothi jaws, or rarely deciduous by and was successfully exhibited alive during several age.'lhle head is gelmerally produced ii a beak-like moulths. it was regarded as umumchi hiore imiterestimlg form.'le dorsal fill is somuietimes watitinig, amid is thlla the Beluga, or White Whale, which occupied falcate or sickle-shaped whleim present. tihe great tamk at nearly tile saumme timue, the latter A species belollgilg to tIle gemus luia-tlhie oumly beillg sluggish, comnpared witlh tile Dolphliu, wlhose one of tile grloup —is fould ill tile Amazoml River. graceful alld active manceuvres were a source of'l'lhe fammily D)elhinidca is arrallged by Dr. Gray to great pleasure to tile -nammy visitors.'liis creatlure is include tribe Stenonina, witlh zimie species of gellus lega'rded by sailors as remarkably swift, alld it lhas CETACEA. — MAMMALIA.-CETACEA. cxxxi accordingly been called by them the Arrow of tile species of the former, and mentions four other Sea. It also is called Sea Goose, Oye de Mer, onl forms, which lie regards as identical with B. catodon account of the peculiar contour of the head, which (Fig. 80, vol. i. p. 203). B. rhinodon is nale(l by resembles the beak of a Goose.'I'lie Dolphinl was in Cope as another species, found in "Arctic Seas." tile earliest times consecrated to tile gods, and was (Cope, P~oc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1865-9.) Ill the hlonored as tile special benefactor of mlankind. Plilly, same article Prof. Cope describes others, which lie AElian aiid other ancient authors repeatedly record niames B. declivis, 13. augustata-eaclh fiom samne lotheir appreciation of these supposed attributes.''lie cality. B. canadensis is a species very commllon i tihe youniger Pliny wrote a charmillg love tale, ill waters of the month of tlhe St. Lawrelnce River. Dr. which the Dolphiin's attachmeint for Hippus is set Gray regards tills also as identical with B. catodon. forth. Ovid sings praises of the beneficent rescue THE BELUGA, OR WHITE WHALE (Beluga canadenand care of the musician Arion: sis, Wyman).-''lis Canadianl species was niaimed by Dr. Wymanl of Boston, alld is thle onie which lhas been "But (past belief) a Dolphin's back so fiequently captured alid exllibited alive, both in Preserved Arion from his destined wreck; N New York and Boston. It is sluggish in h a bit, which Secure he sits, and with harmonious strains, Requites his bearer for his frieondlypains." accounits for tlie ease withl which it is secured anid tralnsported out of its proper elemnenit. It is easily Many a pleasing tale is told, and mucli exaggeration domesticated in a certaill falshlion.'lle keepel of is extant conicerlning this creature of the deep; yet onme at Bostoni tauogt it to take its food froin his there is no evidenice of its possessing more sagacity hanllds at initervals, wlile it passed arounid tile tanik. thani anly other Cetacean. In. early times tile flesh A very Satisfacolry exhlibition of this creature was of the Dolphin was highlly esteemned, but it is now afforded at Coney Islanld, N. Y., in thle summiner of seldoma eateni. The Dolphinls are remarkably playful, 1877, where the Whale was placed in a tanlk built in and a voyage at sea is seldonm without somle exhlibi- the groulld, alid supplied constalltly with pure sea, tion of their gamllbols, or the ship uniaccomipamnied by water.'lThis specimmieni was takenl to Europe, but nulmbers of these " stern anid bow chasers." An ini- died soon after reaclmingg thle Westrminster AquariuIm. terestilg species, thouglh much rarer, being very sel- THE NARWHAL (;lMonodon qnonoceros)-Plate 27, doin captured, is tile Bottle-nose Dolphlin. fig. 86. —-l'liis is ilideed a ummiqume creature.'The olog THE PORPOISE (Phoccena communis). —''lis is tile and sinlgle weapoll whllicll it carries in frolit is Illost most familiar Cetacean or Wlhale-like anlimmlal knmown1 surprisiing, as its extreime letlgtll would seem to pieto our waters, althoughll it is niot often seeni away elude its possible utility. Yet, ino doubt, it has a. from tile sea shore. It is not easily captured, thloulgh wise purpose. One species only is kinown. I1 it frequents nearly every bay or inlet of thle coast. most respects it is like others of its order.'T'hough Its niamne is corrupted from tile Frenchm, which called tile Sea Umlicorln-tlhe one-llornl-yet it is really originally mealit Hog-iish-Porc-poisson. I'lle Por- provided with a ruldilimentary associate hlornl, or tooth, poise is about seven or eight feet in lemngtli, anld its for the lollg weapoli is truly a tusk e(eormiously dlevelyoumng are remarkably large at birth, like mmanly otlhers oped. ILnstanLces are knowll where both tusks have deof this order of animnals. It is gregarious, hierdinig veloped equally, anld mneasurimng seven feet and seven together, anld followin each other ini regular liles; aind a half respectively.'1'The great power possessed rollinig to tile surface to brieathle, so exactly in limne by this creature is seeni ill several recorded illstanices, as to resemible numiblers of black shliinig wheels. where tile tusk o' a Narwhlal had been thrust intto Family GRAMPIDME illterests us as embracinlg more tile bottoml of a vessel, anld left brokeln near tlhe famliliar forums, of wlhichl the Graimpus, so well-knlown hllead of tile anlimnal.''The ivory of thle tusk is reto sea-flaring people, is a member. Geunus Gramilpus garded as of considerable value.'l'o tile Greellaluder has three species, neithier of them credited to our the Narwhal is of tlme greatest imlportamce.'l'he long Amlericaul waters. tusk furnlishies nimaterial for his bows, arrows anld inlfamily G(LoBIoCErPHAIIDmE.-Th is group is so named mnummuerable objects that wood, a scarcer article to for tile remarkable rounded head wwhiclh gives a hliml, is usually applied to.'I'lie upper jaw of thle strikinlgly differenlt aspect to tile creature from that younig, or tile fellmale Narwhlal, is provided withi two of' tile usual smlout-beariung forms. One species is sla.ll anid hollow tusks. Il the femumale tlese remimain knownl il tIle harbor of Buenos Ayres-S. grayi; al- undeveloped —they are thle canlline-teeth, and not other, S. initerlnedias, was described by Cope fiom a incisors, as would naturlly be supposed.'i'lhe left specimnen taken in Delaware Bay.'1'en other species tusk in thle male rapidly becoumes developed, but tile are known ill eastern waters. Spelnmocepllalus is righllt remainis inmactive, andll tile parts becomIe filled another genus, closely allied, with one species, founld with bolly substance. h'lie lenlltllh of this allirmal is in tlme British Channmumel. about thirteen feet, its tusk beingr collsiderably more Fi14mily ORCADIE has two genera: Orca with eighlt thanl onme half that ineasuremrellt. It is collmmon to species-one of tihem found in Califorllia, onue in thle colder waters of bothl coitinments, anmd is largely Oreg'oin, and oune on tIle coast of South Amllerica; anid gregarious. Sowerby says it accomllpanlies ships, as genlus OphIysia, withi one species, in tIle Northl Pacific. do tlIe Dolphlinus. Family BELUGID.E is notable for embracillg tIle EaVnily PONTOPORIAD, 1inankilg nuext, is chmaractelfaimiliiar'orm called tile Wlhite WhIale, alid tile ized by having a very lolug beakr. One gemmus, witlhi curiously armed Narwhlal. Dr. Gray records two onme species, is found in thle South Atlamitic. cxxxii SIRE NIA. -MAMMALIA. - MARsPIALIA. SUB-ORDER-ZIPHIIOIDEA. FAMILY-MANATIDA3. Ill this group the liead is produced inl the forin of T'he anlifnals arranged under this fainily nanme, in a beak like the preceding. Th'I'e teetli are only in the the principal portion of this work (vol. i, p. 205), are sides or front of the lowel jaw, and fit into sockets now arranged by authors in a separate order. Owen in tile upper one. places them between the Pacllyderils and Cetaceails, Family HYPEROODONTIDE includes genera Hy- inl order Si'enlia. An account of their structure anld peroodon and Lagenocetus. A species of the hlabits w\ill be found as above.'Thllis is a small but first, the H. selnijunctus, was described by Cope remarkable group of animals.'ITh'le Seals are regarded in Pr'oc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1865. Habitat, as carlnivolrous marine animlals; the presenlt are hlerbiClharlestown Harbor. One species only of the vorous, and resemble the thick-skiniiied creatures of Lagenocetus is known, its habitat being in the the land.'They feed chiefly upoii the succulent vegNorth Sea. etables that grow upon the borders of the lakes oir Family EPIODONTIDA has two genera. Epiodon, rivers wherle they reside-crawling out, like the thile typical genus, has two species, one all inhabitant Alligator, to su tlhemselves or browse upon thle vegof Soutli American waters. etation that grows a little remloved f'ro tile shore. Family ZIPHIIDE illCludes four genera, anld is found THE MANATEE (Manatuts hatirostiis). —'l'lis creailn tlle British Channllel. Tile genera.Dolichodoin, ture is Ilearly confilled to thle sinall area covered by Neoziplhius and Dioplodon are tile remiaining groups tile West Indiall Islands anlld thle gulf shlores of of this famiily-each witil olle species.'T'le latter, Florida alld Mexico. lTamlpa Bay, ill Florida, is a D. scllellensis, is a imost reial'lkable creature, if we Iavorite resort for tllell.'T'le Mialatees are gregoaimay judge froln tile skeletoll, a figure of whichl Dr. ous, amld at oIie tilme were very abulldallt. Barton Gray gives ill tile work firol wliclil we Iave extracted records ilIstaIlces of great nluinbers being killed by our accoutrt of the Cetacea.'T'lhe skull is totally tile Indias of lorida. Thlley are now co11 paratively ullike alytllill of similar uses, almd is increased ill rare.'T'lhis species of Mallatee was kept alive in Cellsinlgularity by two hlolrn-like processes projectill tlral Park, but died onl thle approacll of cold weatlher. friom eacll allterior portion of tile sIlout.'lille verte- Allotlher species, Ri. australis (Plate 36, fiH. 84), is coilbrae are enorlnous ill comlparative size, and hlave ex- 111011 to tlle watels of Soutl Aiierica. A very illteresttrelnely hlighl alnd broad spitious processes, wlile tile iig' species was disovel'cd by Steller duriig hllis voyage ribs are slender alld Sllort, tile whole aspect beillg to BeliriIi' s Islandll. l'his Ilas silice becollle extimIct. tlhat of a body of great muscular strellgtll ill tile It is nlamed Steller's Rhytltillal (R. stelleri), Plate 26, region of tile spinal columln, and one very weak or fig. 86, wilere a lull accoullt will be foulnd. Alotlier contracted in tile visceral regions. genus, thle I4alicore, is knlownv ill thle Indianl Ocean. ORDER XIII.-MARSUPIALIA.':HIS order well-nigil belongs to anothler conitinenit. Eocene." — Wallace. T'lis autllor concludes tllat a few species of Opossunms, includinng one notable;" sufficient evidence hlas beenl shlowIl tllat Anllericall creature —tle Virginlia Coon, and others are know I Marsupials hiave Ilotlillg to do with tllose of Ausiln South America. tralia, but were derived firom Europe, wlhere their Wallace records three gemnera and twenty-two ancestors lived duriiinr a loto series of ages." species of tile famllily Didelphyidce. THE VIRGINIA OPOSSUM (Didellphis vilginiana) T'lie range of tlhe true Opossums in Amlerica-and -Plate 30, fig. 96. —T'le'Possu of tile Soutilern they are regarded as peculiar to this contilneIt —is States is too well lkowvi amLd quite too unlique aiiioing firomm tile southlern boundary of Texas to tile river otiler animials of our contiment to require special La Plata, amid on the west coast to latitude 42~ south. Itnemtion. A good accoumnt of thiis species, witl motice One species onlly is forund above, and thlat extemnds of several othiers, includliimg tile curious formn called fionm Florida to tile Hudsqn River. Tile species is Yapock (Clieironectes variegatus), fig. 92, known imost numlllerous ill tile great forests of Brazil. inl Soutll Amlerica, may be foumnd ill vol. i, page EXTINwor DIDELPHYID.E are lound in tile caves of 217. Brazil, but nllle ill tile older forlnations. Tie livillg slpecies only ihas beemn fouInd ill thle Post Pliocemne The last reniaiminmmg order embraces only thle few deposits. "In Europe inlaly sIllall species hIave beemi formmns called, respectively, Dutch-billed Platypus and founmd, whlichl are nanmed in a distinct genus, Perlt- Porcupine Allt-eatels.'I'llis ol'dt(er —ifootreamta — tilerium.'lhev were discovered ill tile various'ler- does not, thlerefore, conceirn us, as they are all Old tiary deposits, fi'omn tile Upper Miocene to tile Upper World amnimals. HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN FAUNA. BIRDS. F~AMILY-2' TJ URD ID iE33. Iparticulars. Its ranlge of habitat is tIhrough Eastern North America to the Mississippi River. THE WOOD THRUSH (Turdus mustelinus).-"'l'is DWARF THRUSH (Tu2l'dts nanus) is similar to the sweet and solitary songster," says Wilson, "inhabits Hermit'I'hrush, but smaller, beinog only six and a the whole of North- Amerijca, fri'oi Hudson's Bay to half inches in length, withl a spiread of wilng three aund the peninsula of Florida. At whatever time the a third inches. It is confined to thIe Pacific Coast Wood'ITh'rush arrives, lie soon announces his presence of North Amelrica, amld along thie valley of Gila and inl the woods. With the dawn'of the succeedinog El Paso. I10Olrnilng, mounting to thle top of some tall tree that WILSON'S THRUSH (Tardldus jftscesces). —Tllis rises fi'rom a low, thick-shaded part of the woods, he bird, called formerly by Wilson the'T'awny Thrush, pipes his few but clear and musical notes in a kind of is like the Ilerinit Th11miush, in so far as it has no song, ecstasy, the prelude or symphoIny to which strongly but a sharp chuck. It is tell inches in length, and resemble s the double-tonguing of a Germant flute, twelve inclies ill extent of' wings. "'This species," alld sollletilles the tinkling of a small bell.'Th'le says Prof. Baiud, "is well distinlguished among the whole sonig consists of five or six parts, the last note American'Thrllushes by tile indistinctness of thle spots of each of which is in Such a tone as to leave the beneath, and their beinig confined mainly to tile'foreconclusion evidently suspended.'I'hefinale is finely part of the breast." lanaged, and with Such charming effect as to soothe THE OREGON THRUSH (Tlrdus ustulatyls) is found and tranquilize the minind, and to seemn sweeter and onl the coast region ofr:Oregon and Washingtoll'l'errmellower at each successive repetitionl. Even in ritories. Its length is about seven and a I-half inches. dark, wet and glooIny weatlher, when scarce a singole THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH (Turdus swacisonii). chirp is heard from any other bird, the clear notes -" This species is at once distinguished from the of thle Wood Thrush thrIill tlhroughI the dirooping others by the perfectly uniform and puie dull olivawoods from morning till night; and it may be said ceous shade of its upper parts, most str'ongly mnarked truly, that the sadder tile daly, the sweeter his song." and appreciable on the rump and tail.'T'lhe throat'l'he favorite haunts of the Wood Thrush are low, and breast are, perhlaps, more reddish than in any of thick-shaded hollows, through which a simall brook our species, and the tinge in tile mnarking oil thle side or rill meanlders, overhunlg with alder bushes that are of the head is very much more decided than in any mantled with wild vines. Near such a scene he other; the spots on the breast larger thllall in'l'. ustugenerally builds his nest. Th'e eggs are four, some- latus, and rather more llumnerous thanl ill pallasii."times five, of a uniforml blue, without spots. Bazird. T'lie ranuge or this bird is fiom Eastern In Aamerica tlle Wood''hrush holds tile first rank North Amermica to tile Black Hills, south to Mexico as a somngster, and is considered to be equal to tile and Peru, amd mlolth;as far as Greenlllud. Ni,'hlltingale and Song'lhrushll of Europe. It is THE ROBIN (Trq~duzs mnigratorqius).-This'ihirush, said to be easily reared inl cornfiniement, and to sinii so well known to Amierlicams, aild especiallly those of as well thie as wher free.'lThough regarded as a tlle lnorlthern anld easteirn portions of the United rame bird comparatively, it is heard in most portions States, as tile Robin, has derived its lnamne unrdoubtof tile Ceatital Park, and it even frequents the trees edly fromn thle early English settlers, who found ill its oveihllalging tile Fifth Avenue, inl New York-a faiililiar hiabits, and perlhaps in its color alld geileral ml.ost exposed situation-yet the bird is with great appearance, a semublance of tile Robill-redbl'east of difficulty seei. tlhe Mother Country.'Th'le Robin is one of tlhe TIHE HERMIT THRUSH (Turdus pallasii) is a earliest songsters of tle sprillg'. Frequeltly in lMatch species somewhat smaller tlhan thie former, but very lie is seen ill flocks about tIle fields, while tile snow closely resenmbliig it. It is very secluded in hlabits, is yet upoii thle ground. His fondless for tIle society hlas Ino song, amd its eggs arle spotted; differinlg, of' mlan is noticeable wlherever hlie is foulld: building therefore, from the Wood Thrush in several esselntial always ill-tile orchard or ill some tr'ee nlear a hlumanl CXXxiv TURDIDE. -BIRDS. -TURDIDE. habitation. It inhabits the whole of North America, musical, and capable of almost evei'y modulation, fiomn the cold regions of the extreme north to the from the clear, miellow tones of the Wood Thr'lush to Gulf States, tihough they do not often breed fartller the savage scream of the Bald Eagle. In measure south than Virginia.'l'lley are called by the set- and accent lie faitlfully follows ihis originals. In tlers around Hudson's Bay, Red-birds; and in other force and sweetness of expression, lie greatly imnorthern localities the American Field-fares. proves on them. In his native groves, mounted Tile Aelleicanll Robin, or Migratory Thrush, is quite onl the top of a tall bush or lialf-grown tree, in tile a different bird froin the Robin-redbreast of Europe; dawn of dewy morning, whiile the woods are already tihe latter being very much snmaller anld a member of vocal with a miultitude of warblers, Ihis admllirable another family, the Sylvzidce, in which belonIgs the soIg rises preieminent over every competitor. Tl'he Nighitingale. A variety, confinis, is called Cape St. ear can listen to his music alone, to wliicil tlhat of Lucas Robin. all otilers seems a mere accomlpanimenlt. Neitiler is GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH (Turdus alicice).-'llhis tilis strain altogethler imitative. His own native species is very nearly like tile Olive-backed Th'lrusl. notes, wlhicli are easily distinguislhed by suchl as are It is darker tlian tile latter; exhibits an ashly sliade well acquaillted with thlose of our various sonig birds, on tile sides of the ]lead, alid a white rinlg arounld the are bold anid full, and varied seemingly beyond all eye. It inhabits the Mississippi region to tile Mis- lilllits. T'ley comisimt of silort expressions of two, souri. tlhree, oi- at most five or six syllables, genlerally inVARIED THRUSH (Turdus ncevius) is a large bird, terspersed witil ilnitationls, anid all of thiemin uttered closely lilie tile Robint ill size, anid genleral forim anid with great empilasis anid rapidity, anid colitinued, appearance. It is of tile same lemlgthl of the latter, withli unldilminlisiled ardor, for a lialf anll mour or an but its wings and tail are somlewhlat shiorter. It is liour at a timrie. Hi-s expanded wiilng(s and tail, glisalso readily distinlguislied by its difference in color telling withi whiite, and tile buoyant gayety of lhis and markimlgs.''lie Varied T'lirusli is niearly confinled action, arrestinig thie eye, as hmis somlmg mmost irresistibly to tile Pacific Coast of Northi America, tliougli strag- does tile ear, lie sweeps roumld witih elitihusiastic ecstasy glers liave been seen on Long Islamnd and lear B3oston. — le mloulnts amnd descemnds as hiis song swells or dies MOCKING-BIRD ((Mimus polyglottus) Plate 10, away, and, as my friend Bartranl lias beautifully fig. 34.-Th''is, thie most nlotable somlgster in Americea, expressed it,' He bounds aloft withi tile celelity of and deservedly considered as equal to tile chlerishled ajl arrow, as if to recover or recall his very soul, exNiglitingale of Europe, is an inliabitanit of botli pired in tile last elevated strainl.' Wilile tlius exNorth and d South Amnerica, but is not found oil ertilg iiiiniself, a bystanderl destitute of sighit, would tihe eastern continent. It is rarely seen in tile suppose tlhat tile wimole featlhered tribes hlad assemNew England States, whlere it is considered a bled togethlier onl a trial of skill, each strivinmg to straggler; thoughi Mr. Allen, of Sprinmgfield, asserts prioduce its utmmost effect, so perfect are hiis imiitatioiis." that it hias been known to breed near tlhat place We hiave quoted very fully fi'om Wilson's delighltful several times. Inm one instance, lie remuarks, " tie account of tlis bird, feeling tlhat the reader can nopair was secured, with tile nest and eggs." Of whiere find a more trutilful or inlteresting recital. the bird, Wilson says: " lThoughl atlier a shiy bird One domesticated Mocking-bimrd of ouI' acquaillnta.nce in the Nortlmern States, here lie appeared alliost neighed in close illlitation of a Horse; and anotlier hlalf domesticated, feeding on tile cedars, aind among mocked tile weird notes of tile Wlhip-poor-will. On the thicket of smilax that lined tile roads, while tihe Florida reef this bird makes its appearalnce in I passed within a few feet; playing around tile considerable numbers for a few days at a time durinig planlter's door, and lhopping alonlg tile slingles." tlle winter monltlis, but is always eltirely silent thlere.''le Mocking-bird breeds more freely in the Middle We liave often received familiar visits fromli them States; in April lie is seen to be preparing his nest withiin tile eniclosed veraida, and even in tile mouse in tile Gulf States. In Pennsylvania lie bestirs him- ilnterior, wieiere tliey would accept tile proffeted food, self for tlis event during tile first week in May; and but have never uttered a mnote. still later inl New olrk anld thle-more northlernl limnits THE CAT-BIRD (Mimtus carolinensis)-Plate IV, of its range. He is like tile Robin, fond of the culti- fig. ii. —''This is one of tile most Ifamliliar of our' native vated tiickets near hinumnan iabitations, and builds, birds, known to all tile coulitly-side of tile Northiern usually, quite near themn. Describiing tile general States by its cilaracteristic cat-like notes. Bothi appearance of this bird, Wilson says: "'Thle plumage nmale and female hiave the habit, besides tile utterof tile Mocking-bird, thloughi none of tile lhomeliest, ance of song like that of tile Brown T'lirusli, of prohliasnotlhing gaudy or brilliant in it, and, hlad hle notim- ducing notes like tie mnewing of a Cat.'I'lie Cating else to reconltnelnd him, would scarcely entitle bird is one of tile first visitors ill spring. It breeds liim to notice; but his figure is well proportioned, in New E}iglaind anld tile Nortliermn States, as far and even handsome.'lThe ease, elegance and rapidity west as tile Missouri River. It is, like tile Robin of his movemenits, tihe amnimation of his eye, and tile anld Mocking-bird, fond of human society, if we may intelligence lie displays in listening and laying up judge fiom its almost invamriable custoirm ill frequentlessons from almost every species of tile feathered ing tile settled ileigllborlloods. It builds its nest creation within lhis hearillg, are really surprisiin g, amid alld lays about tile last week ill Maly, or filmst in June, mark thie peculiarity of ihis gellius. To these quali- amid hias foum' to five eggs of a bmright, deep, emelald ties we may add tlat of a voice full, stroing al(lt green. T'o a certain extent, tile Cat-bird is a mocke; TURDIDE. BIRDS. —CINCLImE. cxxxv lie tries his voice in imitation of the various song- CURVED-BILL THRUSH (Harporhynchus curvirossters, and being one of the earliest in the sunimmer tris). —'lhis species is distinoguished fromn the Califor. morilng concerts, lie is particularly prominent; yet hlie iia Thrush by its smaller size, shorter tail alld white is but all inldifferent melodist. Wilson, wliose kindly under parts with distinct spots, etc. Habitat, Lower feeliltgs are always onl the side of our birds, thus de- Rio Grande. fends the Cat-bird: "With all his ainiable qualities, MEXICAN THRUSH (Haiporhynchus longirostris). few people in the country respect the Cat-bird; on is a species resemblinlg the Browil'l'hrush of tIle thle conltrary, it is genierally tile object of dislike, and Northern States, yet conlsidered to be distinct anid thile boys of the United States entertain thle same easily recognized by certaill characters. It is found prejudice and contempt for this bird, its nest anld on the Lower Rio Grande, and south througlh Eastern youl!g, as those of Britain do for the Yellow Hamnmer. Mexico. I am at loss to account for this cruel prejudice. BROWN THRUSH (Haqporhynchus rufus).Even those by whom it is enltertained can scarcely'rllougl Easternl North America this bird is well tell you why; onlly, they'hlate Cat-birds,' as some klnowii as a pleasant songster. IIe is variously called persons tell you they'hate Frellchmell,' they' hate Thrasher, Browl'lhrush, Fox-colored'Ihrush, FerDutchmlieen,' etc.: expressions that bespeak their own rugillous'l'hrusl, and, in the Southern States, the narrowness of understandiing and wanit of liberality. Freich Mockingi-bird. Its tones are much like those'IThe Cat-bird is fond of large, ripe gardenl straw- native to the Mocking'-bird. In the early days of berries; so is the farmer.'IThe Cat-bird loves tile the Republic, tile latter was called the Eniglish richest anld best early cherries; so does the farlner. Mocklin-bird, while tile Brown'Ihrush, being somleTh'le Cat-bird has a particular partiality for the fiiiest, what inferior in voice, was designated as the French ripe, mellow pears; and these, also, are particular Mockilng-bi-rd-our foref'athers, through strollg prejufavorites of the farmler.. But tile Cat-bird has fre- dice, considering everythlilg Frenlch as inferior.''lhe quently the advantage, by snatchilng off the filst- Brown'Thruslh is the largest of this fimlily. He fruits of these delicious productions; and the farmer is usually seen ill tile Northern States about tile last takes revenge by shootilng hliln down, as lie finds old week in April. Wilson says of this bird: "'I'lle hats, wilid-iills and scare-crows are no impedimenlts'l'llrashler is a welcome visitalint in sprillg to every in -his way to those forbidden fruits.'T'le boys are lover of irural scenery alid rum-al SOllg, which is first now set to watch tile cherry-trees witli tile gun; and heaid ill tile motlhs ot April and May, when our thius commelne ces a train of prejudices anld alitipathies woods, hedge-rows, oichiards and cheriry-trees are that coiniioily contimnue through life. Perhaps, too, onie profusion of blossoms." The Br1owvi'I'llrush is the coiinmmon note of tile Cat-bird, so like tile imewhing easily reared, and siligs well ill confimemnent. of tile aiiinal whose name it bears, anid who itself sustaimis no small shiare of prejudice, tile hIomelinmess FAMILY — CINCLIDAE. of his plumage, amid even his familiarity, so proverbially knlownl to beget comltemlpt, may also coittribute AMERICAN DIPPER; WATER OUZEL (Cinclus to this mleanl, illiberal amid persecutilig prejudice. But mexicanus).-Thlis bird, havimlg a ralmige from Brlitishi with thle genlerous aild tile good, the lovers of nature Amimerica to Mexico, alolg tile limme of tile Rocky anid of rural charmins, tile confidelice which this famnil- Mouiltaimls, was described by Audubon as Ciliclus iar bird places ill mall by buildimg' illn is gaiden. aniericanus. It is allied to the'lThrushles, but has unider his eye, tile music of his somg, alld tie imiter- curious habits which lead it to fi'equenlt rumliiing estioig playfulness of his malillers, will always be stmeamms of water. Dr. Coues, U. S. A., has lately lmore tham a recomnpenlse for all thie little stoleni given us, il The American Sportsman, Jan. 7th, 1874, morsels lie smlatchles." All lioiior to tihe memory of al iiiterestimmg accoullt of tile species alid its nest, as tihe kiimdly hieart that prompted, and tile cultured, follows " It mutiy seem silliular to speak of a l'llrushpoetic mimlid thlat gives us such biographies of our like bim-d livilg ill thle water, but such is exactly true chall-llillg ilative bilds! in this case. Although not web-footed, nor able to MOUNTAIN MOCKING-BIRD (Oroscoptes monta- swim with its feet, nor having tile slightest affillity nus).-'1'This bird, described by Audubon as tle with water birds, as is gellerally uliderstood, nieverTurdus mnontanmus, and by Bonaparte as Miimmus thieless, there is ino Duck or Diver imore tiruly momitanus, is all inhlabitamt of thle Rocky Moun- aquatic tianm the Dipper; a great part of its timie, in taiils, raliging to tile southlward as far as Mexico, fact, beigl spemlt under water, wliere it iepairs in and westward to Californlia. Its lenogth is eighit search of' food. l'lle questionl naturally arises hlow, iliclmes. if it callllot swim, it stays there, or gets tliere at THE CALIFORNIA THRUSH (JHa'plorhynchus redi- all? It flies downl illto tile water, aimd flies about vivts. —'l'llis species, foummd oil tile coast of Califoimmia, ulider thle surface, usimmg its wiligs just as ill ordimlary has a very long amnd curved bill.'I'lhe witig is pecu- fiight. Ili thle tranlsparellt brawlinig brooks it loves liar, beiig miunlch oulided ill its outline. to frequenlt. We imay see it at times scramilblilog LECONTE'S THRUSH (Har'por /ynchus lecontii).- along lmear thie bottoml, headillg always up stl'eamL, rhlle bill in thiis species is also collsiderably curved. holding tile body imcliiied forward amid dowlmward, Inm gemleral appearanice it closely resembles tile last beatinig its wimgs, amid so tlippilmg alolmg just over namied, but is smaller. Its habitat is near Fort time bottom of tile lm-ook. It seenms to hiave some Yuma, Califorumia. difficulty in keepilig dowil, for thie moment its exer cxxxvi SAXICOIIDM. BIRDS. SYLVIID.M. tions are relaxed it comes to the surface, sometimes brown-olive of that bird, instead of his own blue, being swept along for a considerable distaince by the could scarcely be distin'uishled from hlimi." force of the currlelt. It may gatler food in a more CALIFORNIA BLUE-BIRD (Sialia mexicana).-'Thllis usual mallllner, but, in ally event, most of its subsis- species seems to be to tile Pacific Coast whlat S. tence is derived ill thi's way from the water. sialis is to the eastern. Thle latter is not seen far Thlle birds of this grolp, Cinclidce, are the only west of tile AMissouri River, and the Western Blueinstances we have among the higiller birds of tluly bird is confined to the westelrn slope. Prof. Baird aqunaitic habits. Tliey are all odd-lookinlg creatures, says: "The sllade of blue in this species is much as short anld puffy, with a short tail, lookinlg as if it hlad il the common eastern species, only brighter and beeni cut off; short, rouided, concave winlgs, and more intense. The bill is more slender anld the ratller stout feet. T'he plumage is exceedingly soft wings longer." 7'llis bird was described by Audubon and tlhick, to resist tile water, something' like that of as Sylvia occidentalis. a Duck's breast, only mnch filler. Our species is of ROCKY MOUNTAIN BLUE-BIRD (Sialia arctica).a Ilearly uniform leaden-gray all over, and about as TI lis species was described by Audubon as Sylvia alarge as a Blue-bird, though appearinlg much stouter. arctica. It is of a lighter blue tlian tile other'Ihe bird lives always close by tile water, in the roar species, and lias no brown shade. "ril'le bill is lmuch of tile cascade, and the purling of tile stream, stouter thanl in mexicanla, as well as loniger thian in'lhaunting the stony banlks thlat are slippery with sialis.'lThe wings, also, are longer in proportion, loisture; and, where the moss grows greenest, in the reaching nearly to the eind of thetail, which is more splay of tile waterfall, it builds its elegant home-an deeply forked than in eithler of tile othlers. It inimposingo malnsioll, indeed, for such a plain-looking habits the hitglh, dry central plaills in Upper Missouri little bird.''le nest is a great globe of living moss, to Rocky MIountainl ran(ge and south to Mexico. somle tlhilty inclhes in circumferenlce, on a slab of Rare on the coast of Califorlia,." —Baird. stone, or illn a crevice of a stranded stump', b)ut alwaays ALASKA WILLOW WARBLER (P/Iylloj2meusts close by tile water's edge. Th'le eintrance is a neat borealis). —A single specimen of this species was doorway, mllade by a special arrangelent of the nmoss founid in 1866 oil St. Michael's Island, Norton's in tile sllhape of a hole in one side, no larger than is Sound, Alaska. It closely resembles the Willow sufficient to admnit of easy passage. Inside, thlis ball Wren of Europe. is lined with fine grasses, keeping it snug, dry and warm; anld in one season it colntained four or five FAMI, Y-SYLVIIDAE. pure white e,,,s." ThI'le doctor adds some pleasant remarks about tIle aspect of this curious nest.'The RUBY-CROWNED WREN (Regutls ca7endula). — bird, f'requentinqg tile water as it does constantly,'I'lhis little creature is a visitor in tile Nortlern naturally shakes herself as she alig'lts upon tillhe States about the middle of April. It winters in the mossy nlest; this results in a sprinkling from tile southern part of the Union, alid passes oil to Canada wet plumage, and consequently a freslelling of tlhe and Labrador to breed about tile middle of May. In green moss patchles.'Th'lis bit of biographly is ex- tlie fiall it again visits us; nlld it proves an acceptaccedingly entertaining, ald is a valuable addition to ble sojournler, both for its song and for its services tihe history of our American birds. ill tile destruction of insects. It ranges thliough tile wihole country, from tile Atlantic to tile Pacific, and FAMMY-SAXICOLID3E. from Mexico to Alaska. It is four illnclles in length alnd six in extent of wing. STONE CHAT (Saxicola cenanthe) is.an accidental GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN (Regtulus satrapa).visitor ill America. It is occasiomally seen ill Green- This species so closely resemnbles otlhers foummd ill lanld, but is commlnon ill Europe, whlere it is called tile every quarter of tile globe tllat, for a time, it was Whleat-eair. See vol. i, page 326. considered to be tile same species. Auduboln regards BLUE-BIRD (Sialia sialis).-T'llis beautiful bird is it as differing from the R. cristatus of Europe, ill one of the earliest to arrive fromi its winter sojourn being comnsiderably longer, witlh tile bill decidedly at tile SoutIl. About tile middle of NlMarclh, aid siorter anId tile flame-colored patclh on tile lIeadl more sometimhes earlier, it is seen ill tile Nortilern States; extemmded. Prof. Baird comlpares a specimnenl of tile anld ill October, about tile last of thle month, it again Europeall species, amcd fillnds tile " wiling of tile latter leaves for tile Soutih. Wilson says of hlim "Thle ratiher longer, alnd tile bill considerably shorter." pleasing' and sociable disposition of this little bird Dr. Brewer, in his editiom of Wilson's Ornithology, entitles him to particular notice. As one of tIle first says ".Tlhis very liardy and active tribe, withl one messengels of sprilng, brinlging tile charlnilg tidings exception, inliabits tile tellpelate altd northlerm clito our very doors, lie bears his own recommmmendation mates, reachinmg even to tihe boulmdaries of tile arctic always along with ilim, and mneets witih a hmealty circle. They ale inmigratory ill tihe more mmortihern welcolle fr'omn everybody.'lThe usiual spring and countries, ammd tmough some species are able to brave sunmmier song of tile Bliule-bird is a'soft, agoreeabie and our severest wimtems, otihmers are, no doubt, obli'ed oft-repeated warble, uttered with open, quiverimng by want of food and a lower degree of cold, to quit wings, and is extremely pleasing. In hmis motioins tile migoirs of northineinl latitudes."'I'Ime Golden-cmest ainmd general cimaracter lhe hmas great resemblaamce to is about tile same size as time Ruby-crowmmed. It lIas time Robimm-redbreast of England, ammd hmad he tile o01 thle clown of time hmead two black bands or lines, CHAI mADAm. — BIRDS.-PAIDE.. Cxxxvii extending over tile occiput; between these, lies a most lively in tile coldest weather. The males have bed of glossy golden-yellow, which, being parted a a variety of very sprigiltly notes, which' cannot, inlittle, exposes another of a brighlt flame color, ex- deed, be called a song', but iather a lively, frequently tending over the whole upper part of the head. repeated, and oftenl varied twitter. They are most CUVIER'S GOLDEN CREST (Regulus cuvieri). —T'his usually seen inl the fall and winter, when they leave species is given oil the authority of Audubon, wlho the depths of the woods, and approach znearer to the procured a single specimen ill Pennsylvania. No scelnes of cultivatiou. At such seasoIns they abound other specil1menl has been found in the United almong evergreens, feedinog oil the seeds of tile pileStates. tree."- Wilson. BLUE-GRAY FLY-CATCHER (Polioptila coeirlea).- WESTERN TITMOUSE (Parius occidentalis). —T'l'lis Under tile title Muscicapa cerulea, Wilson describes is a species friom tile North Pacific Coast of the this bird. life says:'. I'lis dimli;nutive species, but United States. "Is of the same size as P. atricapilfor the leJ)gthi of its tail, would ranlk next to the lus, anld resembles it in its ialkings." —Baird. Huniiing-birds in magnllitude. It is all active insect Fromin Eastern Mexico, another rlitniouse is recorded c:tatcllher, searcihing, usually, the topmost branches of as Parus nleridionalis. Th.'le Carolina'itouse (P. tile tallest trees, and uttelingl its low, feeble chirp, carolinensis) was described by Audubonl by tile presTsee! tsee! Its length is four inches and a half, and ent name. It is found ill tile South Atlantic States extemit of wing six ilichies and a half." A species of as far as WVashington. It is very similar to the P. tliis genlus is described and namled by Prof. Baird as atricapillus, but is smaller.''The P. montanus is anll Polioptila l) hmlnbea. It is a trifle larger tihan. thle inhabitant of the Pacific Coast.'T'lle Cllestllutprecedi)ig. It is found ill the valley of tihe Colo- backed'it (l'. rufescens) is anothler Pacific Coast rado and il the Gila. Anothler species is described] species. Parus hudsonicus is found ill tile nortllhby Mr. Lawreince as P. mnelanosa, Law, fromi tile eastern portions of Northl Amnerica to tile Atlantic valley of tile Rio Grande and Gila, west to Sain States. "It is quite diffelreit flroln the other' A!lieriDiego. call Titinice, thougll most reselllblig'. P. rufescells." — Ba-ird. FAMILY-CRIAM A1ADIE. BLACK-CHEEKED TIT (Psaltiparaz s 9m7elanotis).-'This species is froml tie Rio GIrande and Eastern GROUND TIT (Chaameafasciata).-'.'his ratherl new Mexico. bird is confined to tile California coast; it is re- LEAST TIT (Psaltiparuts miniamus).-Described by garded as resemlbliig both the Wrens and'itmlice. Audubon as Parus min)iims. It is truly a tit-bit of Its white ilris distinguisiles it firom others. a bird, Ollly four' iniclies ill length, and its will' less thlall two ilnches. Habiitat, Pacific Coast of United FAMIIY-PARIDE. States. A species ftromi tile Soumtlherll Rocky Moumntainls has been described by Prof. Baird as P. plumliTUFTED TITMOUSE (LophophaiLes bicolor).-De- beus. Au allied formi is tlroln tile Rio Glaltde and scribed by Wilsomn as Crested'I'itillose (Parus valleys of rMexico and T'exas-tile Paroides flaviceps. bicolor). It is found all over thie United States, but YELLOW-HEADED BUSH TITMOUSE (Aul'ipar2ts is mimore numerous at tile North. It extends to flaviceps).-Mr. Geo. N. Lawirence has lately added Hudson's hBay, amld, according, to Latlham, is ftound in this little species to our Fauna. It is abunldaint ill l)enmlark anid in tile southern parts of Greenlland. tile region of Cape St. Lucas. Dr. Cooper fouined it It is six iiclies lolg', and seveni anid a half in extent rather comiimiioii ill California duliing tile wiliter of wilog. m Inonthms, as well as at other seasons.'lIm}e soig of BLACK-CRESTED TIT (Lophopohanes atricristatus). this bird resembles the Chickadee, alld inl habits it- is -l'This is a smaller species than tile precedinig, said to be like thle'litimice aid WaVablers. Its lengthl Lounld in tile valley ot tile Rio Gralnde anid South. is four anld a half inichies, with extelit of winig two anid'Iwo other species are fomid in North Amemica' a sixteenth. Lopllophllanes inlorlnatus, oii tile coast of' California WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH (Sitta caqrolinensis). anid Southierin Rocky Mountails; anid Lophiopihanaes — This bird is founid in New E]inglalnd alld tile Northwollweberi, Southerni Rocky Mounitais.s, and south ern States durinmg winter. It derives its niamne, Nutinto Mexico on thie'I'able-lands. "'lmle latter is much hatch, fromi a supposed habit of breakilg mllmts by imore like tile Europeail L. cristatus thanl aly other thumipiig thein with its bill. It ral'ges fm'onl tile American'Iitmiouse." —Baird. easterln portioni of Noithi Arimerica to thie high cenitral LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE (Parus septentrionalis). plains, where it is replaced by anlother s)ecies-thle -" Thlis species is simllilar ill general charlacters to Sitta aculeata or SLENDER-BILLED NUT[TmACH-W!hOSe tile P. atricapillus, but is conisiderably larger, withi hlabitat is tile Pacific Coast, amid eastwardl to tile proportioniately loniger tail. Missouri Rive' to the Rocky Mounitains. Thlle RED-BELLIED NUTHaTCH, Rocky XMountailms." —Baird. S. canadenlsis-(S. varia of Wilson)-is anothier BLACK-CAP TITMOUSE (Parus atrlicapillus).- species comnmon to tile eastelrn portionl of Amernica. "'Ihis is one of our residemit biuds; active, inoisy and It is mnulch smallem tlhau thle otlhies, measurimig omily mestless; hardy beyonmd ally of llis size, bravimg tile four inclies and a half ill lenmgthl.'I'lhese birds are severest cold of ou' colitilmellt as fain mnoith as the exceedliigly active amld useful ill ridding tile shade couinty lmould IHudsom's Bay, and alwatys appeamillg ainld fiuit-trees of iisects alld tlheir larvm.'Tlhe VOL. I.-s.. cxxxviii TROGLODYTIDIE. -BIRDS.- SYLVIcoLID. BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH (S. pusilla) is a resident locality. A form is found ill Alaska, which is reof the Soutrl Atlaltic and Gulf States.'I'he Cali- garded as a variety-'T. alascansis. fornia Nuthatch (S. pygmmea) resembles closely the SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN (Cistothorus stellatter species. It is found alolg the Pacific Coast laris).-rl-ilis is irregularly distributed from Georgia and the Rocky Mountain region. It is much to the British Provinces. It frequents the low marslay smaller than the other species, being only four grounds. inches ill lenlgth, and two and a half inllches in alar LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN (C. patestris).-'l'wo extent. varieties are noted by Baird. Th'le palustris is coin.. BROWN CREEPER (Certhia familiaris).-'llis moll to the Eastern United States, arld the other, bird so closely resembles the European tllt it is paludicola, is confiined to the Pacific Coast. regarded as only a variety, which has: been called var. americana. In the southern portion of New FAMILY MO'I'ACLLIDJE. England it is common throughlout the year. It is THE: WVAm'AnS. found all over the continent, from Mlexico to high northern latitudes. Near Bostol these birds are WHITE WAGTAIL (IJiotacilla alba).-I'llis is tlhe seen during thle winter months, when they approach Conmmon Wagtail of Europe; individuals, however, very closely the dwellings for food. A variety, mexi- are found in Greenland. cana, is -found in tile south-western portion of the YELLOW WAGTAIL (Budytes,fava). —'I'his is tile' United States and Mexico. same as the species found in Europe and Asia; certaini specimens having been obtained'in Alaska, FAMII.Y-TROGLODYT'IDJE. give thle species a footing i1n oult Faunla. TITLARK (Althus ludovicianuts)-called by WilCACTUS WREN (C'ampylo:hynchus bprunneioapillus. son thle BROWN LARK-iS found in North America -This is also called the BROWN-HEADED CREEPER. generally. Another name in use is Pipit, or AlneriIt is a comparatively recent addition to our Avi- can Pipit. Dr. Coues observed this bird rather fauna, thoulgh found quite abundant oil the south- m-ninutely, and gives it credit for a very sweet voice. western borders of tile United States, where it It moves like the true Larks, jerking its tail ill thle frequents the cactus-plants for food. llanner of the Water'I'lhruslies and Wagtails.. CAPE CACTUS WREN (C. affinis) is closely allied EUROPEAN PIPIT (Anthus protensis).-'lThough a to the preceding, and is niot known away from the European species, somne specimens have beeii obCalifornia coast at Cape St. Lucas. served in Greenland. It is remarkable for its efforts ROCK WREN (Salpinctes obsoletus).-T'his little at (leception whel approached durilng the breedilng bird is distinguished by being aloiie iii the genus. seasonl. It is confined to tile high rocky lands between Ore- MISSOURI SKYLARK (_Neocorys spraguei). —Called, gon and Mexico. also, SPRAGUE'S PIPIT. It bears a general resemCANON WREN (Catheqpes mexicanus). -This blance to tlie'Titlar. Audubon described the species was added to our Fauna by Dr. Heermnanin, species from specimens obtained on the Upper Misin 1851. It is regarded as tile handsomest in its souri. It reseimbles closely tie European Skylark. markings. Its range is along thie Mexicall boundary, up the Colorado to Nevada. This formn is called FAMILY-SYLVICOLID2E. var. conspersut, and tlie Whlite-throated Rock Wren. GREAT CAROLINA WREN (Thryothorlus ludovi- BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER (lfniocianus).-'This'is tile Certhia caroliniana of Wilson. tilta,'varia).-This is a comlnlll bird in thie Eastern It is colmmnoU to the Southern States asJfar niorth as States, where it is usually seen creepiing nimbly over Pennsylvanlia. it is also called Mockin'gr Wren from tile surfaces of the trunk and branches of forest-trees, its wonlderful imitiative powers. A variety, T. ber- in search of inisects. It extends southward to Guatelandieri, is found on the Rio Granide. Bewick's amala, and west to tIhe Missouri River. Wren (T1. bewickii) is found in all portions of the PROTHONOTARY WARBLER (PT'othonotary citUUnited States. Another variety,'L1. spilurus, is found irea).-Th'l'lis is abundant in the swamps of Louisialla alonig the Pacific slope of the United States. and Mississippi, wllelre it seeliks inisect food. StragHOUSE WREN (Troglodytes cedon).-T'lis is also glers are found as far nlorth as Southllern Illinois. called WOOD WREN. It is o011e of tile mlost famirnliar WORM-EATING SWAMP WARBLER (Telmitheruls of our native birds, and a great favorite. Its remrnark- vermivotus).-'T'lis is a rare bird iin tile North-easterll able inldustry anid cheerfulness, and its pleasanlt soing, States. It inhabits thle interior of deep forests, anid claim for it a welcome in tile orchard or garden. It is seldom seen ill tlme open fields. inilmabits all of the States, anld is migratory. In the South Atlantic Stites a species is knownm PARKMAN'S WREN (Z. cedon, var. pcrkmani). — as Swainsonh's Warbler (H. swaillsonii). Called, also, WESTERN WOOD WREN. It is conifined GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER (Helmginthoiphaga to tile regionl west of the Mississippi. chrysoptera). —This is not a comlolln species. It is WINTER WREN (T. parvulus).-'l'lle variety founlld occasionally from Geolgia to Massacllusetts,.hyemalis is regarded as closely like tile Commmmonm and westward to MIissouri. ii. baclhmanii is a rarer AWren of Europe ('1'. parvulus). It is comllon to all bird. It is tfouid on tIle coast of Soutlh Carolina, portions of Nortlh America, yet not abulmdallt il any anlld illn Cuba il winter. H. Pimlus, the Blue-wilmged SYLVICOLID.- BIRDS. SYVICOLID. cxxssxix Yellow Warbler, is rare inl New Enlgland, but abun- BLACK-POLL WARBLER (D. st iata).-'I'lIe range dalnt in Southern States. of tlis warbler is htronli tile.lEasterll Province of all NASHVILLE WARBLER (HE.'ufca2)illa). —'llis North Anlerica to the Alctic Oceanl. It is found in was regarded for a long' time as a very rare bird. It Cuba and the Bahamlas in witlter. Its late arrival has lately been observed as quite colllnlon in various in the EaLstern States etartIs tfor it, thle title " harbilger portions of New England. of summer." It is abundant, but is not knownl west ROCKY MOUNTAIN WARBLER (H. virginiac).- of the GLreat Plains. Tlhis is called, also, VIRGINIA'S WARBIER, ill 1101101 BAY-BREASTED WARBLER (D. castanea).-'I'his is of Dr. Anderson's wife, Virgilnia. Dr. A. first dis- a rare bird in New Eng'land, and, indeed, everywhere covered it in New AMexico, in 18.59. so, thlouglh distributed from the Atlanltic to thle Grleat LUCY'S WARBLER (fH. lucia) is a new Warbler, Plains, and from1 Hudsoil's Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. found by Dr. Cooper in California alnd Arizona. Verrill and Boardmlanlm recognlize it in Mainle. THE ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER' (H. celata) is BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER (D. cctrulesfound in the interior regions of North America. A ceis). —Trhis is all ilhabita lt during thile warmer Pacific variety, H. lutescens, is common to the coast. Imonthls of the Easternl Province, and( in willter of TENNESSEE WARBLER (H. pereg~rina).-'I'his is Cuba, Jamlaica and Bllahaas. "Th'ley oftel utter a regarded as havinig al inappropriate namne, its ra1nge faiint, dawillng wdesy, wdesy, alnd occasionlally a loudter beingg far from thle State from whence its name comles. chirp, or chink, like that of the Nashville Warbler." lIn' summer it is common in the New Elni'land States. -Sarnzels. BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER (Parlula amer?- OLIVE-HEADED -WARBLER (D. olivacea) is a native icna). —''llis is commonl in thle Eastern States and of Mexico and Guatemala; but very little is knownm west to the Mississippi, alnd breeds in tilme samne of its habits. regions. Its habits are simlilar to tihe Titinmice. BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (D. nigresCAPE MAY WARBLER (Perissoglossa tigrina).- cens).-Inhabits the Western and Middle Provinces''l'is is rare, but distributed tlllougllout the United of tile United States. and is migrlatory to iexico. States, exceptilng tile southll-western portion. It YELLOW-CHEEKED WARBLER (D. chrysopareia). breeds in Cuba amid ill Jamaica. -''lhis is g newly-described bird, and is admlitted, to CARBONATED WARBLER (Perissoglossa carbonz- our Faunalll oll thle authority of 1)1. Heerlmall, who ata).-Audubon procured two specimenls of this bird founid one in'I'exas. inear Henderson, Ky., in 1811, and 1none have since BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER (D. virrens). been seen. -— A beautiful species, commonot in tile Noritlher YELLOW WARBLER (Dendoica cestiva). —A very States. "'Its solng is like the syllables ta-tee-te, abunldantt species,.anld found ill all parts of tihe it-td-tee, uttered in a plaintive tone. It is peculi1ar, Union, firon thie Atlantic to tile P'acific. and cannot be conlfoulded with tlhat of aly other YELLOW-RUMP WARBLER (D. coronata). —I tile Warbler in NAWw Englamld." —Sanmuels. spring' anld fidl this is very comlmon ill tile Northern TOWNGEND'S WARBLER (D. townsendi).- HabiStates. It breeds ill thle most northern portiols. tat,. Westerli.P0rovince of tile United( States, north to AUDUBON'S WARBLER (D. atlduboni).-A Pacific Sitka, anld l i r ty t exico aexico d Guatemnala. Rare. Coast bird, exteldiing to the Rocky Moumitatimis, ald WESTERN WiRBLER (D. occidentalis). —'I'le southward to Mexico. ran(ge of lhabitat of tlis bird is Inucll the same as THE BLACK-AND-YELLOW WARBLER (D. macu- that of tile preceding. Ridg'way mlet. it in tile East losa) is co1mmnon in tile Easterni States, and as farl Humboldt TMountaiius, amid records its note as "1 a west as tile Missouri River. Tllhe CjERULEAN AVARBLER lisped pzeet." (D. cerulea) is anl easternl species.'Th'lle BLACKBURN- PINE-CREEPING WARBLER (D. pints). —'l'hllis is IAN'WARBLER is tile most beautiful of all tile species. a very early visitor, ofteni arrivilmg Inorthl before tile It is rare in the east, thougl it, lhas beeni seem to willtry weathier has ceased. "'I'ley are, ill thle breed there. Verrill says it breeds in Mainie. Wil- summner, alimost always observed il tile pine-gl'oves, sonl says: " It is an active, silemit bird." Audubonm actively traversing tile li-mmbs and brammchles, solnediffers in his account. He says: "It has a very timimes with the imovemiment of thle Creepers alid T1itsweet soing of five or six ilotes, much louder thalln mice, anld at others like tile Warblers, alid often seems possible for so small a bird." seizinlg inisects oil wilig, like tile Fly-catclhels." THE YELLOW-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (D. BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER (D. montana).).'I'lle dominica) is very little known il tile Northier1 habitat of this species is givei ais: " Blue Momlltahi!ls States. of Vil'giliia." It is oilly knlowl throughl tle descripCHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER (D. penmsylvanica). tioils of Wilsomn, Auduboll atid Vieillot. its soIIg is -'Ih'is pretty bird is found ini the Eastern Provimice said to be a simigle screep! three om four times repeated. of thle Ummited States, in thie Bahllmas, and as fali KIRTLAND'S WARBLER (D. kirtlandi).-Northlerml south as Costa Rica. It breeds in Massachusetts Ollio alid tile 13atllamals are tile loca.lities giveil Ias thle amid lnorthlward. It is quite comnmlo in Easterni habitat of this birl(. It is reglmarded as omme of tile IMassachlusetts. WVilsomi aild otlher eamly niaturalists rarest of Almneicall bimds. Omily thrllee or four specikmmew but little of tile species. Its mest is ofteen mueis lhave beemi obtaiiled: omie, tlme typ)e specimnemi, found in tile barbermy-buslies of tlme Ealsterll States. in tile Smiitlisommiatn Illstitute; amid m secomld was capD. gracit, tile ARIzoNAWVARBIER, is a westelrll species. tured by Dr. Cabot at sea, near C(ubLa. cxl SYLVICOLDoEm. -BIRDS.,SYLVICOLIDM. YELLOW-RED-POLL WARBLER (2D. palmarum). — wood, le becomes very jealous of his possessions, and "'T'is little bird arrives ill Pennlsylvania early ill seems offended at the least intrusion; scolding every April, while the maples are yet ill blossom. * * * passenlger as sooIn aS they come in view, ill a great It feeds upon thle stamens alld insects found Ol tlihem. variety of odd and uncouth mo!nosyllables, which it Low, swampy thicklets are the favorite resort."- is difficult to describe, but which may be readily Wilson. Mr. Boardman, of Calais, says: " It is one iinitated, so as to deceive the bird himself, anld draw of our mlost coimmoi Warblers, and, unllike others, it hinm after you for a quarter of a mllile at a time, as I spends mucih of its tinme feeding upoil the groulld. Imave sometimes amused Inyself ill doing, alnd freIll the fall we fitld theni feeding with the Snow-birds quelltly without once seeillg him. Oil these occasionls (Junco hyemalis)." his responlses are constanlt anld rapid, strongly exPRAIRIE WARBLER (D. discolor:).-Onle of the pressive of anger alld allxiety; anld, while tile bird most beautiful of thle group. It is rare in New Eng- itself remains unseenl, the voice shifts from place to lalld, ald is not commoln norioth of NewYork. The nest place among thle bushles, as if it proceeded frion a is remarkable for its beauty alld complex structure. spirit. First is heard a repetitionl of short Jnotes, GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH (Seinrus aurocapil- resemblillg the whistlilng of the wings of a Dlick or lus).-Called, also, OVEN-BIRD, fiOlllm tile fact that it Teal, begillilnning loud anld rapid, alid falling lowel alnd builds a cover to its nest, alnd leaves all opening at slower, till they end in detached notes; then, a sucthe side, ill the mannluer of all ovenl-builder. It is cession of others, something like ttie barkinlg of commoli ill all thle Northieril States ill suiimmer-, anid younlg Puppies, is followed by a variety of hlollow, attracts by its great beauty and iliteresting habits. guttural sounids, each eig-ht or ten times repeatedSMALL-BILLED WATER THRUSH (S. noveboracen- more like thlose proceedinlg frolm the tlhroat of a quadsis).-h'I'is is tile'lurdus aquaticus of Wilsonl. It is ruped, thanl thlat of a bird-which are succeeded by commiionomly seen ill tie brooks alid small streammms, othiers not unllike tile inewilng of a Cat, but coilsiderwhere it wades for its food-aquatic immsects-wag- ably hoarser. All these are uttered with great ginlg its tail almmmost comlstantly; hence, it is called in vehemence, in such differelmt keys, amld withl suchl some regiolms WATER WAGTAIL. peculiar modulations of voice, as somnetimlies to seem LOUISIANA WATER- THRUSH (S. ludovicianus). — at a considerable distance, anld imlstanltly as if just'i'his is larger tlan tile precedinig. It is fouild imm tile beside you; so thiat, from tile imaneuvres of venltriloEasterni Province as falr lolrth as Pellsylvalia, and quism, you are utterly at loss to ascertaill from reachlles south as far as Mexico. what particular spot or quarter thley proceed." MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT (Geothlypis trictas).''lhmis Chat is seen ill the IEasteril Umlited States, al(l -Sylvia of Audubon,' S. mnarylaudica of Wilson. westward as far as Missouri, southward to G(uate"'This is omle of tile humble ilihabitants of the briars, Inala. A species, found oil tile high celltral plains of brambles, alder-buslies, aid such slllrubbery as grows tile United States to the Pacific, and southlwalrd iito most luxurialltly im low, watery situatiolls; alld Mexico, has beeli lmlamed by Mr. G. N. Lawremlce, might with propriety be demmoinilated Humility, its Lollg-tailed Chat (Icteria lollgicauda). business or ammbitioll seldom leadilog it higher thlla HOODED WARBLER (Myiodioctes rnit'ratus).-Alm tihe tops of tile ullderwood. Ilisects an!d larvae are extremely rare bird in New Eliglalld. Audubomi says its principal food. It illhabits the whole Uliited of it: "T'l'le Hooded Fly-catclier is omle of tile liveStates, fiom Maine to Florida. It seldom approaches liest of its tribe aid is almost coltimlually in motioni. tile farm —housp, though by lmo mneals shy iml its Folid of secluded places, it is equally to be met with retreat."- Wilson. A species is foumld ill thie West i tIle thick can.lle-brakes of tihe higl or low lamlds, or liidies aid ill Soutil Ammerica, thie GRAY-HEADED WAR- amuid tihe raiik weeds alid tamigled rushes of tile BILER-(G. velatus)-Tr'Iiclmas delafieldi of AudubomI. lowest al(d mmmost impelletrable swamilps. You recog:r Tile MOURNING WARBLER (G. philadelphia) is rarely llize it illstanltly oil seeillg it, for tile peculiar grmrmceseell ill New Eliglalid, thiough it is occasionally ful opemilmig amld closinig of its broad tail distilguishles ill Greeliland, and as far west as Missouri. AMIACGIL- it at olice, as it goes oil gammibolling fi'ol buils to LIVRAY'S WARBLER (G. 1I1acgillivrayi) is foumld oml buslh, llow ill sighlt, lloW hliddel from your eye, but the Pacific Coast alid ill tile Rocky Moumtaills. conlstaltly withmill beatring." Habitat, Easteril Umited CONNECTICUT WARBLER (02porornis agilis).- States to tile Missouri River, south to G(atemimala. Sylvia agilis of Wilson. A rare bird ill tile New THE SMALL-HEADED FLY-CATCHER (M. minuta) Eniglaid States. " Habitat, Easterin United States. is a very rare bird. Wilsoll met with one only. Very rarely seell."-Baird.'I'he KENTUCKY WAR- Prof. Baird says: "I have never seel a slpecimllen, BLER (O. formi)lOUS) is fOUIId tihrougihout EasterlI alid copy tile descriptioml from Auduboli." Habitat, Ullited States, west to Fort Riley. It is more Eastern Atlalltic States. comImon ii the Southerni States. GREEN BLACK-CAP FLY-CATCHER (Xi. pusillus). YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT (Icteria viridis).-Th''e —'llis is a rare bird ill New Enlglalid, tiloughl comimdescriptioll of this bird and its hIabits by Wilsoll is Imoli fairtlher liorthi. Its lhabits are ill strikilig COmiso graphic, omle may easily imnagille himiself, for tile trast to some of tile precedilg species.'1'his bird, timIe beiing, trailsfelred to its secluded retreat. accordint to Auduboll, is mnot veiy mare il lailme, and " Wilen lie hlas olmce takell uip Imis residelice ill a it becomes Iolme abulidalt tile farltller lortl we plofavorite situatioli, wlmichl is almllost always ili close ceed. Ridgway records a variety, M. pileolatus, thickets of hiazel, bramibles, villes alid thlick undel- fi'omn tile Pacific Coast. HIRUNDINIDI. BIRDS. —-VIREONIDn. cxli THE CANADA FLY-CATCHER (M. canadensis).- common to tlle whole eastern section of North A lhandsome species, connlnon ill New E1,iigland ill the America, and soutll to Panlama. It is seei anld spring and fall, ald ill tlle more no'tlfhern' reiOlls hleard in the open squares of outi larger cities, whlere renmailillng all sulnlner. It is found as fll' west as tlle its voice is " loud, nmusical, silmple and pleasig." Mississippi River. A nmore southern species is nlamed YELLOW-GREEN VIREO (V. flavoviridis).- A Bonlaparte's Fly-catcller (MI. bonapartii). southern species, rangils from tile nortlern border RED START (Setophaga'ueticilla).-A comim-on of Mexico to the isthmus Panama. Little is knowin species ill New Englanld and the Nortliern States of its ulabits. generally, in summerl. It is a lhandsome bird; its PHILADELPHIA GREENLET (V. philadelphicuts). orange-colored epaulets alnd rermllilion-shladed breast -Common in the Eastelrn States, and south as far gi've it a showy appearance. Its niote is a slhrill as Guatemala. Chewdea! uttered at intervals of a hlalf to a whiole WARBLING GREENLET (V. gilvus).-Somet;ies minute. I'le PAINTED FLY-CATCHER (T. Picta) is a called WARBLING FI,Y-CATrCHER (AMuscicapa melodia). Mexican species; and the RED-BELLIED FLY-CATCHER Its range is froml Easternl North Ainerica to Fort ('L'. ininiata) is fiom the same locality, and south to Simpson. A variety, swainlsoni, is called tile WVESTERN Guatemala. WARBLING GREENLET, alnd is confined to the Pacific slope, west of tile Rocky MAonultains. FAMiiY —H1RUNDTINID -T,. BLUE-HEADED VIREO (Laniviireo solitarius).PURPLE MARTIN (Progne subis).-Tllis bird is Muscicapa solitaria, SOLITARY FLY-CATCHER Of Wilone of the handsonmest of the family, and is one of son. Its range is fioom the Atlantic to the Pacific, the Imost familiar. It affects the closest affinlity with and soutli to Guatemala. Rare ill Cuba. Prof. human habitationls; building in boxes placed for it Baild.gives all interesting account oC its nIest founed iln tile trees of tile garden, or oil tile eaves of tile in Lyllnn, Mass., collnmmunlicated by 1Mr. Welchl. house. It exhibits a fondmess for returnig(r, year after CASSIN'S VIREO (L. solitarius, variety cassini).year, to thle samle spot where it Ihas built its niest. It Th'lis variety was discovered by Mr. Ridgwmy, in is a general ihabitallt of the Unmited States; extemnd- Nevada.. Anotlmer variety, plulllbeus, is found in inmg its ramoge as far nmorthl as Hudson's B3ay. It is also same regiomn, and soutil as ['in as Mexico. found inl South Amlerica as far as CIlili, altd is prob- YELLOW-THROATED VIREO (L. flavi'ons).-I'lmis ably to be seen evela futllel' soutih. A species, lalmed bird is rathler common ill New Eilglam;d, alld is reP. subis, var. cryp)toleuca, is foulnd ill Cuba. garded as a very sweet simmger. Ealily autliors cmedit BARN SWALLOW (Hirundo hor?'eorum). —'I'lis it witlm a f'ommdness for tile forests, wlile tile autlorls of famliliar bird is thie H. ameiricana of -Wilson, ammd tile North Amegrican Birds asseirt tihat no species of Vireo H. rufa of Bola.parte. " Ae welcomme tile first ap- is more fiequelltly seeml in tile vicimlity of dwellillgs. peara;lce of tile Swallows witlh deligllt, as tile faitilful BLACK-CAPPED VIREO (Vireo atricapillus) is a llambimmgers and comlpanions of flowvery spm'immg and Mexican species, amd is foumld oil tile soullternm border muddy sullnm er; and whenm, after a lomng, frost-bommund of Westerli'I'exas. and boisterous wimnter, we lleatr it anllnoumnced that' tile WHITE-EYED VIREO ( T. noveboracensis).-'L'hi is is swallows are comne,' wliat a tr.ain of chlarmling ideas are one of thie most widely distributed alld mInost coinassociated witli tile simlple tidillgs!" — Wilson.'I'le moll species of vireo ill all parts of tile Umlited ilest of thills species is so oftell built inl barnls anld out- States, east of tile Rocky MoulltaimS. It is usually biouses, it ha's fioml tlmat circumnstaLce derived its manme. seen in wild, swampy glroulmds, learl tile edges of CLIFF SWALLOW (J]iriundo lanifrons). —'!'his is woods, amomlg tile smlilax almd otlleli vilmes. Its wlimte tihe H. respublicamna of Audulbon. Habitat, Nortli iris relnders it a strikilng olject. Tile Cow-bilrd ofteil America, from tile Atlalntic to tile Pacific. selects tillis bird's est as a depository for its eggs. WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW (H[irundo bicolor).- HUTTON'S VIREO (V. huttoni). —A westerll form, T'this species is common in thle Umlited States; build- founld in Californlia amd Western Mexico. ilms somietimmes in tile boxes put up for the Purple BELL'S VIREO (V. belli).-Named iln hionor of Miartin, alld illn hollow trees.'liey are.found as flar John G. Bell, tile taxidermlist. It was fil'st fomled by nmorth as Mailme. Otlier species are H. tlialassina Audubon oil the Yellowstone River. It seemms to (Violet-greeln Swallow), fromn tile Rocky Mounitaimns be confinled to tile mniddle counltry, between Missouri to tile Pacific; Cotyle riparia (Bamlk Swallow), tile River and tlme Rocky Mqountails. slmallest of Aminerican Swallows, amlld C. serripenmmmis LEAST VIREO ( V.pusillus).-Foulld oil tile Pacific (Rougll-wimnged); hiabitat, foionm tile Atlantic to tile Coast, ill Californmia, ad as falr as Cape St. Lucas. Pacific. ARIZONA VIREO ( V. vicinior). —But little is FAMINID ]own of thills bi(rd, wlmich is said to resemble a smnall specimein of V. plumnbeus. Dr. Coues discovered it FLORIDA GREENLET (Vireosylvia calidris). —llis in Arizonla, ill 1866, and lhas described it inl Proc. bird is knlowll othlerwise as WH1P-TOM-KFELTY, its nmotes Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., of thlat year. resembling that comibinlationl. It lmas beemn captured ill Clmarlotte's Harbor, Florida, but i$s mlative inl Cuba FAMiLY —AMPELIDAE. amm(l tile BIahanlmas.'limle formn here alluded to is tile variety bablaatulus of Bail(d. NORTHERN WAXWING (Am2elis garrulus).RED-EYED GREENLET (V. olivaceus).-'l'ims is Called, also, BOHE.MIAN CHATTERER. The ranlge of tllis cxlii AmPELIDJE. - BIRDS.- TANAGRIDE. familiar bird is very extended, reaching, over thle lortll- LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE (Collyrio ludovicianns).ernl parts or Europe, Asia and America. In America Thllis is Lanlius carolinensis of \Vilsoi. It is someit has not been seen on tile Pacific slope. A most wlat smaller than the preceding', land much darker interesting account of this bird will be found in North on the back and upper parts. Habitat, Southern Azmerican Birds, by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. States. A variety, robustus, called the WHITECEDAR-BIRD (Ampelis cedrorum).-t'llis is a comn- WINGED SHRIKIE, is known to tlle Pacific Coast. mo1ll bird in New England, and is foulld in tall parts WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE (Collyrio excubitoroof North America. It is unpopular on account of ides).-A species found in Missouri anid onl the its robberies of cherry-trees. It is tllerefore less Pacific slope, resenbling tile Loggelrhead Shrike. nullerous, and less regular in its visitations. T'I'le This is reg'arded as a variety only of the latter. common name, CHERRY-BIRD, is used in many parlts of the north. FAMILY C/IEREBIDAE. SHINING-CRESTED FLY-CATCHER (Phcenopepla nitens). —'l'lle " mountaillous legions of thle southern BAHAMA CREEPER (Certhiola bahac6amesis). —'This portions of Westernl aind Middle Provinces of the is thse only species in Northl America whlichl belongs United States, and south to Orizaba, Cape St. Lucas to thie genius. It is abundalnt ill the Ballamas, and and the plateau of Alexico " are placed as tile locali- is occasionally founId in the Florida Keys. ties frequented by this species. It is one only of the genus. FAMILY —-T ANAGRIDAE. TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (llyiadestes townsendi). -'l'lThis is a western bii'd, amid one that has received THE SCARLET TANAGER (Pyrsanga rubra).-T''1is attention from nearly every explorer and scientific is one of thie few brilliantly-colored birds that are traveler of thle plaitis. Dr. Newberry foummd it very familiar to tile open fields of tile New Elngland abundanit in Des Cliutes Basin, where lie was at- States. Tile wings anid tail being' all iltellse black, tracted by its inew anid pleasant soing, whlichi lie de- and thie remlainder of tile body a flamlil(r scarlet, scribes as " full, clear and imelodious, like that of tile renders the bird a most conspicuous object; alld, true Mlilmlus.' " tihough rl'atiher solitary, or at least nlot gregarious to FAMLY- LAh NInIDI.. any extenlt, it is, throug'll its wollderlfully rich pluinage, pretty generally known. "Arimolig' tile GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE (Collyrio borealis).- thick foliag.e of tile tallest trees, his sillmple alid Namimed Butcher-bird in many parts of tile Northlerll alnmost mnoliotoi0OUS motes, Chip, churr! repeated at States. It is met with ili wiltel at tile niorth, but sllort illtervals, in a pe!lsive tone, mllay occasiolna.lly breeds inl mlost nortlhern legions. its food consists be lheard, whici appear to proceed firomi a considerof mice, smllall birdn, insects, etc., its shlarp, lhooked able distanlce, thoughl tile bird be imnllediately. above bill beilig almimost as effective as that of tile Hawks. you-a faculty bestowed onl hlimm by the bemneficenlt its feet, too, are quite powerful, tile claws beinig re- Author of Nature, no doubt for his protectionl, to curved anid of conlsiderable stirenigtim. A siligular compemisate, in a de-gree, for tile danl'er to which hlis lmabit is attributed to this bird by all who lave glowimng color would ofteil expose him. Amonig all observed anmd writtell cocerniniig' himi. He captures tihe birds that inhalibit our woods, there is mnoile thlat at timies mimore prey tlian lie cani easily dispose of, strikes tile eye of a stramiger, or evein a native, withi anid, instead of bioarding it, as inl tile case of tile so mIuc brilliallcy as thiis." —Wi1ioi.'lime Scarlet Magpie aild others, he imipales his victims oil some'I'allager breeds inl all tile New Ellgland States. tlhorn, busi or briar. Grasshloppers anid even simall Sainmuels says: "Its song is almost exactly like tilat birds are found thus placed.'i'he courage, dasli anid of tile Robin, oftell brokell withl a pemlsive call-note, impetuosity of this bird is beyonid that of ally otiler Chip, chutrr! " It tilrives well ill colifimmememit. species, Ilot exceptinig any of tile rapacious tribe. SIIMMER RED-BIRD (Pyr-anga cestiva).-Thi' s brlilHle is better kInown in our large towIns as an occa- liantly-colored bird is seen immostly il the Soutli siognal bandit. Some pet Camnary has beeni placed in Atlanitic and Gulf' States. Its plummage is eitlirely of a sunimy exposure within the veranda; thIe Butchier- a riiclli vermnilioni color. WVilsoin says ~ III Pennsylbild lhas venltured in fioni the ineigilborilig wood, vania thley are rare, ilavingi mnyself passed a whole gets sighlit of tile yellow sonigster, and darts, withi the sumlnlem withiout seeilg- onie of tmlelll; while, in New celerity of anl arrow, at tile cage; frequeintly killing Jersey, eveni witliil a alf a mile of tile siore oppotile bird by tile force of tile shock, and, inl somne ini- site tile city of PlIiladelphlia, they mniay geellelally be statnces, sustainiing serious iinjury himiself.'I'his found dur-ing thie seasoII.'Imle mote of tle niale is a species is tell inchles in leingthi, anid thlirteeil in extellt strolng a.lid soInorous whistle, reseinbliigl a loose trill or of willg. A curious instance is related of Iiis habit shake Oil tile iotes of tlme fife, filequelitly repeated." of imlpalhemienit by Mr. Bell wlno, while tiaveliing in Du P1ratz, inl his History of LoWisiana, hIas related Russia, lad onie kept coifined in a room. A shlarp- somie particulars of this bird, wilich liave beeni reeued stick was fastenled in tile wall, anid when small peated by almost every subsequenlt writer oel tile bim-ds were let loose withlinii, tile Butchem-bird would subject, viz.: tliat it " illlabits tile wvoods o11 tile imstantly capture thiemn, amid, by aid of bill amd claws, Mlississippi, amid collects agailist wiinte r a vast mllagawould draw themi uponm tile shliarpeed stick; a lUImi1- zime of mamize, whlicl it carelfully coniceals witlhi dry ber of victinms beiug served ill this manner. leaves. leavinig oily a small hole for elntl'allce amnd is FRINGILLIDM. -BIRDS. FRINNGILLIDM. cxliii so jealous of it as never to quit its neigllborllood, pressive of their food, etc., such as Th'listle-bird, except for drinlk." Wilson doubts the truth of this Lettuce-bird, Salad-bird, etc." assertion, and gives several reatsons why the bird is ARKANSAS FINCH (C.psaltria).-"'lThis Goldfinch not likely to adopt such measures. One, particularly, is more like the C. tristis thanl anIy other of our is that tile climate being moderate, there seeins no species. Habitat, Southern Rocky Mountains, to. occasion for hoarding grains, especially as fruit and tile coast of California."-Baird. beimies are numerous at all seasons wheme the bird is BLACK GOLDFINCH; MEXICAN GOLDFINCH (C. lfound. In the Rocky Mountains,of New Mexico is mexicana).-Found on the Mexican side of the valley found the Rocky Mountain T'anager (P. Ilepatica), of thle Rio Grande southward, and at tile copper less brilliant thlan. the forimer, but colsiderably larger. nlines of the Gila. The Louisiana'lTanager (P. ludoviciana) is a southern PINE GOLDFINCH (C. piwus). —This bird is a and western species. A variety, cooperi, is known to winter visitor in New Engl(lad. In severe weather the Southern aid Western States. they congregate amonlg tIhe pine-trees of the forests, to feed on the seeds of those trees. Its habits alnd FAMILY-FRINGILLIDIF,. nItes are much like those of thle Goldfinch. RED CROSSBILL (Cuwvvirostra americaza) -Plate EVENING GROSBEAK (HesperiThona vesyertina). 14, fig. 48; and Fig. 118, vol. i, p. 365.-'-This is -Described by Audubon as Fringilla vespertina. one of the most remarkable of our Amlerican birds, Inhabits the Pacific Coast to the Rocky MLountains, having tile bill curved in such a manner as to give and Nolthern America east to Luke Superior. one tile impression that it is a deformnity.'I'le two PINE GROSBEAK (Pinicola enucleator)-Plate 14, mandibles cross each other, and tile dexterity with fig. 47. —Pyrrhula enlucleator of Audubon.'IThis which they open thle pine conles aiid extract the species is found in Arctic Anmerica, and, in severe seeds shows plainly that this is a wise adaptation of winters, ill tile United States. A genus, Pyrrhula, means to end. It is a winter visitor to New England, with onle species, cassini, has been founld inl Alaska. alld, accordinig to Baird, residenlt inl Pennlsylvtiania, PURPLE FINCH (Car podacus purpui'eus).-Frit- amnong time mmountaimns. Accordinlg to Mr. Allell anld gilia pulrpurea of Aumlubon and Wilson. "''This Prof. Verrill, it soinetilmies breeds as far south as bird," says Wilsoni, " coimes to us in large flocks Massachusetts and Maine. It inmliabits almnost all from tile nortll, ill Septemiber anld October; ogreat our piine forests situated north of 40~0, from thle llulnbers reemaining withl us ill ['emnnsylvamnia durimng beginlilnmg of Septelmber to tile middle of April. tile whloie winter, ft'ediing oil tile seeds ot tile poplar, WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL (C. leucoptera).buttomn-wood, julmiper, cedar, aiid oil those of imay Th'l'llis species is less comumon tllan tile precedillg in raink weeds that flourish inl rich bottoms and alo1g1 its winiter visits, t{hough it firequents tile sanme places ltie mllmalgii of creeks. Whenli tile season is very alnd at tile same seasonls. It i1lis all tile general severe, they proceed to tile soutlh, as far at least as characteristics of tlhat bird. A species described by G( olrgia, retmrnii'g niorth early in April." A species, C. Stricklalld as Loxia muexicana, is now regarded as a calil'oiricis, foulid oil tile Pacific Coast of tile Uniited variety of tile Curvirostra. States, is described by Baird as " simlilar to purpureus; LESSER RED-POLL (Lgiothtus linarius).-Th'lis is purple of thle head amid rump much darker." Anmother anlother comnmon winter visitor iII thie Northerll species, from tile Rocky Mountaiins anid valley of tile States. It congregates in large flocks, atid is seeni Colorado, is Cassin's Purple Finichl (C. cassini).''lime ill thie pasture-lands and fields, feeding oil tile seeds latter is the largest of tile Amimericani Purple Finclhes. of grasses alld oil weeds. It has tile habits of thle BURION; HOUSE FINCH (CCarpodlacus fr'ontalis). Goldfinclll alld Pinlefiulnc, aind utters a similar nlote. -Described by Auduboll as "Fringila- fronltalis. MEALY RED-POLL (A. canescens).-'This is a very Rocky Mounltainis to Pacific."''llis species is quite rare wimntemr visitor in New Egllland, beinmg more comileIemarkable for tihe great variatiomi in the shade of red moin farther nortlli. According to Prof. Vermill, it is ill tile different regioms of tile body. C. hae.mnorrihous rarely founld in Maine. It differs from tihe preceding (Mexican Fiinch) is founld in New Mexico. in its larlger size anid gemmerally hoary appearauice, YELLOW-BIRD (C. tr'istis).-'i'lIis pretty bird is anid tile pure white or rosy Lrumip, never with dusky oiie of tile imost finmiliar suiniumer visitors in tile streaks, as inl tile felmale aitl youilig of A. linaria. Nortllernl States, where, inl tile southerll districts, it GRAY-CROWNED FINCH (Leltcosticte tephrocotis). remaiins througlh tie yeLar. "'l'he song' or tlleYellow- -Foud ili tile Northmermn Rocky Mountais, anld in bird," says Wilsonl, " resenmibles that of thle Gold- tile vicimnity of Salt Lake City ill winiter.'Iwo other fimichl of Britain; but is inl general so weak as to species are recorded as belonlgilng to tile morth-west appear to proceed from a considerable distanice, whemi coast of North Amimerica, viz.: Gray-necked Fimich perhlaps tlhe bird is perched on tile tree over your (L. griseimmuclia).'I'lie Gray-neck is simlmilar to tile head. Durilg' tile latter part of suimmer tiley are Gray-crownied, but duller, amid bemneatih niore tilnged ali1most collstalt visitalits ill our gardeis, iin searchl with rosy; its cheeks anid imeck above distiictly gray. of seeds, whichl they dislodgle flroll tile hlusk withl SNOW BUNTING (Plectrophanes nivalis). —'I'is is great laddress, wile hmamigiig' friequelitly hiead dowil- coliritollo to bothi comitimmelits. Othier species are: walrds, iii tile mnanimier of time'l'itmouse. From these Laplallid Lomig-spilir, Simmitim's Buntilmg alid Chlestniutcirciuimistamices, as well as firom their color, thiey aie coloredl BultiIlg'. VeIy Silllilal' to tile last-lialmled very generally klilowi, amd pass by various mlamies, ex- species is tile P1. immelamommmus, s foouid on thie eastern cxliv FRINGILLIDAM.-BIRDS.- FRINGILLIDA3. slope of the Rocky Mountains.'Th'le P. Iaccowii THE SEASIDE BUNTING (A. maritimus) has haIlits of Lawrence is also found there. very silnilar to the latter. A species founld in CaliTHE HOUSE SPARROW (Pyrgita domestica).-T his fornia has beenl nanled A. samn-uelis. European species is now domesticated in our parks. LARK SPARROW ( Chondestes grammaca). —''ltis is BAIRD'S BUNTING (Ceutronyx baihrdii)-is some- found oni the prairies or Illinois, westward to thle what similar in general appearance to tile Savannah Pacific Coast, anld soutlIward to Mexico. Sparrow ([Passericulus savanna). It resenlbles ill color IPSWICH SPARROW (P. princeps).-''llis is a nlew the Smith's Bunting, and is founid at tile mouth of bird, discovered by Mr. Mayllard, of Ipswich, AMlass., the Yellowstone River. in 1868. Several others were takenl silice, but thle SAVANNAH SPARROW (Passericulus savanna).- species lhas nlot been seenl elsewlhere. Nothiltg is In the easte'rn i)art of Massachusetts this bird is knlown of its ihabits. It was first described as Ceuquite cotmmon in the sumnmer months. In tile in- troinyx bairdii, but it is now regarded as above. terior of Mainie it is also conrlnon, though gelnerally WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (Zonotrichia leucoit is found on tile Atlantic sea-board, where it feeds phrys) —forIrerly called thleWHITE-CROWNED BUNTING otl thie insects aind mlollusks of tile refuse sea-weeds..-is otne of tile rarest of its tribe ill the Utited States. T'lme P. sanidwichensis is very mucli like tile latter, It resemmmbles tile White-tlhrotated Sparrow colisiderand. is only distimnguishied by its greater size anid ably. In tile Rocky Mounltaills, aind westward to westerni locality. Habitat, northi-western'coast. tihe Pacific, tile Gaminbel's Filich (Z. gamnbelii) is 0Ol tile coast of California, and in Russiant Amnerica, found. It closely resembles tile precedinlg.''lThe is foutnd a species, called tile Spotted Sparrow (P. Golden-crowlled Sparrow (Z. corollata) is seemn on anthiius).''liis is the smallest of tile group, amld tie Pacific Coast, froma Russian Ainerica to Califoris distinguislied by its numerous spots on the unider nia. Harris's Finlcih (Z. querula) illhiabits tile coullparts. A species similiar to the Savannaih Sparrow, try alomlg tile Missouri River, above Fort Leavenwortih. but smalller, is tile Lark Sparrow (P. alaudinus). Tl'le Whlite-tlhroated Sparrow (Z. albicollis) is a Habitat, coast of California, T'exas and Mexico. beautiful species. It lreeds abulidammtly in tile nortihAtlothler species, foulid in Califormlia, is tile Beaked erni districts of New Enmglammd, anld is fouild througilSparrow (P. rostra.tils). out tile United States to tile Missouri River. GRASS FINCH; BAY-WINGED BUNTING (Pooccetes MEXICAN JUNCO (AJunco cinereus). —'tis is all grqazineus).-'I'lie lallia ers of this bird beai' great allied form, fouud inl Mexico. Another species, tlhe affinity to thiose of tile Comnmonm Bunititng of Britain. Oregonl Sllow-bird, described by Audubomn as Frillit delighits in frequemntitng grass anld clover fields; gilla oregolia, tnow knmowin as Jutlco oregomnus, is perches onl tile tops of fences, simmgilg', firomt tile Illid- founld alotng tile eastern side of tlle Rocky Mountainis, die of April to the begitlini g of July, witai a cleat atmd westward to tile Pacific.''lme Red-backed anmd pleasamnt tnote, in whichl particular it far excels Sntow-bird (J. caiiceps) is from New Mexico. its Europeall relations. It is partially a bird of pass- SNOW-BIRD (Junco hyemalis).-Wilsoll says of age here, some leavilng us, and otilers renllailliln witil this interesting bird: "'lhlis well-knowtn species, tus durinig tile winter.'Th'ley fiequent tile mmiiddle ol small aand ilmsignlificant as it may appear, is by fair tihe fields more thlan tile tllickets or liedges, alld ruIl tile mmmost numerous, as well as tile mImost extemnsively alonig tile ground like a Lark. T'hey are tilllid birds, disseminiated of all the feathered tribes thlat visit us and rarely approachi tile farlmm-ilouse." —`Wilson. fromll tile frozen reoionms of tile lorthl: thieir tmiglraYELLOW-WINGED BUNTING (Caturniculus pas- tiomls extendimng tfott tile Arctic circle, amld probably serinus).-T-'l'is bird is irregularly distributed. In beyond it, to tile shiores of tihe Gulf of Mexico, Massaclhusetts it is rare oil tile sea coast, but il tile spreadinig over tile whiole breadtil of tile Unlited western part is anl abunidamlt suinammer visitor. It is States. rarely seenll northl of thills State. Alolmg tile Atlalltic BLACK-THROATED SPARROW (Poospiza belineata). border, southi of Washlilngton anld westward to tile —'llisis a cotlparatively new species, foumnd in tile Platt-e, is foumld a species, called tile lIenlslow Bulmt- Middle Provitlce of tile United States. ing (C. llenslowi). Near tile mlouth of tile Yellow- BELL'S FINCH (Poospiza belli).-"'lTimis remarkable stoIne River occurs tile C. lecontei, described originl- sparrow nleeds comnparison witih nto othler Nortll ally by Audubotn. Amnericanl species for its idemltificationl." —Baicid. It SHARP-TAILED FINCH (Ammodqronus caudacutus). is lalnmed ill hiollor of Mr. Johin Bell, tile taxider-' Massacihusetts seemns to be tile nlortllern limmit of' inist of New York. Habitat. Soutilerln Califorlia tilis species. Itn tilis State, amid th1ose southl, it is not atnlld tile valley of' Gila al(l Colorado. Ridgway ucomion,, but is confined to tile districts ill tile neigih- ihas added to ouI Fi'auill a variety of tilis species, borhlood or tile coast, and is never- foumnd lmore tllall Wllich lle nalnes nevadellsis, anid affixes tile trivial a mmile or two from thiose localities in tile breedinlmg inname, Artenmmisia Sparrow. seasoll."-Samuels. Wilsonl says:" It courses alogll TREE SPARROW (S2izella monticola). —'i'lis is a tile margill, alld ammmolg thie ioles and ilmterstices of tile winiter residemlt ill New Enmglalmd. Wilsoli says: weeds ammd sea-wrack, witit a rLapidity equaled otily by " lIe takes up lis wiimter quatters ill PellTisylvallia the inimblest of our Sandpipers, atlld very mIIucli ill thieir amlnd Iimost of tile Northiern1 States, as well as several of Immaiemer." T'his species derives its wimole subsisteince tile Soutilelrnll olnes." frinom tile sea.'h'leir stonmaclis are always filled witli FIELD SPARROW (S. pusilla).-lThis is tile sumaillest fiagmetits of sllrimps, imninute sliell-fish ammd tile like. of our Iinative Sparrows. " It is more frlequelintly FRINGILLIDm. -BIRDS.- FRINGILLIDE. cxlv found in the middle of fields and orchards thanl aiy poinlts." Length, six ilnclles. Habitat, San Antonio, of the othlier species wlich usually lurk along hedge- TIexis, to Los Nogales, Soinora. rows. It has no song, but a kinid of chirrupilng, not BROWN-HIEADED SPARROW (P. 9'tficeps).-Originuch different firoln tile chliirpings of a cricket."- illally described by Cassiill ns Ainmnodronlllls rnficeps. Wilson. Habitat, Eastern North America to tile Its length is five lland a ihalf inliles. H-abitat, coast Missouri River. of California. CHIPPING SPARROW (S. socialis). — This is one of TEXAS SPARROW (Emnberna gra r'uvirgata) is the most familiar birds in the Northern States. It described by Mr. Geo. N. Lawvreice, in Ann. NV. Y is an early visitor, sometimes appearing by the Lyceum Nat. tlist. Its lentgth is five an.d a half middle of Mairch. Its nest is so universally lined inches., Habitat, valley of thle Rio Granlde, anlld with horse-hairs, it has come to be called, in somie probably of Gila, southward; Mazatlan, Mexico. legfionlls, HAIR-BIRD, or'HAIR SPARROW. It is tills FOX-COLORED SPARROW (Passerella iliaca).species that is so ofteml burdened withli the eggs of Fri ngilgla ruff[ of Wilson. "'hiis plunp and letty the Cow-bird; tile latter lays thenl in the nest species arrives ill Pennsylvanllia fron time north ubto t of tle Sparrow, where tliey are hatched, anld whlere tIle 20tlh of October, freqluenlts low, sheltered thlickets, tile younig Cow-birds find a home and sustenance in associates in little flocks of tell or twelve, aand is company witli thle legitilmate brood.'IThe CLAY- almost continually scrap)illg tile ground amld rustlillg COLORRED BUNTING (S. pallida) is found on tile npper almong thile fiallen leaves." Wilson.'Ilis bird is Missouri River. A species munchi resemnblinmg tile very abundallnt ill New Englallnd ill tile sprilig arid latter, and found from tile Rocky Mountaills to tile autumnii, arriving early ill Mahrch, anll( going still Pacific, is tile Brewer's Sparrow (S. breweri). It is fartller. northl ill April. Ill tile autumil it arrives 0ow regarded as a variety otlly. A Mexicall species firom tile nlortll, ai(d departs for its soutileil winiter is S. atlragularis, thIe Black-chimlled Sparrow. A iolle late in Novelmber. variety of S. socialis, arizolnae, is'ould ill tile west. TOWNSEND'S SPARROW (P. townsendi).-'hIlis is SONG SPARROW (Melospizar melodia).-Oft all o0r tile Fringilla townlsemldi of Audubonl. "'This species Spm'mrows, this is tihe Imost lumimerous, thIe mmost gemi- diffeis a good deal fioma tihe iliaca (last Inamied).'ie erally diffiised over tile United States, amld by far thIe claws are munch la1rger amid stouter, tile wing a good earliest, sweetest and miost lastitg sonmgster. It mnay deal shorter aiid miore rouided. l'lIme differeirces in be said to be partially mlligratory, mimamy passimig to color are very appreciable, tile timits beimig dark tile Soutlh in the montlh of Noveinber, aid muly of olivaceous-browim, inistead of red, amd i)erfectly unithiemi still remnaining' withi us, iil low, close, shleltered folmli above, niot spotted tihe ulilelr palrts liiiclhi 1nioe mlleadows anid swamips, durinig tihe whole of willter. thickly splotted."-Baird. Hlabitat, coast of Ummited It is tie first sinmging-bird ill Sp)rilg, takilg. pre- States, as far south as Saclamemlto. cedeice evell of thIe Pewee alld Blue-bird. h'le Solng SLATE-COLORED SPARROW (P. schistacea).-''llis Sparrow builds hIiis miest usually oil tile groumld, but mew species is described by Prof. Baird as follows: occasiomially oil a bush or low tree; it is limied, like "It is readily distimmguislied from P. iliaca by tile that of tie Cllippilng Sparrow, with horse-liair. Quite slate back and spots oil its bireast, withiout. -lly olteil it raises thimee broods ill a seasoni. A variety, streaks above. h'lIe bill is mucll stouter, amid tile foundu in California, has beei muamned by Prof. Baird claws lounger. Fmom townsenldi it differs in havimig Al. hermmuamii. Aimother, f'rom tihe sanue reg'ion, is tile tihe head, back, sides anid spots benleath, slate colored, M. gouldi, Baird. Tlie Rusty Somig Sparrow (M. inustead of dark reddish-brown.'lihe spotting bemeathli mufina, Baird) is froiin thie Pacific Coast northi- is much more spasoe, tile spots smnaller, more triamlgular ward to Russiain America. A species resemlmbling anid confined to tihe terminal portion of thIe feathers, tihe Soig Sparrow, but larger, is tile Moultaill imustead of frequemltly iuuvolvimug tile enitire outer edge. Song Sparrow (M. fallax, Baird). It is froonm tile'lie bill is stouter. h'lIe wiugs aiid tail ale tile saiiie iml Rocky Mounltains. Lincolin's Finuchi (M. limmcoli), both species." It is fouuid at tile head waters of tile dlescribed by Audubon as Fringilla, is distributed Platte, amd at Fort'T'ejon, California. It is now rethriiougl tihe States, Fmomin tihe Atlanutic to tihe Pacific, garded as a variety omuly of tihe latter. and south to Mexico. THICK-BILLED FINCH (P. megarhynchus) is ainSWAMP SPARROW (Iifelospizapalustris).-'l'Tis is othuer new variety of P. townsendi, fi'om tile west. IIot so comnlmioum ih New Enmgland as time Somug allm( LARK BUNTING (Ualamospiza bicolor). -''lhis n n Chuipping Sparrows, but breeds in all tihe Noritierni species, sometimes called tile WHIT-WINoErD BfAcKStates.'I'ley build thieir nests gemlerally il a bunucll BIRD, is tile Corydaliina of Audubolm. " Habitat, highi o' grass, in swampy places.'limeir food is principally cemltral plains to tile Rocky Mountaimus, southiwesterly grass seeds, wild oats aind insects.'hlmey have mno to tihe valley of M iunbres and Sonora." soming, but utter a simlgle chirp, or cheep. BLACK-THROATED BUNTING (Euspiza americana). BACHMAN'S SPARROW (Peuca3a cestivalis). —TllIis -'This is all extreunely rare bird iml New Emlglald. is thIe Frinmgilla bachimani of Audubon. It is a Massachusetts seems to be its most miortlhern limit. southllcr bird, foumud in Georgia and thile Gulf States. III thieir shape and mna.inners they veiry mucli resenible Ridg'way hlas added anm Arizo-a variety. time Yellow Halnmnems of Bmitaiin (. citrilmella). Like CASSIN'S SPARROW (P. cassini). —Piof. Baird says thmema they are fommd of mouuitiuug to time top of soulie of thisspecies: "It Imas a cousider able meseumublamuce hialf-growmm tree, amld tlieme cllirmuping for hialf am hour to P. restivalis, but mhiflems in! seoine pprcciahl'3 at a tinc." — Wilson. VOL. I. —t. cxlvi FRINGILLIDE. -BIRDS. FRINGILLIDAE. TOWNSEND'S BUNTING (Euspiza towosendi).-Of ilifeliority of song.'I'lTese birds arrive in Louisiana this bird Prof. Baird says: "This curious bird has fromi the south about the middle of April, and begin long been a puzzle to orniithologists in the uncertai nly I to build early ill Many. T'ieir food consists of rice, whether it is only a variety of Euspiza americalla, ilisects, and various kinds of seeds thlat grow luxurior a distinct species. r'Thus far but one specimen is aiitly in their native haunts. Early inl October they known, the one before me, kindly lent to the Siithl- retire to more southern clillles, beilg extremnely sussonlian Institution by Dr. Micherer, and previously ceptible to cold." figured anld described by Mi. Audubon." LITTLE SEED-EATER (Spermophila moreleti) is ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK (ledymeles lutdovici- found on the Rio Grande of'I'exas, and in Honduras. ana). —'llis elegant bird is found as a sumimer visitor It is the slmallest of Amlerican passerine birds. The in all parts of New England, though sparsely, anld Black-faced Finch (Phonipara zena) is a West Indian ill other sections east of the Missouri plails. Wilsonl species, found in Florida. gives an -account of olle kept in a cage by a gentle- TEXAS CARDINAL (Pyrrhuloxia sinuata) is founld mal in Connecticut, which fiequently salng at nlight, in tile valley of tile Rio Girande. and uttered notes of extreme sweetnless and cleailness. RED-BIRD; CARDINAL (Cardinalis virqginianis). BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (Hedymzeles mnelanoce- -Of this bird Wilsoll says:'''1his is olle of our1 phalus). —This is the Fringilla of Audubon, a.d cll ost conmmon cage-birds, and is very generally Coccoborus of Audubon's Syinopsis. It is founld in known, Iot only in America, but even in Europe. In tile hlighl central plains, from tile Yellowstone to the Pennsylvania and tile Northern States it is ratller a Pacific. scarce species, but tllrougil the whole lower parts BLUE GROSBEAK (GCuiraca caesulea).-"I'This soli- of the Southern States, ill the Ieigolborlood of tary and retired species inhabits tile wariier parts of settleinents, it is comnioii." A variety, ig'neus, is Almierica, fioln Guiaiia, and probably fartiher south, fouiid ill western1 territories. Wilson asserts thlat to Virginia. Mr. Bartram also saw it dul'rilig a sun- the female of the species "often sings nearly as well mer's residence near Lancaster, Pa. In the United as the male." States it is, however, a rare species, and, having'but TOWHEE; GROUND ROBIN (Pipilo erythropthalfew notes, is mnore rarely observed.'lley are tilnid mus) is a very coinmoii species in the Soutliern birds, watchful, silent. and active.'I'liey feed oil New Eilgland States; and extenids as far west as the seeds aiid the kernels of several kinds of berries." — Aissouri River. Its cominill nalne,'l'owle e, is dleWFilson. r ived from its peculiar n}ote. In Virginia lie is culled VARIED BUNTING (Cyanospiza versicolor).-'t'lis tle B13ullfilichi, ald in ilany places Cllewink and beautiful Spiza is sufficiently distinct from the otlier Swamp Robiii. Its presence in the woods is knlowi North American species lnot to require any colpl)ari- very readily, even if its notes are nlot heard, as it son between adult Iinales. Its habitat is North- is usually busy inl scratchilng away the leaves in easteril Mexico to the Rio (Grande. searchl of food; in this it irakles as liuchl bustle LAZULI FINCH (Cycanospiza amcenan).-T''hiis is and noise as an old hlell mlighit in the same occuipaabout the size of the C. cyanea, the bill being exactly tion. Its food coiisists of worilis, ii)sects amid similar. Habitat, high central plains to the Pacific. seeds, which it filids under the debris of the forest. INDIGO-BIRD (Cyanospiza cyanea). —In the more About the middle of October it migrates to the populous regions of New Englalid the Indigo-bird is south. A variety, allenli, is foundl in Florida. a commoLn summllier visitor'. Its rich plunage and its OREGON GROUND ROBIN (P. oregonus).-'1'hiis pleasanit sonig make it a favorite ii the country-side. species, described by M1r. Bell, is fouild on tile coast Nuttall says: "'l'lhoughl naturally shy, active anld of Oregoon and Washington T'eirritories.'It is suspicious, thiey still, at the interesting period of readily distinguished froin the fortmer by thle wilite procreation, resort chiefly to the precincts of hiabi- oil the scapulars and wing coverts. its relatioillships tations, arounld which they are far Ilore comiimonm to arcticus are much closerl." -Baid. thian il1 tile solitary woods, seeking their borders or ARCTIC GROUND ROBIN (P. arcticus). —"'his the thickets by the sides of the roads; but their species is similar in form to tile P. erythropthlalllus, fiLvorite resort is the garden." whiich, hiowever, is readily distiinguished by the emitire PAINTED BUNTING (Cyanospiza ciris).- This absence of white on the scapulars anld wing coverts. beautiful little bird is a favorite in Louisiaina, where''le amount of white on thle tail decreases inuchi less it is called by the French inhabitants, Le -'ape. It rapidly. Thie differences betweeni it aiid P. orefgollus also is known thiere as the Nonpareil. In the low will be fouiid detailed under the head of thle latter couiitries, especially in the rice planitationls, lie is species."-Baird. Habitat, hiighi central plaiins of particularly at home. His miotes are siimilar to thiose Upper Missouri, Yellowstobie and:Platte. of the Indigo-bird, but hlave nlot the strenlgthl anld SPURRED TOWHEE (P. megalonyx).- "'hiis 0l'or1, enerigy of thie latter. Wilson says thlat lie foulld if niot a distinlct species, conistitutes so stromg'ly hiiiii thie most commoinoily domiesticated bird in New!miarked a variety as to be worthy of particular deOrleanis, and adds: " Were the same atteitioii be- scription.''le general appearance is that of P. stowed on these birds as oil the Caniary, I hiave no arcticus, which it reselmbles in the amouiit of wliite doubt but thiey would breed with equal flcility, aiid spottimig oli its wimgs." —Beird. Habitat, soutlhelrll beconmie equally nulmnerous and famLiliar, wlhiile thle coast of Califorluia, alld across tihrouglh thle valleys of ricliess of tlheir plumage mighllt comIpelisate fo1r thleir Gila anid Rio Grallde..... ALAUDIDIs. BIRDS. —ICTERIDI'. cxlvii ABERT'S TOWHEE (P. aberti). —.. This plainly- of short, variable notes, uttered with such seeming colored bird is alnong the largest of the North confusion anld rapidity, alld continued for a considerAlnerican species." Habitat, at the base of the able time, that it appears as if half a dozen birds of Rocky Mountains in New Mexico, valley of Gila and different kinds were all singing together. Some idea Colorado. nay be formed of this solng by strikillg tie high BROWN TOWHEE (P. fuscus). —"'lllis species is keys of a pianoforte at random, singly and quickly, mluclh darker tllan P. aberti, and lacks tile black oil making as many sudden contrasts of high and low cllin and sides of head. Thle chlin and tlhroat are notes as possible. Many of the tones are, in themabruptly different from the breast; the light patcll selves, charming, but they succeed each other so llargined with black spots." It iinhmabits the coast rapidly that tile ear call hardly separate them." regionl of Califor llia. COW-BIRD; COW BLACKBIRD (Molothr-M peeoii.s) CANON FINCH (P. mesoleeucts) is similar in general -Plate VI, fig. ix.-As a sumnnmer visitor this bird appealraLnce to tile P. fuscus, amnd is found ill the is very comimon in tile Northern States. It derives valley of the upper Rio Grande, and across to Gila its trivial name fr'om the fact that it seems fond of River, east to Sallta Caterina, New Leoil. the society of cattle.'l'lley congregate in great GREEN-TAILED BUNTING (P. chlorurus) is thle numbers in tile pastures where the cattle feed, probFlinigilla c'hlorura of'I'ownsend. Hlabitat, valley of ably for seeds, wornis, etc., found inl the excrement. tile Rio Grande and Gila, Rocky Moulntains north to A most ullaccountable habit of this bird is that of tile South Pass, south to Mexico. layiing its eggs in the nests of other anid smaller birds. Frequenltly the eggs are hatched and tile FAMrII. A-LAUDID-ZE. yoUIg cared for by tile foster mother until they are able to leave the nest. Occasionally a nest is found THE SKYLARK (Alauda arvensis) —Plate 13, fig. where the unwelcome egg of the Cow-bird (which, 46.-''lhis is the European species, which has beemi in sorme instances, half fills that of tile little Warbler) introduced illto our counitry. It is recorded by is excluded or covered by tie m.aterial of a new nest authors as as accidental in Greenland and Bermuda, built over and witlin tile old onle. Th'e Yellowand ili the Aleutian Islanlds." thlroat and Red-eyed Fly-catchier are victims of this THE SHORE LARK (Eremnophila alpestris). —Tlis annloyance from the Cow-bird. When tle egg of species is the same ol both hemispheres, although oulr tle latter is deposited before the rightful tenallt has bird is regarded as a variety. It breeds in the Arctic collmenced laying, the nest is generally deserted. regions. A variety, whichi is fonind to belong' to It is believed that tliis' bird does not build a nest, Mliddle America, is called E. chrysoleuca. but relies entirely onl the good offices of other species. "From twelve to fourteenl days is the usual tinie of FAMIL —ICT'ERIDAE. incubationl witlh our small birds; but, altlhouglh I calnnot exactly fix the precise period requisite for tile egg BOBOLINK; REED-BIRD; RICE-BIRD (Dolichonyx of tile Cow Bunting, I think I: can say almost positively oryzivorus)-Plate 1V, fig. iii-is one of tile most that it is a day or two less tlhal the shortest of the commion of our summer visitors, reaching tile nIortli above-mletiolled species. In tilis sinigular circumaabout the middle of May.'To tile rice-plllaters of stance, we see a striking provision; for did this egg tihe Southern States this bird is not particularly require a day or two nmore, inistead of so muclh less welcome, for tile immense flocks which at times comne than those among which it has been dropped, tile upoll tile rice fields make incalculable mischief and young it contained would in every instance imost loss for thiemn. By the terml Bobolink this bird is inevitably perishi, anid thus, in a few years, tile whole better known in tile Northernl States. Audubon species must becollle extilict. Oml tile first appearsays of it: " Il Louisiana thiey amrive tliere, ill aice of the younig Cow Buntinig, tile parent being smnall flocks of muales and females, about tile middle frequenitly obliged to leave tile nest to provide of Marcll or begilmiiillg of April. Tlileir somg ill sustelialice for tile fouidlhilg, tile business of inspring is extremiely interesting, alid, emiitted witli a cubation is thius necessarily ilterrupted; tile disvolubility borderinig oml tile burlesque, is hmeard fromi positioni to conitimnue it abates. Nature hias now a whole party at tile same time; and it beconmes given a mnew directioni to tile zeal of tile parent; and amnusimng to hlear thirty or forty of them beginnllilng tile remiainlilng eggs, within a week or two at most, onme after'allotlmer, as if ordered to follow in quick generally disappear. Ill somme inistalices, indeed, they succession, after tile first notes are given by a leader, hlave been founid on the groumld mnear or below tile anid producinlg such a medley as it is impossible to moest, but this is rarely tile case. I have never kmnowin describe, althioughi it is extremely pleasanit to hear. mIore tilall omne egg of the Cow Bulntinlg in tile same While you are listemlinig, tile whole flock silmliltane- miest.'l'ihe egg is somewhliat larger tilall that of the ously ceases, whiichi appears equally extraordim)ary. Blue-bird, thickly sprinkled with grailis of pale brown T'his curious exhiibitiomn takes place every timime tile oil a dirty white-brownl. It is of a size proportionlflock has alighlited oil a tree." able to that of tile bird."- Wilson. T'lie Cow-bird Wilsoni says of lhim. "'li'e sommg of tile male, whiile is at all times gregarious amid polygaimious, inever the feniale is sittimig, is siligular anid very agreeable. makimig anid never exhiibitimig amly SignIs of eithlelr conMountimng anld hoverinilg onll wilrng, at a small leighlt jugal or parental affection. It is distributed pretty over tile field, lie clants out sucli a jinglin g miedley genierally thlrougilout tile United States, fiom tile cxlviii ICTERIDM. — BIRD S.- IcTERIDN. Atlantic to the Pacific, though not found immedi- much ill thie same steady, graceful imanner as the ately on the Pacific Coast. Inl Maine it is con- Cow-bird. sidered lrare. MEADOW LARK (Sturnella magna). —This is a RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (Agelaius phoeniceus). comQmon sunmner visitor ill tile Northern States. In -Wilson, ill treating of this bird, arraignls hiin the milder winters it lrenmaiins in the north. Tlhe firstly for trial as to the universally alleged reputa- favorite hauuts of this bird are thile meadows anld tioti for theft, amid proceeds in tis wise: "1In iiives- pastures. When they alight oil trees or bushlies, it tigatiig the nature of these 1 slihll eldeavor to is gemierally onil tile tops of tile highest branches, remider strict historical justice, adhering totlie iioiest wleiice they seid f'oirthli a lonig, clear and somewhat injunctions of the poet - minelamicholy iote, that in sweetness and tendernless of expression is niot surpassed by allny of our nulner"'Nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught iu malice.' ous Warblers.'Ihey are regarded as iext to tlhe Bobwhite as a table delicacy, aiid are f'ound at all "Let the reader divest hiiliself of prejudice, and seasoiis in the malkLets of tihe Middle States. we shall be at no loss to ascertaiu accurately his true WESTERN LARK (Sturnella neglecta). —"'l'Tlis character..'liey arrive in Penmlsylvauia late ii species," says B3aird, "is so very blosely related to Mairch.'Their general food at this seasoii, as well tile S. magiia as to render it very difficult to distilias during the early part of summer, coisists of grub- guisih them. The prevailing shliade of color is, hlowworms, caterpillars and various othlier larvea, tile ever, decidedly paler ill the preselit, tile light mlargilms silent- but deadly enenmies of all vegetation. For to tile feathers being purer, tile initervals of tile dark thliese verminl tile Starlimigs search with great dili- imllarkillgs beilg iot reddish-brown so mueClm as oliva,geillce ii tile groumld, at tile root of plants, in ceous, with a faint trace oily of cllestiut. A reorchards and imeadows, as well as among buds, leaves minarkable differemice inl their iotes is coisidered as of and blossoms; and, from their known voracity, tile mimportaice in tile comsideratioll of the specific dismiultitudes of those imisects which they destroy must tiilction." In thIe lately published work of B]aird, be immense." Wilson then estimates, lpplroximiately, Brewer amid Ridglway, this species is emtered ias a the number of noxious iisects that one bird of tllis variety. its habitat is giveni is Westeri Amilerica, species may destroy ill a seasoim, amd demnomstrates fiom high celltral plaimls to Pacific, east to Pellmibina, clearly that their services are far imore ilnportamt and aild perhaps to Wiscoismiin. beiieficial thiani tihe value of all that portiomm of conil TROUPIAL (Icterqus vulgaris).-'llmis is a So0tim whichli a careful amd active farmer permits himmself to Amierican species, foummd occasioially om tihe soutimeri lose by it. Trhis species is kmowm by several differemt coast of tile Uiited States. It is tile largest of time iamnies, such as Swamlp Blackbird, Marsh Blackbird, Orioles fouid hiere.'liis species is commmonmi ii tile Corm-thief, led-wimig Starlimlg, etc. Time mmale is West iidies. Audubon describes it as a North iotably very mmuch larger thian tile femmale, beiimg two A miericail bird, hmavinmg miet witli stragglers fromm tile inches lomlger. It is comimioi thiromighout tihe States, An itilles. It is colmmimno ill all tile miortherll coumtries firom the Atlanitic to time Pacific. of South Amierica, wlhere it associates ill large flocks, RED-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD (A. gubernator). and constructs a large aid pemsile miest. 1In coilfimme-'Ihis is a westeri variety, comifimed to tihe'Pacific nimemit it becomes very easily tanedu, mimd has a loud, Coast. " In certaini states of plumlage,"" says Prof. clear and rimgillgi wlhistle, aifd a great variety of call-. 3aird, "I fimid it exceediigly difficult to distiiguisli motes, amd simigle or' brief uttemainces. satisfactorily this species froim A. lphcmliceus.'lHie BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE (Icterlus melanocephalus). femalesare scarcely to be distimguishmed from tlose -In tihe warm parts of Mexico this bird is kmmowml. of A. tricolor, except possibly by tile miore romlmded It is similar to time I. audubomi, but without amly tail, amd stouter, shorter bill." Duriig tile summer white whatever oni tihe wimmgs.'Tle head aimd Imeck this species is said to emiit a variety of sweet a.mid all roumd, wimg scapulars amld tail, niilormlm pure ul]ack liquid niotes, delivered from some tree iear its rest of' body, imclumdimg bemeathm tihe wimg aimd tilbia, favorite marsih.'liese are somietimnes miimgled withli almd'the lesser wimg coverts, orammge-yellow, clouded jinglig amid creakiig soumds. Mr. Ridgway fouid with olivaceous-green oil tile back, less so oi tile rumnp; them abumidait ill the iIar'shmy regions of California, bill and legs l)lumbeous, tile former whitish at base. but they were rarely miet with east of tile Sierra AUDUBON'S ORIOLE (I. auduboni).-Foummd imi tile Nevada. A. tricolor is foumd in the Pacific Provimce valley of the Lower Rio Graldle of'Texas amid southof time United States. ward. li this species there is mmo yellow below tile YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD (Xanthocephal's black of thIe feathers of tihe hlead, tile basal portioml icterocephalus). —'lhis species is fouid more f'rie- being plumlbeous.'lime outlimme of time black omi time quently on tile prairies, rammgimig fromnTexas to Illinois, upper nieck is at tile samme distamlce fromn tile bill all aid thieice to tile Pacific. Dr. Cooper states tlhat rouid, except oil time thiroat, whliere it extenids three tihe omily song the miale attempts commsists of a few quarters of mum immclh farthier back, s1. a semii-circular hoarse, chuckliig liotes amid comiical squeakinmgs, patchli oni tie upper part of time breast.''licere is a uttered as if it was a great effoirt to make ammy soulmd shighit orammge tilmge onl tile breast; time sides umider at all. Mr. Ridgway loumid it very abumidamit iil Cali- time wiMlgs almd buck inmoc greemmishi.'lime tail feathers f'oriia. He thmimiks its motes harsher tham those of ame emitimely black to their bases, soimme of them tipped amiy bird kmowmm to him. It wallks upoii time gromuid I with whitish. ICTERIDI). -BIRDS. -ICTERIDE. cxlix SCOTT'S ORIOLE (i. parisorum)).-h-''is is another the birds exhibit all thie liveliness and vivacity besontliern species, not mentioned by Wilson or Audu- 1longing to tlieir natnure. The male is seen rising ill bon, but described by Bonaparte. it inhabits tihe thle air from tenll to twenty yards inl a violent manner, valley of the Rio Grande and Guatemala. Iln Texas jerking his tail and body, flapping his wings, alid it is found onil tile Pecos. singii)g with remnarkable impetuosity, ais ift' ua.der tile ORCHARD ORIOLE (I. spurius).-In tile southern influence of haste, anld anxious to return to thie tree portions of New England this bird is a sumnmer visi- from whichL lie has departed. He accordingly detor, but is rare in most other parts of that section. scends, with the same motions of tile body and tail, In the Middle States it is more common than thIe repeating his pleasing soiig as hlie alights. These Baltimore Oriole. Unlike the Baltimore Oriole, it gambols anlld warublings are performied frequently builds its niest on the branches, and not beiieath durinlg thie day, thIe initervals being employed in astheiii, in a penisile manner. Nuttall describes thie cending and descendimg along the branlches a.nd Orchiard Oriole as an exceedingly active, spriglihtly twigs of differeint trees, ill search of iiisects. Ili alld restless bird iin the same instanlt almost lie is doinig this they rise onil tlieir legs, seldom without oil the groulld after some fallen insect, fluttering jerking the tail, stretch tile ieck, seize the prey, alld amiidst the foliage of the trees, prying allnd springing eliiit a sillgle mote, which is sweet aiild iiellow, alafter his lurkimig prey, or flying aiid tuniig his lively though in power much iiiferior to that of tilhe Baltinotes ill a ilianner so hurried, rapid and seemingly more." T'Ie range of this species is from tile Atlalitic confused, that thile ear is scarce able to thread out to the high ceutral plains, and probably through the shrill alid lively syllables of his agitated ditty. Texas, south to Guatei mala. Betweeni these hurried attempts lie also gives otlhers, BALTIMORE ORIOLE (I. baltimme) —Plate IV, which are distimct and agr'eeable, but still his toiles fig. iv.-This well-kinown and elegaiit bird is abuimare neither so full nor so mellow as those of the dant ill New Englaind durig tihe suminmer, anld is brilliant and gay Baltimnore. Accordilig to A udubon, distributed throughout tIe whole of Nortlh America, they sing with great livelimless ill cages, beimmg fed oil extelndimng to Mexico, amld soutlh as faar as Brazil. rice and dry fruits, wheni fresh camillot be procured. Ill New Eigl'alld it is kiiowin as the Goldein Roolmi, Their ordillary diet is caterpillars atld other iinsects, anld elsewhere as Fire-bird, HIaiig-nest, etc. "'l'here of which they destroy great quantities. Of tile niest is niothilg inoore reimiarkable," says Nuttall, "ill the of this bird, Wood says: "It is trimly a wonderfmul whole inistinct of our Goldein Robill tihaim tile iig'estructure, woven imito a bag or purse-like shape fromi nuity displayed in the fabricatioll of its niest, which long grasses, almost as if it had beeni faslionied in a is, ill fact, a pendulous cylindrical pouchI of five to loomi, and so firmnly comistructed that it will withstand sevei iichlies in deptlh, usually suspended fronm near io smIall amount of rough treatimieit before it gives tlme extrelmities of time high droopimg branichies of way. Ii one of these purse-like niests now lyinmg trees, such as tile elmi, tile pear, etc. It is begumi by before miie, I find that tihe bird often emiploys two firmly fasteiilig imatural strimlgs of thIe flax of6f thie silk amid sometimnes three threeads simiultaimeously, and weed or swamip hollyhock, or stout, artificial threads, that several of these double threads pass over tihe airouind two or imore forked twigs, corresponding to bramich to which thie nest is hiuing, and arle theni tile initenided width aud depth of tile iest. With time carried to tihe very bottom of thie purse, so as to samie umaterials, willow down, or ammy accidemltal ravelsuhlport thie structure in thie firmest possible miaimmer. lings, strillgs, thread, sewinig-silk, thriead or wool Tie entrance is lfrolm above, and near tile ilouth." that mmay be lying inear tihe hiouse or around grafts of Wilsom says lie had tihe curiosity to detach one ofr trees, they imiterweave anid fabricate a sort of coarse lie fibres or stalks of grass which foruin tihe nest, and cloth iito tihe form initenided, toward tihe bottom of f'ould it to imeasure thirteeni iniches in length, and, in whichi thiey place tihe real niest, mmade chiiefly of liit, that distallce, was thirty-four tiuimes hooked through wiry grass, horse aild cow hIair; soumetimes, ill defect alid retuiuned, windinig rounid anid rounid tile nest. of hair, limnimg tie interior withi a mixture of slender Speakingof ihis services to tihe farmer, hie says "He strips of smootli vimme-bark, alld rarely witlh a few visits us at a time wheli hbis services are of tile great- featlhers, tihe whole beimig of a conisiderable thicklness, est value, and, like a faithful guardiani, takes up his and more or less attached to time external pouell. station where tihe emnemy is mmost to be expected Over tihe top, thie leaves, as they grow out, forin a lie ought to be held in respectful esteemi, amid pro- vertdant amid agreeable cumopy, defemldiig time younmg tected by every collsiderate hIusbaldmllail." Nor is fromi thIe sumi and raim. There is somnetimmes a colltile gayety of his somig one of his least recomimienda- siderable differelice in tile manuufacture of these tioums. Beiing all extrelmely active bird, lie is oil tihe mests, as well as ill tile imaterials which enuter inito groumd, onm tile trees, flying amid carollimig ill his their compositioun. Both sexes seeuml to be equally huIrriedi ummammnier, ill allumost oue atid time satlme imlstamit. adepts at this sort of[ labor, and I lia.ive seeni tile Ills notes are slirill and lively, lut uttered with such feimale alomme perforln tihe whole without any assismapidity amid seeimiiig coumfusiomi thlat tile eam is umuable tamice, and time mIle also uearly Comlplete this ilabomito follow thiemi distinmctly. Betweem these lie ias a ons task witliout time aid of his conisort, wimo, howsidigle anote, which is agreeablef amd imiteresting. ever, in getmermal, is tie primicipal worlket r." "..'ime Auduboi says of' himi ~ No sooner have they eachied soinig of tie Baltimo re-bird," says Wo ilson,s " is a clear, that portiou of couutry iii whiich they ilitemid to me- mellow wvhistle, repeated at shlort illtemvahs, as hue mmaiu durimig time timne of maising their youmnmg, thmanm gleanms ammomig' tile branchies.'himeme is in it a certaili ~~ci ~ ~ ~~ ICTEfIDA.-BIRDS.- ICTEEIDa. wild plaintiveness and naivetg extremely interesting. scarcity of its numbers. When it arrives inll the It is not utteredl with tile rapidity of thile Ferruginllous sprin)g, sometimes as early as.the third week in'I'Thrush anid somee other soiigsters, hut with tile pleas- March, it frequents tile low, swampy thickets, where, ing tranlquility of a careless plough-boy, whistling in companies of three or four, it employs itself iii merrily for his own amusement. Whien alarmned by searching for seeds of various aquatic grasses, ilnan approach to iis nest, or any such circumlstance, lie sects, worms, and thile small crustacea founid in suclh makes a kind of rapid chirruping, very different'ronr localities." his usual note.'This, however, is always succeeded BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (S. cyanocephalu s), rnamed by those miellow toiles which seemr so congenial to after Dr. Brewer, tire eminent orlitllologist, is found iis nature." These birds do niot receive their full onil tihe high central plains, thence to tile Pacific, and plumage for several years. In their perfect livery southward to Mexico. It was first described by few birds equal tlhem in brilliancy. Who does niot Waglet r ill 1829 as Psarocolius, and is mieritiorred by easily recall tihe fiery gleaim which follows tile err- Auduboll as Quiscalus. Itis colisiderably larger tlhan tranlce of tihe Golden Robin into Ihis bower of green the Rusty Blackbird. Its specific name is derived foliage, tile colors of botlh plumnage anid foliage frrorr its glossy purplish-violet head alid neck. heightened by tihe contrast? CROW BLACKBIRD (Quiscalits pu7t9rlueu.s), or PuRHOODED ORIOLE (I. cucullatus).-.. In tihe valley PIE GRnAKrL. —'irhis is a corurionr bird ill New EnIgland of the lower Rio Graride, southward," says Prof. ill tile surlnlrer season, arriving abourt tile first week Baird, "this species is found." It is one of tile ini Alril. It is a social species; aid they arie ill tile North American birds described since tile days of' hrabit of remaining iniflocks, breeding ill inumlllbers oil Audubon aid Wilson. It was first inltroduced ilnto tile same tree. Audubon says of themrn:'l'he lofty, ourr Fauna by Mr. Lawrence. Its length is se6,en anid dead trees left standing in our Inewly cultivated fields, a half iniches, tihe wiig three aind a quariter inclies. lrave lnia ny holes aind cavities, somre of whiclh have BULLOCK'S ORIOLE (L bhullocki).-'l'lis is one of beenl bored by woodpeckers, aiid others caused by tihe western species described by Audurlbo,, but inlsects aid by decay.'ih'iese are visited aid exanioriginally by Swainsonl as Xanthornus. It is found ined ill sUccessiorm, unitil, a choice being made, amid oi tihe high central plains, thleice to tihe Pacific, aind i, few dry weeds amid fertilers collected, tile fenrale southward iiinto Mexico.'hlie bill and tail are very deplosits lienf eggs, whiich are firori four to six in u1111n1miuch as inl tihe Baltimoere. "It is, however, a larger her, blotched anid streaked withi brownlm ad black." species, and is readily distiignguished by tile yellow of Such is tlleir maminer of builiiig in Louisiana. In tile friont arid sides of tihe hiead anid neck, withi a tihe Northern States tlheir niests are differlently conblack line tiroughi tile eye, instead of aving tile sI ruicted, amld, as mentioned by Mr. Audubon, it is aI whole Ihead and neck black; lesser winmg coverts singular circnumstance that a comparatively shiort black, niot yellow; a niruch broader whiite band oiln distalnice shiould so vary this formation. hI tihe thile wings, etc." —Baird. Nortiheil States thiey construct their nests i, a mnore RUSTY BLACKBIRD (Solecophagus ferrugineus).- perfect mnlaniner, buildinlg in tile pinle-t'ees a nest''llhis is a visitor inl New Enigland during tile sprnig v which resembles thiat of tihe Robin. It is Inuch hanger anid fall miigationis..In Virginia and southward fthan tile latter, anid often there are a dozen or more they are very abunldant during tile winlt er' mnioiths. a rranlged onil tile, irorizontal braicimes, and formiling Wilson saw great nmunbers of them ill tihe woods tier above tier, fromn tihe lowest to tihe hiiglest limbs. near Petersburg, Va., anid found then abundant inl Audubon asserts tlihat lie several times founiid tlhemi tihe rice plantations of South Carolina.'IlThey also luildiig in fissures of rocks. Thley rarely produce extend westward. Samnuels found tiein breeding ini morle tlnan one br'ood inl aseason. Wilson says' "A tlne valley of Mamgalloway River in Mainle. "T''heir few miles from tihe banlks of tile Roanoke I niet with nests," lie cointinues, " were built in low alders over- one of thiose prodigious airmies of Grakles.'Th'ley hanlgirig tile water; they were constructed of first a rose floin tihe surrouldinig fields withi a noise like layer of twigs and brien-stalks; on this was built tihe thunder, arld, descending onl tile lengtih of road lbenest proper, which was composed of stalks anid leaves fore me, covered it anid the fences comnpletely Withi of grass, whiicih were mixed withi mnud and moulded black; anid when they again rose, anid, after a few into a firnr, circular structure, amid lined withi fine evolutions, descended on tihe skirts of tile highn timnleaves of grass and a few ihair-like roots.'The whiole bered woods, at that time destitute of leaves, they formed a large structure, easily seem at a distance of produced a most siuigular' anmd striking effect- the a few rods through tile foliage. ThIe eggs are of a whole trees for a conlsiderable extent, firom the top bluish-white colorn, of oval forin, and covered withi to tine lowest branchies, seemed as if hung' in mnournfine scratchies and spots of light browin. 1These ing, their notes and screaminigs the meaniwhiile renmrarkings are almost exactly simnilar to those oln tihe sembliing the distant sounld of a great cataract, but egog of tihe Great-crested Fly-catcher; thiey appear in more musical cadence, swelling anid dying away on as if done withi a pen, whicli, as soomr -s it is pressed tihe e'ar, according to tihe fluctuation of tile breeze. forcibly on tihe object, is suddenly witlhdrawn, malnkin(g Ill Kelltucky and all along tile Mississippi, froni its a mar'k wide at one end, arid shrarply pointed;t tIre junlction withi time Ohio to tine Bulize, I founid iunmother. Tile habits of tins species are less klowxvl h iers of thiese birds, so thiat tile Purple Grktkle may than thiose of army of our Blaclkbirds.' This is owing' be considered a very gellernml ilihnabitunt of tine as much to its unlsocial, retiring disposition as to tile territory of tire United Statfes." I'.~ STURNIDM.-BIRDS.-CoRviDL. Cli Like tile other species held in such dread by the FAIIY-O ID I I - I ~F.AMIY —COR~IDE. farmer, this bird is equally capable of doinog hini a favor and a mischief. It is, however, genllerally AMERICAN RAVEN (Corvus corax; var. carnivbelieved that the general good offices inl destroyilng orus). —In New England this bird is extremelyi rare, tile worms and grubs very far outweigh aniy occa- though onil tile island of Granlld Mean, off tile northsional and special damage he hmay inflict. Wilson east coast of Maine, it occasionally breeds. Onil the records a sinlgular habit of this bird-that of formi- steep and almost inaccessible cliffs its nest is-built, ing all attachment to the Fish Hawk. Th'e nest of composed of twigs, sea-weed and pieces of turf, and the latter is of very large dimensions, often from lined with the softer algae of tile shores. The eggs three to four feet in breadth, and from three to four are four or five ill number, and almost exactly resemifeet high, composed of large sticks or m-gots, amniong ble those of tihe Crow, but are a little larger.'Thlie thile interstices of which sometimes three or four Raven is a general inhabitant of the United States, paimrs of Crow Blackbirds will construct their niests, but is' iiore common ill the interior. On tile lakes while the Hawk is sitting or. hatching above. Here of the iorth-west, and particularly around Niagara each pursues tihe duties of incubatioi and of rearillng Falls, they are abulldanlt. Where thie Ravens are tlheir young, living in tile greatest harmnony. comnmoni tile C-rows seldom fi-equent.''he American BRONZED GRAKLE (Q.,neus) —'lThs is a variety of Raven has been conlsidered as identical with the thie latter, lnamed by lMr. Ridgway ill Birds of North species which Wilson says "is found almost all over Atnerica.'IThey are migratory and gregarious. Ill thle whole habitable globe." Baird says: "Most illinois they are resident throughout the yeam. Ilm writers agree in considerinlg this and thile European tile vicinity of (Calais, in Maine, they breed habitually. species distilnct, althoughli Mr. Audubon niaiutained FLORIDA GRAKLE (Q. agleus). —This is tile tile contrary."'lIhe Raven is all excellenit linguist, simallest of thie genus withini thIe limiits of North acquiring thile art of collversation with wollderfid Aimerica. It seemms to be confined exclusively to thIe rapidity, anid retaimillig, withl a simgularly powerful peninisula of Floriida. It differs firoml thIe pumpureus Imemory, nammy soulmds wlhich it has OmmCe learmled. and tile vmneus, besides, ii its mnuch sinaller size, ill Whole sentences are acquired, anid releated wvith havinig a more slenider and a mnor-e decurved bill. All great accuracy of intonation, the voice beiig a good thIe colors are darker, but sofLer thmla ill thIe others. imiitationi of huiimali speech.''lie Raven is also it is lately placed as a variety ommly of thIe purpureus. noted for its longevity, mnany inistances being known BOAT-TAILED GRAKLE (Q. mnajor), or JAcKDAW. where it has attailled tile age of sevemty or eighty This is a large species) imnhabitiig thIe Soutlherm years without losimmg its activity or brilliancy of eye. Atlammtic and Gulf coasts, and also tile imoutlh of Thie color of tile Raven is a uniforiml blue-black, time Rio'Grainde,'Texas. Specimmems were found fi with green reflectionis ill certaini lights. ThIe felllale Brownsvillee, Texas, associated with tile mlacm'OUr'us, is alwvays larger than tihe inale.'lime food of thllis or Great-tailed Grakle. "''lhe ceral regiomm and space bird is aliimost eimtirely of ani aninial mlature; they arouind thie eye are quite bare of feathers."-Baird. eveim exhibit a desire at timies to attack wouuded GREAT-TAILED GRAKLE (Q. macrourqus).-'l'his is animimals for purposes of prey. recorded in tile late work of Pm-of. Baird as a valr- WHITE-NECKED CROW (U. cryptoleiucus).-T'Ihis iet.y of tihe latter. It is three immches loniger, beimg is a soutihern species, immhabitimng tile valley of tile eighliteen iniches, with a wimmg seven anid a half iunches. Rio Grande anid Gila, amid abundant oi LUamlo'Esta"'lime oraduatioi'n of tile tail ill this species is very cado.'IThe general color is tile sallme as ill tie Corngreat, thie distances betweel tihe tips of tihe outer nion Crow. "Its mllost strikimlg, distinctive feature, tail feather and the next beinmg 1.30 inichlies, amid de- hiowever, is seein ill thie feathers of tile nieck all creasimig successively with the rest. Th'Iere is somie- round, upper parit of thIe back, aid tihe whlole ibreast, thiig quite peculiarin tile softness and closeness of which are pure sniowy-white for about their basal time featihers oil tile lead, which stand almmost'erect, half. The fetatihers of tihe head are pluiilbeous at tihe like tile pile of velvet. Habitat, valley of tile lower' base; tile greatest intenisity of white is oil tile lower Rio uGrande of.'Texas. soutlhward."-Baird. part of tihe nieck; tihe color fades out oil tile back alid belly imito plumibeous. Ill imo other Noirth FAmIx'-S'TURNIDi.E. Amnerican Crow is thefe.alny'alm prouach to this cot~'rI~~~~HE STARItomly whiteness. This character, with its smllaller T'11E STARLINGS. - o size, will at once serve to distinguish it fi'omm tamv STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris)-Plate 12, fig. 40.- other Ravens ill tile Umited States."-Batird. "A place is given this bird ii tihe Fauna of North COMMON CROW (C. america'nus). —Tiis famiiliar Amierica," says Prof. Baird, " as aim occasional anid bird is abumldant throughout Noirth Aimerica to tIle irare visitant of Greenland. it is a well-kniowim cage Missouri reg.iol, and is also commonm oii tihe coast of bird;a n interestinig and entertaining pet. It Ihas California, but is not found oii tile high cenitiral been.taugh(t to whistle tunes, and evein to imiitate plaits. IIm New Emgland, dutring wild winters, it is tile Ihuman voice. lI its natural state it is veiry resideint thriouigh tile year.'iThe Crow is eminmletly social, amid lives ill flocks." I have oftem listened to gi-egarious ill its habits. Says Wilson: ".l'owaids omme which whistled most beautifully aim oper-atic aim-. time close of suumimet, time pamemit Cr-oows, with their It was ome of sevemal flue siuigems belonigiug to MrI. mmcxw fitilmlies, for-sakimig tlmeim solitamy lodgilg's, collct lfoff, of Ummiom Squat-e, cNew Yom-k. I togethetr, as if by prmevious agmeeimenit, when evemimmg' ~~~~clii ~~.'COaVIDYE. -— BIRDS. —— ConvI D.. approaches. About all hour before sunset tley are excursions would last for hours, during thie calm of a first observed flying, oinewhitt ill Iiidiaii-file, ill oiine fine morniiling, after which the whole would desceld direction, at a short height above the tops of tile trees, toward the water, to pursue their more usual avosilent anld steady, keepilng' tile general curvature- of cations inll all the sociability of their niature. Whenii the gr!bund,:continuning" to pass sometiimes till after their fishling, wlichli lasted about a half all hour, was sullset, so thatthe whole line of march would extenid over, they would alight il flocks oil the live-oaks anid for many miles. This circumstance, so familiar and other trees near the shore, and there keep up tlleir picturesque, has not been overlooked by the poets ill gabble, pluming themselves for hours.'lle eggs retheir descriptions of a, rural evening. Burns, ill a selllmble those of thie Commonn Crow, but are smllaller." sillgle line, has finely sketched it' Ihis species is readily distinguished fr'Olli the ComiraGU Crow by the znuch sinaller size —sixteeii iiiches The blackening trains of Crows to their repose.'"' Cow by te nc salle size-sixtee ices instead of twellty; willg about elevenii iiilcies illstead'ihe Crow, besides feeding on grain aid otler of thirteen.'lIe bill is broaded at thile base, and vegetable m'atter, eats illsects, friogs, small fish, lizards, tapers more rapidly to tihe elld.'L'he tail is leas shellfish, and even carrion, it has a Iiabit, wahen roulded.'Ilie gloss onil thIe belly is greeii instead or Shell-fisli are secured, of mounting to a conlsiderable violet' that on the back is mlixed with green, not height, dropping thliem onil the rocks below, and entirely violet. descendimig to feed onil the contents. Instances are CLARK'S CROW (Picicorvts columbianus). —'l'liis given of.thleir seizing young chickenes for f'od; and is a little like thile Jackdaw o' Eur'ope. It iiliabits they destroy vast numlbers of the eggs of various the region from the Rocky Mountains to thle Pacific species of birds. Ocean. It is remarkable for its powerful claws; so FLORIDA CROW (C. americflns; var. foridianus). large and falcate are they, it would seeni that this -'l'his variety is anll inhabitamit of thIe soutlie'ri species is poasessedl of the power of seizing liviiig peiieinslla of Florida. "'lThere aire so namay peculiari- prey, like the Hiawks. It feeds mostly, however, oa ties ill this bird as clearly to show thiat, if iiot, a fishli, frequentitng the sea-slhore ad borders ()f large distinct species fromn tile Co oiniou Crow, it is, at streams. It measures thirteen inches in lengthl. " Its least, a very remarkable variety. Altlloughli, perhaps, general color is bluish-ashli, caulagiig onil the nasal rather smaller tlihan thile C. americamus, thle bill aid feathers, the forehead, sides of head (eslpecially feet, especially tile latter, are very cosidelrablly larger. around tile eye) aiid chiiii, to white.'ie wings, ii-''lie ijasal featlhers exteiid over tile basal two-fifths cludiig thlieir iiiner surflace, greemisll-black; the secof tlie bill instead of tilhe half.'The proportioes of oidaries aid teirtials, except thie imniermiost, broadly tile bill are about tile same; ill the Florida bird it is tipped wvitli white; tail white; tile iller web of tile rather the longelr.'Ie greatest difference is in the lfftli featlier amid thle whole of tile sixtlh, wvitll uppler feet.'hlme colors dif'er soinewhat fromi those of' tile tail coverts, greeiish-black.'Thlie axillars plumibeousComminiim Crow.'Tlhere is less violet, amid the'eatlhers black; bill amid feet black."-Baird. or tile back have alimost a brassy gloss oil their mnar- MAXIMILIAN'S JAY (Cymnokitta cyanocep2hala). gills, as ii Crotopllag'a. Bartramn, im his list of N. A. -T'lhis is a species of' Jay whichli was seei ii tile birds (7;ravels in, Florida), mm!mntiolms a' Coivus westermi territories by tile Priiice of Niewied, amid immaritimius, CGreat Sea-side Crow,' but without speci- iaimned by himm. Its geimeral color is a dull blue, fyimg' locality or giving ally descriptiol.. I' a Florida paler oil tile abdloimei.'lie head amid' mieck are of bird, it quite probably refera to tile lpriesemit species, a mncli deeper miid more imitemise blue, darliker oil whIicli is doubtless quite mmaritime ill its. ha-bits."- tihe crowi. It imnhabits tile Rocky M oumtais amid tile.Baird.. cascades of California and Oreg'oi, though probably NORTH-WESTERN FISH CROW (C. cauqrinus).- mlot tile lPacific Coast. Ilihabiting Washiimgton'i'erritory amid the northli-west- THE MAGPIE (Pica caudata)-Plate 1, fig. 38.cini coast.'limis resembles time eastern Fisli Croow ill'lime American species is niearly like tile Europeaii, its himabits. Dr. Cooper, of Califorimia, says: "1They diffelimig oily. iii its greater size amid lomigem' tail. are mariitiime, reeding oim the sea-beach at low tide, Autior's assert that tihe voice is qtuite diffemenmt. amid coimnig about the settleimenits withm COisidera-'lime two are, however, umldoubtedly oh' tile same origible famniliiarity, beinig nmuci less shy amid suspicious mial stock. Tile Magpie is foumid distribiited exthmai tile Colmmimoi C'row.'ille iiote, too, is said to teisively over tihe western plaimis, from tile Missouii be a little different." It is muchi like tie Comlmoim River to tihe Pacific. Ill tile miore northern' regiomis Crow, diffemitig sommmewhmat in size. it is abuldamt. Tile niests were foumid by Mr'. RidgFISH CROW (C. ossijb'agus). — "'lhis bird," smays way ill cedars, willows amid ill low slrmubs. I'm every Saimuels, "is so extremiely rare ill New Emglamid, tliat inistalce thie iest was domined, tile imijer all(d real liest it Calli be regarded oinly as aim occasional - straggler. beimg eiclosed ill a iniinmeiise tlmoriiy coverimig, wliich It has beeim takeim oil Lomig Islaiid, and, oil oiic om two fai' exceeded it ill bulk. Iil tile side of this tlmori'y occasioiis, imi Comimecticut, ill comipany witli tile Cori-. protectiom is a wimidiig passage leadiig iitiLo time nest, moai Crow." Auduboim says of it: " While oil tile possibly desigiled to comiceal tile veiry lolg'tail o' tile St. Johmm's River, il Floirida, during tile imoith of biud, whichi, if exposed to view, would emidaniger its Felr'uairy, I satw flocks of Fishi Ciovows, comisistimg of salety.'itlese biuds prove exceedimigly tioumblesoume sevel'um Ii uudlmed i mlividuals, sailiimg hiiglh iin time mii', at timimes to paroties travelimig ovem' time westei'ui 1)laimis; soimewhlait ill tile mmimaumlem' oh' tie Raveim.'h'llese mim ri.l1 tleyy aimnmay time wemiry aid womiuuded a ii lmmmIs, picki 1mg CoRvIwM. - BIRDS. —- Coo Rvmz. cliii their sore backs, and snatching all the food they can Hawk so closely as to drive the small birds to cover, reach. Dr. Coues, in a pleasant description of thieir and excite imnmediate consternation ill tile poultry nesting, says Authors say tlat the American yard. An experienced bird fancier asserts that lihe Magpie lays only two eggs; but 1 suppose that this has invariably found them more ingenious, cunninlg pairticular pair lived too far from scientitic centres to and teachable than any other species of bird hlie has find out what was expected of them, as this nest con- ever attempted to instinct.'I'te Blue Jay appearls tained six young ones, nearly ready to fly." to belong exclusively to North Amnerica." YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE (Pica eaudata; var'. nut- STELLER'S JAY (Cyanura.stelleri).-This species talli).-''his is considered a local.race of the coin- is found on the Pacific Coast, firom the Columbia mion kind, differing in somei unimporta!lt particulars. River to Sitka. Dr. Luckley regarded Steller's Jay it is found almost exclusively in California. "'lheir as probably tile most abundant bird of its size in all food colnsists of almost everything anrimal and vege- the wooded country between the Rocky Mounitains table that they can find, and tllhey come about farms and thie Pacific. Re describes it as tame, loquacious, and gardens to pick up whatever ithey cau meet with. and possessed of thile most impudent curiosity. It is'IThey have a loud call that sounds like pait —jait, remarkable for its varied cries and nlotes, aind seems withl chatterinig notes, inll tonle reseibliig tile humlllan to have o0e for every emlotion or pursuit ini which it voice, which, indeed, they can be tauight to imnitate." is engag-ed. it has also a great tfondness for ilmitatBLUE JAY (Gyanura cristata) — late V1. fig x. ing tile notes of other birds. M:r. J. K. Lord states -The Blue Jay is'ounld widely distributed over the that this Jay ever makes its presence known by the North American conltinent. "''The entire famlily to constant utterance of discordant screams. It is conwhiclh this Jay belongs, and of which it is a very tinually hopping froim bough to bough, darting down colmspicuous memiber, is Inearly cosmopolitan as to to catch all insect, performing short, erratic flights, distribution, and is distitguished by tile rem arkable and jerkillng up and down its crest of bright feathers. intelligence of all its members. its habits are strik- A variety of this Jay is called frontalis; and anliig, peculiar, anld full of interest, oftenI evinciig sa- other tile mmmsoloha. T'I'lie latter is tile Long-crested gacity,'forethoughl t and initelligenlce strongly akin to Jaty' it is very similar to C. stelleri, but is readily reasolm.'Ihese traits are commonl to tile whole distinguished oil comparison. The most strikingii 1'afoily."-N~orth Amnerican Birds. Wary as this peculiarities are tile iiuclh longer and fuller crest; bitrd is in the settled parts of the country, ill time tihe streaks on tile forehead white, not blue; aid tile westerm prairies it is, says Mr. Alleim, half do- patch over the eye, niot found at all in stelleri.'llhe imestic. 1ll o0e of the pr1iinicipal streets of Rich- head is much blacker, thie crest'eathiers having n1lomd, l[ndiana, lie foumd a liest, built ii a lilac bush, also a gloss of' blue iistead of opaque dark brown. umider tile wiidows of a dwellinmg. Il Kansas tlIe Th'Ilie back is dusky bluish-ash, not opaque browni. The Jay is equally famiiliar, and is mor'e highly colored chiu is mnore gray; the blue of the breast extends tlmalm at thIe North.'lihe voice of tile Bluem Jay is fai'tler forward, and is much less abruptly definmed. remmarklably flexible, beimmg attuned either to soft amid TI'he black bands oil the winmg feathers are more disimusical notes, to the haushtest screalmimmgs of tile tiinct, especially those oil thIe greater wilig coverts, Hawk tribe, or tile miost ear-remldiilg slhrieks, resem- which, obsolete in stelleri, are veiry conispicuous ill bliig nothiimg so much as tile pielciig creaks of ani tile other. Besides tile peculiarities of coloration, unmgreased whieel. Wilson says of him li"e appears tile bill is more slenider, anid tihe tail is less rounded. to be a nomg his rfellow musicianis what a trumipeter' CyanocittaC. —This genus has much tile general is in a band, so0ic of' his motes haviig no distait re- character of Cyanura, or tile Blue Jays, but is readily sellmblan ice to tIme toines of' that instrumenit.'I'liese distinguished by the absence of a crest, and of black hie has thIe faculty of changing through a great vari- bars on tie winigs anid tail.'lie wings generally are ety of mliodluationss, accordiing to tihe pairticularm lmiumior shorter; otherwise, it appears to be mnuchi tile sam1e. lie happeis to be ill. When disposed for ridicule, FLORIDA JAY (Cyanocittafioridiana). —'ihis spethere is scarce a bird whose peculiarities of sonig lie cies is similar to C. woodhousei, in color of tile under caiminot tuie his notes to. Whei eigaged ill tihe parts, includimlg tile browin belly, tile blue crissum, tile bla ndishmiments of love, they reseimible tihe soft chat- pectoral band, etc. Tihe back, however, is mnuch terimigs o' a duck; andlil, while lie iestles amnolgl tile lighter and better-defined gray, more so, evemi, thani thick bibranches of tlie cedar, are sca'ce heard at a few ini C. califori'ica. It differs fromi both species ill tile paces distmnt. But lie no soomier discovers your ap- hoary on tile foreliead and sides of tile crowni, and ill proach tihan lie sets up a suddenI and vehiemienit out- the absenice of the superciliary lihe of whiite spots, ciy, flyinig off and screamiing witli all his mighlit, as if as, also, in beinig considerably smaller."-B-aird. lie would call the whole f'eathered tribe to witness CALIFORNIA JAY (C. cal'ifobrnica).-This species so501e out'ageous usage hie hiad received. Whei hlie is founid oni tile Pacific Coast, lfroim tile C'olullbia hIops among tile high branches of tihe oak and hiick- River, southward, but niot in tile interior. ory, they becomie soft anid iiusical. All these hlie WOODHOUSE'S JAY (C. woodhousei). —Tiis is a accompanmies with various niods, jer'ks anid other ges- variety o' tile latter. Baird says it has so close a ticulations for whiich tile wlhole tribe of Jays are so re- relationiship to C. californica that it miay niot seeim maikable.'TIme power of miimiclry possessed by time proper to separate them; but time diffemeices are veiny Jay, thmouglh diffemenit fromim, is hmardly surpassed by peiceptible ill large sem'ies. Habitat, cenitral line of that of tile Mockimmg-bim'd. It imitates tile cdy of a Rocky Mlouultaiims to Table-lamids of Mexico. VOL. I. —u. cliv ConviDm.- BIRDS. — TYRA.NNID. ULTRAMARINE JAY (C. Altrawfarina).-"'lbis An Alhaskan variety is knlown (var. obscurus), and' well-marked species," says Pror. Baird, "is quite dif- also a Rocky 1Mounthain variety (capitalis.) fterent in form i'ronm the C. caflifornica, havin~g ashorter, BROWN JAY (Psilorhini8s rnorio).-'l'his is a fine, More even tail, miuch longer wings all(t stouter feet. large species,'ounid inll the Rio Gnrande Vallcy Tihe absence of ally collar or streaiks on the breast and throat, of black orv white onl the sides of the FAM I IY-'IT'YRANNID E. head, anid of decided ash onil the back, are very wellIllarkeid features.'Ihlere is also mlluclh more greell ill't'lie Tymannidc formn a fllamily which is strictly one the blue of the head. It is founld ill the valley of of this hemlisphere alone.'l'hey are largely diistribthe Rio Grande, ilear the coast. Its size is betweenll uted inll tile tropical pa.rts ofAnlerica; thougli oie of the-two latter."'I'wo varieties are aiamed by Prof. thle lirilicipal'ormils is thile Kinlg-bird, or l'yranl)t FlyBaird. One is called arizoliem, amd tile otllier concii. ca;tcher, wlicli is so cotin maonlly kinown iil tlIe Nortlheril "'t'he latter, " says P'rof. Baird, I'shallt propose to States.''liey have a very Shrike-like bill, aiid ca11 couclhi, ill lhonor of its ilmdelatig'able discoverer, imiay of the habits of the Siirike — iot onlly preyiiig Lient. D. A. Couch, of t he United Sta tes arm'ly, upon insects, but occasiolally aLttacki)ng other birds, wilo, at his own risk and cost, undertook a journiey reptiles, aild even fiUlshes.''heir iame is derived iiito Northern Mexico whei the country was swarmi- frioi thleir combative hlabits, as they are so pul'ila.iiig witlh baimds of niarauders, and iiade large col- cions as to attack eveii birds of minch greater size lectioiis ii all branclhes of zodlogy, which have and lpowe r thiam tlhemselves. f'tiri)islied at great amllount of infi'ormatiom respectilng THE FORKED-TAILED FLY-CATCHER (MLiivmle.hs the muatmiral history of our borders." tyrasve8).-'l'hlis species claimus a place ill the Faunla Xanthozua.-'I'his geius is iiost easily recognized of' the Uiited States oil iccouit of two specilmems by thIe prevailimlg greeim color-of thile body, tile blue captured iii New Jeirsey, at lolg iii tervals, aiid onie head. black throat, amnd yellow outer tail feathers. or two seei. by Mm. Audliboi in tihe soutlh-west. h'lie bill is stouter amid lmg'er tIaim it ally of 0111' our IHabitat, Sontlm A mmerica; a ccideimtamI ill tile Unmitfed other Jays, anmd thIe cultimeim mire curved.''hIe chief States." —laBi rd. Its leiigth is fourteen iinches; wi m, peculiarity of f'ornm is seemi it tihe wig's, inl whicli onur amid three quarters; tail, tell ilnclhes; ad delpth tile primiaries are renmarkl;ably slhort, scarcely longmer of'ork, sevei iMiclhies. thmam time logest secondaries tai(d tertimas.'sheyv thus SCISSOR-TAIL; SWALLOW-TAILED FLY-CATCHER teachl only about as far' as tIle emldc of thile upper tail (ihilv'ulus forficatts). —-''hlis is atil exceedilngly gracecoverts, iinstead of' munch beyoild them, a character ful bird, imlhabitinmg Texas amid lexico. It derives qiite peculiar atlumolg' tile Ammericaum.Corvidce, except one of its trivnial iiames f'romn tile fict th-ait it; olpems tIppr'oximately ill Psiioriiii us.. amd slhuts its tail like tlme mictio)m of a lItir of scissors. GREEN JAY (Xanthoi'ma incas; var. hltuosa). — It is tlirteen inlclies ii) le)gthm, ma.md ihas tile sallle'This is fromn tihe-valley of the Rio Uramde of''exas, lengthi of willg, is tie Ilatter species. amid soimtllwmrlmr. fluhe size of' this bird is about time KING-BIRD (7'raynnmus caroliae;sis). —'l'}is bird, same as that of tihe precedimlg. It is peculiar ill its called also 13BEE MARTm'IN, is coUIm101m i ll.piarits, fL''oi color, beinug green above alid yellow vbeneath, glossed time Atlantic to tile Rocky M iioutmiimis, am( is sonlewvithu g'reen. s'ie sides of tIle hiead and benieath, tiues seeni ili Waslhiit g'toml'eirritory. It is ambu)idmmitiromi tile bill to tile fore-part of time bieast, are vel- ly distriibuted tlhroughout New EmIg'lamd as a summei' vet-black. Thime bill is black, aind tile feet lead resident, arrivilg from the south about tile 1st of color. May.'fhe pnguacity of tIme King'-bird is proverlbi;l. CANADA JAY (Perisoreus canadensis). —'t'his is a Mr. Sammmuels describes mis lhabits ill this wise genus which includes tihe dullest colored of time Jays. " During thie muatiig aimid breedimg' seasoim, if' amy birid'tlie bill is shlorter, aitmi is niotched at tile tip. It is appromch tile ifeighlboriboo dl of itfs ilest, lie illllUmediateabout the size of tile smaller Cyamuras. It is founiid ly attacks it; amid, wlhether Crow (his pariticular disf'omi the Atlalti'c to tile Pacific, ill the more north- like), 1lawk or Eagle, tile iuitruder is obliged to flee, so eiii portiou of the conitinent. Amudulhot says' "tI'le fierce all ollils' igit does thlis little wvarior mmmmike on Cuiuuada Jay breeds inll Maine, ill New Brunswick, h}imm. As soou as time cr'y of a Crow is heard, lie is aili(h as fit'r orth as Labrador.'this bird is not so all Iactivity; lie flies flroim tile tree wxiere hie is well kluowvi as thIe llue Jay, but is equally rapacious, perclhingg to reconnuoitre, ut teriig'm his shii twitter, mlud resemimbles tile latter iii its cry aid inll its motions. umid vibratimg' his wim)gs imm slhm't, quick, mex'oms Like tIme latter, also, it occasiomlally preys upol thIe strokes; as sooi as time Crow vappears, tihe Kiig'youiig of otiher birds, aind will not, wlhen piressed by bird pursues it, his flight mow being very swift ammiid liuuiu'er, refuse carrmion. Thie Cainada Jay huas been powe erfl. As sooni as lie nears his foe, lue flies observed to arrive ill thIe Hudsomn River region about above hlimitm, darting' dowii oil hiis back miimd hemiid, tile commimenceument of cold weatiher. It seemed to attacks him with suchm vi'or' that tile Crow dodmges mmtmd seek tile most unml'requenuted shaded retreats, keepiimg' dives to mavoid hini' Hie repeats hiis attack, arid f'ollows alneost coinstan thy oii time grouid, yet would soiimetiimes, hIis eiiemiy, sonimetimes to tIle distaie of' a muile or moe; toward evxemimlg', moniut to tlie top of' a small tmree aid tihem, retuiuimug to his nmate, lie perclies oul tlme triee by repeat its motes —xvhmichm a little resenttile those of tIme lier uiest, aiiml twitters a volley of comurmgeous soiig's." Baltimore —fo r a quaiter of aim hour together; aimli'I'Ime Kimig-hiiid, as well as all time Fly-catchers, takes this it gemnemally did before stmowx or fm'liiug' weetlmtimer." its imusect fi)od oii tme will,'. See mlso Vol. i, p. 335 TYRAIDYRA-NND. BIDIS.-TYRAA NID... clv GRAY KING-BIRD (T. dominicensis). -"'This is Matssachusetts. T'le Iiests are very similar to tile about' the same size as the former species, but is muclh pirecediig." more powerfully built, the bill and feet being mluch WOOD PEWEE (C. virens). —'l'his is a conImmon strolg'er. It is a constant summiner visitor to the summier ihliabitamiit of New Enigland, usually chooscoast of Florida and thile West Inidies. and a pair has ing the solitudes of tile deep forests forl its abode. beent observed at C'harleston *by Audubo on."-Baird.'lhlie nest of this species is always a wondrous affair, ARKANSAS FLY-CATCHER (T verticalis).-'l'his is and very beautiful. Nuttall thus describes it: "It found only ill the western portions of North Amner- is extrem!ely lieat and curious, almost universally ica. Th'eli length of the body is a triflel more thaii saddled upon all old moss-grown taiid decayed lilmb, ill in tile precedilng species, but the wiiig is shlorter. a horizontal position, aid is so remarkably shallow Th'le tail is slightly or6ked. and incorporated upoi tile branch as to be easily CASSIN'S FLY-CATCHER (T: vociralns).-'l'he lhab- overlooked.'I'lhe body of thile fabric consists of wiry itat of this bird is firom the valley of tile Gila east- grass and root fibres, ofteii blended with small, ward to lPecos River,'Texas, amd into Mexico, oil branciling' lichens, held together with cobwebs and Table-lands..It closely resembles the precediig', but caterpillars' silk, amoistened with saliva. Externally, has rather larger legs and bill.'The quills are much it is so coated over with bluish, crustaceous lichens miore abruptly attenuated.'Ihe tail is miore even, as to be hardly discernible. froiii thile oss of the tree. aid i soiiie speciimens it is slightly rounded. It is lined with finer root fibres and slenider (grass COUCH'S FLY-CATCHER (T: coechi). —This is all- stocks."'lIhere is a peculiar symmetry anid cup-like other southerna species, found ill North-easter.n Mlex- finish to this iest, which is only equalled by that of ico aiid on the Rio Grande. its length is a trifle the Hummini ng-bird.'IThe eggs are four iiin umber, more thanii that or' the latter, but its vwimg' is shorter. aiid are very beautiful, being of a delicate cream Its tail is loIger.'Ihe variety mielanchlolicus is imow color, with blotches aiid spots of lilac and brown considered the same as this, and in the late work of around the lam-ger end. 1-rof'. Baird thile latter specific nahme is adopted. THE MEXICAN OLIVE-SIDED FLY-CATCHER (C. GREAT-CRESTED FLY-CATCHER (Jhyia'C'eus cqin- pJertinax) is foulnd illn Mexico generally, and onil the tius).-'lhis.is a niotable miiember of a well-marked southern borders of the Uitited States. It is abungenus. it is a rare bird inl Newv England, and is sel- dant at Vera Cruz. doln seen as far north as the middle of Mlaine. It SHORT-LEGGED PEWEE (C. virens; vari%. richardbreeds inll Massachusetts and the more southern soni).-This species is closely related to C. virelns. States. Wilson says:'They do iot, to ily knowl-'ihe wings and tail differ somewhat imm proportioml, edge, winter ill any of tlie Southern States." the latter being miore deeply forked. It is seenii ill ASH-THROATED FLY-CATCHER (MI. crinitus; var. the western country, from thle high central plains to ci;merescenas).-Found onil the coast of California and tilhe Pacific, and southward to ilexico. i iN orth-easterin Mexico. LITTLE FLY-CATCHER (Emjzpidonax pnsillus).BLACK FLY-CATCHER (Sayornis nigricans).-'This T'he gemus Empidon.ax is rcadily distimguish6d ill tilhe bird is found in the westerni portions of North Ammer- species by their lengthened tarsi, short toes, short ica, California amid Oregon. It is somiewlhat smaller amid rouiided wings, amid the plaimi, dull, olivaceous of tlhai tihe precediig, being sevei imiches ill letigth amid the plumage.'I'This slecies inlhiabits tile high ceiitral three iichles aid a half ill the wviig. Iplaims to the Pacific. aid soutlward to Mexico. PHCEBE, PEWEE (Sayor'nisfuscs). —''The Pewee is TRAILL'S FLY-CATCHER (E. pIesillus; var. trailli) at well-kiown bird ill thle N'orthern States, im suminmer, is occasionally foummd as a visitor iii New Emiglaiid. arrivimig from tile south iii March, frequemitly before It is sometimes found breedimig ill Massaclhusetts. the smow disappears. Im P-'elimsylvaimia it arrives iii tihe LEAST FLY-CATCHER (E minimus). —-'hiis is very first week ini March, and leaves as late as Novemiber. abuidamit througlhout tile Easterin States imi summiner, \Vilsonm says "T'lme miotes of tile Pewee, like those of atid is famiiliar both to tile towim amid comitry. tile Blue-bird, are pleasimg —iot frommi any melody they SMALL GREEN-CRESTED FLY-CATCHER (E. acadicoiitaiii, but fromm tihe ideas of spriming amid returninimg ens). —"This is a rare bird ill New Emglamid, amid is mot verdure, witIh all tihe sweets of this lovely seasomi, ofteim seeii eveii ill other portioes of North America, which are associated with his simple but lively ditty." though its ramige is -fromm tihe Atlamitic to the MissisSAY'S PEWEE (L. sayus). —'his is founid ill thIe sippi. it ilhabits the deepest, thick-shaded woods west, f'rom tihe Missouri to tihe high cemitral plaims, sits gemierally oil tile lower braitches; utters, every themice to thIe Pacific, amid south to Mexico. It is thIe hmalf miiimute or so, a suddeii slharp squeak, which is samie as tile precediing ill lemg'th, but with a miuch hieard a coiisiderable way through tile woods; aiid, as lomiger wimg', aid tihe tail a little loniger. it flies firomi omme tree to ammother, has a low, querulous OLIVE-SIDED FLY-CATCHER (Contojuxs borealis). inote, like the twitterimgs of chickemms inestlilig unmider "'l'hmis igeus," says Prof. Baird, "is pre-emilieiitly tile wiigs of a hieni:. 0i alightimg, this soumid ceases, characterized, aimomg North Amiericai Fly-catchers, amid it utters its miotes as behore."- Wilson. by the very short tarsi amid thIe loing amid miuch-poimted YELLOW-BELLIED FLY-CATCHER (Eflavivent?'is), wimgs.'"'Ilhis species is conisidered rare oil tihe Atlaii- -This iihabits time Easteri Unmited States, thoughi it tic Coast, although Pmof. Vemmill says thiat it"' breeds does miot appeam to be muchi kmowvm iii New Emglammil. quite comimimmoim iear time Umimbagog Lakes, iii Maimie. It is about'tie siz.e of E. mimimmimnus, tliougli rather It. also has beem rouad bmeedimg iii Vemimiomit amid iii stouter.'lime variety E. difficilis is I'omimd westward. clvi ALcEDINIDtE.-BIRDS.-CAPRIMULGID E. WRIGHT'S FLY-CATCHER (E. obseurus) is found denly ill liid career, hovering over the spot for a in the Rocky Mountains of'I'exas. "'lihe most de- short time, watchillg thile fishes as they swilm, and cided character of this. species is seen in the comnbi- theu, inl a peculiar, spiral mannerli, plungiing in to senation'of the narrow bill and the white outer mar- cure its prize. It is foutlnd over the entire continent. gin of tile externial tail feather, togetliher with the long tarsi. Thile colors are much like those of mini- FAuIlY-CAPRIMUL [DIE. ~mus and trailli; the yellow beneath is, however, more ochraceous." —Baihd. WHIP-POOR-WILL (Antrostomus vociferits) — Plate HAMMOND'S FLY-CATCHER (E. hammondi).- IV, fig. i.-hilis is a very familiar birdin tile North"'lIlis species is at once distiniguished firom all the erm States, tlhoug'h it is seldom seen. Manly have North Alnericanll'l'yrannllulas, except obscurus, by the heard its plaintive notes who entertain a sulperstiextreme narrowness of its bill. Its colors above are tious dread oil accountt of thile peculiar timle and those of acadicus, while the rgeneral effect is much malnner of utteranice. It inhabits tile most secluded more that of flaviveuntris, althoughli less brightly olive. spots of tile deep woods, anld sallies forth at nig'ht The tail, instead of beillg ieal'ly evenl, is quite deeply only, in search of insect food, which consists largely forlked.'I'The differenlces friom obscurus are less easi- of the great niocturnal moths. Its peculiar note is ly expressed. It is, however, collsiderably smaller heard at early eve, hardly before dark, and is contilnand nmore olivaceous above amld below.'['lie tarsi ued immto thile light. " Its motes," says Wilson, " seelu are much shorter.'['lie most tangible clitharacter is pretty plainlly to articulate thile words which have seen imn the absemce of white on the outer web of tile been gemmerally applied to tlhem — Fhip-poor-will!external tail feather, which is ommly a little paler tihe first anid last syllables beilmg uttered with great browni than elsewhere.'I'lis species inlhabits tihe emphasis, alld tile whole in about a secoid *to each regioi about Fort Tejou amd Los Anlgeles."-Bai rd. r'epetition; but wilenm two or more inales mimeet, tleir BUFF-BREASTED LEAST FLY-CATCHER (Mitre- Whip-poor-will altercatiomls becolle much more rapid phorus fulvifrons).-Found in tile southern border iand incessant, as if eacll were strivimlg to overpower of the Middle Province of thie United States, also or silence thIe other. When miear, you oftem Ihear an at Fort Whlipple and in Arizona. immtroductory cluck between the motes. At tlmese RED FLY-CATCHER (Pyrocepyhalus r'ubineus). — timnes, as well as at alimost all otlhers, they fly lowT'his genmus is slhaped somuetlhimlg like saxicola. Its not more tlhan a few feet firon time surface-skimllmmilug single Noirth Ammerican species is readily distiml- about thIe house amd before thIe door, alig'htinug oil time guislled aimolg other Fly-caitchlers by thle briglht red wood-pile or settlimng oml tile root. Towards inidmliglmt of thie under parts'lThe species is very sliowy, thIe tlhey gemerally becoime silemt." "'lime WlIip-poor-will crown and whole under parts beimmg briglht carmillme iml is nowlhere a residenit species iml ally lportioin of tile color. TI'lie hiead has a full rounded or globular crest. Umited States. Thley imake thieir appearammce im tile It is from the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila. Soutlhern States early im MamlCh, ammld very gradueally proceed niorthward, reaclilmg New Englandl about FAMi~,Y-ALCEDINIDAW. tile o10tI or' May. It is exclusively niocturnial, keeping, durinmg tile day, closely withimi thIe recesses of BELTED KINGFISHER (Ueryle alcyon). —'lhis is a dark woods, amid remnaining perf'ectly silelt, utterilmg very familiar bird in thIe Nortlherm States, and is a no note evem when disturbed ill tlhese retreats. li very commmon summer imlhabitamlt of New Enigland. very cloudy weather, late in tie day, these birds nlay Sometimes it is seen in Maine il tile wilter..Its be seem huuting f'or ilmsects; but this is inot usual, food is' chiefly fishn. " le courses along tile wimd- amd they utter no soummd nitil it is quite dark.'I'me iiugs of the brook or river, at a sinall Iheighlit above cry is mmever uttered wlheun tile bird is ii motion, but tine surface-so llmetimies suspemiding -himself by tIhe usually at slhot initervals, wheil restimig oil a fence rapid actioni of ihis winigs, like certaini species of or bush or ally other object near tile grounid.'I'Their Hawks, ready to pounce oil tihe prey below —niow aid fligiht is imoiseless to an incredible degree, mnid thiley then settling oil all old, dead, overhlaigimig limb to rarely fly i'uru at a tihne." —NOrth Amnerican Birds. recomllloitre. Mill-daius are particularly visited by i'his bird resorts to various expedienits to deceive imuthis feathered fisher; aud the sould of his pipe is as tuuders imto thIe belief' that it is wouunded.'!lie well known to themiller as the rattliug of his owm femanle has 0o mest. but deposits her eggs iallOlqug hopper. Rapid streams, with ihigh, perpendicular thIe falleml leaves in tile shadiest portiomi of tihe bamuks-particularly if they be of a hard, clayey or woods, wlere she memaiis muntil ulealmly troddeu oil. satldy imature-are also favorite places of resort for Whenm obliged to leave, shre will suddemly flutiter this bird, not only because in such places the small fiuoim huer place, aid liump away, with wilgs anid tail fish are more exposed to view, but because tlhose awry, amld hmavilg eNvery uappearance of beiug wonruded. steep and dr'y banuks are tile choselm situationls for his CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW (A. car'olinensis).-'Ilhis muest. They are veiry tenacious of their haumnts, breed- species is seldom seemi uorthi of Viugilmia, and is more imug for several successive years ili tile samme hiole, amid coummonnc in Florida tlhanu aumy other section. Its ihabdo not readily forsake it, evenm thougi it be visited." its m-ie tie samme as those of tile pirecedigll species. - Wilson.'Fhle sight of tile Kiulgfilsher is simmgu- Auduboum describes tile rlemmowvl of thue eggs and harly keen, ammd evemm whuemi passing withi its mmmeteom- youmlg Iby this biud wvhemm tIle umest hias beeni disturbed. like flight over the coumutry, it will check itself smid- eli says that they ame commveyed iil their capacious CAPRIMUtLGIDm. - BIRDS.- CYPSFLIDzt. clvii mouths, each pa rent taking one. In sh ape ald Night Hawk Jays her eggs on the barren heath or Inmarkings they closely resemble the Whip-poor-will, dry, open pasture frequenltly onil a flat rock. The dtifferinlg chiefly inll their inuch larger size. moss-covelred rocks of these localities are so near NUTTALL'S WHIP-POOR-WILL (A. nuttalli). - thle color and mlarkings Of tile bird, ler eggs and her'I'lhis bird is readily distinguished from the other young, that, tihough it mnay seem a lack of parental North Aimerican species by tilhe transverse, not lon- care ill tihus carelessly dropping hier eggs, yet doubtgitudinal, lines oil the top of thie head, thle nlarrow less there is as mJuch safety inll this very absence of white tip of tail on both webs, and the inlerior size, care as illn anly otlher case. Wilson says " As soon as well as by other points of difference. Audubon as incubation commences, the male keeps a most first dlescribed it fromi a specimen captured ill tile vigilant watch around. He is tlhen more frequenltly Rocky Monuntains. Mr. Nuttall fonund it on tile seen playing about ill the air ablove the place, even Upper Platte River. In all lparts of Oregon anid during tile day, n!mounting by several quick vibrations Californlia it is seenl. Mr. Ridgway describes its of the wings, then a few slower, uttering all tile while notes as " mInuch like tllose of tile Whilip-poor-will of a sharp, harslh squeak, till, havinrg g'ailled tile higilest the Eastern States, except tllhat time lirst syllable is point, he suddenly precipitates himself, head foreleft off, the call soundinlg like-simply'poor-will!' tlhe Imost, alnid with great rapidity, down sixty or eighty accent oi thile last syllalle. It flrequenlts tIme dry feet, wheeling' up ag'aill as suddenly. At this inmesa aid foot-hills of tile mountains, and lives stant is heard a loud, boomin, sounld, very much realmost entirely on thie ground, whiere its two white, sembling that produnced by blowing strongllly ilto the unspotted eggs are deposited beneath some sinall, bung-hole of an empty hogshead, and which is scraggy sage-busll, witlhout any sign of a nest what- doubtless produced by thie sudden expansiolln of his ever." Both sexes incub;te. capacious moutlh wlhile he passes througih tile air. NIGHT HAWK (Chordleiles _oppetue).-'l'his is a''his singnular habit belollgs exclusively to the nmale. well-klnown bird ill thIe Northern alnd Eastern States 1'he female has, indeed, the satme hoarse iote, and during thile sumnmer months. At early twilight tlhey much thIe same mnolde of flight, but niever precipitates may be seen coursing' through tile air, above tile hersplf in thie nnlller of tile male." trees or hlouses, in search of illsects. Their flight is WESTERN NIGHT HAWK (Chordeiles p~opetee; very rapid, their lolng wings giving quick, powerful va'. henr'yii). —''his species was first described by sweeps; and as they dash about ill imamly eccenltric Mr. Cassii ill 1855, fromt specimens pirocured ill New imiovemnejits, busily gleaulilmg their food, they utter, at MIexico by Dr. Henry, il wlhose honor it is inamed. oft-repeated imtervals, their short iote, or squeak, It is differently colored, anid ill othlier respects varies which almost exactly resembles that of tile Comoinmo from the Common Nighlit Hawk.''he hlabits are Snipe. Iil most portionls of New York City these precisely the same ill tile two. It illhabits tile westlbiirds miay be heard ill their season. During time twi- erni provinces of North Amnierica, except the Pacific liglit, they are heard utterimmg their peculiar notes di- Coast regioin and'lexas. rectly over tile noisy streets, yet few of thIe demizens of TEXAS NIGHT HAWK (C. acutipennis).- rIThis tliegigreat city lhave ayii kiiowleldge of thiemi.'llie great southeri bird has tile immarkings quite different from abmuidaice of imisct lile ili tile vicimmity of our large those of thie popetue, amid is mnuchi smaller. Mr. cities attracts thien.' Dr. Brewer says T hl'le mmllmoder Lawrelce first described it as a ieew species in 1856. style of hlomse-buiilding, with flat 1Mamusard roofs, has Iii most respects it resembles thie others iil habits also added to thie inducemenits, affording sal'e and tioughi it is mot kniowni to imiake thie dowinward convemient shelter to tile birds at nigllt, lmid servil)ig swoop, neithier does it utter thie hloarse niote, mor sail also for tile depositioni of their eggs. Iu quite a so hig-h ii air. Imuimmiber of instanices they were kmmowni to lay thieir A IY CY ELI. eggs, anlld to rear their young, oil tihe flat roofs of houses ill thie city. Inlstances of tihs ihave beei seei'l'his fl'aimily includes tie Swifts, or Swallow-hike ill Philadelphia also. Th'lie movemmieits, evolutioni amd birds.''hey were formierly associated withi tile general habits of this species, ill tihe pursuit of pi'rey, Swallows, but mie now founid to udiffem' esselntially ill bear little resemblanice to those of tihe Antrostomi. structure, anid are rightly conisidered to forim a sepabut are much miore like tihose of the iFalconidee. rate order.'IThey are foummd to be closely related to They fly high ill tile air —oftell so higlhi as to be tile Ilummimimg-birds.'imhe Swifts are found ill all hlardly visible-amid traverse tihe air, mioviing back I parts of thie globe; tIhe Chimnmey Swallowv being tile wavrmd amid. forwmard ill the Imainer of a HI-awk. At most fammiliar exammple ill America.. Tile edible niests tilies thiey remaimin perfectly statiommary for a few of Chlia anhd Japain are made lby a small species of IMlomemlts, amnd then suddenly and ripidly dart off, this famiily.'lihey have tihe salivary glamlds mlargely their' wings ca.musilg. a very peculiar vibratory sound. developed, tid thIe secretion, iii tile case of tile east-,is they fly thiey utter a very loud amld shrill cry, ern species, formis tile omily imlgredient ill tile coistruewhiichi it is alimost impossible to describe, but often tioni of' thie nest. I I tlhose of tile Chimnmey Swallow, apl)earig to comiie f'onm close at hiamnd whiei time bird tie twigs are glued togethmer by thie saliva. ihe is igigh in tIme air." —North America~n Birds. Thiere eg'gs arte pure white iii m.11 tile species. A species of is a str'ikinmg' difference iil thue br'eedimmg habits of time G uaitemnala forms a tuie sevemmal feet ill lenmgthm om tile several mimemmber's of this faimmily. Wlhilhe tie WVhip- umidem' side of aim overhilmmigimig mock, thie mlmaterial poor-will selects time shady, secluded forests, time beimug tile down of pilaits, whiclh thie biud catches clviii CYPSELIDM. -fBIRDS.- - TocHILIDY. while flying ill the air. Th1e entrance to this tiest is Clljhinney Swallow raises but one brood ill a season. from below, the eggs being laid on a sort of shelf Ill Pennsylvania it is said to hIiave two." — North near the top. A curious nest is constructed by a American Birds. Brazil species. It is tub;-shaped somnewhat like OREGON CHIMNEY SWIFT (Chcetu'ra pelagica; thile latter, suspended to a branch, and covered withl var. vauxi). —This species is much like the precedfeathers on the outside. Th'I'lere is no shelf for the ing, but is considerably smaller.'lhe winig is tea, rly egg's, and it is believed that they are ceimented all inch shorter, and the tarsus alnd middle toe areagaginst tile sides of tile tube, and brooded onil by longer. Some differences are noticeable, also, ill the thIe bird while inll an uprigiht positioni. color of thile plulmage. Its habits are tile same. WHITE-THROATED SWIFT' (Panyptyila mnelano- It is found onil the P'acific Coast, firom Puget's Sound leuce). —'lhis is a new species, discovered by Dr. to Californllia, and ill Guatemala and Yucatan. Keninerley ill New Mexico, inll 1854.. In its flight and lihabits it closely resembles tile Conmoni Cii n- FAMIY —IROCHIILIDE. ney Swallowv of thile east. It inhabits the Westernl'Territories and the SouthliernI Rocky Montitabis to IUMMING3IRDS. Gnatenmala.'IThe [iulltming-birds are strictly coinfined to tihe BLACK SWIFT (Nephiecetes niger). - This is a contilnent alld islanlds of America, none being founld soutlhern and westernl bird. Dr. (_3uidlacli saw themi ill tile Old WVorld. IThey are miost abundalnt ill Cellin Cuba, and, amnong othier things, states that wlien tral America atLnd ill thle tropical portions of South one of thiese birds flies ill chase of anotlher, it emits Amlerica. Single species are occasionally seen quite a soft, continued note, niot unllike a song. near the Arctic regions, anii as far soull tli as PattagoCHIMNEY SWALLOW (Ccteura pelagica). —'l'iTis nia.''lie food of these birds consists larg'ely of' inis thIe nost fitlnliar form of the firaily. in Alnerica. sects, whicli they captlture by iisertinig tile bill a.111011og It has a-wide range, extendinig f'rom thie Atlaintic to thIe petals of thile flowers. Omme inuindred almd tImirty thIe Fiftietll Parallel. It differs firoin tile European genera are mow established. Sevenl generta alxe repreSwift ill its ]habits. Whlile the latter is shy, and sented only ill Northi Amnerica, having tell species. builds ill caves or deserted hiabitatioms, our' bird''lime Iltbits aitd um1nniers of tile I Hunimiimg-birds are seeks tile abode of miai, and seems to choose thIe peculiar, differiig very mimiarkedly f'roin almy other kiind chimlnmeys of imihabited dwellifigs preferably.'TlIe i of birds. Tliheir flight amid mmoveimeitts geimerally reClirinney Swallow is seeni to be imore active at twi- seimble those of inisects. T'lhey are so iearily like tiie lighlit, findimg, probably, its proper ood ill thile inisects great niocturnal Sphim ixes ill timei' fliiglt, that it is tlhat ar'e abrotad at that timmie of tile day.'Tlie iest difficult to distinguishi betweeni thieii.'lme lummis ome of tile imost imiterestiig' of a,11l like structures. miing-bird is nit seeni ill forests, but loves thIe smili"It is composed of simall twigs of tiearly umiiiforun sihime. Soine are more ill tile habit of feeding at size, wronohit and iliterwovei iito a neat alid semmi- twiliglit, but tilts is probaibly beca.use tie imsects circular basket. Iili selectimig tile twigs with wlhich they are ill sem'clm o' uare imere abumdamt at thalt they ale to,4construct thieir mests, tile Swifts brealk period.'I'lhoughi they feed imostly upoi inisects, yet'romii tile tree tile ends of liviung brammches, whiici they tile iectar of flowers is also-a portioni of tlheir umoum'gatlher wvitli great skill aid adroitiness whiile oil tile ishimneint.'Ite puigiacious imabits of thiese little cm'em.wiing. Sweepimg upomi tihe coveted twig soinewhmia tlres are well kimowum.'Ilhey attack withlout liesitaias a lHawk rushmes on its prey, it divides it at tile tioni larger birds, wlheni tlhey come ill tlheir way, and desired place, and bears it off to its mest. E]ach tihe large Motihs and Splinixes are (Iriveim off aiid oiie of these twigs is stromlgly fiasteied to its fellows beatei by tlheln, ill timeir' effoits to secuure thiei' food. by all adhesive saliva secireted by tile bird, alld] by Curiously enouigh, tile Imllimnifmig'-bird Imas beemi klowul tile satnie cemeunt tie wlvole structure is immade to ad- to attack so larige a bird as tile Sparrow Hawk, al(d hiere to tihe side of tihe chimiiniey iil whiclih it is built. to drive himn off-conquer m imii. T'lhough not able to'IThis saliva, as it; dries, hiardeis iinto a toughi, glue- iniflict deadly iijury, hiis ability to flit aroumxid iis like substaice, as firm evein as time twigs it unites. emeinmy with lightminmg' mapidity, emables Ihimi to mimake 1m' separating nests firom thIe sides of chiinneys, rapid thriusts at his eyes, wlienm tlme Hawklc is qmuite I ihave knowvn portions of tihe bi'ick to wiich it ready to retreat, as a Lion wouldl be at tile stimg'img' was fisteimed parit sooimer timail tile cement. TWheir of a Gimat.'lie niest of tiese birds is a iniarvel of mimoistenemi, however, by long-continued rains, thie beauty.'lhe egg's are always two iil mmIumber', amd weight of thiei colltents will sometimes cause these pure whiite-the only differenice being ill size. nlests to part, mid tile whiole is precilitated to tihe THE CALLIOPE HUMMING-BIRD (Stellula callibottoiu.''lhe youiig birds cling very tenaciously to opme). —'ihis is a niew species, first broug'ht to thie attile sides of tihe chimney, with tlheir' bills aid claws. tention of mmaturalists by one of tile Commnlllissiooers of'lhey not only are often able, in these accidents, to the Northm-w estern Bounldary Survey. It is founld ill save tihenselves fiomn falling, but evei at a veiry early tihe timouintaiis of Wasiiington'l'erritory, Oregonm amid mg'e call clihg' to tihe sides of tile chimneys withi thieir Califorimia, to Northierne Mexico. T'lhoughlt generally bills, amd work thlieir way to tihe top, Thiey always foid of tile warmn suishine, aimd rarely seen exceptiig leave.their n est and climb to the upper paint of time ill summer, time preseot species, amid oie othier, M were chimimniey sevemal days befome they cami fly, and are observed whiile time stoew was yet omi time giouind iii theme fed by their parenits. Iii New Em:mglaiid tile patches. h'lhey weine flitti' garounid time flowers of TnocHiaLD. — BlRDS. —TxodCILIDM.. clix Ribes, or flowering currant, thie brilliant flowers of themselves over the flower, and nipping off, as with wlhich were thell ill bloom onil tile Little Spokan delicate forceps, the imlprisoned insects."'lIhe River.'[he length of this species is 2.75 wing, stomaclis of those hlie killed were found filled with 1.60; tail, 1.00.- various kinds of winigeled isects.'I'lie bird is found RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD (Trochilus co- nlesting inl tile lowest valleys, and to the height of letbris).-'lIhis is thie ftamiliar IHummining-bird of our eight or nine thovusalnd feet. lhtstern States, and is the beat knowi of all our ANNA HUMMING-BIRD (Ualypteanna).-Anothler species. It is found from tile Atlanltic to thie Mis- of the western species, found ill Mexico and the coast sonri Valley, amid breeds fr'oin Florida and tile valley region of California. It is named in honor of Anna, of the Rio Gralnde to high nortlieri lattitudes. Dr. Duchess of Rivoli. Auduboll figures a speciime, Brewer says: "Thley iest ill Massacllhusetts about the first which ihad been captured ill the States. Its the 10tlh of Junre, and are about thirteen days be- niest is not so neat as thiat of the eastern species. tween tile full nIlulber of eggs aind the alppearance of Dr. Gaminbell considers it a very colmmon species inll thile younig.'[hey resent aily approach to their nest, Californllia, aid adds tllhat it passes tile entire winter and will even make anilgry nlovemenlts about the head there. l)urilg tile breedillg seaIson tlhey are very of tile intiruder, uttering a sharp outcry. Othlier than pu1)glacious, dartiigo like iiieteors arnonig the trees, this, I have nlever heard themin utter ally lnote." utterilng aloud ald repeated twittering scold. Dr. Wilsonl describes its niest as follows: "'l'iis is gel- Cooper says: "''he niotes of tile iialeI bird'are like erally fixed oil tile upper side of a horizonltal brainch, thile sounid produ'ced by the filiing of a saw or the not ainoiog tile twigs, but onil tile body of tile branch wiettiin' of a scythe." itself. Yet I hlave lknown instanlces where it was COSTA'S HUIMING-BIRD; RUFFED HUMMER (C. attached by thile side to all old loss-grown trailk, costce). —''liis is a Mexicanll bird, abundant ill thle valand otllers wliherie it was fastened on a stron)g rank leys of Sierra Madre, and extellding iiito New Mexstalk or weed iii the galen; but those cases are ice, Southiert California and Arizoii. It is nalled rare. Ill thile woods it very often chliooses a vwhite-oak ill hioiior of' the Mar'quis de Costa, of Chiambery. saptlitg.'Thle iiest is about al inch ill diamieter, alld'I'hie iotes uttered by tile miale reselllble tle highliest as iiiuch in depth. A very complete one is now lyiig' anld Isharpest wlhich cal Ie drawnl firoii a violiii. before iie, and tile niaterials of which it is coinposed RUFOUS-BACKED HUMMING-BIRD (Selaesphorus are as follows:''lie outward coat is foriied of slliall 9f:ats).-This is f'oumtl onil the west coast of Nortl pieces of a siiiall species of bluish-gray lichel, that Aiiierica, aild across fi'rolll thile gulf of Califoriiia to veg'etates oil trees aid feices, thickly glued oil with tilhe Upper Rio Grande Valley. anid alog tile'fablethile saliva of thile bird, giving firmuess alid coisist- hllids of Mexico. It is a brilliantly-colored species, ency to thei wlhole, as well as keepiiig out miioistiure. atil is decorated with a curious ruff upoii its throat. Withill this are thick, matted layers of the ie winlgs'IThe first oiie founlid was biy Capt. Cook, tile celeof certaii flyiilg seeds, closely laid togetheri; lied brated voyager alid navigator, ii Nootka Sound. lastly, thile dowiiy substatlce froii the great iiullein,''They are cooiiiiiol sunim!er residenits at Sitka. Dr. and froti the stalks of thle comition fern, lines tile Cooper states:'['he niale of tis species has a rewhole.'Thle base oh' thie nest is continued round tile markable habit, when a straiger or wild anlimtal steii o thile branch, to which it closely adheries; a;md, approaches its test, of rising to a great heighllt ill wlieti viewed frotm below, lappears a miere niossy kltot tile air, aoid thiei dartiig downi perpendicularily upon or accidenltal p)'otuber'aice." tile intruder, producinig a hollow, rushintg soutid, like BLACK-CHINNED HUMMING-BIRD (T:~ alexandri). that of' tile Night I:awk, but of a iiuchi sllarper tole." -'l'his species is hound fi'om the hligihatids of Mexico'These soutds, lie says, are produced by thle witigs. to the fifty eighlth parallel.toirthward. Dr. 1ieerl'nali When perchilng, this species is said to utter a shitill, first aided it to thile Faunua of tile Uiiited States, wiry call.'Ihey also iprotduce a curious kind of bleathavinig frouid it ill Sacramento City, Cali'fornia. ing soulid. Mr. Nuttall coiiipares tile appearance of The liests, lie remarks, are essentially similar to tile mnale to an angry coal of brilliant fire, as they those of tile colubris. Dr. Cooper foutul theim alotg, dharted uponi hiii, passillng witlin a few iilches of his the oliave River. He says of tIe tiests: "'l'hley face, as they returned agaiil aid againi to the attack, were all built of wliite dowin froin the catkins of the niakiulg a sound as of a br'eakiing twig. willow, agglutinated by thile saliva of tile bird. They BROAD-TAILED HUMMING-BIRD (S. platyce'cus). were thils fastened to tile enid of the hlalmgioig braiclles -'l'his species iiiabits thile Table-lanids of Mexico of tile Sycsumore." MAr. J. K. Lord, otte of the CoIll- and thie Rocky Moutitains, atnd as far north as missiotners to the North-wvestern Boulladuury Survey, Wyomnillm' Terriitory. It is larger and somewhat difgives defitlite information conceriting the inisectivor- eireit fioiu tile Ruby-thiroat of tlie east inl its Illarkouis clharl'acter of this species. HIle says: "O a ing's, yet it is at first sight easily mtistakeni for thle iuiniber of black birch tirees a sweet, gumnuy sap ex- latter. Dri. Palmer procured nests, which were coliuded plentifully, aid otil tlhis sap hosts of ibsects, sidered large bir the size of' tile bimd, beinig uniusually large aid simiall, were regalinig thiemiselves. As tIme bi'oad atd slhallow, but mlade uttuchi like tlhose of other sap was ver'y sticky, mutiibem's of the small-wiutged species. It displays cotlsiderable pugnaciity. Nrit. itisects wei'e ti'apped ill it. Busily empllloyed in pick- Ridgway saw a mitale repeatedly diive away a Hawk ii)g off aid devouriiig these captive iusects wete (Accipetem' fuscus). He also obser'ved that this several very sombre-hooki Ii tuniimiug-birds, i oisi. p g bird waug accomi1p)laied in its flighllt by a peculiar clx CUcULIDM.-BIRDS. — CUCULIDAM. shrill, screechillg buzz of extraordillary loudness, YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO (Coccygus americamn s). to be produced by such a small creature.'IThis —'Thlie American Cuckoos are differelt from those of sound M.. R. nioticed when tile bird was passinllg Eurolpe, having lengthelned, naked tarsi, ilnstead of overhliead, ill a manier lnot observed ill anly other very short, featllered oines.'Ihe nlostrils are eloiispecies, its horizontal flight beingg by a pecuiliar un- gated, illnstead of ronlded, anlld tile habits are etiely dulati g course.'I'lie slitill noise Ilmade by tile Imale differellt.'I'lie Aiiiericaii species re;ars its owii yonng, of this species, hlie suggests, Imlay be caused by tile instead of depositing its eggs in! other birds' nests, curious attenuated and stiffenlled outer primary. like tile bird of' Europe.'Ile Yellow-billed Cuckoo HELOISA'S HUMMING-BIRD (Atthis heloisa).- is distributed tllhrouglhout North Atllerica, f'rom Canll-'Tllis is a Mexican and Cenltrtl Amnericain species. ada to Florida,,atid 1''Oml tile Atlantic Coast to CallMr. Salvin f'ound it, as flu' south as Guatemlala. It fornia. in all the West Illdia islanLds it is commllonl. goes forth to feed only ill tile eveningi allnd morning. Wilson says of this bird' "In marked contrast to It resembles the Sehisphorus il shalpe, anid differs so the singularly unparental conduct of their Europeanl little froml species of that gellus titat they tre easily relatives, the Americalln Cuckoos bildl thieir own mnistaken oil first view. nest, hatchil thleir ownl eggs, anld rear thieir own young," XANTUS' HUMlMING-BIRD (Hfeliopcedica xantusi).:land tllhat" ill colljugal alnd p)arenltal affectionll they scel -'l'his is so distinlct that it requires nio colparisolln to be sutrpassed by no other birds." lie adds:...'lley with any other species. It is lew' to the North begin to pair early inl May, and commence building' Americanl Fauna, having' been described by Mr. about tile 10th of that motnth. Thlie test is usually Lawrence ill 1860, fromn specimieits founld by Mr. fixed autoeig the horizointal branlchlies of' an aplple Xailtus at Cape St. Lucas. tree; sometimes ill a solitary tlhoirn, crab or cedtr', LINNE- US' EMERALD (Thaunatia sa limncei). —'lhis ill some retired part of the woods. It is construicted is a Southl A imerican bird;, aaid is introduced into with little art, anld scarely anly conlcavity, of sillall our Faula oil tle authlority of Mrl. Win. Brewster, sticks mid twigs, interimixed witlh gi'reeii weeds tuld of' Boston, wiho shot a straggler near that city. blossomis of the imaple. Otl this almost flat bed tlhe eggs, usutally three or four ill numiber, are placed. 5~~~~~~~~~~~ FAnaLY —CCUCULIID..'IThese are of a unifoiri greellish-blue color, atlid Of a size piroportionate to that of the bird. While thle'Ithis is a stroilgly-nmttrked group of birds, Ihavinog feimale is sittiig, tile imale is usually tint ftir disttant, tile toes ill ptairs, deeply cleft or niot uniited, the outer aind gives tile alarin by hlis t'otes wheit ally persoil is aitLerior toe usually versatile, but directed rather apprloachintg.'Ihte feinale sits so close that you Iiti.y latertlly thluil btickwarid. almost ieach lliet witlhi your hatld, alld tlhein precipiPAISANO; ROAD-RUNNER; CHAPARRAL COCK tates herself to tile gl'otitld, feigninlg laitieltess to (Geococcyx californianmus). —'lhis is the only species Idraw you away frotio tile spot; flutteritlg, trailillg' her of thie genus f'outid withtlit tile limits of the United witigs, iand tutllblit' over ill the lmannier of tile \VoodStates. Another occurs ill Mexico (tile G. affitis), cock and othere birds. Botlh pairenits uttite il) providwlhich is smaller.'IlTe piresetilt species has been iing food f'or their youing.'IThis conisists chiefly of called by one of' its trivial ilailtes oil accounit of its caterpillars, particularly such'as itfest apple trees." frequenting tile public highways. It is also called MANGROyE CUCKOO (C.?nimor).-'l'his is a W1est the Grounid Cuckoo and tile Prairie Cock. It is Indiani species, buit is occasiomially seen ill tile Florida abundant in Arizoina, Nfw lMexico caud'lexas, where Keys. Auduboti says it is at regular suititer visitor. it has tile reputationt of beitg' rellmarklably fleet of to Key West andil the Florida Reef. foot. it some sectionls it is liumllted fom' atluse- BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO (C. erythropthalmus).mIlent otl hto'seback, anid eel wvill I houlds. T'liouglh This is a familiar lbiird il the UIitetl States. It difhlavillg tile telrrestrial habitis of' thlegallimliceous birids, l'ers fromi tile Yellow-billed itl the black bill and iM it has 110o affillities tihereto, but belbog's to thei the tabsenice of black oil the tail featllers, thile white Cuckoos. Its food cotisists of iltsects, atld evell tips o[' which are mtuch shorter' and less abruptly deterrestrial shellhfisht.'Ihough generally conifitied to fined.'I'lhie sexes ar'e quite simiilar. Thie IBlack-bill tile ground, whieni suddenly alarmted it takes witig' is closely like the other species ill miost respects —it alld shows itself' aim able flier. Its niest is coti- its habits, size aid( general appearance-and is foulld struucted soimewhat after the style of that of' the distributed over tile same districts, but is not so Yellow-billed Cuckoo, thile eggs beinig large, white miumierous. Mr. Nuttall cotisiders it less famlliliar mid niearly spllerical. It is utsocial, iever' seeni ill tlhaun the otlher, buildinig its nest inll a tmore retiretd flocks, anid haius for a tote ottly a weak scroatil, which situationi. Itt New lEluglatld the Black-bill is quite it seldomi utter's. Dr. Coopetr says lie hieaird oe abunldant as a summer visitor. miakitig a low cooiltg ioise like that of a Dove, fot' THE ANI; THE SAVANNAH BLACKBIRD (CUrowhich it was first miistakei; afterwards lie heaCrd it to2haga ani). — Th'l' is bird belongs to a genus thle cooing iharshlly and chatte'iiigl its matldibles to- species of whiclh are all Amnericai.l.'I'lhey are atll gether, at tile samte time jeikitig up its tail alld elttirely black, tile feathers of thle nleck atid head ei'ectimng its crest. It is saidt that tese bds becoitie iaviig a peculiar stiffeuted, itnetallic or' scale-like borquite tamime, aumd letnait about gardetls amid ytar'ds, deor.'IThe species ate miot iuutlerous, ouie omily beitug' destroyimtg mice, wvhichi they catch with as ituchi'outld ill the Utnited States. It is miot a residemlt, dexteu'ity as a Cat. but is occtusiollldly seemi ot tile keys of' tile Florida PICIDmE.-BIRDS.-PICIDJE. clxi Reef. It is comnmon in tile West Indies and in sometimes three feet in depth. Th'le strength of this South Amlerica as far south as Brazil. Gosse says: Woodpecker is so great that I have seell it detach "It is abundant in Jamaica, and it was universally pieces of bark seven or eight inches in lenogth at a maintained by the inhabitants that these birds unite single blow of its powerful bill, and, by beginning at and build il company anl immense nest of basket- the top branch of a dead tree, tear off tile bark to work, made by the united labors of the flock, which the extent of twenty or thirty feet in the course of a is said to be placed on a high tree, wilere mnaly few hours, leaping downlwards, with its body inl anl parents brillg forth and educate a common family." upward position, tossinlg its head to the rigllt The bird is called the Black Witch in St. Croix-a and left, or leaning it against tile bark to ascertaitl name supposed to be due to its peculiar call-note, the precise spot where tile grubs were concealed, which sounds like gue-yuch! They are seen hover- anid immediately after renewing its blows with fresh intg around cattle and horses, and alight on their viigor, all tile while soundilng its loud notes, as if bodies to pick up the ticks which infest those animals. highily delighted."''lhe Ivory-bill is a large bird, They are often so intent upon. securing food that beinlg twenty-one inches in length, tile willng tel they cling to the tails of cattle while they graze, inches. Wilsonl says of him:.'l'liis majestic and and search the long hairs for insects. formidable species in strelngth and Inagnlitude stanlds at the head of the whole class of Wioo(dpeckers hithF A MIL Y-PI C I D. erto discovered. He may be called tile chiief of his tribe, and nature seems to have desigoled hliml a distiniguished characteristic in tilhe superb carmine IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER (Campephilusprin- crest and bill of polished ivory, with which she has cipalis).-Of the family Picidee, more than one-llalf ornamellted him. His eye is brilliant and darilng, of thle species belong to the New World.'l'he and his whole frame so admirably adapted for his present remarkable species is one of the formis which mode of life and method of procurinig subsistence, as is confined to the extreme Southern States. It is to impress oil the minid of tile examniner the miiost not mnigratory, but resident where found. Audubon reverential ideas of tIhe Creator. His manners have, says of it: " Te flight of this bird is graceful in the also, a dignity in tIhem superior to thle conmmonl hlerd extreme, although seldom prolollged to more than a of Woodpeckers." l'lhe cry of this bird is like tilat few hundred yards at a timhe, unless whlen it has to of a hurt child. Wilsoni gives aim amusing accoumit cross a large river, which it does in deep undula- of one that lie had wounded, and was conveying upon tions, opening its wings at first'to tleir full extent, his horse to Wilmilngtotn. His horse becamne fiightmand inearly closing them, to renew tile propelling ima- ened, and the iinhiabitants came forth to see vwhat pulse.''lie transit fromi otle tree to amiother-evemi produced such liuinail-like cries. should tihe distalnce be as mnuch as all hundred yards HAIRY WOODPECKER (Picus villosus).-''Thiis is a -is perlformed by a single sweep, and tile bird ap- collmmoln visitor in New England in the sprimlg, fall peaIs as if merely swimgimmg itself f1rom- tile top of tile amld winter monthlS, anld is to some extent a resident olme tree to thiat of tile othier, formniig all eleganltly through thie year. It is found as far west as tilt curved line. At this moment all tile beauty of tile eastern base of the Rocky Mountairis, aid normthiward plumiage is exhiibited, amid strikes tile bellolder witl to British Columbia amid Sitka. It is also accidental pileasuIe. It niever utters ally sound while oii the in Eligland. It is less wild alid more domilestic than wimig, unless during tile love seasonl; but at all other' ammy other species, anid is a famiiliar resident in our timies, no soomner mhas tlis bird alig'hted tihall its re- orchards durinig tile breedilig seasoni. It has a mlarkable voice is heard at alimost evrely leap it Strong, shrill and tremulous cry, anid also a single illakes, while ascendirng agailst tile upper parts of mnote, or chuck, which it oftei repeats inl all eager tihe trunkl of a tree or its highest branchles. Its niotes mumanner, as it hops about and digs illto tile crevices are clear, loud and yet rather plailitive.'l'They are of tile trees.'lmle Hairy Woodpecker is nine inches heard at collsiderable distamice, perilaps half a mile, in leigtll, and fifteeli ini extemit of wing. Its fligimt is, alid reseimble tile false high note of a clarionet. like some other species, a curious risiig and sinkTh'lley are usually repeated thlree times inl succession, iug alternlately. Th'e feet are very powerful, lmade amid mimay be represented by the monosyllable pait, to grip strongly the bark of tile trees oil whlichl it pait, pait.'Th'lese are heard so fiequently, as to ii- searchles for inisect food. Instances hiave occurred duce ile to say thiat tile bird spends few mimlutes of where tile bird remainled with its claws deeply ilthle day witlout utterinlg them, amid this circumistanice serted in the trumk of a tree long after its death. leads to its destructiom.'I'lle lole which it bores HARRIS' WOODPECKER (P. villosws; var. ha2,risi) for its niest is, I believe, always made ill tile trunk of is a western bird, found southl as far as Central a live tree, gellerally an ash or a hag.berry, anid is at America. It was first described by Audubon, and i: gleat height. Th1e birds pay great attemition to the considered to be olily a variety of the precedimng. particular situationl of tile tree, selectilig one thlat is DOWNY WOODPECKER (P. pubescens).-Called iliclimled, so as to secure tile nest agaiist the access of also the LESSER SAPSUCKER. Like the lHairy Woodwater.'I'ley show forethoughit in selectimlg tile space pecker, it is a residemlt whlerever it is founld, anld not immiediately under a branchi or at tile jumiction of tie nmioratory. Its habitat is thioughl Eastern Ulnited branclll witll thie trunk. It is first bored horizoitally States to thie eastern slope of tile Rocliy Mouinfor a few incliles, thien directly dowinwards. It is tains, and northi into Britishi Colurmnbia.'I'he nest VOL. I. —. clsii PIcIDi. —BIRDS. PIcIDz. is cut in solid wood, and is described by Wilson BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER (Pias being as regular as if marked by a pair of coin- coides arcticus).-''ihis differs from other Alnericanl passes. During the labor of constructing the nest, Woodpeckers in having the back enltirely black. tlhey regularly carry out the chips, often strewing Its ranlge of habitat is fromn the Atlanltic to the them at a distance, to prevent suspicion.'Thle Pacific, anlld from the northern portion of tile United House Wren, who has the power to construct its States to the Arctic regions. Audubon says it occurs owil Ilest, is knllown to take advantage of tile little in Northern Massacllusetts, anld in all portiolls of Woodpecker, anld when tile excavation is completed, Maine that are covered by forests of tall trees, whlere lealily usurps the cosy domnicile anlld drives away its it collstantly resides. Dr. Cooper speaks of it as a rigllhtful owner. lie lhas a sinlgle!note, or chuck, very silent bird; the only Iote lie heard being a shrill, which, like the forlller species, lie firequently repeats; h1arsh, rattlig, cry, quite distinct fiom tllat of aly and when he flies off to anotller tree, utters a ratlier other Woodpecker. Prof. Verrill says this bird is sliriller cry, coimposed of tile same niote, fiequently very commonll in Western Maine in tile spring, fall repeated.''lhis is the smallest of our Woodpeckers, aiid winter, but is not founld there in tile summer. beinlg onlly six incllles and tllree-quallrl.l'ters in lellgth. WHITE-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER GAIRDNER'S WOODPECKER (P. pubescesns; var. (Picoides tridactylus; var. americanus)-Plate 16, gairdneri).-'l'his is a variety of the preceding, founld fig. 58-is lot a commoll bird in atly part of Ainerica. only on tle westerii portion of thle continent. It is It is mostly confined to tlhe Arctic regions, comning similar to pubescells in size anld markings, but with south as thar as the States in winter. In habits it is less white onl tile wilngs. said to reseimble the Hairy Woodpecker. LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER (P. scalairis) is YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER (Sphyropicus fouiid ill Mexico aiid Guatenmala, and adjacent parts va2rius) is found throughout tile Uniited States. It is of the United States, and is one of tile smallest of very irregularly distributed ill New Enlgland. Vertile North American species. Its habits are nuchl rill says it is a comnimo summerl visitor, and breeds the samiiie as those of the other varieties. at Norway, MAe. Oil thle seaboard it is considered THE CAPE WOODPECKER (P. scalaris; var. lucas- rare. It prefers the woods to nmore openl places, and anus). —In this variety there is a general appearaiice is iiot seen in the orclhards, as is the Hairy ~Woodto P. nIuttali and scalaris, but tile bill aiid feet are pecker and others.'This bird, like other speiliuch larger, and some differelce of marking is ob- cies, has a habit of picking holes in sound trees, servable. Habitat, Cape St. Lucas. where lmo signs of irnsects appear. "What thieir NUTTALL'S WOODPECKER (P. nuttalli).-Inllab- object is," says DI)r. Bryant, " has not beein satisfacitillg the coast region of California, and first discov- torily settled. In Massachusetts, I am not aware ered by Dr. Gambel near Los Angeles, Cal. Mr. that these holes are ever sufficiently large or nulnerRidgway describes its niotes as very peculiar, the ous to cause aily material injury to tile apple trees. usual one being a prolonged, querulous, rattliig call,'They are generally seen in circles around the limibs unlike that of any othier bird known to him. Its and trunlks, and ii this vicimity are almost exclusively leigthl is seveii iilches; winig, four and a half. iiiade by the Downiy Woodpecker, aided occasiomlally RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER (P. boorealis). - -by the Hairy Woodpecker."'I'his bird is southern in its habitat, and is rarely RED-NAPED WOODPECKER (S. va'rius; var. nutcha. seen is far north as Peniisylvania. It is quite re- lis). —l'his variety is very conlstant ill its larkiog's, stricted to the south-easterni portion of the Uiited and is considered to be a distimlct species. It is States, and has been seen as far west as Eastern coifined to the middle province of the Uiiited'I'exas. Stragglers have been founid farther north. States; found in Arizolla and vicinity of Fort Mr. Lawrence obtaiiied a specimenl in Hoboken, N. J. Mohave.'I'wo specimens have been takeil ill New'I'is species is said to be particularly agile. Audu- England, but were umidoubtedly stragglers. Its imotes, bon says: "It glides upwards anid sideways alomlg the lhabits and manners are like those of tile S. varins. trunks and branches, on tile lower as well as the upper WILLIAMSON'S WOODPECKER (S. williamsoni).sides of tile latter, moving with great celerity, and oc-'l'le range of this species is from thle Rocky Molluncasionally uttering a short, shrill, clear cry, that can tains to the Cascade Mlountains, Sierra Nevada. It be heard at collsiderable distalice." Lengthl of body was first discovered by Dr. Newberry, in tie pine sevenl imcelmes and a quarter; winig, four and a half. forest of Upper Klamiliath Lake. Its habits amid WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (P. albolar'vatits). ilotes are simnilar to those of P. hlarrisi. —'This species was first discovered by Mr. John G. BROWN-HEADED WOODPECKER (S. thyroideus). 13Bell, in tile vicillity of Sutter's Mills, iln Califorllia. — Habitat, the cascade alnd coast ranges of CaliforI-e says it frequents thie higher branchles of tie pimes, nia and Oregon, Sierra Nevada, Wahsatchl ammd keeping almost out of gunm-shot ralge..Active amtld Rocky Mountains. This is regarded as a very rare restless in its movemiments, it utters at rare initervals a species. It was first miet with by Mr. J. G. Bell, in sharp and clear note,while busilypursuillngits searclh for tie lower Sierra Nevada. Its llialllelrs amld note are food. Its hiabits and mIalinuers are the same as those like thiose of the precedinlg species. of thle P. harrisi, but it is of a livelier and mnore rest- BLACK WOODCOCK; LOG-COCK (flylatomuts pilealess disposition. Its wlhite head and priimaries rei- tus). —Tl'his is a large species, meaesuriimg eiglhteen der it easily distillguislhable. Length about nille inlches in length, and having thle wing mlilme arld a hlalf iuches; wing, five amd a quarter. inclles long. It extemds over thle wooded portions PICIDZ. -BIRDS.-PICIDNE. clxiii of North America, firom the Atlantic to the Pacific. GILA WOODPECKER (C. uropygialis).-'l'lThis speIt is a resident of the northern districts of New cies was discovered by Dr. Kennerley ill his route Ellgland throughout the year, and has been kllown along tile thirty-fifth parallel, anld described by Prof. to breed as f.r south' as Massachlusetts. Verrill Baird in 1854. It is very shy, and seenis to have says it is most common inl winter. Thllis bird is the very peculiar notes, which it utters wheni flying, as second in size amnong his tribe. Wilson says: He do others of thle class. The giant cactus, of the is noted for makillg a loud and almost incessant iMexican plains, is seen bored by this bird, and its cackling before wet weatherm, flyinlg at such timnes ill nlest is frequently colistructed ill the pithy initerior a restless, uneasy manner from tree to tree, Ilmakilg of the larger stalks. T'ley subsist mostly oil inthe woods echo to his outcry. Almost every old sects, but they also feed oil the berries of the mistrunk iln the forest where lie resides bears the mark tletoe and mesquiti. Dr. Cooper says: "They have of his chisel. Whenever lie perceives a tree begill- a loud note of alarm, strikingly sitmilar to that of ning to decay, lie examines it around witl great thle Phsleopepla nitens, which associates with tiemi skill and dexterity, strips off tle bark ill sheets of iii thle mistletoe boughs." five or six feet inl length, to get at the hidden cause of LEWIS' WOODPICKER (lffelanerpes toirquatus).the disease, aind labors witl a gayety and activity'l'lhis species is fouiid froni the Black Hills to the really Surprisilg."'h'lle Pileated Woodpecker is not Pacific, and reaclhing fiorn Puget's Souid to the gulfof imigratory, but braves thle extremles of both the arc- California. Th'lley were first observed by Lewis anld tic and torrid regions. Neither is lie gregarious, for Clarke in their journey to the Pacific. Mr. Nuttall, it is rare to see more thman one or two, or at the wlho met with them in the central chain of the most three, ill compally. Dr. Brewer says: "I lhave Rocky Mountainls, describes them as very ulllike occasionally met with it ill thle wilder portions of Woodpeckers in their habits, as they perched in dense New Halnpshire and Maine, but have nowhere beeii flocks, like Starlings, neither climbing branches, nor so fortunlate as to observe its nest or breeding-place. tappinlg in the manner of their tribe, but darting It has always seemed a very shy bird, difficult of after insects, and devouring berries like''lihrushes. approach, always keeping at a safe distamlce, anld ever'l'llheir breedillg places are genlerally holes in oaks and greetiing your attempts for a nearer view withl a loud, other trees, which are excavated for the purpose. cackling cry, not unllike a derisive laugh.''lIme niest All observers agree in stating that the habits are of this species is dug out of a tree by themniselves, singularly different from others of the tribe. Mr. alnd has nlo lillilng but tile rottell chips that are Lord says: "It flies withi a heavy flapping'iiotioi, allowed to relnain in the bottoml of tile ole." Mr. much like a Jay, feeds a good deal on tle grounld, Paine, of Randolph, Vt., says that they were very and chlases insects oni tle wilng, like a Shllrike or a abumldant in thlat State fifty years simmce, but are now Kinlg-bird." Whilst matilng, they assemble in large extremnely rare. Th'lley are quite iluimerous iml'l'exas, unllibers, anld keep up a comltimlual, loud, chllatterilig ammd have been met with ill Vamicouver Islammd. Speci- nloise. It approaches niearer to tile Red-headed imeIls from the Nortlilern Rocky Mountailis and frorn Woodpecker inl its habits, but lhas imammy distilctive tile re,"ioil of Puget's Sound are much larger tlhail peculiarities. Mr. Ridgway found it very abumldant ill those frolil tile South, and approach veriy nearly tile Sacramemlto Valley, and noticed a very peculiar and great Ivory-bill Woodpecker ill size. chlaracteristic habit of ascemdinmg highl imito tile air, RED - BELLIED WOODPECKER (Centurus cealo- alld takilig a strange, floating flight, seemimngly labolinus).-Thlis species has all tile restlessness alid tile rious, as if strugglinlg agaimlst the wimid, alid thien denoisy lmabits of its tribe. It is less domestic tliami scendilig in broad circles to tile trees. somne, and more solitary, preferrinlg tile largest hligll- RED-HEADED WOODPECKER (Melanerpes erythm'otimbered woods and tallest decayed trees of the forest. cephalus).-'l'liis is olie of tile most universally It ilnhabits a large extent of country, fromi the Atlal- klowIn birds in tile Uliited States. Its strikinlgly tic Coast to tile easterni slope of the Rocky Moumi- beautiful plumage, alid sharp comltrasts of brilliant taints, in all of which it seeins to be residelit. It is color renlder it particularly attractive. In New Enimuch mimore abumtdaiit ill tile southerll and westeri glanld it is not so comomilmomi, thougll it is founld, even States, and is very rarely foumid niorth of Pelllnsylva- ill wilter, in most of the States. Dr. Brewer says nia oil tile Atlautic Coast, though it is, accordinig to that it was omice commrnilo in tile neighlborhood of Wilso30, abulldalt ill Upper Caniada. Mr. Allel speaks Boston, but is now seldom met witlh. Mr. Paine, of of it as a summitmier visitamit in Westerl Massacllhusetts, Vermont, says that it is a traditioll amnoug his neighalid Prof. Emlillmos has taken it ini Collllecticut. bors tlmat this bird was formllerly everywhere knowli YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER (C. aurlifirons). throughout all portioilS of tile State. It has thle —'lTh'lis is exclusively a southersn bird, its htabitat reputation of being f'oIder of simall firuits than alny being oil tile Rio G-ralde mregion amid Mexico. It is other species. Of tlis lhabit Wilsom says: "But let regarded as very shy, asld as frequeniting very coin- us m!ot coudemni tile bird unlleard; tlhey exist, they molnly tile trunks of the miesquiti, utterimng a loud, munst therefore be llecessary. If their merits alld sharp cry as it passes fiorn olme tree to almotller.'I'lhis Iusefulimess be fomiud, on examnillatioll, to prepomidemate is aim iltelrestillg ilnstaice of thie preferlmice wlhiclh agaiist their vices, let us avail ourselves of tIle forbirds often give to certaini kinlds of trees or shrubs. llerl, while we guard as well u.s we cami against the Dr. Heermmam, wlho hsasbeemi famLliliar with thisspecies, latter.'I'lhouglh this bird occasionally regales himnsays tlhat lie lmever foumid themm in amy otlher tree. self witlh fiuit, yet his uiatural and miost useful food clxiv PICIDZE. - BIRDS.- PICIDM. is insects, particularly those numerous and destruc- nlo rain falls, and everythinog is parched." His obsertive species that pelletrate the bark and body of the vations were made in April, tile last of tile winter tree to deposit their eggs anld larvie, the latter of lmoths, tand he found the Woodpeckers witlldrawing whliclh are well known to nmake immenllllse havoc. In- rood from their depositories, atnd satisfied 1himself sects form at least two-thirds of ihis subsistence; that tile birds were eating the acorn itself, and Inot and his stomach is scarcely ever founld witliout them. diminutive maggots a few of thenll contained. I)r. He searchles for them witli a dexterity and intelli- 3Brewer, ill comlmellting on this curious hlabit (North gence, I may safely say, more than human; lie per- Amner'ican Birds, vol. ii., p. 570), says: "''here are ceives by tile exterior appearanlce of tile b-ark where several remarkable features to be noticed in tlle lhcts they lurk below. When lie is dubious, lie rattles velie- observed by Saussure —tle providelit instinct whiclh mently on the outside with his bill, and his acute ear prompts this bird to lay by stores of provisioins for distinlguishes the terrified vermin shrinking within to thle winter; tile great distance traversed to collect a their utmost retreats, where his pointed alid barbed ki id of food so uniusual for its race; anld its seektongue soo5n reaches them. Th'lle masses of bugs, ing, in a spot so remote from its liatural abode, a caterpillars, aiid other larvae, which I have takeni storehouse so relllarkable. Canl inistinict alone teacli, froml the stoniachis of these birds, have often sur- or have experience anid reasoll taugiht these birds prised iile." tlhat, better far tliani the bark of trees, or cracks ilt CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER (Melanerpes fornzici- rocks, or cavities dug in the earth, or ally otler vorus).-Confiued to thle Pacific Coast region of tile known ]liding-place, are these hiddell cavities witlilll Uniited States anid Northlern Mexico.'A striking the lhollow stems of distant plants? WhaYlt first characteristic of this bird," says Dr. Coues, "is tile tauglht theam how to break throughl tle fluiity coverextraordinary difftereices in tile color of the il'is, iligs of thlese retreats? By what revelatioul could which varies ftrotm white to red, blue, yellow, ochira- these birds have beeni inforiiied tlat withiin these ceous or brown." Dr. Heerman describes this as dry aiid closed stalks they could, by searcllillg, filud onme of tile nioisiest, as well as tile most abundanlt, of suitable places, protected fiom mloisture, for preservthe Woodpeckers of California. He speaks of it as ing their stores in a state most favolramble for their catclhilng insects onil tile wilng, after tile imanner of loing preservation, safe froml gniawillg rats amid fi'oml a Fly-catchler, anid mllelntionis its very extraordinlary those acornl-eating birds whose bills are ilot stronlg habit of diggiulg small holes iiitie bark of tile pimle or sharp enlough to cut tilrough their tough emncloseand tile oak, in wlich it stores acorns for its food il ulres?" M. Sullmichliast, who erjoyed excellellt oppor-. winter. One of these acorns is placed in eacli hole, tunities for observinig thlese birds, states that tley anid is so tightly fitted iin, that it is witli difficulty also pierce tile oak trees and deposit tile acorlis extracted.'l'lThe bark of a large pinie will presenit the withini tile holes thus, made, drivinog thlemi forcilly appearanlce of beimig closely studded with brass Ilails, imnto tile cavity. Several very l.irgoe alid iiiterestilig tile heads only beinig visible. Saussure speaks of specimens of oak, fromlt Califorllia, quite filled with -a species of Woodpecker, whlich lie supposes to be acorlls, are in tile Americanl Museum, New York. Colaptes mnexicanloides, storinlg up acorns in tlhe THE NARROW-FRONTED WOODPECKER (Melanhollow stemis of the maguey plants.'lThe birds were erples formicivorus; var. augustifrons).-'l'llis is a seen to fly at first to tile stalks of tile maguey, anld to variety of the last-melltionued species, fouild at Cape attack thiemi with their beaks, and tlien pass to tile St. Lucas by Mr. Jolihm Xamltus. It is silaller, almd has yuccas, amd there repeat thieir labors. Th'I'ese stalks, differeillt arlakilgs, whiicli are fouind to be coIustallut. upon examinimation, were all founid to be riddled witli FLICKER (Colap2tes auratuls). —'l'llis eleguant bird hmoles, placed irregularly one above anmother, and comn- is a very commlolln sulmmner ilinhabitanlt in New Enlgmnmmicating with tile hollow cavity withlini. On cut- land, wilere it is called GOLDEIN-WINGED WOODPECKER1 ting open omne of these stalks, lie foumnd it filled withl It is also namned, ini otlier parts of tile couutlry, HIGIIacorns. lihe central cavity is onily large enoughi to I-HOLDER, PIGEON WOODPECKER, etc. It iiiliabits all of receive omne acorn at a timime.''lhey are packed ill, lqasternl North Allmerica to thie easterli slope of tile omne above tile other, until tile cavity is filled.''lThe Rocky Mounltains. It is tile most abunudant of all inmtelligent instiunct thiat emnables thils bird to solve tihe Woodpeckers in New Einglanud, amld is fomuld tile problem of using these storehouses, Saussure thlrougllout thie whiole year in the southlern part. regarded as unot the least surprisinlg feature. It Int Massachiusetts it is oftel miet withl in muidwinter, pierces tile stalk low dowil, ald introduces tile even whenm tile seasonl is severe. Audubon gives a acornis until thie cavity is filled; it theni bores another pleasant accounit of its liabits: "'r'lleir note is mlerhole just above. in thie mnext joiut, aLnd so conitinues riminent itself, as it imnitates a prolonged and jovial until tile stalk is quite loaded. Mount Pizarro, wliere laughl heard at considerable distance. Several mhal1es this habit was observed, is in thie midst of a barrenl pursue a female, reach lher, amid, to prove the foice desert pf sal!d anld volcanic dbris. Th'lhere are no anid trutll of their love, bow their hleads, spreatd their oak trees nearer tilau tile Cordilleras, thiirty miles tails, and muove sidewise, backwards anid forwards, distanmt, and thlerefoe tile collectinug amid storinug of performlling such antics as miighlt induce any olle witeachi acori required a flight of sixty mimihes. "'l'hisis miessimng thiemi, if nit of a Inost unorose teeinper, to obviously an instilnctive prepalatiol," says Saussule, joil his laughl to thleirs.'Ille fetal;lle flies to ainothler " oni thie part of these birds, to provide tile meamns of tree, wlhere sihe is closely followed by oume, twxvo, or supportiug' life durilg tile arid winiter montlhs, whieu even a half a dozei of these gay suitors, aid wlhere PSITTACIDYE. -BIRDS.-STRIGIDM. clxv, again the same ceremonies are gone througil. No of the richest green, orange anid yellow; they afterfightings occurl; no jealousies seein to exist amonllg wards settled in onle body oil a neighllboring tree, tlhese beaux, until a marked preference is shownl to which stood detaciled from any other, coverinlg alsoiiie individual, when the rejected proceed in search most every twig of it, a!nd tile sun, shillilng strollngly of another female. In this ianner all the Golden- on their gay plumage, produced a very beautiful and wiiiged Woodpeckers are soon happily mated. Eachl splenldid appearance. Here I had an opportunity of pair immediately proceeds to excavate tile trunk of observing some very peculiar traits of their character. a tree, and finish a hole in it sufficient to colltill -fHaving shot down a iuniber, some of them were tilemlselves and young. They both work with great only wounded. Th'lle whole flock swept repeatedly illdustry and apparent pleasure.'The hole is oftell around their prostrate companions, aind agaill settled twenty inches in depth, anid is not uutlequently in) on a low tree, within twenty yards of thle spot where the solid wood. Thoughi they are provided with I stood. At each successive discharge, though stout, sharp bills, it is difficult to realize the fact that showers of thern fell, yet the affection of the survivsuch wonderful work can be accomplished by them.'" ors seeined rather to increase; for after a few circuits Wilson mentions a feat whlich shows remarkable sagac- arounid tile I)lace, they again alighted near me, lookity in this bird. He has known it to detect the hIol- irlg down oil their slaughtered companions with such low of a limb under the solid anld sound exterior, and manifest symptoms of sympathy anld concern as ellpierce it for tile purpose of building its nest there. tirely disarmed me.''lhey fly very much like the Wild RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER (C. mexicanus). - Pigeon, in close, compact bodies, and with great iaThis bird, closely resembling the last-namned, is con- pidity, making a loud anld outrageous screaming, fined to the Pacific Coast. Dr. Newberry found it ilot unlike that of thle Red-headed Woodpecker." abundanlt in California aiid Oregon, and considers it'lhis bird is sometimes called the Illinois Parrot. as resembling tile Golden Flicker in its }abits, but It is thlirteen inches long, anld twenty-one in extent is much shyer. Dr. Coues states that its tongue is of winlgs.'I'lThe species seeims to be time oiily one tllat capable of protrusion to ai exteiit trl beyoud that is found so far North. Wilson speaks of seeing theml of anly other North American Woodpecker. in thle mouth of February along thle banks of tIle HYBRID FLICKER (C. hybridus). —'''his is found Ohlio, in a snow storm,flying about like Pigeons, anlld oni thie Upper M1issouri aind thle Yellowstone, and inl in full cry.'I'heir food is usually nuts and seeds; the Black Hills. It is considered a hybrid, result- tIle cockle burr being a favorite item. injg from the breedilng of two different species. THE CAPE FLICKER (C. chr'ysoides).-Found on FAarIL,-STRIGID2E. tihe Colorado aind Gila Rivers, and as far south as Cape St. Lucas. It is coiisidered as intermediate betweenl the C. auratus anld ilmexicanus, and has thie AMERICAN BARN OWL (Strix flammea). —Th'llis same habits, flight aiid cries as tile latter. It ap- Owl is colmmou to the more southern portion of pears to be mligoratory, and comes from tile soutll. North Almlerica, especially nlear tile sea-coast, in The eggs are like those of mexicanus. Mexico and California. It is very rarely seen 1iorthl of Pennsylvania, thoughl it has beeni found, as a FAMIL —PSITTA'L'ACID2E. straggler, in New En-gland. Dr. Heermant speaks of it as very abunidant in Californlia before tIhe'luHE PARROTS. settlemneilt by easterin immigration. T'lhese birds are Of the few species of the Parrot family repire- still abunldallt in the old Catholic imissions, where sented ill the New World, omne of tile sub-fainily thley frequent tile ruimned walls aid towers, alid conPsittacince is found in the United States. Of tile struct thleir nests in tile crevices almd ilooks of tliose genlus Psittace, whlich embraces eighlteen species, two onice stately buildillgs, mlow falleil to decay.'l'hese come sufficiently near to tIhe soutlierni borders of thle ruilns are also a shlelter for inniuimerable bats, reptiles United States to render it possible thiat they may yet and vermin, wlhich f'orml ain additional attraction to be found to cross the border. Audubon shot, on thie thle Owls. A favorite morsel of food of tile Barll Rio Grande of'l'exas; the S. pachyrhynclla, and tile Owl is tile meadow imouse; anld tile bats also colmstiS. militaris is common at Mazatlan. tute an importanlt item in its diet. Tile female PARAKEET; CAROLINA PARROT (Contozus caro- is fifteen anld a half inlchles in lellgtll, a.ld three feet linensis). —'i'he habitat of this bird is tile Southlelrn eight illches in extenit of wimlg. S. fulncata, a. species anmd South-western States, and Mississippi Valley. It found in tile West Indies, is llardly distiliguishwas onice very abundant in the Umnited States, east able frommi tIe presemit omne, and its habits arme supof tile Rocky Mountains, evern as fal' as Pennllsylvallia. posed to be thie same. Ill Florida thiey are yet abundant. Wilson says LONG-EARED OWL (Otus vultga'is)-Plmate 4, fig. "At Big Bomle Lick, thirty miles above tile lmouthl of 10. —lhis is a coimmnoin species in New Eigliand, alid tihe Kentucky River, I saw thlem in great numbers. is foumld pretty equally distributed over tile whiole'I'They came screamimng througli the woods in tihe of temperate Northi America. It is emltirely ioclimom'mnimg,' about an ihour after sullrise, to dmiiik tile turllal ill its hlabits, and is comisidemed to Ialre less salt water, of wlhichi they, as well m.s thle pigeomis, are power of visiomi by day tlhan ally otlher species. It remalrkably fommd. WiVlen they alighted omi tile gi'oulid, is tIle inost niumerous of any other Ainemicami species. it appeared at a distalmce as if covered witlhi a calpet Except in size, it ilas more resemblallce to tile Great clxvi STRIGIDM.- BIRDS. STRIGIDME. horned Owl than anly other of its tribe, breed- the American Hare and the miurine animals, on ing like it among the brallches of tall trees. It which this Owl chiefly preys, come forth to feed." is fourteen inches allnd a hlalf lonlg, alld thllree feet BARRED OWL (Syrniunz nebuloszm). —'I'his is a two inches in extent of wilng.'I'le " ears " are much smaller species of the same genus as the prelarge, and comllposed of six feathers, gradually ceding, and has the same peculiar, soft, cillereous lengthlening' frolnl the front one backwards, black, plumlage. It is common in New Elngland, and exedged with rusty-yellow.'l'lis bird is closely allied tends over Eastern North America and west to tile to the Otus vulgaris of Europe; the present species Missouri; south to the Rio Grande. It is remarktabeing regarded as a variety, anld called wilsonial!n. s. ble for its soft and rapid flight, the great breadth of It has tile habit of using the nests of other birds, wings giving it extraordinary power'. Its vision is though sometimles it constructs one for itself. Mr. said to be almost as good in the daylight as in the Rlidgway found it very abundant in the Sacramento n ighlt. Th'lle Barred Owl is most abundant in the Valley, and noticed that it generally laid its eggs in Southern States, where it is called the Hoot Owl. the deserted nests of the Magpie. It is not found on the Pacific Coast, nom in the higll SHORT-EARED OWL (Ottus bmachyots). —'llhis is northern latitudes; but in all parts of the United also called the MARSH OWL. It is not common in States it is probably a more familiar Owl than either any part of New England, excepting the sea coast, of tile other n'ative species. "How often," says althoughl its habitat is regarded as covering " the Audubon, " when snugly settled ulnder tile boughs of entire continent and adjacent islands of America, my temporary encampment, and preparing' to roast a also Europe, Asia, Africa, Polynesia and Sandwich venison steak or the body of a squirrel on a wooden Islands. in the geographical variations of this species, spit, have I been saluted with tlhe exulting' bursts of it is seen that the average plumage of North Ameri- this nightly disturber of the peace, that, lhad it not can specimens is just appreciably darker than that of' been for him, would have prevailed around me as the European, while tropical specimens have a ten- well as in my lonely retreat! How often lhave I seen dency to be still darker. I know of no bird so wide- this nocturnal marauder alight witllin a few yards of ly distributed which varies so little in the different me, exposing his whole body to the glare of my fire, parts of its habitat, uilless it be tile Cotyle riparia, and eye me in such a curious manner', that, had it which, however, is ilot found so flar soutlh."-Ba.id. been reasonable to do so, I wouhl have inlvited him Dr. Newberry met with this bird in Oregoni and to walk in anld join mIe in my repast! Tle liveliC(alifl'Olia, filldingl it especially comllmll il tile Kla- ness of his nimotioils, joimned to thleir oddness, lhave illathl Basill. Tlhoiughi p'roper'ly nIocturllal, it was imet ofteii made me think that hIis society would be at with, huntillg oil cloudy days, flying low over the least as agreeable as that of many of the buffoons immeadows, inl the mnialiner of and associated with thle we meet with in thle world. Should tile weather be Marsh llH awk. Its lemngthl is fifteeni inches; extenit of' lowerimng anld indicative of thle appm'oachm of rain, wiig' tihree feet four inches. their cries arme so multiplied durinlg tile day, and GREAT GRAY OWL (Symrnim cine'eumtm). -''This especially in the eveillg, anld they respomld to erach is a denizen of time Arctic regions of America, and other in toies so stlralg'e, tihat oiie mlluight illliagijle is possi-bly a resident ini Camlada. In winlter it ex- somie extraordinlaryfyfte about to take place among011 tenids occasionally as farin south as MAassacllusetts. theimn. On approachllilg one of thllem, its gesticulaIt is said to humit by daylight in the imore nor'thermn tions are seen to be of a very extraordinary ilature. regiols, anid to prefer thle wooded districts. A filue'lh'e position of thle bird, which is gelelrally erect, is specimene was captured in Marblellead, Mass., amnd imnmmediately cllalnged. It lowers its head alld iiiis now in tile collectioni of thle Essex Institute. clines its body to watch tile motionis of tile person Anlotller, shot in Lymnl, is in tile collection of' W. S. beneath; throws forward thie lateral feathlers of its Brewer, of Boston.'I'his is thle largest Owl of hiead, which thus has tile appearance of beiig' surNorthl America. Its head is very large; eyes, smnall; romslded by a broad ruff; looks towards himil as if tail rather long, upper parits smmoky or aslly-br'ownm, half blind, and mioves its biead to and fro inl such ai nmottled and t'ransversely barred withi ashy-white. extraordinmary manlller as almost to iniduce a persoin Its total lengthll is tweinty-five to thirty ilchles; wimng, to fanicy that part dislocated froml the body." Wileighteen; tail, twelve to fifteeni. Audubon says of son soays "'I'hme difference in size betweeni tile iale this species "'l'he comlparatively smimall size of this ialld fernale of this species is extraorldilary, somniebird's eyes lrenders it probable that it hunits by day; times amLnountiing to nearly eight ilchles ill tile lemngthl." al(ln tile nremiarikable simallnliess of its feet inlduces ine''lie mimale measures sixteen inichles and a lhalf in legthll, to thllillk that it dloes not prey uponi large ammimlmals. alid thirty-eigiht inclles inl extellt. As is comimmiomi It is comimoi omi tile bol'ders of tle Great Beat' Lake; withl this group, the femnale is much tile larlger. and thllele, in tile hlighlle Iarallels of latitucle, it nmust WESTERN BARRED OWL (Syrnitm occidentale). puisue its prey luriing tile summiier mInonitlis by day- — This is a very closely allied species, called also light. It keeps, hlowever, withiin thle woods, adll the SPOTTED OWL. It was filst described by AM1r. does Inot flrequemnlt tllme ballelln gmomullds, like tihe Sllowy Xalmtus,iin Pr'oceedings of Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., Owl; Ior' is it so oftein miet with ill binoadl daylighlt'iirl 1859. Its iabitat is given as follows: Southiern as tile Hawk Owl, but hiunits p'lillcipally wlhemm tile Middle Province of Umnited States (Fort'T'ejon, CalisuI is low. Immdeed, it is onily at suchi titihes, wlheil t'oi'mmia, amd'h'ucsoll, Arizoina). Notllillng is recorded tlie recesses of thie woods ale deeply sliadowed, tlhat commcermmimmg its hlabits. STRIGIDE. -BIRDS. STRIGIDM. clxvii THE SPARROW OWL (Nyctale richardsoni). -This GREAT-HORNED OWL (Bubo virginianus). —'llhis is anl exceedingly rare bird ill New England, being species inhabits Eastern North America, south of confined mostly to tile extreme llorthern portions of Labrador, west to thie AMissouri; and soutlh t1irough North. America. Specimens ihave been takel in the Atlantic region to Mexico.'Fr11ee varieties are various parts of Massachusetts. It is com11011 at recorded. B. virgilianus, var. arcticus, or Western HudsonI's Bay. It is nearly related to the N. funerea ( Great-horned Owl, is of lighlter color. It is found ill of Europe, both lbaving been recorded under olie the western region of North America, from the inname by some authors. Its length is about ten anld terior Arctic districts to the'lTable-lands of Mexico. a half inlches. B. virginianus, var. pacificus, is found oil the Pacific SAW-WHET OWL (Nyctale acadica), called also Coast. "'I'le Great-h}orned Owl as anll extended the ACADIAN OwL. —rThis is rare ill New Eniglanmd, distribution tihroughIout at least the whole of North though found occasionally in the sumimer months. America, from ocean to ocean, anld fromll Celltlal Audubon says of it: "'Th'le sound of its love niotes Anierica to tile Arctic regionls. Thrlougllout thiis bears a great resemblance to tile noise produced by widely extended area it is everywhere more or less filing the teeth of a large saw. ThIese notes when abundant, except where it has been driven out by coming, as they frequelltly do, froom the interior of a the increase of populatioi. In this wide distribution deep forest, produce a very peculiar effect upon the the species nlaturally assumes varyilng fornms, ai d extraveler, whio, 1lot beinig aware of their real nature, hibits considerable diversities of colorillg. Th'lese aire expects, as lie advances on Ihis route, to meet with provided with distinctive names to nark tile races. shelter under a saw-mill at no great distance." Th'lis but should all be regarded as belonginlg to oie species, Owl is also called the White-fronted and Kirtland's as they do nlot present any distillctive variation in, Owl. Audubon gives an account of the singular habit." —BrZewer, N. A. -Birds. Th'e Great-horned ventriloquial powers of this bird. Oii one occasion Owl is resident in all tile New Elngland States hlie heard what seemed to him to be the faint notes throughout the year. Wilson says: "1-is favorite of a distamit bell. Upon approaching the place frolmn residence is in the deep solitudes of swamps, covered wlich the soumds proceeded, they appeared at onie wit a growth of gigalitic timber; and here, as soon tilne to be in fi-ont of lim, then behind him, now on as evening draws on, atid mankilld retire to rest, lie llis rigiht hand, now onil his left, again at a great sends foithl such sounds as seein scarcely to belolng distallce, and then close behinid himl. At last lie to this world, startling the solitar-y pilgi-im as lie discovered the bird at the entrance of a small hole slumbers by the forest-fire, makiing liighlt hideous. ill a birch tree, where it was calling to its mate. As Along the mountainous shlores of thle Ohio, aiLd lie stood at the foot of the tree, in full sight of the amlidst the deep foiests of, Illdiana, alorne, alld reposbird, lie observed the siingular power it possessed ot' inlg ill the woods, this ghastly watclhlmal ihas fiealteringits voice, mnakilig it seem near or remote-a quenitly warned nme of the approach of mOlrlilnlg, alnd faculty wlich lie had never seen ill anly other bird. amlused lile witli his singular exclamations, soiimetimnes LITTLE RED OWL (Scops asio), also called the sweepimig down aiid aroulld my file, utterillg a loud MoTTLED OWL and SCREECH OwL. —Several varieties anld suddell iVaugh O! Waugh 0! sufficient to have of this bird are recorded by Prof. Baird in the NVor-th alarmed a whole garrison." T'le lenlgth of the male is AmelQican Birds, u-lder sepalmate heads. Scops asio, twenty inchees; the femiale is about twemity-four iichles. var. fioridana, is all extreme southern formn, and is SNOWY OWL (Nyctea nivea) —Ilate 4, fig. 12.mnchil smaller tliaii the nioithlerni omies. S. asio, var. This is a very comrnmoi winter visitor oil tile New miaccali, Westelrn Mottled Owl, is founid in Lower England Coast. It is founid ill the northern riegionls aiid Soutliern California. S. asio, var. keiiiiicotti, is of both continlents; migratimlg southward in winfromiil tle north-western cori'er of NoIth Amnerica. ter. Imn Canada it is residellt, whelre it breeds, It is a very dark variety, ald differs in its markillgs lmakilg its niest upon the grouiid. It feeds oni thle somewhat fi'om the asio. The Mottled Owl is wholly dead fish that are thrown lip by the tides, aid is a nocturnlal bird. "' During the nigllt it utters a very knownl to feed ol carl'ionl at timiies. In Southelrn peculiar wailing cry, not uilike tile hlalf-whliniimg-, New Eiiglaild thle Siiowy Owl is genierally seeii llore lhalf-barking complaints of a young puppy; alterna- abundaint whlen a severe anid protracted snow-stormn ting from hligh to low, initermingled witlh deep gut- lhas prevailed; at such times this bird is nio doubt teial trills. Its flight is nioiseless and glidiig, driven to eat tile refuse of the beaches anid open amld it moves ill a manner so nearly silenit as to be places, as is the case with the Common Crow.'Tlhis hardly pe-rceptible. It can hardly be said to con- Owl hullts equally well ill tle daylight amid twilighlt, struct any nest, but liles the hollow in which it but preferl tlle dull, gloomy days. Auduboll says rears its young with a few loose leaves, dry grasses that it captures fishies by staliding quietly by tIle alid feathers. Th'le eggs are usually five or six in imargin of a pool anid seizinig tlleli ill its claws. Wiliuniber, pure white, and nearly roulld." —Brewer. son says of it;: "'lhe color of this bird is well FEILNER'S OWL (S. filammeola).-'t'lis bild is suited for colcealmleit while roaimlg over the geilfouid in Guatemala amd Cemtlral Mexico, and iii eral waste of slow; aid its flilght, stiroig ai(ld swift, Califolria. It is ilamned after Capt. Johlmi Feilner, very simnilar to that of some of our larLge Hawks. Its who obtained a specimien at Fomt Crook, ill Califom- heamiuig mnust be exquisite, if we juidge fiomn the -iia, tlhus introducillg it to our Fauna. Its ihabits largeness of tlhese orgamls ill it; alld its voice is so are supposed to bethe same as those of S. asio. dismmal tlhat, as Peulilamt observes, it adds 1honor clxviii STRIGIDA3. —BIRDS. FALCONIDMa. even to tile regions of Greenland by its hideous species of Owl lie met witi." —North American cries, resembling those of a manu in deep distress." Birds. The nmale measures twenty-two inches ill length, and WHITNEY'S OWL (Xlticranthe whitneyii).-."' lhis four feet six inches in extent of wing.'I'The femiale well-mnarked genus is represented by a single species, is considerably larger, as is the case with all birds found iu tile Colorado region of the Unlited States, of this order. Th'lme Snowy Owl is a remarkably hand- and ill Western Mexico. It is the smallest of all some bird, its pluinage being in some instances near- known Owls, and has the geleral aspect of tile Glauly pure white. Th'lle large, round, orange-colored cidiuin. Its lellgth is six inches and a quarter, and eyeballs give great brilliancy, and shine like the extent of winl fifteen and a quarter." —N. A. Birds. richest gelns in their pure white setting. Some in- BURROWING OWL (Spheotyto cunicularia).dividwals are handsomely mottled with black, and''This Owl is of a genus peculiar to America, wllere it have transverse bars of black across thie breast. is distributed over thle whole of the southern and'I'lhe American Snowy Owls are somewhat darker westernl half of tile northern continent, as well as i!n tlhan those of Europe.'lThe dusky bars of the plu- some of tile West India Islands.'lhere is certainly mage are darker and broader. but one species, or even race, of Burrowing Owl in HAWK OWL (Surinia ulula).-Thl's bird is oc- North America. ITh'le South Amnerican. bird is not casioUally met with in some parts of New England. considered specifically distinct. Burrowing Owls are It is found in the northern regions of both conti- very abundaut,conglregaltingi togetllerin large comniunents, being rarely seei as far south as Pennsylva- nities, and differinig f'ron most memlbers of their fanlily nia. It partakes of the general appearance and by living and breeding in burrows in tlle ground. habits of both an Owl and a Falcon. Unlike the'I'lolinas Say was tile first American naturalist who Owls, it is almost wholly diurnal in its habits; and, met with this bird. While with Col. Long's expefor tlis reason, it has obtained the trivial name of dition lie encountered it, and describes it aIs residing Day Owl. The Hawk Owl occasionally breeds in exclusively inl the villages of tile Prairie-dog, whose NTew England. Mr. Boardmula has found its nest, excavations are so comrimodious as to mlake it unwith eggs, in the neigllborhood of Milltown, in necessary for the bird to dig for itself, wlhicl it is Mainle. So complete is tile resemblance to botlh able to do whleu occasion requires.'Iliese villages Hawk and Owl, one would naturally suppose that are very nuInerous and variable iU their exteit, somethis bird is the result of a cross; yet it is as distinct, tines covering only a few acres, amd at others spreadindependent, and original a species as any other. It inig over the surface of the country for miles together. is regarded as very bold anid active; frequently it'l'lley are composed of slightly elevated mounds, havlhas beemi seen to follow tile game as it drops to thle ing tile form of a truncated cone, about two feet in ground from tile sportsmnamn's shot, and to seize and width at base, and seldom rising as high as eighlteen bear it away.''lime male of this species is fifteell inclihes above thle surface.'I'le elmtramlce is at tile top inclhes long.'Though so small, it boldly attacks the or on tile side. Fromll tile entrance tile passage dePtarmllliiga, and succeeds ill carryinlg it off. scends vertically one or two feet, and thence it conCALIFORNIA PIGMY OWL (Glaucidium passer- tinlues obliquely downlward until it termlinlates ii thle inum). —''lhis bird is founid in thie Pacific Proviice snuug apartmnent where these animals enijoy their of North America, fiommi Vanicouver's Islanld soutih- winter's sleep, and wimere tliey and tile Owls are ward, anid fromim thle Rocky Moumitains to thie Pacific. comlmolln, b)ut uifrielldly occupats. T'I'lis Owl is It is quite closely related to tile G. passerinmun of strictly of diurnal hiabits, anid feeds principally on iuEurope. It is oile of the smallest of our Nol'th sects-tlle large beetles, grasshloppers and larvte. Amlerican Owls. In hlabit it is somlewhlat diurnlal, Dr. Kennedy says: "When molested they comimenice alld its niotes, quite unllike those of other species, are bowing anid chlattering ili a somewliat ludicrous maLsaid to be "subdued, clear, anid like tile soft, low lier at tile iitiruder, or fly swiftly away, keeping nrear notes of a flute." tile earth, anld aliglitimng suddenly in tile vicimlity of RED-TAILED OWL (Glaucidium felrrugineum). — a burrow to renew these amusillg motions." Mr.'I'The habitat of this Owl is the whole of Ea.sternl Darwim speaks of tile South Americani variety as South Amlerica and Middle America (both coasts), pleying on mice and reptiles, and adds thlat they amid north into tile southern border of tile Umnited usually dig their own burrows. States, as far as Arizona. "Th'l.'is little Owl claims a place ill our Faunla oin tie strength of several speci- FAMILY-FALCONIDL]. Ineuns taken ini Southern Arizona by Captaini Bemndire. TE FALCONS. It is a southernl' bird, foulld throughlout tie whole of Mexico, anid lraiges tlhence tllroughl tile whole of "rThie characters of this ftInily are: Eyes directed Soutll Amlerica, except tile Pacific Coast, as far laterally, and eyelids provided with lashes; toes insouth as Southernm Brazil. Ill Mexico it is as abUII- variably naked, alld tarsus usually naked amd semnteldaiit onl tle Pacific as onl thle eastern coast, and is late (feathered onily ill A.quilla and Arcllibutes); by far the most common Owl of its genus fouund ili outer toe not reversible (except ill Palldion); llead that counitry. Mr. E. C. T'aylor states that lie foumid lmever witli ear-tufts, anid never whlolly mlaked (except this pretty bird comnlmon in'l.'riidad, wilere it is said ill tile Valtzuine of tile Old World). [rlle above chato fly about ill the daytimme, apparently indifferent to racters ae ablout tile omlly readily observable poinuts time blazillg suni, and is muchl slumaller tlain any otlhier ii tile exterllal anatoumy in wliicli tile Falconidam FAI.CONID. -BIRDS.- FALCONMIDE. clxix differ strikingly fiom the Strigidce, Cathartidce, and characters wheieby it may always be distinguislled nay serve to distinguish tile birds of this family from tile Peregrine of all portiOllS of tile Old World." from those of tile two otliers."-N. A. Birds. A variety called the Black Peregrine Falcon (pealei) WHITE GERFALCON (Falco gyifalco).-'T'he habi- is found in north-west coast of North AmericaL, tat of this Falcon is Greenland and continent of from Oregon to Litlia.''lie Peregrine Falcon, calle(l North America, north of Hudson's Bay —breedinjg in I also the GREAT-FOOTED HAWK, is a resident of New latter region. It is also found in all parts of the England throughout the year, being usually fouInd oil circumnpolar regions. Several varieties are recog- the sea-shore. It is very powerful, and a swift flyer; nized. Six very beautiful specimens of thils bird are the terror of water-fowl, its legitimate prey. Auduill the American Museulll, Central Park, icludillng bon says of it: "I have nowlhere seenl it so abunlthe two varieties islandicus and caudicans.'I'le dant as alolg the high, rocky shores of Labrador variety caudicans is nearly pure white, or very faintly anld Newfoulldland, where I,proculed several adult barred with dark plumbeouns crescents. Variety individuals of both sexes, as well as some eggs allnd islalmdicus has more of a bluish cast, and the whole young.'I'hle lests are placed on the shelves ol' upper parts are covered with broad transverse bands rocks, a few feet from the top, and were flat, and of dalk plumbeous. Specimens are occasionally rudely constructed of sticks aiid mnoss. III several takeil in New Eigland. Variety sacer (McFarlane's instances we fouid these Falcons breedinlg oil the gelilns Falcon), has the size and proportion of islandi- same ledge with Cormnorants." Wilson says of ilin: cus, withi the colors of gyr'fialco, The B3lack Gerfd- "'l'lThis noble bird had excited our curiosity for a loug coil, var. labradoa, lhas tile ground color of the time. Every visit which we made to tile coast was luminage uniform, very deep, clear, dark plunibeons- rendered doubly interesting by the wonderftiul stories browin.'I'le head, except benleath, is unvariegated. which we heard of its exploits in fowling, anld of its'I'le niest of tile (erlfalcou is built on inaccessible daring enlterprise. There was not a gunner alonlg cliffs. i'lhey prey oil water-fowl and ptarmnagalls, shore but knew it well; and each could relate someanid usually build near the roosting-places of sea- thing of it which bordered oil the marvellous. It f-wl. 1mm somie instauices the ilest is founid ill top of was described as darting with the rapidity of' ai. pile-trees. llheir flight is similar to that of tie arrow oil tile Ducks whel oil tie winmg, anid stlikii Peregorinle Falcon, but mnore elevated, majestic and therm down withl thle projectinlg bomie of its breast. a.llid.'I'llei cl'ies are also like those of that Falconi, Even tile Wild Geese were said to be ill daniger f'romi beinig very loud, shmlill anmd piercing. its attacks, it havinig beeni knowlII to sacrifice them PRAIRIE FALCON (Falco lanarius). —''lhis bild is to its rapacity. * * It oftenl follows tile steps also called tIhe AnERICAN LANNER. It is tile variety of tile gunner, knowinig that tile Ducks will be polyavgrus, which is founld ill tIle limimits of our country, aroused oil tile wiull, whlich will affold it aill almmost its halbitat beilig tile westerni divisioni of Northl certain chance of success."'l'lhis species was loug Airnerica, eastward to Illimnois; Oregoun to Lower greatly valued ill Europe for purposes of falcomlly. Ca(lifo-iria alld'I'exas. "'llle Amllerical Lanlner Fal- Wilsoi objects to tile niamlie peregrine, as, lie says, coil," says Prof. Baird, "is so very closely related to our Hawk is not nigratory; accordimigly, lie calls it tile Lamliners of Europe aiid Asia (va'. lanlarius anid tile Great-footed Hawk, froiom tile fact that its talolns var. jugger), that it is very difficult to ilidicate tile dif- are umnusually large and rugged. It is about tweiity I'ereiices which separate timeii." Dr. Cooper regards inches in leingthi, and three feet eight iniclhes in extelit this as onme of tile shyest as well as onme of the swift- of wig. Th'lle most striking characters of this species est of Hawks. It prefers tile borders of prairies, are tile broad patch of black dropping below the eye, a.ild preys uponi hares, quail, anld eveii largier gamie. anid tile unlcolnlonlly large feet. Mr. Ridgway has procured this Hawk as far east as PIGEON HAWK (Falco lithofalco), called also tile'Soutllerni Illilnois. AMERICAN MERLIN.-Habitat, enltire conltimnenlt or AMERICAN PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco comnmu- North America, south to Venezuela aLnd Ecuador, nis; var. anaturz). —This is also called tile DUCK anid thie West Inldia Islalds.'I'llis small Hawk is H1AWK. It is tfound over tile enitire conitimlenit of bold and swift of flight. It is a coimminoni spriig( anid America anid adjacelit islanids.'T'lere is a difference fall visitor in New Englanld, and is somietimimes a resiof opinioni coincemrini(g tile existence of two distinlct demit inl tile southierli portionis. It is elevell imichies in species.''le mllost favorably received opinioni is that length, anid twenty-three inclies in extent.'Tle thiere are two species oil tile Aiericanu comitimnenit, whole upper parts are a deep, dark brown, except tile aiil that one of tlelmi-thie nlortlerl onee is identi- tail, whichl is crossed withi bars of white. It has, cal with tile Euiopeai bird. Prof. Baird, however, like many other species, been regarded as a valuable says: Both of these views I hold to be enitirely hlunting Falcon. A black variety-var. suckleyiierronleous; for, after exalminilng anld comlpalinr criti- is founld on tile coast regioni of Northiern Californiia, cally a series of more thanli oune hiunidred specilmens of Oregon anld Washilgton'Territory. I'his variety is these birds, foiomi every portion of Amierica (except of a more uniform and of a darker color. T''he tail is Easteirn South America), illcludinlg nearly all tile tipped with white, but tile bars are very faintly inlWest India Islaids, I filnd that, with tile exceptioni dicated. Another variety, richiaidsonli, is seen in tile of tile inelaiiistic littoral race of tile nlorthi-west interior regions of Northi America, between tile Miscoast (vam. pealei), tiley all fall under oue race, whichi, sissippi Valley amid tile Rocky Mountaimis, anid from thioulgh itself exceediugly variable, yet possesses tile'l'exas to thie Arctic megions. VOL. I. — Y. clxx FALCONID... - BIRDS. —FALCONIDME. APLOMADO FALCON (Falcofemoralis).-A south- tlhere are tile belfiies of the different churches, where ern species, with its lhabitat exteided over the whole neitlier the bustle beneatli nor the jingle of the bells of South Amnerica, and northward tllrough Celtral seels to lhave any effect upon thlem." America and Mexico, into'I'exas. and New Mexico. CARACARA EAGLE ( Polyborus thalrus).-Th'llis single It is said to be very abundant oni the pampas of species of the genus Polyborus is the only one known. South America, where it is not at all sliy. It is It extends over the whole of tropical and sub-tropical fiequielntly trainled in this region for hlunting small Amierica, excepting some of the West India Islanlds. gamne.'hlie (lilian fralconers esteemi this species It is closely allied to several other South Americal highly, and find it very docile, and readily tamed. forms whichl are peculiarly Amierican. Its lhabits are AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK (Falco slparveriius). quite different fiom the Falconida generally, laving -Tllis is also called the AMERICAN KESTREL. it is tilose of tile Vultures and gallinaceous birds to a found on tile continent of North America, fromll certain extent, combined. It is terrestrial, and able coast to coast, but not oil the islands. Several to run or wall 1ratler gracefully.'T'he present species varieties are recognized. Variety isabelhilnus lias is sometitmes called King Bluzzard. Two varieties very much darker mlarkings. Thoughil aving a very are recognized. Our bird is the variety auduboni. wide distributiou, the Sparrow Hawk is nlot ilmet It is very common in Florida. Mr. Boardmian found with in the extreme Arctic regions; latitude 620, on it abulndant tlere, associated witli the Vultures. Dr. Great Sliore Lake, being the Ihigliest northern limlit Coues foulnd it' not a rare bird ill Arizona. yet recorded.'llhe habits of this bird are rathler FISH HAWK (Pandion haliaetus).-I'llis bird, peculiar. Wilson says of him: "It flies ratllelr called also the AMERICAN OSPREY, is the only species irregularly, occasionally suspending itself in the air, of its genus. Its i'ange is very extensive, being alhovering over a particular spot for a nminute or two, Inmost cosmopolitan.''lhe present variety, carolinensis, anld then sliooting off in anotlier direction. It is foulnd over the whole of Noltlh America, ill North perclies on tile top of a dead tree or pole in tile Brazil anld tile West India Islands. Wilson says: mlliddle of a field or meadow, ald, as it aligilts, slults "T'le first appearamice of tile Fislih Hawk ill sprimlg is its long wings so suddenly thiat tliey seemi imnstllitly welcomed by tile fishermen as tile Ihappy sigll.ml of to dismappear; it sits here, in an alinost perpenldicular tihe alproachi of thlose vast shoals of shlad, hermrimg, position, sometiles for all hour at a time, frequemntly etc., tihat regularly arrive onl our coasts, anld enter jerkinlg its tail, and reconnoiterinlg tile groumnd below our rivers inl sucli prodigious nlumlbers. Thle niest ill every directionI for mice, lizards, etc. It firequemit- of tile Fislh Hawk is sometlhincg very remiarkable. ly pluniges into a tilicket after small birds, as if at It is usually built on tile top of a dead or decayraidoim, but always witi a particular, aind grelerally iing tree. lExternally, large sticks-f-oionlll li.f ami a fatal aimm. One day t observed a, bird of thiis spe- inch to all incli and a lialf inl diameter, and two cies perclled olm tile himilgest top of a large poplar oil or three feet ill lenmgtl-piled to tile heighllt of tile skirts of tile wood, and was in the act of raisingg four or five feet, ammd fromn two to tlhree feet ill lmy gunI to tile eye, wihen lie swept downi withi thie breadth, were intoirmixed with corn-stalks, sea-weed, ramipidity of all arrow into a tiiclket of briars about pieces of wet turt in large quanItities, inulleill-stallks, t.liirty yards off, wliere I sliot himmn dead, anid, oil comim- and lined with dry sea-grass; tile wliole forminllig a immg up, found the small field-sparrow quiverimng in Iiis mnlass very observable at a Imalf a mile distant, aInd grasp. Both our aims biad beemn takemn in tile same large enough to fill a cart, and be no incommsiderable instant, aid, unfolrtunately for himim, botil were fatal. load for a lhorse.'lie flighlt of time Fisli Hawk, iis It is particularly fond of watching along hIedgerows nanmoeuivres wliile in sealrcll of fisim, amnd his manner of mImd in orchiards. It will seldom or mnever eat anlly- seizing prey, are deserving of particular notice. III t llill' it has inot killed itself, and eveni that, if niot inl leaving tile nest, lie usually flies direct ulitil lie comnes g ool orlder, is solinetimes rejected." Referring to tile to the sea, tlien sails around im easy curves, turlmniig reseminblance of this bird to the European Kestrel, somietimles in the air, as oni a pivot, appalently witlitihe editor of Wilson's Ornithology says: "''lle manmi- out the least exertion. Iis remamkable len;gthi and iner of suspemiding itself in tile air is exactly similar curvature of wimng distinguisim hil n froml ally otller to tihat of our Windilover; and I amL not aware tlhat Hawk. Suddenly lie is seenm to clieck his courise, as this peculiar lnannler of Ilullting is made use of by if stiruck by a particular object, whlich he seemis to any otier of tile Falconidce, with the exception of survey for some mnlinutes withi sucli steadiness tlhat iie tihe Kestrels —that is, those of Europe and Africa. appears fixed in air, flapping his winmgs. At oice,'Iie true Falcolls survey tile ground by extensive fromn this sublime aerial heighIt, lie descenlds lilke a sweeps or a rapid fliglit, anid stoop at once oil thleir perpendicular torrent, pluniging into tile sea witli a prey withi the velocity and force of lightning; tile loud, rushin gr sound, and witi the certainty of a rifle. others quietly watch their quarry when suspended Ini a few moments lie emmerges, bearilng inll Iis claws or perclled oil a bare eminelnce or tree ill tile imannler his struggling prey, whichl lie always carries headdescribed, and take it by surprise. TIhe whole of tile foremost, and, having risen a few feet above the sulKestrels are very familiar, easily tanied, alld, whlen in face, sliakes himuself as a water spaniel would do, anid coimfieminemiit, becoIme even playful. It is elmlarkablel directs his heavy anid laborious courise directly t'or thiat, peirhaps, more Kestiels build amid bring to mima- tile lulaid. IIi olme ilnstalice a shad was takeml from tulrity tlheir younig imi Lomidom, than iln mIi}y otliem a Fish Hawk whliclh weighed six poumids."'T'le space of tile same dimmeisions.'ihe breedimlg places Fishi Iimawk is comisidered as tile most mnumerous FALCONIDX.-BIRDS.-FALcoNIDN. clxxi of its genus within tile United States. Onl a small in this respect appearing more like a large Swallow islallnd of tile Atlantic Coast three hundred lnests of thall a Hawk.'IThiey have been observed in large these birds were found. A singular trait inll the clha- flocks, flying through a swarm of bees, clutching tile racter of thiis bird is that of allowing the Purple insects with their sinall feet, and eating them while Grakle to Ibuild its nest oil the margin of its own. on wing.'I'lhe interstices of the immetise concourse of sticks BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE (Elanus lencumrus), tlhat form the Fish Hawk's domicile are occupied by called also the WHITE-TAIlED KITE.-'i'his species tile Grakles, four or five often being seen oil one inhabits the tropical and wanner temperate regions nlest, "like humble vassals arounld the castle of' of America, exceptinlg tile West Indies. it reaches tlheir chief, laying, hatching their younig, and Iivilug' as far north as Southlerll Illinlois, and ill California it togethier in mutual harmoniy."'lThe Fishl Hawk is a is a winter resindent. This species was first introconlstatlt summer resident near tile mouth of our duced into our Fauna by Prince Clhas. Lucien Bollalarge rivers. In Maine, at tIle miouth of tile Kenne- parte, whose specimen was secured from East Florida. bec and tile Penobscott, and among tile islands of Audubol obtained one from iear Charilestoin, S. C., Casco Bay, hlie may be seen, attended pretty closely and describes it as poising itself in thle mannser of by the Bald Eagle, who ignobly lives by pillerillg the Common Sparrow Hawk. It would suddenly his rightful gamne. close its wings, plunge toward its prey witI great FORK-TAILED KITE (N.autclerusfoif catus). —7This velocity, making' a peculiar noise with its wings as it is a peculiarly Americain genus, blvig only onl e passed throughll tihe air. Its cries, onil beilg wounded, species, belonging to the tropical amid subtropical resenible those of the Mississippi Kite. Like tihe regions onil both sides of the equator.' The Swallow- preceding, this bird feeds onil insects as well as small tailed Hawk, as this species is called in tihe Southern reptiles and nice, coulrsimg ill searchi of its prey in States, is sometimes seen as fiar north as Penllsylva- tile mianner of the Marsh Harrier. "'lThe comntmon nia, onil thile Atlantic Coast, but is comnumoim ill tile niiame of this Hawk in Chili is Bailarin (from tile Mississippi Valley to WAisconsin. It breeds ill Illi- verb bailala, to danice or balance), froum the graceful niois and Iowa. It is said to be exceedingly abun- and easy mannaer ill which it seems almmost to float dant ill thle fominer State. It is found in Cuba, and upwards or to sink in tile air." —N. A. Birds. is accideiltal ill EIIolamld.'lime specific characters, as MISSISSIPPI KITE (Ictinia mississitpiensis) — given by Prof. Baird, are as follows: ",Whole head Plate V, fig. v. —''This is also called the BLuE KITE. anid neck, liiiing of winogs, broad band across the Its habitat is Central Mexico anid Southern United rump, and entire lower parts, pure whiite; inter- States, reachimg as fiar nortlh as Wisconsiin aimd scapulars aimd lesser wing coverts, rich, dark, soft, Illinois, in tile Mississippi Valley. 0Oi tile prairies hmrolized-pupl)lisl-blacck; rest of upper parts, iiclud- of Soutlhern Illinois it is said to be exceedimmgly iing lower part of rump, upper tail coverts, and tail, abulldant. O tile Atlanitic border it is not seeni mmore metallic-slaty-blackl; feathers sommewhat greem- above South Carolina.'I'This species also has tihe islh basally, nmore bluish termmimlally, with a peculiar habit of capturimng aid eatimg insects whiile oil tile soft, milky appearamlce, and with very smoothi comim- winig. Mr. Ridgway describes tile bird as exceedimigpact surface tertials almost enitirely whiite, black ly graceful iil its evolutions. Wilson says of it omily at tips; white oil under side of wilg occupyiIg' "Ii my perambulatioiis I frequemltly remarked this all tile coverts, and thIe basal half' of tile secondaries. Thawk sailiig about iii easy circles, anid at consideraWillg, 15.40-17.70; tail, 12.50-14.50." Firoin tile ble height ill tihe air, generally ill compaiy with the peculiar form of this bird, its slender body anid elon-'Turkey Buzzards, whose mainnier of flighit it so exactgated tail and wiiigs, it mum'.t mamlly is exceedingly grace- ly imitates as to seem tie same species, only in fli in its flight. Its food conisists mmostly of tihe mmimiatume, or seei at a more immemise Ieight." Wilsoni larger wimiged insects, as grasshoppers; iarid it is was at loss to COiplreheiend how these two birds, whose described as being fomid of tile grubs of wasps, wliichi food anid niaimlers ill other respects are so differit skilfully extracts froim tile liest. Its habit seemims enit, should so frequently associate together ill air. to lead it miostly over streamis, or timeim neighliborlood.'ihis Kite measures fourteem inclies iil lhlegth, an d Mr. Ridgway fillds it liviig' iil Illinois durilig tile three feet in extent of wiings-aim enmormous spread of sunimmer on small smiakes, building its nest iil tihe wing as comipailed with tile size of time body. oak or Ihickories wliich border tile streamms ilntersect- HOOK-BiLLED KITE (Rostrhamts sociabilis). —'l'tiis img thIe prairies. Htere, in August, it becomes veiry bird, called also EvERGLADE KITE and variety pluilmabunudant, feeding' also on tile insects of tile regioum. beus, by RIidgway, ias its habitat ill tile West Ilindies Audubon speaks of these birds as being astonislhingly alld in Soutlhiern Florida. Mr. Mmaymmrd, authior of rapid in flight, tile deep curves they describe, their tile Birds of Florida; discovelred this species breedsuddeml doubling and Clossimlgs, and thIe extieuie ease inig ill tihe everglades of Florida. By tihe Seinimmole with which they seem to cleave thIe air, never failing Indianus tile bird is called So-for-fumn'i-kar. It is to excite admiration. Om tihe ground, thieir move- dlescribed as veiy sociable ill its ihuabits. l1m tils remients are said to be awkward in the extremne. Whieni spect it differs essenitially from othlier birds of prey womuided, they seldomil strike with their talons, or tIloug'h I have seei thme Rough-legged Buzzard asoffer serious resistamlce.'11mev never attack othiem sociated iil a flock of a dozeim or immore, hiovemimng over birds om quadunpeds to'prey upoim thme.'i'hey have the miarimslies mit Nalmainmt, wlieme thiey were hiuntigg foin a decidedly peculiam method of fteedimug on time winig', simakes aid mmmice. Jlu theim fliglit time Hook-bills me clxxii FALCONIDAE.'BIRDS.- FALCONIDM. semnble the ilarsh Hawk. T'Ie food consists largely (dash of this little bird. HIe says: "It seemed to of a fresh-water shell (Pomnus depressus), so far, at throw itself from one quarter of the heaveils toi':Ileast, as relates to the specimens captured by Mr. other with prodigious velocity, inclinilng to'tlhe M Iaynard. earth, swept suddenly down into a thicket, and inMARSH HAWK (Circus cyaneus).-Of the nunmer- stantly reappeared with a small bird ill his talonls. ous species of this genus, North America has but The rapidity and seeming violenice of these zigz.a one. " Birds of this genus," say the authors of Noerth excursions were really reiiarkable, anlld ap)peared to Amnerican Bir'ds, "frequelnt open, generally marshy, nlie to be for the purpose of seizilg lhis prey by smlden localities, where they course over the meadows, surprise and main force of flight."'IThe femllle of moors or marshes, with a steady, glidinlg flight, sel- this species is remlarkable for its superiority in size dom flappinlg, in pursuit of thieir food, which conisists to the male; it is tlirteeln inclies in lenogth, and maiily of mice, snmall birds anlld reptiles.'Ilheir as- twelnty-five illnchles in extenit of willg. sault upon thile latter is udden and determined, like COOPER'S HAWK (Nisns coop0er7i).-'I'his species is the' Swift Hawks' or thile species of Accipiter." found in most parts of North Amierica, but is rare'IThe North Americanl species, which is also called ill tile western portion. It resembles tile last-nlluned American Hiarrier, is twenty-one inches loog, and species, but is considerably larIger. A variety, called tlhree feet eleven inches ill extent of wiig. It is, the Mexican Blue-backed JHawk, var. mexicanus, is according to Wilson, particularly serviceable to thle f'ound ill the western regioll of North America antl rice-planters of tile Southern States, as it drives illn Mexico.'i'hough formliierly rare itl New Englantd, away tile immenllse flocks of rice-birds from the l)lan- it is now said to be quite abunldant thlere, atld is tations. As it sails low and swiftly over the surface known by tile namie of H-ein Hawk. It is bold antd of tile field, it keeps the flocks in perpetual fluetna- darinlg, oftei maakiig an attack upo()n fowls of' tile tion, and g'reatly interrupts their depredations. Th'lie barnyard nuch larger tihai itself. It tmoves aloii' in planters consider one Mfarsh Hawk to be equal to a silent, gliding manner, swiftly and in a straig'lt several negroes for alarmning thile rice-birds.'The course, and seldomn sails inl circles like other species. Marsh IHawk is-very coimmon in New England, and AMIERICAN GOSHAWK (Astur pal'utmbariits).there it is considered as less destructive than any Wilson says of' this bird If this be not tihe celeother species. It is one of the most widely distri- brated Goshawvk formerly so much esteemed ii I'alouted of any North American bird, being abundant conry, it is very closely allied to it." It is a common everywhere, except inll thile south-eastern portion of winter visitor in New England. Prof. Vetrill says the United States. thiat it breeds in Maine. Audubonl says of it " HTis SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (Nises fescams).-'lhis flighlt is extremely rapid ald protracted. lie sweeps species is f'ound over thile entire continent of Nortlh along the margins of the fields, through thile woods, America, inll the Bahuamas; but not in the West and by thle edg'es of pondIs and rivers, with such Indies, where it is replaced by thle Astur fringilloides. speed as to eable bill to seize his preey by merely it is one of thile miost conihnon species in New Eng- deviating a few yards fromn his course; assistillng' himland as a sumlmer ilihabitant. Audubon says of it' self oil such occasionis by his long tail, which, like a While in search of prey, it passes over thile country, rtmdder, lie throws to thile right or the left, upwards now at a moderate height, niow close over the laind, or downwards, to check his progress, or enable hinim in so swift a mnanner, tlhat, altliough your eye las suddenlly to alter his course. At timnes lie passed piarked it, you feel surprised that thile very next mo- like a meteor tlhrough tile underwood, whiere lie ment it has dashed off, anid is far away. in fact, it secures halres and squirrels with ease. Should a is usually seen whien least expected. The kind of flock of wild pigeoiis pass hiim whlieni oni these preyacillation or waveriing withi which it miioves throughli datory excursioms, lie immlnediately gives chase, soo00 thile air, appears perf'ectly adapted to its wanits, for it overtakes themi, alid, forcilg hiis way ito the very ulndoubtedly enables thi's little warrior to watch, and cemtie of thle flock, scatters themn imm commfusionl, wlheo to see at a siingle quickr glance of its keen eyes, every you imay see himim elmnerging with a bird in lhis taloits, object, wlhetjerl totie rglit or to the left, as it pu- and diving towards the depth of tile forest to feedl siues its cogrse." Its impetuosity is well described by uponi his victim. When travelling lie flies ligih, withl N Lttall,.WlhQ st~ys "Descenidiig furiously and blindly a constant beat of the wiilgs, seldomn movinig ill large Ppom its quarry, a younig Hawk of this species broke circles, like other Hawks."'I.'liis bird has been kimowim tllhroughl the glass of thile greeinhouse at the (Jambridge e to attack a flock of pigeons, aiid kill several, lettimig Botanic Gardeni, and, fearlessly passing through a thenm drop while crossimig' a ive, lid then afterwards secoind glass partition, was oinly broughtli up by picked tliem up and carried tlhiem off siigly to the a third, and caug'ht, though little stunoed by the shore.'he (Gloshlawk is eot adapted for loig' flighlts; effort." FThe flight of this Hawk is conisidered to be its winigs are so shaped tlhat it is tore mnatural f'or so peculiar as to readily distinguish it. Its soiqrt the bird to inake short dashes near tile earth, ummlike wings anid long tail are readily recognized, and its in this respect soiie other species that capture their lhabit is to fly high in air for a few mnoiimeiits and theni prey by tile chase, inll the air. As a trained bird the close to thile grouilnd, suddeiily disappearing in tile E4tt[opemi variety is considered to be one of the miiost tall grass or the thicket for amiy object it pursues. valuable. Its miiode of hiumitiug is smiiml to be siuigulI many respects it reseiinbles the Goshiawk inll uiii- lar~y like tl!at of tile Chleetah. Like that amii tuah, it is ature. Wilsomi was intemisely surprised at the peculiar miot nearly so swi'ft as the prey, amid, therefore, is FALCONIDE. - BIRDS. FALCONIDX. clxxiii obiged to steal upon them, anid seize its victimn by a length is twenty-on]e inches and a half-f'emale;/' den and unlexpected pounce.'T'he female Gos- extent of wing, fifty-four. A variety, oxypterns, hfwlk is strolng elloug'h to bear off a hare.'I'lis called the Shnrped-winged JIawk, is coiiiinon to thle species is the handsomest of all ouri native Falcols' southern boider of the Uniited States',and tropical ill l'll plhiniug'e, its lilac hues and the triml, grace'ull America. It's prilcipal food is g-rasshoppers and l'oin of its body render it surpassingly beautiful. smiall alnimals. Dr. LiJ)ceculn, of Texas, relates an]''lhe total letnglth of the female is twenity-two to inistance of its following a prairie fire to snatch up twenty-flour inlches; wi ng, about Fourteei.'l'he male the small mamnals and iiisects that are driven out is about twenty inches ini length. A'chariacteristic by thle hieat. He says fimrthmer "When many oiie apof this biird is tihe extremnely uprightposture it assuimes proaches their niest on thoe prairie, they will tnalke a widel peritlinhg. pretty bold attempt to frigliten or decoy hiim from HARRIS' BUZZARD (Pamabueteo wnicinctus). —.'l'Thie it. It first tries to lead the intruder off by aligliting habitat of this bird is given as lmiddle or niorthleriin in tihe grass niear by, aniid screechiiig loudlyas if soimmetropical iAmmerica, from Istlhmus of Panmama nortlh- thiing( greatly was the matter; youiapproa ch hiiin,anid, ward iito the Southlern Uniited States. It has a with iiuchl seeiiiiiig difficulty, it mrakes out to miove very liiiiited range in tihe United States. 1Those off a little farther, still screechiiig louder tliaii bet'fouud in our bordei's beloing to a variety cllecd fore; anid this piece of deception lie will repeat tiiie Imarrisi. Audubon niamed it for his friend Mr. Ed- after timiie, iliproving a little in its powers of locomeoward Harris. It is coiisidered as heavy and sluggish tioii as it gets you'urther fromn the niest, unitil it judges in habit; aniid it frequents streams of water, where you are far enoug'h-thlei you have lost the place in it obtaiiis for its food small reptiles that imnhabit the the unmarkeld sea of grass —wvhei it seems to fly as bainks. Its iest is coiistructed of coarse flags aind well as ever; it circles rouid oiice or twice, goiilg still water-plaiits over tire stream niear its hunitinu,-ogrouid. farther off, and settles silently dowvm in tie deep GRUBER'S HAWK (Onychotes jruberi). —"'hIis grass; this last periormalice evideuttly to iiid ice genus," say the authors of North Americain Birds. the belief that it has returnied to its liest. If you hlas no very near relatives aimouug thIe Amiericanm FPo- refuse to be led astray by these immauieuvr'es, amld reconidce, inor, indeed, ammong those of other portions mnaim] about tIme uest, it will nakle a good fight." of thIe world. It is perhaps imore closely related to BAND-TAILED HAWK (Bateo zonocercus).-'l.'his time geinus iRupornis of' South Amierica, fiomn which, bird is a iative of Guateialan, Mexico,:aid amjoiniimg' hlowever, it is very distiict. It is represeited by a parts of Uumited States. InII Arizona amid Souttlher'l simugl e species, time type of' whiclh, supposed to have California it is occasionally seeii..I)r. Cooper first coiiie fromi California, still remtlais unique. Nothil ig obtainimed specimecs imm outr borders; lie represeuits it is kilowx of its habits.'l'le speciien wxas seunt to as rathier sli-gwish aind taumie. It feeds on beetles time Slmithlsoui um m[stittutioull, where it remiaimiss." mmmd other insects. BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Bateo 2pemnsylvanicns). RED-SHOULDERED HAWK (B'uteo lineatus). —'l'lhe —'l'Ie hiabiitat of thifs Ia.xlvk is E1aster'm Nortli halblmitat of this species is Eastern North A umemicu, Aiiuerica, and on tihe Atllmitic border soutlhward to soumuth as far as Florida, alld wvest to Texas aid'lie Ceiitral Aumlerica. It has beeni considered rare ill New tributaries of tIme Missouri.'Ihis ref'ers to time ul;ighlald tintil lately, but is nowv ofl'te seeun as a suim- variety liulealtus; anuothier variety, elegians, called the mier visitor. its flight is rapid, broken usually by ]oig Red-bellied IHawk, is fouutd oil the Pacific side of intervals of soarinig, with shorter periods of flappi ug thIe coutineut. Audabon siys of him T.: l.'his bird is of' tie wvings. It is more coimmonily seeni in tihe wilider one of tihe nost nioisy of' his geumus, duriig slprimug districts of' thIe interior.'They prey upon pigeouis, especially, whlleu it would be difficult to appr'oach tIle quail, and birds of this size, seldomn attacking larger. skirts of' woods borderilug a large plaumtationi withouit Wilsoi says' "Its great breath of wigg' or wvidthm of' hlearing its discordatlt, slmrill notes, ika-hee! icah7ee / thIe seconidaries, amd also of its head and body, whenu as it is seeim sailiig ill'a}pid circles at a veiry gire;it comipared with its leiigthli, struck ime as peculiarities. elevations. Its ordinay flightlt is eveu amiid protracted, It seemed a remairkably stroing-built bird, anid hialnd- exceptiig' wxhem it is describiuig tIme circles just mimelisomely mniarked." Auduboun considered it as spirit- tioned, whMen it often dives amld gmi;nbols. It is a less, inactive, and deficieint in courage. It seldoitm more g'eleral iinhabitant of tIme woods thaum most of chlases othier birds of prey, but is itself aninoyed our other species, particularly durilig time suinmmier, frequenutly by thIe little Sparrow Hawk, tIle Kiuig'- and in autumnm anid winter. At tIme appiochI of bird and tihe Martin. It feeds on sumall aninmials alid spring this species begiuns to pair and its flight is insects. It is solitary in its hiabits, amid is by no maccomipanied by unauly circlings and zigzag inmotiolls, umeans shy. Mr. Boardmamn, of Calais, Me., wlhose duriuing which it emits its shrill cries.'le imahe is observations are veiry accurate, differs essentially ill particularly noisy at this tinie. lie gives clhase to his estimiate of this bird's courage. lie gives several all other ITawks, retur'is to tile branich oil wlhich his inistanuces of danigerous attack upoun idividuals who inmate linas chaunced to perclh, amid cairesses her."'Imis weie attermptinmg to remove eggs fromim its niest. is a couumummoum bird ill New Egluugamd, o beimg a l'esidetllt BAIRD'S HAWK (Buteo swaioso'ni).~-Thuis is also t, lrnloulnuout thIe yearm iil time emustemim pointioms. called SwAlNsoN's Hiww. It is fouild iii tIme Wvesteu'al RED-TAILED HAWK (B'teo bo1'ertlcis).-'l'li is is mumr megionms of' Arieicaie, amid as fai' east as time Missis- otlhei couinummoum mesideum t ii Nexw Eli)igllla d thirougiomll, siumpmi Valley, amid nmoithi to time Arctic legionms. Its t, Ime year. Several va rieties are recognized. 1. vui. clxxiv FALCONIDnM. BIRDS. —-FA1LcONID. kirideri. the Whllite-bellied Red T ail, is a, resildeit of scription gives an excellent idea of its character. the Middle United States,'roin Mitlnesota, to'l'exas. "'lThis Ihandsole species, nlotwitllstanlding its horinid\at. lucasamlns is foulld ill Lower Calil'forn'llia, ald able size and appearalnce, spends tie ciel' part of the called thiere thle St. Lucas Red-tail. Variety calu- winter anmong onr low swamlllps and mieadows, watclhirus, the WYestern Red-tail, is native of the region illg for frogs, mnice, lame ducks and otliher in)glorions between thile Rocky M ounltains anlld the Pacific. gamne. Twenty or thirty individuals have regularly'IThese varieties differ froml each otlher ill lllinor par- taken up their winter quarters, for several years past, ticulars, but not sufficiently to rendler them distinct in thie meadows below this city [Philadelphia], where species.'i'lhis is a stronig and powerful bird, hiaviimg they spend thleir time watclhinff aloiig tile dry banks tile ficulty of' soarilng hig'h, and at lonig intervals. like cats, or sailing low and slowly over tile surface Its habit is to watch cautiously its prey, aild dart of tile ditches. Th'liey seldomi fly far-usually frolii upon it from some fixed point-differiig fi'roin soiiie one tree to aiiother, at iio great distaiilce- ilal ilmg- a wlho cliase aid seize their prey in the air. Its cau- loud squealing as they arise soinethiiig, resemblimig tion prevents its near approach to the barnyard, Uill- the nieigliiig of a colt, thoug'h in a nlore shrill,aid less it is considerably isolated. It has obtaiined a savage toie." I have seeii a dozeii or inore of these local iiamiie of Squealilng Hawk, froin a habit of utter- birds hovering over ill short circuits aid iniitently iiig a limrsh scream when it flies. Auduboii says watching the surface of low grouiids at Naliant, a that the sexes separate after the youiig are reared, locality noted for all abundaiice of small snakes. aimd ofteii are quite hostile to each other. The Red-'lThe species is readily recog-mized by the dark band tail is tweiity iinches loug and three feet niiiine iiichies or blotch upon its breast, whlich is conispicuously ill extenit of witii. contrasted with whitislh below.'The variety SanctiHARLAN'S HAWK (Butteo harlani).-Cal led also johanniis is nearly black ill plumtlage. tile BLACK WARRIOR.'llhis Hawk is fouind ill tile GOLDEN EAGLE (Aquila chirysaetus) —Fig. 99, South-western States, Texas and Guatemala. It was vol. i., p. 248.-" This geilus is aliiost peculiar to first desc!ibed by Auduboll, fiomn a speciimiein shot by thIe Old Wor'ld, where about seveniteeni species amie Iii ill Louisiana.'IThe slhecilmen is now ill thIe Brit- knowml, wlhile Amler-ica has nio nietilbher of the geimis ish Museum. It is allied closely to tIle precedinlg- exclusively its owim, tile simlgle North Amem-icaim spespecies, tlhough' solnewhat sinaller. Its flighlt is rapid cies beiig tIhe sane as thIe Europeanm omie. Tile aid stromlg-. III mlumtillg, it seems to prefer 1)oultiry American bird is darker im all its shades of color, amid tIle wild ducks. Professor Smiow has lately cap- tlhe differenlce being Imost marked ill thle youmg- pIutnimed a specimnei iil Kanlsas. ilnage.'Th'lie American bird appears to be rather tile COOPER'S RED-TAIL HAWK (B'uteo Cooper'i).- larger." — Nortlh Americani Birds. Audubon saiys'Thlis species is follid ill California. A siilgle speci- that they are occasiommally seeil oil tile I-IHudso immeml was shot by Dr. Cooper'. "'lThe niearest ally of River amld in M aiiie. It is coimside-red rame, however, this species is tile 13. ferox of time Palearctic realm ill New Elmglalmd. Dr'. Brewer says it breeds ill (Northernu Asia alid Africa and portiomis Of Europe), tile iloulltaimous poirtiois of' Maine, New Hammpshlire whichi hmas exactly tile size aid proportiomis of thle iamld Verimmomit. "Althoug'li possessed of a powerf'ul preseot bird, alld, ill certaini stag'es, a very simila, flighlt, it, ihas not tile speed of inmamy Hawks, ilor evell plmi'immeg"-N-orth Americanb Birds. rThere is yet tlhat of time White-head Eagle. It camlllot, like tile latblit omme specimumeu kumowum to collectioums. ter, pursue anid seize oim tihe winIg tile prey it lobugs f'ou, CALIFORNIA SQUIRREL HAWK (Archibuteo fer'- but is obliged to glide down thirougll tile air fi'or a rqginineus). -'Tlis Hawk ihiiabits Western North certaiuni height to insure time success of' its euterpriise. Amuer-ica, froimi California to tile Missouri. It was T'h'e keeunness of its eye, however, makes up lt'or this fiilst desciribed and broughht to notice by Professor- defect, and enables it to spy at a great distaice tile Lichitenlsteiu, a PruIssiain naturalist, amd afterwau.ds objects onm which it preys; and it seldom mmisses its lby Colonel Fi-eiomit, ill 1846, beimug omme of' tihe lmaiy aiml, as it falls with tihe swiftiness of a imeteor towauds iistaices of new discoveries sitice tile advamiceiuelit tie spot oil whiich thiey are concealed. Wliei at a of' expeditions ilto the newer portionms of tihe giteat great ileiglit i thIe air, its gyrations are exceedill g'ly Westernl'Te-iritories.'hlue adult l miale is twenity-two beauntiful, being slow amid of wide circuit, aid becoumitclhes in leng-thi and fifty-four aind a ialf' ill extent of' iilg tile imajsety of tihe kimig of birds. Thei'r motes will(. are harsh and sharp, resembliuug at times time barkROUGH-LEGGED HAWK (Arch'ibunteo lagop-es) — uiig of a dog-, especially about tile breedimng seasoin, Plate 3, fig. 7. — A variety of this Hawk, called wlhen they becomue exceediluigy moisy almd turbuleiit. Salicti-jollhalimis, alld iil SOmlle qumarters lBlack Hlawik Youig' fawls, maccoouis, huamres, wild tirkeys anid otllher amudl Roug'l-legged I3uzzard, is aim occasiomal wiiter larige birds are tlheir' usual food. They are muice amid visitorm ill New Emloglanld. It ilnhabits thIe whole of cleanmly in habit; mnuscular, strong alld hnlady; capaNotth Amuerica, breedimig far to time morth. "'Timhe ble of' bearilg' extreme cold withotut imjitryy.'tIme Roughll-leg ged Hawk of Nortih Amuermica bears so species seldom removes fiar f'roni its place of resiclose' a reseumblance to thie Europeati species in dence, and tie attachnmenlt of two individuals of' differevery respect —plumagee, habits, eggs —that time two emit sexes appears to couitiiuie for year's.'liey do amre oeuer-ally comisidemed to be idelmticel" -- Nortld miot obtain the full beauty of thmei- pluummage until time Americjun Birdls. It is said to ibe iii )m'- umoctuml-al il fourthl year. Ill time seconmdt year- trley havxe lime mipits habits tluami ammy of nur Hawks. \Vilsou's die- pearalice which huas givemn tIme namue r'ing-tail to FACONIDm. -BIRDS. - FALCONIDI. clxxV what was thought to be a separate species."-Auduit- tile district. He is, therefore, by no means a proper bon. Wilsoln adopted tile name Ring-tailed Eagle emblem for the brave and hontiest Cilcinllati of Aimer. for this species, not having the flood of experienlce ica, who have driven all the Kiiig-birds fromn our which has come since his day. lie says ".l'his icounltry." Auduboii describes alid figures a bird lnoble bird, in strength, spirit and activity, ranks which lie called tile WasIINcTON EAGLE (IH. washinganoneg thle first of its tribe. I have once or twice toni). As no other specimei has beeii seeii, anid as observed it sailinl along the Alptile declivities of the the Bald Eagle is known to have a dark-brown pluWhite Mountains of New HIampshire, early ill Octo- Ilage during its first years, like that which Audubon bet, anid again over the highhlands of the Hudson, considered as characteristic of the WVashington bird, mot far from West Point. Its flighlt was easy, inll it is now thoughlit tlhat his specimen was noiie other high, circuitous sweeps, its broad tail expanded like thanl a remarkably fine and large female of tile presa fran." T'his Eagle measures Inearly thiree feet in eiit species.'The white head andl tail only appear lengthl, has aLI expanse of tlime feet aiid Mr. Ridg- after several years of moultiug. Wilson gives tile way found it common inll the Great Basin, along the following accounlt "Formned by ntature for braving linle of the fortieth parallel, where it is called the the severest cold, feeding equally oil thile produce of Mounltain Eagle.'hle Eagle is supposed to be a the sea and of tile lanud, possessing powers of flight very lonig-lived bird, extendilg its existence even to capable of outstrippilg even the tenpest, unlawed by a cemitury or Inore. InII captivity it is known, at anything but man, and fr'om tile ethereal heights to Viemima, to have lived over a hundred years. which lie soars looking abroad at one glance on aii GRAY SEA EAGLE (Ha-liaatus albicilla).-Of this immeasurable expanse of forest, fields, lakes and genus about iiiiie species are known, of which two ocean deep below him, lie appears indifferent to the are North American, one beiiig peculiar to this con- little localities of change of seasotins, as in a few tinemit —tlhie H. leucocephalus, emblem of our Federal miniutes lie call pass from summer to winter, from Uiiioii. T'he habits of the Sea Eagles differ essen- tIle lower to tile higher regions of the atmosphere. tiallyv firon those of the true Eagles (Aquila). They ie is therefore fouid at all seasols ill tile coutntries frequeut the shores of the sea, lakes or large rivers, wliich lie inhabits, but prefers such places as harve instead of mounitainous portions, almid feed chiefly- beenii mentioned above, for the great ptartiality lie has somne of tile species entirely-on fish, sone resein- for fish. Elevated onil the hilgh, dead limmb of som}e bliug the Fish Hawks in their habits. Thlie habitat gigamitic tree that conmmands a wide view of tile of this species is ii Earope anid Greenland. It fre- icig'lboring shore and oceaii, lie seeinms calnly to quents that part of tile country adjacent to thile sea, conltemplate thile motions of thile various featieeted rearing its young oil the rocky cliffs. It has Iiot tribes that pursue their busy avocations below. been found on our conltinent out of Greenland. [t is High over all these hovers oiie wlhose action ima fierce and determined bird, amid fights with great staiitly arrests his whole attention. By his widle power wheni attacked. It does niot return year after curvature of willn gamid suiddeUi suspeIsiom iit aim, lie year, like others, to its breedi mg-pltaces. Tile head is knows himn to be tile Fish Hawk, settliig' over somle covered with lotig, drooping feathers, each feather devoted victim of tile deep. His eye kindles at tlme beimg ashy-brown ald dariker in its cemtre than at sight, and, balaticing himself with half-opemmed wiigs its eldges.''he rest of tile bodly is dark brown, with oil thIe bramich, hie watches thile result. Down, irapid here amid there a lighter spot or streak, tile primmaries as all arrow from hleavei, descemlds tIle distalit object beimig niearly blaclk. The tail is rounded, and of a of his attemmtion, tihe roar of its wimig's mecliiiig t,i w'ie white color. in the adult Eagle anuid brow ill tile ear as it disappears ill tile deep, mnakilmg thIe surges icknatuee bird. TFhIe legs, toes, betti ak d cere are foam arommid. At this mnonemit tile eager looks of yellow amid thIe claws black. the Eagle are all ardor, amid levelliig his neck for BALD EAGLE (THaliabtus leecocephalus) -Plate V, flight, lie sees tile Fislh HaLwk once more elnerge, fig. viii. —This is thIe Americami Eagle, so-called. Au- strtgmliigi witI his prey, amd mnoumitig i in tile air dubomi says of it "'llie figure of this mioble bird is with screams of exultatiomi. Th'l'ese are the sigmmals well kiowi throughllout thile civilized world, embla- for our hero, who, lmmcliwimg' into tile air, iistmaitly zoned as it is oil our latiomlal stamndard, which waves gives chase, amid sooii gains oil tile Hawk. Eaclh ill thIe breeze of every clime, bearimg' to distatit hauids exerts his utmost to mioutit above tile other, disthIe remeimnbramnce of a great people liviig ill a state playilmg in these rencontre thIe miost elegamit a'rial of peaceful fireedomm." His great stremgth, joimmed to evolutiomls.''The 1umelmcunmbered Eagle rapidly adhis unequalled powers of flight, reinder him higwhly vatices, am(il is just oil thIe point of reachimng hiis C) n conspicuous aminonmg his brethren. Franklimn says' oppomenit, wlhemi, with a sudden scream, tile latter "Ie is a bird of bad moral character; lie does mot drops his fish.'Th'lie Eagle, poising himiself for a get his liviig honestly. You may have seen Ihimm mioment, as if to take a imore certaii aim, descemdls pereled on some dead tree, where, too lazy to fish like a wlhirlwimld, siatchlies it in his grasp ere it for himself, hlie watches tile labor of thIe Fish Hawk; reaches tile water, anid bears hiis ill-gotten booty and when that diligent bird has at le-ngth taken a silently away to tile woods." Wilsoti records ma iiifish, nid is bea ring' it to Iiis iest, thile Iald Eagle stammce wlhich shows tIe great power and ouii-irae of pursues and takes it firom Ilimn. Besides, lie is a ratik this bird. Am Eagle mlad robbed a Fish Hawk of a coward.'h'he little Kiimff-bird, not bigg'em thianm a fish, whmemi the latter mmade am) attemmpt to meg'ain Ils Spammow, attacks himn boldly, and drives Imaim out of pmey.'I1'oe Ea~g'le deliberately turmied omm his back, ii clxxvi CATHARTIDE. -BIRDS. CATHIIARTIDE.. iuid-air, and whlile he held the fish with one talon, Possessing no vocal apparatus, tile Vultures are alstruck out, guardant, with the othlier. Thle Bald most mute, emitting only a weak hissing sound."Eagle is very abundant, during the sumnmer monthlls, Coues. Th'lie Cathartidce all belong to the tropical at the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine, aniid regions. atmong tile islands of Casco Bay. From the deck ol CALIFORNIA CONDOR (Pseudogriyphtus caltfornithe steamer one may at ally time see several of the anus-Plate V, fit' vii.-'lhis Vulture rivals ill size great birds in view, especially between Sequin the great Condor of South America. Its habitat is Islalld and Bath. Here tlhey watclh, as is their Ilhabit, tihe Pacific Coast region, firom tile moutlh of tile Coltile Fish Hawk; anId tile observer is oftell treated orado to tile Columbia. It is not lklowl ill Mexico, to a view of tile exciting chlase whlichl occurs whlen but is confined mostly to tile warnler portiolls of thle Hawk hlas secured lhis prey. A InumIber of fine Calif'orllia. Dr. Newberry says tilat it was to lrim a Bald Eagles, in various stages of plumage, are kept pleasanlt portion of every day's experieince, in hiis at the Central Parlk Zoo6logical Gardell. "'lhile lest Illarch through Sacralllelto Valley, to watcl tile of this species," says Wiilsoln, "is geIlerally fixed oil graceful evolutions of tlis Vulture. In its colors a very large and lofty tree-often ill a swamp or tihe colmbillatiol was a pleasing one, whlile its fligit inor5ass — and diffticult to be ascellded. Oil som0e was easy alld effortless beyolld thlat of ally othler Inoted tree of tils description —ofteni a Pille or bird.'iThoughl a comnlol bird ill Caliiforllia, lie foundll Cypress-thle Bald Eagle builds year after year, for it muclh nlore siy alid difficult to sihoot thlall its asa long series of vears.'lihe nest is large, being I sociate, tile'lTurkey Buzzard.''liis Vulture possesses added to and repaired every season, until it becomles il iIlelIse muscular powers.. Dr. HIeerluian states thant a black, prlomillelnt llass, observable at a collsidelra- four of thlem dragged the body of a young grizzly ble distance. It is forlmed of large sticks, sods, beat, thlat weighied over a hiundred pounds, tile disearthy rubbish, ihay, moss, etc."'ile lelgthi of this tanllce of two Ilundred yards. " Their senses of sllehll Eagle is thlree feet, and its average extent of wing aInd sighlit are very acute, especially tile latter; aldi sexlen feet. Th'lie Inale is gellerally two or three when searclilg for prey tlhey soar to a very great ilches shlorter thalln the femalle, as is tile case, pro-. Ileigiht, alldl, if thley chialice to see a wounded tlnimal, portionately, withl most of tihe Falconidce.'hlie plu- tlhey imnlediately follow alld attack it whlenever it mlage of the male is also ligohter, and lie is said to be sinks down.'ilhe first collers are 0soo0 followed by less daring tlhan iis niate.''hiis, too, is said to be otlerls, alId it is not olIg'before tile carcass is reduced common with other birds of prey. to a skeletoll.'I'lleir flighlt is slow, steady and gracefuil, anId thley glide alolog with little or no perceptible FAMILY —CAT'I ARTIDiE. mIlotion of tile wilngs, tihe tips of whlichl alre curved upward ill flyinlg, ill tihe mallnner of tile T'urkey BuzTHEs VULTURES. Z zard.'I'Theyare said to appear Imost niumerous aInd'I'lhe Vultures are naked-leaded, carrion-feeding, to soar thile hiiglest preceding tlhunder-storlms ald rapacious birds. Thlere are two families recogllized telupests." —North American.Birds.'fhe nest is at present, thlose of tile Old World beilg' regarded as colmposed of a few loose sticks, generally situated in sufficielltly different to warranllt tileir separa;tion from tile crevice of a rock. Dr. Canfield asserts tlilat lie thlose of thle New World. Theil Old World Vultures ilas seen as mariy as a Iumidred and fifty of tlhese are nearer allied to tile Falconidce.'['ioughl thie two birds arouInd tile carcasses of altelopes lie had killed. lLamilies resemlble each othler ill externllal characters, Ile also says tlhat thley sighlted thleir prey. T'lie total tile ainatomical structure —thleir internlal anlatoiy- length of' tile CalifornIia Vulture is forty-five to fifty ditlers essenltially. " Il- hiabits, tile CathartidcE re- inches; extent of wings about nile or tell feet. selll)le vulturinle Falconidce of tile Old World. CARRION CROW (Catharista atrata).-Called, also,'i'iley lack tile strengtlh ald spirit of typical Rap- BLAcCK VULTURE. This gellnls Ias onIly one species, tores, and rarely attack animnals capable of resist- alnd thiat confinled to the tropical portions of Arrerica. anlce. They alre voracious, and ildiscriminlate gor- It is found olre abulldallnt near tile sea coast, but oil Iralndizers of carrion alId animnal refuse of all sorts, tile Pacific side of tile Ulited States it is not kIowI; efficienlt anld almost illdispensable scavengers in oil tile Atlantic Coast it is Inot seeir above WViinilrg'warni countries, where thiey abound. TIley are un- toll, N. C. Il tile West- India Islanlds thlese birds are cleanly in thleir mode of feeding; tile Inature of thleir quite plentitul, hlaving tile sarlue habit as tile'lullrkey food rellders thlem ill-scented and whenr disturbed Irlzzard. At Cnharleston arld StvalInahi tliey are ihaif thley eject the fetid conltents of tile crop. Althlougll domesticated aId very abundainit, being prized as nIot gregarious, thiey assemble in multitudes wlelere scavellgelrs.'Ilev do not walk witil tile freedoul of food is plenty; and some species breed in comniunli- tlhe Buzzard, and thieir flig'llt is Irruchi less graceful. ties. Whlen gorged, thley appear heavy and indisposed Amudulbon says of it: "'hle Carrion Crow, ill comlrioll to exertion, usually passing tihe period of digestion with the'Furkey Buzzard, possesses great power of motiolliess, in a listless attitude, with thieir wings recollectioll, so as to recognize at a great distanlce a lhalf spread. But thiey spend most of the tine o 1 person whio lihas shlot at them, and even tile hiorse oil tie.wing, circlinr highi il tire:rir.'I'hieir fliioht is whiicilrie rides. At tire comnlllenrceme llt of tire love easy and graceful in tire extreme, and carpable of be- season, about tile beginninIg of Februa'y, tire gesticulairrg irdefinitely protracted. On tire ground they tior alrd parade of tire Irlales are extremely iudicrous. irabitually walk, instead of progressing by leaps.'.i'iey first strut sonA ewhat ill tire mra.ine rc of tlie I:~~~n COATHARTI.D,.-BIRDS. -COLUMBIDm. clxxvii Turkey Cock, then open their wings, and, as they ap- it approaches tile yellow of the sides and fore part. proachl tile female, lower their head, its wrinkled skin Th'lie crown of the head is red.'l.'here are lobed lap. becoming loosened so as entirely to cover the bill, pets, of a reddish-orange color, which lay on the base and emnit a puffing sound, which is by no means mnusi- of the upper mandible. Th'le plumage of the bird is cal. They never lay more than two eggs, amnd they generally white or cream color, except the quill are deposited on the ground, or on a hollow lo(g. feathers of the wings and two or three rows of the "The Black Vultures," says Wilson, " are indolent, coverts, which are beautiful dark brown.'T'he tail, and may be observed in companies, loitering for lhours whichl is ratlier large and white, is tipped with this together in one place. Thley do not associate with dark brown or bla.ck; the legs anld feet of a clear the'h'urkey Buzzards, and are imuch darker in their white.'Ile eye is encircled with a gold-colored iris; plumlage thlan the latter. Thleir mnode of flight, also, the pupil black." varies from that of tile'I'urkey Buzzard."'llle Black Vulture flaps its wings five or six times rapidly, then FAMILY-COLUMBID2E. sails with them extended nearly horizontally. The Turkey Buzzard sellom flaps its wings, and, when sailing, they forln an angle with the body upwards. BAND-TAILED PIGEON (Columbafasciata).-This'IThis Vulture is twenty-six inches in length, alld four Pigeon was first met with by Long's Expedition to feet four inchles in extent of wing. the Rocky Mountains, and described by Say in 1823. THE TURKEY BUZZARD (RRhynogryphus aura).- It is found onl tile western slope of the Rocky MoulI'lhis bird is lmlore familiar to thle residents of the tains, extending to the Pacific. Mr. Nuttall says Southern States than elsewhere, though it inhabits tlhat they are always in flocks. Dr. Newberry'met the whole of temperate Amnerica. It is regarded as with this Pigeon in many places during Ihis survey, a useful scavenger, anld is protected in large towns; and speaks of it as an attractive-bird, about the size indeed, it is often to be seen roosting composedly upon amid with mainy of tIhe habits of the domestic Pigeon. tlhe roo's of the mllore urban portions, ready to pick up Its colors are: Ash above, inlclining to olivaceous on any stray imorsel that attracts notice in the busy street. tile back, and with a fine bluish cast on the runip,'l'le sumnrimer ranlge of tIle'lurlkey Vulture extends imnto unmder surface of' wing's aa!d sides; larger wing coverts tihe British possessions of North America, but it is alid secondaries, withl primaries, distinctly edged rarely seen in tle Eastern States north of New York. with white; a niarrow half collar of white across tile Ol that portion of tile Florida Reef' about Key ~West upper portionm of the niape. Its length is about fifteen it is a conistant residemit, thlough it is not seeni oil thle iniches; winir eight, ammd tail six. otlher islanids, wllichl are not inllmabited. For detailed WHITE-HEADED PIGEON (Columba leucocephala). description of thlis species, see vol. i, page 243. -Thle White-head is confinled to thle FloridaL Keys BURROUGHS' VULTURE (Rhinogryphus burrowvi- and tile West Inldies, being abunldallt in tile latter anus). —'l'his is tle smallest of all the Vultures, resemi- counltry.'I'ley are exceedillgly slhy, affecting dark, bling thle'I'urkey Vulture, but hiavinig nlo ruff about shady retreats. Speciimenis have beemn kept inl colntlIe mneck, as in that species. Its hllabitat is along tile finlellLmet, amid they seemi to become sommiewliat domlescoasts of Mexico. ol tile Pacific alld Gult' sides, aild ticated, but are apt to return to their wild state. ill Lower California.'lie lnaturalist Bartralnl, of'lle lengthll is thlirteen inchles antd a lmalf; wing sevem; South Carolinla, described a Vulture, concernlinmg tail nearly eighlt. Its general color is a very dark wliich Prof. Baird has tle followillg, in Birds of North slate blue; primiaries and tail darker; upper lhalf of America, Pacific R. R. Report "'l.'e Sacred Vulture tihe llead, fiommn the bill to the mnape, pure whmite, not of Bartram (Sarcorhampus sacer) is a species described reaching tile edge of the eyelids; a trianlgular patcll by that author, in the last century, as abundant in of dark mImaroon-purple on the occiput, anid below it a:Florida, but has not been observed or identified ammy- semi-circular "cape," covering the niape, of metallic where simice his time. This hias tended to throw a brassy-greemn, eachl feather distinctly bordered exterdoubt on its existenlce; but recent informuation renders inally with velvety-black, producing a squaliate apit probable thmat thills, or at least a species differeint pearance. T'he bill is a deep purple, tile end liglit frommi the Vultures just described, is founid about Lake blue; iris white; legs, deep lake-red. Okeclhobee, inl Southlerin Florida, where it is called RED-BILLED DOVE (Columbalavir'ostris) —This is Kiing Buzzard." Bartram, in Travels in Florida, de- a Soutll-western species, inlihabiting the Lower Rio scribes it thus: "Bill long and straight alimost to tile Grande anid Mexico.''lTey are there very coImmimuoin, point, where it is ihooked or befit suddemnly downi, anid but are secluded.'lTheir flight is said to be exceedsharp; tile hlead aull neck bare of featllers nearly down imugly rapid, alld they are regarded as very lhanldsome. to tile stomnaclh, where the feathers begin to cover tile'l'he hiead anid neck all round, breast, anid a large skimn, arId sooni becomie loing anid of soft texture, form- patch onl the middle amid lesser wing coverts, liglht iig' a ruff or tippet, in whichl tile bird, by contractinlg chocolate-red, tile latter deeper anid more opaque-red; his nieck, canl hmide that as well as his head. T'he bare the mniddle of tile back, scapulars anld tertials, olive; skinl oin tile neck appears loose arid wrinkled, whlichm the rest of tile body, wings and tail, very dark slatyis of a bright yellow color, intermixed withi coral-red. blue; bill and legs purple; eyes purple. Lengthl four-'Ti'he lhimder part of tile neclk is niearly covered with teen inclles; winig eight; tail 5.70. short, stiff hlailr; amd tile skin of this palt of thie neck WILD PIGEON (Ecto2istes migratorius) —Fig. 122, is of a dense purple color, gradually becomming red as vol i, p. 390.-This well-known lbird, called also VOL. I. -z. clxxviii COLU1IBIDsE. - BIRDS.-COLUMBIDE. PASSENGER PIGEON, iS found east of the great central ZENAIDA DOVE (Zenaida amcabalis). —This Dove plains of North America, and not on the Pacific is foulnd oil the Florida Keys and the West Inldies. Coast. Th.'e immense flocks of these birds are a Audubon found thlem plentiful at Indian Key, on the never-failing source of surprise to the observer. Florida Reef, wihere,lle says, they arrive about the Audubon speaks of their airial evolutions as beau- miiddle of April, and rernain until October, when tiful in the extreme, especially when a Hawk pressed they return to the Wrest Indies.'I'llese birds are upon the real of a flock. All at onlce, like a torrent, like the Ground Doves in habit, spendinig most of the and with a noise like that of thunlder, they rushed time on the ground.'I'hey are extremely gentle. together into a compact mass, and darted forward in anlld so tamle that they can be approached very closely undulating lines, descending and sweepinig near the without exlibiting fear.'llheir notes are said to be earth with marvellous velocity, then mounting almiost much like tlose of the Carolina Dove, but softer and perpendicularly in a vast columnl, wheeling and twist- more tender.'I'lhey have been propagated easily in ing so that their continlued lilies seemed to resemble this country and ill Enlllland. As a cage-bird it bethe coils of a gigantic serpent. During these manlceu- comes quite tame. Its color is, above, reddishvres, the flapping of their many thousand wings causes olive, variously glossed with gray; the top of the a reverberation suggestive of distant, thunder. Audu- head and the under parts, violet-purplish-red, paler bon states that in Kentucky, on the Green River, on the chinl and throat; insides of willgs and sides where the trees are of great magnitade, the Wild of body, blue; bill, black; feet, yellowish. Length, Pigeons camne to roost, and occupied a space forty ten inches; wilng, six; tail, four. miles in lenlgth and about three in width. It lhad CAROLINA DOVE (Zenaidutra cai'olinensis).-Called been occupied by them about a fortnight wlhe lie 1 also the COMMON DOVE. Its locality is througllout visited it.'I'The dullg was several inches ill depth, thle United States, from the Atlllatic to the Pacific. covering the whole extent of the roosting-place. It is migratory ill the Northernl States, reachinlg Many trees two feet in diaimeter had beenl broken New Enlgland about the 1st of April. In some down by theirweight, as well as many branches of parts of tile counltiy it becomlles partially domestithe tallest and laro'gest trees.'I'he forest seemed as cated. Its flight is rapid, and a peculiar whistling if it had been swept by a tornado.'Thle Wild Pigeon sound is observable whenl it is heard flappilng its mates in pairs, though living in vast companies. wings. In Louisiana it is called Ortolan.'T'he Their nests are composed of a few dry twigs laid Commonl Dove is twelve inclies and a quarter long. crosswise on the branches of trees. Audubon saw Bill, black at the culmen; iris of the eye, dark fifty to one hundred in the same tree. It occasion- brown. ally breeds in confinement, and is susceptible of par- SCALY DOVE (Sccrdafella inca). —'I'his Dove intial domestication. Wilson says: "Happening to go habits the Rio Grande Valley, Arizona and Guateashore, one charming afternoon, to purchase some mlala. There are two species only of this genus, one milk at a house that stood near the river, and while belonging to South America. The Scaly Dove talkillg with the people within doors, I was suddenly breeds abundantly at Cape St. Lucas, the nest being struck with astonishment at a loud, rushinog roar, constructed usually in a low tree or shrub. succeeded by instant darkness, which, Oil tile first GROUND DOVE (C/hancepelia passerina).-Commoment, I took for a tornado about to overwhelm mon to the South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts rarely the house and everything arouiid inl destruction. as far north as Washingtonl. It is also found in Thl'e people, observing my surprise, coolly said,'It's Southern alld Lower California. and in tile West I1only the Pigeons'; and, on running out, I beheld a dies, being confined mostly to thle sea-coast. Audluflock thirty orl forty yards ill width sweeping along bon describes this bird as havinlg a low, easy flihllt, very low, between the house and the mounltain. accompanied by a whistling sound similar to other, lThese continued passing for more than a quarter of species. It is usually met witlh in groups of an hour, and at length varied their bearing, so as to four or five, and seems to have a fondness for pass over the nmountain, belhind which they disap- alighting on fences, thouglh it moves among tile trees peared before the rear came up."'h'lle Wild Pigeon and shrubbery easily. Th'lle ground is, however, its is sixteen inclies long and twenty-four inches in ex- natural resort. In the vicinity of Charlestonl, S. C., tent. it is seen during the whole year. The length of WHITE-WINGED DOVE (Melopelia leucojter'a).- the Ground Dove is six inclies and a quarter. Bill, This genus is represented by only one species. It yellow, black at the point; iris of tile eye, orange-red. is an inhabitant of the south-western parts of the KEY WEST PIGEON (Or'eopeleia mar'tinica).States, extenditng to Arizona and Lower California. Th'llis bird was observed by Audubon, anid lie conisid-'I'e general color is a file ashy, with an olivaceous ered Key West its only locality ill thle United States. cast on upper surface, the middle tail feathers being It is commnon in thle West Indies, ald Inigroates to decidedly brownish; occiput with a purplishl tiloge; Key West ill the spring or early summer. Their a spot of black with steel-blue reflection below the habits are similar to those of the Carolina Dove. ears; a larlge patchl of wlhite on thIe wing. Thle male I'liey plrefer dark, slhady recesses of tIle forest, parhas faint pulplislh-golden reflectiomls on the sides of ticularly nlear shady poinds. Since Audubon's time the neck.''This is a very common species iii Jamnaica, nione of tlhese birds have beei fouild at Key West, living generally in the lowlands. It is ofteii kept in tlhough, accordillg to tlhat eimminmenmt oriiitlmologist, tllhey confiinement, and frequently breeds tlhere. wree at one time abulldant there.'lIe ]enlgtlll is CRACID.M. BIRDS. MELEAGRID.E. cixxix nearly eleven inches; wing, six; tail, five and three- taller than the Common Turkey. The other (M. quarters. Another species of this genus, the Monl- celer, Marsh) was much smaller.'The third species tana, or Mountain Dove, is found in South Alnerica. (M. antiquus, Marsh) lived at a still earlier date, its No other species is known of this geinus. remains having been obtained in the Miocene beds of BLUE-HEADED PIGEON (Starncenas cyanocephala). Colorado. — llhis is another West Indian bird, that visits Key WILD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)-Plate VII. West and some of the Florida Keys. Audubon nmet fig. xvi.-This superb creature inhabits the eastern with one pair at Key West, but could not procure portion of the United States and Canada, reaching them. They seem to be much more shy and distrust- nearly to the Rocky Mountains, and south to thle ful than some of the other species. This is the only Gulf Coast.'T'he Wild Turkey was formerly abunspecies of the genus. In external appearance and dant in New England and the Northernl Atlantic manners it is thought to resemlble tile Quails. The States, but thle march of civilization has gradually Blue-headed Pigeon has a blue bill, with the fleshy puslied it westward, or, perhl'aps, has extinguished part at the base carmine; iris, brown; scales of the race in those localities. In Franklin County, the feet carmine, the inter-spaces white; chin and Mass., individuals have been shot within a few years. throat black, with a narrow border of white below. Along the rich bottoms of the Mississippi and the Length, nearly eleven inches; wing, five and a half; Missouri Rivers they are yet plentiful.'ilhey usually tail, four and a quarter. mInate for one season, at least, though it is known that one male sometimes has more than one under FAMILY-CRACIDI2E. his cliarge. Mr. Audubon states that the female is so devoted as to remain unmoved, even when lie hiad approached near enougll to reach lher. Th'ley become TEXAS CHACALACCA (Ortalida vetula). -'l'This partially tamie when kept in confinement. Dr. Bachbird is tile only one of eighteen species of the genus manll states that they, when kept inl confilemrent, septlhat is found in the United States. It has somewhat arate fiomo the domestic birds, lose tile brilliancy of tlhe appearance of Wild Pigeon.'l'Te Cliacalacca thieir color in the third generation, becomne of a pale was first taken in the United States by Col. McCall, brown, anld hiave liere and there an intermixture of in Texas, who describes it as a very gallallt alld spir- wllite feathers. The mnale Turkey weiglls fm'ommm sixited bird, inhabiting the extensive forests of Chapar- teen to thirty-five pounds. Its length is forty-eight ral, whlich envelop the Resaca de la Palma. Here, to fifty inchles; extent of wing, sixty inlclles; tail, and for miles along the Rio Grande, it was abun- eighteen and a half.'I'The femlale is smaller, corredant; and throughout this region tile remarkable and sponding, in this respect, to mlost of the gallinaceous sonorous cry of thle male bird could not fail to attract birds, and unlike many othlers, notably the birds of and fix thie attention of tile most obtuse or listless prey, wllere the fenmale is much the largest. A wanderer who mighlt cihance to approach its abode. Mexican variety is called M. gallopavo, variety mexIts trivial name is given it by the Mexicanls, which is icana. "Thlis variety lhas tlhe black subterlninal zolne probably derived fiomn the cry of thle bird. Its voice, of the tail with a more or less distinct umetallic in compass, is equal to thlat of tile Guinea Fowl, alld bronzing, wlhich we have niever seen in any specimenls in hamrshness but little imnferior. At sunrmise these of tile gallopavo."-North American Birds.'This birds form a chorus with thleir harsh voices, which bird is regarded as thle origin of our Domestic''urmakes thle forests ring again. Col. McCall adds tlhat key; while the more eastern, the gallopavo, is not. tihe volubility and singularity of its voice is its most Thlle habitat of tllis variety is given as "on the striking and remarkable trait. The eye is said to be Rocky Mountains, fiom Western'1exas to Arizona, a remarkable feature, being full of animation anld and south alolg tlle'lTable-lalnds of Mexico." courage, equal to thlat of thle Game Cock. It is frequently domnesticated by tile Mexicans, who esteem FAMILYT' ETRAONIDzE. it for its fighting qualities. It is easily domesticated,'HE GROUSE. anid is sometimlnes crossed with a Gaame Fowl. T'he colors of this bird are brownish-olive; the head SPRUCE PARTRIDGE (Canace canadensis). —This plumbeous, lighter beneath; eyes, brown; bill and bird is also called tile CANADA GROUSE, and tlhe feet, lead color. Length, twenty iniches amid a half; SPOTTED or BLACK GROUSE. It is found in tile wing, eight and a half; tail, eleven. spruce swamps of the Northl, extenldiong to the Arctic Circle, and west nearly to tile Rocky Mountains. FAMILY-MELEAGRIDzE. Mr. Audubon met withl numbers of them in AMaine, TL'H~E TUREKEYS, in the vicinity of Eastport, in the tanmgled thickets of spruce and hackmatack. Th'ley were here breeding. This family is entirely confined to North and Mid- In their movements thley are said to resemible the dle Amnerica, and is represented only by one genius, Common Quail. While the female is sittimig onl her Meleagris. The species now living are only tw'o. eggs, she will allow a very close approacuh to lier nest'l'hree fossil species have been described, whlich indi- without moving. Audubon says that they are, in cates that the genus lias been better represented. some degree, weather guides, for when tliey go to T'wo fossils were found in New Jersey, in the Post- roost early in the day there is sure to follow rough Pliocene. One of tlemin (the M. altus of Marsh) was weather. This G1rouse is sometimes kept in confimme clxxx TETRAONIDm. -BIRDS. TETRAONIDAE. ment, and has been known to breed there. The feathers on the neck are erected. Assuming this length of this bird is about sixteen and a quarter grotesque form, the bird proceeds to display a singuinches; wing, six and three-quarters; tail, five and a lar variety of attitude, at the same time chanting a half. The tail has sixteen feathers, with a broad, love-song in a confused and grating, but not an brownish-orange terminal band. offensively disagreeable tone. In tile winter these FRANKLIN'S GROUSE (Canace canadensis; var. birds are said to be found in large flocks of several.l franklini).-T Iis variety is found on tle Northern hundreds; ini tile spring, in pairss; and later in the Rocky Mountains, near tile United States boundary, summer and fall, in small finlily groups. Thley are a.nd west to tile Coast Range.'Ihe differences be- abundant throughout tile barren, arid plains of the tween these two are considerable, yet not enough to Columbia and in Northern California, but were not cause a separation. This species is similar to cana- met with east of tile Rocky Mountains. Dr. Newdensis, but with the tail-feathers entirely black, berry regards this Grouse, when in full plumage, as without tile terminal band of orange-brown. The rather a handsoime bird, and much better lookilng upper tail-coverts are broadly tipped with. white. than any figure of it lhe had seen. It is much the DUSKY GROUSE (Canace obscurus; vasr. obscurus). largest of Alnerican Grouse, weighing froln five to —'his species is confined to the Rocky Mountain six pounds.'I'The male bird has a distinctive chlaracregion, fiom Oregon to New Mexico. Dr. Newberry ter in the spaces of bare, orange-colored skin which considefs this as the handsomest of all the American occupy the sides of the neck, and are usually conbirds of this family. Its flesh is white, and fully cealed by the feathers, but imay be inflated to a great equal to the Ruffed Grouse or Quail. It is consid- size." - North American Birds. A very curious ered to be more related to the Ruffed Grouse in its anatomical peculiarity is said to be found in this lhabits than any other bird. This Grouse is rarely species: they have no gizzard, having instead a soft, seen on the prairiie, but frequents thle dense spruce membraneous stomach, rendering it impossible to forests near the coast. It has remarkable powers of digest any hard food. They are not known to eat ventriloquism. When the bird is sitting on a limb grain of any kind, but feed mostly on artemrnesia, or above you, its voice seems to come from some re- wild sage, and grasshoppers.'ITh'le lengtll of the mote place. A variety, called the fuliginosus, is found male is thirty-three inches; wing, thirteen; tail, on the north-western coast, from Oregon to Sitka. thirteen. In Oregon it is known as the Blue Grouse.''lThe SHARP-TAILED GROUSE (Pediocetes phasianellus). male of the Dusky Grouse has a peculiar call. It is —'l'his bird is found in British AmIerica, and westsaid to be a prolonged sound, resembling tile whirr ward in Alaska. " It frequents tile open glades or of a rattan-cane mnoved rapidly through the air. low thickets on tile borders of lakes, especially where Th'is is repeated several times with considerable tile forests have been partially cleared; perching on rapidity, and theni stops for a brief interval.'This is trees inl tile winter, but keeping to the ground in said to be produced by the alternate inflation and summer, and at all seasons mnet with ill small flocks contraction of sacs, one on each side of the throat, of ten to sixteen. They are said, early in spring, to which are usually concealed by the feathers, and are select soime level place, where a covey meets every covered by an o0range-colored, thick, corrugated skin. morniung and runs round in a circle of about twenty Anotller valiety (tlle richardsoni) is found ill the feet in diameter, so that the grass is worn quite bare. Rocky Mountain region of British Anmerica, alld If any one approaches this circle, thle birds squat southward to tile Yellowstone. The length of the close to the ground; but, if niot alarmed by a too Oregon Dusky Grouse is twenty inches; wing, eight near approach, they soon stretch out their necks to and a half; tail, about six and a quarter. survey tile intruder, and resume their circular course, SAGE COCK (Centrocercus urtaphasianus). -'llis some ruinning( to tile right, and others to the left, bird is considerably larger than tile preceding spe- meeting and crossing each other.''Thlese'Partridge cies. Its habitat is thle sage-plain of the North- dances' are said to last a month or more, or uintil thle west. Mr. Nuttall saw it in numbers on the north femiale begins to incubate.'l'This Grouse rises froii brancih of the Platte. They were always on tile the ground with the usual whirring' noise, and aliglhts ground, ill small flocks or pairs, by no means shy; agalin at a distance of a few hunderd yarlds, sonmebut when too nearly approaclhed, utter a rather loud times on the grounld or the bralclhes of a tree. IIn but short guttural chuckle, and rising' with a strong, winter they hide in tile snow, and make their way whirrinig sounld. Like other Grouse, it is very unll- with ease throughll the loose di'ifts, feeding on tile suspicious, and is easily caught. Owing to tile buds of the willows, larches, aspens, etc. In Sumlnature of their food-tIhe sage-they are not edible. mer and autumn their food is principally berries. "At thle mating season the male is said to select'They are said to lay about thirteemn eggs early in some small eminence on the bamnks of streams for thle Jumne, the nest being on tile grouild, formed with very singular perforlinances it goes through with at grasses lined with feathers." - North American that period in the presence of its mate.'hI'e winigs Birds. Anothier variety (colulmbianus, the Colurname lowered alld dragged on tile ground, rnaking a bia Sharp-tail) is found mnore to tile soutlhward. The buzzimig sound; the tail, somnewllat erect, is spread plains amid prairies of Wisconsill alld Illitlois aboumld like a fan; the bare and yellow esopllagus is in- with them.'I'lhis bird is foumld much farthler west flated to a prodigious size, aid said to become nearly than tIle Prairie Chickei, tile latter being coifiued llhalf as large as its body; while tIle silky, flexile to tile region east of thie Mississippi Valley. TI'his TETRAONIDm. -BIRDS. —TETRAONIDE. clxxxi Grouse is found in Northern Illinois and Southern tiou of the female to her young. He says: "ComWisconsin. It is considered to be the best iln flavor ing suddenly upon a young brood of Partridges, as a table delicacy, or at least to be unrivalled as squatted with their mother near a roadside in a such. It is about tile size of thle Pinllated Grouse. wood, my first knowledge of thleir presence was reThllere seems to be no marked difference between the ceived from the old bird flyinlg directly at my face, Inale and tile felalle of this species. A striking antd then tumbling about at my feet with firanltic peculiarity is seen in the two middle tail-feathers, mnanifestations of distress and imitated lamenless. which are two inlches lonlger thlan the others. In tile meanwhile, the little ones scattered in every PRAIRIE CHICKEN (Cetpidonia cupido)-Plate direction, and were not to be founlld. As soon as she VII, fig. xiv-is the only species knllownl to the genus. was satisfied of their safety, tile parenit flew to a Its present habitat is the prairies of the Mississippi slhort distance, alld I soon heard her cluckinlg call to Valley, froln Louisiana northward; east to Poconlo them to come to her agaitl. Altogether, it was one Mounutails,/Pelnlnsylvaniia. lThey were formerly coin- of tile most striiillg scenes of parelltal devotion and mon in Massaclhusetts, aiid some are yet seen on thle well-managed interveltion I ever witnessed. When island of Martlla's Villeyard. In the earliest days I camne upon the mother, she had squatted upon tile of spring, even wlen tile Sllow is yet on the grouiid, ground, and the younog lhad takenl refuge under her these birds no longer keep in large flocks, but sepa- wings."'hlle peculiar drlnming of these birds —the rate into smaller parties, and the mating seasoil com- umales-is said to be produced by a rapid vibration of menlces, during which their manners-especially thlose its wings against its body. The male bird chooses of the male-are very peculiar aiid striking. A par- with great constancy thle same log or rock, whereon ticular locality is selected, to which tlley resort until to performl his affectionate addresses.'Ihe season illcubation has commenced.'['lie males meet in this for this is early in March. He struts about, with place alld ellgage ili furious battle. At this seasonl wings lowered, neckl elevated, and rapidly beats tIle tlhey are especially conispicuous for their great ponm- sides of his body with llis stiffened wiiigs. So rapposity of bearitlg. WVith tails outspread, aiid inclined idly does this beatiiig take place, the souiid seems to forward to meet tile expanded featliers of their neck, be at last colltinuous. In tile Rocky Mouiltaimls, and aiid with thle globular, orange-colored, bladder-like as far niorthl-west as Alaska, is a valiety called unnreceptacles of air oil tlheir niecks distended to their belloides.'Iley are somewhat smaller than ullnbellus, utmost capacity, and issuillg a peculiar sould, spoken have a much grayer plumage anld a shorter ruffle. of as booming, these birds strut about in thle pres- Aniothler variety (thle sabini, called also the Oregon eiice of one anothller, with various manifestationls of Grouse) is fouiid oil the coast mouuitains of Oregon, jealous dislike and animosity, soon ending in furious Washington alld Britisll Colulllbia. Tle flesh of coltests. Tl'leir winigs are declimed, like thlose of tile tile Ruffed Grouse is colisidered a great delicacy, Cock'Tlirkey, and rustle onl tile ground as thle birds especially ill tIle fall, whien they feed on tile spruce pass and repass in a rapid manner; their bodies are buds anid partridge berries, a peculiar flavor being depressed, amid their notes indicate their intense ex- imparted to them. Tile strolig resemiblahnce of tile citeimeit. Upon tile appearanlce of a female answer- plumage of this bird to tile lichlle-covered branchles ilig to their calls, they at olice enmgage ii their des- of forest trees, renders it colmparatively safe whlile perate enlcoullters.''lley rise ill the air anld strike squattilbg closely upoll a limb. Tile lemngtlh of tile B. at one another, in tlme manner of a Gamre Cock, am(d unlbellus is eighmteemn inchles; wing, seveil and a quarseveral enlgage ill a miscellaneous scrimnmage, unitil ter; tail, seven. Tlie femmale is sllnaller. tile weaker give way, and, one after amlother, seek WILLOW GROUSE (Lagop~us albus). —Thhis is also -efuge ili the leighllborilg bushes, tile few reimaininig called tile WHITE PTARMIGAN. Its hlabitat is in victors disconitinuimig thieir contests as if froin sheer Arctic Amierica, from Newfoundland to Sitka. TIhe exllaustio." —.North Amnerican Birds. A variety entire plumage, except the tail, of this bird in wili(pallidicinctus) is found on the south-western prai- ter is pure white; the tail is black, with a white tip. ries, il I'exas. IThese birds are very abunidant ii their Iloltherll RUFFED GROUSE (Bonassa umbelllus)-Plate VII, hlautlts, alld iii wimlter they are pushed by tile severfig. xiii. —llis is onme of tile most familiar birds ill ityof thle climate towards Calada, when our inmarkets thIe Northlern States. In New Eligland it is called occasiomally exhiibit specimens for sale. In wimiter Partridge; in the Middle and Soutliern States, Plleas- tile food of thle Wlhite Ptarmigan conisists wholly of ant; and in tile British Provinces, Birch Partridge. the buds of tile willow. Well-worn patlhs amon There are several varieties found in various parts of tihe willows are observed, which they constantly use the continent, but thle present is coilfined to the in their rounds while feeding.'I'lie Indianis take adeastern province of North America. It is a con- vantage of this lhabit to snare them. In the fall stant resident where it is found, and is not migra- these Ptarmnigans assemble in large flocks, separattory.'IThey feed at times oin the buds of tile birch ing sonmewllat inl wiiter. lThe males are said to and othier trees, alld ill the summer oiu berries in crow after tile fashion of tile Moor-cock of Scotgreat variety. Thllis Grouse is said to be more or lald, the tone alld niotes beinig similar. less polygamous.'lmhe males only relmiaiui withi tlie ROCK PTARMIGAN (Lagopus mutus, var. rupesfemmales unutil incubation has commenced, and tihe tris). —'l'his is aniother Arctic bird, about the size of keep by themselves. Dr. Brewer, in North Ameri- the last-named, thiough not so stout. Its hlabits are can Birds, relates a pleasant instance of tile devo- said to be much like those of thie white species. clxxxii PERDICIDE.- BIR)D. - PERDICIDE. Th'ley are very numerous at tile two extremes of the same time a shrill whistle, expressive of intense Hudson's Bay. Like the preceding, it is white in alarm. At this moment the bird could have been winter. easily caught.'Ilhe young birds, at tile cry of the WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN (Lagopzts leucurus). parent, flew in all directions, and the male soon fol-This is a north-western species, inhllabiting the lowed tlihem, and began calling in a low cluck, like alpine summiits of the western mountains, and along tile cry of the Brown Thrashler.'Th'lese young were the cascades of Oregon, Washington and British hardly a week old, yet they seemed to fly well for a Columbia. Its color in winter is pure white, having short distance. In! view of' the inappropriate namle no black upon the tail, as in the other species. our bird has obtained-Quail-Prof. Baird has proLike several other species, this bird exhibits a sin- posed the familiar title Bob-wliite. It is now gularly mottled appearance between the extremes of generally understood amonog naturalists and sportswinter and summer plumage, the full summer dress men that this shall be recognized as the name of our being of a grayish-white and ashy-buff, sprinkled species in all parts of the country where it is found. with black. PLUMED PARTRIDGE (Oreortyx pictus). - This bird, called also the MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE, inhabits FAMILY-PERDICID-E. the mountain ridges of California and Oregon, towards the coast. The Mountain Partridge, according to Dr. Newberry, is similar in some respects to Birds of this family, unlike the Grouse, have naked thile Common Partridge of Europe. They are usually legs and bare nasal fossae. They are much smaller, found in the chaparral, where they readily escape by and the species are much more numnerous.'lhey running amnd hiding, seldom rising onl the wing. This have a wide distribution, being found in almost any species appears to be easily tamted and domesticated. quarter of the globe. TI'he call-note is said to be almost exactly like that BOB-WHITE; QUAIL; PARTRIDGE (Ortyx vir'gin- of tile Henl-turkey. Tile male, instead of a whistling ianus.)-Plate VI, fig. xi. —This most familiar bird is note, like tlhat of tile Bob-wlhite, has a crowillg found in tile Eastern United States, and as far west soumnd, like lkoo-koo-hooe!'Th'le eggs of this species as the High Central Plaitms; southward to Texas. are similar, in general shape, to tile preceding, lhavIn Maine, hIowever, it is a stranger, if, indeed, it ing tle pointed amnd the very obtuse enlds respectively. is ever foumnd there. In New Hampshire and Ver- T'ley are of a very rich creanm color, withl a reddisli molnt it is rare.'I'le severity of the winters and slhadinlg,and unspotted.'Ile female is like the niale, Imluclih luntillg have very materially lessemned its with tile exception that tile crest is shorter. numbers in Massacllusetts. They are nlot migratory, CALIFORNIA QUAIL (Lophortyx californicus)but remain in the neigliborhood where they are Plate VI. fig. xii. —Tlis beautiful species inhabits tile reared.'T'he severe winters affect tlhem seriously at valley portions anld foot-lIills of the Pacific Provinlce timnes, when, during a fall of snow, they hiuddle to- of the United States, reaching southward to Cape getlier and allow themselves to be buried for a while. St. Lucas. Like thle preceding species, thlis is riclhly If the snow is light they easily nmanage to thrust marked in plumange, anrd has two pomnpoin-like crests, thmrough it, but they are occasiomnally kept fast by jet-black inl color', wllichm stand erect upon tile occitihe fi'eezing of tle surface, when they perish fi'om lput. The femiale is simlilarl, with a shorter crest. It hiunger. They are sometimes foumnd ill this position is called the Valley Quail in Califomrnia, to distillill large numbers. Bob-white is always found ill guish it fi'om the MNounltain Quail, its iabits leading open grounds, or nearly so, near tile edge of woods. it more imnto tile prairies and low grounds near river Its food consists largely of the seeds of various banks. Dr. Newberry describes its note as ratller plamnts, berries, etc. Later in tile seasomn it feeds harshl and disagleeable, somewhat resemibling that on grasshoppers. In country villages it often be- of the Woodpeckers. Trlle cry is'epmesemlted, le comes quite tamne, and ventures near the f[armyards to says, by tile syllables klck-kilcl-kilck-k7c! the first eat with the poultry. Ill the Central Park, New three notes beinlg rapidly repeated, tihe last proYork, it is frequenltly heard uttering its peculiar lomnged, with a falling inflection. As a game bird, it note, Bob-white! bob-white! We have frequently is regarded as inferior to Bob-white. It is easily heard this note ill low ground withiin a few rods of domesticated. thle grand Fifth Avenue enltrance to tile park —the GAMBEL'S QUAIL (Lophortyx gamnbeli). —'11e Schlolars' Gate, so-called. In the interior towmns of habitat of thills bird is givemn as in tile Colorado ValMassachusetts thiis note is interpreted More-wet! ley; north to Southerni Utahi, and east to Western more-wet! and the farmer considers his note to be a'Texas. It hias tile beautiful black crest of tile preprecursor of rain. It has two broods in a sea- cedimng species. Like thle othler species, it is easily son, the male takinlg charge of the first brood whlenm domesticated. "'llis Quail is said to ihave three tlhey are about half grownl.'lThe male is exceedingly distinct notes-the common cry, uttered oin all occadevoted and courageous. Dr. Brewer relates that le sions of alarm, or to call the bevy together, whlich is once came upon a covey of youmng Quail feeding on a single mellow, clear chink, with a metallic resoblue-berries, directly in the patth.'l'hey did mmot see nance, repeated an indefinite numnber of times; then a hiim uutil lie was close upon them, wihen the old bird, clear, loud, emeigetic wilistle, mesembling the syllables a fine old male, flew directly towards hinm and turn- killinkI-killinl! chiefly Ileard during tile pairing bled at his feet, as if in a dying condition, giving at seasoui, and is analogous to the bob-white of tile PERDICID. -BIRDS. CHAIADRIID~. clxxxiii Common Quail; the third is its love-song, than full, broad, flattened crest of soft, elongated feathers. which, Dr. Coues adds, nothing more unmusical can'I'he size is the same as that of the other forms. well be imagined. It is uttered by the male, and IMIASSENA PARTRIDGE (Cyrtonix massena). The only when the female is incubating. This song is habitat of this Partridge is on the Rio Grande, in poured forth both at sunrise and at sunset, from Arizona and Northern Mexico. It is sometimes some topmost twig near the spot where his mate is seen associated with the'Texas Quail. The Mexican sittilig; and witlh outstretched neck, drooping wings naturalist, Don Pablo de la Llave, furnishes the foland pluine miegligently dangling, lie gives utterance lowing account of the habits of this bird: "It is to his odd, guttural, energetic notes." —North Amer- only a few days siiice the third species lhas been ican Birds. The eggs are a cream-white color, brought to me. It is rather smialler than the former beautifully marked with ragged spots of deep (C. squamata), and its deportment is entirely differchestnut. enlt. It carries its head habitually resting on its SCALED, OR BLUE PARTRIDGE (Callipepla squa- shoulders, the neck being excessively small and demata). —'his, the only species of the genus within flexed; and in everything it shows all amiability the United States, is fouild in tle T'able-lands of and, so to speak, kindness of character [una bondad Mexico and the Valley of the Rio Grande. They de caracter] which is not found ill ally other species are found often on the open plains, associated occa- of this genus; and it is naturally so tame and domessionally with the T'exas Quail, and sometimes inhabit tic as to permit itself to be caught by the hand. the Prairie-dog villages. It is a rare bird in collec-'Ihese birds are always united, forming a covey, anmd tions, anid an exceedingly shy one in its nlative local- wlenever one is separated, the others follow it. ities. It has the reputation of beinlg thle swiftest of Ih'l'ey do not, like others, wish to sleep on elevated foot of any other Quail, trusting always to its fleet- places, but sit on the ground, drawing very near mess oil foot rather than flight by the wing. A Mex- togethler. Their notes, which are not varied, are ican naturalist attempted to donmesticate some of this very low and soft, and I have never heard loud cries species, but failed completely. It seemed immipossible from the nlale.'When they are frightened they show to gain them over firom their intractable, wild state. much activity and swiftness; at other times their They are said to have a peculiar note, resembling gait and movement are habitually slow and deliberthat of a squirrel.'Ihe head is decorated with a ate, carryinlg thle crest puffed up [espayada]." WADING BIRDS. THE Limicolce, or Shore-birds, are represented by all time. About September it resorts to the sea-shore, kinds of Plover, Snipe, Woodcock, the Phalaropes, joining the multitudes of shore-birds whlich are passAvocets, Stilts, Turnstones and Oyster-catchers. ilng in migration. At this season it is said to be abundant on Long Island, feedimng on the great plaimIs. FAMiILY-CHARADRIID,].. It has a loud, whistling note, and from certain rePLOVER. semblances the gunners call them Black-bellied Killdeer. This bird resembles somewhat thie Golden There are other birds, frequenting the uplands as Plover, but is larger, and tile presence of tile small well as lowlands, which the sportsman or others un- hind-toe readily distinguishes it. skilled call Plovers. T'lle Upland Plover, so-called, AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER (Charadriusfulvus; is one. T'I'le true Plover has only three toes, amid is var. virginicus)-Plate 23, fig'. 88.-.T'l'his bird is now particularly noticeable as hiaving a short and stout considered distinct from the European (thle C. apribill. One exception to this rule only is seen among cariis.) It is distinguished by the ashlle-gray of the American birds — the Bull-head or Black-bellied inner surface of the wings, the latter being wlhite. Plover (Squatarola helvetica), in which there is a LThe C. fulvus of Asia is nearer. The Golden Plover rudimentary hind-toe. Another bird-tihe Aphlllriza is met with on all parts of our coast, but is niever virgata of the Pacific Coast —has a well-developed plelltiful, anid is never seen in tile interior. Dr. hind-toe; but it is thought that its place is with thle Coues met with it on the Pacific Coast in considerScolopacidce possibly.''lle only thrtee-toed Ameri- able numbers, and says tllat it migrates in great canl bird of tihe Scolopacidce now recogilized is the Ilumbers through Dakota. 1'imey were seen in coinStilt (Himantopus nigricallis). patny with the "T''attlers and Esquilnaux Curlews, BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER (Squatarola helvetica) anld were quite tame," running rapidly amid lightly in -Plate 23, fig. 89. —''1is bird is known in some parts search of food; flew with a mellow, whistling note, of the country as the Whistliing Field Plover. It is and settled again witli a momentary graceful poise particularly attached to ploughed fields, where it of thle upturnied wilg." forms its nest of a few coarse materials, slightly put KILLDEER PLOVER (Egialitis vociferus) l'llis together. Th'lle female has frequently two broods in is a very familiar bird in all parts of thle Ullited a season, layillg four large eggs of a light olive, States. Its peculiar note, killdeer! 7cilldeer! is dashed with black. It is an extremlely shiy and uttered as it plunges and courses in the air, andl at watchful bird, though clamorous during breedillg- times of breeding, when runlling and coumiterfeiting clxxxiv CHARADRIIDS. -BIRDS.-H'MEATOPODID.E. lameness. It resembles, in the latter habit, the themselves up to their full height, and looking around Lapwing of Europe. Its cries are heard even after with timid yet unsuspicious glances.'I'heir notes are dark, or on moonliglht niglits. It is one of the few rather peculiar, as compared with those of our other birds of this group that breed in all parts of the Plovers, and vary a good deal according to circuInUnited States. Though so familiar in all localities, stances. When feeding at leisure, and no way appreyet it imigrates extensively, being seen as far south hlensive of danger, they utter a low and ratller pleasas Soutli America. lug whistle, though in a somewhat drawling or lispRING PLOVER (LEgialitis semipalmatus). — The ing tone; but the note changes to a louder and higller "Ring-neck," or Semi-palmated Plover, like many one, sometimes sounding harshly. Wllen forced to other American birds, is closely like the European, fly by persistent annoyance, they rise rapidly, with though distinguished by a greater extenlt of basal quick wing-beats, and then proceed with alternate web between the toes, which gives the trivial name sailing and flapping, during the formler action holdto this species. It is comlmon in all parts of the ing the wings decurved.'They generally fly low United States, migrating as far south as Brazil, and over the ground.'l'hey then eitlher squat low, in in summer is found in Greenland. It hlas a sharp, lhopes of hiding, or stand on tip-toe, as it were, for twittering note, says Wilson, peculiarly soft and a better view of what alarmed them. Th'lley are musical, resembling the tone of a German flute, mostly insect-eaters." which it utters when. runninfg along tile sand, with expanded tail and lhan'ging wings, endeavoring to de- FAMILY-H2EMATOPODIDi]E. coy you fioln her nest. In tile Middle States it is THE'URNSTONES. cliefly a bird of passage, breeding in higfher latitudes. In Labrador it breeds in great numbers. THE TURNSTONE (Strepjsilas interpres) is a soliPIPING PLOVER (zEgialitis melodus). —'I'le Ring tary species, and one known to all parts of the Plover is also a name given to this bird in some sec- world. It is probably thle most widely distributed tions. It is commlon to all parts of the United of any bird. Its trivial name is derived fiom the States and British Provinces east of tile Rocky circumstance that it lhas the habit of turning over Mountains, and is particularly abundant on the small stones to reach its food, whlich consists of the Atlantic Coast. It breeds in tie northern portionlls, crustaceans that lurk beneath tlhem in tide-pools. and winters in the Carolinas southward to Cuba and'l'his bird is about nine ilchles ill length, witli a winlg Jamaica.'T'he Piping Plover does not breed inl high of six inches' in extent. Nuttall regards it as solitarv northern latitudes, being only seen about tihe borders and wild by nature, coursimog the sliore in pairs, or in of Canada and the States, especially on the Atlantic small parties, which hiave bred togetlher. Iu May Coast. Dr. Coues thinks that some breed as far and June it feeds altmlost exclusively oi tile spawn of southl as the Carolinas. tile Linulusna, or Horse-shoe Crab, which it filmds at WILSON'S PLOVER (AEgialitis wilsonius). -'l'his tithat timie oi tile sands of the coast of New Jersey. Its Plover is coifimled to tlme eastern amid soutlierml por- mlote is loud and twittering, emitted wliile flyimg or tions of North Amnerica, and tile same onl the coast rumnnilg; at the same timlne its wimngs are lowered. of South America. It is readily recognized by its Audubon describes with considerable minuteness the long and stout bill and short tail. It is about seven methlod adopted by the Turnstonie to overturn the and three-quarter inches lomg anid fifteen and a hmalf oyster-shlells and stones for its food.''lle bill of thle in alar extent. Its fiont is broad amd white, bounded bird is curved upwards slightly, like a lever adapted by a widisli band of black; tile lores also black; to the purpose. Whlen the bill proves too feeble, the legs and feet are flesh-colored; the claws, black; tihe breast of tile bird is pressed uponi the object anid the bill is black anld stout, an inlch long, tie upper loosened previous to its removal. A species is found mandible projecting. iEgialitis nivosa is a species ill the western portions of North America, whlicll rather smaller than tile present, and is peculiar to ihas been ilanmed the BLACK TURNSTONE (S. mnelauiotihe coast of California. AE. mnicmorhiyllcha is an- ceplhalus). It is tile samie in size, but has a dark othler California species, found by Mr. Ridgway, and head, breast and upper parts. Local names are described by himnl in Am. Naturalist. vol. viii, 1874. Brant-bird anld Calico-back. MOUNTAIN PLOVER (Eudclomias montanus).- THE OYSTER-CATCHER (Icematopus palliatus)-'l'his is one of the strictly western species. Its east- Plate 23, fig. 90 —is common to all tile Atlantic ern lilnit, as far as known, is Middle Kansas. Nortll- States, and probably is along tile Pacific Coast. ward it goes as far as Canada line, amd southlward to It is a fine, large bird, measuring seventeen and'lexas. Its naamne is not well chlosen, as it equally one-hlalf inclmes ill length, withl a spread of wing visits tile plains and mountains. It is peculiar ili equal to ten inches. Its bill is long, straighit and resorting to dry and arid plaiis, beinig in this respect flattened; tihe tail short. T'lle sexes are alike exdifferenlt from the others that fr'equent tile sea-shore ternally. Nuttall describes two kinds, and speaks and river-side. Dr. Coues found it in New Mexico of tile present as the Pied Oyster-catcher, and of late in June, associated with the Curlews, and thinks it its identity withl tile European species. The two breeds there. "They were not difficult of approach, are, hiowever, distinct. T'l'llis bird is rarely seen anmd were seen in large flocks. Wmhen disturbed, above Long Islaid Sound, and is more at home tlhey dipped the head, ran rapidly a few steps in a south of Cape Hatteras. About tile last of April lighllt, easy way, and thilen stopped abruptly, drawing it is seemi in pairs or in small parties on thle RECURVIROSTRID2E.-BIRDS. SCOLOPACIDME. clxxxv Jersey sands. The note is a quick, loud and shrill In shape and effect they are little oars.'iThe under whistling, as'Wheep! wheep! wheo! and Peep! plumage is thick and duck-like, fitted to shed thle peep! repeated on tile wing as well as while at rest. water. They are all elegant in form and graceful ill The name Haematopus indicates its bloody-looking movement.'I'le family is small, not more than three feet, which are quite red; but tile name only holds species in number, and those are all found in this good for one species, while others have pink or liglit- country. Wilson's Phlalarope appears to be the onlly colored feet. one exclusively American; the other two beloing to BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER (H. ater).-Audubon both continents. gives this species a habitation in the United States, WILSON'S PHALAROPE (Steganopus wilsoni). — but authors do not recognize it as yet. It was de-''llis species inhabits this continent generally; rarely scribed by the former as H. townsendi. It is found in the Eastern States; common in the Mississippi in South America, and if in North America at all, Valley and westward. It breeds in the Western on the western coast. United States and in the interior of the fur counBACHMAN'S OYSTER-CATCHER (H. niger). —l'his tries in the lower latitudes. In winter it reaches is a little smaller thal the first-named species. It is South Amrnerica. Wilson's Phlalarope is considered known on the western coast, and, according to Pallas, the lhandsomest of the wading birds. It is largest of is found inl North-eastern Asia. tile group.'The Phalarope is fond of the interior FAMI.LY — RECURV~IROS'l'RTID 3. 1rather than the ocean border, frequenting the freshwater ponds and streams.'lTHE AvOCETS. NORTHERN PHALAROPE (Lobipes hyperlboreuts). AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana) - Plate 27, — T'his is a more maritime species than the latter, fig. 102. —T'e STILT-BIRD, SO called from its enor- inlllabiting the whole continent, and breeding far miously elollgated legs, is found in all parts of tern- north; spending the winter in the tropics. Onl the perate North America, tlloulgh more common in New England Coast it is more abulldant, and of regcertain portions. In New England it is not a famil- ular appearance during tile migrations, some breeding iar bird. It is most abundant in the Mississippi probably in the Bay of Fundy. Valley, and northward to the Rocky Mountains. RED PHALAROPE (Phalar'opus fulcar'ius). —'T.'1is Wilson says: "Fron its perpetual clamor and flip- species inhabits thle same localities as the preceding. pallcy of tonogue, it is called in New Jersey the'The eggos are so nearly like the others they cannot Lawyer." He found it here associated with tle be distinguished. Black-necked Stilt, on the salt marshlles, wliere it was breeding, oil the 20th of May. It flew arounld tile FAMILY-SCOLOPACIDE. pools exactly like the Long-legs, utterinlg a click!'['HE SNIPE. click! click/ —a sharp note-alighting on the marsh or in the water indiscriminately, flutterinlg its loose This family, members of which are called as bewings and shaking its half-bent legs, as if it was longing to thle "Long-billed fraternity," includes ready to tumrnble over, keeping up a colltinual yelpinlg numerous species.'T'lmey are distinguished from thle note. Plovers by tile slenderness of tile bill anld by its BLACK-NECKED STILT (Himantopus nigricollis). great lengtll. —'lllis bird is found in nearly all parts of the Ullited AMERICAN WOODCOCK (Philohela minor).-'l'lle States, and as far south as Brazil. Thle habits are habitat of this bird is the Eastern United States well described by Dr. Cones, who observed tile spe- anid tile Provinces north to Nova Scotia, west to cies il great numnbers ill New Mexico. Inl tile slial- Kansas and Nebraska. The European Woodcock low lagucnas, where they evidently breed. were flocks (Scolopax) is said to occasionally straggle into tile of twenty or tllility, very closely associated.'I'lie lillmits of our country. h'lie larger specimens, whlich winigs are very long and poinited, as well as ample inl are sometimes exhibited by sportsmeni, are probably width; its flight, ill consequence, is firm, vigorous of this species, as undoubted examples are extant. anid swift. When folded they reacli beyond the tip Audubon gives the following inlterestinlg accoullt of of tile tail, and as tile under coverts reachl to tile end, tihe habits of thie AmlericanL Woodcock: "Iii tile tihe bird tapers off belhind to a file point. On tile breeding season its curious spiral gyrationls, while asgroulld, whether walking or wading, tile bird moves cending or desceniding along a space of fifty or nmore gracefully, with mneasured steps.'T'lie long legs are yards of hleight, when it utters a note somnewihat remuch beit at each step-(only at the joilit, however!) sembliilg tile word kwank, are perforllmed every even-amid plallted firimly, perfectly straigllt. Except ilng anid nlmornillg for niearly a fortniigllt. Wlhein oil uhlder certaini circumnstamlces, as those Wilsoni relates, tile gromlmd, at thiis seasoim, as well as in autulllm, tile there is nlotllillg vacillating, feeble or unIsteady either mlale liot tiit'requemltly repeats this sounmd, as if lie in tile attitudes or movements of tile bird. were calling to others in hIis nleigllbolllood; alld, oil ieariilg it anlswered, he immediately flies to mueet tile FANMIIY-PHALAROPODID2CE. other bird. w1hichl in the same manner advallces to'ISHE PHALAROPES. meet mlillm." Most of these bilds migrate, leavillg'The Phalaropes are Samdpiper-like birds, withi for tile South in October, and returnimig to us ill lobed feet, the toes being provided with expansions Maiclm. It begills to lay in Apuil.'I'he nest is oln eacll side tlhat eiender tietllm useful in swimnming. placed oml tile ground, genelally ilm a'etimed spot, VOT_ T = clxXxvi SCOLOPACID.E. — BIRDS. -SCOLOPACIDE. near an old trunk, perhaps, formed of a few withered and so close together, that eighty-five hlave been shot leaves and stalks of grass. The eggs are four, some- at one discharge of the musket. They spring from times five, about all inch and a half long. It is tile marshes with a loud, twirliing whistle, generally bluntly rounded-very different from those of thle rising high, and making several circuitous manceuother members of the family.''lhe Woodcock is vres in air before they descend. Th'lley fiequent thle properly a nocturnal bird, feeding at night mostly. mud-flats and sand-bars at low water, in search of At such times, as well as in early morning, lie rises, food, and b)eiing less suspicious of a boat than of a by a kind of spiral course, to a considerable height person ol sllore, are easily approached." Dr. Coues in the air, uttering at times a sudden quack, till, says of this species: "'They are gentle and unsushaving gained his utmost height, lie hovers around picious creatures by nature, most sociably disposed in a wild, irregular manner, miaking a sort of mur- to its own kind, as well as towards its relatives muri ng sound, then descends rapidly as lihe rose. amlong the Ducks alld Waders. Being partly webWhen uttering his common note oil the ground, footed, they swinm tolerably well for a little distance, lie seems to do it with difficulty, throwing his in any emnergeincy. On such occasions, they swiml head towards the earth, and frequently jetting up with a curious bobbing motion of the head and corhis tail. These notes and manceuvres are most usual responding jerking of the tail, to a hiding-place ill ill spring, and are tile call of the male to his favorite tile rank grass across the pool. l.'llheir movements mate. The flesh is, as is generally known, highly are graceful and their attitudes are beautifully statuesteemed. Il general figure and manners this bird esque." resembles the European species, but it is consid- STILT SANDPIPER (lificropalama himantopus).erably less in size, and is differently iarked. It This bird is found in North America generally, but also has tile first three quills of tile wing very narrow not west of the Rocky Mountains. It is a rare bird, and scytllle-sllaped. breedillg in higlh latitudes. AMERICAN SNIPE (Gallinago wilsoni).- TIhis SEMI-PALMATED SANDPIPER (Ereulfetespusillas). bird inhabits the whole continent. and a portion of -l'lle habitat of this species is the whole nlorthern the southern. It is sometimes called WILSON'S anld a portion of the southern continent. It is abunSNIPE, anld also ENGLISH SNIPE.'I le latter term is dant and well known onl- our Atlantic shores. It is entirely a misnomerI, as the species is different firoln one of the smallest of its tribe. Though properly a that of Europe. JACK SNIPE is another unnecessary sea-shore bird, it is seen at times oil the borders of appellationl that lhas become attached to this bird. the inland lakes and rivers. Its length is six inches, Wilson says that this bird has the same soaring, and extent of wing twelve. The bill is black, an irregular flight in the air, in gloomy weather, as the inch in length, and very sliglhtly befnt. The males Snipe of lulrope; the saime bleating note and occa- and females are alike ill color. sional rapid descelt; springs fr'om the marshes with LEAST SANDPIPER (TRinga minutilla). -'This the same feeble squeak; and ill every respect resemn- little bird is found in every part of the western coilbles the Common Snipe of Britain, except in being tinlenlt and thie adjacent islands, and is occasionallly about all inch less, and in having sixteen feathers seeu ill Europe, and is ulliversally known as " Peep." ill the tail, instead of fourteen.'I'lThe Snipe is Wilson says of it: " It is migratory, depairtilg early eleven inclhes ill lenlgtll ai)d seventeen iiches ill in October for the Soutl. It resides chiefly amonig' extent; tlie bill is more than two inchles anld a thle sea-mlarshes, alld feeds almonl g tile mud at low half log., water; springs with ail irregular flight anid a feeble REDBREASTED SNIPE (ifaacqor)hanphus griseus). twit. It is not altogether confined to the neighbor-Called also GRAY SNIPE, BROWN-BACK alnd Dow- 11ood of tile sea, for I have foumid several of tlhem oil 1TCHER. Its lhabitat is thle wlhole of Nortlh Amielica tile slhores of tIle Sclluylkill, ill tile momthi of August." amid a portioni of South Amnerica. It is also fire- Its length is five inchles and a half; exteit of wing, quenltly seen iIn Europe. its size is about that of eleven inches. Wilson's; tile bill is exactly like that of the latter. BAIRD'S SANDPIPER (Tr'inga balrdi). —''llis bilrd Thel'le distinguishinlg marks amre a g'reater lenmgth of' las oily lately been recogilized. Specimens were legs, a web betweem thie outer aid lmliddle toes, by foumd ill Arctic Almmeica almd ill Alaska, where it twelve iustead of sixteen tail feathers, amLd various bleeds. It is found in tile imiterior of Northl Atimernmarks in cololatiom. The''le lenmgtlh is froIln tell and a ica, east of tile Rocky MounItaiis. It hlas beemi coiquarter to twelve amid a half; extent of wimig, sevem- sidered as a stralliger to tile Atlamitic Coast, tliougli teem amd a hlulf to tweoty amd a quarter. Wilsob's one specilllen i has beei captured tlhere leceltly. Dr. descriptiOi is so good tlhat we give it Ilehe: "It Coues met with it ili Dakota, ill August, associated flies veiy rapidly, somimetimies wheeling, coursillg amnd witlh tIle Redbreasted Snipe amid W\ilsoil's Plhalarope. doubliig alomig the surface of tile marslles; tllem PECTORAL SANDPIPER (Trizga macutlata). —'lhis i shiootinig high ill tile air themi separatinig amid formh- well-known bird is comuimomi to tile wlhole comitimneit, i;) iln various bodies, utterinllg a kitnd of quiveairig amid is also foumid ill Europe, amnd is called JacK SNIPE wlhistle. Durin g its stay oml tile sea-coast of New amid GRAss SNIPE oii all places. It is game-like in Jersey, it flies in flocks, sometimes very whigh, amd habits, amid, consequemitly, inl equest for tile sportsthen has a loud amid shrill wlmistle, makimg mally iomain. Dr. Coues says it is a very abuemdane t bird in evolutionis over the martshes —forming, dividing amid summer in Labrador, wlhere it fiequemits low, muddy re-unitiig.''lThey soomietimies settle ill suclh umbers, flats. Whenm they arise fRom tlme glaIss to alighllt ScoLoPACID.BI.-BIRDS.- SCOLOPAXCIm. clxxxvii again at a little distance, they fly in silence, or with and here they remain throughlout tile winter, feeding a single tweet, holding the wings deeply incurved; on the minute shell-fish and crustacea of tile beaches. but when suddenly startled and much alarmed, they Th'ley utter a plaintive whistle while thus engaged, spring quickly, with loud, repeated cries, and imake chasinlg back and forth, as tile waves rise anld f:ill, off in a zig-zag, much like thle Common Snripe. to get the last fresh morsels.'They are abundant oi Sometimes, gaining a considerable elevation, they the coast generally. circle for several minutes in silence over hlead, flying GREAT MARBLED GODWIT (Limosa fedoa).-I'lle with great velocity-perhaps to pitch down again Godwit inhabits the entire temperate portion of nearly perpendicularly to thle samle spot tlley start North America and Central South Amlerica aiid flom..''The southward imiggration begins ill August, the West Indies. It breeds in the Missouri anld and is usually completed by tile following montlh. A Upper Mississippi regions, anld witnters in the form found on Long Island has been called Cooper's Soutllern States and soutllward. It is called by Sandpiper, but is so closely like the present, doubts the gullers tile Straiglit-billed Curlew, anid by are entertained concerninlg its validity. othlers the Red Curlew. Wilson says it is a sly BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER (Tvinga bona2partei) andl cautious bird, ald so stronglly attached to omle is known to all parts of tile nlorthern conltinlelmt another, that when one is wounded, tile rest are east of the Rocky Mounitainis. It breeds inl tile far at omnce drawn to tile spot by sympatihy, and coilnorth; migrating tlhrough tile easterll province of tinue circlinlg arounl over the dead or wounded colnthe States, and winterilng ill tile Soutl. It is called panion. l.'hey are readily eniticed withill gtllislot by also thie WHITE-RUnMPED SANDPIPER. Dr. Coues tlie sportsman's call. Tl'ey associate with tile found this bird migratimlg northward in flocks ill Curlews, but are less numerous tiall tile latter.''lle May, on the Republican Fork of tile Kansas River. Godwits are especially fold of tile salt mllarslhes. It is abundant alonig tlie whole of tile Atlanitic'I'lie mIale is ninieteemn iichlies in length, and thirtyCoast to Florida. It has tihe same soft, low tweet four imnches ill extent of wing; tihe bill is nearly six tihat miany others of this group hiave. It is distin- incihes ill lenlgtil, turned up sligiltly towvards its tip. guisihed at a distanlce by its white upper tail coverts. HUDSONIAN, OR BLACK-TAILED GODWIT (Limnosa PURPLE SANDPIPER (Tringa maiitimna).-'I'This hudsonica).-'lh'le ranlge of this bird is throughjl tile species is distributed over tile niortilern continenlt, northern alnd eastern portionis of tile comitilemit, alid but is rather partial to tile coast. It breeds very extenids southward to West Indies anid Southi Amlierfar to tile nortli, visitinig tile New England coast inl ica. It is not seeni west of tile Rocky Mouitaiiis, autumnll, winter and sprillg, inclinillng ratier to fre- yet is rare on tile Atlanitic Coast. It breeds far quent the rocky beaciles wliere tie sea-weeds afford nlorthward.'Ih'le White-tailed Godwit, a Europeaan food ill tile great variety of marine life. species, hias lately beenl seen ill Alaska. AMERICAN DUNLIN (Tringa alpina).-Th'is bird WILLET, OR STONE SNIPE (Totanus semipalmais called also the BLACK-BELLIED anld tile RED- tus). —Tlis is a beautiful bird, but a noisy onme, malkBACKED SANDPIPER. Its hiabitat is Nortil Amierica, inmig tile slhrill reiterations, says Wilson, of.Pill-willparticularly coastwise. It mligrates aind winiters in willet! pill-will-willet! almost inlcessaltly allollg the tihe States, breedimig ill high latitudes olldy. Mr. muarsles, beiig Ileard at tile distallce of hal'a mile. Allen founld this bird in Leavenworth. Wilsoin says''l'ley are distributed very widely oii ouri comutimnenmt, tihe cornmmon ilaine alomng the coast is Gray-back, and but are mIore cotninonm oni tile sea-coast, bleedinlg ill tihat it is a particular favorite with tile gunmiers. tihe Unmited States.'I'lle liest is near tile water, or'I'llThey associate in small flocks, alighitiig in a close oil rlmarslhy ground, rudely colistructed of tile simplest body togetlier onl tile sand-flats, wiere tiley find imlaterial, elevated sliglitly, and hlavinlg but a triflimig smlall mollusca to feed upon. T'liey are less timid hollow to receive the eggs. Wilsoei says:'"'lhle aixitihan others, and on tile approach of tile sportsman ety anld affectionl mllanifested by these birds is truly inthey stand unconcernedly for a time. In November terestimig. Whleii distuilbed fioii thieiryouilg, tliey sail they leave for tile South. It is tell inlches ill lengthi, arounid anid vociferate withi great violenice tleir coInand tweunty ill extent or winlg. Bill is black, anld is umoun cry of Pill-will-willet! anld utterillg at times a about all inch and a lhalf long; eye is small anid loud, clickiug noise. As thley occasionally alight and black. Tlie sexes are alike ill general appearanlce. slowly shut their Iolng-, whlite wiigos, speckled witl RED-BREASTED SANDPIPER (TYringa canutus).- black, tiley have a imournlful note, expressive of great'Iliis bird-called also tile KNOT, ROBIN SNIPE, GRAY- tenderniess." Thie Willet swiims well, anld has thle BACK and ASH-COLORED SANDPIPER —iS founid ill Aus- habit of wadinig more tlhan otlher birds of this nature. tralia, South America and New Zealand, as well as Its lengthi is fifteeni inchles, anid alar extent thirty oil our shores. Thioughl common oil our coast, it is inches.'['lie female is generally larger than the male. rare ill the interior. Its breeditig-places are far out TATTLER, OR TELL-TALE (Totanus melanoleucus). of our limits. —'is is also called tile GREATER YELLOW-SHAN(S, SANDERLING; RUDDY PLOVER (Calidris arena- STONE SNIPE, almd GREATER TATTLER, alid iillhabits ria).-'This bird is about eight inichies ini lengthl, thie tie western ihemmisphiere genierally. It is usually seen extemnt of wimg being fourteenl iniches. It visits Mas- ill tie United States ill winter, beilng then very abunsachlusetts durilg tile later weeks of tile summer, after dant. It breeds in hiigh latitudes. The eggs are a tile breeding season in tile extreme north. A little dingy-wlmite, irregularly nmiarked witin black.'lie later tile flocks are seell on tile coast of New Jersey, Greater''ell-tale is so mallleml by tile guuiners because clxxxviii SCOLOPAcIDrE. BIRDS. - SCOLOPACID;. it has the inconvenient habit of whistling with anl out of others' company. Thle Doctor enlarges pleasexceedingly shrill voice whenever any unusual nloise antly concerning the " tip-up " process which thlese or movement is observed by it. This is particularly birds ilndulge in. He says " It is amlusing to see anlloying to sportsmen, when lying for Ducks. It anl old male, in the breeding season, busy with tllis fiequellts watery bogs and mntarishes on tile coast, and operation. UpoIn some rock, jutting out of water, farther inland. It has the habit of flyilng to great lie stands, swelli-ng withl amn.orous pride and selfhleigllt, at times reaching tle fresh-water strea.nis alnd sufficiency, puffing out his plumage until lie looks ponds, utterinlg its sharp iote at such times, which call twice as bio as natural, facinlg about on his n1arrow be distinctly heard even when the bird cannot be seen. pedestal, and bowing with his hinder parts to all The f'eliale differs very little from the Illale, ill plu- poillts of tile compass." llage.'I'lle nmale is fourteen aild a lhalf inclles ill SPOTTED SANDPIPER (Tringoides maculari'us).lengtll, and twenty-five inclies in extenlt of wing'.'llis bird illhabits North A8mierica gellerally, breed-'I'le bill is two inclies anid a quarter long, of a dark ing nearly ill every portion. It winters in the cornI color, slightly benit upwards. Southern States anlld beyond, being found eveni in LESSER TELL-TALE (Totanus flavipes)-also call- Brazil, and occasionlally in Europe. It has a ed LESSER YELLOW-SHANKS-illllhabits tile westernl renmarkable habit of perpetually wagging the tail, llemiisphere generally, breedinlg ill tie Northlern whethler runninig or stlanding, a,,d is accordilngly States and northwards. Many are seen wintering in called, in various sectiois, Sandlark, Teeter-tail, tile Southern States. It is fouiid associated with tile Peet-weet, Tip-up, etc. It has a weak, plainitive preceding, and equally abunidant. Great nulnibers of note.'li'e female exhibits great alarlll when apthese birds are procured oil the Eastern Atlantic proached at tile time of breediing, and shows great Coast, and brouglht to the marikets of Boston, Phila- ingenuity ii counterfeiting lameness, to draw off tile delphia and New York, particularly inl tile autumn. attention froiin her charge. Wilson records all interWilson says: "lThlley have a sharp whistle of three esting example of the parental care of this bird, or four niotes, whell about to take winlg, aid when which lie had froln is frieiid, Mr. Bartrain, the flying.'l'They have tie habit of flying around their Southern naturalist, who witnessed ali attempt of a wounlded companiioiis, and sportsmeni take advamntage glround squirrel to seize upoI tile youmng. The bird of this to procure numbers of them from the saline successfully warded offtile enemy by a show of flock."'I'he lenigtll is tenl inches, and exten t of wiiig, bristled fronlt, the young keepilng always at the relar. twenty.'Th'le bill is straight, all inchl amid a lhalf lonog, Tlhe flight of this bird is low. It skims along thle black ill color.'l'lle female cainnot readily be distin- surftce of tile water, its long wilngs makimng a conguislled fromi its mate. siderable angle withl thle body, utteriing as it goes, SOLITARY TATTLER (Totanus solitairius). —'This Weet! weet! weet!'l'lle lenlgtll is seven illchles anld bird is also called tile WOOD T'ATTLER. It illihabits a lhalf; extent of wing, thirteen inclles; bill, all inchi the westerni hemiisphlere generally, is accidenital in long, and straight. Europe, anid breeds ill tile Nortlhernl Uniited States THE RUFF (Philomachus pugnax). —This is strictly alld Ilorthward. It is migratory, alld very albundant, au Old World bird, but lias occasionally been capwiniteiiing beyonid the limits of our counltry. Wilsoni tured inl New England, amld onl Lolg Islanld.'l'le regladed it as rare in his day, being then nmmew to sinigular arranigenlenit of tie feathers around the head, scielice. He sa.ys: "It is seldomi tlhat mlore thiani whichl gives rise to thle trivial mnamme of this bird, is onue or two are seen together-. It takes shlort, low said to be only temporary, lasting throughl the breedfliglts; mruns niiimbly amnonlg thle ulmossy mnargiiis of inig season. Ill May the caruilcles of the hiead betIhe meountaini sprinigs and brooks and pools, occa- come emnlarged anid red, alld the ruff begins to mapsiolially stopping, lookinig at you, anld perpetually pear. 13y the end of June tile latter disappears. Inoddinig the hlead. It is quite uinsuspicious, allowing'Th'lle Ruff has a sinlgular habit of gatherinlg in numnone to approach withlini a shiomrt distan!ce. They bers to do battle for tile clioice of mates. T'Imle breed regularly i Pennllsylvania. It is usually silent, fermuales also collgregate ill breedinlg.'l.'lhis bird is unless suddenily fluslied, when it utters a slharp whis- regarded as umost delicate ganie, and in Emuglalld is tle. It resemllbles, inl Imarkiings as well as umannimers, mniuc in request. It is about twelve inclies in leig-tli. thle Green Sanldpiper of Europe, but differs in beinug UPLAND PLOVER (Actiturus bal'trantius).-Called one-thlird less."'llie Solitary Samndpiper is eight also tile BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER, or TI'ATTLER. It is a inclhes and a lhalf lonlg, and fifteenl inclies in extent genleal inhabitant of Northl Amlleica, though not seeli of' wing; tile bill is onee inchl anid a quarter in west of tle Rocky Miountainls. Onm thle Atlantic Coast lenigth, of a dusky color.'['lie sexes are alike ili it is coImmon, breedinug in the middle portions aid color.'Th'le eggs are of the ordiniary pyriforum shlape. nlorthward. It winters il Mexico anld the West Inrl'The ground color is clay, without shade.'I'he numark- dies, Cenlltal and South Animerica. Casually it is seenl ill'S are hieavy and liuimerous oil thle larger hlalf, ill Europe; ald it is eve illeluded ill tile list of Bilrds smaller anid fewer elsewllere, being quite dark-brown,, ofAustb'alia, by Gould. It is exceedill',ly abuidanllllt ol lackinig enitirely thle richl umnber shadinlg of those of tihe plains between the Rocky Mounltains anld thle Misothler mnmembers of thle family. Dr. Coues regards sissippi River, where it is called thle Prairie Pigeomn. thils bind as not strictly solitary, thougli perhlaps it It occur's ill iulllmlellse flocks, tllOusanldS togetlher. uumay be conusidered as " pretty exclusive ill tlheir' own Di. Coues says of thei ilote:'" It is a long-dlawnll set," goillg in flocks of smimall Iumimber's, amid keepinig soft, ummellow wlhistle, of a peculiarly clear, resoniant SCOLOPACIDZ. -BIRDS. —-TANTALID2E. clXXXIX quality; but, besides this, they have a note peculiar, I ESQUIMAUX CURLEW (Numenius bolealis). —Inbelieve, to this period ot their lives (that is, whlen lhabits North ald Middle America, but is not foulld pairillg). It is a very loud, proloinged cry, soundiig west of the Rocky Mountains. It breeds within tile more like the whistling of the wind thani a bird's cry. arctic circle, is migrlatory within the United States,'I'lhe wild sound, wlhich is stlrangely mourlft'ul, is gen- but rarely seen ill winter. It is said to be extremely erally uttered whenl the bird, just alighted, holds his abundant il Labrador, in August, wintering ill Ceiwings for a molment perpelndicularly, before adjustillg tralAllerica and Soutih Amerlica. It is Inot known ill theml over his back. It is frequently heard ill tlhe tile West Indies. Dr. Coues says..: l'leir note is anl nilght, all through the breeding season, and is, I oft-repeated, soft, mellow, though clear whistle, whichi thlilk, onme of the most remarkable outcries I ever may be easily imitated. When in large flocks, they heard.''lThere is yet another note this T'lattler utters, have a note which, wlien uttered by the whole nUIImchiefly when disturbed inl breeding. This is a harsh ber, I call coinpare to nothing but the clhattering of scream, frequently and quickly repeated, much like a flock of Blackbirds."'Ileir food consists almnost that given by other waders!'. Wilson named this bird entirely of the crowberry (Empetrum)..'lley also, as new to science, and describes it froni a specimen like others of the tribe, feed oil simall terrestrial mroltaken nelar Mr. Bartram's Botanic Gardens, oil the lusca. It breeds ablldantly ill the Anderson River, banks of the Schuylkill River. It is twelve inches regionl; 1has four eggs, usually in June, in a nest in lenlgth, and twenty-one ill alar extent.'lie bill is mllade oil the open plain-a imere depression in tIle all illch and a half long, slightly bent downw ards, ground-linled withi a few dried leaves or grasses. alnd wrinkled at the base. Th'e sexes are nearly Th'llis Curlew is eighteen inclies in length and thir'tyalike. two in alar extent; its bill is four and a lialf inches BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER (Tr'yngites rufes- in length, black towards the point, and a, pale purcens).-''his species ranges over the whole of North plishl flesh color near the base. America. It is Iigratory in tile United States, and is not commolln1 onl the eastern sea-coast, though a FAMILY-. I.AN'. ALIDA3. few are seen every season on Long Island. It breeds'IHE IBIS. fat' in the north. In winiter it is met with in South America. Its habits are said to be mimost like those of WOOD IBIS (Tantalus loculator).-'This bird is anl tile last-described species.''lhe egg is very point- iiinhabitant of tile warmer portions of our continentedly pyrifolrn, of a clay color in ground, with very the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and across to bold and sharp miarking of rich umlber-brown. tile Colorado River. It occasiomIally reaches PenlmiWANDERING TATTLER (Heteroscelus incanus).- sylvania, and lnot unfrequently is seenl ill Ohio aild A colitimmo bird on the Pacific Coast of North anmd tile Carolimas. In Cuba, Mexico and Soutil Almerica South America and Japan. It is distinguishied by it is at honme.'I'lie Wood Ibis is Crane-like in aspect, its ummiforiuly plaimm colors. - beimng four feet ill lengthl. It is a pure white inl color, LONG-BILLED CURLEW (Numenius longirostris). with black tips to wilmgs 1and tail. Thle head is ell-'1 his bird is familiar to all parts of tile Uiiited tirely bald in thle adult bird, ald tile bill is extremimely States, aiid breeds in mImost sections, wimtemril)g ill thick anld heavy. Like llmany other birds, it is abMexico anmd south to Brazil. The Lomg-billed Curlew surdly nlalled ill certaimn regiotis, beiiin called Galnnet was fol'llrmlel'ly considered a mere variety of tle Emglish ill Florida anid Water'i'urkey ill Colorado. Dr. species, but it is niow regarded as distillct.'Wilsoni Coues, in a pleasant descriptiomn of thle Wood ibis says tile Curlews appear in tile salt lmarshes of New at Fort Yumma, says: "lThey leave their retreat about Jersey about tile middle of May, on their way to tile nmoon, flapping heavily unitil they clear all obstacles, north, and ill Septeumber, oil thleir return to their thenll ounltilmg fasterB, with strollg, regoular beats of breedimlg-places. Th'leir food consists chiefly of simall their broad winigs; iow they sail ill circles, withl crabs, which they are veiry dexterous at probinig for wide-spread, mIotioniless pimnions, supported as if by amid pulling out of holes with their lonig bills. mlagic. A score or lmore cross each others paths ill'I'lley likewise feed on bramble-berries, frequemntii)g imitermiiiable spirals, their sniowy bodies, tipped at tile tile fields and uplands for that pumpose. Dr. New- wiigs' point withi jetty black, clear-cut against tile berry fbunid tile Lonig-bill very abundanit in the val- sky; they becoime speckls inl tile air, alid filally pass ley of tile Sacramlellto, California. fioiommview. TI.e carriage of tile Wood Ibis is stately HUDSONIAN CURLEW (Numenius hudsonicus).- anld filrml. Each leg is lifted slowly anid plamited with iThis bird is comimoni to Northi Amimerica, Cenitral anld deliberate precision before tile other is moved, whiell South Amlerica. It breeds in iigh latitudes, is miigra- tile birds walk uisuspicious of' danlger. It sprinigs tory inl thle Unmited States, and winters in thle South powerfully from tile groulnd, benldimlg low to gather anid beyond. It is much less knmowin than tile others. strenogth, anid for a little distanlce flaps hurriedly withi is rare inl New Eilgland, but not uncomIIon111 Oel tile dangling legs, as if it wais much exertion to lift so coast of New Jersey, its western ranige beiig as far heavy a body." Bartrainm says thlat "they are niever as-Kanisas.'lThe habits of this bird are little klnown. seen oil tile sea-coast, but yet are never far distanit Wilsom Imentitiomis it under thie niaine of Esquimimaux fiommm it. i'hey feed oil serpents anid othier smiall Curlew (Scolopax borealis).'lile hlabits alre said to 1reptiles."'hlie leIgthl is about four feet; bill is be thie same as tile latter. Tihe egg is laigerl; otlher- mmearly nlilne incliles. I he youmg differ ill color firom wvise it caninmot be distinguisilhed. tile adult. CXC ARDEIDM. -BlRDS. - ARDEID.E.o GLOSSY IBIS (Ibis falcinellus).-T'lllis species has It ranges tllrough Mexico, the Antilles, and south to about the same range as the preceding, being com- Peru. It breeds throughout its range. This bird so morn in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and resembles the European species —the Little Egretoccasionally straggling as far north as Massachu- that it was frequently considered the same. It has, setts. Audubon found it in flocks in'I'exas. Bona- however, a larger crest, yellow feet and curled plumes parte first described it as an United States bird-as onil the back-all different from the European-and is 1. ordii-fiorn the fact that Mr. Ord first captured it in also very much larger. It is partial to salt mlarshes, New Jersey. The egg is rouglher and more granular and seldom goes far inland —like, in this respect, thle than those of the Herons. others of this tribe.'IPhe length of this species is two feet one inch; extenlt of wing, three feet two FAMILY — ARDEIDIE. inchles; thle bill is four inches and a quarter long.'I'lhe female is quite like the male; the ornaments of GREAT BLUE HERON (Ardea herodias). —This is plumage not quite so long and flowing. They breed, a very familiar bird in the Eastern States, and is like others, in trees, and ili societies. commonI to the whole continent, south to Guatemala LOUISIANA EGRET (A. leucogastra). —Described and the West Indies. It breeds in all these regionls, by Wilson and Audubon as A. ludoviciana. Dr. and winters in the south. It is only equalled, in its Coues records it as a variety leucoprymnta. It is wide distribution throughout the continent, by the native to the tropical portions of America, but Bittern. The Great Blue Heron is one of the most occasionally reaches as high as thle Carolinas. beautiful and striking members of the feathered race REDDISH EGRET (A. rufa). —'his is another known to our land, its graceful form tall and comn- strictly tropical species, found in Florida and tIle manding, crowned with delicate plumes, and bearing Gulf States. It has been variously named-Demliin other parts the richest forms of light ald airy egretta rufa, by Baird; Ardea rufescens, by Auduplumage. They breed in Carolina, near the sea; and bon; A. pealei, by Bonaparte and others. in New Jersey, according to Wilson, they " build in LITTLE BLUE HERON (A. ccerulea). -Thl'llough a the gloomy solitudes of the tallest cedar swamps, southern species, this bird is sometimes seen as far where, if unlmolested, they continue to breed for north as New England, in summer. It is abundant many years successively.". in the Gulf States. FLORIDA HERON (Ardea wurdemanni). —This is GREEN HERON (Ag'dea virescens). - Called also a new species, discovered by Mr. Wurdemnann, in IPOIIKE. Lives in the Uniited States generally, breedSouthern Florida. ing throughout, and wintering in the soutli. It GREAT WHITE HERON (A. occidentalis). —This is ranges tllhrougll Mexico, thle Antilles, to South Amera fine, large bird, pure whlite in plumage, and meas- ica. Wilsoni says of it: "It fiares best where civiliuring over three feet in lengtl. It is confilled to thle zation is least known or attended to, its favorite reswarmer portions of America, but has been seen as idence being thle watery solitudes of swamps, pools far north as New York. It is nearly allied to thle and morasses, where millions of frogs and lizards A. alba of Europe. tunie their llocturnial notes inl full chlorus, unldisturbed GREAT WHITE EGRET (Agrdea egretta) - Plate by tile lords of creation. Wllen on tile lookout for 24, fig. 93.-Called also tile WHITE HERON. Is a fisli, lhe stanids motionless in tile water, his neck southern species, althlougll founld at tilnes as far drawm ill over his breast, ready for action. T'he illiortll as Nova Scotia, anid west to Mimnnesota. It stant a fiy or minnow comles withlin range of hiis bill, winters in the West Indies anld Cenltral America. by a stroke quick land sure as that of tile rattlesnake,'l'llis is a very strikingly beautiful bird, always read- lle seizes his prey, and swallows it in an instant." ily kniown by its pure white plutmage, yellow bill and Wheni alarnied, this Heron rises with a hollow, guttublack legs. It is about three feet inl lengtll, distil- rial scream; does not fly far, but usually alighlts oil guishled from tile Little Whlite Eglret by its greater some old stump, and looks about with extended size.'I'his Egret, Wilson says, breeds inl tile great nieck. As it walks aloig-, it has tile hlabit of jetcedar swamnps of Southern New Jersey. Thleir nests ting tile tail. It is foum)d ill tile interior, in every are built oil trees, ill societies,the eggs beimig usually nmarsh or ponid-hole.'I'le inest is fixed amonlg thle four, of a pale blue color. We have seen great branches of tile trees, is constructed wholly of smiall numbers of these birds staniding oil tile flats near sticks, lined with finer twigs, aind is of considerable Cedar Keys, in Florida, whiemi they have very mnuch size, tliough loosely put togetmher. It is eighteen tihe alpearance, at a distanice, of a long white picket inchmes long; alar extent twenty-five inchles.'1The feiice. In tile everglades and in the nmanmgrove bill is black, lighter below ald yellow at base. thickets of the backwaters of the Florida Reef, AMERICAN NIGHT HERON (Nyctiai'dea grisea).they are particularly abundamnt. Wlihen seen stand-'This beautiful bird is conumion iu all parts of tlhe iimg listlessly in the shoal-water beneath thle dense United States and the British Provinices, breeding ill foliage of tile mamngroves, they afford a beautiful great abunidamnce inl New Enmglanld, and winteringm inl picture. thle south. It is seeni in a portioni of thle West InLITTLE WHITE EGRET (Ardea candidissimna).- dies, Mlexico, Central alnd South America. In some -Called also the SNowY HERON.'This is collfined sections it is called Qua-bimd amid Quock, firom its mostly to tile Southerll United States, altlloughll it peculiar cry, which it utters wllen flyillg. We lhave is sometimes seen as far north as Massachusetts. heard tlhis bird utteringig its peculiar cry ill tile even ARDEIDM. BIRDS. ARDEIDE. cxci ing, while it was flying towards Nahant fromln a "'llese birds," says Wilson, "we are informed, visit breeding-place in the forests of Lynn. It was proba- thle Severnl, at Hudson's Bay, about thle beginning of bly on its way to fish for an evening meal. Wilson June, make their nest in swamnps, layillng four curidescribes tlhem as arriving in Penllnsylvania early in ous green eggs among the long grass.'Ile young April, and immediately talkiing possession of their for- are said to be at filrst black.'Ilese birds, wlhen disIner breeding-place, whichl is usually the most soli- turbed, rise with a hollow iwa! and are tlheu easily tarly and deeply-shadled of a cedar-swamp. Groves shot down, as they fly hleavily. Like other night of swamnp-oak, in retired and illundated places, are birds, tlheir siglht is most acute durinog thle eveiliing also somnetimes chosen; aiid thle males not unfre- twilighlt; but tlheir hearing is, at all times, exquisite." quently select tall woods onl thle banllks of the river'llle Americanl Bittern is twenty-seven incihes long, to roost ill durilng thle day.'Th'lese last regularly and three feet four inches ill alar extellt; thle bill is direct tlheir course, about the beginillng of evening four inches lon)g, thle upper naundible black, thle lower twiliglht, towards the marshles, utterinlg in a hoarse and greenlisl-yellow. Mr. Samuels says of this birdl: hollow tone thle sound qua! wlhich by some has been " It breeds in communities, sometimes as many as a compared to the retching of a persoi attempting to dozen pairs meeting witlhin an area of a few rods. vomit. At tlhis'hour all thle nurseries ill the swamnp Th'lle nests are placed oil low buslhes or onl tufts of -are emptied of tlheir illnhabitants, wlho disperse about glrass, sometimes ill low, thickly-wooded trees, and thle marslhes and along thle ditches and river-sllore, int are composed of coarse grasses, twigs, and a few quest of food. Some of tlhese breedillg-places ]lave leaves. I kniow of no otlher place in New Englaind been occupied every sprilng and sumnner fromn timne wlhere tlhese birds breed ill such abundance as ill immemorrloial, by fronl eighty to all hundred pailrs. tlle neighborhood of Ricllardson's Lakes, ill Maille. in places whelre thle poles have been cut dowln, tile'Thelre, in some of tile tangled, boggy, almlost imlpeibirds have merely moved to an adjoinillg quarter. etrable swamps, tlhese birds have several heronies, Wliein muchi pushed and ainnoyed, tihey are knownl to whiich thiey hiave inhabited for years.''lhe Bittern, move inll a body to sonie ullkllownll locality.'I'lhe as has beell said, is essentially wild, shly and solita'y. nests are built entirely of sticks, sometirnes several One is oftener started from thle bog tllhalln several, or in ome tree. On entering a swampl occupied by one even a pair. He stands motionless, witlh his head of tllese breediilg places, the ioise of old aid young upoil his slloulders, aid hlalf-closed eyes, in plrofould would aliiost induce one to suppose tlhat two or meditation, or steps about ill devious ways, witlh all tlhree hundred Iidialns were clhokirng or tllrottling Iabsent-uminded air. For greater seclusion, lie will eachI otlier.'T.'he instant an i;ntruder is discovelred, ofteii hide iln a thick bush-cluimp for h]ouIrs. Startled tIle whole rise ii the ailr ill silemlce, aild remlove to thle inll his retleat, vwhile his thinking-cap is onl, lie seems tops of thle trees, inll anotlher part of tIle woods, wlhile dazed, like oiie suddelily aroused;from a deep sleep; parties of f romt eight to ten make occasional circuits but as soon as lie collects his wits-remniembering ullover head, to see whatis going o). Whe11n tlhe young pleasantly that thle outside world exists-he slhows Lare able, tlhey cliib to thle highlest parts of thle tirees. comilol seise enhougl to beat a hasty retreat fronil a Tlhouglh it is probable that tlhey do iot see well by sceme of' altogetllelr too Imuclh actioll for Iiim. Sonle lday,yet tlleir liearimig is exquisite. Curiously eLiougll, suCll traits lhave led to tile belief tlhat lie is a nocturthle sexes are alike ill plumage. botlh havillg thle beau- 1nal biLd, but suclh is not thle case. He may mnigrate tiful plumes amd richl coloration.''lile lemmgtlh of tihe by iighlt, but so does tile Killdeer amid tile Bobolillk, Niglht Heroil is two feet four imiches, amd four' feet illn aid imany otlher birds miot im tile least iloctulnial. extellt of wimig; tile bill is black, alld four inchles amd Nor is lie lazy or stupid, as is supposed. He is sirmia qualrter lobg; tie eye is large, tle iris of a deep ply wllhat we mllay call a shady chlaracter-oie of tiose blood-red.'I'le food of tile Nigllt Heronl is smuall noim-comnimiittal characters wlhiclm we may imvest, if we fish clhiefly, whlich it takes at niglht. please, with variots attributes, amid perhaps comisider YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON (N. violaceus). very deep, withiout sufficieit reasolm; tile fact beimig -A southern species, quite commonm ii tile Gulf tlhat we make tile imystery about him. He lives in States, but seldomi seen above Pemimsylvamia. It is tlle bog, wlhere lie fiuds plemty to eat, amd sirnply' about tile size of tie precediig. wislles to be let alomme. Wlhen. the Bittenll is dlisAMERICAN BITTERN (Botaurus minor). - T'lis turbed im Ilis mleditatiols, lie gives a vigorous sprillng, biud may be foumid in all parts of temnperate Northl croaks at tile molllillent ill a imanmmier higlhly expressive Almerica, aiid south as far as (uatemlala.'I'hougll of his disgust, ald flies off as thr as lie call, tllouogl iot numnerous, it is yet commnonl to all our sea andl in ratlher a loose, lumibel'ing way. For sol-ie distamlce river malslhes, wihere it feeds oily durimig te Ilighllt. lie flaps heavily, withli damgling legs alld outstretclhed It is called in some regions tile Imidiami Hem. Ol tie neck; but wlhem settled ol hiis course, lie proceeds sea-coast of New Jersey it is called tile Duilkadoo- nore smootlhly, witlh regular, measured wing-beats, a word probably dlerived froin its mote or call. It has tile hlead drlawn in closely amid tile legs stretchled out none o' tile bloomming sound whlich clalactemizes tile behmimd togetlher like a rudder." Englisl species, but utters at times a low guttural LEAST BITTERN (Ardetta exilis).-'lT'lis bird is muote whiile imi tile midst of tIle reeds.'T'llis cincurn- found in tile Uuuited States amid British Plovinces, stance, witli tile differemlce of muarkimlg, sufficiemtly breedimig thmnougiout timle coumitry, amld wiiteoillg in tile prove tlhat they are distinct, altlhough hiitherto the south. It is found imi Cumba, Jalmaica amld ill Cemitral iluopeam Ilmas beemi commsidered a Immeme variety of this. I America, amid thouglh geimerally distrilbuted, it is imo K cxcii GRUIDME. - BIRDS. - GRUIDE. where abundant. Coues says that lie founld it ill Texas to Minnesota, for a considerable breath, are reedy swamlps-just such places as the Rails frequenlt unanilnous anld conclusive. Here it seems to be -where, when startled, it flies up ill a malnner re- clhiefly Iligratory, but there is every reason to believe miniding one of a Rail. Like the Bittern, it is regu- that it breeds ill Minnesota, and, as just said, in larly mnigratory, passing nlorthward in April, a.lld Dakota, as it also does further lorth. * * * southward in Septelnber. It is said to reside ill tile'This tall alld stately white bird, of tile most imposGulf States, anlld to be Ilore iulmnerous thlere thaii ing appearance of aiiy ill this country, I have only elsewllere. It does not appear to gather inl Colllnluni- seen ol tile broad prairie, or soarilng oil motion1less ties to breed, like imost of tile Herolns, but is oftenest pinions high over heead. Its immense stature is found singly or ill pairs, or, at mlost, tlhree or four sometimhes singularly exaggerated by that quality of pailS. It is also all exception amlong Herons, that tile prairie air, whicl I agnifies distant objects oil thle sexes are alike iln color. It bears a curious like- tile hlorizoll-tralsforlningl sometimes a weed inlto a iess or aiialogy to tile Rails, ill several respects. lnan, alld a Wild l'ulrkey into a Buffalo. TI'le most lThe iest, accordilg to Audubon., is sometimes placed fabulous accouuits of a Crane's size Inighlt readily on tile grounld, aimid thle rankest grasses, but more arise without iltelltional deceptionl. I have knlowni frequeitly it is attached to stenms several inches a personl to mistake a Sand-hill Crane for one of his above it. It is flat, colnposed of rotten weeds, and Stray mules, and go inl search of hlilil." in shape resembles that of tile Louisiana Helrol, SAND-HILL CRANE (Grus canadensis) -called though this latter employs notlilng but sticks. In also the BROWN CRANE-iS fOUnd i; tIle United two illstances was found tile nest of tile Least Bittern States gellerally, fronm Florida and thle Mississippi about thrlee feet from tile grounld, ill a thick cluster Valley to tile Pacific; breeding ill the salle, land of snilax and otller briery plants. Ill the first, two wintering in Cuba.''lhese birds rise heavily anid nests were placed ill thle samne busli, within a few slowly froln tile groulnd, onil being disturbed, and yards of each otlier. In the other illstance, there fly in circles, until they reach the desired elevawas only one mnest of this bird, but several of the tion. When proceeding ftroil onle favorite resort to Boat-tailed Grackle anid one of tile Green Heron, anllother, or when mligratilng, the flighlt is lighl, alld the occupants of all of which seem to be on frielldly not unfrequently their approach is heralded, before terms. Wheln startled from the nest, the old bir'ds tlhey are ill sight, by their incessant whllooping elllit a few notes, resembling the syllable qua, alight clalnor. Wliile feedilng they are gellerally silent. a few yards off, and watch all your movements. If Dr. Cooper says tlhat thle Browni Cralles are you go towards thlein, you may somnetimmmes take tile colnllno sumlmer residents ill WaslhinmgtonI'Terrifemale with tile lland, but rarely tile male, whlo gein- tory, arrivinIg at the Straits of Fuca ill largef erally flies off, or muakes hiis way tllhrough tile woods. flocks ill April, and tiheml dispersillg ill pairs over'I'le food consists of snails, slugs amld reptiles. Inm tile prairies to build their mnests, wlhiclh are placed several instamnces, smnall minice amnd shlrews are ['ound ill om tile tall fernm oil tile ihigllest anmd mmmost open tlheir stolmaclhs. grounId, wlere thiey call see tile approacll of danlger.'I'lmey frequellt, at tlis seasoll, tile mnoulltails, at tile FAMILY-GRUIDAl. 1heiglmt of 6,000 feet above tile sea.'I'mle youmng are T'HE CRANES. often raised fioml tile nlest by tile Inldians for foo3. "I1 tIhe autummi," Dr. Newberry observes, "it is WHOOPING CRANE (Grus americanus)-called abumndamlt oil tile prairies of Californlia, ald( is always also tile WHITE CRANE-is founld ill tile inmterior of for sale ill tile lmarkets of Satl Franmcisco, wlmere it is North America, up thie Mississippi River and tllroughll iigllly esteemned as anm article of food. Ill August we thle fir coumntries;'Iexas to Florida, and occasiomnally fiequently saw tlhemn about time Klamlutll Lakes; amnd up the middle coast.''liis species hias a winldpipe early ill Septemlber, wliile ill tile Cascade Moummtaills, betweemn four anld five feet loting —quite as long as tile ill Oregonl, tile Craiies were a conlstant feature of tihe bird itself.'llne distribution of tlhis Crane seems to scenery of tile beautiful but lollely moumntaimn meadbe sommmewlrat peculiar, as miay be gatlhered from Dr. ows in whichl we emlcamlped. We foumld tlleln always Coues' remarks, ill his Birds of the Northwest: exceedinglly sliy ald difficult to approach, but not "It is said to be found tllroughlout tile fir coumntries, unlfrequently tile files of thleir tall forms, stretchillmg but its distribution ill tile Umlited States is somne- above tile prairie grass, or their discordanlt, soulldimlg wlhat limited, and thlere is difficulty in determninimg, screamus, suggested tile presemice of tile lhumnlan Ihabif'omn accoumIts, since authlors hIave commfoumlded it witll tationls of thle regionl, wlmose territory was nlow for thle tihe Sanmd-lhill Crane. I find no satisfactory evidence first timne iinvaded by thie wlhite lnma.'I'lhe Cranles of its occurrelnce in New Eliglalld, and Mr. Law- nest ill thlese Alpinie meadows, aind retreat to thle renlce omnits it iln his New York list. It is tllougllt inlilder climnate of tile valleys of Californlia hllenl to liave bred itl Wilsoin's timne at Cape May, New wiliter approaclles. In Oregonll they begill to move Jersey, and is said to be common ill Florida. I southlward ill October."'IlThiousalnds of Sand Hill hiave never seen it alive except in Northlern Dakota, Cranes repair each year to the Colorado River Valwliere I observed it in August and to October, and ley, flock succeeding flock aloing the course of tile wvllere it probably breeds. Its principal linme of ini- great streamls, froln their arrival ill Septemaber to griation appears to be the Mississippi Valley at large. their departure tile following sprillg.''aller th a Accouints of its presence all along tlhis belt, fiomn tlle Wood Ibis ammd the lalgest Heroins witlhi which ARAXIDE;. BIRDS. -RALLID2E. cxciii they are associated, tile stately birds stand in the duties, each with a " fowling-piece" in hand. One of foreground of thle scenery of' tile valley, the water them brought the pair of birds to the ground, and delibnow reflecting tile shadow of their broad wings, then erately twisted off their necks, and proceeded to prepare the blue sky exhibitiing the outline of their command- thiein for dinner, as they are much esteemed as game. ing forms. Such pontderous bodies, mnovinig with slowly-beatingo wings, give a great idea of momentum FAMILY-RALLIDIE. fiom imere weight —of force of motion without swiftTHE RAILS ness, for they plod along heavily, seeming to need every inch of their ample winigs to sustain theml- Members of this family inhilabit all temlperate counselves. One would thinlk they must soon alight, tries. The most remarkable characteristic is their fatigued with such exertion, but the raucous cries extreme narrowness, or compression of the body. continue, and the birds fly on for miles along the tor- I'lley are not distinguished for great development of tuous stream, in Indian file, under some trusty leader, winlg, yet they make extensive migrations, walk withl who croaks his hoarse orders, implicitly obeyed. great ease, and some species swim well.'l'heir cries Each bird keeps his place in the ranks, the advalc- are " loud, dry and harsh." ing column now rising higher over some suspected MARSH HEN (Rallus elegans).-Called also KINGspot, now falls along all open sandy reach, swaying RAIL and FRESH-WATER MARSHI-HEN. —'llhiS large and meanwhile to tile right or left. As it passes on, the beautiful bird is found in the Uniited States, being individual birds are blended in the lhazy distance, more common in the southern portions. It fiequents till, just before lost to view, the line becomes like an firesh-water marshes and ponds in tile iinterior, as illmense serpent, glidilng mysteriously tlhrough tle well as along the coast, feeding on -seeds, i0sects, air. Whlen about to alight, fearful lest the shadows tadpoles, etc. What little has been placed oil record of the wood harbor unseen danger, tile Cranes pass about this bird, respecting its lhabits, does not indiby tile leafy intricacies, where tile Ibises and otherl cate anything peculiar. less suspicious birds feed, and choose a spot for the VIRGINIA RAIL (R. virginianus) is found in the advantage it may possess of uninterrupted vision. entire United States and the British dominions. It By nature one of the most wary alld discreet of breeds collmmonly in New Englalld, and winters ili birds, his experience has taught him to value thllis the Southern States, and as iar south as Guategift, anid put it to the best use. His vigilance is imala. Dr. Coues thlus describes it: "A niglht at rarely. relaxed, even when lie is feeding, wilen less Soda Lake, the debouchure of that sinlgular river, thle tllouglitful birds would feel perfectly secure. After MIolhave, was one of the strangest and one of thle almost every bending of hlis long neck to tihe gromnld most uncomlfortable I ever passed. It was late in lie rises again, anid at full lengthl glances keenly on October, and the full moon thlrew a pale alld ulmcerevery side. He may resume his repast, but should tain light over a scene of desolation anld death. On so!Inucli as a speck lie cannot account for appear, lie one side stretches tile interminnable desert of shiftiiig stanids motionless, all attention. Now let the least salld, brokem here and thlere by clumps of the foul sounid or movement betray all unwelcome visitor, he creosote plant, straggling patclies of grease-wood bends his muscular thiglls, spreads his ammiple wings, and bitter sage, aild scattered, selltinel-like Spatish and springs heavily into the air, croakilig dismally to bayonet. Aloiig tile road just traversed were strewll warn all hiis kiiid within reach of his far-sounldimlg bleached skeletoins of beasts tlhat had fallmel ill tile voice."-Coues.''lihe eggs are of tile same gelleral tracks benmeathl tile scorcliiiig rays of the SUll. At character as those of tile G. americana. tile foot of somiie cliffs near by lay whiteiiing tile heads and homrns of tile Argali (Ovis 9nontani), shlot FAMILY-ARAMID]E. by previous travellers. T'le bare boiies looked of double size and fantastic shape ill tile pale mooii-'T'lhis family consists of a single genus, and proba- lighlt. Before us lay a dead whlite sea of salty efflobly withl omily one species. It is onily represented in rescence, wilere tile lake had evaporated or sunk iii tile tropical portions of the contineint. tile saud, leavinig its salimne matter. It was dry THE CRYING BIRD; COURLAN (Ar-amus gigan- except-towards tile mIliddle, where dark-greell masses teus)-Plate IX, fig. xxi.-'.'lhs is rather a peculiar of'Iu6-reeds, contlrasting with snOWY whiteness bird, its appearasmce and Ilabits behilg soimewhiat dif- all around, showed thlat little water was left. Our ferent froIn aly other, altllougll closely allied to tile aniimals, like ourselves, were exhausted. Omie poor Rails ill tile essential poinits of structure. It bears creature, cruelly overtasked, hlad given birtil to tile iname also of Scolopaceous Courlan, anid is mnu- a foal, anld lay groaliiig by tile wayside, umnable merous in South America alld Cuba. In tile Umnited to rise. Th'lie water was too inauseous to drilmk, andi States it is quite confiiied to thie Coast of Florida. hardly answered to cook withl. But even umider A few immstances hmave occurred of its visiting thle such circumstamnces, I was gratified by tile presenice Middle States. It leads a solitary life, only asso- of featliered friends. At nmightfall some Mallard ciating ill pairs, hlavinlg a pierciing cry of Ccarau! and Teal settled into tle rushes, gabblilig curious carau! which is healrd botlh by niglmt and day. We vespers as tliey went to rest. A few Marsill-wlrels hiave seemi thiis bird- killed at Indiall Key, Florida Reef, had appeared ou thie edge of tile reeds, queelrly while alighting upon tile Cocoanut trees. At this balaicimig thiemselves on tile tlhread-like leaves, seetime two womeu issued fortli from tlheir domestic sawing to tlieir ownI quaimt mmusic. lThen tliey were VOL. I.-b" cxciv RAnLLIDM. -BIRDS. IRALLIDE. hushed, and, as darkness settled down, the dull, heavy with a low inast, and a fire-grate to light up thile reeds. croaking of tile frogs played bass to the shrill fal-''lle negroes then push the boat through thie swamp, setto of thile insects. Suddenly they, too, were huslhed and knock the birds down with a paddle-in this way in turn, frigbhtened, lmnaybe, into silenlce; and fromn securing great numbers. hl'lis Rail is fiequently met tile heart of the bulrushes Crick-ricok-k-k-k! lustily with at sea, specimens havinig dropped upon tile deck shouted some wide-awake Rail, to be answered by of vessels, showinlg plainly that they migrate to another and Aanother, till thle reeds resounded." other shores. Wilson details some interesting items CLAPPER RAIL (IR. longihostis). - Thllis familiar conlcerning tile curious habits of thile Rail, in "falling IRail inlhabits the whole of the Atlantic Coast, from intO a passion or fit." We have known other species New Elnglalld to Florida. Local names are iinumer- to be firightened into anl epileptoid condition, and so ous anlld collfusing. It is known as Salt-water Marslh- captured easily.'l'his Rail is nine inIches in length hen, Mud-heiin, etc. It is the R. crepitans of Wil- and fourteen inches in extent of wingg. son, who adds tile trivial names, Meadow Clapper LITTLE YELLOW RAIL (P. novehboracensis).and Big Rail. It mnigrates regularly, arrivillg' on the''The habitat of this Rail is Eastern North Amercoast of New Jersey about thile last of April. ica, ranoging north to Hudson's Bay. In New EnigCAROLINA RAIL (Porzan~a carolina).-Called in lalld it is not observed beyond Massachusetts. It is the Middle States SoRA, and nalmed ORTOLAN iln soe not alln abundant species. quarters. It is comrlmon to the elltire temnperate re- LITTLE BLACK RAIL (P. jcazaicensis).-'I'liis gions of Northl Almerica, breeding from the Middle little species is all inlihabitant of southern clime, States northward, and wintering in the Soutlhernll though it has been captured as far north as New States and beyond. It is found south as far as Veii- Jersey, and once, by Mr. Allen, ill Kansas. It ezuiela, and in the West Illndia Islands and noirthi as reaches as far as Chili, ill South America; is coilifar as Greenland. Dr. Coues regards it as not mon in Centitral America anlld tile West Indies, but commion ill the Western States. Mr. Allen foundll it; seems to be rare ill all parts of thile United Stlates. ill Utah, about Great Salt Latke, and Dr. Coues inl Two specimnecS were captured during a sojouirn of A rizona. h'lhe eggs are like tlle other species, eight years, by thle writer, at Tortugas, Fla.'l'hese but are distinlguished by their strong drab color, were takell inside Fort Jefferson, ill tilhe coarse are rather smaller,,and perhaps imore obtuse. Wil- grass, wlhere tlhey strove to Ilide; but tile vigorous son describes this species as Rail, iand remariks: shouting of a couple of boys tlhrew theml into tilhe "Of all our land or water-fowl, perhaps none afford peculiar collditionl mentioned by Wilson, as seen in tile sportsman more agreeable ainusenment or a more the Sora, and they were easily taken. delicious repast than thile little bird now before us. FLORIDA GALLINULE (Gallin~ula galeata).-Birds I'This amusement is indeed temporary-lasting only of tElis group will be immediately recognized by tile two or three hours in the day, for four or five weeks iln preseice of a broad, horny plate (an expansion of each year-but, as it occurs in the mnost agreeable the bill) whllich covers thie forehead. nll tile structure anld teinl)erate of our seasons, is attended with little of the feet tile Gallinules are miuch like ordinary Rails, or nio latigue to the gu"minner, anld is frequeintly success- having little or no margilnal fritlge on thle toes; but tal. It attracts nulmerous followers, and is pursuted in the Coots are conspicuously lobe-footed, the toes besuch places as tile bird frequenlts, with great eager- ing furnished with a series of broad, semicircular flaps. less and enlthusiasln. Ear'ly ill August, wllemi tie FLORIDA GALLINULE (Gallinula galeatae). —-'l'Tllis reeds alonog tihe slhores of Delaware lhave attained bird is ilnostly a sontherlm onie, found rarely as far their full growth, thIe Rail resorts to ithem in great north as Massacllhusetts; occasioinally as far west as nlummbers, to feed oil thile seeds of this plalmt. When Kansas, anid south as ftar as Chili. It is kiiowni to time reeds are in seed, or eveii when ill blossom, thIe breed in Massachusetts, aild eveii as far nioirth as birds take possession in great mumnibers. As you lHaimilton, Ointario, it is recorded as " commonn." It walk malolig tile emnballmmenlt, they mmay be heard wimiters in tile South Atlantic aid Gulf States. sqiueaikinig like so nmaniy puppies. If a stone be AMERICAN COOT (Falica amnericana). - This is tlirowin among themr, there is a general outcry, amld a also called the MUDn-HumN. Its Ilhabitat is tihe eiltire reiterated KTc1-kuk-1ekuk/ sominethii g like that of a temperate Nortlh Amnerica, west to Alaska. It guinea-faowl." Wilsoi disti ctly asserts, in this con- breeds in nearly all this raige.'Ihe nests of this nection, that lie Imas f'equemtly discovered thein bird are built oiln reedy bamuks, amid sometiimes in tIhe cliigimmg withi tlheir feet to tile reeds uiider water, midst of wet clumps, so that thiey are sometimmes amid at otlher times slkulkilmg nlmder tile floatimg reeds, quite suibmnerged. "'lIme Coot," says Bartragn, " is a witlh tlleir bill just above tile surface." Somietimies ilative of North Aimnerica, froilm Ponllsylvania to tiey dive wheim wounded, amd keel) umlder tile gull- Florida. Tley inhabit large rivers,'resh-water illwale of time boat, mIovimg as tile boat miioves, alid lets aild bays, lagoonIs, etc., whlere tlhey swim almd escapillg whieil opportuumity offers. We Ilear of cee- feed iil tile midst of tile grasses amld reeds of tihe lauin water-fowl divillg at tihe flash of tile gnu, and shores, particularly ill tihe St. Johlm's River, ill East guimners assert tlat they reminaimi under water, attaclled Florida, wlhere tlhey are fouind ill imnmneise flocks. by thie bill to some subninaimmee plait. If WVilsomi's'l'hey are loquacious amid mmoisy, talkiltm to omne anobservationm be correct, we may receive time latter as other might amld day, amid are COiiStalltly Oim time water, truthm. In Virginmia, about time James River, they are thie brnoad lobated inemibraniies oml their toes emlablimigtaken, ill dark nlig'hts, by negroes. A boat is migged them to swimi with ease amid to dive like ducks." PH(ENICOPTERIDE. - BIRDS. —ANATIDJE. CXCV It visits Sweden and Norway, on tile coast, rarely ing to Dr. Hayden, the birds breed in tile Yellowreaching the moors or lakes. It is found ill Northern stone regwion, as they also do. according to other Asia, and is common in France. Inl Great Britain it writers, in Minnesota and Iowa. We have other acis found at all seasons, and is regarded as not Inigwrat- counts of their breedin)g in Alaska; anlld Dr. Richarding. Dr. Coues met it il Soutliern Californlia alnd soni, who gives it as the cotmmonest species in thle Dakota, where it was associated witll Ducks, Geese, inlterior of the fur countries, states that it nests prinlHerons, etc. "T'liough as shy as Ducks, they lhave cipally within tile Arctic Circle. In11 the fall tile not the wariness of those birds, to teach thetm to fly birds proceedl along the wliole course of thle Missisfrom dallg'er, but perhapn s the nature of tile resorts sippi. Audubon states they mrade their appearal.ce whichl they trust for concealment serves for their pro- on thle lower waters of tile Ohlio about tile enld of tection. I do not recollect when, if ever, I have seell October, alld that they are frequelltly exposel for Coots fly up into thle air, anld away. if they are sale ill tile New Orleans market, beilig procured oil surprised too far from their retreats to regaiu them the ponds in thle interior and oil tile great lakes leadin all instant, they splutter along just over tile water, ilng to tile Gulf. Th'lley are occasionally seen oil Lake half flying-a habit which has gained for them, ill Erie, as well as oil tile Chesapeake and Delaware. some districts, tile nllame of Shufflels or Flusterers. Dr. Newberry considers them rare ill Californlia. Th'lley are generally, however, called ud-llells -a AMERICAN, OR WHISTLING SWAN (Cygnus acmername shared by some Grebes, as well as Poules icanus).-Th'l!e habitat of this bird is conllsi(ered to be d'eamu, White-bills and other local designations. As pretty general over the continent of North Ainerieca, all article of food, they Inay take fair rank, thoiughl breedinog ill tle flar north. Ill the Gulf States it is they are to be considered, oil the whole, as intleriolr not known, but is common o011 tle Pacific bolder. to most Ducks." The Coot is much less understood A favorite resort is Chlesa,pelake Bay, wlhere, ill Nothall almost any other bird in our list of Nortlh velmber, it is compatratively abundanllt.'I'lThe PhiladelAmerica. It is unfortulately one that has local phia and Washlilgton lmarkets are supplied from thlere. namies in many portions of tile country, so that, if it WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifi'ons) is comis a bird ill one section, it may be a reptile ill another mnom to the conltillelnt of Nortll AmlericaL, breeding and a small mammlal il a third. Th'lelbe-foot should ill tle far north aldc wi!lterilmg ill tle Ummited States distinguish it at once; but its lhabits are so peculiarl, and ill Cuba. Ill Catlifollria it is called Speckledit is seldomt seeu except by tlhe huniter who pete- belly, where it is very abulldanlt. It associates withl triates the deepest recesses of the swainps. tile Snow and Hutchlimls' Goose, alld appears to have thle same general hiabits, subsisting- upon tle samue FAMILY-PH(ENICOP'I'ERID A. killd of food.'I'lThe Califorials have a niethlod of rTHE~ FLAMIINGOES. Ilhunltilg- thlis Goose whmicll is quite mnovel.''liey teachl a bulllock to feed quietly along up to tle flock, T'lhis is a small and very peculiar group, einbracimlg atnd tihei follow it ulltil within ranmg-e. about six species, in various parts of thle world, il SNOW GOOSE (Anseir /yperboi'eus). —Ihlmabits the warmn latitudes.'lThe orgatizatiol corresponds essenm- whole of Nortlh Allmeica; breeds i l mmiglh latitudes; tiallvy with the Ducks. wimlters ill the Unmited States; is ablutdallt ill the inAMERICAN FLAMINGO (Phoenicopte'u8s r'uber)- terior amld alolg tlle Pacific Coast, atmm lmate oll the Plate 29, fig. 109.-'-'This is a mmost eleganmt bird ill Atlatltic. It is seenm occasionlally ill Europe. Wilplumllage, as well as unlique inl its shape. it is nlearly soil says of it: "'l'llis species, called oil tile Delaware confimned to tile shores of Florida, thoug-h individutals tile Red Goose, Iarrives ill November, somlletimes ill lhave been seen farther north. Th'le mlest is said to be conlsiderable flocks, anld is extremlmely moisy, thleir coInstructed as a tall, funnllel-sllaped object, upon motes beitng sihriller anmd mlmore squealkiltg thanm tlmose wlhichl tile birdcl sits astride whlile inlcubatilmg. of tile Camada or Commllnolm Wild Goose. Fromn thle mliddle of February to tile breakilg- utp of tile ice itl FAMILY-ANAT'ID2E. Marchm, thley are quite mnutnmerotus.'I'ley feed oil tIle Aroots of thle reeds, and, like muost of thleir tribe, thle SWANS, GEZESE AND DUCKS. fleshm is excellelmt eatinlg."'Tile SInow Goose is two TRUMPETER SWAN (Cygnus buccinator).-''lhlis feet eighlt ilnches ill lellgthll, andl five feet inl extent of eleganit bird is all ilnhabitant of tile Mississippi wilg; thle bill is tliree itchles ill lemgth, remllarkably River, and nlortlhward to tile Pacific, HIudson's Ba.y thlick at base, ald r-isigio llighl ill tlle forehlead, but and Catnada. Rarely it is seen oil thle Atlantic becomleS smnmall alid coIlmpressed at tIle extrenlity, Coast. Inl winmter it rauges to the Gulf. Di. Cones whllee eachll namudible is furmuisled with a wllitish, samys: "I hIave observed tile'Triumpeter otl but few roundillg i lail. Dr. Heerllllan say: " hlley ofteml occasiodIs, ill Dakota otnly, late ill September atmd tIe covet tile plains so demnsely as to give tlle groundcl first half of October, wlmhen the birds were miglratiiug thle appearantce of beimg clotiled with snmow. So southmwatrds, withl great nlumnbers of Canada and Smnow abunldanmt are they, thllt tile natives iayve often been Geese, amlnd vat-ious Wild Ducks.'I'leir loud aind seenl to kill dozenls of tilemm by ridimlg swiftly into a stlratlme, alnmost startlino-g notes, were oftemmest heard I flock as it restedl onl the plaits." All illteresting tllrougliout tile ilnigllt, as they passed over hiead, but case is related by Mr1. Ridgwmy, of a Sinow Goose I also saw solme Swans flyilog in thie daytimmme nmear takiting up its quartels withi a tamUme flock, alld livilrng Foit Stepienlson, ou tile Uppet Missoumi." Accold — witlhi tlhemin nea-ly a year. h'lie termim lantging or grin. Cxcvi ANATIDE. —BIRDS. -ANATIDE. fing was bestowed on this species on account of a journey they collect ill one great body, and, making peculiar coniformation of the bill. Two rows of an extensive spiral course some miles ill diamlleter, stronig teetli are exposed oil both sides, which give rise to a great heigiht in the air, alld then steer for a singular aspect, resembling grinning. Th.'llese Geese tihe sea, over which they uniformlly travel, oftenl makfeed oil bulbous aquatic planlts and somall mollusca. ilng wide circuits to avoid passing over land or a proAudubon says tliey sometimes pluck up the small jecting' poinlt. In these aerial routes they have been wheat plants, conlsuililing great quantities. imet withl Ilmaly leag'ues fromll the shlore, travellinlg the ROSS'S GOOSE (Anser irossi). —" l'llis curious little whlole niglit. Their linle of imarch very Inucli resernChlel," says Dr. Cones, " il which a lolng-lost species bles that of the Canada Goose, with this exception is easily recoglnized, is all ilihabitanlt chiiefly of Arctic -tlhat fiequently three or four are crowded togethler America, but, like tile Snow Goose, is now known to ill front, as if strivinig for precedenlcy. Flocks conlmigrate into tile United States ill winter. It lias tinlue to arrive fromi the north, and many remainai ill beell taken at Saln Franlcisco. With exactly the the bay until December. or until tile weather becoloration and form of A: lyperboreus, it is immedi- comes severe, wliel these also move off southwardly. ately recog'nized by its small size-beinlg no larger During their stay they feed oil tile bars at low water; tlan a Alallard —less exposure of the teeth of the bill, seldom or never ill tile marshles, their principal food corrug'ation of the base of' the bill, and tile nlearly being a remarkably long anld broad-leafed marine straighlt, instead of stronglly convex, outline of the plamt, of a brighlt green color, which adheres to stones. feathers at the sides." Another nalme for this bird Th'leir voice is hoarse and honking, and, when some is. Horned Wary. unldreds are screaminlg togetlier, remlinds one of a BLUE GOOSE (Anser cormulescens).-IInhlabits North pack of hounds at full cry. Thley of'tell quarrel Alerica generally. Dr. Coues says: "It is a per- amnolng themlselves, and with the Ducks, drivingl the fectly distinct species from A. Iyperboreus, the younlg latter off the feedinlg-grounlds. Their breeding-place of which, however much resemblinlg it, is quite differ- is supposed to be very far to the north." He adds ellt. I'lle plumage of the adult bears a curious super- tlhat the Brant never dives ill search for food, but is ficial resemblance to Plilacti canagica, the distribu- known to swim under water during a hunidred yards tion of tile colors beinlg much tile same. at a stretch. CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis), or COMMON MALLARD (Anas boschas)-Plate VIII, fig. xx.WILD GOOSE, is found ill all parts of North Amer-''lhis bird belongs to a sub-family (the River Ducks), ica, where it breeds. It is accidelltal ill Europe. and is nearly a world-wide illhabitalt, beil(g almost Dr. Coues states that these birds nest in the Yellow- everywhere domesticated.'I'mlroughlout the whole of' stomne alld Upper Missouri region, in trees, and are North America it is wild, beinlg generally known as also knowIn to build in heavy timber alonlg tile larger tihe Wild Duck. It is founid ill all lakes and rivers, strealms, anid to tranisport the youmlg to the water in but is seldomn seen on thle sea-coast or salt muarsiles. their bills. Th'lis corresponds to tile hiabits of the Its flesh is comlsidered as onlly secolid ill quality to Wood Duck. Th'l'e Hutchills' Goose is a variety of that of tile Camlvas-back Duck. T'le lengt'h of the tlle precedinlg, and foumid muore plentiful west of the Mallard is twellty-f'our illches; extelit of wilig, tllirtyRocky Moumltailis. six iniches. " Th'is is tile original stock of tile comTHE BRANT (Branta bernicla) - also called iamom1 dolmesticated Duck, reclaimed timime immemorial BRANT G-oosE and BLAcK BRANT —iS commllon to Eu- fromlm a state of liature, alld now becoime so servicearope and North Amnerica, but is rarely seen oil thle ble to man."-W ilsoan. Pacific Coast. A variety, called B. liglricalls, is rare BLACK DUCK (Anas obscura).-Althlough familiaroil the Atlamitic side, alid replaces tile B. bernicla oil ly kniowil as tile BLAcK DucK, yet it is more properly tihe Pacific Coast. Dr. Coues says' " MWhile ascend- tihe DusKY DUCK, a lalmme whichl it bears ill somine locaing tile Missouri ill October, 1872, I observed vast tioiiS, as it is not wholly black. Th'llis species is numbers of tile Branlt ill flocks oil tile banks and abunidalt alollg tile Atlanltic Coast, froiom Labrador miud-bars of tile river. It is generally disposed over to Texas; is residemnt in Florida, anmid noticed in thie continent, but chiefly ill its eastern portions, Kansas amld Iowa. It breeds plelltifully in Mainle, whlere the variety nigr'icalis is rare. Usually the where it is olle of tile imost abulidaut of its kind. Black Brait is said to come im immnmense flocks, alld Durilig tile wimiter llmomiths it is a collstallt article ill to afford more sport thiaml ally other wild fowl. Dr. market.'l'lie food of this Duck is prinlcipally thle Lucklay states they are extreinely abulldanlt at tile smllall shell-fish whicli abomud in thle salt Iimarslles; Straits of Fuca durinmg the winlter, preferrilg tile its flesh, therefore, is not mimuch esteemed, hLavillg a vicimmity of tile coast, amid subsistimg by chloice oil somllewhlat disagreeable odor. Its voice resemmbles sedge-gramss growilng llear salt water." On tile Atlan- thie Mallard, alld, like that bird, it rarely dives, but tic Coast, thle comnmimon variety has been seeli as far swims anid flies with great stremlgth and velocity. In south as Carolinla. T'lie Barnlacle Goose was reglard- lemngthl of body it measures two feet; extemlt of wilig', ed as tlie sallie species as thle preseilt by Wilson, but three feet and two iliches. h'lie sexes differ very litis niow colmsidered distillct. Wilsoni says "'l'he tle in colorationm, both halvilog the beautiful green Briaut, or Bremnt, is expected at Egg Harbor, oml tile spot on tile wiglos. coast of New Jersey, about tile first of October. PINTAIL (DacJla acutoa) —called also SPRINGTAILrlTie first flocks gemnerally memaim a few days, alld is coinmomI to both comltimuellts, breedimg in higlh lati. tilen pass oil to the south. Ol recomnimmencig tlheir tudes, anid wiuterilig in Central America and Cuba ANATID.".- BIRDS. -ANATIDE. cxcvii The Pintail is especially fond of river and inland imitated by the sportsman. The flesh is considered waters. It is an early visitor, reaching the northern excellent. It is thought by sportsmen that the Widboundary in September, with tlle Teal. Few of our geon migllt easily be domesticated. It breeds il water-fowl are so attractive, bothl in figuire atnd color- abundance in Dakota and Montana, and Audubon ation.'I'le slender nleck, graceful curve of body, and discovered it breeding in'I'exas. It is found as far peculiar tapering of the tail-feathers give it features south as Guatemala.'The length is twenty-two of extreme beauty, while the curious pencillillg of the inches, and extent of wing thirty. plumage is surpassingly pretty, relinlding one of the GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Querqueducla carolinenmlarkings on the gorgeous pinions of the Argus sis). -Inllabits the wliole of the United States, Plheasant. It has the reputation of being very shy Greenland, Mexico alid Cuba, and soutll as far as and cautious. Dr. Coues testifies to its breeding in Honduras. It breeds friom the northerll border of Montana, thouglh it breeds largely in much highller tlie United States northward. It associates with latitudes. Hybrids of this with the Mallard are said the Mallard, flying in smlall flocks, and is essentially to be of fiequent occurrenlce. It is commlon in our a fiesh-water bird, beinlg very abundant alonlg the markets in the season, and is much esteemed. It Imarslhes of tile Soutlier Atlantic States. Its flesh obtains its food without diving, feeding on tile small is prized highly. Lenlgth, fifteen inclles; extent of mnollusca of the flats. It is noisy and chattering in wing, twenty-four. liabit. Unlike some others of tile tribe, whlen alarmned BLUE -WINGED TEAL (Quterqiuedula discox's)it seeks the company of its fellows, and they rise Plate VIII, fig. xviii.-Is found inl ost parts of confusedly in a body, offerilng the best possible North America, thougll chliefly east of the Rocky chance for the sportsman. About the middle of Mountains. It is on tile Pacific Coast as far as March they leave tile Delaware for the North. Th'lle Alaska; ill Mexico and tile West Indies, Central Pintail is twenty-six inches in lenigth, and two feet and Soutli America and Ecuador. Wilson says that ten inches in extent of wilng. Thlle female differs this bird is tile first of its tribe that returns from thle somewhat in tile coloration from its mate. breeding-places in the!north, usually showing itself GADWALL (Chautlelasmus streperus).-Called also early in September along the shlores of the Delaware, GRAY DucK. This species breeds ill various parts of where it sits on tile mud close to tie edge of the the United States, but does not seem to reach the water. Its flight is rapid, and when it alighlits, drops extremne northern portions of the continent, like otli- down suddenly, like the Snipe or'Woodcock, anmongw ers of its tribe. Mr. Dall mentions it as found at tile reeds or on tile mud. It becomes very fat from Alaska, and Audubon saw it in Texas. Dr. Coues feeding on the succulelt plants among the reeds, at fouind its eggs in California. He also found it which time it is of excellent flavor. At timies it is 6'quite common in Dakota in Septemnber, in company numerous on the Hudson, opposite tile Catskill with Mallards, Teal and Widgeon; with unfledged Mountains. Tliis species measures fourteen inchles youmg late in August." Wilson knew nothiling of its iln length and twenlty-two in extent of wilng.'l'le particular mainners or breeding-place. He says: specullum or beauty-spot, so-called, is of a brilliait "'Thlle fleslh is excellent, and the windpipe of tile male metallic green, givinig rise to the specific mlamle. is furnlished with a large labyrinth. It is very rare CINNAMON-BREASTED TEAL (Querquedulca cyacnill tile nortllernl parts of tile United States; is said optera).-'-'llis Teal is al inlliabitant of Southl Almerto inhabit Englland inl winter, anld to migrate to Swe- ica, and iii North America betweenm the Rocky Moumlden, Russia alnd Siberia."'i'his Duck is remlarkable tains and tile Pacific, as far northl as the Columbia for presentinlg, mnext to tile Shoveller, tile greatest River; also ill Louisiana acnd Florida. Prof. Baird development of lateral lamina of the bill. It is observed, ill 1852, that "this beautiful species is now also all expert diver. It utters a note similar to for tile secoicd timne presented as amn iinhabitant of that of tile Mallard, but louder; is fond of rush- Northl America. -* * * It appears to be a comgrown ponds, feeding thirougilout the day, as well moml bird ill Utah." as mormlimng anld eveningm.'1he lengthl of this bird SHOVELLER (Spatula clypeata) - Plate 30, fig. is twenty inchies; extenit of wing, tlmirty-onle inclies; 113.-Called also tile SPooN-BILW, frolmi its peculiarbill is two imichies, formed imucli like tliat of tile sihaped bill. Is found ill Northl America gemnerally, Mallard. Europe, Asia, anmd ill Australia. It breeds firoln TexTHE AMERICAN WIDGEON (Mxareca americana). as to Alaska, and winlters fromn tile Middle States -Called also tile BALD-PATE. Commmon along tile southward to Guatemala. S. platalea, a nearly-allied Atlantic Coast as far north as Rhode Island. It is species, is found im Soutli Amnerica.'T'le Slioveller a comnstamnt attemndamnt on tile Camivas-back, anld is is abundant il) all parts of tile Westernl States. It conlsequently found plentifully in Chlesapeake Bay, is a beautifully marked bird, and is mmuchl prized as tie favorite resort for the latter bird. It is said that food. It seldom visits tile sea-coast, beimng more tihe Widgeon never dives, yet is extremnely fond of fond of tile initerior lakes anld rivers, especially along the temnder roots of tile aquatic plant uponl whichi the tihe muddy sliores, whmere it filds tile larvm of insects. Canvas-back feeds. Watciling hiis lmeiglibor, wlo is T'lie fimne teeth of its bill serve to filter tle mluddy a good diver, tile WidgTeon smnatcles away a porltion water in wlmichl it searches for food. l'lle Sloveller of thie plamt, givimmg rise, of comuse, to a comitinual is twenty iincies lomg, amid two feet six inches ill exquarrel. It feeds mostly in tile evenimg, when it temmt.'I'lhe bill is timree incimes in length, and greatly utters a peculiar whistle-a soft niote, which is easily widened at its extremity. It is closely pectinated on cxcviii ANATID2E. -BIRDS. — ANATIDM. its sides, and is furnished with a nail on the tip of esteemed as highly as others. This species is wellits mandible. The irides are bright orange. known ill England anld the northern parts of Europe. SUMMER DUCK; WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)- Length, nineteen illclles; extent of wiing, twenty-niiie. Plate VIIi, fig. xvii.-Th''is is the queen of water- llhe bill is broad, generally of a light blue; irides birds, and the most beautiful of all, its resplendent reddish. plumlage being hardly excelled by ally of its class in LESSER SCAUP DUCK (17Fuigtla anftis). —Called tropical regionls. It is found Imore particularly ill the ill soic localities LITTLE BLACI-HEAD, BLUE-BILL, and United States, yet ranlges in every part of tile conti- BROAD-BILLr. Dr. Coues says: "Authors are at varinenlt, bieedillg ill nearly every quarter, and winlterilng ance concerninig tlhe relationship of this bird to tlhe chiefly inl the south. IThis is essentially a bird of precedinig, and the question is Ilot yet settled. For thle interior, as its nlame imlports, being found usually myself, I am rather inclined to keep tile two apart, onl thle ballks of quiet strealls or poids, away fromn notwithstallding their very close resemrblance, anld the haunts of mail. Another characteristic is that it admittinlg the probability that intermediate exainples builds its nest oil trees. Audubon says:' l'hey mnay be foulld. There appears to be soilethlilig difbreed in the Middle States about the middle of ferent in their range, the F. affinis beinlg the more April; in Massachusetts, a month later; anld in southerly. Not that it does not, ill the breediiig Nova Scotia alid on tle great lakes, not before season, reach as high latitudes as the other, but that the first days of June. Inl Louisianla and Keiitucky, its autumiinal nlovement is pushed to the West Iidies where.I lhave had greater opportunities of studying and Central America, where the true F. niarilla is their habits ill this respect, they generally pair about niot recorded as occurrinlg. It is improbable that the first of' March, sometimes a fortnighlt earlier. I two varieties, if they be really such, should preserve liever knew oiie of these birds to form a niest oil the this differenlce. Good observers have also noticed ground, or oil thle smiall branlchles of a tree; they ap- some differences il lhabit anld resorts; an1d gunnlers, peal at all tilnes to prefer the hollow, broken portion practically very familiar with both birds, recognize a of somiie large branch, the hole of our large Wood- distinlction.'Ilie Lesser Black-head seems to be pecker, or thle deserted retreat of the Fox Squirrel; more generally distributed il thle interior of tile alld I have frequemitly been surprised to see thelm go Uniited States than the other, anld probably most of in and out of a hole of any oiie of these, when their the' Scaups' fiom that region are of this kiiid. All bodies, when onl winlg, seenied to be niearly half as of the numerous' Scaups I found breeding alonlg the large againu as thle aperture in which they had de- Upper Missouri and Milk River appeared to be of posited their eggs. Once only I found a nest ill tile this species, as were the several specimelns exalillned. fissure of a rock. Gene'rally thle holes in which they In solme places they seemed more abundantt than anv lay are over cane-brakes, in deep swamps, or in other species, anld they were tile pricipal representabroken branches of high sycanmores. No sooner has tives or the Futligulina, tile Buffle-head itself not thle felmale comllpleted her set of eggs thanl tle mnale excepted." disappears, joiilln others unltil tile youtlg are able to RING-NECK DUCK (Faligula collaris).-Inlhabits fly, when they rejoin their mates, and so remain tile whlole of North America, breeds fiar north, willuntil thle colnnmenceme ent of the next breeding season. ters in the Uniited States and beyond, south to Oil coInling to a niest wllhen tile female is away ill Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica, aind is accidemntal in search of food, I always found the eggs covered by Europe. Thi';s bird is described ill Wilson's work as down anld feathers, althllough quite out o' sight, in Anias fuligula, and ill commonl terms as thle ITufted tlhe depthl of a hole. If the nest is placed imiminedi- Duck. It seldom visits tile sea-shore, but frequents ately over tile water, tile young, ilnme(tiately wheil tile freshm-water streamns of time initerior.'['le flesh is hiatchled, scramble to the mnouth of tile hole, amnd somnewihat esteemmied for its tenderness anid pleasanit spread their tilmy winlgs anld feet, and drop illto the taste. The lenlgthll of this Duck is seventeen illcites; water; but whlenever tile nlest is away some distanice extenit of wing, two feet two inichles. 1'lle bill is from a streami, the mother takes thlem tenderly inl broad anld dusky ini color, anld thle Ilead is crested, her bill, olle at a time, aind carries thlenm to tileir of a black color, with reflectionis of purple. favorite element. Omm several occasioins they led AMERICAN POCHARD (Ftligtl(t fereina), also themi to tile stream, wheni it was lnot far distant, called thle RErD-HEAD, is founid in all parts of North callinig Pe-pe, pe-e! oftenl and rapidly." The Suin- America, but is particularly plentiful ill easternl pormer Duck is nimieteeni inclies ill lengthl, and two feet tions; breediilg ill tile fur counltries, anid foumld winterfour iinclies ill extent of wings. The bill is red, ing in tlme Ballamnas. Durinlg a residenice of eighlt margilled with black. years oml tile Tortugas, we noticed olle oily, whlich GREATER SCAUP DUCK (Fttligulat vma'illa).-This we captured. It is well known as tile secolid ill bird is also called BIG BLACK-HEAD, BLUE-BILL alld ralk tl to te Canvas-back as an edible; indeed, mlnaly SHUFFLER. It ilhabits thie whole of North America are sold unider tile latter name.'hlle Red-head, Greelilald, amid Europe and Asia. Tlile Scaup is, when, fat, is so excellenit tlhat it is not easy always said to obtaill its llalle frnom tile circumnstaLice of its to deternille tile difference.'['lie two associ, te, llId feedillg oll a flesll-water plaint of that Inaine. It is, frequemit tlme fi'eslhi waters about thie Jarmes River amd }iowever, coinmmou to tile salt as well as feshl-waterss, Chlesapeake Bay, feedinig oml a species of fieshl-watem feediig also olm small snails, wliichi, like others of plamt tlhat is said to illlpalrt a decided flavor to tie its tribe, it does by moonlight.'I'he fleshl is nmot flesil. ANATIDiE. BIRDS. ANATID.E. cxcix CANVAS-BACK (Fuligula vallisneria)-PlateVIII, times within twenty or thirty yards of the spot where fig. xix-is tlie most royal game bird of America. the gunner lies concealed, and fromi wlhich lie rakes It inhabits the whole of North America, breeds thein, first on tile water, anld then as they irise. Th.'is fiom the Northern States northward, and winters method is called tolling theqm in. If the Ducks from the Middle States southward to Guatemala. seem difficult to decoy, any glaring object, such as a Wilson says: "'I'This celebrated Amnerican species, as red handkerchief is fixed round the dog's middle, or far as can be judged fiom the best figures and de- to lhis tail, and this rarely fails to attract them. scriptions of foreign birds, is altogether unknown in Somletillmes by Inoonlight the sportsmant directs his Europe. It approaches nearest the Pochard of skiff towards a flock whose position lie had previousEngland (Anasferina), but differs from that bird in ly ascertained, keepilng within the projected shadow being superior in size and weighllt, in the greater. of somne wood, batik, or headland, and paddles along' magnitude of its bill, and the general whiteness of so silently and iniperceptibly as often to approach its plumage. Thle Canvas-back arrives in the United with fifteen or twenty yards of a flock of many thouStates from the north about the middle of October; sands, among whoi lie may niake great slaughter. a few descend to the Hudson or Delaware, but tile Durinog the day tlley are dispersed about, but towards greater body resort to the streams and inlets belong- evening they collect in large flocks, and ride as at ing to or in the eighllborhllood of tile Chesapeake anchllor ill tile touths of creeks. If sllot at mluceh in Bay, particularly the Susquehanna, the Patapsco, the night, they are apt to be dispersed, and not retlle Potoinac and James Rivers, which appear to be turn. When feediig, and divilg iJn slmall parties, their general winter quarters. Like all birds that the whole liever go down at onie time, but some are man becolnes faLmiliar with, they have been called by still left alone onl the lookout. \VWhen tile winter numerous local names. In the Potoinac they are the sets il severely, and tile river is frozen, the Canvas-' White-backs'; on thle James they are'Sheldrakes.' backs retreat to its conlfluelnce with the bay, occaThey are seldoim found at a great distance up any siollally frequellting air-holes in the ice, which are of tlese rivers, or even in the salt-water bay, but inl somletilles made for the purpose, inlllediately above that particular part of the tide-water where a cer- their favorite grass, to entice tllem witllin guni-shot tain grass-like plant grows,' on the roots of whlichl of tle linhut or bush, which is usually fixed at a proper they feed. This plant, which is said to be a species distanlce, and where the gunner lies coincealed, ready of vallisneria, grows oi fresh-water shoals of froln to take advanltage of their distress.'TI'le Canvassevell to ninle feet, in loing, narrow, grass-like blades back, ill the rich, juicy tenderness of its flesh, and of four. or five feet in lenlgtll; the root is lwhite, and its delicacy of flavor, sta1nds ulrivalled by tile whlole has some resemiiblanice to small celery.'This grass of its tribe in this and perhaps anly other quarter is ill manay places so thick that a boat cami with diffi- of tile world.'IT'ose killed in the waters of thle culty be rowed through it.'I'lhe shores are lined Chesapeake are considered superior to all others, with large qualltities of it, torn ulp by the Ducks, doubtless fromii the greater abunidance of its favorite and drifted up by the winds, lyinig, like hay, in win- food which these produce." mlows. Whlerever this planlt grows in abuiidaice The Caelvas-back is two feet long, anld three in there will be fouiid the Canvas-back Duck, alld in extenit of' wigl(, anid when inl good order weighs three no other locality duriing the season. 0Om tile first pounds; thme feimale is somnewhat less, weig'mhimg two arrival of these birds oil thle Susquehllanna they are and three-quarters pounds. T'Ie windpipe of tIle geelrally leani, but suchl is the abundance of thleir IIdle has a large, flattisil, commcave lalbyril tll. e favorite food, that towards tile begil)lilmg of Novema- intestines are wide, and Imeasure five feet. Dr. ber they are in pretty good order. They are excel- Coues says: "''lle Canvas-back does ilot seein to lent (livers, and swimn with great speed and agility. nest in tile Easternl States, thoughl it does so i)m tihe They sometimnes assemble in sucli multitudes as to West." He founlld youmgliimgs, in July, oil'I'urtle cover several acres of tile river, and, whlen they rise Mountainls, latitude forty-nine degrees. Dr. Newsuddenily, produce a noise resenbliing thunlider.'I'lhey berry foulld it imore ilulnerous thllml ally other Duck are extremnely shy, anid call rarely be approached ill tile lakes and streamins of thle Cascade AMountails. umiless by stratagell. When wounded in thle wing' In those solitudes it iests amd rears its youmlg, as tlhey dive to such prodigious distances, and with lie firequenitly saw its broods. Mr. Dall foulid it such rapidity, continluinlg it so perseverilngly, a1d breedinlg in abundallce oil tile Yukonl. withi sucil cuimiiing and active vigor, as almlost al- GOLDEN-EYE (Btucephala clangulac).-Called, also, ways to render tile pursuit hlopeless. From tIle WHISTLE-WING ad GARRoT. Illllabits all of North great demalnd for these Ducks, and tile high( price Amlerica, Cuba anld Europe. Wilsoni smays: " It finethey umniforimly bring in the marlket, various modes quenits thle sea-coast, and about tile lakes alld rivers are practiced to get withinl gun-shot of themi.''lie of tile inlterior; associates ill silall parties, and may niost successful way is said to be decoyiong thenm to easily be kmnowmn by tile vigorous whmistlinig of its tihe shore by means of a dog, while tile gunner lies wings as it passes through thle air. It swimns and closely concealed in a proper situatioin. T'Ie dog, if dives well, but seldom walks oil shore, amid then in a pioperly trained, plays backwaL'ds and forwaids waddling, awlkward 3mamininem'r, feedimig chiefly on slhellalong the margin of tlhe water; and tile Ducks, ob- fish, snuall fi'y, etc. T'lme fleslh is less esteemed than servilng his mllanceuvres, eiticed perhaps by curiosity, that of tile plecedilmg." 1mI tile Unmited States tiey gradually approaclhi the shore, unitil thiey are some- are ouly winter visitors, leaving us again in the mimoithin cc ANATIDE. -BIRDS.-ANATIDE. Of April, beilg then on their passage to the north breast. Though an ilihabitant of both continents, to breed. They are said to build, like the Wood little else is knownl of its particular manners thaii Duck, ill trees. Th'lle Golden-Eye is nineteen inches thlat it swims and dives well, flies swift a!nd to a in leilth, and twenty-iiiiie ill externt of wing, and great ileighlt; las a whistling note, and is said to lhas the singular contformation of winldpipe seen in frequent the small rivulets inlland foIom Hudsonl's tile last-named, with more irregular developinent. Bay, where it breeds. ThIe feinale lays tell white BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE (B. islandica), called, eggs on the grass, and the younlg are prettily speckled. also, the RocKY MOUNTAIN GARROT, is found all It is found oil the eastern contiznelnt as far south as throuogh North America, northerly; south to New Lake Baikal, and thenlce to Kamtschatka, and was York and Utah, Greenilanld and Iceland; also ill also mnet with in Iceland. At Hudso~n's Bay it is Europe. Dr. Coues says it probably breeds in the called Painlted Duck. Coues says it breeds in -the Rocky Mountains of the United States. IThe sanme Northern Rocky Mountains. In August, 1874, lihe authority says: "NotwithstaLnding the doubt which found broods there still unable to fly. has been cast by myself, amolig others, regardilg OLD-WIFE (Harielda glacialis).-'This is the most this bird, it appears, nevertheless, to be a valid coinmmnon and familiar bird of the tribe that visits the species; the differences poillted out being apparenlt- New England Coast in wimiter. It is also known by ly constant, as well as appreciable, and there beiiig, the names LONG-TAILED DUCK, and in Chesapeake moreover, certain allatomlical peculiarities in tle formn Bay as SOUTH-SOUTHERLY, its cry being said to reof thle skull, of which I only lately have become semble the sound of those words. It is chiefly a saltaware. Originally described in 1788, and subse- water species, and seldom rambles far from the sea, quenitly re-ilained and figured ill 1831. The species inhabiting our bays aind coasts in winter only. It is was ioglored by Audubon, who mistook it for the rarely found in marshes, but frequelnts the chlianels, summer plumage of the commnon Goldenl-Eye. It is diviig for small shell-fish, which are its principal the most northerly species of tile genus, haviiig food. Ill passinlg to anld from the bays, sometiimes probably a circumpolar distribution, breedilg( only in large flocks, particularly towards evenihng, their (?) inl high latitudes, aiid penetratiing but a limited loud and confused voices may be heard, in fair distalce south ill winter. Its claim to a place in its weather, at the distance of several miles. IThey fly present connection rests upoI its occurrence in thle very swiftly, take short excursions, and are lively, Rocky MouIltainls, amd as far south as Utah, whiere restless birds. Their mlative regions are in the northi, it was procured by M. H. W. Heilshllaw. Onm tile east where great nlumlbers of tlmemn remainm during tIle it occurs as far southll, ill winter, as New York." wvhole year, part oily of the vast famiily rnigratilg DIPPER; BUFFLE-HEAD (B. albeola).-'lThis south to avoid the severest rigors of that climate. species-called, also, the BUTTE1R-BAIL, amd SPIRIT IeThey are comrnion to thle whole Iorthlern hmemisphlere. DUCK, the latter lnamne firoml its quick movements In tile Orklmevs they are met with ill considerable whelie diviig —imiimabits tihe whlole of North America, flocks, from October to April; frequent iml Sweden, chiefly coastwise, niortherly, amnd mmmoviiig south ill Laplamd and Russia, and are often found about St. wimmter to Mexico amld Cuba. It breeds inl tile Turtle Petersburg. lm'hey are said to breed ill lHudsomm's Moumntaimms of Umnited States. WVilsoii says it is comn- Bay, making tlheir ilests aminoiig tile grass llear tile Imomm to tile sea-slhores, rivers and lakes of the Ummited sea, like tile Eider Duck, amd about tile middle of States ill every quarter of tile coumitry durilmg au- Jumne lay their eggs. Wlheii the youmgr are lhatched, tumn and winter. Th'le Buffle-llead, or Buffalo-lead, the mother carries the yoummg to tile water ill her bill. so called froin its disproportiomlately-sized hiead. is I lle nest is lilmed with tile downi of lier breast, whlici fourteeu immchles ill leiigth, alld tweiity-tihree iniches inl is accoumlted equally valuable with that of tile Eider extemit of wimig.'I'le bill is shlort, of a liglmt blue, or Duck.'Ilhey are hardy birds amnd excellemit divers. leadell color. Tlie plumnage of the hiead and half of ThIleir flesh is not esteemmed, being too fishy il flavor. tihe leck is thick, lolgi amnd velvety, projecting great-'Ihe lemigth is twenity-two iichies, ammd ill extemmt of ly over tile lower part of tile neck. TIlhis plumage winlg thirty. The windpipe is very curiously formed; oil tile forehlead anld nape is rich glossy greeii, chiaiig- besides the labyrinth, which is inearly as large as immg imto a sihilling purple on tile sides alld croWIn. the emmd of your thumb, it has all expammsion above Froom tile eyes backwards passes a broad balid of thlat of double tile usual diameter, wlich comntimnues l)ure white; iris of tile eye, dark; back, wimmgs, and for an ichli and a half; thlis is flattemmed ol tile side part of tile scapulars, black; rest of scapulars, lateral next the breast, witih all oblommg, wimmdow-like vacancy' balid alomlg thie wimg, and whiole breast, snowy wilite; ill it, curved withi five narrow bars, aud covered withi belly, vemmt, and tail coverts, dusky white; tail point- a thiin transpareint skin, like tihe pamies of a wimdow ed, aid of a hoary color.''lle femiale is less than tile anothier thiin skin of the saine kimnd is spread over millae, anId destitute of thie tumnid pluminage of tile head. the extermlal side of tile labyrimthl whiich is partly of HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus torqgeatus) is a circular formi. T'his sillgular collformatiomm is, as foumld in Northi America, northerly, and mostly coast- usual, peculiar to tile male. wise, movillg southward to tile liddle States anld LABRADOR DUCK (Camnptolcemus labradorius).Califorinia in wimnter. hlie nmale of tilis species is lThe hiabitat of tuiis Duck is considered to hiave been called, ill New Emigland, lord; the femiale, lady; tile nortil-easteril coast of Nortl Almerica, not farprobably, as Wilson says, firom tile eleganit crescelmts thier south than New Jersey. It is comisidlered to be aiud circles of whlite wlhiclu oriament thIe ilneck and extinct, as no specimens are now obtaimmed. ANWATIDEM.-BIRDS. ANATIUD. cci EIDER DUCK (Somateria mollissima) —Fig. 132, learn to take care of themselves, and are seldom seell vol. i, p. 423).-'The habitat of this Duck, so cele- oil the land, but frequent tile rocks, and feed onl seabrated for its down, raniges over the Atlantic and weed and such iiisects as are fbound there." Arctic Coasts. Accordilng to Wilson, the quantity SPECTACLED EIDER (S. fischeri).-This species, of down founld ill one inest more thanii filled the crown kiiown only oil tile North-west Coast, is a large bird, of a hat, yet weigling no more thtian three quarters of measuingi)( about two feet in lelngthl. It has a broad an ounce; and it is asserted tllat tilree pounds of it whlite space arouCd tile eye, surrounlded by a rinl of inay be compressed into a space scarce bigger thanl black, wlhiclh gives rise to tile specific l-amne. a nmaln's fist, yet is afterwards so dilatable as to fill KING EIDER (S. spectabilis).-'I.'llis is found as a quilt five feet square. Some specimllens of this far south oil tile Atlaiitic as New York (rarely). bird lhave been knlown to breed neamr Portland, iln'llhe Pacific Eider (Snigra) is about tile samine in Maine, this beinig their most southlern abiding-pl-ace. size, and is precisely like S. mnollissima, witll the exGreenland and Iceland abound with them, and here, ception of a V-sllaped black mlark oil tile chiin. in particular places, tile nests are crowded so close STELLER'S DUCK (S. stelleri).-T'llis species is contogether that a person call scarcely walk betweeni filled to the Nortil-west Coast, of Amrerica, and is thein.'I'ley associate together in flocks, generally about eighteen inchel ill length, and eighlt inches in in deep water, divi^ng for shell-fish, whichi constitute extent of one wing. It bears tile iname of'Western their principal food. In Labrador they are numer- Duck onl some portions of the coast. ous, and are occasionally seen as far south as Dela- VELVET DUCK (Oidemia americana). —'lThis is a ware.'lihe flesh is esteemed by the inhabitants of very beautif ul species, common oil tile coast of New tile northern countries, but it is very fishy in flavor. England ill winter. It is founld on both coasts of''The leligthl is two feet three inches; extent of will~g, North America, and in the larger iilandi waters.'he three feet; weight, between six and seven pounds. flesh is not esteeined onl account of its fishy flavor.'Tllhe head is large, and the bill of singular structure, Thl'e Scoter Duck, withi which it often associates. is being three inches in length, forked ill a remarkable confounded with this species by gunlners.'lThe habits mantner, runnlli high up in the forehead, between of both are very nmuch alike.'They visit us omily in which the plumnage descends nearly to tile nostrils. winter, feedinlg oil tile shell-fish that they finld ill the Th'le whole of tile bill is of a dull yellowish horn color, deep water off tile shores.''le Velvet Duck lnceassomewhat dusky ill the middle; upper part of the lures twenity-three filches ill lengith, anld two feet niilie hlead, deep velvet-black, divided laterally on tile inches in extent of wing', anid weighs three pontds. himid-head by a whitish band; clheeks are white; VELVET SCOTER DUCK (0. fusca) is anl occasides of tile head, a pale pea-green, marked withi a sional visitor oil tile New 1nig'lamnd Coast, its usual narrow liie of whlite, dropped from tie' ear-featilers. habitat beiumg more northerly. Its food is shell-fish, T'l'e plunmage of thiis part of the hlead to thie tllroat for which it is almost perpetually diviiig. It flies is tuinid, and looks as if cut off at the end, for im- heavily, but swilns withi tile greatest ease, eveii ill tihe mediately below the neck it suddenly narrows, somne- hieaviest surf, llence it is somnetiinles called Surf Duck. wlhat in tile mmmanller of tie Buffle-head, enlargimng'I'he Scoters are said to appear ol tile Coast of Frallce againm greatly as it descemlds, and has a singular hol- in great numbers, to which thiey are attracted by a low between tile shioulders belhind.'The upper part certain kind of simmall bivalve, called vaimeaux. Over of thle neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing covers, and beds of thlese shell-fish tile fishiermneu spread tlheir sides of the rump are pure whlite; lower part of the nets, supportinlg themi horizonitally at tile heigiht of breast, veiit and belly, black; tail, primaries, and two or three feet from tile bottom. At tie flowing secondaries, brownish-black; the tertials curiously of tihe tide thie Scoters approachl in great numlbers, curved, falling over tile wimng; legs short and yellow; diving after their favorite food, and soon get enwebs of tile feet, dusky. The difference in color of tangled in tile nets. Twenty or thiirty dozen have tihe male anmd fenmale is singularly great.'lhe femnale sonmetimnes been taken in a single tide.''liese are is conmsiderably less tlihan the male, and tile bill does sold to the Roman Cathiolics, whio are forbidden to not rise so Iliglh in the forelead..'lle general color eat aimal food onl a certailn day, fish excepted. is a dark reddish-drab, mingled with ligliter touches, These birds, and a few others of' the same fishy flavor, and everywlhere spotted withi black; wings dusky, lhave been exempted fi'om tie inlterdict onl the supedged with reddishi.'I'lme greater coverts, anld sonme position tihat thley are cold-bloomded, aiid partakimig of of tile secondaries, are tipped withi white; tail the nature of fishi. h'lie Scoter measures twenty-omle brownish-black, lighliter tihan in thie male. i'he plu- imiclies in lenigth, anmd tilirty-four in extemt of wilg. mage in general is cemntred withi bars of black, and.'lle female is of a sooty-browmn, atld ihas inonme of thie broadly bordered with rufous-drab; chieeks, and space knob on tile bill. over the eye, light drab; belly dusky, and obscurely SURF DUCK; SEA COOT (0. perqspicillata).-lThis is mottled with black; legs and feet as in the male. a lhandsolme bird in its winter state, its black velvet Van'i'roil, in Letters on Iceland, observes: "h'llme plumage being exceedingly attractive, while its young ones quit the mnest soon after thiey are hatclhed, orailge-colored bill presenits a richi conltrast. It and follow thIe female, wlho leads tliemn to tile water, bineeds in Labrador, amid visits tile NewS Etmglamld whlere, haVing taken tliemin om her back, shie swimns Coast in wimiter. The flesim of tuiis ammd othler inearly with tihern a few yards, and thenm dives, leavimig thiemn allied species is niot good, on account ofl the diet confloating oml the water. In this situation thiey soon sisting exclusively of fisih. VOL. I. —o* ccii SULIDM. -BIRDS.- PELEOCANIDE. RUDDY DUCK (Erismatuma T'ubida) has a habi- BOOBY GANNET (S.fiber) is peculiarly a tropical tat ranging over the whole of North America south species, being exceedilgly frequent ill tile harbors to Guatemala, where it has been found breeding. It and bays of the Southern Coast. It is considerably is also foulnd in Cuba. hWilson regarded this as a smaller than the last. A constant habit of this bird very rare Duck. Dr. Coues found it breedinlg in is to roost on the buoys of the outer harbors. Cernumbers ill the pools about Turtle Mountains, ill tain individuals take up their abode there, and may Dakota, where the younlg were swimiinlg in July. always be counted oil being found at their post. We lie also saw it during the breedinlg season in Monl- have noted this, particularly when some accidental tana. It is fifteen inlches il leligtlh, and twenlty-two injury to the bird betrayed his identity. ill extent of wing. The bill is broad at the tip, the under inaudible muchl narrower, and both of a lighlt FAMILY-PELE(ANIDAIE. rich blue. A species, called the St. Domingo Duck PELICANS. (E. dominica), is a lnative of the West Indies, and occasionally found on our continent. WHITE PELICAN (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus).SHELDRAKXE (Afergus merlganser) —also called Th'l'lis bird has a range northward as far as latitude MIERGANSER, FISHING Ducx, aind COOSANDER-lias a 610, and possibly fLrther-. It is rare il tile Middle ranoge tllroughlout Northl America gener ally, usually States ad Ne lad, ut abu a i te inassociatiiig in smll lulnbels of six or eiglt, aiid is a terior, especially west of the Mississippi and soutl miost persisteiit diver. The male is twenty-six incles as far as Texas and Northern Florida. Il South iln legtll, and three feet three inches in exteiit of Florida, where thle Brown Pelican is abundant, it is wing.'I'lie bill, whlic is slender and cylindrical, Ot known. It fornerly bred in great lumbels easues thrlllee inlches in lellgtll, ald nearly ole icll about the Great Salt Lake, but has lately decreased thick at tile base, is selrrated onl both mamldibles, in aumabers. n'Ir. Ridgway saw vast ilulmbers nestthe upper overhanging at the tip, where each is fur- iig about Pyralid Lake, iii Nevada, wlere lie plonished with a large nail.'I'lhe ridge of the bill is cured over a lullded eggs. Ie Ias sIowi tlat thle lblack; thle sides, crimsonII; irides, red. crest of the Pelican is shied in a maniiner somewhat HOODED IMERGANSER (i. cucullatis)-called similar to tile casting of a deer's horn. Th'lle breedHAIRY-HEAD in some localities-is one of the most ing mange of tie species is said to be very exteiisive. strikinig birds, oil account of its sinlgular hood-like Audboll's account of tlis birl is ilteleslilg: appendage oil tile top of thle hlead. Its habitat is "Raiiging alolig tlhe margiln of a sand-bar, inL brokeli thle lvole of Nortlh America.'lley are more coml- narray, stand a hunudred heavy-bodied Pelicans. Gormmii alolig tlme lakes and freshl-water rivers tlhan near geous tints, all autunllal, enricll the foliage of every the sea, being found up tlle various creeks and mill- tree arounld, thle reflectioll of which, like fi'aglnents ponds, where they dive inlcessantly for shell-fish. Ilt of a rainbow, seeis to fill the veiy deptls of tIle the creeks and rivers of the Southern States they placid and allmost sleeping waters of the Ohio.'The are colilllion during thle winter.'Th'le Hooded Mer- subdued and rnuddy beams of thle orb of day assure g'aniser is eigllteen inches in leiigthl, and. two feet ill mle that thle Indian summer has comlnellnced-thlat exteiit of willg.'l'le bill is blackisl-red, iarrow, llappy seasonl of uinrivalled loveliniess aimd sereinity, thickly toothed, aiid furnishled with a projectillg nail syillbolie of amitummllal life, wlhicl to every enultusiastic at tile extremity.''lIe large circular crest withl lover of lature must be the purest ai d calimest period which the head is ornlamlnel ted imay be raised or de- of his career. Plumiiig tlsel ves, tIle gorged Pelipressed.'lThe winldpipe has a small labyrinth. l'he Camis patiemtlv await tIle returi of miiiiger. Should fenmale is less ill size, with a smaller crest of a light one chllalce to gape, thle whole niuiimber, as if fioml rusty color. This species is peculiar to Amnerica, syipatlmy, ili successioi opeu tlmeir log alld bload arrivilng at Hudson's Bay about tile enid of May. It mamdibles, yawllimg lazily amd ludicrously. Now, builds close to tile lakes, thle nest being comiposed of tlie wlvole leigtll of their largest quills is passed glaclss, lihled with feathers fLomn tile breeast. tlhiroughl tlme bill, uimtil at lemgtll tlleir apparel is as beautifully trimmlned as if thle party were to figure at a FAMIILY-SULIDAiE. route. But mark tile red beams of tile settimlg sumi THE GANNETS. tinge thle tall tops of thle forest trees. T'lhe birds exp)erielnce tile cravinigs of llulger, anld to satisfy thllem Tlme Gainnets are large and heavy birds.''lley are they immust now labor. Cluminsily thley now rise oil not numnerous ill species, six ollvy beiing known, ald thlleir colummliar legs, and hmeavily waddle to tlhe water. these are pretty well distributed throu(hlout tlie But now how chllaged do thevy seeim! Lightly do tiley world. Th'ley are very gregarious ill habit, cotigre- float, as thley mnarshal themiselves alid extend their gatilgin ill immnelise nlulmlbers in their breedillg places. hliue, alid now their broad paddle-like feet piopel THE COMMON GANNET (Sucla bassanc). —-'lhis tlleln ollwad. InI yollder nlook tile smmall fi'y are species extends, oil tile Atlantic Cuoast, fromi thle dauicing in tile quiet water-perhaps in their own hmighl latitudes to tile Gulf of Mexico, but is liot manmner biddiilg farewell to tile orb of day-perhaps found ol tile Pacific slhore. Its lengthl is about thlirty seekiig soletlilg for supper.'ousands there are, illches; extenit o.f wiigs, sixty imclices.'T'le m.dult all gay, and tlle very mnamiumer of tlleir lmirtll, causiig biird is pure wlhite.'lT'le youmng alre glray, llottled or tile watelrs to sparkle, invites their foes to advance tospotted with wlhite. wards tile shoal. Amnd n1ow tile Pelicalls, aware of PLOTID.M. -BIRDS. -TACHYPETID2. cciii the faculties of their scaly prey, at once spread out plumage is of all extraordinary stiffness and elastheir broad wings, press closely forward with power- ticity; that of tile neck and breast soft, thick and ful strokes of their feet, drive the little fishes towards shlining. Th'lle position of these birds. when standing, thile slhoal, and then, witl their enormous pouclies, is like that of the Gannets. Formerly the Darter was spread like so many bag-nets, scoop them out and considered an anomalous production of sonle fanciful devoLur them in thousands. The White Pelicans trader-a monster, partaking of tile nature of a Sniake never dive upon their prey as the Brown Pelicans do, anld a Duck-anid some ancient chax rts delineate it ill but skim along the surface, and dip up any prey all the extravagallce of fiction. Mr. Bill'rtrallln says that they are expert enough to reacll.''lhey swim "'llhey are to be found ill all the rivers of Florida.. along against the current and winld, witlh their wings The people call them Snake-birds. I thillk I lhave partially extended, and the neck stretched out, thle seen paintings of thenm onl Chinese screenls and other upper mandible alone above water, while thle lower Indianl pictures. They delight to sit in little peacemust be used as a scoop-net, as I saw it raised fromll ful communities, on the dry limnbs of trees, hanging time to time and brought to meet the upper, when over tile still waters with their wings and tail exthe whole bill immediately fell to a perpendicular panded —I suppose to cool anld air themselves, when position, the water was allowed to run out, and tile at tile same time they behold their images in the bill being again raised upwards, tile fish was swal- watery mirror. At such times, when we approach lowed. After thus swimming for a hundred yards in them, they drop off the limbs into the water as if an extended line, and parallel to each other, they dead, and for a minute or two are not to be seen; would rise on wing, wheel about, and re-alight at thle when onl a sudden, at a great distance, their long, same place whlere their fishing had commenced, when slender head and neck appear, like a snake rising they would repeat the same actions.'Tlhe usual erect out of the water, and no other part of them is manner of flight is similar to that of tile Brown Pel- to be seen when swiltning except somletiles tile tip ican."'Ilhe White Pelican is not so well known as end of their tail. In tile heat of the day they are the Brown, probably fromn tile fact that the latter is seen in great numbers, sailing very high in the air more frequently seen by tlose who are voyagers in over lakes and rivers."'l'ley feed entirely on fisll. tropical waters. Tl'heir flesh is intolerable, and no one would, as AuduBROWN PELICAN (P. fuSCus).-This is the mnost bon says, eat of it unless constrained by starvation. interesting, as it is the most common of tile genus in Mr. Abbott says these birds frequent the polnds, our counltry. It is rarely seen farther east thanl Cape rivers and creeks during tile summer; build ill the Hatteras, but is exceedingly numerous onl the shores trees of the swamps, and in those of the islands in of the Gulf of Mexico, and does not, like the White pollds.'They construct their nests of sticks.'File Pelican, enter tle freshll-water streams. It'Was for- eggs are of a sky-blue color. l.'hey are sometinmes merly abundant in tile harbor of Charleston, S. C., called Sun-birds, on account of their lhabit of sitting but is now seldom seen there. Oil thle Keys of the with wings unfolded, as if "sunning " themnselves. Florida Reef these birds are especially at home. During a residence at the Tortugas tile author had FAIxLY-'ITACHIYPE'IIDAi. opportunity to notice tile habits of tile species. On a sea-beaten islet of coral, that lies exposed to the THE FRIGATE BIRD (Tachypetes aquila)-Plate breakers of the Gulf Stream, were several small IX, fig. xxii.-This is tlle only species of tile famimangroves —mnere shrubs. On the tops of these sev- ly known onl our coast, and is possibly the sallme eral Pelicans found a home, their nests being conl- as thiat in the southern half of tile colltinelt. It is structed very rudely of coarse sticks and bits of' strictly a maritime bird, and one that exhibits thle coral, scarcely lined with anything mllore delicate. mnost wollderful powers of flight. During a lonlg resr'wo white and chalk-like eggs were thle usual corn- idenice onl the Florida Reef, where this bird is nore plement. Th'lle nests were built onil the extreme top- at lihome than onl ally other portion of thle North most branches, and when the female alighted on its Atlantic sllores, we have observed very carefully its nest, tile whole structure seemed to be in danger of lhabits. Inl the cooler season, numbers of the AMancoming' to the ground. The young of thle Brown of-war Bird, as it is called there, were seen at certain Pelican are first covered with a creaml-colored down, timles soarinlg above the Fortress Jeffersoll, on the and have thle bill and feet displropolrtionlately large.'Tortugas Keys. As tlhese birds seemned to presenkt the most remarkable example of' the buoyancy or other FAMILY-PLOTID.E. conditions that serve to sustain tliemn in air for long periods without seemingly any wing movemellts, we ANHINGA (Plotus anhinga). - Called in thle improved the opportunity to test, so far as was posSoutlhern States SNAKE-BIRD anld BLACK-BELLIED sible, thle plhilosoplhy of thle plhelomlenon. All oldDARTER. Thllis bird is cormollnOll ill Flolrida anld thle fashllioned lighlt-lhouse tower was yet standillg witlliui Gulf States. Its length is three feet three inclies, tile fortress, and this emnabled thle observer to be with a bill three and three-quarters inches in lengtlh, about seven.ty-five or eighlty feet firom tIle groulld. the latter very slenider and very sharp-pointed, and With a good glass and careful concealmnent ill tile armed wvitll numerous sharp teeth toward tlme tip for lantern-top, a very near view was obtained. HIunmsecuring its prey. It is black above and yellow be- boldt and Dawin —tlle latter in The Voyage of the neatll; no external nostrils are visible. T'he wlhole Beagle —have given some attemitiomm to tile subject. cciv PHMETONIDM. -BIRDS. GRACULIDM. but express an inability to comprehend it.'I'lhe fact faring people as a friendly visitor and companion that these birds soar, or remain apparently motion- while at sea. It is rare with us, but is occasionally less, only when the wind is considerable, seenms to met with on the Florida shores. have escaped their notice. For therein lies the secret. Thle T'achypetes represents the most spread FAMILY-GRACUL1D. of wing and the least proportionate body of any DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (Graculus dilobird, anid is, consequently, one that possesses tile phzs)-coinmonly called SHAG.-Inhl abits tihe whole greatest faculty for mraintaining the curious positionl of North America. ill the interior as well as coastin mid-air. Another fact is, the bird always faces wise. I11 thlis respect it differs from all other spethe wind. We have, then, the same conditions as in cies. Audubon records a variety (G. fioridianus) as the case of a boy's kite. The bird is well repre- far north as Ohio, alld Dr. Coues in North Carolilna. sented by a kite. It rises precisely as a kite does, It has been fould breedilng in Labrador and the Gulf and it moves only as it does —not by any movemlent of St. Lawrence, wheince it Inigrates south in thle of feathers, but a gentle swaying, and a trifle of fall, wintering alolng the coast of Maine to tile Carotilting oil the wind, to maintain its balance. What linas. It has been nioticed at Great Salt Lake, in keeps it fromn being blown away-for the kite lhas its the interior. It forms its nest of sea-weeds, sticks, string? The intelligence of the bird causes it to tilt moss, and clods of eartll with grass adherilg to forward just enoughl to counteract the force of tile tlhieii, which it piles up illto a solid mass, often as wiid, anld thus tile smallest possible space is pre- higlh as three feet fiom tile rock, with a diameter of sented to tile wiled; it is merely a thin edge.'l'ip- eighllteen inches at tile top and of two and a lhalf ping forward causes thle body to fiLll against the feet at the base.''lle whole has an appearance of winld; the two forces-gravity and the wind-are op- solidity such as is seldom seen in nests of waterposed, and a perfect rest is thle result.''lie writer birds.'IThe nests are placed as near each other as received a note from Mr. Darwin, in answer to one the nature of tile ground will permit.'I'The flighlt of suggesting this explanation. In this aliswer lie this bird is strong amnd well-sustained, although not says: "I have thouglht of some such explanation, so rapid as that of tile Florida Cormorant. It sails but the matheimaticians say that it is not possible; at times in a beautiful mannaer, and at a great height that the two forces do not operate in a direct liie, over the waters. Like other species, they are fond opposite to each other." Now, there is the qualify- of sunning themselves with their wings spread out. ingl power of buoyancy, which operates to prevelt'I'ley walk awkwardly, and canliot rll except with tihe bitrd froml dropping directly down like dead their wings spread out. Wllelil risimig to fly frommm tile weigllt. We Imust regard the bird as it is-a thill, water, they are obliged to run and beat their winpgs exceedimgly light object, that is kept up by a strommg oon tle surfl;ce for a timlle before they canl rise.'The wilid, alld tllat by its intelligent attention to keep lemngth is, to the end of the tail, thirty-three illches; the outspread wimmgs amid body rigid anld always edge- extenit of wing, fifty-one inlches; weight, five pounds wise to the wiiid, with a sliglit tenidency dowlnward. iand seveni ouices. Trl'hese conlditions observed, tile bird tests upon tile MEXICAN CORMORANT (G. mexicanus). —Thiis bird wiid, as tile kite does, tlme f'orce of gravity operatiig ihas a habitat ill tile Southlerii States amld soutllward. as tile strillg. It is not uicomnmiioi to see a stiff' It lias beemn nioticed up tile MLississippi River as far piece of paper balamnced in air by tile wimld, anld wlienm as Illimnois. It is also foulmd ill Cuba. incliIned even directly againist thie winid, to shoot COMMON CORMORANT (G. ca'qbo). —'l'lis bird is forward umitil it, goes obliquely to thle groumid. Now, abunldant on tile LabLador Coast, where glreat numnbers could this paper, just at tile imomnenit of fillilmg, while gather to breed. Its lenogtih is thlirty-seveni imichies. inclimned againlst tile wimmd, act to tilt its face a trifle, It reachies as far south as New Jersey ill wiliter. the wind would senid it backwards anld upwards PALLAS' CORMORANT (G. peg.spicillatus) is founld agaill.'I'lus, if tile two forces were opposed by ini- ill Russian Amelrica.. Its lemgtlh is thlirty-six inmches. telligent action, tile result would be as ill tile bird, a THE TUFTED CORMORANT (G. cincinnatus) is comiplete balanlcillg on tile wilid.''l'e very close found onl tile North-west Coast, at Sitka. Its leiigtli mraige at which these birds were observed made it, is about thirity-six iiichles. possible to determninle that no muovemielnt whatever BRANDT'S CORMORANT (G. penicillatus) is cointook place alm)lolg the wimig feathers. Immoi oii tle Pacific Coast of Northl Amnerica. Lemngth about twenity-eighlt imiches. FAMILY-PH1-IEO I'0NIDIE. THE VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT (G. violaceus) TROPIC BIRDS. is only foui)d onl tile West Coast, southward to Californiia. Its leiigthi is about twelity-eight inclhes. Birds of this family seemi to ihave beeiie distimiguishled by this mlname witiout any especial reasoni. FAMILY-LARIDIE.''lley ale in ucih like a stout'I'ern inl figure.'lime primlcipal extelrnal chlaracteristic is tile developmmenit of tile two middle tail-feathers inito loIg plumlelets. THE SKUA (Steacorarius slua). —Thi's bird has a TROPIC BIRD (Phaeton flavirostris). —'lhis is a hllbitat tllroughout thie seas of' Northl Amlllerica, but beautif'ul white, satimny, rose-tinted bird, of' graceful chiefly ill the mnore arctic megiomls. A variety, aim taicflight, amid one tliat is especially megarded by sea- ticus, is foumd in thIe Soutllelm Ocean. LARIDM. —BIRDS.-LARIDME. Cy JAGER; THE POMARINE JAGER (Stercorariuts with the L. marinus. T'lhe eggs are a pale purplishpomatorhinus). —Inhabits the seas and sea-coasts of gray, with scattered spots of umiber-brown and subEurope, Amlerica and Asia, and is also found in the dued lavender-purple.'T'he adult is thirty inches in initerior of North America. It is called also the lengthl; the wing, ninetee!n alnd a half inlches. GULL-HuNTER.'['le female has a length of twellty WHITE-WINGED GULL (L. leucopte rus). - This and a quarter ilches, and all extent of wing of forty- species has the same range of lhabitat as the precedeight iiclies. Its eggs are two or three in number, ing. It is a perfect counterpart of the samlie, and anld of a grayish-olive, mlarked with blackish spots. cannot readily be distilnguished except by tile size, THE PARASITIC JAGER (S. parasiticus).-Found being greatly inferior.'I'lhere is also a differelce ill ill the North Atlantic anid onl the sea-coast of Eu- proportioln. It is called by some authors the Silvery rope and America, and ill the interior of Arctic Gull (L. argelntatus). Its length is twenlty-four America. It has the reputation of being a constant inches; wing, 16.75. terror of tile smaller Gulls. Few birds surpass it in GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL (L. glaucescens) has a power and length of flight. It generally passes habitat oil the Pacific Coast of North AmIerica. through the air at a height of fifty or sixty yards,'I'lle color is munlchl like that of tile latter. The flying in all easy mannaer, ranmging over the broad lengtli is twenlty-sevei illclies; wing, 16.75. bays, oil which Gulls of various kinds are engaged GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL (L. mnarinus).in procuring their food. As sooni as lie observes Found on the Atlantic Coast, as frar south as Long that a Gull has secured a fish, lie gives chase. The Islalld in winter, aiid, according to Audubon, to Florsuperior powers of the Jager soon prevail, and the ida. It is excessively sly ald vigilalt, ald is extrelineGull disgorges. After a short respite, while lhe dis- ly voracious, devouring all kinds of carr1iol, and eveii poses of his stolen meal, lie looks about him for more younlg birds alnd eggs. It will follow shoals of fishes game, and sallies forth to renew the robbery. When for hours. " Onl tile coast of Labrador," says Auduon winlg, the beautiful long tail-feathers seem to offer bon, " I frequently saw these birds seize flouiiders oil this bird a ready means of turning quickly. It is the edges of the shallows. TheI'ly oftenl attempted usually seen singly, or at most, in pairs; but Audu- to swallow themi whole, but, finding this imnpracticabon says: "I observed it on the Florida Keys ill ble, removed to some rock, beat them alld tore them flocks of tell to fifteen, congregated as if for the pur- to pieces. This, or some large species, is known to pose of returning to the northern regions, where it is drop shell-fish from a heighlt, with tile purpose of said to breed in groups. It breeds ill several of the breaking, the shell. While at Boston I saw one of Orkney Islands, and is gregarious during that period; these birds take up ai eel about eighlteeni inichles in and the situations selected for breeding are tile un- length, aiid, risilng withl soiie difficulty, managed to fiequented heaths, soime distance from tie shore. At gulp it headfolremost, and fly to tile neigihborinig this time it is very courageous, and attacks every in- shore, when a White-headed Eagle nmade its appeartruder by pouncinig upon himn, and striking with tile alice, and soon overtook tihe Gull, which reluctanltly bill amid wings." gave up the eel.'The Eagle seized it inll is talons BUFFON'S JAGER (S. buffoni).-Called also the before it reached the water, alid bore it off." LONG-TAILED JAGER. Inllhabits tile coasts of North HERRING GULL (L. arCgentatus) has a habitat along Aimierica and Europe, mostly ill high latitudes, amd the whole of tile Atlantic Coast, amid breeds from the is foumid in tile initerlor of Arctic America. Bay of Fuldy to Melville Islalid. All Eniglislh gelltleRICHARDSON'S JAGER (S. richa9rdsoni).-'This is maln, who owned all islalnd in the Bay of Fulldy, alnd a rare bird onl tile coast of the ULnited States below resided there, told Audubomi that lie remembereded whlei; Massachusetts. It is shy, anld difficult to approach. the Gulls laid onl the grounid, anid that the habit of Its flighlt is extremely rapid, and, like other species, building amollg tile trees had beeni acquired sinice it hiarasses tIe sinall Gulls. It breeds in thle lorthiern his SOimS had disturbed them ill gatherilig thle eggs. grounds, away fiom tile coast. Its lenlgth, from bill T'here were a few youimg that still built their niests onil to enid of tail, eighlteen and a half iniches; extent of the flats.'L'The Herrillg Gull has a greater ranlge of wilig, forty inches.'hlis Jager has a bill of grayish- migratioml tllam1 almy other Anmerican species.'I'le black, the upper portioni bluisih; iris is browi. mnale is twenty-three ilchlles ill lelgthll; extemit of BURGOMASTER GULL (Lai-us glaucts). - Called winlgs, fifty-three inlchles. also the GLAUcous GULL. It is founld inl thie North- CALIFORNIAN GULL (L. californicus).-Foumld oil ern anid Arctic seas, is circummpolar in its range, and thle Pacific Coast of Nortil America and tile illterior reaclhes in winter as far south as Lonmg Islamld.'T'lle of Arctic Amierica, onl thle great lakes. Its lemmgtlh Burgomnaster is one of tile largest of our Gulls. Dr. is twenty inlches; wimig, sixteen. Richllardson says: "'I'his large amld powerful Gull is RING-BILLED GULL (L. delawarensis) is nlot mencomisidered rare in tile Umnited States. It is niotori- tioned by tile earlier Ammiericaml authlors. Its ramige ously greedy, feedinlg lnot olly o1i fish anld small birds, is thrllough tile North Aimericall contimmemit genbut onl carrionl of every kinld. Omne specimneln, cap- erally, throughlout thle inlterior as well as coastwise. tured by Capt. Ross, disgorged all Auk, amd proved, "Th; ile Riimg-billed Gull is mimore gellerally distributed oil dissectioni, to have almothler ill its stomaclh." It is tlhoulghout tile interior thlall thle Herrimig Gull, ocratlher a shy alld inactive bird, and has little of tile currinmg on tile larger waters of tile Missouri region, clamorousmess of otlher species.'Tlley vary greatly and elsewhere. It miigrates tllhrough tile interior, up ill size, amd on that account are sometimes conmfounided tile Missouri, as well as alomg tile coast." —Coues. ccvi LARIDAM.-BIRDS. LARIuD. AMERICAN MEW GULL (L. canus).-Inllabits the water, awaiting events.'The Pelican rises, and flaps interior of Arctic America and the Pacific Coast heavily over the water, his eyes intent on the surface. generally. It is not recorded as being on the If the Pelican succeeds in catching anything in his Atlantic Coast. net, after diving, the Gull is sure to be near enough HEERMAN'S WHITE-HEADED GULL (L. heedqmani). to alight directly on his head or back, and quickly — Now called L. belclieri. Is abundant onl the Pa- lie snatches a portion of the game for himnself. Th'lle cific Coast. Its length is sixteen to twenty inches; Gull readily sees the result of the fishing, for if the wing, thirteen to fourteen. Pelican does not catch anything, lie (the Gull) quietTHE COMMON KITTIWAKE (L. tridactylus). — ly drops into the water, to await events. Th'le PelThis species inhabits both hemispheres in the Arc- ican seems never to care for the disturbance, but tic regions, and reaches as far south in winter as tile goes on quietly to fish for more. A more striking Middle States. Audubon says of it:'Th'le Kitti- example is not seen of contrast.'Ihe Pelican is the wake is the most awkward of its tribe while walk- very embodiment of patience and perseverance, while ing, and, altllouglI it walks often on tile rocks, its the Gull is an example of tile well-dressed fop who gait manifests a waddling gaucherie; but oil the filches his living entirely by unfair means. Dr. Coues water, alld in the air, few birds surpass it in buoy- says that the White-headed Gull of California has tIe ancy, grace and ease of motion. Bearing up against same habit, and he adds, they are as truly parasitic the heaviest gale, it passes from one trough of the as the Jagers themselves. Audubon says: "When sea to another, as if anxious to rest for an instant the breeding season has commenced, they assemble in under the lee of the billows; yet, as these are seen great numbers - thousands of pairs. At this time to rear their curling crests, the Gull is seen already they are so clamorous as to stun your ear with their several feet above them, and preparing to plunge into laughing cries, thouglh at other seasons they are genthe next ]hollow. While in our harbor, and durinfg erally silent, unless when suddenly aroused or when fine weather, they seem to play with their conmpan- chased by the Jager." [This must be a mistake, for ions of other species. Now, with a spiral curve, the Laugling Gulls at''ortugas keep up a continual they descend toward thle water, support themselves ha-ha! during tile day, thle wlhole summer through]. with beats of the win(g, decline their heads, and pick " Their loves are conducted with extreme pomposity. up a young herring or some bits of garbage, when'I'ley strut and bow to the females, throwing their away they fly, chased by several others anxious to heads backward, as in the case of other species. rob them of the prize. Noon has arrived. High You see them stretching their heads forwards, then, above the mast-lhead of our largest man-of-war the with open bill, vibrating tongue, and eyes all aglowKittiwakes float gracefully in wide circles, until all, ing, they emit their loud, laughing notes, which, in a as if fatigued, sail downward again, with common ac- general sense, resemble those of many other species, cord, towards the transparent deep, and, alighting though they are not precisely similar to those of any. close to each other, seem to ride safely at anchor. Th'I'lis bird frequently associates with the HRazor-bill,'Thllere they now occupy themselves in cleaning and and now and then they will all rise oil wing, as if arrangingl their beautiful plumage." T'l'lle adult Kit- frightened, and perform a few contortions in the air, tiwake imeasures eighteen imnches in length, and thirty- and again settle in the same spot, still, however, six inches ill extent of winlg. keepillg separate. Wlhile thus ill the company of RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE (L. brevirostris).-In- the Razor-bills, the Gulls are with great difficulty hlabits the lNorth Pacific, both Asiatic and American. approached, the former being exceedingly wary, an1d IVORY GULL (L. eberneus)-.-'l'lhis is a Northern almost always rising when a person draws near, tile species, accidental onl the coast of the United States; Gulls immlnediately following themn, and tile two great commoni, ii winiterl, in Labrador. anld Newfoundlanld. flocks making off to some distanlt poillt, generally It breeds in higlh latitudes.'Th'le bill is bright yellow, niot very accessible. If takeni up whlen wounded, they greenish-dusky at the base; iris, brown; edges of are apt to bite severely.'They exhibit great sympaeyelids, vermilion; feet and claws, black. T'lhe whole tlhy for each other, endeavoring to rescue their coiniof the plumage is pure white. Lenmgth, to end of tail, panions when shot." ninieteen inchies; to enid of wings, twenty and a half; FRANKLIN'S ROSY GULL (L. ftanltlini).-Founid extenit of wimngs, forty-one. in higlh latitudes of North America, and onily in LAUGHING GULL (L. atricilla).-Also called thle the inlterior. It ranges to Mexico, thle West Illdies, BLACK-HEADED GULL. I1nhabits the tropical amnd and as far south as Cliili. In Northl America this temperate parts of America, onl tile Atlantic side bird seems to be conifined to the regioii west of tile as far as Maine in summer; in tile interior, to Mississippi. Length about fourteen inches; extent Ohio; oil tile Pacific, as far as California. Thlle of willg, thirty-five. Lauglillng Gull is noted for its propensity to harass BONAPARTE'S GULL (L. philadelphia). — I'his tile Brown Pelicani. We have witniessed this at Tortu- species has a habitat inl every part of the Nolrtll gas, where bothl birds are abundant.''hle Pelican, Amemicami comitimment. No ome of tile Gulls is so tlhioughl lhavinig all enormous appetite, and having lit- widely dispersed. Coues says: "Considering ill tle skill in procurinlg its food, requires to fish duriming wihat highl latitudes it breeds, it is astonishlimng how the larger portion of the day. Many illdividuals are early toward tile fall it agaimi appears amongst us accompanied by a Laughing Gull —iever, to our after its brief absemmce.'l'he last birds have niot all lknowledge, by more.'l'the latter sits quietly on tihe left the Ullited States in May. Some time in August LARIDE. -BIRDS. —LARIDE. ccvii the young come straggling back, though they are not SANDWICH TERN (Sterna cantiaca). —This Tern numnerous until the autumn has fairly set ill." is found on tile Atlantic Coast to Southern New "While in North Carolina I made some observations England, the Balhalas and Cuba, Jama1ica, ralnging on the vernal migration of these birds that I thought into Central America, on both coasts, and south as interesting. There these birds are simply birds of far as Brazil. It breeds in Honduras.''lie wreckers passage, none winterinog nor breeding. Thlley appear say thlat the eggs of this species are good for food, early in April, or with tile first genial weather, and and that the birds remain througll all seasons nelar may be seen through part or most of May. Then tle breeding-places on the keys.'The adult Sandthey go off, to return in September, and stay a month wich T'ern is twelve and three-quaLters inchles in or so. But in spring it was a succession of birds length, and thirty-three and three-quarters in extent passing, rather than the same individuals remaining of wing. The bill is black, except tile tip, which is so long. These birds seem to feed oil insects which yellow; inside tile mouth is deep blue. they catch on wing, much as tile Swallows do.''lhey TRUDEAU'S TERN (Sterna trzdeaui).-According also feed oil shrimps and small fishes. Their flight to Audubon this bird is found onl the Atlantic Coast is light, elevated and rapid, says Audubon, resem- of the United States, having been procured at Great bling in buoyancy that of some of our Tl'erns, more Egg Harbor, New Jersey, by Mr.'l Trudeau, for whom it than most of our Gulls, which move their wings more was namned. It is also found in Soutlh America, as sedately. I found the adult Gulls in molts in Au- far south as Chili and Brazil. i'lhe bill is noticeably gust. Altlhough their notes are different from those stout for its length, and especially deep at the base; thle of all our other species, being shriller and more fie- culmen is regularly curved.''The outline of tile rami is quent, I am unable to represent them by words." a little concave; that of the gonys, straig'ht and asWEDGE-TAIL GULL (Rhodostethia rosea) inhabits cending.'The wing is 10.25; tail, 6.50; depth of tile Arctic regions, but has no record in the United fork, 2.75; bill alonig the culmen, 1.50; its depth at States. Its dimensions are: Length, fourteen inclhes; base, 0.38; length of gony, 1.75; tarsus, 1.70. Mtidwing, ten and a half; tail, five and a half. dle toe and claw, 1.05. FORKED-TAIL GULL (Xemna sabinei).-'l'his Gull FORSTER'S TERN (Sterna forsteri).-This Tern is is fouid ill the Arctic regions of both hemispheres; found in every part of North America. It is also south ill winter to thie Iiddle States (N. Y.) and found in South America, but breeds in lighi latitudes. tile Great Salt Lake. Its length is thlirteen and COMMON TERN (Sterrna hirundo). —h'llis is the three qlarters inches; wing, ten and tlhree-quarters. most common species, alid is found in Europe aind SWALLOW-TAILED GULL (Xemra fercatum).- North America generally, except on tile Pacific side.''lhis is founld Oil tie coast of California, and in the It winters in the United States north to 57~, and Arctic regions (?). passes beyond T'exas. Audubon gives a cheerful GULL-BILLED, OR MARSH TERN (Sterna anglica) accoun:t of this beautiful bird. " With an easy and is an inhlabitant of the Eastern States, thoughi not buovallt flight, the'Tern visits the whole of our inabindalnt. It is also comimnon to Europe. Coues demmted coast, with the intenitiomn of' procuring its food, describes it in P~roc. Phil. Acad., 1862, as Gelocilel- or of rearing its young amidst all tile comforts alid idon. Its len(gth is tlirteen to fifteen inches. Ex- requirements that a kind Nature llas provided for it. tent of wing about thirty-four inches. The bill and Full of agreeable setnsations, tile mimated pair glide feet are black, tie former remarkably stout and obtuse. along, side by side, as gayly as ever glided bridegroonm CASPIAN TERN (Sterna caspia).-This is known to and bride.'TI'lle air is warmn, tile sky of tile purest tihe Arctic regionls of both continents. It reaches tihe azure, and in every nook tile glitterimmg fry temlpts Middle States in winter. It is regarded as mucil tile tihemil to satiate thieir appetite. Here, dancilng in largest of the Terns, being over twenty iiclies in lenlgtlh. tile sumnshlimne, with n moisy mirth, tle vast coigregationI Thie bill is conspicuous for its bright red color. spreads over tile sandy sliores, where, froimn imnmeROYAL TERN (Sterna egia). —Thllis bird is commion morial time, tie species Ias takenl up its temporary alonmg the Atlantic Coast, and quite abundant farther abode.''lhey all aliglht, and withi llmimiced steps, anld soutli. It is nearly the same in length as tile pre- tails carefully raised, so as not to be imljured by thle ceding; tail, deeply forked; bill, oranige-colored. sand, tile differemit pairs move about, remnew their PIKE'S TERN (Sterna longiennis). —Common to caresses, and scoop out a little cavity ill tile soil. If tihe Pacific Coast of North America. Mr. G. N. you come again in a few days, you will find tile place Lawrenlce described it as S. pikei, in Ann. Lyceutn covered with eggs..'lhere thiey lie, tlhree ill each Nat. Hist., N.Y., 1853. Its bill is black, and plum- hollow, beautifully spotted anld poinlted; anld as tlhey age resembles that of S. hIirundo. receive bleat enoughl fiom tile sumi, tle birds hlave left LEAST TERN (Sternac supercilia'ris).-Noted for themn until evening. But not absenlt are they from tile its extremely small size, beimig only eight to nimie clierishied spot, for tlhey hmave seemi you, aLd mnow all illclles lobg. It inlllhabits tile Ummited States and tile fly up screaming. Althlough ullable to drive you coast northiward. Abundanit chliefly on tile coast. away, they seem most anlxiously to urge your deTHE ELEGANT TERN (Sterna galericulata) is parture by every elltreaty they cail devise, just as fouid in Middle and Southi America, up tile Pacific you would do were your family emldanmgeled by some Coast to Peru, to California anid'I'ehuanitepec. creature muchll strollgelr." Tl'he lemmgthi of tile Coinamid ii Brazil. It is not observed on thie Atlami tic mari Tern to the eend of tile tail is twelve anid threeCoast of tlme Umnited,States. qnartel's inchmes; to tile fork, elevenm iliciles; to tilh ccviii LARIDE. -B1RDS. -- PROCELLARUID2E. end of witlgs, fourteen inclles; extent of wing, twenty- cured tile specimen, which Mr. Ridgway has nained nine and a quarter iiclies. as above, while the U. S. Fishery Commission had its ARCTIC TERN (Sterna macrura).-T'lhle habitat of headquarters in Portland Harbor. It is numbered this species is Europe, Asia, Africa, North America 64,394 in the Silithsonian Institution. Dr. Coues generally, south to tle Middle States, and Oil the says of it: "It differs materially froml any T'ern Pacific side to California. It breeds f'rolm lassachu- which I lhave seen. * * * It apparently comes setts nIorthward. The Arctic'Terll, after the winter nlearest dougalli, with which it is to be particularly tempests are over, is seen glidinlg along the coast, ill comipared." A seconld specinmen of portlanldica lhats company with other species. In the begillllnning of been taken by Mr. Williami Brewster in MasslaMarch, it is seen alonig the caves anid creeks that cliusetts. It agrees exactly, except that the black enter into tile sea. It is an extremely graceful bird, cap is miore restricted, the white reachinog alonlg the antd readily attracts tile attenltion of the lnost ujob- middle linle over tile vertex to tile occiput (comprisserving' for its peculiar buoyancy, and for the rapidity inga our view of tile illstability of this character). It witil whlich it dives for its food. It is, however, al- is slightly larger. Wing, 10.25; tail, 6.30; culmen, most ilvidious to compare, as the''erlis are all pos- 1.25; tarsus, 0.65; middle toe, without claw, 0.65. sessed of exceediling grace and agility. At Americanl ALEUTIAN TERN (S. aleutica). —'lihis is one of Harbor, Nova Scotia, in June, they are to be seen in the species new to our Avi-fauna, and, as its name glreat numllbers wlhen they are breedilig'; no otlier implies, inhlabits the Aleutian Islands. lhe type of species are seenl then. Th'leir eggos are esteemled as the species is in the Smiithsonian Institution, No. food, alld furllish a wholesome diet to the illllabitants. 52,517. Collected in Kodiall, Juue 12, 1868. Audnuboml says: "At the begillnlilng of tile first au- SOOTY TERN (S. fuliginosa) is a beautiful species, tillln, tile plumllage of thle youlg so iucll resemibles fouIld in all parts of tile warmer clime throug'hout tliat of the younig of Sterna hirunldo tliat a per'soii the world, and is especially abundanlt oil thle T'ortugas nlot payin. attention to the tarsi anld feet mig'ht Keys, wilere we founld it was a conlstanlt companllion readily conlfounld theln. Yet. even at this early age of the Noddy during thie breedinlg season. It builds tlhere are indications of the bluish tint onl the under upon the bushles, placillg a few sticks in tile most parts. Tlhe longest tail-feathers at this period do careless mnannler across tile top bralches, and deposnot extend miore thanll two iiclles beyond the rest. itiing oil this rude structure a sinlgle egg. Authors'I'lhe upper parts of tile body are mnottled witl brownl, speak of two and thlree e(ggs beilg' tile usual liumber, as in all tile other species, and in Gulls.'IThe mantle but in all tile years we have been famniliar with this of tlis, as ill all other''erns, assumles its permanlent bird, we have lever seen more thanl one ego to a nest. liue before ally part of thle wilgs. T'le notes of this BRIDLED TERN (S. anostheeta).-Th'l'llis ird is givell species resenmble Creek, creek! anld are oftenl repeated tile same locality as tile precediig. Audubon is auwhen the bird is oil the wilmg. The Tl'erns that bireed thloritly f'or its occiurirence ill Florida. il the cooler regionls sit closely on their eggs, while BLACK TERN (HIydrochelidon larifornis).-Europe those of tile south only incubate durillg the Ilight and North Amnerica gener'ally are givemi as tile localand ili rainy weather." ities for this species. Coues founld it breediang in ROSEATE TERN (Sterna paradisea). —'l'The habitat various parts of North-westernl Amlerica. of this l'ern is Europe, and that part of Northl NODDY TERN (Anous stolidus). —'l'is has a hiabiAmnerica between Massachusetts anld thie Florida tat in tile South Atlanltic anid Gulf Coasts of North Keys; anld it is also seen it tile West Inidies, and inI Anterica, in tile Antilles, and south to Chili amid Cenitial America. It spellds the breeding seasoil Brazil; also in Austialia and the warimer portions of along' tile soutliern shores of tihe Floridas in consid- thie world generally.''lie Noddy is found inl'I'ortuelable nulinbers. We have seenl it, ill 1858-9, in gas in gleat uimbers, breeding there in May amld tile hiarbor of T'ortugas, aiid at Key West; but Jutle.''lheir mlests are constructed very rudely upom simce tile nmmore inuimerous settlimig of these keys, tihe simall shrubs called Bay Cedars. there has been a manifest falling off of visits BLACK SKIMMER (Rhynchops nigra).-Called also fr'omn tile various sea birds that once clailned a liome CUT-WATER.'I'lme warmer parts of America, south to there.'.llhis is at all times a noisy bird, alid rest- 450, is tile favorite habitat of this bird. It is seldom less; it seeins made to be conmtimnually on wimI'. It seeli above tile Carolillas. O0l tile Coast of Noith eimits a sould, when approachled during breeding' Carolina thiese birds are plentiful, whiere they conseasoil, reselmbliing Crdk. Its flighlt is ulmsteady, and tinue umntil November, feedimig chiefly by ilighlt or in iot ulnlike that of the Nighlt Hawk, but it is buoy- tile dusk of evening, anid reposimlg dlulring tile day oml anit ammd full of girace. While inm search of prey it thie said-bars. They feed somewhat inl thie Imanller sLils along or flutters over tile sea with tile bill down- of Whales, by skiminimig alolig tile surface. wards. Whmein a small fish is discovered niear thle surface, tihe'lTer plunges, with closed wings, anmd nlearly FAMILY —PROCELLARIIDIE. disappears from sight. Like those of other species 0 rHE PETR.LS; ALBATROSSES. Of'I'erns, the eggs are excellent eatilig.'I.'hey lay tihe eggs to be hlatched onil a shallow excavation in SHORT -TAILED ALBATROSS (Diomedia brachthe sand. Lengthl 14-~; extent of wing, 30. yura).'-lhis is all abundalt bird on tile Pacific PORTLAND TERN (Sterna portlandica). —This is Coast. Its lellgtll is about three feet; extelit of comisidemed to be a new species. Mr. F. Benner pro- wing, seven feet. Its chiaracteristic feature is tihe PROOELLARIIDaE.-BIRDS. -COLYMBIDm. ccix extremely shlort tail. Tile adult plumage is white, WHITE-BELLIED PETREL (Fregetta grallaria).with black primaries. T'his is seemingly a rare bird, as it is only accidellBLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS (D. nigripes). —Has tally seen ill Florida. Lawrence described it (accorthe general dimensions of the preceding, but a longer dinlg to Coues) in Baird's Report, and Bonaparte tail. The adult plumage is dark brown. It is very gave it the namne F. lawrenlci. abundant on tlle Pacific Coast. BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER (Paffinus melanSOOTY ALBATROSS (D.faliginosa).-This is about urus).-T'lis is seen as atl accidental visitor off tile thle size of the others. It is tle D. fusca of Audubo)n. coast of California. It is nineteen inches il) length. GIANT FULXAR (Falma/rus giganteus) is the largest CINEREOUS SHEARWATER (P. lcuhl). —This is a of tile'Petrels, being nearly as large as tile Alba- not unicoimmnon Puffin on our Atlantic Coast, yet it tross. It is coin1no1i off tile Pacific Coast. Thle lhas until lahtely escaped a place in our Fauna. Its Fulmars are Gull-like ill aspect, while the Petrels lengtli is eigllteen inchles; its color, a pale brownl-ash. are much smaller, and are thus contrasted strikillgly GREATER, OR WANDERING SHEARWATER (P. with the Albatrosses. major) is abundant oil the entire Atlantic Coast. FULMAR (F. glacialis).-Great numibers of these Lenlgth, eighteen to twenty inches; its color a dark birds are coicmmon to the North Atlantic Ocean. bistra-browl.'I'ey visit the coast of the United States in winter. FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER (P. creatopus).-'i'he Fullnar measures in lenlgth about sixteen inches. Similar to the precedirlg, and is regarded as a doubt;-'I'wo varieties are larned: F. pacificus and F. rodgersi. ful species. Its hlabitat is on tile Pacific Coast. SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR (F. tenuirostris).- MANK'S SHEARWATER (P. angloam). -Colnmron Found onlly oil the Pacific Coast, and is of the same to the whole Atlantic Coast, anld distinct fi'olo the dimensions as the foregoilg. otler species.'I'le general color is blackish. Lenlgth, CAPE PIGEON; PINTADO PETREL (Daption caper- fifteen inclies; extent of winlgs, thlirty-thlree. sis).-h'llis bird is foullnd as a stra-ggler on tile coast DUSKY SHEARWATER (P. obscurus) is plentiful of California. It mieasures fifteen inches ill lengthl. alolng the South Atlantic Coast, as far nortil as tile BLACK-CAPPED PETREL (,Estrelata hcesitata).- Middle States. Its lenlgth is about twelve inches;'Tllis is a casual visitor on thie Atlantic Coast. Its extent of wings, twetnty-six. In color it resembles lenlgth is sixteell inclhes: wing, twelve inchles. It the preceding, but somnewhalt more grayish. Ilas a cuneate tail, five and a quarter inches lonlg. BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER (P. opisthomelas). WEDGE-TAIL, OR LEAST PETREL (Halocyptina —'I'lhis is described by Dr. Coues, ill Proc. Phil. ricrosoma).-Found iii Lower California. One spe- Acad., 1864. It is like the last, with some minor cilien onily is known. Its length is five and three- differences of color, etc. Habitat, Cape St. Lucas. quarters incihes. The tail is culneate, two and a lhalf SOOTY SHEARWATER (P. faliginosus). -Abunliiclhes in letngth.'I'le genelral color of this bird is dant oil the Atlantic Coast, nortilward, reachinlg as blackisli, with fulig'inous slihade below; tile greater far south as the Carolinas. It is dark sooty-browi in witng coverts more grayisl.'I'le quills, tail, bill and color. Lenlgtlh, eighiteetn inlchles; extent of wilng, forty. feet are black.''Thre is no white. DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER (P. amaurosoma).STORMY PETREL; MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKEN TI'ls is found at Cape St. Lucas. It is similar to tile (Procellaria pelagica)-Fig. 134, vol. 1, p. 427-is last-mentioned, witi flesh-colored feet. It is regarided of tile same size, and has thle coloration of tle pre- as a very doubtful species. Dr. Coues described it as ceding species; tile upper tail coverts are, hlowever, Nectris. Length about fourteen inches. whliite, witli black tips. Thle tail is somewhat rounded. It is commnon omn thie Atlantic Coast. FAMILY-COLYIM BIDIE. LEACH'S PETREL (Gymochorea leuecorrhoa).-'FHE LoONS. Abundant on both ocean coasts. It measures eiglht inches long. T'I'le tail is forked. three inchies loing. LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER (Colyzbus BLACK PETREL (C. melania). —Founld on the torquatus).-'This is a familiar bird inl the United coast of California. Its coloration is 1much1 the samne States and tlrougllout tile whole of Nortil America. as ill tile last, but hias no whi1te. It is nine inclies in T'lhe present species measures two and a hmalf to three lengthl; extent of winggs, eighteen and a half ilchles. feet inl lenllgth; extent of wiongs, about four feet. A ASHY PETREL (C. homochroa).-Fouind ill Califor- variety is recognlized, called adainsi, or Yellow-billed niia. Somnewlat similar to tile last, but muchi smaller. Loon. Its geleral lappearallce is similar, to tile last, FORK-TAILED PETREL (Oceanodrona fuarcata). — but it is larger, and hlas larger spots uponl tile back. Coimmon oil tile North Pacific Coist. Lenlgth, about I lhe bill is mIostly yellowisli-white, four inlches long. eiglht inches; tail forked; bill black; feet dark. BLACK-THROATED DIVER (Colymbuts arlctict).HORNBY'S PETREL (0. hornbyi).-Found onl tle Ie Ihabits North Amnerica and Northerl Europe. Its North-west Coast. It is very rare. No specimlens are lenlgtli is less than two and a half feet; extent of ownled in this countlry, according to 1)r. Coues. Gray wilngs, about three feet.'l'ie fore-neck is a purplishdescribed it in Proc. Zoll. Soc. London, 1853, p. 62. black, witlh a patch of white streaks, tIle dark color WILSON'S PETREL (Oceanites oceanica). —A very eldillg abruptly; thle bill is black. A variety, called commuon species onl our Atlantic Coast. Its lengthll pacificus, has thle same colors, is sornewfiat less in is seven to eight i-nches. Wilson described it as size, anlld thle bill very welak and slender. It is abuimProcellaria, alid Audubon as'.Thalassidroma wilsoni. dant on thle Northl Pacific Coast iln winter. cCX PODICIPIDE. -BIRDS. -ALCID2. RED-THROATED DIVER (Colynzbus septentrionalis). illnchlles long. It inllabited the ligllest latitudes, allnd -Th'llis Diver is fouiid disposed over the enltire regions was at one time abunldant ill the Arctic seas. The of Northern Europe and America.'I'lhe throat is ancient shell-heaps that are so numerous along the distilguislled by a large chestnut-colored patch in Atlantic Coast show abulldanlt remains of this bird, front.'I'lle hilld neck is sharply streaked with white even as far south as the New Ellglanld shores. Nuton a blackish ground; the bill is black. tall, in 1834, records this bird as then breedinpg ill great numbers. "As a diver lie is unrivalled," lie FAMILY-PODICIPID_/E. says, "h aviing almost the velocity of birds ill thle air. Th'lley brmeed in the Faroe Islanlds and in Iceland, Grleenlalnd aiid Newfoundland, lestinig amono-g WESTERN GREBE (Podiceps occidentalis).-'This the cliffs, alld layinlg but onle egg each. Th'ley arle so Grebe is abundallt on the Pacific Coast of the United unp-rolific that if this egg be destroyed, no other is States. Its lenigth is about tllirty inclhes; extenit of laid during that season." Iele. tlieii, is a competent wings, thirty-six. In the breeding seasoni the adult cause of extilction, which, ill connection with great has a shiort occipital crest. A variety (clarki) destiuction of life among the adults, lnay well have founld in the salle Legioll is smaller, with sole operated to that iesult. " The Auk," Nuttall coldiffebrences ill color of plumage anld ill the pioportions. tinues, " is known sometinmes to breed in thle Isle of CRESTED GREBE (Podiceps cristatus).-Common St. Kilda; ald ill Papa Westla, according to Mr. thrloug-hout Nortlh Amerlica. Its leingth is about Bullock, for several years past 1no more than a sillgle twellty-four inches; extent of wilgs, thirty-four. pair had made their appearlance." It is supposed RED-NECKED GREBE (P. griseigena; var. holbilli). that the last of this species seen alive were at tile —'lThis is commtnon ill North America. Len(gth, about Funks, a small island off the coast of Newfoundland.'eigllteell inchles.'l'llThere is a sliglht rufflilng of the IIn 1844, the last specimen known to be alive on the crown feathers. Eastern conltinent was seen in Icelanld. In 1870 a HORNED GREBE (P. cornutus) is abundant specimen was foulld dead at Labrlador.'I'lhougl il thronglhout North America. Its length is fourteen poor condition, it was sold inl England for $200. illnches; extenit of wings, twenity-four.'Th'lle only specimens kniown as being in this country EARED GREBE (P. auritus). —''his is common onl are ill the following institutions: AlAmerican Museulm the Pacific Coast in winter, but is mostly found ill of Natural History, New York; Vassar College, the Arctic regioins. It is about the same inl size and Philadelphia Academy, Slnithlsonlian Istitute, amid proportions as thle precedillg. Camibridge Unliversity. Thlle egg is also preserved ST. DOMINGO GREBE (P. dominicus).-Found in il several of the museunls. Central Amerlica, the 5West Inldies, Southlernl Colo- RAZOR-BILLED AUK (Utamania torda) — called rado and Lower Catifollniai. Its leiigthl is liiiie and a also TlINKER-is fouInd abundalltly on the roclky half ilnches. Described by Dr. Coues as Sylbeocyclus. shores of the Nolthl Atlantic, coming south in wiiiDAB-CHICK; PIED -BILL GREBE (Podilymbus ter as far as the Middle States. podiceps).-'l'This is liot only hlollored with a sepa.rate PENGUIN (Aptenodytes patagonica) -Plate IX, generic name, but it is knlown by several trivial fig. xxiv.-'This is the lowest of the class of Birds. appellations, as Dipper, Diedapper, Water-witch. It Its fish-lilce "paddles," or rudimnentary willgs, close is very abundant in North Amlerica. Length, twelve scale-like plumage, and extenemely termiiinal feet amid to fourteeii iiiches. legs, show how completely it is fomined to be an exclusively aquatic creature-as much so even as tlhe FAMILY-ALCIDJE. Seal, whose life and hlabits are quite similari.'I'his bird is all inhabitant of thle Southeru i hemisphere, THE GREAT AUK (Alca inipennis)-Plate IX, found ii tile extreme Antarctic regiols, and is therefi(. xxiii. —Thiis bird is notable ini the seinse tllat it fore not Within the group of the birds of Northl Amerhas ceased to exist, so far as its history is cogllizallt, ica. Its exceedingly inlterestinog nature anid position and is noteworthy as being the expression of thle ill the natural system, hloweverl, ireder it quite wothll lowest of its class knlown to the North American of attentionl here. Thlle name of the Penguimi is continent —as the Penguin of thle Anltarctic regiolls derived fromn the term pen-wing or pin-wing. l'hle represenits the lowest of all.'I'lhe Northern Penguinv word is extant in Eigoland at the present, alld is as the Grmeat Auk is sometimles desigliated, is nlow equivalent to pinionlinu or "pin-Wilgillg "-to deprive so rare in collections that each individual has its of piniols.'ITh'le word pen-wing is said to be in use ill hiistoiy and price, or, as inl some instances, is Newfouindlanld yet, relatinlg to the Auk. For furtltier absolutely priceless. Some time liot loug sinice, a list accoullt of this bild, see Vol. 1, p. 426. of the existing specimenls owned by institutions or HORNED PUFFIN (Fqatercula corniculata).-'-'lhis persons, was published, whlich exhibited oinly sixty is the Molrmon glacialis of Audubon. It is foulid oil in number. No living specimen lhas been obtained thle coast of the North Pacific. Leigthi, fourteenl for over forty years. Ill 1869 the laige sum of $625 anmd a half iiiclies. was paid, ill Loidon, by tile American Museumn of COMMON PUFFIN; SEA PARROT (F. arleticus).Natulal History, New Yomlk, for the specimen fi'om Abundalillt oml the Nortil Atlantic Coast. Leigtli, whiichl our illustiation is takeln.. IThle lelngthl of tlhe tuiilteel alid a half ilmches. A variety, glacialis, is Great Auk is about thiree feet; its wilig is oilby four rathler laiger. ALCIDA. BIRDS. EXTINCT BIRDS. Ccxi TUFTED PUFFIN (F. cirrhata).-'I'his is abundant of new material collected by Prof. O. C. Marsh, of on the Nortil Pacific Coast, as far south in winter New Haven. as California. It is casually seen oil the Atlantic In1 the order Picarice one new fossil and extinct Coast. Lelgtih, fifteen to sixteen inches. genus, with one species, was found in the Lower TerHORN-BILLED AUK (Ceratorhina monocerata).- tiary of Wyomillg. It is about the size of a Robin, Comlnon oin the Pacific Coast to California. Lengthl, and is related to the Woodpeckers, apparently. It fifteen and a half inches. is named Uintornis lucaris. PARROQUET AUK (Phaleis psittacula).-Found Among the Raptores two genera are known —aln iln the North Pacific. Length, nine inches. Aquila from the Pliocene of Nebraska and a Bubo CRESTED AUK (Simorhynchus cristatellus).-Tlhis ofiom Wyoming. is found on the North Pacific, but has not been ob-'The Gallince are represented by a Wild'T'urkey served on the coasts of the United States, either onl firomn the Miocene of Colorado. Two other smaller the Atlantic or Pacific. Length, nine inches. species are fiolni the Post-Pliocene of New Jersey. WHISKERED AUK (S. camtschaticus).- Habitat, Th'lle Grallatores are represented by two species of Northl Pacific. It is similar to the preceding, but Grus; five species of an extinct genus, Aletornis; smaller, with two series of white featliers oin each two of all extinct genus,'I'ellnatornis, and three of an side of the head. extinct genus, Palatotringa. LEAST AUK (S. pusillus). —Called also KNOB-'I'le Natatores have one species of Sula, rather BILLED Auu. It is very small, being under seven smaller than the Gannet, fiomn the Miocene of Caroinchles in length. Found oil the North Pacific. lina, a Graculus from Idalio, alnd anl extinct genus, ALEUTIAN AUK (Ptychorhamphus aleuticus).- Graculavus, fiom the cretaceous greenlsand formation Forlmerly called CAssIN'S Aux. Found on the Pacific in New Jersey. Puffinus is represented by one exCoast, south to Lower California. Lengthl, nine tinct species fiom tlle Mliocenle of Marylanld.'Iie inches. Guilleimot has two allies ill the extinct genus CatarSEA DOVE (Mergul'us alle).-Called also DOVEKIE. ractes, one foinom the Post-Pliocene of Carolina, and Abundalt onl the North Atlantic Coast, and in wil- the other from the same form-atioln in Maine. Laorter is often thrown ashore alongo tle New England nis is all extinct genus, about the size of a Swan, Coast during heavy storms.'I'They are not unfe- from the marl of New Jersey. quelltly picked up in the interior after unusually severe gales. Lelgtih, eight and a half inches. In Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Vol. IV (Feb., 1872) BLACK-THROATED GUILLEMOT (Synthliborham- Prof. O. C. Marshi cornmluicated anll accoullt of cerphus antiquus).-Itlnhabits the sliores of the North tail osseous remains which were discovered in the Pacific. cretaceous formatiolns of Kansas.'I'lThe ieinarkable TEMMINCK'S GUILLEMOT (S. wurmizusunze).- bonles whicll are thus broughlt to nlotice are those of'I'his is found in abundance oin tie Pacific Coast to all extiiict family, amid eveni the great difference Cape St. Lucas. which is seen, as compared witli existiiig forlns, eliMARBLED GUILLEMOT (Brachyrhamphus marmo- titles thleni to a distilict divisionl as sub-class. ratus).-Habitat, Pacific Coast to California. T'Ihe extraordilnary features which pOillt to this KITTLITZ'S MURRELET (B. kittlitzi).-Habitat, latter determination are certain peculiar characters Northl Pacific. as seein in tile vertebrm, the bodies being concave on BLACK GUILLEMOT (UrZia grylle). —This is famil- eaclh face, as in fisiles.'lTe type species of this iarly called SEA PIGEON. It is very abundant on the group has well-developed teethi, also, and this is Atlantic Coast ill winter. especially a feature differing widely from amny other PIGEON GUILLEMOT (Uria columba). - Habitat, known to the class of Birds.''lile mnore imiportanit Nortih Pacific. parts of the type specimen, Ictliyornis dispar, were SOOTY GUILLEMOT (USria carbo).-Habitat, North found intact; the skull was well preserved.'Ille Pacific. size of this specimen is judg:ed to have been about MURRE (Lomvia, troile) is found on both the that of the Domestic Pigeon, anid its structure indiAtlantic and Pacific Coasts, reachinig as far south ill cates an aquatic formn.'I'le jaws of this bird (as winiter as New Jersey and California. represented ini Prof. Marsh's figure) are about three THICK-BILLED GUILLEMOT (L. arra). —Its distri- inches ill lengthl. " In eachl lower jaw tlhee ale butiomi is the same as preceding. It is called Briint- twenty-one distinict sockets, tile series of teeth exmich's Guilletnot (U1ria briinichi) by Richardson. tending alonig time eltire upper suiface.''lle teeth are small, compressed anid pointed, alid all are dilected FoBSIL EXTINCT BIRDS. more or less backwards.'im!e crowIns are cov'eled with nearly smoothl enamel. t'I'me muaxillary teetli''lime C1retaceous Period, in this country, exhibits appear to have been niumerious, and esseantially tile tile earliest evidences of the existence of thlis class sanme as those in tihe mandible. Whletaher tihe pteof vertebrates.'l'he triassic footprimits of tile Con- maxillary bones supported teetll, or were coveted miecticut'Valley are pretty well established to be with a horny beak, cannot be determinied fiom tile thiose of Sauriales, or dinosanrian reptiles. present specimnienm. hv'le scapular arche and bonles of tWe avail ourselves of the valuable Synopsis of tle wilig and leg all conformi closely to the true avia Fossil Forms, arranged by Dr. Coues, friom the mass type." The wings ear"e veily large ill proportion to time ccxii EXTINCT BIRDS.-BI]~DS.-EXTINCT BIRDS. legs, and there are several features of tile posterior ex- perforates tile inner wall." Tl'lle relnarkable features trelnities pointing to probable aquatic habits.'Tlle of Hlesperornis entitle it, says Prof. Marsall, to be concavities at each end of the vertebroe are equal and placed in the new sub-class, Odontorlnithes; but tile quite distinct. Its powerful wings and its formid- absence of the bi-concave vertebrae, the different able teeth would seemi to clearly indicate a creature setting of the teeth upon the jaw, and the absence capable of prolonged flight, ad one of a carnllivorous of a keel upon the sternum, place it in a distinct nature. In the same geological horizon, in Kansas ordei. T'lhis order is named Odontolcce. (1872), Prof. Marsh found another form, which lhe Prof. Malrslh arranges tile group as follows: calls Apatornis celer. Thl.llis is regarded as belonging to tile same order as Icthiyornis. The remains indi- ODON'l.ORNI.'-IES. cate a bird about the same size as tile Icthlyornis dispar, but more slender in proportiolls. Ih'le vertebrae are bi-concave, and teeth were probably present. All extinct group, or sub-class, knowim only tlrou'gh Thl.e most interesting specimen discovered is the certain well-preserved bones, found in the cretaceous Hesperornis regalis. It is like a gigantic diver, and deposits of Iansas. was discovered by Prof. Marsh in tile cretaceous of Kansas, in 1870.''his bird has a head Inuch like ODONTOTORM2E. that of the Great Diver, Colymibus. Thle peculiar features are a stout or prominenit imedian crest be-'l.eeth contained in sockets.'hile vertebree with tween the orbits, small brain cavity, and tile inaxil- concave faces on the body, before and behinld. laries massive, withi a deep inferior groove, thickly Sternuil with a keel. Thl.e wings well developed. set with sharp-pointed teeth. There are no true Two genera onlly are known-Ictlhyornis and Apasockets, but imperfect projections from tile sides of tornis. the grooves. "Tlmlle teethl have pointed crowns, covered with enamel, and supported onil stout fangs. ODONTOLCAE. * * * In form of crown and base they most resemble the teeth of miorasauroid reptiles. * * Teethlarranged in grooves. Vertebra- as in recent lThe external appearance of the premaxillaries seems birds. Sternuim has no keel. Thle wings rudimento i.ndicate that these bones were covered with a tary. Genus, Hlesperornlis. hlorny bill, as in modern birds. * *'lle ster- Ill Am. Jour. of Sci. and Ar ts (June, 1876), Prof. numn is thin and weak, and entirely without a keel- Marsh records accounts of two additional forms froni resembling that of the Apteryx ill front. lhe wings tile Kansas cretaceous. Tlley are of " gigantic size, are rudimentary. lThe vertebrai of the cervical ald clearly belonging to tile fTesperornithidce, altloughll dorsal regions are of the true ornithiic type, the artic- quite distinct troimn Hesperollrnlis reg'alis, tile type of ular faces of the centra being quite as in modern the group." One specimen is enlumierated as Lestorbirds. * * T.'le caudal vertebroB are very nis crassipes, genlus and species extinct. Thl'le greater peculiar, and indicate a structure not before seen in part of the skeleton is preserved, and it represents a birds. * * * lThe pelvic bomnes, although bird fully six feet in lengtli. A secolid species of avian ill type, are peculiar, and present some well- Hesperornis (H. gracilis) is described as being somemliarked reptilian features. * * Tlhe acetabu- what smaller than tile I-. regalis. Another formt is lum differs from that in all known birds, in being a species of Icthiyornis (I. victor) about one-third closed inlternally by bone, except a foramneil tlat larger thali tile I. dispar. HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN FAUNA. REPTILES.'I'HIs, the third class i the descending series of the ancient, or even later times, as compared with other Animal Kingdom, derives its name from the Latin classes. After a lleagre attempt by Aldrovandus rqeptare, to creep, indicating one of the most charac- and Gesnler, Ray recorded the first really useful teristic features of the group. Reptiles are cold- knowledge oil the subject. Since this, several emIiblooded, with a heart of three chamnbers, containing Inent writers have imade it a special study. IIn our two auricles and one venltricle; the latter being country, Holbrook, Baird, and Girard and Cope have sometimes divided by a fleshy septum.'I'le circula- accomplished very much to bring order out of the contionl is sluggish. Th'le venous blood being in all niore fusioll of material. Agassiz's work, Contributions or less comnmingled with arterial, tlhe temperature to the Nat. Hist. of the United States, is notably is, consequently, low.''lle respiration is by lungs. a great advance, colltailingl a vast alllount of matter Thl'le Frogs and Toads-Batrachians, or Amphibianls relating to this subject. In Europe Dr. Sclhreber is -which were onlce included in thle class Re ptilia, authority of most note. T'le wonderful discoveries some of which breathe at onie period of existence by ill Palmeontology hlave both increased the numbers bronchial or gill-like organs, now form a separate of the orders and the labor of correctly definillng theum. class.'lIhe brain of Reptiles is small, comparatively; The most recent authors elumerate these orders as there is no corpus callosuml, but a, small anterior follows-where it will be seeni, by noting thle italiconmmissure is present. Th'I'e reproductive systemll is cised names, which are those of extinct orders, that varied, according to the orders; thle cloaca is always anl extraordinary increase of knowledge hits already present. The ova ill somle hatch within the body, been realized: but il most they are expelled, and left to develop OrderCROCODIL. Order-Plesiosauus. inl the heat of the atmosphere. LAcERTILIA. Dicynodontia. LACERTILIA. " 1)icynodontia. T''le term Herpetology is ill use to designate the; CHELoNIA. " Pterosauria. study of Reptiles and Amphibians. Little atten- OPHIDIA. D Z)iiosauria. tion was given to this branch of Natural History in' Ichthyosauria. ORD:ER —TESTUDINATA.'L'nE TURTI~ES. with two lids and a nictitating menmbrane, as il birds. Respiration is. regarded as being accomplished T'HE terml Cheloniais sometimes used to designate by swallowing air. Agassiz divides the Testudinata this order; its meaning is, simply, from the Greek, into thle two sub-orders, viz.: Amydce, comprising a Tortoise. Th'e latter word is derived from tortus, the Land anld Fresh-water Turtles, withl retractile alludingo to tle form of the feet or legs. Th'lle char- feet that may be used for walkingl; and Chelonii, acteristic features of the Tl'urtles are very familiar the Sea Turtles, with flipper-like feet, chiefly used and apparent.''ley are bodies enclosed between for swimming. two bony shields, Which are more or less developed FAMILY-~TESUDINIDJ3. tlhe upper called thle carapace, and the lower the plastron. T.le only flexible portions of the spine T1HE LAND TeORTOISES. are those including the vertebrme of the neckl and About twenty species of Lanid Tortoises are tail. The carapace-its bony part-is formed by a knmownl. They are herbivorous, elltirely conllilled to mingling of tIle dorsal amid sacral vertebrm and the tlIe land, aid ilnhabit tIle warer parts of' bot ribs, aid al series of overlyin g bony plates. There continents. are no teethl, but thie jaws are sharp-edged anLd cov- THE GOPHER (Testudo carolina).- -Thlis is gemmus ered with horlny sheatiths.'The eyes are furnislhedl Xerobates of Agassiz, amld is thle comimomi burrowing ccxiii ---— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ccXiv EMYDIDE. -REPTILES. — EXYDIDs.'T'ortoise of the Southern States, which bears the most common'ITurtles of the Northern States, as far above designation. It is found as far north as east as New England. It is greellisl-black, thle North Carolina, in troops among the pine barrens, plates having paler margin. l.'he arginal plates are and lives entirelyv on vegetables..'le flesh is es- marked with bright red. Th'lle plastrotl is yellow, teemed agreat delicacy. It measures fourteen inclies sometimes blotched with brownl. Lenlgth of shell, in length. six and a lhalf inlches. A variety, C. marginata, has FAMILY-EMYDIDA. the plates of tile carapace in quincullx. It is found in Western New York, and westward. C(. oregoonTHE POND TURTLES. ensis is found in Minnesota and westward, and has Seventy or eighty species of this family are no red mlarkings. recorded, widely distributed over the world, of which MAP TURTLE (Malacoclemmys geographicus).a few are terrestrial. Emys geographica of Leseur.'Ihis is one of thle BOX-TURTLE (Cistudo clausa). —'llis is the Cis- group called Marsh'T'urtles. Its curious markings tudo carolina of Holbrook, and inhabits the United are suggestive of the lines of a mnap; helce the States frorn Maine and New York to Missouri, and name. It is founld ill the Aississippi Valley, alnd southlward. It is partial to dry woods. Its colors nortlh-eastward to New York. are variable, but are mIostly blackish, variegated with LESEUR'S MAP TURTLE (1f. pseuclo-geographiyellowish. A variety, called the Three-toed Box cus).-Has a habitat ill Wisconsin to Ohio, and Turtle (C. triunquis), found from Pennsylvania southwest. It is much like the preceding, but grayer; southward, is paler in color, and has the hind feet the markings are paler and in larger pattern. mnostly three-toed. The Box'l'urtle is frequently SALT-MARSH TURTLE (M. palustris).-Called, found bearing marks, dates, etc., which have been also, DIAMOND-BACK; and Testudo palustris by Leplaced upon it years before. its present capture. conte.'lThe colors are greenish or olive, of dark The author found one in Uxbridge, Mass., which shade; with concentric dark stripes along the plates bore the initials of a relative and a date, which Were of both slells. Its hablitat is fromn New York to recognized as having been cut upon the back of thle TI'exas, along tlle coast. "It is found alonlg the reptile thirty years previously. This genus has the northern shores of Lonfg Island, where it is called shell curiously constructed to shut closely, hidilg Salt-water l'errapin, and is the justly prized and completely frono view the extremities. It has a long well-known'Terrapin of epicures. They are found list of synonyms. Locally it is the Pine Barren exclusively in salt or braclish streams near the sea Terrapin, and is called by tile negroes (ooter. shore. They buly themselves in tile mud during thle THE NORTHERN BOX-TURTLE (C. ornata). —This willtel', from which they are taken in great numbers, is found in Iowa and other Western States. It and are then very fat." —DeJlay. is described as having a flat, round and broad shell, SMOOTH TERRAPIN (Emys terapi).'Th'llis without a keel, even wllen young. species is found placed in DeKay's CVat. IJist. WOOD TORTOISE (Chelopus insculptus).-Einys New Yor'k Zoilogy, 1842, with the above-namled insculpta of Holbrook. Inhabits the States east of nomenclature. Its sy nonyms are recorded as folOhio, ill woods and fields.'Th'le shell is keeled, its lows:'l'estudo terrapin, Schlepff; Ernys concentrica, plates mnarked with concentric stlriee and radiating Gray; and Emys terrapin, Holbrook. Dr. DeKay lines.'T.'here is a black spot upon each scale. remnarks' "Both this and tile preceding (M. palusMUHLENBERG'S TORTOISE (C. muhlenbeqrgi).- tris) are brought to outl markets at tile salne tillle,'IThis is tile Emys muhl. of Holbrook, E. biguttata, and sold under the name of' T'erralpin.' The market of Say, and'Testudo muhl. of Leconte. Its range people say that they are caught in the same localities. is very limited, being found only il New Jersey and I am inclined to think that thle latter inhabits indifEastern Pennsylvania, and is even there rarely seen. ferently salt and fresh water." l.'llhe length is about three and a half illclles. It in- RED-BELLIED TERRAPIN (Pseudernys r'ugosa)habits smnall brooks and streams of running water. Eimys rubriventris of Leconte; E. serrata of Say, THE SPECKLED TORTOISE (N~anemys guttatus).- Harlan and Gray. This species is common to the Emys guttata of Schneider,'I'estudo punctata of Middle States, from New Jersey to VirgiJnia. It is Daudin and Leconte. Is found in Eastern United a handsome creature, and easily distinlguished by its States, and as far west as Northern Indiana. It is serrated jaws. As an edible it is prized conlsideran abundant species. Th.'lle main color is black, ably. Length of shell, eleven incles. spotted with orange. The plastron is yellow, HIEROGLYPHIC TURTLE (P. hieiroglyphica).blotched withi black. Emiys hiero., Holbrook. Inhabits the Eastern United BLANDING'S TORTOISE (Emys mzeleagris). —C. States.'lThle shell is smooth, flat, and olive-brown in blandingi of Holbrook. Found in Wisconsin, and color, with broad, reticulated, yellowish lines; the eastward to thle Alleghanies, in moist woods anid lower shell is pale yellow.'i'The head is very sniall. fields. It is jet-black, having usually yellow spots. Length of shell, twelve inchlies.'TIhe plastron is yellowislh, with quadrangular blotches YELLOW-BELLIED TERRAPIN (P. troosti). — of black. lThere are 1no keels uponI the slhell. Emys hmolbrooki. Found in thle Valley of thle MisTHE PAINTED TURTLE ((Ghrysenys pzicta).- sissippi, ad nortllwarld to Illillois. Its colors are Emys picta of Schneider, Testuldo picta of Lecolte; glreelnish-black; thle side plates having hmorml-colored familiarly known as the MuD'I'URTLE, anld oile of thle lilles and spots; thle under slhell or plastroll dull CINOSTERNIDE. -REPTILES. TsRIONYCHrID:. CCXV yellow, with large black blotches. The tlhroat is MISSISSIPPI SNAPPER (ifacrochelys lacertina). — striped with greenish. Length of shell, eight inches. Gypocllelys of Agassiz.''llis is one o' tile forms ELEGANT TERRAPIN (P. elegans). —ltLanges from called Alligator Snapper. It is common ill the Gulf the Rocky Mountains eastward to Illinois. Tile States, and north as far as Illinois.'T'his species is colors are brown, with yellowish lieavy lines and regarded as the strongest and most ferocious of repblotches; a band, blood in color, on each side of tiles. the neck.'I'le plastron is yellow, with a dusky Holbrook records a Tortoise under the nlanme of blotch on each plate.'l'EMMINCK'S SNAPPER (ChelonuTra temmincek.) ROUGH TERRAPIN (P. scabra).-Emnys insculpta of Leconte. Is found along the shore from Virginia to FAMILY'-TRIONYCHIDAi. Florida. It is dark brown, witli yellow stripes. Tl'he plastron is yellow, with small black blotches in front. l'he fanlily name indicates a three-toed race. The Lelngth of shell, eight inches. species are called Soft-shelled Turtles. T'l'e following species are recorded by DeKa,y: — COMMON SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE (Aspidonectes Emysyforidana: lenlgtll of shell, fifteen inches; color spinifer).-Tl'his is the Trionyx ferox of numerous brown, with numerous daslhes of dusky. Inhabits authors, and is abundant in the Mississippi River and Florida. E. reticulata: length of shell, nine inches; tile great lakes. color, dark brown, with yellow lines, alnd a yellow CUMBERLAND TURTLE (A. nuchalis).-Inhabits dorsal line; neck very lonlg; feet striped with yel- the Cumberlalnd and Upper Tenlnessee Rivers. T'he low. Carolina and Georgia. E. serrata: length, carapace is ornamented with very large spines and twelve inches. Virginia and Georgia. E.concinna: tubercles. length, eight inches. Georgia and Carolina. E. LEATHERY TURTLE (Anzyda zmutica). —'lle hiabmobilensis: shell, fifteen incles. Alabama. E. ore- itat of this Turtle is the same as the precedilng. It gonensis: lengtli, eight inches. Columbia River. differs, however, in havinig no spines or tubercles. E. megacephla: length, eiglht inches. T'iennessee. E. It is'I'rionyx mnuticus of Leconte, Gray and Harlan cu.mberlandensis: length, eight inches. Tennessee. and Symnuopus muticus of Dumeril and Bibroll. FAMILY-CINOSTERNIDE. FAMILY — CHELONIDA/.'l'HE CINOSTERNOID TURTLES. THE SEA TURTLES. SMALL MUD-TURTLE (Cinosternutm pennsylvani- Wallace, in Geographical Dist. Animals, preselts cum).-Found in New York, and southward to this family as embracing two genlera and five speFlorida.'l'le famnily and generic term indicates a cies, whicli are generally distributed throughlout tile movable sternum.'lie sliell is a dusky-brown; tile warmner seas. Holbrook, in N. A. ferpetology, 1842, head and neck with liglit stripes and yellow dots. It places the Sea'Tlurtles in family Thallasites of Duis the Thr'llyn)osternuim of Agassiz, and is called in mi eril and Bibroin, and includes genera Cllelonlia and some localities SMALL BOX TURTLE. It abounds in Sphargis. DeKay records all our Anmericanll Turtles muddy pools, liviing on fish. Lenigth of shell, three nlider one family-the Chelonide. and a hal' inchlles. THE GREEN TURTLE (Chelonia mydas).-Clhelone MUSK-TURTLE (Aromochelys odo'ratus). —Sterno- viridis of Wallace.'This is a particularly well-knowI tliacrus of Bell, Ozotheca of Agassiz. Thlis is reptile, as its commercial importanice is such as to abundant inl the Eastern United States, westward to bring it constantly in view during tile colder season. Indiana. It is distinguislled by its exceediingly The waters around thle islands or Keys of tile Florida potenit, lmusky odor. Length of slmell, three and a Reef abound in themn, where a considerable imnumber half inchlies. of men are enmployed to supply the Key West nnarket. LITTLE MUSK-TURTLE (A. carniatus).-Gonio- At the latter place the reptiles are conlfiled in cages chlelys minor, of Agassiz. Found in tile Mississippi built in tile sliallow water, wlience a steady supregion. ply is kept up for tile New York and Baltimnore minarFAMILY-CHELYDRID].E. kets by weekly steamlers. We have seen tile youllg of this T'urtle in great numubers in thle channmmels 1HE SNAPPING TURTLIS. SNAPPING UTLE among the remote portions of tile sounds and imilets'This includes large and strong'Turtles, that are of Southlern Florida. In several instamnces it has mostly aquatic ill hlabit. been captured off Coney Islamnd at the mouth of New COMMON SNAPPING-TURTLE (Ghelydra serpen- York Ilarbor. Fine specimnelns are kept alive inl thle tina).-T'llis is a fanmiliar forml, and abunldant in all New York Aquarium, wllere thle creatures show their parts of America north of Ecuador, generally in peculiar habits; tile imamnner of swillmminlilg, much like stagnant pools. It is extremmely voracious, and feeds the fliglht of a bird, beimmg an immteresting exlhibition. upomn fish or ally animal food that comes in its way. T'le Green'I'urtle is regarded as tile best edible Nol;witlhstamLdilig this habit, thle flesli is regarded as almong the Chleloinians. Its flavor is said to be ena delicacy. Wlien caught tliere is always given out llanced by feeding on tIle tender alg'e (ZosteraL an odor of mnusk. Dr. Pickering recolrds onle as mnarinla) of tile shmallow waters of thIe Reef. Accordmeasuring over four feet ill lengtlh.'l'he shell is but ing to Agassiz, only two well-marked species of about lmalf tils in length. Clhelonia, tile present genus, are known, tile second coxvi CHELONIDM. -REPTILES. -CHELONIDY,. being the Mottled Turtle of tile Pacific (Cllelonia "Turtlers" to go boldly forward, after tile creature virgata).'l'he C. mydas is more abundant about has commenced to lay, and, while they sit onl its back, Ascension Island, and is very cotmmon oil tile Baha- take tile eggs as they are dropped and tralnsfer therm inas and the West Indies. At Cayman's Island large to their own receptacle, wlien tile pool deluded reptile nIumbers breed. Agassiz treats of the Green Turtle, patiently anid stupidly proceeds to cover wllat she which is found on the coast of California, as "entirely fonldly regards as her precious charge, now only the distinct from that of the Atlantic, by its more ele- enmpty hole.'h'le digging anld covering, is all done vated and more arched back, and by tile elnargilia- by tile hlild flippers. tion of its sides over tile hind linmbs. * * * HAWKBILL TURTLE (Chelonia imbiicata, Linn.) I am inlclined to adinit that lny California specimens -This is Eretmoclielys irnbricata, Fitz., recorded as are identical with C. maculosa; but I question the spe- such by Agassiz, alld is know n as T'estudo imlbricata cific difference of C. maculosa (Cuvier), and C. virgata, and Caretta imbricata. It is commonl in tlle Wvest (Schiw.), and therefore refer theni under the older Illdies, and extends all throughl tIle Gulf of Mexico, nlame, Chelonia virgata." Audubonl gives some in- and along tile southern coast of thIe United States. teresting details concerninag the habits of the Green On the Florida Reef we have met witlh smlall speci-'I'urtle at Tortugas; describes tile nlanner of deposit- mens; these were particularly regarded as excellelt ilng their eggs, etc., but during eighlt years' residence food, very tender and of good flavor.'l'hle habits are at''ortugas, from 1859, we know of only one instance much tile same as those of other Sea'Iurtles. Its of tile capture of a Green'T'urtle onl this group of food is mostly flesh of large colnchs alnd other islands, atnd this is tile only instance of all attempt marine animals. It is seemingly very ferocious, its to lay their eggs there.'lThe occupation of tile islands sharp bill giving it extraordinary power. When conby man seems to have entirely cliecked their old filled with other species, it often attacks them, and habit. Dr. Strobel informed Dr. Holbrook that intflicts severe wounds with little or no provocatiol. Green''ulrtles caught at tile T'ortungas Islllds were T'lme shell of this species is higlily prized for its uses marked and taken to Key TW/est, and there they es- ill jewelry and tile comb manufacture.'Ihe Green caped fiom confinement, and reappeared to lay their Turtle is said to furnish tile coInlnoll killnds of coineggs on the same islands in tile T'ortugas group. mrerce. A species of this genus, E. squainata, is For all account of the habits of thle large Sea'Turtles, found in the Indian and Pacific Oceanls. see tile Loggerhllead'I'ortoise. THE LEATHER TORTOISE (Sphaigis coiriacea).THE LOGGERHEAD (Chelonia ca7'etta). —l'his is'Thllis enormous creature, by far the most bulky of placed ill allotller gemnus by Agassiz-Th'llalassoclelys living'Iurtles, is generally distributed tllroughout caouamma. It ihas a umuchl wider range tihan tile GreenI tile world, thiough some authors have expressed a'I'urtle. Holbrook says: "It fiequen tly lays its eggs doubt that thiose found ill widely separated seas are on tile samndy shloals of Georgia, Carolimna and Viml- idemntical. Agassiz says: "I l my opimnioIl it is Ilot ginia," and " it is much mnore sliy and wlary iml its yet clearly proved tllat tile specimmemns observed iml lmabits tihan the Greenl'urtle." DeKavy records this these differelt stationls truly belomlg to onle species." species as Hawksbill'T'urtle. It is commmmomn oil tile This Turtle was first seen alld described by Rolidelet European Coast, aind is tllought to be identical withl in 1554, and was froln tile Mediterranleanl Sea. It the Mediterranleain species. Audubomn states thlat it ilas simice beemn occasioinally seen, amid quite recenltly feeds upon the large conchl sliells.'Illhe inotable fea- it appears to hiave very materially increased inll mlumnture of tile Loggerhead is its enormnous hlead anld bems, or it has becollme more famniliar tlllougll mmore nieck.'I'he length of this creature reaclies about numerous c'aptures. Im 1824 a specimnlel was takeml four feet, and its weighmt from tlhree lmundred to four inl Massachusetts Bay. At that timne mlone hiad beeel hlulldred poumnds. Holbrook says, " sometimes weiglh- knmown onl our coast, amnd it proved mnot omnly a mare ing sixteen hundred pounlds." Tlle flesh is eatemn by reptile to tile public, but equally so to nlaturalists. thle residemnts of tile reef, wlihe beef is scarce, anld It was purchased at a large sumn, anld is mnow ill the Green'I'urtles prove too expensive. Thle mnembers Bostomn Museum. l'lhis specimen lneasures eighlt feet of tile garrison at Fort Jefferson make good use of anld one inchl inl lengthl, and occupies an enltire case. its fleshl, and tile cominiissary, durinlg tile seasomn, reg- We have seen olle fresh specimen, whlichl drifted ularly serve it as freshl meat, quite to tile satisfactionl ashlore at Nalhant Beach; a bullet hole iml thle mleck, of the troops, who enljoy it as a soup, as well as in and one througli tile shell,' seetmed to imldicate its tihe formn of steaks.'ITh'le eggs are also prized; thley probable fate. Thmis specimen was but three feet aid are tolerably good, cooked ill ommmelet, or ill cakle. a lialf in lemngthl, anid, like othlers that we lave exAbout tile last of April tile Loggelrhead is seemn cau- aminied, was quite black in color. Holbrook figulres tiously peerimig toward lanid, il tile vicinity of tile onme as brown, whicli, lie says, was colored froin life. islands where it hias bred. Omnly onl moomnlighlt nighlts'I'le Leatlher Tortoise is quite distillctive ifl shape does it venture ashore. It creeps slowly upwards, anld ormlamnelltation. Its upper shlell is coinposed of furtively casting about, and ready to tUlll seaward at six lonlgitudillal plates, wihicli join each otler ill olice, if inlterrupted; but oince fairly at tile work, laised ridges, somewhlat serrated. It is truly all nmothing tunils it. It is mmot aml uIicoiinion tlillng for ocealmic species. IGUAN1DLE. -REPTILES. - CROTALIDE. ccxvii ORDER-LACERTILIA. THE LIZARDS. takes place. It inhabits'T'ennessee to Kansas, and T''HIS order embraces thoseReptiles that have an southward. elongated body, with four limbs, and no shields, the FAMILY-'-TEID)E. body being usually covered with overlappillg scales.' 1 11e TalCEl IIU111bE11 ae fOU[1d il1 t116 WAALI~e11 I~egiOII.'IHETEGUEXINS. hlie larger number are found in the warmer region.'This family derives its name from somle local desFAMILY-IGUANIDIE. ignation.'Ille species are all o' the New World. Thllere are twelve ger-era and about forty species. T'lhere are about sixty genera and one hundred THE SIX-LINED LIZARD (Cnemidophorus sexlineaand fifty species of this family, all found ill South tus). —Called, il the South,'IJARAQUIRA. It inhllabits America arnd the Antilles. According to Holbrook the States from Virginia to Mexico. This is Amricra four genera of this family are found in the United ot Linnseus. States. PINE-TREE LIZARD (Sceloporus undulatus).- FAMILY-SCINCID~E. Called, also, the SWIFT, and BROWN SWIFT (Tropido- lepis). An abundant and beautiful creature, in the Southern States. Fifty genera and one hundred and fifty species of HORNED TOAD (Phrynosoma douglassi).-Called, this family are known, distributed througllout various also, TEGUEXIN. Found in Central Anerica, anlld in parts Of tile world.'I'he term Skink is frlom tile western portions of the United States. Holbrook Greek, merely mneaninlg some kind of Lizard. records three other species.'Thlley inhabit tile region BLUE-TAILED LIZARD (Eumecesfasciatus).-Very south of the Columbia River. I'The same author re- abundant inl tile Southern States, east of thle Rocky cords tlme following species additional under the Mountains. It is black, with fine yellow streaks, farmily Iguacnidce. thle middle one forked on tile head.'I'le tail is GREEN LIZARD, OR CHAMELEON (Anolius caroli- mostly blue. nensis). —Tl'lis is an attractive creature, of graceful NORTHERN SKINK (E. septentrionalis).-Found shape and movements, arnd is handsome green inl in Millnnesota and Nebraska. color. HaI-Ibitat along, the Atlantic States to the COAL SKINK (E. anthracinus). —Inhabits the AlleGulf of Mexico. Length six to eight inches. gllanies, froml Pennsylvania southward. GROUND LIZARD; MOCOS (Oligosomna laterale).FAMILY-ANGUIDE. Lygosomna lateralis, Linll; Scincus unlicolor, Hal.'lh.le generic name indicates small body. It is'IHE GLASS SNAKES. abundant ill the Southern States, and north to In this family there are limbs rudimentary and Illinois. lidden under the skin, The internal structure is RED-HEADED SKINK (Plestiodon erythrocephalts). tllat of the Lizards, but lhaving a Sllnake-like form. -DeKav records this as inhlabiting Pennsylvania to GLASS SNAKE (Ophisaurus ventralis.)-This is Florida. Lengthl, twelve inches. Holbrook gives eminlently a serpentiforlm creature. There are no ex- thlle commonl name in the south as Scorpion.'I'wo ternal limbs.'IlThe tail is very brittle, alld the animal other species of Scincus are recorded by Holbrook — has fiom that fatct been regarded as so fragile that a S. quinquelineatus amid S. fiasciatus, both exceedingly sharp blow will" friacture " tlle body.'IThe truth is, pretty objects, inllabitimig the Gulf States.'Tlme latthere is a tllill transverse septunm between the verte- ter is a syLnonylmn of tile Blue-tailed Lizard (Eumneces brt, amid tllis is the poinit where separation so readily fasciatus). ORD)ER,-OPHIDIA. l'HE SERPENTS. amid Girard (North Am. Reptiles in the Smithsonian Institution, Part I, Serpents) for an enurmerationl of TrHIz Serpenits, which are embra.ced in this order, Ophidia. arleReptiles with all external covering of imrnbicated scales, but withl no shlields.'T'le bones of tile jaws are so coliiected by ligalnenlts that ani elnormous di- Thle Rattlesnakes are iincluded in this group.'TlIe latlability is possible. There are no limnbs, but very termin Crotalus is froim thle Greek, mlmealling "rattle," rudiinelmtary appendages are iin some species visible referriing lhere to thle reimmarkable feature whlicli chlarmear tlIe vemit.'lle iernalrkable elonigatiomi of foilnm, acterizes most of tlme miembers of tlhis fanlllily.'I'lhese amid absemce of limbs, constitute thIe most distillctive Serpenits have mmo solid teetlh, but thlere are two erecfeatures. We have followed the catalogue of Baird tile, grooved poisoI failgs oln tile upper jaw. A disVOL. I. —e* ccxviii CROTALID3. REPTILES.-CoT,UBRIDi3m. tinctive feature is the deep pit in the head, just be- renders it less to be dreaded. Otlier species are C. fore the eyes.'The genera Aghistrodon and Toxico- consors, Texas; C. tergeminus, the Prairie Rattlephis are not provided with the rattles. snake; C. edwardsi,'lexas; and C. kirtlandi, Ohio. THE NORTHERN RATTLESNAKE (Crotalus dtrqis- THE COPPERHEAD (Agtkistrodon contortrix).sus). —Called, also, the BANDED RATTLESNAKE. This Trl'ogonocephalus of Holbrook.'lliis is tile dreaded well-known and dreaded creature is found ill rocky COTTON-MOUTH of the Southern negroes. Its range is places, as far north as upper portions of New En- from tile Catskill Mountains-southward to tile Gulf gland and New York State, west as far as the foot States. Its color is a fhazel-brown, withl a briglit of thle Rocky Mountains, and southward to the Gulf coppery ihue upon its hlead.'I'le length is about of Mexico. Along the shores of Lake Champlain two feet. DeKay says the Copperilead is a vicious they are particularly abundanlt. DeKay records an reptile, and its bite is justly dreaded. Its poison is item, taken from a local newspaper, as follows: "Two considered as deadly as that of the Rattlesnake. It men in three days killed eleven hundred and four is called the Dunmb Rattlesnake, Red Adder, Red Rattlesnakes on the east side of Tongue Mountain, Viper, Deaf Adder and Clhunkhead, and is a sluggish in the town of Bolton, N. Y."'The remnarkable de- creature, found mostly in low meadow grounds alnd velopment of the tail, which is in effect a powerful pastures, feeding onl mnice, frogs, etc. rattle, is quite unique in tile history of Reptiles. THE WATER MOCCASIN (Toxitophis piscivor-us). — When suddenly disturbed, this creature throws itself Called \WATERVIPER.'IIrogoilocepllailus of Holbrooik. into a coil, and tile series of horniy plates comnmence Thle rangle of this reptile is from the Pedee River, Nortll to vibrate with great rapidity; the Snake all the Carolina to tile Gulf States, and to a certain) extelnt while ready to retreat, rather than attack, but yet, alolngthe lississippi River. Whllile tle Rattlesnakes, when approached, oil the alert to strike its deadly alnd iany otllers which do not readily or hlabitually fangs into wllatever comes witllin its reach.''lhe take to the water, feed upon the lalld, this Sllnake is popular belief that a rattle is added every year is emplhatically an aquatic one. Ile pursues the fishles unltrue. Dr. Holbrook says: "I have known two of small streams, anld the slmall reptiles that live in rattles added in one year, anld Dr. Bachmanni has oh- such localities. Cuvier's'T. tisiphomue is thougllt to served four produced inl the salime length of time." be tile sauie.'lI'e Water Moccasill is the most Mr. Peale, of the Philadelphia Museum, kept a dreaded of all noxious reptiles in our country. The female Rattlesnake fourteen years. It lhad when lie Southlerni negroes regard it witll especial terror, as first arrived eleven rattles. Several were lost all- they are much exposed in thleir work in tile rice nually, alld nlew onles took their place. At its death, swamps. Tile reptile readily attacks anything, after fourteenl years conifinleimenlt, there were still but hIumnan or brute; in this respect it is quite different elevenl joinits, although it hlad ilicreased four inclhes froil the Rattlesnake, which slriniks froIm everythinlg in lemigtll. Holbrook says: "'l'lle greatest liiuimber save the small creatures that constitute its legitiof rattles I have seeii is twenity-one, all of wliclh were mate prey. Thie leingthl given by Holbrook is ninepelrfect."'IThe Colunmbian Magazine, 1786, gives all teeii inches. It is very stout in proportion to its accounit of a Rattlesnlake which had the unlprece- length. Baird and Girard record a species,'P. pugdenited nlumber of forty-four rattles. AlI opportunity niax, from Indiamnola,'T'exas. is offered to study the more inlteresting of our American Snakes at tile New York Aquariull, anid there FAMILY-COLUBRIDIE. wiltness the exhibition of tile peculiar habits of tIle Rattlesnake. A slight touch of tile creature will Thiis is a very large family, nlumbering nealy onie serve to put lilll oil guard, anld his rattle into mimotioni. hundred genera, anid nmearly four hlumidred species.'lle preteinded'clhlarminlg powers " of this Snake are BEAD SNAKE (Elaps fulvihts, Cuv.)-UClled, a.lso, not recogimized by niaturalists. HARLEQUIN SNAKE. Iminhabits Vilgillia, alld southTHE DIAMOND RATTLESNAKE (C. horridus).-C. ward to Arkanssas. It is a very beautiful Smnake, alld adammanteus, Beauv.; C. rhomnbifer, Latreille anld though possessimig poisoni fanmgs, is yet very gentle others. Th'lis is strictly a southiern species, being con- anld mlild inl dispositionl. It is jet black, withi seveifined to tile Atlalltic seaboard below the Carolinas. teeu broad crimson rinigs, each bordered with yellow. It inhabits damp anld shady places, keepinig unear tile Two other species are recorded, E. tenlere alld E. water, lheuce it is called "Water-rattle." It is tile tristis. Habitat, rTexas. largest of its genlus, measuring, in some inlstanlces, RIBBAND SNAKE (Eutainia saurita, B. and (.) eight feet ill lemlgth. Thle Crotalus atrox is described — Called, also, SWIFT GARTER SNAKE. T''lle genieric by Baird and Girard as a'Texan species. Anothler termin indicates tile ribbon-like character of tile mnarkis fr'om Oregon, and is named C. lucifer. Frolim tile illgS. Inh-labits east of tile Alleghlianies, alld south to Red River, inl'Texas, a species is taken, whlichl is Georgia. lmamed C. confluenltus, Say, alid C. leconti. C. mo- FAIRIES' GARTER SNAKE (E.faireyi,.B. and G.) lossus is founid ili New Mexico. -Foumid ill thle Mississippi Valley, niorthlward to GROUND RATTLESNAKE (UCrotalophorus miliair- Wisconlsill. ius). —'Th'is is called by Hollbrook tile SMALL RATTLE- SAY'S GARTER SNAKE (E. proximna, B. and G.)SNAKE. It is about thlirteell imiclies ili lenmgth. Its HaI-Ibitat samime as precediig. Ilhabiat ranges frolm CJarolilas to tile Gulf States. HAY'S GARTER SNAKE (E. radix, B. and C.)-'Ih'lis is said to be very venomous, but its sma;all size Habitat, Lake Micliigani to Oregoil. COLUBRIDE. -REPTILES. — COLUBRIDT. ccxix COMMON GARTER SNAKE (E. sirtalis, B. and G.) RED SNAKE; CORN SNAKE (0. doliatus, B. and G.) -This is tile familiar Striped Snake of tile North- — This is a small, but elegant reptile, measuring eastern States, and is our most common species. eleven inches ill lenlgth. it is the Coronella doliata Several varieties are known. Ten other species are of Holbrook. Thle body is a brilliant scarlet ill color, enumeroated in the United States. with many jet-black rillngs, a white ring between each WATER ADDER (Nerodia sipedon, B. and G.)- pair of black. Its habitat is fiom the Middle States'lhropidonotus, Iolb.''This is an exceedingly coInmon southward. aquatic Snake, ildigenous to tile Eastern United HOUSE SNAKE; MILK SNAKE (0. clericus, B. States. A variety, called the Red-bellied'Water and G.)-Coluber eximnius of Holbrook; Coronella Snake, is known in Michigan. Four other species oftDeKay. Called Milk Snake, froml tile fact that are known. Regina has four species in the Southern it frequents dairies or cellars where mIilk is kept. It States: R. clarki, It. grahami, I. rigida and R. is a llarlllless and familiar creature. Its habitat is leberis. Ninia, diadelnata is a Mexican form. the Middle States, and north as far as Maine. Ili THE BLOWING VIPER (Heterodon platyrhinos, Massachusetts it is called Chequered Adder, and in Latr.)-HOG-NosE SNAKE. This is abundant in some New York State, Sand Killg and Sachem Snake. parts of tile Eastern States. It is a vicious-appear- Baird and Girard record other species, as 0. gemning creature, but harmless. H. sinmus is found in tile tilis, Arkansas; 0. rhombo-maculatus, Georgia. Western States. Five other species are known in KENNICUT'S CHAIN SNAKE (0. calligaster (Say) this country. Cope).-O. evansi, Kennicutt. Found fromn Illinois THE PINE SNAKE (Pituophis melanoleucus, fIolb.)) to Kansas. — Called, also, BULL SNAKE. Found in tile pine INDIGO SNAKE (Georgia couperi, B. and G.)woods, froma New Jersey to the Gulf States. The Called, also, (GoPHER SNAKE.'lllis is a dark blue, terml of the genus implies the pine-wood hlabit. and much resembles the Black Snake ill color, but Another species, P. sayi, is found in Wisconsin. is very much stouter iin body. It is a harmlless Five others are recorded. Snake, and, being stout and courageous, it has the ALLEGHANY BLACK SNAKE (Scotophis alle- reputation armolng tile negroes of killing thle Rattleghaniensis, B. and G.)-Coluber of Holbrook. We snake. It frequents thle holes of the Gopher. apply a trivial nallle to this species. It was first THE BLACK SNAKE (Bascanion constrictor, B. and discovered on thle suimmnit of the Blue Ridge, in Vir- G.)-Coluber constrictor of authors. This familiar ginia, by Mr. Geo. Robbins, of Philadelphia. Speci- serpent of our coulltry-side is the beau ideal of tile menis are found anong tile highllands of the Hudson, race, expressinig thle mnost slender and graceful form, New York. It resembles the Common Black Snake, witll all extreme lellnth of body.'ITh'le tail is probut has carinated scales. Holbrook's specimen imeas- longed gradually to a Imere poillt, and becomes highures five feet three inches. It is credited with all "ex- ly prehensile. Th'l'le head is graceful, anld tile steelceedingly mild and genitle disposition, quite ii1 colltrast bluish ulliforl'lll color, with tle beautifully tessellated witl tile Black Sniake (C. constiictor)."-Holbrook. arrallgemllent of scales, all tenid to rellder tile creature DeKay niamimes this species the Pilot Black Snake, exceedinigly attractive. Added to this, tile Black anld inl some localities it is called Racer. Sinake is tile imost active aund powerful of tile order, FOX SNAKE (S. svulpinus, B. and G.)-Ihilabits and is wild anld unltamleable. We have witnessed a fioom Massachusetts to Kansas, and niorthlward. combat betweenl a Black Snake and a Rattlesmlake, SPOTTED RACER (S. guttatus, B. and G.)-Coluber ill which tile formller quickly defeated its adversary, guttatus, Holbrook. I'lhis is the familiar CORN by coilinig arouid its body anmd Crushlilog' it, and tlins SNAKE of tile Soutll. Its niorthlern limmit is tile Caro- forcing it to disgorge tile prey which was inl dislimnas, or Virginia. pute.''lhis species is widely distributed over thle CHICKEN SNAKE (S. quadrivittatus, B. and G.) United States. Baird anld Girard dedicated a nlew This is found in Florida, first by Bartranm, and after- species to J. C. Freimonit, callinig it B. fremionti. It wards described by Prof. Agassiz. It reaches niorthl has a stouter body thanll tile preceding, anld tile ilead as far as North Carolina. It is about three feet six is larger. Habitat, Californiia. B. foxi, Peininsylvaicinches in lemngtih. Other species of Scotophlis, re- nia; B. flaviventris, Californlia; and B. vetustus, corded by Baird anld Girard, are S. lindlleimleri, Oregoon, are enmumerated. Texas; S. confillis, South Carolinla; anmd S. lactus, COACH-WHIP SNAKE (fMasticophisftagelliformis, Arkansas. B. and G.)-T-'lhis is a rare form1, foulld iin Georgia CHAIN SNAKE (Ophibolus getulus, B. and G.)- anld tile Gulf States. It is a very long alid graceful Called TIHUNDER SNAKE anid KING SNAKE. FOU11d Snake, and a rapid ruInnerl. M. flavigularis is f'roim abunidantly in wet places ill tile Southern States.'l'exas. M. inorimmoni is a species founid ill tile valley It is one of tile miost beautiful of tile order, both in of tie Great Salt Lake. il. orlmatus,'lexas; aid Ml. color and pattern of figure. It is said to be founid taelliatus, Califorliia. Salvadora of Baird aind as far north as Maryland. Girard lias a species, S. glrahallli, found iin Mexico. SAY'S SNAKE (0. sayi, B. and G.) is a m1iost at- GREEN SNAKE (Le~ptophis cestivaus, Holb.)-'l'1his is tractive creature, havinig a bluishi-black body, withi a imost graceful aid beautiful creaturie, beiigi eahly tihe round mnilk-wliite spots, thiickly bespattered over its same in shiape as tile Black SmLake, but mllucil smualler, entire upper surface. It measures fi'omi tlhree to four amid of a brillianit green color. Fouild iii Southmeri1 feet ill lenmgth, amid is found in tile Culf States. States. L. majalis is fromn T'exas amid Arkallsas. cCXX COLUBRIDnE. -REPTILES. — CROCODILID. COMMON GREEN SNAKE (ChTorosoma vetrnalis, B. SMALL BROWN SNAKE (Storeria dekayi, B. and and G.)-Called GRASS SNAKE in tile Northern G.) —'I'is is Tropidonotus of Holbrook, a small States. It inhabits from Massachusetts to Peiinsyl- gray-colored form, with minute spots of black alonog vania. Contia is a gellus of Baird and Girard, col- its upper parts. Aiiother species is thle S. occitaillilg one species, C. mitis, California. pito naculata, which is found f'ron New York to RING-NECK SNAKE (D)iadophis pLunctatus, B. the Gulf States. and G.) —Called, also, tile LITTLE BLACK AND RED SNAKE. Habitat, froml Maine to Florida. D. amra- FAMILY-BOID_/E. bilis is found ill California; D. docilis, Texas; D. pulchlellus, Californllia; D. regalis, Mexico. Lodia Th'lle characteristics of this family are seen ill tie tenuis, 13. and G., is a form illhabitinlg Puget's Sound. presenlce of rudiments of hinder limnbs, or spur-like It is Calamnaria tenuis of B. anld G. Sonora semi- appendages, situated near tle anlus. Both jaws are annulata, B. ald G., is a genus found ill Mexico. provided with teeth. T'wo genera; are kiiown ill THE SCARLET SNAKE (Rhinostoma coccinea, B. North America: WMenona and Claria.'l'llhe former and G., Tlolb.) is an exceedingly richly colored is distinguislied by its small hlead, which is conical Snake, inhabiting the Gulf States. Rlillocheilus and slightly swollen oil tie temlporal regio, thoughll lecontei is a species found by Lecolite ill San imot separated froml tile body by a conltracted!neck. Diego, California.'Ihe sniout protrudes beyonld the lowel' jaw.'There BROWN SNAKE (]:~aldea striatula, B. and G.)- are nunmerous small scales or shlields onil tile temporal Habitat, Virg'inia to South Carolina and Gulf States. region. Th'lle tail is rather short, stout alld blunt. HORN SNAKE (.IFaeancia abacusrus, B. and G.)- LEAD-COLORED WENONA (Wenona plurnbea, B. Coluber, Holbrook. Called also RED-BEr,LIED SNAKE. and G.)-I1nhabits Puget's Sound.'Wenoia isabella, Habitat, Gulf States. Abastor erythrogralmmus, another species, is found ill the same regio.'IThe Gray, is found in the Gulf States. Virginia valerite, genus Charilna has one species, which nmuch resembles B. and G. Habitat, Southern States. the preceding. WORM SNAKE (Ueluta amoma, B. and G.)Called, also, GROUND SNAKE. Habitat, from Pennsyl- FAMILY-TYPHLOPIDA]. vania to Gulf States. Tantilla embraces two species, coronata and gracilis. Southern States.'The characters of this family are:'leeth onlly in THE ELAPSOID OSCEOLA (Osceola elapsoidea, B. one jaw, eitller the uppei or lower; tile upper jaw and G.) is a remarkably beautiful little creature, beinlg' strongly projecting; scales on the belly inlstead of a bright scarlet in color, with rilngs of jet black, scutellae, disposed ill several series like those oil tile divided with rilngs of wllite. It is hardly more thani upper surface.'Two genera are knowin to North six inclhes in length. Habitat, Southerni States. America: Rena and Opthalnidionl. ORDER -CROCODILTA. r'HIS oi'der is composed of forms whichl are FAmNIrY-ALLIGIA1ORIDA. ar'ran1Iged in two families, tile Crocodiles and Alligators. Th'le shape of the head is the most a'ppar- THE ALLIGATOR (Alligator mnississip)siensis)ent distinctive mllark between thie two, the muzzle of Plate 8, fig. 7.-A- fainiliar reptile ill the walllner the former being mnuch niarrower behind the nostrils. parts of Amierica.'lhe tetrn Alligator is a corrupTh'Iat of tile Alligator forms a strai-ght line. Other tion of tile Spanish el lagarto, a Lizalrd.'Ilis anatomlical differences are noticed.'L'he Gavial, or species is especially abundant i1n the fresl-water Crocodile of the Ganges, is all enormous creature, strealms of Florida. It is usually seeii about six or sometimimes reaching thirty feet in leligth.'iThe seveii feet in lengthl; occasiollally twice tihat leingth Crocodile of the Nile is also a formiidable example. is attainied. A fiile specimenel ill tile Aliericani Museum at Cenltral Park, New York, is twelve feet in length.'llle term Caiinail is used to distinguish THE AMERICAN CROCODILE (Urocodilhs acutus). this species ill some places, anld also Pike-inuzzled -C. amrericanius of some authors.'IThis reptile is Caymnan. Holbrook records oiie as thlirteen anid a common ill tile waters of the'West Ildies, and witl- half feet ill leilgth. Th'le Alligator is extremely voraill a few years has beet foundl inhalbiting the bays cious ill its native state, a,lld feeds oi all a1 ilnil food or iiilets ill Southern Florida. A specilllen pro- that it canl reach, iiot hesitatilg to attack mnani or cured from thie latter locality, ineasuring' fourteeni beast.''lie terml Jacare is applied to fornis fouild ill feet ill length, is ill tile Siluithlsollian Institutiol!. A the South Amlerican warters ald ill tile West Iiidies. distiliguislihiig feature of tile Crocodile is tile fitting Five species are known. T''e especial characteristic of tile lower canine-teeth into a mote ill tile edge of of thiis gemlus is a promlillellt ridge across tile face il tile upper jaw.'I'he lnuzzle is stikimlgly liarrow, as front of tile eyes. Tllese creatures all colstrluct compared witlh tihat of tile Alligator.''lIe toes are sald illillocks, whiereili to deposit thlieir eggs, tile sui also webbed to tile tip. hatchiilg them ill about thlirty dLays. AMPHISB:NIA. - BATRACHIA.- ANIURA. ccxxi ORDERP-GAMPHISB2ENIA (Double Walkers). T'lis order embraces a few forIns, the typical one I gress ill either directioll equally well. A description being named from the fact that it is supposed to pro- I of tile order will be foulld in Vol. It., pp. 84-5. CLAss —BATRACHIA (Batrachians). ANIMALS of this class are cold-blooded vertebrates, gills, to tile perfect formn, wilereill the branclleim are closely allied to tIle Fishes, having externllal gills gladlually absorbed to give place alld fulnetioll to the or brallchlia, but 10o rayed fills. Oil tile otiler proper ilitellal lullgs of tile iligiler groups.''ile lanlld, thleir well-developed lilnbs sllow close allialce heart, is tllree-chamtbered, wvithl two auricles alld olle with thle Reptiles.'I'lhe Batralchialls uldergo a venltricle.'IThese cre~atures are reproduced by ineanls more or less perfect cllallge froml tlle l'adpole, aqua- of eggs that are soft, small ill size, alld brouglht to tic anld fishl-like, breatlling by means of external perfection ill wtter, or ill Ioist situationls. ORDER —ANURA (Tailless Bcatrachians). T'HIS order elbraces the famlnilies of Frogs anld SOLITARY SPADE FOOT (Scaphioptus holbrooki).Toads.'Ille prillcipal characteristics are a Ilearly'hiis illllhabits tlle Easterl Ulited States. Not very Or quite Ilaked body, palrticularly short alld broad; colnlloll. It is tile S. solitariuls of Holbrook. absellce of tail; alld a lolng intestinlal canal. FAMTIIY-R NIDNDE (Firogs). FAumIY —HYLADIE (Tree'rogs). T'Ia'illess Batrachlialls, withl tile tollgue adllerellt ill'liis falllily embraces atrboreal forms of sIlall size, fiollt, 110ore or less f1'ee belhilnd.'Tlhe finlgers are fouar havillg tile finlgers alId toes aLdapted for adllerillo to ill Illumber, tile toes five, usually webbed. Fourteeln smnoothl surl'aces by IlleaIs of slllal discs.'elln geiiera genera lare emlullerated, amId about fifty species. alid sixty species are kllowvl, very genlerally disCOMMON FROG (Rana hcalecina).-Called, also, tile tributed.'il'eir exceedillgly shrill voices are well LEOPARD FROG. Lt is Ilallmed Shlad Frog ill Peill1syl- kllowii. vania, froll tile fact tlhat it appearls with tile slad ill COMMON TREE TOAD (H-dla versicolor). —'ilis'o1r1i tile sprillg. Habitat, Northl America gellerally. is very abulldant ailnd t'a.lliliar ill thle East Unlited PICKEREL FROG (R. palustris).-'.'lhis is commllloll States. H. pickerillgii alld H. anldersolii are less ill tile e,sterll portiolls of tile United States. collIlmIoi. 1.11e latter is oouIid fiOlm New Jersey to GREEN FROG (R. clamitans).-CCalled, also, SPRING SOUthl Carolinla, aId is very 1rar1e. FROG, alld R. Iloriconelisis, Holbrook. Is a hla.ldsome TREE FROG (Ghorophilus triseriatms).-J-Habitat, species, brigilt greeii, spotte(d wittl blackisll. Inlila,bits East Ullited States. tile Ullited States east or' tile Rocky AMouItaills. CRICKET FROG (Acris gryllus). —Illabits tile BULL FROG (R. catesbiana).-R. pipielis of othler easterll portioII of tile Umited States. A variety, I.utlhors.''liis is tile Iajesty of all Ratllile reallls- crepitanls, is kIIowIl. tile ilead alId flolt of Frogdom. It is colnllollo ill all paIrts of tile Easterll States. FAMILY-BUFONIDAS (Toads). THE WOOD FROG (R. temporaria). —1'his is all Europelall species, coIllIIOII ill tile easterll portioils of'IThese are tootlhless f'orils, witlli webbed toes, nlot tlhe Ulited States.'Iwo varieties are knlowll, R. provided withlldiscs.'IT'le skil is peculiarly wartedl. calltabridgellsis aild R. sylvatica. T'11ree gellera alId thirty species are kllowll tllrougllout tile world. Australia is tile olIly exceptionl. FAwMILxY-SCJAPHIOPID/E (Scpade FZloots). AMERICAN TOAD (Btfo lentiginosus). -— Very'I'errestrial Frogs, with a hleel provided withl a more coInIIOII througlhout tile United States. It varies or less developed spur.''l1hree gellera aind tell species conlsidermbly.'Plhe nlortilern fo011 is variety aineriare foulid ill America, Europe alid Austlalia. Callus. ORDER-MODELA (Salamnanders).''HESE forlmns are nlaked, elonigated, witlh four de- creature so cilalnged, tilat it ernaills out of water veloped lililbs.'Ilie adult ias 110o exterllal bIraIciiime, mchii1 of thile time, anld breatiles air tilrouglm proper tile latter being absorbed, alnId thle Iambits of tile lullgs. ccxxii MODELA. -BATRACHI A. -PROTEIDAE. abunidant ill the south alld west of the United States. FAMILY-PLEURODELIDzE (Newts).. s). Util recelntly these formis were regarded as distillct SPOTTED TRITON (Diemyctylus viridescens). — Ifro the Siredonl.'The larva (see'Plate 4, fig. 2), or Called NIEWT anld EFT. Abundallt ill tle easterni imperfectly-developed forms of the Amblystoina, are portions of the Uiiited States. Founld il poinds anid niow knowni to attain the Siredonl state. brooks. l'Fhe Red Eft (D. ininiatus) is regarded as a MOLE SALAMANDER (Amblystoma talpoideum). — variety of the precedilg. Inhabits fiom Southerni Illinlois soutlhward.'I'llere are eight other species emulmnerated, found respecFAMILY —DESMOGNATIHIDME. tively in Ohio, New Jersey alid southward. SpeciTh'lis family resembles the preceding, but there are menis kept in the New York Aquariumn have, during important differences inl the skeletal characters. thie summer of 1878, passed throughi the various YELLOW SALAMANDER (Desmognathus ochro- stages of trasformatio.'l'llThe tail was first nloticed phoca). —Called, also, the DESMOGNATS. Ilhabits to be gradually becoming smaller, aiid, oil absorption tile Alleghianly Mountaills. The Dusky Salamander of the branichiie, was ill a few weeks complete. The (D. fhsca) inhlabits firoi Ohio to Massachusetts, anld more delicate and comely Salamanider, withl proper southward, anid is one of tile commionest species ill ilternal lungs, and its body prettily decorated with springs antd brooks. T'he Black Salamander (D. rounid spots, was the perfect and permanellnt form. nligra) is the largest of the easteril species. Iilnhabits This process of chainge was clearly visible ill the wellfioml Pennsylvania southward. arranged talnks of the Aquiariumi. Th'lie larva state of' one species is the curious Axolotl of Mexico aid FAMILY-PLELTH'ODONT1DIDE. Lake Como, Westernl Territories. (See Plate 4, These are disting(uished by the name Americal fig. 2.) Salamrnaders. There are eleven genera and thirty FAMILY-MENOPOMIDAI. species, nearly all of theml North American. FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER (flemid&ctylium sou- Th'lis family embraces large-sized Salamanlders, tatum). —-Inhlabits from Rhode Islatnd to Illinois, anld with tile forml of the preceding. Thlley are aquatic, southward. It is tile S. melanosticta of Gibbes. with well-developed legs. Onle genus and two species RED-BACKED SALAMANDER (Plethodon erythq'o- are kllown. notus). —Conlloll il tlhe Eastern States. A varliety, HELLBENDER (eZfenopoma alleghaniense)-Plate P. cinereus, is without tile red dorsal balnd(. lThe 3, fig. 1).-Called, also, tile BIG WATER LIZARD. Viscid Salamainder (P. glutinlosus)-chiefly terres- Th'is is rather a repulsive creature, though perfectly trial, like the preceding-is founld ill same localities. harmiless, as are all of thlis group. It is about olle TWO-STRIPED SALAMANDER (Spelerpesbilinen- and a half to two feet ill length. Specimlles Iare tus).-Called CAVEw SALAMANDER. Ilnhabits firom kept in tile New York Aquarium, where the habits Maine to \Wisconsin, anld southward. S. lolngicaudus are well observed. It ilnhabits tile Mississippi and abounds ill the caves foml Malilne to Ketntucky.'The Ohio rivers, alld southward. Red l'riton (S. ruber)-Pseudotritoll of Baird-is found from Maine to Nebraska, an1d southwards. Y-AM PHIUMID (Congo Snaes). PURPLE SALAMANDER (Gyrinophilus porphyr-'I'llese formls are Salhlmallders of great size, with iticus).-A large aquatic species, inhllabitilng the al almost serperltine body.''lIe limbs are rudiAlleghany Moumitaits. It is thie Spelerpes salmoonea menetary, with two or three toes each.'llhey are of Storer atnd Gray, and is said to be the only Sala- aquatic.'Two gellera amid two species are knlownl. maender that exhibits any efforts at self-defenise, TWO-TOED CONGO SNAKE (Amphiunma means).others being sluggish atnd inactive. Vol. II, p. 99, fig. 28. Inhlabits South Carolilla, Florida, Alabamla, Mississippi anlld Louisianla. The FAMILY-AMBLYS'I.'OMTID AS. gen]tus Murmollpsis has one species.'l'hlley are both Onie genus anld ninieteetn species are recorded, sup- found ill tlhe ditches anld small streamls of the Southposed to be all American. They are particularly erii States. ORDER-PROTEIDAE ( Tailed BBatrachians). FAMILY-PROTJ1'EIDIE (Xfud Puppies). lhave lio posterior limbs. T'le pelvis is etitirely wailtillg. The lower jaw is well provided with teelih, MUD PUPPY (Necturus lateralis).-Called, also, the upper has lollme.'Thme eyes are very stmall. T'wo'WATER DOG, MENOBRANCHUS, DOG-FISH. IS co111Immoii gellera alid two species are kinowil. iorthl amd west of tile Alleghammies; abluldalnt ill thie THE GREAT SIREN (Siren laceertina)-Plate 4, Great Lake regioni. Its lengthl is miearly two feet. fig. 1. —Ilhabits North Carolina, Southerii Illimmois, atid southlwaid. Its lemigthi is about three feet. FxIr,Y —SIlRENID E (Si? ens). Pseuldoblrachlus striatus is a snmall species, foumd im TIhe Sirens are elongated in body, eel-like, anid Georgia. HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN FAUNA. FISHES. ICHTHYOLOGY-frOm ifXOv, fish, and,oyo5, dis- througil a series of tubes that end in blood-vessels course-is a term which has long been in use to near the heart. In the Sllad these tubes are easily indicate that branch of zoology that treats of the seen. lThey are supposed to be useful in balancing lowest class of vertebrate alinals. ThI'le word fish the pressure in deep-water Fishes, when suddenly follows fromre the Anglo-Saxoln fisc, and is closely changing from shllallows to great depths. Thle scales like the Gerlmalnfch, tile Dutch visch, and the Scan- of Fishes are secreted firon little folds of skill. Four dillavianlfsk. T'lhe popular idea or a fish is very in- prominent forms are seen, called, respectively: Cydefinite. There are many creatures living in the cloids, those having concentric linlies; Ctenoids, havocean, and inl rivers and lales, that are by no meatns in(g toothed edges; Ganoids, hlaving enamelled scales; Fislles, but are air-breathinlg malimmals, having warm and.Placoids, whlich are large ald plate-like; the last blood, and suckling their youlig. Some of these hlaving the substance called "shagreell," anid in some creatures, thlough living in the water quite as hla- instances tle prickles and prominenlces developed into bitually as Fishes-Whales, for example-mulst yet real dentine. come to the surface to breatlle tlle external air, for IThe learinlg apparatus in Fisiles is concealed withthey have luigs, and nlot gills. Seals, Porpoises alld iln the lhead. In tile Plagiostomes and Cyclostomes Manatees are of this class, notwithstandillg the it is placed in a special cavity, anld included in a carRoinman Catllolic edict that pro!nounces their flesh tilagillous labyrinth. In the form'er the canal is pro"fisl," as a, special indulgence. Fislies are cold- lo1nged benleath the skin, and extenids to thle upper blooded vertebrates, that inspire air tlhrough the part of the cranium. In the Rays, also, it is promediullm of water in which thley dwell; gills, or bran- loniged similarly, anid opens externally by several chie, accessible through apertlures in the sides of the small apertures.'lle swiilnning bladder is connected, head, affording the requisite substitute for the en- in some ilstances, with tile cranium, throughlT tile closed lungs of the land animals.'I'lie delicate, mediul of a chain of-several snmall bones. In nearly branchling blood-vessels, that are easily seen oil part- all Fishles there are large semicircular canals, and a ing tile gill covers, are in ilnlediate contact witli vestibule connecting with a chamber that contains the thile water, and receive the vivifying influence of tile curiously-forlled ossicles or ear-bones, some of wlich air contained therein, directly, through the constant are very hard, and others quite liiny and soft.'l'he flow taken in at the mouth aid forced out at the eye is seldom provided with eyelids, having free gill openings.'lThe heart of Fishles is simple, consist- edges; some Shlalrks have a third or nictitating ing only of two chambers.'Ihe skeletonl of true memibra.ne.'llme organl of smell does not commnuniFishes is provided with a fircula-slhaped bone-like tle cate with the mouth, except in the case of the Myxim"nerry-thought" of Birds; and scapular bones, with noids. l'aste is very weak; thoughl thle tongue is adjulct appelndages, are jointed togetlher beneath, on sufficienitly large, it is mostly used for prelhensionthe medium line. Coinected with thlese bones are even tile teeth are often situated on portions of it. the pectoral.fins, whicli represent the anterior ex- Toucli is developed in certain organs, the lips being treinities. Other fills are developed singly or uin- partially possessed of thlis fuinction. Filauments upoi paired, and are made up of rays connected with the the lips and head are probably sensitive, and warn' skeleton, through tile interventionl of initerspinous tile creature of danger, as well as indicate thle natulre bones that float-betwee tile processes of thle verte- of prey. In most osseous Fishles tile sexes do not bree. Most Fishes are provided witl scales, but in come together, but the eggs are spritnkled with mnilt, somle instances the skin is thick and smooth, alld or seminial fluid. A few bony Fislhes are viviparous. covered with mucous, which exudes from numerous'lhe Rays anlld some Sllharks are oviparous, their eggs glalnds tlhat are situated in a row along the sides, being firm ald leathery, like those of some reptiles. called thle lateLral linle. Aga.ssiz reg arded the other Though Fislhes maIy be said to be especially inhliabspecies of apelrtliures seen in tile sides of Fishies as itanlts of thle waters, yet, tlhere are certain variationls spaces for tile admiission of water to tile cilrculation, fioim thle rule. It would seem most natural tllhat CCXXiii Ccxxiv INTRODUCTION. -FISHES. STRUC TURE. water must be pure, and well-charged with oxygen, Besides thile immense connmmercial importance of a that thie delicate vessels which ramify t 0hrough the large MImber of species of Fishes, there are various gills may readily absorb thile lifre-giving pabulum. products wlhicl serve inore or less valuable purposes. There are, however, Fishes that seem rather to itnhabit Th'le early writer, Belon, describes the use of tile thile mud antd salnds at the bottom of the water, as, "ear-bones" as provinyg "ilnfallible inll certain cornfor example, thle Flat-fishes-Flounders, Sole, Plaice, plaints." Slhagreen is anl article derived from somle etc. The Silurus fossilis is so called because it is species of Sharks and Rays. Pliny mentions that not seen excepting when actually dug out of tile the Roinans were ill the habit of using tlhis substance uind. I'Thliese are niot, however, wholly removed froin for polishing ivory and wood. The rough skill of tile tlhe influence of thle water above theIn.'Ihere are Rays forms a very beautifull and useful shagreen, Fislhes thiat are capable of leaving the water entirely, wlhich is used ill covering scabbards and surgical inroalinig abroad, alnd temporarily abiding on thie strunimets. Th'le isinglass of cotmmerce is derived earth. Eels frequelntly crawl alolng tile slimy grass, from a, species of Sturgeon; and a kind of glue is during the nlighlt, f'ron one piece of water to aiiother. iiade from the coinmoii Cod. Edible Fishes are exThile Soldier loricaria, founld in Surinain, is described ceedingly lnuenrous on tile coast of North America. as iot oiily passing over laud, but actually burrow- Oie huidred aniid seveiity species are described as ing to find water iiore acceptable.''le most astoll- kiiowii ill the New York mnarket. ishing feat is perforiiiled by tile Climbing Perch'Ihe early literature of Ichthyology presents some (Anabes scandens), a native of Asia, which actually exceedingly crude though imiterestiig ideas, that passes over dry and highli banks ill its search for pools were elntertaiiied by thile aiicieiits. Through the libof deeper water.'I'liese Perchli are knowii to live five erality of its presideiit, thile Americanm Museum of or six days out of water, and it is noticed that tile Natural History, in New York, is mow in possessioii gills are expanded during tile timne they are tlius ex- of tile large atld most valuable Ichutlyological Liposed.'lihe structure of the pliaryngeal boies ill biary which was collected by J. Catrson Brevoort, this species is so modified as to preseit support for Esq.''This unusual source of information we have certaiii labyrilthlinle cells, whiich retaini a small quaii-'fully consulted, and have endeavored to preseiit tity of water, sufficienlt to mnoistein thIe gills. It iilay herein as much of tile matter, datilg froni the earlibe nioted tlhat tile most remnarlkable deviatioin from est to tile presemnt tiiiie, as will conltribute somethiimg tile morli'ial life and Ihabits of tlls class is seeii in the like a couiplete Illstory ofIchthyology ill outlille. The sinall group of Flying-fishles, soine of which are able i name of Hippolyti Salviaiii stands clearly prominenut, to mnaimtain a conttinuous flight for a few seconds; iiot oinly as tile first reliable author, but as one tlhat but tlheir strictly fislhi-iature requires that they returiin is most huonorably coiiiected with oue of tile bestto breatlhe beineath tile waters. illustrated works, either of mnoderi or aicienlt times. Fislies are uearly of thile same specific gravity as Salviaui was born in Italy, A.D., 1514, of ioble parwater, conlsequently they move with great ease, ill all entagge; was Professor of M1edicime ini tihe Unmiversity directions.'l'he usual inode of progressiom is by the of Romine and pliysiciani to Pope Julius III. III these stroig muscular tail, tile actioll of wlhich is initated early times, whem motlihimg had been done iti Collipa.rill "scullimg'" a boat. Otlier fins are but little used, ati ive Amatoilmy, this writer conmmenced tile examnimtaexcept for balaancin g. Aunouug tIle sillgular analogies tion of thIle iiterior of his subjects. His work is a inet with im Fishles is that of tile possession of a pouch, folio voltumme of 500 pages, publislhed iii a very stylish ftormied of two soft flaps, seeun ill thIe Pipe-fislhes and mmamnner, the geileral executioml of which is umot surSea-liorses. IHere is a niarsupi ial fislh! although illn passed at tile presenlt day. A large full-page copthese instances tihe male possesses tile umarsupi un.. per-plate portrait of its autlhom, with exceedingly filtle'iThe genus Aspredo, of the Silu'ridce, exhibits tile accessory poirtions, iucludimg lnrlllS, etc., bears tile strange colnditionl of' Ilemispllelrical depressions in tihe following title: Aquitalizin, Animaliurn Ilistorice belly of tile male, withiun which tihe eggs are deposited, Rornce, mcdliiii.'Then follow tables and chapters, not unlike tlhose of tihe Surinamin Toad. Sonme species wlhich have an aspect of ioere systemin thlan. tihe misof Pipe-fish are credited with this habit. Well au- cellaneous collectiouns of fabulous and tl'utlhful matter tiheiticated iistlances of mest buildinig alre kmown, as seeni ill pirevious autihors.'lmhere are about one Ilunii tihe case of tihe familiar Stickleback. Tie woem- dred copper-plate euigravings, wliich, to use time lailderful clihamge of color that certain Fishes undergo is guage o' Sir Williain Jardine, who has copied largely not satisfaictorily accounted for. niMr. Fuarrell ascribes fi'omi thle work, " lave unot been surpassed for fidelity it to tihe effect of nmeuntal agitation. Thlie Stickleback amid beauty iin moderm titmles." Certainuly nothiuug is a umotable iistaIce of this appmarent " emotioun," has yet appeared to excel ill beauty amid artistic and is particularly subject to radical chaunges of color. accuracy these large copper-plate enigraviing s. lIe Great cliainges are nioticed ill the colors of thie saeine work of Contradi Gesneri, Iiistorice Natuhialhum, etc., species iii diffelreit localities, and iii no class of' tihe An- 1558, is a largeo folio, with numuer ous wood-cuts, mmaumy inmal Kingdomn are tihere mmore instaunces of' thie power of thiem well drawu, but coarsely executed.''lie of simulatitig the colors of their surroundillgs. The works of Oppian amid Plimy arie but little mmore thmau, memnaikable work of M. SamivigMNy exhibits mo less rIecords of fanmeiful stories of auinials, umlalmy derived thmanm eiglity-imimme diffetimet varieties of tile Goldenm frouum Amistotle. From these we have extracted soume Carp, iuucluditug time michmest colors, both unifoim iii initerestinig accourits relatinug to species well knmownm tinut amid pauti-colored iii time most grotesque mmiamier. fi'om time earliest times, amd equally kinown iii the STRUCTURE. FISHES.-EXTINCT SPECIES. CoxXV Mediterraniean Sea anid our Atlaintic waters.'llhe F0SSIL EXTINCT FISHES. wo-rk of Beloe,published in 1545, friom whiclh we have extracted somne itelms, cotainisfigures of inilny falmiuiliar Ia the upper portioni of the Upper Silurianl deFishes. The illustrations are excellent ill drawing', posits, fossil extinct Fishles are founld to a certailt anad the eng'ravillg is passably executed oil wood. extelnt in Europe. Nolle of this formii-ation hlas beenl Rondelet's L'Histoire Entiere Des Poissors. 1548, is discovered ill Amlerica. Fishes being the lowest of a, morle serious anld pretetitious work, withl clrude, vertebrates, they are also first to appear il geological tlomllug tolerably accurate wood-cuts. After treatig history. T'Ieir earliest appearalnce ill Amlerica is il the Fishes very fairly il onle group, the same title the )evoniaii strata.'I'lhe Amphibians, the iiext covers chlapters oil the Cetacealis, Seals alid Sea-'i'ur- hligler group, appear ill the ILower Carbolliferous. ties. Aimong the Cetlaceanrs he places a forln withl The oldest-knowin Fishes are of tile Sllark groups the sout ofra Saw-fish, and body alld tail of a Whlale; aid anll extict group, the Buckler-headed Fishes. theni there are scaled Lioias aind scaled Menllell; T'he earliest Fishes founid ini Amierica are not nauanid, after describilig the Sliell-fish anld Radiates, lmerous, but are very large in size. The T'riassic with 1manly very good figures, lie gives two separate deposits of New Jersey and Coiiiiecticut River chapters for tlhe Fishles of lakes alid rivers, respec- valley abould ill reinails of small Ganoids. Amlolg tively..A descriptionl witla all illustration of a Sea,4 the Elasmobranchiates, tile extict genusg RlyliSerpeat (Da Serpent d'eau) is givel, enldilg witih somle codus has beenl founid inll the Corniferous Limnestoone exceeditigly unlcouthl figures of Reptiles. T'le first of Ohio.'I'lis is allied to the silgular Chimce ra of three eras which Baroin Cuvier recognizes ill tile of thle preseat day. Th'e Ganoids are represented by scietce of Ichthyology, embraces the experience and(1 genus Amlia, with several species, whicll lived i! the teachings of Aristotle. The secoiid dates frorm thle great lakes; one species, only, exists at presenit. Retille of the aluthors naoticed above-about tile mid- nmailas of-Lepidosteus are fouiid il'lertiary rocks. die of tile sixteenth celtury-Salvianli, Belon aldl Giaiit Fishes, carlled Diniichlthys and Aspidiclithys, Ronedelet, as well as Gesnier, Aldrovalndi, and a few lare fouiid ill the Devoianll roeks of Olio. These beothers of less note. Fromi the illustrated works of long to tie Placoderms, ald had the anlterior portiol these old authors we have initroduced, in the proper of the body covered witli thick bolly plates, which places, such of the quaillt nmatter we hlave foulld are ill somie instances studded like a coat-of-mlail, referring to Americani species, ald thius given a lis- with excessively hard elalelled pIojectioins; behiiiid, tory of our Fishes fiomrl the earliest times. tllhe body was usually either ilaked or covered with The typical Fishes, called Teleosts, firomi thie Greek, a Igular ellamelled scales. Ini Diliclltllys, the largest "perfect bolae" —boy Fishes —include thie largest Placoderm yet discovered, the defenlsive alid offelsive number of filamiliar forms.'I'lThe Ganoids are iiot Iow armior is iniost formidable. "' Its size," says Dr. Newnumerlous, though tliey were largely represented ill berry-who is identified withi the discovery aiid sciearly times.'Ilie Gar-fishl, or Alligator-gal, is all ex- entific preselitaiomi of tlese wolnderful forms —" mnay amnple of this group. T'lie Dipnoans.are represelited be coljectured froml tile fact tlhat a single plate, ocby the Lepidosiren of South Anierica.'Ihe Stur- cupyi;ng the ceitre of the back, was more thail two (geolls are of tile same group. feet lobg aiid broad. T'lhe Ihead was about three feet Th'llere are llow about ille thousaiid species o Fishies in diameter aaid lenigtli.'I'lhe alidibles were two kiiowii to sciemice; the laurger niuaber being> foandu ill feet in lenlgtli by six inches ill depth, solid boIne tropical waters. Numlerous lanliilies are wholly rep- througilout." Of the Pycnodontidce a few have resenlted in firesh-water. Seveil lf'aimilies are peculiar beeii touiid.'[lle gellts Platysollilms has beeii obto North Amlierica. Temi fiamilies are exclusively tiled froim tie coal measures of Illiois, aid PycukLiowl iin tropical A.minerica.''lhe preselnt state of odus fioin tie greemisaid of New Jelsey.'lie Dipnothe scieice is exhibited iil the follow\ing distributionll: ans ale represelited oily by three liviiig forms, tile Lepidosireiis aimd Ceratodais, aiid closely allied to the CLAss —PICES oa FISHES. Amphibia. SUJB-CLAss-TELEOSTEI FAMILY - ALlHfE [DAi. SUB-CLASS-GANOIDEI. CLASS — SELACHCIANS oa ELASHOBRIANCH[AkTES~. BAT-FISH (Malthe vespertilio (Linn.), Cutv.)Called, also, NOS3-FISH, BAT-MIALTHEA alid DIABLO. Dr. Mitchill las described several species of tilis CLASs-LEPIDOCARDII. gemlus, all friolm the Bahamas. A specimen was early obtainied oil tlte bamiks of Newfoumidlalid, frtom whlich OuI accouit of tilhe Fishles of North Amllelica will circumstanice DeKay says we may imitroduce it.as be ill two parts.'lihe valuable List of the Fishes of occurrilng oni our shloles. It has a place ill the list the JEast Coast of N3orth America, by Dr. Gill, has of the Fishery Cornmissioll, as ilimabitillg frioni Newbeeii followed as to the arraligemlenit of famiilies foumndlalid to Florida. T'he apparatus by whicli it'1T'he Fishes of the lakes amnd rivers are recorded after lures its prey is placed just over tle mnouth, a.ld thle arraiigemlneit ill Dr. Jordoll's Mahnual of Verte- consists of all erectile club-shaped body, about an brates.'le exibition in tilhat work of tile lnlllel ous immc! i ili leigth, situated withii a cavity. trivial almnes is especially interesting amld valuable BOX-HEADED SEA-BAT (2i. cubif'oZs, Pich.)for a popullal' treatise. T'lls is tlhe M. lasuta of' Culviel, alnd Sholrt-mlosed VoL. I.-f* Ccxxvi LOPHnD. FISH ESID. OFISRTHAGRISCID.E. Malthea of DeKay, and supposed to be tile M. radi- bone, alnd more nearly resembles the normal articatus of Mitchill. It ranlges froin Labrador to thle niation.'The anterior rod, thenl, is tile only onle Caribbean Sea. l'lhe Dotted Malthea (M. notata,'that seems to be at all capable of use, and this is Val.) is found in the South Atlantic seas. mnoveable ill all directiols. It reaches, when projected folwards alid dowlnwards, ~just before thle FAMILY-LOPHIIDJE. mouth, ald is 110o doubt illtended to allure by its gentle agitatioi tile creature's prey withllin reach of ANGLER, OR BELLOWS-FISH (Lophius america- its enorlllous mouth.'I'lle small flag-lilke fillet oil the uits, DeKay) Plate 12, fig'. 62.-Called GOosE-FISH enld of tile rod attracts the attention of the prey, ill Massachusetts, MONIC-FISI- ill Maille, also FISHING- wheii, at the critical Illomeut, the great hlead and fROG, AMERICAN ANGLER, SEA-DEVIL, etc., with a ralge shoulders are sudden)ly raised, anld even fishes of large. from Nova Scotia to lHatterias. It is often takell size are snapped ill. Tl'he pectoral fils are extrelmeill Massachusetts Bay, and, frollm its great sluggish- ly stout and feet-lile, and readily afford tile creature ness and bulk, is fiequenltly throwil asilore durin the meanls anid power to quickly seize upon passing prey. heavy storms of tile Eastern Coast. We haive seell Belon calls it Le Diable de J/Ver, or La Grenoille a specimen which measured about three feet in lelngth, de Mer (Sea-frog). He figures it tolerably well, wedged betweenl two rocks at low tide, alid its elior- exceptillg that the pectoral finls are drawn as paws, mous mouth distended with a Cod whiclih nearly 1and a second pair of even more paw-like limbs are equalled, tile dimenlsions of its captor. Its bulky placed in the rear, which seelm to be wholly fictitious, form alld diminutive fins would seeIl to ilndicate a tilough the dorsal anld anal fills are entirely omllitted. sluggish liabit; and, indeed, there is no doubt that its He ranks it with the Rays. Rondelet's figure has usual method of procuring prey is to lie upoi the tile characteristic outlille of tile Fish. with pretty bottom, partially collcealed under algee or mud, its correct details. His trivial natme is GALANGA, anld lle wide -mouth ready to engulf ally livillg thing that places it between the Rays and Sharks. Storer says: comles ili its way. Yet Penlnant records of the L' L am assured that entire sea-fowls are swallowed by Elnglish species that it uldoubtedly does seize large this Fish, and Capt. West, of Chilmark, informned me anld powverful fishes. Dr. DeKa.y says:..h'lle largest that lie had klown a Goose-fish to be taken with six onlle I hatve seen \vas four feet lollg.''ley are nlot coots ill freshl condition ill his stomach." eaten, but fishermeu often open them for thle sake of tile numerous fishes that are found ill their stomaclls." FAMILY- CERATI'IDA.''le remarkable dimenlsionls of this Fisl llay be appreciated by nlotilng the following llceasuremelnts: TUFTED FROG-FISH (Hinmantolophus grawnlandDr. Storer's specimie was forty-four inlclhes in length icus, Reinhardt). —Habitoat, Greelnlald. Ole species anlld thirty-five in breadthi, with a gaipe of Illouth1 nine of On(eirodes —EsCHRCHT'S FRoG-FISi-i-and one of illches il extenlt. T'lhis Fish derives olle or more Ceratias-HOIBo L''s FROG-FISH —are friom thle salome niames from tile fact that two or three of its dorsal locality. fin-rays are developed ilito separate a-ld mloveable rods, one of which is especially ada.pted to elltice its FAlmI,Y-A.NTENNARI[ID]E. prey within reach of its mlouth. )Dlriig our sojourm1 with the Fishery Colmlmissiol ill the sulmnller of TOAD-FISH (Pterophlyne lcevigata (C'uv.), Gill). 1878, we Iiad an opportumlity to secure a very large -Called, also, COMMON FROG-FISH, MOUSE-FISU, (lnd, specimneni of this Fish, Upoll which tile peculiar fish- in Cuba, PESCADOR; in Berimmuda, DEVIi-FISIi. It is ing appalratus was perfectly developed.'Ihlere were an oceallic Fish, accidelmtal oil tile coast. three separate fiml-rays, ea'ch fromm olle to two iiichles apart, amld each olle enitirely naked, save tile fore- FAMILY-OR'I:IAGORISCIDE. lmost, whmichi had a srmall biumgee, or flag-like filamemmt. Ol carefully dissectimg tihe structure, there is seen GLOBE-FISH (Mlolacanthus nummularis (JValb.), situated on tile top of tile cramliumi a consolidation of Gill). —T'is is regarded as a pelagic species, alld several imiterspinous bolles, supportinlg two of tile omily accidental oil thle coast. Dr. DeKay records fin-rays.'Th'le ai terior fin-ray is so developed as to be a Globe-fisll-Acallthosoilla calrimlltul-i-whlich D r. an1 ex:ct counterpart of all eye-bolt amld chain-linlk, Mitchiill, one of tihe first wvho described tile Fishes of withi tile upper prolonged inito a rod.''lie structure New York, meitiomis as being lioticed on0 our coast, of thle Fish is very interestimng alnd beautiful ili itself, alld nlames Diodon. so perfect is tlle amnalogy alid so apparelit tile desigil. SUN-FISH (M ola rotunda)-Plate 13, fig. 68.-''The llext rod, ill tile rear, is inuch lilke tile first, but is Th'is las log sborine tile generic name Olrtimagoriscus. articulated nearl.y as all fiil-lays are, by suture in tile i'lie preselit liomineiclature is referred to Ctuvier. articulatiig hlead, whlichl, ilstead of allowing a coin- DeKay records it as THE SHORT-HIAD FISH (O. plete perforatiou of tile illterspinous bone and its mimola). Lililnms inalied it'l'etraodoml mnola; Alitellill, emlblracemelit, is articulated nearly as ill tile iorimal Cepllalus brevis; amld Storer, O. mola (time Short malller, allowing omlhy tile sa4me forward and back- SIuiO-fishi). Im Cuba it is called Pez lmola. Several ward movements a.s with tile ordiumary filn-rays. A species are kmmowil, but tile presenit is tile onily omme thlid ray or rod is situated somie thlree iichies imm fOuuId Ilear ourl Atlaultic slhores. Like some othier tlie rear, on a separate amid smialler ilitelspiluous species, it seemis eitler to ihave beeli very ralre iln ORTHAGORISCID, -FISHES. —BALISTIDac. ccxxvii earlier times, or, like the Leathlier'Tortoise, to have stone, meeule; and ill Spain it is called Bout, referritg escaped the attention: of fishiernenii ad nlaturalists. to its stump-like body. Pliny records it as Rota, a Even ill 1842 DeKay, illn New York Fauna, refers whleel, which is confounded by old writers with "a to Storer's iiotice of the Fish as "thlie only de- W\Vale or great Sea-fish." Mola, which is retained as tailed accounlt which we have had of tils species on the specific term, seeints to have the above derivation. tliis side of the Atlantic," and adopts the latter's description. DeKay says: "T.'he Great Sunn-fishl, or FAnILY-DIODONTIDIE. Head-fislh, is nsot unfirequently captured along tile THE SPRING BOX-FISH (Chilomycterus geometri. coast. * * It is known to weighli four or five cus).-Called, also, RABBIT-FISH, from the supposed hundred poullds." Storer, illn F'ishes of Massaehu- resemblance of thile flesh to that of the Rabbit. It is setts, 1839, remarks: "T'his is not a common Fish inll found from Cape Cod to iHatteras. Plate 15, fig. 75. Massachusetts Bay. Its rmotiosiS are very sluggish, THE HAIRY, BOX-FISH (Trichodiodon pilosus).andt it swims tear or. upon the surface of thile sea." Called, also, BIEEKEIc R.'ihis is the same as fnamed T'he ulique character of thile Fish may be somewhat by Mitchill. Habitat firom Cape Cod to Hatteras. appreci;ated by the consideration of its dimensions. It bears somethlihig near the appearaice of a Shiark, FAMILY —TE''R ADON'ITD1E. with its body abruptly tru)cated just behind the SMOOTH PUFFER (Tetrodon lcevigatus, Linn.)pectoral finlls, the dorsal and anal fills being very Found fi'om Cape Cod to Hlatteras. large and high, alld directly opposite to each other. ROUGH PUFFER (Chilichithys turgidus (Mitch.), Its skitt is similar to that of thile Shark. The crea- Gill).-Named thile PORCUPINE-FISH, BLowER, SWEL — tLure is quite thin and compact, and measures (in o011e FISH, anid inll Cuba,'T'AIrBOR; described by Storer flrom instance, wihen the weighlit was two hundred pounds,) speciments taken inll Bostoin Harbor ald at Vineyard forty-five inchIes ill letgth and thirty itches ill deptlih. Soumd, and is comtnot inll thIe latter waters. In New'Ile abruptly truncated te'rmiiial portion is edged York it is ktownt as''oad-fishm. Dr. DeKay remarks witth a thiii amId iiarrow border, quite fringe-like, that it is frequently taken while fislhing' forBlack-fish, Vwlich. anmswers to the tail. h'le dorsal fill ill thie and is evei t'outd in companmy with Cod and Haddock. above speciimeni was thirteet itichmes ill length attd It gets its name fromi its singular habit of puffing into tweaty-ome imches high; thile amal fini was twelve a nearly cottplete globe, wheti irritated. Habitat idclies lomg and twenty-omne iiches Iligh; tilhe pec- firom Cape Cod to Florida. totals were four inches loing atdll seven i inclies lhig'h.'i'me Saim-fish is tiow seeii itt tihe waters of MAassacliu- — OS'IRAO NID, setts Bay quite frequenttly dunring thle warttmer mollthms. TRUNK-FISH (Lactophrys trigonus (Linn.), Poey). We have several timies emcoumtered it, amid always -Called, also, Box-FISH. Is accidental ot outr coast, whiei it seelmed to be on its side, as if floatimg; amid, amid niative to Cubami waters. Dr. Storer records a whmei disturbed, it very clummsily left tile surface aNd specimnen of Ostraciomm whichli ie says Dr. Yale, of disappeared.'We iave takein some paims to ascer- Martha's Vinmeyard, set himin ill 1833.'Ihis was taim wlhetlher this Fisim is ever seei swimllmilillg uprig'ht, fnamed at that timhe 0. yalei, but is, Ito doubt, tile as it is evidemitly iiitemmded to do, amid all observers species here recorded. that we htave kmmown agree iI statiiig that thIe Fishli Zn 0 ~~~~~~~F A {MIL-13BLI STiIDA,. is always seemi in thIe above positioi. Rev. J. G. W"ood, ill.is Illlustrated ud Nataral History, states thiat LONG TAILED FILE-FISH (Alutera cusp9icauda, "'lme flesil of tIme Sunm-fishm is white amid well-flavored, DeiKay). —'l'his is imidicated by Baird as a doubtful amid is iln muclh request amiomig sailors."'Ihmis does species. Mitcliill called it SHARP-TAIL (Balistes cu1iot correspomid to our experieict, mom to that of spicauda); aid Stor'er, tile UNICORN FIE,-FISH (A. Dr. Storer, who says: " 0m accouint of tile great tmonoceros). It is fotiid fromi Cape Cod to Florida. elastibity of its flesh it is captured with great diffi- HOG-FISH; FILE-FISH (Cerataeanthus aurantiaculty; it is gemterally gaffed at ofr mear thIe braiclmial cus (21itch.), Gill).-Called, also, tihe ORANGE FILEapemtures. Its flesi is somiletimes used for balls." FISH. Habitat, Cape Cod to Florida. L'ortiotis cut; fr'otm its sides atmd shaped imto balls will STORER'S FILE-FISH (Stephanolepis massachusettreboumid like rubler; atid ome would as soomi thiik of sensis (Storer), Gill), d. s.)-FooL-FISr ill New York. eatti g tlhe. lLtter sIubstance. Otte of the largest spec- Fomtid f1'rom Nova Scotia to Florida. iltmemis was captured oin out' coast off Florida, alld ex- EUROPEAN FILE-FISH (Balistes caprisceus, Linn.) iitbited in thlie New York Aquarium. It mieasured -Calletl it er3ituitIda time'lURBOT. Foullid fr'om Noval about five feet ill lemgth. Like other slugogish Fishes Scotia to Florida. of great size it is imifested with parasitic forums.'hle POWEL'S FILE-FISH (3Balistes powell, Cope.), d. s.) Peimella amid Tristoima are almost always foumd -Coisidered to be ail accidenital species. Namied attached to tihe gill-edges, or bemmeathi tlie fimis, andl for Mr. Powel, of' Newport, R. 1 several othler folrums are coimimmoll. Ii the Report ofthe United States Fishery Commission, tIe raige of this FAMILY- I POAM P DE Fish isgivein as fromlll Newfoumdlamd to Cape Hatteras. SEA-HORSE (HYippocampus hudsonius, DeKay).Romidelet figures tIle Mola remarkably well, callitmg it Ktmowxvm as HORSE-FISH il somimo localities. Ranges ~Lune ou M1fole.'Imoe latter terin, accordinug to this fr'on Cape Cod to Caspe Hatteras. Stotem records author, is derived f'romi thie tesemmnblatce to a muill- tis Rs SHORT-NOSED- SEA-HoRs E: (H. brevirostris), Ccxxviii GASTEROSTEIDA. -FISHES. -SOLEIDAD. from Holmes' Hole. DeKay has it, HUDSON RIVER posits its eggs. T''lhe millnutest bits of straw or other SEA-HORSE; Sclloepff, THE SEA-HORSE AT NEW YORK; debris are drawn together and forned inlto a nest, and Mitchill, in Fishes of New York, SEA-HORSE not ulilike that of tle Oriole-a rounded forl with PIPE-FISH (Sylognatlhus hippocampus). l'is Fishl is a hlole int the side. The entrance is frequently conregarded as the only one among members of its class cealed by drawillg fragments over it.'IThe nests whlich has a prehensile tail.'I'lle lenogth varies from lmade in this mnaiier have almost the consistency tlhree to six inclhes.- of those of Birds, holdingo together wilen taken firom the water.'I'le nest whlich was built iln the New FAMILY SYNGNA'IDID A. York Aquariumn was merely a1 shallow excavatiolo oni thle bottom, linhed with a few bits or shreds of grass; PIPE-FISH (&yngnathus peckiamn s, Storer). —''ilis over this the pair kept a mltost vigilallt watch until tilhe curiously-formed Fish was first described by Dr. young were able to swim aroulld the tank.''llere Storer, of Bostoii, from a specimelln selt hilml from a are several species il Egllaiild, where they have sea-water ponld near Holmes' Hole. He named it tile Inamle of'lITTLEBAT, PRICKLE-FIS-I and SHARPLIN. in honor of Win. D. Peck, all early nlaturalist aLnd Others hlave longer namles, aiid Inore distillctive, as ichthllyologist of Maine, who wrote oil the Fishles of HALF-MAILED, QUARTER-ARMMIED, SMOOTI-'rAILED, etc. New Hampshire in 1794. DeKay records a Banded'llhe preseit species is I'ouxd'loll New Brullswick to Pipe-fish (S. fasciatus), anid Greeii Pipe-fish (S. viri- Florida.'lhle COMMON STICKLE-BACK (Gasterosteus lesceiis). Dr. Storer describes Brown Pipe-fish (S. aculeatus, Linn.) is recorded as iralgilg from Greeilfuscus), which be regalrds 1as idenitical with a spec- lauld to Newfoumdlaid. Di.. DeKay inentios thlis ilen described earlier by Di. AMitchill as S. typhle. tlder thle llname New York Stickleba;.ck (G. tioveAs there is only oiie species introduced in Baird's boracellsis), aild Storer as thle samle, with labitat, List of East Coast Fishes, we presumie tlhat tile S. Provillcetowl, NLass., ald Boston, Mass.'Ihe'Iwopeckianus is a syiinoinyi for all. Plate 14, fig. 70. SPINED STICIKLEBACK (G. biaculeatlls), a doubtful species accordiig to Baird, is from Newfoibmdcland and FAMIryu-FISTULARIID.A. Labrador. Mitchill recor-ds thle same; ald DeKay says: " It is found lIabout New York in salt-water TOBACCO TRUMPET-FISH (Fistularia tabaccaria, streams, aid Hudsonl River as far up as Alban3y." Linn.)-Plate 10, fig. 49. —Also, UNARMED'IRUMPET- (X. Imigel, C(uv. and Val., is aniotiher doubtul species. FISH. Baird regards this 3as "occasionall; speci- Habitat, New Brunswick to Hatteras. G. iovebomeiis obtained at New York." H1abitat, Cape Cod lacensis, Ctlv. and Val. (New York Sticklebackl), is to Florida. Di. Storer records a Tobacco Pipe-fish recorded by Baird as doubtful. Htabitat, New Bruns(F. selrata,) which was taken at Holmes' Hole, wick to Hatteras. which is plobably the same as the piesent. DeKaly TEN-SPINED STICKLEBACK (Pygosteus occidenmentions the salme as tile Almelrical Pipe-fish. Th'lle talis (Cu. and Val.), Brevoort). —Iabitat, Newpresent species lie records as Spotted Pipe-fish. f'ouidland to Hatteras. Dr. Storer describes this as Mitchiill described the latter as New York l'lrupet- above-G. pulmgetius, Lilinn. Foulid at Salemn, Mass. fisi (F. mnovebo-aceiisis). Accordilng to Baird there DeKay found it il botLh salt and tiesh-water, aid ilm is oimly oiie sl)ecies. thle harbor of New York iii company with tile Pipefish, anzd;also l'ron a ft'resh-water poid oil the islau.md of New York, where thle conmmmnunLicationi With the FOUR-SPINED STICKLEBACK (Apeltes qgadracus sea is iliterrupted tile greater palt of thle year. (Mitch.), Brevoot). — Gasterosteus quadracus, Mit chill; B3LOODY STICKILEBACK (G. mapeltes), Storel. FAMILY-SOLE[DAE. The Sticklebacks are exceedingly initerestiung amid intelligenlt; they are bold alud lively, and prove thIe LONG SOLE (Plagusiae plagiusa (Linn.), Gill.)most satisfactory denizeums of the house aquariuml.'llmis is recorded as of doubtful idemitity as r-egards'Their voracious anid pugniacious habits are a iuever- others. Hablitat, 1'ommm Newfomuil dlanl d to f[latteras. endimlg source of aimusemeinet.'lhle habits are, plrob- AMERICAN SOLE (Achirus lineatus (Linn.), Civ.)ably, varied among tile differelit species. Olle kitld'I'hlis is Pleurommectes lillmeatus, "SoLE IN NEW YORK," we hlave seeni in conlsiderable tmumhbers illllabiting tile Schloepff; P. unollis, NEW YORE SOLE, Mitclllh. Dr. rapids of a small steam of freshi-water, just wlieme it Storer fould it at Holmes' Hole, where a niotion lireemipties imito the sea at Swamlpscott, AlMass. it is tal- vailed tihat thie fleshi was poisonious, thioughi onily omme most a cuause of regret thiat tlhese iiiterestimug little specimmeni was foumd, aid that certainlly niot eatel. Fishes are lmot of mnore strikiig propom'tiotms, Ias Di. Mitchiill gives imore reasoniable testimiionmy, as lie they would them be more, easily observed. We ]have states positively tlhlt thle flesh is " delicate eatimmg." beem lhighily ammused amid edified ill witulessiig these DeKay says:;"It is comnmmoimi ill OU' wt.lerls —islally creatures, week after week, at the New York Aquia- takele ilm seimmes ill SepteminberI amid October, but is too riiumi, wlhere thley spawned ad bred successfully. small to be of mlilic imuportallce as food. I himuve'T'heir pugumIcity at such timimes, amid parL-ticulal-ly wl-eiI eatemi of thlemll alid foulid tVlelm very delicate." It is thle sptawl is laid alid uildel- thle carle of both palelmts, called CaLIco, aiLd HOG-CHOKE, aid COVERCL.IP, iln is woniderfiul. Tl'he Stickleback is omle of time few New Je-sey, almd SPOTTED SOLE il Massachusetts Fislhes tlhiat builds a lest delibemately, amld tihe'eimt d(:- Bay. Foulid flrolll Cape Cod to Floriida. It is takell PLEURONECTIDNE.-FISHES. - GADIDe. CCXXiX as high up the Hudson River as Peekskill. It is ex- tle COMMON FLOUNDEIR, is ClMnopsetta occellaris treinely tenacious of life; Dr. DeKay kept one alive (DeKay), Gill. DeKay gives it the trivial nllame, T'HE four days out of water. The old authors give very LONG-TOOTHED FLOUNDER (Platessa), and says of it: good figures of this Fish, placing it near the Rays. "This is a savory Fish, common on our coast in the Rondelet gives La Petite Sole ou Lingulam, and summer imotlis.'" Belon, La Sole, Lingulaca, Baglossa. SUMMER FLOUNDER (Pomatopsetta dentata (Storer), Gill).-Storer calls this Platessa dentata of FAM,~I,x-.PLIY-UlL RONEC'!?IDjE. Mitchill, and as a trivial name, T.'HE FLOUNDER OF NEW YORK. It is known among tile fishermen of PUTNAM'S FLAT-FISH (Euchalarodus putnami, Boston as SAND DAB, and is takell in tile winter Gill). —'This is, so far, only found in Salemn Harbor, season near Cape Cod, inll deep water. It is inaled Mass., and lnamed ill hoor of Mr. Putnlam, of Salemrn. thile T'OOTHED FLAT-FISH by DeKay, who says: "It is THE COMMON FLOUNDER (Pseudopleuroneetes extremely common ill our ilallrkets, and is called amrnericanus (TFalb.), Gill).-Called, also, WINTER SU11111er FloulJder. It is a well-flavored fishi." FLOUNDER and MuD l)AB in Massachusetts, and SoLE FOUR-SPOTTED FLOUNDER (Chenopsetta oblonga ill New York. Habitat, Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. (Mitch.) Gill).-T-'iSi is i the OIiONG FLOUNDER 0o Th'lis Flounder is a very tilliliar, ishi, especially so to DeKay, and SPOTTED FLOUNDEt (Platessa oblongus, tile small boy who waits so patienltly oil tile wharves Mitehill). DeKay remarks: "It is collnonl along of salt-water harbors. It is the miost commnoii species our coast and sandy shores, and is procured abunill our waters, aId is subject to great variation. Mit- dantly ill September aid October. It is excellent chlill mentiols seeinig onel witllh tile upper surface eu- eating, anld usually sells at fr'om six to eigllt cents tirely white, and another with a yellow margii on the per pouid. Like its colngeners, it is very teiacious lower side. D)eKay obtaiied a specimen "whichl of life, aniid cai be preserved ill good coiiditioni for a presented thile remarkable peculiarity of beinig iot lot g period." only reversed, but doubled. Its color oil both sides THE HALIBUT (Hlippoglossus americanus, Gill).was uniiol'olr broize, with a white patch onil its right'I'his is the famniliar great Flat-fish of our miarkets, side ii}ear the chiim, alimost entirely dlemuded of'scales." anid a very superior one as ail edible. It is H. It iscalled NElwYoORKFLAT-FISH (-'latessa )laiia). Ini vulgaris of Cuvier. Great niumbers are taken ii Massachusetts it is uiiversally called'iHE FLOUNDER. Massachusetts Bay, and omi Nantucket Shoals, some RUSTY DAB (Mfyzops6ttaftrruginea (Storerl), Gill). reaclhinglg two humdred pounds in weight. Dr. Storer -Called SAND DAB ill M1aimie. It raniges from records that Mr. Newcoinb, a nioted fish-mnomiger of Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. Storer says: "'lThis Bostomn imarket, had oil his stand a Halibut "which species is occasionally brought to tile market ill the weighed, after thIe head and bowels were removed, winter seasoni oily. It is taken in about thirty four huidred and tweity pouids." fIe adds: "Tlhel f'aLthols of water.~' DeKay calls it the RusTr FLAT- largest speciimei of which I have aiy ceirtaini kiiowlFISa (Platessa ferrugimea), and says: "he fisherime edge was taken at New Ledge, lear ol'tlsand, Mle., ill conisider it rare, amid oily foiund ii deep water." 1807, and weighed upwards of six hundred pouiids." AMERICAN DAB (Limanda rostrata (Storer), Gill).'ime HIalibut fishery is at timies very considerable. -Found iii Labrador waters. At tile Namtucket Shoals aloie tliere were omice e(iiSMOOTH PLAICE (Pleuronectes glaber (Staorer), ployed eighty vessels of f'roim sixty to eighty tons Gill).-Namined, also, STmOOTH-BAcK. Found from barthen each.'lThe Halibut abounds oil both sides of Maine to Massachusetts. tile Atlantic, imnhabiting tihe cold seas, anid migratimng LONG DAB (Glyptocephalas acadianus, Gill).- southward inll the warlner season as fu' as New York, Foumid ii Maitire. returninog in July anld August. Some suppose thlat SPOTTED TURBOT (Lophopsetta maculata (Aitch.), it retires to deep water in winter, without chianging Gill). —(Jalled, in New Jeisey, WINDOW-PANE, and ini its latitude. Speciimeis are sometiimes seei with New York, SAND FLOUNDER. It ranges from Cape the sides reversed-the eyes anid colored surface omi Cod to Hatteras.'his was formerly described by tihe left side. Roudelet amd Belon give good figummes Mitchill as tile NEW YOuR PLAiCE (PleumOlleCtes of thlls Fish under the niaies FIlez, Ilelbut. A unaculatus), aind by Cuvier as Rlhoiibus aquosus. species called GRE1iENIAND HALIBUT (Reiihardtilms De-Kay regards it as the WATERY FLOUNDER Of Mlit- hlippoglossoides) is fomuid ii Grteeluaid waters. chill. Hle says:.:Oim tile coast of Massachusetts it is sold as time I Eiglish'urbot,' fom whichli, however, FAIILY-MAIA(CRURIDJA] it is easily distinguished by thile absenice of tile miu- Two geiera are embraced uader tlis faitily amenunerous tubercles on tile colored side whichi chllarac- Macrurus, with onie species, rupestris (Bloc!i.), called terize that species. Th'lie Spotted or Watery'T'urbot INGHINGOAI; amid Coryplimuoides morvegicus, called is regarded as a delicate article of food, anid has beemi GUNNER. They are found ill Greenlaid waters. kniown to weigh twenity pounids. It is imore counimonly called Sand Flounder." A species called FAILI —GADiDZE. WMHIFF (CIitIirichithy s I icrostormus, Gill) is foutd POLLOCK (Pollachius carbonariu8 (Linn.) Bon.) — froim New Jersey to Catpe Hattemas. The ARCTIC Called iII Enuglaid COAL-FIs —proba, bly fi'omm its DAB (Hippoglossoides platessoides ('Tiab.), Gill) is coal-like aspect-luemuce its specific maitne. It immhmabits f'olmid. iii time Polar regionms. Ammothier species, called froumi Gree~uldad to lhatteras. h'lie Pollock is at ccxxx GADIDnm.-FISHES. — GADIDE. present valnedl for saltinlg, although' at one tillme it rocks in deep water. Boston market is supplied was not prized. Dr. Storer records two species unlder largely with'reshli Cod anid Haddock fr'omin small vesthe names Merlangus purpureus allnd M. carbonllarius; sels sent out fromi Naalant and Swamnpscott.'IThese thIe latter lie calls Coal-fisil, andl the foriner Pollock. vessels average about fifty tolls burthien, and are On the coast of New York it is not commoin, but in built much after thile model of tile pilot-boats, being Massachusetts Bay it is exceedingly numerous. It exceedingly staunch, and necessarily fiast, as a good sometimes reaches tile weighlt of seventeenl poutnds, deal of a' spirit of competition exists inll tile matter but is seldom more than half that. Great Inumbers of reaching tile nmarket soonest. Dlirimig the winter are salted and sold with Cod-fish and ~Haddock. Imontlhs tis fishing is most important.'lie writer COD-FISH (Gadus morrhua, Linn.) —Plate 6, fig. llhas long beei familiar' with tile men anl(1 their 29-is found alollng shore fIroum Greenland to Hat- methods, aiid it, is worth wliile to say tlhat no mniore teras. Storer niamed it M orrihua almericanla —THI worthy and honest class of citizenls are knlown ill our AME R~ICA N COD; alld DeKay follows witli thle sam ne country. We have acconipanied a vessel during the noieliclature. Mitchill, earlier, uhas it Gadus calla- coldest winter weather to "Greell's Harbor Ground," rius —'lToRsci, COTMON COD, or ROCK COD OF NEW as they terml tile locality, vwhich is a favorite Cod YoRK. Storer: says: "'.'lis species is taken alolng and Haddock region it thlat season. This harbor the whole coast of Massachusetts throuhogio ut tile borders the Daniel Webster ftlarm, Marshfield, Mass.. year, leavinog tile vicinity of land in the month but the fishlling grounds are ill deep water, several of February, and going ilito deeper water." A re- miles off shore.'lhe fishermen tmust have certaiul liable source of iniformnationi coiceriimig tihe weighlt marks oil slhore, by whiicli tlhey get tile r'aige of their of time Cod, is tIme testimnonty of Mr. Jonathani Johmi- grouid, amm(h ceirtaini tall trees alld buildinlgs hiere soel, Jr., of Namlait, Mass., whol tihe writer has poinit out, wheni takeni ill ranige, tile look'ed-forI posipersommally kliowni to be a valued judge ill these tiomi. About twoo'clock ill tile mlmo'riiig tlle hiousehioldl limatters. He states that the largest Cod-fish lie of tlhe fishermanl's faimily is astir, or the woodeii firhas seemi taken weighled eiglhty-eight pounids. Mr. kiill which coitaimis his inlevitable miniice-pie, whiclh Ailthomy Holbrook, of Bostonl, a inoted fishi-monger, serves for lunch, is prepared overlighllt. Our stalreliorted a specimeni to Dr. Storer, wlhich lie says lie wmart fIrieilld had provided us with tIme outfit, conisistinig saw takemi ill thie sprilg of 1807, at New Ledge, of heavy woolei stockimigs amid enormous boots, that sixty mliles soluth-east of Portlatld, Me.; it weighlied were well tarred to keepl) out tile wet. A suit of oiloeme iummitdred amid sevell pounIds, mimid had barnacles cloth throug'hout, amid a large heavy pair of woolemi ii)Oii its Ihead the size of tile thummb. A Mr. Holmmes lmittens, and oil-cloth ll "sou'-wester" halit colmpleted is recorded as statinlg that lie lias seemi a Cod weigh- tihe attire. The fishiing groumils were reached about ing one hiunumdred pouilds, anid imore than five feet illi daylight, au(ll tlie hall'-dozeim mmemti immlmediamtely commleingth.''le Cod Fishery is a very importanit erm- imieiced to get ready each his boamt; om "dory," as ploymlllelt to thie sea-l'arimlg people of Massachusetts. it is called. Six of these were piled oil deck like P'rol. Baird quotes'roli ail anicienIt work, which cups or saucers, omme withini thIe otlher. Each mian was priited ill 1632, to slhow tihe afbumultlduce of aind boat is dropped at imitervals to pursue his fishingg Cod-fishes ill tile eamly timmes. Omme cllapter of this alioue, leavinig tile cook oil board to take care of time work is as f'ollows "A.muOlmg Fishes, first, I will begill vessel, whiich is ]iove to, nuot anchored. 1This fishwith tihe Codd, because it is tihe most comimnodius uing is ill suchi deep water —teum to tweuuty fisthioinsof all Fish, as mmay appea'e by thie use whichi is that very heavyhleads and stout lilies are used. Ouue muamde of theuti ill foraigne parits.''lhe Codd-fishilg veriy sooii learnus that this is no pastime. Usua.mly is imuchi used ill A muerica (wliereof New Enplgilmd is two hooks are attached, amid, after baitimlg with salted part), iuusonmuchi as three hiundred sayle of sllipps, claum, tihe lihe is " reeled off" by tile weight of tihe f'om divers ports, lhave used to be imnployed yearly " sinker." It strikes bottomin withi a thudl. You ill tliat tidle. I hamve seenie ill oue Hlarboure, miext havel't evenm the luxury of a "bite," or mnot one to Richmoioid Islaud, fifteeni stlyle of shiipls at omle timme, feel or speak of. Ordilmarily, whenm fishingig is lively, thlat have tmakel ill theun driyed Codds for Spaminue you begim to hmmaul up without referenmce to probabiliamud tile Straighlts (mniad it ihas h)iii found thmat time ties, and wheel tlme lilme is well uig'h ill hboard a muew S:mylers hlave mmade 15, 18, 20, 22 p. sliare for ml comi- seusationi, as that of resistauce, auid all iulcrea.sillg 11o011 minat). * T'ihe coast aboundethl with senuse of weight, assures you of tile fmact thmmt ome or such tultuittudes of Could tllmt tile imlhmabitmits of New two Ihurge Cod-fish or Imtaddock are attached to tile Emghlamld doe dunge thieir grounds witli Codd. * * ne. The hiamilimg' ii of tie liue aid lead is nearly as (GIremt store of trayuue oyle is mayd of tihe livers of fatiguing as thIe saume process with Fishes attachied. tlme Codd. Ith five or six hiours [iii Caupe Cod Bay]'Th'le ellormous boots, lmade especially iheavy by addwe pestered our shipp so witli Codd-fish that we ing veiy thick soles, are seenu to be of g'reat service to threw numubers of them overboard agai"...... those whio fish fromn time "dorys," as these boats are'Ihe Amuericanm Cod is very voracious, attacking amlmm very light, and the Iheavy boots se've to steady oume feediiug onil smaller fish, crustacea adl marinle shliell as thIe sea tosses themn.'ihe Cod-fishi is supposedl to fishes. Durminog tihe wituter nmouthus the Cod brouug'ht ranmge fIom tihe Polaur regions to Hatteras. Gadlums iumto Bostonm malketo auud Lymnnm hiave thieir. stonacimls ojmc —T'I'E GREENLAND COD-FISH, OJAC 01 OVAK Of mmmd itutestiumes ciowded withi mtummuy kinuds of snmall time mnatives of Grieetlauld —is foumud oumly iml the Polar shell-fish amd worms, whichi ale obtaimmed off thie regioms. Baiud mecords this as a doubtful species. GADIDE. FISHES. BROTULIDAE. CCXXi TOMCOD (Miicrogacdus tomcodus (TWslb.), Gill.)- is regarded by DeKay as anll exceedingly rare but This Fish was described by Mitchill as Morrhue ton- distillnct species, occurring froim the coast of New codus, and thlough the specific name is, as Storer ill- York to tile Gulf of St. Lawrence. Baird records timates, scarcely scientific, it is retained. It is called it as rangging fromn Cape Cod to Cape -Hatteras. in some quarters FROST-FISHI. Inll the vicinity of Bos- LING (lfolqa vulgarts, Flem.) —IVERKSoAK or tie ton and eastward to Mainle it appears with tile Smelt, Greellanlders, is fOnnd ill thile Polar regions. being caught readily witlh hoolk friom the wharves. FIVE-BEARDED ROCKLING (Onos reinhardtii DeKay says: "It is fouid oil our coast during tile (K1'oyer), Gill). —llhabits tile waters of Greeilillaild. whole year; but ill autumn, after tile first frost, it THREE-BEA.RDED ROCIKLING (0. ellsis) is fr'om tile becomes very abundant. Hence its name, FROST-COD salle regiolO. FOUR-BEARDED HROCKLING (Rhilnolneor FROST-FISH. It is a savory Fish, and is caught ill inus caudacutat (Storer), Gill) is recorded as a doubtgreat numbers. I have knlown themi to be taken oit fuli species. HIabitat from Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. of the water along tile shores of Long Island inll great MACKEREL MIDGE (Ciliata argentatc (Reinh.), numbers with a conmimon garden hoe. I'lhey ascend Gill).-Ralges firom Greeilalnd to Hiatteras. rivers, evell illto fresh water." fThe ranlge of the EUROPEAN CUSK (Brosmits brosme (Fib.), White). TomcoD is firom Newfoundland to Hatteras, although, —''his is regarded as a doubtful species, founld fl'rom like some otlier species, it is seeii ill nuch greaterl Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. It is called'i'osaK ill perfection anld size ill the colde' waters of Mainle an d Great Britain,,and'ALLUJAK ill Greenland. 3Brosnorthwards. A.roumd Boston this Fish is scarcely mius flavescens (Leseur) is also called CusK, thougll accounted worth takling, beitng so small, thonglh D)r. miiarked doubtful as to species by Baird. This is the Storer records that fornlerly it was taken ill great Cusk (B. vulgaris, Cuvier) of Storer's Report, and numbers ill Charles River for tile I3oston market; Yellow'I'usk of Richardson amld is founl(1 oil tihe but ill Casco Bay it reaches about twelve iniches ill banks of Newfoiundlanld. lellgth, and is there coisidered excellent food. THE HADDOCK (Melanogrammus ceglefinus (Linn.), FAMILY —1MERLUCIIDA1. Gill).-Gadus of ILinreus. This is thile nost valued Fish, after t ie Cod, which inhabits our waters. ilia- EUROPEAN HAKE (ihierlucius vulgaris, Flnm.)imeiise shoals of Haddock are seeii in tIlespring-timllle,'IThis is recorded as doubtful as to species, or its u nd coitimnue lear tIme shore until autumnl, when they identity with otihers. Baird gives the habitat as retire to deeper water. its flesh is excellent, anlld its Greenlland. Unlder the lead of'The Hakle, (M. vulextremie cheapnless affords the poorer classes a Imost garis), Storer records a species, whlich is generally dlesiralble food. Th'le t'ollowimng remarks of Mrl. At- knowmi as WVHITING by the fishermenii of Maassachiuwoodi, of Provincetown, before the Legislature of' setts. He remarks tllat it is really the European Massachusetts, inll 1870, show how this Fish has iii- [take, and is inot taken inll large quantities ill our creased oil our coast: " When I first eng'aged ill tile waters. It is, when perfectly fresh, very sweet amid fisheries, Haddock was scarce onil ouir coast, amid iil palatable, but becoiiies soft so soon that it is kept wimtter sold much higher thlall Cod. They did ilot with great difficulty. DeKay records as synonymils increase for imany years after. 1They becamie mnore IThe A mnericaml Hake (5X. albidus), amid'Ihe New plentiful ill 1850, wheni time trawl-line was first used, York Wllitimlg (Gadus albidus, Mitchill). -lie says and every year thiley seemied to be imicreasiing. Oi " This is a rare Fish ill New York waters, anid, thile fourth of last Miarch (1870), wheii a large mnummber whmen caugthi, is always associated with tihe Cod." of fishinig boats were out, the catch was lairger than Smiith says: "'l'he best are taketl off Cupe Cod, and I ever knew before.'I'le next day (5th) there was sold under the Inamlle of Stock-fish. Whenm prepared brouight to tis city (lBostonm) anid sold, of Cod and for tihe imairket they are called Poor Johns." AimH:addock, 621,953 pomrlids, as taken from tIhe books other is recorded by Baird (5![. bililemeris (Mitch.), of dealers:that day."'Ihie Haddock is said to spawin Gill), called AMERICAN IHIAKIE:, SILV Rn HTAKE inll Maine, firom thIe last of October to December.'IThe raige anid WHITING iil Massacllusetts. FoIund friomi NOVa is fiomi Newfoundlamnd to Hatteras. Scotia to Hatterals. CODLING (Phycis chuss (Walb.), Gill).-Called OLD ENGLISH HAKE and SQUIRREL HAKE ill Masse.- FAMILY-OPHID 1IDAI chusetts; LING amid CHUSS inll New York. Storer records it as AMERICAN hAKE (P. amiericanus). LITTLE CUSK OF NEW YORK (Opiidcium margiGreat numberu s of Hmake are taken inl Massachusetts nacturn, iitch.)-DeKtay siys: "'This very irare a.id Bay. A favorite place for tihe fisherinem of Lymni curious species was takeni ill a seine in New York atimd Naiant is off the latter place, where, dimingig tIme. Harbor inll colillmpany with a shoal of St'riped Bass. It nighoits of sumllmer, they are caught witlh hooks.'hie has so minuch thIe habits of somie of thIe Gadide, lfake varies fiomi three to thirmty pounds ill weighlit, especially tihe Brotula, tllhat our fisiherimei call it amld meaches three feet ill lelgtlh. P. tenuis —called LITTLE: CusK."'WHITE HAKE inll Massachusetts and SQUIRREL HiAKE FAM yBR ULID. ih hAMHY —B IRO'I'ULIDYE. ill Maine —hlas time saute ralige as tilme pecediig. SPOTTED CODLING (ULrophycis reegius (Walb.),.Bythitesfeuscuts (Reinhardt).-I-Iabitat, Gl'eemllammd Gill). —Called SPOTTED COD (Gadus pilmictatus) by'Ihmis is tile omme gemmus anid omme species beloniginig to Mitchmill, amid SPOTTEr~D PHYCIS by Ricimam'dsomi.'!mhis tllis falmmily wihich is foumid iil oum' waters. ccxxxii LYCODIDiE. -FISJHES. —BLENNImz2. FSPINOUS OPHIDIUM (Ophlidium unmucronatumr), MitFAMILY —LYCODID/Ei. cilill describes alld( figures this species, wili li he says The gemis Gymhelis, species viridis (Reinlilllrdt), was caughllt ill the salt-water at Brooklyn. Storer is from the Polar regiolls. figures it as Butter-fisil (Gullllellus), andt says it is VAHL'S LYCODES (Lycodes vahli, Reinh.) is found commnon at Naallt mid southward to Holmles' Hole, il Greellalld waters. Otlher species of Lycodes re- adtl probably along tile entire coast. It is founld at corded are: L. reticulatus, Reillh.; L. perspicillum, low tidle beleatlh the stones, anid is witli difficulty Kroyer (SPOTTED LYCODES); L. selllin1(dus, Reilll.; leld ill tile haiid onl accoullt of tile extraordinary L. inebulosus, Kroyer (CLOUDY LYCODES); L. Il11CO- amloullt of mIu1cus wllicl covers it; lellce tile nllame. snis, Riclh. (SLIMY LYCODES), and L. polarlis (Slabille), l)eKay calls it thie Allelricanll Butter-fislh. Richl. (ARCTIC LYCODES); all from Greenllaund waters. THE BIG-HEADED GUNNEL (M. macrocephalus CONGER EEL (Zoarces anguillaris (Peck), Storer). (Gir.), Gill). —'Illis is marked by Gill aIs doubtful. -Called, also, EEL-POUT anid LAMPER EEL. Is found Storer says tile specimlell from whlici lhe took tile from Newfomuldlandll to Hatteras. DeKavy records description was takeii alive by Mr. Gira lrd frioml a this as'ITHICK-LIPPED EEL-POUT, and Storer as tile salnd pool orn Clhelsea Beacil at low tide. MI. inlgeus EEL-SHAPED BL,ENNY. The latter says: I'llis spe- (Storer), Gill, is a doubtful species'oulld ill Labrador. cies sometimlles attails a size of tllree andt3 a hlalf feet. Astelrlopteryx gunllelliformis, Ruppell, is recorded It is seldom net witli ill the Bosto ll iarket. Whenl) l)y Dr. Gill as Greenliatl (?). youmng its flesh is very sweet a.nid palatable."'his FAMILY ANARRHICLIAD1DAi. Fisli feeds on various marill e slhells, anid affords a very savory food. Accordilig to Cuvier it has one WOLF-FISH (Anarrhichus vome~rinus (Ag.), Storer). ihuidred anlld thlirty-seveii vertelbrae. -Marked doubtful species. Called CAT-FIsH ill New Enigland, aind KIGUTILIK ill Greellald. MitFAMILY-CRY P'I'ACAN'I'HIDAE. clhill calls it SEA-WOLF (A. Ilupus), aldl( remllalrks: "No use seemns to be made of tlieilm, lotwitllstandlilg GHOST-FISH (Cryptacanthodes maculatus, Storer). ti;lle vast, lumbers takel. Yet it is repiuted as good -Called, also, WRY-IOUTH. Fould flromil Nova Scotia food.'I'le Greenlaltders eat it fresil, amid also as a to Cape Cod. D)r. Storer, who first ilotice(l this Fislh, dried fish." We were imlipressed with tile eloirmouis says tile first specimimeim mlet withl was said to llave waste of tilis Fishi wilici folirierly occurred at tile beeii takeli ill Bostoim Harbor, alld llealsured about fisliiiig-beac!ies imear Bostoi), amid determilied to set; twellty-one inlches loug. Allotlier was takeii at Na tile exlmiiple of' usilg tile Cat-fisll-as tile species is hlant. A thlild was talkelm from tile Stomlllcl of a called tflere-for food. Its flesim is so wilite and Haddock. Its gelleric imalmle is selected to express sweet, beimig solnewlla.t like tllat of tile Cod, thlere tile presemice of a colCeelled spile, tile operculilum seemied to be mo reasolnable excuse for rejecting it. nlld othler adjacelt parts 1lavilig ilunerous spiiie-like Our experiemice induced somlie of tile fislih-hawkers of points. DeK(ay calls it SPOTTED \WRY-MOUTH, alld Swvamlpscott to retail it ill tile streets of IJyi1im a.11( says it is a very curious alld rare species. A spe- Saleli, whiere it lhas since beeii regularly served. cies (C. illiorlatus)-called, also, SHORT-FISH, a.md iii Storer smays: "It is a, ferocious Fisli, weigliiig fLromi Mailile, CONGER EEEL —IhS tile same ral'ge. five to twelity-five pouidtls, captured about tile rocky ledges at all seasonis of the year, thloughl greater FAMILY —ST'IICEII D E. l mulmlmbers are tmkell ill wiliter tHlalm at otlier tlilles." I)Kay says: " It prefers rocky coasts, amid is satid LITTLE CUSK (Eumesogrammtus subbiifu rcatls to spalwlv il May.'I'lley are mot umfll'requelitly takeml (Storer), Gill).-So called ill Mlaiie. Its llabitat is off Rockaway Beacll, ill collpaly withl tile Comiimomi fromll Nova Scotia to Cape Cood. Allothler species Cod. In h6ighl latitudes it attailis tile leil'gtl of -E. pr'ecisus (Kroyer), Gill-is founi(l ill Greeil- eighit feet." Accordiig' to Riclal'dsoml, tlme Conimlon laud.'lile followimig species of thlis family are fiomim Sea-wolf' " illlabits tile Nortli Sea, beimlg coinmioum tile Greenlaiild wites s: Sticllemus imilletatmis (Fab.), elmougih as low as tile Flrelcli coast. O0l tile GreeliReilih.; Leptoclimins aculeatus (Reimlih.), Gill.; Amli- lanid coast it is associated with the Commomi LumXIpsarchuns medius (Reiiil.), Gill; Luimpimils filbrici, fisil, migratilmg alomig withi it. It spawnms iil AMi.y Reililh.; Leptobleimlius grlacilis (Stuivitz), Gill; Cell- ill tile larger sea-weeds, a short way filomi shore." trobleimius imibiluis (Richi.), Gill. Leptoblemimlius ser- A. steellstrul)i (Gill), la]ii A. deliticuIlatus (Smallpeiitiiius (Storem), Gill, is described alld figured by toothed Wolf-fisi), are fomimd ill Greemilalid w:mters. Storer, wlio first imoliced it; fromll a specimeii selit hillim from Cape Cod. It is caliled by mllilm SNAKE-SHAPED FAMIIY —BLEN NI1DA. BLENNY (13le111ii us selpelltill us). ~F~AMrIrY -XIPH[DITON'I'IDLA.'Tlhe Bleimies were klmowll to Plilmy, amld Artedi i1itroduces tile gemeric term Bleimius, whlicl, by mam BANDED BUTTER-FISH (iurcenoides fasciatus extended signlificatioln, has a Greek derivattiol, Illeati(Schneider), Gill). — lllfabits Greeiiltaild waters. i lig mucus, from tlle "soft amid ildmoletit claracter of COMMON BUTTER-FISH (M. msucronatus (ihftch.), tile Fisl." 1'lme renarlkable secletioll of mnucus fiolil Gill). -'ilis is foumid from Nova Scotia to Hatter;ls. thiei bodies is cuharacteristic. Tllie males mlme decorGill riiarks it as a doubtful species. Uilder tlme hlemiu ated witlh sort papillin. wlhici are absemit iil tile feintlles. BLENNIID. -FIS E S. -TRIGLTIDM. CCXXXiii SEA-WEED BLENNY (Blealniltsf'tcorUm, CUv. anbcd LIPARIS (L. molitagti), lhas the saame ranlge. L. VaL)'lThis is inldicated as doubttil, boti as to geii- arctica and L. fibrici are founld only il Greenllalind era and species. Anlother, named B. gemilnatus, vwaters. LARGE LIPARIS (Actinochir major (WValb.), Wood, is also mallrked doubtfuI.'ihe habitat of both Gill, anld R1ENHARDT'S LIPARIS (C(areproctlIs reiuis giveil as South Carolina. DeKay founldotte oftlthe halrdti, Kroyer), are also coofinled to the coast of former ill at drift of sea-weed just off slhor'e lelar New Greelllad. YorkI.'ITE SPOTTED B.LINNY (Hypleulrochelus 1)pie- FAMILY-GOBIIDIE. hl!atLus (Wood), Gill), is foulid oil the coast Ffroln Calpe Il,.atteras to Florida. CAROINA BLENNY (PlisOIc c'r- Thllis family derives its ilamle froml Gobio, a ternl olinlas, Val.), illhabits the waters south of Hatteras. used by an old Lati authol', lea:ling simplly "a 1tENTZ's BLENNY ([PSypsoblenllius lhentzi (Leseur), kinid of gudgeons," the latter from tile Frenchl goltjom,.Gill), froml Hatteras to the Caroliinas. Bosc's "a simall freshl-water Fish."'Tlhe Gobies all bear a SlIANNY (Chaismodes boscianuis (Lac.), Cuv. and stronlg resemblance to each other'; are iiotable inl not Vai.), from New York to Flolrida. l Na 1.IN,-LNED hiLvilg ailr-bladders; arle sm!all ill size t1d1 freilelit SHIANNY (C. Inovemlinleatuls, Val.), aiid the FoUR- the rocky beds of the sea-shore. AMlaniy species are BANDED STIANNY (C. qtladrifasciatus, Val.), are flroml viviparous. III Cuvier's arralngellmet there are over the same locality. three ht1llded species, of which eiglhteenl are said to Cillnhabit A.mlericail waters.'I'liose coninmon to both F aXrrY — BATPAC[DJzE. sides of the Atlaitic are the species found ill tile THE TOAD FISH (Batrachus tan, Linn). —rlliis Greenlalnd sea.s. Onle, accolrdilg to Capt. Ross, the curious Fishl is so Iamied, specifically, by Linimus explorer, is the most northernl kinowii Fish, havilig from the fact that wheiin dried the skill oil the hiead been taken onl the ice inorth of Spitzberlgen, withiii represents by two elevated liles the Greek letter nine degrees of the Pole. Recent arrang'oement of Tau. It is foutid iin localities along our whole coast, Fishes exhibits in this family the following' as where Eel-gralss is abundant. Storer gives ala illter- AInericanl estiig account of the inestintg of tlhis Fish. It seems SCALELESS GOBY (Cobiosomna alepidota (Lac.), to excavate a space benleath stoles, wherei ll tite eggs Girc'ard). Fouind froimi Cape Cod to Florida. Deare deposited, oil tlie mlder surface, of them. Whelml Kay records this as THE VARIEGATED GOBY (Gobius), the eggs are hatched, tie youlng becomne attached to foultd rarely ill the harbor o' New York. Mitchill lthe stoiies by a small disc, whiich seemns to be a part calls it G. viridipallidus. BLACIc GOBY (G. catroliof the yolk bag. Here the youllg reinail unitil they enisis, Gill), and STRIPED SLEE:'PER (I)Olrmlitator linteare able to shift for thelmselves, guarded vigilalntly atis, Gill), are foulnd froI Cape Hatteras to Florida. by the senior'load-fish. FA~IILY~'IRIG-LIDYE. FAMILY- URANOSCOPID3. -FAT Y -I'RiLIDE. Beloi has a chapter aol the Fish which gives FLYING ROBIN (Datctylopterzts volitans (Linn.), niame to thils family, with a very good figure, which Lae.)-Also called SEX-SWALOW; inl Cuba, IMuURIis also called Bleimliis. ELAGO; in BermudaiL, BAT-FISH. Itl S/haw's Zo5logy THE NAKED STAR-GAZER (Astroscopus anoplius it is called FLYING GUMAARD (''rigtla volitais).''Ilis (C(uv. ancd Val.), Brevoort).-Habitat, New York to species is said to spriti' ilit;o the air by aild of its iunFlorida. DeKray fig'ures this as th1e UNARMrED STAR- mremse pectoral fins, aimd to sustaill itself ill the maiiGAZER (Ura1loscopus a1noplas). ner of Flyimig-fisiles fo}r a short tine. Fouldl' flout Newfbouidlald to Florida. FAIrIL-CYCLOPTERID2E. LINED SEA-ROBIN (Prionotus evolans (Liln.), Gill). —Found fi'on Cape Cod to Florida. Called LUMP-FISH (Cyclo2)terus lum72ps, Lin.)-.Called, ill New Jersey FLYING-o-ISI. also, LU-MP-SUCKER, SEA-OWL, PADDLEi. tlhdabils ifrol SPOTTED SEA-ROBIN (P. punctatits (Blockh), Cav.) the Poltar regions to Cape Hatteras. Aitclhill die- — RUBiO VOLADoR, ilI Cuba. H-labitait, FIlorid a. scribes it as C. cerilleus (BLru LUMP-FISH), alld I)e- WEB-FINGERED SEA-ROBIN (P. caoli nus (Linn.), Kay as Lumpus amiglorumll, retaiillg Willougliby's Cue. and YVa.)-Called, also, the CAROINA ROBIN. mllame.'This sitigular Fishi, which is sometilmes floiid Itmlaibits fromll Cape Cod to Florida. I1his is Wrnweiglhing sevemiteemm poumids, is Iiot eatell ill this FINGERED GURNARD of DeKlay, who regards it as a counitry. Its vemitral filis are cip-shaped, amid serve very rare Fish-a soutlierin species, but foumid at to produce a powerful suctioll whieii flatteiied u11pol Naitlucket. Storer calls it P. plrllalipes. Mitchill amly object.'It'E SPINOUS LUmP-FISI-I (Eullmicrotreml1us has described it ill Fishes of YNew York. Just ill spillosus), is a llorthleril species fouuld fmomi Gieemt- fromit of amid beiieatli the pectoral fills aite thllee laiid to the Bay of Fimmidy. fleshy appeiidalges which are club-sltaiped alld curved; these are used whein the Fish is is ill cotact wvitl tIle FAMILY-LIPARIDIDAt. mocks, alid have tile appearlaiace of b-eillg used for locomuotion. We ihave seemi this species ill comisiderSEA-SNAIL (Liparis lineata (Lepeo7in), IJroyer) lable numbems ill the New Yolmk Aqlariumi, whlichlt -Called tile LINEATED IIPARIS. Its rallge of habitfat welre pobably ttaken at Vineyarlld Sounlicd.'Ihllese is frlOlm the Poli' regiois to C;ape God. MONTAGU's Guriailids wvere frequently seeti to crawl over' tIle Von. I.-fg ccxxxiv AGONIDr3. ~FISHES. —-LABRIDA. rocky sides of the tank, usinll tile pectoral apl)enld- NORTHERN SCULPIN (C. grenlandicus, Cau. and ages precisely as a Crustacean walks.'l'lley are said tl.) —'llis is marked doblltful as to species. Deto cover themselves with salnd. Ka.y records it GREENLAND BU.UT,-IIAD (C. grcenlanldSMALL-SCALED SEA-ROBIN (P. pilatus, Storer). — icns). Storer calls it "'I'aE GREENLAND SCCULPIN Ilillabits tile waters oil tle coast of MaLssachusetts; (Acanthocottus variabilis, Girard); a bea.tiful Fish, is very rare, and reguarded as a doubtliul species. lnuch less coinlollO thall C. virgilniallUs." Thle folT'HE EUROPEAN GURNARD (l'rigla clctilus, Linull.), is lowing are recorded as "w va.rieties (?)": Cottus piofound onl this coast only accidentally. Irosus (Val. alid C(tv.), Baffin's Bay; C. occellatus. (14. R. Storer), Greeel iiid to Newfoulld l llad; C. labFAMImY-AGONIDZE. radoricus (IIH.. Stoi'e); C. glacialis (Ricl.), Greenla1.1}d(; C. pachlypus (Gutitherl), G-reenlald; C.!itTHE ASPIDOPHORE (Aspidophoroides monoptery- chilli (Cav. atcd Val.), Newfoulndladld to H1-atteras. gius (Bloch), Storer). —Iihlabits from the Polar re- C. scorpioides (Fab.), Greenllandli; Symnac.althuns tligions to Cape Cod. ThIlis is also called the BULL- cuspis (Relinh.), Gill; S. patr is (1i. R. Storer), Gill; HEAD. i)eK'ay says it is vely 1rare. Storer received Onicocottus qiiadrico isis (Lill.), Gill; icelus bicornlis several, taken flromx tile sto11L1achs of Cod caiughlt it) (Reilil.); I. uincinatlus (Reil}}.); Cottuls polaris (sa_MNassacllusetts Bay.'I'lie generic name iindicates biiie);'Iriglops piiigeli (Reuiih.);'I'. pleurostictus shield-bearer, referrilog to the aitnor-like anterior. (Cop]e); all the latter from Greeiilanld. SEA-POACHER (Agonmus cataphlractis, Lilll ), inllllabits the PolLar regions. Another of this famtlily —tle FAmII,Y-IlE.rlI'I'RIP'ERlDE. A.rcllhagolus decagollus, Gill-is also foulnd there. SEA-RAVEN (Hemitripte rus acadianmts ( Walba2nz), FAIILY-CO''T1D1 DE. Storer). - Called, also, YELL,,OW SUIPN. IInhabits from NeTewfoiidlaliid to Cape lHatteras. DeKay Calls The Scnlpinis are embraced ill this family. iThle this species AMERICAN SEl:A-RAVEN (H. amnericlanus), termn cottes is said to be derived fromi the Greek kot- and says it is kinown ao,11g1)g thie fishlerilenl as SEAtos, a, lead.'lile word Sciulpin nlny hlalve a similar SCULPIN. Mitchlill described it as YELLOW SCORPEINA derivuatioln, as tlle hlead of these Fishes is angular (Scorpetia flava). Pelnanlt calls it ACADIAN Bul,and skeleton-like.''1his flamily is represented botlh HEAD. Stol'er records it as DEErP-WATER SCULPIN, ill salt anld flesll-water.'I'llere are about twenity gen- anid remmarks tihat it is frequellltly taken by thle era and sevelnty species, miiostly i i nortlern waters. Cod-fishermuell, ill deep water, in thle necigllborhood All of this group are especially iticoutli in appear- of ledges inl Massaclusetts 3Bany. ance. Tl'ile chleeks are nlailed — tlhat is, tle sulborbital boie extellds backward over thle cheeks, articlilatimlg FAMIIY-SCORPENIDt. witll the preopercle.'I'le hlead is extreiiiely broad PIG-FOOT (ScoTpcena pOrcus, Linn.)-''lhis is re-;ild large, usually beset withl spilies.'I'lie eves are gar(led as a Eu],lopeanl species, accidelutal it) New situated high upon tle ilead.'I'lie body is ill mnanly York wa.ters. DeKay says: "It is onlo of te -ftw instalnces nlaked, unot covered by scales.'I'lie air- Fishles that cioss the Atlalitic." ScoIrpeml. 1)pInimeri bladder is usually abseiit. is fouiid in tlme W'est Indlies, aiid occasionally o} oar SLENDER SCULPIN (Cottus octodecemspinosuls, Alit- ortll-eas ternl coast. chill).-I-I l Mitchill's work this is called EIGIIT1EEN- NORWAY HADDOCK (Sebastes norvegicus (Linn.), SPINED BUL.L-IICAD amd PIG-FISH, fr'Omu thle squllakiig, Cuv.)-C-alled HIEDIDUR1GAN b)y the fislmeiiienl of the boise it miakes ilillnediately onl being taken out of' eastern coast,.liid BERGYLT ill other l)laces. It also water. DeKay records it as'IHE COIMMON BULL- )1has tihe 1i1am11es RosE-FISH a11)d SNAPPER. DeKm.iy says: HEAD (Cottus virginiamlius); Storer,'UHE COMMON "'l'llis is a very rarme Fisli ill our waters. It is called SCULPIN. DeKnay suggests tlhat Sculpin is firomi by our fishlerumemi Red Sea PerichI." 1T1e color is a Scorpion. It is knlown as SEA-ROBIN alld SEA-TOAD. bl'illianit scarlet over tile eltire body, and its shape is InI Massachusetts, mear Boston, it is oftenl called exceedinlgly colilely. Sebastes vivipa.ril (Kroyer), GRUBBY. Its habitat is from Nova Scotia to Cape alid S. fasciatus, are recorded as other species. H]atteras.'I'lhis is a very familuiliar Fisli witli boys,'I'llese are larked as doubtful botli as to species and aind those wiho fisih from tIle wllarves or rocks ili otir ogelnus. easterni harbors. It is not etatell, amid its capture is FAMILY-LABR1DZE. rega.rded as all unmmistakable evidenlce of tile unlskilfuulless of tile fishilmenaln, it beimlg a "'gronund-fishl," I'1his family derives its,ame from Labrus, described prowlinig iear the bottomim, where ino true angller is by Plimy as a " ravenous Sea-fislh.' supposed to cast a line. TAUTOG (Ta-utoga onitis (Linn.), Gunth.)-C.lled, LITTLE SCULPIN (Cottus czezus, ilfitchill).- Called also, BILACK-FISII. Mitchill describes tlis Fish as )y Mitchlill, BRAZEN BULL-HEAD, anld describedl as hav- " BACI-FSH OF NEW YOmK," and " I'AUTOG OF THE ing brass-colored comiiplexion, thominy ]lead, anid ~rusty IMOHEGANS,' also TIDE B13LACK-FISH OR RUNNER. H1-e blotclhes over tile sides. lDeIKay says it is frequlletly says "'1'11e Blacki-fisi aboumu1ii(ds ill the viciimity of takeil by time hook ill Long Islanid Somllid and tlhe Lolug Islaud, amd lie is a staltiollalry ilihLabitatmt o' time hialbor of New Yolrk. It is about five imichies lolmg, salt-water. He is fomid of rock, reef, mimid roug'h botald lLanges f'oml Cape Cod to Hlatterals. tom. * *''lhe'I'ianltog wals iot oligilually kiuowu LABRID;E.-FISHES. — LABRIDM. CCXXXV ill Massachusetts Bay, but within a few years he ias Enl'lanttd and New York coasts, between April and been carried beyond Cape Cod, aiid has multiplied so Novemnber, anid is inost abunldanlt ill May anlld Octoabulmidal tly that the Bostoin market has Inow a full ber. It is then, oil soime parts of' thle coast, the supply without the nlecessity of importing I'fron Prov- mlost abundalit of tihe larger Fises, aiid is a staple ideliice and Newport. lie is colnsidered by Newv n arket Fish. It spawlns iin May or Juiie, dlepositilg Yorkers as anl excellelnt Fish for time table. He its eggs ilm weedy places or amLlontg tile Eel-grass." grows to the weight of tell or twelve pouinds. It will be seen, thei, that this Fish, though a pecu-'lhe blossomting of the Dogwood (Cornlus florida) liarly Am.lericai and surprisigly local olle, beilig early in April, or of tile Chestnut trees, is understood great, ly circumnscribed ill its ihabitat, ihas increased to denote tlme time of baiting Black-fish. alnd enlarged its field or geogl'raphical range, anid be"' When chestnut leaves are big as thumb nail, come an inportant it;en commerci ally, as well as a Then bite Black-fish without fail; valuable addition to thIe possibilities of tlIe genitle But when chestnut leaves are long as a span, anlgler.'in 1850 we occasiollally fished I'for it off tihe Then catch Black-fish, if you can.'" rocy sores of Swpcott at, ad te rocky shores or Swamlpscott -aiid NttLhaA~, aiid thien Mitchill advises the proper bait, as the Soft-clam it was, as elsewhere, alongt shore above Cape Cod, and tihe Fiddler-crab. lie says "Soine persons who r'atlher exceptiontl to procure 1more thaln a "' few live in tile neighliborhood of tile shiores where are bites." lThese shores are p)eculiarly snited to tlhe situated tihe rocks firequelited by Black-fish, inivite thie habits of tile'lautog, as well Ls thie Conner, ass tile FPish thiere by baiting'. By tis is mneant time throw- iiultitude of rocks break tlIe sea as it rolls ill cotiing overboard broken clains, etc., to induce tile timmnally, causilg' tile rapid nlovemlelnt of tvater tiht Black-fish to reniew their visits; aid fie sport is delighlts our filiiiy prey.''ie rantg'e of this Fish is procured.'''I.'hel tile lmannler of fixitig tihe localities iiow recorded as imroii tile I3ay of Fnndy to Carolina.. by " mlllal'ks" on shore, whereby the "range" is found NIPPER; CONNER; CHOGSET (1'tutof/olabrus adof celebrated "fislinlg' g'roumids." lie says: " Great 8persus (Wdlb.), Gill).-We plaice at tile iead of' this stillness is to be observed, as Black-fish can hear article tihe familiar desig'iationi that nan;ll)y Essex CoUimvery well. lie is a strocrg Fishl, anld pulls well for ty boys will quickly recognize. No untlhiom save Dr. omle of his weig'ht atlld size." Certaim occun'eices Snllitl l hlas preserved this trivial miaiime. Dr. Storer aie'outid to iiiLtei'ere withi this sport. " Th'le ap)- ig'mores it; indeed, tihe mamie is lever heard ill Bostomm, )iearaiice of a Porpims ijl'falibly puts aim elld to it."' t lloughi tie Fish is caught ill great niuimbers aronid lthe ])i'. Mitchill first iaimied this FPish firoim time indiai iarbor amid at tile bridges. It is there called CONNER. (Mohmeg'alm) designatiom, whichl is I.atutog-supppo sed Yet, at INaihamlt, where inmany Bostommiamms " 11summnm e," to ilmeani black. Ilm his first report it was called''. this Fisih is invtt.riably called NIPIERa. III Marbleiliger. Dr. I)DeKlay regards it us savory Fishl, afford- head, f'our miiles eastward, oil time conitimnuous lime of iig equal pifeasume to time epicuire amid mmmg'ler. Its coast, it is called Cunner, a corruption of Conner. usmal weight is about two pounds.'lie largest lie ii Salem Harbor it is knowni as CuouGSr and PERCH. hlad seemm weig-ied twelve poumids. Dr. Storer states'i'lhe ternis BERGAIJ,, BLUE-PERCH amid BLUE-rIs- si are thllat olle was takeln off one of tile bridges ii Bost;oi ipplied in other quarters west of Bostol; thIe first is a; which weighed eleven amld three-qunarter poulnids; New York aippellatioi from time Dutch. Cihogset is allM1 tie largest of wimicim lI iiad ainy accurate kniowl- tlie Ilidiail miaine. Arouend Nahmaint alld tile shiores edge weighed sixteen pounids. He is wairy atld bites between Bhostomi anid Cape Amin, this Fish is pairticimwell, aiid is very tenacious of life. Hie takes tihe lairly pirized. From tile first settlenient of tile coumhook liroiii Apiril to autuullti, alld thiere;after is olily tiy it lians been customary for parties to repair, d uritiig found ini deep water.''lihe geogralphlical raig'e of tile wanmier inmoiths, for a few hours or d7ays, to these this Fish is quite limiited. Gem, Piickiey, of Southti shores, iinotably Nialit, for tile purpose of elmjoyi mg Carolillo, imitroduced a siniack load of tmhein iiito tile pleasures of "l ipperinlg."'The iihabi, hauts of -liamlesto in ha.mrbor, somie years sinice, amld they were Lowell, anid even of tie mntaiufacturimg g towels of New yet to be loutid thieie inl 1842.''lioughl this Fisim Hamnipshire, whose coast limme is exceedimgly limnited, hias beei imitroduiced into Massachumsetts Bay, yet;, resoint here in "wagomi loads." Foirnierly, these iccordimg' to Dr. Storer, iii 1867, it was supplied to parties went fully equiipl)ed witli poles amid lilies, andil New York mnmuket miroin Billtingsgate hPoimit, in Well- with an assoritint of' utensils for cookimig Fish. At fleet, Cope Cod. Dr. J. V. C. Sinlithi says: "Withiint thiese occasioils a teit was pitched on tihe east side, t,1e recollection of geentlenien nowv liviing (1833), tile at'l'udor's Spi'imig, or oil tihe west, at Bass Poinit.'i'amitog was uiikiiowii ill. Bostoi IIarbor. A sub- Here tihe excelleinit cold spriniigs of water that were scription was successfully undertakeil for brin'llillOi at hand ii time bold ieamd-laimd rocks afforded am commtlemini alive in cars, Ifrom Newport, R. I., whiclh weire veiient eleineiit for cookiing, m.l d a delightful bevetsupposed thie fist of time species which mhad ever been to age duriniig thie excessive heats of thile smiuiner tLilnle. tile eastward of Cape Cod."'lihe hiistory of ths Fish i'time Nippers were takeill b3y hook fronll tile rocks im is iinterestiing. "'l'ie l'autog,'" says Gill,''"is related abu-indaince by tile skilled aiigler, mlid to hIlil tlis is to tihe \WVasses of liirope, but is tile oinlv iiiember of' indeed a reml piastimlie, for tihe little Sea Pei-cei or Nipits geimus. It is comnumtiomi oni time A.tlantic coast, froinnin per is game, mmmid fighlts stiomigly. Di. Sriitin correctly Massachusetts to Carolimia, b ut is ramen fmith,lier north-i puts it wlieii lie says: "..'llis Fish is piob'ably better ward amid soumthwawrmnd. It inakes its appeamaice ill developed im Bostomn thiamin at thie south of time Cape, lirg'e uinummbm's, amld iii shallow wattems oml tile New tile watei beiino colder aind saltem." We hmave seemi ccxxxvi TEUTIHIDIDM2. — FISHES. -— XIPID. that the little T'omcod, Whici in Boston waters is too time of Pliny, who associates it with several others small to be of muchli accounlt, is itn Maine waters quite as " suitable to use as salted Fish." He includes with ai dlesirable Fish and much better flavored. It seemils this, " Elcatena, a Fish like thle u'l'nly." Rondelet tlhat some Fishes are larger and better in flesh as eat- describes it ulder thile namres "DuI Poisson noraond iables tile farther north they are foundll, and tile Con- EEm2ereur; Greek, Xiphias; Latin, Gladius; ill ner is one.'lhose taken at Casco Ba;y are nearly Italy, Pesce spada." Belon says "I'n France it is equal in size to tile coimmon run of T1autog around naI)eedf.ero de 2er an Poisson Em1pereur." Strabo Nahlant. DeKay records this species as Ctenolabrus describes tile Sword Fishery, anld regards itas a ncient ceruleus, and Storeras Crenilabrus berg'all. Itsralnge as Ulysses. I)eKay menltions a Sword-fish sixteen is firom Newf'oundlallnd to Cape Hatteras. feet long, taken oef Sa)dy H-look, anlld also says RAZOR-FISH (Xy2richthys lineatus (Grnel.), OUv. "The markets were well stored with the flesh of'this and Val.) —'lThis is a West Indian species, and al Fish. it is preferred to Sturgeon land Halibut, occasional visitor onil our Southern coast. Chcerojulis which in flavor it somewlat resembles." Storer grandisquamis, Gill, is a species of' this family foun:d says it is seldom seen ill Massachusetts Bay, but is in tile waters around North Carolina coast. a common Fish at some seasoins from Block Islandtl to Nantucket. We have seen it rather comnion off FAMILY-'TEUTHIDIDAE. Casco Bay, near Portlalnd.'Ilhe fishlinlg vessels there are provided ill the seasoil witl restimog bars oil tile SURGEON-FISH (Acanthus'us chirur'gus, B2loch and bowsprit, and tile lance is always at hand, ready Schneider) —Plate X, fig. ii. —Called BARBERO il for inmmediate use, Imnmg ii tile rigging of the jibCuba, anid DocToa-FSs H in Bermuda.'Tlie illustra- stay. Durinig' a sojourn at Peake's Islaind we often tion of' this Fishl shlows oil tile side of the narrow had Swoird-fish for food, alld much pr'efCr''ed it to keel-like portioni whliich unites tile tail to tihe body, a Halibut. It seemed to possess tile good qualities of tirianguilar blade, which is capable of opening and thIe latter Fisih and Blue-fish. T'lIe Sword-fish is closing like tIme blade of a knife or lancet. This usually seen swimmllling along tile surface like a peculiar apparatus is used by thIe Fish for defense Sliairk, its high dorsal fill exposed. It is then seekor offense as occasion requires. We have kept this iig shlioals of Mackerel, ulponl whiichi it feeds. It is Fishl ill a lar'ge aquarium situated ill the waters of sommetimmes takeni with a hook, but is usually captured tie harbor at Fort Jefferson, Tortugas, oil tihe Flor- by strikinig with the " lily-iroit." It has tIe habit of ida Reef. Unilike maimy Fishes, it was easily kept spriniginig forward, out of water, like tihe Dolphiis. alive, and its pugnacity anid courage seenlmed coim- At Martha's Vineyard a regular fishery is kept tip mensurate with its klown powvers of' defense. It did for tllem, amid i large portioun is salted for mumarket. iot hesitate to expose itself to ally danger, and wheni'l'lie lairgest individuals are said to weigh,about approached in ally shape it was ready to defend it- three huimidred aid fifty pounds.'lme peculiar weaself by a side thrust of its weapoim. It imeasures from poll wliicli gives namie to this Fish is a prolo10gation six to tell inchlies lonig. Habitat, West Illdies and of' tie upper jaw or smiout. Its use is not clearly northward. DeKay records it as A. plilebotomus.' understood, though upon occasioni it piroves a nmost BLACK SURGEON (A. nigsricans, Linn.)-This is a foormmidable weapomi. An instaince occurred of a pilot' West Indian species, occasionally fouitd niorthward. boat in Boston Bay beimig pemetrated by onle. Several instances are extaut of ship bottomis beig punmcFAMILY-CHI.-EiTODO N'IFiDIE. tItred, and tihe sword left broken and embedded, to testify to tihe woniderfuil power of tile creatur'e. Sir''This family derives its niamine from tihe word Chcete Josephli Baks records all example whiere tihe sword -hair —tlhe typical forms havinlg hair-like teetih. It was driven its eitire lemgthm into tihe solid wood of a includes somme of the most remarkable shapes anid tile ship. O time coast of Brazil this Fishi is said to atmost brillianitly amid grotesquely colored of Fishes. tain tihe lemigtlh of twenty-five feet. It is one oh' the 0Om tile Florida Reef' great numbers are kniown. few that cross tile Atlanitic, beimig tile samme as that ANGEL-FISH (Holacanthus ciliaris, Lac.) -'lhis iinhabiting tile Mediterranean Sea. very beautiful Fishi is ounly occasionual withi us, as it BILL-FISH (Ietrcaptuvsus albiduts).-Called, also, is a'Wv est Indiani species; coummtmmon, also, in Bermuda tile SPIEAr-rIFSH. i'llis is conmmmonm along tile coast water's. In Cuba it is Inanmed ISABELITA. Thllis Fisih fiomi the West Inidies to Nova Scotia. It is recordhas been very successfully kept il time New York ed by DeKay as Scomnberesox storeri, amid figured. Aquarium. Sarcotlmrodus maculociuctus, Gill, is an- Leseur calls it S. equirostruum. Thiis Fislih is seeil oil other genus, founud fromm Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. time Massachiusetts coast duriig October ill great numubers, whliere it is used as food, It is rare oi tile FAMILY-XIPHIDzE. coast of New York. THE SAIL FISH (HTistiophor'us gladius (Br'otss.), PThis familily includes tie typical Sword-fish, Xiph- Gunth.) - Called, also, SAm, OR-FIsI amid SAILOR ias, treated by Pliny, Ronidelet, Belon anid other aim- SwoRD-FIms. A species foulnd in tile Mediteirrainean cients..Three gemmera, with as inmamy species, arme Sea hias all emnormous spread of dorsal fill which refound in our waters. seumbles a fain or' sail; hmemce time naumme.'lime tail is COMrION SWORD-FISH )XY~iphias gla~lius, Linn.)- also extremuely deep almid slemndem'. An excellemnt figPlate 10, fig. 53. —This Fish was well known in the iune, in wood, is ill tIme Histosife Rerun N2aturalium TRIcIIURID.E.- FISHES.-SCOMBRID-E. ccxxxvii Brasilie, by Geo. Marcgravi, 1648, withI descriptive tile operation of capture is often so quickly peraccount of tile species. He calls it GUEBUCU aniid formed that thle mneal are occupied inll a constant BIcuDA. It raliges from Cape Cod to tihe West throwinlg out and jerking inll of their linlies, which are Iidies. so short that they have only to reach tile surface ~F~anTLY-'I'RICHIURIID when the Fishes are crowding each other to reach thle bait, and ill some inlstances are actually scooped ill SILVERY HAIR-TAIL (Trichimrus lepturus, Linn) boar'd. The hook is readily separated fromt the tell-T'his Fishl was described by AMitclhill as'I. argent de moutll as tile Fish is thrown into tile barrel, anld teus, with the under jaw jutting beyond thie upper, as niio bait is used, tile Fishles snaplpinig at such timles slid a slakle-like tail. Its lenlg'th was two feet and at the bright till sinker, the operatioii is oiie of tos.s four inches. Thliere is a.specimen ill Scudder's Mu- out and toss ill, witi as lmuch rapidity a-s one can scumi that is alleged to have been swallowed by a count one, two; one, two. Mackerel. This species is known among thile fisher- ~CHUB MACKEREL (Scomber colias, Linn.) —Called, mieni as IIBBON-FISI-I. also, THIM3IBLE-EYE or BULL-EYED XMACKEREL Land FALL MACIEREL by )eIkay. Storer describes this as tile FAMILY-S COMBR[DE. salme as his Spritg Mackerel (Scomnber verlnalis). DeKay says: "in the autumlna. mono ths it appears:'l'is ftlamily: inclades very many important forms, ill great numbers onil our coast, and is scarcely disand those which frequent thIe high seas especially. tiiguishable from thie preceding species." Its ramige'rhey are notably stronig and farst swinimmers. The is fromi Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. Tullnnies amid Mackerels go imi large schools, amd are BONITO (Sardca pelanmys (Linn.), Cuv.) —Called objects of great imiterest to our fishiermien. The re- SKiP-JacI. Raniges firomi Cape Cod to Florida. T'le semmblamice is remarkably great among eveii those Bommito is described ammd well figured by Rolidelet, like tihe Mackerel, a simall Fish, amid tile'Pllmmly, wlho iiamnies it Boniton, aid gives tile Greek mame, which weighs over a tllousanid pounds; tile latter Alnia, which is used also for tile'Tummy. Its Splamisli looks like a giganitic Mackerel, thoug'h miot so slemlder. miaime is Biza. DeKa-y describes it as tile Strip ed Some aire inl tihe habit of wanderituig through distant Bomlito, amid all occasiomal,visitor oil time New York seas. 0mm omme occasioi a shoal of simall'l'ulllmies camne coast. Storer records it as time saime, amid adds that to the coast of Mtassachusetts, amid it was found that it is very rarely met with ill M![assachusetts Bay. tihe species was eltirely uuknmowum there, beiig a THE HORSE MACKEREL (Orcynus secundo-dorsalis famiiliar one ill thie Mediterraleami Sea. (Stoqrer), Gill).-'l'his is recorded as a doubtful speTHE MACKEREL (Scomzber sconmblrts, Linn.) —Tiis cies. Iu Rhlode island aid by 5Omei Of time unore is tihe typical forum, amid tile fatmmiliar amid best es- nIortllern fisllermlelm, it is called ALBICORE, amid also teemied Fish of' our coast. Trumlibull records its Nar- AIMERICAN TUNNY. lts.rag'ue is from Newfoulmdlammd ragainsett Ihdian iliaume as WAWWHUNNEKESUOG. Ill to Florida. Romidelet figures a'lnmmumly umder time Cuba it is called CABALLA. Its habitat rangie is froi'o iaine Thon, amid adaother species which lie calls PelGreenlland to Hatteras. A form, called Mlaquerlaui, amyde, or Thoru d'Aristote.'lihe first lie dealoimiis figured well ill Rondelet, vwho gives as thIe Latiui mates iii Greek as Orkenos, which hlie says is tile naelli, Scomber, or Scombrus. Belou figures Le ila- "grand Tihoi." lie geuieric name uiow used is cvicreau, amid gives tihe iamue used at Marseilles as deutly f'roum tile old Greek desig'matioi, almid'i'unmy is Horreau. Ammomg tihe products of this fish knowi f'romi Thynnos, tihe umlore conimmoni term h in use anmong to tihe auucients, is thie peculiar sauce called gamitun, the auucieunts.'lihis Fish seenus to have beeii ver'y which is said to be still used by the lurks. Storer well knowim to tile people livinig onil tile shores of tile reuiarks'.'lime Mackerels aappear f'romu tellth of May M editerra' neaul Sea, ais it is largely treated by tlicieunt to fifteenth of Juune at tile eitrauice of Massachusetts writers. Rondelet figures a Bize, wlhichi hlie calls, Blay, hlaving been a few days previous at Naiitucket also, Sarda, amdh which hue says is called by Pliumy, amid -Martha's Viiieyard. NiNme-teuithis of thiose whicih lelamydes. It will be seeii, theii, that thiese liames, are first seeuii are uiales, amid thiey are all large amitd whicli are retained by muoderi uiaturalists, were used poor, weigihin g oiie to oiie amid a hialf pounds. At by thIe earliest writers to desig'late species very thleir first appearauce tihey qvill uot take the hook, closthy alied. Stori'e siays "'lhis species, k"owlu' amd are therefore captured ill iiets." Thiese are "guill alolg our' coast as H-orse MAackerel amund Aibicore, niets," which are hiuig ill tile water vertically, and comes oil to Massaclhusetts Bay aboult time middlle of tile Fishes aure caught by tiryiing to pass throughi, be- Jule, anid remainis unutil October. It is frequeitly iiig eiitaugled by tile gills. Duriig time season' for takeii f',r its oil, Whiich is remioved firon tihe head amid catchimug Mackerel, when lairge schools are seeii upoii belly by boilinig. A siligle specimen hias fuiisalihed the surface of tile sea, it is ai interestig sighlit to some twenty gallons of oil. }luey are iharpoouled like witiiess their capture by tihe skilled fishermieli. Flie a Whale, nmid I have learnied from fisllermeui of' verabait consists of Diechiadeti, grounid ii a mill kept oil city, thuat instances have occuried ill which fhooid hast time deck lbro tihe purpose this is thrown out to ei- beeii takenii by themll fi'om time haumud wheni held to tihemm tice tie Mackerel schools withii reachi-ig distauice. f[orem a boat. Tlcey feed upoIi mIeIhAaIIdeI anid otlheI Whien time school suirounds tIle vessel, time mcmi muse sunall fishes, whiichi thiey frequeuitly dcive mashmore." shout lihles withi a single hook, thie latter emuubedded DeKay says it is met withi iii New Yormk umarket ini a tim " siulker." Barrels are placed at hmaiud, amid every seasonm. Its leugtlhm is nearly tell f'eet, amid, ii ccxxxviii CARANGIDm. FISHES. —- ConYPHmNIDm. some instances, its weight is over a tlhousanld pounds. Florida. Copallax (Cur. anid Val., Girard), called Its beautiful form, resemlbliiig tile Mackerel, renders Jurel ill Cuba, is tfoutlld inll waters about South, Carit an object of wonder whlien exposed oil thle beachl, oia. Another gelus, iearly allied, is Carangops as we have seei it at Naliaiti, where tile fislierme f;alcatus (1-Ilb.), (ill, wliich is also fouind oil tile oftelln harpoon it wliile seiiiiiig for Ml etlliadell. South Carolilima coast. THE LITTLE TUNNY (Orcynus alliteratus (Raft), THREAD-FISH (Blepharichthys criaitus (Aklerly), Gill).-Called, also, ALBICORE,,alid, in Naples, Ai,mLm- Gill).-RaiLges fromn Cape Cod to Florida. TERATO; ill Bermlluda;, MACKIEn,. It is all ocean1 CASABE (Chloroscozbraus chmysuirus (Linan.), Gill). Fpish, occasiollal oni our coast. Iti 1871 it was seeii -Tlis is a Cubai iiamined Fishli,'oud as far nlorthli, as in large mumnebers at Wood's H:ole. We have seeii Cape Cod. thiemu in large schools around Nallant. SHORT POMPANO (Trachyn)otus ovatus (Linn.), SPANISH MACKEREL (Cymnbiem macalatttom Geinth.)-Called ill Cub(a PALORRIETA. Rtlges oS in'0111 (Mitch.), Cttv.)-Called, also, SPOTTIED MAcKKEREI,:, Cuba to Caple Cod. anld BAY MACIK.EREL.'limis is rare inl LMassachusettss GLAUCOUS POMPANO (T. glaucus, CU. and Val.) Bay, thoughl conommon i thile waters off New York. -Habitat, South Carolila to Florida. It is sold as a luxury iii New York imalrket. iPOMPANO (T. carolinus (Lian.), Rq/f) —'ids is a RING-FISH (Cyinbiam regale (Bloch), Cav.)- commono and nunch-prized Fish ill the Southerni Called, also, C(ERo and BLACK-SPOTTEDo SPANISH States. It, is called CAVALLf or CREVALfs inll Sout11 MACKIEIML. This is regarded as good eating, anid is Carolinia, alid PoMPYNoOsu ill New Orleanis, derived, nmuch prized by tihe people oil tIe Southern coast. no doubt, I'froi tihe peculiar profile i)resented by this lRanges friom Cape Cod to Florida. Fishli. As ai edible it is regarded as one of tile best, tlioutgh tile niumber caught is quite liimnited to the reFAMILY-CARANGIDiE. qtirelllnelts of tie South. It is iiot often seen ill tile mimarkets of time Northllerl States, exceptillg as a salted HORSE-FISH (Vomer setipinnis (Mitch.), Ayres). Fishli, ald inll tis tormn it is a choice delicacy. It —'llis is called JoRoBADo in Cuba, adlcl has a ramige ranlges ftroni Cape Cod to Florida. frIom Maine to Florida. It is described by Miitchill PILOT-FISH (Nauccrates dtictor (Linzu.), Iof)as Zeus setapiilmis ('IlE BRISTLY I)oRY), almd by Called ill Cuba PILOT amd ROMEFo. This is an oceal DeKay as V. browimi ('T'In BLu'uNT-'osEID SIHINER;. Fish, occasiolmally seeii oil the coast. MAitlelill deIt is a siuguular-ssliapled Fish; is esteemined as food, scribes it, as Scomiber dueLor. TI'lme aiciemlts asserted amid reaclies tile lemg'ti of omie foot. It is founid (0m thtat it joimed tile tempest-tossed bark, aiid imidicated our coast froilm Mailme to Florida. to tile master tile imearest land, leavimig iiiin as soo0011 s SILVER MOON-FISH (Selene argentia, Lac.)-T'l'hiis lie hatl arrived il siglt of time desired hiaven. liemce is also called JotoBADo iml Cuba. Its ramige is fr'oimi tile naine, Pilot. CaUpe Cod to Florida. Aiiothier species, called by time samie trivial iaimei ill Cuba, is tile Argyrios us FAMILY-CORYP[llHANII)) — (Dol 12],iins). voimer, Lac., withli a ramige f'ronm Cape Cod to Florida.'Tliis is tile Zeus vouimer of Liniimsu, Rostral' ted Dory'llie termi Coryphenes would be imore malpropriate of Mitchmiil, amld Rostrated A rgyreiosus of DeImay. for tihe lead of this laimily, as tile Dollmlhims of tihe HAIR-FINNED ARGYREIOSE (Argyriosus cap2illaris mmciiemits are Cetaceamis, or wvtale-like M4amimnals. (MItch.), DeiJy). —'lThis is fig'ured aili described by'lihis'allmily is, tlieim, wholly diffelemt fromn thie celeiM itchill and Dekay. Its ramige is f'roim( Cape Cod to brated omme of tihe early writiers. No amicieint autlior Florida. gives an accoumlt of tile species of' Coryphmeime that is ROUND ROBIN (Decapterus punctatas (Mi itch.), clearly defimled. Thie lpresemit group, thmeml, is colllparGill). —'i'is species is calledl DOTTErD SCAD. Its atively inodermi ill its Imistory, tile species beiig tile raIYge is fronm Cape Cod to Florida.'I'le IAcKERImZ, D)olphliis of na'imariers, miot those of poets. It is probSCAD (D. miacerellus, Cuv. amid VaI., Gill,) ihas tli.e able that tihe Corypliemme origiiellyv demiveil its maine smimime ramig1'e. 1)olpldi mro tinm the'act tlmat thIe liead rises abrulptly ill BIG-EYED SCAD (Trachurops cr2umenlopthailnus shape very closely like thlart o' tile true Dollphiis. (Bloch), Gill). —Ca AlleRd CIcARO ill Cuba, aimi Go(,-'l'he terin Colrypllmm ia is from time Greek, referlring- to GLER or GOGGLE-EYE:D JACK in Belrmnuda. Its railge time top cirest wviichi thius simulates time beautiful is fi'omm Cape Cod to Florida. tprofiie of tile latter. A good figure amid (descri)tiomL JACK; YELLOW CREVALLE (Paratractus pisque- of a "Dohltliin" is ii Maricgravi's Hist. 2erumn Naat. tos (Cus. and Val), Gill).- Called iii Bermudia Brasil, 1648, whicli eli calls G(UARACAPEMA.'T'le B3uTFA,O JACK, aid iil Cuba COJINUA. Rammge fromm Corypliemes are exceediiigly voracious, tie FlyimgCape Cod to Florida. fislies beimig tlieir especial prey. Olde species, tihe C. HORSE CREVALLE (Carangus hi)pos (Linn.), Gill). mlippurlris, is said to be five feet iil lemogtli, and preys -Called JIGUAGJA in Cuba. Rianges firomi Cape Codl upoim tile larger forims. h'lie colors of tlhese Fishes sontthward. are beyomd descriptioi. As seeii fiomi tile side of a YELLOW MACKEREL (aarangus chrysos (Mitch.), sailimig vessel, wliile time Corypliemme is playfully acGill).-DeKay records mIad figumres this as Cmmrmamx comlupammyimug it, time mimost p. roamimemlit featmre is a gleamu hummctatus (SPOTTED (CARAKx). Mitchmill calls it tile of'gooldeml light, alhmmost like a corrusce-tioul iii its iiiHWIn'Os MACKaEREL. Its ravage is fu'om Cma-pe Cod to temusity, mneteor-like iil its velocity, aumul yet seemnimigly STROMATEIDIE. -FISHES. -— LAMPRIDID. ccxXXiX circuinscribed, like sheet-lighltninlg, as it dlar'ts forth genlus, with a rang'e from New York to Florida. Deand partially turns oil its sides, all thile wlhile main- Kay figures and describes a LONG-FINNED HARVESTtaiming its relative position to thile vessel witlh re- FISII (Rholllblus longipenlnis), and Mitchill the salne markable facility. as Strolllateus. Peprilus alepidotus of Cuvier is LESEUR'S DOLPHIN (Uoryphcena seuai, Cau. and synonymous. Val.)-~Thiis is a pelagic species, as, indeed, others FaIY-A I zn F~~~~~~~~~vmmY —BRA. MIDJEA. are, and only occasionally iiakes its appearanlce nlear shiore. Pteraclis carolinus is alonle in this family as a THE SMALL-SPOTTED DOLPHIN (C. punctulata miember of thile American group. DeKay includes it Cav. and V-id.), Guanth.) hlis thile samle range. inl his famtily Sco0nbnide, as an extlra-liiital species.'Ihis species is figured by DeKay as'I1'H SPOTTIED It is fouiid on the coast of South Carolina. LAMPUGUS (Lampugus punctulatus), who describes it as all exceedinlgly rl'are anlld beautiful Fish. F.AMmY —LAMPRIDIDzE. FAMILY-SI!ROMIATE[ID.'I'liis framily is clharacterized by albsence of teeth inll the adult, very comiipressed body, small dleciduoiis This family is iamed firom the Greek-Stromateus scales, small mlouth, long, undivided dorsals, atnd a -parti-colored Fish.'ihese fbormnis were at oiie tiiie large air-bladder which Ihas two parts posteriorly; included withi tile Scombiidce, but they are now seeii other features are also seen inll the gill-rays, fins, to diftfr esseiitially. T'ler'e are not mnany of thle etc. A single g'eus is kiiowi, and one species is family, but their distributionl is very exteiided. Be- supposed to be thile limeit. sides thile three here recorded, oiie species iiihabits OPAH (Lalmpris guttata, Retz).-Seeii occasioiially time California waters. About fifteen species are off Greenlaird.'T'his Fislh reiiained ntil recently known. uiikimown to studeits of nature, iotwithistadiiiig its BLACK RUDDER FISH (Palinumichthys perctfor- remtarkable colors alld beautiful shalpe. It is namned mis (MAitch.), Cill). —Ranges from Mairne to Capec Zeus luna by Linucus; Chirysoste luine by Lacepede, Ilatteras.'I'lis species is described by Mitchlill as anld L. guttata and L. luma by others. Ii Norway it PEacu- CORYPIIEN,, and Storer, as I'HE IBLAhCI PILOT iears the iamaie LAXITO~E, or tIme LARGE SALMON. (Palinurus perciformnis). Tie latter I'rellarks that Couch, ill History of.British Fishes, says the latter "It follows vessels, or keeps iear old casks or planks iaiine was applied by Peter Clausseil inll 1632, his that are floatiing, anid soinetiimes is found nIear tile speciimiei weighiing oiie hundltred and foirty pouids. wharf-logs ill tlie harbor of Htolmes' Hole." Iii 1815 A Scandiiaviani iiame is GLANSFISK. T'lue terim Opal! several dozens of these followed a ship iiito the har- is thought to have been adopted froml all Aft'ricain bor of' New York, and oiie of theimi was taken by designatioln; a native l)prinice of tIme latter couitltry tile hlook at the wharf ill the nimonlh of August. having seeii a resemublance to oiie of' tile Fishes of Mitchill figured this latter specimien. * I t his rlegioti. ilhe term Kiig-fish is applied to it, as is now regarded i as common enmough to hav e received it is said, because rfron its beautiful colors it looks a popular iiame. Anmomig tihe fishermlen it is called like oime of Neptuie's lords dressed for a court-day SNIP-NOSED hMULLET. Couch describes this as all EIlglish species, and says: HARVEST-FISH (Poronotrs triacanthus (Peck), " Nilsson imiforms us that it hlnas been takel oil the Gill). —So niamned ill New Jersey; BUTTER-FISH inll coast of Norway tiile out of mind." Its flesh is re-Massachusetts, and DOLLAR-FISi-i inl Maimme. Peck garded as good as thlat of Salimon, which it resemiibles nainfed it Stromateus triacailthus; Mi tchill as muchd ill flavor amid color, It is rare ii English CRYPTOUS BROAD SHINER (S. cryptosus); Storer as waiters. This autlhor records several extamples, with SICIP-JACKI or T1HREE-SPINED PEPRILUS (P. triacain- thiis remark: "We tlhink it imaterial to tile hiistory thus); DeKay as SHORT-FINNED HARVEST-FISH (IRhomn- of a, FLish, tihe hllabits of wlhicih are so little k Ilowiv, to bus triacamtisahus). lthe last vwriter says it is equally preserve those dates as a commtribittioi towatrds mami niotable for tihe splenidor of its colorimig amid its ex- exl)laiatioi of' tile cauises whiclh Ilay elmtice or drive cellenice as ail article of food. "This species was it; f'roin its niative dleptihs." l'ihis amldl tie Bergylt or first described by Peck ill 1794, who obtained his Sebastes, are cited as examipnles of tile existeiice of specimems from tihe coast of New Hamitpslhire. At somie of tile mnore briiliaitly colored fishles livimg mot Cape Cod it is miamned SHEEP'S-HEAD, aliId is takei omily ill the coldest regionis, but iin tile deepest wmiters. alonmg tile Massachusetts shiore ill conisiderable mum- Specimlens of tils Fish lmave been takei imeaisurimig bers il niets, with Bass aiind Mackerel. I hiave kiowin five feet ill leiigth. Its color is a brigiht greei above, a specimieni takein from one of the whlarves of Bos- vwith reflections of' purple aid gold.'hlie fills aid eyes tom. A peculiarly unpleasanlt odor is emiittedt f'rom are scalet, amd numllerous roumld golden slpots are oil this Fisih whemI opelled, resemnblimng somewhiat that of' thie sides. Sibbald first ioticcdu aid figured thiis sulphlluretted hiydrogen, whiicli sometimies produces Fish, ill Scotia Iltustrata, fr'om a, specimmell takei ill fil'tdiess, accompanlied withi headache. It is used as tile Firtli of Forth.'Time Icelatmders, according to a bait for Striped Bass. By somie it is comlsidered aim Faber, esteemin the Fishi as iood, aimm it is said to be excellemit paim-fisim. Beimig very oily it is used as ina- "nmot umicomnmimoml aimmomg the' Slietlaid Islamids." mmire upon severail portiomis of Cape Cod." —Storer. Reimmhammrdt records several specieis as hiavimig beemi Peprilus gmardemmi (BIlochm, Schtmeiuler),, Gill, is ammotli~er ti.kemi omi tile coast of Demimnark; M. Tisso miotices it ccxl MTULLID. E- FISHES. S cIT NID2E. in thie Mediterraneanl; Cuvier was of the opiion emllit soundds like tlhose of the Drumni-fish, which are that " there is no trace of its existence on the coast heard at great deptlhs. Cuvier regard s this sonid of Almerica;" but we: have the autllority of Gill tliat as proceeding fr'om somie function of the air-bladder. it is occasional off the coast of Newfoundland.'I'le term U[nber, or Unbirina, whicli is applied by tile alncients to oiie species, is froin thle habit noticed or FAMILY-AMULLIDIE. quickly swimlningo' ont of sight, like a slladow. Colnmnella states that it was one of thle Fisles kept ii:'This family derives its designationll friom liullus, salt-water i)olids.'The Maigre (S. aqnila) is occasionthe ancient Latin name of the Red or Sum-mullet, tlie ally seen ill Britisli waters. Dr. Neill observed oiie in typical genus, a Fisli familiar to thlle aiciemts ill song' Shetlaiid tlhat, was trying to escape the clutclhes or alld story. 13elon figures several that are evidently a Seal. It measured five feet tonir inclies ill length, of this group. Aristotle records,aiI accoumi t of the and wlhen raised iiito thIe boat uttered its usual purrMullet fishing ili the Mediterranean Sea amd ie,,r the lig noise. coast of Greece. Opp)ian commemorates inll verse his SALMON TROUT (Cynoscion caq'olinensis (C6tv. and knowledge of thIe Fish aiid its peculiar habits. Vat.), Gill).-SPo'TTmD SEA-TROUT is the designation When opposed by thIe seines it is said that thIe on tile Southern coast. It also bears tile nanime of leaders of a shoal leap the barrier, wheall 1 follow, SPOTTED SILVER-SIDES. Its ranlge is frotn Cape Hlatlike so many shlieep.: Oppian has it teras to Florida. SQUETEAGUE, OR SQUIT (Cynesc~ion ngealis "The Mullet, when encircling seines enclose, SUETEAGUE, OR SQUIT (scnoscion c ed alis The fatal threads and treacherous bosom knows, The fatal threads and treacherous bosom himnows, (Bloch), Cill). —This familiar species is called by the Instant he rallies all his vigorous powers, M1olhegan Indianlls, SHECUTTS. I1 Connlecticut it is And faithful aid of every name implores; nla.med CHicKwIcaC; in New York,'AEAK-FISH; at O'er battlement of' cork up-darting flies, Iieesley's Poinlt it is BLuE-Fisn. On thile Southier And finds fi'om air the escape which sea denies." cost it beas tIe seval desitio s:'IouT, SATcoas t i t bears tl ie several d esigon atio ns: T!RouT, SALT-. Therle are thi'ee species iin Eliglad, but i i our waters WATER'I'nouT, GRAY TROUT. Its i'allge is romll Cape only oiie, and that as anll occasional stigoler fl'roiii Cod to Florida,. A'Iitclmill recorded this Fish as tIe West Iidiai watei's.'Tiis f'aily, thoughl havillg IRoccus comlnes, becaulse it was so iinchi thile coina similai' nalnie, is iot to be conioutided wili Ahti- panionl of the Bass. He has since nammied it Labrus lide, which is noticed furtheer oi. squeteague. Sclineideir rcoArds it SCUTNlEG and ScurPAUG (Joimiius rega~lis); Cauvier as Otolitlius regalis. FAAnf,Y,-BERY(JID,.' 7 F~navr —I3E YC~ ID1~ DeKay anld Stormer follow the latter Iollellclatire. SQUIRREL-FISH (flolocentrarn sogho, Bloch).-'i'he temrn Weak-fish is derived froii its feeble resist"'lIis is an accidental straggler on our coast, but- aiice oi tile hlook, and thle facility with wlichli it coimme n i Berinuda anlld thie WVest Indies, whieme it breaks away from it. DeKay i'eimiarks: "AItlougli is called Matag' mla. It is a beautiful species, thile this Fislih is exteisively eateii, it iiay be ralliked large eye amid uii'orun red color relnimdimg ome of tile aimiong tiose of a secoidary quality." Ii1 New OrNorway 1-addock, amid time extireme slenidemiess of leamis it is i;ot umicolnmomi, wlhere it is 11ilalned'IoI011t. tIle body beliiid thIe dorsal filu is quite ulmique. It Accordiiig to Storer, Imamy years simice thIe Weak-fish Iihas I)eem veiry successfully kept at tile New York was abulidant ill tile vicimity of Nalltucket, but simco Aquariuii. 1867 it has (lisappeared. Di. Yale writes to l)r. Storer: "'llme Squieteagne lhas deser'ted lthese waters; FA~MIL —SCIA NID-ZE. there has niot beeii ome taken for tlimee or' four' years''le fammily mamimie is derived froin Sciemma, a large about here; they left about tIme tiiime thie Bli ie-fish MAediterraie an species. T'lie clharacters are seeni oil came.'Tlie B3lue-fish is regarded as its avowed time imore omr less elongated atid depressed body, elmemiy." C. tlmallassimuis (ieolb.), Gill, aimmi C. mlotlmus ctemmoid scales, wliich are distributed imi oblique rows, (Ieolb.), Gill, are kmmowlv to tihe samime waters. double iostrils, imoutlh withi a lateral cleft, acute THE BIG DRUMI (Pogonius chromis, Lacep).) —Imteethli, situated ill bammds on tile jrmw, and amII umuiarnied habits h'omi Cape Cod to Florida.'lliis is Labulrus palate. h'lie family is represelited by about omme hium- oh Limmnmis, a,{ mm i- ugil gigas o1' Ml.icliill. It is a]so (idre aid forty species, distribiited ill various regionms called BiAcK DRunr (Sciemma fImsca), 111(id RED DauRi oh' tile world. Beloni gives ail illust'ration of a spe- (Sciellina gigmas), oh' tIle sa.lle. TI'lis results'oi0111 these cies whicli lie inanmes Mifaigre, oir Scienta, amd Umnbra, beiig two stiomigly-limarked varieties, whiclh Ihave amid is a veiry good figuiure o' time Druim-fishm, whmiclm is simice beemi hommlum to be one species. DeKay says relatedl to tills group.'Time Scirella of tile aicienits "''Tis is i, large aid deep Fish, its lemmth beimg was a celebirated Fislh, now kiiowi as S. aquila; its usually about thiree feet, witlim a, deptli of aboullt fifteell weighmt often reaclhed sixty poends. It was imiichli to eigilteem iliches. Oime of this size wveiglis abolut esteemned by tile Romalis. Thlie head was Iiighlly- tweiity-five poiunds. 1 lhave heard of tlmeirm weig'imimg' pr'ized(, andl a custom prevailed to prleseit this palit more thmami eighty hiounds." h."They iare Imot esteeumedl to tile principal city functionaries as a sort of tribute. as'ood, thoughl tile younig are eatei and thlough-t, to T'I'he ear-bommes, ossicles or otoliths, arime large, ad in be delicate. This Fish hIlas puove to be oume of tie amiciemut timumes they were pirized as " colic stonmes," be- inmost hmaidy as ani aiquaiulm speciiumeum. 1l1g encased in gold, and woirn areouied time nieck as a YELLOW-TAIL (Liestomwrs Xanthur'us, Lacep).pieventive of time colic.'lIme Maigme is reputed to Rummiges f'uomi Campe Cod to Floirida. I'~~~__ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ SCILENIDE. FISHES. — SPARIDE. ccxli LAFAYETTE FISH (L. obliqtus (Mitch.), De fay). -Tlis is usually simply called'IHE LAFAYETTE, alnd derived this namne fiomi its liavilng appeared in great'TIhis family derives its name from the typical numbers in 1824, wlien Lafayette re-visited this gelnus Sparns. I'The Forgee and Sheep's-hlead are counltry. Its habit is to appear in large shoals at notable forlns.'I'le scales are obsoletely pectinated, long periods, and, tliouogl known to science, it was strim crossing the sulftace diagonally, and mneetinlg tllen new to the public. It is called GOODY at Cape thie sides at acute angles.'Ille lateral line is conhIMay; CHUB and ROACHI in Virginia. tinuous to the caudal fill. IlThere are Iiullelrous speSILVER PERCH (Bair'diellaptunctata (Linn.), Gill). cies, well represellted in tile warlmer coultries, as well — This is so nllaned, trivially, inl New Jersey. Its as in telnperate reg iolns. range is fr'om Cape Cod to Hatteras. SARGO (Lagodon rqhomboides (Linn.), Holb.) —'This BASS; RED BASS; SEA BASS (Scicenops ocellatus is so called in Cuba. Its ralge is froll Cape Cod to (Linn.), Gill). —Called, also, SPOTTED BASS ill Caro- Florida. It, is the Sparus rlioliboides of Linlleus; lilas, a1nd RED-FISH ill tile Gulf of Mexico. Ranges SALT-WATER BREAM Of Sclicepff. DeKay describes froin Cape Cod southlward. It is Perca ocellata of it as thle RHOMBOIDAL PORGEE. Lilnll.; Celntropomle ceillet and Lutjllnius trianguluml SHEEP'S-HEAD (Aq'chosa1'gus pr2obatocepha lus of Lacep., and BEARDLESS DRUM (Sciellna imbebis), of (Walb.), Gill).-Ranges fioin Cape Cod to Florida. Mitchl. Leseur states that this Fish is cotmmnon at'This is the choicest Fishl, probably, knlown to our New Orleans, and is said to measure from eighlit coast; its flesh beinig compared to tile English l'urinlches to three feet in lengtli. It is highlly esteemled bot. Cuvier names it LE SARGUE, TIETE DU MOUTON. as food. DeKuay records it as 3RANDED CORVINA (C. Mitclill records it as Sparus ovis. lThe Shleep's-liead, ocellata). Onl eacli side of tile caudal fill is a black- so called fi-om the appeatrance of its moutli and isli-brown mark, bordered witlh white, whiicli Mitchill teetli, breeds along the coast, entering- tile sllallow states resembles a branded spot; lhence tile nlame. batys oil Lonig Island in June, wlhere they are caUnglt KING-FISH (Menticir2us nebulosus (Mitch.), Gill). in great numlbels in seilles. It is a waly, tilid Fisll, -Called in New Jersey, WHITING, H-IAKE and BARB. occasiollally weighing frolmn twelve to sixteen pounds, It is the BERMUDAM WHITING of Garden;:Perca albur- and to take it by the hook requires mucli dexterity. nus, Linnl.; Alburntus'americanus, Catesby; WHITING SCUP (Stenotomas a'gyriops (Linn.), Gill).-So of Schclepff; Johnlius reg-alis, Schlineide; Centiroponius called in Massachlusetts at Vilevyalrd Sound, and albulris, Latcepede; Scieuna nebulosa (KING-FISH), SCUPPAUG anmd PORGER at New York. It is known ill Mlitclill; L'OMIBRINE DES E]TAS UNIS, Cuvier aid Rhllode Island as BREAM, and oil tile easternl shlore of Val.; Unlbrinal 1ebtulosa of Storer. DeKaCy says it Vilgi'lia as'I'HE FAIR-MAID. DeKay i1alnes it BIG is mnot very abullda.lt, amppearimmg ill our waters ill July FORGER (Pag-'ims). It is Sparus of Limlllmus; Spare land Auglust. 0Ol accouilt of its excellelmce tile early zanlture of Lacepede; BIG PORGEE OF NE],W YORK settlers almned it Kimig —fisli. lit is exceedingly abuld- (La brlus verlsicolorl), iti tclill. Th'lis is a well known aint oil tile coast of' Florida alld Carolima, whiere it is animd beautifiul Fishl, anld occurs ill our waters ill great kliownl as Wlliitilg. A. few wamider as farl north as abulidalmce ill time sunirler seasoil. It is all excellelit Ca.pe Cod a.imd Bostol Bay.'I'wo othler species are edible, anid would be prized were it miot so plemmtiful. klmowil: M. littola.lis (Holb.), Gill, called SHORE3 T'le teriin Porgee is supposed to be of Ildiall origiil. W~HITING, Witll a lralge f'romt Cape Hattelras to Flor- GILT-HEAD (Spar'us acutleatus (Cuv. and Val.), ida, alld M. unldulatus (Linnl.), Curv. anld Val., called Gill).-'I'Tlis species is stated to be doubtful as to''HE CROAKER, an.d ill Cuba, VERRUGATO. The latter both glenera alid species, anld its habitat frolil Cape ranlges finom Cape Cod southward. Cod to Ha;tteras. DeKay records it as Clirysophiris BANDED DRUM (Larinmus fasciatus, Holbrook). — aculeata.'Illis Fisll is also called GRUNTER, YOUNG DRUnM, GRUNTS (Hcetzulon arcuaturm, Cuy. and Val.)GRUNTS, anid YOUNG SHEEP'S-HmEAD. It is recorded by'lhis is a Southliern species. TIlle Iollowinig are also DeKay as Pogollias fasciatus. Mitcehill ilaimed it filoml tile saimie localities, alomig tile Soutli Atlantic Mug-il grunmimieins anid, later, Labirus gmruniilienis. De- coast: H. chriysopteroll (Lillm.), Cmiv.; H. quadrilinlKay says it appears ill our waters frolim tile southl ill ea.tmnl, Cuv. amid VTal. (called STRIPEOD (RUNTS); October anld November, amid sometimes as early as Ortlmopristis fulvonmacula.tils (Mitch.), Gill. This September. latter is foulid ili New York -lHarbor at times ill FAMIrY-GERRI DE. colisiderable lumlllbers. DeKaly ctlIls it SPECIKLED RED-MOUTH, anld Mitcehill SPECKLED GRUNTS. Omme Amimericani species olily, imidicated as doubtful GLASS-EYED SNAPPER (Lutjanas caxis (2Bloch, as to geimus a.nd species, is recorded as belonigoing to Schn.), Gill). —I'lis is also called YIELTING ill Belrllnthis failnily-Eucinlostomimis alrgeliteus, Baird anid da. Its ranige is alonig tile Southieri coast. Girard. Habital.t, from New Jersey southlwards. FAMILY-SERRAN1D2E- Gill. FAMILY —PIMELE PV'ERIDAE. TI's fanmily derives its lamne ftiom tIe termil SerraBREAM (Pimelepterus bosci, Lac.) - Named nus, tile type species; the serrated operculuin givimig CHOPA-BANCA ili Cuba. Habitat, fmom Cape Cod to mise to tile dlesigniatiomi. "'h'lle silngle eloigated doaCuba. sal fin," says Yalrell, "distinguish tlhese foinms from VOL. I.-h* ccxlii SERRANID. - FISHES.- LABRACIDe. Perca anid Labrax." Th'e Sillootlh Serraiius. accolrd- iative species. There are fifteeii gellera and about ing to Carolini and Cuvier, as well as some otliers of tilirty-five species, mostly rt'ould ill Nortllern waters. this group, are true hermaphrodites; one portion of'lille larger Ilumber are maainle, though their habit is eaci lobe of roe coisistitig of true ova, tile otlher to eliter tile fresil-water streamlls. Ilaviilg all tile appearance of a perfect llilt, alld both STRIPED BASS (occus lineatus (Bloch, Schn.),Gill). advancillng to maturity simultalleously. it is iiot -Called ROCl-FISH ill Penlllsylvallia,; MISSUCKEKEconclusive that such Fishes have the power of imln- IKEQUOCK by the NarragaLiset Iindialiis. Its range is pregilatilng thleir own ova. frolm Nova Scotia to Florida.. This is a highlySOAP-FISH (P4Somicropter'us mnaculatus (Holb.), prized Fish for a.)glillg. Our mallakets are stored Gill). —''llis is all unfamiliar Fisil,'ralgilr from with tilerm, says Di. DeKay, throughlout tile year. Ca.pe Hatteras to Florida. P. decoratus, Gill, re- Thley iascelid hlig'h up the llIudsoii River, alid have corded as doubtful as to species, is accidelltal ont our beeii takei ullder the Cohoes Falls oil the Mollawk. coast; oiice found at Newport, R. 1. Hyportlods Th'lle larger oiles, called Grieelileads, are liever seell so flavicauda, Gill, is recorded as the saliiie. far away from salt-water.'I'llis Bass is caugllt ill RED GROUPER (Epinephelus mvzorio (Cuv.), Gill). Massaclhusetts Bay, alld is miot ulltrequenltly taken by —'ie raiige of thills Fislh is fromi C-ape Cod to Flor- the lhook fromi the rocks. We have takell theIm at ida. DeKay records a Sel'l'anls erythl'ogaster, withl Nahlaiit, wllile allg'lillg for' Ta'utog. Small oiies are the trivial iiainie'l'Hi: GROUPER, Which lie says is seiiied in; considerable minnlbers near Chelsea a id "called by the fishlelrmell R1ED GRouPER. It is a Nanitucket.'I'he Squid (Loligo) is used as a bait, Southierii species, brought hither froim tile reefs of' aii( tile Bass is said to feed upoii theili, giviiig rise Florida. I have beei assured by imltelligeimt fishier- to the trivial lmaiine of the Fish ill AMiassachusetts meii that it llas beeii occasionally but rarely takell Bay, SQUID ItOurND. Dr. Storer saw onle which off our coast." This is probably the Fish whichl weighled thirty-six plonlIds, whlicli xva.s takel froill one fornms the staple article of' tile Coiiecticut fisilerlnmeii of the city bridges.'I'lie largest i ldividual lie hlad wllo visit tile Florida reefs ill tile cold seasoii to fish seeii weiglhed eighty-four pomillds. for tile Hatvanla market.'l'he Grouper is there re- WHITE PERCH (Morlone americana (Gmelil). garded as a good Fishl, though its flesh is tough aind Gill). —Illllibits alol)g tle coast I'rom Nova Scotia dry. E. nig'ritus (Holb.), Gill, doubtful as to geiius, to Floridaa. DeKay figures alid describles tile LITTLE aiid E. oxypterus (DeKay), Gill, doubtl'ul as to gellus WHITE BAss (Labrax pallilus), whlich we talke to be ald species, are eminlelrated as accidelital visitors; this Fishl. He says: "It is comimillomily lkillow withl Trl'isotrolpis acutirostris (Cuv. ajlid Val.), Gill, rallges uis as WVlhite Perch." MAitchlill recordls it as Moromie f|romn Cape Hatteras to Floridl,; Pomicrops guasa pallida, amid later as Bodialius. " h3eilg am ditiliiiitive (Poey), Gill, called ill Cuba, (CUASA, is kiiowiI ill thie Fisl it is seldoiii brought to mtilrket." DI'. Storer Florida waters. records umider tile llead "-WHITE P:IRCH" (Labra. x BLACX SEA-BASS (Centrojnristis atqaqius, (Linn.)- rufls, DeKay), vwlat AMitcllill described uas RED'Iis Fish 1almiges f1romi Cape Cod to Florida. It is PERCH (Boditumlus rufus), alid tile samille aIs DeKay i.anied SEA-BASS il New York; BLACKI-PERCH ill gives as a secoid( species, which lie liamilies RUDDY Massachusetts; BiACIK-ASS a.lld BLACK-FISH ill New BAss (L. rufrus). Dr. Storer says of thie latter: " 3By Jersey; BI.UE-FISH ill Newport, alid( BLACK-WIII, ill tile fishlermiiel it is kilowii as WHITE PERCH. Its Virgiliia. DeKay says it is ome of tile Illost sa.vory usual weighit is about a ponid." Dl. Storer reg'tilded amld delicate Fishes that is fomild ill our mnarket from these as probably tile samime, alld ais )Dr. Gill does liot May to Jimle. Mitchill described it as Peica, varia. ilitrodlmice two, it is reasomiable to reg.ird them as Stomer says they are tltkel to Bostomi fromli New Bed- idemltical. ford, but thley seldomi waiider inito Massachusetts FAMILY-E PHIPPI IDA. Bay.'Iri loburmis trifurcus (Lillmi.), Gill, ramnges fr'om Calpe HIlttel'as to Flori(da,. T'lhis group }has beemi ilichlided with thle Chetodons, SERRANO (Dip2lectLumtfscicitlaqe (Ctv. and Val.), but mlow formlls a separate falmily. T'lle gelmus EphiiptHolb.)-'l'hlis is kllowli to ralmge r'loml Cape Hatteras pius, tile typical olle, has thle dorsal1 fill (eeply elliarto Floridai.'Ile trivial niamime is COmimimmoim ill Cuba. giulate between tile spiiious m.lmmd soft rays; tile COACHMAN (J)ules au'liga, Cuv. and Val.)- spiilous portioi, whichl is scaleless, is fitted- to fold C;alled, also, CHARIOTEER. Ralmges fiomi Cape Cod to ilito a groove formnied by tile scales of tile back. Florida. DeKay relilarks "'hl'hlls species canii olily MOON-FISH (Pat'ephipuls quadrattus (Gunth.), be regairded ill tihe lig.ht of ali maccidelital visitor. it Gill).-Raulges from Cape Codl to Floridma. DeKay is a tiopical species." records a species as' MOON-FISH" (Epllippus gigas, Cuv.), whicli is presiumied to be this Fishl. He says FAMIIY-LABRACID/E. it is rare oil our coast, bmit alollges to Rio Jamleiro, midl probably still flrtller soutlh. Plinly says: "Labrus, a killd of lmavellous Fish." THREE-TAILED PORGEE (P./fit.ber (Cuv.), Gill).Thlis inamie hlas beeli perpetiuated ill the gellus Lalbrax,''lllis is figured alml describel( by DeKa.y as Eplhilppus or Labeo. Tl'his fiami1V ly as tile geeleratl challracters of faber. Mitchill described it ais (CouDY CHETODON tie Percidce, hut hlas thlllee alial spilles, mltmd tile (Clletodolm oviforminis). Sloall,, ill History of Jlmaica,, spinies of tile dorsal reduced ill inumber, gemmemally iiamles it Faber maniriiius. Il Soutlh Carolilla it is nine or ten. Teethl arle situated on thue toligue ill omr I cmlled A NGEG-FISH, amid T'HREE-TAITED SHEEP'S-HEAD POMATOMIDE. -FISHES. - -AIMODYTIDM2. ccxliii is another trivial designation. It is periodical ill nilsus used the geueric term Gasterosteus; Bloch reits appearance here. Dr. DeKay says: "About cords it as ScoLnber niger; Lacepede as Centronote twenty years since they were caught inl great nlum- gardenien; Mitchlill as C. spilosus. DeKay figures bers here ill seines, and exposedl ill our markets for it as tile NORTHERN CRAB-IEATER (E. atlantica), aLid sale. Some of tlieii were eigh-teen inclLes lon g.'" relmarlks that his specimeln "1was takeni ill a seiie ill Bostoni Harbor, aniid, being put iito a car with several FAMMY-LOBO~iD2E. Z ~~FAMILY-LOBOBO~ ~ Porgees, tile latter were sooll eatell by hith." He This group is a portion of what constituted tlhe says it is a rare and probably solitary Fish. Its famLlily Scienidte, now separated aid represeLted ill geograplhical range is very great, beitg tfoutl oil tilhe our waters by oily one gemus. coast of Africa, atm oil our coast frloIL 422 iiorth to FLASHER (Lobotes surinamensis, C0v.)-Rang'es Brazil. Beilqg too raere to lLave received a popular fromn Cape Cod southward. This is called''RIPE- nalme, DeKay has adopted thile preseit oniie. TAIL aiid T. PERCH, flront tile peculiar tail-like aspect FAMIYC LDPERD FAMILY —CH TILOD [PTElli~r[D/E.~ of the dorse aid anal fin. Mitchill described it as tile latter (Bodiaius triurus). BLAcIc GaUNT is also'lhis fatmily is replreseited by oie getius alid oiie a trivial iame. species, which is strictly West lidiati, though occasional otn our coast. It has beein found ol thie beachl F> xIm,~ — P 0 MAO MID FE~. ~FAMIL~-POMTATOMJDJ at Newport,. R. I The species is' Apogotticlithys BLUE-FISH (Pomatomus saltatrix (Linn.), Gill).- amtericatius, Casteillau.'T'his miucli esteemied Fish retains the specific iatie AMILYe bestowed otl it by Litnmtus; its habit ofjumnpiig' out of tile water sug'gestiig it. Mitclhill described atid COMMON BIG-EYE (Priacanthts maCropthalmus, figured it as HoRsE MACKEREL (Scornber plutibeus). OUv.)-This is recorded as a doubtftl species, fouud It is kitowit by that trivial iamne at presetit iii New- ill thile WVest Itdti es atid occasiotally iLotthiwards. port aId Beesley's Poitit, N. J. Itt Virgitia it is SHORT BIG-EYE (Pseudopjiacanthus altus, Gill). called TAILOR, atid ill other places SNAP MACKEREL, -Called, also, BLEEKER; is found fromi Cape Cod to atid WHITE-FISRI. Littaeust use(d the tet-It SKIP-JAcr Cape Hatteras. atd GREEN-FISH, atid tile geteric otte Gasterosteus. Zn ~~~~~~~~~F A~MIY —A MA 0D YTlidA2E. Shaw records it SKIPPING STICKLEBACK; Lacepede, thile POMATOME SKrIP. Telitnodoti has beeti used later, SAND-EEL (Ammodytes armericanus, Defay). — by iost Atmericait writers, as thile geieric terml.'Ithe Called SAND LANCE ii New Eighlalid. Raniges fromt retarlkatble chatige of habitait of Fishes is exeoiplified Newfoutidlatd to Hatteras. D)escribed by MRitchill iii this species. )Dr. Stiith records (History of Fishes as A. tobiatius. Speciimeiis frequelltly wamsh tashore oJfifacssachusetts, 1833) —"HoRsE MACKCERE1U, (S.plum- after or durting stormts. It has tile habit to bury itbeus)~ Ot thile autlhority of Dr. Mitchill we tiotice self iil thile saud. DeKay says it is tot a rtre species. tihe existetice of this little Fishl, thtirteeti iichies loug, but, from its itisigitfictit size, tlever appears ill our with a itamie that is associated with thile idea of sotile- Markets. Storer records it ats SAND-EtIL (A. a, merithitg large eiiougli to swallow a horse. Not a siiigle canlts), aid Ayres, A. laiicea.'The'ormiter author specitentl could be proculred last seasoti ill thile vicitity writes'"This species is foutl lpleoitifully at Hoilmes' of BostoiL." About 1850 sitigle iiidividuals were Hole, mid is ofteni collected at Proviicetowit ill Mllytaketi iat Naibatt atid ill Bostoi Bay, aid were ini riads." T'Ihe shores are ofteln liled wit th tese Fishes, great request, sellitig for high prices.'T'lie Fish is left by the tide.'the water iii the vicitity of Lotig LiOW quite plentiful ill those waters. Storer says: Poitit, Proviiicetowi, accorditg to Captaill Atwood, For a 1oug series of years it disappeared l fromi out is at timies literally alive wvith them. "Thiey have waters, thotuigh it wits oIce pleitifiul aid was held ill boeti kItlowi to cotle ashiore iii such qutattities that hightI estillmatiotl by thile aborigies."'lThie Blue-fish is they covered the groutid fioti ote to two iiches deep, regarded as otte of our best for the table, but iin tile adt wheim the water covered tihe flats thile whole botsp'itmg it is almtost worthless froom beitig too leati, atid tou loooked like aml itiitmetise sheet of silver." Atmill auttiuitII it is too fat. It is very destructive to tile itodytes dubius, Reithardt,, is atiotlhier species, ratllg'Mackerelc fishery; a shoal is alwtys tile precursor of a iPg rIo1l lte Polar regiolls to Cape Cod. gtattd scatteriLig of tile latter.'The Blue-fish affords THE BANDED SAND-LAUNCE (Argyrotenia vitexcelletit spor't, as it takes the hook slhLarply il trol- tata (DeKay), Gill).-Recorded by Gill as doubtful lihug. IiI soLte portiotis of ourt coast conisiderable at- as to getis aud species, aiid its habitat placed teuttioi is paid to this spoirt. With a good breeze, New York (?). DeKtty figiures atid describes it as in a boat ulder full sail, the lines trolliLg belihiid, Ammuodytes vittatus, but expresses grea.t doubt about, otie tmay experience a good shiare of thile pleasures of tile gellus. atigitig.'h'te ratige of this Fish is remarkable; it is FAmImTY-ECHENEIDIDE. seeii ill tile Mediterrauleaut, in the Itdiati Oceuaii aid imear New Hollatd,.'This family embraces fouri geiilera, of which tile FA~I CA''IDA RRemnora (Echieteis) is the type. Fortmerly thle termi FXmmr —L ELACA!3 AI.1D JE. Cyclopteridce was used to itnclutde ill one famtitily a CRAB-EATER (Elacate canadus (Linn.), Gill). — hatgetr tIttumibet' o' vamied foruits, whiclh wete provitehd Ratiges ftrommt Cape Cod to the West Itidies. Liii- with suckitng discs. ccxliv SPHYRX-NIDm. — FISHES. -.MuGlLIDmE. INDIAN REMORA (Leptecheneis naucriates (Linn.), twenity-for ill nulmlber. Tile air-bladder is large adlld Cill).-This is seeii oil tile coast gellerally. Mithlill bifrmcate. The famnily is represellted inl tropical alid described it the BIG OCEANIC SUCKER, and Richards as sub-tropical seas ill all qluarterss of tIme globe. Spetie SHIP-MASTER ECHENEIS. E. iaucrateoides (Zuiew.), cies waniider extensively. One of the largest is the Gill, is said to ilnhabit tile same regionls as thie latter. celebrated Barracuda of tile Cjuban waters. Alu allied form, time Rhollnbochirus osteochllir (Cuv.), NORTHERN BARRACUDA (S2#hyranu borealis, De(ill, is occasionally fouiid onil our coast. 1Relloropsis Kay).-Th'is is a simall, ilnsigllifiCal lt Fishi, coimplared brachyptera (Lowe), Gill, is also aln azccidelltal visitor. witi tile great Barracuda of thIe Guilf of Mexico, COMMON REMORA (Echeneis eemnora, Linn.)- being only about eight inclies ill lenigtll. DeKay Called PEGA ill Cuba. This Fish is well knownii inl says it is a very active anid voracious little Fisih, Europe, aid is ounild on our coast, usually accom- appearing inll Augutst anlld September. The West Inpallyimig some species of Shark or large Fish, upoii dianl species grows to the length of foiur feet, tnlid is which it clitngs by aid of its sucking disc.'rlIe Iluch prized as a satvory edible illn Havatna, a:lnd in Greeks and Romaniis were well acquainted witlh it. Key West. It is taken by spearing. TIle fislhermell iThe E. latucrates-mentio led before as Leptechene is scull the boat genitly from tlhe directioin of thIe sun, — Was equally knowns, aid was thIe subject ofsoiig aiid tile habit of tIle Fisli beiiig to satisfy its curiosity story, as well as tihe present. EliaMh writes of botlh. by f'ollowiig anlly object, whicll, inll this case, is tile Oppian commemn orates ill verse its supposed great blade of tile oar.''lTe fishermlani has thie advaltage, powers: beiiig with his back to tile sun, thIe Fishll conise"The Sucking-fish beneath, with secret chains, queiitly has it illn ilis eyes; this is a tfvorable sitnuaClung to the keel, the swiftest ship detains." tion for striking with tihe " graills" or spear.'lhe Phiiiy repeats tihe same wondrous story. Antony's larger Barracudas are takenii ill this nlanleicr. Gill ship, at tile battle of Actimi, was said to be detaiiedi says it is imuchl feared oii account of its savage disby thie action of a Reinora whiichi clung' to tIle bot- position and forinidable teeth. Its fleslI is of'ten tom. Pennant records tils species as inhIabitimg' tile poisonous, thomiogh at other tiilies quite savory. This oceati quite to North America, and being ofteii fouiid quality depetids oil a peculiar coiditioii, ald is said adlieriiig to tile sides of Sharks, by mneais of tile to be co-ordinated with a nlilky sanies wlhiclh follows structlure of its head, as to be got off withi difficulty. tihe kiiife oil thIe Fish beitig cut. Smiith gives ant accoult of the use formerly miade by the natives of Cuba with tile Remnora, by attacliiiig a FAMILY-M UGILIDAEL strong twine round its tail, and thiei tllhrowig' it'[his fainily is mamned from its typical form, tIe overboard. IThe Remora miaturally mmade for tile first Mu'gil, or Mullet. It hlas cycloid scales, moderate ill Fislh wlhiclh tile leimgth of line permitted it to reach, size. Thie lateral limme is absemit.'lhe teeth are very amid after fasteiimlg itself firmmly to its prey by tile smiall or emmtirely absemit. Thlere are two dorsal fills: suckiiig disc, Remiora amid his prey were hiauled ill. the first havimg always four stout, rigid, divergiig A. specimliemi of tihe WHiTE-TAILED REMORA, described spines tile secoiid with in iie rays (rarely eighit or by DeKay as E. albicauda, was kept alive a short tell), alid far behiid.'[iTe amlal is opposite mlmd retimme ii thIe New York Aquaariumi. Its ihabits were semmmbles tile dorsal.'l'lIe vertebre a.re tweity-fomir. peculiar while coiffimmed. It was occulpied mnucli of This famiily eimbraces rather over a imlmldred species; tile timie ill forwarid amid backmward mnovemelits; its havimg a strong' ftamily likeimess, aid agreeimg, also, 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ lobg dorsal amid minimal limis worked like the screw of a closely imi their characters. They are mlostly ill tIme propeller ship. Wheim it did swim off it preseiited a warmner waters, tlhoughm a few reach tile temiperate relmlarkably graceful shape aiid imotioi. We ilave regiomls.'hmough strictly belomigiilg to thIe salt-water frequently takeli thils species off Sharks at Nm.hamte they morie or less seek, at stated seasoms, tile f'esih Beachi, amid fi'oml tihe great Blue Shimrk of the Soutmll- rive'rs.'l'hley are usually ill large schools. erm waters.'Iilough. great care was exercised, we MULLET (A lugil albula, Linn.) - Riilges fromm could iot keep it alive ill captivity. Storer de- Cape Cod to Florida. Roeidelet figures several of scribes amid figures a species with fourteen plates to tlhis group; one is Aauge. thile disc, which is much shorter thami tihe albicaudua. STRIPED MULLET (AZThgil lineatas, Alitch.)It is probambly identical with tile preseiit, as Gill's list Raliges frommm Cape Cod to Florida. DeIKay figu'res does miot iiiclude it. thllis, mmd reinarks tlhatt Dr. Mitclmill first discovered ~FAarua-S HYRANID ~E. the species omi oumr coast, alld alimed it. It aippears ill our' mimirkets about tile first of Septemiber, alid is Time fiamily iname is derived from tihe typical gemius hiighly hirizeul. Sphym'na,, wllichI is distimiguisihed by its pike-like ROCK MULLET (M. petr'osus, Val.)-Rammges flromm tormil, haviiimg two distinct dorsal aind abdommiiial veml- flatter',s to Florida, or, as DeKa.y says, froim Brazil tral fins.'Ihe scales are simiall aid cycloid inll for'm. to New York. PLUIIHR''s MmULLET (M. plumieri),''lhe lateral limne is couitinious.'Ilie teethm are well called SPOTTED MULLET by DeKay, has the samme developed (small alnd large grouped together) om tIme ramnge. It is regarded as umlfit for food. pahlatime bommes as well as oml time jaws.'l'Ile two dorsal fimis are situated fa.r apart; tIme first with five FAMIrvU A'I'HERINIDIE. spinous mays; time secoiid withi a spimie amid eighmt to Thiis family is omme foumldedi by Cuvier oin the gemius teii articulated mays.'Imhe vertebrse are only about Athmerimlm oa' Limnmeus.'['le group is closely related SCOMBERESOCID2E.-FISHES. -SCOPELID2E. ccxlv to the Mullets. Th'ley have two dorsals, though they oil tile pharyllgeals; the dorsal finll far back; the cauare niot always distinlct.'I'liere are six branchiail dal fill genlerally roulded.; there is no adipose fin; rays. Five geniiera are known, alld about forty-five tile aneal fill of tile mlale is often Imodified illto anL inlspecies.'I'liThey are small, caniivorous Fishes, usully tromllittent organi.'[lie species are miostly viviparous. swimlnling in slioals lear thile shliore. h'le Nortll T'lley are small, inlhabitig bracklisl or fr'esh-wate'rs Americati species -are all small. ill bothl contiiinets, nmd ilost abmnldanl t ill wairm1 reSILVERSIDES (Chirostoma notata (iMitch.), Gill). giols. Tilere are twenty-five genera, anld albout onle — Ranges froni! Maine to Florida. It is cailed FRIAR lunmdred alld twelnty species.'I'liougli we lha.ve nuilln New England. DeKayrecordsitasAtherilla lotata. mnerons species tley are iiot well kownii. Thlie species Storer says it accomlpanies tile Smelt into the Clharles Girardus flllOrIoss is tihe siioallest knowij vertebrate. River, at Bostonl, ill large numbers, ill tile sprinsg KILLI-FISH (Fund'ules pisculcntus (Mitch.), Val.) and autumn.'1'HE SLENDER SILVERSIDES (C. menidia Called, also, MMuICHCIOG. RaIgoes from Maine to (Limnm.), Gill) is found firom Cape I-Ulatteras to Flor- Florida. It is iinatmed tile ORNAMENTED MRINNOW, an(] ida. Mitchill records it as GREEN STRIPED SILVER- figured by Storer; and Wur,-BrT, m )ID K,ILL-FISR by SIDES (A. virescens). Atheriiia carolina, Val., has Mitchill. DeKay calls it BANDED KHI,,-FIsL. It is thile same range. tile most cormmon Milllow arounld Bostonl, where it is knowII as COBLER, alld is Used I( l'gely f'or bait. FAMmY-BELONIDI)X,'. THE BANDED MINNOW (FE nigrofasciatus (Leh'lhis family is represenlted liere by onfly one species, seur), Val.), —Is figured by Storer. It is found in whliichli was formerly emblraced ill tile Esocidce. Fresh? Pomid, Cambridge, Mass. Its range is fr'om SILVER GAR (Belone longirostris (Mitch.), Gill). Cape Cod to Florida. -Ranlges firom Cape Cod to Floridat. According to THE BARRED MINNOW (F multiltitsciatus (LeDeKay it is prized by epicures. He records it as semr), Vtl.)-Ramtlges firom Calpe Cod to Floridla. BANDED GAR-FiSH, and Sclicepff as SEA-SNIPIE. It is Storer figures this Fisl, amid states tehat it is found in) commonly kiiownii as BILL-FISH. Stor'er calls it GAR- Conicord anld ill Lowell, Mass., probIably ill thile rivers FISH (B. truncata), fri'om a specilnenll obtained at comlinumlicatillg withi tile sea. The JIydrargyra, is Holmes' lHole. represellted by two species, f'ound firoIm Cape Cod to HUatteraus. Storer records anld figures the BAssE-FRY FAMI,Y-SC.OM'4BERESOCIDJE,. (H1. flavula). Mitchill described thile sallle as NIiw From Scornber, a Mackerel, ammd Esox, a Pike.'IThe ( YomRK GUDGEON (Esox fliavullus). It is called by tile scales ill this fiamily are cycloid ill shape. A lateral boys YELLOW-TAIL, mlid is comimnomi arould Biostol ill liule is developed alomlg eachli side of thile belly.'lie brackishli water. Cypritlodol 11as two species, recorddorsal fill is single, aid far back; the ammL~[ fill is op- ed as C. variegatus aid C. parvust anld Micristius is posite tile latter; tile lower lobe of tile caudal is represenited by tllree species. thile loiigest; the pectorals hiave bramlclied rays; In y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l FAMIY —S'!'O M A111 f!'[ E. tile veiltrals are abdomnilal TIlie air-bladder is gell- F IrY-S'IO I I'I erally presenit, but Ihas iio communiicatio ml witli tile''wo geilera, witli o01e species each, arie emnbraced iitestitmal camlal. inll thills riuamnily. Malacosteus tiger, Ayres, is a pela,FLYING-FISH (Exocatus exiliens, Gmel.)-Ramlges gic form; Stomias f'erox, Reimlllardt, is kmiowll ill hfomil Cape Cod to Florida.'I'H, NEW YORK FLYING- Greemilanid waters. FISh (E. imoveboracelisis, MitchI.), llas a similar railge. FAL -SCOPEII. ri zn ~~~~~~~~~~FAMILY —SCOPELID!2E.'JHE SINGLE-BEARDED FLYING-FISH (Cypselm'urs comilatmts (Mitcih.), Weimillaild() mlid'1.'HE1 DOUBLE-BEARDED Scopelus is tile typical gemius of tis fiamily.'Ihe FLYING-FISH (C. fmucMmtn8s (Mitch.), Weimila(md) are re- Imlemibers are related to tile Salnonidce. Soiime formms corded as doubtful botli as to gemius tlid species. hatve scales, wlhich are cycloid; otliers Imave imoiie.'I'iey are also foumild rom Cape Cod to Florida. Oth er i'lhe lateral llme r'sl' miearly ptaraI.llel witllh tile back. species of this family are: Exoccetus meltmmurus, Va.].; Teetli are oil both jmmws ammd palate.'he bramcfial Halocypselus evolamlls (Limmm.), Gill; Eiileptorliaii- mapertures mrie very wide. T'lio dorsal fiu is short, or phius loig'irostris (Cuv. amid Val.), Gill; Helmiirhiami — of rmoderate le)igt l, amtld ill tile mniddle of the leigtlli phus umifasciatus, Raizaiii; withi the samie raige of of tile body, or iearly so; tile adipose fill is develhiabitat. oped; tile inala1 is sh81101ot amd p)osterior; the cadal is SKIPPER BILL-FISH (Scomberesox scutellatus, Le- large and distictl; tile pectorals lhave biraiclied rays; seur).-Raiiwges firomn Nova Scotia to Florida. Large the veiitral fills are abdomimal, but'a.tller fIar forwarid qualtities of this Fisli are tlirowlm asliore tat Prov- as suchli. Th'I'lle iitestimial canal is very sllort, allid tihe incetowl, Mass. By somne it is rsie as good air-bladder is ai-bsen t.'I'lhe ego's are comiltalitied ill eatimig. Ronidelet figures a forimi whichi lie iamiies Be- sacs of tlie ovariull, amid are excluded by oviducts. lone, or Raphis; iil Latil, Acus. Anmothier resem- Scopelus glacialis, Beinhardt. — Habitat, Greeibling tihe latter lie amiies Sauros, mid Equille.'I'he amidt. Is recorded by Gill as omme of tile Fishlies of tlIe (Greelk iaime is yet used ill the form Saury. East Coast orf Northi A.lerica. Storer figures mmmld describes thle ARGENTINE (Scopelus hiuiboldti (?) ), FAMILY-CYPRINODON'IIDAE. wliicli he regards ams syioy inymnous withi Argentin a The Gyprinodonts hlave as fianily characters, head spliyreuia of' Pellulmait. He says that omily onle living amid body scaly; teetih well developed oum the jatws andi speciunuen hlad then beeui founmid iii the waters of' MaTs ccxlvi MIICROSTOMIIDmE. -FISHES. —- SALONIDE. sachusetts, although others were frequently founlld ill FAMILY-nMONID the stominachis of Fishes. DeKay had Inot inet with it. Inll this genus the mouth aund gills are excessively'lhis is perhaps thile most notable of thile families of cleft, and tile tongue and palate are slmooth; small Fishes, the typical forms, Salllon, Trout, etc., beiug teeth are ill both jaws. Maurolicus borealis (Nils- mnostjustly celebrated as game anlld as savory food. son), Guntli., is recorded as doubtful as to species. The scales are cycloid inll shape, and rather small. Its habitat is noted as Massachusetts. The lateral line is distinct and runls nearly parallel with the abdomen. Thie dorsal finll is situated about FAMILY -SYNODON'1'WIDMiE thIe middle df thile body; a second adipose dorsal is'ITwo genera of this family, each represellted by onily developed fiar behind; thIe anal is sminaller than tilhe one species, are found inll tile waters of thile East dorsal, and situated below about mlidway between Coast of North Amlrica. Trachinuoceplhalus myops tile two dorsal finsll; tile venltrals are abdominal and (Bloch, Schneider), Gill, ralnlges firom Hatteras to underthe dorsal.'I'he air-bladder is large and sirem Florida. Syuodus foetells (Linn.), Gill, ranges fr'om ple, communicating with the intestinal canal. liThe Cape Cod southwards. ovaries discharge their eggs into the cavity of the FAMILY CIICOSTOMJID E. abdomen, friom which they are directly excluded. Sixteen genera and one hundred and sixty species The Smelt is a prominent member of this family. of this famnily are enllumerated. Its generic characters are seen inll anll elongated body, SALMO0N (Salino salar (Linn.), CGunther). —'.'his covered with small scales; two dorsal fins, thile first royal Fish has a range of habitat fromo the Polar rewith! rays, the second fleshy, without rays; tile teeth gious to Cape Cod. It is fouud only in thie coldest oil tile jaws and tongue aare very long. waters, and is equally distributed inll Europe and THE SMELT (Osmerus mordax (MAitch.) Cill). —In- A lnerica. Another species is known to the Califorhabits from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. Storer iuan coast. In some of thile rivers of Maine thile Salmno says: "'h'is beautiful species is brought to Bostoni salar is quite abundant. It is tllought that this Fish market in large quantities in the spring and autumn. was formerly, at the tine of the discovery of AllerIn the spring it is taken in nets up the rivers, and ica, coimmion to thile more southern waters. Hendrick inl willter by hook beneath the ice. In WatertownI Hudson records: "Great stores of Salinon inll tIhe alone about 750;000 dozen are taken annually ill river " —but it is considered certaim that tile Fish scoop ets, fron thile first of March to first of Julne.' ieant was tile "Weak-fish." DeKay says "'lThe A favorite amusement, wheum thIe rivers alnid harbors Salmon now seldom appears on our coast except as are firozen, is to fish for the Silelt thlrough tile ice. a straggler. it is now only seell ol our nlorthernll Boston h ar'bor is a singularly lively locality during borders, ascending the St. Lawrence friom tile sea, such seasons.'Ihe scene is picturesque, many de- and appearing inll Lake Ontario ill April, and leavimg vices beinlg used to obtain shelter f'romIm the cold it agaimm ill October or November.'Ihey were forwinds.'Temits, bonfires, etc., are seeu inl great numn- mnerly abundanlt ill the lakes, ill tile interior of New bems, spretdlimg over miles inll extent. MIitchill de- York, which commumunmicate with Omltario.'hle artiscribed tills Fishm as Salimmo eperlanus. DeKay calls ficial impedimemuts thurown inl tile way have greatly it AMERIcAN SMELT, and says:"'h1his beautiful timd teuded to preyvemt tile progress of this Saltmnoi popular Fish derives its namme. Smelt, fromn its pe- through these waters." Eight other species are culiar sinmell, which resemmbles that of cucummbers. enumerated as iulhabitiug the Arctic regious. DIr.'Ilmey are derived mmostly fromn tile smiall stroalns Storer says this excelleat Fish is almnost eutirely emnptyilg imuto tile Sound, amud froil Hliackemsack and driven out f'roui thIe waters of Massachusetts by tile Passaic Rivers. It appears to vary colnsiderably nltmmerous damns and nmanufacturing establishmenets, fromn thIe Europealn species." Couch says of tile lat- prevenuting it fronm goimug up tile rivers to deposit its ter "It has been supposed thiat tile naiume of Smelt spawns. About tile cotmmlleucellmeut of this century it was g'ivem onm accounlt of its agreeable odor, but the3 was very abuudatt ill tile Merrimuack River. Our true nmeaminlg is assiglled by Johnmusonm, auid is the unarket is now supplied fiom tihe Kennmebec River samue as tlhat used to sigmify tile mlmelting or Slmleltilug aLid fromi Nova Scotia. of lnetals-the appeamlamce of tramsparenucy of tile sub- SEA TROUT (Salmo immaculatus, H. R. Store) is stamuce of tile Fish, as if it had a tendeucy to mnelt recorded as a doubtful species. It is fouud fromm away." Ronmdelet figures a simmilar formu unider tile Labrador to Nova Scotia. mnanme Esperlan, which refers to its peavrly appearalice.'his mamelll is retained as a specific desigunationl fom FAMILY-PARALEPIDIDM. this Fishl.''lIhe Smelt is highly prized, both Ihere anid abroad. I1m Scotlaud it is called Spirlimg', or'The nammue of this remarkable family is derived Sparlimug. Belon figures three formus umlder tile unu.mme fr'om tile Greek, mneaninmg " near to" and "scale." Eperlan. Onme hue termius tile E. flaviatilis (River'li'he formi is elougate amid pike-like, amd tile body Eperlam); a.nother is mlalmned Eperltanas, ori Umbla. covered with deciduous scales. ThIe lateral line is Mallotus villosus (zi~,ller), Cuy.-Called CAPEr,IN. straight aud tile head is poiuted.'lTIe bramuchiosteIs folnmd imm tile colder watems of tIme Polar regiomus, gal mays are seveum im numumber.'T'hme dorsal flm is shout amid southuward to Nova Scotia. Microstomuma groeu- alld far behuimnd, amld amm adipose is still further back; handica, Rteimmhardt, is muative to Gr'emmlammd waters. time ammal is elomlgated; tile caudal emmargi umate; thie ELOPIDE. FISHES. -CLUPEIDME. coxlvii pectorals are well developed and tile ventrals are root-probably thr/ix or trichos, iwmeaningli lhairy or small, inserted below or ill front of the dorsal.''Thle bristle-like. Trichaios is recorded as " a lairy Fislh, species are closely allied to the Sanlmonidca.'ll'ere like a Herrilng, remarkLable for its mninute bonles." are two genera oinly, Paralepis and Sudis; tile latter The fact of the bolles beinlg small anlld bristle-like, is, exclusively Mediterraneall. nio doubt, the origiin of tile terll).'T'le Egyptians Paralepis borealis, Reinhardt, is native in tile were falllillal with thle Slad, as it, passed periodically Greeilalid Seas. up tile Nile from tile sea.'I'le a.nlcielits were especially ilipressed witli tile supposed susceptibility of these Fishles to souIIds of a pleasinlg niature. AElial'I'his is represented by only one genlus and one and others of hlis tiine, as well as R1oiidelet, treat of species ill our waters. tlis, atnd add thlat thulliders liaed tile effect to drive LADY-FISH (Albula conoirhynchus, Bloch and tile shloals away after thley liaid l)eell ellticed near Schneider).-iRallges fromi Cape Cod to Florida. shore ill tle maniner described by Plinly as witniessed by Ausonius.'I'Thle latter authlor a.ffected to despise FAMIImY-ELOPIDA3. this "poor manl's food." A free tlranlslatioll presents it: "Whlo does lnot kiiow those frizziog, sputteringi'T'llis fiamily is allied to tile Clupeide. DeKaTy il)- Fish Oil every poor manll's grate!" Rol(lelet and cludes tile type species, Elops, ill the latter, an.ld gives Belol figure sever1al forrns, as tlle Harieng, Thrissa, as gelleric claracters: jaws foltrled like those of the Alosa, etc.'Thle latter, whicli is thle Shad, was Iiamled Herrlilns; body, cylindrical l; gill mIembralle with Laccia ill Roiiie, alid tile terin Allis, or Allice, wllicll thirty or more rays; a flat spinle Oil the upper ami(1 attachles to the Eniglishl species, is a corlruption ulder edges of the caudal fill. through Alachia, HIallachia, etc.'Ihis fatmily emnBIG-EYED HERRING (Elops saurts, Linn.)-''lhis braces foirms lunuch like tile SallilollS.'I'le clief disFishl is known as MATAJUIJEO BLANCO land REAL ill tilctioni is tile absence of thle adlipose fill. The scales Cuba. Its range is firomll Cape Cod soutlihwards. are particularly delicate inl their attacnelilet to tile DeKay figures it as SAURY, frotm a specimileli taken; inl skinl, anid separate very ea.sily; tilere.are no spillous New York hLarbor, ill tile autulnn. rays; tile gill opelin}gs are very large; tile teethi JEW-FISH (ifegalops thrissoides (Bloch, ScAn.), sillall and getielrally lnumerous.'lhe air-bladder is Guntth.)-Tllis is called'I'ARPU ill Bermuda. Its always large.'le'le eggs are exceediligly laulilelouls, ramige is soutll of Cape Cod. forllniog a roe of tile,o'reatest bulkl. A few species ascelld rivers, tile rest are anLarile.'l'liey all are greFAMIY —DU1SSUMIERPID.~. Cg'ariols to a great exteilt, forl'lilng' large s}loalls, aIld aappealllg periodically oil the coa.st. Somne species''lis famnily is represenited by omlly onie genus il have ae very wide geoglaphical raollge. As at presenit outr waters. DeKaey describes amid figures a species deterillilmled ald restricted, tilere are about twelve minder tile mamlne SLENDER I-IERRING (Alosa teles). gellerl, alld oiie!ulludred alid twelity species, Ilmany of Gill records thiis formii as wilichl are valued hlighlly aIs foold. ROUND HERRING (Etrumeus teres (Delray), Bre- MENHADEN (Brevoortia menhaden (Mitchill). voort).-Ranige fiom Ca(pe Cod to Cape Hatteras. Gill).'-'llis is oe of tile miost fainiliar anld 1i1111nerous species onl our coast, hlavillg a ra1ige froin Cape FAMrY —CLUPEIDLe -(Herrings, Shad, etc.) Cod to Hatteras.'I'le Narragalllsets called it, MuNNAWHI'rTTEANG. 011 tile Coast of MaTIss.achllusetts it is T'i' typical gelnus, Clupea, which suggests thile knlowni as HAPRD-HIAD; in Maiiie a11( New Ham11pfaimily desigilation, is firoli tile alicielit lliaile use(d by shire, POGY atid POGI-AGEN,; ill New York, MossPliliy am.d others of tile tiiiie, to desiglate the Shladl BUNKER; ili COllieCticut a(ld other palts of tile an.d like formis. Plimly gives thie Romami m ame as Ea steril coast it is kitl(owi as BONY-FISH.a!nd WHITELctanz; anid tliat used ill Vellice as Cheipam; il) FISII; Il (Caroliia it; is FL'AT-BAcIc, BUG-FISH 11and YErLSpi. in, Sabogamr, alld ill France, Alosagn.'l'le vari- 0row-TAIr,. Mlitcliill is the enarliest writer oil this Ols3 mimellbers of tile family are so alike iit their hlabits subject-(Fishes of /New York, 1814) —ald lie is supofr migrationm that tile circumnstaiice attracted tile posed to be tile authlor of tile specific liamne \eilhiaattenition of the aticienits.'l'e poet Oppiani refers demll. Dr. Silnith, of Bostomi, whlo wrote ill 1833, to this while describiiig one of tile formils s s Chalkis, cla.ilis that tile word is derived foiii tile Illdialll, or Chalcis, as follows- paar-haug, by wliichl tile aborigilles kliew tllis Fish; "Pilchards and Shads in shoals together keep, hlelce Paulhagen, Menhagen and Menhadeln.'lmle The numerous fry disturbs the mantling deep; terl11 lbossbonker is mlsedi by l)KayI, w1io says tIle No home they know, nor can confinement love. Dutcll settlers called it, M]orsebonkeir, aild adds, also, But, fond of hourly change, unsettled rove." etc. "Panluagell aiid Mellladelm; tile latter beinilg tile A mong thle Greeks amid Romnalis tile Slhad mas kllown i laine giveii by tile Mam;ihattamls, amll tile formner, proItS Thrissa, a teirmi still ilm use as a specific liame of llmounced Pauhaugen, tile Narl.gal.alset epitlet. At a member of this rfmiiiily. Aristotle treats of tile tile east elld of tile isl]amld tiley are caLlled Skippangs, Slhad as Ilamned Trichaios. On refeirring to tle oGig- or Bunkers." Storer lielllalrlrs ".'.'Iis vmslulable Fisi} ilal works of thiese arutlhors we fiuid tile wolrds used coimes ilito Ma;lssachllusetts Bty about tile miuddle of ill differellt forlmlls, alnd tllhat tlley are flrom tile samiie Maly, alid leaves inl November. It is takell ill im ccxlviii CLUPEIDM. - FISHES. -(LUPEIDZE. mense quantities for bait, manure, oil and food. water. Ausonius referred to this state when, as we Frequently one humidred barrels are taken at one have seen ill our account of the family, lie despised haul of the seine." The oil taken from these Fishes it as the "poor inan's food." In tile region of New is largely used in out-door paiintinog, being considered York, and probably int various parts of Europe, the preferable to linseed oil. DeKay says the largest various species of Shad are regarded as very superior haul he has heard of numbered eighty-four wagonl food. In New England, where the salt-water Fishes loads. are inuch better flavored that]i iil the more SoutherIn SHAD (Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), Storer).- waters, the Shad is not really popular. Especially This valuable Fish is found ia ngi ug from i Newfound- is this so east of Boston. It is rantked with tile Aleland southward as far as Florida. Mitchill says it wife aiid Herring-too little for tile pickilng. comes regularly fr'om the ocean and visits us at New THREAD HERRING (Opisthonemaz thrissa, Gill).York ill amll aimal imiigratioii, about the end of'I'his species ratg'es from Newfountdland to Florida. March, ascending towards the sources of the Hudson It is known as MNENHADEN in Portlaind, probably conand other rivers to breed. It usually weighs about fo nde(e with the Brevoortia. In New York it is four or five pounds, but has beeii taken as heavy as called SHAD-HERRING and'i'HgRAD-FisH. DeKay says twelve pouiids. Simith says: "lIt bears so immi re- it appears iin New York waters about tIme first of semblance to tIme Herring as to be called''he September. He records and figures it as SrOTTI,:DMother of Herrimng.' T'Ihe Shad Fishery of tile Comi- THREAD HERRING (Chmalessus sig'nifer). Leig'th, miecticut Rivetr has beeii a source of g'reat wealth be- eight to ten inches. It is a beautiful formn, tile eletween Saybrook and Ham rtord.'ie Merrimiack, Mied- gnitli shape of the dorsal fin beimig iiicreased by the ford, Conmecticut amid Neponset rivers are amonoig' lobg filammienit whiclh comistitutes the last dorsal ray. the principal onies ill which this Fish is takeim ii such THE HERRING (Pomolobus pmseadoharengus (Wilquantities as to make it ami object of peciniiary inter- son), Gill).-Called AiLEWIFE imm New Eiiglaid GAsest." DeKay figures amid describes thits species as PEREAU ill tile British Provinces; SPRING HERRING, TlE AMERICAN SHAD (Alosa pr~estabilis), and char- KYACK, BLUE-BACK, SAW-DEILY, amid CAT-THRESHER ill acterizes it as the "largest A mericaim species of thte Mainie.'I'he Narragamisets called it AumsUOG. It genus; lemmgth, omme to two feet." He adds.. hImTis has a ranoge froin Newf'ommidland to Flomida.. Penlbeautirfal amid savory Fish ins been comifoumided witIt namit amid others coimceived the imotion that Herrinmg tile Shad of Europe.'lme A. vulgaris, or Allice renmdezvous iil winter iil tIme Arctic circle, where Shad of Yarrell, is imore like oums ilm size amnd flavor. they commtimine several mimomitlms ii order to recrii, Umilike inost of the gemmus which cotime to us fr'omm the themmiselves withi time abmimdamice of food they fiu(d Northiern seas, this species iappears from tile south therle, alter the exhmaustiomi of spawnimiing.'lhey begimn to deposit its spawim. Ini Chamrlestoni, S. C., they to appear off the Shietlammd Islamids ill April aind May, corme im January or February; later at Norfolk; aml(d but the gramind shoal is nmot seeni until Jumme.'lime hmeme tIme latter end of March or first of April, thmeir minim body is described as alterinmg the appearamice of appearamice being acceleratedl or retarded by time thme very oceami. It is divided into distimct coluunmms mildness or severity of time seasom; omi time comist of' of five or six miles iii lenigthm, amid tlhree or four ill Massachusetts they appear ill May, and farther nmorthm br'eadtim, and drives tile water before it with a kimid they have been observed still later."'T'here are sev- or' rippling. Sometimmes it simiks for a few mimiutes, eral varieties. Om the coast of Carolima, t[Ie fat omies mamd then rises again to thie sumrface.'Ihie Shietlanid hiave thie tail swolleni, aimd are called Club-tails. Islands forun time first check, amid divide it imtlo two Fomimerly a large variety was takemi iil the Hmmdsomm parts; themi, pursumimig its way downm tile coasts, it River called Yellow-backs.'Ihose which ascemid tIme enters every bay or ilet oin either side, evenm as fain as Connecticut are more cylimidrical ini body, amid are the coast of Friemie. hPemnnanit, qimotiig' frinom Catescomnsidered a better quality.'lThe Slmamd thmat enter by, samys of the Amnericamn Hemmimig "''hey leave thie the Hudson are knmownm to spawim omie himnidred ammd salt-water ini March amid i'uml up time rivers of Caroliiea fifty miles mroumi its miouth. l'hey are called Back iil such mummbers that the inilhabitaints fliung thiein Shad whmemm they are retmirning about time emmd of MIay, mashmore by shovels full; passeing'ers trammiple thewnm amid are tllem leam amid poor eatinmg. Dr. Storer re- mimder feet im fordimg streams." Mitchill describes cords..'l'he quamitities of Shiiad taheem iii Charles this species as SPRING HERRING, or A.LEWIFl (C(lmpea River, Mass., at Waitertowim, for thie five yeams pie- Yemimahis). He says' "We mime iliformmned tltmmit thits ceding 1838, averaged about six thioisamid per amimmmmin. very species of Fish usedi to spiawvl iit Crumminpomid, Fromn thimee thiousanid to four thiomsamid are yearly a source of tite Peekskill, amid iil Lake Otsego, at the camighint amt'l'amimitoml. A bomut time first of timis cemitmimy imemid of th~e Smisqumehiauimmahm, bmut hlas (hiscomitit umed omi this Fish was very scarce imi the Memlinimmack iRivem account of dams amid othmem obstructiomns." Mitchill and reminined so for about five years; pevioms to wmas a represeintative to time Assembly at Albanmy iii timat timmie they hind beeui veiny abmiuidminuit A fter time 1810, whmemm a project was onm hoot loinda m~~minmmmmmg time scarcity they becammle agm.iin mbmiumdant, amid comntinued Hudson Rivet- near'T'roy, to facilitate mmavigatioin so uintil about time yeamr 1810, whieni they were agiamin above. He made strenmuGos efforts to defemmt it, comlscarce forea few yemmms. TJhiey them~ becamme plenitiful, sideriming himimsehf aim "'advocate for time Fish, amid and still remain so." Imi many streams these Fish begged time House to view hinm as couinsel fom their nine emntirely cut off by damns amnmi mioxiomis fmmctories. silemut tribes. Like St. Allmotomi lie felt a deep coin-'lhe Simad is nmot esteemed as food whieni takemn iii salt- ermn foi their welfare." Thme scheme was negatived. CLUPEIDME. -FISHES.- SILURIDME. ccxlix T'Ihe word Alewife is thougiht to lhave been derived as excellent bait for Cod-fishl, being taken in nets firom the Indian word aloof-sigllifyilng a bonly Fishll. Wich are about forty yards long, and fifteen feet DeKay records it as the AMIERICAN ALEWIFE (Alosa deep, with meshes aln incli and a half across. Inl tyrannus).'I'lis Fish appears in great quantities inl different parts of Massachusetts Baly the Herring are Chesapeake Bay fiom March until May, and ill New t' elen by' torchling." Several varieties of this gellus York waters about the 1st of April. Iii Massacllu- Iare well-known luxuries in Elgland. Th'le celebrated setts the'I'aunton River is a notable place for the Whitebait, long the subject or controversy, is Jnow Alewife, from -April to June. Here, as well as ill definitely proved to be the young of Helrilng. MI\r. other streams, a great falling off is nloticed in thle Eugene Blackford, of Fultol Marlket,, New York, ilnnumbers onil account of the erection of dauns. ported a lot or the Elnglishl Wlhitebait, and, after close TAILOR HERRING (Pomzolobus mediocris (.Mitch.), comparison witl thle youing of our Herring by Prof. Gill).-l-Known by this uname in the Potomac Rivet', Baird, the identity of tlie two was mllade certain. Inl and as FALL SHAD in; other localities. Its range of thle spring of 1878, Whlitebait were taken off Bay llabitat is fiom Newfoundland to Florida. Mitchill Ridge, New York Harbor, wlhichl were also deter described it as thle STATEN ISLAND HERRING (Clupea, milled to be the same species. Young Wliitebait mediocris), anid remarks that it " groWs very large for were kept in Brig-lhton Aquaxrium until they were a HIerring, being frequently eighlteenl inches lotng." grown to be twelve inches in length. He also describes the samen Fish as another species, wllicl le calls LONG ISIAND IIERRING (C. mattowaca). FAMIIY-DOROSOMIDE. Of the latter lie says: "It is caugllt mostly in au- One getnus only is embraced inl this fatmily, having tumn, and broughlt to market witli the fall runninog one species known to our waters. of Strliped Perchi or Rock-fish1. In October and No- TOOTHED HERRING (Dorosoma cepedianum (Lac.), vemnber thle present Fish is taken in seines off the Gill). —Ranges from Cape Cod to Hatteras. DeKay suri side of tile beachles fioniting LonIg Island. Some records species Chatessus cepedianus as inhabiting call it Slhad Herring and some Fall Shlad." DeKay Clhesapeake Bay. figures ald describes it as tIhe AUTUMNAL HERRING. ENGLISH HERRING (Cliupea harengus, Linn.)- FAMI Ranlge fioml the Polar regions to Ca pe Cod. DeKay ANCHOVY (Engraul'us vittatus (Mitch.), Baird and other writers distinctly claiml that the Amlericali ald Girai'd). —Ias a rang.e f'lom Cape Cod southHerrinlg is a differenlt species fromim tile Englisll. In wards. Miteclill recorded it as " SATIN-STRIPD I-ERGill's Fishes of the East Uoast, tile present onle ol0y RING (Clupea vittata). Lemngth about tihree iinclies is nlamed, and it is to be presumed that the more and a lhalf; deptli, a little over half aml iicl. Incareful study of thle'umllily anld its species has re- lhabits thle salt-water anid resembles an Atllerine." suited not only inl finding tIle Elnglidlh ald Americal r'lle Elig lish Allclovy (E. vulglaris, Cuvier) was well idenltical, but also several sinaller forms whicli were knowni to tile Greeks alid Romllans, by wliom tile described as separate species by DeKfay anld Storer. liquor prepare(l frolom it, called gar'um, was ill great DeKay describes the species as tile Co-,moN AMERI- estimation. T'lmle fishery o' tlme Aicliovy is referred to CAN HERRING (Clupea elongata). -He says it rarely by Eliill, whlo says tiaLt ol one occasioli so largte a descends to tile New York coast, but is occasionally school was takel thiat fifty fisllillg boats were loaded taken in tile waters at the southl of Cape Cod.'T'le witli tile produce. Oppiani adopts tile poetical exagseemimiig capriciousmiess of this anid othler species ill gerationls of tile tiimme, anld refers tile gfreat nlulllbers visitimig or desertinig tile coast orlparticular localities, of these Fislhes as origilnatinig from tile fiotlh of tLle is tile subject of muclll absurd writilng.'TIlis species, sea. Emigraulus brownii (Gl1melin), Val., is another accolrdilig to DeKay, first made its appearanlce inl species, with the sale ranige as tile precedil!g. Lollg lslanld Sound in 1817. At tile timie of thle attack oni Stoningtonm, in 1814, these Fishes were sup- FAMILY-SILU1RIDJ. posed to llave followed tile squadroi fiomn Eiglanid Sto'rer rlecords as follows:']'HE COMaMON AMERICAN'I'his famllily derives its natllme froml tile Europeanl HERRING (C. elongata, Leseur), incorrectly called by Cat-fish1 (Silurus). Trhe body of these Fishles is imodour fishlermenmi'English H 1errinlg,' is takemi inl great (orately elonigated anld tapers backwards fi'omi behind mnumbers oil somie parts of our coast. At Edgartowni the shoulders. The skin is naked. T'lIe dorsal fin it is abunidanit from Marcel to May." It is sold is near tile head; tile anal fill is ratller large.'lThis tmmostlyv for bait. "Unitil witliiii tile last twenty is a very large family, eoimbraciing quite air imluidred years," says Dr. Storer, writillg ill 1857, " tlhis spe- gemiera, amid nlearly seveni huundred species. "Most cies was exceedinigly abundanlt at Cape Cod. It species are founld in tile fiesh-water lakles aid rivers. caine into Massachlusetts Bay and Provilicetownl'llle species, so far as is known, talke care of thleir lHarbor ill mayriads, fr'omi about tile 20tli of Marell younlg, alld peculiar provisioll is mimade for thle protecto tile 1st of April, aid conitinued thlere until tioll of tile eggs im the imouth of several genera fomud Jumne, and would tlieni leave the coast and niot be in troplical waters." —Gill. seeml again unitil tile altumllll. Now it ilas become so FORK-TAILED CAT-FISH. (tZlumricththys mar'inus rare tllhat at some seasons it is scarcely seen at all. (Mitch.), Baird and Girard).-Ratllge s lfrolll Cape Witlimi tile last few years it is perhllaps slighltly in- Cod soutlhwalrds. Mitcliill described this Fislh as tle creasimig."'l'le youmig ate called DS5irling, and serve "SALT-WATER CAT-FISH (Silurus m11arilus); a splemiVOL. I.-i* ccl CONGRIDm. FISHES. ACIPENSERIDE. did Fish, twenty inches long, and exquisite for M ~~~~~~FA~,Y —ANGUILLIDtE. eatinog." DeKay describes and figures it as "'IHE OcEANIc CAT-FISH (Galeichtliys lnarilus). It has a One genus only of our American East Coast Fishes wide geographical range, having beeni founld inll thile is embraced inll this falnily. The chliaracters of AnAtlantic from 20~ south to 410 north, alollg the guilla are seen ill thile dorsal fil commencing considslhores of thile two Amnericas." It swimmis with its long erably behind tile pectorals, anlld uniting with the dorsal above the surface inll the manner of Sharks, anal to form tihe caudal fill.'I'le lower jaw is tilhe and is said to imitate those creatures ill voracity. lo(nger.'I'lhe Imouth lihas a row of teeth inll each jaw, SEA CAT-FISH (Ariiopsis milberti (eVal.), Gill).- and a fewv on thile anterior part of thIe vomer.'IThe rmlge of this Fish is from Cape Cod southlwards. COMMON EEL (An guilla bostoniensis (Leseur), DeDeKay names it MILBERT'S ARIUS (Arius milberti). Kay).-Ranges froml Newfounlldlalld to IHatteras. Gill records this as the sole species, frolm wihich we FAMILY-CONGRID lD. infer that tile various fornus described by otlher authors are ideltical with tIme present. Mitchill figures'This group has been separated, to form a family, and describes'FHlE CoMrMON EEL, (A. vulgaris); Defi'om the Anguilliclm. One genus only is included Kay records it as T'iHE ComON NEW YORK Emr, (A. aumomg our mative Fishes. DeKay gives tile clharac- temuirostris); Storer as'TH Con)ou EE, OF MASSAteristics of the genus Conger as consistimg of even CHUSETTS (A. bostomliensis). T'Fle Eel is taken oil all jaws; the dorsal fin commniencing above time pectorals, parts of our Eastern coast, as well as ill tihe rivers or a short distamuce behinmd thiem. Thie species are auid ponids of tile interior. Iml tile spring aud suummner chiefly oceanuic, and are further distim-guished from it is takeun ill large wicker baskets, called Eel-pots, Anguila by thie greater number of thieir vertebrm. and by torch-light, using the spear.'I'lie latter CONGER EEL (Conger oceanicae (Alitchill), Gill). — mlode is also employed in winter, hIoles ill tile ice Rauges fromm Newfoumndland to thIe West It idies. being minade fior that purpose. M1itchill described this Eel as Amuguilla coniger. His speciumen was tilirty-seven inclies i m length and sevemn FAlIry-SACCOPHARYNGIDA. amid a half inmches ill girth, weighinmg nearly four Tlihis family is thiougliut to reseumble tile Aig'ui lm pouids. He says tile "flesh is white amd very dainty nmore tihan ally other.'li'he species are distigguishmed eatinig," all opiniomn not enitertained by others, who by tihe enmorummous head and moutli, and attenuated regard it as exceeditigly disagreeable. DeKay says tail. The body is very loug', but is not like tihe Eels.'lThe flesh has a peculiar, unsavory taste. *'lime abdomiunal portion is mmoderate ill lengthm, but tile 11Te Comiger Eel muay be considered as rarue on our tail is greatly extended.'llie skium is lax aund scalecoast. It is apparently a vicious aminmal, sniapping, less. Th'lie stoumachi is at timnes distended to suchi a whiei captured, at everythiig near it." He nuames it degree as to give rise to tihe geeneric namme. One I'mE: AMERIcAN CONGER (C. occidentalis). Of tihe Enig- species only is kuowum. lish species, C. vulgaris, Coucll, ill Fishes of the Brit- GULPER (Saccopharynx flagellum, Mitchill). — ish Isles, says: "It is one of tile commumonmest Fishes Imhabits the open sea. Mitchill records it as fouuld that firequeunt tile waters of thIe coast of tihe United ill latitude 520, loungitude 30Q, west. Gill says tihe Kingdou. Th'J'lis species is said to have been taken omly kmowul specimmens were found flum off tile Anieriweighingi one ihunidred pounds, anid mieasurinug tell caull coast and off Madeira. Tihe color is black. its feet il lenigth. A strange diversity of opinion conm- peculiar proportioins are thuis stated: hlead, two amid ceruimmo' its value as food exists here as well as ill a half imchies ill length; trunmk, six incihes, aud tail Amierica. 1ill Scotlaind it is despised, while ill some twenty-five iuicimes. portions of the west o' England it is'valued and n ~~~~~~FMILY —A CIPENSER IDA,. umade an iumportanit article of trade. Im tile fourteeithi cenitury it was prized by tihe nobility, a'ld was re-'his'almily is regarded as a very niatural group, served as a cimief rent ill tihe uiderlettinig of laida. w'ith uo nmear relations ill the preselt age.'lThe * *. * A special preparatioun of' this Fisih formned skill is armued witih minute bony plates, amid five rows all established trade ill tihe west of Eumglaud ill thie of keeled bucklers of larger size.'Teethi ie enitirely timme of Kimug Jouhn. Following' tihe examiple of his waniting' ill tile adult.'ihlie skeleton is cartilagillous. NorImnui predecessors, at tile sunall price of six mmarks Tle air-bladder is large and simple, amld coummummulmilie assigumed to certaini mumerchanuts of Bayoimie tile cates with tile msoolphagus through its upper surface. imoluopoly of thile righit of dryiing Coigers and Hakes. Species are t'oumud ill all the temperate portions of Thiis preparation was what was called Conger doust tihe Noirtherni hemiislphere. They all bmeed ill fireshi(Sweet Comiger!), time exportationm of wlmicim was to water, but sonime are mesidenuts of the sea parit of time Spain."'lihe Coniger is exceeding'ly tenacious of life. season, others are poerimianenut residemts ill fiesh-water Ali exammple is related by Yarrell of one that exhib- lakes amid rivers. T1wo priumary types are recogunized, ited perfect vigom a[fter being tell hmours out of water. — Acilpelser amid Scaphuimymichiops. Alnong tihe various differences seen, oni comparing' SHARP-NOSED STURGEON (Acipenser oxy'rhyncheis, the Coniger with tile coimmumonm friesh-water Eels, is the Xiitchill).-Gill records this as a doubtful species. unmequal miummiber of'vertebrm; ii the latter there are Its ramige is fromim Cape Cod to Flomida. one hmundred and sixteen, iii time Coniger omme liilrmii ed SHORT-NOSED STURGEON (A. b13evirostris, Leseer). amid fifty-six. Plate 2, fig'. 7. — Rauges f'ro~ii Cape Cod to Fiorida. CEPHALOPTERIDAE. FISHES. — TORPEDINIDIE. ccli FAMILY-CE PHALOPTER ID. FAMILY-'IRIGON ID2E. IThis family forlmerly foulId a place allolug tile Rays. STING RAY (T~iygonl centrwlra (Mitch.), Gill).l'ihe genus Cephlaloptera, whiicli gives liame to thle Ranges from iCape Cod to Florida. [iI various porgroup, hlas the pectorals produced illto lolg processes tiouls of the coast it is called STING RAY, WHIP RAY at their anterior extremities, preseulti-ig the appear- anud STINGAREE. Mitchlill lalied aiud described it: aice of two lhoinis, aud this feature suggests thle "A very large species, ouilld oil thle coast of Loiig generic lialne, the processes bearitlgq some resein- Islaud, witli a tail of five feet or more il lelltil, covblalce to wiiigs; lheice, wing-headed.'Thlle teetll are ered all over with prickly shlieldsor scales, ald aliled sleunder, and the dorsal fil is small. Tile tail is sleii- oil its upper side witli two ulaLked bolles of four ilclihes der, auIId armled with a selrated spiule. loug, inversely serrated." DeKIay records it as WVHIP THE DEVIL-FISH (Ceraatopte?a vampiit&, (Mitch.), STING RAY (Pastiulaca llastata). Pliuly treats of tllis Gill). —Raniges froml Cape Cod soutliward to Florida. species; the telrin Pastiliaca beinug used to desigii;ate Thlle geueric terni hlere used refers to tile horal sh(aped a forimi kiiowl to tile early writers. Rolidelet figures wings. DeKay records it as Cephaloptera. Mitcllill ole whiclh bears tile ialme Le Pastinaque. Beloul describes olle that required three pair of oxell, aided alid otliers fig-ure thle saile; all of tliem represelited by a horse atld tweuity-two ellue, to drag' it to dry with a very large aulld loig serrated spiule at tile base laiid. it was estimated to weighl betweeii four aud of the tail. five totis. DeKay says:' It is kllowvl to seize tile BUTTERFLY RAY (Pteroplatea maclura (lMiV1.) cables of slimall vessels at allchlor. A sclhootier was and Henle). —''lhis species is foulld rangiug f'ro seeii suddeuly to move across the hIarbor witli great Cape Cod to Florida. rapidity, impelled by somhe uulkuowui aiLd mysterious power. Oul reachliulg the opposite shlore the course FAMIrY —'iORPEDINIDA]. was clhalged so suddeuily as to iiearly capsize tihe vessel. lThese mysterious fligllts across tile harbor This famlily derives its nlame from the typicil were repeated several times, all suddenly ceased." gelus, Torpedo, tle alcielut lualme of tile species..'11e illeasureilelits giveim by DeKay are as follows:'l'lle group is made up of Selachians, of t,lhe order of leigtlli to base of tail, tell feet; to tile eiid or tail. Rays, anld is ulotable for tile electrical plheloiiieiia it sixteeii feet; widtli across the pectorals, seveliteenl exhibits. Couceruilg this fetature,, Gill salys: "'Th'lle feet. We have seeul this species ill tile G(ulf electrical apparatus is situated betweeu tile }head of Mexico, seemingly feediulg oil suinall Fislies, like (eyes and spiracles) midt the ilmier conlcealed bases of lerrillg, lihat were ill immelse shoals.'I'lere were tile pectorals; thlis is composed of nuimerous approxseveral of those lreat sea vampires associated, ilmated hlexagollal columuus at right ighlt lles with tile about tenl feet iul width each.''lieir mllovemlielnts surface of tile body, auld with their elids oft;eu visible ulear the surface of the sea were sucli as to exl)ose throughl thie skiii above alid below, occupyimig, as thle oue of the large pectoral wiulgs as tlley turlied to apparatus does, tile etire deptli betweeii tile upper follow tile Fishles, their great bulk causiig coli- aid uider surfiace of tile body.'I'liese batteries are siderable commiiotiou. providld with mierves ftroml the eighlthl pair.'I'le shock is quite subject to the volition of tile amiiuilal, atid is FAMIiY-MYLIOBA'L'IDAE. used, probably, for offelsive as well as defeiisive purposes. Ii alicieut days the auimiial was impressed The geunus M11yliobatis is tile typical oie, giviulg' iulto use for medicilal purposes, ald was tile origiual rise to tile iiame of this famtily.'I'lhe uiliou of the electro-therapeutic medium." Dioscorides, tile plhypectoral finls aud the body retlders it very broad by sicianu wlho attended Aiitoiy aud Cleopatra, is said the lateral extelisiou of tile latter.'I'he tail is very to liave made use of its powers. Th'lle species ale dislong aid attenuated.'ihe dorsal fil is developed tributed tirougliout the wariier and temlerate se;i.s. inear tile root of tile tail, bellild whiicli is oue or a About tweiity species are kiiowi. Th''le geius'Iorpair of spilles, whichl are serrated ol) their lateral pedo is tile olily oiie represenlted ill our waters. edges.'I'lere are ulo spilnes upoii tie skili. TORPEDO (Torpedo occidentalis, Storer). —Ralges BISHOP RAY (~Etobatis narinari (iiiul.), Henle.) from C;ape Cod to Florida.'his siligular Fish was — Ralges, as ftil as kilowii, fromu Virgimlia to Floridal. for a lolg time iirecogized oil o0111 coast. Storer It is called OBISPO it: Cuba. first described it. He says: "Dr. Mitcelill illtrodulcCOW-NOSED RAY (Rhinoptera guadrqiloba (Les.), ed the Raia torpedo illto his Fishes of New Yolrk, Cuv.)-Plate XI., fig. v. —'l'lis little Ray is fould p)ublisied ill 1815, upoii tile Cauthority of several fishloil our sliores friom Cape Cod to Florida. Several erlimel withl whiommi lie lad coliversed, wlio lhad beeil specimens ill thie New York Aquarium were takel ill electrified with a species of Ray wilell tlmey were deNew York Bay, ietar Samldy Hook.'I'iey are ex- tachli)g it fiom tile hook. He lhad mlevelr seeml a ceediligly imiterestimig, aiid very beautiful ill foriul, specimeni, but had imo doubt of its beimlg tile Cominoii color, anid in thleir moveinemts. T'lie wiIg-like fills'l'orpedo, amid coIsequelltly catalogued it as sicli." ale worked like thie wiligs of a bird. Storer foumd 1o otiher iotice of thils Fishi afterwards, SHARP-NOSED RAY (Myliobatisfremenvillei (Les.), by autllolrs, but gathlelred testimilolmy of tile existellce Storer). —T'ihis ramiges fiom Cape Cod to Florida. of suchi a formn, whliclh tile fishmemmeli called CRArPStorer figures it as M. actua, Ayres. FISH, tihat was occasiomlally found:l off Cape Cod. IIm cclii RAIAIDjE. FISSHES.- SQUATINIDA. 1842 lie was fortunate in havilg a specimen sent to ocellata. Storer alld DeKay retain tile first nalne of him from Wellfleet, where it was captured. It ap- Militcliill. l'This Ray is exceedinlgly coininon in the pears to have beenl met with ollly oil the easternl waters nlealr Nahlant, and attaills the lellgth of tllhree shore of (Cape Cod, for ani extelnt of about thirty feet. Ronldelet ald Belon figure several species, and, miles, between Provincetownl and Orleans. On the also, tile curious egg case. eastern shore of Long Point, Provinlcetown, it is SUMMER SKATE (R. eirinaceus, Mitch.) —'I'his is most common, but ha,s been observed only in tile recorded by Gill as a doubtful species. Its range is lnonths of September, October and November. fi'oin Cape Cod southward. AMitchill described it, About tile year 1819 it was seen to be unusually and DeKay records it as'I'HE HEDGEHOG RAY, tile commiilon at Pr1ovincetown, fromn sixty to eigllty being specific name referring to its spilly or Hedgehog apseen ill a year. Inl ]846 Storer ascertainled, during a pearamlce. visit to Martha's Villeyard, that it was taken in SHARP-NOSED SKATE (R. euevis, lfitch.)-Called, the waters around the shore south of Cape Cod. A also, WINTER SKATE. Habitat, fronll Nova Scotia living specimen, weighing about sixty pounds, was to Florida. This is described by Mitcllill as'I'HI, I)ouglht to Bostoni by Capt. Atwood. lihis specimen SMOOTH SKATE. DeKay says:' lt; is an1 exceediingly was exaniiied by Drs. Storer anld Jacksonl.'ITlhe coiiinoll species ill the autulil about New York. shock was scarcely perceptible while the Fish was With its powerful spade-like silOUt it roots up clamils lying oml deck, quiet. Onl takiig' it by tile tail, and allid cruslles theii betweell its flattelled teethl, which with the other halid placed oil tile portion of tile pec- appear to act upon eachl otller like the cyliniders of a toral fills whicll is supplied withl the nerves from the rolling lllill."'Ellhis Ray is very comlmon in Massafifth pail', quite a shlock was perceived in tile amlrms as chiusetts Bay, where it attaiiis the lenigtli of fromi two high as the elbows. Capt. Atwood, a Inost reliable to five feet. anid initelligenlt observer, asserts that lie has "receiv- FAMILY-PRIS'IDAg. ed a great rnamiy shocks which have tllrownr hli upon tile groulid as qulick as if lie had been kmlocked downi'I his family has tile cllaracteristics of tile Sharks with all axe." He las "also received shlocks by alid Rays colmbinled. The siouit is prolonged into a takinig hold of the pole of a hmarpooii when at thle dis- flat appelidage, armed oil each side with a row of tanice of eight feet frolnl tile Fish. Also has felt tile shllarp, spinue-like teetlh. mIllniliess while hIoldilig tile rope attachled to tile SAW-FISH (Priqstis antiquo'lum (Linn.), Lath.)hiarpooni." Eveni whleli cuttiilg tile Fish tile filigers Plate XI-., fig'. viii.-Ramlges fromi Cape Cod soutthwould be so affected tmhat lie withl difficulty glasped vwad.'I'llis remnarkable Fishl attaims tile lenigth of tle liamidle of tile kilife. Thie largest specimnemis of fifteen feet. DeKay says ie lhas never met with alm'Torpedo found ill our waters weigh nIearly two ihuni- umidoubted speciminel froml our coast, anid qllotes dred poumids.'ille liver of this Fish yields, ill tile Schepff, who says: "Ali individual was captured at largest, about three gallonis of' oil, whlich is regarded New York il July, 1782. It was fifteell feet lolig, as of superior quality for burmlilig. Belon fillurles a ilmcludilg tile saw."'lie Saw-fish is commoll amoing species whichi lie ilames La Tr'emble, or La Tor7ille; tile keys of tile Florida Reel. B3elol figures tile ii: Greek, Narce. T'he Ronialms called it Ochiatella. saw-shaped sliout. Ronldelet figmi'es a SawV-fishl ill Rolidelet presents a rude figure with tile samine 1no- tie forml of a, Ceta.ceali, with Ilorizoiltall tail, wihalemelnclature. like pectorals, aid a. blow-lhole tlhrougil wlhichi thle FAMILY-RAIAID2E. stream of water is represemlted coinilmig forthl in a columini. Inl short, it is a figure of a \lWhale withi tile This group derives its famnily name from tile Ray; proper saw developinelit of a Saw-fish; it is also Lati, raCia.'AThis termn is said to be fromn the Ai1glo- classed withi tile Whiales. alid is ialnied La Vivelle. Saxoni, 9'eoh, meanlmin g rough, mamly of tile species hlavillo a rouglh skiln.'lime Rays are all relllarkable FAMIIY-SQUA''NIDAE. a1md chlaracteristic il shiape. ll[e ilmmemise develop- Of this fainlily, only one gellus withli omme species is mnelit of tile pectoral filis, wiichi forlil a wide, salieiit represented inl A.lmericanv waters. angle at tie sides, rim forLward, comlpletely ellvelop- ANGEL-FISH; SHARK-RAY (Sgquatina dumerili, imlg tile hiead, alld for tile mmost part forlllilig a lomlg Leseuitr).-Thle excessive uglilless of this Fisll is tile comlical projectionI ill fronlt of it; tile other fills are cimuse of its prinicipmal trivial designatioli. It is also iilsigilificailt amid are gellerally placed oil tile tail; called in Europe MONR-FISH, 01 MONKEY-FISH, KNGotihe latter beilmig armed xwithi stiomig spiles. Tl hIe STON a11lld FIDDLE-FISH, frol01 its shmape. Ill New York female is oviparous, layinig eg's eliveloped inl a greeii- it is krtiowxv as LITTrle, Bur,-I-EAD SHmARI. Its ralige ishi, rect;ligular-shlaped pa.rchmlieliit case, mcavilig f'omi is fromi Calpe Cod to Florida.'hlie shiagmeeln of thls filarnleits that readily becoline eitwilied ill sea-weed species hlas loig beell used for polishliigl wood. Arisor floatinlg debris. i'hese eggs are kloowIl amlongI totle speaks of it with rmeferenice to tills use. Beloil fisilerilen as " sailom's puises," and are quite colnlllom a.ld Rolidelet figure it, tile latter ulider tile namie oil tile seam beaches. Betweenl thirty anid forty spe- Lange. Gill reg.ards thils Amniericani species as umicercies mire kIlowll. taill. DeKay figules it as tile "AMERICAN ANGEICLEAR-NOSED RAY (Rcaia eglante ria (Lac.), le- FISH. Leullg't~ll, till'ee to Tfomi feet. Very m ale." Iil seur). —Has a mange fioin Nova Scotia to Florida. Elglanld tlis Fisi is mlamied "Moigrel Skate" wihere Mitchiill has described it as R. dimupianlles amd as R. it attaills tile lemigthi of ten feet. Plate 16, fig. 78. CETORHINID.E. FISHES.- LAMNID2E. ccliii FAMILY-Y CETl'PNID.m tnother, and by contraction Hiomer —that is, tile Motlher of tile Picked Dog-fish, whiclh is there called One genus onlly of American f'orls, with one spe- Hoe. Trille Baskilng Shark has teeth inll unlsluually cies, is embraced inl this fLainly, which was forlnlerly smiall proportionl to its size. Lintnmus says that its included in tile Squalidce.'lhile chliaracters are as olod is Maleduns, and Pelnnant considered that it subfollows' Branchial apertures are all before time pec- sisted oil Inarine plants. (orals, long, and niearly surrounding tihe nieck; teeth Fa YL NIDI. 0 0 ~~~~~~~~~FA_1M,~ —LAMvNIDz2E. small, not denticulated, of various forms, and for tile most part conical. The tail has a Carina on each side. The body is fusiform; tile lower lobe of thle caudal BASKING SHARK (Cetorhinus mactximus, Blain).- fill is a little smaller tlhanl tile upper; tihe tail hlas a Gill records this as doubtful as to species, having a keel on each side; two dorsal fins, tile first behind range from Newfoutndiand to Hatteras. It is named, the pectorals; tile head is poillted inll the sllout; tile also, SUN-FISH, SAm-FISH and HOF-MOTHEa inl Great mouth large and inlferior; teeth large; tile nostrils Britaill. Mitchill menitions thIe species as a Shark not confluenlt with tile mouth; thle spiracles obsolete of' huge size, takenl in considerable Inunbers nlear or entirely wanting; tile branchial apertures very Provincetown, Cape Cod, for tihe oil of tile liver; wide.'Ihis includes the Mackerel-shark and tihe remarkable for having something in thie month re- MNan-eater ofr American waters.'lhe fain ily was well sembling the horny substanice called whalebone, represented ill past geological epochis, and enlorlmous which lhas led to its being called Bone Shark." De- teeth of Carcllarodon are founlld ill tertiary beds. Kay records: T..lhis Shark inhabits tihe Northerll'ilme plhosphate beds ill Souti Caarolilla Ihave yielded seas, amld occasiommally visits our coast ill summer. great numbers of reimnaims of these emmormous Simarks. His large size, and his imabit orf swinmmiimmg near tihe'lhe collectio minade by Pirof. Holimmes, of Cimarlessnurfiace, withi Ihis upper jaw projected out of tile water, ton, is inll tile Americamm Musemmnm, Cenltral Palrk, New has suggested to ignorant credulity time idea of some York, amid exhibits thie most remiarkable series of hiuge mmonster, whiicih hias received tile iname of Sea thiese remnaills yet found. Several of tile teetli of tile Serpemnt." It Ihas received its lnamne from tihe ihabit fossil amud extinmct Carcharodcon are fully as large as of basking or lying quiet ill one place for a length of time ontspread hmumam hammd, ammd retaii tihe enalmiel ill time. Sluggishi im hiabit, it Ihas mome of tihe ferocity m. perfectly ilatural, comditiom. attributed to other species. One taken lnear New MACKEREL-SHARK (Isuropsis dekcayi, Gill).York imeasured twemlty-eight feet iml lengthl ammd six- Called ill Cuba, DENTUDA. Rammges from Newfoundteen feet imm circummference. DeKay says it attains ilamd to Florida,. Recorded as doubtful as to species time length of thirmty-three feet. Storer says of this by Gill. DeKay describes this as tile lnAcKaua r,Shark "'l'he Baskimng or Elephmamlt-shark; ]engthm, PORIBEAGLE (Lammmma pullctata), lelmgtll, ten feet two thiirty-six feet. Alnonmg our fisher'llmeml tillis is known im lclles. This wvas al am mSlm sally large specimlimem, talkeml as Bomme Shark. It is rarely kmlown oil oum' coast, iml tile hIarbor of New York iml 1840.''lihe species amld whemm takein is usually harpoolned." Capt. At- received its mamie fI'romn beimmg frequemltly seei ill purwood had mmet withi only three specimmemms, omme of suit of' Macker el. Its liver produces a large qCuantity which hiad drifted ashore ill a state of decommmposition. of oil, whiichi is hiighlly esteetned by curmiers. Storer A fishermlnaml visited tihe latter for tihe purpose of pro- says it weigihs between two ammd o'our Ihmuldred poulmds, curinmg a slice for hiis ihens, as is tihe customm at Prov- mmeasures fromm thriee to teml feet, aind is tihe mmmost incetown, supposing it to be a dead Whale. Ascer- commmmomn species foummd ill tihe Massacllhusetts wters, taimni ig what tile minimllal was, he remioved tihe liveri beinmg mnet with durinmg summrnier alndt amtmilmml, wlmen it and sold the oil (five or six barrels) ill Boston for omme aininoys tile fisherniein greatly by bitimlg off their limles hunImdred amnld three dollars. I1m 1848 quite a meimmiber whiile fishimng for Cod. is Shamrk is also fiequently of thiese Sharks were met withi off Cape Elizabetlm, entamgled ill mets set for Maclkerel aind MhXemmademi, lmear time coast of Maimne, alnd several were secured. producimng tihereby inic!i amitloyaince altmd rmuim. 0m A traditiom exists amiongi tile easterin fishermen tlhamt tihe coast of Mali me it is particmulamly abummdant durimg about ome humindred years ago tIhe Baskimg SIhark was tile wariner seasom.'lihe Porbemagle of Englisll taken ill colnsiderable inuminbers for tile oil. i1l Storer's waters, closely allied to tile pireseint species, is said figuire of this Fishi tile features are very.sigular amld to hlave derived its ilmnme f[roin tile fact tliat it Iluntus strikiming. Thie inose is bluint; tihe gill opemmimgs exceed- in sinmall colllpmalies, like a pack of dogs, amid also imily lomlg, occmpying nearly tile whiole depthi of timle fr'om its distaint mesemlblalmmce to tile. Porpoise.''lie shioulders, ammtl thie tail is large and curiously wilg'ed Mackemrel-sliark is very cominely ill sihape, aind reseilnmit tihe extiremiity. Yarrmell figures tuis Fish, and smays bles tile Macke rel iml fmormn. that it is called Sun-fish oil thie Welsih amind Irisil ATWOOD'S SHARK (Car'charolon atwoodi (Storer), coasts, from tihe fiact thiat it lies on tihe surface of time Gill).-Called, also, tile MAIN-EATERcr. Rammges fioimm water, nearly motiomless, ill tile suin for a conisider- New'ounlndlanld to Florida,. Stoerm' described this as ablelength of timne.'lihis writer' says thiat tihe hlmm gest'FNHE MAN-EATE'R (Cmm'Cimmrias mtwoodi), lemmgthi thiirspecimem h e he as seem was talkeml off Brighiton, al(d teein feet, alid all exceedimgly rarie species. T'lhe illeasmned thimity-six feet imn lemngth.'Tlme termin Smtl- speciminein refemred to was camptmmred imm Provimmcetowmm fisih is demived finom thme ['act thiat thme cineatume swimins Harbo', ammlid ill tunis imnstamlce fmmmmmishmees amin minuthiemtic listlessly along time sumface, exposimng its doinsal film example of' tie ftrocity of tuis kimnd of Shmamk.'hli'e like a sail above water. Ilm Orkmmey it is called Hoe- creature was followed by a hmmmmpoomhem', wino dmove his coliv ODONTASPIDIDA. -FISHES. -GALEORHINID2E. instrument into lim; tile Shark installtly turned Mitchill says the voracity of tlhis animal mIay be towards the boat, and seized it with great ferocity judged of flrom thle followillg occuirrenlce at Saog Hatnear tile bows, ill which act several of the teeth were bor, in September, 1805: "Th1ree Sharks of the broken off. It was evenitually killed by being fre- Shovel-nose species were taken in a net by Mr. quently lanced." Joshua'Ferry. Tl.he largest was elevenl feet ill lenigtih. FAMILY -ODONTlASP.IDID-E. On opellilng him, eanlly detachlled parts of a maul were found in his belly, withl portiolis of clotiiiig."''lIe terIn Odontaspis, meaing "tooth " amid DeKay says: "It is much dreaded by our fishermien buckler,' is applied to the typical genus; hence the for its boldness and ferocity. I have seen tllem in family designation. Thlle forms hlere embraced are Hell Gate, four feet lonlg." Thle Hamlner-hlead is most nearly related to the Mackerel-sharks.'Flhe found oil both sides of tile Atlaltic. It raliges from body is, however, more like the ordinary Slarks in the coast of Brazil northwards, but is inot seell above shape, the tail beinig prololiged greatly backwards. Cape Cod.'I'lThe l!ead is depressed, oval, and has a pointed snout. SHOVEL-HEAD SHARK (Reniceps tiburo (Linn.),''lhere is no nictitating membrane. FThe nostrils are Gill). —This is a species little kiiowni, havillg tile simple, and situated away oinom the mnouth, which has sane range as the precedilg. a wide gap. The teeth tare nail-like, with sima ll cusps at the base, in each lljaw. The opercular aper- FAMILY-GALEORHINIDrE. tures are five in number, before the pectorals. Con- T.his family derives its maine from the term galeos, siderably behind the eyes are miniute spiracles.'Ilhere meaning a " ravenous Sea-fish," or a " Weasel-fisll." Urle two dorsal fins, the first in advance of tle venl- BLUE SHARK (Eulamia milberti (Mail. and Henle), trals, the seconid partly anterior to the anlal; the Gill).-Ratiges from Cape Cod to Florida. DeKlay caudal fin hlas a small ilferior lobe.''llere are nlo records tile SMAIAr, BLUIE SHARK (Carcharias ceruleis), pits or keels at the root of the tail. Accordling anid says: ".This species is frequenltly takenl in our to Gill, there are niot more than two livinlg species waters, and alonlg tile coast to New Hampshire. I kniowii, one of which is Mediterranlean. should be inclined to consider this alld the obsclirus SHOVEL-NOSE SHARK (Eulgomphodus littoralis, of Leseur as identical, were it not for thle teeth, Gill). —Ranges fronl Maine to Ctape Hatteras. which lie represeilts in his plate as lhaving rouinided Called, also, SAND SHARK. IMitchill described a slyoulders. Tllhey are at tall evenlts closely alliedl Shark withi the characters which beloiig to this species." As Gill does mnot record alother, but gives gelnus, uand namtiled it LONG-TOOTHED SEA SHARK tile obscurus as distillct, we presunime that tile present (Squalus amlericalnus). He says: "'llis Fish is oc- species alid C. cerltleus are ideintical. casionally taken at tile very city of New York. The DUSKY SHARK (E. obscurus (Leseur), Gill).teethi of this species are found abundantly inl tile Ranllges fiom Cape Cod southlward. DeKay namred alluvial country of Northl America.'I'le long nar- tllis Carch]arias obscmrUs; Leseur, the Squalus obrow tootli almost resembles a hlorseshoe nail withi its scmtus. Storer describes a specimein captured at two little auxiliaries at tile base."'l.his is probably Nalanit, in 1839, which mneasured linie aind a half identical with tile present. feet. He says it is not a comn'mon species in MassaFAMILY -ALO:PE C1IDAI3I) clhusetts Bay, but sometimies floats ashore int t[le iiglit, like tile Lophiius, or Goose-fish, or becomes'lIhe termn alopecias is used by Pliiny to imndicate a, entaingled il thle Mackerel iiets. Apriomiodonl puncSea-fox-a kilnd of Fish.'I.le exceptionally loing' tatus (A.itcll.), Gill, raniges from Cape Cod southward. tail of tile species is tile prinlcipal cllharacter. TIGER-SHARK (Galeocerdo tigrinus (Miill. and FOX-SHARK; THRESHER (Alo2ias zvulpes (Linn.), Ifenle).-Ra-tges from Cape Cod southlward. Called Boz.) —Plate XI, fig. vii.-Called, also, SWINGLE- AIECRIU ill Cuba. TAIL, SEA-FOX, SEA-APE; PER ZORRO ill Cuba, aud SMOOTH HOUND (iitstelus canis (Mitch.), DePESCE PAVONE ill Naples. Raniges from Cape Cod If4y).-Called by tile above niamne in Great Britain; to Florida. Mitchill described it as LONG-TAILED a1id inl Massaichusetts, SMOOTHI DOG-FISH mll(d BLUESHARK (Squalus vulpes), his specimen beilng thiitee I) DOG. DeIKay calls it lHE AMERICAN HOUND-FISH. Imn feet il lelmgthl. DeKay describes it as THI'IIIRESHER Cuba it is BOCA DULcE. Rallges firoml Cape Cod to SHARK (Carl'liarias vulpes), aind says: "lI'le species Hatteras. Mitchllill described it as DOG-FISH (Squalus has beeml noticed on0 our coast'romn Nova Scotia to callis), anld measurinmg sonlletimes four feet in lengtl. New York." Storer records it as the samne, and puts thie leligthl at friom twelve to fifteen feet. We FAMILY-SPINACIDAM. have heard of oine beimig cauglht at Nahamlit whiichi'Ilie typical genlus, Spiiax, givilig lname to the measured twenity feet. It is frequently caughlt ill family hias tile bralichlial apertuies, five in numlber, seimles ill Massachlusetts Bay. The tail of this species all iln advance of tile pectorals.'I'lle spiracle behind is fully olne half the total letngth. tile eye is large.'Ihere are two dorsal fins, each with FAMILY — SPH YRN ID;I. a. spine in front, tile first more or less belnind tile pectorals, tile seconid lnearl tile caudal; tIle veintral fins HAMMER-HEAD SHARK (Sphyrna zygcena (Linn.) ale far behillid; tile amnal is absetmt. Sevelral genelra Maill. and Henle) —Plate XI, fig. vi. — (Jalled COR- are known im various parts of tie world; two only, NUDA ill Cuba. Ramiges firom Ca.pe Cod soutilwslnrd. however, are fouind il oiur waters. "'hlie Europeai ScMaNiD).-FISHES.- PETROMYZONTIDE. cclv species (M. vulgaris)," says Mr. Yarrell, "is the most FAMIY E'R O N 1 F AMILY —P ETI{0 MY~ZON'I: 1D 2/{ commonii of all tlje Shliarks. It is affirmed that, oil tile coast of' Cornwall, as many as 20,000 have been From two Greek words, meanillg stone, and to taken in a niiet at one time. This Fish beiids itself suck; hence, Stone-suckers.'I'This falnily comprises iito the form of a bow for the purpose of using its all of tile order Hyperoatii. Tlie form is eel-like; spines, and, by a suddeiin mnotion, causes them to the skin naked; eyes well developed; mioutli withli a springo asunder in opposite directions; and so ac- subcircular, suctorial disk, armled withli teethli wlicli curately is this intention effected that, if a finger be are horny, and sessile onil soft papilla. The bralchial placed onil its head, it will strike it withliout piercing apertures are always sevenl ill number, and lateral. its owiin skin.'[his Fisih is subject to occasional T'lie dorsal, anal an(l caudal fiis are represented to a monstrosity. A friend has one with two lieads, the greater or less exteiit by a contilluous or interrupted separation continuing as far back as the pectorals." membrane; the pectorals anJd vent-rals not developed. Belon figures Chien de Mier, which is a tolerably The intestine lias a spiral valve. Th'lhese are time good illustration of the Dog-fish. He also figures two characters of the adults, but all undergo a metaspecies of Galeus. Oiine othlier lie calls Galeus hin- morphosis;' and a very differellt form is seeii ill the nulus, or Nissole, a species of' Chien de ifer/; amld young or' larvve.'hie term Aimmocetes was formerly yet another form lie iiames Acanthus, or Spinax. used to distinguishli these iiimmature formiis, umider the Rondelet records, with crude wood-cuts, Jlfilandre — impression that they were adult beiigs. Iii this'Galeus canis of Pliny, Lamiola of tile Romnans. An- larval state, the region before the braiicliia is little other lie inaiies Chien de NMer estellU, or iii Greek, developed, aid tile eyes are abseit; tie imoutlm is Aster'ias galeus. Galeus glaucus, or C]hien de lifer represented by a mere lon-gitudinal slit, without bleu, resembles thIe Lailiia of our waters. Excellent teeth. T'lhe species are represented iii temperate figures of tile egg-cases are givein by Rondelet. portioiis of both iiorthiern and southern heilisphieres. PICKED DOG-FISH (Squalus amnericanus (Storer), Iii a degree tile species are parasitic, fastening thiemiGill).-Called, also, BONIE-DOG, SKT'TLT-DOG, anLd HOE selves to other Fishes, whose flesh they comisume by iii Great Britaii. It ranges fromi Newfouindl and to abrasioli-differiLig iii this respect f'rom tile Echmeieis Cape Hatteras. Storer and DeKay record this Fish or' Rnemora, which simiply adhere for comipaiiio ishiip). as Spiniax acanithiias, aiid lie foriiier, later, as Acaii- See, also, vol. ii., p. 111, aid Plate 1, fig. 2. thias amiericamu s. It measures f'omi oie to three i LAMPREY; LAMPER-EEL (Petrornyzon americafeet lobg, aid is caughit imi imiimemise umimbers ill nus, Leseur).-lRamges f'romm Cape Cod to IHatteras. Massaciusetts Bay, in tile spriig amid autumiii, or tile GCill records this as doubtful as regards thile ideitisake of its oil, whiclih is used by taumers anid curriers. fication of species. Mitchill described it as time samie A species, found in Greenland waters, is iamiled Ceil- as tile European species (P. muarinaus). Storerrenlarks trocyhiumii fabrici (Reimimh.), Miller and Hemle. that it is occasioumally taken im Massachusetts Bay, attached to pieces of drift-wood alid tile bottomus of FAMILY-S CYMNIDL,. boats aid larger vessels. Im tile Merrimmack River, at Lowell, thliey are takeim iii large quailtities. Durimg Scymlmus is tile uname of tile typical gemus, amid gives time spawnuiung seasoi thiey asceid tile rivers a little muame to time family.'l'lie characters are seeii iii tihe earlier tliauii tile Siad, mioving mmostly inm the mnighmt. abseince of thie amal fin amd tihe roumid dorsals.'hImere Not beimig seemi to returin, tile fishierilmell imaogimie are two dorsal fills, tile first situated ill adtvance of they die. Durimig summuer thiey are oftei seen ill tile ventrals, tile secoid far beimiud.'Tlie famiily eim- pairs, at work togethlier, coustructimg a mmound, about braces geniera Scymlllllus, Somimiosus, aid thiree others thiree feet imi diamieter at tile base amid two feet Imighi, tbunmid ill tile MediterraueamL Sea. comiposed of stones from tile size of all ouuce bullet NURSE; SLEEPER (Somniosus microcephalus to that of tile Fishi. DeKay describes it as "T1,r: (Bloch), Gill).-Fouid from tile Polar regiomis to AMIERICAN SEA LAIMPREY, thirty inchmes 1oug, amd very Cape Cod. DeKay described this species as Scymm- differenit iii iits denutitionl fromn P. ma'ritius of Eiurope. ins brevipimuma, and reumarks that Leseur described it Tlie Sea Lamiprey is coummmonly takeu imi our bays amd ir'omi a stuffed speciumeu lie saw imi Marblehiead. It salt-water streamtus about tile umouth ol oApril, anid, hias beeni regarded as very rare, amid Dr. Storer re- judgiung by tihe prices at wiich thiey are sold, mmust cords some iistaiices of its capture oil tile New be held in hIiighli estilmation by epicures. I hiave obEuglauid coast, ome ii 1846, and agaimi in 1848, amid served thelm at Albammy im tie spriiig, amid was assured lie adds: "I huave learued, fiomm couiversatioii withli tiat thiey were takeim a lew Imiles below that city." intelligenit fishmerumlen, that ilmdividuals are captured BLACK LAMPREY (Ammoccetes nigricans (Leseur), every wiuter." It is sometimmes seeni to mmeasure Gill).-IRaiges fri'om Cape Cod to Hatteras. Gill twenity feet iii leigthi. At Cape Cod it is called hias it doubtful as to species. DeKlay records it as GURRY 0r GROUND SHARK. About tihe year 1843 BLuIsrH SEA LAMPREY (Petroummyzoim). Storer says it tihe authior exaumiiied a specimmeii brougit ashliore at is fiequeitly attachied to Mackerel anld otier Fishlies. Swampscott Beachi, of wimich lie took accurate THE SMALL LAMPREY (A. appendix (DeKay), measuremeunts aiid drawings. iThese hue presented to Gill) has a similar raiige, and is also doubtful as Prof. Agassiz of Camibridge, wimo, at tiat timme, iad to species. DeIay first obtaiuned it i'omm Pryoviumot seenm tile species iii our waters. Gill records it as deluce, IR. I., amid afterwards f'oun time Hudson l River. doubtful as to species. A. bicolor, Leseur, is ammotimer species. cclvi BRANCHIOSTOMIDA.- FISHES. - FRESH-WATER FISHES. ill European waters, ill India, and on the coast of' FnAMLY-MYXINIDJE Soutli America.'I'lis form is supposed to be a relic Named froml the typical genus, Myxine.'l'he or survivillg type of all ancieit class, wiichi was species are lollg aiid slini, laked and sliimy, liavillg probably very pllelltiful ill the distant past. Ti'lle six branichial sacs oil eacli side. Prof. F.'V. Put- brain is exceedilugly simple, inot lobed largely as ill alain, al Alllerican naturalist, re'ards the varieties other vertebrates.'I'le skull. is undleveloped, anlI( as belong'ing truly to olle species. "Th'le eggs, froml tilere are llo rudimenlts of aii auditory apparatus. tell to.eilghteen ill nlumber, are comparatively very'Thlle skeleton is represelnted bIy a silllple inotocliord, lamre. When deposited they are enlcased ill an elon- or embryonic backbone, whici is inot divided into gated, oval, hjairy shell, provided at each end with a vertebrle, aiId lhas ilo ribs or othier appeldages. The tassel of tubular filallmellts." They prefer nuddy bot- circulatigr systeml is very silinple, the Ilearit beilng toiiis, aiid feed mostly Upol1 dead iaiirlal matter. simiply tubular, anld ilot divided ilito distillct cllallllHOG-FISH (ifyxine glutinosa, Linn.), called, also, bers; ilellce tile naleell of tile class, Slender-hearcted. SUcKER anld SIIMI-FISH, is fouInd r110111 tile Polar re- LANCELET (?Branchiostoma caribceum, SLndegiols to Cape Cod. Gill records it as not definlitely vall).-Founld fi'Oll Hatteras soutllward. Amphlisettled as to species. oxus (shiarp at botll eiinds) was tile generic terill:FAHIIL' ~HBRAN CHtO S'T'O XIM/ID~At. fo'ormerly applied to tilis species. Little is kinown of tile hlabits, but the position of it il the systell of Althoughi included by Gill ill iis East Coast Fishes, nlatulre is exceedinigly imlterestitlg. Doirpat, Ray, Huxtilis family is nowv reeferred to a separate class, whicli ley amid Lalikester liave recorded very luchl tilat is Ihas beenl lariled Leptocardia. It is tile lowest class valuable anld iiew conlcerlillg its anatoimly. Prof. G. of vertebrates. The family embraces but ole (genus. Browle Goode dredged somiie specimllens of tile Ail-'I'lhe species are yet ill doubtful relations; lle ollly pldioxus ill Berilmuda waters, whclic were founld eilis knownl to our coast. Represelltatives are foun~d bedded ill sald. FISHES OF THE FRESH-WATER STREAMS AND LAKES. FAMzILY E'I'HEOS'I1OML1DZE (Darters) aIre siaall, RAINBOW-FISH alld BLUI JOHNNY, is abundanlit ii tile Fresil-water Fisiles, closely allied to tile Perclles.) Mississippi Valley, amid is tile miost brillianitly color-'Ilhie two dorsal fills are usually colInnected by a inemin- ed of all. Other species are: P. spectabilis ami]d P. bralue at tle base, tile secoiid dorsal standinlg Imigli, zoialis, ilhillabitimg Ilidiaila alld'Ielllnessee; FusIalld withl conlsiderable breadtil; both dorsals are FORMi DARTER (Boleichlthlys tusiformlis, Jordoi), flanked withi omie or two silarp spines.'I'le most, fouind ill tile Cilarles River, Massaclihusetts. Othler brillianitly colored firesh-water Fishes are of tlis species are: B. erocllrous (red-sided), New Jersey, gloup.'I'llele are tell geiiera arid about thirty spe- aiid B. exilis, Girard (slelleler-sided), abundanit ill cies; all fouiid in tile Umlited States anid Mexico, clear' brooks ill tile ]Nortil-westeril States. SAND east of tile Rocky Moulitaiis. It is said thlat all of D)ARTER (Pleurolepis pellucidus, Ag.) ihlilabits the tihe geliera Iliay be fouilld il tile saiile streamll ii somlle salldy stlealllms of tile Olhio Valley.'I'llis is regardecd portiolls of tile Mississippi Valley.'IlThe labit ot' as olie or tile ilost interestilng o' out Fisiles. It hIas lnamly of' tils fallily is to prefer clear-rulnlllillg waterl, a labit of'pluimlgilig bodily illto tile soft, salady botlyimig oil tile bottomli, conlcealed umlder tile stonles. toim, whlere it lies indefitiitely, withil siout all(l eyes T''llev aile lieveir seel floatillg o0r swilmmiinil leisuriely, oilly visible. W~e ilave witilessed this cur'ious lhabit as milost otiher Fishles do, but, wihei disturbed, thiey of seclusion ill tile New York Aquariuiii. TlE:SSELdarlt folth fi0oin tile hiidiing-place witli a quick stroke LATED DARTER (Bolosomila oltiistedi, Ag.); abutidamit of thieir powerf'ul wide pectoral filis, amid as suddeilly f'roin New Eilglalid to WiscoIsiil. A. va'iety, called ialt ald settle dowil agaiii, restimig uponi tile extenlded atlrolaculata, is kiiowil. B. effulgeilms (Little Johiminy veltlrals amlld amial. or Slimil Darter) is abulidant iii tile Easterli States LEAST DARTER (7Uicroperca ypunctulata, Putnam). alid west of' tile Alleghlamlies. Ethlleostoillia (Black-A smiall greelisi-olive species, fould ill tile W\est- sided Darters).'I'liree species arle ecorded umider eri allid Soutllelri States. Leimgti, omie amid a quariter this geiius. Oiie fouiid ill tule Great Lakes is said to imiclies. FAN-TAILED DARTER (Catlmiotus flabellhatus, be omle of tile prettiest. lThe othelis ale fomilid ill Putilamn), found ill tile great lakes amid stlreamls f'rolnm Pelimisylvallia aLid tile Westerii rivers. Hypolionlus New Yolrk soutliward allid westwarld; all abulldalit (Oramlge-sided Darters). OWe, a laige species, is species. STRIPED DARTER (C. linleolatus) is ll'Omll tile knowil. Diplesiumil (Geeiil-sided Dlarlters) is represalile localities alid nlol'tilward. IROUT-DARTER, 01o sellted by two species. Percimia (Log' Perclies). BLUE-BREASTE: D DARTIR (Not11010otU1s iiger, Jordoi) is Species of thlis getius arme called, respectively, Lo(; ilegarded as olie of the hiandsomlest of iative Fislies, PFRCH, HOG-FISH amid JACK-PIKE. ThIey ale abuniaiid iliabits tile waters of' thle Olhio Valley; lellgtml, dallt in tile gleat lakes alild stretaLis of' tile Wrest. two atid Olle-llalf imchies. DOTTED DARTER (N. plinc- Omie omlhy is kImowni ill Noitil Amliemica, viz., P. campIotulatus), foulid ill Missoumi alld Alkamisas. BLUE deoS (Raf.), Gil'ai'd, aild is tile laigest of tile D)altels, L)ARTER (Poeciliciltimys cemuleus, Agassiz), called meachliig a leigthi of eighlt iiicies. FRESH-WATER FHE. -FISHES.FISHES.- FRESH-WATER FISHES. cclvii FAMILY PERCIDAz (Perches) are carllivorous streams, coastwise froIll A{assachullsetts soutlhwar(;rd Fishes, of rather large size, mostly peculiar to tlle BLACK-BANDED SUN-FISI (lMeSOgOlliStillS Chlcetodon rivers of the Nortlhern bheinisphere. According to the (Baird), Gill), New Jersey anld AMaryland, ill slugarrangemnent here adopted, tile genera lulllber about, gishi waters; a small. land lhandsomle specieS.''HE five, alld tle species fifteen.'h'le bo(ly of tlhe true BLACK SUN-FISH (Glossoplites mlelanops, Jordon)Perch is covered witlh rather small ctenoid scales. Calliurus of Agassiz-is founlld ill the Illinois River I'lhe opercular bones are mostly serrated. Thlle teeth and soutllhwards to Tl exas. I.HE RIED-EY1ED BREAM are situated ill bands upoIn the jaws, vomer and (G. gilli (Cope), Jordon) is found in Virginia and palatines.'Ihere are two dorsals, distinct,, alnd both southward, east of tile Allegllanies. BLr,,-sPOTTrED well developed; the anal l1as o0ne or two spilles. SUN-FISH (Cholbryttus cyanellus (Raf.), Jorl'(011n), YELFr,ow PERCI- (Perca flavesceis (Mitclh.), Civ.), habitat, Ohlio Valley and westward. Other species called, also, AMERICAN PEIRCH, is onle of tile best; are: C. gulosus and CHIAIN-SIDED SUN-FISH (C. known and widely distributed of our fliviatile Fishes. nlephelus (Cope), Jordon), habitat, Ohio Valley. WALL-EYED PRIKl (Stizostedium atnericailuin, Val., BLUE SUN-FISH (IchtllheliS illCisor (0IV. anld Val.), Gill), called, also, YEL,ow PIiKE, GLASS-EYE, anld DORY, I olb.), ca.lled, also, COPPER-NO$sE BREAMA,'ound in attains tile weight of fifteen pounds in thle great lakes the great lakes and the Delaware River.'I'llThere and Western rivers. Two other species are found are elevenl other species anid varieties inhabiting tile in the same localities-the WHITE SALMON (S. sal- rivers anld lakes of tile middle and western portion n11oneun), and SANGER, or GRAY PIKE (S. griseuin). of North America, many of wlVich are beautiful ill rl'lese are usually called Pike-perclies, firol a union colors. Th'le oily onle which occurs in New England of resemblances to the two fobrms. Lucioperca is the is the NORTHERN RED-TAIH (I. appendix, (Mitch.), old generic termi of Cuvier. Bliss), ranillg flrom Maine to North Carolina. PoFAMILY LABRACIDAI (Bass.) —This family is motis is exclusively anl American genus, composed of mostly marine, and einbraces perch-lllike Fishes hav- fiesh-water Fishes entirely, and is closely allied to ing tile general cllaracters, of the precedinig family. the preceding. Cuvier says thllat the coinmmon people, There are fifteen genera and thirty-five species. in naming the typical species Perch, were more cor-'lihe Striped Bass, which has a place here, has been rect in their conceptionl of tile characters thall natunoticed in our account of Marine Fishes. WHITE ralists had been. Co~MIIoN SUN-FISH (PomIotis a.niBASS, or STRIPED LAKE3 BASS (Roccus chllrysops (Raf.), tus (Linn.), Giinther), also called PUMPKIN-SEED and Gill) is found in the great lakes andl the Upper Mis- BREAM, is tile most familiar form of fresh-water sissippi. Besides the Marone americana (marine) Fishes; known to every country boy within tile thie SHORT-STRIPED or BRASSY BASS (M. interrupta, range of tile great lakes and streams, miostly northGill) is known to tile soutliern part of the 1M1ississippi ward and east of tile Alleghianies. It is P. inaculaValley. tus, aureus, vulgaris aid luna of authors. AMitclhill FAMILY ICHTHILIDAE.-'IThese are perch-lihke mlaanes it Morone maculatus. Linnius recorded it as Fishes, with a single dorsal, called Sun-fishes. Many Labrus auritus. Two other species are abundaint ill build nests. Th'lere are fifteen genera and about forty thle'ITenessee River. species, all American; most abundant in the Missis- FAMILY APHIREDODERIDzE (Pirate Perches). sippi Valley. OSWEGo BAss (MLicropterus nigricans, -In these forms thle venlt is jugular, in front of tile (Cuv.), Gill), also called LARGE-MOUTHED.BLACK veltral fillS.'l'le dorsal is silngle, high, with three BAss, is found in the great lakes, and is partiCI- spines only; ventrals are thoracic, withlout spines larly well knowl in Buffalo aid Oswego; SMIALL- and with miore than five soft rays. Some of the MOUTHED BLACK BASS (M. fasciatus (Lac.), Gill) is head bonles are spinous. Th'Ille palate and jaws are describe(l by DeKay as Centrarchus.'IThlle gellus armled with teeth. Scales are ctenoid. A silngle Celltlarchus, emlbracing tlie Many-spined Bass, ]Ias species only is knlown —I.HE PIRATE PERCH (Aphreone species in our waters-'I-HE SHINING BASS (C. dodorus sayanus (Gilliails), DeKlay). It is'ound in irideus (Bosc), Cuv. and Val.), which is found in broolks along thle coast of tile Eastern and Southern the rivers of tile Southierni States. Pomoxys (High- States, from New York to Louisiaiia, and is reinarkfilnned Bass) hIas two species —P. hlexacanlthus and able for its voracity and for its Ilocturnal habits..P. an1llularis.''The latter bears the name BACHELOR'lThe unusual situation of tile vent distiiiguishles it aid NEW LIGHT in Kentucky, and CRAPPIE in St. widely fioim the Percidce. Louis. They are regarded a.s good food Fishes. FAMIIY SC [ANIDIE (EMaigres). —'lThe melnbers Ambloplites 11has RocIC BAss, GOGGLE-EY, RED-EYE of this fanmily are chiefly mlarilne.'Ihe genu3s [ap(A. rupestris (Raf.), Gill), abundant in the great loidonotus, collectively called BUBBmmIRS, hias three lakes aid rivers west of tlhe Allegllanlies; and A. species. Thlle SHEEP'S-HIEAD, WHITE PERCH, GRUNTER cavifrons, Cope, habitat, Roanoke River. Acan- or DRUM. are namles applied to oiie, and the others thlarchus is represented by tile MUD SUN-FISH (A. are respectively named for tile'!'enlnessee and Mispoinotis (Baird), Gill), found in muddy streams, souri Rivers, where they are founld. Eutyclielithus, cotstwise about New Jersey aid New York. FOUR- including the LAKE HIURON DRUMS, is represented by SPINED SUN-FISH (Hemioplites simulalls Cope) is oiie species.'I'le gemleric term is foi'i tile Greek, founid ii James River, Va. Enllneacantlli,lus, Gill, lleallig "' lucky," aniid "a stone," f'roml tlhe fact that embraces tile Nitle-spined Sun-fisiles.'I'lhe species tlhe ear-stomles, or bonles, are large, aiid are use(l as are: SPOTTED SUN-FISH (E. boesus (Baird), Gill), ill "lucky stones" by tile boys of tile legion. YVoL I. —k* colviii FRESH-WATER FISHES. FISHES. -FRrESH-WATER FISHES. FAMIL,Y C(OlTrIIDA] (Sculpins). —'l'le marine spe- FaMIIy ESOCiD.E embraces Fishes of exceeding cies of this family have beenl treated elsewhere. voracity, some reaching a large size. With a single'I'lere are about severity species ill twenty genera, exceptionl (the Pike of Europe), all belong to the mostly knlown in Northern waters. A few small United States. One or two genera and from five to species abound in the fiesh-waters of Europe, Asia twenty species are enumerated.'I'HlE GREAT PIIKE and North Ameriica.''lThey are all exceedingly ngly (Esox nobilior,'I'homlpson), called, also, MUSKArin aspect, particularly those of the salt seas. Ulral- LUNGE, is a splendid Fish, reaching tile lengtl of six idea is represented by four species, one being tile feet; common to the great lakes. E. lucius (GREAT C(OMMON MILLER'S T'IHUMB, known equally well both LAKE PIKE, or NORTHERN PICKEREL) is found, also, inll in Europe and America. Pegedicilthlys, collectively tile great lakes and lleadwaters of tile Mississippi; named Spring-fislles, is represented by three species, lenlgth, three or four feet. It is regarded as tile best among t1hem tile CAVE BULL-HEAD, Which abounds in edible Fisil of tile Western waters. COMMON EASTERN tile caves of the limestone regions of tile Westelrl PICKEREr, (Picorellus reticulatns (Leseur) JordoIn), States.'Triglopsis (Lake Sculpins) has one species, called, also, the GREEN PIKE.'This famliliar Fishi of found in stomachs of deep-water Fish. our fresh-water streams and lakes is known in tile FAMILY GOBIIIDE (Gobies). —'l'lis includes botli Atlantic States, but Inot far in tile interior. It is nmarine anid fresh-water forms. NAIKED GOBY (Gobi- Esox lucilS of Mitchill. DeKay says it does not osoma molestum) is tile only species known in ourt extenid above tile great lakes, but is common in the waters. Prof. Putnlam obtained the first specimen in Middle and Eastern States. Storer remarks that the tile Ollio River, near Louisville. Pickerel is taken in considerable nuilmbers for Boston FAMILY GADID2E (Cod).-One genus and one market, at Brewster, Cape Cod, where they often species only known to our fresll-waters. LING (Lota weigh seven pounds, and even larger ones are known. lacustris (Mitch.), Gill), called, also, BURBOT, LAKE 1'HE BANDED PICKEREL (P. am1ericanuns (Lac.), J1rLAWYsR, EEL-POUT and LAIKE CUSK, found in tile don), called, also,'ITROUT-PIIKEREL, is found in great lakes and streams of New Enfglland anld north- streams along the Atlantic shores. It is tile VARIED ward, but is rarely used for food. It is L. inornata'IrKE (Esox fasciatus) of DeKay, and E. scomberius, of DeKay, L. brosmiana of Storer, and is closely re- niger, and ornatus of authors. P. salinoneus (WESTlated to L. vulgaris of Europe. ERN'1ROUT-PICKEREL) is abundant in; Western streamls. FAMILY GAS'TIEROS'I'EtDD J (Sticklebacks). FAMILY AM.BLYOPSIDE (Cave Fishes).-Fishes Botlh mlarine and fluviatile.'T'wo species are conl- of small size, living ill tile lilnestonle caves of tile filled to interior lakes. OHIO STICKLEBACK (Elucalia Middle and Southern States.'lThree genera and four imlcoIlstans (Kirtland), Jordon), called, also, BROOK species are all that are yet known. Prof. Putnamn STICKLEBACK, lias a range from Ollio to Mlinnesota thlinks it most probable that more, and " perhlaps anld Kansas. It is abundant in sluggisll streams, and nlew species and genera will be found in tile lowlands is particularly notable for its nest-buildinmg lhabit ald aind subterral eall springs." T'wo groups are recogpugnacity. ['he marinle species are'ounpd oftenl im ilized, one withl eyes rudimentary, concealed undem * rapid streamis that lead imito tile sea. Pygosteus is tile skin, and body colorless; another with eyes well represented by three species, ca.lled MANY-SPINED. developed, with body colored, etc. LARGER BLINDFAMIIY A'lI'HERINID2E~ (Silversides). —Five gen- FISH (Amblyopsis speleus, DeKay), Plate X, fig. i. era and forty-five species are enutnerated, a few Th'lis is tile Blind-fish of tile Maminiotll Cave, Ky., beimlg permanlently in freslh-water. SILVER SKIP-JACK and also of tile cave of Wyandotte. Prof. Putmlam (Labidesthles sicculus, Cope), called, also, RIVER lhas given some valuable illfollrmationl concerlling tllis SI,VERSIDE. is abunldant, but, until lately, was little formin ill American Naturalist. Dr. Wymialm gives all kmlown. Its forin and silvery aspect render it very accounlit, also, in that work, vol. i, p. 143.'ITyphllichlbenautiful. tlays has tile general clalracters of thIe precediing, FAImiIY CYPRINOD)ONTIDiA..-'I.'hmese are small withl same localities; tile species are rather smlaller. Fishies of fresh or brackish waters in both conitinments. Clhologaster (Ditch Fishes) includes tlmose hlavimng One hundred anld twenlty species aid twenty-five eyes, and colored skinl.'I'wo species are kmmown, genera lare known. Thoulgh we hlave lulmnelous spe- foulid in ditchles and subterran1ean streams. cies, they are niot well chlaracterized as to time FAMILY PERCOPSIDAE (Trout Percehes).-One gemera. Omme species fornom Florida is said to be thle g'enus, withi omme species, comnplises tile represelitation smallest kliown vertebrate. Fundulus (Killi-fishles) of thils family in our waters. T11e general aspect is lhas one species, found inlanld itn clear springs. Otlhers like the Salmonis, but the mouth ammd scales are are mlsarile, thouglh sornetimies foulnd in fireshl-waters perclm-like. Percopsis guttatns is found in tile great lleiar tile coast. Zygonectes ('l'op Minmlows) is re- lakes, and in thie Potomnac alid Delaware Rivers. presented by four species imi tile Mississippi Valley FAMILr, SALMONIIDAE (Trout).-Sixteeml gemlera almd vicinity. amnd omle hmummdred and sixty species are knovviwn i tile FAMILY UMBRIDA/ (Mud Minnows). -These are fresh-waters, manmy of them periodically descendinig smal Fishies, like tile precedimig iii most respects, to tile sea; a few are perrrmaleltly marine. GREAT found in muddy brooks, amnong weeds, often, or usual- SEA SALMON (Salmo salar, L.) —Tlis magnificent ly embedded in mind. Melanlura, withi omme species, Fisih reaiges over Northern Europe anid America, called DOG-FISH, MUD DACE amnd MUD MINNOW, is sout1hwarLd to Cape Cod. S. folitillalis, Mitchlill (COMfound from New Jersey to Minnesota. MON BROOK'I'ROUT), is a justly-prized edible Fish, and FRESH-WATER FISHES. -FISHES. - FRESH-WATR FISEmS. cclix one of the most beautiful in form and ornamentationl borhynclius (Blunt-nosed Minnows), one species; Six other species are recorded, several of theIl found I]ybogonathus (Blunt-jawed Minnows); Ericymba in Maine. DeKay, speaking of tile Lake'1Trout (S. (Silver-mlouthled Dace); Semotilus (Fall-fisl), includconfinis), says: "T'lie average weighlit is fromn eighlt ing tile several species of CI-uB found in Massaciluto tell pounds, and I have heard fishermien speak of setts; Ceraticilthys (Hol'ned Cliub); Rhiniclitlhys some weighing thirty pounds and eveni more." Os- (Long-nosed Dace); Plenacobius (Tile Phllenacomerus (Thlie Sjmelt) hIas been treated anlong the Ma- bies); Hybopsis (Blunlt-faced Minnlows); Hemlitrerine Fishes. A variety called LAND-LOCIKED SMELT 111ia ('Tlie Hemlitreles); Chrosoinus (Red-bellied (O. spectrum) is found ill Wilton Pond, Me., and Minnows); Phoxinus (Enuropean Minnows); LytlihruA1BOTT'S SMELT (0. abbotti), ill Cobessicontic Pond, rUS (Red Filns); Luxilus (Shiners). COMMON SIHINER Me. T'I'yinallus (Grayling) is represented by one (Luxilus cornutus (Mitchm.)Jordoi), RED FIN, RouGHspecies-'T. tricolor-a very beautiful Fish, found HEAD. ThiS is one of tile more fitmiliar foris, iiliabill Michligani. A rgyrosolmus (Siscoes) embraces five iting streaimls anid ponds foiom Mainle to tile Rocky species —-THE LAKE HERRING, TULLIBEE, BLACK -FIN, Mounitains. DeKay records it as Leuciscus cornllutus etc., inhabiting deep water of the great lakes. (RED DACE), anid Storer as Hypsolepis corniutus. LAKE WHITE FISH (Corregoinus albus, Leseur) also Oiie otlier species is fouid in the'Tenlessee River. inhabits the great lakes.'I.'is is, perhaps, the miiost Plargyrus (Silver Finis) embraces two species fouiid notable of edible Fish found in the fresli-waters of in the lakes and rivers of the West. Pllotogenis North America, ranking, probably, about as the Cod (Wliite-clieeled Sliners) has six species, all of tilhe or Haddock does inl our coast mIarketing. It is most Westernii rivers. Miinnlilus (Rosy-fticed Miniows) is abundant ill Lake Huron, but is taken, also, ill Lake represeiited ill the Westerni streams by six species. Erie. It is found nortliward to the Arctic Sea. A variety of M. rubrifroiis (Cope), Jordoii, called FAMILY HYODONTIDE.-A sinlgle species il- ABBOTT'S ROSY MINNOW, is known ill the Delaware habits the Western streamis and the great lakes. River. Notemiigionlus (Goldeli Slliiers) is represent-. Hyodon (Moon-eyes) is represented by the SILVER ed olily by the STILBE, B3REAM, 01 SHINIER (N. aineriHERRING or 1TOOTHED HERRING (H. tergisus, Leseur), callus (Limlli.), Jordonl. This is allionll tie largest one of the most beautiful of fresh-water Fishes. of the faiimily, bearinpg a stroing resemiblaiice to a FAMILY CLUPEID.AE (Hernings). —Twelve geniera young Slad, aiid is fouid in streams from New Emnganiid one hunidred and twenlty species are kniowni, land to Miiimnesott aiid soutl. Carassius (Cruciai miiany of thern marine. Besides thle Shad aiid Ale- Carps). hliis gellus iincludes oiie species —the wellwife, there are the CAYUGA LAKE SHAD (Poimolobus klnowII GOLDEN CARP (C. auratus (Lilnn.), Bleeker); lacustris, Jordoni), amid OH1IO OLDEN SHAD (P. ch111y- originmally brought f'roii Asia, and is now everysocliloris, Raf.) Dorosolna (Gizzard Shlad).''le where aturalized. Th'le wonderful tenacity of life HICKORY SHAD is of this gelnus, a comrmmlon marinie amlld great powers of reproduction i of thi's Fish render species, and tile OHIO GIZZARD SHAD (D. unotetun11, it immmensely 11uimerous whlerever it is fobund. Smmall Raf.), inhllabits tile Mississippi anmd Olhio Rivers. pond holes near tIle Cetlral Park, New York, as FAMILY CYPlRlNID2E (Uirp-like Fishes). —'lThe well as tile lakelets and streamimlets whlicli are ill tile Minnlows are here included; small Fishles of tie park, are abunLdanltly stocked. I'11 a notice of this fresh-waters of tile Old and New World.'I'Thle genera species elsewhere we ehave stated tlhat a wonlderful are about one hiundred anid fifty, anld tile species iumi1- chiainge is effiected il both forli amid color. rl'e color ber from sevemi lhuidred to onme tlousaind.'IThey are is nlot only chaliged, but tile eyes alid tail are altered said to be excessively abundanllt wliere found, bothi ill permllanlently ill their aspect. Specilmens of time mllore individuals al!d ill species, aid, froimi thieir great uni- inotable of tile species iare kept alive inl tile New York forllity ill size, forim anid colorationI, are exceediongly Aquariumll. TIHE EUROPEAN CARP (C. carpio, L.), iiidifficult of identificationl. Thie largest species seldomi troduced, is found ill some Easternl rivers. weighls more tilha three or four' pounlds. A curious FAMILY CA'I'OSTOMIDIE (Suckers).-'l'ese are change takes place ill thle umale during thie breeding Fislies of silllilar character to tile last, of mediunll or season. Tlie top of tile head, and somietimes tile large size.'I'e genlera tilld about fifty species are whole dorsal region, is covered with tubercles, ill knownv. They abound everywhiere east of tile Rocky rows-epidermlal spimnous outgrowtlms.'lile skin of Mountainis. Two or thlree are kniownl to Clinia anid tihe miuzzle is tlieni swollei aind colored. Ill somie Japanl all the rest are Northl Aimericani. C(atostospecies these tubercles are quite large, coverinig tile imus (Brook Suckers) h ias two species recorded sides of tile head. III soiene genlera thie nmales are by Jordonl. DeKay says tile Comilinon Sucker is temporarily adornied withl red-colored timits. Exo- seeni ill tile New York Imialrket ill auutulln, butt does glossurn (Stolle Toters) lhas two species, called DAY niot speak highily of its flavor. Hypenltiliuml (Big CHUB, CUT LIPS, etc., founld ill westerlt New York. Stoule Luggers) lias oune species kniowni ill "lakes Cainpostomna hais onle species, which is everywliere aid streamius fromum New York to tile southl alnd west, abundanlt ill tile Mississippi Valley, anid is said to be and is abuidaiut and one of the most silngular of omme of tile mIost initerestimig of AniericaiL Fisiles. Fisiles." Etilmlyzoi (Clhub Suckelrs). Three species I'lhe name Stone-roller, whlichl it bears ill tile South, comuprise this gellus ill our waters. TlIHE CRE -c-sFIS refers to hiabits of m1ovinIg stomes by whiichi to forllm or CHUB SUCIKER (E. ob0logus (MLitch.), Jordou) is iests.'lime followigl genera are recorded: Pilmne- knownl ill New Emiglanid aid soutlllward, atd is also plihales (Rouid-hleaded Miminmows), two species; Hy- abulldalllt ill tile lgreat lakes. DeKay records it as cclx FRESH-WATER FISHES.-FISHES.-FRES H-WATER FISHES. rIHE BRILLIANT CHUB SUCIKER (Labeo oblangus), and SUB-CLAss-GANOIDEI. says: "It is a Fish of much beauty, and one about which confusion has arisell on account of applying a FAMILY A1MIIDiE (Bow Fins).-A - single species European nlalme." Moxostoina (Red Horses). Seven of this family is known to tlle United States. III species of this genus are found in the great lakes, soine regions it is called'Lawyer,' because it is said quite abundant, and in streams in Virginia and it will bite at anything, anld is good for nothing whllen North Carolina. Several are called MULLET and caugllt."-Jordon. DeKay records it as'I'HE WESTCARP MUILET. PlaCOpharynx is represented by one ERN MIUD-FISH (Alnia occidentalis).''liis species is species, called COPE's SUCKER (P. carniatus, Cope). found in Lakles Erie and Ontario, and is distinguislied It was only lately discovered in the Wabash River. by its ferocious looks and voracious habits. It is Carpioides (Carp Suckers). In this genus are six identical with A. calva. species, called SPEAR-FISH, SAIL-FISH, QUIIL-BACK, FAMILY LEPPIDOSlTE[I)_iE (CGar Pikes).-Thllese SKIM-BACK, and BUFFALO CARP and SIVERY CARP interesting fo111rms are included in two or three genera, SUCKER. Ichthlyobus (Buffldo FishIes) lhas one known and, according to Jordon, about five species are all sp)ecies, inhallllbiting tle valley of tle Mississippi. Bu- that are strictly identified. Lepidosteus (Long-nosed balichllthys (Buffalo Suckers). One species only has Gars) includes the silgle species. GAR PIKE (L. osseus beenl described, though others are knownl; habitat, (Linn.), Agassiz) —Plate X., fig. iv. —abundant in in tile Mississippi Valley. Cycleptus (Suckerels), large bodies of frieshll-water, fiomn New York to tihe called, also, BLACK HO1RSE, GOURD-SEED SUCKmRE, south and west. Cylindrosteus (Short-nosed Gars) LONG BUFFALO and MISSOURI SUCKER. These local has one species recorded (C. platystomius) as found names are applied to this singular species, which is in thle great lakes ald streams of New York tand westquite different from anly other. It is found in tlle ward. Litholepis (Alligator Gars) has one knlown large streams of the Mississippi Valley. species-the GREAT GAR (L. adamanteus, Ratf.); iinFAMILY SILURIDAE (Cat-fishes).- llese iare habits the waters of thle Mississippi Valley nlortihchiefly feshll-water Fishes, seeminglly related to tile ward to Illinois, and is abundant soutllward.''liis Sturgeonls.'I'liere are ino true scales; the skin is is a large species, reaching the length of eight iaked, or hias bony plates.'T'llere is usually an adi- feet, with head and Imouthi 1esembling those of thle pose fiu, and tile dorsal and pectorals are arumed Alligator. with a spine.'lle venLtrals are abdominal.'lThere FAMILY POLYODONi.'ID)DJ.-Imhis familily is tile are one hunIIdred genmera, or more, and ineally sevemn onily one of tile orlder Selachostomi (Spoon-bills). hunidied species, all abounding ill Amllericanl waters. 1'he peculiar character is a sinout produced inlto a T'lle species, thloug nuimmllerous, are yet closely related. lonlg and spatula-like process. Th'lele are two species, Ictatuius (ChLaninel Cats) hlas five species emnuimme- one founld ill Chillia, anld tlie otherm inl tile Mississippi rated unider this hlead. AmIiurus (LHollled Pouts) is Valley. Polyodoni (Duck-billed Cat) has a species tihe Pimelodus of early authors, aind iincludes, an1onig nalllmed P. foliuml, whllich, in sollle regiolns, is called twelve species, the POTOMAC CAT (A. lylix (Girard), SPOON-BILLED STURGEON, and is said to bear comnsiderGill), ihlllabiting tile rivers froimi New Jersey to South able resemlblanlce to a Shlark. Carolinma; BIG-MOUTI-IHED CAT (N. Lophius, Cope), FAMIY, AC[PENSER[Dh1A (Stargeons). - Of foumnd in tlhe Potolmal; BLACK IJULL-IIAD (A. pulliu, this famllily tihere are omily two gelerla and abont (DeKay), Gill), fIoumld in thie lakes of New York ammd twemnty species, according to Giinthller, thloughl somme eastward, abundanlt. HORNED POUT (A. atrarius authorl s Illake mmmore. DumIeril, for exaimplle, eutimne(DeKay), Gill), rammges fromi New Emiglaind to Mary- l'ates eighty. Acipenser (Stuit'geots) has l'our speland anlld tile great laiUes. THE GREAT LAcKE CAT- cies recorded by Jomdomn as inhabitiing our0 wvaters. FISI-I (Ictalurus inigrica us (Leseur), Jotdoni), is fouind Scal)hilhymmchlus (Shmovel-niosed Stuigeoni) is a distinct to be ani Anmiumus. DeKay relmarkslk: "I have seemn formui, not idenitical with aIiothier of' tile saimme namle. this Fishi weighing twemlty-five to tiirlty pounds, anlld It attailns a large size, anid ilmihabits tile streammms and have heard or otherms whlichll eachlled tile weiglht of lakes of thle Mississippi AValley. eighlty pounids." It is Ilot esteemied as food. H1opladelus (Mudl Cats) lhas one species recorlded. " Other CLASS-MAlRSIPOBRAXNCfIL[-(Latmpeys). species probably exist, but they have nmot been studied."-Jordon. Nolturus (Stonle Cats) conlsists of Th'lese fomr-ms have beenm considered inl out account fouri species, raullilng f'romi tile Ohio Valley to tile of tile Marine Fishles. li'lme followin(g are, however, Westelrnll lakes. Omne is Toulld inl tlle lakes of New species peculiar to tile fresh-water. Petlromlyzoti Yolrk. Gronias (Blind Cats) has oinly olle species (Latllpreys) hlas several formns described, but thle know —tlhe BLIND CATr-FISH (G. nigrilabris, Cope). identity of species lhis lot beei strictly deterllminled. It has tile orllll of Allliurus, anld is fouInd in subter- LARGE BIJAC LAMPREY (P. ImigricaI1s), thoughl Illmarille, ranean streams tributalry to tile Conestoga River, is also foumnd ill Cayuga Lake, N. Y. P. niger illPellnnsylvania. habits thie great lakes. IchItlhyonlYvzoIm (llalmperus) FAMILY ANGUILLI[DE (Eels). —The Eels have is a genmus COlprising tihree kmnowni species, inhlUabiting beell comisidered ill oum accounit of Ma-rimle Fishmes. th1e grleat lakes and Westelrn rivelrs.'lTIE SIIVElY Jordol says: "'li'elere ale two oi'tmllee gemeaL amtlit L.aiPREY ([. argeltatus (Kirt.), Gimamdl ) is fouId as about foilty sl)ecies. Foumid im seas a1id SluggiS11 freslm- falr east as New Youk.'I'le othlems ae kimowIm im tile wate'rs of all regiolls." stealulns of tile Soullth-west. H I S T It Y OF THE AMERICAN FAUNA. INVERTEBRATA. CuvIIR and Lamarck illtroduced the terlms Verte- onle species, Actinlia mariginlata, and sparsely, slender brate anld Invertebrate to designate tile two great clusters of tile pretty Hlydroid tubularia; while tile primary divisioIns of the Animal Kingdomr; those myriads of less comispicuous forms were not then rehaving!no semblance of a backbonle being enbraced cogonized. TIhle Massachusetts State Survey offeried in the latter division. Aristotle recognized this dis- tle first opportunity to give scientific attentioll to tinction whenl he regarded " all sanguinleous alilnals" this subject; tile result of which was the publication, as havinlg "eithler a bony or spinous column." 1Thlle in 1841, of Invertebrata of' Massachusetts, a report Radciata, Articulata and iMollusca were for a tine made by Dr. A. A. Gould, who had charoge of that acknowledged as thle accepted division of the Inver- depatrtmellt of tile survey.'[hle Shell-fish are here tebrates. Radiates, however, exhlibit forms whliclh, very fully treated, while tile etchings onl copper are in their structural characters, cannot naturally be amlong tile best that hiave been published. I'lle associated togethier, and a fifth sub-kingdom w.s, labors of certaizn memibers of tile Essex Coiunty Nattherefore, established, called Protozoa.''hle allrrage- ural History Society, and those of thle Boston Sociment of tile Invertebrate anlimals, according to Prof. ety, added Inuch iliformlaltionl onl tile subject; while Huxley, is as follows: thle Lyceumi at New York and thle Phlliladelphia Academy of Scietnces were doing tile sale good 1.-MOLLUSc. TIV.-ANNULOsA. w II.-MoLLUSCOIDEx. V.-ANNULOIDEA. AOvk. A ong tile mnembers of tile Essex Society we III.-C(LENTERATN. VI. - INFUSORIA. 1recall with pleasure tile nlamles of DI)r. Wheatlanld, VI. —PRoTozoA. Messirs.'lrue, l'utlaln and others, and at Lynn, Messrs.'iuftss anld Ilaskell —all zealous workels ill tie Aristotle lhad named certain of tliese low forms, as ~Acatleph ild Kid~ hut Seba, aid Klein, and various brammhes of Marimme Zodlogy. 1I1 later days, Actalephoe -,aud KnidT; but SebL ad(l Klein, and.d elet, pof tie sixteeti Agassiz (father amid soi), Leidy, Stirnpsol, Clark, Rondelet, conteminporaneous:ruthors or tile sixteeith V Verrill.md Gill have advameed tile knowle(dge of oumr cenituimy, ad(lvalced tile studtly to soiething like a sys- of.^ ~. Invertebrates very inateriau lly. ProL.'Vetrill, of Y le temn, yet without ammy attelmpt at classificationl. Ro- llat College, at tile head of tile lIbo.ratory or tihe United delet }htLd studliedl 1t( figu''ed tile Illtl'ile alillltis of lelet hadst udie d ami d figure d time- mmarime am ia o f States Fishlle y Colmmmissionl, hIls had favorable opportihe Meditermameami. These, however, are all grouped t:i,.d i. i t. tiies f'or in vestigatioll of tile tlinle Faulina, fi'oln tile a~ Fishes, amid, in some imstamices, his illustratiois explolatiols o' thiat bodly, dulilllg tile sulnmlel r molltlls, anid descriptioms aI'e those f'aLcifl forIms of all earlier etwee Halifx, N S ad Co ecticut. is age. Cuvier was thie fist to presemit a sciemtific ex-' m.ission, uender1 (i;e able mnama, g'mnelnt or Piof: Baird by arnimatioll of tlhe struncture an(1 classificatioml of these sabisio u tIe able ia ofu'lofy Baud, by ainimals, p.articulamly time Radiates. ill tIle ealy palt estblilig its eadq aialy at a ifeeit ilt te caimpinig-place betweei thiese points, a(id by mneals ot tlse present ce tury, tile French la iItion associated iei e it tie of a small stealner, well-fitted with tile llost appmroved sciemtific objects with tile govermnmemt expeditiolms. apparatus, has discovered Milay mew forms, foumd Napoleol's Eglyptiall camLnpigl rmesulted ill thie productio of sone o til fiest wo o Frh al- ome which have heretofore been rare, and procured ctio of some o tie fiest work of F ch atu live speciinemis of' otliers for tile first time. I'llese ists, [particullalrly thile beautiul figues or Rtadciates i fig.mime of R...aidls to tile study of' this br'iachI of scieince liave been givel by Sm:vilgy, a(id obtained while d attacled to by Savigmmy, while mittacimed to fully appreciated. No better facilities werve formllellv this expedition. I this yexpeditiom ding. hlatter th is foulid for suchi work, othlier thllal those affolded by tile rI, thie years preceedi)g the latter hlalf of thlis ce tulry, ip n tie ha o. cemitmiy, fisiermiiami's good-will and his kimdly of'lcimg's out of the knowledge or Invertebrate forms i Amneric(a, time kiold o mvmt bm't fo'n im Amecm his " day's flume "-such1 as a cimalice at ims plile oft ofi, waters was extremiely limited. Thle few Actinia alid whis " day's. mae "-suc as a ciiite at wem pile of ofr wihereof thle stomnaclh alld illtestiles were a lille of Camip;ia, nla'iais th1en1 kInowIn were looked oi withl woi- der, ai1d called " alimnla flowers." Iim tile vicillity of eletl Imoiml time Bostoll, especially omi the rocks alld beaclhes of Na-. "Maw and gulf iiait, a few specimimemis weme to be seeim, ciiefly tile Of the ravin'd salt-sea Shark." cclxi colxii CLASSIFICATION. - MOLLUSCA. -GENERAL C HARAOTERS. SUB-IKINGDOM-MOLLUSCA. TJ.HE term lMollusca is used to designate the second SUB-BRANCH.-MOLLUSCOIDEA. of the five grand divisions or structural types of' CLASS D.-TUNICATA. tile Aninmal Kingdom. The science which treats 0 Order XIX.-LACc OBRANCHIA. of Shell-fishl-shells and their ilving inhabitants-is 0 ~~~~~Or der XX.-DACTYLOBRANCIIIA. called Conchology. The soft parts were almost unOrder XXI. —T.YMNOBRANCHIA. known to tile ancients; consequently tile shells, or exterior coveilngs, were studied and classified i nde- Order XXII.-LARVALIA. pende!ntly of tile living animal. Mollusks, or Shell-fishl, CLASS E.-BRACHIOPODA. as they are collectively called, are divided into sev- Order XXIII.-ARTHROPOMATA. eral great branches.''le best approved arranlgemlent is that adopted by Dr. Th'l'lleodore Gill, inll is.LiSmilies of Mollusks, whichl accords with the system alnd col- CLASS F.-POLYZOA. lections of the Smithsoinian Institution. It is as Order XXV.-PHYLACTO LMxATA. follows: Order XXVI. —GYMNOLMrMATA. CLASS A.-CEPHALOPODA. Order XXVII (?).-RHABDOPLEURB3. Order I.-D1BRANCHIATA. Most Mollusks are enclosed in all external shell; Sub-or'der'-OCTOPODA. Sub-order-COcP OtDA. the acephialous formls are always thus provided, the Fouer Fh'amiles. FSub-ouder-SEPioPHoRs shell being in two pieces; lhence the ternl, Bivalve. Orider II. —TETRABRbANOCHI ATA.'Ilthe Gasteropods hlave onle covering of shell, anld are designated Uniivalves. A few of the latter lthave nlo CLASS B.-GASTEROPODA. shells whatever. Others hlave a imore or less perfect SUB-CLASs-DI(ECA. internal shell, secreted beneath the mantle, as in tile Onaked snails and slugs. In the egg of a Mollusk the Order III.-PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Sub-order —TOxoGLOSSA. nucletus of tile sliell is seel to cover the young anllllal Sub-orPde —RAcIImGLOSSA. even before the intel'nal organs begin to assume de/Sub-order-TCuNIOGaLoss A. finite form, and is noticeable frofn its transparent hiolrn Sub-order-PTsENOcGLOSSA. color. After the birth of tile Mollusk, the growth Order IV.-HETEROPODA. of the shell is p1romoted by additions of carbonlate Order V. —RHIPIDOGLOSSA. of limle and anIllal lmatter to thle lip or circuniferSub-order —PODOPTHALMA. ence of the aperture. This is effected by secretion Sub-ormder-DICRANOBRANCHIA. flo'n, tile edges of tile mantle which lie ill conOrder VI.-DocoGLossA. tact, the soft deposit becoming calcified oil exposure Sub-order-PROTEOBAANC HIA. to tile air. llhe external skin or epidermis which bSub-order —ABImANCIA. covers tile shell, as well as its cellular substance, is Or~der VYII. -POLYPLAC OPIHORIAt. exuded from the collar or neck of the animnal, thle SUB-CLAss-PULMONIFERA. more delicate porcelain-like interior and " Mothlle of Or1der VIII.-PULMONATA. Pearl " beimng secreted from the interior or visceral Sub-order-GEOPHILA. memibranes. Analysis has revealed tile presence' of Sub-order-BASSoMATOPHEoRA. sulphluric and mnurlatic acids inl tie saliva of some MolSUB-CLAss -OPISTHOBRANCCHIATA. lusks. 11This fact sheds a degree of liglit upoii thle Order IX. —TECTIBRANCHIATA. hillierto vexed questions regardilng tile boriling habits (Order~ X. — NUrDIBRAN CHEIATA. iand destructive powers of these anlimials. Tile operSub-o'rder-PYGOBRANCHIA. culuin, seeni in uinivalves, is a horny plate, somiietimes Sub-order-POLYBRANCHIA. quite thlickenled by a deposit of limle or shell, and S~ub-or-der~-PELLIBRANCIaLATA.. adapted to cover tile openilng wllhen tile allimllal is SUB-CLA5s-PTEROPODA. entirely withiii. It is a means of defense, and in Or~derl XI. —THEcosoMao TA someln of tile large Conchls it is a falchlio-l-like weaponl, Order XII.-GYMNOSOM.A.TA. capable of considerable mimisclief.'i'le shiell of Mollusks may be considered thleir exterllal skeleton.m SUB-cLAss-a PROSOPOCEPHALA We finld certainl miuscles attached, mllainly tllose to Order XIII. —SoLENocoNHYr. serve the purpose of closiing tile valves; yet others, CLASS C. —CONCIH-IFERA. iin thle bivalves, are seen to control thle mImovement of tOde XIVDe mantle. Il tile higlher Cephalopods tile muscles Order XIV. —DIMARIA. quite resemble those of tile Vertebrates, beiig atOrder XV. —MiETARRHRIPT_. taclied to cartilages, mepreseltillg tile attaclmllellt to Order XVI.-HEITEIIOMYARIA. bones. Ceplltalopods alre furislled with Ilolmy jaws, Order XVII.-MONOMYARIA. withi wimich they secure thieir food. I'lme Helices Order XVIII.-RUDISTA. have all upper jaw only, wliicli is opposed to a GENERAL CHARACTERS.-MOLLUSCA. -GENERAL CHARACTERS. cclxiii toingue covered with silicious teeth. Iii tile Snail ously formed in a series of clhain-like liklcs. A species (Limanea) there are two accessory jaws onl the sides. of South American Snail lays eggs of the size of Bivalves have a mouth with a pair of soft meom- those of a Pigeoll, which are esteemed as food by bralleous palpi. Manliy of tile higher Mollusks have the natives. The econiomical value of Shell-fish is of a tongue, or lingual'ibbon, which is studded with no little importance. Though small anid seemirlgly small teeth that are sufficiently hlard to brea.k1 tile illsignificant as many are, tile enormous numbers of food. The bivalves have no tongue. A peculiar individuals }have rendered them an item, collectively, styliform cartilaginlous body is found ill tie stomach that geology shows to be of great significance. of some species, which is thought to be the repre- Recent statements place the number of families of senltative of a gizzard; this has beenl called tile Mollusca at three hundred, including between tweintygastric dart, and was formerly mistakenl for a tolgue. five and thirty thousanld living species. About an'I'he liver of Mollusks is always large. The renal equal numnber of fossil forms are also known. Ill tile organ is well demonstrated in nearly all species. lallguage of an author, " They hiave become tile testiLike the vertebrate intestinle, those of tile Mollusks mony of tile rocks," and "'lThe medals of creationl." are longer alid convolute in tile herbivorous species, Wlhole mlountain ranlges are formed of their disinteand sllort in the carnivorous. In bivalves tile in- grated remains. Immenlse marine deposits ale wholly testinle is very much convoluted, passillg thlroungi the tile debris of calcareous and silicious slells, tile castventricle of tile hleart, and terminiating lear tile res- off skeletolls of as many livillg animals. As food piratory aperture, wllence tle excrenelnts are washled these creatures are equally important, botli to manl away by tile water fiom tile gills. I'he hleart in- and thle inferior beasts. From thle times of tile precludes all auricle, occasionally double, wllich receives ilistoric " cave-men " to the present, tile delicious tihe blood ftom tile gills alid a venltricle for its pro- bivalve, in variety, lias hleld hIiglh ranlk as anll edible. pulsionl into tile arteries.'I'le blood is colorless, or T'e consumption of Oysters alonle is simply enormnous. pale gray. Respiration is perforlned l;lder water by Among tile various mnanlufactules of slhell, buttons the Cephlalopods, tile Acephala and the Brachio- form a large proportion. Camneo-cutting calls for pods; thley breatlie as tile Fishles do, respirillg water great numbers of the mariile Conclis. Pearls, both from whlich the oxygenl is absorbed by tile gills. precious anld the "Mother-of-Pearl," afford employ-'I'le Gasteropods are partly air-breathlillg alld partly ment for great llnumbers in all parts of tile world. water-breatllillg; thle Land Sntails are a familiar ex-'IThe byssus, or silky floss, seenl attaclled to Mussels, ainple of tile forlner. Th.'lle nervous system is repre- and by whllicll tile shlell fastells itself to otller objects, selLted by a ring of gantglia surroullding tile tlllroat ill is utilized by tile Italianls, wllo spill it ilto delicate tile Ceplialopods alid Gasteropods, anld ill tile Ace- hIosiery, whlichl resembles the finlest silk. From thle plhala it is situated oil the posterior adduct or muscle. remotest timne Whelks ilave been notable as bealers'Ilouch is tile most ilnportanlt sense to tilese creatures, of tile Tyrian Dye. Several well-kllownl species of and thlis resides in every external portion. Special- shells upoii our own coast emit a similar brillianlt ized organs exist —tle telticles, for example, whliclh plrple fluid.'I'lle growth of slells is often very are situated on tile top of tile hllea-alld may species rapid.''lle Land Srnails are mostly bienllial; tley hlave nlumerous tenltacular qappendages thlat are sell- are ilatclled ill tile sumnmer alld aulltum, and by winsitive to touch; thlese exist ill all classes.''lie en- ter timle thley are lalf growlI, arld ill a year's time ceplialous species seemn to be enldowed with a sen1se thley hlave attained full size. Gardeln Sla.ils hlave of taste, as tlheir food is selected usually witll some lived ill collfillnement eighlt years. Many of tile bicare. Smell is supposed to be a seinse of tile uni- valves, as tile Mussel, according to Woodward, valves, but not of tile bivalves. Sighlt is anl attri- attaill thleir full growth ill one year.'I'lle Oyster bute of tile hligller forms. Many or tile Ceplialopods colltillues four or five years alnd thleln ceases to grow ilave well-developed anlld very beautiful eyes, somne outwards; after this tile sllell colItillues to tllicken. beinlg sessile, mIIuch resemblin g thoso of tile Verte- Solne Mollusks are nlotable for tenacity of life. Mr. brates, alld othlers are onl foot-stalks. Some of tile Gray, of the Britishl lMuseutm, received a living Ponld bivalves ilave nullllerous eyes, situated ainonlg tile ten- Mussel from Australia, whliclh had remained out of tacular filalnents of tile mantle. Hetaring is accorded water Ilore tllanll a year. Pond Sllails are ofteln to tile hligher Cephlalopods, some hlavilig external ears found ill mahlogany whlichl is brougllt from Hlolnduras. alnd auditory capsules, connected with auditory Ilerves; Olle naturalist ill Calcutta found silells livillg ill his these capsules contaill one or more otolites, or ear- cabiiet tlat hlad beeni tlere five years. bonies. Voice is absellt, witl a very few exceptionls. T'l'e permanlency of Mollusca is well provided for by'l'lle Ceplhalopods squeak, alnd einit a sort of groall, tleir fecundity.'l'he spawni of a sillgle doris is est iwhenl renioved froll tile water; and some Nudibran- mlated by Darwin to contain six hIlundred thousand chiates are credited with tile same functioll. Repro- eggs; a River Mussel produces thrlee iluIldred tliouduction is effected in tile ilighler forlns by tile agency sand youllg ill a season. Th'le aquatic species Ilave of two inldividuals. Tile Ceplialopods and nearly all many enemries, or thley ilave a numelrous followillg of tle Marine Gasteropods are of thlis group. Others that look to thlem for subsistence. TI'e terrestrial are monoecious, tile sexes being united ill olle inldi- Slhell-fishl are less exposed anlld wisely plallned.'i'hev vidual.'l.'lle eggs of Marine Mollusks are deposited lay fewer eggs; collsiderable inlstinctive care is eviill clusters or in masses upon tile rocky bottonms, or dently taken of tliern. T'he gleat bird-like eggs of often upoI floatinlg d6bis. Manly of tlhem are curi- thile tropical Bulilni are placed carefully witlhin leaves cclxiv CEPHALOPODS. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODS. and cemented over to protect tllein from eemies. Th'Ile Molluscan F auna of tile Unlited States is estiI.'le oceanic Slail, or Janlthina, carries hIies in a Imated as follows: Lalld Shells, three hunldred spefloating raft alonlgside lher beautiful vessel, securely cies; Fluviatile Gasteropods, six huidired species; attaclled. Tlhe Argonaut holds hlers within tile pro- Freshi-watler Mussels, sevell hunldred species; Marine tectinlg folds of her mantlile. Thle River Mussel anld Mollusks of tile Atlanltic, six hunidred species; and Cyclas are said to carry their young within the mlan- al)out tile same number of tile latter oil thle Palcific tle until tile period arrives for thein to shlift alolle. side —il all, lleiarly tllree thlousanlld species. CLAss-CEPHALOPODS.'I'Hn Molluscous animals, althoughl havinlg 110 creature lost two of its arms by amputation with skeletol - properly speakillg, no backbone —yet a ihatchlet; a portion of one of these measured ninleoultranllk all others of tile In-vertebrate series by tile teen feet in leligth, tile total lenigth of tile arm beillg perfection of their circulating system, alnd tile as- estimated at about tilirty-five feet. Althougil tilis similatinlg alid reproductive organs. 0l tilis account specimen was estimated to be one tilird larger tilan tiley are fairly placed nlext succeeding tile Ierte- tile o0le ill Logie Bay, yet tile large suckers or discs brates. T'Ihe Cephialopods are plainlly tile hligilest ill were scarcely one twelftil largel tilanll those of tile orgallizatioll, alld naturally are arrallged in front of latter.'I'ls feature is regarded as a good sexual tile great class. Certaill features, conmmon to tile distinction amolIr Squids, tile relative smalllness ot hligiler allilnals, are Iloticeable in tile more perfect ex- tile discs indicating tile female. l'he body of tilis amples of tile group. lThle head is large, alld sepa- ilndividual was estimated to be ten feet long, alld two rated from tile body by a neck; tile eyes are very and a ilalf feet in diameter; tile arms thirty-two feet lairge alId comnplex; the ears are developed collsider- lolIg, and, allowing two feet for tile lead, tile total ably; and tile moutlh is arned, as ill some Fislies, witil lellgtll forty-four feet. Iln tile same year allotler stout beaks.'The Nautilus and Argonaut alone, of specimen, similar in dimensions to tile last, was seen tile living( tribes, ihave externlal shells; tile rest are drifting, tail first, ill a hleavy sea at Coombs' Cove, termled naaked Ceplialopods because the silell is Newfoundland. Seizing hold of a rock it mnoored internal.''lle typical Cepilalopods were well de- itself safely, and was tilen pulled ashore by some scribed by Aristotle, but it remailed for Prof. Owen men. Verrill Ilotes a specimen wilicli he designates to determline certaill facts regardillg their internal Numlber Six, as ihavilig beenl cast ashiore at Fortune organization.'The iik0 or sepia, containled ill a bag, Bay. Tlhis mleasured forty-two feet ill lellgth; body is discharged for defellsive purposes anlld is so inde- alnd ilead togetiler, twelve to thlirteen feet; alld tile structible tilat it is often founld ill a fossil state coIl- two long arms tilirty feet each. Anotlher, captured nected witil tile silells. Thl'le skill of Cepilalopods is ill tile Straits of Belle Isle, was fifty-two feet long; remlarkable for its cilalngeable llature; tile cells wlicll tile longest of tile long arms thirty-seven feet; andl compose it are alterllately closed alId opened, by tile body fifteell feet. All of tilese are referred to whlicil tile colorinig matter is colndelnsed or dispersed, tile species Archliteuthiis nmollacilus. Aliillals of tilis alnd a colIstalit cllallge ellsues. Belonli presellts class llever float upon tile surface whlen alive or Ullfioures of several forms of thlis class utlder tile niames iljured; collsequelltly, most of tile specimens whlici Octopus, Lolligo, Sepia alId Calacmero, all wilicil Ilave Ilave beell takell were woullded, or alrleady dead, alnd been retailled ill tile modernl nomenclature. Rolide- were ilelplessly driftiling sllorewarld. let, also, ilas excellellt figures of several. It lla.s beell THE GREATER DEVIL-FISH (Architeuthis princlearly delllollstrated by Steellstrup, HIaltillg alld ceps, Verrill). —'lhis prillce of ilollusca, imlllmortalized othlers, thlat several distinlct species of gigalltic tel- by tile entertailning descriptioll of Victor iHugo ill arlied Squids inlilabit tile Atlalltic waters; but The Toilers of the Sea, is also called GIANT SQUID anld unitil lately their existelice hlad lnot beell credited by GIANT CUTTrLE. Prof. Verrill colisiders tilis species Ilatlurlists. TIlle occurrence ill recelt years of sev- as hlavillg a more elollgated form of body tilall A. eral of tilese enlormlous creatures oil our own shlores mollachlis. A specilneu of Arclliteutilis, captured was, tilerefore, a surprise to some extent; alnd it is ol tile coast of Newfoulldlalld ill 1877, was preselved 1now asceltailled thlat tlley ilave beell frequently seen in alcolhol, and exllibited ill tile New Yolk Aquarilln, and occasiollaly secured by fishlermen oil tle coast where careful measurements proved it to be about of Newfoundlalld, wlho regard tile flesh as valuable tile same size as tile otilers already noted, tile body for dog's Imeat. Prof. Verrill, in Am. Jour'. Sci. and being ten feet, and tile long telltaculnar acr1lls thilty Arts, vol.: vii, p. 158, cites twelve Alllerican examn- feet. On 2d November, 1878, at'l'lbimble'I'ickle, ples, portions of five of wllich lie lhad been able to Newfoundland, lnot far from tile shlole; olle of these study. T'he most comlplete specimlell wilichil lns Giallt Squids was seen by some fishlermell. its large come ulider scientific observation, was captured ill glassy eyes peeled at thlem, anld its great sypllon Novernber, 1873, ill Logie Bay, Newfoundlanld, en- pumped tile water vigorously, whllile at intervals the tagled ill Herrilg-llets. About tile same time ilnk was tllowlI out iln great qualltities.''The monster allotller monlster Cepllalopod, ill Conlception Bay, at- was agrounld, and was soon secured by na grapllel; tacked two men in. tlheir boat. Ill tile enllcoullter, tile tile tide receded, left thle creature exposed, and deatlh DIBRANOHIATA. -MOLLUSCA. —- COTrOPODA.. cclxv ensued, as it requires to breathe unider the wvater, oval sac, alluded to above, incloses a small, but very like Fishes, by means of gills. One of tile arms was long convoluted tube, ending ill a muscular vas de stated to measure thirty-five feet and the body fesens, conltaininllg inlnumerable spermatozoa." The twenty feet, and is the largest recorded at the date hectocotyle of the Argonaut was considered a paraof its capture. sitic worm, described unldcer the lane T'ricocephalus. Architeuthis megaptera, Verrill. —This is much It is similar to tile others.'lhough tilelittle Spirula smaller than alny previously-kniownl species, thle length is the only species found onil our coast that has a shell of body and head being only nlineteen inches, andl resembling those larger Cephlalopods, yet it will prove tile total length forty-three inches. T'hie color is initeresting, ino doubt, to the reader to knlow that reddish-brown, speckled with darker brown, much as throu'gh the observations of Madame Power, who in tile common small Squids.'Ih'lis unlique specimen made extensive studies of this class, tile anatomy was cast ashore near Cape Saple, N. B. and tile functions of tile various or'anls are pretty Possia hyatti, Verrill, is pinkish inll color, thickly well understood. Fanciful notions have long been spotted wi thi purplish-brown above, paler and minore entertained concernimig tlhe Nautilus alnd Argonaut. sparsely spotted beneath and oil outside of tile long Aristotle described tile latter as a little ship floating arlnls; inner side of arms and front edge of mantle, oil the surface of tile sea, and, inl finie wveather, holdpale. Rossia sublavis is larger and relatively stouter i1mg up its sail-slhaped armns to tile breeze-a pretty than tile preceding. Both species were takeim in fable enougoh, but untrue.'l'Te "sail-like " arms are Massachusetts Bay, and are new to science. used to closely envelop tile delicate paper-like shell as a protection, and tile shell is secreted from tile ORDzR —DIBRANCHIA'I:A. edges of these " dorsal arnus," as thiey are called. The animal is not connected with tihe shell by muscles, The animal in this division is naked, and is formed but holds upon it by clasping as above described. to swim. The head is distinct; the eyes are sessile IThe Agonautidte are regarded as ranking first.'Ilhe and prolninent; some have eight and some have tell next inll order is armns. h'lhe body is usually provided with finls; anll FAMILY OCTOPODIDAI.-In this group tIhe ink gland is always present. Its hiabit is nocturnal arms are similar, alnd united at tile base by a web. or crepuscular. T'he shell is represented by two short styles, en~OC'P~OPODA. ~veloped withimm tile substammc e of tile umanitle. Several OCT'OPODA. genera are recognlized, Octopus, froim Octo, eiglmt, T'lme mnamie of tlhis group is derived' fromm its armms indicatimig thIe numnber ofr' feet or telmtacular arms, as beimmg eighit im mmumber. T'ie males of thIe Octopods they are called.'l'he body ill this geius is generally are comparatively scarce; and in l imamy species, ommly warty or cirrhose.'lhere are no flms.''lie airms thIe females are knowmm. A singular and receintly- are lomg and unequal; the suckers im two rows.'mhe discovered fact is that thIe real immales of tile Argo- Octopods are tihe Polyp: i of Hoimmer amld Aristotle, naut and several othmer allied formus are simmgle armis of ammld in later timmes were ca.lled Poulpe.'Ilmey are tile Octopod, called hectocotyle, wImici were previ- solitary ill habit, frequentimlg rocky sliomes, but are ously mmistaken for parasitic worms.'l'hese arms very active and voracious. Il tlhis coummtry they are found to be ciarged with spermlatozoa. Cuvier are little klmown, tmoug h quite large species are desciribes tile hiectocotyle of Octopus gramlulatus as f'oumld iml tile waters around FPlorida, almd ill tile Gulf five imlches il lenigtlh, anid resembles a detaclhed armn of Mexico. In Naples and othier AMediterralleaml ports of tile Octopus, its umder surmface being bordered with thiey are exposed for sale as food.'Prof. Forbes oiforty or fifty pairs of alternate suckers."' Dr. Kolli- serves tlmat tile Octopus, wlheim at rest, coils its dorsal ker, of Messimla, describes aimotliher, tile liectocotyle of armtiis over its back. Th'lis wvould seemi to indicate a Triemioctopus, which was 11" adheringig -to time iiinteriorm foreshadowing of tile developimenit of tile shell ill of tihe gill-chamiber and furimel of' tile Poulpe. The higher species, as tihe Argomaut, which i, tihe latter body is worm-like, withi two rows of suckers oil tihe is secireted fi'omm thIe dorsal armin. \Voodward records ventral surface, amid man oval appeidage oii thIe poste- forty-six species, aid it is probable that imore have rior end.'llie anterior part of tihe back is friligod beei discovered sinice. with a double series of branchial fileaments (twvo iun- BAIRD'S OCTOPUS (Octopus bair'di, Yer'ill).-'l.his dred aild fifty oil eaclh side). T''le suckers, forty oil is tie first Ceplhalopod of this order tthat hIas beei each side, closely resemible those of thIe'lmemloctopus, recognized as inhabiting tile waters onil our coast. in miniature. Between tile suckems are fourm or five During tie operatioms of the U. S. Fisliey Comiseries of pores, tile opemimigs of iminute caieals, pass- mission in the Bay of Fiindy, ill tile sunimmer of 1872, ing into the abdomminal cavity. Thie Imouthm is at thIe several specimenis of an Octopus were dredged, whichi anterior extremity, aid is miniiute and simiple.'lime provedl to be new to sciemice. Pirofessor Veiirill dealimentary canal ruis straight through tile body, scribed tihe species ill tile American Vatura'list, vol. niearly filliig it. Th'lie heart is in thIe middle of tile vii, 1873, rrom which we extract the following: back, betweem tile bmaicimie. It coisists of all aimi- "It seemis to be inot umicommimoi below sevemity-five ole and a venitricle, and gives origin to two large ves- fathmolis, judgimig fr-omim time fact that we minet with it sels.'Ihere is also ai amtery amid veimi on each side, in five diftem-emmt localities. All tile speciimenis ohgivimg branches to time br-amchmial filamemuts. Nerves taimued were imales, amid it is probable that tile feimnales extemd along tile intestimue, with omme ganglion.'I'lie mime mimdi lam-gem- thman tile males, as in othmer species VOL. I. —" cclxvi DECAPODA. —MOLLUTSCA. —PTEROPODA. of the genus. Most of the specimens were kept counterpart of a forceps, and serving precisely thle alive a few days in order to observe their habits." purposes of that iiiiplenIienit. A Fish seized witlih such Like other species noticed, it is nocturnal ill its a power is surely conveyed through the flexibility habits. "Th'lle lenogth of the largest specimen, in al- and conltractile power of the tenitacles to the voracohol, exclusive of its arnms, is one and three qcluarters cious jaws of the animal.'These jaws are almost all icllhes; breadth of body onee aild one qua.,rter. Whlen exact copy of the beaks of a Parrot.''Thle sliell of living,. thle color was usually pale, trallllucent, bluish- the livitng Decapods is either a horny pell (gladius) white, thickly speckled with liglht orangle-brown and or calcareous bone.''lIe former is a colorless, trallslark brown." Specimens were taken off Head iar- parelnt, mica-like object, in somle species curiously bor, Calipo Bello, ill seventy-five and eiglhty fathoms, like a quill pell; even the point and trunlcated nib of and off Grand Melean. Prof. Verrill concludes " I tile form is simulated. first dredged this inlteresting species while oni the FAMILY LOL[GOPSIDA]h.-Loligopsis pavo coinl-' Mosswood,' in company with Prof. Baird, in honor prises the whole of this fimily in our North Atlanltic of whom I lhave Hnamned it. * * *'here is no waters.'lIhis creature inhabits the highll seas, and is other species knownl oil the American coast north of a powerful swimlmer. Stimpson found it alonlg thle Cape Hatteras. 1'lhe southern species is very much New Englalnd coast. larger, mid very diffelrent ill many respects." FAMILY ONYCHO'l'EU''HIDAI.-'l'Ie aninals Octopus gra;nulatus, LLama'c7k.-During the dredg- comprisillg this famlily are called Squids or Calallning carried onl by the U. S. Fishery Commission in aries, and frequent the openi seas of all cliimates. Vineyard Sound, in thle summer of 1877, a specimen Thle genus Oinmastrephles and two species, sag-ittatus of Octopus was takel, wlhich is supposed to be iden- and bartrami, are all that belolng to tile t'alniily onl tical with this species. tile North Atlantic shores.'l'he formlier species is DECLAPODA. especially abundant oil the shores of Cape Cod. Prof. Verrill informed us that lie lhas seen tile Squid T'lle name of tlhis group, which means ten-footed, dart upon Fishes, and nip out a piece of the ineck or is derived froln its hlaving eiglht real arims anid two back of the head, anld this lie regarded as their usual telltacular oiies, called tentacles; the latter beinig methiod of capturing prey. elonlgated anid usually smooth aiid round, exceptiiig FAIILY LOLIGINIDEJ, conisists of tile genus near tile ends, where they are expanded anid armed Loligo, with thle two species, punctata aiid peali. with pedunculated suckers, or discs, each with a "'l11e formier," says Dr. DeKay, "is the oiily oie I horniy rinl, tile exterior surfaces of whlichl are Irilnute- have noticed onl the coast of New York; tlle latter ly serrated.'l'lThe body is obloiig, and provided with is foumnd oil the coast of Southl Carlolia." a pair of fills. Il Sepia, anid several other genera, the FAIILY SPIRULIDXA is especially circ.umiscribed, temitacles are comiipletely retractile into pouches situ- but onie livimg genus being found. Spirula frlagilis is ated beneath the eyes; ill-the famliliar gemius Loli go tile only examlple knowni. Th'le shell is found occathey are partially retractile in tile same m1anner. siolally thrown ashore onl our beaches; aiid is very'Ilhese loug- arnis serve to seize their prey, and coil- abundl)lll t ol the Gulf coast, associated with Janvey it to the mnoutll, alld, in the genus Chiroteuthlis, thilia.'We have seeii the beachles lined with themn measure six tiiiies the length of the short oles. A at hig-h-water ilnark.'I'lhe livinlg animal has very selportion of the sucker-arnied extreinity of the tenlta- domii been seeii.''li'is little shell approaches near ill cles is adapted for the close conltact alld adliesioii of structure to the beautiful Nautilus, anmid the ancieut the two for a short distaniice, thus forlminig all exact and extincl t Orthioceras anld Amiiiiiioiite. CLss -PTEROPODA. IN this class the hlead is mnore or less distilct; there they are ioslly found oil the broad ocean. Some are nio eyes; tile miioutlh is often furniishled witlh cup- species ale the principal food of the Right Whales. shaped appl)edages. O0l tIhe sides of tile mlotutll there are two appendages or fins, andll two or four in ORDIl-''lISCOSOAI'A. others, oil thle sides of thle body, betweell tlhe head Ill this order tile gills are initernlal, anld thle body anid abdomnen, oftell furinishied with a smiall iliter- of tile anliInal enclosed in a shell. mediate lobe betweell thlemim, apparenltly tIle rudimlellt FAMIY CAVOLINIDzE. —The shells are synimieolf a oot of Gasteropods. Tile body is ovate or trical, eloimgate, or globular, anid calcareous in strucrounidishm, ol tei enlclosed inl a tllill, comnical, cylindri- ture.'T'lIe gills are in pairs.'I'le anilnial has two ca.l, or sub-globular shlell, with a tralnsverse, con- united fims, withiout any posterior foot-like appemidage tracted mlouthl.''llhe inldividual is of omne sex, prob- betweeml theim. Omme gemnus, Diacria, anld one species ably.''lle anilllal is free, floatillig oil tile surface of comprise thlemmi. thle oceanl, aided by thle use of.its fills. Alost are FAMILY CYMJAl3ULIIDiE. —'I'his famllily emmbraces lioctumall o' crepusculiar ill hlabit. Four familllilies bjut oe geus, Psyche, aid ome species, P. globosa. are ellummelrated ais belomtigig m to this class, emibraced'l'lie body is oound aiid diaphlamious, witlh a beautiful ill two o-ders. Little is kimowim of tlhese follnls, as puI-le visceIral sac. GASTEROPODA. MOLLUSCA. GASTERIOPODA. Cclxvii FAMILY LIMACINIDIE.-O0ne genus anlid two species comprise this family. The shlell is spiral, transparent, with a distinct spiral anld vitreous'I'he body ill this order is nakedl, lhaving no shell. operculumn. Heterofuscus balea was founld along tile The head is distinct. I'There are two or four wings at coast, from Cape Cod northwards, by Stimpsol, wilo the junction0 between the head and the body, with a named it Spirialis gouldi. It is mitiute, only one- central intermediate lobe or rudimentary foot. Th'lle tenthi of an inch in length, anlld resembles anl ordinlary gills are exterior. shell of Gasteropod. H. retroversus is a species FAnMIY CLIONIDE.-T'I'Ie animal is fusifornm; found abundantly at Nahant by Mr. Alex. Agassiz. tile hlead with l a, series of conlical prominenllces oil A.n interesting account is given of its habits ill eachl side.'I'lhere are two willgs, with a celitial, footGould's Invertebrata of Macssachusetts. like appelindage betwee tlieii.'I'lIlee are two genera. CLASs-GASTEROPODA.'I'His great division in the loiollusca is character- differing olnly in size from the parent.'I'le water ized by individuals having a distinct hlead, which is breathers have a sniall nautilus-like shell at first, furnished with eyes and tenltacular appendages or which conceals them enltirely at will, alld whlic is feelers. The body is usually protected by a spiral or closed by an operculuin.''lhey do not creep, but conical slell.''The lower part of the body is formned swimn with ciliated finls, which are forllmed upon tile into a thickened, expanded creeping disc or foot. sides of their hlead. By this means Nature ihas proThe Gasteropods, including the Land Snails, Sea vided that thlough they are quite circumscribed wihen Snails, Whelks, etc., are regarded as particularly fully grown, they may be widely dispersed when typical of the MIollusca, presenting a1ll the leading younlg. This form of- young Mollusk nay be fairly features of the class oroganization ill aprominent de- compared to tile larva of insects.'IThe young of tile glree.'T'hey are less like the Fishles than tile Cephal- fresh-water Gasteropods are perfect, though thiey opods, and less in resemlblanllce to the Articulates nIlay not be seetn by tile naked eye. Dr. Gill says: and Zo6phytes than the Bivalves.'lle ordinary and "Thlle prinicipal nlodifications of structure are excharacteristic mode of locomotion is exemplified by hibited il tile following groups, to which!have been tihe common gardenl Snlail, which cr'eeps by successive assignied tile ralnk of sub-classes: 1. The Diocea; expansion anld contraction of its broad foot. Gas- 2. The Pullmzonifeg'a; 3. The Opisthob?anchiata; teropods are nlearly all unlsymnlmetrical. T'lhe body is 4. The Polyplacophora; 5. The Prosooocephala; coiled spirally, aid tile respiratory organls of tile left 6. The Pteq'opoda." Ullder tile class Gasteropoda, side are usually undeveloped, more or less. III tlle Binnley gives tile followinig arrangemnenmt of siells Chliton alnd Denltaliumm tile bralllchise aend reproductive founld oil tie coast of New Eng(lald: organis are repeated onl each side. A few species are FANIi-Y BULLIDAEI emibraces seven genera and viviparmous, iicludilig thie Ielices; thle rest.are egg- fifteei species. MaIlly of thiemim are delicate, bubbleb)eariig. Gasteropods have what is terimed aill odon- like slhells, as tile f-aimily itaunie imports (see Plate tophore —a " toothl-bearelr," or liiigual ribboni, situated 4, figs. 1, 2, 3, anid 4). Several species are founid ill withinii tile mimouthi, wlhich is beset with fine chli.tillous tie stommaclls of Cod atid otlher Fisiles takenm iii tile teetli. Th'le odontophore is a curliously-developed deep water oil Grand aid George's Bainks. We iave organ, which has beeni described by Huxley as con- frequenltly takeli thielmi ill this lmallnner from Fishes sistillg "essenltially of a cartilaginlous cushlion, sup- caught off Naliallt. poltimng, as om a pulley, aim elastic strapl,, whlicl bears Ii tile older Nludtibranzchiata tilere atre six famnilies a long series of tranlsversely-disposed teethi''lie of very initerestilg f'orms.'1'1e creatures whlichi are emids of tile stiap arle comimmected withi liluscles, at- iincluded heoe are lnaked, hlavimg mo slhells, but mllalmy taclmed to tihe upper atlmd lowe' surlfaie of tile hliliclder are beautifully decoratedt withi branllcimig breathilng extremuities of tile cartilaginlous cusiiois. IThllese organls anid tentacular-like appemidages (see Plates imuscles, by their altelllate conltractions, cause tile 4, 5, 6). Manlly species are founid clillgimg to llmasts tootllhed strap to work backwarld amid forward over anlld spars aloulld tile doclk-yards. Several forms tihe end of tile pulley formed by its am.terior emid. T.le lhave beemi dredged by Dr. Stinipsoni in tile waters strap consequently acts aftel Ilie fashlioll of a clhain- aroulild Boston Halirbor, aiid at Gramd IlMemian.'Ime saw upoin ally substanice upoi whliclh it is applied." beautiful Demidromlotus.arboescems is foulid ili pools h'liis linigual ribbon, as well as tile liard, liormuy sub- amonlg tile Alg'e at low tide alonlg tile shores of Nasta.lnce wlhiclh closes time apeltume to tile Gasteropods, IIalllt amid Swampscott. Eleveim species of Eolis ame is imuipoLtamit in tile matter of classificatiol, bothi be- IIow kllownl.'lime extreme beauty of some, amd outred ijlg mOuch used at presenlt as guides.'Ilie teethi of appearanuce of learly all, remnder them objects of great time foimer are particulally regarded. h'lie Gastemo- imitemest. Mammy aie like Catempillars ill tiheir aspect pods form two natural gioups, onte comuprisimg tile aid mnode of locomumotion. airbbreatlimg forms, alld tile othier thlose beatlinig FAsIImY CH'IlONEIDAZ contains thie peculiar thilougil tlme medium of wate', like tle Fisihes. Trlose muiltivalve sliells, silield-slmaped, and composed of of the first gtioup are apparently pelfect whiein borim, mnummeromus pieces. A few sinall species are foulid ol cclxviii PULMONIFERA. -MOLLUSCA. PULAIONIFERA. shore, but most of tihem, very slnall, are taken ill tile Th'le genus Purpura includes formls that emit tile stomachs of Fishes. We Ilave collected fille large beautiful'l'yrian dye.'I'lhese shells are very abunspecies on tile coral rocks of. Plallntation Cay, Florida, dant ol tile ocks at N.llahant, and thlle least disturbReef. Eigllit species are recorded, ill two oellera. ance of anll individua, l is followed by a flow of the FAMIL,Y DENTALl.IDXA elbraces the small horn- puriple fluid, staLillilng tile hand very positively, if like tubular shells, with two genera, and two species. touchlied. Dr. Gould well remliarks tlla,t "Whllile there FAMILY PA'l'ELLID/E is represented by two gen- is all illdividuality to thlese shells, by which they are era and three species, colllprisilng the little''knee- easily reconllized, vet there are scarcely two alike in panl shells." marklillgS, so varied are the stripes, alnd infinitely FAMIIY CALYPTRlE IDZE illcludes tile little varied the details."'Boat-shells," Crepidulm, alld the exquisite little FAAUILIY MUR[CIDAi, lhas seven gefnera alld fonrClhemorit noachilna.'Ihell the alnthillas, those teeul species; tall its mnelbers are notable and familiar. beautifully inldigo colored waifs that float upon tile I'llhe Fusus is a hlandsomne shell; and thle Busycon broad ocean. One species onlly is kniown lere,,lld is leal'ly tile largest of tile class havinig a hlabthat is cast ashore durinlg gales of wind. itation ol our shores.'ITh'le spawn of tlis shell is FAMILY TROCHIDYE has three genera and tell particularly interesting; it is found cast upoI species. Paludinida hlas three genera and seven beaches, anld resembles a coil of shlaving just from species, found in the fiesh-water streams and ponlds an augur or plale. It consists of a number of discs of New England. Littorinidce'number five genera of membrane, about anl inch or less in diameter, and sixteen species; Scala'iidce, one genus and three strunlg upon a tough cord; the wlhole havillg a spiral species; Turrqitellidce, two genera and six species; form.'When tile eggs within these discs are Inature, and the Ceerithiidce, two genera and tllree species. a small openinlg is disclosed in the edge of each, and The beartiful and rare Rostellaria., now called Aporr- from tlhis the minute and pe/fect shells emerge.'Ihe liais occidentalis, is a prominent species of this large species, B. canaliculatum, is sometimes found falmily.'t'he exigencies of science hlave rudely sub- onil tile shores of Cape Cod, but is comlmon farlther stituted a name of doubtful euphlony for the pleansing south.'I'lle largest of tile class is the B. carica; Rostellaria. The former great rarity of this shlell not so elegalit in shape, though llaving niore color. lias endeared tile old 1name, as well as its familiar Family Cancill(,riidce has two genera all(l two species. form. A species nmuch like this we hlave received in Plror. Verrill, of Yale College, has given us the considerable numbers, ill a fossil state (Post Plio- following information as to a few species whlich cene), fromll a friend in Mississippi. Pyranmidellidce have lately been determliled as inhabiting our coast. lhas foulr genera amd twelve species. Buccilnuln tenue, Gray; dredged alive in conlsiderFAMILY VELU'INIDAi has tile delicate little able nlumbers off Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, inl eighltyear-shlell (Velutina llhaliotoidea) whiich is said to be eighlt to ninety-two fitlionis. 1. cyanenm, Brug; found among sea-weeds neal,r shore. Formierly it only taken with tile last, living, and about equal inl abunlcame to notice thlrough tIle overilaulinlg of' fishes' danlce. Ilithierto it, has been considered eminenitly stoimnachs, where it, is very cominoll, associated arctic; others lhave since been taken off Sable Islanld. wit,l many other sinall shells t,lat seemi to live ex- Neptnllea propinmqua (Fusus propilmqus, Alder); a clusively il deep water. h'llese shlells the Cod anld numlber of finle specimneils takell witli the precedilng. deep-water Fislies feed upon in winter.'lThe Nati- Triopa lacer, Lovell; " T'his interestinig addition to cida are lmotably sizable shells; six genera ane our F;aula was dredged in 1877 at several localities klow\Yn, aid ilille species.'I'lle N. hieros, now called il Manssachusetts Bay, in fobrty to fifty fathoms, alid Luilatia heros, is a lmlost fl, mniliar shell uponi tle off Nova Scotia in eighlty to onie hiulidred fathonis. lorthllerll beaches; several snmall species are fouiid in Scyllsea edwardsi, Verrill; a new species, taken in tile Cod. Famiily Turr itidce hias two genlera amnd eight autulnll of 1.877 by Mr. Vi ial N. Edwards, at Wood's species; Columbellidce one gelmera and four species; Hole, Massacllusetts, ol eel-grass (Zostera) in tlle alld Pntpzuidce three gemlera a,ld eight species. Imlaborl, alld in Vinleyard Sounld of floatinlg Sargassiln. SuB-cLAss-PULMONIFERA (Land and Fresh-water Mollusks.) FAMItLY HELICIDA, emibraces eleveni gemnera and it is also the largest Snail. Its ranige, bothl recent fifty-four species. Thllis is aln initerestinig as well as amid fossil, is tile same as the latter. II. hiortenisis numnerous aid fainiliar group; mnainy are small anid (Garden Smnail) lhas, at one time lolg' sinice, beeml iiiincoispicuous, but all hlave pretty forlns.'llThe 1mouths troduced into thie couitry friom Englanid, where it is or lips of tile shiells are beaultifully varied, mamly of'very commolllo. It is conifimled to tile eastermi portionis thelnm resemblilog the coilfigulationl of tile ears of ani- of New Englanid, anid is founld as far north as Greeimmals. h'lie Coimmnoll Helix (H. alterllata) is founld lanid. It is a beautiful shell, havilng pleasimig colored distributed over thle emitire porItioin of Easterll Nortlh stripes elmcircling it, whliclh alre subject to great Almerica; thle Post Pliocemme beds of tile Mississippi variety. Familv A'ionidw i has omily two gemlera Valley are stored witlhi tlhem. H. albolabris is, per- kbiowli to Noltil Amlerica; t'our species ale enumehaps, tile more ftimiliar, anid is hlandsolner il form; rated, hiavig' tile hlabits o' tIle Ielices. CoNoaIrERA. -.MOLLUSCA. —BRACIIOPODA. CcIxix FAMILY PHILLOMYCIDiE are naked Mollusks,) FAMILY LINNiAIDAE frequellt quiet or sluggish resembling Slugs or Lilnces, with one genus and streamls and ponds. Many species glide alonlg the two species. Aurictlidce is an amphibious fiamlily; surface of tlle water, sllells downward, alnd let themnmost species arefounld i n salt; or b1rackishl waterl. I'hiree selves dlown by lneanls of a gluti ous tlhread.'here ale genera are known, and as many species. six genera and twenty-five species in New England. CLAss —CONCHIFERA (Bivalves). IN this great division the hlead is indistinct, and FAMILY A.ACl RAD1E. —III GREAT CLAiM (.Macthe mouth has elongate fleshy lips or palpi. The tra solidissilma), so-called onl te Massaclusetts b)ody is covered with a bi-lobed mantle, each lobe coast, is the desiglated represenltative of this famlily. protected by a shelly valve; there are two lamellar'1lhree gellera and six species are knowll. Family gills oil eacll side; tile foot, is ulnder the body, lfelliadca conltaiins three genelra. Falmily Gastrochceusually comllpressed and keeled. llThe individuals are nidce two genera. The Petricola, a burrowing shlell, aquatic anlld bi-sexual.'The lolre fallmiliar exailples is common oil our beaclies. Saxicava is found inof this class are the Oyster and Clam. Though less habiting solid substances, iln holes bored proglessivenumerous in species, they are said to be more abul- ly as it grows. Family Tellinidc has two genera danlt individually.']'le habits of some are exceedin~g- aiid four species. Family Lucinidcj conltainls several ly surprisiig aiid interesting; tIhe borers and burrow- rare forms, seldoli seen; two geniera aid three ers exlibitinlg most unlexpected powers. Th'lle most species. Lucitia radula was so rare at the tiiiie compact rock is not too hard for the Pholos to pene- Stimpson published his Shells of New EEngland, lie trate, alld the Teredo forces its way thlrouli the regards it as importaint to record tile fieldinlg of a hardest tiimber. A recent analysis has determilned specimen alive after a storii. Fanmily Cycladidce.that acids, capable of softemimig the rock, are fould l'wo gellera amid sixteen species. Famiily Cyjprinidce ini the secretioiis of thmese borlimg Shell-fisli. contains thie beautiful chestnut-colored alid chestnutFAMILY P1IOLADIDE.-Thiis fuamily contaiins the shaped Astarte, iiiiie species, and oiie of Gouldia. celebrated T.'eredo, which proves so destructive to Aiiothier genus, Cypriina, has oiie species, the finiliar ship timber. Six species are kiiowii ili our waters. Rounid Claim of the more nothierli beaches, which is h''liree other geiiera are known, and four species. somietimes mistaken for the Venus inercenlaria.''hie FAMILY SOLENIDAE includes thle Swoird-shell epidermis distiiguisies it. Famiiiily Veneridce.-Four (Solen eiisis), aiid h!as. six gelera recorded.'T'le genera aiid six species, ilcludilng the miotable Qlahiog. Solemya velum of this fam'ily is ain exquisitely-formled Venus mercenlaria; this shell is niot founld nlortll of and colored shell, thoughi of sober colors; the rich Cape Cod duringl late years, exceptiing ili a few very umlber and chestnut epidermiis veiled at the edges. circumscribed localities. Fanllily Cardiadce has three It was always anl eagerly-sought prize, being rare. gellera aiid six species. PFaunily Ar'cadce four geniera Several othiers, as Paniopea anld Glycyiiieris are fouiid alld fifteeml species; maniiy of them found only inl ill Fishles caught off (eorge's Banlks.'lile pretty Fishles froiii deep water. Falmlily Uzionidw. —FreshiSoleculrtis, so common011 oi our beaches, is here placed. water Mussels or Clamns; three genera are recorded FAIr,Y MYAD, E.-I'HIE CIrIAM par-excellence inl alnd elevenl species. Famlily MytilidL.-Four gelnera New En1gland, is the Mya areliaria, but as we go and nline species, illcluding the familitar' USSEL of fiarthle south it is less esteeined, as well as not so our hlarbors. Famiiily Pectenidcc.-'I'llese are eamtender nor well flavored..Mya truncata is another braiced in one genus and four species.'Th'e Scollopspecies, but little kimowin. shiell (P. irradians) is found abundamltly about Cape F]AMIIY CORBULID~A has two genera and two Cod. Some ten imiles off Poltlald tile Fish Comnspecies; small alid little knlownl. Pandoridce hlas nission dredged a large number of P. isllandicus. omme genlus and one species; a delicate, pearly shell; FAMILY OS'J'REIDE. —-Althiouighi nearly last in fouind iin Bostoii Harbor. Anatinid~. —Four genera. rank, this is a very importanlt famllily. Ostrea virgini-'lTle beautifully-slhaped Thracia conradi is of thern- iana is thle COMMON OYSTER of Chesapeake Bay. It a lrare shell, seldom found alive. We hiave a specimeni is occasiomnally found in thie vicinity of Bostoni, aid at which had a portion of thie animnal adhering, the first thie mouth of thle St. Lawrenice River. Several speone known to hiave been procured in thlat state. cies are enlumnerated, but it is believed thiey are one. CLASS -BRACHIOPODA.'I'HE anl;mal of this group hias cirrated alms or I but few species living at the present day, but they oval appendages, which are free or united by meml- are founid fossil iin great abulndanlce. brane, sometimes supported by calcareous processes. FAMILY'I'ER3BRA'I'ULIDAE. —'Iere is but one'I'le class takes its niame fiom thle long firinged orgatins genus, witlhi oume species, belonginig to this faumily. wlhichl are attaclhed near tile mouth, and are regarded Fa.mily RPlynchonellid. —'l'wo gelnera and two species as designed to bring food to the mouth.'lhlere are are known. CclXX HEXOPODA.-INSE C TS. HYmENOPTERA. CLAss-TUNICATA. THE'I'ullicates are the lowest ill organization of parent, gelatinous crust, studded with minlute stars, aly of the folltsca.'I'They lhave Ino lime-covering seell on floating timnber anld sea-weeds. The Rays or shell, but are clothed in a sac-like, leathery mem- are separate animals. One species is known ill N.ew branle or tunlic; hence the namle.'I']ley are headless Englalld waters; one other genus alnd onle species is Mollusks, mostly sac-shaped, and having two open- recorded (Plate 9). Family Salpidce.-One gellus, ings.''Thle viscera are well defined, and the muscular with one species, only is recorded. ThIlle Salpa caboti and nervous systems clearly developed.'They have is quite common south of Cape Cod. Family Ascino feet nor organs of propulsion, being fixed by a diidc.-Eight genera and twenlty-six species are stenm to the bottomi of the sea or to floating objects. enumerated as inlhabiting our northern waters. BolSome are simple, single; others are compound, hav- tenia is a beautiful object. It is frequently thrownl ing several united oil one stem, or included in one upon our beaches during heavy storms. It resermbles co1mmon frame like the Astrsean corals.'Ih'ey are a kidney, supported oil a long stem, or, regarding lhermapilrodite, and undergo metamorphosis in tile its fresh, peachy blush of color, it is quite like the young state. Cypripedium or Ladies' Slipper. SEA-PEACH is a FAMILY BOTRYLLIDAE.-This is a semi-trans- common 1name amo01g fishermren. INSECTS.''HE Class of Insects, as presented by Dr. Packard, adapted for bitinog and seizing their prey, and an embraces the following three great orders: arrangement of tile mouth parts to facilitate lapI.-HEXOPODA (Six-footed Insects). ping tile honey of flowers. II.-ARACHNIDA (Spiders). Certain characteristics of development and habits III.-MYRIAPODA (Centipedes). render these Inisects entitled to the highest rank in their division.'Theier social instincts form a marked ORDER I. —HEXOPODA. feature, as well as the fact that the sexes are ill many distinct.'Th'le anatoy is complicated.'here is a In this order the segments of the body are grouped organ called tile suckilig-stomach, which connects in three distinct regions; there are two pairs of with a long cesophlagus. By some chemiical chlange, winlgs; eyes are compound anld simple; there are not understood, tile holey is produced from the food three pairs of thoracic legs, and otne pair of jointed contained in the crop, anld tilis is regurgitated into abdominal appendages. There is a Inore or less com- the honlley cells which the Bee constructs.''lhe wax plete mnetamorpliosis. which forms the cells is secreted in mixnute glands'I'lle sub-orders, comprising the first and higlier situated just under the skinl; the openings being( series, are Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, through pores in the integumnent. In the Honey Bee which usually have a cylindrical body; a small pro- these pores are situated oil the under side of tile tothlorax; the parts around the mouth arranged abdomlen. more generally for sucking; and a complete mueta- FAMILY APIAVIiE.-Thl e Honey Bee is tie ramimorphosis.'I'lhe larva is a very close resenmblance liar form prominent in this fallily. This highlyto tile adult. prized Insect was introduced into America in the'I'lie second anid lower series of sub-orders are Co- seventeenth century, and is now known over the' leoptera, Herniptera and Neeuroptera, which lhave the whole civilized globe. ThI'lere are enumerated two body flattened; tile protothlorax large and squarish; thousand species of this family. Numerous interestthe month parts usually adapted for biting; meta- ing forms are figured oil Plates 7 and 11.'I'he nearmnorplhosis inlcoInplete; tile pupa often inactive; the est native ally to tile Honley Bee il Nortllh America larva flattened, and often resemblinig the adult. is the Hul-lble Bee (Bombus). T'I'e Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa) is thie largest of tlhe group. It ihas tile SUB-ORDER — HYMENOPTERA. power to cut a tunnel into sound wood several inches, or, indefinitely. A pretty piece of its work inl the Bees, Wasps, Saw-flies and Ants are promillent American Museum, Cenitiral Parlk, New York, is exand familiar examples of this group.'l'llThere are hibited in a billet of sound whlite pine wood; which about twenity-five thousand species known, of which the Insect had penetrated its lenigthi, about threefive thousand ilhiabit thle Uiiitedcl States. A few qualtelrs of all iiich, across tIle grail, aiid tlhen bored species hlave a range as far north as Polaris Bay, aI smooth, rouiid hole, oiie to onle anid a half feet i wlhere thle Humble Bee and several Iclineunon-fiiees lengthi.'Ih'lis excavatioii is doiie by its sharlp Cllthave been fouiid living. Ifymenopterea have four ting jaws. Ill tile cells thius produced the eggs are wings, membraineous and naked; a larlge lhead; jaws deposited, oiie to eacih, and a quantity of pollen of HEXoPODA. - INSECTS. HYMENOPTEBA. cclxxi flowers carefully introduced for the several larva, to they store their nests-usually built in thile sandsubsist upon until they are mature.'iThe Ceratina, witi Insects wounded by their stings.''lie Poinpilus a smaller borer, is anu interesting example, found oil ormiosus is called illn Texas the'iarantula-killer, firom thie syringa, elder and blackberry. It bores into thile the fact that it deliberately attacks that formidable substance of thile wood and lines tihe cells with silk. Spider-the Mygale ihentzi. Dr. Lincecum states Thle stages of existences are very short. Dr. HIarris that it paralyzes the Spider by its stiing, and, puincrelates that lie knew of one that laid her eggs ill the tulrilng it, lays anll egg, and buries tile creature five hollow of anll aster-stalk onl May 15; three perfect inches ill the soil. Insects were disclosed fironom it July 28th. "Late in FAMILY FORMICAR[iE (Ants).-Nearly oiie time spring," says Dr. Packard, " the female builds thousand species of Ants have been described, and her cells, fills themni witii pollen, -and lays onie or more over two hundred species of the genus Formica. A eggs upon each one. Thus, in about two monthis, curious form, found in'Texas, called Honey Ant time Insect completes its transformations; within this (Myrmecocystus mnexicanus), has the abdomen disperiod passing through tihe egg, the larval and chry- tenided into a large globose, bladder-like form. An salid states, and then, as a Bee, living through tihe agreeable drink is made from its hmoiley by tile Mexiwinter. Its life thus spans one year." Many other cans. Dr. Lincecum describes tile habits of thIe Aginteresting forims, ihaving similar habits, are common ricultural Amt (Myrmuica mnolefaciens). "It lives ill to our country-side; tile Leaf-cutter Bee (Mega- populous communities, buildiJng mmoumds, in which chile) and Masou Bee (Osmmia) bothi buildinig and they construct neat cells, wlerein they place their weavinmg silken upholstery for their interiors. eggs and stores of grain.'he grain-bearing grass FAMILY VESPARI2E (Waspls) comprise about (Aristida stricta) grows near, anid all othIer green nine hundred species. ThIe Ihigiher forms are social growth is cleared away by tihe Aints, excepting this, in habit, and build papery domiiiciles. Th'ie lower are whiichi bears a small grain that thiey gather and store solitary, building inests ill mud or sand, ill tihe formn away for food." Several other very remiarkable formis of single cells.''The Paper-wasps build a series of are known ill thie tropical portions of Amierica, tihe cells, withi or witihout a papery covering, amd usually Ihabits of whichi would require voluimies to describe. supported by a short pedicle. The largest, and also'IThe funmilies Chriysididce anid Ichneumonidce follow miost cormmnion, of our species is thIe Spotted Wasp here. Thie latter are regarded as veiry useful to tihe (Vespa mmaculata); thile Yellow Wasp (V. arenaria) is agriiculturist,as they destroy Caterpillars im great numianother of silmiilar dimenmsions. ['hoese build papery bers, by puncturinig theimi and layinmg their eggs within, niests, commsistimng of several galleries. Like tihe Bees, to be Ihatchled aind there finlld suste aleIC. Thliere have the'Wasps hiave parasitic pests to annoy themm and beei two thlousand species described ill Europe, and feed upou their stores. Wasps are ominivorous to a it is thoughltt that there are quite as lmalmy here. great extent, but they are also savagely carniivorous. FAMILY CYNIPIDIE (Gall-flies) is alm imlteresting 1im tile early summnuer they feed muchi oil thie sweets of group which includes Insects that l)uiincture leaves flowers, but later they attack other Insects, and te anid deposit their eggs within. Calls are developed Hoiney Bee especially, as it returims ladeli withI polleli by all extraordimary cihainge ill tihe vegetable fibre, friom thIe fields.''lhey tear tile abdolnen fromn tihe and the young Insect or larva eats tihe greeu subrest of the body anid feed oi tile juices. lm this stance that has growni around him ill his egg-existencounter tihe'Wasp anid IHIornets use their jatws, iellnce; after which lie eats his way to thie outer world. cuttimig tile wiigs fri'om Flies, and even Butterflies, to Baron Ostein Sacken bestowed great attenltion to devour tihe t:runk. these forms, as well as to time Diptera, and has givemn FAMILY CRABRONIDiE (Sand-wasps, Wood- his large collection of North Ammerican Insects to tihe wasps). —''These, as a group, exhiibit mnore ilndepend- Amnericau Museum, Cemntral IPark, New York, where ence of action; tiey build nests or cells ill cyliindri- all excellent opportuinity is offered for thieir study. cal holes ill rotten wood, or they enlarge nail holes lFAMILY TEU'I'HREDINIDJE (Saw-fties).-'i'hese whiereini to construct cells for their eggs.'lihe spe- comnnect mlaturally tile F3ijmenoptera withi tile Lepicies are very numierous ill North Aimerica. NWysson- doptera. Th'ie lmrvm resermible those of tile latter, but idce, BembecidC amid Larridce are allied to this fammily, time perfect Insect is like thIe formnler.'lhe Pear-sliug but not largely represented ill species. is a fiamiliar examuple of tihe larva. Other slimy creaFAMILY SP'HIIEGIDrE.-Species of this fiamily are tlures, not pleasing to look upoen, are founid cuttimng very oramniaental ill stripes and colors, and are armed tihe rose leaves. Most singular examiiples of care fori withi powerful stinging apparatus.'lihe cells are pro- tlheir youing are told. It is said tile flemale sits watchvided withi a store of liviing Insects for thie suste- iuig tihe hatchiniig of tihe eggs, and therea'fter guatrds iniance of tihe larva whien it commes to time eating stage. tihe lalrvm from parasitic or othier enemmmies. Somee'lihe Wasp stil's its victimi or prey, but this does not species are found attackimg tile pine trees.'lie Pine kill; thus tile larv, have awaitimng thenm living food, Saw-fly (Lophiyrus) ihas proved very destructive to ais time wounded Inusect lives some days after confinue- youmng pines. mment. Tihe beautiful blue and metallic green species, FAMIrr,Y UROCERIDZE (Honteails), so called flrom with goldeuii winigs (Chilorioin) are closely:lied. time pInrominimeint hormin situated oil tIhe abdominein of' FAMILY POMPIL[DA. —Abbo ut sevemi hiuindred time tiiales. Ann ovipositor exteinds beyonmd time hmorni. species are known, spread over a wide raige, fromin tine'ley are especimlly destructive to yoummg trees, paitemperate zonme to time tropics. Like time precediing,-, ticularly pines amd firs, by piercinug thmemn. cclxxii HIEXOPODA. - INSECTS. — LEPIDOPTERA. however, more like tile feathlers of a bird in their inSUB-ORDEa —LEPIDOPT'ERA. sertion in thle skin by the quill portion. Some inButterflies and Moths make up the memnbership of stances of liermaphroditism are known among tihe this group. The term which is used to indicate them Mothls atn( Butterflies. collectively is from tile Greek, meaning "scale-wing- FA^Iru PAP.ILIONII)1E (Butteflies). —'lIhese ed." Linnmus first applied it, oil accounlt of the Diurnal Lepidopgtera atre distinguised readily tromn presence in the typical fornms of small powdery scales tile Moths by tlheir slender anrd knobbed amntelllm. upon the wings. It is a character of less importance T'here are about five thousand species known. than some others; but tile fact of its long service in Ill North America nine hundred are enumerated. the science of Elltomology gives it, like a few more Mr. Scudder records ninety-five species as found ill equally veiierable, a right of tenure that few would New Entgland.'llhe genus Papilio has over three now question. T'lhe Lepidoptera are essentially Fly- hundred species.''lIe pupm of these forms are exing ilnlsects; they lhave broad, extended wings, mnade ceedingly pretty ill outline. The perfect Flies of tile up of a h'amework of hollow "veins," within whichli genera Vanessa anid Grapt-a iare amiong tile most eleis an air-tube, arounld which thIe blood flows. The ganlt itn their sculptured wings, notched and angulatform that these tubes take in branching indicates ed ill various pleasing patterns. characters that are recognized inl tile establishment FAMrLY SPIHIING1D2E (Iiawk-?notlhs, or Humof genera and families. The legs being used only for ming-bird 2Ioths). —'lhe meinbers of this ftmlily are supports while resting, are not powerfully developed, large and stout, and capable of sustaitning a steadier and are very uniforn iii size and aspect. ThIe head ammd more lemmgthy flight tlhai tIle Butterflies. About is smiall, and tihe mouth organs but feebly developed, three hunidred or four hundred species are known, a as tihe food is mostly takeni in a liquid state by suc- large portioni beimig coninoim to tropical Amrerica. tion. Th'le thorax is proportionately large, sinice the'lhe large bird-like Moths seemm at dusk arounid flowers powerful muscles that propel thIe wings require smf- in May and Jule are prommlielnt examples of this group. ficienit space for attaclhmnent. Th'lie antemnnm are ima-'Thme great PoTATo-worM (Macrosila) is ome of tile portant organs, and mamny forms are very beautiful; largest of tihe famnily.'Thlie geimus'li'hyreus is especiailin feathery adornmient in Moths, or kinobbed in tihe ly niotable for its beautifully scalloped wimigs. Tie Butterflies. Connected with tihe tomigue is what is body, also, is well defiiied ini outline, as well as larg'e. termmed a sucking stomach, wlhich coimnects with tile Fammr,Y EGER[AD ]E is represemited by gaylyposterior enid of tile cesoplagus, openriig inito it. colored Mothls.'lhey are stimall ini size, anid lmave Two long glamnds, situated alomg the sides of tile ab- wilng's iiucli resemubliig tlhose of' Bees aitd Wasps. domiei, anid openinig by a commmmonm orifice —im tile A pretty example is tile PEACmI-TREE RovER (AAgeria). larva-are those which secrete tile silkeni miate- FAMILY, ZYGA]NIDiE is interesting as being tile rial. Wheni tile Caterpillar is about to cianmge its mnediumim of comimmection betweeni tile two groups, Diurcondition, ihavinig Imatured, these glanmds are seemi to ial anid Nocturmial.'iThe astiia exhibits strong be completely developed. Thie silk is spurll firom likemiess to tihe Butteirflies. tlhese receptacles in tihe form of a glutimmous se~cretioni, FAMILY BOMBYC~. DE includes tihe largest and wliich becomes thread-like oil exposure to tihe air. miost elegalit species of tihe Nocturnial Lepidoptera. There is complete metamiorphosis iii this group.'lie Tihe Caterpillars are varied extremiely in ormiamnentalarva are worims, anid tile pupw resemmble tile adult inll tion. Th'lie be;autiful lTussocik-niotli Woirmis are amnong most respects. Om haitchimig from tihe egg tile young them; for example, tihe 1ialesidota.'I'urfts of hmair first eat tile shelly coverinig. These, froml tihe first, are situated omm tubercular spots, whiicli are often bear a pretty close resemblance to tile full-growil highly colored. Somine familiamr foruns amie seemi oil our larva. Several imoultings take place duriing its aipple trees amid oil tile gnardem vegetables. Geniius growth, tihe worm growinig rapidly wliile freely feed- Euclea is stout atnd woolly, amid is represelmted by a ing upon. vegetable imatter of its particular choice. species which we have seeni iml Cemmtral Park, N. Y., Whieni tihe wormim Ihas reached its growth it ceases to'eedig uponi tile Syringa. Packard miamed it E. imomieat, anid commimiemces to spin a silkeni cocoon, or to tom, firoin thie fact that tile curious brownm saddle-like gather arouind it a quanmtity of dirt or bits of leaves. spot, oi tihe back, whichl remintds omme of tie " chieeseCocoons are ummore or less beautiful anid commplicated; box " or turret. Its body is very regularly elliptical, those of tile Silk-worm are hmldmm time inmost perfect. thils resemlblimbig tile liull of'a vessel. Thie goemius AtIt is estimated that tihe Silk-worim, in weaviiig its tacus embraces some of tihe largest species of Insects ccoooi, moves its hiead to anid fo, inl a zig,-za. mInail- omme'ormL (A. atlas) found in Chimila, spreadlimg mine iner, to place tile threads, about 254,000 timues. Four imuclies inl breadth of wimigs.'l'lie silk obtailled fIomi or five days are required for this process.'hI'lere are these iimsects formis amm extemisive article of coiamlmanmy cocoons of othier WVormms that are silmply made merce, and efforts have beem mimade to introduce some up of tile ilairs of tihe Caterpillar glmied together. foreigni species into our counitry for tile purpose of'lime structure of tihe wings of these Insects is exceed- raising this product. Sonme species in Central Amnmeringly interestiing, and may be well studied and ad- ica afford good cocoonis of this valuable article. mired by aid of eveim a small magnifyiug glass. Umi- P1IAL/ANID2E -Time GIe, OMETER M'OTHS Imawv der a glass time little " scales " ame seemi to be like larvm of peculiar ilabits. Soumue mime so developed shingles thiat are placed onme uponm anmothmer, exactly as that thiey progress iil tile forlnm of a loop. h'lie INchmthe latter imie on time roof of a house.'['hey are, worms ame ailm examuple. THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. ZOOLOGY. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS-(VERTEBRATA.) WHEN the immortal Cuvier published his new arrange- great centre of the nervous system, which in these ment of the Animal Kingdom, he divided all animals creatures attains a high degree of development. In ilnto four principal sections, which we still find adopted, the second place, by affording support to numerous with some modifications, by most naturalists. The other bones, varying in form and arrangement accordchanges which have been made in the contents of ing to the duties they have to perform, it constithese great divisions, in accordance with the progress tutes the centre of the skeleton of these animals-a sort of zoological science since the death of the great of bony framework which at the same time serves French comparativeanatomist, have principally affected to protect the more important internal organs, and the three lower groups established by him, and the to furnish solid points of attachment for the muscles limits of his first and highest division of animals, that by which the movements of the various parts are of the Vertebrata, have remained without alteration. effected. This, indeed, is no more than might have been ex- This framework of bones consists, in addition to pected. The vertebrate animals are those whose the skull and spinal column already referred to, of the existence has always, from various circumstances, been ribs, and of the bones of the limbs-the former, as is pressed most forcibly upon the notice of mankind. well known, constituting a series of long curved bones Vertebrate animals furnish the greater part of our which inclose the cavity of the chest, and are for the daily food, and amongst them are to be found our most part movably articulated to the vertebrae on each most dangerous enemies, so that the mere instinct of side. The opposite extremities of the ribs are also self-preservation must have early led even the uncivi- usually united to a single bone, which occupies the lized man almost unconsciously to the study of their centre of the anterior or inferior surface of the chest, natural history. Hence, the knowledge of the differ- called the breastbone (or sternum); and in most airences and agreements in the structure of these crea- breathing Vertebrata the whole framework of the chest tures had made great progress, even in the popular is capable of moving by the action of the muscles mind, at a period when the greatest philosophers attached to the ribs, in such a manner as to increase knew little of the remainder of the animal kingdom; or diminish the size of the cavity inclosed by them, and Linnaeus, in dividing the whole of animated. thus causing the lungs to be alternately filled with nature into six classes, gave no fewer than four to the and emptied of the air necessary for respiration. The creatures which we now distinguish as Vertebrata. vertebrae which bear the ribs are usually distinguished The name of Vertebrata or Vertebrate animals, given by several peculiarities of construction from those of to' this great section of the Animal Kingdom, has the other parts of the spinal column; they are called reference to one of its principal characters, namely, the dorsal vertebrce, or vertebrae of the back; those in possession of a backbone (spine or vertebral column), front of them, forming the neck, are called cervical composed of numerous joints (vertebre) attached firmly vertebrce, and those behind them, which are usually to each other, but in such a way as, in most cases, to of great size, are called lumbar vertebrae, or vertebrme of insure more or less flexibility.. the loins. The latter are followed by the vertebrae The office of this bony column is twofold. In the which support the hinder extremities; and these again, first place, by its enlargement into the hollow case in most of these animals, by a number of vertebrae, called the skull, and by the presence of apertures in gradually diminishing in size and completeness, which each of its joints, which, when placed in their proper form the tail. These are the caudal vertebrae. position, form a continuous tube or canal running Of limbs in the Vertebrata there are never more down the back of the animal-it furnishes a protection than two pairs. The anterior limbs are usually attached for the brain and spinal marrow (spinal cord), the to the body by being articulated to a pair of flat bones VoL. T. I 2 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS. called the shoulder-blades, which lie upon the ribs, It is the business of the philosophical anatomist to and are kept in their proper position partly by the investigate these marvellous modifications of structure; action of powerful muscles, and partly by the support to trace the plan by which the same organs have been afforded them by one or two pairs of bones which spring adapted to the most different offices, and to endeavoulr, from the front of the breast-bone; these bones are often by deducing therefrom the abstract or ideal form from wanting. The hinder extremities, on the contrary, which all the special structures presented to our obserare usually articulated to a strong bony ring or basin vation may be derived by variations in the degree of (the pelvis) which is firmly attached to the vertebral development of the different parts, to obtain a type column below the loins; the vertebrae of this part of the with which things, apparently the most dissimilar, may spine being also completely united to each other, so as be compared: and thus to enter, as it were, into the to form a single bony piece (the sacrum). mind of the great Designer of the universe. It is, JloxwIn the essential structure of the limbs there is a ever, unnecessary here to dwell at any length nlpon this wonderful uniformity throughout the whole of this most interesting branch of science, and we shall theregreat group of animals. Each limb consists of four fore content ourselves with giving a very brief abstract distinct parts, which correspond exactly in the anterior of the general results which have been obtained by and hinder extremities, although, in conformity with much earnest thought on the part of some of the greatthe usages of human anatomists, they have received est minds of the present century. different names in the two pairs. In the fore-limb According to the generally received views, the the bones are the arm-bone, the two bones of the skeleton of a vertebrate animal is composed of fore-arm, the bones of the wrist, and those. of the numerous segments or vertebrae (the latter term being hand; in the hind-limb they are the thigh-bone, the used in an ideal sense). Even the skull itself is proved two bones of the shank, the heel-bones, and those of to consist of several vertebrae developed in a remarkthe foot. The arm-bone and thighll-bone (humerus and able manner-the bones of the face holding the same femur) articulate respectively with the shoulder-blade relation to those of the true skull, that the ribs do to and pelvis; they are single bones, usually of a cylin- the superior arch of the dorsal vertebrae through which drical form. The fore-arm and the shank include two the spinal cord passes. The four limbs are appendages parallel bones (called the nina and radius in the arm, of two particular vertebral segments; and similar appenthe tibia and fibula in the leg), one of which, in each dages are met with in a rudimentary form upon other member (the ulnza and the tibia), is united by a hinge- segments in some animals. like joint with the lower extremity of the arm or Regarding the skeleton in accordance with these thigh-bone, forming the elbow or tile knee. The views, as consisting ideally of a series of similar segother bones (radius and fibula) are scarcely, if at all, ments, we find that it is by the suppression of certain attached at this joint; they are consequently capable parts of some of these, and the greater or less developof rotating to a certain extent, and thus enable the ment of others, that the varied forms of vertebrate hand or foot to be turned in various directions. It animals are produced. The appendages constituting is to the broad extremity of these latter bones that the limbs are, as already stated, usually suppressed those of the wrist and heel (carpal and tarsal bones) completely in all but two segments, and the ribs often are attached; these are numerous short bones, packed share the same fate in the neck, loins, and tail. In closely together, but still capable of a greater or less other cases the bones of one or both pairs of limbs are freedom of motion. They are followed by the bones of wanting, and in some of the lowest forms we find nothing the hand and foot (metacarpcal, metatarsal, and digital left but the vertebral column itself, which sometimes bones), which frequently form five rays of three or is not even ossified, but consists of a gelatinous or carfour joints in each, starting from the wrist or heel. tilaginous cord, running, with little or no trace of any Of these the metacarpal and the metatarsal bones division into vertebrae, from the head to the extremity constitute the palm of the hand and the sole of the of the tail. foot in man; the digital bones, which are also called Yet throughout all these variations the intelligent phalanges, form the fingers and toes. observer traces one uniform plan: the great centre of It is not to be supposed, however, that all these the nervous system always consists of a brain and parts present themselves to our notice with equal spinal cord, supported in all but one instance, by a distinctness in every creature formed upon vwhat is structure which may be recognized as a vertebral called by naturalists the vertebrate type; in fact, we column; the jaws are always supported by bones or meet with an almost endless variety of modifications in cartilage beneath the skull, and their opening is always the different regions of the body, but especially in the horizontal; the limbs are never more than four in limbs; and the study of these modifications, of the number; the heart is always muscular, and connected wonderful series of changes, by which the Creator of with a distinct system of vessels, through which courses all things, submitting himself, as it were, to a self- a blood, coloured red by innumerable globules; and imposed law, has adapted the same general type of the organs of the four special senses (sight, hearing, structure to the most dissimilar purposes, is not only smell, and taste) are almost always highly developed, one of the most interesting branches of zoology, but and invariably placed in cavities of the face and head. also one of the most striking proofs furnished by he viscera are very similar in their nature throughout natural theology of the prevalence of an intelligent the entire group, and the animals are always male Or design in Animated Nature. female, never hermaphrodite. GENERAL CHARACTERS. -MAMMALIA. GENERAL CHARACTERS. 3 CLASS I.-MAMMALIA. rN whatever light we consider the general arrange- which they may readily be distinguished from the rest ment of the animal kingdom, the Mammalia must of the Vertebrata. They all breathe air by means of always occupy the highest place in the system. Both lungs, consisting of a minutely cellular structure, susin complexity of organization and in general intelli- pended freely in the cavity of the chest, and uncongence, the members of this class, which even includes nected with any air-tubes or sacs penetrating the other our own species, bear the palm from all other animals; organs of the body, as in Birds. The chest is separated and, if we descend to purely utilitarian views, it is fiom the abdominal cavity by a muscular and tenamongst the ranks of the Mammalia that we must seek dinous partition called the diaph ragm, the movement of for all the most valuable of those creatures which have which, by enlarging the cavity of the chest, is one been in every age most serviceable to the human race, principal cause of the inspiration of air. The heart and have contributed most importantly to the progress contains four cavities, two ventricles for the propulsion of civilization. The noble and generous horse, who of the blood through the arteries, and two auricles for lends his back to the burden and his neck to the yoke its reception from the veins; this character is common with equal readiness; the brave and faithful dog, the to the Mammalia and Birds. The mouth is closed by constant friend and companion of man in all countries, fleshy lips, which are almost always movable; and the and his firm ally in the subjugation of other animals; skin, with but few exceptions, is more or less covered the camel, the far-famed " ship of the desert," without with hair. whose patient endurance and great strength the vast The structure of the skeleton also furnishes most sandy plains of Africa and the desert steppes of central important characters in this, as in other classes of verAsia, would have presented a more serious obstacle tebrata. The bones are, for the most part, destitute of than even the ocean itself to the intercourse of the air-cells, and where these exist, they do not conlmunieastern nations; the cattle and sheep which constitute cate with the lungs. Most of the bones are solid, and the riches of pastoral tribes, and without which an those which possess cavities (such as the thigh-bones advanced civilization would be almost an impossibility: and arm-bones) have them filled with a peculiar fatty these are only a few of the important species of the substance, well known as marrow. Air cavities in the class Mammalia, which have been in all times subjected bones are usually confined to the head, where they are to the dominion of man. We may seek in vain in any commonly known as sizuses; these attain a great deveother class of animals for even a single species that lopment in the ruminating quadrupeds, such as the may be compared with one of these. sheep and deer, and in the elephant the great size of Notwithstanding the great importance of the Mam- the skull is mainly due to the large air-cells which malia, however, we have no English word to express separate the two faces of the cranial bones. the whole class, although the great majority of them The body of a mammal is usually divided into three may come under the denomination of beasts. The portions-the head, neck, and trunk; and these are, in term quadrupeds, which also applies to the majority, most cases, clearly distinguishable even in the living is likewise inadmissible, both because it is equally animal. In the skeleton, as will be seen by a glance applicable to many reptiles, and because some true at plates 32, 33, 34, they are still more strongly marked, Mammalia are not furnished with four feet. We are and we find that in this we may again divide the bones therefore reduced to the employment of the term mnam- of the trunk into several distinct systems-namely, the nzals, to express the animals now under consideration dorsal vertebree, with the ribs; the lumbar vertebrae, in a general sense; as this term, derived from the forming the loins; and the sacrum, bearing the supLatin word mamma, a breast or teat, expresses the porting arch of the hinder extremities; beyond which leading peculiarity by which these creatures are dis- the vertebral column is usually continued into a gratinguished fiom all other animals-namely, that of dually decreasing series of vertebrae, forming the tail. nourishing their young, which are born alive, by means The skull, including all the bones of the head, preof a secretion produced by certain glands placed on the sents the following leading characters in mammals:chest or abdomen of the mother.* The cranium, or true skull, containing the cavity for Independently of the physiological characters derived the reception of the brain, is of larger comparative size from the viviparous reproduction and the provision of in these than in any other Vertebrata; its bones are milk for the nourishment of the young, which prevail immovably connected with each other, and with those in all the animals of this class, we find in other points of the upper jaw and face, a character which is pecuof their structure an abundance of peculiarities by liar to these animals. The occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull, and is perforated by the large The Geramavns fthave the expressive term Siget7iere aperture for the passage of the spinal cord, bears a sucking animals, for this class. The term.Manimifdres, or teatbearers, is in ordinary use amongst French writers, and of pair of articulating tubercles by which the skull is course refers to the same character as the term Mammaia lielre attached to the first vertebra of the neck. The upper adopted. The name Pilih'ees, applied to the class by De Blain- ville, in allusion to the hairy covering of most of the species, a is fomed by two mallay and two intemaxillary has never been much made use of. bones, which bear teeth in a single mow along their 4 GENERAL CIIARACTERS.. MAMMALIA.-GENERAL CHARACTERS. margins. The two halves of the lower jaw consist greatest amount of modification to fit them to the each of a single bone; they are united in front either habits and food of the animals. In the carnivorous by a cartilage or by a suture, or sometimes, as in forms we find them furnished with sharp cutting edges, man, the two sides of the jaw are completely amal- and fitting together like the blades of a pair of scissors; gamated so as to form one bony piece. The lower jaw in those which prey principally upon insects, whose in the Mammalia is articulated directly to the skull, hard and slippery armour renders them rather difficult without the intervention of any other movable bone. to be disposed of, the molars are furnished with a The jaws, as already intimated, are furnished with double row of sharp points, from which even the hardteeth, and these exhibit a great diversity in their form est beetle could not find it easy to escape; in those and structure. They are always implanted in sockets which, like the monkeys and our own species, feed of the jaws, and these are lined by a delicate mem- upon fruits or upon a mixed diet of soft animal and brane, so that the teeth are never anchylosed or com- vegetable substances, the crowns of the molars are of a pletely united to the bone of the jaws. The teeth more or less cubical form, with the surface divided into consist of a hard substance called dentine, defended by several blunt tubercles by furrows which traverse it in a coating of enamel, and covered by a layer of a third different directions; and lastly, the strictly herbivorous substance called cement. The latter is very thin on the species usually present an intermixture or alternation crown or exposed portion of the tooth in man and of the three substances of which the teeth are commany animals, which have teeth similar to those of the posed, such as produces a series of ridges upon their human species; but in the teeth of many herbivorous surface, as they are gradually worn down during the mammals the cement acquires a great development, trituration of the food. and vertical folds of this substance and enamel penetrate The teeth are produced from a pulpy germ or matrix the dentine of the crown, thus giving rise, as the teeth contained within the jaw, and in the majority of the are worn away, to an uneven surface eminently adapted Mammalia the activity of this germ continues after it to the comminution of tough vegetable matters. has served for the formation of the series of teeth first A few species are entirely destitute of teeth; in produced. These, which are commonly known as the others a few of the teeth are wanting, or some of mnilc-teeth, are shed at a certain period of life, when them undergo peculiar modifications to adapt them to their places are taken by new teeth adapted to the particular purposes. But in the majority we find four increased size of the jaw. The milk-teeth include the different sets of teeth called respectively the incisors, incisors, the canines, and three or four molars on each or cutting teeth; the canines; the premolars, or false side; the two former groups are replaced by new molars; and the molars, or grinders. The incisors.or incisors and canines; the deciduous molars are shed cutting teeth are inserted in the intermaxillary bones to make room for the premolars, whilst the true molars in the upper jaw, and occupy the corresponding place are produced later than the other teeth, and are never in the lower one. Their number varies from two to changed. The teeth of the Mammalia are never shed ten, and their form is also subject to much diversity; more than once; but, in some forms, the formative but they are usually flattened transversely, so as to pulps of some of the permanent teeth continue in form a cutting edge across the front of each jaw. activity during the whole life of the animals, and thus The canines, so called from their large size in the the teeth are constantly growing at the root. As these dog, are also very large in all carnivorous mammals. modifications of the teeth are usually characteristic In the human subject the upper ones are frequently of certain orders of Mammalia, they will be more called eye-teeth, from their being placed directly particularly referred to hereafter, when the beautiful beneath the eyes. Of the canines we find one on each adaptation of their structure to the habits of the aniside in each jaw; the upper ones are inserted at the mals will be more clearly seen. anterior angles of the maxillary bones, and the lower The general structure of the skeleton will not detain ones in a corresponding position in the lowerjaw. When us long, as it nearly agrees with that already described most largely developed, they form long, curved, conical, (pp. 1, 2), as the most perfect development of the verteacute teeth, capable of inflicting the most serious brate type. The vertebral column, or back-bone, as it wounds. is usually termed, is divided into several regions, as has The premolars, which are usually three or four in been already stated: these are called the cervical, number on each side, are generally separated by a dorsal, lumbar, and sacral regions, or the regions of the short interval from the canines, which they frequently neck, back, loins, and sacrum; and the continuation of resemble in having only a single root; their crown is the vertebral column into the tail, when this exists, usually broad and tubercular or ridged, in. a manner constitutes the caudal region. The same names are more or less resembling that of the true molars. The applied to the vertebrae composing each region. latter, of which there are also commonly three or four Of the cervical vertebrae there are almost invariably on each side, are the largest and strongest of all the seven; and this is the only region of the body in which teeth, and are implanted in the jaws by two or more the lumber of vertebrae is at all constant.* Whatever roots, a character peculiar to the Mammalia, and one may be the length of the neck in these animals, the which is often of the greatest importance to the number of the vertebrme is the same; the short neck paleeontologist in determining the nature of those fossil remains by which a certain light has been thrown upon The only exceptions to this rule are presented by the the former history of our planet. The molars, of all Sloths, in which the neck contains eight or nine vertebr: and by the Southern Manatee (/Manatus austsahis), which the teeth, are those which appear to undergo the usually has only six cervical vertebrae. GENERAL CHARACTERS.- MIAMMIALIA.- GENERAL CIHARACTERS. 5 Of the human subject, and the enormously long one of species, and in some others, the caudal region of the the giraffe, each contain seven vertebrae, although the vertebral column is reduced to a mere rudiment. one constitutes only one-seventh and the other three- The structure of the limbs is nearly identical with sevenths of the entire vertebral column. In the whales the description of the typical conformation of the the vertebrae of this region of the body are completely extremities of the vertebrata already given. The united together, to form a single bone. Except in the anterior limbs are always present in mammals; the sloths, all the cervical vertebrae are destitute of ribs, posterior are sometimes deficient. The former are and the spinous processes gradually increase in height articulated to a shoulder-blade or scapula, Q, a fiat as we recede from the head. The first two vertebrme, and somewhat triangular bone, usually provided with however, in the Mammalia, present peculiarities of a strong ridge on its upper surface, which lies amongst structure which have obtained them distinct names in the muscles upon the anterior ribs. The shoulderall systems of anatomy. The first, called the atlas, blades are frequently supported in their position by forms a bony ring, bearing on its upper surface a pair collar-bones or clavicles, which spring from the fore of cuplike depressions for the reception of the promi- part of the sternum, and at the opposite extremity nent condyles or articulating tubercles of the base of articulate with the lower part of the shoulder-blade. the skull (see p. 3); by means of this articulation the These, however, are sometimes wanting, or imperfectly head is enabled to move up and down. The second developed. The coracoid bones, which form an imvertebra is called the axis, from its possessing a peculiar portant part of the supporting arch of the anterior process which projects forward into the ring of the first, members in Birds and Reptiles, constituting, in fact, a and articulates with a flat surface on the inside of its second and even more powerful pair of collar-bones, anterior part. By this arrangement the rotatory move- only occurs in its full development in one small group ment of the head is effected. of mammals; in the rest it is reduced to a rudimentary The dorsal vertebrae are usually thirteen in number; condition and amalgamated with the shoulder-blade, but this general rule is liable to many exceptions. The of which it forms a small process. foremost dorsal vertebrae usually have their upper The anterior limb itself usually consists, as previously spinous processes greatly developed, especially in ani- stated, of the arm-bone or humerus, R; the radius and mals possessing long necks or heavy heads; these ulna, s, T; the ca:pus or wrist, u; the metacarpus or processes and those of the posterior cervical vertebrae hand, v; and the fingers, w. These parts all undergo give attachment to a strong ligament (the nuchal liga- great modifications, not only as regards their form and ment), which powerfully aids in supporting the head, comparative size, but also by the amalgamation, or and in some animals is continued backward as far as total suppression of some of their subordinate constithe loins. The dorsal vertebrae are distinguished firom tuents. Thus, in the monkeys, Plate 34, fig. 111, we the rest by their bearing the articulating surfaces for generally find all the parts fully developed, and almost the ribs, which are confined to this region of the body. equal in perfection to the. same parts in man; in the The ribs are long, usually slender, curved bones, which carnivorous beasts, Plate 33, fig. 105, the various porarticulate by their heads with the bodies of two verte- lions of the apparatus are still very distinct, but the bre, and are nearly always supported by a tubercle great mobility they possess in man and the monkeys is against the transverse processes of the hinder of these. already considerably diminished, to adapt the limbs to The anterior or true ribs are united by cartilaginous the purposes of terrestrial progression; in the seals, pieces with the sternum or breast-bone, which occupies Plate 34, fig. 114, and the cetacea, Plate 34, fig..109, we the centre of the anterior or lower part of the chest. still recognize the same parts, but with their mutual Behind these are some shorter ribs, commonly known powers of motion still further limited, to fit them to act as false or floating ribs, which are never united directly as paddles in the water. The ant-eater and the sloth, with the sternum, but only by the intermediation of a Plate 33, fig. 107, and Plate 34, fig. 112, also exhibit the common cartilaginous band. same structure, modified in its details to suit particular Of the lumbar vertebrae there are usually six or purposes, and in the latter case displaying a diminution seven, but the number varies from two to nine. They in the number of fingers. With the exception of the are usually larger in the body than the dorsal vertebrae, aquatic seal and dugong, all the animals to which we and the lateral processes are often greatly developed; have hitherto referred are either terrestrial or arboreal they are distinguished from the dorsal vertebrae by the in their habits; but in the bats, Plate 34, fig. 110, we absence of ribs, and of the surfaces for the attachment find the anterior limbs adapted for the purpose of flight. of the latter. Behind the lumbar region comes the In these the arm-bone, R, is not very disproportionately sacrum, a single bony piece, which sometimes con- elongated, but the bones of the fore-arm, s, the metasists of only one vertebra, but is usually composed carpal bones, v, and the phalanges or finger-bones, w, of three or four amalgamated together, bearing traces are of immense length, and these, by stretching a of its compound nature in the apertures which indicate leathery membrane which unites them, enable the bats the original points of separation of the distinct vertebrae. to raise themselves into the air, and to fly through that This bone gives a firm attachment to the pelvis, or element with great swiftness. supporting arch of the hinder limbs, which will be In the terrestrial animals to which we have alrea(dy described in treating of those members. The caudal referred, the radius and ulna were still capable of a vertebra are usually numerous, amounting to as many certain amount of rotatory motion, although not to the as forty-six in the long-tailed manis. The smallest extent presented by the monkeys. In the herbivorous lnumber of distinct joints is four; but in the human terrestrial mammals, the toes are terminated by hoofs, 6 GENERAL CHARACTERS. MAIAMMALIA. CLASSIFICATION. by which means the feet are at once admirably adapted leg, are accompanied by corresponding changes in the for long-continued and swift motion, and completely hinder extremities. The only mammals in which the deprived of all prehensile power. The faculty of hinder limbs are wanting are the Cetacea (whales, etc.), turning the fore-foot, consequently, becomes unneces- and in these the pelvis is represented by a pair of sary, and we find, accordingly, that in the hoofed bones, united below in the form of the letter V, and animals, the radius is reduced to a perfectly rudi- suspended in the muscles below the sacrum, fig. 1 D. mentary condition, or amalgamated with the ulna,. or The classification of the Mammalia still generally altogether suppressed. In the hog, fig. 108, Plate 33, adopted, and the one which will be followed in the the metacarpal bones and phalanges, of which we find present work, is founded, with some important modififour series, remain distinct, but only the two middle toes cations, upon that of Cuvier, which in its turn was a reach the ground; the others terminating in the two great improvement upon the system proposed by Linlittle hoofs which project from the back of the foot in noeus. The great Swedish naturalist divided the Mamthis animal.'In the sheep, fig. 103, Plate 33, the amal- malia into seven orders, distributed in three primary gamation and suppression go still further; for here sections, called unguiculata, or clawed mammals; we find only one metacarpal bone and two toes, each ungulata, or hoofed mammals; and mutica, or maimed covered by a hoof. In the horse, again, even the second mammals. The last section includes only the order toe is suppressed, and with the exception of the wrist, CETE, formed by the whales and allied forms, in which the whole limb is essentially composed of a single series as has already been stated, the hinder limbs are wanting. of bones placed end to end. Thus, from the beautiful The hoofed mammals form two orders-the PECORA, and delicate organization of the human hand, an organ or cattle, including the ruminating quadrupeds, and the capable of performing the most varied functions, down BELLUA, those which do not chew the cud. Of the to the single toe of the horse, incased in a solid horny four orders of clawed mammals, the first or PRIMATES, hoof, we find an uninterrupted series of steps, by trac- distinguished by having two pectoral mammo, and by ing which we may see clearly how the great Designer, certain characters of the teeth, includes the human by merely modifying a single original plan, has pro- species, the monkeys and their allies, and the bats; the duced creatures destined to play the most various parts second, BRUTA, in which the incisor teeth are wanting, in the grand economy of nature. And although we is formed by the sloths, ant-eaters, and allied species; may attribute greater perfection to one form than to the third, FERIE, includes the carnivorous mammals; another, it must be remembered that such expressions and the fourth, GLIRES, those which, like the rat and are purely conventional, and that each creature, incom- the rabbit, have two chisel-like incisors in each jaw. plete as the development of some of its parts may Cuvier, following the general arrangement of Linappear when compared with the same parts in other naeus, also adopts the same indications of a division of animals, is in reality as perfect, and as perfectly the class Mammalia into three primary groups. But adapted to the purpose for which it was created, as any in the Cuvierian system we find no order Primates; other; indeed, those very modifications of structure, and the species of which this Linnoean group is comwhich, at the first glance, would seem to be imperfec- posed are distributed into three orders. Man, as the tions, are found, by careful study, to constitute beauties highest type of organization, is placed in a distinct instead of blemishes in the great spectacle of nature. order, called BIMANA, or " two-handed;" the monkeys We find the same structure, and the same modifica- and their allies form a second order, that of the QUADtions of structure, in the posterior as in the anterior RUMANA, " four-handed;" and the bats are associated limbs; but in these the mode of attachment to the rest with the greater part of the Linnaean Ferce, to form of the skeleton is usually of far greater strength and Cuvier's order of C(arnassiers or CARNIVORA. Another solidity. The bones of the pelvis, which here take the portion of the Ferce of the great Swede were, however, place of the shoulder-blades and collar-bones, are separated by Cuvier, on account of certain singularities immovably fixed to the sacrum; and, although in the in their organization and mode of reproduction, to form embryo, and sometimes in the young mammal, there the order of Mars2piaux or MARSUPIALIA, SO called are three of these bones on each side, in the mature from the females having an abdominal pouch in which animal these are all completely united together; in the young are protected for some time after their birth. most cases, also, the two sides of the pelvis are firmly Two other unguiculate orders are admitted by Cuvier. united in the median line below, so as to form a strong These are called Rongeurs, RODENTIA (gnawers), and but irregular ring of bone. Edentes or EDENTATA (toothless mammals), by the Near the middle of each side of this ring is the socket French naturalist, and correspond with the Glires and for the articulation of the thigh-bone or femur, H, which Bruta of Linnweus. Cuvier's two orders of hoofed is usually a long, cylindrical bone with a nearly glo- quadrupeds, the Pach yclermes or PACIIYDERMATA, bular head, set on it alnmost at a right angle. Below and the Ruminants or RUMINANTIA, correspond with this, at the knee-joint, are articulated the tibia and the Linnaean groups Belluce and Pecora, and both fibula, or shank-bones, j, K; and these are followed systems are closed by the whales, etc., which form by the tarsus, L, including the heel, the metatarsus, M, Cuvier's order of Cetacces or CETACEA. and the phalanges of the toes, N. The correspondence The most important new feature in Cuvier's classifiof these bones with those of the anterior limb, will be cation of the Mammalia consists in the establishment at once seen by a glance at the figures of the skeletons, of the order Marsupialia. These singular animals which, Plates 32, 33, 34; and these also show clearly that the with the exception of the American opossums, are conmlodifications already described as occurring in thile fore- fined to Australia and the adjacent countries, are dis CLASSIFIX10N.-. MAI\AMM ALIA. -CLAssIFIcArION. 7 tinguished from the rest of the mammals by the very animal, presenting them as a distinct order of mamimperfect condition in which the young are born. In mals, but have even gone beyond him, and regarded the ordinary mammals, when the embryo has attained these creatures, with two singular animals referred by a certain degree of development, a vascular body called Cuvier to the Edentata, as forming a distinct subclass the placenta is produced, by which the union of the of mammalia, which has been denominated Aplacenyoung animal with the mother is greatly increased. talia or Acotyledona, from the absence of the placenta, This organ is never formed in the animals arranged by the most striking physiological character exhibited by Cuvier in his order Marsupialia; their young are pro- its members. Most naturalists, although regarding the duced in an almost embryonic state, and the mother is characters presented by the aplacental mammals as usually furnished with an abdominal pouch containing indicative of a lower position in the scale of organizathe teats, which serves as a protection to the young tion than that occupied by the rest of the class, have animals during their helpless state. This character not failed to perceive that in the characters of the denis referred to in the name given to the order, which tition, the limbs, and the general conformation of the is derived from the Latin marsupium, a pouch. In body, they present a diversity almost as great as that order to give the pouch a firmer support than it could manifested amongst the Placentalia, so that we find derive from the abdominal muscles, the animals are amongst them herbivorous, carnivorous, insectivorous, furnished with a pail of peculiar bones (the marsupial rodent, and even edentate forms; and thus arose the bones), which spring from the anterior part of the pelvis; idea that the two subclasses of Mammalia were rather the presence of these bones constitutes one of the most to be regarded as parallel and mutually representative important practical characters of the group, as they series than as truly superior and inferior groups. This occur both in the males and females, and even in those notion, carried still further, led some zoologists to ignore species in which the pouch is deficient, or replaced by the section of aplacental mammals altogether, and to a mere fold of the skin of the belly. distribute its members amongst those orders and famiBesides these characters, there are others of great lies of Mammalia with which, in their other characters, importance presented by the structure of the brain, they seemed to be most nearly allied. As, however, in which, as in their reproduction, the Marsupialia these views were for the most part promulgated by evidently exhibit a marked approach to the oviparous writers who had some favourite theory of classification classes of Birds and Reptiles. In most of the Mammalia of their own to support, they naturally died with the the two hemispheres of the brain are united, besides systems which gave them birth, although it is remarkother bonds of union, by a large band called the colpus able that in one of the most recent and valuable works callosum; this is entirely wanting in the marsupials. on the Mammalia,* we find the toothless aplacental The hemispheres themselves are smooth and smaller mammals arranged with the Edentata as in the system than in other mammals, leaving the olfactory and optic of Cuvier, whilst the remainder of the subclass still lobes and the cerebellum perfectly visible when the stands as the order Marsupialia. Dr. Gray, of the brain is viewed from above; characters which show a British Museum, also places the toothless species with certain resemblance to those of birds. the true Edentata, whilst he follows Linnaeus in placing Taking the whole of the above peculiarities into consi- the marsupials amongst the Ferce.t deration, nearly all zoologists have not only coincided The system that will be adopted in the present work *in admitting the justice of Cuvier's separation of the is shown in the following tabular view:Subclass I.-PLACENTAL MAMMALS. A. Unguiculate or Clawed. Order 1. BIMANA; the anterior limbs furnished with hands. 2. QUADRUMANA; furnished with four hands; the posterior thambs opposable. " 3. CHEIROPTERA; anterior limbs converted into wings, the fingers being very long, and connected by a membrane. " 4. INSECTIVORA; four feet formed for walking; molar teeth broad, with sharp tubercles. " 5. CARNIVORA; four feet formed for walking; molars narrow and sharp. 1" 6. PINNIPEDIA; four feet formed for swimming only; molars narrow and sharp. "' 7. RODENTIA; four feet formed for walking; no canine teeth; incisors two in each jaw, chisel-shaped.'" 8. EDENTATA; four feet formed for walking or climbing; no incisors or canines in either jaw. B. Ungulate or fHoofld. Order 9. RUMINANTIA; hoofs cloven; incisor teeth wanting in the upper jaw; stomach complicated. 10. SOLIDUNGUrA; feet with a single toe and a solid hoof; incisor teeth in both jaws. " 11. PACGHYDERMATA; feet with two or more toes and hoofs; incisor teeth always in the upper jaw. C. MIutilated or Defective. Order 12. CETACEA; body fish-like; anterior limbs converted into paddles, posterior limbs wanting. Subclass II.-APLACENTAL MAMMALS. Order 13. MARSUPIALIA; teats inclosed in a pouch, or between two folds of the skin of the belly; incisor and molar teeth always present; only one clavicle; external ears. C' 14. MONOTREMATA; with a single outlet or cloaca, for the urinary, generative, and intestinal organs; no pouch or external ears; teeth wanting or horny in texture; clavicle double. * Professor WVagner's Continuation of Schreber's Saiugythiere. t It must be remarked, however, that the few species of marsupial animals known to Linneus welre all of the ferine family of orossums. 8 CLASSIFICATION. MAMMALIA. CLASSIFICATION. We have not thought it necessary to indicate in the olfactory and optic lobes and the cerebellum. This history of the classification of the Mammalia, the differ- subclass corresponds with our Aplacentalia. ent steps by which Cuvier's arrangement has been In a second subclass the hemispheres of the brain are modified so as to produce the fourteen orders shortly united by a corpus callosum, but are not much larger characterized above. These consist in the separation of than in the preceding, leaving the greater part of the the Cheiroptera, Insectivora, and Pinnipedia, from the olfactory lobes and the cerebellum exposed; their surface Caornassiers of the great French zoologist; in the sepa- is slightly convoluted in a few of the largest species of ration of the horses from the Pachydermata of Cuvier, the group, but in the majority they are smooth. From to form the order Solidungula, and in the establish- this circumstance Professor Owen proposes to call the ment of the order Monotremata for the edentulous animals of this subclass LISSENCEPH ALA. aplacental mammals, placed by Cuvier and some other Those of the third group have the surface of the authors with the Edentata. brain more or less convoluted, with but very few exIn concluding this portion of our subject we must ceptions. Hence they are called GYRENCEPHALA. devote a little space to the consideration of a new The cerebral hemispheres are much more largely scheme of classification of the Mammalia lately put developed in this than in the two preceding groups, forward by the distinguished British comparative anato- and cover more or less of the cerebellum and olfactory mist, Professor Owen. Starting from the assumption lobes. that the brain, as the centre of the nervous system, the Lastly, in the highest subclass, the ARCHENCEPHALA, most important of all the constituent elements of the which includes only the human species, we find nearly animal body, must necessarily be modified in accord- the same cerebral characters as in the third group; but ance with the habits, instincts, and powers of the various the hemispheres are much larger, forming the whole creatures, Professor Owen has taken the structure of this mnass of the brain when viewed from above, and the wonderful organ as the foundation of his system; and convolutions are deeper and more numerous. from the characters thus obtained he concludes that the The animals belonging to each of these subclasses two subclasses of placental and nonplacental mammals present certain anatomical peculiarities in common, are not of equal value, and that it would be more proper which are carefully indicated by Professor Owen in his to divide the class into four subclasses. Of these the paper, and appear to lend considerable support to his first, which Professor Owen denominates the LYENCE- views. The orders admitted by the learned professor PHALA, or "loosed-brained," are distinguished by the are for the most part identical with those adopted in imperfect union of the two cerebral hemispheres, from the present work; the differences in this respect and the want of the corpus callosum already referred to; in the general arrangement will be easily seen from the the hemispheres are smooth and small, exposing the following table:PROFESSOR OWEN'S CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALIA. SUBCLASSES. ORDERS. Archencephala,.................,........................................ BIMANA. Ung'uicuhlata.. * - - - * —*- *- QCARNIVORA. ARTiODACTYLA. PERISSODACTYLA. Ungulata,.P-o-osclA GJrencephala,~..............................nu ta............... *...... PROBOSCIDIA. l TOXODONTIA (fOss). SIRENIA. Mutilata, ETACRA. C.BRUTA. INSECTIVORA. RODENTIA. Lyencephala,........................................................... MAISUPIALIA. n a.MONOTREMATA. The Pinnipedia (seals) have vanished from the list to the remains of certain extinct species of Mammals, call take their old place amongst the Carnivora, and the Soli- hardly be regarded as natural when applied to those dungula no longer figure as a distinct order; but these creatures, the whole of whose organization is known losses are compensated by the division of the Cetacea to us. The Ruminants appear to constitute a most into two orders, and by the establishment of the order natural and well-defined group, which cannot, taking Proboscidia for the elephants. The principal difference, the mass of their characters into consideration, be besides these, between the classification proposed by properly associated in the same order with any other Professor Owen and that adopted by the present writer forms of quadrupeds; so that the only course to be consists in the mode of division of the rest of the hoofed adopted would be that of establishing a separate order quadrupeds. These, with Professor Owen, form the two for the pigs and Hippopotami. This, however, does orders Artiodaclyla and Perissodactyla, or even-toed not appear to us to be necessary, and we shall therefore and odd-toed beasts-the former including the ruminants, adhere in the. present work to the old orders, Rumithe pigs, and the Hilppo2 otamus; the latter the horses, nantia and Pachyder mata. the tapirs, the Hyyrax, and the rhinoceroses. It seems As regards the general arrangement or sequence of to the author, however, that this mode of arrangement, the orlders and the establishment of the subclasses protlse principal merit of which consists in its allowing posed by Professor Owen, no one can venture to give the assignment of a definite place in the system to an opinion who has not thoroughly and patiently worked BImIANA.-MAMMALIA. BIMANA. over nearly the same ground on the same principle of zoologists; and we have therefore dwelt upon it here at careful and conscientious investigation, in order, if pos- considerable length, feeling that, although the requiresible, to obtain results which shall either confirm the ments of a popular scientific work compel us to follow views advanced by him, or show in what manner some as closely as possible those opinions which are most fallacy may have crept into his generalizations. There generally entertained, the reader might fairly charge us can be no doubt that although this classification may with neglect if we omitted to place before him some not eventually be adopted as a whole, it must exercise account of a system which has justly acquired so much an important influence on the views of succeeding celebrity. ORDER I.-BIMANA. ALTHOUGH it cannot be denied that man, in his method, in so far as to revive the order of Primates for physical relations, is a member of the zoological series, the reception of man and the monkeys-an intimate and, as such, must occupy a place in our classification, collocation of the human species with the lower aniit is not our intention, nor indeed is it compatible with mals which is exceedingly congenial to the views of the general scope of the present work, to enter at any those who hold the doctrine of the progressive developlength upon the consideration of the natural history of ment of species, or the gradual production of one the human race. The study of this subject is far fiom species fiom another, by virtue of a law of development being a purely zoological investigation. It includes a pervading all nature. careful examination of the political history of mankind, Independently of purely intellectual considerations, from the earliest reliable records down to our own days, and of the comparative bulk of the brain which is in order that the student may acquire some notion of connected therewith, and which of itself, with its conthe migrations performed by different races or varieties comitant effects upon the size of the skull and proof men, and the consequent displacements and inter- portionately smaller development of the facial bones, mixtures that have taken place. The moral and intel- would suffice to distinguish Man, even zoologically, from lectual qualities of the various races have also to be the rest of the Mammalia-we have to remark the pertaken into consideration; and, of late years especially, fect organization of every human being for an upright the comparison of different languages, both as regards position, involving, as this does, great changes in all their verbal and grammatical accordance and diver- parts of the body. The foot is constructed so that the sity, has justly been regarded as affording a most whole sole may be applied to the ground, forming with valuable clue to guide the investigator in the laby- its arched instep a support at once firm and elastic. rinth of tribes and nations. It is evident that a The bones of the shank and ankle are so arranged as subject embracing such various investigations, and to confer great firmness and a certain amount of mobility entering into the domain of zoology only by its physical upon the foot; the knee is large and powerful, the aspect, cannot, with any propriety, be considered merely thigh long and very muscular, and the pelvis large, as a branch of zoological inquiry; and of late years strong, and changed in its position so as to allow the the study of the natural history of man has been whole lower limb to be brought under the centre of universally admitted to the rank of a distinct science, gravity of the body. In all these respects we find a under the name of ETHNOLOGY, or the science of races. great difference between man and the apes, which, If the reader will apply to himself the aphorism being adapted for passing their existence in trees, have " Nosce te ipsum," the only character which Linnueus the hinder limbs far shorter than in the human subject, deigns to give of his Homo sapiens, although in a some- the position of the pelvis different, and the articulations what different sense from that in which it was intended of the legs so arranged that the palms of their posterior by the Grecian sage, its author-he will find that he is hands are more or less turned inwards, or towards in all points of structure a genuine and undoubted each other; hence, when an ape walks upright, he is mammal; and the comparison of his organization with rarely able to apply tihe whole sole of the foot to the that of one of the higher apes, especially the chim- ground, but waddles along upon the sides of his feet panzee, will leave him in little doubt as to the near in an awkward and uncertain fashion, very different approach which these animals make in some respects from the firm, elastic tread of man. As we advance to the human race. This resemblance is so close in upwards in our examination of the human body, we many particulars of structure, that we cannot coincide find the spinal column beautifully curved to adjust in opinion with those writers who hold that Man should it to the upright position, and the skull supported on no account be admitted into the zoological series, nearly in equilibrium upon the first vertebra of the neck; an opinion founded principally upon the consideration of the occipital condyles, or articulating processes, being his intellectual faculties and moral qualities; nor can we placed almost exactly under the centre of gravity of even assent to Professor Owen's view, that the human the whole head. Thus, the maintenance of an upright race, regarded in its physical aspect, is so distinct in its position is facilitated in the human subject by every characters from all other mammals, as to deserve to conceivable means, and the object of this modification form a subclass by itself; but we are still further at is evidently to leave him at liberty to make full use of variance with those.writers who, like some modern the beautiful and delicate mechanism which constitutes French zoologists, have reverted to the Linnean the hand of man. The monkeys,indeed,are all enlowed VOL I. z 10 BIcIANA. MIAMMALIA. - BIMANA. with grasping hands, and in the majority these are even There is one other manifestation of the intellectual furnished with opposable thumbs; but these thumbs powers of man that must not be altogether passed over are much shorter than in the human hand, and the in silence, namely, thefaculty of speech, or of producing fingers are far from. possessing the same amount of and understanding articulate sounds. This appears to independent mobility as those of man. It is to this be peculiar to the human species; for, although there can great perfection of his hand, together with the power be no doubt that in many animals there is some power which he possesses of making use of this organ, inde- of communicating intelligence from one individual to pendently of the position of the other parts of the body, another, none of them possess a language. It is by in other words, its complete removal from the system means of this peculiar faculty that the progress of manof locomotive organs, that man is mainly indebted for kind is insured. It is by this that the knowledge his capability of employing the intellect with which it acquired and the discoveries made in one age, or in is his proud'prerogative to be endowed, and for his one locality, are transmitted to later times or to distant power of obtaining a mastery over all the rest of the countries; whilst by the reduction of language to written animated creation. We cannot, in fact, imagine any characters, the insecurity of oral tradition is got rid of, modification of the human form which would render it and the influence of every discovery is extended and a more fitting vehicle for the exercise of the mental made more permanent. powers possessed by man; nor can we conceive the We come now to one of the most difficult subjects performance of the various actions instigated by those connected with the physical history of man-the quespowers by the instrumentality of any other known tion of the primitive unity or diversity of the human form of organization. Thus, then, from the general species; in other worlds, whether the original progestructure of the whole body, we obtain sufficient evi- nitors of the entire human population of the globe dence of the title possessed by the human species to were perfectly identical in their essential characters, or rank as a distinct order in our classification, to stand whether the diversity which we now observe in different out clearly at the head of the animated world, and not races be the result of a primary specific differenece. merely as the highest member of the group of monkeys. There is no doubt that when we compare together the The principal physical characters by which man is extreme varieties of humanity, as, for instance, Eurodistinguished at the first glance from all the other Mam- peans, Negroes, American Indians, Chinese, and Ausmalia are, therefore, as may be gathered from what we tralian savages, we may easily find in the form of the have already stated, his adaptation to an erect posture; head and face, the colour of the skin, the nature of the the great perfection of his anterior members, and espe- hair and the general structure of the body, distinctive cially of his hands; the large size of his brain and skull; characters, such as in most cases of zoological investiand the cotmparative smallness of the facial bones. gation would lead us to regard these different forms as Besides these we find other physical peculiarities which belonging to so many species. But this question, unforequally serve to characterize the order Bimana. Each tunately, cannot be so easily settled; because, between jaw contains teeth of three kinds, namely, four incisors, these extremes of diversity we find so many intertwo canines, and ten molars; and these are of nearly mediate steps, so many points where the physical equal height, and arranged ih a continuous series in characters of different marked varieties seem to be each jaw, never exhibiting that diversity of size, or the intimately blended, that it is often impossible to say to gaps separating the canines fiom the incisors or molars, which of two supposed species a given tribe of men is which occur in all other living mammals. The molars to be referred. have their crowns uniformly' enamelled, more or less If we take the opposite supposition, namely, that all cubical in form, and furnished with obtuse tubercles the varieties of man have been produced by the modifion the upper surface, a conformation indicative of the cation of a single species, or to put the matter more adaptation of the human species to a mixed diet. The clearly, the progeny of a single pair, it is difficult to skin is naked, or but sparingly clothed with hairs, ex- conceive that mere climatal influences and differences cept upon the head and some other parts of the body, in the mode of life could have produced such immense and the niails are all flat and broad. changes, not only in the colour, but also in the conforIt is unnecessary to dwell upon the intellectual supe- mation of different tribes. One of the strongest physical riority enjoyed by the human race over the lower arguments adduced in favour of the unity of the human animals, as this must be sufficiently manifest to every species consists in the continued fertility of mixed one. The highest intelligence exhibited by an animal races, even where the grounds for the establishment of must be regarded as inferior to that of a child of two or distinct species are apparently the strongest-as, for three years old; and it is only the astonishment felt at instance, in the progeny of Europeans and Negroes. witnessing the effects of education upon some of the But this argument is fallacious, as, although the majority most highly-endowed creatures, that often leads the of animal hybrids may be sterile, there are undoubtedly superficial observer to attribute to them a'higher degree cases in which this rule is departed from; indeed, it is of reasoning power than they really possess. It is, also, not improbable that some of our most valuable domestic in the mind of man alone that has been implanted that animals are hybrids. The test of colour, which is belief in the existence of a Deity and in the immortality often relied upon as an indication of variation distinctly of his own soul, which is the foundation of all religious referable to a recognizable cause, namely, the influence sentiment —a sentiment which, although often debased of a greater or less degree of heat, does not always by the most degrading superstitions, seems to be inher- apply; for although we may state as a general rule, that ent in the human race. the inhabitants of hot plains are darker than those of BImANIA. MIAMMALIA. - BIMANA. 11 colder or more mountainous regions, yet there are many Mr. Leonard Horner, also, in his boring through the important instances that may be adduced in opposition sediment of the Nile at Memphis, found a fragment of to the universal application of this rule: the most north- pottery at a depth of thirty-nine feet from the surface; ern tribes are usually of dark complexions, and the and as it appears from unquestionable data that, during natives of Australia and Van Diemen's Land are darker the last 3215 years, the average amount of sediment than many tropical nations. The varieties of domestic deposited has been three and a half inches in a century, animals, which are so numerous and often so remark- this fragment is regarded by Mr. Horner as a proof of able, have been produced, for the most part, by the the existence of man more than 13,370 years agoartificial variation of the conditions of their existence; " of man, moreover, in a state of civilization, so far, at and where they are due to climatal influences, it must least, as to be able to fashion clay into vessels, and to be borne in mind that the creatures have been in a know how to harden them by the action of a strong manner forcibly transplanted to their new abodes, which heat."-(Proceedinys of Royal Society: 1858.) Perthey would, in all probability, never have reached but haps the most probable conclusion at which we can by the instrumentality of man. With the human sub- arrive from the consideration of all this evidence is, ject the case is different; his organization adapts him that the whole human population of the globe belongs for existence in all parts of the world where he can to a single species, modified by climatal and other find the necessary supplies of food: with this restric- influences, extending over a period of years so long tion, no region is too hot or too cold for him, and this that our authentic historical data relate only to a small does not merely apply to the indigenous races of each portion of it. district, for the individuals of most races can live and As might be expected from the short reference thrive in the districts originally belonging to other already made to the innumerable shades of difference tribes; and in this case, as far as we know, the pos- presented by different tribes of mankind, and the insenterity of the new comers retains the characters of sible blending of the one into the other, the discrimiits original orogenitors. This is remarkably shown nation of the principal varieties of the human species in the present cay in the United States of America, is by no means an easy taskl; and we accordingly find where the native American, the European, and the that nearly every writer on this intricate subject enterNegro, have now lived and propagated under the same tains peculiar views as to the affinities of particular conditions of climate for many years, without losing tribes, or even as to the number of primary varieties their original characters. Thus the difficulties are which it is necessary to admit. Thus, Cuvier refers all nearly equally great on both sides, and we only partially the varied forms of mankind to three, Blumenbach to get rid of them by assumin g that a multiplicity of indi- five, Pritchard to seven, and Pickering and Latham to viduals of the human species may have been originally eleven leading varieties. It is principally by the concreated, and that the gradual intensification of the sideration of the structure of the languages that the personal characteristics of these individuals in their number of varieties has been so greatly increased by descendants by constant intermarriage within the same the last-named writers. In their chief physical characfamilies, may have given rise to the varieties which are ters most of the tribes of mankind may be conveniently now met with. Otherwise, if production from a single referred to the five sections proposed by Blumenbach. original pair be necessary for the establishment of the These are the Cacucasian or Iranian, the Mongolian unity of the human species, we are forced to admit for or Turanian, the 11Ialayan, the Ethiopiian, and the it a much greater antiquity of origin than is usually American varieties. supposed; for we know from ancient Egyptian pictures 1. CAUCASIANS or TRANIANs.-This variety includes that, in the Mosaic period, the physical characteristics all those nations which have made the greatest progress of the Hebrews, Copts, and Negroes were as strongly in civilization. Their colour depends principally upon marked as in the present day; and it is impossible to the country inhabited by them, the skin in those dwellsuppose that such important modifications of one and ing in temperate zones being white, more or less tinged the same type would have been produced by climatal with pink in different parts by the blood shining through influences in the period intervening in our chronology it; whilst in the nations of warmer climates the colour between the epochs of Noah and Moses, and that in gradually becomes darker, and finally almost black. the present day we should find different races still The hair exhibits similar, and, to a certain extent, corretaining their essential characteristics, after dwelling responding variations in colour; in temperate climates together for many ages in the same region. Moreover, it presents every shade firom red and yellowish-brown not to mention the chronologies of the Chinese and to black, whilst in the darker races of hot countries the Brahmins, which appear to run into the opposite last-named colour predominates; but in all cases the extreme to our own, we may refer to the statement of hair is straight or simply curled, but never crisp and Professor Lepsius, that the chronology of the Egyptians woolly in appearance. The face is oval, and the foremay be traced up to the year 3900 B.c., and that the head high, the facial angle approaching a right angle; fourth dynasty, including the builders of the chief pyra- the eyes are straight; the nose is usually narrow and rmids, commenced in the year 3430 nB.c. He adds that prominent, and tihe lips are moderately full. The great "a thousand years at least, and probably still more, Caucasian variety extends from H-indostan through must be conljectured for the gradual growth of a civili- Persia and the Caucasus to Europe, of which the zation which had been completed, and had in part greater part of the inhabitants belong to it; it also begun to degenerate at least 3430 years before our includes the nations inhabiting Arabia, Syria, and the era." —(See Tlepsils in Hullmboldt's Cosmos, vol. ii.) nortllelrn and north-eastern parts ofAfrica. The latter, 12 VARIETIES OF MAN. MAMMALIA. VARIETrIES OF MAIN. amongst which we may notice the Arabs, the Jews, the small, with the outer angle drawn upwards, so that the Moors and the Abyssinians, constitute a great sub- direction of the opening of the eyelids is oblique; the variety, distinguished by certain peculiarities, especially nose is small and brload, and the lips usually thin. The of language; they are called the Semitic, Anramcecrz or Mongolian races are distributed over the whole of Fig, 1, Fig. 2. i...... i Circassian. Chinese. Syro-Arrabic races. They are considered by Dr. Latham northern and eastern Asia, thus including the highly to form part of the great African variety. cultivated Chinese, Japanese, and Siamese, the nomadic The remainder of the Caucasian races principally tribes which wander over the boundless plains of Cenbelong to a second great stock-tlat of the Inclo- tral Asia, the Tibetans, the savage hill-tribes ofnortllhEu.,ropeans, including the Hindoos, Persians, and all ern Hindostan and the Turcomans of Western Asia. the European tribes, with the exception of the Magyars The latter are the original stock of the Turks, wvlo have of Hungary, the Laplanders, Fins, and other Mon- established their rule upon the ruins of the Greek golian tribes of the extreme north, and the Basques empire. It is to movements in the vast Monigolian of Spain, the remains of the ancient Iberians, whose populations of Northern and Central Asia, propagated affinities are not yet clearly ascertained. These tribes even from the confines of China, that we are to ascribe all speak languages which are considered to be derived those devastating invasions of barbarians which ultifirom the Sanscrit. The true Caucasian tribes, such as mately destroyed the western Roman empire. Even in the Circassians and Georgians, are distinguished from Europe, the remains of these conquering hordes are the rest by peculiarities of language, which would seem still to be found in the Magyars of Hungary, who only to indicate an affinity with the following variety, whilst obtained a footing in their present domicile in the tenth the appearance of the people, and especially the confor- century of our era. The inhabitants of Lapland and mation of the skull, caused Blumenbach to regard them. Finland also, with those of the provinces of Livoiiia and as the type of the white races. Esthonia, south of the Baltic, aind of a large extent of 2. MONGOLIANS or TURANIANS.-ln these races country in the north and east of European Russia, the colour of the skin also varies from the clear belong to a Mongolian stock, some of them being i)rowhite complexion of the fairest Europeans, through bably the aboriginal inhabitants o' the diistricts which various shades of olive, tawny, or even yellow, to a they at present occupy; whilst otllers have established dark yellowish-brown. The skull is rounder thllan in themselves whelre we now find tllem, b)y displacing the European races; the face is broad and flat, with other tribes, either of Mongolian or of Caucasian very prominent cheek-bones; the eyes are narrow and decscclt. At thle Inorth-eastern extreniiiy of the Asiatic BIMANA. —MAMMALIA. BIMIANA. 13 continent we find the coast occupied by the Esquimnaux ing characters of resemblance, both in their physical or Eskimo, as they are now frequently termed, which conformation and in the structure of their languages. are also regarded as belonging to the great Mongolian They are for the most part in an uncivilized condition, variety. These people are remarkable from the fact of although, as is well known, the Mexicans and Peruvians their extending from the Asiatic station just mentioned, had attained to a high state of cultivation before the through the Aleutian Islands to the continent of North discovery of the New World. America, all the Arctic shores of which, including 4. MIALAYANs.-The Malayan races, which are also those of Greenland and Labrador, are peopled by called Oceanic byDr. Latham, are usually ofayellowishEsquimaux tribes. It is by their means, therefore, that brown complexion, but their colour varies in intensity the ethnological connection between the old and new from a light brownish-yellow to nearly black. Their continents has been established; and it seems not hair is always black, usually straight, but frequently improbable that, in the lapse of ages, all the varied more or less curled; they have generally a high foretlribes of American Indians may have been derived firom head; narrow, but not oblique eyes; and a broad but Esquimaux progenitors. These tribes are, however, con- not flattened nose. In the general physiognomy we sidered to form a distinct variety of the human species. often find an approach to the Mongolian races, some of 3. AMERICANS. —The skin in these races is usually which are, in fact, the nearest neighbours of the Malayof a reddish clay colour, sometimes copper colour, but ans; but in some instances the expression of the face, becoming brown or blackish in the hot tropical plains. and even the nature of the hair, present so much simiThe hair is long, straight, and usually coarse; the eyes larity to the Negroes, that the populations thus characare generally small, but not narrow and oblique as in terized have occasionally been referred to the negro the Mongolians; and the nose is large, high, and often type. The Malayan races include the inhabitants of well formed. The forehead is retreating, and the cheek.- the peninsula of Malacca, and of the eastern Archibones prominent. In its geographical distribution the pelago, together with those of the Pacific Islands, New Fig. 3. Fig. 4. American Indian. Malay. American variety presents a remarkable peculiarity. Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. The natives of The other races appear to be more or less limited in Madagascar are also Malayans. In the Negritos of their natural extension by degrees of latitude, that is to Sumatra, Mindanao, and the New Hebrides, the say, their tribes spread for the most part in an east and negio characters make their appearance in a remarkwest direction, so as to preserve, within certain limits, able manner, as also in the Papuas of New Guinea and a similarity of climate. The American man, on the some of the neighbouring islands, in which the hair is contrary, has spread in the opposite direction, or fiom of great length and strongly fiizzled, standing out from iorth to south, so that nearly fimom the Arctic circle to the head on all sides, so as to present the appearance of the southern exteremity of Patagonia, over a space of an enormous wig. about one hundred degreets of latitude, the aboi-igie. 5ETHOPIANs. -The races commonly, but incorAmerica all belong to the same stock arid exhibit stik- rIectly, called Ethiopians, have the skin of various dark II int lal etninbdgesofaiue htst uai~, ninaa, adteNwTIb~ds h 14 BIMANA.- MAMMIALIA.- QUADRUBIAN-A. tints, from deep brown to a nearly perfect black, and Ethiopian variety includes all the races of Africa, fiom the hair short and woolly in its appearance. The fore- the southern and western boundaries of the Semitic head is depressed and the jaws prominent, in some nations (Moors, Arabs, and Abyssinians) to the Cape of Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Negro. Ca freN Negro. Caffreo cases so much so as almost to form a muzzle; the face Good Hope. The principal races are the true Negroes is flat, with the cheek-bones not very prominent; the of Central Africa, the Caffres and Hottentots; the, nose is broad and flat; and the lips very thickl The Bushmen appear to be a degraded tribe of the latter. ORDER II,-QUADRUMANA. THE most essential character of this order is expressed characters presented by the Gctleopithecus, some zooloin its name; the animals composing it are flurnished gists, including Professor Van der Hoeven, have even with four grasping hands, and in the nmajority of regarded it as entitled to form a distinct order. them these are all provided with opposable thumbs. The principal distinctions between the Quadrumana In some, however, the anterior extremities are alto- and the Bimana have already been indicated under the gether deprived of thumbs, so that the posterior feet latter head; we shall, therefore, confine ourselves here alone are deserving of the title of hands; and this to a general statement of the characters of' the present presence of true hands on the hinder extremities, consti- order. The conversion of the hind feet into hands, and tutes the most constant character by which the Quad- the accompanying modifications of the general structure rumana are distinguished from the rest of the placental of the hinder extremities, which, as we have already Mammalia. It occurs again in the non-placental opos- seen, prevent even the highest apes from easily mainsums, and from this circumstance, some naturalists have taining the erect attitude natural to man, adapt the Quadthoug'ht fit to form a single group under the name of rumana most admirably for their mode of life, whi,,:h Pedimana, or Foot-handed aniimals, for.the reception is, in most cases, strictly arboreal; and as those species of the Quadrumana and opossums. The only exception which are not inhabitants of the forest, are ldwellers to the character here given, presented by any animal amongst the rocks, the advantage, even to them, of which we refer to this group, is that exhibited by the their hinder hands will hardly be denied by the most Galeopithecus, or FlyJing Lemur, a creature which seems experienced cragsman. Amongst the branches of the to unite the Quadrumana with the Cheiroptera or Bats, trees, the apes and monlkeys disport themselves with having been placed, by diffeient zoologists, sometimes an agility and security astonishing to the spectnator, in one and sometimes in the other of these ordels. and the great Afican baboons are described as In this there are no opposable thumbs eithler on the scarnambling up the faces of nearly perpenidicular rocks anterior or piosterior extremities. Fromn the jeculiar with the greatest ease. Q UADRUKANAX. MAMMALIA. QUADRUIALA. 15 In the general form of the body we find a great baboons extends as far south as the Cape of Good diversity in this order. The apes and monkeys pre- Hope; whilst a species of baboon-like monkey, the sent a greater or less resemblance to the human spe- well-known Barbary ape, not only occurs on the southcies; the baboons are more quadruped in their appear- ern shores of the Mediterranean, but even crosses to ance; and the lemurs resemble ordinary quadrupeds the European coast, and lives in numerous troops upon in their form. The development of the tail, also, is the rock of Gibraltar. very variable; some, such as the apes, being perfectly This is at present the most northern range of any destitute of this appendage, which is also rudimentary species of the order Quadrumana; but the fossil remains in several of the baboons, whilst the majority of the of these animals found in some European tertiary formonkeys and lemurs are well provided with tails, mations prove, that at a former period of the earth's and these in the American monkeys are often prehen- history several species of monkeys and apes lived upon sile, thus furnishing these creatures as it were with a the continent of Europe, and even in England. In fifth hand, which is of great service to them in their some fresh-water sands at Kyson in Suffolk, the tooth arboreal gambols. and part of the jaw of a Macacus, a monkey allied to The resemblance in the form of the brain and skull the Barbary ape, have been found; these strata belong in the apes to that of the same parts in the human to the eocene, or earliest tertiary formations. In the species, is greatest in the young animals, and it is miocene, or middle tertiary fresh-water strata, at Sansan owing to this, and to the fact that most of the specimens in the south of France, M. Lartet in 1837 discovered of the larger apes brought to Europe have been very the first known fossil remains of a quadrumanous aniyoung, that we are to attribute the exaggerated notions mal, considered to be allied to the Gibbons, which are frequently entertained with regard to the extent of this now confined to the islands of the Eastern Archipelago; similarity. In the young animals the brain is larger and in 1856 that geologist also found in the same even in proportion to the rest of the body than in full- region, the lower jaw and humerus of a gigantic ape, grown specimens; and as long as the dentition is con- larger than any known living or fossil species, and prefined to the milk teeth, the jaws are but little produced, senting, in some respects, a nearer approach to the so that the forehead is high, and the facial angle very human species than even the chimpanzee. Other fossil large; but as the first teeth are shed and the permanent species of monkeys have been found in the south of ones produced, the space required for their accommo- Europe at Montpellier and near Athens, both belonging dation becomes greatly increased, and the jaws are to the Indian genus Semonopithecus. In the Sivalik necessarily prolonged, whilst no corresponding change hills of Northern India, the remains of several species takes place in the dimensions of the cranium, and thus of monkeys have been discovered by Messrs. Falthe face eventually acquires the form of a prominent coner and Cautley, and there is no doubt that as the muzzle. In the change of teeth, the canines acquire a geological investigation of the warmer regions of the great development, crossing each other, and interlocking Old World advances, other forms of Quadrumana will like those of a carnivorous animal, so that the jaws of be found. The fossil monkeys which have been disan adult ape or baboon present an aspect almost as covered in some caves in Brazil, belong to the same formidable as those of one of the larger cats; and as a group as those now inhabiting the South American consequence of this great size of the canines, gaps are continent; these are considered to have lived in the left between these teeth and the incisors or molars, to pliocene, or latest tertiary period; and it is interesting permit the lodgment of the canines of one jaw by the to find that in this, as in some other cases, there was side of those of the other. The molars, in form, greatly then the same difference in the type of the mammalian resemble those of the human subject. inhabitants of the two hemispheres, as at the present The remaining general characters of the order may day. be dismissed in a few words. Except in the genus When we examine the various animals belonging to Galeopithecus, already alluded to, the orbits, or bony this order, we find that the greatel' portion of them may sockets of the eyes, are completely closed, as in man. be included in two sections-the Monkeys (Simice) The external ears are usually small, but variable in and the Lemurs (Prosimice). In the former, the inciform, sometimes resembling those of the human species, sors are always four in number in each jaw, and the sometimes erect, as in the cat. The fingers are gene- rest of the dentition presents a certain resemblance rally furnished with flat nails, but some species have to that of man; the nails of the fingers are similar, curved, compressed claws, either on the whole or on either flattened or claw-like, and those of the thumbs some of the fingers. The mammae are almost always always flat. In the lemurs the number of incisors is placed on the breast, and two in number; in the Galeo- variable; and the first finger of the hinder hands is pithecus, there are four pectoral teats; and in the always furnished with a curved, compressed claw. In Cheirornys, a doubtful species of the order, these organs both these groups the hinder thumb is opposable, and are situated on the hinder part of the abdomen. this is also the case with the thumb of the anterior In their geographical distribution upon the face of the extremities, except in those cases in which it is rudiearth, the Quadrumana must be regarded as a tropical mentary or altogether wanting. There *are other group. They are found in the forests and rocky deserts points of relationship between these two sections, which of Southern Asia, of Afiica, and of South America, may consequently be regarded as forming the true where they live in troops, and feed principally upon Quadrumana; but, besides these, we have to dispose fruits, often descending to plunder the gardens and of two other groups, each including only a single family, fields of the inhabitants. In Africa, the range of the and but one or two species, the characters of which are 16 QUADRUMANA. -MAMMALIA. SIMIA)D.E. such as to render the justice of placing them in the THIE CHIMPANZEE (Trolodytes nigeq). —By all present order almost a matter of doubt. These aber- authors, with the exception of Cuvier, and one or two rant forms are the Cheiromys and the Galeopithecus who adopted the opinion of that great naturalist, the already alluded to. chimpanzee has been regarded as the highest species Commencing with the Simice or Monkeys, as un- of the apes; and the character upon which Cuvier doubtedly the highest group of animals, and including founded his preference for the orang-outan has been the species which approach most closely to man, we shown by later researches to be fallacious. Cuvier find that these also present certain characters, agreeing states that the volume of the brain and the promimost remarkably with the geographical distribution of nence of the forehead is greater in the oranlg-outan the creatures, by which they may be divided into two than in the chimpanzee; and later writers, following sections. The monkeys of the Eastern hemisphere Cuvier, have defined the supposed difference in this have the nostrils placed close together, and separated only respect by means of the facial angle, saying that in the by a narrow septum or partition; the American mon- orang this angle is 65~, whilst in the chimpanzee it is keys, on the contrary, have the nostrils placed wide only 50~. This, however, is due to the comparison apart on the sides of the nose, which is broad and fiat. only of animals of different ages, the forehead being Hence the former are called Catarrhine, and the latter far more prominent in the young animal than in Platyrrhine monkeys. older individuals of both species, from the projection of the muzzle increasing as the creature approaches maFAMILY I.-S1MIADlfZ. turity; so that, if adult specimens of the chimpanzee and orang-outan be compared together, the difference The Catarrhine monkeys, or monkeys of the Old will be found to be very small, and, if anything, rather World, constitute only a single great family, that of the in favour of the chimpanzee. The limbs in the chimSimiadm, the genera of which this is composed resem- panzee, also, more nearly resemble those of man in bling each other so closely in their most essential pecu- structure; the arms are not much longer than in the liarities, and often melting into each other by sucl human species, whilst the legs considerably exceed imperceptible gradations in their minor characters, that those of the orang in development, both as regards not only is any further subdivision of them into accu- their comparative length, their muscularity, and their rately-defined subordinate groups almost impossible, capability of supporting the animal in an erect posture. but it is sometimes difficult even to separate the genera Both in the chimpanzee and the gorilla, the two themselves by well-marked peculiarities of structure. species of the genus Troglodytes, the number of ribs is All the Simiadse bear the same number of teeth as thirteen, whilst the orang-outan has twelve ribs like the human species, namely, four incisors, two canines, the human subject. and ten molars and premolars in each jaw, nmaking a The adult chimpanzee measures nearly five feet in total of thirty-two; they also agree with man in the height when standing erect. Its body is covered with general form and arrangement of the teeth, except that long, coarse, black or blackish-brown hair, which is the incisors are more oblique than in any variety of the very thick upon the back, but clothes the breast, belly, human race, and there is always a vacant space in the and limbs more sparingly; at the sides of the head and vicinity of the canines. The tubercles of the molar face the hair is very long, and hangs down in the form teeth are obtuse. The tail is sometimes altogether of whiskers; the face and ears are nearly naked, and deficient, and when present it varies greatly in length, of a brownish flesh colour; the ears nearly resemble being sometimes a mere tubercle, whilst in other cases those of the human species in form, but are very large; it is longer than the body; but it is never prehensile at the eyes are rather small, and the lips thick. The the tip. Naked raised patches or callosities occur on hands and feet are nearly naked, and the hairs of the the buttocks of nearly all the species; these are formed fore-arm are directed towards the elbow, where they by a thickening of the epidermis supported upon a meet those of the upper arm, and usually project in a peculiar process of the ischium, and constitute a sort of point. natural cushion upon which the animals sit when taking The chimpanzee is a native of the vast forests of the their repose. In most cases, also, these monkeys are west coast of Africa, extending from the river Gambia, provided with cheek-pouches in which they stow away north of Guinea, as far as the district of Benguela, or a supply of food for future consumption. over a space of about thirty degrees of latitude. It Taking the general characters of these animals into lives among the trees, usually avoiding the neighbourconsideration, we may distinguish among them three hood of man, but forming little huts with branches of principal groups-those of the Apes, Monkeys, and trees for its protection from the weather, at an elevation Baboons. In the first of these groups, or the true of thirty or forty feet fiom the ground. Its food apes, the tail and cheek-pouches are entirely deficient, consists principally of fruits, and it is also fond of the and the buttocks are either destitute of callosities or succulent terminal bud of the cabbage palm, which is have them very small. It is amongst these apes that likewise a favourite article of human food in tropical we find the species most nearly approaching man in regions. In the trees the chimpanzees are very active, their organization; and hence these animals are called and display astonishing strength and agility in their Anthro2poid or Anthropomorphous (Manlike) Apes, by movements; the adult males especially are exceedingly most naturalists. Of the species at present known, the powerful, and from their being armed with large canine one which undoubtedly presents the greatest amount teeth are very formidable animals. The chimpanzees of resemblance to man is are descritbed by several travellers as arming then THE AP:S. —-MAMMAIIA. —TnI CH-IIIPAINZEE. 17 selves with clubs, with which they attack and often It was not until the latter part of the sixteenth kill the negroes whom they meet with in the woods; century, when the intercourse of Europeans with the and they are even said to assault the elephants with the west coast of Africa became more extended, that the same weapons, and drive them out of their districts. accounts of travellers began to furnish more reliable These statements, if true, probably relate to the gorilla, information upon these large apes, although the earlier as even the adult male chimpanzee is said to fly from of these accounts are for the most part mixed up with a man. In their sexual habits they are described as fabulous narratives obtained from the Negroes. Andrew being very disgusting; and, according to Dr. Savage Battel, an English sailor, who was taken prisoner by (an American missionary to whom we are indebted for the Portuguese in 1589, and resided for several years the actual discovery of a second species of Troglo- in Angola, mentions " two kinds of monsters," as lihe dytes), the Negroes have a tradition that the chimpan- calls them, which inhabit the woods of that country; zees once belonged to the human race, but that they of these the largest, which, he says, is of gigantic height, were expelled from society on account of the incorrigible is called Pongo, and the other Enjockco, by the natives. depravity of their habits. The former is most probably identical with the newlyThe chimpanzee does not appear to have been discovered gorilla; the enjocko of Battel is, no doubt, clearly known to the ancients, and yet in a very old the same as our chimpanzee; and we find from later Carthaginian voyage, the Peripllus of Hanno, we have sources that in the district of the Gaboon, the Negroes a curious account of an animal which can only be give the name of N'Tschego to the chimpanzee. De referred to this or the following species. At least Laval, a Frenchman, who published his travels in 1619, five hundred years before our era the Carthaginians mentions the occurrence of these animals in Sierra appointed Hanno, one of their admirals, to sail with a Leone, whliere lie says they are called Barris, and adds large fleet through the Straits of Gibraltar, for the pur- that they may be trained "to perform all the duties of a pose of founding Carthaginian colonies along the African household servant." He states that they "generally coast. According to the journal of this voyage, which walk upright, upon the hind feet only; they will pound has come down to us, the admiral set sail with no less grain or any other substance in a mortar, go to the well, than thirty thousand colonists of both sexes, and coast- fill their water-jars and carry them home on their heads; ing along the western shores of Africa, succeeded in but if some person be not at hand to relieve them from establishing numerous colonies at different places. He their burden on their arrival, they let the jar fall, and describes the coast and its inhabitants, and evidently begin to cry on seeing it broken." Jobson also describes entered the Gulf of Guinea, in which he sailed until he an ape of five feet in height, called by the Negroes reached a bay called by his interpreters the Southern Quoja Vorau, which, according to him, can be tanght Horn. "In the bottom of this bay," says the Cartha- to fetch water and to perform other household —offices. ginian admiral, " there was an island similar to the one De la Brosse, in his " Voyage to the Coast of Angola," previously described (in his voyage); this contained a published in 1738, refers to the species under the name lake, and in this lake there was another island inha- of Quimpez6, but seems to have mixed up the chimbited by wild men. The women were most numerous; panzee and the gorilla, for he describes the animals as they were entirely covered with hair, and our inter- attaining a height of six or seven feet. He confirms preters called them Gorilloi. We pursued thern, but many of the facts narrated by preceding travellers, and could not capture the men; they all escaped us by their makes especial mention of the abduction of Negresses great activity, as they climbed the rocks and defended by these creatures, a habit which is so commonly themselves by throwing stones at us. We only caught ascribed both to the large apes and the baboons, stating three women, who resisted by biting and scratching that he was acquainted with a woman at Loango who their conductors, and we were forced to kill them. We lived three years amongst these animals. This account skinned them, and brought back their skins to Car- of the predilection of the chimpanzees for human conthage." These skins were placed in the temple of cubines is confirmed, from hearsay, by Smith, who Astarte in Carthage, where they remained until the visited the coast of Guinea in 1744, and who says the taking of that city in the year 146 n.c., as stated by animal is there called Mandrill; in fact, it appears Pliny, who, however, only mentions two of them, and that the name of Drill, commonly applied to one of changes the name of these wild men into Gorgones. the large baboons, really belongs to the chimpanzee, The Gorilloi of Hanno, the Troglodytes, Satyrs, and and that it is the root of the Greek word Gorilloi, given other fantastic creatures described by the ancient na- by Hanno as the name of his wild men. These narraturalists, were regarded by them as monstrous varieties tives, with the exception of Battel's, probably refer of the human race, and the idea of their existence was both to the pongo and the enjocko of the latter. probably derived from the imperfect accounts given The first specimen of the chimpanzee seen in Europe by travellers of the Anthropoid apes. These notions was a young living individual, which was brought to continued to prevail throughout the middle ages, and it Holland towards the end of the seventeenth century. was not until a very recent period that they were'This specimen, which was from Angola, was described replaced by more correct views. Thus, even Linnueus by Tulpius, who, however, confounded it with the describes a Homo Troglodytes, as a second species of orang-outan, in which, as already stated, he was folman, in which he evidently confuses together the older lowed by Linnseus. Buffon, also, who had the oppornarratives relatingto both the chimpanzee and orang- tunity of examining at least one living specimen of the outan; just as, in his genus Simia, he combines these chimpanzee, did not recognize its distinctness firom the two species under the common name of S. Satlyrs. orang. It was first described under the name of Simia Vol. I, 3 18 QUADRTJMANA.-MAIAMiMIALIA. Sm.NIIADA. Troglodytes by Blumenbach; and M. Geoffroy Saint- gence of this ape is recorded by the French traveller, Hilaire regarded it as the type of the distinct genus De la Brosse, whose " Voyage to Angola" has been Troglodytes, in which he has been followed by most already referred to. One of two young chimpanzees subsequent zoologists. The anatomical structure of the purchased by this traveller, was taken ill on board ship. chimpanzee was well described as long ago as the year " He gave himself all the airs, and demanded the same 1699, by an English anatomist, Tyson, in his "I Anatomy care as a human being; he was even bled twice in the of a Pigmy," where he enters into a detailed exposition right arm; and afterwards, whenever he felt indisposed, of the characters in which this animal resembles and he would hold out his arm to be bled, as if conscious differs from man. that it had done him good." The individuals which have been brought alive Subsequent observations of other specimens in conto Europe and exhibited in our menageries, have all finement have not only confirmed the idea of the great been young animals, usually about two years old, intelligence and gentleness of the chimpanzee conveyed and between two and three feet in height; they can, by the preceding extracts, but have also thrown more consequently, give us but little idea of the habits and light upon the natural habits of the species, and enabled disposition of the adult chimpanzee. They have all recent zoologists to correct some errors into which exhibited a striking amount of intelligence, and a gen- their predecessors had fallen. Thus Buffon, writing tleness and docility such as we hardly associate with from recollection, states that his Jocko "; always walked the idea of a monkey. The individual observed by upright on its hind feet, even when carrying heavy Tyson in 1699, is described by him as a gentle, affec- loads." The individuals since observed have shown tionate, and harmless creature, which became much that if this was the case, it must have been a result of attached to the sailors on board the ship in which it education. The chimpanzee, certainly, appears to have was brought to England, embracing them with the a greater power of sustaining itself in a nearly erect greatest tenderness, opening the breasts of their shirts, posture than the other apes; but in its natural mode and clasping its arms around them. It showed a great of progression it exactly resembles the latter, its body aversion to some small monkeys which were brought being inclined forward in walking, and supported upon home in the'same ship, keeping at a distance from them, the anterior limbs, of which the knuckles are applied as if it considered itself a being of a superior order. It to the ground. became fond of wearing clothes, would dress itself THE GORILLA (Troglodytes Gorilla), Plate 1, fig. 1. partly, and apply for assistance in any difficulty to some — We have already, in treating of the chimpanzee, of the crew or passengers. indicated that, from the narratives of the older travel. The celebrated French naturalist, Buffon, has given lers there has always been reason to believe that two the following interesting account of the chimpanzee large species of apes lived on the west coast of observed by him, which he calls the Jocko, but confounds Africa. The curious recital of Hanno, already quoted with the orang-outan. He says-" Its air was melan- (see page 17), may indeed apply to either species; but choly, its deportment grave, its movements measured, as early as the close of the sixteenth century, we have its disposition gentle, and very different from that of seen that Andrew Battel clearly indicates "two kinds the other monkeys; it had none of the impatience of of monsters" as inhabiting the woods of Angola: one the magot (Barbary ape), the ferocity of the baboon, of these is the chimpanzee; the other, he says, "is or the extravagance of the monkeys. It may be said called Pongo in their language." Of the latter he that it had been well taught; but the others had also states, that " the pongo is in all his proportions like a received their education; a sign or a word was suffi- man (except the legs, which have no calves), but he is cient for our orang-outan; whilst the baboon required of gigantic height. The face, hands, and ears of these the stick, and the others the whip, as they only obeyed animals are without hair; their bodies are covered, under the fear of chastisement. I have seen this ani- but not very thickly, with hair of a dunnish colour. mal present its hand to lead out its visitors, or walk When they walk on the ground, it is upright, with the about with them gravely as if it belonged to the com- hands on the nape of the neck. They sleep on trees, pany. I have seen it seat itself at table, unfold its and make a covering to shelter them fiom the rain. napkin and wipe its lips, use its spoon and fork to carry They eat no flesh, but feed on nuts and other fruit; its food to its mouth, pour its drink into a glass, and nor have they any understanding beyond instinct. touch glasses when invited; fetch a cup and saucer to When the people of the country travel through the the table, put in sugar, pour out its tea and leave it to woods they make fires in the night, and in the morncool before drinking it; and all this without any other ing when they are gone the pongos will come and sit instigation than the signs or words of its master, and round it till it goes out; for they do not possess sagacity often of its own accord. It was perfectly harmless; it enough to lay on more wood. They go in bodies, and even approached one with a certain respect, and pre- kill many Negroes who travel in the woods. When sented itself as if to ask for caresses. It was excessively elephants happen to come and feed where they are, fond of sugar-plums,... but ate almost anything, they will fall on them, and so beat them with their although it preferred ripe and dry fiuit to all other ali- clubbed fists and sticks, that they are forced to run ments; it drank wine, but in small quantity, and left away roaring. The grown pongos are never taken it willingly for milk, tea, or other mild beverages." alive, owing to their strength, which is so great that ten This description is interesting, as showing the amount men cannot hold one of them. The young hang upon of education of which the chimpanzee is susceptible; their mother's belly, with their hands clasped about but, perhaps, the most striking example of the intelli- her. Many of them are taken by shooting the mothers - 111 —-— ~~~~~~~~~~ —'~~~~~-~~ —— ~~~~~~-_____________ ___________________________________ TiIE APES. IMAMMALIA.. — TIE GORILLA. 19 with poisoned arrows." Another early English tra- spirits, was also obtained, and by this the title of the veller, Jobson, and Pyrard de Laval, a Frenchman, animal to rank as a distinct species has been finally appear to have combined the accounts of the Pongo of established. Battel with the chimpanzee, as was also done at a This specimen, which is about five feet in height much later period (1738) by De la Brosse. The nar- when placed in an erect position, has the face and the ratives of these writers have already been quoted. palms of the hands and feet naked and black. The (See page 17.) head and neck are thickly covered with brownish This view, of the identity of the two African apes grizzled hair of moderate length, which does not hang was adopted by Buffon, who regarded the pongo as the down at the sides of the face so as to form whiskers, adult of the animal described by him under the name as in the chimpanzee. The ears, also, are much of the jocko, and at the same time confounded both smaller than in the latter species; they are placed with the orang-outan of the great Eastern Islands. very high and far back on the sides of the head. The Later naturalists, whilst admitting the specific and even hair of the shoulders and upper part of the arms is generic difference of the orang and the chimpanzee, grizzled; that of the back and loins has a sooty tinge. still referred all the accounts of the large African The fore-arms are covered with stiff, black hair, directed apes, to the latter; and it was not until the year 1829 up towards the elbow as in the chimpanzee. The hair that attention was called by Mrs. Bowdich to the on the chest is very scanty; but the belly is more reported existence of a second species of ape on the thickly clothed, and the hair of this part is reddishWest Aflican coast. At the close of a paper on the brown, and exceedingly coarse and harsh, having a habits of the Diana monkey, published in Loucdon's withered appearance. One of the most remarkable Magazine of Natural History, that talented lady refers characters of the species, which is now commonly briefly to the accounts which she had heard of the known as the Gorilla, is that the digits of both pairs existence of an animal named Enge'-ena in the coun- of extremities are united together much fiurther than tries to the north of the Gaboon river. She says:- in the chimpanzee, whose hands nearly resemble those' The natives describe it as the largest of all monkeys, of the human species; in the new species, on the conbut of a breadth more tremendous than its height; they trary, the fingers of the hands are united nearly as far declare that one blow of.its paw would fell a man to as the ends of the first phalanges, whilst in the hinder the earth. Both males and females are very much hands the union even goes beyond these, leaving only attached to their young, and the latter carry them four little stumpy fingers free. The thumb of the about after death until they drop from their arms. anterior hands is comparatively small; but that of the They are fond of imitating men; walk upright; and hinder pair is of enormous size and power, and the having seen the natives collect ivory, if they find a whole foot forms a grasping apparatus of the most tusk, they carry it on their shoulders till they sink with tremendous character. From the callous marks upon fatigue." Although some of these statements are the knuckles it is evident that the Gorilla, when on doubtless fabulous, others have been fully confirmed by the ground, walks upon all-fours, and that he does recent authorities, and it is remarkable that this refer- not apply the whole lower surface of the foot to the ence to the gorilla should have hitherto escaped the ground; in fact the digits of the hinder hbands appear attention of naturalists. It was only in 1847 that cer- to be bent naturally in such a way as to render this taim evidence of the occurrence of a second species of impossible. African ape was obtained. In April of that year, Dr. The inspection of the specimen above described, Savage, an American missionary, on paying a visit to which has been most admirably prepared, in spite of one of his confreres, Dr. Wilson, stationed on the almost insuperable difficulties, by Mr. Bartlett, is quite Gaboon river (situated almost exactly under the equa- sufficient to justify all the accounts given by travellers tor), obtained several skulls of individuals, of both of the fearful powers of the gorilla. Although not sexes and of different ages, together with some other fiully mature, as is shown by the state of its dentition, portions of the skeleton of a large ape, which appeared the vast bulk of its body, far exceeding that of even to him to differ both from the orang and from the the most powerful men, its long arms, and enormously chimpanzee. On his return to America, Dr. Savage, large hands and feet, produce an impression of almost with the aid of Dr. Wyman, drew up a description of irresistible strength; and when we consider that besides these bones, which was published in 1840 in the Boston this enormous grasping power-to attempt to escape Journal of Natural History; he called the species fiom which would be utterly hopeless-the adult male Troglodytes Gorilla, conceiving that it was identical is furnished with canine teeth as large as those of a witli the Gorilloi of Hanno. In the following year, carnivorous beast, set in immensely powerful jaws, of Professor Owen, who had received sketches of the which the lower one, as evidenced by the great deveskulls from Dr. Savage, and had subsequently obtained lopment of the crests upon the skull, is moved by some specimens by the aid of Mr. Stutchbury of Bristol, temporal muscles of enormous bulk; we can easily described the species under the name of Troglodytes imagine that such a creature must be one of the most Savagei; and in 1849 an adult male specimen, pre- terrible antagonists that a man could well meet with, served in spirits, was brought to Paris by Dr. Fran- and cease to wonder that the Negro elephant-hunters quet; a French naval surgeon. A skeleton was subse- should dlread him even more than the lion. quently procured for the British Museum, where it has Whether the gorilla really attains the immense size now been for some years; and within the last few of six or seven feet attributed to hiIn by some travellers, months a fine male, nearly adult, and preserved in is still rather doubtful. The specimen in the Parik l20 QUADRUIMANA..MAMMALIA. SIMllADAa. Museum measured about five feet four inches in total These feats, performed in a single day, were looked hieight; and a missionary named Walker is said to have upon as almost superhuman; the fortunate slave was obtained one measuring five feet eight inches, but this is immediately set free, and pronounced the prince of the largest on record. Considering the structure of the hunters. Captain Wagstalff who brought the first skulls animal, however, we can easily believe Battel's state- of the gorilla to England, furnished Professor Owen ment that ten men would be unable to overcome a with information of a somewhat similar nature, and single adult even of this size; and the great dread added that when the natives succeed in killing one of which the natives entertain for it, coupled with the these animals, they make a fetish of the skull; those difficulty of transplanting such a huge carcass through brought home by him had been used in this way, and its native forests to any place frequented by Europeans; still exhibited traces of sacred marks in the form of red is a sufficient explanation of our long ignorance even and white streaks. Although the male is thus so forof the existence of the gorilla. midable an enemy to man, Dr. Savage denies that From the statements of Dr1. Savage and others, it there is any truth in the stories of their forcing Negresses appears that the gorilla inhabits the district through to accompany them to their retreats in the woods, or which flow the Gaboon and Danger rivers. Its dwell- attacking the elephants with clubs, narrated both of ing is in the interior of the country, whilst the chim- this and the preceding species by the older writers. panzee is met with on the coast. The tribe of Negroes These stories, however, are confirmed by a recent inhabiting this district is called Mpongwe, whence, French traveller, M. Gautier Laboulaye; but upon according to Dr. Wilson, is derived the name of Pongo, what authority does not appear. Their food, as stated applied to the species by Battel-the native name of by Battel, consists of nuts and fruits; and, according to the animal being Elgi-ena. Dr. Savage, they are especially fond of the acid fruits In their native forests the gorillas live in troops, of some species of Arnomum, and of those of the oil which, however, are not so numerous as those of the palm (Elais guineensis), the Papaw (Carica paacya), chinlpanzees,. and consist principally of females; and and the Banana (Musa scqpientum). They are also all the natives who furnished Dr. Savage with informa- said to be partial to sugar-canes. tion upon their habits, agreed in stating that there is THE ORANG-OUTAN (Sinia Satyrus). Plate 1, only one adult- male to each troop, and that as the fig. 2. young males grow up, they engage in contests for the The remarkable man-like apes of the great Indian superiority, when the strongest, by killing or driving islands, appear to have been entirely unknown to the off all the others, establishes himself as the chief of the ancients. unless Pliny's mention of Indian satyrs band. The adult male, according to the statements of refers to the orang-outan. It is not, indeed, until the the Negroes, never meets a man in the woods without middle of the seventeenth century, that we find any attacking him. When first seen, he sets up a fearful notice of these animals in the writings of Europeans. howling, the sound of which has been compared to About this period, the Orang-outan is mentioned by the syllables lkha-ah! klha-ah! opens his mouth to Johnston in his "Historia Animalium," but described exhibit his terrible teeth, and contracts the skin of his as brought from Angola. In 1658, however, some face, so as to acquire an appearance of incredible fero- genuine observations upon the orang, were published city. The females and the young disappear with the in Holland; their author, Bontius, a Dutch physician first sound of battle, and the male then advances upon residing in Batavia, having seen " several of these his enemy in a state of perfect fuiry, repeating his cries satyrs of both sexes" in that country. The English at every step. Of course the hunter's only chance under anatomist, Tyson, whose work on the chimpanzee has such circumstances is to kill his assailant with a single already been quoted, also refers to the orang-outan, shot; and as this is not always an easy matter, the upon the appearance and habits of which he had Negroes are said to recommend the adoption of a course obtained some details firom a French missionary, which certainly requires more coolness than falls to named Lecomte; and a little later, Leguat, a French the lot of most men. The best plan of making sure of voyager, gave a description of a large ape which he a gorilla, according to this account, is to allow him to saw in captivity in Java, and which could only have approach until he grasps the barrel of the gun, and been an orang-outan. The notices of the species then then to fire at the moment when, as his custom is, he become more frequent in works on Natural History; is about to bite the muzzle. If the piece miss fire, the but the two great authorities of the eighteenth cengorilla is said to crush the barrel between his teeth, tury, Linnaeus and Buflon, both agreed in regarding when, of course, he makes short work with his unfor- the great Indian and African apes as belonging to a tunate antagonist. Hence, as we may suppose, the single species. They were imperfectly distinguished Negroes are not very anxious to go in pursuit of the by Gmelin, who still describes the pongo as a variety gorillas, and only attempt their destruction in self- of the orang-outan, inhabiting both Java and Guinea. defence, when they come suddenly upon them in jour- Since the chimpanzee has been clearly recognized as neying through the forest, or in their elephant-hunting a species distinct from the orang, there has been a expeditions. The destruction of a gorilla is looked tendency to multiply the species of the large Eastern upon as a most honourable exploit. Dr. Savage apes; and we find no less than six supposed species records a case in which a Negro slave, having succeeded described by different autllhors, principally firom pecuin killing an elephant, on his return met with a male lialrities in the structure of the skeleton. It would gorilla, which, being a good malrksman, lie shot, and appear, however, firom the recent observations of Mr. soon aftelrwards, falling in withl a female, killed her also. A.. WaTllace upon the orlangs of Borneo, that some THE APEs. MAMMALIA. THE ORANG-OUTAN. 21 of the characters which have been chiefly relied upon self, and yet moves as quickly as a man can run along for the discrimination of these species are fallacious. the ground beneath." Unlike the chimpanzee and the The Bornean orangs all seem to be referiable to two gorilla, it is a solitary creature; Mr. Wallace says, that species, the differences between which are, as Mr. he has " never seen two adult animals together; but Wallace observes, well marked in the males, but much both males and females are sometimes accompanied less distinct in the females. Both these species appear by half-grown young ones, or two or three of the latter to be called Oriang-outan, or " man of the woods," by go in company." the Malays of the coast of Borneo, but the Dyaks, who When not disturbed, or in search of food, the orang are more familiar with them, call them Mias, and dis- appears to be sedentary in its habits. It sleeps every tinguish two or three kinds by particular names. night on a nest made by breaking off the leafy branches The largest species found in Borneo, and the one of trees, and laying them over each other upon a forked which is most abundant there, may be regarded as the horizontal branch, until it forms a bed so thick as to true orang-outan, or Simia Satyrus of Linniaus. It conceal it entirely from below; in rainy weather it is is calledMias Pappan, Mias Chappcan, and Mias Zimb also said to cover itself in a similar manner with small by the natives; the second name, accordiirg to Sir branches and leaves, and to keep its bed till about nine James Brooke, being applied to it by the Malays. o'clock, when the sun has become hot enough to disThe arms are of great length, reaching nearly to the perse the mists. The nest is usually placed at about heel when the animal is in an erect posture; the body fifty or sixty feet from the ground. As the same animal is covered with long reddish hairs, which form a long appears seldom to use these nests more than once or beard pendent from the chin; the hairs of the fore-arms twice, they are very abundant in places frequented by ale turned towards the elbow, in the same way as in the mias. the chimpanzee and gorilla; the face is naked, and, in The food of the orang-outan consists almost entirely the males, greatly expanded at the sides by two, large of fruits; but when these are scarce, the tender shoots fatty protuberances on the cheeks; the ears are small and leaves of trees do not come amiss to him. An old and rounded, and greatly resemble those of man in male was once found to have in his stomach fragments form; and the lips are very large, and capable of of the bark of trees of upwards of a foot in length. being protruded and retracted to a great extent. The According to Mr. Wallace they seem to prefer their largest adult males met with by Mr. Wallace in fruit unripe, and many of them are intensely bitter; parBorneo, measured four feet two inches in height, from ticularly the large, red, fleshy arillus of one fruit, which the crown of the head to the heel; but if we can believe seems to be an especial favourite. Of another large the accounts of other travellers, the species must attain fruit they only eat the small seed, and in search of this much larger dimensions. M.. Temminck mentions destroy great quantities of the fruit. "The Durian his having heard of a Bornean specimen of five feet (Durio zibethlinus)," says Mr. Wallace, "is also a great three inches in height; and a specimen fiom Sumatra, favourite, and the mias destroys large quantities of this described by Dr. Clarke Abel. was said to measure delicious firuit, in places where it grows surrounded by about seven feet. The females are considerably lofty jungle, but will not pass over clealings to get at smaller than the males. them. It seems wonderful how the animal can tear In the orang there is a remarkably large guttural open this fruit, the outer covering of which is so thick, pouch descending in front of the sternmm, and corn- tough, and densely covered with strong, conical spines. municating with the wind-pipe, from which it may be It probably bites a few of these off' first, and then, makgleatly inflated with air. This occurs also, although ing a small hole, tears the fruit open with its powerful far less developed, in the chimpanzee and gorilla. fingers." In some places the orangs appear to be The observations of M. Salomon Miiller, and of somewhat migratory in their habits, moving after parMr. Wallace, have furnished us with a tolerably com- ticular fiuits of which they are fond; thus they are plete history of the orang-outan in a state of nature. said to move into the southern parts of Borneo, and to This animal lives in the lofty primeval forests of make their appearance on the right bank of the river Borneo and Sumatra, but only in the swampy dis- Dousson, at the period when the fruits of a certain tricts, where the forest is unbroken, and the interlacing species of fig (Ficus ivfectorica) are ripe. After this branches afford him a means of passing readily from they disappear from those localities. They seem rarely tree to tree, without the labour of descending to the to descend to the ground except in search of water, ground. Mr. Wallace describes it as a " singular and which they drink by taking a little up in their hands most interesting sight to watch a mias making his way and letting it flow into the lower lip, which is protruded leisurely through the forest. He walks deliberately so as to form a sort of channel for this purpose. When along the branches, in the semi-erect attitude which on the ground they walk on all-fours, like the other the great length of his arms, and the shortness of his apes, and appear to have less pomwer of maintaining legs give him; choosing a place where the boughs of themselves in an erect posture than the chimpanzees. an adjacent tree intermingle, he seizes the smaller Some individuals, in confinement, have been seen to twigs, pulls them towards him, grasps them together move'along a flat surface by resting on the knuckles of with those of the tree he is on, and thus, forming a their hands, and then throwing the body and legs forkind of bridge, swings himself onward, and seizing hold ward in the manner of a lame man on crutches; this of a thick branch with his long arms, is in an instant mode of progression is not natural to the species, as has walking along to the opposite side of the tree. He been supposed, but appears only to be adopted bysickly never jumps or springs, or even appears to hurry him- individuals. I 22 QUADRUMAxA. MAMIMALIA.. SIMIADl. The orangs appear to have little fear of man, but confidence that his power was so far gone that they will often stare down upon an intruder for a few minutes could secure him without trouble; but were astonished, and then remove slowly to a short distance. When as the tree was falling, to see him effect his retreat to pursued, however, as they often are by the Dyaks, who another with apparently undiminished vigour. In fact, kill them with poisoned arrows and eat their flesh, they they were obliged to cut down all the trees before they manifest some alarm, and endeavour to get as quickly could drive him to combat his enemies on the ground, as possible into the loftiest tree in their neighbourhood, against whom he still exhibited surprising strength and when they climb rapidly to the higher branches, break- agility, although he was at length overpowered by ing off the smaller boughs in their passage, and throw- numbers, and destroyed by the thrusts of spears, and ing them down as if to intimidate their pursuers. This the blows of stones and other missiles. When nearly habit has been exaggerated by some travellers into a in a dying state, he seized a spear made of a supple truly offensive action, and the orang has been described wood, which would have withstood the strength of the as throwing branches down at its enemies; whilst, on stoutest man, and shivered it in pieces. In the words the other hand, M. Temminck has altogether denied of the narrator,' he broke it as if it had been a carrot.' that the creature breaks the boughs on purpose to It is stated by those who aided in his death, that the throw them down. According to Mr. Wallace, how- human-like expression of his countenance and piteous ever, this is actually the case, although, as he states, manner of placing his hands over his wounds, distressed the orang "does not throw them at a person, but casts their feelings, and almost made them question the them down vertically." He adds that "in one case, nature of the act they were committing. When dead, a female mias, on a durian tree, kept up for at least ten both natives and Europeans contemplated his figure minutes a continuous shower of branches and of the with amazement. His stature, at the lowest computaheavy spined fruits, as large as 32-pounders, which tion, was upwards of six feet-at the highest it was most effectually kept us clear of the tree she was on. nearly eight;" but, from the examination of the skin, She could be seen breaking them off and throwing them Dr. Abel concludes that he must have been about seven down with every appearance of rage, uttering at inter- feet in height. vals a loud pumping grunt, and evidently meaning M. Salomon Miiller also mentions a male orang, mischief." about four feet in height, which had been wounded by In this way the orang remains at the top of the tree the Dyaks with poisoned arrows, and afterwards capon which he has taken refuge, never venturing to de- tured by them alive. Although suffering greatly from scend either to attack his pursuers, or to escape, by his wounds, this animal exhibited great strength and means of the interlacing lower branches, to another ferocity; he would rise slowly from his ordinary crouchtree; but when badly wounded, he sets about making ing position, and then, seizing a favourable moment, a bed similar to his ordinary nightly lair, on which he would dash impetuously towards the spectators, darting lays himself down to die. This nest effectually screens his long arms through the bars of his cage, and genehim from below, and he will not quit it after it is once rally attempting to reach the faces of those nearest to completed. Mr. Wallace states that he lost two speci- him. mens in this way; they died upon their beds, and he Like the other apes, it appears that the orang, when could not get any one to climb up or cut down the attacked, never makes use of his large canine teeth to tree until the next day, when decomposition had com- defend himself, but trusts entirely to the enormous menced. strength of his long arms. His enemies, however, in The tenacity of life in the orangs is exceedingly great, the forest solitudes which he firequenlts are very few. and it usually requires from six to twelve bullets in the In Sumatra, the tiger may occasionally pounce upon body to kill them. An example of this tenacity of life an unlucky orang, when on his way to the water; but was afforded by the Sumatran specimen described by in Borneo, the only inhabitant of the forests that would Dr. Clarke Abel, and already alluded to on account be at all a formidable enemy to the orang is the Borof its great size. This animal was found at a place nean bear, and as this animal is almost as exclusively called Rarmboon, on the north-west coast of Sumatra, devoted to a vegetable diet as the orang himself, it is by a boat's crew who had landed to procure water. hard to see what cause of quarrel can arise between He was upon one of a few trees standing in the midst them. Mr. Wallace says-" The Dyaks are unaniof cultivated ground. On the approach of the party mous in their statements that the mias never either he came to the ground, but soon made his escape to attacks or is attacked by any animal, with one excepanother tree at a little distance, and was afterwards tion which is highly curious, and would hardly be driven to take refuge in a small clump. Here his credible were it not confirmed by the testimony of movements were so quick that it was very difficult to several independent parties, who have been eye-witget a shot at him; and it was only after cutting down nesses of the circumstance. The only animal the mias several of the trees that his pursuers succeeded in measures his strength with is the crocodile of these shooting him. He received five balls, some of which regions (Crococlilus Bil2orcatus?). The account of the struck him in the body, when lie relaxed in his exer- natives is as follows: —'When there is little fruit in tions, and reclining exhausted on one of the branches the jungle, the mias goes to the river side to eat the of a tree, vomited a considerable quantity of blood. fiuits that grow there, and also the young shoots cf " The ammunition of the hunters being by this time some palm-trees which are found at the water's edge. expended," says Dr. Abel, "they were obliged to fell r'he crocodile then sometimes tries to seize him, blout he the tree inl order to obtain him; and did this in full gets on the reptile's back, beatsit witlh his hands and feet THE APES. MAMMALIA.-THE ORANG-OUTAN. 23 on the head and neck, and pulls open its jaws till he wool, when of course it would be greatly disgusted, rips up the throat. The rnias always kills the croco- scream violently, and if not rescued would soon let dile, for he is very strong. There is no animal in the itself fall." jungle so strong as he."' When fed with a spoon this infant orang indicated The female orangs, like the other large apes, pro- its approval or dislike of the food offered to it by the duce only one young at a birth, and this clings for a most ludicrous changes of its countenance-licking its considerable time to the long hair of its mother's body, lips, drawing in its cheeks, and turning up its eyes, like and is thus carried about; the four limbs of the mother a true epicure, when the food was to its taste-turning being left at perfect liberty. In fact, so little does the the mouthful about with its tongue, and pushing it out presence of a young one impede the movements of the between its lips when it was not palatable. If the same mother, that Mr. Wallace mentions his having shot food was continued it would scream and kick violently, two females, bearing their young in this way, without exactly like a baby in a passion. About a month after being aware of the existence of the latter until both it came into Mr. Wallace's possession, it began to show fell to the ground. It is by shooting the mothers that some signs of learning the use of its legs. When laid the natives obtain nearly all the young orangs which on the floor it would push itself along, or roll over, and they sell to Europeans. when left in its cradle would lift itself up into an erect For some time after their birth, the young orangs posture, and once or twice succeeded in tumbling out. appear to be nearly as helpless as the human infant, It did not, however, grow, or gain strength-a circumalthough of course the mere fact of their supporting stance which Mr. Wallace attributes to his being unable themselves by grasping tlie hair of their mother, is to feed it with milk; and it died in a miserable state evidence of a far greater amount of strength than is after being in his possession about three months. possessed by a young child. Mr. Wallace has published The-specimens of the orang-outan which have been a most interesting account of the habits of an " infant" brought to Europe have been, for the most part, young orang-outan which lie obtained by shooting its mother, individuals. In their general habits, their gentleness fi-om which we shall extract a few passages. He fed and docility, they resemble the chimpanzees; but it with rice-water out of a bottle with a quill in the appear scarcely to be so lively as those animals. Like cork, which, after one or two trials, it sucked very well, them, they exhibit a great affection for men, and espe"When a finger was placed in its mouth, it would suck cially for those who have the care of them; they also at it with remarkable vigour, drawing in its little cheeks sometimes manifest considerable attachment for other with all its might, thinking, no doubt, it had got hold animals, especially cats, but appear to entertain a sort of the right thing at last, and wondering that all its of contempt for other monkeys, although they will exertions could get no milk out of it. It would perse- occasionally condescend to play with them. Like the vere for a long time, till at last it gave up with despair chimpanzee they learn to sit at table, eat with a knife and disgust, indicated generally by a very baby-like and fork, drink from a glass, etc.; they sometimes scream." It was quiet when nursed, but..cried when acquire a taste for intoxicating drinks, and under the laid down alone. When being washed it winced, " and influence of this have even been known to steal both made ridiculously wry faces" when the cold water was wine and spirits. poured on its head, but it enjoyed being rubbed dry, Full-grown specimens do not appear to bear captivity, and was particularly delighted with being brushed. and indeed their great strength and ferocity lender At first it clung vigorously with its four hands to any- them dangerous. Nevertheless, some of the older trathing that was within its reach; and on one occasion vellers, such as Leguat, Bontius, D'Obsonville, and having caught hold of its owner's whiskers and beard, Relian, mention their having seen large specimens in clutched them so tightly that he had considerable diffi- confinement in Java; and some of these, from their culty in getting fiee. From the want of its natural size, must have been adult or nearly so. The accounts grasping exercise, Mr. Wallace found that his baby of these travellers ascribe a wonderful amount of orang was getting rather weak in its limbs, and modesty to these apes, especially the females; the he therefore cont.rived a sort of ladder upon which it last-mentioned writer says that both the male and might. hang. This, however, did not answer; the sticks female "were very bashful when you looked fixedly at not affording it a convenient hold for all its four hands. them, and the female would then throw herself into It would hang for a time by two hands only, and then, the arms of the male and hide her head in his breast. getting tired of this posture, would move one hand over This touching sight I have witnessed with my own to the opposite shoulder to grasp its own hair; when eyes." "thinking, no doubt, that that would support it much Of the second species of orang found in Borneo, called better than the stick, it would leave hold with the other Mias Ifassu by the natives (Simia Morto of Professor hand, and come tumbling down on to the floor." Mr. Owen), Mr. Wallace says that its habits are precisely Wallace then prepared a sort of artificial mother for similar to those of the larger species, from which it is it, by rolling up a piece of buffalo-skin into a bundle distinguished by the absence of the fatty excrescences with the hair outside. This suited it much better, but, on the cheeks, and by the much greater comparative unfortunately, it was only too natural. "The poor size of the teeth, and especially of the canines in the little creature thinking it had recovered its mother was males. The females of the two species appear to be continually trying to suck. It would pull itself up close scarcely distinguishable, except by the difference of size, by the strength of its arms, and try everywhere for a and by the smaller ones having the two middle incisor likely place, but only succeeded in getting mouthfuls of teeth in the upper jaw proportionally larger, a character 24 QUADRm MANA. -MAMMALIA. SIMIADiE. which also occurs in the smaller males. Mr. Wallace of man than the same organ in the chimpanzee and also heard the Dyaks mention a third kind of orang orang. The intelligence of these apes is also inferior. under the name of Mias Ra2mbi, which is said to equal A further difference from the other apes is to be foulnd the large species in size, but to be destitute of the cheek- in the presence of callosities upon the buttocks of the excrescences, and clothed with very long hair. Mr. gibbons-a character which is of importance as in(liWallace supposes it to be founded on specimens of the cating an approach to the monkeys. With one exceplarge orang, in which the excrescences have been but tion-that of the siamang —they appear to be quite little developed. The other described species of the destitute of the large sacs appended to the wind-pipe, genus Sinia appear to have been established on insuf- which occur in the orangs, and also, but rather less ficient characters. developed in the chimpanzee and gorilla, and even That we have devoted so much space to the natural in some of the lower monkeys. The number of rilbs history of the preceding large apes-the chimpanzee, varies from twelve to fourteen. the gorilla, and the orang-outan-is to be attributed The general habits of the gibbons appear to be to the interest which attaches to these creatures, as rather sedentary than otherwise. Their movements forming, next to our own species, the highest members are slow; their nature gentle, and rather melancholy of the animal kingdom. This circumstance, and the and they do not appear to lose their mildness of dispoexaggerated notions frequently entertained of the extent sition so much as the other apes, as they increase ir to which these creatures approach man, both in their age. They live in troops in the forests, and usually structure and endowments, have led us to dwell upon raise a tremendous howling noise in concert in tlle them at far greater length than will be necessary in morning and evening. Of the rather numerous species treating of the rest of the Quadrumana, and also to of gibbons described, we need only refer to a few of confine ourselves principally to their history in a state the best known. The first species that was accurately of nature, in which, alone, their true character can described and figured wascome freely into play. THE WHITE-HANDED GIBBON (Hylobates Lc) )THE GIBBONS, or LONG-ARMED APES (Genus the G-andl Gibbon of Buffon, which was placed by LinHylobates).-The remainder of the true apes all neus, in the earlier editions of his "Systema Naturle," in belong to the genus Hylobates, the species of which are the same genus with the orangs and the human species. now commonly known as Gibbons; they are the Long- This animal, which is between two and three feet in arnmed Apes of the older writers on zoology. They are height, is of a uniform black or brownish-black colour, all inhabitants of the region of the East Indies-a few with the exception of the backs of the four hands, and living on the continent of Asia, whilst the majority a broad band encircling the face, which are whitish. are confined to the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, The black hair of the body and limbs is erect and especially Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. woolly; the white hair of the hands is coarse, harsh, Pliny's reference to satyrs living in the East Indies straight, and depressed. It is an inhabitant of the is probably founded partly upon the imperfect accounts peninsula of Malacca, of Siam, and probably also of of gibbons which had reached him. Thus he says, some neighbouring regions. The living specimen that " Tauron mentions a savage tribe, under the name observed by Buffon is described by him as being " of a of Choromnandcl, which have no speech, but utter tranquil nature, and of gentle manners. Its movehorrid screams; they have hairy bodies, fiery eyes, ments were neither very lively nor very precipitate. and teeth like dogs;" and adds that "Megasthenes It received gently what was given it to eat; and it was relates that amongst the nomade Indians there is a fed on bread, fruit, almonds, etc. It had a great dread tribe which, instead of a nose, have only two holes; of cold and moisture, and did not live long out of its they have bandy legs, which they can twist about like native country." snakes, and are called Scyrlitce." Marco Polo states THE HOOLOC (Hylobates Hooloc) is another conthat the inhabitants of Java were in the habit of shav- tinental species, found principally in the district of ing and embalming the bodies of gibbons, which they Assam, as far north as the 28th degree of latitude. It then sold as pigmies to the merchants who visited their is one of the largest species, measuring, when full grown, coast in search of drugs and spices. This was pro- upwards of four feet in height. It is covered with bably done in still more ancient times, and it may have harsh, shining, black hair, with a broad white or greyish been by such means that the ancients became aware band across the forehead, above the eyebrows. of the existence of these so-called satyrs. Their food consists principally of firuits; but they also The gibbons have the arms still longer in proportion eat some kinds of grass, and the young shoots and than the orangs, but, like them, have the hairs of the leaves of the peepul and other trees, which they chew, fore-arm turned up towards the elbow. They have the swallow the juice, and then reject the itndigestible part. palms of all the hands naked; the thumbs of the fore- They are said to go in herds of fiom one hundred to one hlands are cleft very low down, so that the metacarpal hundred and fifty individuals, raising a howling noise, joint of the thumb is not included in the palm of the which may be heard at a great distance. Dr. Burrough, hand, and the thumbs thus appear to consist of three who forwarded an account of the habits of this species joints; the first and second toes are more or less united, to D1. Harlan, says that " they ale easily tamed, and and this is also sometimes the case with the second when filrst taken, show no disposition to bite, unless proand third. The skull is smaller than in the orangs, volked to anger, and even then manifest a reluctance to and the brain is smaller, and presents a greater resem- defend themselves, preferring to retreat to some corblance to that of the monkeys, and less likeness to that ner rathelr than to attack theilr enemy;" but, according TaS APES. MAMMAALIA. THE SIAIMANG. 25 to Mr. Owen, as quoted by Mr. Blyth, they occasion- in the other species of the genus, that it well deserves ally attack the natives, and bite them severely; and the name of Syndactylus, applied to it by Sir Stamford Mr. Owen himself was once surrounded by a troop of Raffles. This peculiarity has even induced Dr. Gray them, which he disturbed whilst washing themselves and M. Boitard to propose the formation of a separate in a stream, and felt convinced that, had he not taken genus for its reception. to his heels, they would have attacked him. The same M. Duvaucel, who discovered this species in the gentleman states that these apes appear to destroy neighbournhood of Bencoolen in Sumatra, states that the large snakes. His attention was once attracted by the siamangs are very common in the forests, where they noise made by them in some trees over his head. On assemble in numerous troops, led by a chief, whom the stopping to examine into the cause of the uproar, he Malays believe to be invulnerable, probably because he was disagreeably startled by the sudden fall of a python, is more powerful, active, and difficult to get at than the six or seven feet in length, which was bitten in many rest. These troops salute the rising and setting sun places, and nearly dead. with the most terrific cries, which may be heard at a According to Dr. Burrough the hoolocs walk erect distance of several miles, and which, when near, stun with great ease, balancing themselves by raising their those whom they do not frighten. This is the morning arms above their heads; but if urged to greater speed call of the mountain Malays, but to the inhabitants of they drop their hands to the ground, and assist them- the towns it is a most insupportable annoyance. By way selves forward, jumping rather than running. If they of compensation, they preserve a most profound silence succeed in making their way to a grove of trees, they in the daytime, at least if their repose is not disturbed. swing with such astonishing rapidity fiom branch to M. Duvaucel adds, that they are slow and heavy in branch and from tree to tree, that they are soon lost their gait, so that they may be easily caught when in the forest. In confinement they are gentle and surprised, especially on the ground; but, on the other tractable, and appear to entertain some affection for hand, their vigilance is so great, and their sense of their master. In drinking they dip their hands into hearing so delicate, that it is by no means an easy the liquid and then suck their fingers; but when very matter to surprise them, as at the least noise, even thirsty, they will take up the vessel containing their drink though it be at a mile's distance, they take to flight. with both hands, and carry it to their lips, so as to get On the ground they advance by jerks, using their long a more considerable draught. A specimen in Dr. armns like crutches. When one of a troop is wounded Burrough's possession was fed principally upon fruits, it is immediately abandoned by the rest, unless it boiled rice, and bread and milk, but would also eat happens to be a young one, when the mother stops, cooked animal food, especially chicken and fried fish; falls with it, and, uttering the most lamentable cries, he rejected beef and pork; he liked eggs, coffee, and attacks the enemy with open mouth and extended chocolate, and was very fond of insects, searching in arms. Under ordinary circumstances also, the females, the crevices for spiders, and if a fly chanced to come according to M. Duvaucel, bestow an amount of care within his reach, would dexterously catch it in one upon their offspring which seems almost to belong to a hand. Hence we may infer, that insects constitute rational sentiment. He says-' It is a curious and a portion of the natural food of the hooloc, and interesting spectacle to see the females carry their probably also of the other gibbons. The cry of the young to the river, wash their faces in spite of their specimen just referred to, was a loud and shrill wlzoo- childish outcries, and altogether bestow upon their whoo, whoo-whoo. cleanliness a time and attention, which, in many cases, The hooloc was considered by Mr. Ogilby to be the children of our own species might well envy." probably the origin of Pliny's Scyritce, and described by In confinement the siamang, according to M. Duvauhim, in consequence, under the name of Hylobates eel, is gentle, but stupid and sluggish; in fact, firom his Scyritus. account it would appear, that the very gentleness of THE SIAMANG (Hylobates Syndactylus) is the largest the animal is merely due to its apathy. Mr. George and most powerful species of the genus, and is entirely Bennett, however, who obtained a specimen of this of a black colour, with the exception of a few hairs of' animal at Singapore in 1830, has published a far more a reddish tinge upon the eyebrows and chin. The favourable accountof its endowments. Mr. Bennett dehair is long and coarse, but glossy; the belly is nearly scribes his specimen as always walking erect when on a naked, and the throat completely so; it incloses a level surface, sometimes holding his arms down so as to large sac communicating with the larynx, which can assist himself, by touching the ground with his knuckles be filled with air at the pleasure of the animal, and occasionally, but more usually raising them over his when thus distended forms a huge goitre-like swelling head, ready to seize a rope and climb up on the of the neck. This sac, which exactly resembles that approach of danger. This animal preferred vegetable of the orang-outan, is supposed to assist in augmenting food, and was especially fond of carrots; when these the power of the tremendous voice of this animal; it were put ulton the table for dinner, the sianmang, also indicates an approach, on the part of the siamang, although usually very decorous in his behaviour, to the higher apes, which, like him, occur in the forests immediately forgot his good manners, and it was not of Sumatra. without some difficulty that he could be prevented The siamang was the first species of gibbon in from attacking them uninvited. "' A piece of carrot," which the union of the first and second digits of the says Mr. Bennett, "would draw him firom one end of hinder hands was noticed; and indeed this charactelr is the table to the other, over which he would walk withpresented by this animal so much more strongly than out disturbing a single article, although the ship was YVOL. I. 4 26 QUADRUMANA. MAMMALIA. SIMIADA. rolling at the time; so admirably can these creatures is very nearly the same, so that either this organ does balance themselves." He would drink tea, coffee, and not produce the effect of increasing the sound usually chocolate, but never acquired a taste for wine or attributed to it, or it is replaced in the present species spirits; he was excessively fond of sweet things, and by some analogous formation. This cry is compared sometimes attempted to lift off the lid of the jar in to the syllables wou-wou, frequently repeated with which some cakes were kept; he would eat animal peculiar modulations. A somewhat similar cry would food, especially fowl; and a lizard having been caught appear to be common to most of the gibbons, and on board was placed before him, when he instantly several of the species, the present one amongst others, seized it, and devoured it greedily. This specimen receive the name of Wou-wou from the Malays. exhibited great attachment to his master, and when One ofthese is the CINEREous GIBBnoN (H. Leuciscus), first sold to a European owner, made his escape several a native of Java and the Molucca Islands, specimens of times, in order to get back to a young Malay who had which are occasionally brought to Europe. Of the brought him from Sumatra to Singapore. He exhibited habits of this and the other species in a state of nature, considerable activity in climbing about the rigging of scarcely anything is known; but we may presume that the ship, was greatly irritated when confined or dis- they are very similar to those which we have been appointed in any way, and on passing the Cape, finding describing. the temperature too low to allow of his sleeping on the maintop, as had previously been his habit, he showed The second group of the Simiadme, that of the true an eager desire to be taken into his master's arms, and Monkeys, differs from the apes just described by the to be permitted to pass the night in the cabin, for constant presence of callosities upon the buttocks, and which he afterwards evinced such a decided partiality, by the almost constant presence of cheek-pouches and that, on the ship getting again into warmer latitudes, a long tail. The arms are never so disproportionate in he would not resume his old station in the maintop, but length as those of the apes; and yet the general strucshowed a strong determination to remain where he ture of the body is much further removed from that of found himself so comfortable. We cannot quote man. In their character, also, the monkeys generally farther from the interesting account of Mr. Bennett; exhibit a great difference from the apes-they are but the preceding statements will be sufficient to show vivacious and petulant in their deportment, and usually that the endowments of this animal are far higher than very capricious in their temper; presenting in these we should be led to believe from the statements of M. respects a marked contrast to the grave and somewhat Duvaucel. melancholy nature of the species previously described. THE AGILE GIBBON (HylobatesAgilis).-The agile It is in the East Indies, in the same region inhabited gibbon, which is called Ungcka-puti by the Malays by the orangs and the gibbons, that we find those (UngJla being apparently a generic name for the monkeys which are most distinguished from the rest gibbons) is, like the siamang, a native of Sumatra, of their tribe by ape-like characters; though even here where it was discovered by M. Duvaucel. It is, how- we meet with species of a more animal type, and ever, far less numerous in the forests of that island than resembling their African brethren; whilst the great the siamangs, and is more frequently met with in pairs majority of the latter present a wider divergence from than in troops. The colours of the agile gibbon are the apes, and gradually approach the baboons. more variegated than those of the preceding species; THE HOONUMAN (Sernnopithecus Entellus).-The the head and shoulders, the inside of the arms and legs, Indian monkeys above alluded to form the genus Semand the whole fiont of the body being of a deep coffee- nqpithecus of F. Cuvier, which is characterized by the brown colour; whilst the occiput, the whole of the back, slender form and long limbs and tail of the species, by except the shoulders, and the outside of the thighs are the want of cheek-pouches, and by the presence of pale brownish-white. The sides of the face are adorned thumbs on the fore-hands. The canines of these monwith bushy white whiskers, and a narrow white band keys are but slightly developed, and the molars have runs across the forehead above the eyebrows. their tubercles so arranged as to form transverse ridges M. Duvaucel contrasts the agility of this gibbon -a structure which indicates that the animals rather with the comparative sluggishness of the siamang as feed upon the leaves and tender shoots of plants than described by him; but it seems probable, from the upon fruits; and this is also shown by the structure narratives of other observers, that the difference be- of the stomach, which is very long and much dilated tween these two species in this respect is far less than in parts, especially at the anterior end into which the M. Duvaucel would make it appear. In describing its oesophagus or gullet opens. These dilated portions surprising activity, the French naturalist says —" It being separated by constrictions, the stomach acquires escapes like a bird, and like a bird can only be shot, so a complicated appearance, somewhat resembling that to speak, flying; scarcely has it perceived the most of the ruminant quadrupeds. It is a remarkable fact distant approach of danger when it is already far away. in connection with this peculiarity of structure, that Climbing rapidly to the tops of the trees, it there seizes the stomachs of these monkeys often contain bezoars, the most flexible branch, poises itself two or three times or concretions of a similar nature to those found in to secure its balance and acquire a sufficient impetus, many Ruminants, and which are so highly prized by and thus clears, time after time, without effort as with- eastern nations. The monkey bezoars are said to be out fatigue, spaces of forty feet and upwards." The of more value than those obtained from the Ruminants. same writer adds, that although deprived of the The hoonuman, which is for many reasons one of gllttural sac, so conspicuous in the siamnang, its cry the most interesting species of this group, is a large TIlE MONI(EYS. -MAMMALIA. -THEF HOON UMAN. 27 monkey-the old males measuring nearly five feet in They take up their abode in the topes or groves of trees height-of a yellowish or greyish-white colour, darker which the Hindoos plant around their villages, and are on the back, limbs, and tail, and with the face and often so numerous in the towns that Sir James Forbes hands black. The hair above the eyebrows forms a considered that in Dhuboy there were more monkeys sort of projecting fillet across the front of the head; than human inhabitants. They visit the houses of the face is bordered on each side with light whiskers, the natives, who willingly provide them with food; and the chin is furnished with a beard, which is peaked and in the villages they often plunder the peasants, and directed forwards. As the animals increase in who, however, regard their visits as a high honour. age the fur becomes darker, until it is of a nearly uni- At Dhuboy, according to Forbes, the roofs of the houses form rusty brown colour. seemed to be entirely appropriated to the accommodaThe hoonuman is an exceedingly abundant monkey tion of the monkeys, and the same writer gives a ludiin India, especially in Bengal. During the summer it crous account of his having been compelled to remove migrates northwards into the hills, travelling as far as from a shady verandah, in consequence of the pertinaNepaul, and even to the elevated plain of Boutan. It cious pelting administered to him with fragments of is regarded with great veneration by the Hindoos, who tiles and mortar from the roof of an opposite house by have even deified it, and assigned it a high place in these animals. He also describes a curious mode of their almost innumerable multitude of gods. They revenge sometimes adopted by the Hindoos of that look upon the destruction of a hoonuman with the town, in which the hoonumans are the principal agents. greatest horror, and believe that the perpetrator of It appears that before the commencement of the rains, such a crime will certainly die within a year after its about the middle of June, it is usual to turn all the commission. M. Duvaucel, from whomwe have already tiles on the roofs of the houses. The tiles are not quoted, gives an amusing account of the difficulty which fixed with mortar, but accurately adjusted one over he experienced in obtaining specimens, in consequence the other, so that, if this operation is performed just of this superstitious feeling. As soon as he was seen before the setting in of the rains, the roof will be waterabroad with his gun, he was surrounded by crowds of tight during the wet season, and afterwards a few gaps natives, who employed themselves assiduously in chas- are of little consequence. It is at this period, when ing the monkeys out of gunshot; and during a whole the tiles have been turned and the first rains are hourly month that a small family of hoonumans remained at expected, that the Hindoo who has a grudge to gratify Chandernagore, where he was residing, his house was repairs at night to the house of his adversary, and constantly surrounded by Brahmins, who tormented strews a quantity of grain over the roof. This is soon him by incessantly beating tomtoms and drums to scare discovered by the monkeys, who assemble in great the four-handed divinities fiom so dangerous a neigh- numbers to pick up their fivourite food; and, as much bourhood. On entering the holy city of Goalpara, he of the grain naturally falls between the tiles, they soon saw the trees everywhere covered with these long-tailed nearly unroof the house in their efforts to get at it. deities, which immediately fled with loud cries, whilst In other respects they appear to be exceedingly a dozen Hindoos surrounded the traveller and endea- mischievous and destructive. They often descend in voured to impress upon him the danger he would incur troops upon the cultivated fields; and it is said that by molesting or injuring animals which were nothing when the troop is pretty numerous, they will strip a less than metamorphosed princes and heroes. Passing maize field of modelate size in a few hours. The dison, however, he says he met a princess so seductive position of the males, also, is described as go libidinous, that he could not resist the temptation of cultivating a that it is not safe for a woman to pass their haunts. nearer acquaintance with her. He levelled his gun and The only return they make for all the damage they do, fired; but then, to quote his own words, he " became and all the kindness shown thein by the natives, is witness of a scene which was truly touching and that, according to Forbes, they firequently destroy pathetic. The poor animal, which had a young one poisonous snakes. They seize them by the neck when on her back, had been hit near the heart; feeling her- asleep, and then, "running to the nearest flat stone, self mortally wounded, she collected all her remaining grind down the head by a strong friction on the surforce for the effort, seized her young one, and was just face, frequently looking at it, and grinning at their able to throw it up into the branches of a neighbouring progress. When convinced that the venomous fangs tree, before she fell and expired at his feet. An inci- are destroyed, they toss the reptile to their young ones dent so touching," adds M. Duvaucel, "made a greater to play with, and seem to rejoice in the destruction of impression on me than all the discourses of the Brah- the common enemy." The tigers and other carnivormins; and the pleasure of obtaining a specimen of so ous quadrupeds of India, having no such scruples as beautiful an animal, was, for once, incapable of con- those of the human inhabitants of the country, are said tending against the regret which I felt for having killed to wage a constant war with the hoonumans. The a creature which appeared to be bound to life only by tiger is described as taking up a position at the foot of the most estimable and praiseworthy feelings." the tree in which the monkeys have taken refuge, when As might be anticipated, these monkeys, being pro- his roaring so fiightens them that they tumble down tected from all injury by the superstitions of the and he devours them at his leisure. inhabitants, abound to such an extent, and feel so little The cause of the veneration in which the hoonuman fear of man, that they become a positive nuisance to is held by the Hindoos, which, indeed, is also extenled, those whose minds are not so constituted as to enable although in a less degree, to other monkeys, is doubtthem to regard the hoonuman in the light of a divinity, less partly to be ascribed to the Brahminical doctrine 28 QUADRUMIANA. AMIMMALIA. SImII,)AD. of metempsychosis, but probably still more to its sup- produced in the troop by the sight of a man often posed derivation from one of the personages of their causes them to break off the dead branches of the trees, mythical history. In the great epic poem of the which are then precipitated on the spectator. The "Ramayan," which is devoted to the exploits of Rama, natives often hunt them for the sake of their fur, when an incarnation of Vishnu, that hero contracts an they kill them with sticks and stones. This species is alliance with Hoonuman, king of the monkeys, in his also called Lutung or Lotong, especially in Sumatra; war with the Rackshasas of Ceylon. Throughout the according to Dr. Horsfield its name in Java is Bucleag, war Hoonurnan plays the principal part, next to Rama and another monkey is known as the Lutung, although himself; but having stolen a mango-tree from a garden the budeng is also sometimes called Lutung Itam, or in Ceylon for the purpose of giving it to the Hindoos, Black Lutung, the second species being denominated he was condemned to have his face and hands black- Lutung llera, or Red Lutung. The latter (S. Pyrrhus) ened, a mark of disgrace which his descendants continue is comparatively rare, and is a great favourite with the to bear to the present day. According to another natives, who keep it as a pet about their houses. Of account, Hoonuman was condemned to be burped by the other species of Semnopitllecus very-little is known;.lle giant fiom whom lie stole the mango, but escaped they are rather numerous, and inhabit the same counwith no greater injury than the singeing of his face and tries as the preceding. hands. We learn also that Hoonuman endeavoured THE KAHAU, or PROBOSCIS MONIKEY (Nasalis to set Ceylon on fire, by means of a lighted tar-barrel Larvatus),-Plate 1, fig. 3.-This curious monkey tied to his tail; but, finding unexpectedly that this agrees very closely with the Semnopitheci in its appendage was not fire-proof, he hastened to the Him- general characters, but differs from them in the sinalayas and dipped it into a lake at the source of the gular form of the nose, which, in the male especially, Ganges, which bears the name of Bhunderpouch or looks like an absurd caricature of that prominent and C"Monkey's tail " to this day. The HIindoos believe important member in the human countenance. It is that every year a single monkey is sent by his fellows principally from this circumstance that the kahau has to take his station on the snowy peak of a mountain been regarded as constituting a distinct genus. which rises fiom the sacred lake, and there keeps watch The nose in the male forms a curved fleshy prountil he is relieved from his severe duty in the following boscis; in the female it is much smaller, and terminates season. in a sharp point, fiom which it slopes directly to the THE DOUC (Semnopithecus Nemceus).-The douc or upper lip. The nostrils in both sexes are placed on Cochin China monkey is remarkable in this family for the inferior surface. The tail, as in the preceding its vivid and varied colours. It has the face naked monkeys, is very long; the hair is of a reddish tawny and yellowish; the top of the head, and the whole of or chestnut colour all over the body, paler in friont; and the back and sides, grey; the shoulders and thighs, as the loins in the male are marked with pale spots. The well as the hands and feet, black; the arms white; and face, which is naked, is described by some authors as the legs deep chestnut. The face is surrounded by of a bluish colour; but Mr. A. Adams states, that in a white whiskers, and the tail and a patch on the rump live female examined by him it was of a bright brickare also white, contrasting curiously with the darker dust red. The hair of the chin, neck, and shoulders is fur in the vicinity. longer than that on the other parts of the body, proThis beautiful monkey, which attains a height of ducing somewhat the appearance.of a mane. upwards of four feet, is a native of Cochin China, where The kahau is a large monkey, the adult males often it occurs in great abundance in the forests; but from measuring four feet and a half in height when in an the little commerce carried on with that country, erect posture. It is a native of Borneo, where it lives scarcely anything is known of its habits, and specimens in numerous troops upon the trees in the neighbourhood are even rare in our museums. It was long regarded of rivers, and is said to move amongst the branches in as the type of a distinct genus, characterized by the a more deliberate fashion than most other monkeys. absence of callosities, which, however, it is now found According to the old Dutch naturalist, Wurmb, howto possess. The error arose frcm the circumstance ever, the kahau would appear to exhibit more activity that Buffon, who first described the species, had only a in the morning and evening at least, when, he says, badly-stuffed specimen, in which the skin had been they may be seen "leaping withl astonishing force and allowed to shrink, so as to conceal the callosities. rapidity from one tree or branch to another, at the disTHE BUDENG-(Semnopithecus Maurus)-an in- tance of fifteen or twenty feet." I-Ie adds that the habitant of Java and Sumatra, presents a remarkable nativqs will have it, that, when thus occupied, the contrast to the preceding species in the uniform black monkeys hold their noses in their hands, doubtless colour of its long silky hair. The young animals are from a fear lest so ornamental an appendage should reddish-brown. A frill of upright hair runs across the meet with some injury; but this, he says, he has never forehead, and the cheeks are adorned with a pair of seen. When disturbed, it emits a short, impatient large pointed whiskers, directed backlwards. This cry, described by Mr. Adams as something "between species is said by Dr. Horsfield to be exceedingly a sneeze and a scream, like that of a spoilt and pasabundant in the forests of Java, where it lives in the sionate child;" other accounts compare this cry to the trees, in troops of fifty or more. It would appear, word kcalau, whenceis derivedthename usually applied from the statements of the same author, that it is to the animal. It would appear, however, that its tlrue hardly safe to apploach them in the forests, not fiom native name is Banta-jan. It is described as a fierce aly dlanger of an attack, but because the commotion and violent animal. THE MIOKEYS.- MAMMALIA.- THF GUEREZA. 529 The kahan is only known to inhabit the great island but not noisy; its food consists of wild firuits, seeds, or Borneo, where the Dyaks assert that these monkleys and insects; and, unlike the ordinary monkeys, it never are men who have retired into the woods to escape commits any depredations upon the cultivated grounds. taxation. How they subsequently became ornamented In allusion to its harmless nature, and to the constant with tails does not appear. The species is also said to persecution to which it is subject, for a reason which occur in Sumatra, the peninsula of Malacca, and Cochin will be hereafter mentioned, Ludolf says that a curious China. From the statement of M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, rhyme is current in some parts of Abyssinia, which -that the ambassadors sent by Tippoo Sahib to Paris, may be translated as follows: —. just before the French revolution of 1789, recognized "I give no man pain — the stuffed specimen in the museum there as an animal I eat no man's grain — of their country to which they ascribed a high, moral, They hate me in vain I" and intellectual character-it would appear, also, that The same traveller notices the tenderness of constituthis, or a similar species, should occur in Hindostan tion of this monkey, which is confirmed by other proper. None of these localities, however, rest upon observers, from whose narratives it would appear that any sufficient testimony; and in the case of Tippoo's the guereza will not endure confinement, but pines to ambassadors, it seems probable that they may either death in captivity in the course of a few days. have seen specimens brought as captives from the far The fur of this aninlal is much prized in Abyssinia east, or that they may have confounded this monkey on account of its beauty; and in the provinces of with the hoonuman. Damot and Gojam, where the guerezas abound, they THE GUEREZA (Colobus Guereza).-Although the are destroyed in great numbers for the sake of their majority of the African monkeys belong to a group skins, which, according to Dr. RUippell, fetch as much presenting well-marked differences from the Indian as five shillings each in the market of Gondar. Mr. species above described, there are, nevertheless, some Salt places the value rather lower, saying that they of them which exhibit a close resemblance to the sell for about half a dollar. They are chiefly employed Semnopitheci, both in structure, character, and mode in ornamenting the shields of the native soldiers; and of life, and may be regarded as the African representa- the distinguished traveller last quoted, states that every tives of the Asiatic group which has hitherto occupied man in Tigre wears a piece of this skin as an ornament our attention. The stomach has the same sacculated on his shield. The skins are also sometimes sewn structure; the dentition is identical, and the molar teeth together, when they form a beautiful covering for a are found to be worn down by use, indicating that the couch, but their cost prevents their being put to this creatures live upon the leaves and buds of trees, rather use by any but the chiefs. than upon fruits; the cheek-pouches are wanting, Several other monkeys of this genus are found in the the body and limbs are slender, and the tail long. tropical regions of Afiica, especially on the western The Colobi are, however, distinguished from their coast, whence the skins of some long-haired black Indian relatives, and, indeed, from all other monkeys species are imported into Europe, and used in the of the Old World, by a most important character, manufacture of muffs. There is much uncertainty as namely, the total absence or rudimentary condition of to the number of species, about half a dozen having the thumbs on the anterior members; in most cases been described, which are considered by some authors the metacarpal bone of the thumb is alone present, and as simple varieties of one or two. This is owing in a in those species in which this is followed by a single great measure to the imperfect condition of the skins small joint, the only external indication of a thumb is a which reach this country. They are highly prized by mere tubercle, of not the least service in prehension. the Negroes, who make caps of them, and will pay from The guereza is the only species of this group upon twenty to thirty shillings apiece for them; and as it is whose habits we have any information. It is about only the skin of the body that is valuable as a fur, the the size of a cat, and of a deep black colour, with the hunters never take the trouble of skinning the head and cheeks, throat, and sides of the neck white, and with a legs. large quantity of long white hairs, growing from the shoulders, sides, and rump, and hanging down in such The great majority of the African monkeys belong a manner as to conceal the whole lower part of the to the group called Guenons by French authors, forming body. The extremity of the tail is, in like manner, the genus CERCOPITHECUS of zoologists. These monconcealed by long white hairs. keys have the face somewhat produced into a muzzle, This beautiful monkey, which is a native of Abys- but rounded at the extremity; cheek-pouches are sinia, was mentioned by the old traveller Ludolf, who always present; the eyes are prominent, not shaded supposes it to have been the Callithrix of the ancients, by projecting eyebrows; and the tail is long, usually a conjecture which seems very probable from the longer than the body. They are distinguished from a description of that animal given by Pliny. Ludolf nearly-allied group-that of the MVacaques, all the says that it is called Foulees in Ethiopic, and Guereza species of which are inhabitants of tropical Asia-by in the Amharic dialect, and these two names are given the last molar in the lower jaw having only four with some variation by later travellers. tubercles on its surface; whilst in all the remaining Dr. RUppell, who first accurately described the monkeys and in the baboons, this molar exhibits one guereza, informs us that it resides in small families in or two additional small tubercles at its posterior porthe loftiest trees, and usually in the neighboulrhood of tion. In all these monkeys the canines of the upper some stream. It is restless and lively in its habits, jaw are greatly developed, especially in the males, in 30 QUADRUMANA.. MAMMALIA. SIMIADI. which they acquire a formidable length as compared unnatural behaviour to his infant offspring; while, in with the size of the animal; and from their being acute the very next cage, several male baboons were to be at the point, and very sharp along the hinder edge, seen surrounding two females with their young ones, they constitute most dangerous weapons, which the old caressing the two mothers with the most lively demonmales of most species know well how to use. strations of tenderness, pressing them in their arms, Besides the presence of cheek-pouches, the Cerco- embracing them almost like human beings, and quarpitheci present another character of distinction from relling amongst themselves for the pleasure of nursing the Indian Semnopitheci and the African Colobi, the little ones, which, after passing from arm to arm, which, although of secondary importance, and common were faithfully returned, each to its own mother." to them and many of the macaques and baboons, it is Of the numerous species of this genus known to still necessary to mention. This is the annulated naturalists, we can only mention a few. Amongst nature of the fur, arising from the individual hairs not these — being of the same colour from the root to the tip, but THE TALAPOIN (Cercopithecus Talapoin) is the marked with rings of different colours, by which means one which, in the gentleness of its disposition and the the fur acquires a minutely speckled appearance; and slenderness of its form, would appear to approach most the general tint of the animal is usually quite different closely to the preceding monkeys; it has been separfrom any of the distinct colours which are to be found ated by Geoffroy as a distinct genus, on account of the in its fir. large development of its brain, the shortness of its In their structure and form, as in their character, muzzle, and especially the small size of its hinder these animals may be regarded as the types of our molars, of which those of the lower jaw have only notion of a monkey; they are nearly equally removed three tubercles. from the apes on the one hand, and from the baboons The talapoin is the smallest of the monkeys of the on the other. Unlike the mild and gentle Semnopi- Old World. Its fur is of a greenish tint, with the theci and Colobi, they are petulant, capricious, and lower surface of the body and the inside of the often spiteful, especially when old; whilst on the other limbs greyish-white; the hairs of the forehead are hand they are, for the most part, free fiom the sullen- raised, so as to form a sort of tuft; the whiskers are ness and moroseness which are usually characteristic yellowish, and the face flesh-coloured, with the nose of the baboons. They live in the forests, each species and ears dark-brown or black. It is a native of usually confining itself to some particular district, Western Africa, but is less commonly brought into where the animals live in large troops, under the Europe than many other species inhabiting the same chieftainship of the old males; and the inroads of one locality, although its gentleness and intelligence renspecies or tribe upon the region over which another der it one of the most interesting of the Old World has arrogated the dominion to itself, are highly resented monkeys. In captivity it is very lively and amusing. by the latter, of which the whole community imme- THE MONE (Cercopithecus Mona) is a species nearly diately unites to repel the aggression. Even in confine- related to the talapoin, which it resembles in the element this party feeling is maintained; and it is not gance of its form, and in its intelligence. It is a little uncommon in large menageries, where numerous larger than the talapoin, but is still one of the smallest monkeys of different kinds are kept in the same cage, of the Simiade, and its colours are very beautiful. to see those of one species combine their powers to The head is of an olive-green colour, mixed with defend one of their brethren against the bullying of golden-yellow; the forehead is covered with whitish some larger occupant of their common prison. In their hairs, and on each side of the face is a large bushy native forests, these monkeys keep at a distance from whisker of a straw colour; the back and sides are human habitations, and usually frequent the banks of brilliant chestnut, mottled with black; the legs and streams. They feed principally upon fruits and seeds, tail are black, speckled with grey, and on each hip, but also eat the buds and young shoots of trees, and immediately in front of the root of the tail, is an oval occasionally diversify this vegetable diet with a repast spot of the purest white-a character which is peculiar of birds' eggs or insects, although they appear to be less to this species; the throat, the lower part of the body, addicted to animal food than the baboons. and the inner surface of the limbs, are also pure The genus Cercopithecus includes those monkeys of white. the Old World which are most commonly brought to The mone inhabits the western coast of Africa. and Europe, and also those which have most frequently is usually brought to Europe from Senegal. Its name produced young ones in our menageries. The female, of Mlona is a sort of generic name for monkey in some under these circumstances, carries the young one in parts of the south of Europe, and was applied to this her arms until it has acquired strength enough to cling species by Buffon, who also identified it with the Cebus firmly to her hair, when, having all her hands at of the ancients, although without sufficient reason. liberty, she is able to spring and climb about with as In confinement it exhibits a remarkable amount of much activity as if she had no burden. The male is amiability, being more docile and less petulant and sometimes, if not always, an exceedingly bad father, capricious than most other monkeys, so that it may be quarrelling with the female, and ill-treating the young allowed far more liberty, although the males not unfreone. M. Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, mentions, that in quently change their character for the worse as they 1837, when a female of the Grivet (C. Griseus) had increase in age. M. F. Cuvier has published an intera young one in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, the esting account of an individual of this species, which male was obliged to be removed, in consequence of his lived from its youth upwards in the menagerie at Paris, THE MONKEYS. -MAMMALIA. —THE DIANA MONKEY. 31 and preserved its gentleness even after it had arrived behind a cask, whence he leaped on the back of one of at maturity. This specimen exhibited wonderful ad- his steeds as -it passed. Of course the speed was dress in getting at any object that pleased him; he increased, and the nails he stuck in to keep himself on would open cupboards by turning their keys, or undo produced a squeaking; but Jack was never thrown, knots, and had acquired an adroitness in pocket-picking and became so fond of the exercise that he was obliged that would have done credit to a pupil of Mr. Fagin, to be shut up whenever the pigs were at liberty." performing this operation with so much delicacy that Several smaller monkeys were on board the ship, and his hand could not be felt, although the person whose of these he was very jealous, going so far as actually pockets were under examination might be perfectly to throw two of them into the sea. On a third he aware of what was going on. exercised his spite in a most ludicrous fashion. The THE DIANA MONKEY (Cercopithecus Diana) which sailors had been painting the ship's side with a streak is said to be called the Roloway on the Gold Coast, and of white, and on going down to dinner left their paint Exquima in Congo, is a larger and stouter species and brushes on deck. This excellent opportunity was than either of the preceding, but is still distinguished not lost upon Jack; he called a little black monkey to amongst the monkeys of this genus by the elegance of him, and when the poor little beast came and crouched its form, and the gentleness and playfulness of its char- at the feet of his superior, the latter seized him by the acter. Its general colour is a mixture of black and nape of the neck, dipped the brush into the paint, and grey, with the face, the hands, and the extremity of immediately covered his victim with white from head the tail deep black; down the back runs a broad band to foot. This absurd spectacle caused Mrs. Bowdich of a deep chestnut-red colour; on the forehead there is a and the steersman, who had both been watching his white band, curved so as to form a very open crescent- proceedings, to burst into a laugh, upon which Jack a character which induced Linnmeus to give the species dropped the whitened monkey and scampered up into the name of the goddess of the chase; and the whiskers the rigging, whilst the unhappy little sulject of this and beard are also pure white. The latter appendage practical joke began licking himself, and was only preforms one of the most curious characters of this mon- served from being poisoned by a thorough washing key; it is very long and pointed, resembling, as Mr. with turpentine. During this operation, the author of Ogilby says, "the formal cut of the peaked beard which the mischief was peeping down through the bars of the we see in some old paintings about the time of Henry maintop, with evident enjoyment of the commotion VIII.;" and the monkey appears to regard it as highly- that he had occasioned. Fear of punishment, however, ornamental, taking great care to keep it trimmed and kept him aloft for three days, until hunger compelled neat, and holding it in his hand when he is about to him to come down, when he dropped suiddenly into drink, to prevent it from coming in contact with the Mrs. Bowdich's lap, as if to seek for protection. The water. Mr. Ogill)y says that the first time he observed skin of the diana monkey forms a beautiful fur, and is this strange action, the ludicrous effect of the creature's frequently used for that purpose. solicitude about his beard made him laugh outright; THE WHITE-NOSED MONKEYS (Cercopithecus Nicthe monkey, after looking tup for a moment as if in titans and Petaurista), which are also nearly related to astonishment at this sudden explosion, appeared all at the mone, and inhabit the same countries, are distinonce to discover its cause, and no doubt regarding it as guished by having a large white spot upon the nose. a personal insult, flew at the offender most viciously, The best known of these is the Lesser NWhite-nosed and was only prevented by the shortness of his chain monkey (C. Petaurista), which is one of the quietest fiom inflicting a severe and summary punishment upon and most playful species of the group; and from its him. familiarity and amusing habits is always a great As a general rule, however, the diana monkey is favourite with the visitors to our menageries. exceedingly good-tempered, and very lively and play- THE CALLITHRIX (Cercopithecus Sabceus), so called ful. A most interesting account of a specimen of because Buffbn supposed it to be identical with the this species was communicated by Mrs. Bowdich to Callithrix of the ancients, belongs to a section of the Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. ii. This genus in which the form is-more robust, and the chamonkey, which had received the name of Jack, racter generally far less amiable, than in the preceding belonged to the cook of the ship in which Mrs. Bow- species. It is also called the Green monkey, and the dich returned from Africa. Teasing was one of his Cape de Verd monkey, the latter name indicating one principal accomplishments, and he seems to have of its dwelling-places; it also occurs in Senegal. It is brought the art to a great state of perfection. He a handsome species, about the size of a large cat; the would pull off the men's caps and throw them into fur of the back and sides is of an olive-green colour, the sea, a habit which is said to be common in mixed with brown, that of the belly is yellow, and the nautical monkeys; he would knock over the parrot's whiskers are yellowish. It is very hardy, and is concage for the pleasure of drinking the water as it sequently common in menageries, where its restless trickled along the deck, steal the tea out of the sailors' playfulness renders it attractive; but its temper becomes mugs, or abstract the pieces of biscuit which the men uncertain as it grows older, and the adult males are had put between the bars of the grate to toast, and carry often very spiteful. off the carpenter's tools. But his favourite amusement THE GRIVET (Cercopithecus Griseus) is a nearlyconsisted in riding the pigs, in which he was a great allied, but smaller species, which is also frequently adept. " Whenever the pigs were let out to take a imported into Europe. It is a native of Nubia and of run on deck,'" says Mrs. Bowdich, " he took his station several provinces of Abyssinia, where it is a favourite 32 QUADRUMANA. —MA MMIIALIA. — SIBIAD.E. with the inhabitants, who often keep specimens in their Cercopitheci, sometimes reduced to a mere tubercle, houses. The grivet was also well known to the ancient and in two species altogether wanting. In their genelal Egyptians, and is oftenrepresented on their monuments. habits they resemble the Cercopitheci, but their evil THE PATAS (Cercopithecus Rauber), an inhabitant of passions acquire a strength proportioned to their usually Senegal on the west coast of Africa, is one of the larger size and greater physical power; and although monkeys most commonly imported into Europe. It is they are less disgusting and ferocious than the baboons, about the size of the callithrix, and of a general reddish they are far more so than the other monkeys. fawn colour, with the lower part of the body and the THE SOOTY MANGABEY, or WHITE-EYELID MONinner surface of the limbs pale grey. Across the fore- KEY (CercocebusFuliginosus). We have already stated, head there is a blackish band, and the extremity of the that although the macaques are strictly speaking an nose is covered with very short black hairs. In con- Asiatic group, they have a few representatives elsefinement the patas resembles the two preceding species where. Amongst these are the mangabeys or whitein its.character, being very lively and playful, but at eyelid monkeys which inhabit Africa, and most closely the same time so capricious in its temper that any resemble the common monkeys of that continent in approach to familiarity with it is attended with danger. their general form, in the length of the tail, and in In a state of nature, according to the old French their habits. The mangabeys are, however, distintraveller Brue, the patas possesses a great share of guished from the ordinary monkeys and from the other curiosity, coming down from the tops of the trees to macaques, by a peculiarity in the structure of the the lower branches to examine the boats passing hands-all the fingers both of the fore and hind hands beneath them; but when the first novelty wore off, the being united by webs which extend at least as far as monkeys, says he, " became more confident, and began the first joint, whilst between the first and second finto pelt us with rotten branches and other missiles, not gers of the hinder hands, the web reaches nearly to the always of the most delicate description." This compli- tip. They are also characterized by the dead white ment being returned by the sailors with their guns, by colour of the upper eyelids, which gives them a singular which some of the monkeys were killed and others aspect when brought into view by those perpetual wounded, they did not allow themselves at first to be blinkings in which all monkeys are fond of indulging. intimidated, but renewed the assault with great deter- The sooty mangabey, which is the commonest spemination, until finally perceiving that the odds were cies, is of a sooty grey colour on all the upper parts of against them, they scampered nimbly out of range of the body, the tail and the outer surface of the limbs; the guns, and afterwards contemplated the boats from the chin and throat, and the lower parts of the body a safer distance., are brownish ash colour. This monkey is a native THE NISNAS (C. Pyrrhonotus), is a species very of the west coast of Africa, but nothing is known of its nearly allied to the patas, with which it was formerly habits in a state of nature. In captivity it is familiar confounded. It is, however, a stouter animal, and and gentle, exceedingly active and full of grimace, presents several distinctive characters, especially the throwing itself into such ludicrous attitudes that, as whiteness of a portion of the nose. The nisnas is a M. F. Cuvier observes, "it might be supposed to be native of Abyssinia and Nubia; it was well known to provided with a greater number of joints than other the ancient Egyptians, and is often represented in their monkeys," or tumbling and dancing inan absurd fashion sculptures. It is also supposed to be the cebus of the to attract the attention of the visitors, from whoin it Greek writers on natural history. hopes to obtain a reward for its agility. Mr. Ogilby mentions that a " specimen in the menagerie of the The group of the Macaques, already referred to as Zoological Society was very fond of being caressed, and distinguished from the Cercopitheci by the presence of would examine the hands of his friends with the greatan additional (fifth) tubercle on the hindmost molar est gentleness and gravity, trying to pick out the little teeth in the lower jaw, nevertheless presents a close hairs, and all the while expressing his satisfaction by resemblance to the preceding group in its general smacking his lips, and uttering a low suppressed grunt." characters. In fact, the characters of the species of This habit appears to be a favourite one with the spethese groups shade so gradually into each other —the cies, as many specimens exhibit it. Cercopitheci becoming insensibly macaque-like, and the Two other species of these monkeys are known-the macaques baboon-like in their general structure-that COLLARED MANGABEY (Cercocebus Collaris), and the some writers have proposed the abolition of the group of WHITE-CROWNED MANGABEY (C. z.thiops); they the macaques altogether, by uniting the more monkey- are both said to inhabit the west coast of Africa. like macaques with the Cercopitheci, and the more THE BONNET MONKEY (Maccacus Sinicus), the baboon-like species with the baboons. At the same Toqzue of some authors, was called the Bonnet Chinois time, as the macaques, with but two or three excep- by Buffon, from an erroneous notion that it was a native tions, are all inhabitants of Asia, where they well of China; it is now known to come from the Malabar and represent both the Cercopitheci and balboons of Africa, Coromandel coasts, and probably inhabits the whole it seems desirable to retain the group on account of its southern extremity of the peninsula of Hindostan. It convenience in regard to zoological geography. also lives in a wild state in the Mauritius, but has been The macaques are, in general, of a more robust form introduced into that island since its occupation by than the other monkeys; the muzzle is prominent, but Europeans. rounded off at the extremity, and the tail is very The bonnet monkey is a species frequently brought variable in length, being sometimes as long as in many to Europe for exhibition; it is about the size of a large THE MACAQUES. — AMMALIA. THE WANDEROO. 33 cat, of a greenish-dun colour on the upper parts and males exhibit a morose, sullen, and spiteful disposition, greyish below, and has a long tail. The whole of the which renders it dangerous to attempt any familiarities face is naked, wrinkled, and of a dingy flesh colour; but with them, and the aspect of the animal changes at thle the most striking character of the species is to be found same time, and acquires a ferocity which accords but in the arrangement of the hair of the crown, which is too well with his temper. long and dark-coloured, and instead of standing erect, THE MACAQUE (3Ilctacus Cynomolguts) is another spreads in all directions like rays proceeding from a long-tailed species which is also frequently brought to common centre, lying upon the surface of the head in Europe. It is a larger and more robust species than the same way as the hair of a scalp wig. It is from the bonnet monkey, which it resembles in most of its this character that the animal has received the name of structural characters, and in its disposition. The colour the bon'net monkey. A somewhat similar disposition of the upper parts of the body and the outer surface of of the hair occurs in a nearly allied species, the Crowned the limbs is greenish-brown, the lower surface and the Ml3onkey (MJkacacus Pileat us), but this is of a reddish- inside of the limbs are greyish-white. The tail, when brown colour, and the hair of the head is nearly erect. not injured, is about as long as the body; but the In its native country the bonnet monkey meets with an macaque has a curious habit of gnawing the end of his amount of veneration almost equal to that shown in tail, and it is a very common circumstance to see speciBengal to the hoonuman (see I. 27); although very mens with this member considerably abbreviated, most destructive in the gardens and fields, it is forbidden to probably in this way. The hair of the crown of the kill them, and the natives assemble round any person h ead usually forms a sort of ridge, or crest, running from guilty of this offence, and give him no peace until he back to firont, and appearing as though it had all been has paid for a sumptuous funeral for his victim. Such brushed up towards the middle. A specimen which at least is the account given by Buchanan of the state exhibited this peculiarity was described by Buffon under of matters in Mysore, which, in all probability, relates the name of the Aigrelte. to this monkey; and that traveller adds, that the pro- The rmacaque is far more widely distributed than the prietors of gardens used to hire men of a particular bonnet monkey, being found not only on the continent class, who captured the monkeys and squirrels (which, of India, but also on several of the large islands, espeit would appear, are equally sacred) in nets, and then cially Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes. According conveyed them to some distant village; but as every- to Dr. Horsfield, it is the commonest monkey in the body resorted to the same means of getting rid of such forests of Java, where it is a great favourite with the troublesome neighbours, the gardeners soon found that natives, who constantly domesticate it and keep it in the monkey-catchers were the only people who benefited their stables, under the impression that its society is adby these proceedings, and accordingly gave them up. vantageous to the horses. In the European menageries In confinement, the bonnet monkey is a most amusing the macaque appears to thrive; it supports the severity fellow when young, as all his actions are performed with of our winters better than most other monkeys, and has an amount of gravity which is exceedingly ludicrous. been several times known to breed in Europe. It is Of all the species usually kept in our menageries, the remlarkable that, under these circumstances the female bonnet monkeys exhibit the most striking external has generally deserted her offspring, although other marks of mutual affection. When two or three are kept nearly-allied species have not only bred in confinement, together they are constantly to be seen hugging or but have tended their young with the greatest care. nursing each other, or carefully searching in the fur of The habits of this animal in captivity are similar to their companions for the fleas and other vermin which those of the bonnet monkey, but the old males become doubtless harbour there in sufficient abundance to render even more ferocious and spiteful. their destruction a matter of gratification. At all THE. WANDEROO (lacactus Silenzus) is one of those events this appears to be the feeling of the monkeys, species of macaques in which the tail is only about a who make it an affair of mutual advantage; for whilst third of the length of the body. It measures from three one fellow exhibits the most exemplary patience, lying at feet to three feet and a half in height, and is of a robust full length, and submitting to have every part of his fur form; its hair is of a black or blackish colour, as is also investigated by the sharp nails and sharper eyes of his the naked skin of its face and paws, but its head is surcompanion-the latter rewards himself for his trouble rounded by a long thick mane of greyish hair, reseniby immediately devouring any of his friend's troublesome bling an enormous wig falling down upon the shoulders, guests that may come under his fingers. Where a in the style of that remarkable head-dress which is still specimen of this monkey has none of its own species to thought to confer such dignity upon our judges, and percontract an intimacy with, it will content itself with haps justly, for between this ornament and the habitual some other animal, and a kitten is not unfrequently gravity of its countenance, the wanderoo acquires a given to it as a companion. Under these circumstances, singular air of wisdom and importance, which, in the as Mr. Ogilby remarks, "nothing can exceed the monkey at any rate, is exceedingly ludicrous. Its tail ridiculous car'icature of humanity which it presents- is tufted at the extremity. petting, nursing, and hugging the unfortunate kitten, The name of Wancleroo, commonly given to this at the imminent risk of choking it, with all the gra- monkey, is said to be its ordinary denomination in vity and fondness" of a child similarly employed. Ceylon, of which island, and the adjacent coasts of'Vlen adult, however, the deportment of the bonnet continental India, it is an inhabitant. It is said, also, nonkey becomes entirely changed; instead of the by some writers, to advance far towards the north at playfill good temper of the young animals, the old certain seasons of the year, and sometimes even to Vote. I. 5 34 QUADRUMANA. MAMMALIA. SIMIADE. ascend the Himalayas nearly to the region of perpetual keys to be fattened to such a degree as to exhibit an snow. According to Father Vincent Maria, a Carmelite enormous corpulence. monk, this monkey would appear to occupy quite an The bhunder is a native of continental India, where aristocratic position amongst the other quadrumanous it occurs abundantly in Bengal, and is also found in inhabitants of the Malabar coast. The old missionary Assam, Nepal, and Simla. The hoonuman is the only tells us that "the other monkeys pay such profound other monkey which lives in these provinces, and the respect to this species, that they humiliate themselves bhunder appears to share with this sacred species in before him, as if capable of appreciating his superiority the respect of the natives. Captain Williamson tells and pre-eminence," and the magnificence of his wig us that in many places revenues are allotted for feeding seems even to produce an impression on the human whole tribes of bhunders under the charge of a fakeer, inhabitants of Malabar, for the worthy father adds, that or other mendicant priest, who ekes out the regular "the princes and great lords hold him in much esti- revenues attached to his office by charitable contribumation, because he is endowed above every other with tions levied upon travellers principally by the motngravity, capacity, and the appearance of wisdom. He keys, who show themselves most accomplished beggars. is easily trained to the performance of a variety of They never molest any one, unless some cause of ceremonies, grimaces, and affected courtesies, all which offence is given; but then they bite severely, and a he accomplishes in so serious a manner, and to such trifling circumstance may produce the necessary irritaperfection, that it is a most wonderful thing to see tion. Mr. Johnson also confirms these statements, and them acted with so much exactness by an irrational mentions that at a place called Bindrabun, " more than animal." Mr. Ogilby is probably in the right when he a hundred gardens are well cultivated with all kinds attributes the submission of the other monkeys to the of firuit, solely for the support of these animals, which wanderoo, rather to his physical than to his moral are kept and maintained by religious endowments fiom superiority, and the behaviour of several specimens rich natives." The same writer tells us on good which have from time to time been exhibited in this authority, " that in the district of Cooch Behar, a very country has proved that the wanderoo is not superior large tract of land is actually considered by the inhato his congeners in sagacity. Robert Knox, another bitants to belong to a tribe of monkeys which inhabit old traveller, tells us, that in Ceylon this monkey does the neighbouring hills, and when the natives cut their little mischief, but lives in the woods, feeding on the different kinds of grain, they always leave about a tenth leaves and buds of trees. part piled in heaps for the monkeys. As soon as their THE BRUH. (Macacus Nemestrinus), described by portion is marked out, they come down from the hills Buffon under the name of the Maimon, is of a more in a large body and carry off all that is allotted for robust form than the wanderoo, and has the tail much them, stowing it under and between the rocks in such shorter, slender, nearly naked, and slightly curled, which a manner as to prevent vermin fiom destroying it. On has given origin to the name of the Piq-tailed Monley, this grain they chiefly live; and the natives assert that originally applied to this species by Edwards. The if they were not to have their due proportion, in anobruh is of a blackish-brown colour on the back, becom- ther year they would not allow a single grain to become ing lighter beneath and on the limbs; its face is flesh- ripe, but would destroy it while green. It does not coloured. It is an inhabitant of Sumatra and Borneo, appear whether this singular and primitive payment of and is described as being more docile and intelligent tithes has been settled by mutual agreement between than its nearest allies; but this amiability of character the natives and the monkeys; but in other places, would seem to disappear with age, although even old where no such arrangement is described as existing, the specimens are said to exhibit less ferocity and sul- monkeys come freely in search of their dues into tlhe lenness than the other large macaques. According to houses, and carry off whatever they prefer with perfect Sir Stamford Raffles, the natives of Sumatra are fond impunity. In fact, the destruction of one of these of domesticating the brubh, whose docility they turn to animals is looked upon as a heinous crime by the Itingood account. They train it to climb the cocoa-nut doos; and the writer last quoted mentions that two trees for the purpose of picking the fruit, and it is said young officers who had shot at a bhunder, were pelted to show great discrimination in selecting the ripe nuts, with sticks and other missiles by the fakeers and other of which, moreover, it picks no more than its master inhabitants of Bindrabun, where the supposed outrage requires. took place, until the elephant on which they rode was THE BHUNDER (Macacus Rhesus) is a species very driven into the river, where both the young men, as nearly related to the bruh, with which it was indeed well as the driver of the elephant, were drowned. confounded by Cuvier. It is, however, furnished with Nevertheless, the respect thus manifested for the mona rather longer tail; and this appendage, instead of keys does not prevent the jugglers who swarm in India being slender and naked, is thick and well covered with from teaching these animals numerous tricks; and, hair; the upper surface of the body is of a greenish- according to Captain Williamson, " it is very diverting grey colour, the individual hairs being annulated with to see these little mimics counterfeiting the gait and light dun and dark brown; the lower surface and the motions of various professions, and especially corroboinside of the limbs are light grey, and the callosities rating by their actions the deluge of flattery which the are. bright red. The skin is remarkably loose and jugglers pour forth in praise of everything relating to flaccid, hanging in folds even in the young animals; the English character. Their antics are so excellently and thllis peculiarity, which occurs, although to a some- just on these occasions, that many human profeswvhat less extent, also in the bruh, enables these mon- sors of the mimic art might, without the smallest THE MACAQUES. — MAMiMIALIA.- THE MAGOT. 35 disparagement, take a lesson from these diminutive way fiom time immemorial. He has, however, another imitators." and still more important claim upon our attention: The bhunder is one of the few species of SimiadTe during the long series of years when the dissection of which have produced young in our menageries, and, the human body was strictly prohibited, the anatomists under these circumstances, the female exhibits a won- of Europe derived all their notions of anatomy fiom derful degree of affection for her offspring. In a case the structure of this animal. Galen's description of recorded at great length by M. F. Cuvier, the young the anatomy of man was almost entirely drawn from animal continued for the first fortnight of its existence his dissections of the magot; and many years afterfirmly clinging to the hair of its mother, with its mouth wards, when Vesalius published his great and valuable constantly applied to her nipple, only changing its work, "De corporis humani fabrica," the surgeons of position occasionally in order to cross over to the other the old school refused to accept the new views therein side, but constantly turning its eyes to watch every- brought forward, and adhered resolutely to Galen in all thing that occurred in its vicinity. At the end of a points when there was a difference between the statefortnight the little creature detached itself from its ments of the rival anatomists. Some of the most mother, and then, from the very first, exhibited an distinguished physicians of the sixteenth century actuaddress and precision in its movements which could ally wrote treatises in support of the old notions; and hardly have been anticipated. Still the mother watched it was not until Camper, two centuries later, proved it with anxious care, always ready to assist it in any that Galen's descriptions applied only to the magot, that difficulty into which it might fall during its gambols, we may consider the question to have been finally and clasping it in her arms whenever she thought it settled. was threatened with any danger. At the end of six The chief home of the magot is in the mountainous weeks, however, when the. young one was ready for parts of Northern Africa, in Algeria, and Morocco, more solid nutriment, this otherwise affectionate mother where these animals reside in the forests in large troops, displayed a singular amount of selfish greediness, driv- and are said to attack and drive away the beasts of ing her offspring away from the front of the cage when- prey which intrude upon their domains, although no ever their food was put in, so that it was only by stealth doubt they often fall a prey to the leopard, and some that the poor little beast contrived to secure a share of of the smaller cats which abound in Northern Africa, what was going. and which, by the facility with which they climb Several other species of macaques inhabit the con- trees, may easily steal upon them unawares during the tinent of Asia and its islands; but amongst these we shall night. Their food in a state of nature, according to only mention the URSINE MACAQUE (M. Ursinuts), and M. Desfontaines, consists of "pine-cones, chestnuts, the RED-FACED MACAQUE (M. Speciosus), in which figs, melons, pistachio nuts; and vegetables, which they the tail is reduced to a mere tubercle, and the BLACK carry off from the gardens of the Arabs, notwithstandMACAQUE (Mllacacus 2Niger), in which there is no trace ing all the pains they take to exclude these mischievous of that appendage. The second of these species is animals. While they are committing their thefts, two remarkable as being the only monkey inhabiting Japan; or three mount to the summits of the trees and of the and the third presents some peculiar characters, which highest rocks to keep watch, and as soon as these have caused it to be raised to the rank of a distinct sentinels see any one or hear a noise, they utter a cry genus, under the name of Cynopithecus. of warning, and immediately the whole troop takes to THE MAGOT (Inuus Sylvanus), or BARBARY APE, flight, carrying off whatever they have been able to as it is frequently called, is the last species of the group lay their hands on." M. Desfontaines adds, that " in of macaques to which we shall refer; it is remarkable the wild state, they generally bring forth only a single as being the. only monkey found in Europe. It differs young one, which, almost as soon as it is born, mounts fiom the rest of the macaques in having the posterior on the back of its mother, embraces her neck with its tubercle of the hindmost molar in the lower jaw divided arms, and is thus transported in safety firom place to into three parts by two little furrows, and from nearly place; sometimes, however, it remains firmly attached all of them by the total absence of a tail. to the breast." The magot, when full grown, stands between three The origin of the colony of this species, which still and four feet in height, and is of a robust form. The lives upon the rock of Gibraltar under the special progeneral colour of its fir is a yellowish olive-green, pale tection of the English garrison, has fiequently been a or greyish beneath; the face is of a dingy flesh-colour, subject of discussion; some naturalists thinking that the much wrinkled, and marked with irregular brown spots; species must have been imported into the south of and the hairs surrounding the face are of a dirty grey. Spain, as some of its Eastern allies have been into the It usually goes on all fours, and appears to prefer rocky Mauritius. It would appear, however, that the extreme and mountainous districts for its habitation, where this southern part of the Spanish peninsula harbours a quadruped mode of progression is the most practicable considerable number of terrestrial animals, which are one. In its character it closely resembles the other otherwise peculiar- to the opposite shores of Africa; macaques, being lively, intelligent, and docile when and, according to some authors, the magot itself occurs young, but becoming morose and intractable with in a wild state upon other mountains of Andalusia, increasing years. The vivacity and playfillness of the and even of Granada. Ancient writers also are silent young and half-grown animals, have always rendered with regard to the occurrence of their Pithecus, which them great favourites with the itinerant showmen of was undoubtedly the present species, in any other part Europe, and the magot has been well known in this of Europe; although Procopius, a Greek writer of the 36 QUADRUMANA. MAIMMALIA. SIAIIADE. sixth century of the Christian era, mentions man-like perpendicularly to the spinal column. The head of apes inhabiting Corsica. In the absence of all positive this baboon is of large size, a circumstance which is evidence, one way or the other, we can only suppose due principally to the enormous development of the that the magot, with the other African forms of ani- facial bones; in the males, especially, these bones form mals which occur with him in Southern Europe, may a long muzzle, on the sides of which are a pair of large have extended his range into the latter region at a bony protuberances; the upper canines are of immense period when the two continents were united.: Even size; the lower jaw is enormously powerful and armed then it would be curious that the European represen- with sharp canine teeth; the surface of the skull exhitatives of the species should confine themselves to a bits strong ridges for the attachment of the muscles; bare rock at the most southern point of the peninsula, and no one who looks at the entire skull of a mandrill, as if anxious still to be within sight of the shores which can doubt for a moment that the creature possessing undoubtedly constitute their true home, but'from which such formidable weapons and such powerful means of they are for ever excluded. This, however, may per- setting them in motion, would be as terrible an antalaps be explicable upon the supposition. that important gonist as almost any beast of prey. changes of climate may have taken place in Spain since The adult male sometimes attains a height of upwards the disruption of the continents at the Pillars of Her- of five feet when standing upright. The general colour cules. of the fur on the back and sides. is a light olive-brown, and on the lower parts of the body a silvery grey. On the forehead and crown of the head the hair is directed The group of the Baboons at which we now arrive, upwards, giving a curious appearance to the head; the and which closes the series of Old Worold monkeys, face is naked, and the protuberant sides of the nose resembles the macaques in most of its characters, dif- are strongly ridged and marked with bright red, light fering principally in the form of the face, which, in the blue, and purple. The callosities are large, and of a baboons, is produced into a snout and more or less bright red colour. In the females and young males, truncated, or, as it were, cut off at the extremity. They the muzzle is shorter and less protuberant than in the have small eyes, placed closer together than in any old males, and of a uniform blue colour. of the preceding groups of monkeys; the hindmost The native country of this formidable animal is the molars in the lower jaw are furnished with one or two western coast of Africa, especially in the district of accessory tubercles as in the macaques; and the Guinea, where it appears to have been often confounded tail, which is usually short, is placed very high up on with the climpanzee in the stories related by the the rump. Negroes to travellers. It is known to the natives of The baboons are all of considerable size, larger than different districts by a variety of names, amongst which the other monkeys, but usually smaller than the true Smitten, Choras, Boggo, and Barris are recorded by apes. They are of a robu't form, with stout powerful authors; the latter name is the one given to the gorilla limbs, upon which they usually go upon all fours; they by De Laval (see p. 17), and we have already stated are, in fact, the most animal of the SimiadTe. Their that the name of Drill, now commonly applied to the jaws are enormously powerful, and armed with immense following species, and which evidently forms part of canine teeth, with which they are able to inflict very the name under which the present animal is known, severe wounds upon their adversaries. They usually really belongs to the chimpanzee. Considering the take up their abode amongst the rocks, and are con- vicious character of the mandrill, we may, perhaps, fined to the Aftican continent, in all parts of which some suppose that many of the narratives of travellers, with species are found. One species also occurs in Arabia. regard to women being carried off into the woods by They are ferocious and disgusting in their habits, and monkeys, apply rather to this species than to the chimduring the breeding season the posterior callosities, panzee, although both of them are charged with this which are of large size and generally of a bright red crime. The mandrills are also described as associating colou1r, become so turgid and conspicuous, as to give in large troops, and driving away other wild animals, the creatures a most repulsive aspect. In confinement, including even the elephants, from the districts of the even the females seem to delight in exposing these forest in which they choose to take up their quarters, disgusting features to thile gaze of the spectators, whilst whilst their human neighbours are afraid to pass through the males usually exhibit the lasciviousness of their the woods in which they reside, except in large conmnature in such an odious light, that they can rarely be panics and well armed. In a state of nature the exposed freely to the public. In many cases they have mandrills live principally upon fiuits, although, like been known to notice women amongst the spectators the other baboons, they doubtless often devour small before their cages, sometimes even selecting the young- animals, and they are said sometimes to make a descent est and handsomest for this questionable compliment, upon the negro villages, and plunder them of everyand evincing their preference by unmistakeable ges- thing eatable. In captivity they eat almost anything, tures; so that there can be little doubt, that had they and usually acquire a strong taste for intoxicating the opportunity, they would resort to violence for the liquors. A fine specimen which was exhibited many gratification of their passions. years ago at Exeter Change, and which had retained THE MANDRILL (Palpio M'ormon), Plate 2, fig. 4. his youthftul tractability to a later period than is usual The mandrill, the largest and most poweriful of the with the male baboons, was in the habit of drinking baboons, belongs to a genus in which the tail is very his pot of porter daily, accompanying this indulgence short, fo-ming a small naked process wrhich stands up with a pipe, which he smoked with great gravity. THE BABO.oNS. -MNAMIMALIA. TiE DERRIAS. 37 When thus engaged he would sit in his chair with his the chacma, however, that some of the dogs generally pot of porter in one hand, and no doubt he would have pay dearly for their temerity, and the boors would been as indignant as little Tony Weller, had he been almost prefer setting their dogs upon a lion, to letting offered a pint instead of his customary allowance. This them go in pursuit of one of these animals. Even the mandrill bore the appropriate name of Hpalpy Jerry, leopard, which inhabits the same districts as this and his reputation was so wide-spread that he was powerful baboon, and feeds principally upon the females actually honoured with an invitation to Windsor Castle and young males of the chacma, often meets with a firom his Majesty George IV. disappointment when he ventures upon an ol(l male. THE DRILL (Papio leucophceus) is another species Notwithstanding these bad qualities the young of short-tailed baboon very nearly allied to the man- chacmas are often domesticated at the Cape, when drill, and, like it, an inhabitant of the Guinea coast. It they are said to show great docility, and to fulfil the is rather smaller than the preceding species; its fur is important office of keeping guard and giving notice of of a more greenish colour; the sides of the muzzle are the approach of a stranger as well as or better than a less protuberant, and the skin of the face is entirely dog. They are also trained to perform some other black. It was originally described as a distinct species useful duties. Sometimes a smith will be seen with a by Pennant, under the name of the Wood Baboons; but chacma attending to his fire, or a peasant committing little or nothing is yet known of its habits in a state the guidance of his oxen to one of these animals; but of nature, although in these it probably resembles the in whatever way they may be employed, they require mandrill. to be always under the eye of the master. They are THE CHACMA (Cynocepl7alus porcarius) belongs to also noted for the sagacity with which they reject any another genus of baboons, in which the tail is of unwholesome food, so that a Htottentot will never touch moderate length. The chacma is the largest species anything that has been refused by a chacma. This of this genus, equalling a large mastiff in size and fbrm, Lenders it exceedingly difficult to poison them, and exceeding it in robustness and strength. It is of an M. Pucheran mentions a case in which one of these olive-black on the back, with the sides.and belly paler; animals actually abstained for ten days firom touching the whiskers are greyish and the face brown. It is an some poisoned food which had been prepared to kill inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope, where it lives in him. From the account given by M. Le Vaillant of the mountains amongst the rocks in troops of three or one of these baboons which was in his possession in four hundred together. Travellers through the passes Africa, they would appear to be good-tempered, amusof the Cape Mountains describe the noise made by the ing, and even affectionate; but these good qualities in baboons, when they see the loaded waggons intruding all probability wear off in course of time, as the adult upon their territory, as something terrific; and should specimens which have been kept in menageries in the travellers outspan for the night in the vicinity of Europe, have exhibited all the ferocity and other distheir habitations, the yells and howlings of the baboons gusting qualities of their congeners. are kept up all night, so as effectually to scare sleep THE DERRIAS (Cynocepbalus Hamaclryas). Several fiom the intruders' eyelids, and make them long for the species of baboons are found abundantly in the northfirst dawn of day to recommence their toilsome march. eastern part of the African continent, in Nubia, AbysSometimes, however, it would appear that the baboons sinia, and even in the mountains of Arabia. Amongst take matters more quietly, sitting peaceably on the these the most celebrated is the derrias, a large species, summits of the rocks and gazing down upon the train standing about four feet in height when erect, which is of waggons; should they be within reach of the rifles remarkable from its having the whole fore part of the of the travellers they scramble away immediately, body, as far as the loins, covered with long shaggy hair, climbing up the faces of nearly perpendicular rocks, by whilst that of the hinder quarters is short, so that the the help of certain creeping plants which, in many creature has not unaptly been compared to a clipped places, form a network over the rocks, and from the French poodle. In its habits the derrias closely resemuse to which the baboons put them, are called by the bles the preceding species. boors Monkeys' ladders. Their movements under such By some writers this is considered to be the ape circumstances are said to be indescribably amusing, Thoth, so commonly represented upon Egyptian monubut they cannot always be observed in safety; for the mrnents, usually in a sitting posture, but variously embaboons sometimes attack travellers by throwing stones ployed. He was the emblem of Hermes (Thoth) the down upon them. inventor of letters and of the art of writing, and HoraThe food of the chacma, like that of the other pollon, an ancient author, relates' that whenever one of baboons, consists partly of fruits and roots, and partly these baboons was brought to the temples, he was met of animal substances, such as insects, lizards, and the by a priest who presented him with tablets and pen and eggs of birds. In search of vegetable aliments, the ink, to ascertain whether he really belonged to the troops often descend into the cultivated districts, where family of those who understood writing.* Subsequently they do great damage. From this circumstance, the thoth appears to have become the symbol of the coupled with their ferocity and other evil qualities, the supreme judge of the souls of men; and in this capacity chacmas are regarded with much antipathy by the he is firequently represented with a pair of scales, in Cape boors, and this feeling appears even to be shared which the good and bad actions of those before him by the dogs; for we are told that there is no other animal which they attack so readily, or with so much This may remind our readers of the story in the "Thousand and One Nighlts,' in which a prince, metamorphosed into determination. Such are the strength and ferocity of an ape, discovers his human quality by writing. 38 QUADRUMA.NA. MAMMALIA. (CEB IDE.; are to be weighed. Ehrenberg thinks, with some pro- FAMILY II.-CEBID.ZE. bability, that the singular head-dress which is so fiequently represented on Egyptian monuments, was The first and most important of these families is that an imitation of the remarkable hairy covering of this of the Cebidae, which is at once distinguished from all the sacred monkey. other monkeys by a most important character, namely, THE COMMON BABOON (Cynoceeplalus Pcc2io), the the presence of four additional molars-there being six of last species to which we shall refer, is a native of the these teeth in each side of each jaw; so that, the numberl western coast of Afiica, where it appears to be exceed- and distribution of the other teeth remaining the same, ingly abundant. Of all the baboons it is the one which there are in all thirty-six teeth in this family, whilst is most frequently brought to this country, and its good the rest of the monkeys have only thirty-two. From temper, familiarity, and curious habits when young, the second family of American monkeys the Cebidae render it a great favourite with the visitors to mena- further differ in having the fingers all furnished with geries. As it increases in age, however, it acquires the flat nails. With but one or two exceptions they have same repulsive habits as its allies, although perhaps in very long tails, and in most cases these organs are prea somewhat less degree, and in some cases the adult hensile at the tip, so that these creatures are, as it males have been known to retain much of their youth- were, provided with a fifth hand, which is of the greatest ful docility. It also exhibits great intelligence. service to them in their rapid and agile movements The general colour of this baboon is reddish-brown; amongst the branches of the trees. the whiskers are light fawn colour;, the face nearly black, THE RED HOWLING MONKEY (Mycetes Seniculus), I and the callosities reddish-violet. It is one of those Plate 2, fig. 5. The Howlers, or howling monkeys Simiadse which support the climate of Europe with (Mycetes), are the largest and most robust of the least inconvenience, and it has frequently bred in our American monkeys, appearing in some respects to menageries. The adults, and even the males, exhibit represent in the New Continent the orangs and chimmuch attachment to the young animals, nursing them panzees of the Old World. Their jaws are large with great tenderness whilst they are very young, and and powerful, and armed with strong teeth, the structreating them afterwards with far more kindness than ture of which indicates their food to be principally of a is usually shown by monkeys in captivity towards their vegetable nature. Their colours are usually reddish offspring. or brown, and they are furnished with a long and wellfurred tail, which has the tip naked on the lower surface, and is strongly prehensile. With the baboons we terminate the long series of The most remarkable peculiarity of these animals, interesting species which constitute the family Simiacic,, and the one to which their name of howlers refers, and at the same time the first section of the great tribe consists in the fearful noise which they produce every of SIMIsE or monkeys. In these, as already stated morning and evening, and often during the night, (p. 14), the nostrils are placed close together and which, according to Humboldt and Azara, may be separated only by a narrow partition; whilst in the heard at a distance of more than a mile. Azara comsecond section of the Simire the nose is broad and flat pares the noise "to the creaking of a great number of and the nostrils separated by a wide interval. We ungreased carts;" and Waterton states that, on hearing have already adverted to the remarkable zoological the howlers in the primaeval forests of Guiana, "you distribution of these two nearly-related groups of would suppose that half the wild beasts of the forest animals; the first section, Catarrline, being restricted were collecting for the work of carnage; now it is the to the eastern hemisphere, while the Platyrrhine, or tremendous roar of the jaguar, as he springs on his Flat-nosed monkeys are as exclusively confined to the prey; now it changes to his deep-toned growlings, as New World. In the Old World, as we have seen, the he is pressed on all sides by superior force; and now monkeys are almost exclusively inhabitants of tropical you hear his last dying moan beneath a mortal wound." regions, and this is still more decidedly the case in It is still a question whether these terrible howlings America, where these animals are confined to the are produced by a single monkey at a time, or by a forests of the hottest.parts of the southern continent. general chorus of a whole tribe; but the Indians fully Although the' species of American monkeys are believe that one of the number commences the concert. exceedingly numerous, they present no such variety of Marcgrave, in his " Natural History of Brazil," pubform and habits as their eastern brethren, and we shall lished in 1648, gives us, evidently from the reports of therefore be able, by selecting a few of the more strik- the Indians, a very circumstantial account of the proing species, to give the reader a good idea of the whole ceedings of the howlers.' He says that every morning group. They are all of small or medium size, and and evening these monkeys assemble in the woods, arboreal in their habits; all are destitute of cheek- and that one of them then perches himself in the pouches and callosities, which are possessed by the highest place he can reach, and makes a sign to the majority of the Old World species; their food is of a others to sit around him. He then commences his mixed animal and vegetable nature; and in their dis- discourse, with a voice so loud, that, according to our positions they are usually good-tempered, docile, and author, it imight be supposed that the whole of them intelligent. Nevertheless, with all these characters in were howling together, altholglh they sit in the most common, the American monkeys present certain stlruc- decorous manner in perfect silence, listening to the tural peculiarities, by which they may be divided into vociferation of the self-elected preacher. WVhen tihe two distinct families. latter ceases, however, he makes another sign with his I ________________________________ —_______________ _________ _____________ __________________________________________________________________________ HOWLING MONKEYS. MAMMALIA. THE WEEPERS. 39 hand, when the assembly indemnifies itself for the fig. 7. The Sapajous, ScjoUs, or Capuchns (Cebus), previous restraint by bursting at once into clamour. also called Weepers, from their plaintive cry, include a Marcgrave adds, that they again become silent at a sign considerable number of American monkeys. In their from the chief, who then resumes his howling for a general form they resemble the howlers, but are always time. When he ceases the assembly breaks up. This of smaller stature and less robust form. Their heads tale evidently contains great exaggerations; but it is are short and rounded, and their tails, although prehenquite possible that one of the monkeys may commence sile, are destitute of the naked space at the extremity, the howling, and the reports of more trustworthy which gives that organ, in the howlers and spidertravellers prove that a single individual is quite capable monkeys, such a firm grasp of any object round which of producing a most unbearable noise. it may be coiled. Their hands are furnished with perThe structure by which these creatures are enabled fect thumbs, both on the fore and hind limbs. to give utterance to sounds apparently so out of all In nearly all the species the face is bordered by a proportion to their size, is of a very curious nature, profusion of long hair, which gives the little creatures The two sides or branches of the lower jaw are enor- a most formidably-whiskered appearance, and the top Inously enlarged, so that they form a pair of bony of the head is often similarly provided. In the horned plates descending vertically from the skull, and, when monkey the hair of this part forms two strong black seen from the side, appear fully as large as the latter. tufts, which give the creature the appearance of being Between these is a rounded bony case, consisting of furnished with horns. Its general colour is chestnut the central part of the hyoid or tongue-bone, inflated red, with the chest and belly bright red, and the into a thin hollow ball. This receives a membranous limbs and tail brown. It is an inhabitant of Brazil pouch, which communicates with the larynx, and it is and Guiana. by the reverberation of the voice in the hollow space These monkeys live in troops in the boundless forests thus formed, that it acquires the tremendous power to of the South American continent, where they feed upon which we have just referred. fruits, seeds, insects, and corn, and also upon small birds In their habits the howlers are dull and morose; and their eggs. In their turn they furnish a considerable their movements are slow; and they live in small parties portion of the food of the small carnivorous quadruunder the guidance of a chief, who is always an old peds, such as the ocelots, which abound in the American male. The lattelr is said to place himself in an elevated forests, and which are very arboreal in their habits. situation, to guard against the approach of danger to the The sajous are of a gentle disposition, and easily tamed, little band under his care; but, notwithstanding this when they may be taught a number of amusing tricks. precaution, the animals may be easily approached, They are frequently brought to Europe, not only for although it would appear to be by no means safe to exhibition in menageries, but also to be carried about stand under the trees occupied by them, as a sudden by itinerant musicians, who teach them to go through a fi'ight sometimes produces very disagreeable effects. variety of evolutions, such as firing off a small gun, In passing from branch to branch, the howlers, in com- and sweeping up the platform on which they are exhimon with many other American monkeys, make use bited with a miniature broom. Their intelligence is of their tail as a fifth hand; and so great is its pre- very considerable: they will break a nut which is too hensile power, that, even after the animal is killed, it strong for their teeth by beating it between two stones; not unfrequently remains suspended by the tail. In and a specimen which was living some years ago in some places they are eaten by the Indians, after being the menagerie at Paris, would light a lucifer match by roasted on a spit; but the resemblance of the body rubbing it upon the wall of his cage, and then hold it of one of these monkeys, when skinned, to that of a in his fingers and watch it burning without'the least child, always causes Europeans to regard such food fear. Rengger, in his "Natural History of the Mainwith a feeling of repugnance. The female produces malia of Paraguay," mentions several circumstances only one at a birth, which she carries on her back. illustrative of the high degree of intelligence possessed The Red Howler (Micetes Seniculus), called the by these monkeys. They peel oranges, and tear the Alouate by Buffon, and the Royal Monkley, or King wings and legs off the larger insects before eating them. of the Monkeys, by the South American Indians, is When a living bird is given to them, they first bite a a native of Guiana, where it inhabits only the woods hole in the skull, through which they extract the brain, in the lower grounds. Its length, to the root of the then pluck off the feathers, tear the bird limb from tail, is usually twenty-two inches, and the tail is of limb, and finally gnaw the flesh off the separate bones. about the same length. The general colour of the On giving an egg to a young one for the first time, he hair is a fine red, brighter on the head and limbs; would break it very clumsily, and make a shocking the face is naked and black. Several other species mess with it; but in a short time he learnt by experiare found in different parts of the South American ence to break the end gently against a solid body, continent. Amongst these, the most abundant and pick off the pieces, and then suck out the contents most widely distributed appears to be the Brown without losing a drop. This mode of sucking eggs is Iowler (M. Ursinus), which occurs in several pro- also adopted by the spider-monkeys, and some others. vinces of Brazil. It is the monkey whose habits fur- But perhaps the most remarkable instance of intellinished Marcgrave with the foundation for the story gence presented by the sajous is the following:-Renggiven above, and this has obtained for it the name of ger had been in the habit of giving his specimens small the Preacher monkey. quantities of sugar twisted up in paper. One day he THE HORNED MONREY (Cebusfatuellus), Plate 2, inclosed living wasps in the papers, and the unfortu 40 QUADRUAMANA. - MAMMIALIA. - CEBIDAE. nate monkeys, opening their prizes incautiously, were and those which reside in the vicinity of the sea are severely stung. But this was never afterwards the said sometimes to descend to the coast, and regale case; for, becoming wvise by experience, they always themselves with marine luxuries, especially oysters, held the papers up to their ears before opening them. which they are ingenious enough to break between two The species most frequently brought to Europe is the stones. They are said also to adopt the same course BROWN SAJOU, 01r WEEPER MONKEY (Cebus Ap2ella), with nuts which are too hard for their teeth to crack, which is exceedingly abundant in Guiana, and also and their general intelligence is very high, certainly occurs in Brazil and other parts of South America. It higher than that of any other American monkeys, and measures about fourteen inches to the root of the tail, inferior to that of few of the Old World. which is between two and three inches longer than In captivity the coaita is very gentle, and soon the body. It is of a reddish-brown colour, darker on becomes tame. It is impatient of cold, and rather the back, head, limbs, and tail, but with the upper part melancholy in its aspect, but exceedingly amusing fiom of the arms tawny or greyish-yellow. its agile gambols. An interesting account of a tame THE COAITA (Ateles Paniscus), Plate 2, fig. 6. The coaita will be found in Mr. Gardner's " Travels in the Coaita is one of the most widely distributed of the well- interior of Brazil." It became a favourite of his whole known American monkeys to which the name of Spi- party, and especially cultivated the friendship of a der monkeys has been given, in allusion to the great large mastiff which accompanied them on their journey. length and slenderness of their limbs. It is found over On the march, Jerry, as the monkey was called, always the greater part of the South American continent, rode on the back of his canine fiiend, but he was not from Brazil and Guiana in the West, to Peru in the at all particular as to whether his face was towards the East. In common with the other species of its genus head or tail of the dog, except in going down hill, when (Ateles), it is totally destitute of thumbs on the anterior he always turned his face forwards; and to prevent members, which thus consist only of four fingers, the himself from being ignominiously slipped over the head only trace of the thumb being an imperfect metacarpal of his charger, made use of his tail as a crupper, by bone, completely concealed within the skin. The tail, twisting its prehensile extremity round the root of the like the limbs, is very long, and exhibits a piece of dog's tail. naked callous skin on the lower surface at the tip; this, THE SQUIRREL MONKEY (Callithrix sciureus), coupled with tihe great muscular power of the tail, ren- Plate 3, fig. 8. The Squirrel monkey, Saimiri or Tee ders it, like that of the howlers, a most powerful pre- Tee, is undoubtedly the prettiest, the most amiable, hensile organ, and the animals use it freely as a fifth and probably the most intelligent of the whole tribe. hand in almost all the transactions of life. The agility The length of' its head and body is only about ten of movement displayed by these curious creatures when inches; its tail, which is scarcely prehensile, measures springing freely about in their arboreal home, is in a thirteen and a half; its general colour is olive-grey, great degree due to this fifth hand; grasping a branch with the arms and legs reddish or orange-coloured; with it, they swing to and fro in the air, until gaining and the face is bare and whitish, with the nose black. a sufficient impetus, they launch themselves towards Its eyes are large, soft, and lustrous, giving the little some other object; and thus with the aid of the long creature an expression of intelligence, heightened by limbs, passover great spaceswith inconceivable rapidity. the form of its head, in which the skull is of very large Even when confined in menageries they exhibit aston- size as compared with the facial bones. The skull, ishing agility. We are told also by Dampier and with its inclosed brain, is in fact larger in proportion Dacosta, that when these monkeys want to pass a to the size'of the animal than that of any other monkey, river, or to get from one tree to another at a little so that, if we may take the mere size of the brain as distance, without descending to the ground, they form a measure of intelligence, we may easily account for themselves into a sort of chain, each clinging to the the superiority of this interesting little creature. other by his tail; the whole then swing to and fro, until The squirrel monkey lives in the forests of Guiana the lowest individual at the free end of the chain con- and Brazil, feeding principally upon fruits and insects. trives to get hold of the object to be attained, when he Its tail is of little use to it in its arboreal gambols, but draws up the rest, and the whole pass over. it appears to employ it in keeping itself warm, by windThe coaita measures about two feet in length to ing it round its body. In captivity it is gentle and the root of the tail, and is covered with long black hair, affectionate, and one of the most interesting of the except upon the face which is naked and brown. They monkey tribe. Humboldt has given some interesting live in the forests in troops, but frequently descend in details with regard to individuals in his possession. search of nourishment to the plantations, especially the When he spoke to them for some time, they listened Indian-corn fields, which they plunder to an extent with the most marked attention, but soon raised their that is anything but agreeable to the owners. Their hands to his lips, as if to catch the words as they booty is carried off to be eaten at leisure in the woods, escaped. They recognized the objects represented in and here again the tail comes into play; for an old engravings, even when not coloured; and when the negro told Mr. Gardner, that he had often seen the figures of insects and fruits were shown to them, they coaita making off with three ears of Indian corn, one stretched out their hands towards the paper, and endeain its mouth, one under its arm, and the third in its voured to seize their simulated food. tail. The coaita, and the other spider monkeys, also THE DOUROUCOULI (Nyctipithecus trivzrgatus). feed to a certain extent upon animal substances, such The large eyes of the delicate little squirrel monkeys as insects, molluscs, birds' eggs, and even small fishes; to which we have just referred, indicate probably that THE HAPALIDE. MAMMALIA. THE MARMOZETS. 41 their period of activity is to a certain extent nocturnal; appear to approach the squirrels, with which they also bnut in the douroucouli, this character is carried to a have some other analogies; they are incapable of the far greater extent, and this animal and its allies are education which most of the other Simice and some of known to sleep through the day, and to roam about the Cebidae in particular, may be brought to receive, at night in search of their food. Their eyes, like those and their instinctive faculties are very highly developed. of the cats, are luminous in the dark; their voice The extent of their intelligence will be seen from the is very strong, and, according to Humboldt, resembles particulars recorded by Audouin of the behaviour of that of the jaguar. It seems probable, indeed, fiom a two marmozets observed by him. In a picture they statement made by that author in his " Aspects of could recognize their own likeness, and those of flies, Nature," that the concert of fearful noises heard during locusts, and beetles, the latter of which they endeathe night in the forests of tropical America, and usually voured to seize with great avidity. The picture of a attributed to the howling monkeys alone, is due to the cat, on the other hand, and that of a wasp, caused them combined efforts of many different vocalists. to shrink with terror, and when occupied in catching The douroucouli shelters itself in the holes of large the flies which entered their cage, which they did with trees, and according to Humboldt, lives in pairs, and incredible dexterity, the appearance of a wasp attracted not in troops, like most other monkeys. Spix, how- by a piece of sugar fixed in the bars, drove them at ever, says that he has seen them going about in bands. once to take refuge at the bottom of their cage. The tail is long, but not prehensile, and the animal Astonished at this instinctive dread of an insect which winds it round its body when in repose. The ears are they could never have seen before, Audouin took a almost entirely concealed by the long hairs on the sides wasp and brought it near the two marmozets, when of the head; the colour of the fur on the upper parts they immediately hid their heads between their foreof the body is grey; the lower parts are orange, and hands and closed their eyes. But as soon as he substithis colour also appears on the sides of the neck. The tuted for the wasp, a grasshopper, a beetle, or some forehead exhibits three black lines, diverging back- other harmless insect, they darted upon it greedily and wards; and the tail is yellowish-grey, with the tip devoured it with the greatest gusto. Sugar and sweet black. The length of the head and body is about ten fruits also constituted favourite articles of food with inches, and that of the tail eleven. The douroucouli them, and they possessed the art of sucking eggs in feeds principally on insects, and also on small birds, great perfection. They would not eat flesh; but when a which it easily surprises when they are asleep. small living bird was given to them, they would seize upon and kill it, then open its skull and devour the FAMILY III.-HAPALIDiZE. brain, at the same time licking up any blood that might flow: they would also sometimes eat the bill, the The Marmozets (Hapalidce), forming the third tendons of the feet, and some other parts, but always family of the Quadrumana, and the second of the avoided the flesh. Mr. A. R. Wallace during his American monkeys, are distinguished from the Cebidee, voyage up the Amazon had an opportunity of observing to which they are in other respects very closely allied many similar habits in specimens of several species of by the absence of the additional molar tooth, which, in this family, which he kept in confinement. the latter, occurs on each side in each jaw. Thus the M. Audouin states that his marmozets recognized total number of their teeth and that of the different those who had the care of them, but this is opposed to kinds of teeth becomes the same as in man and the the observations of most other naturalists, and must higher Quadrumana of the Old World. The tubercles have been due to peculiar conditions in the individuals of the molars are also more acute than in the Cebidme, observed by the great French entomologist. indicating that the marmozets are more addicted to an In their native regions, the luxuriant forests of animal diet, and, in fact, a great part of the nourish- South America, these elegant little monkeys live ment of these creatures consists of insects, eggs of birds, amongst the trees in small troops, displaying, am-ongst and even small birds themselves, when these come the branches, an agility almost as great as that of the within reach of the carnivorous little monkeys. Their beautiful little inhabitant of our own woods-the tails are long and well-furred, but never prehensile. squirrel. Their activity, however, is nocturnal. They The marmozets are all of small size, rarely exceeding produce as many as three young ones at a birth, which that of a squirrel; their beads are small and rounded; is an additional indication of their approach to the their ears usually provided with tufts of hair; the lower Mammalia; for the rest of the Quadrumana, and thumbs of the anterior hands are scarcely opposable, even the Cheiroptera, usually produce only a single but those of the hinder pair are conipletely so, and young one; and, as if to show this more clearly, it these are furnished with flat nails whilst all the rest of sometimes happens that when they breed in captivity, the fingers bear claws. In every particular of their the mother will destroy one or more of her offspring, a organization these monkeys show themselves to be circumstance which occurs still more frequently with inferior to the rest of the great group of Simire, and to the true Carnivora, and some of the Rodentia. Their approach more closely to the ordinary mammals, whilst young are born with their eyes open. the almost complete absence of convolutions on the From the foregoing account of the intellectual qualisurface of the brain would seem to indicate a degree fications of the marmozets it is evident, that the high of intelligence far below that, not only of the other esteem in which they were folrmerly held as pets must Quadrumana, but even of the majority of the placental have been due almost exclusively to the elegance of Mammalia. In this respect, indeed, the marmozets their form, and the agility of their movements; but VoL. 1. 6 42 QUADRUMANA. MAMMALIA. LEMURIDA. whatever may have been their peculiar claims to such of the Simioe, which, as we have seen, includes those an honour, there is no doubt that in the sixteenth, species which approach most nearly to humanity in seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries they were the their structure, and exceed all other animals in natural favourite companions of the most fashionable ladies of intelligence, whilst the last members of the series cannot Europe, and probably had even more tenderness be regarded as greatly superior, in either respect; to lavished upon them than is bestowed upon the creatures which the necessities of classification compel lap-dogs of the present day. We find the word us to place at a great distance below them. marmozet applied to young children as a term of endearment by several writers of the last century. A In the second group of the Quadrumana, that of the remarkable indication of the early prevalence of the Prosimice or Lemurs, the general animal character of taste for having marmozets as pets, rendered the more the species is equally if not more strongly marked than striking by the absurd anachronism involved in it, is in the marmozets, and yet every species exhibits the furnished by the fact that Guido has introduced one of quadrumanous character in perfection, the thumbs of these animals into his picture of the Abduction of all the four extremities being opposable. They are disHelen. tinguished from the Simie, as alleady stated (p. 15), Of this group, which includes only a single genus, by the presence of a claw upon the first finger of the the species appear to be rather numerous, about thirty hinder hands, although the thumbs and the remainder having been already described, whilst, from the accounts of the fingers on both pairs of hands, are almost invarigiven by recent travellers, there can be little doubt that ably furnished with flat nails. The incisor teeth are many more remain to be discovered. As, however, variable in number, being frequently unequal in the they are all very similar, both in structure and habits, two jaws; the canines are always present, and usually we shall only refer to a few of the best known species. of considerable size, and the molars, of which there are THE COMMON MARMOZET (Jacchus vulgaris), Plate either five or six on each side, are often acutely tuber3, fig. 9, a native of Brazil, is of an ash colour, with cular, indicating an insect diet. the rump barred with brown, and the tail variegated The whole of the Prosimia are inhabitants of the Old with darker and lighter rings; the head and back of World, and the majority of them are confined to the the neck are of a reddish-brown colour, and on the large island of Madagascar, where they are almost the sides of the head, both before and behind the ears, are only representatives of their order. numerous long hails of an ash colour. It measures about eight inches in length, whilst its tail is nearly FAMILY IV. LEMURIDIE. eleven inches long. THE BLACK-TUFTED MARMOZET (J. penicillatus), Of the species peculiar to the remarkable island of also a native of Brazil, closely resembles the preceding, Madagascar, by far the greater number belong to the but has the head and the tufts of long hair about the family of the Lemlurlidm or true Lemurs. In these the ears black; the latter character also occurs in the general form of the body greatly resembles that of a White-headed Marmozet (J. leucocephalus), in which, cat set rather high upon its legs; the thumbs are all however, the whole front of the head is white, whilst opposable, and the first finger of the forehands well the general colour of the fur is reddish. developed; the muzzle is elongated and pointed someTHE MARIKINA (J. Rosaclia), Plate 3. fig. 10, belongs thing like that of a fox, from which circumstance the to a section of the marmozets which has been regarded name of Fox-nosed monkeys has frequently been applied by M. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire as forming a distinct to the lemurs. The eyes are large and placed on the genus (Midas), characterized by having the lower front of the head, the body is clothed with a thick soft incisor teeth short and broad, whilst in the rest of the fur, and the tail is long and full. family they are long and narrow. It is a beautiful But the most positive distinctive character of the little creature of a golden yellow colour, with the head family consists in the number of the teeth, of which and shoulders covered with long hair, forming a sort of there are thirty-six, namely, four incisors, two canines, mane, which has obtained it the name of the Lion and six molars in each jaw. The upper incisors monkey from some authors. It occurs in several parts usually form two pairs, separated by a small space, and of South Amnerica, especially in Guiana, Brazil, and placed almost perpendicularly in the jaw; the lower Peru, and, from the beauty of its silky fur, its gaiety, ones are much longer, and project almost in a horizontal and gentleness, it was formerly one of the greatest direction; the upper canines are much longer than the favourites of all the marmozets. The species was first lower ones, and the salient tubercles of the molars described by Brisson, from a living specimen in the indicate frugivorous habits. possession of Madame de Pompadour. These beautiful animals, of which numerous species, THE PINCHE (J. O(dipus), another pretty little varying in size from that of a marten to that of a large species inhabiting the same countries as the marikina, cat or fox, occur in Madagascar, are nocturnal in their has the long hairs confined to the forehead and the habits, coming forth in troops from their hiding-places crown of the head, where they form a sort of crest or at sundown to exhibit their wonderful activity amongst tuft of a white colour, the general colour of the fur the branches of the trees, through which they sweep being a tawny brown, with the lower parts white, the with a swiftness and silence that induced Linnmeus to face black, the ears reddish, and the tail red at the compare the species known to him to lemures or ghosts. base and black at the tip. Their food, as already remarked, consists to a great The rmarmozets close the great and interesting group extent of fruits, but they also feed fireely on insects, THE LEIURS.-MAMAMALIA. THE LICHANOTIDIE. 43 and, like all the lower Quadrumana, have a great liking whole of the back, leaving only a comparatively narrow for eggs and young birds, which they may seize with white band between it and the patch on the shoulders. great ease during their nocturnal expeditions through This is the most usual arrangement of the black and the forest. The females produce only a single young white in the pied lemur; but it varies considerably, and one at a birth, and attend to this with the great.est specimens have been seen in which only the tail, the tenderness. At first they carry their offspring about in hands, and the muzzle were black. This species their arms, the little creature aiding its mother's efforts appears to be of a fiercer character than most of its by clinging to her breast; but as the young lemur congeners; some French travellers declare it to be as increases in size, it coils itself round her middle, and is ferocious and cruel as a tiger, and M. F. Cuvier records thus carried about. an instance of a pied lemur which had lived for some In confinement the lemurs are lively and playful, and time on good terms with a mongous having turned the elegance of their forms and gracefulness of their upon his companion the night after a change had been actions render them most pleasing objects in our mena- made in their abode, and utterly destroyed him. geries, where, notwithstanding the tropical tenderness Besides these true lemurs the forests of Madagascar of their constitution, they have been known to live for nourish several other species belonging to this family, many years, and even to breed. They exhibit less which have been regarded as belonging to distinct intelligence than the higher Quadrumana, but at the genera. Most of them belong to the genus Chleirosame time are destitute of the ferocity which often galeus, and the most important characters by which characterizes the latter as they increase in years. In they are distinguished firom the rest of the lemurs general the lemurs are very gentle and harmless, fond consist in the greater roundness of the head, the comof licking the hands of their visitors, and testify their parative shortness of the muzzle, and the larger size of contentment by a curious purring noise. According to the eyes. The latter character would indicate a more the observations of M. F. Cuvier upon the mongous, decidedly nocturnal activity than prevails even among the claw of the first finger of the hinder hands is fre- the lemurs. quently introduced into the ear and kept there some THE CHEIROGALEUS MILII, one of the few species time, for what purpose does not appear; the use of the of this group of the habits of which we know anything, projecting incisors of the lower jaw seems to be to act and at the same time one of the largest of them, measures as a sort of comb in cleaning the fur, which the animals about fourteen inches in length, exclusive of the tail, are very fond of doing, not unfrequently performing which is rather longer than the body; it is covered with this good office for each other. a thick silky fur of a tawny-grey colour on all the upper THE RING-TAILED LEMUR (Lemur Catta), or parts of the body, and white beneath. Its legs are very MACACO, Plate 3, fig. 11, is one of the most elegant, much shorter than in the ordinary lemurs. A specimen and, at the same time, one of the best-known species of in the menagerie of Paris passed the whole day sleeping this family. It is about the size of a large cat, and its in a nest which it made for itself with hay, and the general colour is a delicate ashy grey; the sides of the whole night in active movement. Its agility was so head and face, the throat, chest, and belly, are white; great that it could spring to a height of six or eight and the long bushy tail is beautifully marked with feet. It fed upon fruits, bread, and biscuits. The broad rings of black and white. The form of the head Cheirogaleus Murinus, described long since by Brown in this species is perhaps more elegant than in any as the Little Macauco, is the smallest of the Lemuridm, other lemur, and the vivacity and intelligence of its' its body measuring only about six inches in length; it appearance are heightened by its white, pointed, and was described by Buffon in his manuscripts under the erect ears. In its manners also it is usually the most name of the Madagascar rat. amiable and playful of all the lemurs, and appears to feel more affection than any of them for its master. FAMILY V.-LICHANOTIDAE. THE MONGOUS (Lemur Mongoz), is another species which is frequently brought to Europe, and indeed The preceding are not, however, the only quadruappears to be one of the most abundant in its native manous inhabitants of Madagascar. The forests of country. It is a little larger than the ring-tailed lemur, that remarkable and still imperfectly-explored island, and its body is entirely clothed with a thick coat of nourish another family of -these animals, regarded by tawny woolly hair. The sides of the face are orna- some writers as standing in the same relation to the mented with a pair of orange whiskers, the top of the lemurs as the anthropoid apes to the ordifiary monkeys. head is black in the male, grey in the female, and the These are the Indris, which are distinguished fiom the tip of the tail is also black. In speaking of the agility preceding by the presence of only thirty teeth. The of this species M. F. Cuvier mentions that an individual anterior teeth in the lower jaw are, however, placed in his possession was able to spring from the ground to almost horizontally as in the lemurs. the branch of a tree, at a height of at least ten feet. THE INDRI (Indris Brevicaudatus), Plate 3, fig. The only other species of the genus Lemur to which 12, is exceedingly remarkable in its form, and also'we shall refer is the Pied Lemur (L. Macaco), which deserves notice from its being the largest known species is remarkable for the distribution of its colours, consist- of the entire group of the Prosimiae or lemurine Quadruing in large irregular patches of black at d white. The mana. When in an erect position the indri measures tail and hands are entirely black, as are also the face upwards of three feet in height. Its tail is exceedingly and muzzle; alarge black patch sulrrounds the shoulders short, indeed almost rudimentary, and its hind legs and neck, and a still larger dne occupies nearly the very long-circumstances which render it the most 44 Q UADRULMANA.-M MIAMMALIA. NYCTICIEBIDE,. manlike of all the lemurs. Its filr is very soft, long,. Sir William Jones, the celebrated oriental scholar, of a and thick. Its general colour is black, with the throat specimen which lived for some time in his possession. and buttocks whitish. In its nature the indri is " To me," says Sir William, "vwho not only constantly described as being very gentle, and, although not fed him, but bathed him twice a week in water remarkable for intelligence, it is said to be so far accommodated to the seasons, and whom he clearly susceptible of education that the natives of Madagascar, distinguished from others, he was at all times grateful; who honour it with the appellation of the Man of the but when I disturbed him in winter, he was usually woods, sometimes train it to hunt, probably for birds. indignant, and seemed to reproach me with the unIf the information that we possess upon the habits easiness which he felt, though no possible precautions of the preceding species be scanty enough, we know had been omitted to keep him in a proper degree of still less with regard to the other members of this warmth. At all times he was pleased at being stroked family, which indeed are very few in number. They on the head and throat, and frequently suffered me to differ from the indri in having the tail, which in that touch his extremely sharp teeth; but at all times his animal is so greatly abbreviated, well developed and temper was quick, and when he was unseasonably furred, and also in some particulars of their dentition disturbed, he expressed a little resentment by an upon which we need not dwell. obscure murmur, or a greater degree of displeasure by a peevish cry, especially in winter, when he was often FAMILY. VI.-NYCTICEBIDAE. as fierce on being much importuned as any beast of the woods. From half-an-hour after sunrise to half-anThe animals of this family, which includes the greater hour before sunset, he slept without intermission, rolled part of the lemurine forms found out of Madagascar, up like a h'edgehog,* and as soon as he awoke he are distinguished from the preceding families by the began to prepare himself for the labours of his approachmore acutely tuberculate form of their molar teeth, ing day, licking and dressing himself like a cat. He which must be regarded as indicative of their insecti- was then ready for a slight breakfast, after which he vorous habits, and from those of the following family commonly took a short nap; but when the sun was by their having, like the lemurs, a curved claw only on quite set, he recovered all his vivacity. His ordinary the first finger of the hinder hands. In the number food was the sweet fruit of this country. Milk he and arrangement of their teeth they agree with the lapped eagerly, but was contented with plain water. lemurs. They are strictly nocturnal animals, and, like In general he was not voracious, but never appeared most other animals of similar habits, have the eyes very satiated with grasshoppers, and passed the whole night large. The species are found in India and Afiica. I whilst the hot season lasted in prowling for them. THE BENGAL LORI (Loris gracilis), Plate 4, fig. When a grasshopper or any insect alighted within his 13, as indicated by its name, is an Indian species. It reach, his eyes, which he fixed upon his prey, glowed occurs in Bengal, Assam, Silhet, and the Malayan pen- with uncommon fire, and having drawn himself back insula, and also in the island of Ceylon. The lori to spring on it with greater force, he seized the victim measures about a foot in length, and is of a greyish with both his fore paws, but held it in one of them fulvous colour, with the lower surface of the body while he devoured it." whitish, and a white band running down between the Another species of lori (L. tardigradcs), is found eyes, and surrounding the nose. It has a rounded in some of the islands of the eastern archipelago, such head, with small ears and a short pointed nose. Its as Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is rather smaller body and limbs are slender, the first fingers of the than the preceding species, and has a rudimentary tail, hands are short, and the tail is altogether wanting. fiom which and other characters it has been regarded Its fur is very thick and soft. The habits of the loris by some writers as forming the type of a distinct genus are strictly nocturnal. They. reside in large forests, (Nycticebus). The Javanese lori has also been deusually in mountainous districts, and pass the days scribed as a distinct species. sleeping in the holes of trees. At sunset they come THE POTTO (Perodicticus Potto) is the first Afirican forth, and move slowly about amongst the branches, species of this family to which we shall refer. It is seeking their food, which consists partly of fiuits and distinguisbed fiom all the rest of the Quadrumana by the tender leaves of trees, and partly of insects, small the rudimentary form of the first or index finger of the birds, and mice. When on the ground their long forehands, which is reduced to a mere tubercle furnished slender limbs seem unable to support them, and they with a little claw. The potto is a thick-set animal, move, as described by M. F. Cuvier, in a manner with short limbs and a long tail. Its size is about that somewhat resembling that of a very young puppy. of a small cat. Its ears are of moderate size. Its Hence many writers have compared them with the. general colour is a reddish-.brown, with the extremity sloths, and it is remarkable that they exhibit an *of the tail black. M. Van der Hoeven mentions, that arrangement of the arteries supplying the anterior in two specimens observed by him, " the spinous prolimbs somewhat resembling that which prevails in cesses of the last five cervical and of the first two those singular creatures. M. Gervais justly compares dorsal vertebhrae are long, and pierce through the hairy the slow and cautious movements of the loris to the integument of the back, with a weak horny covering." semiparalytic gait of the chameleon. The potto is a native of the forests of the coast of In their nature the loris are gentle and inoffensive, Guinea, especially about Sierra Leone. Like the lori, and not destitute of intelligence, as will be seen firom the * The individual described by F. Cuvier is said by him to following extracts from an interesting account given by have slept sitting in a crouching posture. THE GALAGO. MAMMALIA. THE TARSIER. 45 which it resembles much in its general characters, it is peculiar characters, that although only a single species a nocturnal animal, slow in its motions, feeding partly of the group is well-known, this may well be regarded upon fruits and tender leaves, and partly upon insects as the type of a distinct family. The characters and other animal matters. by which this is distinguished, independently of the THE SENEGAL GALAGO (Galago senegalensis), elongation of the tarsus, are the presence of only Plate 4, fig. 14. —The galagos, which constitute the two incisor teeth in the lower jaw, the uniformity of remainder of this family, are elegant squirrel-like position of the four upper incisors, which do not stand creatures, with rounded heads, large eyes, large mem- in two pairs, and the existence of claws upon both the branous ears, and long tails. They differ from the first and second fingers of the hinder hands. potto in the elongation of the tarsal portion of the foot, THE TARSIER (Tarlsizus Spectrum), Plate 4, fig. 15, and in the greater development of the first finger the only species of this family whose existence can be of the hands. In their dentition and most of their regarded as well established, is an inhabitant of several other characters they agree with the preceding species. islands of the Indian archipelago, especially Celebes, Like these they are nocturnal animals, living amongst Borneo, and Banca; it also occurs in the Philippine the branches of the forests, where they prey upon Islands and Sumatra. It is an elegant little creature, small birds and insects. Fruits also constitute a por- about the size of a common rat, clothed with a soft tion of their nourishment. reddish-brown filr, and furnished with a long slender The Senegal Galago, which is the best known tail, the extremity of which is tufted. The most species, is an elegant little creature rather larger than remarkable peculiarity in its structure is the confora squirrel, of a grey colour, with a reddish tinge on mation of the hinder extremities, which are of great some parts, and with the lower surface paler or length, and upon which this little animal is described whitish. It inhabits a considerable portion of the as leaping about in the forest like a frog. The tarsi African continent, occurring in Senegal, Caffiaria, are much elongated and very slender, but the feet are Abyssinia, and Mozambique. It was first discovered considerably widened at their extremity, and the toes in the first-mentioned locality by the celebrated Adan- exhibit a singular relative proportion. The inner toe, son, who describes its habits as intermediate between the opposable thumb of the hind feet, is large and those of the monkeys and squirrels. It appears from powerful, but its next neighbour is the shortest of all; the statements of the great French voyager and of the next toe and the outermost one are about equal in later observers, that the galagos principally inhabit the length, and that between them is the longest. By great forests of acacias which furnish the gum-arabic this means the foot acquires a singular bunched and of commerce, and that the Moors who bring them deformed appearance, which, however, is probably in down from their native haunts give them the name of some way connected with the habits of the animal. Gum, animals, and declare that they feed upon that The tarsier is a gentle, inoffensive, nocturnal animal, substance. It appears, indeed, that they will eat gum which may be easily tamed; when it exhibits both when offered to them; but they show a very decided intelligence and affection to those who have the care of preference for insect food, those which have been it. it resides in the damp forests of the islands above observed in captivity being always on the watch for mentioned, where it is said by Dr. S. Mtiller to frequent insects, exhibiting considerable excitement when they the tops of the trees, and its food is described by only hear the sounds produced by these animals, and different writers as consisting partly of fruits and partly seizing upon any unlucky victim that may come within of insects. The malays call it Podje, and, according to their reach with the greatest avidity. In their native Sir Thomas Raffles, the natives of Sumatra have such haunts they display great agility upon the trees, a superstitious dread of it, that if they chance to see a amongst the branches of which they are always sport- tarsier upon one of the trees in the vicinity of their ing at night, springing suddenly upon their insect prey rice fields, they will immediately abandon the spot from with a velocity greatly aided by the length of their a fear that some misfortune will otherwise befall them. hinder limbs. They nestle in holes of the trunks of The true position of this curious creature was long a trees, which they line with soft beds of grass and matter of doubt, some authors having arranged it with herbage for the reception of their young. the jerboas, and others with the marsupial animals. Several other species of galago have been described -all from the African continent. The largest is the FAMILY VIII.-CHEIROMYID2E. G. crassicaudatus, an inhabitant of Mozambique and Port Natal, which is about the size of a rabbit. We have already stated (pp. 15, 16) that besides the Simioe and Prosimiee, or, as they may be called, the FAMILY VII.-TARSIIDE. Monkeys and Lemurs, two other families are commonly placed in the present order, although the peculiarities The gdalagos, as already stated, are distinguished of their structure are so remarkable that their true from the other members of their family by the great position may still be regarded as a matter of dispute. length of their tarsus, and the large size of their ears; This is especially true of the present family, which in these respects they show an evident approach to would seem to constitute a connecting link between the the little creatures which form the present family, widely distant ordelrs of the Quadrumana and Rodentia, and which might, perhaps, be included in the same partaking so much of the characters of both, as to have grloup with them without much violence to a natural been placed alternately, by different zoologists, some system. The tarsiers, however, exhibit so many times in one and sometimes in the other of those ordere 46 QUADRUnANA. MAMAIALIA. GALEOPITHECIDA2,. THE AYE-AYE (Cheiromys maclagascariensis), fig. animals, are two in number in each jaw, long, stout, 7, the only known species of this family is, as implied and chisel-like, and the canines are altogether deficient; by its specific name, a native of Madagascar, where it but the molar teeth, ifour in the upper and three in the was first discovered by the celebrated French traveller lower jaw, although arranged in the sanle way as in the Sonnerat. The name, Aye-aye, conferred upon it by Rodentia, present certain characters which are not him is said to have been borrowed from the expressions usual in that order. The skull, in its form, has some of surprise uttered by those natives to whom he showed analogy with that of the galagos, and the bony orbits are complete-a character which does not occur amongst Fig. 7. the rodents. Thus the characters to be drawn from the head and teeth leave the true position of the aye-aye still very doubtful, and it is only from the structure of the members that we are induced to place this animal with the Quadrurnana. The bones of the forearms are distinct throughout their whole length, and both these and the bones of the uwrist resemble those of the lemurine animals. The forehands, however, are very peculiar in their structure, the thumb is not opposable, the fingers are exceedingly long and thin, the fourth being the longest, and the third the thinnest; all are terminated by large naillike claws. In the hinder-hands, on the contrary, there is a distinctly opposable thumb, and the claw of the first finger is evidently more elongated and awl-shaped than those of the others, in the same way as l /tvin the true lemurs. Another singular character is the position of the teats, which are u; In situated on the groin. I bete The aye-aye would appear to be rare even l- of\[ which ain its native forests; only three specimens have been brought to Europe, and these are in the museum of the Jarclin ldes Planltes at I'~e Paris. This rarity may, however, be cue to the habits of the animal, which is a strictly nocturnal creature, sleeping during the day l./ T.he gee rconcealed in holes in the ground. It is / *nSh~ with described as being exceedingly sluggish, but The Aye-Aya (Cheiromys Madagascariensis). we still know little or nothing of its general habits and food. According to Sonnerat his specimen, and who had never seen such a creature it is insectivorous, and employs its long fingers in before; it was, however, supposed by him to be the drawing larve fi'om their holes in the trees; but the native name of his new-found treasure, and is now specimens which lived for two months in his possession generally received as the name of the animal. were fed with boiled rice, which they took up with In its general appearance the aye-aye is intermediate their hands, "1using the slender fingers," as Sonnerat between the galagos and the squirrels, with the latter' expresses it, "in the same way that the Chinese of which animals it is placed by those zoologists who employ their chop-sticks." Other writers have suprefer it to the Rodentia. When adult it measures about posed the aye-aye to be a frugivorous animal, and it eighteen inches in length, and its tail almostas much must be confessed that the form of its molar teeth do more. It is clothed with a thick frr composed of two not indicate an adaptation to an exclusively insect diet. kinds of hair; a thick woolly down close to the skin, and longer smooth hairs, which form the outer coat. FAMILY IX.-GALEOPITHECIDAI. The general colour of the fur is a pale rusty brown, with the face and throat lighter; the tail is bushy, and Notwithstanding the singular characters presented the ears very Ilarge and naked. But the most remark- by the animals forming this family, the last that we able characters of the animal at'e, as may be supposed shall refer to the order Quadrumana, their position in from its doubtful position in the system, to be sought the system is by no means so puzzling as that of the in its structure. The dentition, which, as a general rule, Chei'omyns; in fact there can hardly be a doubt that may be regarded as the best char'acter by which to they form a connecting link between the two contiguouis determine the systematic position of a mammal, would orders of the Quradrurmana and Cheiroptera, so that the seem to indicate the justice of placing the aye-aye only question is whether we shall place them with one amongst the rodents; the incisor teeth, as in those or other of these orders, or, as has been done by IPro THE FLYING LEMUR.-MAMMALIA. —--— CHEIROPTERA. 47 fessor Van der -Hoeven, admit a distinct order for their the molars, so as to leave a wide vacant space in front reception. The latter course does not appear to us to above the lower incisors. The hindmost of the upper be at all necessary, and we think it will be evident incisors are also remarkable for having two roots, a from the following description of the conformation of these singular creatures that their affinities are much Fig. 9. closer to the lemurine quadrumana, than to the bats. THE GALEOPITHECI, or Flying Lemurs, differ from the rest of this order in the want of opposable thumbs on all the feet, these being composed of five digits of nearly equal length, arranged in the same plane, and united to each other by a membrane (fig. 8). The limbs are rather long and slender, and on each side of the body, taking its rise from the neck and extending to the wrists, ankles, and even between the hinder limbs to the very extremity of the tail, is a broad hairy membrane, looking, at the first glance, like an ample cloak, in which the creature might wrap itself up warmly in case of need. The office of this membranous Lower incisor teeth of Galeopithecus volans. expansion is, however, very different; when in use it is widely extended by means of the limbs, and then character which does not occur in any other mammal. serves its possessor in the way of a parachute, enabling The lower incisors are inclined forwards as in the him to spring from tree to tree at great distances. lemurs, broad and flat, and with their crowns curiously Hence the name of flying lemurs by which the galeo- cleft in such a way that they resemble small combs pitheci are commonly known. But it must not be (fig. 9); the canines are wanting in the upper jaw, supposed that this action constitutes true flight; it is small and notched at the edge in the lower one; and the molars are six in number on each side of each jaw, Fig. 8. and sharply tubercled. Of the other characters presented by these singular 7'/"l ~ screatures we need only notice that they possess two pairs of teats, all placed upon the breast. THE FLYING LE1IUR (Galeopitliecus volans), Plate 4, fig. 16, is a native of several of the large islands of the eastern seas, especially Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, and also of Penang, Siam, and the peninsula of Malacca on the continent of Asia. It is of a blackishgrey colour above, with some whitish spots, and of a tawny-grey beneath; its feet are blackish, and its total length about eighteen inches. In the luxuriant forests of the countries above-:mentioned, the flying lemurs exist in considerable abundance, but they are said to select particular spots I-Iind foot of Galeopithecus volans. for their dwelling-places, especially gentle hills covered with young trees, in the thick branches of which they merely a parachute-like sailing through the air; the find a secure retreat, and quietly sleep away their days. impetus being given by the spring of the creature from The night is the season of their activity, and then they an elevated position, the expanded membrane buoys may be seen springing obliquely from one tree to it up for a considerable distance, although it has no another, often at a distance of a hHndred yards or power to sustain or elevate itself in the air by its own more, at the same time uttering a hoarse, croaking, exertions. A similar structure, adapted to the same disagreeable noise. On the ground, however, they end, occurs in the flying squirrels, and flying phalan- are very helpless, advancing by a succession of little gens, and it is widely different fiom the true wings by awkward leaps until they reach some object which which the bats are enabled to take their swift and they can ascend, when they climb up by the aid of noiseless flights through the dusky evening air. their claws, somewhat in the manner of a cat. In the general form of the skull the galeopitheci They feed upon fruits and young leaves, preferring resemble the lemurs, but the orbits are open behind as those of the cocoa, palm, and the Bombax pentanclrum, in' the bats. The structure and arrangement of the to the plantations of which, surrounding the native teeth are, however, different from anything we meet villages, they often do much injury. According to with in any other group of mammals. The incisor some authors they do not adhere strictly to a vegetable teeth are four in number in each jaw, but those of the diet, but feed also upon insects, and even upon small upper jaw are placed quite at the sides, in a line with birds when they can seize them. 48 CHEIROPTERA. MAMMALIA., CHEIROPTERA. ORDER III.-COHEIROPTERA. To this small and well-marked class of mammals, it only incapable of raising the creature in the air, but must be confessed, naturalists have not given that performs rather the office of a parachute than that of attention which the subject demands. Though for the an organ of flight. most part composed of individuals of comparatively The remarkable adaptations thus rendered subserinsignificant bulk, they have nevertheless important vient to the purposes of flight, are further; and perhaps claims upon our consideration, both on account of the more cogently, illustrated by referring to the skeleton singular and characteristic modifications of organic (Plate 34, fig. 110). H-Iere we find the solid framework structure they exhibit, and in respect of the part they of the body more or less attenuated in all its elements, play in the economy of creation. with the view of imparting lightness on the one hand, With regard to the habits of the bats and their man- and of retaining strength on the other. Every bone ner of living, the first and most conspicuous peculiarity indicates the care taken to provide against any unnepresented to ordinary observation has reference to their cessary weight. The skull is elongated from before mode of flight, and the agency by which this function backwards, and its constituent parts thinned out in a is performed. As the majority of our readers are striking manner; this elongation, however, is less conaware, their titular name Cheiroptera, or Wing-handed spicuous in those bats which feed on insects, and there family, points at once to the members of the body, are several other cranial peculiarities indicating greater primarily concerned in the office of flying; but while strength in the insectivorous than in the firugivorous the flight of birds is immediately brought about by a species. Among these may be mentioned an increased development of special integumentary appendages in breadth in the form of the jaws in the carnivorous kind, tlie form of feathers, we have here the same purpose this group also having the cusps of the teeth sharp and served by a membranous extension of the skin itself. pointed, while those of the fiuit-eating section are The membrane is extremely delicate and elastic, broader, blunter, and deeply grooved longitudinally. extending in front from the neck and sides of the body All the bats display four canine teeth, but the number to the extremity of the fingers of each upper limb, and of incisors and molars or grinding teeth varies considerbehind to the tail and to the heels of the feet. It is ably. Of the latter there are never less than three on thus that nature displays her indefinite resources, being either side of each jaw, while very frequently we find in no way hindered by such arbitrary laws as operate five in the upper and six in the lower, an arrangement in the fabrication of works of art. Look at the char- which is occasionally reversed. With regard to the acter of a bat's flight. Generally speaking its aerial incisors, or cutting teeth, there are usually two or four progression is easy, regular, and sustained. It has a in the upper jaw, and two, four, or sometimes six, in velocity sufficient to insure the overtaking and capture the inferior jaw. The backbone, or chain of bones, of its swiftest insect prey; while its strength is such as termed the vertebral column is chiefly remarkable for to enable the maternal parent to carry one or two the large size of its spinal or neural canal, and the young ones on her back at the same time, during her comparative breadth and strength of the bones of the passage through the air. Considering the solidity of neck. The vertebrce, to which the ribs are attached their bony framework, and the absence of such air are eleven or twelve in number, according to circumcavities as are found in birds, it would at first sight stances; but those succeeding are more variable in this appear that bats have relatively a greater specific respect, from four to seven being assigned to this so gravity than birds, and consequently a greater degree called lumbar region. The bones of the tail, or coccyof aerial pressure to contend with. This apparent dis- geal vertebre, exhibit a still more striking irregularity, advantage, however, is more than counterbalanced by and present, as it were, a gradual dwindling away a proportionably greater extent of surface presented by towards the delicate filamentary extremity in those the wings as compared with the weight of the body, species of Vespertilio where they are most numerous. than obtains in the feathered tribe. We have here in In the genus Pteropus, indeed, there is no tail whatshort all the essential conditions for a rapid aerial pro- ever, but in the species of Noctula we find six bones, gression, namely, an appropriate form, a weak specific while as many as twelve occur in the genus above gravity, and a special modification of the anterior loco- mentioned. All the ribs, with the exception of the first motive organs, forming an elastic extensile membrane. pair, have an extraordinary length, relatively more, we These conditions enable the Cheiroptera to realize a may say, than occurs in any other mammalian family. capacity of flight second only in degree of perfection to The breastbone, or sternum, is also unusually long and that of birds. In no other family of the first great broad, the anterior part, or manubrium, as it is called, division of the animal kingdom is this physiological having a surprising lateral expansion in certain of the action witnessed, unless indeed we are to exalt the genera, and most conspicuously so in the horse-shoe leaping powers of the Galeopithecus volans to a species bats. In all the species this portion of the little flat of flight. This animal, more familiarly known as the chain of bones, collectively termed the sternum, is proflying cat, or flying lemur, is also provided with vided with a more or less prominent central ridge on an elastic membrane of a more limited extent than the under surface, evidently corresponding to the exagthat of bats, but covering and connecting together the gerated keel-like process developed in birds to give anterior and posterior extremities; this structure is Ilot attachment to the strong pectoral muscles. We also CHEIROPTERA. —MAMMIAIALI A. —— CIEIROPTERA. 49 discover an increase of development of the other bones small, and in those kinds which have large ears they which enter into the constitution of the shoulder. The arl almost concealed from view. The skin, generally, is clavicles are elongated and much arched superiorly, the bladebone or scapula being likewise very surprisingly Fig. 10. developed, more especially in the insect-devouring species. All these arrangements beautifully illustrate j/m the adaptability of this mechanism to the peculiar habits of the Cheiroptera, while they at the same time afford ///i Il to the unprejudiced truth-seeker the most satisfactory evidences of creative design. The teleological argu- I l ment, indeed, may be still more vigorously enforced by a consideration of the osseous elements wvhih' enter i l into the formation of the arm, forearm, and hand. To a certain extent we have already touched upon this mechanism, when speaking of the characteristic function of flight. It is here, therefore, only necessary further to observe, that the upper extremity of the humerus or first bone of the arm is large and rounded, while the remainder is cylindrical and slender throughout. The two bones of the forearm, namely the radius and ulna, are curiously modified; the former being extremely long, and the latter only faintly represented by a Head of the I{ong-eared Bat (Plecotus vuuitus). slender styliform process, or in some cases by a mere rudimentary flat bony nodule. By this significant clothed with a soft downy hair, except on the winged disposition of parts all rotatory motion is effectually and interfemoral expansions. The sense of smell is prevented, and those movements of pronation and remarkably acute, more particularly in the insectsupination, so essential to the welfare of the human hunting group. Here again we find an increased and quadrumanous species, are entirely dispensed development of the external organ, precisely analogous with. Had not these changes of structure been intro- to the external ear. Certain individuals are provided duced, the comfort, nay the very existence of these with leaf-like appendages attached to the nostrils, and creatures, would have been jeopardized. Such is the consequently we are fairly entitled to presume that, foresight of the Divine Architect! And before con- as in the case of hearing, the auricles are created with cluding this part of the subject, we have further to the obvious intention of catching sonorous vibrations, observe that six small bones enter into the framework so also are the nasal leaflets designed to collect the of the wrist, two behind, and four in front; one of the odorous particles emitted fiom the bodies of the insects former row being singularly bulky, probably because on which these animals prey (fig. 11). The sense of two other carpal bones, usually assumed to be absent, touch is likewise exceedingly sharp. For a long time do in reality enter into its constitution. Succeeding these are the immensely elongated metacarpals and Fig.11 wire-like fingers, the phalanges of which diverge from one another in the expanded condition of the wing, and spread out to reach the lower margin of the elastic skin membrane formerly described. The second digit is the shortest, and the third the longest, while the thumb is comparatively insignificant, and terminated by a hooked phalanx. Finally, the bones of the pelvis, and those of the lower limb, although they share in the general diminution of the osseous fabric quantitively, do not in other respects relatively exhibit those deviations from the normal type of skeletal structure which \ obtain in the shoulder and superior extremities. \\ Before proceeding to consider the habits of Cheir- Head of the GreaterHorse-shoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrum-equinul). optera, there are several other interesting peculiarities of organization which cannot pass unnoticed. One of it was a question with naturalists how the Cheiroptera the most important of these is the great development regulated their flight in caves and recesses of almost of the ears among those bats living upon insects. In absolute darkness, there being no doubt as to the well some species the external auricles attain a prodigious ascertained fact that their movements, under these size (fig. 10), being frequently as large as the head, and circumstances, were conducted with the same skill, occasionally nearly as long as the entire body; and ease, and rapidity as in twilight. To solve this problem this curious feature is, moreover, combined with an the eminent physiologist, Spallanzani, instituted a series increased development of the intelrnal acoustic appar- of cruel expeliments. He actually deprived a number atus, and a special enlargement of that part of the of bats of their sight by extracting the eyes, and filling auditory organ termed the cochlea. The eyes of bats are the sockets with pieces of leather. They were then VOTL. T. 7 50 CHEIROPTERA. MAMMALIA. CHEIROPTERA. permitted to fly about, while various obstacles were your abundant increase, you have, as it were, exceeded placed in their way. Even in this unhappy condition the proper bounds. Though we acknowledge this the poor creatures avoided every hinderance, know- excess is more apparent than real, you cannot entirely ingly turned sharp corners, and passed through threads lay claim to our sympathy. We admit it is no fault of suspended from the ceiling of an apartment, when the yours, yet, there you are, sometimes disputing possession intervening spaces between the several cords scarcely of the air by your intolerable profusion. You have exceeded in width the lateral diameter of the animals' propagated too fast. Like a healthy shrub you have bodies from wing to wing. The results of these experi- vegetated too actively, and, in a numerical point of ments have been since confirmed. The astonishing view, your very budding outbids all human calculation. phenomena thus exhibited at firstinduced Spallanzani to To us your success in this particular has become a believe in the existence of a sixth sense, and this opinion nuisance, and our welfare is involved in your partial appeared to receive general favour. It was reserved, abrogation. I am glad to see the cheiropterous deshowever, for the illustrious Cuvier to suggest that the troyers are at hand, for to them your multiplicity is an faculty in question resided in the winged and inter- occasion of rejoicing. Talk of destruction! In early femoral expansions of th'e skin, and was immediately due days the swift-winged arrow did its appointed work, to the high sensibility of that structure. This membrane and to-day, alas I the deadly rifle slays its numerous was then, as now, well-known to be extensively supplied human victims. But watch yon tiny vespertilio, see with nerves, but it still remains to be demonstrated with what skill she steers her rapid flight. One after whether these nerves terminate in special tactile cor- another each fluttering victim disappears, as with puscles, or touch bodies, such as Wagner not long ago sudden stroke its course is finished by the flittermouse's discovered in the tips of the human finger, or whether grasp. Sic transit gloria insectorum. Yet this mode any other specialization of neural tissue may not be pre- of living is imposed upon the Vespertilio as a wise sent. In the phyllostomes, or leafy-mouthed bats, the necessity. She not only purifies the air of supertongue presents a curious sucking apparatus, consisting abounding insect forms, but at the same time, secures of numerous processes on the surface; and these acting her proper sustenance; she supports her delicate fabric together enable them to draw in the juices of the by the legitimate employment of her means, and animals or fruits on which they feed. In regard to the accomplishes this purpose without occasioning prodigestive organs we find modifications of structure co- longed pain or unnecessary torture. How suggestive ordinating with the varying characters of the teeth in and beautifully true to nature, therefore, are the sacred the two principal cheiropterous groups. Those feeding psalmist's words — " Thou openest thine hand, and on insects present a simple stomach, such as we see in fillest all things living with plenteousness." the ordinary Carnivora, whereas this organ in the fru- Another habit among Cheiroptera must not pass givorous species displays characters more in harmony unnoticed-we allude to hybernation. This remarkwith the complicated stomach of vegetable-feeding able state of inactivity occurs during the winter season, quadrupeds. and is a provision of nature not so much brought about The habits of the bat family are nocturnal or crepus- by the mere existence of cold, as by the circumstance cular. During the day they lie concealed in dark of the supply of insect food being stopped. It is well recesses, and are to be sought for in the hollow cavities known, indeed, that some animals belonging to the of trees, in holes of walls, and in rocky caverns; having insectivorous mammalia, properly so called, hybernate an especial liking for ancient ruinous buildings, among in tropical countries during the summer months, for the whose architectural irregularities they discover most excessive heat and dryness of the atmosphere causes appropriate hiding-places, suspending themselves by the same scarcity of insect life. Whatever may be the their hind feet, the head being directed downwards. explanation of the changes produced in animals so As the shadows of evening approach with gradually circumstanced, it will be readily understood that those deepening gloom and silence, our twilight-loving friends occurring under opposite conditions must be equally steal forth from their various snug retreats. The soft astonishing. Here we have a strangely-modified moist air of closing day, no longer heated by the existence-a meagre semblance of vitality-at the summer's sun, is favourable to the chase, while the portal of whose doors death seems ever ready to enter accumulating sweetness of the balmy air, aggravated, in and claim possession. Suspended in the secret it may be, by the occasional hum or buzz of some recesses of his temporary grave, our little bat expeinsect wanderer as it flits by the lonesome retreat of a riences the chill of those coming events that cast half-awakening phyllostome, can no longer be resisted. shadows before them. But a short time since we The contracted crumpled-up wings are now unfolded; watched his aerial flittings, as he joyously snapped up the drooping auricles become expanded and erect; the his prey; but his pastime is over, not a few insects hour for action has arrived, and one by one each issues have perished, and the larva of others lie buried in the forth with comforting expectancy. Such being the earth, hoping to assume the more perfect imago form preparatory attitude and behaviour of our aroused in the approaching spring. Left in this apparentlyphyllostome, let us now direct our thoughts to the forlorn condition, the bat gives itself over to a proobjects of pursuit-what of them? Thus may we found repose, while a series of physiological changes soliloquize. Poor insects! you too have issued forth steal over him such as Professor Owen has thus on your self-seelking errands. Hither and thither you faithfully portrayed-" The breathing becomes graduglide on in dreamy unconsciousness of the destiny that ally slower than in ordinary sleep, the pulsations of the awaits you. But in carrying out nature's provision for heart diminish in force and frequency, the supply of CHEIROPTERA.'MAMMALIA. VESPERTILIONID2E. 51 stimulating arterial blood to the muscles and the brain which we are at present acquainted, have, for the most is progressively reduced, relaxation of the muscular part, been found in the pleistocene, or newest deposits fibres is converted into stiff inaction, and sleep sinks of the tertiary age. Some cheiropterous fossils found into stupor: at length respiration entirely ceases, and in the old caves of Kent's Hole, near Torquay in with it those chemical changes in the capillary circu- Devonshire, and in the Mendip hills of Somersetshire, lation on which animal heat mainly depends. The are clearly referable to existing species, while those preservation of life in its passive or latent state is now procured from the lower eocine formation at Kyson, due to the irritable property of the heart's fibre, which near Woodbridge in Suffolk, and those taken from the is excited to contract by the blood in its present dark Norfolk crag deposits, also belong to existing European or carbonized state, and continues to propel it slowly genera. The fossil forms found in America appear to over the torpid frame during the whole period of be connected with the comparatively recent pliocene hybernation. This slow circulation of venous blood formation. Finally, it is worthy of remark, that no through both the pulmonic and systemic vessels is the remains of extinct Cheiroptera belonging to the fruonly recognizable vital act during that period, and the givorous class are at present known. material conveyed by the absorbents into the circulating fluid is sufficient to counterbalance the slight waste FAMILY I.-VESPERTILIONID2A. thus occasioned. So long, therefore, as the state of torpidity continues, the bat is independent of supplies The group of individuals associated under this head from without; but it purchases that independence by do not exhibit foliaceous nasal appendages. They are a temporary abrogation of its vital faculties. Cold, all insectivorous in their habits. They display ten senseless, motionless, and asphyxiated, its entry into incisive or cutting teeth, namely, four in the upper, death's chamber is prevented only by its being brought and six in the lower jaw. There are, as usual, four to his very door." Such is the sacrifice which this canines, but a variable number of molars or grinding semicadaverous state involves, yet its superinduction teeth. The ears are not remarkably conspicuous, furnishes the means of warding off the otherwise inevi- that is to say, very seldom longer than the head, and table consequence of death by starvation. On the they are disconnected at the lower part. The fingers approach of summer the vital forces resume by degrees are unprovided with claws. The tail is generally a their wonted functions, and the species again takes part little exserted beyond the investing interfemoral memin the pleasures of active life. brane. With all our boasted national intelligence, it is sur- THE PIPISTRELLE (Vespertilio pipistrellus).-On prising to how great an extent the minds of the people the authority of the Rev. Leonard Jenyns and Professor are still imbued with childish superstitions. The Thomas Bell, we are entitled to consider this species as records of our police courts have recently demonstrated the common bat of Britain, par excellence. Some time the prevalent existence of this barbarous ignorance, in ago, these gentlemen took considerable pains to show, a manner which ought to excite the deepest national and they moreover conclusively established the fact, self-reproach. Even the harmless, playful, slender that the form of bat invariably described in the older little bat, as it innocently chases its lawful prey, is British natural history works as the common bat of our foolishly dreaded as an ominous visitant; and when by country, although extremely abundant in continental any chance an open window gives it entrance to some Europe, was in reality referable to a species, indigenairy dwelling, what consternation marks the counte ous indeed, yet comparatively rare in this country. The nances of its human occupants. Ah! exclaims one, bat here spoken of as scarce, is the mouse-coloured there will soon be a death in this house. Yes! vespertilio. The pipistrelle is a diminutive creature, replies another, it is a warning to prepare! Stupid and is only an inch and a half in length when fullpeasant, and yet still more senseless lady. Can you grown. Its ears have an oval-triangular form, and are not shake off such vain associations? What is there, about two-thirds longer than the head, being cleft at we ask, in these accidental domiciliary visitations to the outer margin. In a state of repose it is commonly occasion mystery, horror, or alarm? Let the simple detected in the crevices and fissures of old brick walls, statement of these creatures' habits which we have and especially in all kinds of recesses connected with just given, invite you to admire and caress the beings human habitations. Gnats and other members of the you have hitherto regarded with gloomiest forebodings. dipterous class seem to constitute its favourite food, Bats are found in all quarters of the globe. There but it would be difficult to limit its choice in this paris no considerable portion of the earth's surface which ticular. Mr. White, in his oft quoted " Natural History cannot produce some members of the family; but, of Selborne," gives an interesting account of the feeding as in qnadrumana, certain generic types are common of a tame bat, which in all likelihood was an example to one country, while, on the other hand distinctive of the species we are now discussing. He says it was peculiarities characterize those of another. In our wont to "take flies out of a person's hand; if you own islands, and in Europe, all the species are insecti- gave it anything to eat, it brought its wings round vorous, and most of them belong to the great family of before the mouth, hovering and hiding its head, in the Vespertilionidce, being unprovided with those peculiar manner of birds of prey when they feed. The adroitnasal leaf-like appendages formerly described. With ness it showed in shearing off the wings of flies, which regard to the distribution of bats in time, our readers were always rejected, was worthy of observation, and will anticipate their recent origin in a geological point pleased me much. Insects seemed to be most acceptof view. The few and fragmentary remains with able, though it did not refuse raw flesh when offered; 52 VESPERTILIONIDE. MABIMMALIA. VESPERTILIONID.E. so that the notion that bats go down chimneys and a variety of food, and evincing a decided preference gnaw men's bacon, seems no improbable story. While for the hearts, livers, et ceter'a of fowls, was fed coni amused myself with this wonderful quadruped, I saw stantly upon them for a moni.. In the course of this it several times confute the vulgar opinion, that bats time, large flies were frequently offered to her, but they when down on a flat surface cannot get on the wing were always rejected, although one or two May-chafers again, by rising with great ease from the floor. It ran, (Melolont1ha vulgaris) were partially eaten. In taking I observed, with more despatch than I was aware of, the food, the wings were not thrown forward, as Mr. but in a most ridiculous and grotesque manner." These Daniell had observed them to be in the pipistrelle; and latter remarks have received ample confirmation from the food was seized with an action similar to that of a the observations of several distinguished naturalists. dog. The water that drained from the food was lapped; Speaking of the pipistrelle, Mr. Bell states, as the but the head was not raised in drinking, as in the result of his experience, that this bat is capable of pipistrelle. The animal took considerable pains in running along the ground with greater celerity than cleaning herself, using the posterior extremities as a any other species with which he is acquainted; whilst comb, parting the hair on either side from head to tail, its power of climbing showed a " corresponding degree and forming a straight line along the middle of the of agility." He adds, " I have often seen the pipis- back. The membrane of the wings was cleaned by trelle rise fiom a plain surface with a sort of spring, forcing the nose through the folds, and thereby expandinstantly expand its wings, and take flight. This was ing them. Up to the 20th of June, the animal fed repeated by a single individual several times in the freely, and at times voraciously; remaining during the course of an hour, and without the slightest appearance day suspended by the posterior extremities at the top of difficulty or effort; it was, on the contrary, evidently of the cage, and coming down in the evening to its a natural and usual action." The error, therefore, of food. The quantity eaten sometimes exceeded half an the commonly-entertained notion respecting the bat's ounce, although the weight of the animal itself was no inability to rise from the surface of the ground, is more than ten drachms. On the 23rd, Mr. Daniell clearly manifest, and if further proofs were wanting, observing her to be very restless, was induced to watch we might furnish additional evidence to this effect her proceedings. The uneasiness was continued for from equally trustworthy sources. upwards of an hour; the animal remaining all this THE NOCTULE (Vespertilio noctula).-This is com- time in her usual attitude, suspended by the posterior monly known as the Great Bat of Britain. It is a extremities. On a sudden she reversed her position, large species, measuring very nearly three inches in and attached herself by her anterior limbs to a cross length; nevertheless, it is not, as erroneously stated in wire of the cage, stretching her hind legs to their some works, the largest of our indigenous Cheiroptera, utmost extent, curving the tail upwards, and expanding seeing it is considerably exceeded in size by the mouse- the interfemoral membrane so as to form a perfect coloured bat above mentioned. The head is rounded nest-like cavity for the reception of the young. In a and broad transversely; the muzzle being short, wide, few moments the snout of the young one made its and abruptly truncated. One of the most striking appearance, and in about five minutes the whole of its features in this bat, is the length and extent of the head was protruded. The female then struggled conwings, measuring in the full-grown individual, while siderably until the extremities of the radii had passed; outstretched, at least fifteen inches from tip to tip. As after which, the young one, by means of a lateral might be expected, this large amount of wing surface motion of its fore limbs, relieved itself. It was born on gives a corresponding power of rapid flight; for the its back, perfectly destitute of hair, and blind. The performance of this function it is, indeed, eminently mother then cleaned it, turning it over in its nest; and distinguished, and exhibits a particular liking for the afterwards resuming her usual position, placed the higher regions of the atmosphere, where it rapidly young in the membrane of her wing. She next cleaned glides along uttering wild discordant cries. The most herself, and wrapped up the young one so closely as to interesting and detailed observations on record respect- prevent any observation of the process of suckling. The ing the habits of this creature, are those communicated time occupied in the birth was seventeen minutes. At to the Zoological Society of London by Mr. Daniell. the time of its birth, the young was larger than a newIn the published proceedings of that body it is stated, born mouse; and its hind legs and claws were remarkthat " on the 16th of May, 1834, Mr. Daniell procured ably strong and serviceable, enabling it not only to from Hertfordshire five specimens of the Vespertilio cling to its dam, but also to the deal sides of the cage. noctula, four females and one male. The latter was On the 24th, the animal took her food in the morning, exceedingly restless and savage, biting the females, and appeared very careful of her young, shifting it and breaking his teeth against the wires of the cage, occasionally from side to side to suckle it, and folding in his attempts to escape from his place of confinement. it in the membranes of the tail and wings. On these He rejected food, and died on the 18th. Up to this occasions her usual position was reversed. In the time the remaining four continued sulky; but towards evening she was found dead; but the young was still evening, they ate a few small pieces of raw beef, in alive and attached to the nipple, from which it was preference to flies, beetles, or gentles, all of which with some difficulty removed. It took milk from a were offered to them; only one of them, however, sponge, was kept carefully wrapped up in flannel, and fed kindly. On the 20th one died, and on the 22nd survived eight days; at the end of which period its two others, each of which was found to be pregnant eyes were not opened, and it had acquired very little with a single foetus. The survivor was tried with hair. From these observations, it is evident that the VESPERTILIONIDEIA. MAMMIAIALIA. VESPERTILIONID.E. 53 period of gestation in the noctule exceeds thirty-eight pable significance. Independent of the opportunity of days." According to the observations of Mr. White of variety afforded by the introduction of authors' surSelborne, this species does not make its appearance on names into our natural history nomenclature, it also the wing until the latter part of April, and not after the offers an agreeable medium for diffusing the names month of July. The same authority first noticed that of distinguished naturalists among those who cannot the body of the noctule emitted an offensive odour. be expected to know, in all cases, to whom science Throughout Europe it may be said to be a common is indebted for its advances in ancient or even more species. In Dr. Gray's catalogue of specimens pre- modern times. Thus, for the sake of illustration, it is served in the British Museum, this bat is called Noc- doubtless agreeable to the general reader to be aware tulinia altivolans, the latter word indicating its most that theDr. Natterer, whose name is employed in conneccharacteristic habit. tion with this bat, was a celebrated Austrian naturalist, THE SEROTINE (Vespertilio serotinus). —This is a who greatly extended our knowledge of the animals of moderate-sized bat, having a length of little more than Germany, and who, during his travels in the comparatwo inches and a half, exclusive, of course, of the tail. tively new field opened up to him on the Brazilian The ears are tolerably large, the body being clothed continent, accumulated a prodigious amount of materials with a long, soft, downy covering of a reddish-brown and facts, which have since enlarged the borders of colour above, and gradually shading off to an obscure natural history science in various departments. Having yellow tint at the under part of the body. Mr. Bell said thus much, partly by way of apology for adopting says, " It appears to have very much the habit of the the above English specific title, we have now to observe noctule, at least as far as regards its late appearance in that this species is scarcely two inches long. The the spring, and its sound and long-continued slumber. head is small, as compared with the species just deIt flies from evening till morning, when the state of the scribed, while the muzzle is pointed and narrow. The atmosphere is favourable. In France, where it is far ears are about the length of the head, while the little from being rare, it frequent forests, where it flies among appendage in front, looking like a second ear in some lofty trees. It is also commonly found amongst the species, and called the tragus, is particularly thin and huge piles of wood in the timber yards of Paris, seek.. styliform. In regard to its habits but little has been ing its place of repose on the tops of the highest piles. noticed; nevertheless, Mr. Bell has recorded some With us it appears to be a rare species, not having interesting observations respecting three examples, hitherto been found anywhere but around London. which were obtained from one of those well-known Its flight is slow; it shuns society more than most other artificial caverns in the chalk-pits at Chiselhurst in bats, being generally found either solitary or in pairs. Kent. " These specimens continued alive for a short It has only one young one at a birth-about the end of time, feeding on bits of raw meat, and exhibiting great May in France, probably somewhat later in this country. familiarity not only towards their companions, but It is found in Germany, Holland, France, and Switzer- with myself, eating from my hand, and allowing me to land." In the catalogue of Mammalia preserved in the meddle with them without evincing fear or anger. One British Museum, this species is designated Scotophilus of them was one morning found dead, and partially serotinus. eaten by his companions; and the remaining two died THE MOUSE-COLOURED BAT (Vespertilio murinus). shortly afterwards. They were active in their habits, -There can be no' doubt that this is the largest of our running about the cage, and climbing with great agility. indigenous Cheiroptera, as it far exceeds the noctule in Their attitude when running on a plane surface was length, measuring three and a half inches from the more horizontal that that of the long-eared bat, though muzzle to the base or root of the tail. It is, as we perhaps less so than the pipistrelle, which runs along have before stated, a common species in continental almost on its belly." Natterer's bat has hitherto, we Europe, but exceedingly rare in Britain. The head is believe, only been captured in the eastern counties of elongated, and narrower in firont than obtains in any England. This species will be found in the British of the foregoing species; the eyes are conspicuous, and Museum catalogue, under the combined generic and placed well forward; the ears are broad at their base, specific name of 3M1yotis Nattereri. but markedly pointed at their tips. Its habits are gre- THE PARTICOLOURED BAT (Vespertilio discolor).garious, and it has a special fondness for old buildings. This is a well-marked form, and one of the most attracIt is a very pugnacious animal, and it may be remarked tive of the species hitherto seen in this country. It that its general appearance seems to indicate such a derives its name from the peculiar mottled colour of ferocity of disposition. Moths appear to constitute its the fur, the tips of the hairs on the back being of a principal insect food. In the British Museum catalogue light-grey colour, while their roots have a rich chestnut this is also classed under the genus Scoto2philuzs. hue. On the under surface of the body the hairs are NATTERER'S BAT (Vespertilio Ncattereri). —In ac- still variegated, but they exhibit a much lighter shade. cordance with a distinguishing character which more The particoloured bat measures rather more than two or less marks this species, Mr. Bell designates it the and a half inches in length. The ears are of moderate Reddish-grey Bat. The rules observed in naming size, the eyes being particularly small. Throughout species are of necessity very arbitrary; and although, Europe this species appears to be everywhere scarce, to the eye of a well-trained practical naturalist, a vliia- and only a single example has been taken in England. tion of colour is readily appreciated, by the general The specimen in question is now in the British Museum, observer of nature differences in this respect are easily and is named in the catalogue Scotophilus discolor. It overlooked; unless, indeed, they exhibit the most pal- was obtained at Plymouth. 54 VESPERTILIONID2E. MAMMALIA. VESPERTILIONIDYE. BECHSTEIN'S BAT (Vespeltilio Bechsteinii).-Only not actually the case. The eminent naturalist just a single example of this elegant species has at present named, kept a specimen in confinement for several been procured, we believe, in this country. The speci- weeks, and the account he has given of its habits are men was captured at the new forest in HIampshire, and too interesting not to be recorded in extenso. " It is preserved in the British Museum. In the catalogue was taken during a very hard fiost in the latter end of it is designated Myotis Bec7hsteinii. It appears to have December, in a large chalk cavern at Chiselhurst in a decided preference for woods and thickets, and takes Kent, which is excavated at the bottom of a shaft up its diurnal abode in hollow trees. It is somewhat seventy feet deep. In this cavern, during very severe exclusive in its habits, mixing only with individuals of frosts, several species of bats are found to retreat; and its own kind, and then only in small companies. Bech- on this occasion I received with the barbastelle a specistein's Bat rather exceeds two inches in length; the men of Vespertilio mystacinus, three of V. Nattereri, muzzle is a little attenuated and pointed, while the ears and several of Plecotus auritus. My little prisoners, are scarcely longer than the head. when brought into a warm room, soon began to exhibit DAUBENTON'S BAT (Vespertilio Daubentonii).- signs of vivacity; and the barbastelle, with the others, Throughout Europe this mammal appears to have a fed readily on small bits of meat and drank water. pretty wide distribution, and in the United Kingdom it He was a timid animal, and did not evince the slightest has been taken at the far north of Scotland. It is very disposition to become acquainted with me. He would little longer than the preceding, but the head is consi- take his food, however, with his companions, and was derably shorter, and less pointed in front. The ears are accustomed to rest with them in a cluster at the top of comparatively short, and slightly notched at the external the box in which they were placed. The barbastelle margin. Its flight is low and rapid, and it frequents certainly became torpid more readily than any of the the neighbourhood of still waters. others, and more completely so; but when awake, LEISELR'S BAT (Vespertilio Leisleri. —Mr. Bell evinced extreme restlessness, and was incessantly biting appropriately describes this bat under the cognomen of with great violence at the wires of his box. When the Hairy-armed Bat, on account of a remarkable band suffered to fly about the room, he flew very low, and of hair which passes along the wing membrane at the less actively than any other under similar circumirnder surface of the forearm. A solitary specimen stances; and he was fond of lying before the fire on the has'been obtained in this country, and is preserved in hearth-rug, where he appeared quite to luxuriate in the our great national museum, and recorded in the cata- warmth. Whilst the long-eared bats showed much logue under the generic title of Scotophilus. Its habits attachment to each other, and became very familial' and places of resort are similar to those of the above with me, the barbastelle remained sullen and apart, species. It is two and a half inches in length; the until at length I found that he was an object of persehead is compressed and pointed anteriolrly; the ears cution on the part of his more active companions, one are short and broadly curved at the upper part. of whom I detected in the act of giving him a severe THE WHISKERED BAT (Vespertilio mystacinus). bite on the back of the neck. This occasioned his — The masculine title in which this little animal re- immediate removal to another box; but this sharp joices is imparted to it on account of certain long fine discipline probably hastened his death, which took hairs attached to the upper lip; and, whatever may be place about o week afterwards, though he continued to affirmed by the learned, we think it offers but a feeble eat till the day before he died. The specimen was a apology for the said development. However, the bat male, and apparently an adult." The barbastelle has is not proud; on the contrary, Mr. Bell avers that it is been frequently captured in England; but it is better a "timid anld restless species." The living specimen known on the continent, especially in France. procured by this gentleman, instead of accommodating THE LONG-EARED BAT (Plecotus auritus).-This itself to the lively society of others of the cheiropterous is one of the most attractive members of the cheiroptefamily with which it was associated both in captivity rous family, and, as its name implies, is possessed of and freedom, obstinately refused food and perished. singularly-conspiculous auricular appendages. We Its length rather exceeds an inch and a half; the ears have purposely deferred the consideration of it until are not so long as the head, and they are somewvhat now, because it exhibits marked affinities with the notched at the outer margin. This bat has been taken family which will next occupy our attention. In this in several of the southern counties of England. bat the ears are more than double the length of the THE BAREASTELLE (Barbastellus communis).- head, and very nealrly as long as the entire body, being This is a very well marked bat, differing from all the about an inch and a half from base to apex; the tragi, preceding in several peculiarities, although it has the or lesser ears, as they were termed by old authors, are ordinary length of two inches. The ears are united themselves about half an inch long. It is not, however, below over the forehead, while the nostrils are situated in the mere extent of these appendages that their on the upper surface of its short, truncated muzzle. attractiveness is to be considered; it is rather owing The fur is darker than uisual, being nearly black over to their exquisite transparency, and the power the the region of the spine. The ears are remarkably creature possesses of expanding and contracting them broad, and of a more or less quadrilateral form; they in such a manner as to produce the most elegant are irregularly folded at various poinim, and rather festoon-like foldings, or, firom the regularity of the flexdeeply cleft at the outer margin. The eyes are singu- ures thus formed, ever and anon displaying a beautiful larly minute, and seem to be almost included within feathery appearance (fig. 12). In a state of deep the auricles. According to Mr. Bell, however, this is repose the wings lie doubled up and concealed under VESPERTTLIONID,. MIAIMMALIA. VESPERTILIONIDE. 55 the arms, while the lesser ears, erroneously so called, tion; and in these days of vivaria it would not surprise still maintain their ordinary posture. When tamed — us to hear of some person who had started, what might a condition which it can be readily taught to appreciate be termed a cheiropterarium. It would not, however, — the long-eared bat exhibits a most amiable disposi- be placed under the management of such superstitious Fig. 12. The Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus). individuals as we have formerly described. Yet, seri- tables of Virgil's hero and his friends, and polluted, ously, if any doubt the feasibility of such a scheme, or whilst they devoured, the feast from which they the interest which such a step might create, let them had driven the affiighted guests"-beast. and bird first peruse the experiences Mr. Bell has recorded of united monsters, whose prerogative it is to reveal our long-eared friends subjected to a state of captivity. whispered utterances of secret thoughts profound! He says-" I have frequently watched them when in Hence! hence! ye broad.l-winged devils, hence! confinement, and have observed them to be bold and Reminiscences of dark and bloody deeds long past familiar even from the first. They are very cleanly; already overspread our frame-freezing chills now not only cleaning themselves after feeding and at other enervate and paralyze our souls! Begone, begone, times with great assiduity, but occasionally assisting revolting creatures! misshapen forms! who can doubt each other in this office. They are very playful too, your horrid mission? who abide your thrice-accursed and their gambols are not the less amusing from their presence? awkwardness. They run over and agains~tach other, Whether real or fancied, such have been the pretending to bite, but never harming their companions imaginings of the ignorant and superstitious of ancient of the same species; though I have seen them exhibit times, whilst to poet and painter alike our innocent and a sad spirit of persecution to an unfortunate barbastelle harmless Vespertilios have furnished ample material which was placed in the same cage with them. They for mysterious and overwrought pictures. Virgil, in may be readily brought to eat from the hand; and my his third 2Eneid, represents Eneas and his companions firiend, Mr. James Sowerby, had one during last summer as making a descent upon the coast of one of the Ionian (1836) which, when at liberty in the parlour, would fly to islands. Proceeding inland, they next secured from the hand of any of the young people who held up a fly to the plains a quantity of cattle, and forthwith prepare it, and pitching on the hand, take the fly without hesi- themselves a feast, when, lo! the bats appear, and tation. If the insect were held between the lips, the thus we may freely render into English the imaginary bat would then settle on its young patron's cheek, and scene which he there depicts-" Suddenly, from the take the fly with great gentleness from the mouth; and mountains, t/he harpies descend with terrfic violence, so far was this familiarity carried, that when either of shlakiing tleir wings, and utterinzg piercing cries! Our my young friends made a humming noise with the rich dainties are torn asunder and polluted by their mouth in imitation of an insect, the bat would search foul grasp! We retreat under the shelter of an ovelrabout the lips for the promised dainty." What think hanging rock, anzd, relighting our fires, resolve once you of this? Let the hypercritical sceptic give his more to prepare the desiredfeast! Alas! here comen attention! Some people, we know, are shocked at the the noisy crowd again, to pollute our precious booty idea of making friends with what they are pleased to with their hooked talons and horrid mouths! To term a horrid bat-a creature, which, in their estima- arms! Let us wage war upon, the dreadful race! tion, is almost a representation of Satan himself-a Are your swords drawn? From yon lofty spot creature, say they, whose actions will not bear the Misenus gives the signzal! The trumpet sounzds! light of day-an eventide wanderer, whose boon com- Away we rush to the attack,'to violate with the panions are "spirits of evil and goblins damned"- sword these filthy birds of the seat!' All inz vain! harpies, they say, such as" fell upon the hastily-spread Unharmed, with swift impetuous flight they disappear 156 VESPERTILIONIDTE..MAIMMALIA. RnlrloLorHulmE. beneath the starcs, leaving our spoil half-eaten and feature in this and other members of the horse-shoe corrupt " Such in brief are the sentiments conveyed bats, and imparts to them a strikingly hideous aspect by the poet Virgil, who usually speaks of our cheirop- (figs. 11 and 13). The greater horse-shoe bat is about terous friends as so many " dreadful and filthy birds" (dir:c obscenceque volucres); in one place, however, Fig. 13. a character is introduced in the form of an ill-starred prophetess, who advocates their cause, calling them "innocent harpies (insontes harpyias)." In conclusion we may remark, that during the state of repose, the long-eared bat is generally found in old buildings and under the roofs of houses, and when on the wing it emits a sharp shrill cry. If placed on the ground, it moves forward by a peculiar jerking action from side to side, at the same time keeping the head well raised. In the published catalogue of Mammalia preserved in the British Museum, this species is denominated Plecotzs communis. THE SWIFT-FLYING THICK-LIPPED BAT (Molossus velox), Plate 5, fig. 19. This species lives on the Brazilian continent, and certain of the adjoining West The Greater Horse-shoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferruin-equinum). Indian islands. In common with several others of the cheiropterous group inhabiting the north-east coast of two-and-a-half inches long, exclusive of the tail. The South America, it is usually known as the Bull-dog head is elongated and swollen towards the muzzle; Bat, but this latter term is now better understood the anterior leaf-like appendage embraces the nostrils, to apply exclusively to that particular species of and has the remarkable horse-shoe shape from whence the so called bull dog-bats, which is indicated in the English name is derived. Between this and the the catalogue of Mammalia preserved in the British posterior lanceolated appendage, there is a cup-shaped Museum under the title of Noctilio Americanus —a bat cavity surmounted by a sort of overlapping crest. also obtained from the coast of Brazil. The genus'With respect to the use of these complicated strucMolossus is marked by the presence of large ears and tures, various suggestions have been offered; but on. a short head, which is abrupt and swollen at the the whole, as we have already hinted, they are rathe, muzzle. The tail is long, and projects beyond the to )be regarded as extensions of the smelling surface, square-shaped intercrural membrane. The teeth are with the view of accumulating odorous particles, than twenty-eight in number, that is, four incisors, four as subserving any other office. In concealment this canines, and five molars on either side of the upper bat is only found in the very darkest and most gloomy and lower jaws. recesses, where the light of day can gain no access, and where a noiseless solitude reigns supreme. NaFAMILY II. —RHINOLOPHID2E. tural caverns among rocks, or subterranean chambers artificially hewn out in quarries now long ago forsaken, The group of bats associated under this head, though are its loved retreats. From these situations it issues correctly separated into a distinct family, do not, in forth to seek its twilight repast on maychafers and their habits at least, depart very materially from the their insect associates. insectivorous Vespertilionidae already described. Their THE LESSER HORSE-SHOE BAT (Rhinolophus hipdistinguishing characteristic consists in the possession posicleros).-Both this and the foregoing are European of a membranous appendage, which in some species species and found in England, though neither of them is remarkably complicated. In those instances vWhere can be said to be very common. At one time the this membrane is double, the form of the anterior present species was supposed to be only a variety of division is more or less heart-shaped, the posterior the greater horse-shoe bat; but naturalists no longer division having the aspect of an erect lanceolate leaf entertain any doubts as to their respective distinctness with the apex directed towards the forehead. The from one another. One of the principal marks by ears are invariably large, separated from one another, which this form is distinguished, consists in the preand destitute of that usually narrow process called the sence of an additional filiform nasal appendage placed tragus. Occupying the situation of this latter struc- immediately in firont of the ordinary lancet-shaped ture, however, we firequently find a lobed and projec- process which occupies the fiontal region. On account ing membrane developed from the base of the external of this structure, the eminent zoologist Geoffroy named margin of the auricle. the species Rhinolophus bihastatus, while to the greater THE GREATER HORSE-SHOE BAT (Rhinolophus horse-shoe bat he applied the specific title of RhinoFerrum-equinum).-The family characters above given lophus unihastatus. In other structural particulars, sufficiently explain the general form of the integu- and in their habits, the two kinds bear a very close mlentary appendage which constitutes so conspicuous a resemblance. RHItNOLOPHID2E.-MAMMALIA. PHYLLOSTOMIDIE. 57 THE NOBLE HORSE-SHOE BAT (Rhinolophus nobi- pin could scarce be received into the wound, which is Us).-This is one of the largest and rarest individuals consequently not painful; yet through this orifice he of the horse-shoe family, measuring four inches in continues to suck the blood until he is obliged to length, and having from tip to tip of the wings a lateral disgorge. He then begins again, and thus continues expansion of nearly twenty inches. It was first de- sucking and disgorging till he is scarcely able to fly; scribed by Dr. Horefield, who informs us that in the and the sufferer has often been known to sleep fiom native language of the Javanese it is termed i~bbele/c. time into eternity. Cattle they generally bite in the The body is clothed with a soft downy covering, the ear, but always in places where the blood flows sponhairs of the fur being extremely fine and long. Accord- taneously. Having applied tobacco-ashes as the best ing to Mr. Ogilby's description, the " nasal apparatus remedy, and washed the gore from myself and my consists of a broad membrane, stretching transversely hammock, I observed several small heaps of congealed across the nose in the form of a shelf. The sides are blood all round the place where I had lain upon the bounded by several parallel folds, and inferiorly it con- ground, on examining which, the surgeon judged that stitutes a semicircular envelope, which has* a short I had lost twelve or fourteen ounces during the night." obtusely rounded point in the middle." The colour Whatever may be thought of this narrative, it seems is brownish above and greyish beneath. In the British generally agreed, that while certain of the PhyllostoMuseum catalogue it is designated Hipposideros nobilis. mata live principally on the juices of fruits, there are others that have a special appetite for the blood of the FAhMILY III.- -PHYLLOSTOMIDAI Ec. higher animals, and even of man himself. From this circumstance it would mainly appear, that the supposed The Phyllostomes are, in common with the pre- existence of certain imaginary spectral monsters, termed ceding family, possessed of complex nasal appendages. vampires, which, in all ages, have been believed in The typical species have four incisors in each jaw, of and dreaded by the superstitious, has its origin in the which the lower are very small, and are placed quite actual mode of life displayed by these creatures. A in front of the four canines. The latter are remark. distinguished writer has observed that, " upwards of ably large, the number of the molars being variable, a'century ago, there prevailed in several districts of though there are generally five on either side of each Hungary an epidemic dread of vampires, which lasted jaw. The tongue is flat, elongated, and extensile, and some years, and gave birth to many extraordinary clothed with papillae in such a manner as to produce a stories. It was believed that in several places, those kind of sucking organ, the lips being also provided with among the dead who belonged to the class of vampires, rows of regularly-disposed tubercles. The ears are of arose nightly fr'om their graves and sucked the blood modderate size, and furnished with a tragus. The fore- of the living, who fell into consumptions and perished; ranger is composed of two phalanges, and the middle that those who had died in this manner became infected finger of four. They have very considerable power of with vampirism; and that the only way of exterminatrunning along the ground. The tail is generally short. ing the plague was by disinterring all the suspected in some instances it is altogether absent. vampires, and, if it were discovered that they exhibited THE VAMPIRE BAT, (Phyllostoma spectrum), Plate the tokens of their hideous character, burning them to 5, fig. 18.-Few members of the great mammalian ashes, or driving a stake through their middle. The series have excited more interest than this celebrated attestations which these grotesquely fearful tales bat. From the earliest times its blood-sucking quali- received, are among the most singular instances of ties have been memorialized; and there can be little human credulity recorded in all the annals of superstidoubt, as will be presently shown, that its propensities tion. They are, in many instances, related on the in this respect are truly formidable. In seeking food authority of the pastors, and other most credible they appear willing to attack any description of animal persons of villages and towns, who depose to having coming within their reach; exhibiting, however, a been themselves witnesses of the scenes beheld on special fondness for the blood of cattle, upon which opening the vampires' graves. Some, indeed, had they fasten themselves while their victims are asleep. actually seen the spectres themselves on their nightly Compared with many others of the bat family, it is a excursions; but more generally the subscriptions are huge creature, about the size of a magpie, and measur- by persons present at the inspection of the dead bodies, ing upwards of two feet from the tip of one wing to when, if the subject was a true vampire, he was genethe other. With regard to the various accounts given rally found of a florid and hale complexion; his hair, by travellers as to their ferocious and sanguivorous head, and nails had grown; his mouth, hands, etcetera, habits, we prefer to select the authentic statements of were stained with fresh blood; his eyes open and Mr. Stedman, who was himself bitten by a vampire, brilliant. Sometimes when the stake was driven not only on account of their circumstantiality, but also through him, he was heard to utter cries like those of because of the apparently trustworthy source from a living person. It was believed that the consumption which they proceed. Captain Stedman thus speaks produced by the sucking of the vampire could be cured of these vampires:-" Knowing by instinct that the by eating earth from his grave." Stuch is a specimen person they intend to attack is ill a sound slurnber, of the follies displayed by the profoundly ignorant and they generally alight near the feet, where, while the superstitious. Surpassing strange it is, that intellectual creature continues fanning with its enormous wings, humall beings can be sufficiently debased to allow a which keeps one cool, he bites a piece out of the tip of suggestive idea to gain such entire possession of the the great toe, so very small, indeed, that the head of a frame. That many of the parties believed what they VOL. I. 8 58 PHY LLOS'1O2,11 DA;-..MAMMALIA.- PTEROPID.A. stated to be strictly true, we have no manner of doubt; bones themselves-i. e., the intermaxillaries-in which for the phenomena of mental aberration thus produced, the incisives are normally implanted, are only repreare strictly analogous to those cerebral manifestations sented in this genus by a minute cartilaginous plate. which a weak mind exhibits when allowed to be under The Megaderms are confined to the Eastern hemithe controlling power of another. This is the true sphere. This species is obtained from Senegal and solution of mesmerism, as the writer of this article can Gambia on the coast of New Guinea, West Afr'ica. In confidently state, from having experienced on his own the catalogue of bats contained. in the British Museum person all the ordinary mental changes, absurdly termed it is marked Laviafrons. Electro-biological, sometimes voluntarily forced upon the mind by his own ideal associations, at other times FAMILY IV.-PTEROPIDiE. superinduced by submission to a so-called mesmerist. It were well if these practices and their kindred super- The bats classed together under this common title stitions could be eternally abandoned by the ascend- are significantly distinct both in habits and structure. ancy of a strong-minded intelligence, coupled with a They are almost exclusively fiugivorous. Their heads due supply of common sense; and thus shall humanity are elongated and hairy. The grinding teeth have rejoice in the possession of the mens sana in corpore flattish tuberculated crowns, with a central longitudisano. In some parts of Europe, even at the present nal groove. The ears are not furnished with a tragus. day, vampires are believed in, and this is particularly The fore-finger consists of three phalanges, and is the case in the island of Crete, where the spectres are seldom armed with a claw. The tail is firequently termed Katakhanas. The Phyllostome, captured by wanting, or, when present, very short; the abrogated Mr. Darwin while it was engaged in removing blood interfemoral membrane being represented by narrow from the neck of a horse, is, we believe, referable to folds connected with the inner margin of the legs. this genus. These bats have a wide geographical distribution over THE AFRICAN LEAF BAT (Megadermaa frons).- the Eastern hemisphere. The members of this genus were formerly classed with THE KALONG (Pterlopus edulis), Plate 5, fig. 17.the Vespertilionidoe proper, but their affinities connect This is one of the best known, and at the same them more closely with the present family. In many time the largest of the frugivorous bats. The body is respects they differ from the typical Phyllostomata. about two feet long, while the expanse of the wings They have no cutting teeth in the upper jaw, though from tip to tip is sometimes fully five feet. It is in the lower they have the typical number. They have, gregarious in its habits, and extremely numerous in the it is true, the usual four canines; but of the molars islands of Sumatra and Java; and to those whose there are only four on either side of the upper, and livelihood depends upon the culture of firuit gardens, it five on either side of the lower jaw. The membra- proves an incorrigible enemy. The graphic account nous apparatus of the nose is complicated, there being given by Dr. Horsfield merits special quotation, conthree distinct leaflets, "one vertical, one horizontal, taining as it does almost all that we know of their and one inferior of the horse-shoe form." The ears destructive propensities, and the plans adopted to are particularly striking, being ample, oval, furnished secume immunity from their attackls:-" Numerous with a tragus, and so united over the region of the individuals select a large tree for their resort, and, forehead as to impart a heart-shaped outline to the suspending themselves with the claws of their posterior extremities to the naked branches, often in companies Fig. 14. of several hundreds, afford to a stranger a very singular'. spectacle. A species of fig, in habit resembling the Ficcus religiosa of India, which is often found near the villages, affords them a very favourite retreat, and the extended branches of one of these are sometimes vi llagest, af3 f covered by them. They pass the greater portion of the day in sleep, hanging motionless; ranged in succession, with the head downwards, the membrane contracted about the body, and often in close contact, they have little resemblance to living beings; and, by ~m' Ij | ia person not accustomed to their economy, are readily mistaken for a part of the tree, or for a fruit of uncommon size suspended from its branches. In general, these societies preserve a perfect silence during the day; but if they are disturbed, or if a contention - arises among them, they emit sharp piercing shrieks; Head of the African Leaf Bat (Megaderma frons). and their awkward attempts to extricate themselves when oppressed by the light of the sun, exhibit a entire physiognomy, more conspicuously, perhaps, than ludicrous spectacle. In consequence of the sharpness obtains in any other species (fig. 14). The Mega- of their claws, their attachment is so strong that they derms are also blood-suckers, and it is probable that cannot readily leave their hold without the assistance their power of suction is facilitated by the absence of the expanded membrane; and if suddenly killed in of incisive teeth in the upper jaw; indcleed, the very the natural attitude during the day, they continue INSECTIVORA.L MAMMALIA. TALPIDE. 59 suspended after death. It is necessary, therefore, to at a small but irregular distance, and this succession oblige them to take wing by alarming them, if it be continues uninterruptedly till darkness obstructs the desired to obtain them during the day. Soon after view. The flight of the kalong is slow and steady, sunset they gradually quit their hold, and pursue their pursued in a straight line, and capable of long connocturnal flight in quest of food. They direct their tinuance. The chase of the kalong forms occasionally course by an unerring instinct to the forests, villages, an amusement of the colonists and inhabitants during and plantations, occasioning incalculable mischief, the moonlight nights, which in the latitude of Java are attacking and devouring indiscriminately every kind of ulncommonly serene. He is watched in his descent to fruit, from the abundant and.useful cocoa-nut which the fruit trees, and a discharge of small shot readily surrounds the dwelling of the meanest peasantry, to the brings him to the ground. By this means I frequently rare and most delicate productions which are cultivated obtained four or five individuals in the course of an with care by princes and chiefs of distinction. By the hour." Several other species of this remarkable latter, as well as by the European colonists, various genus are known, and in the year 1855 we had an methods are employed to protect the orchards and opportunity of watching the behaviour of a specimen gardens. Delicate fruits, such as mangoes, jambus, of Pteropus edulis in the collection of the Zoological lansas, et cetera, as they approach to maturity, are Society, Regent's Park. Notwithstanding, however, ingeniously secured by means of a loose net or basket, the great care taken to keep it alive by the necessary skilfully constructed of split bamboo. Without this degree of artificial heat, our treacherous climate proved precaution little valuable fruit would escape the too much for it. Still more recently the society proravages of the kalong. There are few situations in cured a living example of an allied species, namely, the the lower parts of Java in which this night wanderer Shoulder-knot Bat (Epomorphorus Whitii) from West is not constantly observed; as soon as the light of the Africa; but this has likewise perished. These bats sun has retired, one animal is seen to follow the other fed principally upon raisins. ORDER IV.-INSECTIVORA. SETTING aside for a moment the remarkable devia- In some members the dental characters approximate tions of structure witnessed in the formation of the towards the Rodentia by the elongated form of the wings and nasal appendages in the preceding order, anterior incisors, the remaining cutting teeth, together we appear to pass by a very natural transition to the with the canines, being even shorter than the molars. insectivorous mammalia, properly so called, at least, Certain of the Quadrumana also have a dentition very when departing from the insect-feeding series of the like this. The head is lengthened, and its constituent bat family. Baron Cuvier, be it observed, placed the bones more slender than in true Carnivora. Another Cheiroptera at the head of his third great order of cogent difference from the last-named family lies in unguiculated quadrupeds, collectively termed Carnas- the presence of well-developed collar bones or clavicles, siers; regarding the few frugivorous bats then known which are only occasionally seen in the carnivorous as aberrant departures from the real carnivorous type. mammalia in a very rudimentary condition. The As, however, the principal point of similarity connected limbs of Insectivora are generally short, and, with one with these groups consists in the cutting character of or two notable exceptions, rather feeble; the feet are the grinding teeth, it will be understood that many furnished with five toes, and in walking the whole sole other structural considerations, of equal importance in or palm is applied to the ground, forming a characterthe eyes of naturalists, have determined the propriety istic mode of progression termed plantigracle, and of treating certain insectivorous mammals under a shared by a large section of the Carnivora proper; the separate order. Professor Owen, as we have seen, under surfaces of the feet are also consequently destieven places both the Cheiroptera and Insectivora in his tute of hair. The lateral integumentary expansions lissencephalous subclass-an arrangement which, based seen in Cheiroptera have entirely disappeared, while the on cerebral characters, separates these orders still nature of the epidermal covering varies considerably in further from the true carnivora, and brings them nearer different genera; the tail is sometimes very short. In the rodentia. The insect-eating bats also resemble the this order there is no coecal appendage to the large order at present under consideration, by their conical intestine. The two mamma are situated on the elevations on the molar teeth, while many of the abdominal surface. The various species feed prininsectivora likewise hybernate, passing the winter in a cipally upon insects, and like the bats are frequently torpid state. A common character, prevailing more or nocturnal and subterranean; a few of them have less throughout the entire order, is noticed in the arboreal habits. remarkable uniformity pervading the whole dental series, rendering it at first sight somewhat puzzling to FAMILY I.-TALPIDE. recognize and separate the teeth into their ordinary triad divisions —incisives, canines, and molars. In The group of species associated under this title are the more typical forms the canines assume their ordi- familiarly termed Moles; and although, on a superficial nary conspicuity, being also widely separated firom each examination, there does not appear much to invite us other, while the incisives are correspondingly small. to the contemplation of their structural and functiolnal 60 TALPIDAS. MAMMALIA. TALPIDAE. peculiarities, yet, we venture to assert, if any one will in all its typical constituent parts, it is a veritable undertake to make a close acquaintance with their humerus, and by its very abnormality demonstrates anatomy, that of all known animal beings, man alone how strictly nature adheres to a given archetypal plan, excepted, none will prove more interesting in a struc- even when the exigencies of the individual seem to tural point of view; and further, none will furnish require the introduction of a supernumerary element of more striking and incontrovertible evidences of the strength. Observe the remarkable conformity to type. truthful doctrine of final causes, and the consummate This bone presents an irregularly square-shaped form, wisdom of creative skill. It is well known these and is somewhat compressed laterally. Unlike any creatures enjoy a subterraneous mode of existence, and other humeri with which we are acquainted, it has two it cannot but delight the high-souled teleologist when widely separated and distinct articular facets at the he perceives that their entire organization is beautifully superior end; one being articulated to the clavicle, adapted to, and eminently qualifies them for, such a the other to the bladebone. A still more manifest habit of life. These adaptations are well seen in the reversion of the ordinary state of things is seen in the skeleton, and selecting that of the common mole situation of the elbow-joint, which, instead of occupy(Plate 33, fig. 104), the first peculiarity which meets ing its relatively inferior position, is actually placed on the eye is the apparent length of the osseous filame- a higher level than the shoulder-joint; and as the limb work-a result which arises rather from the shortness is turned and fixed in a semi-prolne attitude, the palm of the limbs and elongation of the head than from of the hand is consequently directed outwards and attenuation of the body itself. The bones of the neck, backwards. The bones of the forearm, or radius and A, have very strong transverse processes, for the attach- ulna, also take part in these abnormal dispositions; the ment of muscles; but the second cervical vertebra only head or upper end of the former assuming a hooked is provided with a superior spinous process, to the extre- character, while that of the latter is also greatly mity of which there is articulated a long slender osseous enlarged. By these arrangements strength is imparted, style, which is called the nuchal bone. Altogether and all rotation of the limb prevented. There are there are forty-three veitebroe, that is, seven cervi- no less than eleven bones belonging to the carpus or cal, fifteen dorsal, B, six lumbar, c, three sacral, D, and wrist; they are placed in two rows, five in each, while twelve caudal, E. The several bones of the head are very the eleventh is attached to the lower extremity of the early consolidated together, while the nasal cartilage radius; this latter is sabre-shaped, and converges outextends forward in front to support the long-projecting wards towards the lower end of the metacarpal bone muzzle. The ribs have a tolerably uniform length, a of the thumb, giving increased breadth to the spadecircumstance which helps to impart a cylindrical aspect like hand. The digital phalanges of the first two rows to the skeleton. The long narrow bones of the pelvis are particularly short and broad, the terminal series exhibit a similar appearance of being drawn out, as being elongated, pointed, and curved inwards towards it were, from end to end. In regard to the hinder the palm. In addition to these skeletal characters, extremities, perhaps the only points worthy of remark there are others of equal importance, when considered refer to their general shortening, and the union of the in the light of a family definition. In the typical tibia and fibula at the lower third of the leg; in the forms the teeth are forty-four in number, of which there bones of the foot there is a supplementary tarsal are fourteen incisives, six above and eight below, no segment of considerable size, assuming in the prepared true canines, and thirty molars, seven on either side of skeleton the character of a sixth toe. It is, however, the lower jaw and eight sinilally disposed in the in the constitution of the anterior extremity that the upper; the anterior pair functionally representing the most extraordinary skeletal deviations are witnessed, absent canines. The genera Chrysochloris and Condythese being well calculated to excite astonishment. lura exhibit a slight departure fiom this dental formula. The sternum, though not usually described in con- The moles have no external auricles; the eyes are nection with the bones of the fore limb, is here so very small, the feet being pendactylous and armed intimately associated with the prodigious muscular with strong claws; the tail is usually short. Speaking developments attached to it and rendered necessary generally, they have a stout thickset appearance; but to move the arms, that hitherto we have purposely this is chiefly due to their large fleshy muscles and passed it over. It is a very large bone, and the anterior fatty accumulations, which are also covered by a dense, portion or manubrium, as it is called, is excessively smooth, furry coat of close-set hair. prominent, serving to support the collar bones and the THE COMMON OLE (Tclpla Europlcea)-Plate 6, first pair of ribs. The clavicles are remarkably short, fig. 22.-Every rustic is familiar with the habits and thick. and of a quadrate form; they form a strong oblong form of this little manimal, which measures point d'appui for muscular action. The scapula or five inches in length, not including the tail. Destined shoulder-blade, on the other hand, is extremely long, to pursue its prey beneath the surface of the earth, it and correspondingly narrowed —more resembling, in is surprising, considering the dense nature of the fact, one of the ordinary cylindrical bones of the limb medium, that it should be able to swim, as it were, than its normal characteristic flatness. The humerus through the very soil with a rapidity perfectly astoundor arm-bone proper is, however, the most strangely ing. We have already partially unravelled the nature altered of all, having not only lost the usual elongated of the mechanism by which these movements are character so constant in quadrupeds generally, but pre- accomplished in our description of the skeleton; but senting an oddly-contorted and jagged outline, utterly there still remains to be noticed in particular, the incomparable to that seen in any other family. Yet, scoop-lilke configuration of the hands, which are convex TAIPIDE. MAMMALIA. TALPIDA. 61. on the back, and shallowed out at the palm (fig. 15). animal all its wants, and all the purposes of that Every finger is armed with a strong pointed nail, grooved sense." But the most interesting researches concernon the under surface, while all of them converge to- ing this extraordinary creature, are undoubtedly those gether at the tips, forming a powerful kind of digger or of the French writer-Henri le Court. This indefaI tigable observer pointed out that the mole pushes its Fig. 15. way through the soil, not at mere random, in any chance direction; but having selected certain localities / 1:ii a 5r3bor hunting grounds, as they have been called, constructs a habitation or fortress. This is sometimes formed''under a considerable hillock raised in some secure place, often at the root of a tree, under a bank, ~1~,t,,/:, [i?.t,. /~ or any shelter that offers protection. The fortress is domed by a cement, so to speak, of earth, which has been beaten and compressed by the architect into a Front and back view of the hand or fore-foot of the Mole (Talpa compact and solid state. Within, a circular gallery is Europsea).copat and solid state. Within, a cicula gallery is formed at the base, and communicates with an upper hoe. Of our more common animals, few have had smaller gallery by five passages, which are nearly at their behaviour and manner of living more thoroughly equal distances (fig. 16). Within the lower and undel exposed than the mole. Pennant, speaking of its the upper of these galleries is the chamber or dormitory, powers of progression, says-" The breadth, strength, which has access to the upper gallery by three similar and shortness of the fore feet, which are inclined side- passages. From this habitation, we should here ways, answer the use as well as the form of hands, to observe, the high road, by which the proprietor reaches scoop out the earth to form its habitation, or to pursue its prey. Had they been longer, the falling in of the Fig. 16 earth would have prevented the quick repetition of its strokes in working, or have impeded its course; the oblique position of the fore feet has also this advantage, A, that it flings all the lose soil behind the animal. The / form of the body is not less admirably contrived for its way of life; the fore part is thick and very muscular, giving great strength to the action of the fore part, enabling it to dig its way with great force anid rapidity, Fortress or habitation of the common Mole. either to pursue its prey or elude the search of the most active enemy. The form of its hind parts, which the opposite end of the encampment, is prolonged, while are small and taper, enables it to pass with facility the various galleries or excavations open into this road, through the earth that the fore feet had flung behind; which the mole is continually carrying out and extendfor, had each part of the body been of equal thickness, ing in its search for food, and which has been termed its flight would have been impeded, and its security its hunting ground. But to return to the chamber: precarious. The skin is excessively compact, and so fiom it another road extends, the direction of which tough as not to be cut but by a very sharp knife; the is downwards at first, and that for several inches, when hair is very short and close set, and softer than the it again rises to open into the high road of the terrifinest silk; the usual colour is black, not but there are tory. Some eight or nine other passages open out instances of these animals being spotted, and a cream- from the external circular gallery, but the orifices of coloured breed is sometimes found in dry lands near these never come opposite to the passages which conDowning. The smallness of the eyes (which gave nect the external gallery with the internal and upper occasion to the ancients to deny the sense of sight) is gallery. The extent of these passages is greater or to this animal a peculiar happiness; a small degree of less according to circumstances, and they each return vision is sufficient for an animal ever destined to live by an irregular and semicircular route, opening at under ground. Had these organs been larger, they various distances from the habitation into the high would have been perpetually liable to injuries by the road, which differs considerably from all the other earth falling into them; but nature, to prevent that passages and excavations, both in construction and inconvenience, hath not only made them very small, with regard to the use to which it is applied. From but also covered them very closely with fur. To make the habitation this road is carried out nearly in a amends for the dimness of its sight, the mole is amply straight line, and forms the main passage of communirecompensed by the great perfection of two other cation between the habitation, the different portions of senses, those of hearing and smelling; the first gives it the encampment, and the alleys leading to the hunting notice of the most distant approach of danger; the ground, which open into it on each side. In diameter other, which is equally exquisite, directs it in the it exceeds the body of the mole, but its sides will not midst of darkness to its food; the nose also, being very admit of two moles passing each other. The walls, long anrid slender, is well folrmed for thrusting into small fiom thle reitelratedl pressure of the mole's sides against holes in search of the worms and insects that inhllabit them, become smooth and compact, and its course is them. These gifts may with reason be said to comn- remarkable for the comparative absence of molehills, pensate the defect of sight, as they supply in this which are fiequlent in connection with the alleys and 62 TALPIDE. -MAMMALIA. TALPIDXE. quarries, as they have been termed, in constructing rushes upon its prey. Its food is exclusively animal. which the earth is removed out of the way to the It is true, and worthy of remark, that this point has surface. Sometimes a mole will lay out a second or been a subject of dispute, but the united testimony even a third road, in order to the extension of its of several distinguished naturalists, has conclusively operations. Sometimes several individuals use one shown that the vegetable debris sometimes found in road in common, though they never trespass on each its stomach, must be regarded as mere accidental other's hunting grounds. In the event of common accumulations, consisting of fragments of roots and usage, if two moles should happen to meet, one must other vegetable matters, which have been swallowed retreat into the nearest alley, unless both should be along with its appropriate insect food. After advancpugnacious; in which case the weakest is often slain. ing some very acute reasonings on this subject, Mr. Bell In forming- this tunnel, the mole's instinct supplies the remarks, that " the principal object of its search is the place of science, for he drives it at a greater or less depth, earthworm. In pursuit of this, its favourite food, it according to the quality of the soil or concurrent cir- occasionally follows it towards the surface with such cumstances. When there is nothing superincumbent eagerness, that it actually throws itself out of its burrow threatening a disturbance of its security, it is often upon the ground. It has been stated that the mole excavated at a depth of some four or five inches; but will not eat the larvae of the Scarabeidme and other if it is carried under a road or a stream, a foot and a coleopterous insects that live under the ground; but half of earth, sometimes more, is left above it. Thus this is certainly a mistake, as these larvae have does the little animal carry on the subterraneous works been found in their stomach. It is not, however, necessary for his support, travelling, and comfort; and to these and similar kinds of food that the mole his tunnels never fall in. The alleys opening out from is necessarily restricted; a mouse or a bird, a lizard the sides of the high road have generally a somewhat or a frog, if placed within its reach, becomes a speedy downward inclination, from their commencement victim to its voracity. Toads, however, it rejects even towards their end. It has been observed, that when when famishing with hunger, probably on account of the on opening one of these alleys, a plentiful supply of acrid secretion of the skin, first noticed by Dr. Davy. food is found, the mole proceeds to work out branch- Geoffroy gives a curious picture of the manner in which alleys from its termination, upheaving new molehills it will approach, seize, and devour a. small bird-exas it advances in quest of prey. Should, however, the hibiting, in the first place, a considerable exercise of soil be barren of the means of existence, the animal stratagem to get within reach of its victim, and changcommences another alley at a different part of the high ing on an instant this mode of approach for the most road. The quality and humidity of the soil, which sudden and impetuous attack; seizing the hapless bird regulate the abundance of earthworms, determine the by the belly, tearing it open, thrusting its muzzle greater or less depth of the alleys. The mainroad amongst the entrails, where it appears to luxuriate on being the highway of communication to its different its bloody repast. Even the weaker of its own species, hunting grounds, it is necessarily passed through regu- under particular circumstances, are not exempted fiom larly in the course of the day, and it is in this road that this promiscuous ferocity; for if two moles be placed the molecatcher sets his traps, or practises his devices together in a box without a very plentiful supply of to intercept the animal between its habitation and the food, the weaker certainly falls a prey to the stronger. alley where it is carrying on its labours. Some mole- No thorough-bred bulldog keeps a firmer hold of the catchers will tell you that the hours when the moles object of its attack than the mole. Mr. Jackson, a move are influenced by the tides; to which statement very intelligent molecatcher, says that, when a boy, the reader is at liberty to give as much credence as "his hand was so severely and firmly laid hold of by he chooses. Besides the various traps which are set one, that he was obliged to use his teeth in order to for them, there is, or very lately was, a man who loosen its hold. It is not only in the warm and temtravelled the country with a dog, and destroyed them perate seasons of the year, when the food of the mole without any trap at all, by the following process:- is of comparatively easy access and exists in great Taking his station at the proper time and place, plenty, that its labours are steadily and regularly folattended by his dog, and armed with a spear or spud, lowed; in the winter, when the frost has penetrated he waits till the dog indicates the presence of the mole, deeply into the soil, and the ordinary hunting grounds and then spears or spuds the animal out as it moves in are rendered useless and impracticable, it descends to its run. Pointers will stop at moles as steadily as at a considerable depth by a perpendicular shaft, till it game, when the former are straying on the surface." arrives at the part to which the earthworms have So much for the observations of Le Court, quoted by been driven by the cold. Here its labours must be Ogilby, whose description appears to have been even more toilsome and less productive than ordinary; borrowed from Geoffroy St. Hilaire's abridged account but the voracity of this indefatigable gourmand must of the original discoveries, as recorded in his " Cours still be appeased: and as it lays up no store for the d' Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes." The mole is winter, and cannot fast with impunity for more than an extremely voracious animal, and it would further a few hours, it may well be imagined how incessantly appear from Le Court's inves tigations, that its appe- and laboriously it must work in such a season, and at tite is exalted into a regular passion, which occasionally so great a depth, to obtain a sufficient supply of worms rises to such a pitch that the desire is accompanied to satisfy its insatiable craving. This rage of hunger with violent excitement. A species of madness seems alternates with the most profound repose, which the to take possession of the entire frame, as it furiously animal enjoys either within its fortress, (luring the sea TALPID~. MAMMALIA. -TALPIDmE. 63 son in which that domicile is occupied, or in a simple of the fieldmouse and other noxious animals. The mole molehill devoted to this purpose, during the summer. is also accused of carrying off quantities of young corn Its bed is formed of various vegetable matters, such as to form its nest; hence every means are devised to capgrass, leaves, or similar soft substances. It sleeps for ture and destroy it, and men gain a livelihood exclusively about four or six hours at a time in warm weather, and by this occupation. Some naturalists, however, plead principally during the day-its usual working time that the injury which it perpetrates is slight, and that being very early in the morning and at night. In the it is more than counterbalanced by the benefit which spring the mole leaves the fortress, and does not return it produces by turning up and lightening the soil, and to this shelter until the autumn, when it does not gene- especially by its immense destruction of earthworms rally reoccupy the same edifice, but constructs another, and many other noxious animals, which inhabit the leaving the old one to the occupation of the fieldmouse, superficial layer of the ground, and occasion great or other small animal of similar habits. During the injury to the roots of grass, corn, and many other plants. month of June, or longer, it is in the habit of leaving The soundest practical conclusion lies probably in the its runs, and wandering during great part of the night mean of these opinions, and the enlightened agriculon the surface of the land in search of its food." There turist, while he takes prompt measures to prevent the is also another mode which the mole adopts in captur- undue increase of the mole, would do well to reflect on ing his prey, when the soil is light, and whein showers the disadvantages which might follow its total exterof rain have enticed the worms to the surface. This rination." The common mole is found in nearly all is accomplished by boring shallow trenches immediately parts of Europe, but in Greece it is said to be scarce, under the surface, surprising and catching these unfor- while in the more northern counties of Scotland, and tunate annelids at the most unsuspected moments. in the contiguous isles of Orkney and Shetland, it is Every one must have observed these mole-runs in fields stated to be altogether unknown. which have been only recently sown with grain. The THE THICK-TAILED STAR-NOSE (Condylura macmole is a hard drinker, and his appetite in this respect roura). - The individuals of which this genus is is in perfect harmony with his flesh-eating propensities. composed, are closely allied to the true moles, not He is also a firstrate swimmer, and, as we have seen, only in their general form, but also in their habit of life. his form is singularly adapted for easy propulsion Their dental arrangement is peculiar. Of the ten cutthrough any firmly-resisting medium. He will not only ting teeth, six occupy the upper and four the lower take the water when inundations or a desire to change jaw. The two central teeth of the superior row his hunting grounds compel him to migrate, but Mr. are remarkably broad, also somewhat triangular and Bell avers that he sometimes takes a swim "merely curved anteriorly. The lower series slope forwards for the purpose of enjoying the luxury of a bath." The in an almost horizontal direction. There are no true male mole is exceeding fierce during the love season, canines, as usual; but the deficiency is sufficiently and readily resents any individual of the same sex who compensated by the presence of thirty grinding teeth, should unhappily be paying his addresses to the same seven on either side of the upper, and eight on those female as himself. Formidable pitched battles are of the lower. The anterior three of the superior fought, and much blood shed on such occasions, while series, or upper false molars as they are called, are the unfortunate object of affection is also somewhat small, conical, and more or less widely separated from roughly handled. The nest is generally situated at a each other, while the inferior false molars, five in considerable distance from the habitation; it is well number on either side, are irregularly serrated and constructed and compact, but its place of location is trenchant. Several species have been described; but not always to be found indicated by a hillock. When the latter is present it exceeds in size that of an ordi- Fig. 17. nary molehill. The nest is built " by enlarging and excavating the point where three or four passages meet and intersect each other." In one instance no less than two hundred and four wheatblades were counted by Geoffroy St Hilaire, and Le Court. From this circr..nstance alone, therefore, we can well comprehend the weight of those accusations which have from time immemorial been levelled against the mole. Some distinguished naturalists, and most prominently among them Mr. Bell, have endeavoured to advocate its cause, and to contend that after all the mole is not such a thievish villain as some have supposed. Without entering at any great length into this instructive con- Snout of the Star-nose, or Condylura. troverssy, we are inclined, all things considered, to take the view and, state the case, as Professor Owen their differentiating characters do not appear to be has succinctly put it, in the following words —" The very strongly marked. In all of them the muzzle is farmer views the operations of the mole as destructive prolonged into a narrow proboscis, the naked extremity to his crops, by exposing and. destroying their roots, or of which is furnished with a number of moveable by overthrowing the plants in the construction of the cartilaginoid, styliform processes or caruncles, radiately molehills; his burrows, moreover, become the haunts disposed lilke the spokes of a wheel (fig. 17). All have 64 TALPIDIE...MAMMALIA TALPIDA. very minute eyes. Thle ears are destitute of conspicu- which form a margin to the fore ones. The hind ous auricles; the feet are pentadactylous or five-toed; toes are longer than the fore ones, and are armed with the tail is of moderate length, varying, however, in more slender claws, which are white, awl-shaped, this respect with different species, and only loosely curved, and acute. They have a narrow groove towards clothed with hair. In the Thick-tailed Star-nose "the head is remarkably Fig. 18. large; the body is stout and short, and becomes narrower towards the,/ quently nearer to each other than the fore ones. The nose is rather thick,'and projects beyond ti heb mouth. It is naked towards its end, is marked with a furrow above, and terminates in a fiat surface,'-' _ -. which is surrounded by seventeen ---.... cartilaginous processes, with two The Common Star-nose (Condylura cristata). more anterior ones situated above the nostrils, and a pair of forked ones immediately their point underneath." The length of the body, not below the nostrils. The surfaces of these processes including the tail, is four inches and a quarter. This are minutely granulated. Some white whiskers spring minute and accurate account is taken from Sir John fiom the side of the nose, and reach about half the Richardson's description of a specimen captured on length of the head. There are others not so long on the banks of the river Columbia, and all the examples the upper and under lips. The fur on the body is hitherto received~ have been brought from North very soft and fine, and has considerable lustre. It is American districts. Fig. 18. represents a very closelylonger than the fur of the other two known species. allied form. The generic name Condylura was originIts colour on the dorsal aspect is dark amber brown, ally given to these moles by the naturalist Illiger, who approaching to blackish-brown. On the belly it is was misled by a figure which had been executed fiom pale liver brown. When the fur is blown aside it a dried specimen, and consequently showed a knotted exhibits a shining blackish-grey colour towards its appearance of the tail. This irregularity of the tail roots. It is longer behind the head and on the neck, unfortunately suggested to him the generic title now than on the belly. The tail is narrow at its origin; generally adopted; but the term Rhinaster proposed but it suddenly swells to an inch and a half in cir- by Wagler, would have been, scientifically speaking, cumference. It then tapers gradually until it ends in more correct. a fine point, formed by a pencil of hairs about half an THE LUSTROUS CAPE MOLE (Chlysochloris cainch long. It is round, or very slightly compressed, pensis).-The members of this small genus are also and is covered with scales about as large as those on pretty closely allied to the true moles. They differ, the feet, and with short, tapering, acute hairs which do however, in some respects, and among the most not conceal the scales. The hairs covering the upper important distinctions are those which concern the sulface of the tail are nearly black; those beneath are skeleton and teeth. Following the authority of De of a browner hue. The extremities are shaped almost Blainville, there appear to be twelve cutting teeth, six precisely like those of C. longicaudata, only the above and six below, the two central teeth of the palms and toes of the fore feet project beyond the lower jaw being very minute. Of the grinding series body. The palms are nearly circular, and are pro- there are probably twenty-eight, six of which come teoted by a granulated skin, like shagreen. The sides under the category of false grinders or premolars, two of the feet are furnished with long white hairs which of them being superior and four inferior. The true curve in over the palms. The five toes are very short, molars have the torm of triangular prisms with transequal to each other in length, and, together with the verse crowns, which in the lower set are divided by back of the hands, are covered with hexagonal scales. corresponding grooves. All the species have the eyes The fore claws are white, nearly straight, broadly covered by the integunient, while there is no appearance linear and acute, convex above and flat beneath. of an external ear. The muzzle is short and broad, terThe palms turn obliquely outwards, which causes the minating in a slightly pointed and projecting nose. The fourth claw to project rather farthest; but the third fore foot or hand is apparently tetradactylous; but one measures as much, the second is shorter, and the there are in reality five toes or fingers, the phalanges first and fifth are equal to each other, and a little of the third and fourth fingers having coalesced to form shorter than the rest. The hind feet are also turned a single gigantic digit. The latter is armed with a proobliquely outwards, and are scaly, with a few interposed digiously strong claw, which is broad and arcuated, hairs above, and granulated underneath. The sides forming a powerful weapon for digging and burrowing are narrow, and present a conspicuous callous tubercle in the earth; the fifth digit is particularly small and pcsterior to the origin of the inner toe. The hind rudimentary. The hind feet are obviously pentadaclegs are very short, and are clothed with soft biown tylous, the several toes presenting the ordinary dimenhairs, a tuft of which curves over the heel. There sions. The body is short and stout, and unprovided are no hairs on the sides of the hind feet, like those with a tail. The skeleton offers numerous points of TAI.PIDA. -MAMMIALIA. SORICmID. 65 interest. The skull exhibits a more conical form than or, in other wor(s, are non-fossorial. In some of the obtains in the true moles. There are no less than aberrant types we still recognize the peculiar talpine nineteen pairs of ribs, whilst in one species as many as features, and so much so is this the case in the genus twenty have been counted. The sternum is provided we shall here first elucidate, that it becomes almost a with small concave lateral appendages; the first rib is matter of indifference whether we class them as moles unusually broad; the clavicles and the scapulae are or shrews, or, on the other hand, altogether recognize long and thin. The humerus is comparatively longer them as a separate osculant group. than that of the common mole, and at the lower part THE SHREW MOLE (Scalop2s aquaticus).- This it is not only articulated to the radius and ulna, but also species, in common with others of the genus Scalops, to a third bone, specially developed to strengthen the presents a stout, thickset, cylindrical body, the limbs arm during the action of burrowing. This strange being remarkably short. The pentadactylous feet and supplementary osseous appendage is supposed to hands very closely resemble those of the common mole, represent one of the carpal elements of the wrist; be especially the latter, which are also situated close to that as it may, the circumstance of these creatures' the auditory opening. The head terminates anteriorly possessing a fore-arm consisting of three long bones, in a movable snout, which is naked at the tip. The indicates an anatomical and morphological change teeth are probably forty-four in number, but a conaltogether without precedent in this region of the siderable difference of opinion exists on this point. mammiferous skeleton. The Lustrous Cape Mole or According to Professor Owen there are twelve incisors, Chrysochlore-Fig. 19-is not quite so long as the four canines, sixteen false grinders, and twelve true molars; half of these severally Fig. 19. belonging to either jaw. The O2'f (.... \\ \>lll *- al/f am leyes are extremely small and'( \\!l i j, Il concealed by the fur. Tlhe \' \ I/ /colour of the hair is, generally /~) ~> F< speaking, of a greyish-black,:x /''"< approaching to brown in some regions, especially on the fore/0 X head, where it assumes a chestnut tinge. The length of " _" -- the body is rather more than icolIurv capable of Defleseven and a half inches, noi and/ purple, which change to aincluding the tail, t which is and thus we have short, annulated, and very Of'jl..... "'~ thinly clothed with hair. The shrew-moles are inhabitants of ___lnder~~~ csro s u ah a othfe lowt grounds and marshy Hope,___- districts bordering on the river Columbia, and the adjacent The Lustrous Cape Mole or Chrysochlore. coasts of the Pacific. Sir John Richardson speaking of common Emuropean mole. The fur is of a brownish their habits says, that they resemble our common colour, capable of reflecting irridescent hues of gireen European mole, "in leading a subterranean life, and purple, which change to a copper or bronze tint; forming galleries, throwing up little mounds of earth, and thus we have broight before us, in the language and in feeding principally on earthworms and grubs. of Cuvier, "the only known quadruped which exhibits Dr. Godman has given a detailed and interesting any appearance of that splendid metallic lustre which account of their manners, particularly of one which adorns so manybirds, fishes, and insects." The species was domesticated by Mr. Titian Peale. He menunder consideration is found at the Cape of Good tions that they are most active, early in the morning, Hope, but other kinds are obtained fiom the same at mid-day, and in the evening, and that they are locality, as well as from the neighbourhood of Mozam- well known in the country to have the remarkable bique. custom of coming daily to the surface exactly at noon. They may be taken alive by thrusting a spade beneath FAMILY II.-SORICIDeE. them and throwing them on the surface, but can scarcely be caught at any other period of the day. From a considerationof the moles we pass by a very They burrow in a variety of soils, and in wet seasons natural transition to the Soricide, which are more are observed to retreat to the higher grounds. The commonly known as the shrews, or shrew-mice. They captive one in possession of Mr. Peale ate considerable have a very general resemblance to ordinary mice; quantities of fresh meat, either cooked or raw, draiik but while the latter have their front teeth formed for fireely, and was remarkably lively and playful, following gnawing vegetable structures, the former are entirely the hand of its feeder by the scent, burrowing for a insect-feeders, as in the case of the moles. The short distance in the loose earth, and, after making a typical'Soricida~ exhibit coiispicuous eyes and ears, smrll circle, returning for more food. When engaged and the feet are not formed for burrowing in the soil, in eating he employed his flexible snout in a singular VOL. I. 9 66 SORTCIDi.- MBAMMALIA. SORICIDE. manner to thrust the food into his mouth, doubling it an elongated proboscis-like' snout, at the extremity of so as to force it directly backwards." which there are two oblique perforations representing THE MUSK RAT (Mygale moschata).-This rather the nostrils. The base of the snout supports numerous ugly-looking animal has few characters in common long stiff hairs or whiskers. In regard to the teeth, with the moles, unless we make exception in favour of there are ten incisors, six above and four below, no the form of the body, the shortness of the limbs, and true canines, and thirty-two molars, that is, fourteen in some other non-essential features. It possesses a the upper and eighteen in the lower jaw, The ears long snout or proboscis which is very mobile, and are large and thinly haired. The feet are pentadactyusually more or less curved downwards. The eyes, lous and plantigrade, the digits corresponding to the though small, are comparatively distinct, while the thumbs in the fore-feet, and the great toes in the hindshort ears scarcely project beyond the fur. The feet being very short; the claws are thin and strongly arrangement of the teeth is somewhat peculiar, there incurved. The fur has a tawny-brown colour, gradubeing six incisors, four of which, that is, two above and ally becoming whitish on the limbs. The length of two below, are very largely developed, and look like the body is rather less than five inches, the tail being canines; of these, however, there are none. There are likewise three and a quarter inches long, a little no less than thirty-eight grinders, twenty in the upper swollen immediately beyond the root, and provided, in and eighteen in the lower jaw. The feet are pentadacty- the males at least, with minute glandular follicles. lous, the digits being severally connected together by a This and some other species of so-called elephant mice membrane to facilitate locomotion in the water. The live in south Africa. Their habits are diurnal, and tail is about one-fourth shorter than the body, and they are frequently seen hunting for their prey amongst compressed from side to side throughout, especially at the roots of brushwood and bushes. On being disthe tip; it is thinly haired, but very scaly, being also covered, however, their timidity soon shows itself, and provided with numerous glandular follicles, arranged they scamper off in hot haste, retreating either into in double series along the under surface. These organs their natural burrows, or beneath stones and similar secrete a fatty matter or kind of pomatum giving out a places of security. peculiar musky odour. The fur presents a dusky- THE SOLENODON (Solenodon paradoxus). —The brown colour. The musk rat is very common in the distinguished naturalist Brandt has employed this title rivers and lakes of southern Russia, and more particu- to designate a remarkable animal forming a sort of larly on the banks of the Volga. According to Mr. gigantic shrew. It is an inhabitant of the island of St. Ogilby, " it does not appear to have been seen on dry Domingo, is covered with coarse fur, and possesses land, and, indeed, it is broadly asserted that it never very long whiskers. Each jaw is armed with six goes there, but wanders from lake to lake in fortuitous incisor teeth, the two central ones of the upper series floods only. It is often seen swimming or walking being very large and triangular, while the pair next under the water, and coming for air to the surface, outside the central ones of the lower jaw are elonwhere, in clear weather, it is apt to sport. Stagnant gated, conical, and hollowed out at the inner surface waters, shut in by high banks, are its favourite locali- by a deep groove. These two pair assume the aspect ties, and in such places it makes burrows some twenty of very powerful canines, but the latter have in reality feet in length. Its principal food is alleged to consist no true representatives. The molars are twenty-eight of fish, leeches, and the larva of water insects; but in number, that is, seven on either side of each jaw. fragments of roots have been found in its stomach. Its This singular creature is larger than our common pace is slow; but it does not seem to be torpid in brown rat, being upwards of twenty inches in length, winter, at which season it is often taken in nets. The including the naked or scaly tail, which measures nine holes which it makes in cliffs and banks have the inches. The eyes are small, the nose slightly proentrance far beneath the lowest level of the water, and boscidiform, the ears also being only moderately the animal works upwards, never, however, nearing developed. The sides of the head and neck, as well as the surface more than sufficiently high to secure itself the abdomen and feet, exhibit a faint yellow-brown from the farthest rise of the river. Fish, as we have colour, with an occasional mixture of a greyish tint. seen, form part of its food; but the quadruped in its THE COMMON SHREW (Sorex araneus).-Plate 6, turn falls a victim to the pikes and siluri, whose flesh fig. 21. The genus Sorex comprehends an extremely becomes so impregnated with the flavour of musk in numerous series of individuals, and it has therefore consequence, as not to be eatable." Formerly a very been variously subdivided by different naturalists. considerable trade was carried on at Orenberg for the Without, however, expressing any opinion as to the sale of these animals' skins and tails, which, from their propriety of their arrangements, our object is to impart extraordinary abundance, only realized a sale at the a definite and accurate knowledge of the more imporrate of twenty copecs per hundred-a sum equivalent tant forms, under whatever names they may be clearly to eightpence-three farthings, of English money. recognized. Even the species under consideration has THE ELEPHANT MOUSE (Macroscelicles typicus). caused much controversy, but it is now very generally -This is perhaps the best known of the seven or eight understood that the common shrew-mouse of the species which constitute the members of the genus. British isles is correctly indicated by the above comIts name almost suggests a combination of the sublime bined generic and specific title. Among the characterand the ridiculous, for the only feature by which this istics which distinguish this form we may especially tiny creature in ally measure resembles the huge refer to the teeth, of which there are probably ten pachyderm, lies in the circumstance of its possessing incisors, though on this point there seems to be SORICIDAi. MAMMALIA. SORICIDm,. 67 considerable difference of opinion. They are "much liable, our provident forefathers always kept a shrewproduced; the upper ones curved and notched at the ash at hand, which, when once medicated, would base, the lower ones almost horizontal." There are in maintain its virtue for ever. A shrew-ash was made all twenty-four molars or grinding teeth, but no true thus: —Into the body of the tree a deep hole was bored canines. The length of the body, not including the with an auger, and a poor devoted shrew-mouse was tail, is about two and a half inches. The fur exhibits tllhrust in alive, and plugged in, no doubt with several a reddish tint on the back, which passes from the quaint incantations long since forgotten." Some other ordinary mouse-colour to a light-grey on the under methods of cure were likewise had recourse to, but of surface of the belly. The snout is conical and pointed; these it is unnecessary to speak firther. The shrewthe eyes and ears are small-the latter being scarcely mouse propagates very rapidly, the female bringing visible —and furnished with two lobes internally. With forth six or seven young ones at a birth. The nest regard to its habits Mr. Bell observes, that "the is rudely constructed of grass and other vegetable common shrew frequents dry situations, feeding upon materials, and is placed in superficial holes in the insects and worms, in the pursuit of which its attenu- earth, especially amongst hedgebanks, the debris and ated snout enables it to grub amongst the closest snug recesses of which afford abundant security. An herbage, or under the surface of the soil; for which excess of these animals is wisely prevented by the habits it is also adapted by its soft, short, velvety coat, agency of owls, moles, and weasels, and also, it would and its extensible form. Like the mole and other appear from the statements of several writers, by a insectivorous tribes, it is very impatient of hunger special mortality which cuts them off by hundreds during summer; like that animal too it is excessively dnring the autumnal months. The immediate cause of pugnacious, so that it is rare to see two of them this phenomenon yet remains to be explained. together excepting in the act of fighting. If two shrews THE WATER SHREW (Sorex fodiens). —This form be confined in a box together, a very short time elapses is darker than the common shrew upon the back, and before the weaker is killed and partly devoured. They also, on the other hand, of a lighter colour beneath the not only dlestroy each other, but there is reason to belly, being in point of fact, quite white. The feet believe that many of them are victims to the voracity and tail are provided with conspicuous, but thinly set of the mole." A friend also informed him "that, in a hairs. The ears and eyes are very small, the auricles field which had always before been abundantly being furnished with three internal lobes. It is also a inhabited by shrews, scarcely one had been seen during somewhat stouter species, while, at the same time, it the then present season; but that a colony of moles measures three and a quarter inches in length. The had occupied the district, to whose voracity he, with fur is very close, smooth, and downy-a circumstance mnuch probability, attributed the disappearance of the which, together with an increased breadth of the feet, shrews." Touching the early history of this creature favours the development of its swimming propensities. many curious superstitions were formerly held in Perhaps the best account of the habits of this pretty this country respecting them; but though, as we have little animai, is that long ago recorded by Mr. Dovaston recently taken occasion to show, these follies do still in the second volume of LoucZon's Magazine of Nattural exist in regard to certain animals, we are inclined to History. Speaking of the behaviour of one of these believe that, so far at least as the shrews are concerned, shrews, he says-" It swam with great agility and freethey have almost entirely passed away. The childish dom, repeatedly gliding from the bank under water, notion that lameness of the foot or some grave disease and disappearing below the mass of leaves at the could result fiom the mere accidental passage of a bottom, doubtless in search of its insect food. It shrew over that part of the body of another animal very shortly returned and entered the bank, occasionwas really credited, and, absurdly enough, induced our ally putting its long sharp nose out of the water, and intellectual peasantry to prepare a ridiculous charm, paddling close to the edge. This it repeated at frewhich they swore to be an unfailing antidote against quent intervals from place to place, seldom going more these imaginary injuries. This preparation was called than two yards fiom the side, and always returning in shrew-ash, and a twig or fragment of it constituted the about half a minute. Sometimes it would run a little remedy. The modus operctcli in the manufacture on the surface, and sometimes timidly and hastily come of this ash is thus described by Mr. Gilbert White:- ashore, but with the greatest caution, and instantly "At the south corner of the plestor or area, near the plunge in again." This species has a pretty wide dischurch, there stood about twenty years ago a very old, tribution throughout the British isles, being found in grotesque, hollow pollard-ash which, for years had Devonshire, and also as far north as Scotland. The been looked upon with no small veneration as a shrew- female brings forth six or seven young at a birth. ash. Now a shrew-ash is an ash whose twigs or THE OARED SHREW (Sorex remrifer).-This is a branches, when applied to the limbs of cattle, will comparatively large species, and, like the two preimmediately relieve the pains which a beast suffers ceding, indigenous to the islands of Great Britain. Its from the running of a shrew-mouse over the part body is rather more than three inches long, the tail affBcted; for it is supposed that the shrew-mouse is of also being two-thirds of the entire lengtli of the animal. so baneful and deleterious a nature that, whenever it The last-named organ has a quadrilateral shape. It is creeps over a beast, be it horse, cow, or sheep, thle flattened towards the tip, being also provided with suffering animal is afflicted with cruel anguish, and stoutish hairs along the under surface. The fur is of threatened with the loss of the use of the limb. a rich black colour, except at the lower part of the Against this accident, to which they were continually belly, where, in some specimens at least, it is greyisll 68 SORICIDE. MAiMMALIA. SORICID)Ex. black, and also of a yellow tinge towards the region of descend firom the surface of the snow; but a search the throat. The snout is compressed, the eyes and for its habitation by removing the snow was invariably ears are small, the latter being bordered by a fringe of firuitless. I was unable to procure a recent specimen." whitish-coloured hairs. The teeth exhibit a rusty or And further on he says-"It is the smallest quadruped chestnut hue at their tips-a peculiarity, however, not the Indians are acquainted with, and they preserve confined to any particular species. Like the water skins of it in their conjuring bags. The power of shrew, its habits are essentially aquatic. generating heat must be very great in this diminutive THE INDIAN SHREW (Sorex indicus).-Though in creature, to preserve its tender limbs from freezing general appearance this species closely resembles the when the temperature sinks forty or fifty degrees below common shrew, the size at once distinguishes it, being zero." in this respect equal to our common brown rat. In SAVI'S SHREW (Sorex etruscus).-To the general virtue of a very strong musky odour, it imparts a pecu- observer of nature, the distinctions established between liarly nauseous smell to every thing with which it the numerous species of shrew may not at first sight may happen to come in contact. Some of the stories appear very satisfactory, and it is partly on this account told of its powers of communicating odoriferous pro- that we find it necessary to confine our attention to the perties to particular objects, appear to be rather more striking or better known forms. There is a little exaggerated. For example, we are informed that wine North American form, emphatically called the small in a properly-closed bottle will become impregnated shrew-mouse —the Sorexparvus of Say and Richardwith a musky flavour, merely by the circumstance of son-which is only two inches and three-quarters in this animal's passing over the exterior surface of the length; but this specific title might perhaps with greater glass! Surely this savours a little of the imaginative. piropriety be applied to the species under consideration; At all events, the little beast enjoys an unenviable for Savi's shrew is not only believed to be the smallest credit on this score. It is better known by the name in existence, but it is probably the tiniest of all of the Indian musk rat. living quadrupeds, excepting, of course, those which THE AMERICAN MARSH SHREW (Sorexpalustris). have not attained their adult or fully developed state. -This species is principally marked by the possession The body of Say's small shrew measures two inches of an unusually long tail, combined with very short and three-quarters, without reckoning the tail; whereas hairy ears which lie entirely concealed beneath the the little Sorex etruscus scarcely exceeds two inches fur. The hairy covering exhibits a hoary black colour, and a half, two entire fifths of which measurement except on the belly, where it is lighter and of an ash- belong to the caudal appendage. It is an inhabitant grey tint, the texture throughout being dense, soft, and of Italy and the northern coasts of Africa. Notwithlustrous. The teeth are thirty in number; that is, standing what we have here advanced, it will doubtless four incisors and twenty-six molars. Sir John Rich- occur to our readers that some of the bats scarcely ardson was the first to describe this shrew, and he exceed this animal in length; although, if placed side obtained several specimens in British America during by side with the pipistrelle, this bat would appear in his explorations with the expedition under Sir John all likelihood comparatively bulky. Franklin. With regard to its habits, he says that it THE BULAU (Gymnura Rafflesii).-The members "lives in the summer on similar food with the water of this and the two following genera offer such pecushrew, but," he adds, "I am at a loss to imagine how it liarities as scarcely to entitle us to classify them with procures a subsistence during the six months of the the Soricidse, properly so called; and on the one hand, year in which the countries it inhabits are covered they neither sufficiently agree in their respective charwith snow. It frequents the borders of lakes, and acters, so as to enable our associating them together Hearne tells us that it often takes up its abode in beaver under a separate family title, nor, on the other, are houses." The length of the body, not including the they clearly referable to the Tupaiadcle; yet, as they tail, is precisely three and a half inches. exhibit characters of a very mixed kind, we cannot at FORSTER'S SHREW (Sorex Forsteri).-The shrew present, perhaps, do better than briefly record them' thus named appears to have been first noticed by For- in the order here adopted. The head of the bulau is ster, and described by him in the sixty-second volume much elongated and compressed from side to side, the of the Philosophical Transactions. It resembles the muzzle being proboscidiform, obtuse at the tip, and oared shrew in respect of the quadrangular form of the continued forward a considerable distance beyond the tail, and in some other minor particulars. The length lower jaw. The eyes are rather small, and the ears of the body is about two and a quarter inches. It is rounded, conspicuous, and naked. The body is stoutish armed with thirty-two teeth, four being incisors and posteriorly, and terminates in a long, smooth, scaly the remainder true and false molars. The snout is tail which supports a few thinly scattered hairs. much attenuated; the whiskers are conspicuous, and The mass of the fur is soft; but firom beneath this the ears completely enveloped by the fur. The author downy covering there projects a multitude of long of the "Fauna Boreali Americani," speaks of it as fol- harsh, bristle-like hairs, which are particularly numerlows:-" This little animal is common throughout the ous along the back. The limbs are well developed, whole of the fur countries to the sixty-seventh degree and terminate in plantigrade pentadactylous feet, having of latitude, and its minute foot-prints are seen every- the three middle toes longer than the other digits. where in the winter when the snow is sufficiently fine The jaws are armed with forty-four teeth, which Proto retain the impression. I have often traced its fessor Owen has divided into twelve incisives, four pathway to a stalk of grass by which it appears to canines, sixteen false, and twelve true molars. They TUPAIAD.E. MAMMALIA.-ERINACEAD2E. 69 are equally distributed above and below. It is also are placed sideways. The ears and eyes are largely worthy of remark, that the skeleton displays fifteen developed, the latter projecting sufficiently to enable pairs of ribs and five lumbar vertebra. In external the animals to see backwards almost in a straight line. form this animal approaches the American marsupials; The body is long and narrow, but provided with tolerbut little or nothing is known of its habits. ably strong limbs, terminating in plantigrade, five-toed THE RHYNCHOCYON (Rhynchocyon cirnei). -The feet, the digits being armed with sharply-curved claws. eminent naturalist Peters has given this name to an All the species at present known are inhabitants of the extremely rare and very curious animal, discovered by Sunda islands, while some few have been found in him during his travels in the Mozambique. In certain Pegu and on the shores of the Indian peninsula. particulars it resembles the bulau; but its snout is very Their habits are diurnal and active, and from this much more prolonged, forming a conspicuous proboscis. circumstance they have always been associated with The ears are moderately developed; but the eyes are the squirrels by the native Malays. comparatively large. The jaws are fiurnished with THE JAVANESE BANGSRING (Ttpaiajavanica).thirty-six teeth, somewhat irregularly disposed, there This species was first familiarly made known to natubeing only two incisors above while there are six below; ralists by Dr. Horsfield, who during his travels in Java, and of the twenty-eight molars, the anterior pair in in the year 1806, discovered numerous examples in the upper series are sufficiently elongated to be at the thickly-wooded forests of the province of Blamfirst sight mistaken for canines. The feet are planti- bangan. The body being slender and compact is grade, tetradactylous, and armed with strong claws, eminently fitted for active pursuits. The limbs are the outer toe of the fore-feet being widely separated gracefully formed, imparting to the creature an easy from the others. As in the preceding species, the and attractive appearance. The five-toed feet terhind feet are longer than the fiont ones. The tail minate in compressed and strongly-curved claws, is considerably developed, annulated, and sparingly which are firmly implanted into the somewhat swollen clothed with hair. tips of the several digits. The tail forms a very conTHE HYLOMYS (-Hylomys suillus).-M. Salomon spicuous organ. It is fully as long as the body, having Miiller employs this name to designate a small and an almost uniform thickness from root to tip, and is rare animal inhabiting the islands of Sumatra and clothed with regularly arranged hairs spreading out Java, and living at a height of from twelve hundred to like those of the squirrel, but in a more limited degree. two thousand feet above the level of the sea. In the The fur consists, for the most part, of fine straight form of the skull and other cranial peculiarities, it hairs closely applied to the skin; the back, neck, sides, appears to approach the members of the succeeding and limbs being provided with a few longer, stouter, family; but the back of the orbit is not closed in by a and darker-coloured hairs. The colour is of a greyishbony ring, such as is found in that remarkable group. brown, varying considerably at different spots, being The teeth are forty-four in number; that is, twelve lighter underneath the throat, chest, and belly. The incisors, and thirty-two molars. The snout is pro- head is narrowed anteriorly, and the eyes are particulonged forwards into a movable proboscis, which is larly prominent. The bangsring and its allies appear directed a little downwards at the tip, where the to be very easily tamed; for a specimen of this nostrils are laterally disposed. The eyes are not genus which came under the notice of Sir Stamlarge; but the ears are conspicuous, and thinly pro- ford Raffles, behaved itself like a pet spaniel, freely vided with hair. As in the bulau, the feet are penta- partaking of fruits and milk at the breakfast and dactylous, the three central digits being paramount, dinner table, and scampering through the house with and the hind feet longer than the fore ones, the claws evident satisfaction. being sharp and strongly curved. The tail is particularly short, and but thinly clothed with hair. Very FAMILY IV. ERINACEADZE. little is known respecting its habits. The teeth, however, indicate its insectivorous propensities. The hedgehogs are readily recognized by their peculiar spinous integument and the remarkable power FAMILY III.-TUPAIAD2E. possessed by the more typical forms of rolling themselves up into a ball. This function is accomplished The Tupaias are here collected into a separate group, by the agency of a special development of the subchiefly on account of several well-marked anatomical cutaneous muscular bands, which are more or less peculiarities. The most important of these consists in developed in all the mammalia, forming in scientific the presence of an osseous ring completing the posterior nomenclature the muscular mass termed thepanntzculus part of the orbit, and entirely circumscribing that carnosus. It is of such strength in these creatures, cavity. In all other species of the order Insectivora, that in their doubled-up state they are capable of a communication exists between the orbits and the resisting almost any force which their enemies employ spaces occupied by the temporal muscles which act to unroll them, while the points of the setoe or spinous upon the lower jaw. In this, and in some other fea- bristles inflict severe wounds upon the aggressors. In tures, we observe a structural and morphological otler respects the hedgehogs exhibit a general con. approach towardsthe insectivolrous monkeys. Through- folmity to the insectivorous type. The muzzle is out the family we have an elongated head, which is pointed, and prolonged beyond the lower jaw. The very much narrowed towards the pointed muzzle, and eyes and ears are tolerably conspicuous; the latter at the extremity of this snout the semilunar nostrils however, are rather short. The feet are pentadae 70 ERINACEADi.- MAMMALIA. ERINACEAR)AE. tylous and armed with powerful claws; but the anterior regard to the asseverations of the ancient historian of pair are not specially modified for the purposes of nature, they may safely be regarded as the gratuitous burrowing like the moles. The tail is either very offspring of a fertile imagination, having, in point of short or altogether absent. fact, no other foundation than such as I have myself THE TENREC (Centenes setosus.) —This animal dif- witnessed-namely, an involuntary expulsion of the fers from the ordinary hedgehogs both in respect of fluid secretion on the part of the animal itself, when certain structural modifications, and also in the circucn- suddenly and violently alarmed. Secondly, in regard stance of its not being able to fold itself up into a ball; to the milking propensities, no one has ever yet at least, its powers in this particular are extremely witnessed the animal's indulgence of this re'leshing limited. The skin along the back is armed with a experiment. Thirdly, with respectto hisalleged carpomixture of slender spines and bristles, and the body logical thefts, the body is but ill-adapted for climbing terminates abruptly behind without any trace of a tail. fruit-trees, though I admit, in a time of famine, he will Some difference of opinion exists in regard to its den- not refuse apples and pears which have accidentally tition, owing, perhaps, to the fact that'many of the fallen to the ground; but the story to which you allude specimens examined were quite young. In the adult bears on its face the very stamp of absurdity, seeing it state there are probably twelve incisors, four canines, would have us believe that he not only ascends the twelve false and also twelve true molars-that is, forty tree, but, in the dolubled-up state, voluntarily throws teeth in all, equally divided between the two jaws, the himself firom the branches with sufficient precision canines being large and of a conical shape. The to alight onl the fallen fruits; these, in consequence, muzzle is much attenuated and proboscidiform. The adhere to his skin, and, having unrolled himself, he tenrec is a native of the island of Madagascar; it is hurries off with the desired booty upon his back! possessed of nocturnal habits, and passes three months Fourthly, while I grant there is strong evidence of his of the year int a state of hybernation. According to being a poacher, you must bear in mind, before hastily the statements of Brugiere, the torpidity occurs during pronouncing him to be a worthless character, that he the period of greatest heat. only resorts to fowls' and pheasants' eggs when the THE SOKINAH (Echinops Telfairi).-Under this supply of mice, snails, slugs, worms, and various title Mr. W. C. L. Martin has described, in the second insects, fail to satisfy his legitimate demands. On the volume of the Transactions of the Zoological Society whole, therefore, will you not be disposed to regard of London, a kind of hedgehog which, like the forego- the hedgehog as an erring creature which does more ing, is an inhabitant of Madagascar. This animal is good than harm? Let me direct your attention to chiefly distinguished by the peculiarities of its den- its organization. On closely contemplating the structition. It possesses ten incisors, four only of these ture of the hedgehog, we cannot fail to be struck with occupying the upper jaw, the anterior pair being the marvellous adaptations provided for its comfort strongly developed and placed somewhat in front of and security. "Deprived," says Mr. Bell, in his the others; there appear to be four canines and but admirable history of British quadrupeds, " of all means twenty-four molars-that is, five on each side of the of attacking its enemies, of defending itself by force, or upper, and seven on either side of the lower jaw; the of seeking safety in flight, this harmless animal is yet crowns of the upper molar series are longitudinally endowed with a safeguard more secure and effectual grooved. Notwithstanding this dental arrangement, than the teeth and claws of the wild cat or the fleetness the sokinah cannot be said to differ very materially of the bare. Its close covering of sharp spines, which from the hedgehogs properly so called. are hard without brittleness, sufficiently elastic to bear THE COMMON HEDGEHOG (Erinaceus europceus) great violence without breaking, and fixed with astonPlate 6, fig. 20.-Most persons are familiar with this ishing firmness in the tough leathery skin, forms not bristly urchin. All who have dwelt amid rural Scenes only a solid shield to protect it firom the effects of or wandered along grassy hedgerows, have surely come blows or falls, but a shirt of prickly mail sufficiently in contact with our thorny friend. Yes! we shall sharp and annoying to deter all but a few thoroughdeign to consider him a friendly individual, notwith- bred dogs, or a half-starved fox, fiom venturing to standing that he turns his back upon us and displays a attack it. Immediately it is tollched, or when it cheveux de frise of little bayonets pointing in every sees danger approaching, it rolls itself up into a comconceivable direction. " Stay I" remarks one of my pact round ball, by the contraction of the powerful readers, " he is an enemy! To my certain knowledge, muscles which cover the body immediately under the he has the credit of pilfering milk direct from the cow; skin, and presents this impenetrable panoply, beset by he is a notorious stealer of apples and pears; he is an innumerable spines standing out in every direction; unsparing egg-poacher; and, moreover-which to my and the more it is irritated or alarmed, the more firmly mind is the most cogent argument against him-le is a it contracts, and the more strongly and stiffly the nasty, dirty little beast. for, as old Pliny observes, he spines are set. The strength and elasticity of this sprinkles himself all over with urine, for the express covering is such, that I have repeatedly seen a domespurpose of disgusting alike his tormentors and admirels, ticated hedgehog in my own possession run towards thereby necessitating a respectful distance! What do the precipitous wall of an area, and, without hesitation, you say to that, Sir; will you still call him a friend?" without a moment's pause of preparation, throw itself Patience! impetuous reader, and you shall have my off; and, contracting at the same instant into a ball, in answer to your hypercritical censures upon this com- which condition it reachled the ground from a height paratively harmless animal. In the first place, with of twelve or fourteen feet, after a few moments it CARNIVORA.- MAMMALIA. CARNIVORA. 71 would unfold itself and run off unhurt." This last- not including the rudimentary tail, which is only threementioned phenomenon appears to give some clue to quarters of an inch long. The jaws are armed with the ridiculous story of the hedgehog's voluntary falls thirty-six teeth-that is, eight incisors, six above and from the branches of fruit-trees; at all events, the cir- two below, and twenty-eight molars. The ears are cumstance illustrates the well-known remark, that all short and oval, the eyes being bright and distinct. widely-spread notions, however false and egregious, At the lower part of the body the spines degenerate, as have their origin in some misinterpreted fact or other it were, into mere bristles and stout hairs. The element of truth. Hedgehogs are readily tamed, and animal's habits are essentially nocturnal, and during are, we believe, still kept by a few persons to eat up the winter it remains in a torpid state, hybernating in cockroaches and other noxious insects which infest our the hollows of decayed trees and similar secure retreats. houses. Some aver that the flesh is good eating, but The nest is carefully constructed and rain-proof. In others dispute its merits in this respect; gipsies, at any the early part of the summer the female produces from rate, will cook and eat them. Without entering into two to four young ones at a birth, their skin being a lengthened description, we may remark that a full- covered with soft white elastic bristles, which in a very grown example measures about nine and a half inches, few days assume the ordinary hard spinous character. ORDER V.-CARNIVORA. IN the arrangement of Cuvier, this eminently carni- tusks, while the majority of the molars are trenchant vorous group of animals constitutes the third family of or cutting, two only being tuberculated, and these those unguiculated mammals, which he associated belonging to the upper series. In other Carnivora we together under the common title of Carnassiers. It is find a larger number of tuberculated molars; and so in these Carnivora, properly so called, that we observe uniformly is the balance of structure and function the highest development of physical force combined marked by this peculiarity, that the degree of tubercuwith a purely zoophagous appetite. If, for example, lation on the one hand, and of sharpness on the other, we examine the skeleton of a lion, we shall find its affords a very accurate indication as to the amount of mechanism specially adapted for the purposes of active carnivority possessed by any one particular species. pursuit, and for the employment of overbearing Accordingto Professor Owen, only four of the fourteen strength (Plate 33, fig. 105). The skull is short, broad, molars are true, the other ten being what are termed and massive, the hind part supporting at the vertex a spurious, false, or pre-molars. The vertebral column longitudinal ridge or crest. The object of this median of the lion is amazingly strong, yet, at the same time, elevation is to afford attachment to the powerful temn- very flexible; this combin ation of strength and elasticity poral muscles which act upon and are inserted into the being particularly well seen in the bones of the neck, base of the lower jaw. The several bones of the face, where the first two segments, termed the atlas and and consequently those of the jaw, bear a remarkable dentata, are remarkably enlarged, the transvere procontrast to the same osseous elements in the order cesses of the former and the spinous process of the previously considered; for, whereas in the latter we latter also affording admirable support and attachment invariably notice a more or less marked attenuation to- those muscles which act upon the occiput. There towards the snout, in the lion and other typical Carni- are thirteen ribs, but the number varies in different vora we find the facial bones terminating abruptly in genera. The skeletal elements of the fore-limbs disa broad and short muzzle. The orbital fosse are spa- play evidence, of great power. The scapula or cious, in order to accommodate the largely-developed shoulder-blade, is particularly broad; the upper end of eyes. That part of the temporal bone immediately the humerus, or arm-bone, a, is specially enlarged to connected with the finction of hearing, is remarkably give insertion to the strong muscles of the shoulder; developed for the purpose of exaggerating the power the radius, s, and the ulna, T, together with the bones of appreciating the most delicate sonorous vibrations- of the carpus, u, and metacarpus, v, are likewise cora circumstance obviously connected with the animal's respondingly stout and powerful. In the lion and nocturnal habits. From the internal surface of the other cligitigrade Carnivora-that is, those which walk occipital and parietal bones a peculiar shelf-like osseous on the tips of their toes-the ultimate digital phalanges, plate projects, so as to divide the cerebral cavity into w, are curiously modified for the support and protectwo or more parts; in the living state these osseous tion of their terrible claws. The extremity of each laminue occupy the narrow interspaces between the phalanx is invested by the hooked nail, the base being principal divisions of the brain, and they are evidently also deeply grooved and hollowed out for the lodgeintended to protect the great nervous centre from ment and fixation of its root. With regard to the injury, during the violent and oft-repeated shocks to posterior pair of limbs, the femora, H, tibize, I, and which the animal's habits necessarily expose it. The fibulee, K, do not exhibit any more remarkable features prodigiously strong jaws are armed with thirty teeth, than those referable to an increased power; the calcatwelve of these being well-developed incisors, six neulllm or heel-bone, r,, is bulky, and with the metatarabove and the same number below; the four canines sals, M, directed vertically upwards. This alrrangement are long and stout, having almost the appearance of facilitates the actions of springing and leaping. The 72 URSIDa. MAMMSALIA.-URSIDXm. digital phalanges, N, closely resemble those of the jaw-are tuberculated. The snout is prolonged and fore-feet. Such is a brief sketch of the more striking abrupt at the tip; it contains internally a movable peculiarities seen in the skeleton of the lion, these cartilage. The ears are short, rounded, and erect. characters being for the most part shared by all the The tail is inconspicuous or feebly developefl. Differmore typical members of the order. The variations ent members of the family are severally found inhabitthat occur in ablerrant forms will be alluded to in the ing various parts of the globe. Their food is of a general remarks given at the head of each separate mixed character, scarcely anything being refused, family. whether animal or vegetable; this corresponds with the dentition, which, as we have seen, is even more FAMILY I. —URSIDZE fiugivorons than carnivorous. The majority of the species are stout, thickset animals, and when attacked The bears differ fiom the more typical Carnivora in or excited, they fiequently assume an upright attitude, several very important particulars. In the first place, fighting and striking with their powerful hands. They they are plantigrade, applying the entire sole of the pass the winter in a semi-torpid half-starvillg condition, foot to the ground during progression; and in this retreating for this purpose into dens and holes which respect, as well as in the circumstance of their noctur- they have excavated among the rocks. Fossil remains nal habits, associated with a comparative slowness of of bears have been found in the newest tertiary or pace, we perceive a close alliance with the l2sectivora. pleistocene deposits, and in caverns referable to the In the construction of the skeleton also, we find the subsequent glacial period. Among the several extinct bones less robust, while their mode of inter-articulation forms at present knoxvn, the Great Cavern Bear (Ursus does not admit of the same degree of easy mobility.splelceus) appears to have been the largest, being which obtains in the cats. The elongation of the skulill probably about one-fifth more bulky than any species contrasts strongly with the short, massive cranium of now living. Caverns containing these remains occur the lion and tiger. The bears, properly so-called, in England, at Kent's Hole near Torquay, in Devonusually carry forty-two teeth, twelve being incisive, shire; alsoin Essex, Norfolk, Yorkshire, andCambridgefour canine, sixteen spurious, and ten true molars; shire; as well as in various parts of Germany, Italy, eight of the latter —that is, two on either side of each and the south of France. Fig. 20. ~~"a~~~~~~I' The Ratel (Mellivora capensis). THE RATEL (Mellivora capensis).-Following out purpose. The ratel (fig. 20) is an inhabitant of the Cuvier's arrangement as far as possible, we place this Cape of Good Hope and the region of the Mozambique. interesting animal among the bears; yet, at the same The body is about three feet in length, including the, time, we are fully aware that not only the ratel, but tail, which measures at least six inches; its height also several of the succeeding forms, exhibit, in a fiom the ground is scarcely one foot. The skin is structural point of view, many important features in very dense, the fur consisting of long, stiff, wiry hairs. common with the Mustelide. On scientific grounds which are greyish above, inclining to white on the a. distinct group might be formed, osculant between head, but very dark or black on the belly; a white the two families; these refinements, however, as well line or stripe separates these two colours. The head as the more complicated classifications of some recent is smooth, short, and stout, with an abrupt muzzle natural history authorities, would ill serve our Tiresent the auricles are small or rudimentarly, being repre URSIDiE. MAMMAIIA.-URSID2E. 73 sented only by a slight elevation of the integument twelve incisors, four canines, sixteen false and six true round the auditory opening. The teeth are thirty-two molars, four of the latter belonging to the lower jaw. in number-that is, twelve incisive, four canine, a The limbs are short, and terminate in semi-plantigrade dozen spurious molars, and four true ones; none of five-toed feet, the digits of which are furnished with these so-called grinding teeth are tuberculated, and powerful sharp claws. The fur exhibits a dark maroon this peculiarity alone constitutes a distinctive character. or reddish-brown colour, becoming almost black as The limbs are short, terminating in semi-plantigrade winter sets in; on either side a light reddish band, pentadactylous feet, the digits of which are furnished inclining to white, extends fiom the shoulder to the with very powerful claws, and are admirably adapted hip, but it is more conspicuous in some individuals for the purposes of burrowing. The ratel by this than in others. The hair of the tail is black, the under means grubs up the nests of wild bees, and is led to part of the throat and chest being more or less marked their haunts by watching the behaviour and return of with pale whitish streaks. In regard to the gluttonous these insects at evening-time. He is said also, like the habits of this animal, perhaps no creature has had native Hottentots, to listen to the note of the Honey its digestive capacities more wantonly exaggerated; Guide Cuckoo, which indicates the spot where the and in these days it is well that our records of the desired treasure is to be found. According to Peters, instincts and habits of various creatures should be it also feeds on birds, rats, and snakes, a statement marked by the enunciations of sober truth, and the which entirely coincides with the opinion formed by distinctions between fact and mere fiction sedulously a distinguished naturalist who, from a careful exami- maintained. The legendary tales of Ysbrandt, Olaus nation of the dentition, was led to express the follow- Magnus, Buffon, and many others, in which the feroing sentiments:-"It requires," observes Mr. Bennett, city, cunning, and voracity of the glutton are duly set "the most positive evidence to convince us that an forth, have too often been accepted as embodying animal, the number and disposition of whose teeth cor- actual truths. But by far the best account yet given respond more closely with those of the cat than any of this animal is that by Sir John Richardson, who other animal with which we are acquainted, and thus fairly estimates his stomachal powers and cunning exhibit a carnivorous character scarcely, if at all, propensities:-"- The wolverene is a carnivorous aniinferior to that which is evidenced by the same organ rmal, which feeds chiefly upon the carcasses of beasts in the hyrenas, should subsist enitirely, as from these that have been killed by accident. It has great accounts we are led to believe, upon the petty rapine strength, and annoys the natives by destroying their of a hive of bees and the honied produce of their comb. hoards of provisions and demolishing their marten Still there exist such decisive marks of a diminished traps. It is so suspicious that it will rarely enter a capacity for preying on animal food, in the thickset trap itself, but, beginning behind, scatters the logs of and clumsy form of its body, the shortness of its limbs, which it is built, and then carries off the bait. It feeds its partially-plantigrade walk, the structure of its also on meadow-mice, marmots, and other Rodentia, muzzle, and even in the form of the teeth themselves, and occasionally on other disabled quadrupeds of a as to induce us to pause before we determine to reject larger size. I have seen one chasing an American the popular testimony as unworthy of credit, although hare, which was at the same time harassed by a snowy we must regard it as doubtful on some particular owl. It resembles the bear in its gait, and is not fleet; points, and insufficient and imperfect on the whole." but it is very industrious, and no doubt feeds well, as Messrs. Shaw and Hardwicke have described, in the it is generally fat. It is much abroad in the winter, Transactions of the Linnuean Society, another species of and the track of its journey in a single night may be ratel (Mlellivo2a indica) inhabiting the upper regions of traced for many miles. Frrom the shortness of its legs, the Indian peninsula. The tail of this form is shorter, it makes its way through loose snow with difficulty, and there is no appearance' of the characteristic white but when it falls upon the beaten track of a martenband above mentioned. trapper it will pursue it for a long way. Mr. Graham THE GLUTTON OR WOLVERENE (Gulo luscus).- observes that the'wolverenes are extremely mischievAs before remarked, we do not now discuss the nicely- ous, and do more damage to the small fur trade than balanced question as to whether the genera here allied all the other rapacious animals conjointly. They will together would be more appropriately placed among the follow the marten-hunter's path round a line of traps weasels or cats. No injury is done to the harmony extending forty, fifty, or sixty miles, and render the of zoological sequence by placing these animals side whole unserviceable, merely to come at the baits, by side with the typical forms of the great ursine group, which are generally the head of a partridge or a bit of provided it is understood that we only employ the dried venison. They are not fond of the martens family title in its most comprehensive signification. themselves, but never fail of tearing them in pieces or The wolverene (Plate 11 fig. 36) is about the size of the of burying them in the snow by the side of the path, common badger, and measures two and a half feet in at a considerable distance from the trap. Drifts of length, not including the thick bushy tail, which is snow often conceal the repositories thus made of the rather more than half a foot in length, the terminal martens from the hunter, in which case they furnish a hairs reaching four or five inches further. The body regale to the hungry fox, whose sagacious nostril unerris strongly arched, especially along tle back. The ingly guides him to the spot. Two or three foxes are head is broad and pointed at the muzzle, the ears being often seen following the wolverene for this purpose.' short, rounded, and partly concealed by the fur. The The wolverene is said to be a great destroyer of jaws are provided with thirty-eight teeth —there being beavers, but it must be only in the summer when those VOL. I. 10 74 UnsID. -MAMMALIA. URSIDAs. industrious animals are at work on land, that it can sur- Indeed, as it obtains the small animals on which it prise them. An attempt to break open their house in feeds by surprising them in their burrows, it has little the winter, even supposing it possible for the claws of chance of digging them out at a tinme when the ground a wolverene to penetrate the thick mud walls when is frozen into a solid rock. Like the bears, the badgers frozen as hard as stone, would only have the effect of do not lose much flesh during their long hybernation; driving the beavers into the water to seek for shelter for, on coming abroad in the spring, they are observed in their vaults on the borders of the dam. The wolve- to be very fat. As they pair, however, at that season, rene, although it is reported to defend itself with bold- they soon become lean. This badger is a slow and ness and success against the attack of other quadrupeds, timid animal, taking to the first earth it comes to when flies from the face of man, and makes but a poor fight pursued; and as it makes its way through the sandy with a hunter, who requires no other arms than a stick soil with the rapidity of a mole, it soon places itself to kill it." The geographical distribution of the wolve- out of' the reach of danger. The strength of its forerene is co-extensive with the length and breadth of the feet and claws is so great, that one which had insinucolder regions of the great North American continent, ated only its head and shoulders into a hole, resisted indications of its presence having been found as far the utmost efforts of two stout young men who endeanorth as Melville Island. The female produces fiom voured to drag it out by the hind legs and tail, until two to four young ones at a birth, which are clothed one of them fired the contents of his fowling-piece into wvith a soft light cream-coloured fur. its body. Early in the spring, however, when they THE AMERICAN BADGER (Meles labradoria).- first begin to stir abroad, they may be easily caught by This animal is also recognized by the names of the pouring water into their holes; for, the ground being Brairo and Taxel. Mr. Waterhouse and others sepa- frozen at that period, the water does not escape rate it from the badgers, properly so called; but, as it through the sand, but soon fills the hole, and its tenant is closely allied to them in all essential particulars, we is obliged to come out. The American badger appears prefer to retain the above title. The dental elements to be a more carnivorous animal than the European correspond numerically with those of the common one. A female which I killed had a small marmot, badger', but their carnivorous character is more nearly entire, together with some field-mice, in its marked, although the grinding surfaces of the molars stomach. It had also been eating some vegetable are remarkably flat and even. The length and bulk matters." of the body is similar to that of the glutton. The THE INDIAN BADGER (Meles collcaris). —Some head is broad, and truncated posteriorly. The ears naturalists also regard this species as an aberrant form are short and round, the internal auditory bulle being of badger, and they go so far as to place it with the largely developed. The fur is coarse and short on the digitigrade teledus 1 It is an inhabitant of Hindostan, head and limbs, but everywhere else it is beautifully and is commonly called by the natives the Blhalloo-soor, fine and silky, the individual hairs measuring several or Bear-pig. This title is by no means inappropriate, inches in length. Near the skin, the hair exhibits a for, if we are to accept the description of Frederick purplish-brown colour; the free ends, however, are Cuvier, the combination of swinish and ursine characwhite. producing a pretty mottled grey appearance. ters is very evident. It is similar to the European A white band extends from the muzzle over the head form in respect of bulk, but the tail is considerably along the middle line, gradually disappearing toward longer, measuring nine inches. Mr. Johnson, in his the shoulders. The limbs are stoutish, the fore-feet " Indian Field Sports," says they'" are marked exactly being furnished with strong light-coloured claws, which like those in England, but they are larger and taller, are longer than those of the common badger. In are exceedingly fierce, and will attack a number of regard to its habits and geographical distribution, Sir dogs." The tame specimens kept in the menagerie of John Richardson states that it "frequents the sandy the governor-general at Barrackpoor, when irritated, plains or prairies which skirt the Rocky Mountains as gave out a peculiar kind of grunt, and stood up on far north as the banks of the Peace river, and sources their hind limbs to show fight precisely in the same of the River of the Mountains in latitude 58~. It manner as ordinary bears. The female appeared more abounds on the plains watered by the Missouri, but its docile than the male. Their movements were sluggish, exact southern range has not, as far as I know, been and they always preferred vegetable to animal food, defined by any traveller. The sandy prairies in the being particularly fond of bread and fruits. In the neighbourhood of Carlton House, on the banks of the wild state, the Indian badger appears to be exceedingly Sasketchewan, and also on the Red river that flows savage. It occurs chiefly in the hilly districts, but is into Lake Winipeg, are perforated by innumerable not very abundant anywhere. badger-holes, which are a great annoyance to horse- THE EUROPEAN BADGER (1M'eles taxus), fig. 21.men, particularly when the ground is covered with Before noticing this creature's habits, we offer a few snow. These holes are partly dug by the badgers for remnarks on the principal characters which distinguish it, habitations, but the greater number of them are merely especially as we have designedly omitted entering upon enlargements of the burrows of the Arctomys Hooclii minute details in our description of the two preceding and Richardsonii, wvhich the badgers dig up and prey aberrant forms. The body is broad and depressed, upon. Whilst the glound is covered with snow, the and is furnished with short powerful limbs, termibadger rarely or never comes from its hole, and I sup- nating in plantigrade, pentadactylous feet, whose digits pose that in that climate it passes the winter firom the are armed with long, powerfiul, fossorial claws. The beginning of November to April in a torpid state. fur consists of shaggy, coarse, bristly hairs, those on URSID.E. MATMMALIA. URSIDns. 75 the belly touching the ground dluring progression. sands of time. A master hand has thus portrayed The head is remarkably long and attenuated in front. the habits of a living badger:-" Heavy, sleepy, and The ears are short, almost concealed, and placed well slothful, endowed with but a moderate degree of intelback. The mouth is provided with thirty-six teeth, of lect, and with instincts dull and obtuse, it yet possesses which there are twelve incisors, four canines, sixteen a character and qualities which, if not peculiarly interspurious, and four true molars, a moiety being appro- esting and intelligent, are far from being disgusting priated by either jaw. The back is feebly curved, the and ferocious; and, if it do not boast the admirable tail being particularly short and only reaching down sagacity and lively attachment of the dog, it is yet free to the middle of the limbs. One of this animal's most from the cunning and rapine of the fox, and the remarkable peculiarities consists in the presence of a fierceness and treachery of the cat. Its favourite haunts are obscure and gloomy. It retires to the Fig. 21. deepest recesses of woods, or to thick coppices covering the sides of hills; and there with its long and /" |6X/' / J. -"powelful claws, digs for itself a deep and well-formed;/,. ~_ i ~.domicile, consisting of more than one apartment, the, single entrance to which is by a deep, oblique, and even tortuous excavation. The general form of the elongated but robust body, the long taper muzzle terminating in a movable snout, the hard coarse hair, the loose and leathery skin, the low and plantigrade, limbs, and the fossorial character of the claws-combine!3(~,;,'~ Rto fit the badger for a subterraneous abode, and to enable it to form that abode by its own labour. __.-~~ ~"'"~-~~ —-q lIm There it sleeps during the greater part of the day,.. 7 -" —~ —~;~ —.... coming abroad only for a short period in the evening or night to seek its sustenance, in the choice of which The European Badger (Meles taxus). ~ it exhibits as completely an omnivorous character as perhaps any animal with which we are acquainted. glandular pouch situated under the tail. This organ, Its food, in fact, consists indifferently of various roots, which also exists in many other carnivorous animals, earth-nuts, beech-mast, fiuits, the eggs of birds, some such as the skunks and weasels, secretes an unctuous of the smaller quadrupeds, frogs, and insects. Buffon oily material having a disgusting fetid odour. It is states that it digs up wasps' nests for the sake of the this circumstance which has suggested the common hloney-a fact which has received an interesting conproverb, by which ill-savoured matters are said to firmation friom the observation of a correspondent of "stink like badger."' With regard to the varied Loudon's Ml/lclzine of Natural History, who seems, colour of the fuir, Mr. Ogilby gives the following however, to attribute the destruction of these nests to minute description: —' The head of the badger is the fondness of the badger for the larvae of the wasp, white, except the region beneath the chin, which is as he says thcat the combs were fbund scattered about, black, and two bands of the same colour, which rise on but none were left that contained the maggots." Mr. each side, a little behind the corners of the mouth, and Bell also observes, further on, in regard to the mnethods after passing backwardsl and enveloping the eye and of taking this animal —" The favourite mode, and ear, terminate at the junction of the head and neck. that which is perhaps the most successful, is by catchThe hairs of the upper part of the body, considered ing him in a sack placed at the entrance of his hole. separately, are of three different colours —yellowish- The haunt of a badger being ascertained, a moon-light white at the bottom, black in the middle, and ashiy- night is chosen when he is out feeding, and a small grey at the point; the last colour alone, however, sack is placed within the moutll of the hole, fastened at appears externally, and gives the uniform sandy-grey the outside, with the mouth of the bag outwards, shade which covers all the upper parts of the body. and having a running string round it. Two or three The tail is furnished with long, coarse hair of the couples of hounds are then thrown off at some dissame colour and quality, and the throat, breast, belly, tance, and as soon as the badger hears their cry, he and limbs are covered with shorter hair of a uni-.makes for his home with all speed, and runs into the form deep black." The European badger can scarcely sack, which closes behind him by the tightening of the be considered a common animal. It is by no means running string at its mouth. Another method is by abundant on the continent, while in this country it digging him out. This, however, is laborious and not appears to be rapidly approaching extinction. It has always successful, particularly in sandy soils, in which lost its ursine companion of former days, and in a few the badger will easily foil the dogs which pursue hin centuries more our persecuted fiiend will probably be in his subterraneous passages, by throwing the earth better known by his fossil remains than by the smell back upon them, and blocking up their way, whilst he of his greasy fur. At, or imrnmediately succeeding, the takes advantage of their loss of time, antl makes his close of the glacial period, he associated himself with way to the surface." Thle nest of the badger is made several species of bears and hymenas, whose specific of soft herbage, especially moss and grass. Thefemale characters and habits are only known to us by the pr)oduces three or four young ones at a birth, the cubs bony relies they have left in caverns and among the beilg suckled for abouLt five or six weeks, after which 76 URSIDmE. MAMMALIA. URSIDiE. they are permitted to help themselves. If captured teeth; that is to say, twelve incisives, four canines, while still young, they are readily tamed, and become sixteen premolars, and eight true molars. The canines very playful and agreeable companions. Notwith- are somewhat compressed, and have sharp points. standing, however, all that has been recorded in their The molars are comparatively small, three of the lowelr favour, we do not ourselves either propose or recom- series being narrower than those of the upper. These mend the rearing of a family of hbadgers. We heartily animals are eminently arboreal in their habits, and rejoice that the barbarous custom of badger-baiting consequently we find their plantigrade, pentadactylous has now completely passed away; but we still recol- feet admirably adapted for the purposes of climbing. lect an exhibition of this kind some twenty years ago, The hinder feet are semi-palmate, and so freely do the in a village in the county of Suffolk, since which time tarsal bones move upon the leg, that when descending various societies have been established throughout the head-foremost they almost hang by them; their ordikingdom for the humane purpose of suppressing cruelty nary position, as maintained in walking, being nearly to noxious as well as inoffensive animals. reversed. The toes are connected by an extension of THE KINKAJOU (Cercoleptes caudivolvula).-By the skin, and are provided with long, compressed, some authors the kinkajou is placed among the Viver- incurved claws. These they employ in digging up ridee. Although its general aspect would at first earthworms and various subterranean insects. They naturally lead us to coincide with such an arrange- also feed upon slugs, snails, small quadrupeds, and ment, yet its structural characters are evidently more particularly upon eggs, birds, and various kinds more intimately associated with the Ursidae, and con- of fruit, and vegetables. In short, nothing seems to sequently we have introduced it in this place. Unlike come amiss, and their appetite is extremely vigorous. the badgers, its head is short, rounded, and more Before they actually devour the flesh of animals, they resembling the apes, the muzzle being only very are careful to tear it in pieces and detach it. Without slightly produced. The jaws are furnished with thirty- entering at any great length into the structure of six teeth, there being twelve incisors, four canines, the skeleton, a drawing of which is given in Plate twelve spurious, and eight true molars. The two 34, fig. 113, we may remark a general slimness anterior grinders on either side, above and below, of the several osseous elements of which it is coinare conical, the' remainder being tuberculated. Their posed. It may also be observed that the elongated crowns are also flattened, those of the lower jaw having head slopes very much backwards, while the degree an oblong form, while the upper series are a little of this animal's carnivority is shown by the aspect of widened transversely. The tongue is slender and the teeth already described, and more particularly by extensile. The body is cylindrical, a good deal curved the sharp, prominent, occipital crest and ridge, which posteriorly, and terminates in a long prehensile tail. afford attachment to the powerful muscles of the neck According to Mr. Blyth, its capacity of employing the -an arrangement enabling the animal to raise its head tail as a fifth limb is very limited; for he says-" One rapidly with great force, so as to impart to the jaws which I had an opportunity of studying as it ran about the necessary aid in tearing away the soft flesh fiom loose in a room, possessed the prehensile power of off the bones of its victims. We may likewise notice the tail in an extremely moderate degree, merely one other more remarkable peculiarity in the skeleton. resting slightly on this organ, which it stiffened It is seen in the curious fact that only a single bone or throughout its length, and never coiled in the manner vertebral segment is found to represent what is termed of the Sapajous." Frederick Cuvier's figure represents the sacrum, while in the typical bears and carnivors, the tail several times coiled upon itself. The feet are properly so called, there are always three or four five-toed and plantigrade. The fur is thick and conjoined osseous elements, and in the polar bear as woolly, and of a golden-yellow brownish colour. The many as seven. This phenomenon probably bears kinkajou is an inhabitant of the tropical palts of some relation to the arboreal habits of the coati, and America, and of the principal West India islands. It this power of climbing requires, as we have seen, the is strictly arboreal and noctumnal in its habits, cau- utmost freedom of motion in the hinder parts of the tiously moving to and fro, and feeding on fruits, honey, body, while it forms an interesting contrast with the milk, insects, eggs, small birds, and quadrupeds. Its consolidated chain of bony elements witnessed in the disposition appears to be peculiarly mild and gentle. slow-moving bears. The tail of the coatimondi is very THF BROWN COATIMONDI (Nasua narica)-Plate long, and is marked externally by numerous annula11, fig. 38.-The genus Nasua includes two or more tions, depending upon the alternating dark and lightspecies of coati, of which this is probably the best brown hairs which extend from the root to the tip. known form. It is distinguished by the presence of In other parts of the body the colours are more or less white patches over the eye and muzzle. In the red uniform, and, fi'om the observations of the Prince of coati, on the other hand, the snout is quite brown, the Neutwied, it would appear that the slight differences of fur, generally, being of a riufo-fulvous hue. Without, colour occurring in the fur of various individuals, are however, insisting very strongly on these specific dis- entirely insufficient tc:ndicate the correctness of those tinctions, we may observe that the coatis are charac- specific definitions which have hitherto been regarded terized by the possession of an elongated head, the as established. muzzle being extended into a movable proboscis. THE BINTURONG (Ictides albifrons) approximates The superior border is particularly narrow, while the very closely to the racoons, especially in the form of tip is slightly turned upwards. The ears are short, the skull. It is an inhabitant of the isles of Bormneo, broad, and oval. The jaws are provided with for'ty Malacca, Sumatla, and the western palrts of Java, URSIDE. MAMMALIA. URSID)E. 77 where it is also known as the Palm-civet or Musang. those which follow, none of the points even in the The head is short and pointed anteriorly. The body adult state exhibit the truncation above described." is clothed with long hair, which is generally of a grey The habits of the Panda are strictly arboreal, the colour, the tail and sides of the muzzle being black. animal being particularly abundant in the neighbourThe whiskers are extensively developed, forming a hood of running streams and mountain torrents. It very conspicuous feature. The eyes are cat-like, with utters a peculiar cry resembling the syllable whia, and the pupil elongated from above downwards, the small is consequently sometimes called by the natives the and rounded ears being covered with a tuft of pencilled Chitwct. Its food consists chiefly of small quadrupeds hairs. The jaws are armed with thirty-eight teeth; and birds. that is, twelve incisors, four canines, sixteen spurious, THE RACOON (Procyon lotor)-Plate 11, fig. 37and six true molars, only two of the latter occurring is characterized by the possession of an acute fox-like in the lower jaw. The feet are entirely plantigrade muzzle, associated with an attitude thoroughly ursine and pentadactylous. The tail is remarkably long, and plantigrade. During progression, however, the stoutish throughout, more particularly at the root; it is heel is slightly elevated. The posterior part of the also prehensile. According to Sir Stamford Raffles, head is more or less rounded. The ears are oval and the Binturong is slow and heavy in its movements, a little pointed. The eyes are large and penetrating, sleeping for the most part during the day, and at night having spherical pupils. The nose is soft, naked, taperwandering about in search of food. It appears to ing, and projecting considerably beyond the mouth. enjoy both an animal and vegetable diet, having The jaws carry forty teeth; that is, twelve incisors, however, a decided preference for the former. It four canines, sixteen spurious, and as many as eight climbs trees with tolerable facility, being greatly true molars. The body measures about two feet in assisted by the strong prehensile tail. length, exclusive of the tail; but it stands low, the THE PANDA (Ailuru.s reftelens) comes still nearer back being scarcely a foot from the ground. The to the racoons, and consequently to the bears proper. limbs are short and narrow, when compared with the It is an inhabitant of the Himalayae, between the preceding genera. The feet are pentadactylous, the snowy mountains and Nepaul. The body is stout, digits being clothed and armed with strong falciform and covered with a soft thickly set fur. It is of claws. Its tail is about ten inches long, and annua rich cinnamon colour on the back, fulvous pos- lated by alternating bands of dark, black, and whitish teriorly, and of a deep black hue beneath. The hair, the latter being thick and much elongated. The tail is as long as the body, tolerably thick throughout, fur is for the most part of a greyish-brown colour. On especially at the root, and is annulated with dark the head a brownish-black streak runs down the central brown bands. The head is short, broad, rounded, and line from between the ears to the tip of the nose, and clothed with whitish hair. The ears are small, arched, on either side, below the eyes, there is an oblique and pointed. The eyes are placed well forward. patch of a similar colour. Over the eyebrows, and The jaws support thirty-six teeth; that is, twelve towards the muzzle, the hair is whitish. This is also incisive, four canines, sixteen spurious, and four true the case with the ears. The whiskers are well molars. The limbs are short, the soles of the planti- developed. Under the belly the fur is much lighter grade five-toed feet being furnished with fine downy than on the back. The Racoon has an extensive hairs. The claws are compressed, curved, retractile, range over the upper parts of the North American and very sharp. Altogether, this animal is a handsome continent. In regard to its habits, Sir John Richardspecies. Respecting its affinities with certain allied son thus speaks of it: —" In the wild state it sleeps by forms, General Hardwicke states, that the peculiarities day, comes from its retreat in the evening, and prowls " on which its rank as a genus depends are striking in the night in search of roots, f'ruits, green corn, birds, and prominent; but its disposition in a natural series is and insects. It is said to eat merely the brain, or suck still obscure, as it resembles in several characters the the blood of such birds as it kills. At low water it individuals of that subdivision ofdigitigrade Carnassiers, frequents the sea-shore to feed on crabs and oysters. from which it differs essentially both in its teeth and It is fond of dipping its food into water before it eats, in its plantigrade walk. Among the peculiarities of which occasioned Linnneus to give to it the specific our animal are to be noticed, the great breadth of the name of lotor. It climbs trees with facility. The fur rostrum and the singular structure of the teeth; but of the Racoon is used in the manufacture of hats, and the most remarkable character, and that on which its its flesh, when it has been fed on vegetables, is distinction principally depends, is the form of the reported to be good." projecting points of the posterior grinders. This char- THE BROWN BEAR (Ursus arctos).-Almost every acter, as far as our observation extends, is peculiar. one is familiar with this common species, which has a It does not exist, except in a small degree, in any very wide geographical distribution over the northern other genus of carnivorous quadrupeds." Comparing half of the eastern hemisphere, extending from Spain it with the genera Nctsuta and Procyon, he adds and the west of Europe, to the extreme eastern carts -"These differ essentially in the lengthened form of Asia and the islands of Japan. It is also now of the head and in the extended rostrum, which generally believed that the Barren-ground bear is only is terminated by a flexible rhinarium. They also a variety of this species-an opinion in which we are differ in the number, character, and distribution of the disposed to acquiesce; and if this persuasion be correct, grinders. Nasua and Procyon have in both jaws six Ursus arctos must be considered an American as well grindlers, of which the three anterior are false; and of as European species, which would give it a range coex a78 URSIDm. MAIMMIALIA. URSIDAE. tensive with the circuit of the globe. As the name vex, while the ears are short. Its habits are solitary. indicates, the general colour of the fur is brown; but The flesh is very good eating, especially when the it is subject to a great variation of tint, partly depend- animal is young. The fur is valued everywhere, and ing upon age and partly also on locality-circum- more particularly by the Laplanders and the Kamstances which have given origin to several well-marked tchatkans, to whom, IMr. Ogilby remarks, "it gives the varieties. In the young state the texture of the hailr necessaries and even the comforts of life. The skin, is woolly; but it becomes firm and even in the we are told, forms their beds and their coverlets, adult condition. The whitish bands seen on the neck bonnets for their heads, gloves for their hands, and and sides of the head in the Siberian variety of this collars for their dogs, while an over-all made of it, bear, are, it would seem, merely the permanent indi- and drawn over the soles of their shoes, prevents them cations of the pale collar which is commonly more or from slipping on the ice. The flesh and fat are their less marked in young specimens of the European form. dainties. Of the intestines they make masks or Like all the true ursine types of structure, the common covers for their faces to protect them from the glare of brown bear possesses a stout bulky frame and power- the sun in the spring, and use them as a substitute for ful thick limbs (fig. 22). The forehead is slightly con- glass by extending them over their windows. Even Fig. 22. Ia i The Brown Beat (Ursus arctos). the shoulder-blades are said to be put in requisition perate than those which have been recorded by Mr. for cutting grass." As a source of sport, it was in Atkinson in his attractive work entitled "Oriental and early times the custom for English sovereigns and Western Siberia." While in the neighbourhood of nobility to assemble together to witness the baiting of the celebrated Tsaravo-Nicholiovsky gold mine, two this unfortunate animal. We rejoice to know that men, one of them being a skilled hunter, succeeded in those barbarous customs have long since passed away, springing a bear. " The hunter fired, and the ball and those who wish to indulge in a fairer and more struck, but not in a vital part. In an instant the legitimate amusement must betake themselves to the wounded animal charged. The other man, who was mountains and well-wooded districts of Europe and less experienced, reserved his shot until within twenty Asia, where they will find ample opportunities for de- paces. The rifle missed. At once the brute raised veloping their skill and courage, and, at the same time, himself on his hind legs, and tearing the earth beneath confer a positive boon upon the inhabitants of many him, rushed on his first assailant, striking him down an outlying, lonesome, hill-begirt village. Although with a blow that stripped his scalp, and turned it over the behaviour of these animals is fat less alarming his face. Then seizing his arm, he began to gnaw than that of lions, tigers, and their congeners, yet and crush it to the bone, gradually ascending to the their pursuit is by no means unattended with danger, shoulder. The man called to his companion to load and it requires great courage to attack them. Among and fire; but the fellow, when he saw his fiiend so the many interesting stories which have from time to fearfully mangled, ran away and left him to his fate. time appeared respecting encounters with this animal, Late in the evening he reached the gold mine and we are not acquainted with any more daring or des- teported what had happened; but it was too late to ~~~~~h rw ea Ussaeo) th hule-lde r ai ob pti eqiiin eae hntos hc hv benrcredb r fo ctin gas. s suceo soritws n tinoni hsatratvewrkenile Oietl n tiemayineetigstlis hchhvefo tm t erfly a~rld rnawyad et lm ihs ae URSIDE. - MAMMALIA. URSIMD. 79 make any effort in behalf of the mangled hunter. The The fact was he could not brook the idea of a defeat. officer ordered a large party out at day-light the next Now his reputation was re-established, he was happy. morning with the coward for a guide. He took them His health was again restored; nor was this the last through the forest to the spot where the encounter bear that fell before his deadly rifle." Not only do had taken place, of which there still remained ample the men of these regions courageously attack bears, evidence; but no remains of the victim were met but women also take to hunting, one of them having with, except some torn clothing and his rifle. By the obtained an extraordinary reputation for her skill and state of the grass it was evident that the man had been daring. Thoughout Siberia, Bruin is said to have no carried off into the thick forest. A most diligent pur- more intrepid enemy than the damsel, Anna Petrovsuit was therefore made. Sometimes the track was naia! The closing scene of one of her expeditions is lost; but the pursuers of the bear were too well skilled thus described by Mr. Atkinson: —" As she was creepin wood-craft to be foiled, and at length discovered ing cautiously forward, out rushed the bear with a his larder. He had dragged the hunter into a dense loud growl, about twenty yards in front. Quickly she mass of wood and bushes, and, to render the place threw forward the prongs of her rifle, dropped on one still more secure, had broken off a quantity of branches knee, and got a good sight of the animal staring at and heaped them over his body. These were quickly her, almost motionless. She now touched the trigger, stripped off, when, to their great surprise, they found there followed a flash, a savage growl succeeded, then the man, though frightfully mutilated and quite insen- a struggle for a minute or two, and her wish was sible, still living! Two long poles were immediately accomplished-the bear lay dead." Since this event, cut, to which saddle-cloths were secured in the middle. we are informed that she has destroyed no less than One horse was placed in front, another at the back, sixteen bears! Here we would willingly quit the suband the ends of the pole secured to the stirrups, thus ject, but cannot do so without also recording the most forming a very easy conveyance. The sufferer was desperate encounter probably ever placed on record. placed upon the saddle-cloths, and carefutlly propped This took place not far fiom the district in which the up, and then began the painful march back as fast as poor hunter above mentioned was so terribly mangled. possible. On their arrival at the gold mine he was One afternoon, says Mr. Atkinson, a Cossack officer taken direct to the hospital. The doctor dressed his " was quietly strolling through the forest, alone and wounds, and administered all that medical skill and unarmed, botanizing by the way, when, at a distance of kindness prompted. His patient survived, but long about eight versts from the gold mine, he came out of remained unconscious of everything around him. After the forest into an open glade, on which stood some more than two months had elapsed a slight improve- single trees. Almost immediately on entering this ment took place, and his reason appeared to be spot, he observed at a distance of two hundred paces restored. His first question was about the bear, and a she-bear and her two cubs playing together. The then he referred to his own defeat. He spoke of moment she became aware of his presence, she uttered nothing else, and was constantly asking for his rifle to a savage growl, drove her young ones into a tree for go and kill'Michael Ivanitch' (the bear). The shelter, and mounted guard at the foot of it to defend medical men thought his mind seriously affected. As them. The Cossack retreated into the wood to prohe gained strength there arose-in him so great a desire vide himself with a weapon, having determined to to have another combat with his nowerful and ferocious carry off the cubs. The woodmen had been cutting enemy, that it was considered necessary to place him timber, and from the stems of several young birch under some restraint. Summer had passed over, and trees lying on the ground, he selected part of a autumn had arrived; the sun had scorched the foliage, strong one, nearly four feet in length, tried its quality changing it into golden and crimson hues, and as it against a tree in a succession of smart blows, and then was now thought the poor lunatic had forgotten his club in hand, retraced his steps. As soon as the old adventure, less vigilance was exercised towards him. bear observed his approach she began to growl furiThe opportunity was not lost; for he secretly left the ously, moving to and fro with an uneasy motion at the hospital, and started off for his cottage. All the foot of the tree. He slowly and steadily advanced, family being absent, except some young children, he when within about a hundred paces her growl became was enabled to secure his rifle and ammunition, and more savage, and her actions showed that she intended provided himself with an axe and a loaf of black bread, mischief. Nevertheless he quietly moved on, his keen which he stowed in his wallet. Thus armed and pro- eye steadfastly fixed upon her. The ground was a fine visioned, he left the village in the evening without grassy turf, with no shrubs or bushes to impede his having been seen, except by the children, and was movements or entangle his feet. When within about soon lost to them in the forest. When it was dis- fifty paces, she made a savage rush that would have covered that he had escaped, people were sent out in daunted most men; but he firmly stood his ground, various directions to seek him; but they returned waiting her nearer approach. At this moment the without success. More than a week passed over, cubs began to whine, and she trotted back towards during which nothing had been heard of him, when the tree in increased fury. The Cossack followed, one day he walked into the hospital, carrying the and when she turned round, they were face to face, skin of a huge bear on his shoulders, and throwing it within twenty paces of each other. There was now down exclaimed,'I told you I would have him.' no retreat. The brute eyed him keenly for two or This man was a fine old hunter. It was not a spirit three minutes, as if calculating his strength; he returnof revenge which prompted him to this daring act. illg her gaze with as searching scrutinly. Presently 80 URSIDE. MAMMMALIA- URSIDm3. she made a second rush, her eyes glaring like balls of quadrupeds, this animal has a great fear of fire; but fire. At a few paces from her enemy she rose on her when pressed with hunger he will, in order to seize hind legs, intending to give him a settler with her any person who may be reposing by a fire in fancied powerful paws, or to clasp him in her savage embrace; security, deliberately enter some stream, and having but on the instant, he made a sweep with his club, saturated his fur with water, put out the fire by rolling and dealt a blow that toppled her over. She was up over it, and then secure his victim. Bears have been again in a second, and ready for action, but another known, even in the wild state, to show attachment to blow laid her prostrate. This added to her ferocity, young people; and the same author mentions an and it at once became a close encounter of the most instance where two young children, two and four deadly and savage character. Many rounds were years of age respectively, had wandered from a hayfought, her antagonist keeping clear of her paws. At field where their parents were at work, and when the last the blows began to tell on her courage. She father and mother went to look for them, lo and endeavoured to get behind him; but his cudgel met behold! one was sitting on a huge bear's back, whilst her at every turn, and was so well wielded that when- the other was feeding the beast with wild fruit ever within reach she received a stroke which drove her The children readily came away at their parents' back step by step, till both came under the tree.. alarming calls, and Bruin seemed vexed to part with Here the fight was renewed with increased fury, and his joyous little companions. every time the cubs whined she made her attack with THE SYRIAN BEAR (Ursus syriacus). - This redoubled violence. The battle continued to rage appeals to be a well-marked species; the fur is of a furiously; but the blows fiom the staff fell so fast, and fulvous or light-brown colour, whilst on the upper part of were applied with so much force, that at fast she the neck there is a mane of thick rigid hairs, whict began a retreat towards the forest, the skirts of which increase in length towards the shoulders, terminating she entered; but the moment her brave assailant posteriorly about the centre of the back. The Syrian moved a step towards the tree, she would rush out, bear, though often feasting upon animals, is said to be taking especial care, however, not to come within his particularly partial to certain kinds of vegetable food, reach. The cubs remained in the branches the sole and more especially to the chick-pea, Cicer arietinus, spectators of this extraordinary scene; nor could the entire crops being laid waste by its ravages. Cossack officer devise any plan by which he could get HORSFIELD'S BEAR (Ursus isabellinus) is an inhathem down. At their respective posts the combat- bitant of the entire Himalayan chain of hills, and, like ants stood, he guarding the cubs, and the mother the foregoing species, is of a pale fulvous colour; it is, standing at the edge of the forest. At this time a however, quite a distinct form. According to Dr. woodman returning to the gold mine, rode into the Horsfield, it resembles "the European bears in its glade. He was instantly hailed, and rode towards the structure, as far at least as can be determined fiom the tree; but when he heard the growls, and beheld the parts which have been preserved in the specimen bear, then in her most savage mood, his natural. (procured from Nepaul). Among these, the claws impulse to bolt was only checked by the fear of a afford the best means of comparison; they are small, birching promised by his superior. He was ordered obtuse, and straight; while those of the Asiatic bears to dismount, and take fiom his saddle the zum/ia (large (U. thibetinus, U. labiatus, and U. malayanus) are leathern bags), and open them; then to climb the tree, large, strongly-curved, acute, and fitted for climbing." anld bring down the cubs. The man was soon up THE SLOTH BEAR (Ursus labiatus) exhibits so among the branches, secured a cub, brought it down, striking a resemblance to a sloth, that when it was first and then tied it safe in the bag. The other was also made known to Europeans, it was actually described quickly placed beside it in the other bag. During as a species of Bradypus. Some confusion has arisen these operations the mother rushed at the Cossack, respecting it, partly perhaps on account of the varied and was several times knocked down by his weapon. nomenclature by which it has been indicated; thus it The peasant was now ordered to place the bags on his is called the Ursine sloth, the Labiated bear, the Jungle horse, and lead the way to the gold mine, the Cossack bear, and one author denominates it the Bengal bear. covering the retreat, and beating off the enemy at It is an awkward, unwieldy animal. The body is every charge. After a walk of nearly two hours, they clothed with thickly-set, black, shaggy hair, which reached the village, the bear keeping close ulp with becomes much longer when the animal is old. The them. As they went through the forest, she made head is depressed and attenuated in fiont, the nasal many charges, but each time was laid prostrate, and cartilage being movable and extensile. The lips are finally would not approach within striking distance. capable of protrusion, this being especially the case WThen they reached the village the Cossack officer with the lower one. Captain Thomas Williamson, in hoped to secure the dam; but after following them to his " Oriental Field Sports," remarks that " the Bengal the cottages, she returned to the forest, and was never bear is distinguished by the deep black colour of his seen again. The cubs were kept, and became great hair, and by a crescent of white hair, like a gorget, on pets with the people. Even the hardy hunters of his breast. The hind legs are shorter, and the paws Siberia consider this a most daring feat, wondering at flatter and longer than those of the European breed; the power, and admiring the cool courage of the man his pace is more shuffling, awkward, and laboured, who accomplished it." Mr. Atkinson records many tholugh quick enough to overtake a man on foot; and other pleasing adventures and interesting facts con- his hair is long and thinly scattered over his body. He nected with the Siberian bear. Like most other is remarkably active in climbilnlg; frequently, when not URsIDm. MAMMALIA. -URSIDE. 81 more than a month old, a cub will ascend to the abundant on the eastern side of the Ganges, but of late shoulder of his keeper with great ease, and descend years their number has been very considerably reduced again, stern foremost, with equal adroitness." Its food by the skill of our Indian officers, who are notoriously consists chiefly of fruits, honey, and white ants, of fond of the sport of hunting. which latter it appears to be particularly fond. When THE MALAYAN SUN-BEAR (Helarctos malayonus) the Bengal bear "finds a nest of any kind of ants, but is also characterized by the possession of a deep jetespecially white ants, he is in his glory! he tears the black fur, the hairs of which are, however, comparawhole burrow, licking up all the clusters he can get at, tively shorter than obtains in the foregoing species, the and lying with his tongue out to entice the little prey breast being marked by a white patch of a heartinto his mouth. By this means, he no doubt often shaped colour. In the Bornean bear, which we take to obtains an ample meal; for I think I may with pro- be a mere variety of this species, this patch is of a fulpriety assert that frequently a bushel of white ants may vous colour, and likewise deeply notched in front. The be found in the same nest. The presence of bears in Malayan bear feeds chiefly on vegetables and honey, the vicinity of a village is generally pretty well known and is said to evince a special predilection for the young by the nature of the covers, and their having been, shoots of cocoa-nut trees, to which it proves very perhaps time out of mind, regular visitors; sometimes, destructive. The length of the body is about four and however, they change their haunts, on which their a half feet. This animal appears to be easily tamed, neighbourhood is commonly first discovered by the ant- if taken whilst still young. Sir Stamford Raffles' hills and burrows near the sides of roads being account of one in his possession might almost induce found in a state of destruction." Their food, however, us to desire a similar companion. He says, it "was does not appear to be confined to insects and fruit, for brought up in the nursery with the children, and when the same naturalist observes that they will attack arnd admitted to my table, as was frequently the case, gave deyour quadrupeds, and even man himself. He gives a proof of his taste by refusing to eat any fruit but the following sad account of their behaviour:-" It has mangosteens, or to drink any wine but champagne. often been in my way to see the operations of bears; The only time I ever knew him to be out of humour and I am confident that no animals exist more cruel, was on an occasion when no champagne was forthmore fierce, nor more implacable than they are! Such coming. It was naturally of an affectionate disposition, as have suffered under their brutality have in all and it was never found necessary to chain or chastise instances within my knowledge borne the proofs of him. It was usual for this bear, the cat, the dog, an' having undergone the most dilatory torments. Some a small blue mountain bird or lory of New Itolland, to have had the bones macerated, with little breaking of mess together and eat out of the same dish. His the skin; others have had the flesh sucked away into favourite playfellow was the dog, whose teasing and long fibrous remnants, and, in one instance, the most worrying was always borne and returned with the horrid brutality was displayed. While stationed at utmost good hulmour and playfulness. As he grew Dacca, I went with a party several times to the great *up he became a very powerful animal, and in house at Tergong, distant about five miles from the his rambles in the garden he would lay hold of town. I had on several occasions seen bears among the largest plantains, the stems of which he could the wild mango topes, and did not consider them as scarcely embrace, and tear them up by the roots.' being so dangerous, until one day as I was returning Of a tame specimen of the Bornean variety, Dr. Holswith a friend from Ihunting some hog-deer, we heard a field also gave the following interesting account:most lamentable outcry in the cover through which we " The Helarnctos readily distinguishes the keeper, and had to pass. Having our spears, and being provided evinces an attachment to him. On his approach with guns, we alighted, not doubting but a leopard had it employs all its efforlts to obtain food, seconding attacked some poor woodcutter. We met a woman them by emitting a coarse but not unpleasant whinwhose fears had deprived her of speech, and whose ing sound. This it continues while it consumes senses were just flitting. She, however, collected her- its food, alternately with a low grunting noise; but self sufficiently to pronounce the word bauloo, which if teased at this time, it suddenly raises its voice signifies a bear. She led us with caution to a spot and emits at intervals harsh and grating sounds. not more than fifty yards distant, where we found her Our animal is excessively voracious, and appears to husband extended on the ground, his hands and feet, be disposed to eat almost without cessation. When as I before observed, sucked and chewed into a perfect in a good humour, it often. amuses the spectators pulp, the teguments of the limb in general drawn firom in a different manner. Calmly seated in its apartment, under the skin, and the skull mostly laid bare, the it expands the jaws and protrudes its long and slender skin of it hanging down in long stripes, obviously tongue as above described. It displays on many occaeffected by their talons. What was most wonderful sions not only much gentleness of.disposition, but likewas, that the unhappy man retained his senses suffi- wise a considerable degree of sagacity. It appears ciently to describe that he had been attacked by several conscious of the kind treatment it receives fiom its bears, one of which had embraced him about the head keeper. On seeing him, it often places itself in a and bit at his arms and legs, seemingly in competition variety of attitudes to court his attenltion and caresses; for the booty. VWe conveyed the wretched object to extending its nose and anterior feet, or suddenly tulning the house, where, in a few hours, death relieved him round exposing the back, and waiting for several from a state in which no human being could afford the minutes in this attitude with the head placed on the smallest assistalnce!" The Bengal bears appear to be ground. It delights in being patted anrd rllbhbed, VrOL. I. I I 82 URSIDxE,. MIAMMALIA. TURSID.. and even allows strangers to do so; but it violently about half-way through the trunk, and the next mornresents abuse and ill-treatment, and, having been irri- ing we renewed the attack, continuing it till about two tated, refuses to be courted while the offending person o'clock in the afternoon, when the tree fell to the remains in sight." This unfortunate animal died sud- ground. For a few minutes everything remained quiet, denly one summer's morning, after having gorged itself and I feared that all our expectations would be disapwith a too hearty meal. pointed; but as I advanced to the opening there came THE BLACK BEAR (Ursus americanzus) is a well- out, to the great satisfaction of all our party, a bear of known species, inhabiting the American continent from extraordinary size, which I shot. The bear being dead, the shores of the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the all my assistants approached, and all, but particularly Arctic regions to the Isthmus of Panama. The form my old mother (as I was wont to call her), took the termed the Spectacled bear, which inhabits the wooded head in their hands, stroking and kissing it several slopes of the Andes and Cordilleras in Chili, is likewise times, begging a thousand pardons for taking away her by many naturalists regarded as a mere variety of this life, calling her their relation and grandmother, and species. The American black bear differs only in the requesting her not to lay the fault upon them, since it non-displayment of certain pale fulvous marks situated was truly an Englishman that had put her to death. on the throat and cheeks, and similar light bands round This ceremony was not of long duration, and if it was I the eyes from which the Spectacled bear has derived its that killed their grandmother they were not themselves name. Other varieties of the American black bear behind-handinwhatremainedto be done. The skin being have also been described. This species is occasionally taken off, we found the fat in several places six inches as much as five feet in length, but it seldom exceeds deep. This being divided into two parts, loaded two that measure. The fur is of a soft even texture, and persons; the flesh parts were as much as four persons of a shining black colour. The head is comparatively could carry. In all, the carcass must have exceeded narrow; the muzzle elongated and pointed. The claws five hundredweight. As soon as we reached the lodge are sharp, strongly curved, and in great part concealed the bear's head was adorned with all the trinkets in by the hair. Like its congeners, it is partial to well- the possession of the family, such as silver arm-bands wooded and rocky grounds. Here it feeds principally and wrist-bands, and belts of wampum, and then laid upon vegetable matters, but often succeeds in capturing upon a scaffold set up for its reception within the lodge. quadrupeds and birds, which it readily devours, as well Near the nose was placed a large quantity of tobacco. as fish. When winter approaches, it retires either into The next morning no sooner appeared than preparathe hollow of some tree, or more commonly into a kind tions were made for a feast to the manes. The lodge of den amongst fallen trees or brushwood, where it digs was cleaned and swept, and the head of the bear lifted up the soil in such a way as to scoop out a tolerably up, and a new Stroud blanket which had never been secure and snug retreat. A small opening in its snow- used before laid under it. The pipes were now lit, and clad tenement allows fiesh air to enter. The American Wawatamn blew tobacco smoke into the nostrils of the black bear is naturally timid, nevertheless it is regarded bear, telling me to do the same, and thus appease the by the natives with considerable dread, chiefly it-would anger. of the bear on account of my having killed her. appear on superstitious grounds. In proof of this, we I endeavoured to persuade my benefactor and friendly produce the following interesting account by Mr. adviser that she no longer had any life, and assured Henry, an early traveller, who was in the neighbour- him that I was under no apprehension from her displeahood of Lake Michigan when the incident which he sure; but the first proposition obtained no credit, and here describes took place:-"-In the course of the the second gave but little satisfaction. At length, the month of January, I happened to observe that the feast being ready, Wawatam made a speech resembling trunk of a very large pine tree was much torn by the in many respects his address to the manes of his relaclaws of a bear, made both in going up and down. On tilns and departed companions, but having this pecufurther examination, I saw that there was a large liarity that he here deplored the necessity under which opening in the upper part, near which the smaller men laboured thus to destroy their friends. He reprebranches were broken. From these marks, and from sented, however, that the misfortune was unavoidable, the additional circumstance that there were no tracks since without doing so they could by no means subsist. in the snow, there was reason to believe that a bear The speech ended, we all ate heartily of the bear's lay concealed in the tree. On returning to the lodge, flesh; and even the head itself, after remaining three I communicated my discovery, and it was agreed that days on the scaffold, was put into the kettle." Indeall the family should go together in the morning to pendent of these statements, we have plenty of evidence assist in cutting down the tree, the girth of which was that the flesh of the American black bear is excellent was not less than three fathoms. The women at first eating; and recently Mr. Oliphant, who has enjoyed opposed the undertaking, because our axes, being only considerable experience of different kinds of food both of a pound and a half in weight, were not well-adapted in the eastern and western quarters of the northern to so heavy a labour; but the hope of finding a large hemisphere, declares for himself and his companions bear, and obtaining from its fat a great"quantity of oil, that it is a "royal feast." In the winter time the an article at the time much wanted, at length prevailed. female produces from one to five cubs, and in order Accordingly in the morning we surrounded the tree, to secure her progeny firom the attack of other animals, both men and women, as many at a time as could con- such as wolves and the like, she makes her lodging, as venicntly work at it; and there we toiled like beavers we have seen, high up among the branches of thicklytill the sun went down. This day's work carried us wooded trees. URSID.R. MAMMALIA. URSIDr. 83 THE GRISLY BEAR (Ursus ferox) is also an Ameri- bears, and it often happened that in turning the point can species. Its disposition is exceedingly fierce, and of a rock or sharp angle of a valley he camle suddenly it is endowed with prodigious strength. Its muscular upon one or more of them. On such occasions they power may be estimated by the circumstance of a reared on their hind legs and made a loud noise like a specimen of this animal having been seen to carry person breathing quick, but much harsher. He kept the carcass of an American buffalo, weighing about his ground without attempting to molest them, and one thousand pounds, to a considerable distance. The they on their part, after attentively regarding him for travellers Messrs. Lewis and Clark measured a speci- some time, generally wheeled round and galloped off; men which had attained a length of nine feet, and though, from their known disposition, there is little some persons pretend to have met with individuals doubt he would have been torn in pieces had he lost several feet longer. The head is broad and fiattish his presence of mind and attempted to fly. When he on the crown, and nearly even from the occiput to the discovered them from a distance, he generally frightnose, except in old specimens; the ears are short and ened them away by beating on a large tin box in which conical; the muzzle being wide, and of a pale colour. he carried his specimens of plants. He never saw The fur is long and of a deep-brown tint; commercially more than four together, and two of these he supposes speaking, it is of inferior quality. Its limbs are to have been cubs; he more often met them singly or powerful, the feet being armed with very long, corn- in pairs. He was only once attacked, and then by a pressed, white, strongly-curved claws; the inferior female, for the purpose of allowing her cubs time to border of the latter is particularly narrow. Its rudi- escape. His gun on this occasion missed fire, but he mentary tail is entirely concealed by the hair. With kept her at bay with the stock of it, until some gentleregard to its habits, the grisly bear is more carnivorous men of the Hudson's Bay Company, with whom he than the preceding species, although it does not refuse was travelling at the time, came up and drove her off: to subsist on a vegetable diet if animal food be not In the latter end of June, 1826, he observed a male forthcoming. Sir John Richardson has given us the caressing a female, and soon afterwards they both following interesting narrative, which he states.to be came towards him, but whether accidentally, or for the derived from authentic sources: —"A party of voyagers purpose of attacking him, he was uncertain. He who had been employed all day in tracking a canoe up ascended a tree, and as the female drew near, fired at the Sasketchewan, had seated themselves in the twilight and mortally wounded her. She uttered a few loud by a fire, and were busy in preparing their supper, screams, which threw the male into a furious lage, and when a large grisly bear sprung over their canoe that he reared up against the trunk of the tree in which Mr. was tilted behind them, and seizing one of the party by Drummond was seated, but never attempted to ascend the shoulder, carried him off. The rest fled in terror, it. The female; in the meanwhile retiring to a short with the. exception of a Metif named Bourasso, distance, lay down, and as the male was proceeding to who, grasping his gun, followed the bear as it was join her, Mr-. Drumnmond shot him also. From the retreating leisurely with its prey. He called to his size of their teeth and claws, he judged them to be unfortunate comrade that he was afraid of hitting him about forty years old. The cubs of the grisly bear can if he fired at the bear, but the latter entreated him to climb trees, but when the animal is fully grown it is fire immediately, without hesitation, as the bear was unable to do so, as the Indians report, from the form squeezing him to death. On this he took a deliberate of its claws. Two instances are related by Lewis and aim, and discharged his piece into the body of the Clarke, and I have heard of several others, where a bear, which instantly dropped its prey to pursue hunter having sought shelter in a tree from the pursuit Bourasso. He escaped with difficulty, and the bear of a grisly bear, has been held a close prisoner for ultimately retreated to a thicket, where it was supposed many hours, by the infuriated animal keeping watch to have died; but the curiosity of the party not being below." The flesh of the grisly bear is of very inferior a match for their fears, the fact of its decease was not quality; so much so, indeed, that the native Indians ascertained. The man who was rescued had his arm reject it, unless other food cannot be procured fiactured, and was otherwise severely bitten by the Although these animals invariably hybelrnate during bear, but finally recovered. I have seen Bourasso, and the winter months, the old males sometimes steal forth can add that the account which he gives is fiully from their snug abodes to seek for food. The grisly bear credited by the traders resident in that part of the has a pretty wide geographical distribution on the country, who are best qualified to judge of its truth fi-om North American continent, extending from a latitude the knowledge of the parties. I have been told that of upwards of sixty degrees north, to Mexico in the there is a man now living in the neighbourhood of south. It is most abundant on the eastern slopes of Edmonston House who was attacked by a grisly bear, the Rocky Mountains. which sprung out of a thicket, and with one stroke of THE POLAR BEAR (Thalarctos maritiinus), Plate its paw completely scalped him, laying bare the skull, 12, fig. 39.-This is the most carnivorous of all the and bringing the skin of the forehead down over the bears, probably however, more by necessity than by eyes. Assistance coming up, the bear made off with- choice. It is essentially a marine animal, destined to out doing him further injury, but, the scalp not being wander to. and fro on blocks of ice, in dreary solireplaced, the poor man has lost his sight, although he tudles and wastes, seldom visited, save by the Esquithinks that his eyes are uninjured. MIr. Drummond, maux and a few of the more enterprising spirits of in his excursions over the Rocky Mountains, had fire- human kind. Here the polar beal makes havoc quent opportunities of observing the manners of grisly among seals, whales, walruses, and other denizens of 84 USID2E.- MAMMALIA. URSIDzE. the polar seas. Dead or alive, nothing comes amiss, opportunity has before been afforded to any naturalist while his skill enables him to secure not only fish, of witnessing qulietly the humours or habits of these but even birds. The general appearance of the polar animals. At first the motions of the mother appeared bear is too well known to require a lengthened to me as ridiculously absurd, or as if she was teaching description; yet, it is necessary to notice a few of her cub to perform a summerset, or something nearly the principal characters. The body is more cylin- approaching it; but the cub evinced no interest, no drical than that of the land varieties of bear; the head participation in the sport, indeed moved off and lay is likewise rather more elongated; the ears are short. down, apparently to sleep. The antics, too, of the The muzzle is somewhat curved, the mouth being mother were too distant firom the cub to prove instruccomparatively small, while the neck is long and thick tive. I will endeavour to convey my impression of The fur, generally speaking, is white, long, loose, the exhibition, as viewed through the telescope at a woolly in texture, and has a silvery lustre; on the legs distance of a quarter of a mile, as well as the object on and under the surface of the belly the hairs are much which she appeared intent. It must first lbe borne in more lengthened. The claws are short, only slightly mind, that a bear of such dimensions as that before me curved, and nearly concealed by the fur. The size would weigh about six and a half or seven hundredattained by the polar bear is very considerable. Cap- weight. T'he object apparently in view was to break a tain Lyons met with a specimen measuring rather more hole in the ice. In order to effect this the claws were than eight and a half feet in length, and weighing six- first put in requisition, and as nimbly and gracefully as teen hundred pounds avoirdupois. The same gentleman a dog did the huge creature tear up and scatter snow obtained from an intelligent Esquimaux the following and ice to the winds; having removed as she imagined account of the manner in which this animal hyber- sufficient, she then appeared to estimate her distance, nates: —" At the commencement of winter the preg- calculate on her leap, and in the effort came down nant bears are very fat and always solitary. When a perpendicularly on her fore-paws over the spot which heavy fall of snow sets in, the animal seeks some hollow she had scratched. Something, she imagined, had place in which she can lie down, and remains quiet been effected. She continued to repeat this scratching while the snow covers her. Sometimes she will wait and amusing mode of pounding until at length she until a quantity of snow has fallen, and then digs her- appeared satisfied, when she assumed an attitude of self a cave; at all events, it seems necessary that she' dead point,' with fore-paw raised, and remained for should be covered by, and lie amongst the snow. She some time immovable. The question occurred to me, now goes to sleep, and does not wake until the spring'Is this a mode, by concussion and making a hole, of sun is pretty high, when she brings forth two cubs. seducing a seal within gripe?' for I have repeatedly The cave by this time has become much larger, by the noticed that when we cut for tide-hole, fire-hole, &c., effect of the animal's warmth and breath, so that the that these inquisitive animals will show themselves. cubs have room enough to move, and they acquire This, however, I leave for others to verify." After considerable strength by continually sucking. The this, an unsuccessful attempt was made to get within dam at length becomes so thin and weak, that it is shot, but both mother and cub made their escape. Sir with great difficulty that she extricates herself, when E. Belcher does not state whether he minutely examthe sun is powerful enough to throw a strong glare ined the spot thus signalized, to ascertain if any through the snow which roofs the den." We have injury had been done to the ice; nevertheless, his already alluded to this animal's cunning and activity. observations have very great interest, and the correctHere' is the method it adopts to catch a seal, for the ness of his conjecture is placed almost beyond a doubt. account of which we are also indebted to the " Private The female bear, as we have just seen, is very careful Journal" of Captain Lyon:-" The bear, on seeing his over her cubs; these, if taken while still very young, intended prey, gets quietly into the water, and swims may be successfilly tamed. The following incident, to leeward of him, from whence, by fiequent short however, shows the necessity of caution:-An English dives, he silently makes his approaches, and so arranges officer, while stationed at one of the more remote and his distance that, at the last dive, he comes to the spot lonely fortresses of Canada, amused himself by taming where the seal is lying. If the poor animal attempts to a young polar bear. He succeeded in teaching the escape by rolling into the water, he falls into the bear's little cub to fetch and carry, and its behaviour was so clutches; if, on the contrary, he lies still, his destroyer unexceptionable that the animal was allowed to share makes a powerful spring, kills him on the ice, and his master's meals, and to follow at his heels when out devours him at leisure." Captain Sir Edward Belcher, for a walk. On returning to this country, the unsine in his interesting work entitled "The Last of the pet accompanied the officer on board ship, and soon Arctic Voyages," also gives an amusing description of acquired the unreserved confidence of the passengers the performances of a -female polar bear, whose antics and crew, and by his facetious antics afforded them seemed to have for their object the capture of a seal much pleasure and diversion. In a very short time, as by another shrewd expedient. On the first day of June, is fiequently the habit with domesticated animals, he 1853, he writes: —" We pushed on for Tongue Point, showed a particular liking for children of the female and there pitched. More bears! I was busy on the sex, and singled one out as an especial favourite; the Point with the instrument, watching for an object, little girl, who was a daughter of one of the lady paswhen I noticed a lady and her cub, amusing them- sengers, reciprocated the bear's attentionis, and the selves, as I imagined, it a game of romps, but the old loving pair daily romped about the deck with ecstatic lady wis evidently the more excited. Possibly no such delight. This fiun, however, was after a time destined URSIDAm. - MAMMALIA. i vUSTxELtDm. 85 to be suddenly changed into sorrow, for on one occa- we purposely adhere to the Cuvierian arrangement,'ks sion during their gambols, the animal, without giving far as circumstances permit. The Mustelidee, as we any previous indication of his purpose, suddenly seized have retained the genus, are either semi-plantigrade or the young lady by the waist, and before the astonished to a greater or less extent digitigrade-that is to say, crew and half-distracted parent could do aught to they are supported on the tips of their toes during proarrest his progress he was half way up the rigging; gression. The feet are five-toed or pentadactylous, neither did he rest till he had gained the maintop! the claws being fixed or non-retractile. They have Doubtless, many of our readers have heard of an elope- elongated, slim, and cylindrical bodies; it is on account ment down, but, perhaps, never up a ladder of ropes! of this long vermiform or worm-like character that the But the matter is too serious for a joke! What is to majority of them are called vermin, though to the be done? The mother cries!-the child screams!- popular mind that term rather expresses the idea of and the bear recommences its antics! A moment's certain noxious qualities, altogether independent of its delay may render all chance of escape hopeless! etymological signification. The limbs of MustelidTe Alarm and consternation fill every breast! Shall the are short. The head is rounded and narrowed antesailors ascend the rigging, and by united force tear riorly, but that part of the skull containing the brain is the frail captive from its arms? If the bear should considerably extended; so that the space between the at any moment relinquish its hold, the poor child sockets and the posterior margin of the cranium, is must be dashed in pieces! Bravo!-a bright idea much greater than that which obtains in the higher has struck the captain I See with what alacrity his digitigrade Carnivora. The jaws support the usual orders are obeyed! Mattrasses and pillows are placed complement of twelve incisors and four canines, whilst around the mast, in case the child should fall, while there are generally four or five molars on either side numerous lumps of sugar are piled together on the belonging to the upper series, and five or six similarly deck! Hurrah! the saccharine dainty cannot be disposed in each division of the lower group. Four of resisted! Down comes Bruin, carefully bringing the these teeth are tuberculated-that is, one to each of captive with him! Once more, hurrah! Mother and the four divisions of the grinding series above indicated. bear are satisfied! The child is released-the sugar The condyles or articulating extremities of the rami devoured! It is almost needless to add, that during the of the lower jaw are broad transversely, and comrest of the voyage, the animal was entirely deprived of pletely lodged in the corresponding socket called the his sadly-abused liberty. In regard to the capture and glenoid cavity. The Mustelidoe, like the bears, have destruction of full-grown polar bears in the wild state, no blind or caecal appendage to the intestine. They early writers have always described such attempts as do not pass the winter in a state of hybernation. extremely dangerous; these accounts have probably Their destructive and sanguinary propensities are well been exaggerated, but there can be no doubt that in known; and members of the family are found in all recent times the danger has been materially lessened quarters of the globe. Musteline fossil remains occur by the introduction of longer-ranged and more destruc- in the bone-caves and osseous breccias of the tertiary tive fire-arms. The polar bear seldom quits the regions period. of eternal ice and snow; nevertheless he is sometimes THE JAVANESE TELEDU (Mydaus m7eliceps).observed drifting out to sea on floating icebergs; by Purposely commencing our weasels with this aberrant this means he makes excursions to very considerable type, more particularly on account of its close relations distances, and has been observed by Captain Scoresby to certain ursine and insectivorous genera, we remark, upwards of two hundred miles from the shore. As in the first place, that the muzzle is prolonged in the many as a dozen have come over from West Greenland form of a proboscis. The grinding teeth are eighteen and landed on the coast of Iceland during a single in number, there being twelve spurious and six true winter season. Captain Parry, when passing through ones. The laniary, cutting, or carnassial tooth-that Barrow's Strait, encountered a polar bear swimming is, the fourth or last premolar tooth, reckoning from vigorously in the open sea, although at the time the before backwards-supports an accessory central cusp. animal was fully forty miles from any coast, and there The head is hog-like; the ears being rudimentary, and were no traces of floating ice in any direction. Speci- surrounded by a tuft of long fur. The fur consists of mens of this animal have always constituted an attrac- delicate hairs, which are more or less blackish-brown tive feature in our menageries, and, notwithstanding throughout, except on the central line of the back, on the unsuitable character of this climate, they seem to the top of the head, and at the end of the tail, which live pretty comfortably. A few years since one of the latter is only half an inch in length, not taking into very fine specimens kept in the Zoological Gardens at consideration the long hairs projecting beyond the Edinburgh gave birth to a solitary cub, but it very soon skin. The body measures about fifteen inches. The perished. limbs are short, thick, and semi-plantigrade, the compressed and rather straight claws being united at the FAMILY II.-MUSTELIDAE. base by a sheathing membrane. The teledu emits a most horrible odour, as the author of this article can Not only are the weasels, properly so called, placed abundantly confirm, from having had a specimen placed under this head, butalso numerous genera, wlhose rela- in his hands for dissection and preservation. The tions are so closely allied to the foregoing family that intolerable stench arises from the secretion of a pecuthey are grouped by some naturalists with the Ursidm, liar matter by two oval glands situated at the posterior and by others with the present family. On this point part of the body, and opening into the intestine near 86 MUSTELIDIE. -MAMMALIA. MUSTELID.5. the vent. The animal has the power of ejecting this numbers than I could employ. Whenever the natives secretion to a distance of about two feet. " The fetid surprise them suddenly, they prepare them for food; matter itself is of a viscid nature; its effects depend on the flesh is then scarcely impregnated with the offensive its great volatility, and they spread through a great odour, and is described as very delicate. The animals extent; the entire neighbourhood of a village is infected are generally in excellent condition, as their food by the odour of an ilritated teledu, and in the imme- abounds in the fertile moulds.. The mydaus is diate vicinity of the discharge it is so violent as in not ferocious in its manners; and taken young, like some persons to produce syncope." Dr. Horsfield gives the badger, it might be easily tamed. An individual the following admirable account of its habits and sin- which I kept some time in confinem ent aflbrded me an gular geographical distribution: —" The teledu is opportunity of observing its disposition; it soon became confined exclusively to those mountains which have gentle and reconciled to its situation, and did not at an elevation of more than seven thousand feet above any time emit the offensive fluid. I carried it with me the level of the ocean; on these it occurs with the fiom Mountain Prahu to Blederan, a village on the same regularity as many plants. The long-extended declivity of that mountain where the temperature was surface of Java, abounding with conical points which more moderate. W~hile a drawing was made, the aniexceed this elevation, afford many places favourable mal was tied to a small stake; it moved about quietly, for its resort. On ascending these mountains, the burrowing the ground with its snout and feet, as if in traveller scarcely fails to meet with our animal, which, search of food, without taking notice of the bystanders, from its peculiarities, is universally known to the inha- or making violent efforts to disengage itself. On earthbitants of these elevated tracts; while to those of the worms being brought, it ate voraciously; holding one plains, it is as strange as an animal from a foreign extremity of a worm with its claws, its teeth were country. A traveller would inquire in vain for the employed in tearing the other. Having consumed teledu at Batavia, Semarang, or Surabaya. In my about ten or twelve, it became drowsy, and making a visits to the mountainous districts, I uniformly met small groove in the earth, in which it placed its snout, with it; and, as far as the information of the natives it composed itself deliberately, and was soon sound can be relied on, it is found on all the mountains. asleep." Most of these mountains and ridges furnish THE NYENTEK (Helictis moschaitus) is a rarer tracts of considerable extent fitted for the cultivation animal than the teledu, and more circumscribed in its of wheat and other European grains... These geographical area of distribution. It is about sixteen grounds and plantations are laid out in the deep vege- inches in length, not including the tail, which measures table mould, where the teledu holds its range as the six inches more; this organ is bushy, terminating in most ancient inhabitant of the soil. In its rambles in long thick hairs. The head is small, gradually narrowsearch of food, this animal frequently enters the plan — ing into an obtusely-pointed muzzle. The jaws are tations, and destroys the roots of young plants; in this furnished with twenty-two molars, the tuberculated manner it causes extensive injury, and on the Tengger pair above being small and widened transversely. The Hills particularly, where these plantations are more nostrils are notched at the side. The moustaches are extensive than in other elevated tracts, its visits are few in number, long, and bristly. The ears are commuch dreaded by the inhabitants. It burrows in the parativelylarge; the eyes being ratllerprominent. The earth with its nose in the same manner as hogs, and in limbs are thin, terminating in five-toed plantigrade feet. traversing the hills its nocturnal toils are observed in The claws are shorter than those of the teledu, and the morning in small ridges of mould recently turned are more strongly curved. This animal, says Dr. up. The mydaus forms its dwelling at a slight depth Horsfield, who described it as a species of Gulo, " is beneath the surface, in the black mould, with consider- somewhat smaller than the English pole-cat. The able ingenuity. Having selected a spot, defended form of its body, in comparison with other gluttons, is above by the roots of a large tree, it constructs a cell rather slender; it is thickly covered with fur, consisting or chamber of a globular form, having a diameter of of long hairs closely arranged, silky at the base, of a several feet, the sides of which it makes perfectly brown colour and somewhat glossy, with a slight tint smooth and regular; this it provides with a subter- of reddish-brown; in certain lights it appears diversiraneous conduit or avenue about six feet in length, the fled, greyish, and tawny. This fur covers the greatest external entrance to which it conceals with twigs and part of the body and head, and the whole of the tail dry leaves. During the day it remains concealed, like and extremities; the colour of these parts is consea badger in its hole; at night it proceeds in search of quently brown, with occasional shades of rufous and its food, which consists of insects and their larvie, and tawny; the sides of the head, the neck, the throat, of worms of every kind. It is particularly fond of the breast, and a broad spot on the top of the head, which lumbrici, or earthworms, which abound in the fertile passes, gradually decreasing in breadth, to the middle moulds. These animals, agreeably to the information of the back, are white, with an obscure tint of isabella of the natives, live in pairs, and the female produces yellow of different degrees of intensity. This colour two or three young at a birth. The motions of the also exists, less distinct, in a longitudinal band along mydaus are slow, and it is easily taken by the natives, the lowest part of the abdomen." Little or nothing is who by no means fear it. During my abode on the known of this animal's habits, which are thought by mountain Prahu, I engaged them to procure me indi- Dr. Horsfield to be similar to those of the ratel. viduals for preparation; and, as they received a desir- THE SKUNK (Mephitis americana), Plate 10, fig. able reward, they brought them to me daily in greater 33. —Various species of skunk have been desclribed, MUSTELIDX.. MAMMALIA. MUSTELIDAE. 87 but most of them appear referable to this species. The the strong smelling fluid, the meat is considered by the true skunks are confined to the American continent. natives to be excellent food." These observations Accepting Sir John Richardson's description, the skunk agree for the most part with those of Catesby, who very closely resembles the wolverene. The body is says: —" When one of them is attacked by a dog, to stoutish, and stands low; the eyes being small, and appear formidable it so changes its usual form, by the ears short and rounded. " A narrow white mesial bristling up its hairs and contracting its length into a line runs from the tip of the nose to the occiput, where round form, that it makes a very terrible appearance. it dilates into a broad white mark. It is again narrowed, This menacing behaviour, however insufficient to deter and continues so until it passes the shoulders, when it its enemy, is seconded by a repulse far more prevailforks, the branches running along the sides, and becom- ing; for from some secret duct it emits such fetid ing much broader as they recede from each other. effluvia that the atmosphere, for a large space around, They approach posteriorly and unite on the rump, shall be so infected with it that men and other animals becoming at the same time narrower. In some few are impatient till they are quit of it. The stench is specimens the white stripes do not unite behind, but insupportable to some dogs, and necessitates them to disappear on the flanks. The black dorsal space let their game escape; others, by thrusting their noses included by the stripes is egg-shaped, the narrow end into the earth, renew their attacks till they have killed of which is towards the shoulders. The sides of the it; but rarely care to have more to do with such head and all the under parts are black. The hair on noisome game, which for four or five hours distracts the body is long. The tail is covered with very long them. The Indians, notwithstanding, esteem their hairs, and has generally two broad longitudinal white flesh a dainty, of which I have eaten and found it well stripes above on a black ground. Sometimes the black tasted. I have known them brought up young, made and white colours of the tail are regularly mixed. Its domestic, and prove tame' and very active, without under surface is black. The claws on the fore-feet are exercising that faculty which fear and self-preservation very strong and long, being fitted for digging, and very perhaps only prompt them to." Like its congeners, unlike those of the martens." The jaws are provided the skunk does not entirely confine itself to an animal with eighteen molar teeth, the upper laniary grinder diet, vegetable matters, especially fruit, being sought in being remarkably large. Respecting the habits of the the absence of small quadrupeds, frogs, and insects. skunk, which has obtained such notoriety on account The female produces from six to ten young at a birth. of the nauseating smell emitted firom the glands previ- In the Catalogue of Mammalia preserved in the British ously alluded to, the same distinguished naturalist Museum, this species is called by Dr. Gray Mephitis writes:-" It exists in the rocky and woody parts of varians. the country, but is still more fiequent in the clumps of THE GRISON (Galictis vittata). —The members of wood which sketch the sandy plains of Seskatchewan. the genus Galictis originally established by Mr. Bell, I have not been able to ascertain the southern range are characterized by the possession of eighteen molar of this variety of skunk [from Hudson's Bay]; and, teeth, of which ten are spurious, four of them belonging judging from Kahn's description, there appears to be a to the upper series and six to the lower. The body is different one in Canada. The skunk passes its winter much elongated, terminating in sub-plantigrade pentain a hole, seldom stirring abroad, and then only for a dactylous feet, their palms and soles being naked. The short distance. It preys on mice, and in summer has tail is of moderate length. In the species under conbeen observed to feed much on frogs. It has a slow sideration " the colours are very remarkable, and the gait, and can be overtaken without difficulty, for it markings distinct and decided (fig. 23). The whole of makes but a poor attempt to escape, putting its trust the upper part of the head, the neck, the back, the flank, apparently in its power of discomfiting its pursuers by and the tail, are yellowish-light or brownish-grey, prothe discharge of a noisome fluid. This fluid, which is duced by the mixture of a dirty yellowish-white with of a deep yellow colour, and is contained in a small brownish-black for about two-thirds of their length; bag placed at the root of the tail, emits one of the most the tip, dirty or yellowish-white. The muzzle, the powerful stenches in nature, and so durable that the cheeks, the throat, the under part of the neck, the spot where a skunk has been killed will retain the belly, the anterior legs, and the hinder feet, are black, taint for many days. Mr. Graham says that he knew with a brownish tinge lighter towards the back part, several Indians who lost their eyesight in consequence and on the belly interspersed with a few whitish hairs. of inflammation produced by this fluid having been The grey of the upper, and the black of the under thrown into them by the animal, which has the power parts, are separated by a rather broad fascia (or band), of ejecting it to a distance of upwards of four feet. I extending on each side from the centre of the forehead have known a dead skunk thrown over the stockades above the eye, backwards as far as the shoulder, of a trading port, which produced instant nausea in including the ears; this fascia is of a buff or yellowishseveral women, in a house with closed doors upwards white colour." Respecting its habits, Mr. Bell also of a hundred yards distant. The odour had some records the follow`ing interesting particulars. In his resemblance to that of garlic, although much more " History of British Quadrupe.ds," he says:-" A tame disagreeable. One may, however, soon become fami- grison (Galictis vittata) which I possessed for several liarized with it; for, notwithstanding the disgust it years, was very fond of fiogs, but these were not the produces at first, I have managed to skin a couple of only reptiles which were obnoxious to its voracity. On recent specimens by recurring to the task at intervals. one occasion, in the winter, I had placed it in its cage, When care is taken not to soil the carcase with any of in a room with a fire, where I had also two young MUSTELID,. MAMMALIA. — IUSTELIDA. alligators, which in general were stupidly tame. On affectionate as a dog; and she followed me," he adds, going into the room in the morning, I found the grison "wherever I went about the house, was extremely at large, and one of the alligators dead, with a hole frolicsome and playful, and was delighted at being eaten under the fore-leg, where the great nerves and caressed. She would throw herself on her back, and bloodvessels were torn through; and the other alligator seize the hand that fondled her with all four of her began snapping furiously at every one who attempted paws and her mouth at the same moment, pressing it to approach it." Tlie same eminent naturalist else- with her teeth, but never sufficiently hard to cause the where remarks that this grison " was as tame andc I slightest degree of pain. She was extremely fond of Fig. 2.3 The Grison (Galictis vittata) eggs, which she ate in a very singular manner. On which in the former species are yellowisn, are here perone being given her, she first played with it for some fectly white; and those which are blackish-brown in time, Tunning backwards and at the same time pushing the former, are in this pure black. The basal portion it under her belly with her fore-feet. At length she of the hairs on the back, therefore, is black, and the would fix one of her sharp canine teeth through the apical quite white, formilg a pure blackish-grey or shell, and lick or suck as much of the contents as black, with white points and lines, whilst all the under would flow through the orifice. Then, again inserting parts of the throat and part of the belly are black. her tooth, a piece of the shell was broken out so as to The fascia extending from the forehead to the sides enable her to insert her tongue; and, finally, the egg- of the neck is also white. This fascia does not extend shell was broken to pieces and each firagment carefully in the specimen described so far back as in the former licked clean." The grison is an inhabitant of the species. The hairs of the whole body are very short northern regions of Brazil, the specimens hitherto seen in comparison, and much stiffer and more closely set. in this country having been brought from Guiana and The animal is considerably larger, and the tail, as far Paraguay. A brief, but very accurate description of a as can be ascertained from a stuffed specimen, short in fine example captured by Mr. Edmonston at Demearra, proportion." As in the foregoing, its habits correspond is described by Dr. Traill in the third volume of the with those of the weasels generally. Wernerian Society's Transactions. It measured nearly THE ZORILLA (Zorilla striata).-Several forms dethree feet in length, including the tail which gave nine scribed under the generic title of Zorilla, are probably inches. In the list of Mustelidae preserved in the merely varietiesof one and the same species. Peirhaps British Museum, this species is denominated Grissonia two or three of them may fairly be regarded as distinct vzittcta. Their differentiation obtains chiefly in respect of coloir ALLAMAND'S GRISON (Ga7ictis A llonandi), ap- and other superficial characters, which, however, are pears to be a well-marked form. Mr. Bell has given a in too many instances the only distinctions the zoolobeautiful figure of it, accompanied with another of the gist can rely on, as he may have none other to guidle above, in the second volume of the Transactions of the him. Tlhe zorilla, known to tile colonists at the Cape Zoological Society. According to his description, of Good Hope by the name of muishond, possesses';this species. though evidently distinct from the former, eighteen molar teeth, four being placed on either side exhibits the same genrclal chalracter of colour and above, an(1 five correspondingly opposed on each side marking, with some remarlkable differences, however, below. The prepared skeleton exlhibits five vertebral which, tllougll not easily expressed in a specific phrlllase, segmernts in the lumbar region of the spiine, while there are tangible and important. T]he whole of those parts are no less than fifteen pair of rils. Tlhe fur is of a MIUSTELIDIm.- MAMIM ALIA. —MUSTELIDJE. 89 black colour, generally; but there are four whitish found as far south as New England. Particular races bands, which, commencing at the neck, pass in a back- of martens, distinguished by the fineness and dark ward direction, gradually diverging from one another. colour of their fur, appear to inhabit certain rocky This character has suggested the specific name above districts. The rocky and mountainous, but woody given. There is also a white spot on the upper part districts of the Nipigon, on the north side of Lake of the head. The zorilla is not confined to the Cape Superior, has long been noted for its black and valuable of Mozambique, but is still found in Nubia, Abyssinia, marten skins. The marten preys on mice, hares, and and other parts of the African continent. Its habits partridges, and in summer on small birds' eggs, &c. are similar to those of the skunk. It is also known A partridge's head with the feathers, is the best bait under the title of Mephitis africana. for the log traps in which this animal is taken. It THE SABLE (Martes leucopus.)-The various mem- does not reject carrion, and often destroys the hoards bers of the genus Martes, differ from the true weasels of meat and fish laid up by the natives, when they generally, by the possession of "an additional false have accidentally left a crevice by which it can enter. molar above and below," whilst they have also a small The marten, when its retreat is cut off, shows its teeth, tubercle on the inner side of their sectorial tooth. sets up its hair, arches its back, and makes a hissing These two characters tend to diminish the ferocity of noise, like a cat. It will seize a dog by the nose, and their nature; or, rather, they indicate by analogical bite so hard, that unless the latter is accustomed to the and correlative evidence, that such a subcarnivorous combat, it suffers the little animal to escape. It mnay disposition exists in accordance with their modified be easily tamed, and it soon acquires an attachment to dental arrangements. Their habits and general ap- its master; but it never becomes docile. Its flesh is pearance entirely correspond with these structural occasionally eaten, though it is not prized by the peculiarities. They are pretty and attractive little Indians. The females are smaller than the males. animals, having large bushy tails. The martens have They burrow in the ground, carry their yong about larger ears than the weasels, and their habits are more six weeks, and bring forth from four to seven in a arboreal, while the odour emitted by them is not litter about the latter end of April." The darkoffensive. Much controversy has arisen as to the coloured furs are deemed the most valuable, and they specific distinctions of various kinds of marten. Thus, are in the best condition during the winter season. by some the sable, the pine marten, and the beech Respecting the distinctions observable between this marten have been considered as mere varieties of a species and the beech marten, Mr. Bell observes, that single species; that is to say, they are supposed to " the most striking and obvious differences are those of have originated from the same stock, and that stock, in colour; but as these appear, in some cases at least, to all probability, being represented by a single pair. be associated with certain slight diversities in size and This view, however, does not appear tenable, and proportion, and as the habits of the two animals also after lengthened investigation, the more general opinion offer a trifling variation, there appears to be some, now received is, that they are different animals ab though far from satisfactory ground, for considering origine. The sable is celebrated for its beautiful fur, them as specifically distinct. TIhe pine marten is so which is of a yellowish-brown colour, inclining to black. called fiom its supposed preference for the fruits of The throat is pale yellow; but it varies somewhat in those trees, as the other is called by some the beech different individuals. We have here placed the sable marten, from a similar pretended preference for beech as a distinct species, in accordance with the opinion of woods. There is, however, no ground for this approsome of our highest authorities. priation of the two species to these different localities." THE PINE MARTEN (Martes abietum)-Plate 10, The nest is made of moss, leaves, and other vegetable fig. 34-if not specifically identical, very closely re- matters. A full-grown individual of the male sex sembles the foregoing. The fur is of a comparatively measures about twenty inches, the females being rather inferior quality; yet it is much superior to that of the smaller. beech or stone marten. It exists in northern Europe THE BEECH MARTEN (Martesfoina), is also called and North America, being also indigenous in our own the common marten, and by traders it is more usually country. According to Sir John Richardson's de- designated the stone marten. Its fur is inferior to that scription, "the pine marten inhabits the woody districts of the preceding species, and it is sometimes passed off in the northern parts of America, from the Atlantic to. unfairly for the skin of the true sable. An experienced the Pacific, in great numbers, and has been observed eye, however, readily detects the fraud, noticing the to be particularly abundant where the trees have been absence of lustre, softness, and other essential qualities. killed by fire, but are still standing. It is very rare, The beech marten is about eighteen inches long, not as Hearne has remarked, in the district lying north of including the tail, which alone measures upwards of Churchill River and east of Great Slave Lake, known nine inches. The head is rounded and broad posby the name of Chepewyan or Barren Lands. A teriorly, narrowing in front into an acute and slightly similar district on the Asiatic side of Behring's Straits, projecting muzzle. The ears are comparatively large, twenty-five degrees of longitude in breadth, and in- oval, and a little pointed. The body is thin, cylinhabited by the Tchutski, is described by Pennant as drical, and very mobile, terminating in a thick bushy equally unfrequented by the marten, and for the same tail. The fur is for the most part brown, being darker reason-the want of trees. The limit of its northern in some palrts than in others. It is deeper-coloured on range in America is, like that of the woods, about the the back, limbs, and tail. On the throat or under sixty-eighth degree of latitude, and it is said to be part of the neck it is white. The beech marten is a Veo,. I. I2 90'I USTELI DE. MAMMIALIA AIUSTELII)lJ.' native of the British isles, as well as of Europe generally. THE POLECAT (MVustela putorius) or foumart is a It occurs abundantly in rocky mountainous districts, most ferocious creature (fig. 24). "Its appetite for and is perhaps less strictly arboreal in its habits than slaughter, which seems never to be satiated as long as the pine marten. According to Fig. 24. Mr. Bell, "the female makes her nest generally in a hollow tree, but not unfrequently in holes in rocks, sometimes in ruined buildings, I I or even in granaries and barns. It!! I is formed of straTw or grass. She has at least two litters in a year — some assert, four —and the number of young ones at each birth varies from two to seven, the usual number being four or five. The aspect and i n t _o attitudes of the mnarten are perhaps sis more elegant than those of any __ other of ourh native quadrupeds. Endowed with great liveliness and activity, its movements are at once The Polecat (Mustela putorius). rapid and gracile. Its limbs are elastic, and its body any living thing remains within its reach, rendering it lithe and flexible, and it bounds and springs over the a most ruinous neighbour to those who rear fowls or ground with equal speed and grace. It is, however, keep up a head of game. Not only the young birds wild and untameable to a great degree, if captured fall victims to it, but the parents also; nor are even when full grown or after a very early age." The food geese or turkeys safe. We remember an instance of a of the beech marten, in common with its allied forms, hen and a whole brood of chickens being killed by one consists of birds, squirrels, and other small quadrupeds. of these destroyers in a single night; and upon another THE PEKAN (Maltes Canadiensis) of the Canadians, occasion, seven or eight nearly full-grown turkeys. is known by the title of the Fisher or fishing marten, The brain and the blood seem to be its choicest porand it has likewise several other names. It presents a tions. The bodies of the dead are carried off to its more canine look about the face than the sable or haunts, which are generally in some copse or wood other martens. The head is rounded posteriorly, con- near a farm or in the heart of a preserve, whence it traeting suddenly in front to terminate in a rather issues on its deadly errand in the evening, generally sharply-pointed muzzle. The ears are conparatively soon after sunset, or when it grows dusk. No vermin small. It is a stouter-built animal than the pine is placed with more satisfaction upon the keeper's marten. The fore-limbs are remarkably strong and tree; for none commits more havoc, if so much, among short, the claws of the feet being sharp and much the game. Beginning with the egg, it persecutes all curved. As in the pine marten, the soles of the feet the game birds through every period of life, and is a are completely enveloped in closely-set hairs, the far more determined enemy than the stoat itself to the severaldigits being connected together at their common hare and rabbit warren. The fox, as is well known, base by a short, web-like expansion of the skin. The will do much to keep down the pheasants, and espefur is rather coarse, and of a dark-brown colour, cially the rabbits and hares; but even this wily and lighter at the fore part of the body, but almost black powerful invader is not so mischievous as the species behind, as well as on the throat, belly, and limbs, of which we are treating. Where a fox will kill one, White spots are occasionally seen between the fore and a polecat will immolate ten, to say nothing of eggs. hind legs. Tho fur has a strong musky odour, aind its No vertebrated animal seems to come amiss to its quality is inferior to that of the sable. Although less murderous nature. Bewick relates that during a sought after by the American fur-dealers, several severe storm, a foumart was traced in the snow fiom thousand pekans are destroyed annually for the sake the side of a rivulet to its hole at some distance fiom of their skins. Sir John Richardson states that it it. As it was observed to have made frequent trips, feeds principally on mice. He adds — It lives in the and as other marks were to be seen in the snow which woods, preferring damp places in the vicinity of water, could not easily be accounted for, it was thought a in which respect it differs from the marten, which is matter worthy of great attention. Its hole was accordgenerally found in the driest spots of the pine forests. ingly examined, and five fine eels were discovered to The fisher is said to prey much on frogs in the summer be the firuit of its nocturnal excursions. The marks season; but I have been informed that its favourite in the snow were made by the motion of the eels in the food is the Canada porcupine, which it kills by biting quadruped's mouth. In Loudon's Macgazine is an on the belly. It does not seek its food in the water, account of a polecat that was hunted to her nest, although, like the pine marten, it will feed on the which held five young ones in a comfortable bed of hoards of frozen fish laid up by the residents." The withered grass. From a side hole the narrator picked pekan is widely distributed over the upper half of the out forty large flogs and two toads alive, but capable North American continent. The female produces from of sprawling only; for the old polecat had stricken two to four young at a single litter. them all with palsy by a bite through the brain of MUSTELIDzE. MAMMALIA. MUSTELIDE. 91 each." Such is Mr. Ogilby's account of its depreda- The ferret was of large growth and much distended tions; and there are few of us who have resided in the with the infant's blood; and though formerly of pecucountry that cannot testify to its accuracy. The pole- liar shyness, yet he lost sight of fear and became bold cat is a larger and stouter-built animal than the marten. in the pursuit of the unfortunate infant. It appears Its body rather exceeds two feet in length, not includ- the poor woman had left her child (about six months ing the tail, which measures only six inches. The old) in a cradle, whilst she went to market, when head and neck are comparatively stout and thick. it is supposed the infant's cry had arrested the The fur is of a dark-brown colour, approaching black. attention of the ferret, who managed to make his There is, however, a considerable difference of shade, escape, and thus effected his purpose. There is good depending upon the greater or less abundance of reason to believe lie must have passed more than half short woolly hairs, having a pale brown colour. The an hour in the indulgence of his appetite, from the lips and cheeks are more or less whitish. The odour circumstance of the neighbours having heard the given out by the polecat has a very disagreeable smell. piercing shrieks of the child a long time without the It is produced by a fatty substance secreted by a gland slightest suspicion of the mother's absence." Finally, situated beneath the tail. The fur, though of;com- we have only to remark, that the method of employing paratively small value, is sold under the name of fitch; ferrets for the capture of rabbits, rats, and other vermin hence the term fitchet weasel, another name by which is too well known to require more than a passing this animal is known. The female produces towards allusion. In the majority of cases it is advisable to the close of the spring, or in early summer, a litter of use a muzzle; otherwise the ferret is very apt, after five or six young. The nest is made either in a rabbit having feasted on its prey, to lay up in the burrow, burrow or in some similar snug retreat, among stones and disappoint the sportsman. This remark applies and rocks covered over with long grass, tangled herb- more particularly in the case of rabbit hunting. age, or low brushwood. THE ERMINE OR STOAT (Mustela ermzinea) is a The common ferret is considered by most naturalists much smaller species. The body is scarcely ten inches to be a mere domesticated variety of the polecat. It long, exclusive of the tail; this organ is four and a exhibits every shade of hue from that of a pale half inches in length, slightly bushy towards the tip, yellowish-white up to a dark fulvous brown, and it is the hairs of which are invariably black. In the summost frequently somewhat variegated. Its habits are mner the fur is rufous-brown on the back, and white similar to those of the wild animal, and they will freely underneath from the chin to the root of the tail. In breed together. The ferret, however, can hardly be the winter the entire fur becomes white, with the considered a tame creature, in the strict meaning of exception of the tail; and this change is brought about, the term; for, as most of us have observed, its disposi- not by an alteration of the colour of the summer hairs, tion is exceedingly capricious, and in handling ferrets, as some have supposed, but by the development of as every rat-catcher knows, a certain decree of bold- new and white hairs in the autumn to supply the place ness arid caution are necessary. The following sad of the falling coloured ones. It is this metamorphosis story, taken from Mr. Jesse's'"Gleanings in Natural of the fur which renders the ermine so valuable in History," illustrates its truly carnivorous and sangui- commerce. From the North of Europe and Siberia vorous propensities. " Some few years ago, a poor several hundred thousand skins are exported annually woman, holding a mangled infant in her arms, rushed to various parts of the world-a large proportion of screaming with agony and fright into my friend's them being transmitted to this country. Every one is house, who is a surgeon, imploring him to save the familiar with the pure, white, glossy texture of ermine child's life, who, she said, had been almost killed by a tippets, boas, and other robes, whose pure snow-white ferret. The face, neck, and arms were dreadfully ground-work is beset and adorned with a regularlylacerated, the jugular vein had been opened, as also disposed series of quincunxially-arranged tails, forming the temporal artery. The eyes were greatly injured, a striking contrast by their rich jet black colour. Such and indeed the child, who is still living, has lost the are the leading characteristics of the fur. With regard entire sight of one of them, and has very imperfect to this animal's habits, Mr. Bell observes that they vision in the other. Having stopped the still bleeding vary "' from those of the weasel, principally with rolavessels, my friend accompanied the mother to her cot- tion to the difference of size. Although much more tage, on entering which the child, in some degree destructive than that animal to poultry and to game, recovering from its state of apparent death, began to the favourite object of its pursuit is the common rat cry, when the ferret was in an instant seen rushing and the water-vole, as that of the weasel is the different from behind some basins where he had taken shelter, species of mice. Prevented from following the latter and with his head erect, boldly came forward and met little pests into their runs, which are often not much the infuriated parent in the middle of the room, still larger than their own bodies, the stoat leaves such holding the infant in her arms. On my friend's kick- small game to its little congener, and be takes itself to ing the ferret, as the first impulse of protection, the prey more suited to its own bulk. It occasionally animal endeavoured to seize his leg, and not until his attacks hares even half or two-thirds grown, pursuing (the ferret's) back was broken by repeated kicks, did them with the utmost pertinacity, and hunting them he give over his earnest and reiterated attempts to down by dint of its indefatigable perseverance. The renew his sanguinary feast; and indeed, whilst in the Rev. F. WT. Hope informs. me, that on one occasion, agonies of death, the piteous screams of the child when shooting in Shropshire, he heard at a short seemed to rouse him to vain efforts to regain his prey. distance the shrill loud scream of a hare, which he 92 MUSTELIDE. MAMMALIA. IMUSTELID2E. concluded was just caught in a poacher's springe. On head. In respect of geographical distribution, the running towards the spot from whence the sound pro- ermine is not confined to the eastern hemisphere; ceded, he saw a hare limping off greatly distressed, with for it is also found abundant in North America. something attached to the side of the throat, which a It is, however, not much sought after by the furriers nearer approach showed to be a stoat. The hare made of the HEudson's Bay Company, on account of the large its way into the brushwood with its enemy still clinging supply imported into Britain from Russia and the north on. It is a curious fact, that the hare, when pursued of Europe, which renders it too cheap for a profitable by the stoat, does not betake itself to its natural means competition. In England the female is said to proof escape-its fleetness of foot-which would in a few duce only four or five young at a single birth; but, seconds carry it out of all danger firom its little enemy, according to the Canadian aborigines, it produces in and which it always employs when escaping firom the America ten or twelve at a litter. The nest is made chase of dogs or of the fox. On the contrary, it hops of grass, leaves, and other vegetable matters, and is languidly along, evidently aware of the stoat's approach, placed in a rat-hole or other forsaken burrow. yet as if incapable of exerting its powers to avoid the THE WEASEL (Mustela vulgaris).-Having dwelt impending destruction. Whether this arises from a at considerable length on the character and habits of stupid indifference, or from not appreciating its danger, the stoat, which is so closely related to the present or, on the other hand, from intense terror, producing species, our observations respecting the weasel will be an effect similar to that miscalled fascination, which necessarily more restricted. It is a smaller animal, the small bright eye of the rattlesnake excites in its the body being about eight and a quarter inches in helpless victims, it is perhaps difficult to decide. The length, not including the tail, which would give us at stoat is certainly one of the boldest animals of its size. least another two inches. The fur is of a reddish-brown It pursues its prey with the greatest intrepidity even colour on the back, head, and tail; but underneath the into circumstances of considerable danger, and, like the belly and throat it is quite white. The limbs are short weasel, will follow it into the water. It will also cross and hairy up to the extremities of the digits. As we the water for the purpose of besieging the haunts of have before remarked, its habits are very similar to the water-vole, Atrvicola amphibius, of which it destroys those of the stoat; but, although generally regarded great numbers. In swimming it lifts the head and as a highly noxious animal under some circumstances, neck well out of the water, like a dog. It hunts its would appear to be extremely useful. IMr. Bell, with prey by scent." The ermine is comparatively scarcer his usual tact in defending the persecuted of animal than the weasel in England; but in Scotland, as Mr. kind, thus advocates its cause: —"It is not meant to Macgillivray remarks, " it is certainly of more frequent be asserted that the weasel will not, when driven by occurrence than that species; and for one weasel, I hunger, boldly attack the stock of the poultry yard, or have seen at least five or six ermines. It frequents occasionally make free with a young rabbit or a sleepstony places and thickets, among which it finds a secure ing partridge; but that its usual prey is of a much retreat, as its agility enables it to outstrip even a dog more ignoble character, is proved by daily observation. in a short race, and the slimness of its body allows it Mice of every description, the field and the water-vole, to enter a very small aperture. Patches of furze in rats, moles, and small birds, are its ordinary food; and particular afford it perfect security, and it sometimes from the report of unprejudiced observers, it would takes possession of a rabbit's burrow. With regard to appear that this pretty animal ought rather to be fosthis little animal's boldness and ferocity of disposition, tered as a destroyer of vermin, than extirpated as a we have not only the testimony of the gentlemen above noxious depredator. Above all, it should not be named, but that of many others, including Sir John molested in barns, ricks, or granaries, in which situaRichardson and Captain Lyon. The author of the tions it is of great service in destroying the colonies of section of this work at present under consideration, mice which infest them. Those only who have witcan also testify to its combativeness, having once been nessed the multitudinous numbers in which these little imprudent enough to attempt the capture of a specimen pests are found, in wheat ricks especially, and have without any weapon. The; little beast immediately seen the manner in which the interior is sometimes fastened itself on his armsleeve, but was fortunately drilled, as it were, in every direction by their runs, can dislodged by a violent jerk before its teeth had done at all appreciate the amount of their depredations; and more than graze the skin. On falling to the ground it surely the occasional abduction of a chicken or a duckscampered off to the nearest hedgebank, and was soon ling, supposing it to be even much more firequently out of sight. The ermine is usually caught by very chargeable against the weasel than it really is, would simple means, namely, by a trap in the form of a be but a trifling set-off against the benefit produced heavy stone or slab, which, being delicately supported by the destruction of those swarms of little thieves." by a thin stick baited with flesh, at the first or second Like other creatures preying upon animals, the weasel nibble suddenly falls and crushes the intruder. Senti- itself falls a prey to enemies of superior strength; and mental individuals may be disposed to pity the poor instances have also been recorded where its sharp bite little ermines, who are thus mercilessly destroyed to has enabled it to destroy its more powerful persecutor. serve for the external adornment of the wealthy; but The flexibility of the body in such cases is shown to we beg to remind such persons that it were better, be of essential service. Mr. Bell gives the following without warning, to perish like a stoat beneath the story:-" As a gentleman of the nalne of Pinder, then squash of a brickbat, than to sit round a well-served residing at Bloxworlth in Dorsetshire, was riding over table with a Damoclesian sword suspended over one's his grounds, he saw at a short distance firom him a kite MUSTELIDZE. MAMMALIA. -MUSTEmIDA:. 93 pounce on some object on the ground, and rise with attachment. In a domestic state it is observed to sleep it in his talons. In a few moments, however, the kite much in the day, and to be fond of warmth. One began to show signs of great uneasiness, rising rapidly in which I saw in the possession of a Canadian woman, the air, or as quickly falling, and wheeling irregularly passed the day in her pocket, looking out occasionally round, whilst it was evidently endeavouring to force when its attention was roused by any unusual noise. some obnoxious thing from it with its feet. After a Like a cat, a tame vison is easily offended, and will, on short but sharp contest, the kite fell suddenly to the a sudden provocation, bite those who are most kind to earth, not far from where Mr. Pinder was intently it." The female produces from four to seven young at watching the manceuvre. He instantly rode up to the a birth. The fur is not much valued by traders, never spot, when a weasel ran away from the kite apparently theless it appears to be of good quality, being soft, fine, unhurt, leaving the bird dead, with a hole eaten through and downy; the principal defect is, that it is very the skin under the wing, and the large bloodvessels short. of the part torn through." Respecting the geographi- THE OTTER (Lutrta vulgaris), Plate 10, fig. 35.cal distribution of the weasel, it has a range almost The genus of which this well-known animal forms a coextensive with that of the ermine. Even in this type is partly characterized by the possession of thirtycountry the fur of the weasel has been observed to six teeth, and of these there are twenty molars, the grow whitish on the approach of winter, while in the sectorial or laniary grinder of the upper series being higher American latitudes it usually becomes as white enormously developed, while the corresponding carnasas the ermine after the cold season has fairly set in. sials of the lower jaw are tuberculated at the posterior In these cases the tail retains its normal light reddish- half; there are, in all, six true molars-one on either brown colour. In the spring the female produces side of the upper jaw, and two to each divisional series either four or five young ones at a single birth. below. In all the members of the genus the body is THE VISON (Vison lutreola).-This species has much lengthened, and in the species under considerabeen described under a variety of names, such as the tion it is upwards of two feet long, exclusive of the vison-weasel, the mink, the minx-otter, and the jackash. tail, which would add nearly a foot and a half more. It is a very common animal throughout Canada and A full-sized otter will weigh about twenty-four pounds, the United States, as far south as Carolina. The body but the naturalist Pennant has recorded one captured is nearly a foot and a half in length, exclusive of the in the river Lea which weighed as much as forty tail, which would add seven or eight inches more. The pounds. The head of the common otter is broad and head is small, terminating anteriorly in a short, flat, compact, and it terminates anteriorly in an abrupt wide and abrupt muzzle. The ears are small and oval, the muzzle, the upper lip being particularly thick and eyes being placed well forward. The cheeks are fur- overlapping the lower. The ears are small, short, nished with very strong, short, brown-coloured whis- rounded, and widely separated; the eyes are remarkkers. The jaws are provided with thirty-four teeth, ably prominent and placed far forward, about an inch of which there are eighteen molars, four on either side from the tip of the nose. The limbs are short, and end in above, and five correspondingly opposed below. The palmatedpentadactylousfeet, theseveral digitsbeingconlimbs are short, the toes being connected together by a nected together by a strong thick membrane, and they membrane and entirely covered with hair; the claws are also armed at the tip with short, non-retractile, but are almost straight, and project very slightly. The fur slightly elevated claws. The tail is flattened from is of a rich chocolate brown colour, paler on the head above downwards, being immensely strong and broad and underneath the body, but approaching to black on at the root, in which latter situation, below, there occur the back towards the tail. Near the root of this latter the two usual anal glands similar to those described in organ there are to be found the usual pair of anal other musteline genera. The fur is made up of two glands, which give out a highly fetid secretion. Re- qualities of hair; the one kind is soft, fine, short, comspecting its habits, Sir John Richardson remarks that pact, of a whitish colour, save at the tips, where it "the vison passes much of its time in the water, and is brown; the other is long, course, stiff, smooth, when pursued seeks shelter in that element in prefer- and somewhat darker externally at the point. This ence to endeavouring to escape to land, on which it combination, therefore, is such that, while offering travels slowly. It swims and dives well, and can little or no resistance to the water during the remain a considerable time under water. Its shortfur forward progress of the animal, it, at the same time, forming a smooth glossy coat, its tail exactly like that preserves the body from sudden changes of temperaof an otter, and the shortness of its legs, denote its ture. In every part of the animal the muscular system aquatic habits. It preys upon small fish, fish-spawn, is very highly developed, and to those who, like ourfresh-water mussels, &c., in the summer; but in the selves, affect to see much that is attractive even in the winter, when its watery haunts are frozen over, it will so-called dry details of myological anatomy, we could hunt mice on land, or travel to a considerable distance not point out a more beautiful display of muscles than through the snow in search of a rapid or fall, where there such as may be witnessed by a careful dissection of the is still some open water." The same authority further neck of the common otter. In point of fact, this creaobserves that the vison " is not very timid when in the ture is exquisitely organized both for rapidity of motion water, and will approach near to a canoe out of curiosity, through the lambent waters of a rolling stream, and for diving, however, instantly on perceiving the flash of a overtaking and seizing the swiftest of its finny prey. gun, or any movement from whence it apprehends The spindle-shaped body, elastic to a high degree, and danger. It is easily tamed? and is capable of strong bounded by harmonious curlres —the plrojecting eye 94 MUSTELID.. -MAMMALIA. MUSTELIDAE. balls-the smooth, close, glossy fur-the broad rudder- as possible, and they are at first fed with small fish and forming tail-and the short, web-footed, fin-like limbs, water. Then bread and milk is to be alternated with -all combine to show its singular adaptiveness to the the fish, and the proportion of the former gradually fluviatile and lacustrine haunts, where in ceaseless increased till they are led to live entirely on bread and activity it despoils the waters of their abounding milk. They are then taught to fetch and carry, piscine treasures! Noiselessly it glides through the exactly as dogs are trained to the same tlick; and liquid medium, rivalling, surpassing, and overcoming when they are brought to do this with ease and docility, the finny tribes; and one by one the latter fall victims a leather fish stuffed with wool is employed for the to his trenchant grasp! In succession each captive is purpose. They are afterwards exercised with a dead hurried to the bank, forthwith torn asunder, and the fish, and chastised if they disobey or attempt to tear it; head severed in a moment's time! All this is common and finally, they are sent into the water after living testimony which none will dispute. The common otter ones. In this way, although the process is somewhat is, indeed, extremely voracious, and will destroy an tedious, it is believed that the otter may be certainly incredible quantity of fish; for, when the latter are domesticated, and rendered subservient to our use." abundant, he has no sooner detached and devoured the Independent, moreover, of their value as purveyors of head,andit maybe a small additional portion ofthebody, fish, several accounts go to prove that, in the tame than off he starts again, as if for the mere pleasure of the state, they become tractable, docile, and even amusing chase. Speaking of this animal's habits, Mr. Bell also creatures. In the early spring of the year the female observes that " the otter avails itself of any convenient produces from three to five young at a birth. The excavation, particularly of the hollows beneath the flesh has a coarse fishy flavour, and is not considered overhanging roots of trees which grow on the banks of good eating. rivers, or any other secure and concealed hole near its THE APMERICAN OTTER (Lutra americana) is a fishing haunt; though in some cases it fixes its retreat much larger species than the above. The body is at some distance fiom the water, and, when driven by three feet and a half in length, exclusive of the tail, for a scanty supply of fish, it has been known to resort far which we must reckon other eighteen inches. The fur inland to the neighbourhood of the farmyard, and is of a rich brown colour, not only on the back, but attack lambs, sucking-pigs, and poultry-thus assuming also underneath the belly; differing in this latter parfor a time the habits of its more terrestrial congeners. ticular from the European species, which is lighter It is asserted by some that the otter confines its haunts below. According to Hlearne, the fur is nearly black to the rivers and lakes, never descending to the sea. in the summer, but in the winter it assumes the characThis, however, is a mistake. In the northern parts of teristic chocolate brown, a greyish spot being placed Scotland they certainly frequent the sea, and extend under the chin. This form of otter is widely distributed their rambles to a considerable distance from the throughout the North American continent. Sir John shore; and Mr. Couch of Polperro, states that " in the Richardson states that it closely resembles the common summer, and when the weather will permit, it occupies otter in its habits and food. "In the winter season it a retired and quiet station where the land stretches into frequents rapids and falls, to have the advantage of the ocean. It swims low in the water, and will go a open water; and when its usual haunts are frozen mile ormoreafteritsprey. Theneighbourhoodofa popu- over, it will travel to a great distance through the snow lous harbour is a frequent station. Fishes," continues in search of a rapid that has resisted the severity of Mr. Couch, "seem to have an instinctive dread of the the weather. If seen and pursued by hunters on these otter; for I am credibly infbrmed that it has been seen to journeys, it will throw itself forward on its belly, and collect into a shoal a vast number of trouts in a river, slide through the snow for several yards, leaving a and to drive them before until the greater part have deep furrow behind it. This movement is repeated thrown themselves on shore." The otter has likewise with so much rapidity, that even a swift runner on its enemies. In former times the sport of otter hunting snow shoes has much trouble in overtaking it. It also was much sought after in this country, as indeed it doubles on its track with much cunning, and dives probably would also be at the present day, if those under the snow to elude its pursuers. When closely animals were only more abundant. In certain parts of pressed, it will turn and defend itself with great obstiScotland, Wales, and Ireland, otters are still tolerably nacy. In the spring of 1826, at Great Bear Lake, the numerous; but if they were allowed to increase with- otters frequently robbed our nets, which were set under out any check, the more delicate sport of the fly-fisher the ice, at a distance of a few yards from a piece of would be seriously compromised. One of the most open water. They generally carried off the heads of interesting facts connected with this persecuted animal the fish, and left the bodies sticking in the net." This is, that with care it may, when taken young, be com- last-named habit strikingly accords With what we have pletely domesticated, and not only become an agreeable above remarked in regard to the common species, and companion, but even lend a hand to its master, should it explains the extraordinary amount of destruction he be a fisherman in the ordinary sense of the term. which these animals are known to create among fishes. In Sweden, the employment of this animal in the cap- The female American otter produces from one to three ture of fish appears to be no uncommon circumstance; young at a single birth. The fur is of an excellent and an instance has been recorded of an otter which texture and quality, but its value is deteriorated by the captured eight or ten salmon in a single day. Accord- circumstance of its being rather short; nevertheless, ing to Mr. Bell, the following is a method of training several thousand skins are annually imported into this recommended:-" They should be procured as young country. In the list of Mustelide contained in the MUSTELIDE.- MAMMALIA. MUSTELIDiE. 95 British Museum, this species is denominated Lataxina THE SEA OTTER (Enhydra marilna), or kalan of moll's. the Kamtschatkadales, is a very remarkable animal, THE BRAZILIAN OTTER (Lutra Braziliensis) is, approximating closely to the pinnigrade seals in its in point of mere size, very similar to the foregoing; habits and haunts. The length of the body is rather the female examples, however, procured by the natu- more than three feet, exclusive of the tail, which gives ralist D'Azara, did not exceed four feet in length, an additional seven or eight inches in a full-grown including the tail, which measured twelve inches in the specimen. The head is rounded posteriorly, the outlargest specimen. The fur has a fulvous yellow colour, line, in a profile view, seen passing insensibly, as it generally, approaching to a chestnut hue on the limbs were, into that of the strong, thick, muscular neck. and tail. According to D'Azara, as quoted by Mr. The ears are remarkably small, and placed on a much Ogilby, this " species lives in troops, which sometimes, lower level than the eyes. The whiskers are strongly rising to the surface of the water, lift their heads and developed. The limbs are short, more especially the bark like dogs, with a hoarse voice in a menacing and anterior pair, and the hinder feet are comparatively snapping manner, without, however, injuring voyagers more bulky than the fore ones, being also situated very or swimmers. Each family seems to possess a separate far back. The toes are covered with hair, almost condomain. It spends nearly as much time upon the water cealing the claws, and the outermost digit of the posas it does upon the land, where it devours the fish terior feet is longer than any of the others. The fur which it has taken, and rears its young in holes which varies in colour at different seasons of the year, and it excavates in the banks. The same author was likewise according to the animal's age. Ordinarily, it informed by the Payaguas Indians, who sail continually is of a deep, sooty brown, or sometimes of a rich jetup and down the river, and are better acquainted with black colour; but in young specimens it is lighter. this animal than others, that the female brings forth There are two kinds of hair as usual; the longer are two at a birth, covered with hai', and that many females whitish, and overlap the more numerous soft, downy bring forth and rear their young at the same time and hairs, which lie partly concealed beneath. The fur in the same place-their usual resort throughout the has a beautiful, glossy, velvety texture; and, according year. The motions of this otter are generally slow, to Captain Cook's account, is softer and finer than that and it drags, as it were, its belly and muzzle along the of any other species. In early times, the skins appear ground; when it runs, it is not at all swift." By the to have fetched an extraordinary price; for Pallas Portuguese colonists of South America, the Brazilian states that single skins were sold at Kiachta, by the otter is called Loto de Rio, or River-wolf. In the Bri- Russian furriers, at the rate of one hundred roubles-a tish Museum Catalogue, it is termed the'Lutra.' sum of money equivalent to twenty pounds sterling. THE JAVANESE OTTER (Aomyx Le~ptonyx) is also Even now, the sea otter's fur is highly prized, especially known by the names of the simung and the wergul. It is as its numbers have been so considerably reduced by the a small species comparatively, the body measuring very competition of Russian, Anglo-Indian, and American little more than two feet, exclusive of the tail, which is traders. This animal was formerly abundant on the about half that length. The character and texture of islands skirting the north-eastern shores of Asia, the fur is very similar to that of our common-European Kamtschatka, the Kurile, and the Aleutian isles; but species, but the brown colour has a much less rich tint, it is now almost limited to the western coasts of North approaching more to a tawny aspect; the lower part of America, extending as far south as California. The the face, throat, neck, and breast, being of a light dusky fur is purchased principally by the inhabitants of China yellow. The whiskers are strongly developed in a and Japan. In a morphological point of view, the sea double series on either side, one set of bristly hairs otter may be looked upon as an intermediate form arising immediately below the nose, and the other from between the fresh-water otters and the true maritime the posterior region of the cheek. Dr. Horsfield states seals; and we also find that in its capacity for capturing that " the Javanese otter agrees in its manners with fish, it appears to combine the special facilities of the common otter. It inhabits the banks of rivers, and either species. It is essentially a marine animal, living lives on fishes. Its disposition, when found at large, is very constantly in the open sea, and only frequenting extremely ferocious; if attacked, it defends itself with the rocks for repose, and for the occasional purpose of courage. It is with great difficulty taken in its adult rearing its young. The Russian traveller, Von Kotzestate; but, if obtained when young, it ismildand tractable. bue, has given the following interesting account of the In this state it is occasionally seen in dwellings, but I habits and mode of hunting the sea otter:-" They never observed it to continue long in confinement. are often seen on the surface of the water, many miles The natives distinguish two varieties of the Javanese from land, lying asleep on their backs, with their otter, to one of which the name of wergul, to the other young, of which two are produced at a birth, resting that of welingsang, is applied. The former is of a upon them and sucking. The young cannot swim grey colour, and is said to be solitary, while the latter until they are several months old; but the mother, lives gregariously; but these statements require confir- when she goes out to sea in search of food, carries mation." The species under consideration is found in them on her back, and brings them home to her hole parts of the Indian Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, their in the rocks when she has duly satisfied her hunger. adjacent isles, and the Continent of Siam. Its voice If seen by the hunters during these excursions, the is said to bear some resemblance to that of a person female falls a sure prey to them; for she never forsakes crying. The female exhibits much solicitude and her offspring however much they embarrass her swimaffection for her offspring. ming, but, in common with the male, defends them 96 RVIvERRID/E. MAMMALIA. VIVERRIDAE.;0oarageously against every attack. The lungs are so tail, having throughout an almost uniform thickness. constructed that they cannot subsist for more than a The head is narrowv; the muzzle being short, with the few minutes under water, but are necessitated to nostrils deeply notched laterally. The mouth and eyes reascend to the surface for breath. These opportuni- are comparatively small, more particularly the former. ties are seized by the hunters, who would seldom The ears are remarkably large, conspicuous, andhairy; succeed if the otter could remain long under water, they have an oval outline, the margin being folded where it swims with great rapidity and skill. The upon itself posteriorly; the internal surface is also hunters row in the little Aleutian baidars or boats marked by sinuosities. The whiskers are numerous round the coast, and for some miles out to sea, being and strongly developed. The limbs are stoutish, and provided with bows, arrows, and short javelins, which of moderate length, the anterior pair being rather they discharge as soon as they observe an otter. The shorter than the hind ones. The feet are plantigrade animal is seldom struck at first; it immediately dives, and pentadactylous, the soles being naked, and the and as it swims very rapidly, the skill of the hunter is digits furnished with compressed, retractile, incurved displayed in giving the canoe the same direction as claws; those of the anterior feet being more sharply that taken by the animal. As soon as the otter pointed than the posterior series. The galet is a native reappears on the water, it is once more fired at, when of the island of Madagascar. Although plantigrade in down it dives again; and the pursuit is thus continued its walk, most of the characters above recorded, as well until the creature becomes so weary that it is at length as those of the dentition, serve to indicate a close allieasily struck. Sometimes the otters succeed in tearing ance with the more highly carnivorous cats and dogs. out with their teeth the arrows which have wounded It is to Mr. Bennett that naturalists are indebted for them, and often, especially if their young are with having early described this species in the first volume them, boldly rush upon the canoes, and attack their of the Zoological Society's Transactions. persecutors-employing for this purpose their powerful THE DELUNDUNG (Prionodon gracilis) comes so teeth and claws. These conflicts, however, uniformly near to the cats in certain particulars, that Dr. Horsterminate in the defeat and death of the otter. The field originally described it as a species of Felis in his hunt is safer when the canoes are numerous, but, with valuable " Zoological Researches in Java." It was experienced hunters, two boats are sufficient." discovered by him in the district of Blambangan at the eastern extremity of the island in the year 1806. The FAMILY III.-VIVERRJID.L. length of the body is about fifteen and a half inches, not including the tail, which would give us rather more This family embraces a large section of the Carnivora, than another foot. A glance at the excellent figure but the interest attaching to them being probably less presented in the work above quoted, is sufficient to than that accorded to any other subdivision of the prove its distinctiveness as a separate species-the Mammalia, we shall consequently devote a smaller body being singularly elongated, vermiform, and rather space to their consideration. By many naturalists the slimly built. The tail is also very long, cylindrical, hyeenas are included in this group; yet, as they are and particularly thick at the base, the outline of the clearly osculant between the civets alnd the cats, it is rump being prolonged, as it were, into that of the our intention to consider them as a separate family. extended caudal development. The head is tapering, The civets, properly so called, have usually forty teeth, and sharply pointed in fiont. The nose is elongated, their dental formula displaying the ordinary number of naked, and furnished with laterally-placed nostrils. incisors and canines seen in the typical Carnivora, but The jaws are provided with thirty-eight teeth of which almost invariably presenting twenty-four molars-that there are twenty-two molars, five on either side above, is to say, six above and below on either side; and of and six correspondingly opposed in each series below. these, the anterior sixteen are spurious, while, of the The eyes are placed far forward, and have a circular remaining eight, six only are tuberculated-a pair of pupil. The ears are rather small, short, rounded, and the inferior true molars being carnassial in their cha- somewhat irregular at the margin. Long whisker racter. The tongue is furnished with numerous sharp, proceed from the upper lip, projecting backwards rough, horny papillae, which are directed backwards. beyond the head; others also rise fiom the angles The feet are more or less digitigrade, being generally of the mouth, and from the interspaces between the pentadactylous, but in soma cases tetradactylous-the eyes and ears. The feet are five-toed and digiticlaws being slightly raised during progression. Seba- grade, being clothed with hail above and below. ceous glandular follicles exist in the anal region, capable The digits are provided with minute, sharply-poinlted, of secreting a more or less disagreeable foetid matter. retractile claws. The delundung is an attractive and The various kinds of viverrine carnivors are widely elegant species. "On a ground of pale, yellowishdistributed over the eastern hemisphere. A solitary white, which covers the throat, breast, belly, sides, species of civet, with long hair, large ears, and a small and part of the back and tail, the distinguishing pointed head, is known to inhabit Mexico. The natu- marks of a deep brown colour, inclining to black, ralist Lichtenstein has described and figured it under are arranged in the following manner: —Four transthe combined generic and specific title of Bassaris verse bands, gradually increasing in breadth, cover ast uta. the back at intervals between the limbs. On the rump THE GALE T (Cryptoprocta ferox). —This creature are two narrow bands; two longitudinal stripes take is about the size of our common stoat. The body is their origin, one between the ears, the other near the very slender, terminating posteriorly in a long hairy posterior angle of the eye on each side, and pass, with VIVERRIDEt. MAMMALIA.- VIVERRI:oD. 97 interruptions at the transverse bands, to the thighs, been told respecting it; but the sober science of when they are continued by numerous large spots modern times very properly rejects such silly records which cover these parts. From the shoulders and as totally unworthy of belief. By European residents thighs, several obscure stripes pass to the feet, which in Egypt the ichneumon is luknown by the name of have a dusky-grey colour. Between the origin of the Pharaoh's rat; but the native Arabs call it nems or longitudinal stripes of the body, and the transverse irims. The traveller Sonnini, whose observations on bands of the back, two smaller stripes are placed, which this animal were made towards the close of the eighunite on the lower part of the neck from the opposite teenth century, was one of the first to give an accurate sides." Little or nothing is known of the habits of the account of these creatures. Speaking of their habits Delungdung beyond such as may be legitimately he says that " they feed upon rats, birds, and reptiles. inferred from its carnivorous structure, and from the They ramble about the habitations of men; they even circumstance of its being usually found in extensive steal into them in order to surprise the poultry and forests. devour their eggs. It is this natural fondness for eggs THE MEERKAT (Cynictis Steeclmannii).-Mr. Ogilby that prompts them frequently to scratch up the sand first accurately described this species in the Zoological with the intention of discovering those that the crocoSociety's Transactions. It is an inhabitant of the diles deposit there, and it is in this manner that they district of Uytenhaye on the borders of Kaffraria. prevent, in reality, the excessive propagation of these The term meerkat is applied by the South African detestable animals." The Egyptian ichneumon is colonists to signify almost any kind of small quad- readily domesticated, and specimens of it are always ruped having burrowing habits. The body of the to be seen in living collections in this country. The meerkat is about a foot and a half in length, exclusive fur has a peculiar dark tawny-grey aspect, resulting of the tail which would give another twelve inches. fiom the circumstance that the individual hairs are The jaws are furnished with thirty-eight teeth, of coloured with alternating rings of chestnut-brown and which twenty-two are molars, twelve above and ten yellow. The muzzle and feet have a deep, reddishbelow; the last two on either side of the upper series, brown tinge. The tail is long, thick, and bushy at the as well as one correspondingly opposed on each side root. A full-grown ichneumon is about the size of an below, being tuberculated. The limbs are slender and ordinary cat. When much excited it is said to growl comparatively long. The feet are completely digiti- and even bark. grade, and provided with claws adapted to grubbing up THE MOONGUS (Herpestes griseus).-This animnal the soil. The fore-feet are five-toed; but the hind- is also known as the Indian ichneumon in contradisfeet are tetradactylous. The fur has a bright reddish tinction to the above-described species; but as there or chestnut tinge generally, being deeper coloured on are several other allied forms inhabiting the great the back. The tail is bushy like that of a fox, and Asiatic peninsula and the adjacent islands, it is better shaded with dark-brown hairs, except at the tip, where to retain the more distinctive appellation here given. it is of a uniform dull white. The texture of the fur The moongus is celebrated for attacking venomous is smooth, close, and fine. This animal appears to be serpents, and it is said to have recourse to the plant tolerably abundant in the locality above mentioned, as called Hampadder-tanah or Mungo-root (Ophorhiza several travellers have been careful to notice its occur- mungos) as an antidote to their venom. The plant is rence. At a time when the meerkats were perhaps still employed as an antidote by the natives; but we totally unknown. to Europeans, the African traveller, do not place much faith in the above-mentioned stateBarrow, *records the following little incident:-" An ment, which was originally recorded and concocted eagle," he says, "making a stoop at one of these, close by Rumphius. This animal's astonishing power of to where we were passing., missed his prey, and both destroying vermin, however, has been satisfactorily fell a sacrifice, one to the gun, the other to the dogs." demonstrated in our own country. Mr. Bennett, in his THE EGYPTIAN ICHNEUMON (Hepestes Ichneu- account of a specimen kept in the tower of London, mon)-Plate 9, fig. 32. The various members of relates that the beast actually destroyed, on one occathe genus Herpestes, are, amongst other things, char- sion, no fewer than a dozen full-grown rats which were acterized by the possession of forty teeth, of which loosed to it in a room sixteen feet square, accomplishtwenty-four belong to the molar series, the last two on ing the slaughter in a minute and a half! The either side above, and the ultimate tooth of each corre- moongus may be readily tamed and taught to accomsponding group below, being tuberculated. The head pany its master anywhere, both in and out of doors. is furnished with short and rounded ears, and the THE GARANGAN (Herpestes Javanicus) is a native circumferential osseous ring of the orbital space is in of Java, and is especially abundant in the large teak most cases complete. The limbs are short, the feet forests of that island. Like the last-described species, being pentadactylous and armed with huge, cornm- it is exceedingly destructive to serpents, which it pressed, incurved, and slightly retractile claws. The attacks with great fury. Rats appear to be its favouroval glandular pouch is remarkably capacious. The ite food; but it is also terribly destructive to chickens. fur consists of long, rigid hairs, more or less annulated In pursuing its prey it exercises much cunning and with alternating shades of dark and light tints. The ingenuity. It is very easily domesticated; but its Egyptian ichneumon is the best known of all the propensities for poultry deter the Javanese fiom showspecies, and is celebrated by Herodotus, Aristotle, and ing it much regard. Moreover, it is said to be of a many other ancient writers. All sorts of fabulous capricious disposition, occasionally indulging in fits of stories, mixed with a certain degree of truth, have anger and violence. The fur of the garangan or VOL. I. 13 98 VIVERRIDE-. MAMMALIA. - VIVERRIDE. Javanese ichneumon, as it is sometimes called, is annulations and peculiar tinting. The colour is a rather darker than that of the moongus and its allies. mixture of yellow, white, brown, and black. The THE RAiTLAMUCHI (Hegpestes badius) inhabits the inner sides of the legs are yellowish-brown, and the Cape of Good Hope and neighbouring parts of southern hairs on the back are also darker, while the tail is Afiica. According to Dr. J. E. Gray, the fur is of a marked with blackish tufts, especially at the tip.': red bay, the hairs being of a uniform colour, except The habits of the suricate are similar to those of its a few just over the shoulder nape, which have a black congeners, feeding, as it does, upon rats, mice, &c. sub-apical ring." The ratlamuchi, in common with its It is also reported to be exceedingly destructive to congeners, is very shy in the wild state, so that only cockroaches. very feeble glimpses can be obtained of it while it THE MANGUE (Crossarc/t' s obscurus).-This atlihurriedly escapes from one wood to another. There mal was first described by M. Friedrick Cuvier. It is is every reason to believe that it feeds upon rats, mice, an inhabitant of the district of Sierra Leone, on the snakes, and lizards; but the stomachs of those ex- west coast of Afiica. In respect of size and general amples obtained by Dr. Smith, who originally described appearance it resembles the suricate. The head is the species, contained the remains of insects only. more rounded posteriorly than in the ichneumons; In the catalogue of Mammalia preserved in the British but the bony orbital ring is incomplete behind. The Museum, this species is denominated Smith's ichneu- muzzle is very much produced or proboscidiform; and mon or Heerpestes Sizithii. the jaws are furnished with twenty molars, the laniTHE SURICATE OR ZENIC (Rh/yzcena tetraclactyla) aries or carnassials being surmounted with acute is also a native of southern Afiica, and is rather conical tubercles. The ears are small, round, and smaller than the Indian moongus, being about four bilobulated. The central papille of the tongue are feet long, including the tail, which is rather more than horny. The feet are plantigrade and pentadactylous, half the length of the body. The suricate possesses while the tail is flattened, of moderate length, but conthirty-six teeth, twenty being molars, of which the siderably thicker than that of the suricate. In the anterior twelve are spurious. The four true grinders anal region there is a solitary glandular pouch. The of the upper series and the two ultimate ones below body is only sixteen inches in length, not including the are tuberculated. The orbital cavity is surrounded by tail, which measures some eight inches. The fiur prea complete osseous ring. The ears are small, the sents a tolerably uniform brownish colour, except on muzzle much produced, the tongue being furnished the sides of the head, where it is much paler. The with horny papilla. The limbs are comparatively mangue feeds on small quadrupeds, insects, and fruits; long, terminating in tetradactylous'feet, whose digits and in the domesticated state it is a cleanly docile are armed with strongly-ldeveloped, compressed, in- creature. curved claws. The tail is slender and pointed, and THE POUGONNE (Paradcoxurus tflpjus). —As this the anal region is supplied with the usual pair of animal, in common with several of its allies, is called glandular follicles. The fur of the zenic very closely the mzzsang, we purposely retain the subjoined disresembles that of the ichneumon in respect of its tinctive title. The term Paradoxure, by which it is Fig. 27. The Pougonne (Iaradoxurus typus). likewise well known, is also applicable to other species however, it has been frequently confounded. The of the same genus; while to employ the name of palm- head exhibits a thoroughly canine aspect, and the marten given to it by the French, would involve the nmuzzle is much pointed. The jaws are supplied with same uncertainty, being open to precisely similar forty teeth, twenty-foui of them being molars. The objections. The Pougonne (fig. 27), is a -native of pupil of the eye is slit longitudinally, the ears being India, and is quite distinct from the genets, with which, r rather large and rounded. The body is stoutish and VIvERRIDrE.. MAMMALIA. VIVFRRIDm. 99 provided with short limbs, the feet being semi-palmate, the limbs being almost black. A whitish-grey band plantigrade, and pentadactylous. The claws are passes backwards from the eye, gradually increasing inl slightly retractile. The odoriferous secreting pouch is breadth until it arrives at the centre of the neck. represented by a superficial grandular space, placed a The pupils of the eyes are rounded. The limbs are little below the anal opening. The tail is as long as robust, terminating in pentadactylous feet, armed with the body, cylindrical, slightly flattened from above large, strong, semi-retractile claws. In regard to the downwards, and non-prehensile; in the example de- habits of the Luwak, Dr. Horsfield states that they are scribed by F. Cuvier it was found spirally folded upon " very similar to those of the genet. If taken while itself, as in the figure here given. The fur of the young, it becomes patient and gentle during confinepougonne has a more or less brownish tint generally, ment, and receives readily animal and vegetable food. being marked on the back and sides with darker patches It requires little attention, and even contents itself of the same colour, somewhat' irregularly disposed. Its with the scanty remains of the meals of the natives, habits correspond with those of the species of this family with fish, eggs, rice, potatoes, &c., the structure of its whose food is of a mixed character. teeth being particularly adapted to a vegetable diet. THE COMMON GENET (Genetta vulgaris), is an It prefers, however, delicate and pulpy friuits, but inhabitant of the south of France, of Spain, and of the when pressed by hunger, also attacks fowls and birds." African continent throughout its entire length and The Luwak, we are told, causes terrible damage to the breadth. It is generally found in the low grounds, coffee plantations, devouring the berries with excessive near the edges of rivers, or in the immediate neigl- greediness. On this account some have called it the bourbood of springs. The Genet very much resembles " coffee rat." Only the arillus and external coverings of an ordinary cat, and in the domesticated condition forms the berry are consumed, the seed itself passing through a very good substitute, catching and killing mice with the animal unaffected by the digestive powers of the equal skill. The various members of the genus Genetta animal's stomach. The Luwak is pretty widely disare distinguished by their vertically slit pupils, and by Fig. 28. their completely retractile claws, in which respect they approximate very closely to _ the Felidoe. The odori- < ferous anal pouches are re- - duced to a mere depressioii in the skin, the amount of the -- - secretion being correspondingly deficient; nevertheless quite enough to produce a of th very perceptible odour. The _.. Genets are smaller than the true civets, and less frugivorous in their habits. The fur ia of the species under consideration is more or less greyish and spotted, with conspicuous oval, oblong, or:. rounded patches of a brown- t ishl-black colour, the cheeks and sides of the muzzle being The Rasse (Viverra Rasse). covered with white markings. The tail is beautifully annulated witii upwards of twenty tributed, being found in Sumatra, Java, the Malayan alternating white and black bands. It is as long as the peninsula, and in most of the adjacent islands of the body, and tapers very gently towards the tip, where Indian archipelago. it is also clothed with long coarse hair. Its dental THE RASSE (Viverra Rasse), is a remarkably handarrangement is precisely similar to that of the civets, some creature, and is readily distinguished from its conproperly so called. geners by its elongated form, delicate build, and elegant THE LiWAK (Viverra musanga), is a well-marked colouring (fig. 28). It is also a native of Java and the form, although it resembles the genet in size and many adjoining isles. The length of the body is nearly two other particulars. The head is broad behind, ending feet, not including the tail, which would give us another anteriorly in a sharply pointed muzzle. The jaws are twelve inches. The head is cuneiform, compressed furnished with twenty molar teeth, which are com- sideways, terminating anteriorly in a very attenuated paratively short and broad. The body is about muzzle. The ears are particularly broad at the base, twenty-two inches long, exclusive of the tail, which closely approximating to each other on the crown of would give us another foot and a half. The general the head. The eyes are dark-coloured. The whiskers colour of the fur is that of a deep tawny-brown; the are few in number, but of considerable length. The head, central line of the back, tail, and outer sides of limbs are of moderate size, and terminate in digitigrade 100 VIVERORIDAX. — MAMMALIA.- VIVEIRfIDA. pentadactylous feet, armed with acute semi-retractile joins the agility of the cat and the cunning of the fox." claws. A solitary glandular pouch exists in the anal The same excellent observer tells us that it "' is generegion. The general aspect of the fur is tawny grey, rally found in short underwood covers, mixed more or prettily marked with dark-brown or blackish spots, in less with long grass, and especially where the palmyra addition to which there are eight dark-coloured parallel. or cocoa tree is to be seen. Although it is sometimes bands passing from the shoulders to the posterior met with in various detached jungles, yet, for the most extremity of the rump, four of them being situated on part, its residence is confined to such as border old either side, and immediately below the central line of tanks or jeels. The banks being formed by the the back. The dark spots above mentioned have also excavation, are often very high and broad; with time a tendency to arrange themselves in linear series. they settle and become flatter, and are generally overrun The tail is striped with sixteen circular alternating with very strong brambles, through which even an bands of a black and whitish-grey colour. The Rasse elephant could not make his way without extreme "preys on small birds and animals of every descrip- difficulty. Of such covers the Kutauss is a regular tion. It possesses the sanguinary appetite of animals inhabitant, seldom stirring in the day, during which of this family in a high degree, and the structure time he appears to hide himself in the most opaque of the teeth strictly corresponds with its habits. In recesses." The Kutauss ascends trees with facility, confinement it will devour a mixed diet, and is fed and when chased by hunters makes a very powerful on eggs, fish, flesh, and rice. Salt is reported by the resistance. The odour which it emits is similar to that natives to be a poison to it." The odoriferous secretion of the Rasse, and, like the jibet, is duly extolled by from the anal glands is termed decles by the Javanese the natives as a delightful perfume. It is, however, and jibet by the Malayand nd Dr. Horsfield further highly offensive to Europeans, and Captain Williams informs us that it is quite a "favourite perfume among states that the hunters' dogs in Bengal become perthe Javanese, and applied both to their dresses, and, fectly sick with the stench; nevertheless there is no by means of various unguents and mixtures of flowers, animal which they will so readily attack, and after to their persons. Even the apartments and the furni- they have worried a Kutauss nothing will induce them ture of natives of rank are generally scented with it to to pursue any other kind of game-until at least the such a degree as to be offensive to Europeans, and at smell of the beast has entirely quitted their nostrils. their feasts and public processions the air is widely Kutausses only frequent the neighbourhood of such filled with this odour." villages as are inhabited by Mussulmans, simply be-. THE TANGGALUNG (Viverra zibetha) is a very cause no poultry can be stolen firom those populated widely distributed species throughout the more south- by Hindoos, whose religion forbids the rearing of ern portions of the great Asiatic continent, extending chickens and fowls. Unclean animals all! from Arabia on the west to the coast of Malabar THE AFRICAN CIVET (Viverra civetta)-Plate 9, on the east, and also occupying Sumatra, Java, fig. 31-is the species most commonly known, and it Borneo, and other islands of the Indian archipelago. is from this animal that the unctuous brown substance The term Tanggalung is of Malayan origin; but this termed " civet" is chiefly procured. The fatty matter species is also called the Indian civet, and by the in question is obtained from the two anal glandular native Hindoos is known by the name of the Kutauss. pouches, so fiequently alluded to in other viverrine It is a comparatively strong and bulky species, having genera. In the fresh state its odour is extremely disa short thick neck and somewhat rounded head. -The agreeable; but when very copiously diluted and mixed ears are very much wider apart than obtains in the with other perfumes-the energy of which it appears Rasse, leaving an interspace of about two inches to have the power of augmenting-the combination is width. The tail is cylindrical, nearly uniform in considered pleasant. The Civet is most abundant in thickness, and shorter than the body; it is somewhat North Africa; but it is also found on the coast of indistinctly striped with alternating black and light- Guinea and at other parts of the continent as far south brown rings. The fur has a light-brownish ashy-grey as the Mozambique. In the domesticated condition colour, being marked with small black spots arranged this animal exhibits a very capricious temper; but in a transversely undulating manner. The throat and large numbers of Civets are kept for the sake of lower parts of the belly are whitish. Dr. Horsfield procuring the oily perfume. We are told that the says that, this animal has a comparatively mild dis- unfortunate captives have their dignity insulted about position; but his remarks evidently apply to it when twice a week. Thus, the tails being raised, and the in a semi-domesticated condition. Captain Thomas hinder parts fixed to the bars of their cages in situ, a Williamson's account of the wild Indian civet affords sort of iron scoop is unceremoniously introduced into a clearer estimate of its naturally ferocious character. the before-mentioned pouches, and the glands are " This animal," he says, "' is perhaps the most obnoxious relieved of their odoriferous contents. The African civet of all the wild tribes known in India. It is seldom, if is larger than the Tanggalung, the body being nearly ever, seen on a plain, except at night, when it leaves three feet long, not including the tail, which measures its haunt in quest of prey. The Kutauss is remarkably about eighteen inches. The fur has a light brownishbold, sparing nothing which it can overcome, and grey colour, with spots and bands of a darker brown or frequently killing, as it were, merely for sport. Its blackish tint. The hairs along the central line of the principal devastations are among sheep and swine, from back and neck are sufficiently elongated to form a which it purloins the young, and commits dreadful kind of mane, whllich can be raised or depressed at will. havoc among poultry. To the rapacity of the wolf it The hairs of the tail are also long, and being whitish Hy.~.Ilm. -MAMMALIA.- HYENIDm). 101 with black ends, they impart to the organ a more or Observe how closely this creature resembles several less ringed appearance. The habits of the African other allied forms. In general appearance and attitude civet are by preference nocturnal. It is a good it is like the true hyenas, and this apparent identity climber, and although particularly fond of birds and is perhaps even more obvious in the dentition and in small quadrupeds, it does not reject fruits, roots, and the structure of the skeleton. In respect of its size, other vegetable matters. the form of the head, and in the circumstance of its excavating burrows for diurnal retreat, we notice its FAMILY IV. —NHYIXN'IDA. fox-like qualities, while in several other particulars it approaches the civets. The molars are small, and In a zoological point of view, this family cannot be vary in number from sixteen to twenty. The foreconsidered as equivalent to any of the three foregoing feet are pentadactylous, having the digit of the thumb carnivorous groups. It is clearly osculant between the Viverride and Fig. 29. Felidee, resembling the cats in its dental formula, and the civets in nearly all other respects. In addition to the usual six incisives and four _ canines, the Hymnas have eighteen molars, of which the anterior fourteen, that is, eight above and six below, are, according to the view of < Professor Owen, spurious; whilst, of (JJ La~~?) the four remaining true molars, the upper pair are tuberculated, those of the lower series t remaining sectorial in their character. The Hyenas are ar further distinguished by their peculiar gait, depending upon the paramount ih -i lengthening of the anterior limbs as compared with the hind legs. This _ elongation is perhaps, on the whole, ls more apparent than real; nevertheless, The Aard-Wolf (Proteles Lalandii). taken separately, the tibia and fibula of the posterior extremity are shorter than the correspond- slightly raised. The hind-feet have only four toes. ing radius and ulna of the fore-limb. The feet are The tail is comparatively short. The texture of the all tetradactylous. The ears are large, the eyes pro- fur is soft and woolly, except along the central line of minent, and the tongue covered with horny papillm. the back and neck, where it is loaig and rigid, and The body gradually declines from the shoulder towards forms an erectile mane, the individual hairs being the tail, supporting a bushy mane on the neck and upwards of six inches long. The body displays a central line of the back. There are fifteen or sixteen yellowish ashy-brown colour, the sides being irregupair of ribs. The tail is rather short, the anal glan- larly banded with eight or ten dark-brown stripes, dular pouches being deep and capacious. So far as whilst the legs are also lined with similar transverse at present known, this family is exclusively confined markings. Like its congeners, the habits of the Aardto the eastern hemisphere. Numerous fossil remains wolf are nocturnal, and it feeds on various kinds of of Hymnas occur in the pliocene deposits, and more animal and vegetable food, and from the observations particularly in the ossiferous caverns of Great Britain of Sparrman, appears to be very paitial to ants, thus and central Europe. reminding us also of the insectivorous habits of the THE AARD-WOLF (Proteles.Lalandii)-fig. 29.-o bears. On the approach of daylight he retires to his This is a very interesting animal, inasmuch as it con- self-constructed subterraneous burrow, and there lies stitutes one of those transitional or aberrant forms concealed during the day. Aard-wolves are remarkwhich serve to demonstrate the unity of plan perivading ably timid and shy; and, as if to increase their security, all organized beings. The various species which in- they not only make their burrows near each other, habitthis planet, whether animal or vegetable, are not but many are frequently found occupying the same to be regarded as creations representing so many hole, which, however, may have several outlets, so totally different designs, but they are rather to be that they can all escape if disturbed. They are thus looked upon as special modifications of one common gregarious in their habits, and are also swift runners, archetypal plan. Speaking of secondary causes, we notwithstanding the disproportion which exists between may say that nature developes progressively, and in,the anterior and posterior extremities. accordance with the motto,'Nihilper saltu'm." Such THE STRIPED HYE~NA (HIycenet striatca)-Plate 9, a view is atI the same time quite consistent with the fig. 30. —This is the most widely distributed species, notion that each animal-the Aard-wolf, for example being found in abundance in the greater part of central — is an independent entity, a distinct species, a Asia, Hindoostan, Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Syria, and separate creation, an expression of the Divine will. northern Africa. It is recognized by its brownish 102 H YrmNIDIE. BMAMMALIA. HY.mNIDr. grey colour, which is darker along the central line of often eighteen or twenty feet in diameter —the floor is the back and neck, where the hairs are prolonged to raised at the higher or back part of the house, until form an erectile mane, the sides of the body being also within three or four feet of the fiont, where it suddenly marked by several dark-brown bands. All the hymenas terminates, leaving an area fiom thence to the wall, in display remarkable strength and voracity, their jaws which every midnight the calves are tied, to protect being eminently fitted for tearing and crushing the them from the storms or fiom wild beasts. Now it hardest substances. At night they prowl about in would be natural to suppose, that should the wolf large numbers, devouring alike living and dead animals, (hy mna) enter, he would seize the first object for his whether the latter be fresh or semiputrid. Graves are prey, especially as the natives always lie with the fire torn open without ceremony-a circumstance which at their feet; but notwithstanding this, the constant has given rise to various superstitions and silly tales, practice of this animal has been in every instance to which ancient writers ignorantly delighted to record. pass by the calves in the area, and even by the fire, The Striped hyeena is not very particular as to the char- and to take the children from under the mother's kaross; acter or size of his victim. Colonel Denham, when at and this in such a gentle and cautious manner, that the Kouka, informs us that a legion of this species literally poor parent has been unconscious of her loss, until the stormed a large village in that neighboulrhood one cries of her little innocent have reached her from with-. night, and, notwithstanding that the place was sur- out, when a close prisoner in the jaws of the monster." rounded by a barricade, consisting of branches of the The same writer avers, that there had come to his prickly tulip nearly six feet in height, they succeeded knowledge no less than forty instances where these in throwing it down and taking away two donkeys. beasts had thus committed serious havoc within the He adds-" We constantly heard them close to the space of only a few months. The Spotted hbyena is a walls of our own town at nights, and on a gate being great coward, for he will usually only attack his intended left partly open, they would enter and carry off any victim after he has succeeded in intimidating him, and unfortunate animal that they could find in the streets." in making him run for his life. To bring about this It has often been stated that hymenas cannot be tamed result, he utters hideous howls, and puts on every kind -a notion which is entirely erroneous. Among the of snarl and grimace which his villanous physiognomy very many proofs which have been adduced to show can conjure up. This propensity to howl, however, that the species under consideration is quite capable seems to be rather disadvantageous than otherwise, of domestication, we may refer to Mr. Bennett's account seeing that it serves as a warning to the occupants of of a Striped hymena kept in the tower of London, farm-yards and villages. Its design is probably to which manifested remarkable docility and attachment inspire terror, and not to call together other hymenas of to its keeper. It may also be mentioned, on the the same species, as some have supposed. Various authority of Colonel Sykes, that in central India, methods are adopted to destroy this pest, the best of where the species is numerous, they are found to be which seems to be that of a spring-gun trap, set in the as susceptible of domestication as ordinary dogs. following manner:-" Two young trees are selected, THE SPOTTED HYIENA (Hycena crocuta). - This and divested of their lower branches, or, in lieu of such, is called the " Tiger-wolf" by the colonists at the Cape a couple of stout posts, firmly driven into the ground, of Good Hope, and it is often spoken of simply as the will answer the purpose equally well. To these trees Wolf, in contradistinction to the next species, which is or posts, as the case may be, the gun is firmly lashed termed the Strand-wolf. Though most abundant in in a horizontal position, and with the muzzle pointing Southern Africa, the Spotted hyvena is found as far slightly upwards. A piece of wood about six inches ill north and west as the coast of Guinea and Senegal, length-the lever, in short-is tied to the side of the and even Barbary, if the statements of Lesson are gun-stock, in such a manner as to move slightly forcorrect. It is rather smaller than the last-described wards and backwards. A stout piece of string connects species, and is further distinguished by the absence of the trigger with the lower part of the lever. To the any well-marked mane, as well as by the circumstance upper extremity of the latter is attached a long piece that the fur is covered with roundish black spots, instead of cord, to the outer end of which, after it has been of stripes, which, nevertheless, exhibit a tendency to passed through one of the empty ramrod tubes, is tied arrange themselves in linear series. The general colour a lump of flesh, which is pushed over the muzzle of the of the fur is yellowish-brown, the hairs being compara- gun." By this contrivance Mr. Anderson and his fiiends tively short. The tail is bushy, and of a brownish- succeeded in destroying several hymnas. The same black tinge. The habits of the Spotted hyrena appear sportsman and author records in his "Lake Ngami" the to be even more destructive than those of the striped following curious incident. While stationed at Great species. Numerous accounts have been placed on Namaqua-land, lie says-" Almost the first animal I record respecting its extraordinary rapacity, but of saw at this place was a gigantic'tiger-wolf,' or Spotted these we shall refer only to the more interesting. The hyrena, which, to my surprise, instead of seeking safety traveller Steedman gives the following account of its in flight, remained stationary, grinning in the most depredations, as communicated to him by a trustworthy ghastly manner. Having approached within twenty correspondent, who writes from Mamboland as follows: paces I perceived to ny horror, that his fore-paws, and " To show clearly the preference of the wolf (i.e., the skin and flesh of his firont legs, had been gnawed Spotted hy na) for human flesh, it will be necessary to away, and that he could scalrcely move from the spot. notice, that when the Mambookies build their houses, To shorten the sufferings of the poor beast, I seized my which are in form like beehives, and tolelrably large- opportunity, and knocked him on the head with a stone; CANIDr. iMAMMALIA. CANIDA r. ] 03 and, catching him by the tail, drove my hunting-knife or less permanent varieties, forming a series of domestideep into his side. But I had to repeat the operation cated races. Besides the ordinary complement of twelve more than once before I could put an end to his exist- incisive and four canine teeth, the dogs are usually ence. I am at a loss how to account for his mangled furnished with twenty-six molars, but in some instances condition. It certainly could not have been from age, as many as thirty-two have been present. Ordinarily, for his teeth were good. Could it be possible that fi'om there are six molars on either side above, and seven corwant of food he had become too weak for further exer- respondingly opposed below. Of these, the last pair on tions, and that as a last resource he had attacked his either side, above and beneath, are generally tubercunown body? Or was he an example of that extraordi- lated; sometimes the latter three of each series are thus nary species of cruelty said to be practised by the lion characterized. The tongue is soft, and not armed with on the hysena, when the latter has the insolence to horny papillae. The feet are digitigrade, and furnished interfere with the monarch's prey?" We are inclined with five toes in front, but the hind limbs are, in most to believe neither of these ingenious views are correct, cases, only tetradactylous. Dogs have no anal glanbut that the poor beast had gnawed its limbs on account dular pouch. The ccecum is well developed, and of a of some local disease. We noticed, a few years ago, spiral form. These animals are found in all parts of the an unfortunate hyaena in the Dublin Zoological Gar- habitable globe. Fossil remains of dogs and wolves dens, which, from some local irritation at the part, had, have been found in the bone-caverns of Li6ge, and also by constant biting and sucking, so reduced its caudal in England, at Overton near Plymouth, and at Paviappendage, that scarcely any trace of the tail remained. land in Glamorganshire. A careful examination of We suggested to Dr. Ball that it should be destroyed, these fossils has led Professor Owen to advocate the but that distinguished naturalist did not seem inclined view, that all the varieties of dogs are specifically idento adopt Mr. Andersson's judicious method of consol- tical with the common Wolf. ing the afflicted; expressing his belief that the animal THE MARBLED LYCAON (Lycaon venatica). —This would get better I is the wild dog or Wilde Hond of the Cape colonists. THE WOOLLY HY3ENA (Hymena villosa). - This In external appearance it very closely resembles a species was -first described by Dr. Andrew Smith in hymna, and it was originally described by Burchell as the 15th volume of the Linnman Society's Transac- a member of that genus, under tile title of Hycena picta. tions. It is called the "' Strand-wolf" by the Cape It is, however, a nearer approach to the true dogs. colonists, and, when young, bears. a very close resem- This is more especially seen in the character of the blance to the striped hysena, from which circumstance dentition, and in the structure of the skeleton. Its some have stated that the latter is also found in South height at the shoulder is rather under two feet from the Africa. This is not the case, unless, indeed, the per- ground, but it looks somewhat taller at first sight on suasion that the Woolly hymna is nothing more than a account of its slight, gaunt figure. The limbs are long well-marked variety of the species under consideration, and narrow, all of them terminating in tetradactylous should gain universal acceptance. The distinguished feet. The fur has a yellowish-brown colour, and is author of the': Catalogue of Mammalia," preserved in irregularly marbled with black and variegated spots of an the British Museum, entertains this view. In the exceedingly irregular shape. The head is like that of meantime we may observe, that a fourth kind has been a hymna; the muzzle is pointed, and of a black colour. described-the Brown hyena (Hycena rufa) —which is The ears are remarkably large. The tail is moderately also a South African species. The fur of the Woolly long, bushy like -that of a fox, and divided near the hyoena is long and coarse, but it does not form an middle by a black ring, above which the colour is sandy, erectile mane along the central line of the back. The and white below. According to Mr. Burchell, fiom body has a greyish-brown colour, with indistinct mark- whose description these characters are partly derived, ings of a darker hue, transversely arranged on the sides the Lycaon hunts in large organized packs, by preferand hips, and other more conspicuous ones on the legs. ence at night, but occasionally also by day. It appears The tail has a deep-brown tinge, and is longer than in to be a bolder animal than the hyaena, very swift of the ordinary striped hyaena. The head is lined with foot, attacking sheep openly, but employing more caudark patches beneath the eyes, on the chin, and at the tion in the case of horses and large cattle. point of junction of the cheeks and neck. The ears THE LALANDE (Otocyon Lalandcii).-This animal are comparatively large, straight, and pointed. Its is rather smaller than an ordinary fox, and is also an habits are similar to those of other hymenas, but it fre- inhabitant of Southern Africa. The fur is greyish. The quently resorts to the sea-coast, where it greedily tail is moderately long, bushy, black at the upper part, devours carcases of whales, and the semiputrid remains and also at the extremity. The body stands comparaof any other animals which by chance may have been tively high, the limbs being lengthy and slender. The washed ashore. it is not so common a species as the head is furnished with remarkably large, long, and spotted hyvena. straight ears. The teeth are forty-eight in number, there being no less than thirty-two molars. One of the FAMILY V.-CANIDX. most distinctive peculiarities of the Lalande has reference to the character of these molar teeth, fifteen of The Dogs form a small natural group, although thie which are tuberculated-all the true grinders, in short, individual members of the family are extremely nume- four of them belonging to each lateral division above, tons, owing to the circumstance that a solitary species and three correspondingly opposed in each series below. has given origin to a multitude of well-marked and more The food of the Lalande is principally frugivorous. 104 CANID.-. MAMMALIA. CANIDX. THE FENNEC (Vutlpes Zerda)-Plate 7, fig. 25 — of hunting etiquette, however, a breach is sometimes is more closely allied to the foxes and true dogs, with made; and not long ago the author of the present which, indeed, its dentition entirely coincides. It section of this work was visiting a gentleman at Attleresembles the foregoing species chiefly in respect of its borough in Norfolk, who, when out shooting on a ears, which are extremely long, and in the circum- nobleman's estate in the same county, deliberatelystance of its slight build and small body. The tail is with his host's consent and approbation-rolled over a well developed, and dark-coloured at the root and tip; pair of foxes, one with the right-hand barrel, and the but in other respects it partakes of the general colour and other with the left! As may be supposed, such a character of the fur, which is of a whitish, fulvous, or clever feat of arms gave considerable offence to the light isabel tint throughout, being almost white beneath fox-hunting gentry of the district, while the farmers the belly. Its texture is fine and woolly. The Fennec and lovers of partridge-shooting only offered their is an inhabitant of the sandy plains of Nubia, where it congratulations. The common fox is widely distriexcavates burrows. It also ascends trees with facility. buted over Europe, and is also found, according to A specimen in possession of Mr. Brande, the Swedish several authorities, in Egypt and other parts of Northconsul at Algiers, was particularly partial to dates and ern Africa. other sweet fruits and also to eggs. The sight of a THE AMERICAN RED FOX (Vulpes fulvus) has bird, however, was sufficient to produce violent excite- been considered by many as a mere variety of the ment. The Fennec does not nestle in trees as the tra- common species above described; there is, however, yeller Bruce supposed. good ground for believing this view to be erroneous. THE COMMON FOX (~Vulpes vulgaris)-Plate 7, fig. According to Mr. Sabine's description, this animal 26.-If the "Museum of Natural History" were exclu- exhibits "a general bright ferruginous colour on the sively devoted to the consideration of those animals head, back, and sides, less brilliant towards the tail; which afford sport, in the ordinary acceptation of the under the chin white; the throat and neck a darkterm, our readers would in this place probably expect grey; and this colour is continued along the first part a brilliant record of daring leaps and other adventures, of the belly in a stripe of less width than on the breast; which are the ordinary accompaniments of the chase the under parts, towards the tail, are very pale red; after a fox. Due regard, however, being paid to the the fronts of the fore-legs and the feet are black, and habits of the more rare and important quadrupeds of the fronts of the lower part of the hind-legs are also foreign countries, we must necessarily limit our details black; the tail is very bushy, but less ferruginous than respecting such natural history and sporting data as the body, the hairs mostly terminated with black, and the records of the fox-hunter furnish; moreover, special more so towards the extremity than near the root, works are devoted to this subject, as well as to other giving the whole a dark appearance; a few of the hairs matters of interest connected with it. Who is not at the end are lighter, but it is not tipped with white." familiar with the common fox, with its rufous brown We can testify to the accuracy of this description of fur and bushy tail-or "brush," as it is termed by the fur, having ourselves not only carefully examined hunters —tipped with white? The sharp muzzle, the several examples, but having also dissected a specimen. shrewd look, the penetrating eye with its elliptically Speaking of its habits, Sir John Richardson states that contracted pupil, the triangular pointed ears, the fetid the American Red fox is not so swift as its English odour, and the cunning step-these, and many other congener. It runs rapidly for a short distance, "but well-known features, are characters by which Reynard its strength is exhausted in the first burst, and it is may be easily distinguished. Associated with this soon overtaken by a wolf or a mounted huntsman. aspect and attitude, we may also be reminded of its Its flesh is ill-tasted, and is eaten only through necesburrowing propensities, its power of eluding pursuit, its sity." The female produces four young at a birth, skill as a poacher, its swiftness of flight, its sagacity in the cubs having a soft downy fur of a yellowish-grey detecting traps, its wily instinct in securing food, &c. — colour. The Red fox is very abundant in the wellpeculiarities which have over and over again been wooded districts of North America, many thousand celebrated in story-books from the earliest times; skins being annually imported into England by the neither need any doubt be entertained of the general Hudson's Bay Company. correctness of those serious charges which have from THE KIT-FOX ( Vulpes cinereo-argentatus) is also a time to time been laid at its door, or, as a hunter would North American species, extending from the plains of say, at the entrance of its "earth." Notwithstanding the Saskatchewan territory to those of Columbia. It all this, Reynard has many friends among English is a very small species, measuring about twenty-two gentry, although it cannot be urged that this friendship inches in length, exclusive of the tail, which would give is in any degree disinterested. On the contrary, Rey- us nearly another foot. Its face and muzzle are comnard is esteemed only for the sport he creates. How- paratively short and broad. On the upper part of the ever destructive he may prove among the occupants of body the fur presents a peculiar colour, " produced by a farmyard, woe betide the tenant-farmer who ventures an intermixture of hairs tipped with brown, black, and to destroy him, and so possibly abridge his landlord's white." Underneath the neck and belly it is of a dull pastime. Let Reynard devour hares, rabbits, pheasants, rufous orange colour, the hairs in this situation being partridges, ducks, geese, chickens, and whatever else also longer. The lower parts of the face about the he may please to lay his claws upon; but kill him not, mouth are whitish, and more or less tinged with lest the tread of the noble fox-hunter's steed be obli- blackish-brown at the margins. The whiskers are terated from the upturned soil! Through this barrnier strongly developed and dark-coloured. The tail is CANIDA. —MAMAMALIA. —CAN1D. w. 105 bushy, of a yellowish-grey colour, gradually tapering variety being most esteemed. In the peculiar dialect towards the extremity, where it is black. of the American Cree Indians, this animal rejoices in THE ARCTIC FOX (Vitlpes lagopus) is as commonly the unutterably euphonious name of Warppeekeeshewknown by the designation of Blue fox, on account of malcleeshew! its peculiar deep ashy, leaden, or bluish-coloured hair. THE INDIAN FOX (Vulpes Bengalezsis).-This is The fur varies much in appearance at different periods a small and elegant species, having a brownish fur, of the year, and according to the place of abode; being which is much darker along the middle line of the very commonly of a brownish-grey colour in some dis- back, forming a longitudinal sooty-coloured band; the tricts, and in others sooty or almost black. In the tail is also tipped with black, and the species is further winter the fur usually becomes pure white or whitish- distinguished by the presence of circular patches of yellow; but this is not invariably the case, as the sooty white round the eyes. According to the experienced variety is said scarcely to alter its colour in any respect; testimony of Captain Williamson, these foxes are its texture is woolly, the individual hairs being com- extremely numerous in India. In general their earths paratively long. The Arctic fox is considerably less are placed on rising grounds, to prevent their being than our European species, the tail being well developed inundated. The holes are " remarkably small, and and very bushy towards the tip. The ears are short may be opened in an hour by any common labourer. and rounded, having a cropped appearance owing to a The foxes are very cunning, at least as much so as peculiar arrangement of the hairs; the latter are par- their brethren in Europe. I have several times known ticularly thick and long at the posterior part of the them, when pushed hard by greyhounds, to conceal cheeks. According to Captain Lyon, "the Arctic fox themselves in rice fields, or among bulrushes, &c., is an extremely cleanly animal, being very careful not with only their noses peeping out of the water. On to dirty those places in which he eats or sleeps. No such occasions, unless there be some questing dog at unpleasant smell is to be perceived, even in a male, hand, Reynard will often escape unnoticed. Both which is a remarkable circumstance. To come una- jackals and foxes sham death to admiration. After wares on one of these creatures is, in my opinion having been almost pulled to pieces by dogs, and left impossible; for even when in an apparently sound to all appearance lifeless, they sometimes gradually sleep, they open their eyes at the slightest noise which cock their ears, then look askance at the retiring is made near them, although they pay no attention to enemy, and, when they think themselves unobserved, sounds when at a short distance. The general time of steal under a bank, &c., and thus skulk along till they rest is during the daylight, in which they appear listless find themselves safe, when, setting off at a trot or and inactive; but the night no sooner sets in than all canter, they make the best of their way to some place their faculties are awakened; they commence their of security." The Indian fox feeds principally on gambols, and continue in unceasing and rapid motion small birds and quadrupeds, especially rats, mice, and until the morning. While hunting for food they are such like vermin; he is likewise partial to fowls, mute; but when in captivity or irritated, they utter a poultry, and game, but to secure them he rarely short gro;vl like that of a young puppy. It is a singui- ventures within the walls of any village or town. lar fact that their bark is so modulated, as to give an THE JACKAL (Czanis aureus)-Plate 8, fig. 27idea that the animal is at a distance, although at the differs from the fox, in presenting a more dog-like very moment he lies at your feet." The same gentle- appearance. The fur exhibits a ruddy yellowish-grey man observes, that when taken they at first display colour generally, being dalrker on the back, where it is great anger, but after a few hours' confinement they almost black. The throat and under parts of the belly gradually cool down to a state of easy quietude; are much lighter. The ocular pupils are rounded, as instances also occur where they have become quite in dogs. The common Jackal is widely distributed tame. The Arctic fox displays far less cunning than throughout eastern countries, being found in abundance our European species, and is not so suspicious of traps. in Hindoostan, Persia, Tartary, the Caucasus, Dalmatia, The female produces from three to five young at a birth. the Morea, Palestine, Egypt, and North Afriica, as far This animal is an inhabitant of the sub-polar regions of as the coast of Guinea. In respect of size it is intereither division of the Northern hemisphere, being found mediate between the fox and the wolf. Its habits are in North America, Lapland, Iceland, Siberia, and Kamt- gregarious; it hunts at night in packs, and, from its schatka. We have also been informed by a Russian piercing yells and destructive habits, is everywhere gentleman from the neighbourhood of Archangel, that regarded with horror. The united cry of a pack prothe sport of hunting blue foxes is particularly excellent duces a most unearthly sound, which has been compared in the large isles of Nova Zembla. Ordinarily, Arctic to the distant rolling of thunder. Captain Williamson foxes are captured by an elevated pit-fall, the pit con- records many facts which clearly prove that jackals sisting of an elevated hut built up with stones, and will combine to defend or rescue one of their number. arched over, leaving only an aperture at the summit, Among these he mentions the following incidents:over which blades of whalebone are fixed in such a "Mr. Kinloch, who was well known as an excellent manner as to insure the certain precipitation of the fox sportsman, and who, when at Midnapore, kept a famous into the interior, should the bait, also placed at the pack of hounds, having one morning chased a jackal, upper part, successfully allure him on to the top of the which entered a thick jungle, found himself under the roof. In the young state, the flesh of the Arctic fox necessity of calling off his dogs, in consequence of an is stated to be excellent eating. The fur is employed immense herd of jackals which had suddenly collected as an article of commerce, the bluish or lead-coloured on hearing the cries of their brother, which the hounds VOL. I. I4 106 CANID2E. MAMMALIA. CANIDAS. were worrying. They were so numerous that not and harsh. Ordinarily it is of a yellowish-grey colour, only the dogs were defeated, but the jackals absolutely being much lighter beneath the neck and belly. Some rushed out of the cover in pursuit of them; and when varieties are dark, almost pure black. In northern Mr. Kinloch and his party rode up to whip them off, regions the fur becomes light-coloured during the winter, their horses were bit, and it was not without difficulty and is very frequently quite white; yellow and pied a retreat was effected. The pack was found to have varieties have also been described. There are indeed suffered so severely, as not to be able to take the field many wolves differing very markedly in size and colour, for many weeks." The same writer speaks of the and it is quite impossible to determine accurately how Jackal as an extremely troublesome customer. He many of them represent distinct species. Even if this is exceedingly vigilant, and seldom fails to carry his were the proper place to discuss the matter, our space purpose. In spite of your efforts to scare him away, would not allow a full and complete discussion of the even with the aid of fire-arms, he will perseveringly subject. The black variety is very common in the " wait at your door, nay, will enter your house, and south of Europe, especially on the Spanish side of the avail himself of the smallest opening for enterprise; Pyrenees. They are very large, tall, and strong in that he will rob your roost, and steal kids, lambs, pigs, and quarter, and their habits are excessively crafty. Colonel sometimes even take a pup from its sleepy mother; Hamilton Smith says, that they formerly congregated he will strip a larder, or pick the bones of a carcase- "in the passes of the Pyrenees in large troops; and even all with equal avidity. It is curious to see them now the Lobo will accompany strings of mules as soon fighting almost within reach of your stick, for proximity as it becomes dusky. They are seen bounding from to expected booty. It may readily be supposed that bush to bush by the side of travellers, and keeping when any meat or poultry is purloined by servants, the parallel with them as they proceed, waiting an opporJackal bears the blame. An officer in our battalion in tunity to select a victim, and often succeeding, unless one night lost twenty-seven fowls from the hut in the muleteers can reach some place of safety before which they were kept; on which one of his servants did dark, and have no dangerous passes to traverse." not hesitate to declare that, on hearing their uproar These black wolves are likewise to be found in the during the night, he had run to see what was the mountain slopes of Friuli and in the neighbourhood of matter, and saw twenty-seven jackals, each bearing Cattaro. The common grey variety is very widely away his bird!" Jackals, as we have seen, will distributed, occurring in various parts of Europe, Asia, devour any kind of offal, and it is credibly stated that Africa, and North America. In early historic times it they will dig up and greedily feed upon the half-buried roamed at large in the forests of Great Britain, as corpses of a battle-field. The odour of the Jackal is abundantly, perhaps, as it now occurs in some districts very offensive, but it appears to wear off in the of France, Hungary, Russia, Norway, and Sweden. domesticated animal. The matter which gives rise to Their rapacity is much increased during the winter the disagreeable smell is secreted by a gland at the months, especially if the cold season prove unusually base of the tail. This dermal or skin gland was at one severe and protracted, when the supply of food necestime supposed to exist only in the foxes, until a distin- sarily becomes limited. On these occasions their depreguished comparative anatomist-Professor Retzius, of dations prove most disastrous. Thus, Dr. Weissenborn Stockholm-showed that this organ occurs in wolves informs us, that in one severe winter on the continent, and jackals also. It is not necessary to place the they became remarkably bold and violent. About the slightest reliance in the old story about jackals acting middle of the month of January large numbers infested as purveyors to the lion, there being no sufficient the neighbourhood of Stuttgard, where they succeeded grounds for such a notion. in capturing a poor lad, twelve years of age, only a THE WOLF (Canis lupus), Plate 7, fig. 24.-Pro- few miles outside the city. At night they prowled bably no wild animal is more dreaded in civilized about in packs; and one batch of them, ten in number, countries than the common Wolf, its ferocity and having forced their way into a farmyard near Agram, strength having very often proved disastrous to the they committed most serious havoc among the cattle. traveller, and to the residents of outlying villages. Its Many crossed over into Prussia from the Polish frongeneral appearance is too well known to require any tiers, and a solitary individual deliberately attacked a lengthened description. The body is about four feet horse in one of the busiest and principal streets in the long, exclusive of the tail, which measures from fourteen city of KInigsberg. Many other instances have been to eighteen inches, according to circumstances. The given of their daring under the extremities of famine. straight direction and dependent position of this organ The most horrible account is that recorded by Captain has been considered as a character sufficiently important Williamson in Northern India. On this occasion their to distinguish the wolf from the dog; but when those want of food was not the result of cold, but it was who argue for the specific distinctness of the two animals owing to the extreme drlought of the year 1783, which are thus obliged to resort to such trifling characters, caused a dreadful scarcity of all kinds of food and it shows the very slender nature of the grounds on animals during the ensuing season. This famine was which their arguments are based. Without regarding especially felt in the fertile province of Oude. Thouthe point in dispute as entirely decided, we strongly sands of the natives, we are told, perished from starvaadhere to the view of Professor Owen and others, who tion, " while numbers fell an easy prey to the wolves, regard all kinds of dogs as domesticated varieties of which, being bereft of their usual means of subsistence the wolf. The fur of the Wolf is long, especially on by the general destruction of all eatable animals, were the throat and below the ears; its texture rough, wiry, at first compelled, and afterwards found it convenient, to attac the reatched wanbdereds. Them little resis- aThe number of cubs produced at a birtlh seems liable ance they experienced in their depredations on these to vary, there being usually four or five; but in the unfortunate creatures, emboldened them in an astonish- case of the Amelrican variety, Sir Johln Richardson ing manner, and taught them to look with contempt states that eight or nine are sometimes the result of a and defiance towards a race, of whose powers they had single litter. A very effectual manner of extirpating heretofore been in awe. Such numbers, however, suc- wolves is by smoking them out of their earths. This ceeded in finding their way to the cantonments, that plan, adopted in India, is extremely simple. All that we were to all intents in a state of siege. The wolves is necessary, is to be provided with a quantity of sticks, followed, and were to be seen in all directions commit- straw, and lucifer matches, and a few pounds of brimting havoc among the dying crowd." Here we have stone. There are generally several outlets to each indeed a sad picture; for the very loss of food these earth; but it is not necessary to make a fire before animals experienced by the general scarcity of other many of these, especially if the party be well provided creatures, was molre than amply compensated to them by with fire-arms. Usually it is not considered desirable the abundance of perishing men, women, and children. to give anyof them the slightest chance of escape; but, For the latter, indeed, the Wolf has a remarkable pro- under any circumstances, it is advisable to fire the lower pensity at all times. The same writer declares that holes, so as to allow of the fumes being drawn in by a "his favourite object is a child at the breast, which, strong current of air. The death of the savage tenant when opportunity serves, he seizes by the throat, there- is usually very painful, and long before he comes to the by not only preventing it fiom giving the alarm by its surface, his commencing distress and agony is indicated cries, but taking a hold such as enables him to bear by a painful moaning. Sometimes they rush out; but away his prize without impeding his progress." Very being more or less stupified by the fumes, they seldom few children, even if timely rescued, survive this make their escape. If they avoid the spears and clubs trenchant grip. On another occasion two wolves of the natives, who are anxiously watching outside, the gained access to a bungalow near Cawnpore, where gun, rifle, or arrow, more surely effects the purpose of they seized a lad thirteen years old, precisely in the their destruction. In the foregoing remarks we have same manner; death having ensued, they were in the repeatedly had occasion to point out instances of the cunact of ingeniously raising the body over a wall, when ning and ingenuity of the Wolf; but we cannot entirely the fall of a tile aroused the sleeping parents, who quit our account of this animal without quoting another hurried to the spot, fiom whence the brutes scampered off interesting illustration of its craftiness. Mr. Lloyd, in leaving the victim of their cunning a ghastly spectacle. his " Scandinavian Adventures," thus writes: —" At one About this time the wolves in the northern districts time, indeed, I had serious thoughts of training a fine became so familiarized with man, by what had happened female wolf in my possession as a pointer; but I was during the famine, that they very frequently attacked deterred, owing to the penchant she exhibited for the adults and even armed persons. Ordinarily, however, neighbours' pigs. She was chained in a little incloas we have before remarked, the Wolf is a great coward. sure, just in front of my window, into which those Sir John Richardson testifies to the same behaviour in animals, when the gate happened to be left open, ordithe case of the American wolf, which is probably a narily found their way. The devices the wolf employed mere variety of the common grey species. He states to get them in her power were very amusing. When that if these wolves were not as fearful as they are she saw a pig in the vicinity of her kennel, she, evirapacious, the American buffalo-hunters would be dently with the purpose of putting him off his guard, unable to preserve their game. " The simple precau- would throw herself on her side or back, wag her tail tion of tying a handkerchief to a branch, or of blowing most lovingly, and look innocence personified. And up a bladder, and hanging it so as to wave in the wind, this amiable demeanour would continue until the grunter is sufficient to keep herds of wolves at a distance." was beguiled within the length of her tether, when, in Sir John Richardson also mentions an instance where the twinkling of an eye, the prey was clutched." Whilst a poor Indian woman was killed by a wolf, within sight she was young she contented herself with the tail; but of her husband, who was coming to rescue her; and it after she had realized her full powers, the unsuspectis particularly worthy of notice, that in this instance ing swine were snapped up bodily, and, on such occathe neck was the part of the body seized. In the sions, Mr. Lloyd found it a difficult matter to rescue higher northern latitudes many wolves perish during them fiom her jaws. the cold season from inanition; and in some cases, THE RED WOLF (Canis jubata).-This is a wellwhen the winter has been unusually severe and pro- marked form, inhabiting the marshy districts of South longed, they perish by hundreds. Some voyagers tell America. The fur has a fine cinnamon-red colour, us that they hlave both seen and heard the poor animals which imparts to the species a very attractive appear-for under these circumstances we feel inclined to pity ance. The terminal moiety of the tail is white, and them-howling painfully as they lay stretched and there is also a white spot under the head. The Red wolf famishing on blocks of ice. To these they have resorted is further distinguished by a short black mane, commenin the hope of catching seals and other marine animals, cing at the occiput, and proceeding downwards along and while thus employed, the ice-fields have become the middle line of the back. According to D'Azara, as detached and have drifted away into the open sea. quoted by Ogilby, these animals'do not commit havoc The Wolf, like the fox, forms burrows or earths; into on the herds or smaller flocks; and as they inhabit these they retreat during the day, and likewise occupy only the extensive lowlands and marshes of Paraguay them for the special purpose of rearing their young. as far as the river Plata, and near its mouth, he has no 108 CANIDA. - MAMMALIA. CANIDXE. doubt that they feed on rats, guinea pigs, small birds, example, as the Bloodhound, the Mastiff, the Newfoundand certain vegetables, if these fall in their way, but land, and the Thibet dog (Plate 6, fig. 23); others are chiefly on snails, toads, frogs, and other reptiles, and remarkably small, as in certain varieties of Spaniel; on the land crabs, which are abundant in the plains while a third kind are extremely attenuated both in and sandbanks. They walk with very long paces, shape and make, as instanced by the little Italian run much, and are, D'Azara adds, great plunderels, Greyhound. In many parts of the world, dogs have although they always fly from man, and even fiom returned, at least to a certain extent, to their original dogs. They are solitary in their habits, are said to wild condition. In this way they have formed several swim well, and in their wild state to utter no sound quite distinct races or typical varieties, which are but gouaa, which they often and loudly repeat, so as found in different parts of Asia, Australia, and the two to be heard at a great distance." The Payaguas Americas. From a general consideration of these Indians call the Red wolf Parcepaga; it is termed forms, it may be fairly stated that, both in structure Culpeu by the natives of Chili. It is also known as and appearance, they exhibit a much closer approxithe Aguara, a name likewise applied to a distinct race mation to the common wolf than obtains in the case of wild dogs. of any of the varieties which have remained domestiTHE DOG (Canis lupusvar.familiaris). -We do not cated. (For a filll and able exposition of this spblject, specifically recognize the dog as a distinct animal, and however, we must refer our readers to Mr. Bell's work have previously expressed our adhesion to the view that on " British Quadrupeds," and particularly, also, to the these useful cleatures are neither more nor less than early part of Dr. Carpenter's admirable article entitled domesticated varieties of the common wolf. The natural " Varieties of Mankind," contained in the 4th volume history of the Dog is a subject of considerable interest; of Dr. Todd's " Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiobut it is one so extended that the bare enumeration of logy.") The Australian wild dog or Dingo, fig. 30, the leading characteristics and habits of the principal approaches so closely to the wolf, that it was described varieties, would require an entire volume for their by Bewick as the "New South Wales wolf." The description and elucidation. Those, therefore, who Indian Dhole is another interesting example of a return wish to follow up this department of the subject, to the wild state. In some respects it comes nearer must consult works specially devoted to dogs. Some the jackal. The fur is of a bhay or rufous-brown of the numerous canine'varieties attain a very great colour; the tail being long and narrow, and not bushy size, with a proportionate degree of strength; such, for at the extremity. It has a remarkably bright eye, and Fig. 30. Dingo, The Wild Dog of Australia. a keen lively countenance. Though strictly wild and indeed, has been spared by the courage of the latter. savage, it will not attack persons unless first molested. When engaged in the chase or on the scent the Dholes These Dholes live almost entirely upon other animals, do not howl or bark, but, at times of much excitement especially deer, which they hunt in large packs; inll the course, they utter a kind of plaintive whlining authentic instances are also recorded where they have note. Among other kinds of wild dogs which are more attacked and overcome tigers. Some have doubted this, or less closely allied to the wolf, we may perhaps but the evidence is complete; and, besides, there can class the Caygotte or Coyotl, whose fur has a whitishbe nothing improbable in the circumstance of wild dogs brown colour. This animal is an inhabitant of South attacking tigers, when it is a well-known fact that corn- America, and feeds upon small quadrupeds, and also mon spaniels will readily do the same thing; many a life, upon maize and other vegetable matters. FELIDE.. MAMMALIA. FELIDA. 109 manner in which the bones of the fore limb or arm are FAMILY VI. —FELID.E, articulated together, but the muscles of this member are so prodigiously developed, that, as is well known, Having in our introductory observations on the Car- a single blow from the sledge-hammer-like paw of a nivora selected examples of the present family for the lion or tiger will fracture the skull of a man, and deal purpose of enunciating the leading characteristics of the death to almost any animal that may happen to come order-mainly on account of its forming the most typical within its ponderous swing. In addition to this, we subdivision of that great mammalian group-the obser- find the claws ordinarily maintained in a state of vations which we have now to offer must necessarily retraction; this concealed position is accomplished by assume a supplementary character. In the remarks the agency of three elastic ligaments or bands, which above alluded to, attention was drawn to the general being severally placed above and on either side of the massiveness of all the osseous elements entering into digit, serve to connect the ultimate phalanx to the the solid fiamework of the typical carnivorous skeleton penultimate segment of the same toe (fig. 32). All — this adaptation to the destructive habits of the crea- injury to the claw is hereby prevented-a circumstance ture being more particularly conspicuous in the structure which, associated with the presof the skull. In the accompanying representation of ence of resilient sole-pads of Fig. 32. the cranium of a tiger-fig. 31-the remarkable short- thickened subnmucous tissue ening of the. facial bones, associated with the powerful placed under the ball of the toe, also serves to secure the characFig. 31. teristically gracefilu and noiseless tread of the feline animal. -i;'7. -Antagonistic to the elastic bindz~.~-~.9 t i_ g)~'dg ing cords above mentioned, the - -: Iltendon or string of a large muscle called the flexor profundus perforans is inserted below, into the base of the ultimate claw-supporting phalanx. When, therefore, it becomes necessary Skull of the Tiger. to display or employ these fearful instruments of destruction, a grasping teeth, and a surprising transverse breadth of violent contraction of the muscle the skull below the orbital and temporal fossxe, are in question-which of course Lion's Foot dissected. remarkably significant. The teeth are thirty in num- involves a drawing back of the ber, and of these we find only four true and ten tendon, and a consequent thrusting forward of the claw spurious molars, the ultimate grinder on either side of -is the principal agency by which this change is the upper series being tuberculated. This tooth, how- effected. There are likewise other small extensor ever, is particularly small, and widened laterally; but, muscles inserted at the upper part of the digit, serving with this exception, all the molars are much compressed to steady the movement and regulate the degree of from side to side, and the crowns being sharp and protrusion, according to the will of the animal. But, we pointed, the two series, during the action of the jaws, have further to remark, that, although these constitute close in upon each other like the blades of a pair of the most prominent features in the several structural scissors. Their finction is therefore essentially cutting, changes adapted to the wants and habits of the feline while that of the huge dagger-like canines, assisted by mammalia, there are others equally worthy of being the incisors, consists in tearing and lacerating-the due mentioned, such as the strong, horny, recurved papillae of performance and integrity of these actions being secured the tongue, formed for rasping the soft flesh fiom off the by the strong temporal and nuchal muscles acting bones of their slaughtered victims —the comparatively upon the occiput and the lower jaw; and farther, to small salivary glands, showing how little mastication is prevent any lateral motion, such as we find in those required-the uninterrupted chain of osseous elements animals which grind and triturate their food, the extending from the larynx to the head-the flexibility condyles or articulating facets of the last-named bone of the vertebral column-the small ccecum-the shortare firmly lodged in the corresponding transversely- ness of the intestinal canal, and, more particularly, the elongated glenoid sockets. Co-ordinating with this simple cylindrical stomach, which explains that the prehensile and offensive armature of the jaws, we also food is more readily reduced to the. condition required find the structural modifications of the feet eminently for nutriment, than obtains in the herbivorous quadsuggestive. Those of the anterior limbs are pentadac- rupeds. Do not these, and other peculiarities elsewhere tylous, while the posterior feet are tetradactylous; but noticed, satisfactorily demonstrate that the typical the peculiarities which principally distinguish them carnivor is intended to occupy-the field in the economy arise out of the beautiful provision made for the pre- of creation for which his powers are so befittingly servation of their formidable retractile claws. The adapted? Surely one would suppose that the legitimacy mechanical contrivances hlere displayed are perfect. of such a self-evident conclusion could not be denied! Not only are the actions of flexion, extension, pronatioln, Are we pelverting truth to say, that the lion was not and supination amply provided for by the peculiar formned to eat straw like an ox? Unfortunately, there 110 FELIDIE. MAMMALIA.-FELIDn). are some so-called educated people who would fain Europe, and was at one time very plentifill in these persuade us that we are wrong 1 It is sad to reflect islands. It is still found in Wales, in the north-west that some persons can be found who will thus resist counties of England, and more commonly in Scotland, the evidence of their senses, in order to gratify a and certain parts of Ireland. It is not quite two feet childish crotchet, or to support a pre-conceived dogma! long, exclusive of the tail, which measures about twelve Those of our readers who have perused the address inches. The body is stouter than in the common issued previous to the publication of this part of the house cat, the tail presenting an almost uniform thick"Museum of Natural History," will appreciate the ness from one end to the other, except at the tip, where motive which thus leads us to offer a few reflections on it is slightly swollen. The fur has a yellowish-grey the habits of this highly interesting class of animals. colour generally, but beneath the throat and belly it is Not many years ago the writer of this article had the nearly white; the sides of the body, the legs, the tail, misfortune to be present at a lecture given in the and summit of the head being striped with brownishnorthern metropolis, by a gentleman whose mind black bands, which becomes lighter as they approach appeared to be singularly ill-adapted for the reception the ventral line. A longitudinal black band runs along of scientific truth, but whose perverted views, neverthe- the middle of the back, extending firom the head to the less, enjoy a certain credence among individuals capable root of the tail; this last named organ being black at of indulging extreme opinions. Thus, he undertook to the tip. The wild cat was formerly considered in inform his audience that the several organs of a England a beast of the chase, but, except for mere carnivorous animal, in which we have been accustomed sport, it does not appear to have been considered of to recognize teleologic evidences of beauty, harmony, any great value. It is reported, by those who have and design, have all been diverted from their proper seen it in its wild haunts, to be extremely ferocious, a development by an evil agency-that the claws, teeth, circumstance which has doubtless contributed to bring and stomach, which we have just shown to be severally about its almost total extinction. The female produces adapted to the seizure, tearing, and digesting of the four or five cubs at a birth, and selects either a hollow flesh of other animals, do not, indeed, exhibit evidences tree, a rocky recess, or, according to Sir William of design, benevolence, and wisdom in the Creator, but Jardine, a large bird's nest, for the protection and rather, evidences of another power, which has caused rearing of the young. the anterior extremity to become a hideous weapon of THE DOMESTIC CAT (Felis domrnestica).-The condestruction-which has caused those teeth to display curring testimony of the majority of British naturalists their tearing and cutting surfaces-which has caused favours the notion that our common house cat is a the stomach to assume a vicarious action; all of these distinct species, or, at least, that it is not a mere organs severally contributing to render the creature domesticated variety of the European wild cat. It is ferocious, cruel, and destructive-llabits, which, in this well known that the common cat frequently betakes anti-zoologist's view, the animal was not intended to itself to the woods, and after a time assumes a semihavel Such is an illustration of the melancholy infer- savage condition. This was at first considered sufficient ences to which unscientific dogmatism inevitably leads ground for believing it to be identical with Felis Catus; -a mere bigoted mimicry of medireval times! Folr but when, on a closer examination, its charactelrs were the successful cultivation of natural-history science it not found to have reverted to the state of those is above all things necessary that our minds be imbued ordinarily present in the wild species, considerable with a love of truth, in whatever aspect it may present doubt alrose on the question. The colour of the fur is itself. If we perceive that the integrity of organized frequently indistinguishable, but a very marked disexistences on this planet can only be maintained by the similarity is seen in the tail, which, instead of being reciprocal action of antagonistic forces, and that the uniformly thick tlhroughout, as obtains in the wild cat, balance of this reciprocity involves and guarantees the is, in the form under consideration, much narrower and welfare of every living entity, needing a residence on tapering also toward the extremity. Sir William Jardine the habitable globe; if, we repeat, it is clearly evident has made some very interesting remarks on this subject. that any departure from this divinely-appointed law He says there is probably "no animal that so soon would, on the one hand, only bring about a redundancy, loses its cultivation aild returns apparently to a state or, on the other, a deteriolration; what, we ask, is to completely wild. A trifling neglect of plroper feeding be gained by impertinently criticising this universal or attention will often cause them to depend upon their law, this wise method of divine government, fixed on own resources, and the tasting of some wild or living the eternal principles of justice, equity, and compensa- food will tempt them to seek it again, and to leave tion? In the nicely-adjusted balance of probabilities their civilized home. They then prowl about in the we recognize abundant good to all living beings whose same manner as their congeners, crouching among immediate wants are thus duly provided for, and we cover, and carefully concealing themselves friom all are content to admire and adore the power which publicity. They breed in the woods or thickets, and regulates the destiny of every species. In concluision, support themselves upon birds or young animals. Few we have only to observe that the Filicie are widely extensive rabbit-walrrens want two or three depredators distributed in all quarters of the wolld, except in of this kind, where they commit great havoc, particuAustralia, the larger species being, for the most art, for the most party among the young in summer. They sleep and confined to tropical regions. repose in the holes, and are often taken in the snares THE WILD CAT (Felis Catus), is more or less abun- set for their prey." Sir W. Jardine once stumbled dant throughout the well-wooded and hilly districts of upon one of these truants which had just kittened, and FELID2.. MAMIMALIA. FELIDE. 111 by her side there lay two dead leverets! In the ordi- poultry as it canl manage, it destroys others that have nary domesticated condition, the cat is certainly of a been left behind. If taken young it becomes very capricious disposition, but its habits are too well known tractable and amusing, but if allowed much liberty it to demand any lengthened exposition. soon displays its fowl-destroying propensities. THE EGYPTIAN CAT (Felis maniculata). —The THE SERVAL (Felis serval) is a native of southern Frankfort naturalist, Riippell, who discovered this Africa, and is called the Tiger boschkatti by the Dutch species during his travels in Nubia, has expressed his colonists at the Cape. By others it is called the opinion that -our common domestic cat owes its origin leopard. According to Mr. Andersson some of the to this species. Temminck and others have supported African tribes believe the real tiger to exist in that this persuasion, and authorities are still divided on the country, but it is evident that they refer to the serval. subject. After weighing the arguments on either side, This animal is remarkably savage. " One night," says all that we can say, is, that there appears more pro- Mr. Andersson, " I was suddenly awoke by a furious bability of our tame animals having descended from barking of our dogs, accompanied by cries of distress. the ]Egyptian, than from the European wild form; but Suspecting that some beast of prey had seized upon the matter is by no means settled. In the ZEgyptian one of them, I leaped, undressed, out of my bed, and, cat the limbs are more slender, while the tail is gun in hand, hurried to the spot whence the cries pronarrower and longer than in Felis Catus. The fur is ceeded. The night was pitchy dark, however, and I greyish-yellow generally; the cheek, throat, under part could distinguish nothing; yet, in the hope of frightenof the throat, and belly being white.. A dark stripe ing the intruder away, I shouted at the top of my runs along the central line of the back, and the limbs voice. In a few moments a torch was lighted, and we are crossed by several faint blackish bands. The then discovered the tracks of a leopard, and also large length of the body is about twenty inches, exclusive of patches of blood. On counting the dogs, I found that the tail, which measures three-quarters of a foot.'Summer,' the best and fleetest of our kennel, was THE PAMPAS CAT (Felis pajeros). —This species is missing. As it was in vain that I called and searched extensively distributed over the South American for him, I concluded that the tiger had carried him plains, from the banks of the La Plata to the Straits of away; and, as nothing further could be done that Magellan. It is about the size of the European wild night, I again retired to rest, but the fate of the poor cat, measuring twenty-six inches, exclusive of the tail, animal continued to haunt me, and drove sleep away. which is about a foot from root to tip. The fur is I had seated myself on the front chest of the waggon, particularly long, the individual hairs being from three when (suddenly the melancholy cries were repeated; to five inches in length; it is of a pale yellowish-grey and, 6n reaching the spot, I discovered'Summer' colour generally, and banded at the sides by numerous stretched at full length in the middle of a bush. irregularly-disposed stripes of a brownish tinge. Along Though the poor creature had several deep wounds the central line of the back the hairs have a brownish- about his throat and chest, he at once recognized me, black colour, which is more or less continued on the, nd, wagging his tail, looked wistfully in my face. tail. The head is comparatively small and rounded, The sight sickened me as I carried him into the house, the ears having a moderate development. The tail is where, in time, however,. he recovered." It is also short, thick, and rather bushy; but it does not exhibit satisfactory to learn that the savage animal was found any circular markings or spots. According to D'Azara, on the day succeeding the encounter. On being disthe natives call it Gato Pajero, or jungle cat. It is covered the beast took refuge in a tree, and was not said to feed chiefly upon guinea-pigs. dispatched before it had received sixteen wounds, some THE CHATI (Felis mitis) is somewhat larger than of the arrows employed for this purpose having been our common domestic cat, measuring three feet includ- poisoned. In Dr. Gray's arrangement of the Felidie ing the tail, for which eleven inches may be reckoned. contained in the British Museum, this species is The fur displays a multitude of irregularly arranged denominated Leoparclus serval. dark-brown patches on a general ground colour of pale THE NEPAULESE CAT (Felis Nepaulensis).-In the yellow above, and white below; on the limbs these list of feline mammalia preserved in our National spots are more rounded, and there are two crescent- Museum, this species is called the waved cat or Felis shaped collar-like bands beneath the throat. The ears inconzspicuus, and it is believed by Dr. Gray to be are blackish externally; the pupil of the eye is rounded. identical with the Bengal cat. Di. Horsfield considers' The tail is slightly ringed towards the tip. Like the these forms to be distinct. The body is scarcely two foregoing, the Chati is an inhabitant of the plains of feet long, exclusive of the tail, for which another ten or South America. The female preserved in the Parisian eleven inches must be allowed. The general colour of menagerie, was extremely gentle and fond of attention. the fur is that of a tawny-grey, the surface being THE CHIBIGUAZU (Felis chibiguazu) is also a marked with spots and linear patches of a deep-black South American animal, being rather larger than the colour, somewhat irregularly disposed. The throat and above, and measuring, according to D'Azara, four feet under part of the belly are whitish; the spots on the including the tail, which is about thirteen inches long. tail being uniform, rounded, and arranged so as to Some regard it as identical with the chati, others refer resemble transverse bands. it to the ocelot; probably it is distinct. It is exceed- THE KUWUR (Felis Javanensis) is also a small ingly cunning and destructive in its habits; approaching species, principally distinguished by its comparatively and entering human habitations only in the darkest short tail and rather long legs; it is also only provided nights, and then, not content with carrying off as much with three molars on either side of each jaw. The body 11.2 FEIT2E. MABIMALIA.- FlIDE. is twenty-three inches in length, not including the tail, sagacity, asserting that in order to approach the fowls which measures between eight and nine inches. The unsuspected, and to surprise them, it imitates their fur has a greyish-brown colour generally, the under voice. It feeds chiefly on fowls, birds, and small quadpart of the throat, neck, and belly being nearly white; rupeds; but, in case of necessity, it also devours carrion." it is long, and of a softish texture. Four dark brownish- It is, we are further informed, a very fierce and untameblack bands pass from the crown of the head to the able animal. In the British Museum list of preserved root of the tail, while the sides of the body are marked specimens, it is designated Leopardcus Jacvanzesis. by sparsely-scattered oblong patches of a similar THE BULU (Fiels Sumeatrcna).-As far as regards colour; having a tendency to assume a linear arrange- size, the comparative shortness of the tail, the length et ment. Similar spots occur on the limbs and tail, the limbs, and in the disposition of its spotted markings. The eyes are placed well forward, and have a circular this species very closely resembles the foregoing. pupil. The ears are small and rounded. According According to Horsfield, the general ground colour of to Dr. Horsfield the "Kuwuk is found in large forests in the fur "is ferruginous, inclining to yellowish-grey, more every part of Java. It forms a retreat in hollow trees, intense on the back, the crown of the head, and the where it remains during the day; at night it ranges about upper part of the tail; paler on the sides, and passing in quest, of food, and often visits the villages at the into whitish-grey on the cheeks, breast, abdomen, and skirts of the forests, committing depredations among the the interior of the thighs and legs." The Bulu (fig. 33) hen-roosts. The natives ascribe to it an uncommon is an inhabitant of Sumatra, Java, and the contiguous Fig. 33. The Bulu (Felis Sumatrana). islands. In the list of specimens preserved in our Na- and garden as freely as a domestic cat, appearing tional Museum, it is also associated with the leopards. thoroughly reclaimed. One evening, however, at the THE OCELOT (Felis par-dalis) inhabits the forests of fireside, when a child of three years old was playing tropical America, and is an attractive-looking species. with it, as it had often done before, the animal being The body is about three feet in length, exclusive of the irritated, seized the infant by the throat, and killed it tail, which measures fiom twelve to fourteen inches. before assistance could be rendered." In the British The general colour of the fur is fulvous-grey, the inferior Museum's list, this animal is classed with the leopards. parts of the throat, neck, and belly being nearly white. THE CHAUS (Feiis Chazus) is a kind of Lynx. It The entire surface is beautifiully streaked with irregu- has a wide geographical distribution, inhabiting Egypt, larly shaped patches of a black colour; these spots Persia, the borders of the Caspian, and also many having a marked tendency to form longitudinal bands, parts of central and northern India. It is chiefly especially at the upper part of the body. The ears are found in low marshy grounds and jungles, where it small and rounded, the limbs comparatively short. preys upon small quadrupeds and birds, and also, Respecting its habits, the Ocelot is a good climber, and according to RUippell, on fishes. The fur is comparais said to sham a state of death in order to capture tively long, loose, soft, and of a yellowish-grey colour. monkeys, whose curiosity leads them to approach and The tail is short, thick, and indistinctly marked by four inspect the simulating carcass. It is capable of being or five alternating black and greyisll-white bands. tamed, but, like others of the cat tribe, its disposition is These occur towvards the extremity, which terminates capricious. Mr. Blyth mentions an instance where somewhat abruptly. In common with other allied "a gentleman had succeeded in taming an ocelot, forms, the cars alre much pointed, being tufted at the which for three years, enjoyed the range of his house smnlmit by a pencil of fine black hairs, half an inch in FELIDE.- MAMMALIA. FELIDE. 1.13 length. The Chaus is not very easily tamed. The the inside of the eye, the other occurring beneath the Booted lynx-Felis cal'ig#ata of Olivier-appears to be outer angle of this organ. The ears are comparatively identical with it. In the catalogue of specimens pre- long, " tapering gradually to a fine tip, surmounted by served in the British Museum it is designated Chaus a pencil of long black hairs," which are dark externally, Lybicus. and whitish within. Like other species of lynx, the THE EUROPEAN LYNX (Felis Lynx).-There are Caracal is a good climber, and feeds chiefly on small several forms of Lynx, regarded by some as so many mammalia and birds. It is said also to feed on the distinct species, which are only varieties of this type. carcasses of larger quadrupeds, which have been forAmong these may be mentioned the Felis virgata of saken by lions. The Caracal is proportionably strong, Nilsson; the F. cervaria of Temminck, being an Asiatic savage, and only tamed with difficulty. According to form; and perhaps also the F. pardina of Oken, found Mr. Andersson, the fur is much esteemed by the natives in Spain and southern Europe. The European lynx *of southern Afric'a for making caresses, &c., while the is about three feet long, not including the short tail, Dutch settlers employ it as a local application in rhenwhich measures six inches. The filr is long, rough, matism. In Dr. Gray's list this species is termed and of a rufous-grey colour above, the under parts of Camacal melanotis. the throat and belly being more or less white. The THE OUNCE (Felis Uncia). —Since the naturalist sides are indistinctly marked with oblong spots, and the Buffon gave an accurate description of this animal, free end of the tail is tipped with black. The ears are some authorities have disputed its claims to be regarded hairy, and pencilled at the upper part; the limbs stout, as a separate species. It is, however, quite distinct, and comparatively short. During the winter season and in the language of Dr. Gray, "easily known by the general colour of the fur is much lighter than in the thickness of its fur, the paleness of its colour, the summer, while it is also considerably longer. The irregular form of the spots, and especially by the great European lynx is a good climber, feeding principally length and thickness of the tail." In the form of this on small mainmalia and birds. last-named organ, we observe a wide departure from THE CANADA LYNX (Felis Canaclensis) was formerly the peculiarly short stumpy condition of the tail in the supposed to be only a variety of the above, but it is lynxes; justifying perhaps, when taken into consideranow generally believed to be distinct. In respect of size, tion with other minor characters, their generic separacolouring, and other characters of the fur, it very closely tion —a view which several naturalists have practically resembles the European species. The body is rather adopted.' The Ounce is about the size of the common more than three feet in length, exclusive of the tail, which leopard, and has similar habits. It is a native of the measures only four and a half inches. For an accurate mountainoll's districts of central Asia. In the list of account of this animal's habits we are indebted to Sir feline mammals presented in our natiolnal collection, it John Richardson, who remarks that "' it is a timid is denominated Leoparclhs Uncica. creature, incapable of attacking any of the larger qua- THE LEOPARD (Felis Leoparcduts).-Most naturalists drupeds; but well armed for the capture of the American have arrived at the conclusion, that the Leopard and hare, on which it chiefly prevs. Its large paws, slender Panther are one and the same animal; we say arrived, loins, and long but thick hind legs, with large buttocks, but it would be more just to state, that they have finally scarcely relieved by a short thick tail, give it an acknowledged the opinion of Linnreus on this point to awkward, clumsy appearance. It makes a poor fight be correct, after having over and over again disputed when it is surprised by a hunter in a tree; for though his authority. The Leopard is truly a beautiful species it spits like a cat, and sets its hair up, it is easily (fig. 34). The ground colour of the fur has a pale destroyed by a blow on the back with a slender stick, yellow tint, the surface being marked at tolerably regular and it never attacks a man. Its gait is by bounds, intervals by dark patches made up of numerous small straightforward, with the back a little arched, and round spots, blended together in the form ofannulations lighting on all the feet at once. It swims well, and surrounding a central clear space, the general tint within.will cr'oss the arm of a lake two miles wide; but it is being deeper than the ground colour without. The not swift on land. It breeds once a year, and has two Leopard is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and the young at a time." We are further informed that the Indian Archipelago. Its habits are essentially cat-like, natives eat its flesh, and that fiom seven to nine thou- and, being an expert climber, the Indian natives call sand skins are annually exported by the Hudson's Bay it the Tree-tiger or Laclcree bang. Unlike the tiger, it Company. In Dr. Gray's catalogue this species is is said that nothing will induce it to take to the water. designated Lynzcus Canaclensis. Leopards are remarkably deceitful, shy, and ravenous, THE CARACAL (Felis Caracal) is also a kind of the utmost caution being necessary in any attempt to lynx, having a wide geographical range, and extending domesticate them. Their treacherous disposition has not only over Africa, but, according to Mr. Bennett and been illustrated in various ways, especially by Captain others, over southern Asia, as far eastward as the Williamson, who, amongst other things, relates the Ganges. The body is about thirty-four inches in following incident:-" The adjutant of our regiment, length, excluding the tail, which measures other nine wishing to send a leopard as a present to a friend in inches. The fur exhibits a uniform rufous —brown colour England, procured a very fine cub, which had scarcely generally, growing paler from above downwards, and opened its eyes, and took every pains to rear it in such becoming white immediately underneath the throat, a manner as might obviate all apprehension. For neck, and belly. On each half of the face are placed some months the animal appeared as innocent as a two pure white spots, one being situated above and to kitten, was playful, and seemed to be peculiarly tractVoL. I. IS 114 FELID,3. MAMMALIA. - FELIDE.. able. I will not say how far its disposition might was kept, and of course now and then imprudently have continued unexceptionable under any other cir- worrying him, the leopard became snappish and petucumstances, but, unhappily, several of the privates of the lant. One day a soldier provoked him rather too far, artillery having access to the place where the leopard when the leopard, now grown to the size of a stout Fig. 34. The Leopard (Felis Leopardus). pointer, suddenly reared, and fixing his claw in the developed; the ears are short and rounded; the pupil nape of the man's neck, tore his shoulder in such a of the eye is circular; the tip of the nose being black. manner as to occasion the soldier's death in the course The feet are provided with retractile claws, as in other of a few hours. The leopard firom that time became Felida; but, according to Professor Owen, their action so ferocious as to render it absolutely necessary to shoot is somewhat restricted on account of the length of the him-a measure which gave universal satisfaction." unequal phalanges and their elastic ligaments. Some THE CHEETAH (Felis jubata).-This is a species authors have erroneously stated that the claws are nonof very great importance in a zoological point of retractile. The Cheetah enjoys a wide geographical view, inasmuch as it has been represented as form- range over the open grounds of Aftrica and southern ing an aberrant transitional type between the dogs Asia. It is a singularly graceful and elegant species, and cats; and but for the marked disparity in and is very commonly known by the name of the Huntsize, its general appearance, and the noble lion-like ing leopard. In Persia it is called the Youze, and Mir. attitude which it assumes, we might perhaps have Og ilby tells us that "in the East, where these beautiful more reasonably considered it at the beginning of animals are employed in the chase, they are carried to the feline series. Much has been written concerning the field in low cars, whereon they are chained. Each its true zoological position, especially by Mr. Bennett, leopard is hooded. When the hunters come within who is quite eloquent upon the subject; yet Pro- view of a herd of antelopes, the leopard is unchained, fessor Owen's detailed researches into the anatomy his hood is removed, and the game is pointed out to of this animal, clearly demonstrate that the so-called him; for he is directed in the pursuit by his sight. canine characters are more apparent than real. The Then he steals along cautiously and crouchingly, taking body is much elongated, and stands high on the legs, advantage of every means of masking his attack, till which are correspondingly slim (fig 35). The fur he has approached the herd unseen within killing dishas a pale fulvous colour generally, being almost white tance, when he suddenly launches himself upon his beneath the neck and belly; and except in these quarry with five or six vigorous and rapid bounds, situations, the entire surface is marked with numerous strangles it instantaneously, and drinks its blood. The uniform and closely-set spots of a deep-black colour. huntsman now approaches the leopard, caresses him, The tail is long, and somewhat bushy at the tip, the wins him firom his prey by placing the blood which central line beneath it, and the extremity, being white; hle collects in a wooden ladle under the nose of the but at the upper part and sides throughout the remainder animal, or by throwing to him pieces of meat; and of its extent, it is more or less annulated, the spots whilst he is thus kept quiet hoods him, leads him back having a tendency to form incomplete transverse rings, to his car, and there chains him. If the leopard fails, which become more and more conspicuous as they in consequence of the herd having taken timely alarm, approach the free extremity. The mane is very slightly he attempts no pursuit, but returns to his car with a FELIDz,. -MAAMMALIA.-FELIDm1E. 115 dejected and mortified air." The Cheetah seems, iour of the two beautiful specimens at present contained therefore, quite capable of domestication. It exhibits in the Zoological Society's Gardens, Regent's Park, a frankness of look, and an openness of manner, totally cannot but have been struck with their playful freedom, different from the sneaking distrustfulness of ordinary gentle manners, and elegant attitudes; their habits cats. Any one who has carefully watched the behav- entirely according with the favourable account given Fig. 35., ( is designated Guepar&dajubata. fishes, and even reptiles, having, it is said, a true THE JAGUlAR (Fclis Onca) is a broad-chested, aldermanic relish for savoury turtle. Notwithstanding powerfully-built animal, inhabiting Central and South its fierceness, it is a cowardly animal, instances having America (fig. 36). By some it is called the " great been recorded where a loud shout has been'sufficient to panther" or leopard. The body occasionally measures scare it away. The Spanish naturalist, D'Azara, gives nearly five feet, exclusive of the tail. The fur is beauti- an apt illustration of its great strength:-" A jaguar fully spotted, with annulations resembling those of the had struck down a horse, and D'Azara gave instruccommon leopard, their general appearance being, in the tions that the latter should be drawn within musket language of Mr. Bennett, at first sight " the same in shot of a tree wherein he intended to pass the night, in both; but the open roses of the leopard are scarcely expectation that the jaguar would return for his prey. more than half the size of those of the jaguar, and they While D'Azara was gone to prepare himself, the jaguar all inclose a space of one uniform colour, in which, returned from the opposite side of a broad and deep unless in some rare and accidental instances, no central river, seized the horse in its mouth, drew it to the spots exist; while in the la:tter animal most of those water some sixty paces, swain across the river with it, which are arranged along the upper surface, near the and drew it into a wood hard by." Both in form and middle line of the back, are distinguished by one or colouring the Jaguar is prone to considerable variation. two small black spots inclosed within their circuit. The one of the kinds being of a deep brownish-black hue middle line itself is occupied in the leopard by open generally, so that the dark spots are scarcely rendered roses, intermixed with a few black spots of small size visible. and roundish form; that of the jaguar, on the contrary, THE RIMAU-DYAN (Felis macroscelis) or Gigantic is marked by one or two regtular longitudinal lines of Tiger-cat of Sumatra, is a magnificent animal, and one broad, elongated, deep black patches, sometimes extend. of the handsomest of all the feline niamnalia. The ing several inches in length, and occasionally forming body is about three and a half feet long, exclusive of an almost continuous band from between the shoulders the tail, which would give us some three feet more. to the tail. The black rings towards the tip of the The fur has a brownish-grey colour, and is marked latter are also more completely circular than in the with marbled, interrupted, and angular patches of a leopard." Respecting the habits of the Jaguar, its deep velvet-black colour. In the 1st volume of the 116 FELFLrDE. 3IAiB1IALIA.- FELIDAU. following account of the habits of two half-tamed sized companion. When fed with a fowl that died, examples:-" Both specimens, while in a state of con- he seized the prey, and after sucking the blood and finement, were remarkable for their good temper and tearing it a little, he amused himself for hours in playfulness; no domestic kitten could be more so; throwing it about, and jumping after it in the manner they were always courting intercourse with persons that a cat plays with a mouse before it is quite dcad. passing by, and in the expression of their countenance, He never seemed to look on man or children as prey, which was always open and smiling, showed the but as companions; and the natives assert that when greatest delight when noticed, throwing themselves on wild, they live principally on poultry, birds, and the their backs, and delighting in being tickled and rubbed. smaller kinds of deer. They are not found in numbers On board the ship there was a small music dog, who and may be considered rather rare animals, even in used to play round the cage with the animal, and it the southern part of Sumatra. Both specimens were was amusing to observe the playfulness and tenderness procured fiom the interior of Bencoolen, on the banks with which the latter came in contact with his inferior- of the river of that name. They are generally found 3ig 36. -~'"':i' -':'11 T'l'l Jaguar (Fclis Onca). in the vicinity of villages, and are not dreaded by the termed the double stripes. In all the tigers we have natives, except as far as they may destroy the poultry. seen, this tendency was more or less marked. In the The natives assert that they sleep and often lay wait specimen called " Jungla," now exhibiting in this for their prey on trees; and from this circumstance country, and formerly the property of the king of Oude, they derive the name of Dahan, which signifies the this variation is remarkably developed; but in other fork formed by the branch of a tree1 across which they respects the much vaunted "fighting tiger " is not to be are said to rest and occasionally stretch themselves." compared with the examples preserved iii the Zoological The Rimau-dyan is identical with, and also known by Society's Gardens, Regent's Park. The Tiger is not the name of, the Clouded tiger. A fine living example furLished with a mane, and he stands less erect than exists in the Zoological Society's collection, Regent's tlhe lion; his entire shape and make being more slendcer Park. and graceful than that of his noble-looking congener. THE TIGER (Felis Tiqris) —Plate 8, fig 29-is In regard to its geographical distribution, it is almost readily distinguished from all other feline mammalia by entirely confined to the great Indian peninsula anId its its large bulk, associated \with the characteristic trans- adjacent islands, although it is also found in central verse bands awhich occupy all parts of the body. The and eastern Asia-in the latter region as far as Chinese stripes form rinlgs on the tai, the tip being always black. Tartary. Early wlritelrs have celebratedl in strong On the insicde of the limbs and under palrt of the belly terms thle ferocious and amazingly destructive habits the fur is whvlite. In some examples there is more of this animal; while its enormous strength, procligious splitting of the bands than in others, forming what are speed, and tremendous leaping powers, have over andl FELID,. -MAMMAIIA.. - FEnLIIDE. 1 17 over again been only too faithfully illustrated by delivery. Padre Cuellon, however, did not rally long; the disastrous records of its ravages, which have ever the fright had too serious an effect upon his system, and and anon appeared on the page of history. Cruel, in about ten days he sank to rise no more." We might insidious, bloodthirsty, and malevolent-such is the furnish many other proofs of the cowardly conduct of character it bears; but there are some who would the tiger. Captain Thomas Willianlson-no mean fain modify the force of this charge, and defend the authority, and no mere closet naturalist-deliberately character, if not protect the life, of this fearful scourge gives it as his opinion, that the tiger is more of a coward of man and beast. The tiger is certainly a very than any other beast of prey; "its treacherous nature cowardly animal, although the naturalist Pennant induces it, almost without exception, to conceal itself has been sadly taken to task for having recorded and until its prey may arrive within reach of its spring-be believed the fact, that one of these beasts had been its victim either bulky or diminutive. Size seems to frightened by the mere unfolding of an umbrella. occasion no deviation in the tiger's system of attack, Whilst a party of ladies and gentlemen were seated which is founded on the art of surprising. We find, under the shade of some trees on the banks of a river accordingly, that such as happen to keep the opposite in Bengal, they observed a tiger preparing to spring; side of a road by which they are somewhat beyond the " one of the ladies, with amazing presence of mind, first spring, often escape injury; the tiger being unwilllaid hold of an umbrella, and furled it ffill in the ing to be seen before he is felt. Hence it is rarely that animal's face, which instantly retired, and gave the a tiger pursues; but, if the situation permit, his cunning company an opportunity of removing from so terrible will not fail to effect his purpose; he will steal along aneighbour." Such is Pennant's account, and although the road's side among the bushes parallel with the rather badly expressed, there can be no just reason for traveller's course, until one of the many chances which doubting its truthfulness. Confirmatory of this story, present themselves, of finding him within reach, we have recently, through the columns of the Times, induces to the attack. Often where the country is been made acquainted with the circumstance and rather too open to allow his proceeding in this manner, results of a frightful attack, where a light umbrella the tiger will take a sweep among underwood or proved, for the time at least, a most valuable instru- through ravines, in order to meet the traveller again, ment of defence. An English person, whose letter at a spot whence he may take his spring. Tigers are dates fiom Penang, February 10, 1859, writes: —" My extremely partial to such sites as command a road, escape from the tiger was truly miraculous, but that of selecting one rather less fiequented, in preference to Padre Cuellon was still more so, as the following one that is much in use. In the former they are cerdetails of the attack upon that worthy priest will tain of finding as much as will answer their daily clearly prove. The padre was on his way to church, wants." On one occasion, observes the same author, and was immersed in the study of his sermon, when a "' I was travelling past in my palankeen, through tiger, to his utter surprise, suddenly rushed out of the the Ramghur district, which is mountainous and little jungle or tall grass; but as the beast had not measured cultivated, being for the most part in a state of nature its distance to a nicety, the padre, walking very quickly, and everywhere abounding in jungles, when a bangywas more frightened than hurt. The tiger, however, wollah, who conveyed two baskets of linen and brushed so close to him, that his trowsers were torn, refreshments, and who preceded the palarikeen about the snap of the beast being almost within a hair's- an hundred and fifty yards, set down his load and breadth of his leg. The brute, not contented with a seated himself on the side of the road to rest.awhile. single spring, made another charge upon the poor About two yards behind him was a small bush, not much padre, and as he had nothing wherewith to defend larger than a good-sized currant tree, round which a himself but his large paper umbrella, he suddenly small quantity of jungle grass was growing to the opened it out in the animal's face, which had the effect height of about three feet. There was not another of cowing it for a time. The tiger, however, evi- twig to be seen for at least half a mile on that side of' dently gamer or more pertinacious in his attacks than the road. No sooner had the poor fellow seated himis wont with his tribe, charged the padre at least a self, than a tiger sprang from behind, or rather from dozen times, which occupied nearly twenty minutes. within the bush, and, after giving the fatal blow with ll the meantime the padre gradually edged towards a his paw, seized the man by the shoulder, and dragged tree in an open space of ground, and as there was a him off with the utmost ease at a round pace, into a large white ant's nest between him and the tiger, round thick cover which had as formerly skirted the road, but which the latter had to make, this enabled the padre which had by order of government been cut away to to climb the tree and get out of his way. The tiger, the distance of about a hundred yards, for the safety of on getting round the nest, was at first puzzled at not travellers." Some such deceitful plan is, in point of seeing his intended victim; but in a few minutes he fact, the ordinary method adopted by the tiger for had his nose to the ground, and so scented the where- overcoming its prey. The melancholy death of Sir abouts of the padre. The tiger quietly sat down under Hector Munro's son took place in a similar manner. the tree, and gave a wistful look upwards, but it was Several writers have recorded the incident, which, of no avail. The natives at length hearing the cries of according to Mr. Wood, took place under the following the worthy padre, hastened to the spot, and rendered circumstances:-" This unfortunate gentleman, accomthe assistance required. The tiger fled the instant it panied by three of his firiends, went on shore, December heard their shouts. The poor priest burst into tears, 22, 1792, on Sawgar Island, to shoot deer. They and sang the' Te Deum,' in token of gratitude for his continued their sport till the afternoon, when they 1 18 FELID2E.-MAMMALIA. FELIDL.. retired to the edge of a jungle to refresh themselves, in the houdah. The second barrel, too, of the gun, where they had not remained long before one of the which I still retained in my hand, went off in the party, who was leaving the rest to shoot a deer, heard scuffle, the ball passing close to the mahout's ear, a dreadful roar, and saw a large tiger spring on poor whose situation, poor fellow, was anything but-enviable. Munro, and rush with him into the jungle with the As soon as my elephant was prevailed upon to leave greatest ease, dragging him through everything that the killing part of the business to the sportsmen, they obstructed his course, as if all were made to yield gave the roughly-used tiger the coup-de-grace." to his amazing strength. All that his companions Sometimes, when the elephant rushes upon the tiger could do to rescue their friend from this shocking in the manner just mentioned, it is absolutely impossituation, was to fire at the tiger; and it is evident sible for the riders to keep their seats. The author of that their shots took effect, since in a few minutes the "Oriental Field Sports" gives an amusing illustraafter, Mr. Munro staggered up to them and fell. tion of an accident of this kind which happened to Every medical assistance that the ship afforded was Captain John Rotton: —" He was one of a very numeprocured for him immediately, but in vain; he expired rous party assembled for the purpose of tiger-hunting, in the course of twenty-four hours, in the greatest and was mounted on a very fine male elephant, that, agonies. His head was torn, his skull fractured, and far from being timid, was very remarkable for a his neck and shoulders covered with wounds made by courage scarcely to be kept within the bounds of the claws of the savage beast. It is worthy of obser- prudence. This singularly fine animal having, after vation, that neither the large fire that was blazing much beating a thick grass, hit upon the tiger's situaclose to them, nor the noise and laughter which, it tion, uttered his roar of vengeance, which roused the seems, they were making at the time, could divert this lurking animal, occasioning him to rise so as to be determined animal from his purpose." This, however, seen distinctly. No sooner did the tiger show himself, is no proof of the tiger's bravery, since it fell upon than Captain Rotton, with great readiness, bending his them unawares, and their noise was that of unsuspicious body a little to the left, took aim at him as he stood mirth, and not of the kind to scare away such a cowardly up, crosswise, almost close to the elephant's head. The enemy, but rather to attract him. Tiger-hunting in elephant no sooner espied his enemy, than he knelt India is considered the noblest and most dangerous of down, as is common on such occasions, with the view sports; and from the mass of interesting details which to strike the tiger through with his tusks. At the have appeared in various works devoted to the subject, same time the tiger, sensible of the device, as suddenly it is difficult to decide which are the most meritorious threw himself on his back, thereby evading the intended records of the chase. Captain Mundy tells us of a mischief, and ready to claw the elephant's face with hunting party who sprung a tiger, when the following all four feet, which were thus turned upwards. Now, scene ensued: —This beast " took to the open country, whether Captain Rotton had not been in the habit of which would have more become a fox than a tiger, joining in such rapid evolutions, or that the elephant who is expected by his pursuers to fight, and not to forgot to warn him to hold fast, we know not; but, so run; and as he was flushed on the flank of the line, it happened, that the delicate situation in which he only one bullet was fired at him ere he cleared the was placed, while taking his aim, added to the quickthick grass. He was unhurt, and we pursued him at ness of the elephant's change of height forward, comfull speed. Twice he threw us out by stopping short bined to project him, without the least obstruction, in small strips of jungle, and then heading back after froIn his seat, landing him plump on the tiger's belly i we had passed; and he had given us a very fast trot This was a species of warfare to which all parties were of about two miles, when Colonel Arnold, who led the apparently strangers. The elephant, however fearless field, at last reached him by a capital shot, his elephant in other respects, was remarkably alarmed at the strange being in full career. As soon as he felt himself round mass —the captain being remarkably fat-which wounded, the tiger crept into a close thicket of trees had shot like a sack over his shoulder; while the tiger, and bushes, and crouched. The two leading sports- judging it to be very ungentlemanly-like usage, lost no men overran the spot where he lay, and as I came up time in regaining his legs, trotting off at a round pace, I saw him through an aperture rising to attempt a and abandoning the field to the victorious captain!" charge. My mahout had just before, in the heat of \With regard to other modes of destroying tigers, it may the chase, dropped his ankors, or goad, which I had be observed generally that these animals are not very refused to allow him to recover; and the elephant being easily secured by traps. According to Williamson, notoriously savage, and further irritated by the goading they adopt a very ingenious method in Persia. " This he had undergone, became consequently unmanage- device consists of a large semi-spherical cage, made of able; he appeared to see the tiger as soon as myself, strong bamboos or other efficient materials, woven and I had only time to fire one shot, when he suddenly together, but leaving intervals throughout of about rushed with the greatest fury into the thicket, and fall- three or four inches broad. Under this cover, which ing upon his knees, nailed the tiger with his tusks to is fastened to the ground by means of pickets, in some the ground. Such was the violence of the shock, that places where tigers abound, a man, provided with two my servant, who sat behind, was thrown out, and one or three short strong spears, takes post at night. Being of my guns went overboard. The struggles of my accompanied by a dog, which gives the alarm, or by a elephant to crush his still resisting foe, who had fixed goat, which by its agitation answers the same purpose, one paw on his eye, were so energetic, that I was the adventurer wraps himself up in his quilt, and very obliged to hold on with all my strength to keep myself composedly goes to sleep, in full confidence of his FELID2A. lMAMIMALIA. FELID.E. 119 safety. ~When atiger comes, and, perhaps after smell- relates to its depredations among cattle; but it has ing all around, begins to rear against the cage, the man seldom been known to attack any human being. Mr. stabs him with one of the spears through the interstices Lawson, in his " History of Carolina," states that his of the wicker-work, and rarely fails of destroying the prey consists of " swine's flesh, deer, or anything he tiger, which is ordinarily found dead at no great dis- can take. No creature is so nice and clean as this in tance in the morning." Another plan, stated by the his food. When he has got his prey, he fills his belly same authority to be employed in Oude, is too amusing with the slaughter, and carefully lays up the remainder, to pass unnoticed:-" The track of a tiger being ascer- covering it very neatly with leaves, which, if anything tained, which, though not invariably the same, may touches, he never eats any more of it." The Puma is yet be known sufficiently for the purpose, the peasants an excellent climber; but, as a rule, it appears to precollect a quantity of the leaves of the prauss, which are fer the low, swampy, and more open grounds, where like those of the sycamore, and are common in most it may commit terrible havoc among herds of cattle underwoods, as they form the larger portion of most pasturing in these situations. It has been known to jungles in the north of India. These leaves are destroy as many as fifty sheep in a single night. The smeared with a species of bird-lime, made by bruising Puma formerly occupied an extensive geographical the berries of an indigenous tree; they are then strewed range, extending from Canada to Patagonia; but the with the gluten uppermost, near to that opaque spot progress of civilization has made terrible inroads upon to which, it is understood, the tiger usually resorts its haunts, it being now confined to limitedareas chiefly during the noon-tide heats. If by chance the animal in the prairies of the north and the marshy lowlands of should tread on one of the smeared leaves, his fate may the south. In the Pampas it is hunted and taken with be considered as decided. He commences by shaking the lasso, while in Canada and the States it falls to his paw, with the view to remove the adhesive incum- the more surely destructive rifle. When taken young brance; but finding no relief from that expedient, he the Puma is easily tamed, and in the domesticated rubs the nuisance against his face with the same state, exhibits all the playfulness of a kitten; while on intention, by which means his eyes, ears, &c., become being caressed it utters the characteristic purring agglutinated, and occasion such uneasiness as causes sound. In the British Museum's list of Felidae it is him to roll, perhaps among many more of the smeared associated with the leopards. leaves, till at length he becomes completely enveloped, TRAILL'S PUMA (Felis unicolor), or Spotless cat, and is deprived of sight. In this situation he may be appearls to be quite distinct, being little more than half compared to a man who has been tarred and feathered. the size of the true Puma. The body measures thirtyThe anxiety produced by this strange and novel predi- two inches, exclusive of the tail, which would give us cament soon discovers itself in dreadful howlings, which another twenty inches. " The general hue of this serve to call the watchful peasants, who, in this state, species is a beautiful glossy reddish-brown. The find no difficulty in shooting the mottled object of colouir of the whole upper part of the body, including detestation." A more common method of destroying the head and tail, has a considerable resemblance to tigers is that of shooting them from a moychaun or that of a dark bay horse. The tint becomes gradually platform. This temporary elevation is erected only paler on the sides and under part of the neck, and when a tiger has carried off some animal, and tie passes by imperceptible shades into an ochry brown on haunt of his concealment has been duly ascertained by the belly. When closely examined, the darker colour finding the half-mangled carcase. The platform is then of the back is partly owing to an intermixture of rapidly constructed of bamboo or other poles, and raised blackish-brown hairs with the rest of the fur. The about twenty feet from the ground. On the tiger's hair over the body is rather short, like that usually return, the native shecarrie, or sportsman, seldom fails seen on a smooth Spanish pointer." Dr. Traill further to kill or mortally wound the beast, for which, on his observes, by way of comparison, that "the head of the return home, he is amply rewarded by money, gifts, Spotless cat is much more pointed, its nose more and congratulations. In conclusion, we may remark elevated, and its limbs are much more slender in prothat the tiger is capable of being tamed, but its dispo- portion to its size, than in the puma. The strength of sition is irascible and uncertain. The female usually the jaws and size of the teeth are likewise proportionproduces from two to four cubs at a birth. ally less. In the puma the backs of the ears are black; THE PUMA (Felis concolor), Cougar, or American in our animal they are of the same colour as the lion, as it is erroneously called, is easily recognized by adjacent parts. The tail of the puma is claviform, or its nearly uniform fawn-coloured fur, which in the appears thickened towards the tip, which is black; but young state, however, is faintly marked at the sides the tail of the Spotless cat is nearly'of one thickness with spots of a rather deep tinge of the same hue. throughout, and it wants the conspicuous black tip." The inner sides of the legs, as well as the under parts All that our authority has recorded of its habits may of the throat and belly, are lighter, inclining to white; be summed up in a few words, namely, that it occupies but the posterior aspect of the ears, especially at the the interior of large forests, preying upon monkeys, base, the sides of the nmuzzle, and the tip of the tail, quadrupeds, and birds. are black. The body is about four feet six inches, not THE LION (Felis Leo) —Plate 8, fig. 28 —occupies a including the tail, which measures some six and twenty much wider geographical range than the tiger, especially inches. With regard to its habits, early writers have if we regard the Gamrbian and maneless forms as mele represented the Puma to be an extremely savage varietiesof a single species. The latter kind are found species. This is indeed quite true, in so far as it in the Indian territory of Guzerat, and in the adjacent 120 FELID. - MAMMIAiALIA. FEI,IDm. peninsula of Cutch. In all probability there is but each separate example displays! How this lioness, one true species of lion, and this in general is charac- wounded in the spinal cord, drags her paralyzed hinder terized by the possession of a uniformly tawny or quarters after her IHow that lion, wounded in the yellowish-ruddy fur, the tail presenting a bushy tuft of eye, puts up his paw with agony to the spot! How long black hairs at the tip. The male is also furnished another, pierced with four arrows, is staggering in the with a large flowing mane, which covers the back part last convulsion! How yet another, wounded in the of the head, as well as the entire neck, extending brain, has fallen over on his back! How this one, over the shoulders to a greater or less extent. The wounded in the lungs, stops to pour out the life-stream! young are frequently marked with roundish spots and And lastly, how certain it is that the king and his dark stripes along the back. - Curiously banded hybrids court, and the inhabitants of Nineveh in general, must have also been occasionally produced by associating have been familiar with such exhibitions to have the lion with the tigress. In our introductory obser- required so many cruel details at the hand of the vations on the Carnivora, we have already dwelt on artist!" These and other records also testify that in the structure of the skeleton of this most highly early times lions were extremely numerous in the developed type of the order, and in our remarks on the eastern parts of Asia; and we also learn from HeroFelidae proper, we have been careful to illustrate the dotus that they formerly existed in Europe, the distinguishing characteristics common to the lion and baggage camels of Xerxes' army being, we are told, its allies; but there still remains an apparently trifling attacked in their march from Acanthus towards that matter which has given rise to much controversy, and part of Turkey now called Salonica. But in modern cannot therefore be passed unnoticed. We allude to times it is to Africa that the lion-hunter directs his the occasional presence of a corneous thorn-like prickle steps. Accordingly we have of late years, especially, developed at the extremity of the lion's tail. For a received important additions to our knowledge of the long period we remained sceptical as to the genuine instincts and habits of the lion; and it is now pretty character of this peculiar dermal process, conceiving it well understood that the noble qualities ascribed to to be a merely accidental thickening or induration of this beast by Buffon and his copyists, have existed only the caudal integument, and serving no particular pur- in their imaginations, since, on the contrary, it has pose in the economy of this animal's habits. The been continually shown, that the lion, like the tiger, is question has, however, been fairly set at rest by ever ready to take advantage of a comparatively weak Messrs. Bennett and Woods; the former gentleman and unguarded prey, and by the execution of a mohaving, at a meeting of the Zoological Society of mentary dash, to bring it to the ground. A fullLondon in 1832, exhibited one of these claw-like grown lion weighs firom thirty-five to nearly forty appendages which had been previously removed from stone; consequently few animals can resist the fearful the tail of a lion then living in the society's menagerie, crash of such a weight falling upon them unawares. Regent' Park. This claw is about the third of an inch Except when pressed for food, the lion is certainly a long, solid throughout the greater part of its extent; rather lazy and indolent beast; but this unwillingness sharp at the apex, and slightly hollowed out at the to commit havoc for the mere pleasure of the sport, base. Its function has been supposed to be connected does not entitle it to receive the character of being with a lashing of the tail for the purpose of stimulating brave, noble, or magnanimous-qualities which it anger; but in our view it is more probably concerned assuredly does not possess. If we turn our attention in the action of scratching out or combing hair where to the testimony of eminent and distinguished travellers, portions of the fur have been accidentally matted what do we find? Sparrman mentions the case of a together. Be that as it may, its existence is a remark- farmer, named Jacob Kok, who, "when walking over able fact; and what perhaps is still more strange, is, his lands with his loaded gun, unexpectedly met a that its presence has recently received confirmation lion. Being an excellent shot, he thought himself from a source of authority far more ancient than the pretty certain, from the position in which he was, of oft-quoted statements of Didymus of Alexandria, who killing it, and, therefore, fired his piece. Unfortunately flourished forty years prior to the Christian era. The he did not recollect that the charge had been in it for Assyrian sculptures plainly aver that the lion-hunting some time, and consequently was damp; so that his people of that early period, some seven hundrced years piece hung fire, and the ball, falling short, entered the before Christ, were well acquainted with this horny ground close to the lion. In consequence of this he development, seeing that their artists have faithfully was seized with a panic, and took directly to his heels; depicted it on the imperishable monuments of their but, being soon out of breath, and closely pursued by ancient might! Strange, we repeat, that the elucida- the lion, he jumped on a little heap of stones, and there tion of a long-disputed point in natural history and made a stand, presenting the but-end of his gun to his science, should at length receive assistance and con- adversary, fully resolved to defend his life as well as firmation fi'om the disinterred memorials of a by-past he could to the utmost. This deportment had such race-of a people who bred and reared lions expressly an efifect on his pursuer, that he also made a stand, for the chase and other kinds of sports! " Let the and lay down at a distance of a few paces from the spectator," says M. Bonomi, in his attractive volume heap of stones, seemingly quite unconcerned. Jacob, entitled, "Nineveh and its Palaces," "now examine in the meantime, did not stir from the spot; besides, these interesting sculptures, and consider for himself he had in his flight unfortunately dropped his powderthe various attitudes of the dead and dying lions, horn. At length, after waiting a good half hour, the what a familiarity with the result of the various wounds lion rose up, and at first went very slowly, and step by FEL1DmEi. WMAMM ALIA. - FELIDS. 121 step only, as if he had a mind to steal off; but as soon him on the breast and shoulder, all the Wihile feeling as he got to a greater distance, he began to bound for his neck; having got hold of which, he at once away at a great rate." Here, at all events, our lion dragged him away backwards round the bush into the did not exhibit much courage or bravery; and, as dense shade. As the lion lay on the unfortunate man, another instance of cowardice on the part of this so- he faintly cried —' Help me, help me, 0 God! men, called noble animal, we quote the statements of Captain help me!' after which the fearful beast got hold of his Harris, who remarks that, early one rainy morning, neck, and then all was still, except that his comrades when he and his companions were peeping out of their heard the bones of his neck cracking between the teeth canvas-covered waggon, in order to ascertain if there of the lion." With regard to the death-dealing strength was any prospect of its clearing up, they " perceived of the lion's paw, Mr. Burchell relates the following three lions squatted within a hundred yards, in the incident: —While he and his friends were out hunting, open plain, attentively watching the oxen. Our rifles," they sprung a lion and lioness. The latter soon dishe adds, "were hastily seized, but the dampness of appeared, but the former made a slight advance, as if the atmosphere prevented their explosion. One after to show fight. " At this instant the dogs boldly flew another, too, the Hottentots sprang out of the pack in between us and the lion, and, surrounding him, kept waggon, and snapped their guns at the unwelcome him at hbay by their violent and resolute barking. The intruders as they trotted sulkily away, and took up courage of those faithful animals was most admirable. their position on a stony eminence at no great distance. They advanced up to the side of the huge beast, and Fresh caps and priming were applied, and a broadside stood making the greatest clamour in his face, without was followed by the instantaneous demise of the largest, the least appearance of fear. The lion, conscious of whose cranium was perforated by two bullets at the his strength, remained unmoved at their noisy attempts, same instant. Swinging their tails over their backs, and kept his head turned towards us. At one moment the survivors took warning by the fate of their com- the dogs, perceiving his eye thus engaged, had advanced panion, and dashed into the thicket with a roar. In close to his feet, and seemed as if they would actually another half hour the voice of Leo was again heard at seize hold of him; but they paid dearly for their the foot of the mountains, about a quarter of a mile imprudence: for, without discomposing the majestic from the camp; and from the waggon-top we could and steady attitude in which he stood fixed, he merely perceive a savage monster rampant, with his tail hoisted moved his paw, and at the next instant 1 beheld two and whirling in a circle, charging furiously along the lying dead. In doing this he made so little exertion, base of the range, and in desperate wrath making that it was scarcely perceptible by what means they towards John April, who was tending the sheep. Every had been killed. Of the time which we gained by the one instinctively grasped his weapon and rushed to interference of the dogs, not a moment was lost. We the rescue, calling loudly to warn the expected victim fired upon him; one of the balls went through his side, of his danger. Without taking the smallest notice of just between the short ribs, and the blood began to him, however, the infuriated monster dashed past, flow; but the animal still remained standing in the roaring and lashing his sides, until concealed in the same position. We had now no doubt that he would mist." So much for the lion's courage. Another false spring upon us. Every gun was instantly reloaded; appellation by which he is known, is that of the dignified but happily we were mistaken, and were not sorry to title of " monarch of the forest;" but, as Mr. Burchell see him move quietly away, though I had hoped in a remarks, this name is not very applicable, seeing that few minutes to have been enabled to take hold of his he is seldom seen except amongst low thickets and paw without danger." brushwood, or in the open plains. Captain Harris, As to the destructive habits of the lion, Mr. Anderswho employs the misnomer without comment, is very son tells us of one powerful beast slain by Messrs. careful to tell us, that the fine specimens seen in our Galton and Bam, which only a short time previous had menageries are, as it were, "but the shadow of that killed upwards of fifty oxen, cows, and horses! In its animal which clears the desert with his rolling eye." stomach, when shot,. was a small dog bitten into five No doubt our semi-domesticated examples lose some- pieces, the little animal having incautiously approached thing of that lustre of the eye, and breadth of limb, the lion during the hunt. Many other interesting which characterize the wild and unfettered beast; details regarding the habits of the lion are given by this nevertheless, our conceptions of a lion's strength are most successful hunter. On one occasion Mr. Andersperhaps as accurately realized by an examination and son had a marvellously lucky escape. When eating dissection of such examples as are brought over, or even his dinner, a number of native damaras and mamaques bred in this country, as by the description and poetical came to tell him that an ongeama, as they call it, had language above adopted. In the sad story given by destroyed one of their goats, and that they hoped he Mr. Gordon Cumming, of the seizure and death of a would help them to kill it. He consented. The lion Hottentot named Hendrick, the lion's attack was of had taken refuge in a dense tamarisk brake, and Mr. the most cowardly character. "It appeared that when Andersson says:-" I had proceeded for some time, the unfortunate Hendrick rose to drive in the ox, the when suddenly, and within a few paces of where I lion had watched him to his fireside; and he had stood, I heard a low, angry growl, which caused the scarcely lain down when the brute sprang upon him dogs, with hair erect in the manner of hogs' bristle, and Runyter (for both lay under one blanket) with his and with their tails between their legs, to slink behind appalling murderous roar, and, roaring as he lay, my heels. Immediately afterwards atremendous shout grappled him with his fearful claws, and kept biting of'" ongeama! ongeama I" was raise(l by the natives VoL. I. I6 122 FELIDmE. MAMMALIA. FELIDE. on the bank above, followed by a discharge of fire-arms. was, however, only by a hair's breadth, for he passed Presently, however, all was still again; for the lion, as me within arm's length. He afterwards scrambled into I subsequently learnt, after showing himself on the the thick cover, beyond where, as night was then outskirts of the brake, had retreated into it. Once approaching, I did not deem it prudent to pursue him." more I attempted to dislodge the beast; but finding Next morning they found the spot where the poor the enemy awaiting him in the more open country, brute had passed the night in sleepless agony; but it he was very loath to leave his stronghold. Again, was not until the expiration of several days that his however, I succeeded in driving him to the edge carcase was found, then in a state of decomposition; of the brake, where, as in the first instance, he was and thus ends the story. Many other narrow escapes received with a volley; but a broomstick would have are recorded by Mr. Andersson, some of which are been equally efficacious as a gun in the hands of even more astonishing. In most instances it would these people, for out of a great number of shots that appear that these escapes depend upon the cowardice were fired, not one seemed to have taken effect. Worn of the lion, which also does not seem to be able to out at length with my exertions, and disgusted beyond recognize the proper moment when an intended victim measure at the way in which the natives bungled the is entirely within its power. Thus, for example, what affair, I left the tamarisk brake, and, rejoining them on can be more extraordinary than the following incident, the bank above, offered to change place with them; given by the same gentleman?-An old waggon-driver, but my proposal, as I expected, was forthwith declined. Piet by name, "riding along one morning in a very As the day, however, was now fast drawing to a close, weak state, having just recovered from a severe fever, I determined to make one other effort to destroy the a lion suddenly rushed on him. The ox became lion, and, should that prove unsuccessful, to give up frightened, and threw the old man. One of his feet the chase. Accordingly, accompanied by a single was caught in the stirrup; but, fortunately, the'weld' native, I again entered the brake in question, which I shoe slipped off.'I know,' said the old veteran hunter, examined for some time without seeing anything; but' I was thrown, and that I got on my legs again, but in on arriving at that part of the cover we had first what manner is quite a mystery to me to this day. I searched, and when in a spot comparatively free fiom called, as loud as my feeble voice permitted, to my bushes, up suddenly sprung the beast within a few people to bring a gun, the lion always getting nearer paces of me. It was a black-maned lion, and one and nearer, until he stood within arm's length. I once of the largest I ever remember to have encountered in or twice tried to pull out my pistol or my sword-lnife, Africa. But his movements were so rapid, so silent which, as you know, I usually carry about with me, and smooth withal, that it was not until he had par- but in my anxiety I missed them. My jacket was tially entered the thick cover-at which time he might lying just in fi-ont of me on the ground, but the brute have been about thirty paces distant-that I could fire. had one of his paws on it. I felt desperate, however, On receiving the ball he wheeled short about, and, with and, pulling it forcibly away, struck the lion on the a terrific roar, bounded towards me. When within a head, when he grinned and growled terribly, and I few paces, he couched as if about to spring, having his expected every moment he would tear me to pieces. head imbedded, so to say, between his fore-paws. At this juncture my damara, who fortunately had Drawing a large hunting-knife and slipping it over the heard my cries of distress, came running up with my wrist of my right hand, I dropped on one knee, and, gun. Taking the piece from the man, I fired at the thus prepared, awaited his onset. It was an awful lion, who had retreated a few paces, where he sat moment of suspense, and my situation was critical in quietly looking at me. I dont know whether I hit him, the extreme. Still my presence of mind never for a for what with the sudden fright and my weak constitumoment forsook me-indeed, I felt that nothing but tion, I felt very unsteady. Be that as it may, it had the most perfect coolness and absolute self-command at all events the effect of scaring him away, for at the would be of any avail. I would now have become the report of the gun he instantly betook himself to assailant; but as-owing to the interlvening bushes, and cover.'" In such cases as the above, one cannot but clouds of dust raised by the lion's lashing his tail recognize a providentially-implanted fearfulness in the against the ground-I was unable to see his head, the lion, which fi-equently gives to the human victim while to aim at any other part would have been mad- an opportunity of escape; and perhaps, therefore, those ness, I refi-ained from firing. Whilst intently watching instances of deliverance, where the animal has already his every motion, he suddenly bounded towards me; partially succeeded in overcoming his intended prey, but-whether it was owing to his not perceiving me, ought to be considered the more remarkable-such, partially concealed as I was in the long grass, or to my for example, as that of the escape of Dr. Livingstone, instinctively throwing my body on one side, or to his which is described by the distinguished missionary miscalculating the distance-in making his last spring, himself as follows:-" Being about thirty yards off, I he went clear over me, and alighted on the ground took a good aim at his body through the bush, and three or four paces beyond. Instantly, and without fired both barrels into it. The men then called out, rising, I wheeled round on my knee, and discharged'He is shot, he is shot!' Others cried,'He has been my second barrel, and, as his broadside was then shot by another man too; let us go to him!' I did towards me, lodged a ball in his shoulder, which it not see any one else shoot at him, but I saw thIe lion's completely smashed. On receiving my second fire, he tail erected in anger behind the bush, and, turning to made another and more determined rush at me; but, the people, said,' Stop a little till I load again.' When owing to his disabled state, I happily avoided him. It in the act of ramming down the bullets I heard a shout. FELIDAE. MAMBIMALIA. -FELIaam. 12 3 Starting, and looking half round, I saw the lion just in is very conspicuous, and it cannot therefore be affirmed, the act of springing upon me. I was upon a little we repeat, that the lion is either brave or magnanimous. height; he caught my shoulder as he sprang, and we In regard to the power of the lion's roar, Dr. Livingboth came to the ground below together. Growling stone's observations are too important to pass unhorribly close to my ear, he shook me as a terrier dog- noticed-" The same feeling," says this eminent does a rat. The shock produced a stupor similar to traveller, " which has induced the modern painter to that which seems to be felt by a mouse after the first caricature the lion, has led the sentimentalist to conshake of the cat. It caused a sort of dreaminess, in sider the lion's roar the most terrific of all earthly which there was no sense of pain nor feeling of terror, sounds. We hear of the'majestic roar of the king of though quite conscious of all that was happening. It beasts.' It is indeed well calculated to inspire fear if was like what patients partially under the influence of you hear it in combination with the tremendously loud chloroform describe, who see all the operation, but feel thunder of that country, on a night so pitchy dark that not the knife. This singular condition was not the every flash of the intensely vivid lightning leaves you result of any mental process. The shake annihilated with the impression of stone-blindness, while the rain fear, and allowed no sense of horror in looking round pours down so fast that your fire goes out, leaving you at the beast. This peculiar state is probably produced without the protection of even a tree, or the chance of in all animals killed by the Carnivora; and if so, is a your gun going off. But when you are in a comfortmercifiul provision by our benevolent Creator for lessen- able house or waggon the case is very different, and ing the pain of death. Turning round to relieve myself you hear the roar of the lion without any awe or alarm. of the weight, as he had one paw on the back of my The silly ostrich makes a noise as loud, yet he never head, I saw his eyes directed to Mebalwe, who was was feared by man. To talk of the majestic roar of tlying to shoot him at a distance of ten or fifteen yards. the lion is mere majestic twaddle. On my mentioning His gun, a flint one, missed fire in both barrels; the this fact some years ago, the assertion was doubted, so lion immediately left me, and, attacking Mebalwe, bit I have been carefiul ever since to inquire the opinions his thigh. Another man, whose life I had saved before, of Europeans, who have heard both, if they could after he had been tossed by a buffalo, attempted to spear detect any difference between the roar of a lion and the lion while he was biting Mebalwe. He left Mebalwe that of an ostrich; the invariable answer was, that they and caught this man by the shoulder; but at that could not when the animal was at any distance. The moment the bullets he had received took effect, and he natives assert that they can detect a variation between fell down dead. The whole was the work of a few the commencement of the noise of each. There is, it moments, and must have been his paroxysmr of dying must be admitted, a considerable difference between rage. In order to take out the charil from him, the the singing noise of a lion when full, and his deep, gruff Bakatla on the following day made a huge bonfire over voice when hungry. In general the lion's voice seems the carcase, which was declared to be that of the largest to come deeper fiom the chest than that of the ostrich; lion they had ever seen. Besides crunching the bone but to this day I can distinguish between them with into splinters, he left eleven teeth wounds in the upper certainty only by knowing that the ostrich roars by part of my arm." day and the lion by night." The lion, as we have In attacks on the more powerful quadrupeds, the seen, is rather timid than courageous; the testimony of lion seldom approaches them singly. Thus, Messrs. Burchell, Harris, Cumming, Andersson, Livingstone, Oswell and Vardon witnessed three male lions pulling and many others, clearly showing that it entertains down a buffalo, and they were enabled to shoot two of great fear of man. Whilst this mighty beast is actually the plunderers on the spot. Again, Mr. Andersson saw enjoying a hearty meal, by merely walking up, Captain no less than five lions, two of which were in the act of Harris causes it to march off forthwith. Many similar similarly destroying "a splendid giraffe, the other three incidents are also recorded by these distinguished watching close at hand," ready to take part in the travellers; Dr. Livingstone going so far as to assure us, deadly strife. The last-named sportsman also mentions that there is "' more danger of being run over when two instances where the lion had been guilty of canni- walking in the streets of London than of being devoured balism. In one case a male had devoured a lioness, by lions in Afiica, unless engaged in hunting the anihaving apparently quarrelled over an insufficient meal, mal." Lions are still very abundant in the interior of consisting of a spring-bok, on which they had evidently that country, but, with an extending civilization, and a been feasting together! In the other case, after Mr. more constant supply of fire-arms to the natives, it may Andersson and his friends had severely wounded a be fairly predicted that the regions of the south will ere male, a whole troop of lions immediately rushed upon long become as completely emptied of this huge beast their disabled brother and tore him to pieces. In all of prey, as have been the-once infested districts of these incidents the true cowardly character of the species Greece and Asia Minor. L 124 PHocID.. -MAM3ALIA. PHOCIDcE.. ORDER VI.-PINNIPEDIA. THIS order of amphibious mammals, though, for con- arrangement. The teeth are usually thirty-four in numvenience, here treated as a distinct group, cannot be ber, of which there may be reckoned six or only four regarded as zoologically equivalent to any of the fore- incisors above, and four or two below, together with going ordinal divisions, inasmuch as it only represents four canines, and twenty or twenty-two molars; all a peculiar section of the Carnivora, properly so called. having the crowns armed with trenchant conical points. In accordance, therefore, with the system indicated at The tongue is smooth and bifid at the tip; the stomach the commencement of this work, the Pinnipeds or Seals is simple, the intestinal canal being comparatively long. are here considered separately. The most marked and In connection with the liver, the posterior vena cava obvious peculiarity in their organization, consists in has a sacculated expansion, the use of which is to prethe conversion of the limbs into paddles or swim- vent the necessity of rapid respiration, thereby proming feet-the modifications of structure by which this longing the animal's power of remaining under water. change is brought about being best understood by The venous blood is thus retarded in its course back an examination of the skeleton (Plate 34, fig. 114). to the lungs, until the animal rises for a fresh supply of Bearing in mind what we have already pointed air. During the action of diving, the nostrils are closed out respecting the osteology of the typical carnivor, it by a muscular sphincter. Under ordinary circumwill be noticed that the several skeletal elements of stances seals can remain submerged from fifteen to, the seal are more or less attenuated, compressed, and twenty minutes; and it is stated that, during sleep, shortened, according to circumstances. Thus, instead they will remain in this condition for as much as an of the broad massive skull, we have a rather elongated hour, without coming to the surface to breathe. The cranium, associated with a movable spine, which is shining, glossy, adpressed hairs are protected from an even more flexible than that of ordinary cats. The injurious action of the water, by an oily secretion which bones of the pelvis are particularly slender, and but exudes from the skin. Their margins are sinuous, but feebly developed, while the shoulder-blades are, on the the long, stout, horny whiskers are uniformly smooth. other hand, remarkably broad. There are no clavicles. Seals are for the most part marine, but a few of them The homologous arm and thigh bones, that is, the pass up the mouths of rivers to fresh-water streams, humeri and femora, are much shortened. The bones and even lakes. While at rest, they are usually seen of the fore-arm are considerably flattened; and, in the reposing on the ledges of rocks, and basking in the conformation of the hand, the adaptation of the limb sun; and on being alarmed, they suddenly plunge into for natatory purposes is eminently significant. It will the water for security. These animals, as is well be observed that the phalanges are drawn out, as it known, subsist principally on various kinds of fish; but were; and, diverging from one another, like the spokes they will also devour crabs, molluscs, and other oceanic of a wheel, they form mutually-resisting supports for products. Fossil remains of seals occur in the miocene the interdigital webs. The hind paddles, with their and pliocene deposits. membranous expansions, are similarly constructed, THE COMMON SEAL (Plhoca vitulinac)-Plate 12, stretching out posteriorly in a horizontal direction. fig. 40-is an inhabitant of the northern seas generally, All the feet are pentadactylous, the toes of the anterior and was formerly very abundant all along the western extremity becoming, one after another, shorter from the coasts of the British islands, as well as those of France; thumb outwards. The outer and innermost toes of now, however, it is comparatively scarce, except on the the hind feet are the most extensively developed. The shores of Scotland, and its adjacent northern and forward movements of the body upon land are pro- western isles. The body of the seal is between four duced by a rapid succession of short shuffling or and five feet long, having an ashy or yellowish-grey wriggling leaps, entirely due to the contraction of the ground colour, which is indistinctly spotted with light muscles of the trunk, and altogether independent of brownish-black patches; it exhibits a cylindro-conical the limbs, the latter only being employed in clambering form, gradually diminishing in bulk from the region of up the sides of projecting rocks. Generally speaking, the chest towards the short broad muzzle in front, and the bones are light and spongy in texture; and this towards the rudimentary tail behind. The eyes are circumstance-when taken in connection with the boat- rather large, and protected by a few stiff hairs, forming like form of the body, which terminates posteriorly in small eyebrows; the ears being fully-developed, and a short and conical tail, the oar-like limbs, the smooth scarcely visible. One of the most interesting peculiariadpressed fur, together with the flexible spine and ties by which this species is distinguished, consists in powerful muscles- satisfactorily demonstrates how the oblique disposition of the molar teeth, producing a much care has been taken to render these creatures slight overlapping of the ends; this remarkable characswift, easy, and vigorous swimmers. ter having been first pointed out by Professor Nilsson. The brain is largely developed —a fact which in some FAMILY I. —PHOCID2E. measure explains that high degree of intellectual manifestation, which the seal is capable of displaying. The true Seals have been divided into four sub- Though very timid in the wild state, and very difficult families or minor groups, but their differentiating to approach with a gun, it is, nevertheless, extremely characters are scarcely sufficient to warrant such an docile in a semi-domesticated condition. From the LL _. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PHOCID.E. MAMMALIA. PHOCIDm. 125 earliest times it has been tamed and taught to perform prey to the seal-hunters; their fur is much valued, and a number of tricks, and to utter certain responsive is less woolly than that of the common species. The sounds, when spoken to by its master. A seal thus female produces one, or rarely two, cubs at a birth; the instructed has been exhibiting in London, under the skins being either white or cream-coloured. These title of the " talking and performing fish;" its so-called seals have a tendency to congregate and herd together wonderful performances, however, as might be expected, on floating masses of ice at a considerable distance do not equal the absurdities of a puffing and exagger- from the shore, under the leadership of one of their ating advertisement. Mr. Low, in his "Fauna Orca- number. densis," observes, that in the wild state, " seals seem THE MARBLED SEAL (Ploca annulata) inhabits to have a great deal of curiosity; if people are passing the coasts of France, and was supposed by Frederick in boats, they often come quite close up to the boat, Cuvier to be only a variety of the common species. and stare at them, following for a long time together; Professor Nilsson of Copenhagen, however, has deterif people are speaking loud, they seem to wonder what mined otherwise. At one time it was believed that may be the matter. The church of Hoy, in Orkney, this species had been taken on our own coasts, but the is situated in a small sandy bay, much frequented by impression appears to have been erroneous; it is certhese creatures; and I observed, when the bell rang tainly not improbable that it should find its way thus for divine service, all the seals within hearing swam far northward. The body is about as large as that of directly to the shore, and kept looking about them, as Phoca vitulina, but it is at once distinguished from it, if surprised rather than frightened, and in this man- by the peculiar marbled colour of the fur. A very ner continued to wonder as long as the bell rung." lively specimen of the Marbled seal, formerly kept in Their powers of hearing are remarkably acute, as we the Jardin des Plantes, afforded the Parisian and other have recently verified by speaking softly to the active visitors much amusement. Two little dogs were housed little seal at present living in the Zoological Society's with it, and the trio lived on excellent terms; the seal Gardens, Regent's Park; even while the animal is allowing them to take fish out of its mouth while eatunder water, the very faintest whisper of its name- ing, and submitting to many other indignities. "Jenny " —does not fail to elicit immediate attention THE GREAT SEAL (Phoca barbata) is occasionally and expectancy. In high northern latitudes the seal found on the northern shores of Scotland; and, accordis of the greatest economic value. To the Greenlanders ing to Mr. Selby, it is an inhabitant of the Farn and it affords an almost exclusive means of subsistence- Staple islands, off the coast of Northumberland. The supplying, as it does, food for the inner man, clothing body of a full-grown species measures as much as ten, for the outer man, and light for their ill-furnished twelve, or even fourteen feet in length, and weighs dwellings. The seal is also an important article of upwards of forty-five stone. The head is comparatively commerce. A full-grown specimen of this species, if long, and much arched in front; the eyes are large, the taken in spring, will yield from four to five gallons of auditory opening being also capacious. The fore-feet oil, while some of the larger kinds will supply con- have the central toe longest, the outermost on either siderably more than double that quantity. If extracted side being comparatively short. In the adult animal while fresh, the oil is beautifully clear and transparent, the fur presents a deep brownish-black colour, but in inodorous, and of a rather pleasant taste. The skin is the young state it is of light-greenish hue. The female either prepared with the fur, or tanned to make is provided with four teats, and Mr. Selby states that leather; in either case it is in great demand for making it " calves in the month of November upon several of shoes, caps, and other articles of clothing. the outer rocks, where the young are suckled every THE HARP SEAL (Phoca Grcenlanclica) is, as its tide for the space of fourteen or fifteen days, when the specific name implies, found very abundant on the ice- long woolly fur which at first clothed them is cast, and bound shores of Greenland, being also an inhabitant of a new covering of close short hair supersedes it; they Iceland, and the northern coasts generally, fiom New- are then conducted by the dam to the water, from foundland along the borders of the Frozen Ocean, as whence they only emerge at intervals." far as the sea of Kamtschatka It is also occasionally THE GREY SEAL (Halichoerus gr9yphus) is also an transported southward to the western shores of our inhabitant of the British coasts, being especially abunown sea-girt islands. The fur presents a greyish-white dant on the Irish shores. Professor Nilsson-an colour, the back being marked by a blackish horseshoe- excellent authority-states that those living in the shaped band, arching backwards from the region of the Baltic have solitary habits; but, in the neighbourhood shoulder to within a few inches of the root of its stumpy of Cork and Waterford, Dr. Ball found them gregarious tail. This band is broad at the sides, while its outline in small numbers. The Grey seal is also a native of is very irregular; the anterior half of the head exhibits the northern coasts of Europe, and is called the Utselzo' the same deep brownish-black colour, imparting to the by the Icelanders. Zoologically speaking, it is a species physiognomy a very peculiar look. The molar teeth of very great interest, because its structural characters, do not overlap each other, but they leave slight inter- in some particulars at least, approach very closely spaces between their several ends. In regard to the those of the walrus; Dr. Gray, indeed, considers it habits of this species, Fabricius states that they leave entitled to be regarded as a member of the family the coasts of Greenland twice a-year, namely, in March which that peculiar form represents. Be that as it and July, revisiting their haunts in May and Septem- may, the canines are present in the lower jaw, while ber. Their food consists of molluscs and fish, especially those of the upper are not prolonged into tuskssalmon. Being stupid and incautious, theyfallaneasy features which sufficiently distinguish the Phocide 126 PHOCIDFi,. MAMMALIA. -PiHTCInDA,. from the Trichecidae. According to Reinhardt, the species of Leptonyx, under the generic title of Stezoupper jaw is frequently furnished with a sixth molar r/hynchtus. They are characterized by the possession on either side, which would make the total number of of twenty-two teeth, of which eight are incisors, grinders to be twentyr-two. The superior series are besides the usual, number of canines, and twenty simple, displaying only a single pointed crown, but molars-each of the latter being provided with three those of the lower jaw are slightly tuberculated. The sharp, conical, prong-like tubercles. All of these are head is remarkably flat, terminating anteriorly in a broad, slightly compressed, and point more or less upwalrds truncated muzzle. One of the most striking peculiari- and backwards; the central cusp being the longest, ties of this species-and one in which it very closely and separated from the lateral pair by a deep notch on resembles the walrus-consists in the disproportionate either side. The hindermost molars are furnished with size of the brain, as compared with that of the common double fangs. -The skull is narrow, elongated, and seal; while the bones of the face are, on the other rather depressed at the centre of the vertex. The hand, more cogently developed. The late Dr. Ball of claws of the feet are comparatively small, especially Dublin, in a communication to Professor Bell-after those of the hind pair. This species inhabits the shores alluding to the fruitless attempts made by his father to of the southern hemisphere. rear and tame specimens-has very forcibly remarked THE CRESTED SEAL (StemmaCtol~ps cristcttus), or that this seal'" appears scarcely susceptible of domes- Hoodcap, differs from the ordinary seals, inasmluch as tication, and the development of the skull seems to it possesses a remarkable organ, situated at the anterior indicate as much; for the size of the brain of a speci- part of the head. This structure consists of a mernmen nearly eight feet long, did not exceed that of one branous and muscular pouch, which is divided internaiy of Phoca variegate (i.e., P. vitueliaz), of less than four into two compartments by the prolongation of the feet." cartilaginous septumn of the nose (fig. 37). By closing THE SEA-LEOPARD (Lel2tonyx Weciclellii).- M. its nostrils, the animal has the power of inflating this Frederick Cuvier formerly associated the various sac, which then stretches back over the cralnium, and Fig. 37. - 7:The Crested Seal (Steminatopus cristatus). in the distended condition rises six or seven inches black in the young animal. The ears are comparaabove the vertex. The molar teeth are irregularly tively well-developed, being an inch and a half in tuberculated. The Hoodcap lives chiefly on large length, and clothed with hair. There are ten incisor floating fields of ice off the coasts of Greenland and the teeth, six above and four below, the four central ones north-eastern shores of America, being seldom seen on of the upper series having fiat and transversely-grooved land, except in the months of April, May, and June. crowns; the molars are twenty-two in number. The It is a large species, measuring seven or eight feet in first toe of the fore-foot is the longest, the remainderi length; and great nnumbers are annually destroyed by gradually shortening in succession, outwards. The the seal-hunters. interdigital membranes of the hind feet are prolonged THE SEA-BEAR (Arctocelphalus ursinus)-Plate 13, considerably beyond the toes in the form of bands. The fig. 41-is a native of the north-western shores of Sea-bears are polygamous in their habits, a single male America, as wvell as the coasts of Kamtschatka and the jealously guarding upwards of fifty or sixty feiales. Kurile islands. It is a large, bulky species, upwards The males are very fierce, as are also the dams when of seven feet long. The fur is thick, of a woolly tex- their young are hunted; if wounded, they utter c loudl ture, of a greyish-brown tint in the adult, but quite whining cry. The filr is highly valued. PHOCIDX.. M'AMMA IAIIA.-PaHOCII). 127 THE SEA-LION (Otariajubata). —Much discrepancy species have been included under the above title by of opinion has all along existed in regard to the distinc- different voyagers. The true Sea-lion is a huge animal, tions of these aberrant forms of seals, and even now the males measuring from ten to fifteen feet in length much confusion remains respecting them. Several (fig. 38). The fur has a yellowish-brown colour, the Fig. 38. neck of the male being piovided with a well-developed principally fouind off the coasts of Teria-del-Fuego and mane. The ears are only half an inch in length, or the Falkland Islands. FIg. 39 he Sea-Elep ioant (Otaringa prjuobosidea). is ek that given i the list of Phocid contained in the well-devel bout thell size of a full-gown Per vituela! The Biman e. The ears arThe only haof an inclt in lengpth, ost sigu the F fetlkland Islands. this species howeve consist atta single thle endinog fiom twenty to thirty females. set Nilsson's a angem ent it is descibveloped ps spocidifoes somdestructive wars sup on the sea —beas.bly exceea-ligon this Mctcuzzlehiit of F. Cuvier. The title hbeiere eemployedismeasurement; the young at the time of biith being distance of twelve inches beyond the mouth, and conse 128' TRICHECIDE. MABiMMALIA. —TRICHECIDD. quently imparting a very peculiar, if not hideous aspect ing the skull of a walrus (fig. 40), the first thing that (fig. 39). IIn the female there is no trace of this singular strikes one is the massive character of all the bones, apparatus. The canine teeth are large, thick, rather more particularly those of the anterior part of the face. sharply pointed, and curved upwards; the molars being All the facial modifications here witnessed have referfurnished with simple, conical, and irregularly con- ence to the enormously developed tusks; and, consestricted conical crowns. The Elephant-seal enjoys a quently, it is in the superior maxillary bone that the wide geographical distribution in the southern hemi- more striking morphological changes have taken place. sphere, being found on the coasts of Australia, Kergue- Tile extension upwards and downwards, as well as the land's Land, the Falklands, and other islands both of great breadth of this osseous mass, has become necesthe South Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is greatly sary, in order to insure the reception and fixation of the valued on account of the large quantity of oil which it base of this rootless and huge canine tooth-the socket, yields; and, although powerful, it is a comparatively of course, being extremely capacious. This curious harmless animal, and easily destroyed. Its skin is very osteological change of form has also had the effbect of thick, and, from its durability when prepared, is much producing an unusually broad muzzle, tilting up, as employed in making carriage harness. The habits of it were, the aperture of the nostrils. Scarcely less thle.Sea-elephant are somewhat peculiar, inasmuch as remarkable is the correlative effect produced by these it frequents the mouths of rivers, resorting betimes to huge canines on the shape of the lower jaw; but here, fresh-water swamps and inland lakes. The male is said instead of increasing the width, we find the anterior to utter when attacked a strange, hoarse, gurgling, wild part of the bone much narrowed and compressed, so as sound; the voice of the female having some resemblance to pass securely forward, between and beyond the not to tle bellowing of an ox. A sailor once lost his life very widely separated tusks-an arrangement which from the violence of an enraged female, in whose pre- has likewise involved corresponding peculiarities in the sence he had the cruel folly to skin her young one. dental formula of the adult animal. According to the The dam generally produces two cubs at a birth, the investigations of Mlacgillivray, Rapp, WViegman, and growth of which is so astonishingly rapid, that in eight others, there are either ten or twelve incisors, four days they have doubled their natal dimensions. T'he canines, and eighteen or twenty molars in the young period of gestation is believed to be between nine ud animal; out of these, two grinders, the lower pair of ten months. canines, and all the incisors are deciduous, their sockets at length.becoming entirely obliterated. We have thus FAMIILY II. -TRICHECIDE. left behind in the full-grown animal only sixteen pernlanent molars, besides the two tusks developed from Externally, the members of this family, as originally the upper jaw; the former are depressed, obliquely established, have a general resemblance to the ordinary truncated, and flat on the crowns; while the tusks, seals; but in the form and arrangement of the teeth vwhich are directed downwards with a slight curving there are differences of the most marked kind. The inwards, measure fiom fifteen to twenty or twenty-five cranium is also very unlike that of the typical Phocide; inches in length, weighing between eight and ten pounds each; they are also proportionately thick. The cranial Fig. 40. cavity is small when compared with that of the typical Phocide.,,li 5 -, >THE WALRUS (Trichec7hus Rosmawrus), or MonsE-,X-/ b ->4 ~~~~ -../ i is still living in Europe, formerly abndcCd in The__ SlpzorBidMoeGreat uBritain; and there is everly reason to P believe that it is identical with the American knrv by tespecies, which we have now to describe. THE COMMON BEAVER (Castor fiber) - Plate 15, fig. 50. —This well-known animal is one of the largest, and at the same time the most interesting of all the Rodents, and conThe Slepez or Blind Iole-rat (Spalax typhlns). sequently demands at our hands a more lengthened consideration than any of the foregoing. known by the names of Podohian Marmllot, Zemni, and The body measures nearly three anrd a half feet in Sfoclhor Nomon, the latter name being that employed by length, exclusive of the tail, which would give another the Cossacks. It is characterized by the presence of eleven or twelve inches. Ordinarily the fiur has a large incisor teeth, and twelve complex molars. The rich reddish-brown colour; though in some cases it head is even broader than the body, flat on the crown, is spotted, in others black, and in a thirdd rare variety and truncated in front. There are no ears; whilst the quite white. In Europe the Beaver occurs sparingly eyes are almost rudimentary, being represented by tiny along the banks of the Rhone, the Danube, and the specks partly concealed by the fur. The limbs and Weser; but in the northern districts of Canada it is feet are short, and armed with small claws. The fur is still very abundant in places. At one time such were soft, dense, and of an ashy-grey colour, inclining to red. the multitudes destroyed annually, that it was feared this This animal, observes Mr. Broderip, "burrows exten- useful animal would become totally extinct. To presively beneath the turf, driving at intervals lateral pass- vent this, howevem, the furriers of thile I-Iudson's Bay ages in its search for roots, particularly that of thie Company and certain Indian tribes, have adopted bulbous Clhceroplqyllurn. Openings to the surface occur arrangements by which a moderate supply of fuis at distances of some yards fiom each other, and there will always be forthcoming, for the manufacture the earth is raised into hillocks, sometimes of two yards of hats and other articles. The most interesting in circumference, and of considerable height. It works circumstance in the history of these animals is the stoutly and rapidly, and on the approach of an enemy extraordinary skill they display in the construction of instantly digs a perpendicular burrow. Though it canll- their dlams and dwellings. Many excellent records of not see, it lifts its head in a menacing attitude towards their habits, in this particular, have fiom time to time its assailant, and when irritated snorts and gnashes its appeared; but for minuteness and accuracy of detail teeth, but emits no cry; its bite is very severe. In the none have equalledl the account given by the travelle': morning it often quits its hole, and dcluring the season Hearne in his " Journey to the Northern Ocean." of love basks in the sun with the female'" According We shall, therefore, record his observations in exteinso, to a popular superstition in the Ukraine, any one who which are as follows: - "1 Where the beavers are has squeezed this animal to death in his hiand, and vllo numerous, they are found to inhabit lakes, ponds, and has been bitten by it in so doing, has conferred on him- rivers, as well as those narrow creeks which connect self the power of curing goitre by merely touching those the numerous lakes witdh which this country abounds; who are suf'ering from this disease, The Slepez is but the two latter are generally chosen by them, when about eight inches in length. I the depth of water and other circumstanlces are suitable, as they have then the advantage of' a current to FAMILY VI.-CASTORIDEIA convey wood and othler necessaries to theilr habitations, and because in genleral they alre more difficult to be The Beavers are readily distinguished friom all other takenl thlan those that are built in stalnding water. Rodents by;their flattened scaly tail, which in the typical They alwvays choose those parts tllhat have sulch a depth species has an oval outline. The molar teeth are of water as will resist the fi'ost in winter, and prevent VOL. I.I 8 138 CASTORnID.E. MAMMIALIA. CASTORIDIE. it from freezing to the bottom. The beavers that their houses of no use, either to protect them from build their houses in small rivers and creeks, in which their enemies or guard them against the extreme cold water is liable to be drained off when the back supplies of winter. So far are the beavers from driving stakes are dried up by the frost, are wonderfully taught by into the ground when building their houses, that they instinct to provide against that evil by making a dam lay most of the wood crossways and nearly horizontal, quite across the river, at a convenient distance from and without any other order than that of leaving a their houses. The beaver dams differ in shape accord- hollow or cavity in the middle. When any unnecesing to the nature of the place in which they are built. sary branches project inward they cut them off with If the water in the river or creek have but little motion, their teeth, and throw them in among the rest to the dam is almost straight; but when the current is prevent the mud from falling through the roof. It is a more rapid, it is always made with a considerable mistaken notion that the wood-work is first completed curve, convex towards the stream. The materials and then plastered; for the whole of their houses, as made use of are driftwood, green willows, birch, and well as their dams, are firom the foundation one mass of poplars, if they can be got; also, mud and stones mud and wood mixed with stones, if they can be prointermixed in such a manner as must evidently con- cured. The mud is always taken from the edge of the tribute to the strength of the dam; but there is no bank, or the bottom of the creek or pond, near the door other order or method observed in the dams, except of the house; and though their fore-paws are small, that of the work being carried on with a regular sweep, yet it is held so close up between them under their and all the parts being made of equal strength. In throat that they carry both mud and stones, while they places which have been long frequented by beavers always drag the wood with their teeth. All their undisturbed, their dams by frequent repairing become work is executed in the night; and they are so expea solid bank, capable of resisting a strong force both of ditious that in the course of one night I have known water and ice; and as the willow, poplar, and birch them to have collected as much mud as amounted to generally take root and shoot up, they by degrees form some thousands of their little handfuls. It is a great a regular kind of planted hedge, which I have seen in piece of policy in these animals to cover the outside of some places so tall that birds have built their nests their houses every fall with fresh mud, and as late as among the branches. The beaver houses are built of possible in the autumn, even when the frost becomes the same materials as their dams, and are always pro- pretty severe; as by this means it soon freezes as hald portioned in size to the number of inhabitants, which as a stone, and prevents their common enemy, the seldom exceeds four old and six or eight young ones; wolverene, from disturbing them during the winter. though by chance I have seen above double that num- And as they are frequently seen to walk over them, ber. Instead of order or regulation being observed in and sometimes to give a flap with their tail, particurearing their houses, they are of much ruder structure larly when plunging into the water, this has, without than their dams; for, notwithstandinlg the sagacity of doubt, given rise to the vulgar opinion that they used these animals, it has never been observed that they their tails as a trowel with which they plaster their aim at any other convenience in their houses than to houses; whereas that flapping of the tail is no more have a dry place to lie on; and there they usually eat than a custom which they always preserve even when their victuals, which they occasionally take out of the they become tame and domestic, and more particularly water. It frequently happens that some of the large so when they are startled. Their food consists of a houses are found to have one or more partitions, if they large root, something resembling a cabbage stalk, deserve that appellation; but it is no more than a part which grows at the bottom of the lakes and rivers of the main building, left by the sagacity of the beaver (the plant being, according to Sir John Richardson, to support the roof. On such occasions it is common the yellow water lily, Nup/har luteum). They also for those different apartments, as some are pleased to eat the bark of trees, particularly those of the poplar, call them, to have no communication with each other birch, and willow; but, the ice preventing them from but by water; so that, in fact, they may be called getting to the land in the winter, they have not any double or treble houses, rather than different apart- barks to feed on during that season, except that of ments of the same house. I have seen a large beaver such sticks as they cut down in summer, and throw house built in a small island, that had near a dozen into the water opposite the doors of tlieir houses; apartments under one roof; and, two or three of these and as they generally eat a great deal, the roots above only excepted, none of them had any communication mentioned constitute a principal part of their food with each other but by water. As there were beavers during the winter. In summer they vary their diet by enough to inhabit each apartment, it is more probable eating various kinds of herbage, and such berries as that each family knew their own, and always entered grow near their haunts during that season. When the at their own doors, without any further connection ice breaks up in the spring the Beavels always leave with their neighbours than a friendly intercourse, and their houses, and rove about until little before the fall to join their united labours in erecting their separate of the leaf, when they returu again to their old habitahabitations, and building their dams- where required. tions, and lay in their winter stockl of wood. They Travellers who assert that the beavers have two doors seldom begin to repair the houses till the frost comto their houses, one on the land side and the other mences, and never finish the outer coat till the cold is next the water, seem to be less acquainted with these pretty severe, as hath been ahbeady mentioned. When animals than those who assign to them an elegant suite they erect a new habitation they begin felling the of apartments. Such a construction would render wood early in summer, but seldom begin to build until CASTORID2E. MAMMALIA. —HYSTRICID. 139 the middle or latter end of August, and never com- fur has a dusky-brown colour generally, the tip of the plete it till the cold weather be set in." Further on muzzle and chin being whitish; whilst a yellow patch our author remarks, that " in respect to the Beavers occurs on either side of the head immediately beneath dunging in their houses, as some persons assert, it is the opening of the ear. The Coypu, which is nearly quite wrong, as they always plunge into water to do it. as large as the common beaver, is an inhabitant of the I am the better enabled to make this assertion from rivers and streams of South America, on both sides having kept several of them till they became so of the Andes. It is not exclusively confined to freshdomesticated as to answer to their name and follow water lakes and streams, for Mr. Darwin states that it those to whom they were accustomed, in the same is abundant in the Chonas Archipelago, living in the manner as a dog would do, and they were as much bays and channels formed by the small and numerous pleased at being fondled as any animal I ever saw. islands of that group. Like the musquash, it appears to In cold weather they were kept in my own sitting-room, be fond of shell-fish. The flesh is said to be excellent where they were the constant companions of the Indian eating. By the South American traders the furs are women and children, and were so fond of their cornm- sold under the title of otter skins, several hundred thoupany, that when the Indians were absent for any con- sand being annually imported into Europe. siderable time, the Beavers displayed great signs of uneasiness; and on their return showed equal marks FAMILY VII.- HYSTRICID.fE. of pleasure by fondling on them, crawling into their laps, lying on their backs, sitting erect like a squirrel, The Porcupines are readily distinguished by the posand behaving like children who see their parents but session of stiff, rigid bristles or quills, similar to those seldom. In general, during the winter, they lived on found in the Hedgehogs; their characteristic rodent the same food as the women did, and were remarkably incisors, however, at once showing the order with which fond of rice and plum-pudding. They would eat par- they are properly associated. The molar teeth are tridges and fresh venison very freely, but I never tried sixteen in number; they have flat crowns, marked by them with fish, though I have heard they will at times undulating lines of enamel, transversely disposed and prey on them." The flesh of the beaver is considered slightly raised above the dentine. The tongue is rough to be a luxury by the Indians, especially if roasted with and armed with horny scales. They have fourteen the skin on. Sir John Richardson says that its flavour is ribs. The clavicles are almost fully developed, being like that of pork, and that it sits heavy on the stomach, articulated to the sternum, but only loosely connected requiring strong digestive powers for its assimilation. to the scapula by ligamentous bands. They have five The female beaver is provided with eight teats, and toes behind, the anterior feet being tetradactylous, and usually produces about the middle or towards the end the rudimentary thumb merely represented by a warty of May a litter of from four to eight or even nine young. tubercle. The Porcupines inhabit the warmer regions, The voice of the cub resembles the cry of an infant. both of the eastern and western hemispheres. They THE MUSQUASH (Castor zebethicus), MUSK-IEAT, or live in burrows, emerging only to feed upon roots, young ONDATRA, is a small kind of beaver, having a strong shoots of shrubs and trees, as well as bark and various musky odour, which some consider to be pleasant. kinds of fruit. The body is fourteen inches in length, exclusive of the THE COMM1ON PORCUPINE (Histrix cristata)-Plate tail, which measures about nine inches. The hind 16, fig. 52-is an inhabitant of Southern Europe and feet are not webbed. The fur has a ruddy-brown Northern Africa, being, in the former continent, found colour generally, being darker on the head and along hi Italy, Sicily, and Spain. The body is about two feet the central line of the back. The tail is flattish, rounded long, including the short tail; its colour is grizzled or at the sides, and blunt at the extremity. The Musquash variegated, owing to the alternating shades of white, inhabits marshes and lakes, and the grassy banks of brown, and black with which the quills are marked. sluggish rivers in North America, between the latitudes On the back of the head, the neck, and on the hinder of thirty and sixty-nine degrees. It feeds chiefly on parts, the quills are represented by stiff bristly hairs; vegetable matters, but it would appear to be very par- those on the tail form hollow horny tubes suspended tial to fresh-water mussels. These animals construct by slender stalks, which, though originally closed at huts on a small scale, somewhat after the fashion of the ends, become subsequently opened by continual their more powerful congeners, the huts being of simple use —the animal delighting to shake them together construction and proportionately small; the interior is. with the view of creating a peculiar rattling sound. lined with dry grass, the aperture of access being under The longest spines are considerably thicker than an the water. They are much hunted by the Indians, who ordinary goose qtiill, and are upwards of twelve inches spear them whilst they are snugly ensconced within in length. The habits of the Porcupine are nocturnal, their humble dwellings. Several hundred thousand and its food consists of vegetable matters, such as skins are annually imported into England. roots, fruits, young shoots, and leaves. During the THE COYPU (ffyopotamus Coypus)-Plate 16, fig. coldest winter months it hybernates for a short period, 51-is by some naturalists placed among the Hystri- retreating within its capacious burrow, which has genecidce, but in the arrangement and character of its teeth rally two or more apertures of ingress. Finally, it is it corresponds with the beavers. The tail, however, almost superfluous to remark, that this animal has no is not compressed, but rounded and hairy; while the power of shooting its quills, as some have imagined. fifth toe of the hind feet projects beyond the web-like THE CANADA PORCUPINE (Histrix pilosa) has a membrane which conjoins the remaining toes. The tolerably wide distribution in North America, being 140 HYsTmEIcIDE. MAMMALIA.- 0OCTODONTIDA/E. found between the latitudes of thirty-seven and sixty- Orycterus and Bathiergus are associated together in seven degrees. It has been known from the earliest Dr. J. E. Gray's arrangement - under the family times, and has the credit of being a remarkably sluggish ASPALACIDE —the last-named genus being represented animal. It makes its burrow chiefly among the roots by several interesting species. Among these may be of old trees, and is most abundant in sandy districts, mentionedwhere it feeds upon the bark of the banksian pine and THE SHORE MOLE (Batliiergus maritimus), which is other conifers. On being disturbed, it utters a whining a native of Southern Africa. It is provided with very cry. From the observations of Sir John Richardson, it large incisors, the upper ones being grooved longiwould seem that this species has the power of detaching tudinally. This peculiarity is not found in those its quills! "It is readily attacked," he says, " by Indian members of the family occupying the sand-hills of the dogs, and soon killed, but not without injury to its interior. All of the species, however, possess sixteen assailants, for its quills, which it erects when attacked, molars, which have the crowns divided by a transverse are rough, with minute teeth directed backwards, that line of enamel. They have no ears, very small eyes, have the effect of rendering this seemingly weak and and short tails. The fore-feet are furnished with flexible weapon a very dangerous one. Their points, strong fossorial claws, that of the second digit being which are pretty sharp, have no sooner insinuated them- particularly large. They feed principally on roots. selves into the skin of an assailant than they gradually bury themselves, and travel onwards until they cause FAMILY VIII.- OCTODONTIDAfZ. death by wounding some vital organ. These spines, which are detached from the porcupine by the slightest The species included under this head have no true touch, and probably by the will of the animal, soon fill roots to their molar teeth; these organs usually display the mouths of the dogs which worry it, and unless the only a single fold of enamel on either side of their flatIndian women carefully pick them out, seldom fail to tened crowns, but in a few instances a second fold is kill them. Wolves occasionally die from the same observable on the inside of the lower series. The hind cause.': The flesh of this porcupine is coarse, but feet are in most cases pentadactylous, but in some appears to be enjoyed by the Indians. The female tetradactylous. The members of this family, though produces two young at a birth, usually towards the of small bulk, are comparatively strong, and well adapted latter part of the spring. The fur has a liver-brown for burrowing under ground. They are found in the colour, the spines being more or less white. South American continent, especially in the central and THE BRAZILIAN PORCUPINE (Synetheres pre7zen- more southern districts. With few exceptions, the sillis), or COENDOU, is a native of Guiana, and bears a whole structure of their skeleton, the form of their general resemblance to the above, especially in its skull, and the stout fore-limbs, armed with powerful habits, which are nocturnal. It is peculiar, however, claws, demonstrate their adaptability to a subterraneous in presenting a long prehensile tail, which is thinly mode of existence. haired and annulated towards the free extremity. The CUIIING'S OCTODON (Octodon degus), is a native of hind feet are tetradactylous. Like the Canadian species Chili, and is sometimes called the CHILIAN SQUIRiEL, its movements are very sluggish; but it is materially from the habit it has of scrambling up bushes and low assisted in climbing trees by its tail, which organ is even brushwood. The fur has a brownish-yellow colour more usefully employed during its downward progress; generally, and is very pale underneath. The ears are it is also no less than eighteen inches in length. The conspicuous, rounded, and thinly haired. The thumbs coendou is further characterized by a short abrupt of the fore-feet are only feebly developed; while the muzzle armed with long white whiskers. claws of all the toes are somewhat concealed by the THE JAVANESE PORCUPINE (Hystrix fasiculata) hair, especially those of the hind feet. The food of is a'small species measuring little more than a foot in these animals consists mostly of herbage, but in times length, while the tail would add only another four or of scarcity they feed upon the bark of species of mimosa five inches. This organ has very few hairs on it, their and cestrum. Mr. Darwin states that they may be place being supplied by flat blackish scales, arranged seen by hundreds in the hedgerows and thickets of in the form of rings; at the tip, however, there is a tuft central Chili, and that their numerous burrows freely of long flat bristles, bearing, as remarked by Buffon, a intercommunicate. Their habits resemble those of resemblance to narrow slips of parchment cut in an rabbits, and they prove very destructive to fields of irregular manner, the tuft being about two inches long, young corn; when disturbed while feeding, they scamand of a white colour. The general colour of the body per off to the hedgerows with their tails uplifted. is that of a dusky-brown. Its habits are like those of THE SCHIZODON (Sczizoldon fuscus) inhabits the its congeners. WThen irritated it bristles up its spines, eastern slopes of the southern Andes. The fur has a and looks capable of resisting almost any enemy. It deep brown colour above, while it exhibits a pale is not confined to Java, but is found on the Malayan yellowish tint below. This animal was first discovered peninsula, and on most of the islands of the Indian by Mr. Bridges, who found it in the Valle de las Archipelago. Cuevas, at a height from between five to seven thouThere are many other Rodent forms which have sand feet above the level of the sea. Its habits are been grouped together into various subfamilies. Of nocturnal, but it seldom comes out of its burrows, these we need only mention the genera Cercoltbes, which are by preference made in grassy swamps, near.Echimyqs, Capromys, Aulacodus, Loncherses, and Cer- to small mountain streams. comys, which are pretty closely allied. The genera POPPIG'S SPALACOPUS (S2palacopus noctivagu.s) is CHINCIIILLIDA. MAIMMIALIA. CHINCHILLIDE. 141 also an inhabitant of Chili, possessing habits very simi- THE CHINCHILLA (Ch/lic/illa lanigerac) measures lar to the above. The fur is glossy, and displays a about nine inches long, exclusive of the tail, which rich purple-brownl and blackish tint. The incisors are would add some five or six inches more. The fur has smooth and of a pale yellow colour in front. The an ashy-grey colour generally, being much paler undermolars are so uniformly indented on either side, that each resembles Fig. 48. a figure of eight. The ears are very small, the tail being parti- i /7A / cularly short. The claws of the /l feet are compressed and curved inwards; those of the fore-feet J < are rather shorter than the toes i BENNETT'S HABROCO 7/1. (Ebctbrocorna Beanettii) and a>n- _///\ other species —H. Cuvieri- constitute a distinct genus, which,!'i in the structure of the skeleton, i approaches very closely to the e l Chinchillas. The auditory bulc2 are remarkably large, while there are no less than seventeen pairs of ribs. The incisor teeth are molars have a single fold internally, those of the lower being / - angular in form and directed obliquely forward. These animals have rather large and thinly- The Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) haired ears. The whiskers are particularly long. The feet are four-toed, and the neath. The eyes are large and full, while the broad tail is moderately developed. The fir is very soft ears are particularly attractive; the whiskers are corand thick. respondingly extensive (fig. 48). The anterior feet THE BRAZILIAN CTENOIlYS (Ctenoanys Brazilien- are pentadactylous, the internal toe or thumb being sis) is an inhabitant of thfe continent friom wheence it very small; the posterior feet have only four digits. owes its specific name, and also of La Plata, Paraguay, The fur is beautifully soft and delicate, and conseand Bolivia. The molar teeth are simple, decreasing quently fetches a comparatively high price; multitudes in size from before backwards; the last has a senmi- being destroyed antmally for the purposes or sale, &c. cylindrical form, that of the upper series being oh- In regard to its habits, the best account that we have liquely lunated, with the concavity directed outwards, is that given by the Italian naturalist, Molina. "This whilst that of the lower group is oval. The eyes are little animal, he says, "lives in burrows under ground, small, the ears only rudimentary; the tail being rather in the open country in the northern provinces of Chili, short and covered with adpressed hairs. The fore- and is very fond of being in company with others of its feet are furnished with powerful claws, at the base of species. It feeds upon the roots of various bulbous which are numerous strong bristle-like hairs directed plants, which grow abundantly in those parts; and proinwards. Its habits resemble those of the family duces twice a year five or six young ones. It is so generally. Several other species are known. docile and mild in temper, that if taken into the hands it neither bites nor tries to escape, but seems to take a pleasure in being caressed. If placed in the bosom, FAMILY IX. —CHINCHILLIDE. it remains there as still and quiet as if it were in its own nest. This extraordinary placidity may possibly The Chinchillas are closely allied to the previous be rather due to its pusillanimity, which renderog it family, having four rootless molars on either side of extremely timid. As it is in itself peculiarly cleanly, each jaw, and simple, smooth incisors; the molar teeth there can be no fear of its soiling the clothes of those being made up of narrow, parallel plates of dentine, who handle it, or of its communicating any bad smell transversely disposed and surrounded by enamel. In to them, for it is entirely free from that ill odour which addition to these characteristic marks, the Chinchillas characterizes the other species of rats. For this reason have their posterior limbs nearly twice as long as the it might well be kept in houses without annoyance and anterior pair. The tail is also much developed, and at a trifling expense, which would be abundantly repaid tufted with long bristly hairs at the extremity. The by the profits on its wool. The ancient Peruvians, who ears are remarkably large, the internal auditory bul/ce were far more industrious than the modern, made being also extensively developed. The clavicles are coverlets for beds and valuable stuffs out of this fur." well formed. The Chinchillas are natives of the South The Chinchillas are fortunately extremely prolific, American continent,~ otherwise they would have been extinct long ago. A 142 CHINCHILLIDX. -MAM-MALIA. CAYIDYE. female preserved in the Zoological Society's Gardens, anywhere near its habitation, must cost much trouble. Regent's Park, produced seven young ones at a single For what purpose it is done I am unable to form the litter. From eighty to a hundred thousand skins are most remote conjecture; it cannot be for defence, annually imported into this country. because the rubbish is chiefly placed above the mouth THE CHINCHA (Lagotis Cuvieri) is about the size of the burrow, which enters the ground at a very small of an ordinary rabbit, possessing long ears and a inclination." The fur of the Viscacha has a greyishgreyish-coloured fur. All the feet are tetradactylous, dusky colour, the tail is brownish-black, and the face is the digits being furnished with rather small claws; each marked with several black and white bands. molar tooth is made up of three laminge; the whiskers are very long, some ten or twelve of the bristles being FAMILY X.-CAVIDE. particularly stout. This animal lives on the western slopes of the Andes, and has often been confounded The members of this family, as we propose to retain with the viscacha, from which, however, it is quite them, may be fairly subdivided into two minor groups distinct. According to Ulloa's observations, as quoted -namely, those which have rooted grinders, and those by Mr. Bennett, the CHINCHAS 6" conceal themselves whose molars are rootless. Some have separated them in holes of the rocks, in which they make their retreats, into two distinct families; but in most particulars they not forming burrows in the earth, like rabbits. There are very closely allied. The molars are sixteen in they congregate in considerable numbers, and are number, being more or less complicated by laminar mostly seen in a sitting posture, but not eating; they plates. The fiont feet are either three or four-toed, feed on the herbs and shrubs that grow among the the hind feet beirig generally tridactylous, and in some rocks, and are very active. Their means of escape do cases pentadactylous, with the two outer digits feebly not consist in the velocity of their flight, but in the developed. The claws are strong, compressed, and promptitude with which they run to the shelter of their arched. The Cavies are all inhabitants of the South holes. This they commonly do when wounded, for American continent. Their bodies are clothed with which reason the mode of killing is by shooting them short hair; the ears are moderately developed, whilst in the head." There is a second species, the Lagotis the tail is either very small or altogether wanting. pallipes of Bennett, which closely resembles its fellow. THE PATAGONIAN CAVY (Dolichotis Patagonica) One remarkable peculiarity possessed by these animals frequents the desert wastes of the southernmost parts consists in the caducous character of their fur; this of America, extending as far north as La Plata. It is immediately after death, falls off on the slightest touch, considerably larger than our common hare, a fullso that, in an economic point of view, the skin is grown example weighing as much sometimes as thirty rendered almost valueless. pounds. The fur presents a mixture of grey and rust THE VISCACHA (Lagostomus trichodactylus) is also colour, the under parts of the head, neck, and belly known by the names of BISCACHO and MARMOT DIANA. being white. The molars have no roots; the incisors It lives on the eastern declivities of the Andes, and is being smooth and nearly white. The fore-feet are quite distinct from the chincha, which occupies the four-toed; the hinder ones, three-toed. The large western slopes of the same chain of mountains. Vari- ears are broad at the base, and more than half the ous interesting accounts of the habits of this species length of the head. The legs are high —a feature by have been given by different writers, and more par- which it ought to be readily distinguished from the ticularly by Darwin, Bennett, and Dobrizhoffer. These hare, but is generally overlooked by uninformed trarecords are in general very similar, though differing vellers. In regard to its habits, it is, like its congeners, in a few particulars. Mr. Darwin states that in the fond of burrowing, and, according to Mr. Darwin, evening the Viscachas come out of their holes " in "when found in the same districts with the viscacha, it great numbers, and there sit quietly on their haunches. will avail itself of the excavations of this little animal They are, at such times, very tame, and a man on horse- for a retreat. The Patagonian Cavies wander at times back passing by, seems only to present an object for to great distances fiom their homes, and usually two their grave contemplation. They do not wander far or three are seen together on these occasions. The from their burrows. They run very awkwardly, and animal in its mode of running more nearly resembles when hurrying out of danger, from their elevated tails the rabbit than the hare, and though its limbs are long and short front legs, much resemble great rats. Their it does not run very fast. It seldom squats after the flesh when cooked is very white and good, but it is manner of the hare, is very shy and watchful, and seldom used. The Viscacha has one very singular habit, feeds by day." The female produces two young at a namely, dragging every hard object to the mouth of its birth. burrow. Around each group of holes many bones of THE ROCK CAVY (Cavia rupestris) is a native of cattle, stones, thistle-stalks, hard clumps of earth, dry the rocky districts of Brazil generally. It is likewise dung, &c., are collected into a heap, which frequently found abundant in the higher regions bordering the amounts to as much as a wheelbarrow would contain. Rio Pardo and Rio de St. Francisco. It is a taller I was credibly informed," adds Mr. Darwin, " that a species than the above, and is remarkable as having gentleman, when riding in a dark night, dropped his the nails of the toes blunt, and so small that they watch; he returned in the morning, and by searching scarcely project beyond the large digital toe-pads with in the neighbourhood of every viscacha-hole on the which the feet are also supplied. It has no tail, and line of road, as he expected, soon found it. This habit the ears are shorter than one half of the head. The of picking up whatever may be lying on the ground flesh is considered good eating. CAVIDm. MAMMIAL A.- LEPORIDX. 143 THE RESTLESS CAVY (Cavia naperca) is generally fold of integument on the cheeks. The tail is very considered to be the originator of our domestic variety feebly developed. The fore-feet are tetradactylous, of cavy, commonly called the guinea-pig. It is an a rudimentary thumb existing in the form of a clawed inhabitant of Brazil, and is found in Paraguay and warty tubercle; the hind feet are three-toed. The La Plata. The hairs are brown, with reddish-yellow Paca frequents low forests in the neighbourhood of points, the throat and inferior parts being either white, water. It forms burrows which are comparatively greyish, or dirty yellow. In the tame varieties the superficial, and have three openings. Though heavyprevailing tint is white, with black and orange-coloured looking and stout-built, it is tolerably swift on foot. spots. According to Dr. Rengger, this species lives Its habits are nocturnal, feeding on fruits and herbage. wild, in little societies, varying numerically from six to The female produces a single young one at a birth. fifteen individuals. Its principal feeding time is in the The flesh is excellent eating. morning and evening. In respect of its procreative THE AGOUTI (Dasyprocta Aguti). - The several powers in the domesticated state, few animals surpass species of the genus which this animal represents are it. The female produces from six to twelve young at characterized by tetradactylous feet in front, and tria litter, and this frequently takes place several times dactylous feet behind, and in this particular they during the year. In six or eight weeks the young are correspond with the paca. This rodent is about the themselves ready to give birth to other offspring. size of a hare, and, as a kind of game, seems to supply THE BOLIVIAN CAVY (Cavia Boliviensis) occupies the place of our " puss" in Brazil, where it is much only the higher altitudes of Bolivia. The fur has a hunted. The general colour of the fuir is yellowishgreyish-yellow colour, being whitish underneath. The brown; a mottled or speckled appearance being proincisors have an orange yellow tint. This species is duced by the hairs in the region of the neck from very shy, and, from the statement of Meyen, is believed accumulations of brown, yellow, and black colour. to be extremely abundant on the lofty plains of Tarna The Agoutis do not construct burrows, but fiequent and Tajari. Several other species of cavy are found thickets, and when pursued generally seek for holes in Brazil and different regions of South America. under old trees, or any place calculated to afford a THE CAPYBARA (Hydrochcerus Capybara) inhabits semblance of security. When captured they utter a the banks of almost every river in Brazil, Guiana, plaintive cry, and offer little or no resistance. Their and Paraguay, being also found more or less abundant claws being blunt and straight, they are unable to throughout the whole' continent of South America. clamber up the trees. These animals are very prolific This is the largest species of rodent now existing, the female bringing forth several young at a single the body attaining sometimes a length of four feet. birth. Many other species occur in Brazil and the The superior incisors are grooved longitudinally in adjoining West Indian islands. front. The molars are made up of numerous laminee, and they are so disposed in the posterior teeth, that FAMILY XI.-LEPORID2E. Cuvier was led to indicate an affinity on the part of this animal with the elephant —a view which enjoys The Hares are at once distinguished from the other the sanction of the best compalative anatomists. The families of the rodent type, by the circumstance of their head of the Capabara is long, thick, and drawn out possessing four incisor teeth in the upper jaws. Two towards the muzzle. The feet are slightly palmated; of these are very small, and are placed immediately the digits being armed with broad ungular claws. behind the anterior pair, so as to present the appearThe skin is clothed with long, thin, and scanty hairs; ance of double teeth, hence the Hares are sometimes constituting another feature which serves to remind us called the Dupliciclentates. The molars are generally of the pachydermatous mammals. There is no trace twenty-two in number, six on either side above, and of a tail. According to Maregrave, as recorded by five correspondingly opposed below. They are destiBroderip, this aberrant rodent lives on herbs and fiuits. tute of roots, and are made up of two distinct laminnt. It is a nocturnal animal, swimming across rivers and When the mouth is closed the lower series project torrents in search of food, and raising a horrible noise inwards beyond the margin of the upper ones. This on such occasions. Multitudes of them congregate arrangement being associated with a certain facility together on the banks of streams, where they are of movement of the condyle of the lower jaw at its attacked and destroyed by hunters before they can articulation, not found in other Rodents, it must be plunge into the water. Those, however, which sue- evident that the Hares employ a chewing action someceed in getting into the stream are safe; for though what similar to that found in the ruminating mammals. slow of foot, they are expert swimmers. Some writers The last molar tooth of the superior series is very aver that they are fond of fish; but this seems doubtful. small. The orbital fossm are perforated by a common THE PACA (Ccelogenys Paca) is a moderately large foramen opticunz. The bony palate is incomplete; South American rodent, measuring about two feet in whilst, in the typical forms, the clavicles are also imperlength, and like the foregoing presents some affinities fectly developed. The soles of the feet are clothed with the pachyderms. The general colour of the fur is with hair, there being five digits in front, and four dark-brown above and white underneath; the sides posteriorly. The claws are long and narrow. The being prettily marked with four or five longitudinal tail is either shortor entirely absent. The Hares have rows of white spots, extending backwards from the a very wide geographical distribution in the hemishoulder to tihe rump. The Paca is furnished with spheres, being more particularly abundant in North buccal pouches; the upper lip is cleft, and there is a large America. 144 LEPORIDYE. MAMMALIA. LEPORIDAe. THE COMMON HARE (Lepus timidus)-Plate 16, Loudon's Magazine, Mr. Yarrell has recorded the folfig. 53 —is familiar to every one in these islands, and lowing interesting circumstance: —" A harbour of great is to be met with throughout Europe, except in Norway extent on our southern coast has an island near the and Sweden. The general colour of the fur is tawny- middle of considerable size, the nearest point of which grey, inclining to brown on the back, and to a rusty tint is a mile distant from the mainland at high water, and lower down; underneath the belly and throat it is white, with which point there is frequent communication by a as well as on the inferior surface of the tail, which, ferry. Early one morning in spring, two hares were however, is usually directed uppermost. The ears are observed to come down from the hills of the mainland longer than the head, and more or less tipped with towards the sea-side, one of which from time to time black in different individuals. Respecting its habits, left its companion, and proceeding to the very edge of they are almost too well known to need any lengthened the water, stopped there a minute or two and then record. To the sportsman, hares afford the excitement returned to its mate. The tide was rising, and, after of the hunt, the amusement of the course, and the waiting some time, one of them, exactly at high water, pastime of the gun. Of all the various methods employed took to the sea, and swam rapidly over in a straight in destroying these comparatively defenceless animals, line to the opposite projecting point of land. The perhaps that of shooting them is the least cruel, and observer, on this occasion, who was near the spot, but therefore the most perfectly legitimate. The barbarities remained unperceived by the hares, had no doubt they of the slaughter-house, where cattle are daily sacrificed were of different sexes, and that it was the male that for civilized man's consumption, are not one whit less swam across the water, as he had probably done many cruel than the ordinary method employed for destroy- times before. It was remarkable that the hares remained ing game by shooting; and these animals, are "nothing on the shore near half an hour, one of them occasionally to be refused," if received with thankfulness. While examining, as it would seem, the state of the current, deprecating most sincerely any wanton cruelty in the and ultimatdly taking to the sea at that precise period use of these gifts, we hold the ordinary methods of of the tide called slack-water, when the passage across destroying game to be quite consistent with mercy could be effected without being carried by the force of and humanity; and of one thing we are tolerably cer- the stream eitller above or below the desired point of tain, that if man did not undertake to destroy these landing. The other hare then cantered back to the defenceless creatures in the usually summary manner hills." The female generally produces two young at that he does, their natural enemies would effect the a litter, but frequently as many as three, four, and even same result, in ways far less considerate. For example, five; the leverets having their sight at the time of birth, witness the case of the agonies of the poor hare (seen and being able to shift for themselves at the expiration by the Rev. F. W. Hope, and recorded at page 91) of about a month. A full-grown hare weighs eight with a weasel sticking to its throat! Witness again or nine pounds, but an instance has been given of one the instances where they fall into the merciless clutches which weighed upwards of thirteen pounds. The flesh of the fox, or even into the penetrating talons of the is usually considered good eating, but in some specihawk tribe! Surely a charge of shot, or the sudden mens we have found it decidedly coarse. In cold gripe of a greyhound, renders the agonies of death less climates the filr becomes lighter during the winter prolonged and less painful than do the natural modes months. Black varieties also occur in this country; of death above cited. And, if so, why display a false a fine specimen of this kind was shot a few years since and useless sentimentality in denouncing the conduct on the grounds of Sir Edward Kerrison, of Broom Hall, of those who, with the gun, cut short the existence of in the county of Suffolk. these creatures which are designed to form part of his THE ALPINE HARE (Lepus variabilis) is a native means of subsistence? Whilst writing these very of the mountainous districts of Northern and Southern words, an important batch of game, including " puss," Europe. The Alpine hare is rather smaller than the arrives from a friend in the country; and we respect- common form, and has a light, fulvous-brown fur, fully beg to inform our readers that we shall allow no which becomes white on the approach of winter. The qualms of conscience, on the score that these creatures ears, however, which are shorter than the head, remain have fallen under the torture of powder and shot, to black-coloured at the tips throughout the cold season. destroy the satisfaction we hope to derive from their The head itself is small, as is also the tail, when comconsumption. This, at all events, is a practical view pared with that of Lepuzs timidl s; the posterior pair of the question. The hare feeds exclusively on vege- of limbs being also shorter. table substances, and causes terrible injury to young THE IRISH HARE (Lepus Hi'bernzicus).-From a plantations, fields of early wheat, and other cereal crops. careful examination of several specimens, Mr. Bell conThe habits of the hare are for the most part nocturnal. siders this hare as specifically distinct from the above. During the day they rest in open fields and stubbles, It differs from the common hare in the relative proporand especially in grassy situations. For partial conceal- tion of the ears and head, which are much smaller; ment and comfort, they construct superficial hollows whilst it is distinguished from the Alpine species by the in the soil. These excavations are technically termed size and "form of the body, the tail, and the texture "forms," and they are more or less perfect, according and colour of the fur," the latter exhibiting a uniform to the character of the situation chosen. I-ere they rest rufous-brown tint. in a cat-like crouching manner, with the chin and throat THE AMERICAN HARE (Lepts Americanus) is resting on the front paws. Hares are good swimmers, tolerably abundant throughout the more wooded parts when occasion requires. Thus, in the fifth volume of I of the entire northern continent from which it derives LEPORIrDm, MAMMAiAIALIA. LEPORIDE. 1 45 its specific title. In form, size, andr general appearance about the neck, are characters familiar to all. The it very closely resembles our English rabbit; feeding ears are nearly as long as the head, but do not present on grass arid various vegetable matters, and being parti- the. black markings at their ends, such as we find in the cularly fond of willow bark. During the winter, great hares. The habits of the rabbit are too well known numbers are destroyed on the banks of Mackenzie river to require minute detail. Their destructive propenby the Hare Indians, who capture them with snares. sities are so great, that the generality of farmers extirAccording to Sir John Richardson, this species has pate them by every means at their disposal. Not only, numerous other destructive enemies, " such as wolves, however, do these little animals afford a considerable foxes, wolverines, martens, ermines, snowy owls, and source of food to our population, but their skins are so various hawks; but the Canada lynx is the animal highly valued for manufacturing purposes, that in addiwhich perhaps most exclusively feeds upon it. It has tion to those procured at home, we have several hunbeen remarked that lynxes are numerous only when dlred thousand skins annually imported into this country there are plenty of hares in the neighbourhood. At from Germany. Fortunately the rabbit is extremely some periods a sort of epidemic has destroyed vast prolific; and as it begins to breed at the age of six numbers of hares in particular districts, and they have months, and is capable of producing litters of seven or not recruited again until the lapse of several years, eight young, six or seven times in the year, Pennant during which the lynxes were likewise scarce. In the has calculated that in the course of four years, other spring and summer the hares are much infested by a conditions being fivourable, the progeny of' a single species of cimex. In the fur countries this hare becomes pair and their offspring, would amount to upwards of a white in the winter." In the milder districts the ordi- million individuals! nary greyish-brown colour is retained throughout the THE LITTLE-CHIEF HARE (Logaoa? ys pr'iZces) is cold season —a phenomenon which also occurs in the the name applied by Sir John Richardson to a small Alpine species. Several thousand furs are annually rodent, less than seven inches in lengthll, and which imported to this country, under the title of rabbit skins, inhabits the Rocky Mountains of North America. The but their value is scarcely sufficient to reward the fur is blackish-brown above and greyish beneath; the trouble of exportation. head being short and thick, and the ears somewhat THE PRAIRIE HARE (Leplts FirginiCanus) very rounded. It has no tail. "It is often seen at sunset, closely resembles our common English species, not only mounted on a stone, and calling to its mates by a pecuin form and general appearance, but also in its habits liar shrill whistle. On the approach of man it utters a and swiftness of foot. It is tolerably plentiful on the feeble cry, like the squeak of a rabbit when hurt, and plains bordering on the Saskatchewan, and on those of instantly disappears, to reappear in a minute or two at Columbia. In winter the fur becomes pure white. the distance of twenty or thirty yards, if the object of THE POLAR HARE (Lep2us glacialis) is a large spe- its apprehension remains stationary." They do not cies, and now very generally considered to be distinct appear to construct any kind of burrow, but make their from the Alpine, or varying hare. The fur is quite habitations among crevices in the limestone rocks. The white, except at the free ends of the ears, which are Little-Chief Hare is distinguished from its congeners in tipped with brownish-black. Its weight is said to presenting small digital pads at the base and end of its extend to as much as fourteen pounds. The authority toes; these have a black tint. The claws are also above mentioned states, that "although it does not fire- dclark-coloured, short, compressed, and concealed by quent thick woods, it is often seen near the small and the fur. thin clumps of spruce fir which are scattered on the THE CALLING HARE (Lagomys pusillus)-Plate 16, confines of the barren grounds. It seeks the sides of fig. 54-is a native of the south-eastern parts of Russia hills, where the wind prevents the snow from lodging' and the slopes of the Ural MIountains, as well as of the deeply, and where, even in the winter, it can procure western side of the Altai chain. The head is long, the the berries of the Alpine arbutus, the bark of some ears large, short, and rounded, and the tail absent. dwarf willows, or the evergreen leaves of the Labrador The molar teeth are twenty in number; that is, five on tea plant. It does not dig burrows, but shelters itself either side of each jaw. The body is about six inches amongst large stones, or in the crevices of rocks, and only in length. The fur has a greenish-brown colour, in the winter-time its form is generally found in a being hoary underneath. The Calling Hares fiequent wreath of snow at the base of a cliff." It does not sunny banks in the neiglhbourhood of woods. They appear to be at all a shy animal, for Captain Lyon form burrows amongst the shrubs and herbage; their remarks that, while on the coast of Winter Island, the openings being difficult to detect, but for the peculiar hares went out on the ice to the ships, to feed on the cry which the occupants make. This noise, which can tea-leaves thrown overboard by the sailors. It may be heard at a considerable distance, is uttered at regular generally be approached within shooting distance with- intervals every morning and evening, and sometimes out much difficulty. During the Arctic explorations during the day if the weather be cloudy. The Tartars of Dr. Kane and other bold adventurers, this little apply to it the name of barking mouse, while the Cosanimal formed a frequent addition to tLeir scantily sacks of the WVolga call it Scm lanoi scctshilc, or groundprovided feasts. hare. The young at the time of birth are blind and THE RABBIT (Lefpus cuzicdluzs) is familiar to every destitute of filr. resident in the country tlhroughout Europe. The brown- Closely allied to this species is tihe Ogotona of the ish grey colour of the fur, becoming quite white under- Mllonguls (Lagomys Ogotona), which is found to [hle neath the tail and belly, associated with a ruddy tinge south of Lake Baikal. VOL. I. 19 146 A'IxANIDm. MIAMIMIALIA. MANIDE. ORDER VIII.-EDENTATA. THE group of mammalian individuals to which the various genera, accordinlg as to whetller they pursue above title is applied, vary considerably in their skeletal arboreal habits, feeding on vegetable matters, as in characters, while the ordinal sign by which they are the sloths —Plate 34, fig. 112-or, on the other hand, indicated is altogether a misnomer. It is doubtless exhibit insectivorous propensities, and do not possess unnecessary to inform our readers that the term EDEN- the power of climbing, as in the ant-eaters-Plate TXTA implies that the animals thus called are toothless; 33., fig. 107. Among the most striking of these difnevertheless, in a work like the present, it is not only ferences are those which refer to the structure and correct that as few words as possible should remain configuration of the osseous element entering into the unexplained, but that when an ambiguous phraseology constitution of the head, tail, and extremities. Can is, through general acquiescence, adopted, an explana- anything be more significant than the attenuated, nartion of its meaning and the cause of its retention row, and long cranium of Myrimecophaga, and the should both be satisfactorily explained. We have to abrupt, short, and broad skull of Bradypus? Observe remark, therefore, that the Edentata are so called how conversely the comparison holds good in respect merely from the circumstance that the several species of the limbs —drawn out and armed with long claws of the order possess neither incisors nor canine teeth; in the sloth; shortened and furnished with trowel-like though, indeed, an exception to this rule occurs in the nails in the ant-eater! And, lastly, remark the powercase of two kinds of armadillo, the jaws of which display ful tail in the last-named animal, while the caudal two incisors above, i.e., one on either side at the development of the former is reduced to a mere useless posterior part of the intermaxillary bone, and two appendage. It is needless to enlarge further on these correspondingly opposed on each side towards the distinctions, yet we cannot quit this introductory part anterior part of the lower jaw; these latter apparently of our subject without calling attention to the gigantic being entitled to come under the same serial category. sloths of a former epoch. The skeletal elements of the Be that as it may, if any one doubts this statement let Mylodon and Megatherium exhibit a relative massivehim procure and examine the skull of the six-banded ness which utterly throws into the shade any features armadillo, or in the event of not being able to pro- of a similar kind seen in the stoutest living Edentates, cure the cranium, let him turn to the exceedingly while pachyderm skeletons look slender and feeble accurate figure given in the 212th Plate of Cuvier's in comparison with their monstrous bones! The " Ossemen Fossiles;" and he will, we are assured, be dwarfish living representatives of that giant race still convinced as to the incisive character of the superior occupy the swamps and woods of South America; and, pair just mentioned, from a consideration of the posi- whilst not a few of the scaly tribe also occur in the tion which they occupy. He will at the same time be tropical regions of the eastern hemisphere, none of any satisfied as to the very slender grounds on which the sort are known to inhabit the continent of Europe. members of the present family are called Edentates. In all of them, we admit, there is a more or less con- FAMILY I. —MANIDEl. spicuous deficiency of dental organs at the fore part of the mouth (fig. 49); but, as if further to demonstrate The Scaly Ant-eaters or Pangolins ale. in every the absurdity of the common title, the molars are in sense of the term, true Edentates, being altogether 49estitute of teeth. They have a long, round, extensible tongue, and very small ears, which in some instances are scarcely visible. Speaking generally, their most, ~:~.... characteristic feature consists in the possession of an integumentary armature of trenchant, horny, imbricated scales. These are disposed in rows somewhat like tiles on the roof of a house, and when the animals roll themSkull of the Armadillo. selves up, aftel the manner of hedgehogs, into the form of a ball, the sharp posterior edges of the scales project some species remarkably numerous, no less than one like so many points of a cupping lancet, and together hundred small grinders'being observed by Frederick constitute a powerful means of defence. Numerous lightCuvier in the jaws of the great armadillo of Surinam! coloured hairs project friom between the scales. The But without dwelling further on this point, we pass on head is elongated and narrowed in front. The limbs to notice that the teeth, if considered by themselves, and feet are short, pentadactylous, or tetradactylous, and are extremely simple both in their structure and exter- furnished with curved fossorial claws. The tail is largely nal configuration, presenting no roots at their basal developed and of very remarkable strength. The surfaces; this part of their conformation being hol- skeleton displays no clavicles, and there is no cCecum oewed out so as to favour a continuous and progressive in connection with the intestinal canal. The Pangolins growth from below upwards. Histologically speaking, are natives of the warmelr regions of Asia and Afiica. they are made up of dentille and cement, and have Their movements are comlllaratively slow; they feed no enamelled cappings or ridges on their crowns. In upon various kinds of insects and more especially upon regard to the skeleton, striking differences occur in the ants and termites. MYRMECOPtIAGIDE..-MAM MALIA. - MYiMECOPHAGIDIE. 147 THE SHORT-TAILED PANGOLIN (Mcanis penta- but in the particular genus referred to they are long dactyla), or BADGAREIT, is also known as the Broad- and sharply pointed. The tail is of' considerable tailed Manis, and is supposed to be the Phattagen length in all the species. Another peculiarity of great described by.iElian. It is an inhabitant of the conti- interest has reference to the feet; for here we notice nent of India and Ceylon, and is the largest species at in the fore-limbs that the ultimate phalanges of the present living. In the interior of Hindostan the natives toes, which support the claws, are so constructed as to apply to it a number of curious names: thus, in the allow the movements of the latter being restricted to Deccan, it is termed the," tiled-cat;" elsewhere it is flexion inwards; and in order to maintain this position, called the " land-carp;" and in Ceylon the "negumbo there are powerful ligaments which keep the phalanges devil." The body approaches four feet in length, directed towards the palm, and never allow the digits including the tail, which is not quite so long as the to be stretched out in the manner of the plantigrade body and head together. Although this animal is carnivora. The relative size and strength of the toes very valuable as a destroyer of white ants and their is also very significant, both in this family and in the huge nests, it would appear from the observations of preceding; in those which have five toes the central travellers that the Badgareits are frequently subjected digit attains an enormous bulk, while the outer pair to mere wanton cruelty on the part of the Asiatic are comparatively small. In order, moreover, to afford natives. - adequate power for the digging and burrowing propenTHE LONG-TAILED PANGOLIN (Manis tetradactyla) sities of these animals, the phalanges are all closely -Plate 17, fig. 58-is so named on account of the connected together up to the base of the ultimate extraordinary development of the caudal extremity. It phalanx, converting the hand into a sort of trowel is a small animal, about three feet in length at the most; similar to that found in moles. From what has been but the tail is twice as long as the body, and contains advanced, therefore, it will readily be remarked, that no less than forty-seven vertebral segments, while in the Ant-eaters do not walk on the soles of their feet; the animal above described there are only twenty-six neither do they tread on their strongly-curved toes, of these bones. This species, the scales of which are which would damage the claws, but, in the fore-feet black, and yellow at the margins, is a native of the at least-as may be seen by referring to the drawing coast of Guinea. of the Great Ant-eater given in Plate 17, fig. 57 —THE MANY SHIELDED PANGOLIN (ilManis multi- the anterior part of the body is seen to rest entirely scutata), or PHATAGIN, has been thus named by Dr. upon their outer edge; and that part of the hands thus J. E. Gray, from the circumstance that the horny subjected, as it were, to an unusual pressure, is in these scales forming its dermal armature are disposed in rows creatures supplied with an efficient callous pad to varying from nineteen to twenty-one in number; whereas protect the outer phalanges from injury. Another in the two species above noticed, there are only eleven circumstance in the organization of these creatures rows. This species, the scales of which are small, of which has especial claim upon our attention, is the a yellowish-grey colour, and three-pointed posteriorly, remarkable development of the anterior part of the is also a native of the coast of Guinea. head, and the more than coextensive elongation of the TEMMINCK'S PANGOLIN (/ctnnis Temoeincki) is a tongue. In the typical species this organ is rounded, native of Southern Africa, being found to the north of and marked by annulations which indicate the several Cape Colony, in the neighbourhood of Mozambique, muscular rings entering into its composition; but in and also in Sennaar. The body is rather more than the aberrant genus previously alluded to, the lingual two feet in length, including the tail, which measures organ assumes a flattened form: in the typical species about a foot. The scales are disposed in eleven rows, it can be extended to nearly twice the length of the the last four rows having only four scutes in each, while head. Such, in brief, are the leading characteristics those of the anterior series have five. It is a scarce of this singular family; all of them pointing to their animal, its almost total extinction having been brought insectivorous habits, and demonstrating a special design about by a prevailing superstition among the natives in their construction and adaptability to the mode of life that it has some evil effect upon cattle. Accordingly, they lead. Having torn open the habitations of ants and when they catch any unfortunate Pangolin, they burn other nest-building insects, the swarlming myriads issue it alive as an offering to the deity, in the hope that forth to give battle to the unceremonious intruder; the some advantage may accrue to their flocks! It is, slimy and extensile organ is immediately presented to however, a poor harmless little beast, feeding, like its the astonished crowd, who, collecting on the glutinous congeners, principally upon ants. appendage, are, within less than a second of time, drawn within the capacious maw of the keen and small-eyed FAMIrLY II.-MYRMECOPHAGIDJE. myrmecophaga! The typical species seem, in South America-where they alone occur-to represent the Under this head are brought together the Ant-eaters scaly pangolins of Asia and Africa; but the single properly so called. They are distinguished from the aberrant genus Orycteropus is a native of the last-named pangolins by the substitution of an abundant hairy fur continent. in place of the scaly covering above described. None THE GREAT ANT-EAT ER (Mylrmecoplfaga jubata)of the typical Ant-eaters display any organs of denti- Plate 17, fig. 57-is a native of Brazil, Surinam, tion; but ill the aberrant genus Orycteropus, we ind in Columbia, Paraguay, and, in short, of all the tropical young individuals upwards of twenty molars. Usually districts of Soutll America. By the English and Spanilsh also the ears are short, rounded, and feebly developed; colonists it is known as the Ant-bear; but one would 148 HIlYRMECOP1-HAGID)s- MAMMIALIA M-TYR1MECOPrHAGLDA. have supposed that its attenuated head and toothless this measurement. The fur has a pale fulvous colour jaws would have been sufficient to have preserved it generally; but it is brownish on the back. The head from such a misplaced designation. And this leads us is much shorter than in the great ant-eater, the snout to diverge a little from the immediate subject of our terminating more abruptly. The skeleton exhibits description, and to remark how singularly perverse are several peculiarities, but we have only space to mencolonists in all quarters of the globe on the subject of tion the remarkable breadth of the ribs. The Little animals. It is in vain that you shall protest that the Ant-eater is a native of Brazil and the northern parts of Great Ant-eater is not a " bear." It is in vain that South America. Its habits are similar to those of its you shall explain the non-existence of sea-serpents, or more powerfiul congeners. Von Sack, in his " Voyage prove to demonstration that tigers, properly so called, to Surinam," gives an interesting account of the tame do not live in Africa! Your Dutch settler, and your ones in his possession; and after describing their English explorer, having met with a " spotted hyaena," characters, he tells us that the inhabitants of that or with a " serval," forthwith put it down for a fact that country aver, that when captured these animals will tigers-yes, real tigers!-occur in Afiica. Even this not be induced to eat, and only lick their paws after very day, while we are writing-24th September-a the fashion of a bear. "When I obtained the first," member of the Livingston expedition records in the says Von Sack, as quoted by Mr. Ogilby, " I sent to Times an encounter with a tiger; and thus, with the the forest for a nest of ants, and during the interim I apparent sanction of those who, we are assured, know put into its cage some eggs, honey, milk, and meat; better, these false notions are propagated from age to but it refused to touch any of them. At length the age. But we must return to our edentulous ant-eater. ants' nest arrived; but the animal did not pay the This great species measures about four feet from the tip slightest attention to it either. By the shape of its of the snout to the root of the tail, which, if included, fore-paws, which resemble nippers, and differ very would give us another thirty inches, or upwardlls of three much firom those of all the other species of ant-eaters, feet if the long hair at the extremity be taken into I thought that this little creature might perhaps live consideration. The head alone is about fourteen inches on the nymphme of wasps, &c. I therefore brought it a long, being extremely narrowed towards the snout. wasps' nest, and then it pulled out with its nippers the The eyes are particularly small, and protected by naked nymphin firom the nest, and began to eat them with lids. The fur is long, and more especially at the great eagerness, sitting in the posture of a squirrel. I anterior part of the back, over the region Gf the shoul- showed this phenomenon to many of the inhabitants, ders. The tail is very bushy, the long harsh hairs. who all assnlred me that it was the first time they had assuming a bristly character. The general colour of the ever known that species of animal to take any nourishfur is greyish-brown; but the under part of the chest ment. The ants with which I tried it were the large and throat is black, and from this part there proceeds termites upon which fowls are fed here." According obliquely upwards on either side a dark band, which, to Von Sack and most observers, the tail is employed as it passes over the shoulder, gradually diminishes as a prehensile organ. It is, as we have seen, larger and becomes narrowed to a point over the region of than the body, very stout and broad at its origin, the loins. This black line is also rendered more con- thickly clothed with short hairs, and much attenuated spicuous by parallel bars of a whitish tint which embrace towards the extremity. Generally speaking, the fur it, so to speak, throughout its entire length. According displays a thick, soft, shining, woolly texture. The to D'Azara the Great Ant-eater generally invades low female, it is said, produces a single young one at a swampy grounds, and the banks of rivers and stagnant birth, although it is furnished with four mammie. pools; and although not able to climb, it is firequently THE TAMANDUA (Myrinecoplagay Tamctocluco) is, in found in dense thickets. Its movements are slow, and respect of size, intermediate between the two aboveeven when pursued it is easily overtaken by any person described species; the body measuring upwards of on foot. Being very stupid it offers but a feeble resist- two feet in length fiom the extremity of the snoult ance, and consequently is easily taken or destroyed. to the root of the tail, while the latter organ would It passes the greater part of its existence in a state of give us nearly eighteen inches more. The colour of repose, sleeping with the head doubled up underneathl the fur is subject to considerable variation; and to so the hairy chest, whilst the tlick tail is curved over the great an extent is this the case, thlat a nulmber of wellbody to protect it from the powerful rays of the sun. marked forms have been recognized, and by some the These animals are nowhere very numerous, and conse- more noticeable of them have been regarded as so quently have no difficulty in procuring sustenance from many distinct species. Most, if not all, display a dark the multitudes of ants' nests which abound in the warm band on the fur, running diagonally over the shoulders parts of South Amelrica. The female produces a fiom below upwards. The woolly hairs alre comparLasolitary cub, which she carries about on her back, even tively short, and the tail instead of being bushy at the after it has attained sufficient growth to shift for itself. tip, as in the great ant-eater, terminates in a narrow, THE LITTLE ANT-EATER (Mlyrmecophlctga dilace- scaly, prehensile point. The feeding habits of thile Tatyla) is also known by the name of the two-toed manddua very closely resemble those of the last-named ant-eater, from the circumstance of the fore-feet being animal; bult it infests thile thickest forests of Brazil and cdidlactylous. The hinder extremities are tetradacty- the neiglhbl)ouring districts, living almost exclusively ious. This species is of very diminutive propolrtions; on the trees. It is palrticularly partial to honey, and the entire body being less than fourteen inches in proves terribly cdestlructive to thle vilcl anld stingless bees length, and the tail appropriating more than half of wvhicll forlm their inests among tile highest branches. MY1RMIECOPIAGID=E. —MAAMMIALIA. —-DASYPIDm. 149 The female brings forth a single cub at a birth. For of the neck in particular demonstratingI its strength some months the young preserves a pale-yellow colour, in the cervical region. The fuir, which is very scanty, and is carried about on the back of its parent until it exhibits a greyish-broxwn colour generally. The peris able to shift for itself. manent teeth of the adult, twenty in number, have a THE AARD-VARK (Orycteropus Capensis) or GROUND- simple form and structure, being made up of rootless I-IOG, differs from the foregoing in several important cylinders, those in front displaying a slightly flattened particulars. Some.of these we have already described aspect at the sides. The Aard-vark is a very common in our introductory observations; but we lhave filurther animal throughout the southernmost palts of Afiica. It to observe regarding the feet, that they are compara- is rather larger than the common badger, attaining a tively shorter and stouter than obtains in the true length of upwmalds of four feet. Its habits ale nocant-eaters, the anterior pair being tetradactylous, and turnal, and it constructs large subterraneous burlrows the posterior pentadactylous. A very distinctive char- with extrordinary rapidity. It appears to live entirely acter is seen in the head, which is furnished with large upon ants, and for this purpose the tongue is largely pointed ears; while the tail, being of moderate length, developed, and arllled with a glutinous secretion. not so long as the body, is very thick, rounded at the This organ, however is not so long as in the true antroot, and densely clothed with hair (fig. 50). Alto- eaters, while-it is at the same time more flattened and gether it is a stout, heavy animal, the large bones attenuated. The Anard-varkinvariably fixes his retreat Fig. 50. -_ ~-. _ - The Aard-varl or GrouIdl-log (Oryeteropus Capeusis;. iear to some large ants' nests, which he ventures only to by whole scores at a time. If uninterrupted lie coliattack after dark. He is a timid creature, and does not tinues this process till he has satisfied his appetite; but move far from his burrow; and when attacked, should on the slightest alarm lie makes a precipitate retreat, he succeed in gaining access to his abode, it is next to and seeks security at the bottom of his subterranean impossible to get him out; for it is said he can burrow dwelling. Hence it is that these animals are seldom faster than his enemies can dig. According to those seen, even in those parts of the counltry iln wh.ich they who have witnessed its method of procuring food, the are most nunmerous. Like other nocturnal animnals, Aard-vark, having approached an ant-hill, forthwith passing the greater part of their lives in sleeping and proceeds to scratch a small part of it, just sufficient to eating, they become exceedingly fat, and their flesh is allow of the introduction of its long, narrow snomt. considered to be wholesome and palatable food. The These ant-hills, it must be remembered, are sometimes hind quarters particularly, when cut into haams and three or four feet in height, and contain myriads of dried, are held in great esteem." insect inhabitants — strongly ensconced in fancied security complete! "Here," observes Mr. Ogilby, FAlMIILY III. —DASYPIDZE. "after having previously ascertained that there is no dainger of interruption, he lies down, an1d inserting his Under this title are brought together an interesting long slender tongue into the breach, entraps the ants, little group of animials familiarly known as the Armawhich fly to defend their dwellings upon the first alarm, dillos. We treat of them in this place because they and, mounting upon the tongue of the Aard-vark, get represent a type of stlructlure intermecliate between the entangled in the glutinous saliva, and are swallowed anit-eaters and the family we have next to consider 150 DASYPIDmA. MAIMMIALIA. DASYPII)Da. namely, the sloths. The armadillos are readily recog- bands which occasionally overlap each other during nized by their hard coat of mail, consisting of numerous the turning movements of the body. The molar teeth many-sided plates closely soldered together. The are thirty-two in number; that is, eight on each side individual scales have most commonly a hexagonal of either jaw. The Peba is an expert burrower, and form, are osseous in structure, and so combined as to when pursued its only chance of escape depends upon form a series of bucklers completely investing the its gaining access to its dwelling. It is generally superior and lateral parts of the body. In order, found in the more open grounds and cultivated dishowever, to allow a certain degree of movement, a tricts. The olfactory powers of this little animal are series of slightly elastic bands, varying in number, are extremely acute; and as affording an example of this found intersecting the dermal shield at the centre of faculty, D'Azara relates the following incident-" My the back. These zones are partly bony and partly friend Noseda," he says, "having arranged a trap for integumentary, the latter structure having a dense the purpose of taking chibigazous, and having placed pliable, and leathery consistence. The front and in it, by way of bait, a cock with a small quantity of upper parts of the head are also furnished with a small maize to support him, it so happened that a few grains shield, the scutes resembling tesselated pavement. of the maize fell through between the boards which The internal skeleton likewise displays several points formed the bottom of the trap. An armadillo arrived of interest. The clavicles are well developed, the during the night, and wishing to get at the maize first rib on either side being remarkably broad. An- thus accidentally spilt, opened a trench or burrow at other peculiarity is seen in the presence of a second some distance from the trap, and without deviating a spinous-like ridge, projecting from the posterior and hair's breadth from the straight line of his direction, outer surfaces of the scapula. This is also seen in pushed it on to the very spot where the grain had the true ant-eaters, but not in the aard-vark. The fallen, and possessed himself of the booty." The food acromlion process of the shoulder-blade is likewise of the Peba and its allies consists principally of vegeunusually prominent. The teeth have a cylindrical table matters, such as maize, potatoes, roots of the form, and vary considerably in different species. The mandioc, fallen fruits, &c.; but it also at times parfeet are in some cases all furnished with five toes; takes freely of animal food in the shape of ants, worms, but in others the anterior pair are tetradactylous. frogs, lizards, vipers, eggs of birds, dead and halfThe under parts of the belly are loosely clothed with a decomposed carrion of wild cattle-in short, almost thin fur, whilst a few thin wiry hairs also project from anything, including even the contents of human graves between the scutes of the dermo-skeletal bucklers, and when access can be gained to them. Notwithstanding from the soft parts of the semi-elastic zones. The tail all this, the South American natives and colonists is long in a few species, but in others very short. It is generally, pronounce its flesh to be a real delicac, usually protected by rings of small scutes, which in especially when roasted in the shell. certain forms degenerate, so to speak, into mere tuber- THE PICHEY (Dasypus minauts) is a very dimilucles, whilst in others this- organ is altogether naked. tive species of armadillo, measuring only ten inches The armadillos are natives of South America; and in from the tip of the muzzle to the root of the tail, that country we find the fossil remains of an allied which latter organ is about half the length of the genus called the Glyptodon, which was a large animal, body. It is an inhabitant of the Pampas lying to the possessed of immense strength and a proportionately south of Buenos Ayres, extending nearly to the borders thick and complicated dermal armour. The arma- of Patagonia. The bands between the humeral and dillos feed on vegetable matters, and construct burrows iliac bucklers vary in number according to the age of into which they retreat when pursued. the animal. Generally speaking, these ale either six THE PEBA (Dasypus peba)-Plate 17, fig. 56 —or or seven, each ring consisting of a number of lineally BLACK ARMADILLO, is very abundant in the district of arranged quadrangular plates. The tail is scaly, and Paraguay; being also found in Guiana and Brazil, but tolerably well furnished with hairs. The limbs and not to the south of the Rio de la Plata. This species claws are of moderate size. The Pichey constructs has likewise been designated the Long-tailed Arma- burrows, but is often seen abroad even during the day, dillo, the Black Tatou, the Tatouhou, and the nine, and only occasionally retires into its habitations. In eight, or seven banded armadillo, according to circum- other respects its habits are believed to resemble those stances; these bands having been regarded as criteria of its congeners generally; and in common with the of specific distinctness, and the same animal described majority of them its flesh is highly esteemed, being as so many separate species. The Peba is not quite exceedingly delicate and well-flavoured. a foot and a half in length, exclusive of the tail, THE TATOUAY (Das/lypus Tatouay) is a comparawhich measures other fourteen inches. The head tively rare species found in Brazil and Guiana. It is is elongated, and much narrowed towards the snout. called the Wounded Armadillo, from a notion enterThe ears are conspicuous, long, sharply pointed, and tained by the natives that its tail has been deprived of closely approximated. The limbs are short, and the the osseous covering seen in other species. This feet comparatively small. The dermal armature may organ is about eight inches in length, and is almost be divided into three portions, namely, the cephalic, entirely destitute of anlly protecting crust, the nakled humeral, and iliac bucklers, according to the regions skin being thinly clad with short brown hairs above, they invest. The two latter are made up of semi- and a few scales on the lower surface. The body is circular parallel rings, whose concavity is directed about a foot and a half long, the head being less narforwards towards the head, and between them are the rowed anteriorly than in the preceding species. The DASYPID. IMAMALIA. )DASYPuIDA:. 151 molars are thirty in number — fourteen below and in the case of its congeners. The bands vary numerisixteen in the upper series. The ears are largely cally, there being usually six or seven. The teeth are developed, and about two inches from root to tip. thirty-two in number, equally divided above and beOne of the most distinguishing characteristics is seen low. The ears are conspicuously developed; but the in the enormous enlargement of the digits of the most characteristic feature of this species arises from anterior feet. These clearly demonstrate the exalted the sharp, projecting margin of the lateral bands and nature of its burrowing powers; but beyond this little tesselated bucklers at the lower part of the body. is known of its habits. In the catalogue of Edentata THE MATACO (Dasypus tricinctus) is another very preserved in the British Museum, this species is de- interesting form of armadillo living in Brazil, Paraguay, nominated Xenurus unicinctus. and Buenos Ayres. It is also denominated the Bolita THE POYOU (Dasypus sexcinctus) is one of the on account of a propensity to roll itself up into a ball. It commonest forms of armadillo, and is especially abun- is nearly as large as the Poyou, excluding the tail, which dant in the province of Paraguay. It is at once in the Mataco is reduced to a mere appendage scarcely recognized by its remarkable breadth as compared more than two inches in length. The limbs and feet are with its height. The body measures sixteen inches rather small and feeble. The head is short, pear-shaped, from the tip of the muzzle to the root of the tail; this and armed with a cephalic mail; whilst the bucklers, organ being about eight inches long, and protected at which are made up of osseous polygonal plates somewhat the base by three or. four osseous plates in the form irregularly disposed, are strongly developed and sepaof rings, while throughout the remainder of its extent rated from each other by three broad, movable bands; it is covered with small scaly tubercles. The limbs, this latter character rendering the Mataco distinct as we have hinted, are very short; nevertheless the from all other species of armadillo. The ears are animal is very swift of foot. The head is broad, flat, comparatively short and rounded. The Mataco is triangular, and truncated at the muzzle; the ears being rather a scarce animal, probably from the facility with of moderate size, and widely separated from each other. which it is captured; for, when pursued, having no Its habits are similar to those of its congeners; but as it burrows wherein to hide itself, and being a slow runner, is particularly fond of carrion, its flesh is not considered its only mode of defence consists in rolling itself up by the Spanish and other European colonists of South into a helpless sphere. America to be so good eating, as those species whose THE GREAT ARMADILLO (Dasypus gigas) is not diet is exclusively vegetable. only distinguished by its great bulk, but also by the THE HAIRY ARMADILLO (Dasypus villosus) is possession of a multitude of molar teeth, varying in rather smaller than the above, and is a native of number from eighteen to one hundred. Exclusive of Buenos Ayres and the districts south of the Rio de the tail, the body measures about forty inches in la Plata. So abundant is it in the plains of these length, while the caudal extension would give us some regions, that D'Azara writes as follows:-" In an sixteen or eighteen inches more. The ears are small, expedition which I made into the interior, between but the head is more cylindrical than in the generality the parallels of 350 and 36~ south latitude, I met of species. The humeral and iliac bucklers are made with vast multitudes of this species of armadillo; so up of numerous rows of square-shaped plates, and are that there was scarcely an individual of the party separated from each other by twelve or more movable who did not each day capture one or two at least; bands inclosing scutes of a similar character. The for, unlike the Poyou, which moves abroad only dur- long tail is comparatively stout at the base, and is ing the night, this animal is to be found at all times, armed throughout with a close-set mail of osseous and upon being alarmed promptly conceals itself, if rings, presenting externally an appearance of spiral not intercepted. In March and April, when I saw lines crossing each other obliquely. The native Botuthem, they were so extremely fat that their flesh sur- codos employ this dermal armour of the tail to form feited and palled the appetite; notwithstanding which, speaking trumpets, which they use in the densely the pioneers and soldiers ate them roasted, and pre- wood-bound forests of Brazil and Surinam. The digits ferred them to beef and veal." The distinguished of the fore-feet are enormously developed, as in the Spanish officer and naturalist further observes, that Tatouay, the middle and fourth toes being furnished the Hairy Armadillo " scents the carcasses of dead with large trenchant claws. These digging weapons horses from a great distance, and runs to devour them; they employ with such skill and power, that in burybut, as it is unable to penetrate the hide, it burrows ing their dead the natives are obliged to place strong under the body till it finds a place which the mois- barriers of stakes, planks, and stones in order to have ture of the soil has already begun to render putrid. a resting-place for their departed companions, secure Here it makes an entrance with its claws, and eats its fiom the depredations of this gigantic carrion-loving way into the interior, where it continues feasting on armadillo. the putrid flesh till nothing remains but the hide and THE PICHICIAGO ( Chdlacmyodlol?orus truncatus) forms bones; and so perfectly do these preserve their posi- the type of a remarkably aberrant genus, in many tion, that it is impossible from a mere external view to respects closely allied to the true armadillos. It is a anticipate the operations which the armadillos have native of Mendoza, on the eastern slopes of the Cordilbeen carrying on within." This species does not con- leras, and of other parts of Chili. In point of size it struct burrows for the purposes of habitation, and is comes very near to the common mole, the body measuralways met with on dry open grounds. It is, as the ing a trifle more than five inches fiom before backwards. name implies, better provided with hair than obtains Its anatomy has been very closely investigated by Dr. 152 DASYPIDE. - MAM MAALIA. -BRADTmDAV. Harlan of New York, Mr. Yarrell of London, and Dr. of which will be immediately rendered apparent. Hyrtle of Vienna; and each of these distinguished natu- Scarcely any trace of an ear can be detected on the ralists have published lengthened memoirs upon the outer surface, this organ being represented by a patusubject. From their combined descriptions we gather lous opening, marked by a slightly elevated margin, the following particulars:-The molar teeth are thirty- and situated immediately behind the small, black, halftwo in number, have a simple structure, and are equally concealed eyes. The oral opening is not large; but distributed above and below. The head presents the the nose is furnished with an extended cartilaginous figure of a cone, sharply pointed at the muzzle, and septum internally. One of the most striking peculiariwidening out at the occiput; the bones of the skull do ties of the Pichiciago consists in the uniform hard not display any trace of sutures in the adult cranium, dermal armature, protecting the entire length of the and over the upper part of the frontal elements there head, neck, and back (fig. 51). This coriaceous arise two small globular osseous masses, the function coveling is made up of numerous square, rhomboidal, Fig. 51. Te ichiiago (Chlamyoporus trncats). lie Piceiciago (Oiiianiydophor us truncatis). or cubical plates, closely connected together by a the claws when.acting together form a kiind of scoop. tough leathery development of the epidermis; these The hinder extremities are, comparatively speaking, plates are disposed in rows, of which there are twenty- small and feeble, the toes being' also more widely sepafour. Throughout the greater part of its extent, this rated from each other. Respecting the habits of the shield is only loosely attached to the body by soft Pichiciago very little is known, but from the statements connective tissue; but, along the central line of the of Mr. Closeberry, the orig'inal discoverer of the species, back, it is more firmly adherent to the capitals of the there is every reason to believe that its mode of living vertebral spinous processes, whilst, at the fiee part of very nearly resembles that of our common mole. It the head, it is very firmly fixed to the two frontal dwells almost entirely undcer ground, its limbs at once osseous prominences above described. Posteriorly the showing how unfitted it is for rapid progfession on the dorsal shield terminates abruptly, imparting to the surface. The female is said to carry her offspring hinder quarters an unusual appearance. This part of Ibeneath the margins of heir dorsal shield; but this the body, however, is carefully protected by five semi- statement requires confirmation. circular rings of plates, having a structure precisely similar to those on the back. At the lowermost part, FAMIILY IV.-BRADYPID2E. the anal shield is notched for the growth and lodgment of the tail, into which crevice this organ is, as Following Cuvier, some naturalists prefer to consider it were, lodged, and is, under ordinary circumstances, the Sloths under the family title of Tardicracla, as doubled up beneath the belly. It presents the char- indicating one of the most remarkable characteristics of acter of a rigid cylinder, but at the tip it is flat- this tribe of' animals. The tardigrades then, or, in tened out in a spatulate manner, to form a kind of simpler phrase, slow-moving Edentates, are at once paddle. At the semi-circuinferential margin of the distinguished by a peculiar conformation of the extremianal shield, and along the side of the dorso-cephalic ties, admirably fitting them for an arboreal mode of covering, there is developed an extensive firinge of existence, but rendering their movements on the sillky hairs, the under parts generally being thickly ground very awkward, for the obvious reason that they clothed with fur. All the feet are pentadactylous, the arle unatural. If we examine the skeleton of an claws of the anterior pair being remarkably long, ordinary Sloth-Plate 34, fig. 112- the fist thing that slightly curved, and sharply pointed; the several digits striikes us is the unusual size and extension of the are intimately bound together, and are so disposed that limbs, and especially of the anteiior pair; the latter are BnADYP1DAr~r-.-. MAMISIALIA. - BRADYPIDE. i 53 very nearly twice as long as the hinder extremities, of the neck. This cervical extension was at one time and in this feature we are inevitably reminded of a supposed to e dclue to the presence of nine true necksimilar arrangement in the limbs of certain quadru- vertebl-e; but some years since, Professor Bell satismana whose habits are in some respects analogous to factorily demonstrated, from prepared skeletons in his those of the family under consideration. On closer own collection, that the so-called eighth and ninth inspection of the hands, it will be noticed that the cervical veretebrn were, in reality, true dorsal seg'ments, bones of the carpus and metacarpus are short and seeing that he had discovered a pair of little rudiankylosed together, whilst the terminal digits are mentary ribs attached to each of the osseous elements long, and furnished with immense hooked claws. in question. "The object," says MrI. Bell, " of the These prehensile talons are closely curved towards the increased number of vertebrae in the neck, is evidently palm while not in use, or in a state of rest; but when to allow of a more extensive rotation of the head; for, the animal requires to grasp a fi'esh branch, they are as each of the bones turns to a small extent upon the forcibly extended by muscular contraction, assuming succeeding one, it is clear that the degree of rotation of a position like that given in the raised arnm of the the extreme point Aill be in propolrtion to the number accompanying representation, above referred to. The of movable pieces in the whole series. When the hind feet are similarly constructed, and a glance at habits of this extraordinary animal are considered, their position, with the soles directed obliquely inwards, hanging as it does fiom the surface of boug'hs with the is sufficient to show how unnatural it is to represent a back downwarlds, it is obvious that the only means by Sloth walking all-fours on a plain level surlface. In the which it could look towards the ground must be by older natural history collections of the United Kingdom, rotation of the neck; and as it was necessary, in order nothing is more common than to observe the errors to efiect this without diminishing the firmness of the into which taxidermists have fallen in modunting and ce'rvical portion of the vertebral columnl, to addl certain displaying the stuffed skins of Sloths; and we- couldc movable points to the number possessed by the rest o' still point to fine collections where the tardigrade the class, the adclcitional motion was acquired by mOCdiecldentates may be seen sprawling on the floor in the fying the two superior dorsal vertebrle, and giving most approved style, with their backs tow7ard the sky! them the office of cervical, rather than infriilging oil a Having personally inspectedc, with care, the principal rule which is thus preservedl entire without a single museums of natural history in Londcon, Edhinburgh, known exception." As we shall immediately have Glasgow, and Dublin, we have no hesitation in saying occasion to return to the consideration of the habits of that, if any one wvisledl to see the way in which Sloths these animals, we have here only further to observe ought to be stuffed, they would do well to take a that the Sloths are all natives of the forests of South glance at the specimens preserved in the museum of America, where they feed upon vegetable matters, Trinity College, Dublin-and they are not the only chiefly leaves. The extinct genera, lfICeyctherh'in, evidences of taxidermal skill to be seen in the Irish Mcyolonyx, Sceliclotkhe'izn, Erinathoplsis, aund Erlp)capital. But, to return to ourl sleleton, and the toclo,, are also referable to this family, forming the figure reduced fiom that given in Cuvier's celebrated subdivision of gyravigracde edentates. " Ossemens Fossiles "'-let us next examine the head THE AI (Brcdyt)us tridoactylvs) or THREE-TOED (fig. 52). Here we have a striking contrast when SLOTII-Plate 17, fig. 55-is the best known of all the compared with the attenuated crania of the ant-eaters. species. The specific term applied to it rests upon the arbitrarily assumed grounds that it is the only species Fig. 52, which is furnished with the three toes; but there is every reason to believe that at least two other Sloths/:~.....?.........the B. yuica'is of Ruippell, B. torquottls of Illiger, and B. i afepscateCs of mWagler being regarded as so many ~ ~ /...ft/,*. l l / the giraffe, is always in one direction-it may be friomn, bii / i,,'I, right to left or left to right-occasioned by the r1otatory /', motion of the jaw. The necessary reduction of the aliment having been accomplished, it is again trans- ii.. but this time, insteadi of enteringa the fist or second I' 7 f cavities, it passes directly along the now-closed oesopelageal groove into the tmird stomanch, or manyplies. 1 In this viscus thle superfluous moisture is supposed to be absorbed before the bolus is ultimately transmitted./.. into the fourth stomnach, in wich organ the true dlig'estive act remains to he fulfilled. In the newly-born Y x~ fi' i'/ / ruminant, the first, secondi, and thirdl stomachs are I/ very incompletely developed; andi no chewing of the cud being necessary, the food passes uninterruptedly ---- into the fourth. In the calf a peculiar organic acid is secreted by the lining membrane of the true stomach, \' iiiwi;/ which, it is well knowi1, possesses time singular power 7 iI of converting the albunmen of muilk into curd and whey. i(,\V / In the young, as well as in the adulmt aniial, various'i,'I"; "/ foreign substances are occasionally fommrd in the paunch,. and sometimes in thle reticulumm. The concretionary a'' T masses are either made up of hair, vegetable fibres, + j b i or calcareous particles, generally agglomerated to- oi' gether in a rounded or oval form. The hairy halls f'I.f/t found in the calf and cow result from the licking of _~k-;.. their ownv hides, or tho c of ethers; and the individual hairs, on being transferred into the stomach, are col- and small intestines of the Giraffe. lected together, and rolled by the action of this organ into the characteristic shapes above mentioned. In meeting of the British Association in 1855, and have the camel we find them in the form of pedunculated subsequently given cidetails in the thidl volume of the pellets, strung together in grape-like bunches. In the new series of the Edinbmglh Philosophical JourimLl, chamois, the formation of the so-called bezoar stones, aund in time article mImminantia," publishedi n in I. takes places in consequence of a partiality for saline Todd's "Cyclopmdia of Anatomy 2nd Physiology," we matters, which the anmimal gratifies by licking fragments make no apology f oi agamn speciadly invitmon tie atten 158 RUIIINANTIA. MAMMIAIALIA.-BOVIDEm. tion of naturalists to so interesting a structure (fig. 55). Here we have an intestinal gland, made up as it were FAMILY I.wBOVIDEr. of from fifteen to twenty little pouches, combil-red to form a beautiiful network of cells, seven of them bearing The group of aninials commonly termed Oxen conno inconsiderable resemblance to the water-carrying stitute a division of' the hollow-horned ruminants, which, reservoirs of the reticulum. These latter have a depth although very closely allied to the sheep and antelopes, of from three to four lines, whilst the remainder are are easily recognized by their bulky and massive appearmore or less incomplete; and those farthest firom the ance generally, and particularly by their broad muzzle ileo-colic orifice are mere depressions, the walls of and powerful limbs. A still more striking character separation being scarcely elevated from the surface. istic is to be seen in the lateral direction of the horns, In other ruminants the only peculiarity affecting the which usuallyincline upwards, or forwards in a crescentic" alimentary canal, which is worthy of notice, consists in manner. In tile constitution of the skeleton, there are. the remarkable lengthening of the intestinal tube gene- numerous variations in the form, position, and degree rally, and in the bulky development of lbe coecum. of development of the several osseous elements; but There are some curious modifications of stlucture to these are not of sufficient importance to be detailed at be seen in the liver and gall-bladder; but these dis- length. In reglard to the cloven hoof, we may mention tinctions will be more appropriately indicated when what we have omitted in our general introduction to comparing and describing the several characteristics of the order, namely, that this split condition of the foot the cameline and cervine fainilies. is evidently designed to impart liglhtness and elasticity The skeletal characters are tolerably uniform throug'h- to the spring; and in view of giving fill effect to such out the order, except in so far as they relate to mere an arrangement, many ruminant species are provided size and strength, and to the presence or absence of with a special glandular sebaceous follicle between the those remarkable cranial outgrowths, commonly called toes, whose office it is to fiurnish a lubricating secretion, horns. We shall treat of the latter structures when calculated to prevent injury from firiction of the digits specially considering the horned families. MIeanwhile one against the others. According to Sir Charles Bell, we take occasion to notice, that wvhatever be the length there is yet another intention in this cloven form, viz., of the vertebral column, we invariably find the bones that of aiding the voluntary elevation of the foot, whlen of the neck to be only seven in umimber: and the it has sunk deeply into the soft ground. " We may beauty of this law, though previously mentioned as observe," he says, " how much more easily the cow affecting the entire mammalian series, cannot be more withdrlaws lier foot from the yielding margin of a river cogently illustrated than by comparing the long-necked than the horse. The round and concave form of tle camels andc giraffie with the short-necked cetacea- horse's foot is attended with a vacuum or suction as it which have yet to be described. Taking' the skull of is withdrawn, while the split and conical-shaped hoof the ox (fig. 56) as a type of the ruminant cranium, it expands in sinkinlg and is easily extricated." In regard to the economic pulrposes which this family Fig. 56. ll subserves, thley are not second to those of any other group of animals, for they supply [10 ~Skull of the Os. |us witl capital in thle folrm of labour, fat, mlilk, leather, horns, &C. GeOgl'aphically, thlley enioy a wide distribution, both in thel -/4g~ zjdjril 1lt { \ eastelrn and dwestern hemlispllelres; vwhilst ~ si / 19 R gnumerous fossil relmains testify to thleir abundance in the teltiry epocll. 1 THE OX (Bos to.r1Mus) is known to every one, anid ~lal l | i-i v'X'let, notwithstandinlg our lhmililarity with it, we are' list, C I r 1:" scarcely in a position to decide whether it is a descendKW ~ Stt iant of the great ancient British wild ox-Bos itusor whether it may not be a domesticated variety of another species. We incline to the latter opinion; and @ fi li( J Ahaving ourselves carefully examinred tile cllaniumn of Bos pirimiaqezifus, we are quite satisfied that the Ox is 4not derived from that source. Cuvier, Bell, and other eminent naturalists have expressed their opinion that the view first referred to is the correct one; but, on thle other hland, we have the weig'hty authority of Professor Owen, whose sentiments are thlls convincingly is only necessary to observe its general breadth and expressed:~" It seems to me more probable," lie says, massiveness; the cerebral division bearing a very small speaking of our domestic cattle, " that the herds of the proportion to the entire mass. This disparity prevails newly-conuelred regions would lbe derivec firom the throughout the whole orde, the bones of tlle face already clomesticated cattle of the lomnan colonists; of occupying fully two-thirds of the entire length, anld those boves nostri,' for example, 1by comlparison with the area of. the face on section beillg nearly double whlicll Cnesar encleavoured to conlvey to his countrymien that of the craniunm. an idea of the stulpendous ancl iforiidablle uri of thle BOVIDEm. MAMMALIA. BOVIDnX. 159 EIercynian forests. The taming of such a species it had been stated that the auroch had a natural would be much more difficult than the importation enmity to domestic cattle, and that the young obstiof the breeds of oxen already domesticated and in use nately refused to be suckled by the domestic cow, the by the founders of the new colonies. And that the calves sent by the emperor were suckled by a cow in latter was the chief, if not the sole source of the ox the Regent's Park Gardens, and very speedily became of England, when its soil began to be cultivated under attached to their foster-mother. These creatures unforRoman sway, is strongly indicated by the analogy of tunately died a few months after they had been brought modern colonies. The domestic cattle, for example, to this country." The bisons, generally, are distinof the Anglo-Americans have not been derived from guished from oxen by their horns, which take origin tame descendants of the original wild cattle of North in front of the so-called occipital ridge, and by the conAmerica; there, on the contrary, the bison is fast dis- vexity of the forehead; they have also fourteen pair appearing before the advance of the agricultural settler, of ribs, being a pair in excess of the number found in just as the auroch (Bison priscus) and its contemporary the ox. The limbs of the auroch are also comparathe urus have given way before a similar progress in tively long; its voice has the character of a grunt, and Europe." Professor Owen believes that no living des- the dusky-brown fur is curled and woolly, especially in cendant of Bos urus exists on the habitable globe, and the region of the neck, where it is profuse, forming a that it is only Imknown to us by its fossil remains; but sort of beard under the chin and throat. By some there is reason to suppose the auroch and European naturalists, the Caucasian variety is thought to be a bison to be identical. Be this as it may, the common distinct species; but this is exceedingly doubtful. ox is specifically recognized among existing forms by THE AMERICAN BISON (Bison Amnericanus) or its fiat forehead; the horns being placed at the two BUFFALo-Plate 18, fig. 59-is generally admitted to extremities of a prominent crest, which separates the be distinct from the above, yet it must be confessed forehead from the occiput. All our domesticated that the two species very closely resemble each other. cattle-so widely scattered over the face of the earth So far as the form of the skull, the horns, the fur, and -are derived from this species; the various celebrated the bulk of the animal are concerned, there is little or breeds representing so many more or less permanent no difference; but the limbs and tail are comparatively types of variation. Oxen, although usually slaughtered short, and, according to Mr. Blyth, it is provided with an for food before many years have elapsed, are capable additional pair of ribs. The buffalo is an inhabitant of of attaining an age of twenty-five years and upwards. all the temperate parts of Central and North America, It is somewhat singular that the cow should have a and at a period not very far back, but anterior to the rise period of gestation precisely equal in duration to that of civilization in that country, this fine animal roamed at of the human female, namely, two hundred and eighty will throughout the length and breadth of the continent days. The calf at the time of birth displays incisive -at least from the Atlantic to the Pacific, excepting and canine teeth in the upper jaw; but, as has been the extreme northern and southern latitudes. It has previously hinted, the fall of the milk teeth leaves the never existed in South America, neither indeed has upper jaw destitute of these organs in the adult animal; any other member of the bovine family, unless pretheir place being supplied by the development of a thick viously introduced by European colonists. At the callous pad. present time they range over the wild prairies of the far THE EUROPEAN BISON (Bison Bonassus) appears, west; but, like the diminishing tribes of human kind as we have already stated, to be identical with the great who dwell in those distant regions, it is evident that fossil auroch, or Bison priscus of Owen. At one time their numbers are becoming " small by degrees and it was common in Germany and the south of Sweden; beautifully less." Notwithstanding our satisfaction but at the present day it occupies a comparatively at seeing civilization extending to the remotest corners restricted range, being found only in the forests of of the habitable globe, there is something melancholy Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and the Caucasus. in reflecting on the past history of these animals, " These animals," says Mr. Broderip, 1" have never been associated as it is with the coeval disintegration of domesticated, but herds of them are protected in cer- ancient peoples, to whom, indeed, the buffaloes have tain localities in the forest of Bialowieza in Lithuania, all along afforded a principal means of subsistence. under the direction of the Emperor of Russia. There These animals are still very numerous on the plains are twelve herds thus kept, each herd being under the watered by the Saskatchewan River, being found as superintendence of one herdsman. The estimated far north as Slave Point. Much has been written number of all the herds is eight hundred. They feed respecting their habits and the different modes in on grass and brushwood, and the bark of young trees, which they are captured by the native Indian tribes; especially the willow, poplar, ash, and birch. They do and most of us remember the stirring and beautiful not attain their full stature till their sixth year. They illustrations exhibited in this country by Mr. Cattlin, are very shy, and can only be approached from the in whose " Letters and Notes on the North American leeward, as their smell is exceedingly acute. When Indians" abundant information is given about these accidentally fallen in with, they become furious, and imposing creatures. Catesby, Washington Irving, Sir passionately assail the intruder. When taken young John Franklin, Sir John Richardson, and others, they become accustomed to their keeper; but the supply most interesting particulars; but we have approach of other persons excites their anger. Two space only to give a few notices from the two lastyoung specimens were presented to the Zoological mentioned autlhors. The latter affolrds us a condensed Society of London bythe Emperor of Russia. Though view of what has been previously written in regard 160 BovID.mE. MAMIMALIA. BovIDm. to the habits of the bison, and says that they' wander off in another direction." The most powerful adverconstantly from place to place, either from being dis- sary of the buffalo is the great grisly bear, whose turbed by hunters or in quest of food. They are strength is sufficient to crush the largest bull. A fullmuch attracted by the soft tender grass which springs grorwn male will weigh as much as two thousand up after a fire has spread over the prairie. In winter pounds, although an ordinary specimen comes conthey scrape away the snow with their feet to reach siderably below this amlount. The body is about eight the grass. The bulls and cows live in separate herds and a half feet in length, from the tip of the muzzle to for the greatest part of the year, but at all seasons the root of the tail. one or two old bulls generally accompany a large THE CAPE BUFFALO (Bubalus C6ager) is a native herd of cows. In the rutting season the males fight of South Africa, where it is knownl by several other against each other with great fury, and at that period names, such as the CAPE Ox, the BUFFEL, and the it is very dangerous to approach them. The bison is, BOKOLOKOLO, the latter title being that employed by however, in general, a shy animal, and takes to flight the Bechuanas. It occurs in large herds in the plains instantly on winding an enemy, which the acuteness of and forests of the interior. It is an extremely heavy its sense of smell enables-it to do from a great distance. and powerfully built species, a full-grown specimen They are less wary when they are assembled together weighing as much as five and forty stone or upwards. in numbers, and will then often blindly follow their The body is, in some individuals, nearly nine feet in leaders, regardless of, or trampling down the hunters length, exclusive of the tail, which is three feet long, posted in their way. It is dangerous for the hunter to terminating in a tuft of coarse black hair, reaching show himself after having wounded one, for it will pur- below the hocks. The fur exhibits a leaden-black sue him, and although its gait may appear heavy and coloulr. The hlors are massive; very broad at the base, awkward, it will have no difficulty in overtaking the where they are closely approximated; and spreading fleetest runner." Sir J. Richardson then proceeds to from thence, horizontally, are turned upwards and mention the case of a MIr. M'Donald, who one evening inwards at the tips, which are separated from each other went out to look for game. " It had become nearly by an interspace of about four feet. Respecting the dark when he fired at a bison-bull which was galloping habits of the Cape buffalo, the early travellers, Thunover a small eminence, and as he was hastening for- berg and Sparrmann, give us some interesting data; ward to see if his shot had taken effect, the wounded and from their observations, and that of several later beast made a rush at him. He had the presence of writers, these animals appear to be most formidable mind to seize the animal by the long hair on its fore- antagonists. Their ferocity when wounded is perfectly head as it struck him on the side with its horn; and frightful. The herds are usually found grazing in the being a remarkably tall and powerful man, a struggle immediate vicinity of some large wood; in numbers ensued, which continued until his wrist was severely varying from twenty or thirty up to at least five hunsprained andc his arm was rendered powerless. He then dcred. Thieir behaviour, when fired upon, seems to fell, and after receiving two or three blows became vary according to circumstances. Captain Harris senseless. Shortly afterwards he was found by his having fallen in with a herd, thus briefly describes companions lying bathed in blood, being gored in seve- their conduct:-" Creeping close upon them, I killed ral places; and the bison was couched beside him, a bull with a single ball; but the confused echo reverapparently waiting to renew the attack had l he shown berating among the mountains alarming the smu'vivors, any signs of life. Mr. M'Donald recovered from the about fifty in number, they dashed panic-stricken immediate effects of the injuries he received, but died from their concealment, ignorant whence the sotrud a few months afterwards." Of the various modes of proceeded; and everything yielding to their giant taking the American buffalo, none display the courage strength, I narrowly escaped being trampled under and dexterity of the Indian so much as that of hlmting foot in their progress." Mr. Andersson's account of an them on horseback.'" An expert hunter," says Sir John encounter with these animals is very animated: —" A Franklin, "when well mounted, dashes at the herd, herd of buffaloes," he says, " at least two hundred in and chooses an individual which he endeavours to number, suddenly rushed past us with the violence of separate friom the rest. If he succeeds, he contrives a tornado, breaking down and crashing everything that to keep him apart by the proper management of his opposed their headlong career; and raising so great a horse, though going at full speed. Whenever he call cloud of dust as nearly to conceal their dark forms fioom get sufficiently near for a ball to penetrate the beast's view. I fired into the midst of them at random, and hide he fires, and seldom fails of bringing down the had the satisfaction to see a cow drop to the shot. animal; though of course he cannot rest the piece. The report of the rifle brought the whole herd almost against the shoulder, nor take deliberate aim. On this immediately to a stand, and facing round, they conservice the hunter is often exposed to considerable fronted us in one dark lmass. Taking advantage of a danger from the fall of his horse in the numerous holes tree at some little distance ahead, I stalked to within which the badgers make in these plains, and also from about one hundred and fifty paces of this formidable the rage of the buffalo, which, when closely pressed, phalanx. Resting the gun on a branch, I took a steady often turns suddenly, and rushing furiously on the aim at the leading bull; but though I very distinctly horse, frequently succeeds in wounrding it or dis- heard the bullet strike him, he did not flinch in the momunting the rider. Whenever the aniial shows this slightest degree. One of the natives having by this disposition, which the experienced hunter will readily time miustelred courage to steal up to me with my rifle, perceive, he immediately pulls up his horse and goes j I fired a second time, tlhough at another of the herd, BOynIt)o3..MIAi.AMMALIA. BoVIDna. 1 l61 but with no better result. Six several times at the tion. "The buffalo, on entering the area, smells the least, did I repeat the dose; and though on each occa- tiger, and becomes instantly agitated with eagerness. sion the ball told loudly on the animal's body, neither 1-is eyes sparkle with fury, as they quest around for it nor any one of the herd, strange as it may appear, the skulking enemy, which is generally attacked the budged an inch They seemed to be chained to the instant it is distinguished. The buffalo, shaking his spot by some invisible power, eying me all the while head and raking the ground for a few seconds with his with an ominous and sinister look. Their strange and foot, places himself in the posture of attack; and with unaccountable bearing, puzzled me beyond measure. I his face brought parallel to the surface, his horns expected every instant to see them charge down upon pointing forward, and his tail indicating both his determe. But even had this happened-though I am free mination and his vigour, rushes forward at his full to confess I felt anything but comfortable-my personal speed." Such is the attitude this beast usually assumes safety would not, perhaps, have been much endangered, when charging an enemy; and we can readily underas by ascending the tree against which I was leaning, stand the amount of presence of mind necessary for I should have been out of harm's way. However, I any human being who may chance to become an object was not driven to this extremity; for, whilst about of resentment. A remarkable display of this mental to ram flown another ball, the whole herd suddenly discipline is recorded by Captain Williamson, in the wheeled about, and with a peculiar shrieking noise, case of a Dr. Knight, when out shooting in the neightails switching to and fro over their backs, and heads bourhood of Daudpore. " A buffalo bull, which was lowered almost to the ground, they made off at a furi- at a considerable distance, after shaking his head and ous pace." From an examination of the ground where stamping with his fore-foot, at length fairly made at the they stood, and by information receivecl from the bush- doctor, who was fortunately provided with an excellent men, Mr. Andersson subsequently ascertained that two rifle, of a large bore. The doctor, knowing what sort of the animals had been mortally wounded. of' a business it was likely to prove if he awaited the THE INDIAN BUFFALO (Bubadus ai-nma) is another bufialo's arrival, mounted a smart tanian or hill pony, huge species, the body measuring ten and a half feet which was led by his syce or groom, and made off from the extremity of the muzzle to the root of the towards a very heavy cover, and had time to conceal tail. In the wild state it is called the Arana; but the himself. The buffalo passed on after the doctor, who tame variety, so common throughout India, is termed did lnot fail to give Punch (which was the horse's the Bhainsa. The wild buffalo lives in large herds, name) every provocation to exertion. His speed did and inhabits the marshy swamps and low grounds in not, however, equal that of his pursuer, which, though the immediate neighbourhood of large forests. It is appearing to labour much, took immense strides, and readily recognized by the uniform shortness of the tail; was fast coming up. The doctor, finding it impossibli by the tufts of hair which protect the forehead and to escape in this way, reined up suddenly, and dis. knees; and chiefly by the enormously developed horns, mounted. He had scarcely time to turn his horse's which are particularly long and directed backwards in flank, and to level his rifle over the back of the saddle, one variety, and much curved and spread out laterally before the buffalo, being within the usual distance, in another. Like its congeners, the Arna is celebrated lowered his head and commenced the charge. The for its ferocity. "' He seems to look with disdain on doctor, who was a remarkably good shot, fired, and every living object, and to rely on the great strength happily lodged the ball between the horns of the anihe possesses to overthrow whatever may be opposed mal; which, though killed outright, did not drop until to his rage. The smallest provocation irritates him within three or four yards of Punch's side." In conincredibly! And such is his courage that he will clusion, we may remark that the female Arna, after a sometimes even attack a group of elephants going gestation of ten months, produces one or two calves in for fodder. I do not think," says Captain Thomas the middle of summer. The tame buffalo, introduced Williamson, "there can be a more menacing object into Italy so early as the seventh century, is a true than a single wild buffalo disturbed from wallowing ini variety of this species. As a beast of burden it posthe mud." This is a propensity to which they are sesses numerous advantages over the solidungulate very much given; and it is one which, associated with horses, being able to traverse muddy swamps two or certain external characters —such as the thickness of three feet in depth with comparative facility. This the skin, its scanty covering of hair, &c.-serves to animal is also much valued fbr its strong leathllerv hide; demonstrate a partial alliance of the buffaloes to the but as a source of food it is much inferior to that of true pachydermatous mammalia. We cannot here, ordinary cattle. however, enlarge upon this topic. In the wild state THE ZEBU (Bos InzTdicus) is one of those animals the Indian buffalo proves a most terrible opponent, with whose existence every reader of oriental history not only to the elephmnt, but to the tiger also. One of is familiar. Regarded with veneration, and even worthe principal sources of entertainment given-on anni- shipped, the Zebu, or Brahmin bull, seems to lead a versary celebrations and such like occasions-by the happy life; wandering to and fro from village to plain, Indian families of distinction, has ever consisted in grazing where it will, or receiving the votive offerings affording a display of the cruel ferocity of the tiger and of the devout. Even its excrement is esteemed sacred; buffalo. I We have neither space nor inclination to the dried dung being used for fuel in cooking' fooddescribe these desperate encounters at ally length; but upon which it is supposed by the natives to exert some we quote a few observations in order more particularly beneficial influence —and also employed in deciphering to show the behaviour of the animal under considera- objects on their filthy walls. The Zebu is easily recogVon. I. zI 162 BOVID. —31AMM A LIA. BOVIDzE. nized by its convex forehead, immense chest and dewlap, prefer to browse on leaves and tender shrubs-a marked and more particularly by a remarkable hump on the peculiarity, which militates rather against the statement shoulder, which, like the analogous formation seen in of Dr. Traill, that the habits of these two species are the dromedary, consists entirely of fat. Some kinds different, and, in our view, lessens the value of his are provided with short, widely separated horns, but persuasion, that these two animals are specifically clisin certain varieties these appendages are entirely want- tinct. However, the Gour is an important kind of' ox. ing; in others, again, and these are the most common, It is a formidable opponent in combat, and is said to the horns attain considerable development. This spe- be more than a match for the tiger. According to Mr. cies varies exceedingly both in respect of size, and Hodgson it is with great difficulty reared in a state of in the colour of the hide; generally speaking, the fur confinement. is greyish-wlite, and ash-coloured. The Zebu is not THE YAK (Bos poiup2acgus) or GRUNTING OX, is a only found in India, but is also met with in Persia, native of Thibet, where it is found both in the tame Arabia, and even in Africa. It is in many places and wild state, inhabiting "all the loftiest plateaus of employed in harness to draw light vehicles, and also as high Asia between the Altai and the Himalaya, the an ordinary beast of burden for harder work. Its Belur Tag, and the Peling mountains." It is a comflesh, though far superior to that of the species last paratively small species, and readily distinguished by described, is not considered equal to that of the comn- its small mane on the back, and more especially by mon ox. The hump is regarded as a delicacy; its the til, which is clothed with long hair like that of choiceness depending apparently more on the manner a horse. This appendage, duly prepared and somein which it is served up, than upon any inherent virtue times dyed, is highly valued as an article of trade, in the fatty mass itself. and is sold to the Chinese, Turks, and other eastern THE GYALL (Bos frontalis), or JUNGLE Ox, is about nations, who employ it as an ornamental badge of disthe size of a large bullock. Considerable difference of tinction usually attached to their caps or turbans. opinion has all along existed respecting its origin. By Several varieties of the Yak are known, and employed some it has been regarded as a cross breed between for diffrcent purposes. Hofineister, in his " Travels the Indian buffalo and certain varieties of the zebu, in Ceylon," speaks of the Yak oxen as very beautiful and by others as altogether distinct. Be this as it animals. Whilst being ridden they were shy, restless, may, it is a well-marked form, and is distinguished and apparently disposed to attack their riders. "As more especially by the horns, which are short and the steepness increased," lie says, "these poor animals.hick, flattened from before backwards, and directed began to moan, or rather grunt, in the most melancholy laterally with a slight inclination upwards. The manner; and this unearthlly music gradually rose to;yall is found in the mountainous districts of north- such a violent rattle, that, driven rather by its irksome eastern Inldia, and, as a domestic race, appears to thrive sound than by the discomfort of our saddleless seat, we most satisfactorily in the province of Chittagong. dismounted at the end of the first half hourl." The According to Mr. Lambert, the bull is naturally very fur of the Yak is usually black, the back and tail being bold, and will defend himself against any of' the beasts sometimes quite white. Various cross breeds have of prey. " The female differs little in appearance; been produced between this species and the cornher horns are not quite so large, and her make is some- monl ox. what more slender. She is very quiet, and is used for all THE MUSK OX (Ovibos moschaltus) is a native of the the purposes of the dairy, as also for tilling the ground; icy regions of North America, and is in those districts and is more tractable than the buffalo." The fur ox- an exceedingly valuable animal, supplying the EsquibIibits a blackish-brown colour generally; whilst the maux with one of their principal sources of food. It length of the body, firom the tip of the muzzle to the is readily distinguished, not only by its moderate bulk, root of the tail, is upwards of nine feet. One variety but also by its long-haired, iwoolly hide (fig. 57). Thle of this species, termed the ASSEIh GYAALL, is regarded cars are short, and well-nighll concealed by the fur. The by some as the progenitor of' the variety under con- horns are remarkably broad at the base, where they sideration. It is provided with longer horns, which closely approximlate, separated by a hairy interspace are strongly curved throughout, the space between in the female. They are curved obliquely downwards the tips measuring about fourteen inches. Over the at first, suddenly bending upwarlds again towards the shoulders there is a considerable elevation; but it does tips. The first half of' the horn is rough and lightnot acquire the significance assigned to it in the humnled coloured; but the remaining narrowed portion is varieties of cattle. It is not at all ferocious, even in smooth and black at the extremity. The forehead is its wildest condition. It frequents the neighbourhood convex, the face being prolonged forwards into a hairy of forests, cropping shoots and leaves of shrubs in pre- muzzle. The long fur has a rich brown colour geneference to grass. rally, but is whitish on the limbs, where it is not so THE GOUR (Bos Gaurus) is by some considered to fully developed. The best account of the habits of be a distinct species. It is a bulky animal, measuring, this animal is that of Sir John Richardson, who writes according to Dr. Traill, very nearly twelve feet from as follows:-" Notwithstanding the shortness of the the tip of the muzzle to the end of the tail. The Gour legs of tlGe Musk ox, it runs fast; and it climbs hills inhabits certain mountainous districts of Central India, and rocks with great ease. One pursued on the banks beingparticularly abundant onl the Mysa Pat mountain of the Copper-mine, scaled a lofty sand cliff, having so in the district of SergojaB. It occursin herds of from great a declivity that we were obliged to crawl on twenty to thirty and upwards, which, like the gyalls, ihands and knees to follow it. Its footmarks are very BOVID. — A..MAMMALIA.-..EGOSCERID. 163 similar to those of the caraboul, hbot are rather longer beginning of September, and bring forth one calf about and narrower. These oxen assemble in herds of firom the latter end of May or beginning of June. I-Ielarne, twenty to thirty, rut about the end of Aulgust and the from the circumstance of few bulls being seen, supposes Fig. 57. > _,. 7, ~ -— _ — - -....... ~_-'~-LTX_~_ -~'~r- ~='. The MIuslk Ox (Ovibos moschatus). that they kill each other for the cows. If the hunters brushings of the snow, caused by hair growing firom keep themselves concealed when they fire upon a herd the pastern joints. of Musk oxen, the poor animals mistake the noise for thunder, and, forming themselves into a group, crowd FAMIILY Il.-iEGOSCERID2. nearer and nearer together as their companions fall around them; but should they discover their enemies Partly for convenience sake we here associate under by sight, or by their sense of smell, wehich is very the above title the closely allied genera represented by acut;e, the whole hleld seek for safety by instant flighllt. the sheep and goats. It is admitted that, in a purely The bulls, however, are very irascible; arid, paiticu- zoological or anatomical point ot view, it is difficult larly when wounded, will often attack the lhunter, and to impart a separate family definition to this group; endanger his life, unless he possesses both activity and nevertheless there is a tout snseamnble about these anipresence of mind. The Esquimaux, wNho are well mals which, in our opinion, justifies such a step. Even accustomed to the pursuit of this animal, sometimes the most superficial observer cannot fail to notice a turn its ilritable disposition to good account; for an very marked difference in the general aspect of these expert hunter, having provokecd a bull to attack him, creatures, when compared with oxen properly so called. wheels round it more quickly than it can turn, and by The goats are characterized chiefly by their long horns, repeated stabs in the belly puts an end to its life. which are directed upwards and backwards, are more The Musk ox is most abundant in comparatively in- or less angular in firont, rounded behind, and generally accessible districts, where rocks and craggy slopes, marked by transverse bars or ridges. The chin is unadorned witlh trees, seem to form its special home. clothed with a long beard. On the other hand, the If it could be more easily procuredl the woolly fuar, sheep, which have no beard, have the horns directed finer than that of the bison, would be much more at first backwards, and subsequently bent spirally forextensively employed for economic purposes. Accord- warild. None of the members of this family exhibit the ing to an authority recently quoted, the carcass of the lachryma.l sinuses, so characteristic of the majority of Muskl ox, exclusive of the offal, weigs abot three the e antelopes and deer. The value of these animals hundrlled\veight. When well fattened, the flesh of the to man is too well known to reqnuire lengthened cow has a tolerably pleasant flavour; but that of the comment. males or females, when lean, has a musky taste, andc is THIE SHEEP (Ovis a(lies).-Any attempt to enuboth tough and highly coloured. We have said that the merate or describe the principal varieties of sheep foot-prints of this animal can scarcely be distinguished would, in a work likIe the present, be quite out of place. from those of the reindeer; but according to the ex- It is impossible to determine witlh certainty how many perience of Mr. Peterson, whllo accompanied Dr. Kane species of sheep exist; but thelre is reason to believe on his arctic tlravels, those of the ox alre mich larger, that all the formls may be redllced to one or two olriginal but not wider. Behllind thle prints there were slight species. Our domesticated breeds are supposed to be 1 64 IEGOScEERI)DE. BMAMMALIA.-ANTILOL A. derived from the Mouflon (Ovis musimon), which is tially elastic horns, which afford the necessary security found in Cyprus, Candia, Corsica, and Sardinia. How against injury. far this affects the question of the specific identity of such kinds as the Thibet sheep (0. ammon), Plate 18, FAMILY III.-ANTILOPIDE. fig. 60, the Argali of Central Asia (0. argali), and the Rocky Mountain sheep (O0. montanus), Plate 18, fig. 61, By far the greater portion of the hollow-horned of North America it is not easy to decide. From the ruminants belong to this family, in which the osseous earliest ages of human history the sheep has been axis of the horns is solid, persistent, and destitute of employed in the service of man, affording him food cavities or pores. A large number of the antelopes and materials of clothing, &c. Now-a-days they possess lachrymal sinuses or tear-pits, in common with supply us with meat, suet, leather, wool, tallow, and the deer tribe. The horns have usually a more or less manure; the latter substance indirectly conferring conical form, cylindrical, sometimes compressed, annumany other advantages, by proving a source of fertility lated at the base, and directed obliquely backwards. to various crops of grain and fodder. Among the These appendages are usually two in number, simple more interesting varieties we may particularize the and unbranched; but in some cases there are four Fat-tailed sheep of Persia, Tartary, and China, whose horns, as, for example, in the Jungliburka and Choucaudal appendage is transformed into a globular mass singla, whilst those of the Cabrit have an additional of fat weighing as much as sixty or seventy pounds. prong. This may be considered as equivalent to the Another interesting form is the Ovis polyceratus, brow antler of the deer, and clearly indicates an inhabiting Nepaul; the male being provided with four approach towards the cervine type of ruminant. Most horns. These last-mentioned organs attain an enor- of the antelopes are remarkable for their very graceful mous development in the Rocky Mountain sheep — and slender build; the structure of their limbs being Plate 18, fig. 61-each of them measuring nearly three beautifully adapted for rapid flight. They are widely feet along their outer curvature, from base to apex. distributed throughout the eastern hemisphere, being In the catalogue of ovine ruminants preserved in the more particularly abundant in Aftica, where vast herds British Museum upwards of thirty well-marked varieties of them supply the natives with food, and too often of sheep are indicated, and this enumeration does not afford the European hunter an aimless pastime-in separately take into consideration the multitudinous those cases where they are shot for mere sport only. sub-varieties, or domesticated breeds, which are found Like the generality of ruminants they are, for the most in the United Kingdom, and in various parts of Europe. part, gregarious in their habits. THE WILD GOAT (Ctp)Cra egaggras), or Paseng, is THE GNOO (Catoblepacs gnu) —Plate 19, fig. 63-is believed to be the progenitor of our domestic goats, in a native of South Africa, and forms an aberrant type the same way that the Mouflon is supposed to be the between the bovine and the antilopine ruminants; but original stock of our sheep. The Paseng is a native its more distinctive characters undoubtedly indicate a of the mountains of Persia and the Caucasus, and is closer alliance to the present family. The body is nine distinguished by its sharp horns, which attain a very and a half feet in length, and stands about four feet six large size in the male. The varieties to which it is inches at the shoulder. The muzzle is large, bristly, believed to have given origin are exceedingly numer- broad, and square-shaped, the nasal apertures being ous; the various kinds differing ri not only in form, size, operculated. The horns are broad at the base, where arid colour, but also in the character of their hairy they expand into a broad protecting plate on the forecovering, and in the number and disposition of their head; firom this point they are directed downwards aid horns. The Angora variety has beautiful long silky slightly outwards over the eyes, and then making a hair; whilst the wool of the Thibetan goat supplies the regular curve upwards terminating in a sharp hooked natives of India with material for the fabrication of extremity. The chin is furnished with a thick beard, the celebrated cashmere shawls. The female, after a similar tufts of black hair being situated below the period of five months' gestation, usually produces two eyes. A flowing whitish mane extends along the neck, young at a birth. Though goats are chiefly valued firom the occiput backwards to a point beyond the for their skins, the milk of the female, and especially withers. The ears are comparatively small. The tail the flesh of the kids, are highly esteemed. The Rockyl resembles that of a horse, has a white colour, and Mountain goat (C'apra Americana) is possibly a mere reaches to the ground. Between the fore-legs and variety of the common wild species. along the central line of the thorax, the brisket is THE IBEX (Cap)ra ibex), Plate 19, fig. 62, is a clotled with a thick shaggy development of black hair. native of the Swiss Alps, and probably of the maoun- The general colour of the fur is that of an ambertainous chains of Southern Europe generally. It is brown, passing into bromwnish-black. The limbs are provided with immense horns, which are arched back- particularly slender, terminating in bluish-black hoofs, wards, and marked with prominent node-like rings which are pointed and compressed anteriorly. The throughout their entire length. The Ibex or steinboc, udder of the female is provided with four mamme. as it is sometimes called, is subject to great difference, The habits of the Gnoos are gregarious, and they are those examples found in the Caucasus and in Asia exceedingly wild and swift of foot, following one being, in all likelihoocd, mere varieties, although they another in single file, and skimming the plains with are described by some as distinct species. The Ibex extraordinary velocity; they are extremely restless, is a very hardy animal, and is said to leap fearlessly seldom remaining long at one spot, and migrating dowl rocky precipices, falling on its massive and p)ar- firom place to place in vast herds. Captain Harris, AxNTILOPID,1:..iMAMMALIA. ANTILOPIDEr. 165 from whose beautiful work, entitled " Portraits of the I had expended the last bullet in my pouch. In the Game ancld Wild Animals of Southern Africa," the wild districts bordering on the colony, where a suecesannexed illustration of the brindled species is given, sion of level plains are traversed by low ranges of bare furnishes the following proof of their speed, and of their stony hills, prancing troops, consisting of from fifteen resemblance to a lion when seen at a great distance. to thirty G-noos of various sizes, are to be seen engaged "Whilst crossing the boundless plains of the Vaal river, in the most wanton frolics, and may easily be hemmed we had an opportunity of remarking the very similar into a valley and compelled to run the gauntlet." And appearance of the two animals, in twice witnessing the further on he adds:-"' The curious and inquisitive animating but. abortive pursuit of a herd of Gnoos by disposition of the Gnoo, often induces the herd to disan enormous lion, rendered perfectly furious by the continue their giddy gambols, and slowly to approach qualms of hunger, and still more dosperately frantic the passing caravan with an air of laughable defiance, at the disappointment entailed by the slippery heels foi'med in a compact square, gazing, menacing, stampof his intended victims, who, on both occasions, left ing with their slender fore-feet, and at length halting their grim pursuer far behind, puffing and blowing, to within rifle range to scrutinize the bold intlruders upon grumble over the loss of the morning repast which he their lone and hereditary pastures." Such is Captain had vainly promised himself." The same eloquent HIarris' account of the whilnsical character of this sinwriter, thorough sportsman, and competent naturalist, gular antelope, and it is fully borne out by the less says-" These ungainly beasts are nevertheless shot animated descriptions of other travellers. The female from horseback without much difficulty, and can Gnoo usually produces a solitary calf at a single birth, scarcely be pronounced formidable except in external which at first exhibits a whitish cream-coloured fur, appearance. The eyes are lowering and expressive of subsequently becoming reddish-grey. The flesh of the great ferocity; the solid casque of the horn, by which adult is coarse, but that of the calf is considered exceltheir beetling brows are overshadowed, greatly height- lent. The tail is used for making chownies, whilst the ening their aspect of suspicion and vindictiveness. hide is braved and converted into riems or thongs; hi Like other animals possessing dispositions far more this state it is chiefly employed as harness, being also gentle and tractable, the Gnoo is naturally prone to applied to other economic uses as a substitute for rope charge in self-defence when wounded or forced into a or twine. corner; but, after fracturing its leg, I have repeatedly THE BRINDLED GNOO (Catoblextms Gorgeon), Kodriven a reluctant individual up to thle waggons, eithelr ooN, or GoIRGoN, is readily distinguisled from tle to escape the trouble of carrying his silloin, or because common species by its arched face, laterally directed Fip,'.5 |The Briiclled Gnoo (Catoblepas GorgIll,. horns, deep bluish-black hide striped iwith obscure to those of its collgeners. According to some authovertical bands, absence of any tufts of hair between rities the name AKo1ooo ought to be applied to the the fore-legs, and immensely thick, elevated and common species; but we prefer the authority of Cappowerfiul shoulders (fig. 58). The body measures ine tain HarrIIis, who remarlks that it is thus named by feet in length, including' the tail and head; the lattel the BIechuanas, while the Dutcll colonists call it the alone being twenty-th ee inches fi'om the tip of the Bosttad.ld, nmdl the H —ottentot tribes designate it the muzzle to the occipital crest. The Buindled Gnoo Bcts or Kiorop. He gives also the following graphic inhabits the intceior plains of Southern Afi'ca to description of its manneis: — " When excited by the the i/orth of Orange river, its manner s being siomilar appeaiance of nyv s'.spicious object, or arous-Cd by any 166 ANTIIrOPIDm2E. 3 MAMil1MALIA. ANTILOPIDA,1g. unusual noise, the Kokoon is wont to appear much "even in confinement, and when domesticated fiom more grim and ferocious than it actually proves; not birth, the violent and changeable temper of the Nyl. unfrequently approaching with an air of defiance, as if ghau calnot be trusted. Previous to making an attack, resolved to do battle with the hunter, but decamping it drops upon the fore-knees, advancing in this position upon the very first exhibition of hostility on his part. till within a proper distance; then darting suddenly On being pursued, the herd bring their aquiline noses forwards with t]e velocity of an arrow, and with a force low between their knees, and flourishing their stream- which no ordinary animal can withstand." The female ing black tails, tear away in long regular files at a commonly produces two young at a birth, her period furious gallop; wheeling curiously about at the distance of gestation extending over a period of eight months. of two or three hundred yards, advancing boldly towards THE BOSCH-BOC (Trcagelaplzus sylvatica) is an inhathe danger, tossing their shaggy heads in a threatening bitant of Cape Colony and Caffraria, dwelling more manner, presently making a sudden stop, presenting particularly in forests near the sea-coast. The body an impenetrable front of horns, and staring wildly at of a full-grown male stands two feet eight inches high the object of their mistrust. The slightest demonstra- at the shoulder, and measures rather more than five tion, however, is sufficient to put the whole squadron to feet in length. The fur exhibits a bright-chestnut flight, when they make a somewhat shorter excursion, colour generally, being darker superiorly, but marked again wheel in a circle, show a more menacing and along the spine by a narrow white streak; white spots imposing front than before, and most probably take up also exist on the cheek, as well as on the flanks and fettheir position within sure rifle range. When engaged locks. The forehead has a deep sienna-brown colour, in grazing, they have an extremely dull and clumsy and the neck is encircled by a collar-like band of a still appearance, and at a little distance might often be darker hue. The horns are about a foot long, thick mistaken for wild buffaloes; but their usual manner is below, and gradually attenuated towards the rather sportive, at one moment standing to gaze at nothing, blunt extremities; their position is erect, and they are and at the next scampering over the plain without any marked by spirally directed ridges in front and behind, apparent object in view, making various grotesque which disappear after traversing the first two-thirds of curves and plunges, with their preposterous bonassus- their length. The ears are large and rounded, the looking heads laid between the fore-legs." The flesh limbs stoutish, the tail of moderate extent, and the i)f the Kokoon resembles that of beef, and is much muzzle naked. There are no lachrymary openings. sought after by the natives. The hide is dressed with The females are hornless, and furnished with four the mane and beard attached, and when carefully pro- mammru. Respecting the habits of the Bosch-boc, Mr. pared is converted into useful and ornamental cloaks, Ogilby states that it never quits its forest haunts except shawls, and tippets. during bright moonlight nights, "when it comes out to THE NYL-GHAU (Portal jicta)-Plate 20, fig. 67 — graze on the border of the forest, or to make incursions is a native of India. It is as large as a stag, the sum- into the neighbouring gardens and corn-fields. Its mit of the shoulders standing more than four feet from voice resembles the barking of a dog, and its deceitful the ground. The fur exhibits a tawny, ferruginous tone sometimes leads the benighted traveller into the colour generally, being in the male of a uniform bluish- most remote and lonely depths of the forest, in the vain grey at the upper parts. The head is fiurrnished with a search after some human habitation, which he is all pair of short horns, about seven inches in length, which the time leaving behind him. It is a slow runner, and are slightly recurved forwards; they do not exist in the easily caught when surprised; but it keeps close to the female. The muzzle is remarkably attenuated; the woods, through which it penetrates with great ease, ears are rounded, and the lachrymal sinuses rather running with the horns couched backwards along the large. The neck is broad and compressed laterally; sides of the neck to prevent them from impeding its and at the under part, near the middle line, it is fur- course by striking against the branches, and having the nished with a conspicuous tuft of hair. Immediately neck and throat firequently denuded by rubbing against above this beard-like development there is a whitish the underwood, as it forces its passage through the spot; two similar patches being also seen on either thick covers." The Bosch-bocs are monogamous, cheek, below and in front of the eye. Besides these, or solitary, the male and female being usually found the pasterns are marked swith white spots forming more together, or accompanied only by one or two offspring. or less distinct bands round the ankle-joints. The THE KOO0OO (Strepsiceros Iuda) is also an inhamane is pretty strongly developed, especially over the bitant oi the wilds of Cafitaria and Southern Africa, region of the shoulders, where it forms a thickish tuft. generally frequenting also the borders of streams, and The tail is long and bushy at the tip. According to not refusing to take to the water when occasion may Mr. Ogilby, the Nyl-ghau dwells principally in dense require. It is a very large and attractive species, forests, " whence it occasionally makes excursions very measuring upwards of nine feet in extreme length, and early in the morning, or during the night, to feed upon standing more than five feet high at the shoulders. the corn-fields of the natives which happen to be situ- The horns are massive and beautifilly curved into two ated in the vicinity of the jungle. It is a vicious animal, wide-spreading spiral circles; they are upwards of three of very uncertain temper, and as itis bot h powerful and feet in length, of a brown colour, having their tips resolute, and frequently turns upon its pursuers, it is directed outwards and upwards. The muzzle is,broad, seldom made an object of chase, except by the native the ears large and pointed at t he ends, the forehead princes, whvo employ elephants for this purpose, or black, the shoulders nluch elevated, and there are no inclose the game in nets." It is likewise added, that suborbital sinuses. The fur has a buff-grey colour ANTILOPID.E]. MIAM IMALIA. —A'rNILOPIDIs,. 1 67 generally, the limbs being reddish below the knees, the England, was slaughtered for the express purpose of rump white, the tail, which is two feet in length and testing its epicurean qualities, the result of which was tapering, being rufous and whitish at the margins; that Royalty, both on this and the other side of the three-white spots exist on the cheek, and a pale band channel, partook of the venison, and pronounced it passes along the central line of the back, giving off, as excellent. Professor Owen extolled its qualities in the it were, at right angles, five or six transversely-disposed columns of the Times, whilst many other distinguished wlhitish bands, directed downwards on either side fellows of the Zoological Society testified to the accutowards the belly. These markings are not so con- racy of his judgment. In short, every body pronounced spicuous in the female, which is also of slighter build, a favourable opinion, in terms very similar to those of destitute of horns, and furnished with four mammm. the gifted author of the " Game and Wild Animals of The Koodoos are gregarious, and, though still found Southern Africa," who amusingly says: —" Both in within the colony, are comparatively scarce. They are grain and colour it resembles beef, but is far better deservedly admired by travellers who have seen them tasted and more delicate, possessing a pure game in the wild state. " Of all the varied and beauteous flavour, and exhibiting the most tempting-looking layers forms of animal life to be found in the boundless woods of fat and lean; the surprising quantity of the former and plains of tropical South Africa, the Koodoo is ingredient with which it is interlarded, exceeding that of unquestionably the most distinguislhed for elegance and any other game quadruped with which I am acquainted. gracefulness, united with strength." So writes Mr. The venison fairly melts in the mouth; and as for the Andersson, who considers it a perfect picture, and "one brisket, that is absolutely a cut for a monarchl! With of the grandest-looking antelopes in the world." The what satisfaction would not King Jamie of hunting same ardent sportsman gives us an account of a curious memory, have drawn his good blade adown the breast method adopted by the natives for its capture:-" The of a plump Eland, to be rewarded with five full inches Bushmen have a way of their own of hunting the of'prime white fat on that ilk,' instead of three, as on Koodoo, viz., by running it down, not by speed of foot, the occasion in Greenwich Park, when Nigel assisted but by gradually exhausting it! When a hunt of this his sporting Majesty in the sylvan ceremony? The kind is decided on, a number of these people assemble, vast quantity of tallow yielded by the fat bulls, furarmed with assegais, &c. Having started the animal, nished us with constant material for manufacturing one of the party takes up its " spoore" at a quick pace,'dips' in a candle mould with which we were prothe rest following more leisurely. On feeling fatigued vided; and during the greater part of our journey it the leading man drops behind his comrades, and the was to the flesh of this goodly beast thlat we principally next in order takes up the pursuit, and so on, until they looked for our daily rations, both on account of its vast secure the prize. Sometimes this is effiected in the superiority over every other wild flesh, and from the course of a few hours; but it happens also that the circumstance of its being obtainable in larger quantities chase lasts for a whole day, or even longer. All with comparatively less labour." Here we must pause depends on the ground. If stony or rocky, the men to mention the principal characters by which this have an immense advantage over the animal, which, gigantic antelope is easily distinguished (fig. 59). An under such circumstances, soon becomes foot-sore, lies adult'male stands fully six feet high at the shoulder, or clown repeatedly, and after a while is found unable to even more; the length being in some cases upwards of rise, when it is quickly despatched. The women and nine feet from the nose to the root of the tail. The children carry water on these occasions for thle hunters, horns are nearly straight, massive, conical, furnished so that, should the animal prove very enduring, his with a strongly-developed spiral ridge, which gradually pursuers may not be necessitated to give up the chase disappears at the upper third, where the ends become for want of that indispensable necessary." The flesh attenuated and sharply pointed. In. the female the of the Koodoo is highly esteemed, and the hide is con- horns are longer, slighter, and less markedly furrowed. verted into various articles of clothing, harness, &c. The forehead of the male is clothed with a thick bundle THE ELAND (Boselac2luts oreas) is a magnificent of stiff, wiry, brownish hairs; the tuft being bordered animal, the largest of the antelopes, and on many on either side by a band of yellow-orange colour. The accounts deserving of an extended notice. It is also ears are comparatively small and the muzzle broad, the known by the names of the Cape Elk, Ganna, and neck thick, the dewlap very prominent and fiinged with Impoofoo-the latter term being employed by the long brown hairs, the legs rather short, the shoulders. Bechuanas and Matabili. The importance of this and hind quarters enormously developed, the fur short ruminant will be at once appreciated when it is men- and of a rufous-dun or ashy-grey colour generally, the tioned, that not only is its flesh of the most palatable tail being about twenty-six inches long and tufted at and nutritious character, but experiments have recently the extremity. The female exhibits a bead-like tuft of established the fact that it will readily breed in this hair on the under part of the neck, has a more foerucountry. When it is added, moreover, that several are ginous colour, and is furnished with four teats. Renow thriving in the parks of English noblemen, and specting the habits of this interesting animal, it is well thcat a single individual weighs from fifteen hundred to known to frequent only the more open plains of the two thousand pounds, it will be easily understood that interior; " rejoicing' especially," says Captain Harris, the day cannot be far cdistant when thle Elandl shall "in low belts of shaled hillocks, and in the isolated become permanently domesticated in this country, andcl glroves of Ac.cccia ccpeasis, wvhich, like islands in the supply wholesome food, at least to the table of the ocean, are scattered over many of the stony and gravelly wealthy. Not long ago an Eland, bred and fattenecd in plains of the interior; large helrds of them are als(o 1 68 ANTILOPID3E. -MAiIMALIIA. ANTITOPID.rE. to be seen grazing like droves of oxen on the more sunbeam. Advancing, they appear to move like a verdant meadows, throughll which some silver rivulet regiment of cavalry in single files, the goodliest bnlls winds in rainbow brightness betwixt fiinges of sighing leading the van; whlereas, dluring a retreat, these it bulrushes. Fat and lethargic groups may be seen scat- is that uniformly bring up the rear." At one time tered up and down the gentle acclivities, some grazing Elanods were ablldant in the immediate neighbourhood on the hillside, and others lazily basking in the morning of Cape Town, but now very few are found within the.'59 I' V The Eland (Boselaplins, oreas) borders of the colony. Considering the facilities which four and a half feet high at the shoulder, and is furexist for their destruction, evely effort should be made nished with horns nearly twelve inches in length. The to follow up the experiments of domestication so suc- body is stoutish, the neck short, the limbs slender, the cessfully commenced by the Zoological Society, and withers elevated, the lachrymal sinus inconspicuous, steps should be duly taken to secure more specimens the ears being eight or nine inches long. The general from the colony, ere they are driven far up into the colour of the fur is rufous-grey; the upper parts and interior, or altogether exterminated. Finally, we may legs have a deep brown tint, the forehead being marked remark that Dr. Livingstone discovered to the north of by a dark longitudinal band. The Sassabe is natuSesheke a beautiful striped variety of Eland, distin- rally tame, but is much hlunted by thle natives. The guished by vertical streaks on the back, and by black female is comparatively small, and furnished with two patches on the outer side of the fore-arm. mammrllr3. THE HARTE-BEEST (Acronotucs Caanma), or CAAMA, THE BUBALE (Alcep)halts bubal'as) is widely distriis also called Intoosel by the MIatabili. It is a large buted over the entire regions of Northern Afiica, being species, with a long head and much elevated shoulders. especially abundant in Barbary. It is gregarious in The horns are of moderate length, approximating closely its habits, and naturally docile in disposition. By at the base, diverging at first, and again converging the Arab natives it is terimed the wild ox, or Belccer-eltowards the tips. The back, the nose, and the hind Watsh. It is a large species, and is readily distinguished anl fore legs are marked with dark streaks; the chin by its remarkably compressed and straight forehead. being also black. The general colour of the fur is The horns are of moderate length, lyrate, stout at the greyish-brown, with a deep red cast. The tail is hairy base, and strongly annulated throughout. and reaches down to the hocks. The Harte-beest occu- THE COMMON ANTELOPE (A'tilope cervicalpra), or plies the plains of the interior of Southern Africa in SAsIN —Plate 19, fig. 65-is a native of Persia, India, immense herds, and is one of the most common species. and the southern parts of Asia generally, where it Its flesh, though inferior to that of the eland, is never- dwells on rocky hills and open plains. It stands sometheless fine-grained and highly esteemed. The female thing less than three feet high at the shoulder, and is is provided with two mammea, and produces only one furnished with slim legs, a short tail, and a pair of large nc:f' at a birth. horns, which are beautifully annulated and spirally THE SASSABE (Acronotus lunata), or BASTARD curved. The full-grown male is almost black above; HARTE-BEEST, is likewise a native of Southern Afiica, the inside of the legs, under parts of the neck and oceurring in small herds in the district inhabited by belly, andl the rump remaining white. The Sasin is the Bechuanas. A full-grown example stands about altogether an elegant species, and remarkably swift of ANTI LOPIDcL. —- MAMMALIA.. ANTILOPIDAc. 169 foot, leaping, it is said, as much as thirteen feet ill than two inches long, black, conical, and strongly height, and clearing a space of twelve yards at a single annulated. The tail is about the same length, dark bound! The flesh is insipid. above and white below. The fur exhibits a dull, THE PALLAH (Antilope melinmpurs), or BETJUAN, is brownish, buff, or mouse colour, generally; being lighter a native of South Africa. It is a fine species, standing underneath. The females are hornless. upwards of three feet high at the shoulders. The THE MOHR (Anztilope 1Mohi?) is an inhabitant of horns are twenty inches in length, lyrate, and coarsely Western Aftica, and stands about two and a half feet annulated. The general color' is rufous, being much in height at the shoulder. The horns are of moderate darker above than below, whilst the belly is quite size, thick, and strongly annulated at the lower twowhite. The tail is about a foot long, white at the thirds of' their extent, the tips being rate.r sharp, and extremity, and marked by a dark-brown streak down bent forwards. The fiur exhibits a deep brownish-red the middle. The Pallahl is gregarious in its habits; colour generally, but is white underneath and on the only six or eight individuals constituting a herd. The back part of the rump. The Mohr is highly valued by females are hornless, and provided with two teats. the Arabs on account of' the bezoar stones or concreThe flesh is coarse, brut palatable. tions found in its intestines. THE MADOQUA (Antilope Saltiaco) is a remarkably THE SAIGA (Ant ilop.e colus), or COLUS, is an inhabismall anid slim-built antelope inhabiting the mountain- tant of eastern Europe fiom Poland to the Caucasus, ous districts of Abyssinia. The summit of the shoulder being also found in Northern Persia and Siberia. It is is only fourteen inches above the level of the ground; of moderate size, and rather bulky in appsearance. It but it stands rather higher on the hind quarters. The is gregarious in its habits, many thousands of them horns are correspondingly thin, and about three inches herding together, and migrating southwards during the in length, whilst the tail is only rudimentary, measuring cold season. They are much hunted and valued for scarcely more than one inch and a hali fiom root to the sake of their lhorns, which are light-coloured, tip. The females are hornless. semitransparent, and slightly twisted on their axis; THE GUEVI (Cephalophzus pygqmncezs) -Plate 19. fig. the skins of the young are likewise highly esteemed, 64-is even smaller than the species above described, and employed in the manufacture of gloves. and has been variously desigiated tile Pigmy antelope, THE CHIRU (Antilope Hoclgsonii) is anotlher gregariKleene, Blauw-boc, anld Monmetzi. It is a native of' ous species inhabiting the open plains of Thibet. It is South Africa, dwelling either singly or in pairs amongst a fine animal, measuring three feet in height at the dense woods and thickets near the sea-coast. The shoulder, aldc firnishlled with annulatedl horns ioree head is long and pointed, with a wide muzzle, short than two feet in length. The fur displays a bluishround ears, and diminutive horins; tle latter being lesS grey colour generally, overcast with a rufous tint. lFi. 6C.'TLe 6pring-boc (Gazelie Luchore).'The taili measures about eight inchlles from root to tip. TF SPRINGT-TO0 (Gazella Ancl.ore) is a beautiful The Chuiu is shy, bold, switt, and, like othiei species little creature, eveiywheie scatteied ovei the plains of in which bezoar stones are formod, is ery r paitial to saline Southern Afnica in couiitless herds (fig. 60). The matters, which it licks greedily. horns are black, lyrately disposed, provided with about Vor. I. 22 170 ANTILOPImD). —AIAMMALIA. ANTILOPID~E. twenty prominent annulations, and curved inwards at twelve to fifteen inches in length. The fur has a deep the tip. The fur exhibits a bright rufous-dun colour, chocolate colour in front, gradually passing into a hoary the flanks being marked on either side by a broad, rich, bluish-white on the back and shoulders, the belly being and deep chestnut-coloured band. The belly and in- quite white. The tail is long, reaching to the hocks sides of the legs are quite white. One of the most The female is similar, but of lighter build. curious features in this species consists in the presence THE RHEE-BOC (Aztilope Ccapreolus), is a gracefully of several folds of integument over the rump and loins, formed Cape species, occurring in small herds amongst which, when the animal is excited, are unfolded, and the hills and rocks in the neighbourhood of water pools by the snow-white aspect of the fur at this point, pre- and dried-up rivers. It stands about two feet four sent a very singular appearance. The tail is about inches high, and is furnished with straight, slender, eight inches in length, and tufted with black hairs. vertically-pointed horns, nine inches in length. The THE GAZELLE (Gazella Dorcas) is a native of North- fur has a light rufous-grey colour, being white undereastern Africa, and from its extreme elegance of form, neath the belly; its texture is woolly. The females coupled with large, full, lustrous eyes, has deservedly have four mammne, and are hornless. acquired distinction. The Gazelle or Corinne, as the THE REIT-BOC (Antilope eleolragus), or INGIIALLA, female is sometimes called, stands less than two feet possesses similar habits, and is a comparatively rare high at the withers, and is furnished with a pair of species, occurring only in the more northern parts of strongly annulated horns about ten inches in length. Cape colony, and higher up in the interior. It is The ears are conspicuous and sharply pointed. The larger than the foregoing, standhig three feet high; fur is more or less fawn-coloured or fulvous, but varies the horns measure about a foot in length, and are according to age. The habits of the Gazelle are gre- annulated. The ears are long and pointed; the tail garious. Considering their slender build, they are being also conspicuously developed. The fur exhibits remarkably courageous, and will unite to defend them- a dull ash-grey colour, having a rufous tinge above, selves against the strongest Carnivora, although they while it is lighter underneath. The females have four usually fall victims to these overpowering enemies. manmmc, are smaller than the bucks, and hornless. THE STEEN-BOC (Antilo3pe tragyulus) was formerly The reit-boc is gregarious in small families. a very common species, inhabiting the mountainous THE WATER-BOC (Antilope ellipsijirz lna), or PrIplains and open valleys of Southern Africa; but now it TOMOK of the Matabili, stands upwards of' four feet is becoming comparatively rare in the colony. It at the shoulders. The horns are strongly annustands about twenty-two inches high at the shoulder, lated, upright, diverging, of a whitish-green colour, and and is furnished with round slender horns, about four upwards of thirty inches in length, the last six inches inches long. The ears are large, but the tail is only being smooth and destitute of rings. The fur has a rudimentary, and scarcely an inch in length. The fur greyish-brown tint generally; a white patch occurs on has a rich rufous colour. The habits of' the Steen-boc the throat, and a similar streak before each eye. The are monogamousj or solitary; the females being horn- ears are full and rounded; the tail being brown and less, and provided with four miarmie. tufted, and scarcely reaching to the hocks. There are THE GRYS-BOC (Antilope mzeclnaotis) pretty closely no suborbital sinuses. The females are hornless, ancm resembles the steen-boc, both as respects its solitary have two mammne. The Phitomoks are gregarious, habits and general appearance. The horns are about inhabiting the banks of the rivers of Southern Africa, three and a half inches long, the general colour of especially those of the Limpopo and Mariqua. the fur being of a deep chocolate red. The ears are THE GEMS-BOC (Armtilopge Oryx), or IKOOKAAIr, of broad and rounded. The Grys-boc is found more par- the Matabili, is found chiefly in the Karroo, or in the ticularly among the wooded districts bordering the sea- open plains of Namnaqualand in Southern Aftica. It is coast. The females are hornless, and provided with a strong, bulky, and courageous species, and is armlred only two mammne. with a pair of formidable horns, which are upwards of THE DUIKER-BOC (Antilope Grionmic), or IIPOON three feet in length, almost straight, divergent, annuof the Matabili, is also a Cape species frequenting those lated below, horizontally disposed, and tapering to a districts near the sea-coast, and possessed of mono- point; between them a black stripe passes down the gamous habits. It is about two feet in height, the forehead, which is crossed by a similar band above the horns being four inches long, and marked by a longi- muzzle. The ears are white, with black margins. The tudinal ridge in front, which traverses four or five fur has a rusty iron-grey colour generally; it supports rings at the middle. The fur is yellowish-brown; but a mane, the hairs of which are reversed in direction; in winter it assumes a cinereous olive tint; the fore- the under parts of the belly and thorax, as well as the head being clothed with a patch of long fulvous- legs, being white. The tail is bushy, black, and three coloured hair. The tail is short, black, and tipped feet long. The females have two ma1mrmirre, whilst their with white. The female has four mammme; her horns horns are even longer than those of the buck. being very short, and concealed beneath the hair. THE BLAUW-BOC (Antilo2pe leucoplcea).-Not a THE BLESS-BOC (Antilope calbfi'O?ns), or WAIHITE- little confusion has arisen in regard to this species, the FACED ANTELOPE, is a native of Southern Africa, name here given having been applied to the little slateinhabiting the plains bordering on the Vaal river, coloured antelope. The Blauw-boc is, with its varieties, and herding hir iminmense flocks. A full-grown buck also kinown as the Bastalrd Gems-boc, Roan Antelope, stands three feet and a half in height, and carries a Etcl/c of thie Matabili, and Talkhaitze; tile latter conpair of diverging annulatecl horns, measuring from stitutimng a well-marked variety, knowmr by its inclereased ANTILOPIDE. arJ- MAMMALIA. ANTLOPIDmx. 171 size, large beard, and fine flowing mane. It is also dis- the tail being lengthy and tufted at the tip. The horns tinguished for its fierceness. The Etak, properly so are very attenuated, annulated at the lower half, and called, stands about five feet high at the shoulder, and slope obliquely backwards with a very slight curvature. is furnished with scimitar-shaped. horns two feet in The Leucoryx is gregarious in its habits, and feeds length; they are strongly curved backwards, and marked freely on acacia shrubs. with about thirty conspicuous annulations. The face THE ADDAX (Aatilop2e Adctax) is a native of is black, with white streaks in front and behind the Northern and Central Afiica, and is a bulky, thick-set eyes; the muzzle and under parts being also white. animal, standing upwards of three feet at the shoulder. The ears are pointed, and fourteen inches long. The The horns are long, narrow, spirally twisted, ringed to fur exhibits a roan or reddish-white colour generally. within five inches of the tips, sharp at the points, and The females are hornless. measuring about thirty-six inches from base to apex. THE LECHEE (Antilope Lechee) is a large animal, The forehead is clothed with a patch of black curly inhabiting South Africa, on the banks of the river hair; the mane is well developed, the fur having a Louga. In its habits and character, it very closely greyish-white tint generally; but the head and neck are resembles the WVater-boc. The horns are elongated, rufous-brown. The Addax has monogamous habits. annulated, and curve forwards at the tip. The fur THE CHOUSINGHA (A'tilop2e quacdricorvis) or has a light brown colour generally, the limbs being FOUn-HoRNED ANTELOPE, is an inhabitant of the much darker. In the male the mane is slightly de- northern and well-wooded districts of India, being veloped; the tail being tufted and black at the found especially in the districts ot Bahar and Orissa. extremity. Both Dr. Livingstone and Mr. Andersson It is a comparatively small species, standing about have given interesting particulars of this species. The twenty inches at the shoulders. The horns are smooth, former says, " It is never found a mile from water; black, conical, and sharply pointed; the posterior pair islets in marshes and rivers are its favourite haunts, being three inches in length, while the anterior are and it is quite unknown except in the central humid scarcely a third of that measurement. The fur has basin of Afiica. Having a good deal of curiosity, it a reddish colour generally, being whitish underneath. presents a noble appearance as it stands gazing with The females are hornless, and of a paler hue; they head erect at the approaching stranger. When it usually produce two young at a birth. The Chouresolves to decamp it lowers its head, and lays its horns singha is excessively wild; it is also monogamous. down to a level with the withers; it then begins with THE CAMBING-OUTAN (Antilope Sumatrensis) is an a waddling trot, which ends in its galloping and spring- inhabitant of the hilly forests of Sumatra, and in its ing over bushes like the pallahs. It invariably runs habits approaches the goats and chamois. The horns to the water, and crosses it by a succession of bounds, are about six inches in length, slightly curved backeach of which appears to be from the bottom." Mr. wards, broad below, and sharp at the apex. The body Andersson informs us that " great numbers are annually is stoutish, and clothed with a long deep browndestroyed by the Bayeye, who convert their hides into coloured fur, approaching to black, except on the back a kind of rug for sleeping on, caresses, and other articles of the head, neck, and shoulders, and inside of the of wearing apparel." ears, where it is quite white; the mane being well THE NAKONG (Antilope Anzclerssonzii).-Believing developed and the tail moderately long. The habits this antelope to be new to science, we do not hesitate of the Cambing-outan are wild and restless. to recognize it under the above specific title. Dr. Gray THE CHAMOIS (Antilope Rupicapra) is an inhabithinks it may be referred to Ogilby's broad-horned tant of the alpine slopes of Western Europe, and, like antelope, but the characters, in so far as they are given the preceding species, is closely allied to the mgoscervine by Mr. Andersson, lead us to a different conclusion. family. It is clothed with a deep-brown woolly fulr, The fur displays a subdued brown colour, which is the head being of a paler colour, and banded on either darker on the back and on the fore-part of the head side by a dark streak, which passes fiom the angle of and legs; having an ashy tint underneath the belly. the mouth to the eye and base of the ear, enveloping The hair is long, and coarse in texture. The horns both. The horns are from six to eight inches long, are black, closely resembling those.of the koodoo. Its running nearly parallel to each other, and curving habits are similar to those of the last-described species. backwards at the tip. The tail is short and black.'By means of its peculiarly long hoofs, which are The habits of the Chamois are wild and impetuous, black —not unfrequently attaining a length of six to like the torrents which it overstrides in rapid flight. seven inches-it is able to traverse with facility the It feeds on young shrubs and various alpine herbs. reedy bogs and quagmires with which the lake country THE PRONG-HORN (Antilope furczfer) or CABRIT, abounds." Mr. Andersson adds that the natives fre- is an interesting species, as it presents a sort of tranquently, at particular seasons, capture the Nakong by sitional form between the antilopine and cervine genera; means of pitfalls. and it is for this reason that we have reserved its conTHE LEUCORYX (Antilope Lelucoryx), WHITE ANTE- sideration until compelled to draw our descriptions of LOPE, or ORYx — Plate 20, fig. 60-is a native of the members of the present family to a close. The Eastern Afriica. The fiur has a millky-white colour Prong-horn is a native of the western borders of North generally, the throat and neck being rufous-browa; America generally, being more particularly abundant dark bands also occur on the forehead and cheeks, two on the borders of the Saskatchewan and Columbia of them passing vertically downwards from the inner rivers. It is a stoutish animal, upwalds of three feet corner of the eye. The mane is short and reversed; high at the shoulder, and at once recognized by its 172 ANTILOPIDrm-. - AAMMIALIA. CAAMELonPARDImm,. peculiar horns, which arise from the forehead imme- about half way up, and curving suddenly backwards diately above the eyes, giving off a sort of brow antler and inwards at the tip (fig. 61). Below the prong the Fig. 61, ____ ii_.........:' I / The Prong-horn or Cablit (Antilope furcifer). horns are rough, like those of the deer; but above they other inhabitant of the plains, although I have been are black and smooth. The fur has a fawn colour informed by Mr. Prudens, that when there is a little generally; being whitish on the throat, chest, belly, snow on the ground, it may with some little manageand rump. The Prong-horn is gregarious in its habits, ment be run down by a high-bred horse. The Indian frequenting open plains and hilly grounds. The flesh hunters have no difficulty in bringing an antelope is coarse and unsavoury. The horns of'the female are within gun-shot by various stratagems, such as lying rudimentary. down on their backs and kicking their heels in the air, According to Sir John Richardson, "the most nor- holding up a white rag or clothing themselves in a therly range of the Prong-horn antelope is latitude white shirt, and showing themselves only at intervals. 53~, on the banks of the north branch of the Saskat- By these and similar manceuvres the curiosity of a chewan. Some of them remain the whole year on the herd of antelopes is so much roused, that they wheel south branch of that river; but they are merely summer round the object of their attention, and at length visitors to th.e north branch. They come every year approach near enough to enable the hunter to make to the neighbourhood of Carlton House when the snow sure of his mark. From this disposition of the Pronghas mostly gone. Soon after their arrival the females horned antelopes, they are more easily killed than any drop their young, and they retire southwards again in of the (leer of the district which they inhabit." the autumn as soon as the snow begins to fall. Almost Had space allowed, we should have supplied short every year a small herd linger on a piece of rising notices of several other antelopes, including the Kob, ground not far from Carlton House, until the snow has Sing-sing, Nagor, Haar, &c. become too deep on the plains to permit them to travel over them. Few or none of that herd, however, sur- FAMILY IV.-CAMELOPARDIDZE. vive until the spring, as they are persecuted by the wolves during the whole winter. They are found in Although represented only by a single genus, the the summer season in the fifty-third parallel of latitude, characters of this family are sufficiently distinctive and from longitude 106~ to the foot of the Rocky Moun- osculant between the antilopine, cervine, and cameline tains, According to Lewis and Clark, they also abound species, to warrant the propriety of their being sepaon the plains of the Columbia,. to the west of the rately treated. We have already taken occasion to mountains, where they form the chief game of the mention one unique structure in connection with Shoshonees." Our authority also adds, that "the Prong- the intestinal canal; but there are others scarcely hborn appears on the banks of the Saskatchewan, less characteristic, being also more obvious. Firstly, sometimes a solitary animal, sometimes assembled in we notice the horns, which are solid, persistent, and herds of ten or twelve. Its sight and sense of smell completely invested with a hairy integument. A quesare acute, and its speed is greater than that of any tion has been raised as to the existence of a central CATMrELoPArDID2E.- AIAMMALIAI. CERVTIDmE. 173 or third horn. If our space permitted, we should be observes, has no other means of protection than that able to renmove all doubt upon this point, havintg care- afforded by the swing of the kead and neck, and by fully compared a number of crania together, and satis- the kicking of its heels, seldom employing the latter fled ourselves as to the substantially correct views even when hemmed into a corner. The speed of originally enunciated by Ruppel in " Reise in Nordlichen Giraffes is considerable, and often secures the safety of Afrika." Another peculiarity in the cranium arises these harmless animals; their movements during flig]lt being characteristic and peculiar. The limbs of either Fig. 62. side do not, as is well known, move alternately, as in the trot of a horse; but the fore and hind legs of one side are adlvanced almost at the same instant, so as to produce a swinging action of the body. Their tails are also partly raised and curlled during flight, the tufted ends being restlessly switched to -and firo. The Giraffe feeds upon mimosa twigs and blossoms. In its selection it would appear to be guided rather by sight /}~~~~~ 2 ~lellglF bthan by taste olr slell; for Professor Owen mentions i i S,,1 1Ii that one of the fine specimens preseirved in the ZoologijI /Hl~llllj! h 6ti{$ 2 {cal Society's Galdens, Regent's Park, observing a lady's Ii N( lBi! bonnet to plresent a velry flowelry aspect, sulddenly, yet gently and politely, applied its extensile tongue to tle gaudy trash, andl writbllout filrther ceremony consigned the tokens of her vanity to the mlacerating influences of its capacious paunch! In like manner the conceit of a peacock has been observed to subside under the magic touch of this lingual warlnd; for the I bird having invaded the paddock, one of the Giraffes took occasion, when the uplifted tail llac duly displayed this poor bird's pride, to gather a blunlch of the brighteyed feathers on his tongue, and swiftly raising the astonished intruder high into the ail', gave him a vigorous shake, permitting him again to reach the paddock ground, fiom whichl he hastily iretreatecl to hide his diminished tail and head! FAMILY V. -CERVIDAE. Front view of the Skull of the Giraffe. The true stags and deer are at once distinguisherd by out of a remarkable extension of the fiontal, ethmoidal, the plesence of deciduous branching holrns in the nmale; and sphenoidal cells (fig. 62); These form a series of the females being in nearly all cases hornless. These large intercommunicating air cavities on the top of the organs vary mulch in character, beintg rounded inl some head, reaching from the middle of the face to the occi- species and flattened in others. They are in reality put. Finally, the special elongation of the tongue, the outgrowths fiom the cranium, and, being leveloped prolminent orbits, the powerful ligamentum nuchre, the periodically, have an important physiological signifilong muzzle, the usual though not invariable absence cance. Witllout detailing the anatomical and morphloof a gall-bladder, and some other minor peculiarities, logical changes which these sinlgularI olgans annually satisfactorily demollstrate the legitimacy of the grounds undergo in the more typical forms, we deem it suffion which the Giraffe may be considered as the repre- cient to indicate thle peculiar phllenomena which are sentative of a distinct family. colltempolanleously developed durling the periodical THE GIRAFFE (Caomeloopa(lalis Girafr), or CAMEL- renewal of the antlers; and we do so in lainguage we OPARD-Plate 22, fig. 73-is a native of Abyssinia have elsewhere employed. A strong detelmination of and the plains of' Central Afilica genelally. It is a blood to the head tales place at the spring of the year, singularly beautiful and attractive creature, and is thle anlld the vessels sulrrounldigng tile frontal eminences tallest of all animals living on this planet-the Ilead of enlarge. This illncreasedi v-asculal action results in the a full-grovwn eXanlple occasionally 1eachling as muchl secretion of a fibro-cartilaginous matrix, manifesting as eighlteen feet, andi the shoulders twelve feet, fioml itself' externally by a budding, comnlmencing at the the ground. The fur is short, wlhitishl underneatlh, summit of the core, at thle spot where the h10olns of tIle and marked thllouglhout by angular fulvous red spots, plevious season had separated. In the early condition which have a dark rusty tinge in the centre. The l the holnl is soft and yielding, anld it is protected only upper lip is extensile ancld unldivildedl, thle ears large, by a highlly vascular periosteum alnd delicate integuthe eyes expressive, thle body sllhot, the tail being l melt, thle cuticular portion of the latter being reprenearly three feet in lenlgth and tufted with black hair. sentecl by numerous fine hlailrs closely arl-angecl. From'rhe Giraffe is gregalious in- sllall troops. It is natli- this circumnstanlce the slinl is here terlmed thile "velvet." rally gentle, timic, and docile, anld, as Captain I-Iarris As development goes on, a progressive consolidation 174 CERviDAE. — IAAMMALIA. -Ca RVIDA,. is effected, the ossification proceeds from tile centre to in length. The fur is very coarse, rough, and wiry. the circumference, and a meclullary cavity is ultimately Respecting the habits of the Elk, we may observe that produced. While this is taking place, a corresponding it is naturally very timid, and when taken young is change is observed at the surface. The peliosteal easily domesticated. Its movements look awkward as veins acquire an enormous size, and by their presence it glides along in a kind of shuffling, ambling trot, but occasion the formation of grooves on the subjacent vwhen severely pressed it gallops with great rapidity. bone. At the same time osseous tubercles of' ivory During the warm season it is gregarious and fi'equents hardness appear at the base of the stem; these coalesce low swampy grounds, often taking the water, through by degrees, and inclose within their folds the great which it swims with marked facility; resorting in cold superficial vascular trunks, which are thus rendered weather to sheltered forests. The flesh of the Elk is impervious. The supply of nutriment being thus cut highly esteemed, and the hide extremely valuable. off, the first stage of exuviation is accomplished by the THE REIN-DEER (Taralldus JRazgjfer'), or CARIconsequent shrivelling up and decay of the periosteal Bow —Plate 22, fig. 72-is a native of the most northand integumentary envelopes. The full growth of the erly districts of both hemispheres; being an animal of horns is now consummated, and the animals being the utmost importance to the inhabitants of those icy aware of their strength, endeavour to complete the regions. Space would fail us weere we to enter minutely desquamation by rubbing them against any hard sub- into a consideration of the various purposes to which stances which may lie in their path. This action is this thoroughly domesticated species is applied; or if, technically termed "burnishing." After the rutting on the other hand, we attempted to clear up the disseason, the horns are shed, to be again renewed in the puted point as to whether the North American and ensuing spring; and every year they become more Lapland forms are one and the same species or entirely perfect, as represented in the accompanying woodcut, distinct; those who are interested in this question should fig. 63. The letter references respectively indicate the consult Mr. Anldrew Murray's Memoir, published in the Ecdi.burg1sh New Philosolhical Jour'zcl for 1858. Fig. 63. The Rein-deer is furnished with cylindrical horns, and on account of the great variety of shape which the branches assume, any attempt to establish specific distinctions, merely on the characters of the antlers, must necessarily be attended with difficulty. The habits of iI // 1~ I~ 7 ~\W1 tthese animals are too well known to be here described /!\ 1 \(at any length. Elks undertake extensive mnigrations at different seasons, with the view of obtaining a constant /\ ~fA | 0 J %-/J 1/ // supply of food, wl-ich consists, for the most pait, of I \ 9 C e C 6 ) f c1 7U1 I \ various species of lichen. T'lie females are provided with four mamnirer, two of -which are spurious; they 9. Cap \Q=J C 9 7 >, G also support a pair of slender horns, very closely resem-'k~ " i bling those of the male. Development of the horns of the Red Deer. THE WAPITI (Ccilvus Caclizensas), or GREY iMOOSE, is a large North American deer, standcling about fou several stages of development following upon that of feet six inches at the shoulders. The horns are cylinthe second year, in which the horn has the form of driical, and weigh about thirty pounds. The fur is a simple unbranched stem, co. Like the antelopes, the redidish-brown n; the hair on the throat of the male stags are vely swift of foot; but most of them live being much elongated, and the rump in both sexes within, or in the immediate neighbourhood of large marked by a patch of light-coloured lairs, bordeled forests, browsing on grass, leaves, various herbs, and the on either side with a blackish streak.'I'he Wapiti is shoots of young trees. Fossil remains of deer are very a stupid creature, gregarious in its habits, and oftell numerous both in tertiary and recent formations; those utters a peculiar shrill cry, which, like a donkey's br1ayof the Bramatherium and Sivatherium discovered by ing, is stated to be particularly disagreeable. Its flesh Dr. Falkener in the Sivalik hills of Northern India, is coarse and insipid. showing that in former times some members of this THE RED DEER (Ccrvu(,s Elact7hus), or CoMIron family attained the most gigantic proportions. STAG, is a native of the more temperate regionls of THE ELK (Alces Mlclcis), or -MOOsE-Dnn-E-Plate Europe and Asia, and though not so abunldanlt in this 21, fig. 71-is an inhabitant of the northern regions of country as in formner clays —rwhen the chase was the both hemispheres. It is a large and ungainly-looking peculiar delight of English noblemen —yet it is still animal, standin about six feet at the shoulders, andi sufficiently cared for in the wilds of Scotlanld and the furnished with massive palmated hsorns, which occa- western isles, where the dceer-stalker enjoys his healthsionally weigh upwards of sixty pounds, and spread ful and exciting sport. The fluI of the stag exhibits a out laterally over a space six feet in width. The head fuilvous-brown hue generally, the lumpli beineg mairked alone measures upwardcs of two feet from the tip of the by a pale patch omn eitheml side of thle short, stumlpy tail, muzzle to the occiput, the nose being hlairy and swollen which is also of a light colour; in the fawn thle hide is out at the upper border. The eyes are small, the ears marked wvith i whitish spots. The period of gestation long, the neck providedl with a coarse manee, the body in the hindcl extends over eight mnonths, the young short and rounded, andthetail only three or four inches being produced in the month of May. DuIing the CERVIA -.-MAMMALIA. CERVI bA. 175 winter both sexes collect in vast herds; but in the towards the acclivities of the more considerable motiiirutting season the stags fiequently engage in the most tains, or approaching the confines of extensive forests'" desperate encounters, the struggle of a pair of males occasionally ending in mutual slaughter Sometimes Fig, Cthe antlers are inextricably fixed by the "1 tynes," both animals being thus left to perish, as it were, in each other's arms! THE FALLOW DEER ( Crvus doamez) is much smaller than the stag, and is the species most commonly seen in the parks of this country. In summer the fiur is fulvous and spotted with white, but in winter it becomes blackish-brown; the rump being always more or less whitish, and banded on either side by dark streaks. AI The tail is dark above and white underneath. The horns are palinated superiorly, the flattened expansions \ being bordered with short "tynes" or dentalations. The fallow deer is now scattered all over Eulope, but there I is resson to believe that it was originally brought from the coast of Barbary. Black eand even white varieties are not uncommon. THE AXIS (Cer'vus Axis) is a remarkably elegant and permanently spotted form of deer. It commonly goes by the name of the Spotted Stag-deer. It is an inhabitant of Northern India, but freely breeds in. Europe; and in its native haunts on the borders of the Ganges it is much hunted. On such occasions it often displays considerable resistance, and when brought to bay charges the horsemen with great violence. The Axis stands about two and a half feet at the shoulders; slcun of the Muntjakl. the fur having a fawn colour generally, passing into a dark brown on the back, whilst the under parts are The same authority states, that "the Kidang is impaquite white. The females are hornless. tient of confinement, and is not fitted for the same THE ROEBUCK (Ccjnreolus -Dorcas) is a native of degree of domestication as the stag. It is, however, the temperate parts of Europe, and though not so abundant in this country as formerly, is still tolerably Fig. 6a. plentiful in the wilder parts of Scotland. This species is readily known by its horns, which divide into three short branches or "tynes" (Plate 21, fig. 70). The Roebuck is monogamous in its habits; the female usually producing two fawns at a birth, her period of gestation being five months. The venison of this deer is of inferior quality. With regard to other members of the cervine family, we can only briefly notice the following:- THE MIUNTJAK (Cervus MIogtjctc), or KIDANG. This is a very interesting species, inhabiting Hiindostan, I b:' Ceylon, Java, and most of the islands of the Indian i, Archipelago. The distinguishing characteristics of this animal consist in' the possession of two large tusk-like canines in the upper jaw, and in the columnar extension of the cranial bones, forming elongated pedestals for the support of the two-pronged horns (fig. 64). The forehead is likewise marked with three unusual foldings of the. skin (fig. 65). In general appearance the Mluntjak resembles the last-described species, but, whilst the body is somewhat stouter, the limbs are, on the other hand, more slender; it is also rather larger. According to Horsfield, the Muntjak "selects for its resort certain districts, to which it forms a peculiar attachment, and which it never voluntarily dleserts. Many of IIead of the Muntj k. these are known as the favourite resort of this animal for severalgenerations. They consist of molerately ele- occasionally foiund in the inclosures of natives and vated grounllds, cdiversified clby ricdges ancl valleys) iending Europeanis, but requires a ccnsideiable range to live 176 CERVIDE. -MAMMALIA.- CAmIELIDDc. comfortably; it is cleanly in its habits, and delicate in forming an indispensable companion to the traveller as the choice of food. The flesh affords an excellent he journeys over the wild sandy wastes of Egypt and venison, which is often found on the tables of Euro- Arabia. Well may the Arabs call this creature the peans. The natives eat the males, and always present " ship of the desert;" for a more elegant or appropriate them in a conspicuous place in their feasts; but in title could not be devised. Bearing a heavy cargo of consequence of some peculiarities in the habits of the goods to the extent of six hundred or even a thousand females, they have an aversion to them as food." The pounds weight; supporting a storehouse of nourishment Muntjaks are monogamous, and when found in small in the form of a huge bundle of fatty matter on its back; troops, the latter usually consist only of the members supplied internally with an unfailing reservoir of thirstof a single family. refreshing water; armed with sole-protecting foot-pads, THE MUSK-DEER (Moschus JMoschiferus) is an ilha- in the form of broad elastic cushions, which extend for bitant of the elevated plains of Central Asia, extending a considerable distance on either side of the toes; the as far as the eastern provinces of China. It is about camel, thus befittingly adapted for a toilsome journey, the size of the roebuck, but unlike that species, stands moves at the bidding of his guide; steers with undemuch higher on the haunches than at the shoulder. viating coulse throughi the trackless paths of the sandy One of the most distinguishing peculiarities, however, plains, and sustains with ease and cheerfulness the arises out of the presence of a pair of long canines in superabounding load! On rolls the blast with desothe upper jaw, which in the males project outwards lating waves of scorching sand; clouds of impalpable below the chin. Another still more distinctive feature dust rise high into the air, obliterating all trace of the consists in the presence of a glandular pouch in the sunny sky; the sufiocating wind threatens death to immediate vicinity of the navel. Tliis occurs only in man and beast; the water-skins have parted with their the male; it is about the size of a len's egg, and con- treasure, and dried under the effects of intolerable heat. tains an unctuous brown secretion, which is the musk At length the storm has subsided, but the parched lips of commerce. A single grain of this substance is suffi- only tell too truly that all must perish! There is one ciently odorous to impregnate the atmosphere of an resource left-at least such is the testimony of history. ordinary room for several years, without apparently To save his earthly lord the burdened beast must die. diminishing in quantity! The fur of the Mlusk-deer The friend in need —who has pillowed his master's varies much in colour; it is more or less brownish, the head, and warmed his chilled firame at night-must, at throat being white, with light bands on the sides of the the hour of death, supply the life-restoring draught; neck; whitish grey spots also occur along the lateral thus imitating, as it were, the example of that nobler parts of the body. The ears are long and narrow. The sacrifice which has conferred imperishable blessings feet are furnished with largely-developed spurious hoofs. upon mortal man! In some cases, indeed, a dire fatalThe tail is very short. Respecting the habits of this ity carries off the whole company of the akkabah or animal, Pennant states that it is naturally shy and timid. caravan, such as happened in the year 1805, when no It frequents the most inaccessible rocks, and often suc- less than two thousand persons and eighteen hundred ceeds in evading the hunter's skill. camels perished fiom the overwhelming filry of a terThere are several other small kinds of Musk-deer, rible simoom. In regard to the characters by which such as the Napu (Tragyulus JtvaCnicus) -Plate 23, fig. the Dromedary is distinguished we need say little, as 76-and the Peesoreh (llegio12na Inclica); these are the solitary hump is sufficiently distinctive. For food riot furnished with the umbilical pouch. the camel is contented with the poorest and driest of prickly herbs, but the amount taken is exceedingly FAMILY VI.-CAMELIDAIE. moderate for so bulky an animal. In Europe these animals are little employed; but at Pisa, in Tuscany, a The Camels differ from the typical ruminants in many stud has been kept up ever since the middle of the important particulars. They are entirely hornless; seventeenth century; and there they breed fieely. The their most distinctive feature, however, consisting in the hide, fur, flesh, &c., of the Dromedary are employed presence of incisor teeth in the upper jaw. Altogether for various economic purposes, upon which it is needthey have thirty teeth; eight incisors, one on either side less to dwell. above and six below; four canines and eighteen molars, THE BACTRIAN CAMEL (Cancnelus Bactrianzus) is an of which latter six are spurious. Another peculiarity inhabitant of Asiatic Turkey, Persia, and the elevated in this family is seen in the beautifil provision of plains to the north of the Himalaya mountains. It is water-cells in the walls of the paunch —of which full a comparatively rare species, but easily recognized by par:ticulars have already been given. The feet are its possessing two humps on the back. The Bactrian callous underneath, partially bisulcate, and furnished camel is stout, thickset, and awkward-looking, and with rudimentary hoofs, which only protect the upper varies very much in colour, the fur being long and surface of the toes. Finally, from some other minor shaggy, especially underneath the chin and throat. A characters, chiefly osteological, it is clearly evident that fine example is still living in the Zoological Society's the Camels make a decided approach towards the solid- Menagerie, Regent's Park. ungulate and pachydermatous types. THE LLAMA (Auchnenzic glama) or GUANAcOTHE DROMEDARY (Camelzs Dornoeclarius), or ONE- Plate 23, fig. 75. —Much diversity of opinion exists as -IUMPED CAMIEL-Plate 23, fig. 74 —has been celebrated to whether two or more species of this genus are known. from the earliest historic times; and though no longer Some, who follow Dr. J. E. Gray, believe that there known in the wild state, is still abundant in the East, are four species; but we incline to the persuasion that SOLIDUNGULA. MAMMALIA. EQUID.:. 177 this reckoning gives us at least one too many. These the Llama is not capable of sustaining a load of more animals are natives of Peru and Chili, and represent, than two hundred pounds weight, half that amount in the western hemisphere, the camels of the East. being ordinarily considered sufficiently oppressive. They have no humps on the back, are a much smaller Attempts have recently been made to introduce the species, and have a dense woolly fur, which, in the Alpaca —the Llccma Pacos, of some authors-into Auswild state, exhibits a pale chestnut-brown colour, The tralia, and the experiment has already been attended fur of the domesticated Llama is variously tinted. The with sufficient success to warrant the belief that ere sole-pads, instead of being broad as in the camel, are long they will become extremely useful and abundant double and narrow, each division being limited to one in the colony. The alpaca may, after all that has been side of the cloven foot, whilst the nails, in lieu of urged to the contrary, only constitute a well-marked being weak, are powerfully developed and strongly variety of the Guanaco. Though not employed as a curved. The Llamas frequent rocky places; and in beast of burden, it is a much more valuable animal consequence, therefore, of the easy separation of the than the Llama, the hair of the fur being much longer, toes, combined with the modifications of the pad acnd and of a soft, silky texture. Respecting the Vicugna hoof here referred to, it becomes at once evident that (Llama ViCuZgnaC), which is by all authorities regarded such a condition of the foot is peculiarly adapted to an as a distinct species, we have only room to remark animal whose life is destined to be spent-unlike that that it possesses a fine fulvous woolly fur, which is of his desert-traversing congener-on the rugged slopes extensively employed in manufacture by the natives and precipices of the Andes. As a beast of burden, of Peru. ORDER X.-SOLIDUNGULA. IN the arrangement of Cuvier, the solidungulate quad- directing the horse's speed. The stomach of the solirupeds form the third family of the order Pachylder- dungulates is simple and undivided; the ccecum and mata; but, by general consent, it is admitted that the large intestines being extremely capacious, and the gallpresent group is worthy of being separately treated in bladder entirely wanting. Finally, it may be remarked the manner here proposed. In Professor Owen's sys- that fossil solidungulate remains hlave been found in temrn, the solidungulates constitute a subdivision of his the tertiary deposits of' various parts of the world, but odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla. The members it is impossible to determine how many species of the of this order are at once characterized by the circum- order may have roamed over the uncultivated plains of stance of their possessing, or rather appearing to geologic time. possess, only a single toe, which is incased in a solid box-like hoof; there are, however, on either side of FAMILY —EQUIDfE. this large central toe, rudimentary digits, in the condition of two splint-like bortes, corresponding to the All the members of the order may be associated togesecond and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal bones of ther under a single family title, as above, or they may the human extremities. Another distinguishing feature be considered as belonging to a single genus. The is seen in the dentition, which is made up of forty family characters are the same as those of the order. teeth; twelve of these are incisors, equally divided All existing species were originally inhabitants of the above and below; four are canines, the upper being eastern hemisphere-the mountain plains adlc wastes of almost invariably absent in the female; the remaining Asia and Afiica constituting their native abode. In twenty-four being molars, whose crowns are fiat and the wildl state tley are gregarious; their speed is swift, and gr'ass forms the principal element of their food. Fig. 66. i THE HORSE (E:qutls Ccabalezs)-Plate 24, fig. 77 — is of all animals the most highly esteemed, and deservedly so. Although it does not prove such a valuable source of food as certain of the ruminants; nevertheless, in an indirect manner, it supplies us with the means of procuring sustenance fioom various sources, proving absolutely indispensable to the agriculturist. To enter into a history of the uses to which this matchless quadruped has been put, or to enumerate Skull of the Horse. the countless varieties of breed into which it has passed, would lead us far beyond the limits assigned to our square-slhaped, and marked by four crescentic folds of description of the present family; suffice it to say, that enamel —those of the upper jaw having a small addi- all the well-known domesticated forms are only vaiieties tional fold at the inside. If the accompanying figule of an origilial wild stock, and that it is doubtful if this be examined it will be noticed that a considelrable inter- olriginal type esists in the condition of its native prospace exists between the incisors and the anterior genitolrs. It is tlrue that thorougllly wild breeds roam grinders (fig. 66); it is. thougll this vacuity that the at large over the wvild steppes of Asia and the spacious bit is introcluced for thle purpose of controlling and plains of South Amlllerica; but all these are believed Von. 1. 23 178 EQUIDA.- MAMMALIA.- EQUIvm. to have returned to this state firom that of a more or his voice. And when the Arab falls from his horse, less complete form of domestication. Of the several andc is unable to rise again, he will stand by him and characters which specifically distinguish the horse from neigh for assistance; and if he lies down to sleep, as its congeners, it is perhaps only necessary to particu- fatigue sometimes compels him to do in the midst of larize the'" flowing mane and flying long-haired tail," the desert, his faithful steed will waatch over him, and associated with a pair of moderately developed ears, neigh to arouse him if man or beast approaches. The and callosities both on the fore and hind legs. In the Arabs frequently teach their horses secret signs or wild state the head is larger than in the finer domes- signals, which they make use of on urgent occasions to ticatedbreeds. "The horse," says Mr. Rarey, "accord- call forth their utmost exertions." These are the words ing to the best accounts we can gather, has been the of the master and author of " The Modern Art of taming constant servant of man for nearly four thousand years, wild Horses." Fenw mlen have done more to perfect ever rewardiing him with his labour, and adding to his the method of treating this gifted animal than has Mr. comfort in proportion to his skill and manner of using J. S. Rarey; but space compels us to desist fiom him; being to those who govern him by brute force, enlarging on a subject, to which special works are and know nothing of the beauty and delight to be gained necessarily devoted. from the cultivation of his finer nature, a fretful, vicious, THE QUAGGA (Tlilpoti/yr"is Quagga). —If naturalists and often dangerous servant; whilst to the Arab, whose are prepared to admit the propriety of generically horse is the pride of his life, and who governs him by separating the horse fiom the ass, we may respect the the law of kindness, we find him to be quite a different opinion of Colonel Hamilton Smith, who has considered animal. The manner in which he is treated from a the zebras worthy of similar distinction. Their charfoal, gives him an affection and attachment for his acters are evidently osculant between the two abovemaster, not known in any other country. The Arab mentioned animals; and we are not prepared to accept and his children, the mare and her foal, inhabit the the opinion of those who believe that their asinine tent together; and although the colt and the mare's features maintain the ascendancy. The Quagga is a neck are often pillows for the children to roll upon, no native of South Afiica, and is especially abundant on accident ever occurs, the mare being as careful of the the open plains below the Vaal river, where it herds in children as of the colt. Such is the mutual attachment immense numbers. The ears and tail are decidcedly between the horse and his master, that he will leave equine; the neck is fuinished with an erect mane, handed his companions at Lli s master's call, ever glad to obey alternately brown and white. The upper parts of the Fig. 67. The Quagga (Ilippotigris Quagga). hide are rufous-brown; the head, neck, and shoulders characters lean rather to the equine than the asinine beiiig lined with dark stripes, which become faiiiter group. All along nIatuliists hiavve exhisbitedi singular as they approach the middle of the back. The chest, disciepancies of opinion in regard to this animal. It is belly, legs, ancd tail, except at the root, are quite white. iow maiiy yeais siiice the Zoological Society's Gairdeis If there be preponderance on eithier side, surely these | fist displIayed liviiig examples of the Quagga; but, a' EQUIDE. -MIAMMALIA. EQUIDX. 179 Captain Harris justly remarks, the period is not remote narrow black bands, the upper ones being united to when confusion rode rampant on the question under the central longitudinal streak on the back. The consideration! " Disg'uised in a tail borrowed from general ground-colour of the hide is white. The hoofs the rump of the domestic ass, the subject of the are narrow. and much hollowed out at the sole. Zebras annexed portrait (fig. 67) sat for its picture to M. are very shy and gregarious in their habits, living in Buffon, and may be found in the voluminous works of troops sometimes numbering upwards of a hundred that eminent autlhor, doing duty for a feomale zebra! individuals. In a domesticated state numerous hybrids Even Baron Cuvier has fallen into the error of describ- have been produced by association with the horse and ing the Quagga to be the proprietor of an asinine tail- ass. The flesh of the zebra, though eatable, is coarse, a mistake which is the more surprising since it is stated oily, and unpalatable. According to the testimony of Mr. by the same author in his'Rlegne Animal,' that'among Andersson, the subdued neighings of the Zebra have a the equipages occasionally exhibited in the gay season very melancholy character when heard at a distance; in Hyde Park, and other fashionable places of resort, and, on one occasion, this enterprising sportsman may be seen a curricle drawn by two couagg'as, which mistook its moribund groanings for the gasping ejacuseem as subservient to the curb and whip as any well- lations of a drowning man. The female is furnished trained horses.'" The average height of the Quagga with two mameimne. is about four feet and four inches at the shoulder. In BURCHELL'S ZEBRA (Hipl2otigris Bur'clellii) is an its native haunts it is sociable and peaceable; but if iinhabitant of the plains of Southern Afiica to the north roused by an enemy it exhibits great courage, and is of Orange river. The Cape colonists call it Bonti said to repel the attacks of large carnivora, on some Quagga, and by the native Bechuana and Matabili it occasions at least, successfully. Its voice is not unlike is termed the Peechey. It stands about four feet six the bark of a dog. inches high at the shoulder, and is a comparatively THE ZEBRA (HIZpp1otigris Zebra), or WILDE PAARD stout-built species. The mane is erect, five inches in of the Cape colonists-Plate 24, fig. 79-occupies the depth, and more or less marked by alternating bands mountainous parts of Southern Africa. It is sonzewhat of black and white. The muzzle is black; the ears less in height than the Quagga; the mane being erect and tail being thoroughly equine in character. The and bushy, witlh alternating bands of black and white. head and upper parts of the body have a reddish-brownt The entire body, head, and limbs are striped with ground colour, being beautifully streaked by irregularly Figo. 68 mBurchell's Zebra (Hippotigris Burchellhi). sinmous, broad, black bamids, which do not mite with tamed; but, under the most favourable circumstances, the longitudinal dorsal line; the latter widens towards it is considered unsafe, obstinate, and treacherous. the croup. Thei tail, legs, and under parts of the chest Respectig its habits and appeamance in the wild state, and belly aue quite white (fig. 68). The femiiale is none have so effectively written upon this subject as simiilarly marked, and is furnished with four mamero. Captai Haruis:-" Fierce, strong, fleet, adI suUrupassLike its congoiers, Buichell's zebra admits of being' igoly beautiful, there is perhaps no quadruped. in erea 180 PACHYDERI3ATA-. MAMMAALIA. PAC-IYDERIATA. tion, not even excepting the mountain zebra, more glorious toss of her coquettish head, free and unfettered splendidly attired, or presenting a picture of more as the wind, away she careers again, still waited upon singularly attractive beauty, than this free-born of the by her lover, who is nothing daunted by his rebuff; desert. It would be difficult to convey to the unini- and their forms are finally concealed by the cloud which tiated a suitable idea of the sparkling effect produced follows the heels of the again retreating squadron." A by their vivid and strikingly-contrasted colours, when gorgeous specimen of this truly beautiful species, may seen pawing the valley in all the pride of conscious now be seen in the Regent's Park menagerie. liberty, or flying in compact columns before the eques- THE ASS (Asians vulgcris) has been generically trian foe." Warming up with the vision of a mighty separated by Dr. J. E. Gray, and is readily disherd bounding over the sandy main, our eloquent tinguished firom the various kinds of horse by its author continues:" Anon, a dark pillar of dust rises tail, which is clothed with short hair at the upper from the plain, and undisturbed by any breath in part, and only tufted at tile extremity; the hind legs heaven, mounts upward to the clear azure sky like a being likewise devoid of warty callosities. The fur wreath of smoke-three ill-omened vultures soaring in has a grey colour, and exhibits a dark streak along circles above it. Nearer and more near rolls on the the central line of the back, crossed by a similar band thickening column, until several dark living objects are running over the shoulders. The ears are of great shortly perceived dancing beneath it. Emerging from length; the forehead being also slightly arched. Rethe obscurity, their glossy and exquisitely variegated specting the qualities of this animal, we need say little. coats, glittering in the sun's rays, ventre au terre, the No unfortunate beast of burden is so much neglected head of a column of Burchell's zebras next appears, on the one hand, or maltreated on the other. As to and instantly afterwards the serried horde sweep past its origin, naturalists are divided in opinion; some in gallant array; their hoofs clattering on the hard maintaining that it is a domesticated variety of the ground like a regiment of dragoons. Tearing by at Koulan, or wild ass of Persia (Asianus oncager), others racing speed, straining neck and neck with their shaggy believing that the last-named is only the domestic aniwhimsical-looking bovine allies (i.e. Brindled Gnoos), rmal which has returned to a wild state-the original their own striped and proudly curved necks seem as if stock having altogether disappeared. Whichever view they were clothed with thunder, and their snowy tails is correct, we think there can be little doubt that the are streaming behind them. Now the troop has two forms are specifically identical, and consequently wheeled and halted for an instant to survey the foe. that they have descended from a common parent. A powerful stallion advances a few paces with distended THE KIANG (Asinus Hemion2us), or TCHIKIITEI, is nostrils and stately gait; his mane newly hogged, and another kind of wild ass, intermediate in character his ample tail switching his gaily checkered thighs. between the above-described species and the horse. Hastily reconnoitring the huntsman, he snorts wildly, The ears are of moderate length, the fur is smooth, and instantly gallops back to his cohort. Away they and of a bright rufous-bay tint; the legs having a pale scour again, neighing and tossing their striped heads straw colour. A dark broad streak runs along the aloft, switching their light mule-like tails in all the central line of the back, but it is not crossed by any pride of fleetness and freedom. Another halt and similar band over the shoulders. The Kiangs herd another reconnoissance. Her small equine eals laid together in small numbers, roaming over the sandy viciously down, a skittish mare has now fallen out of steppes of Central Asia. The males are fine animals, the ranks, and is in the act of delivering both her standing sometimes as much as fourteen hands high active heels plump into the ribs of an admirer, whose at the shoulder; and, moreover, they neigh like horses. wantonness has prompted him to seize a tempting A noble specimen has been recently brought over opportunity for inflicting upon her sternum an amorous to this country, and may be seen in the Zoological bite; and now, with a neigh of exultation and a vain- Society's Menagerie, Regent's Park. ORDER XI.-PACHYDERMATA. ALTHOUGH naturalists are divided in opinion as to the unless we are permitted to notify the more or less best mode of classifying the non-ruminating hoofed hardened skin, which is to a considerable extent naked quadrupeds, all are agreed that the dissimilar groups, or destitute of hair. In our opinion, too much stress collectively associated by Cuvier under the title of has been laid upon this dermal peculiarity, seeing that Pachydermata, cannot faily be regarded as zoologi- it is shared by many other Mammalia, and is in no wise cally equivalent to the Ruminantia. It is in this view distinctive; the order has, however, derived its name that we have adopted a somewhat modified outline of from this trivial circumstance. Hitherto we have the Cuvierian arrangement, while at the same time we detailed the more remarkable features of the several are prepared to recognize the more perfected idea natural groups in a general introduction to each order; developed in the recent classification of the Mammalia but such is the variety of character presented by the by Professor Owen. The Pachydelnlata, as here several families in the present instance, that it is retained, can scarcely be recognized as having any better to reserve these particulars for separate conspecial characteristic common to the entire order, sideration. ELEPHANTIDI-E MAMI1ALIA. -Er,EPI-HANTIDE. 181 exhibits an elegant series of decussating curvilinear FAMAILY I. —ELEPHANTIDIE. stripe. This appearance is peculiar to the ivory of elephants, and considerably enhances its commercial Excluding the oceanic cetacec, the living represen- value. In a structural point of view, the molars are tatives of this family are the most bulky of all existing Mammalia. In the nmiocene and pleistocene deposits Fig. 69. of the tertiary epoch, the remains of extinct species are - extremely abundant; some of them —such as the mastodlon, Plate 32, fig. 100, ancd deinotherium —being generically distinct. Probably the latter genus should be regarded as the type of a separate family, seeing' that the lower jaw is supplied with enormous tusks, in a manner altogether unique; their crowns being directed downwards and backwards, and the roots inserted ) into a prolongation of the symphysis or anterior central prominence of the inferior maxillary bone. Whatever differences may have existed in these aberrant forms, the true elephants are dcistinguished by the possession of a remarkable nasal appendage or proboscis, commonly called the "trunk." This organ has a tapering cornucopial outline; it is pierced at the tip for the i two nostrils, and at the centre of the upper margin is WE. 7'\ furnished with a finger-like process which, in contjunction with a thumb-like thickening of the inferior border, serves thile purpose of a hand. The extraordinary prehensile powers of the trunk are familiar to every one; but when it is considered how readily the same instrument can detach a straw or uproot a tree, our conceptions of its muscular and tactile powers can scarcely be too highly exalted. Another peculiarity in the organization of these proboscidean paclyderms has reference to the bulky aspect of the head. This feature, however, is not clue to any increased development of the brain, but simply to a remarkable extension of certain air sinuses in connection wTith the cranial bones (fig. 69). The vertical elevation of the Vertical Section of the Skull of the Elephant. forehead thus conferred upon the elephant, has led many to ascribe to the animal an almost super-quad- still more remarkable. If reference be made to Plate rupedal intelligence; but if, in this case, their opinions 32, fig. 102, it will be observed that the grinding surface are based upon phrenological considerations, it is is marked by a number of parallel bars. These consist our duty to inform such enthusiasts that the fiontal of alternating plates of the three different substances prominence and elevation of the cranial vertex bear no which ordinarily enter into the compositionl of ihe relation whatever to the bulk of the brain contained mammalian tooth; the white bands representing plates within the comparatively restricted cerebral cavity. of enamel, each inclosing a central lamina of ivory or That elephants possess considerable sagacity, no one cdentine, whilst the several outer spaces between these will venture to deny; but that they display this mental formations are filledc up with a special osseous clevelquality in virtue of any correspondcling enlargement opment termed cement. In the Afiican elephant the of the great nervous centre, is utterly inadmissible. enamelled plates have a lozenge-shaped outline, as Another interesting peculiarity in this family consists seen in Plate 32, fig. 101; in the Siberian mammoth, in the form and arrangement of the teeth. Ordinarily, or Elephc.s l7rimzigenZius, they are more numerous and it is stated that the dclentition comprlises two incisors, closely approximated; and in the mastodcon are elevated no canines, and three molars; but i]ni reality the grinders into a series of tuberculated cones. In regard to the are more numerous, no less than seven being conse- skeleton, we may remark the general massiveness of all cutively developed on each side of either jaw. This the bony elements, the twenty pairs of ribs reaching apparent discrepancy results from the circumstance, backwardls almost to the pelvis, the remarkable breadth that only two molars are present on one side of either of the scapula in proportion to its length, thle prodigious jaw at the same time; but, in the progress of growth development of the external condyle of the humerus, and age, those first employed give way to a succession the simple form of the femur, the peculiar articulation of similar teeth cleveloped from belincl. In like manner of the superior estrenlity of tlhe racdius, and tlhe ocddcithe two lalrge permanent incisors are plreceded by a toed, penrtadclactylous feet. The digestive organs are similar pair, which, however, have never attained full estremely bulkly as in herbivorous quacllldrupeds genedevelopment. I-Iistologically speaking, the tusks con- rally. The gall-bladder is complicated by numerous sist entirely of dentinre, which, on transverse section, internal septa, and intimately connected wvith the walls 182 ELEPHANTID2E. —MIAMAIALIA. ELLEPHANTIDR. of the intestine. The mammse are two in number, absorbing pleasures of courtship and fancied secrecy. situated beneath the anterior part of the chest. Ele- Ropes being passed round his legs, and the hind pail phants herd together in considerable numbers, subsist- having been fastened to a tree, the drivers now steal ing entirely on vegetable matters. from beneath his body, and the koomkies leave the THE INDIAN ELEPHANT (Eleehp7os Indcicus) — beast to his fate. On detecting the snare, lie becomes see Frontispiece —is a native of the peninsula from perfectly furious, destroying whatever may be in his whence it derives its specific name; and also of Cey- way, " tearing up the tufts of grass by the roots, ion, Sumatra, and Borneo. From the earliest times rending from the tree such branches as may be within it has been employed as a beast of burden; and in his reach, and eventually straining to throw down the European menageries it has ever formed one of the tree itself by his weight, or to pull it up with his trunk. most attractive objects of amusement to natural history In short, his whole powers are in action on this occaloving people. It is distinguished from the Afiican sion; and it is not until being completely overcome species by its oblong head, whichlis concave anteriorly; with fatigue, and nearly dead from his natural thirst, by the character of the enameled ridges on the crown which is greatly augmented by constant roarings, that of the molar teeth already described; by the compara- he subsides into a sort of tranquillity." In a day or two tive smallness of the ears; by the very short tusks of he takes food from the mcahoults who constantly visit the femiale; by the paler colour of the hide; and by him; and at length he pelrnits himself to be conducted the circumstance of its having four nails on the hinder to the home of the successful proprietor. A third feet. It is not our intention to dwell at any length mode of capturing the elephant is by means of the upon the habits of the elephant in a tame or semi- phcaun or slip knot. This consists of a stout rope, ten domesticated state, otherwise we should be led to or twelve yards long, and at least an inch in thickness, record numerous anecdotes in which the sagacity of with a sliding noose at the free extremity. A single this animal has been very unduly exaggerated and small-sized elephant being selected out of a herd, a embellished with erroneous statements. The follow- skilful mahout, mounted on a tame elephant, gives ing particulars, however, will be found interesting:-.- chase; and throwing the loop over the animal's head, "Elephants," says Captain Williamson, "have a great he soon moderates or checks its progress by tightening dislike to camels, though they will travel with them, the cord. The breathing becoming straightened, the when laden, without showing it much. Nothing dis- driver is not long in acquiring entire control over his tresses this majestic animal more than being closely captive, which is ultimately conducted to a place of followed by a horse, especially at a canter or other security. A fourth plan consists in digging pits; but quick pace. Probably the clattering of his hoofs this method is highly objectionable, as the animal creates alarm. An elephant cannot bear the approach sometimes sustains irremlediable injury. Before conof dogs, or other small quadrupeds; and if, in pro- cluding we may remark that the Indian elephant rarely ceeding through a grass jungle, game should start near exceeds nine feet in height; the average stature being him, he will frequently evince great uneasiness. In about eight feet at the shoulder. The tallest specimen heavy covers elephants are of infinite service, their ever known in Bengal measured, it is said, nearly twelve bulk, and the noise occasioned by their movements, feet, and was proportionately bulky. Mr. John Corse, often rousing game which would else remain secreted, however, who kept a large establishment for the r1earing and their height giving a commanding view to their of elephants at Tipperah, has stated, in a memoir conmriders." Elephants have likewise a particular hatred municated to the Royal Society in 1799, that the largest of the rhinoceros, and can scarcely be induced to species he ever heard of did not exceed ten feet six approach within sight or smell, even though the animal inches. The same authority states that the period of be dead. Their disposition is extremely capricious in gestation in the female, extends over a space of twentythe tame stati, and their mode of resenting real or two months; only one young being produced at each fancied insults is often attended with terrible destruc- birth. tion to life and property. Instances of this are too THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT (Elephas Af-i;caaus) well known to need illustration. For the capturing of occupies an extensive range in the interior plains and elephants in the wild state, various methods are adopted forests of the continent from whence it derives its speciin different parts of India. The most usual mode is fic title. As already hinted, it is at once distinguished by driving them into a kedclah, or large inclosure from the Asiatic species by the remarkable size and surrounded by a deep trench and external paling, expanse of the ears, by the presence of well-developed strongly built, and propped from without by large tusks in the ifemale, by the darker aspect of the skin, wooden beams. Several thousand natives are em- by the lozenge-shaped ridges of enamel on the crowns ployed in frightening and driving them into this decoy; of the molar teeth, aihd by the presence of only three but the operation is usually attended with much diffi- nails on the hinder feet. The nale attains a height of culty. When once secured within the area, their twelve feet at the shoulder, and is on an average taller subsequent submission and domestication is only a than its Indian congener; its tusks are much larger, work of time. Another mode of taking them is by measuring between eight and nine feet in length, and means of lcoomkies or decoy elephants; these are weighing upwards of a hundred pounds, those of the females taught to simulate wanton wiles; and being female being four feet long. Thle weight of ivory of conducted by their drivers to the saun, or isolated male, various kinds annually brought over to this country is which they propose to take, the unsuspecting beast is said to amount to four hundred and sixty-eight tons, secured by the mahouts whilst engaged in the all- which is equivralent to a sum of about ~300,000 sterling; ELEPHANTIDE. MAMMAIIA.- ELEPHAN'rID2E. 183 and as it also appears that at least fifty-two thousand the moving behaviour of the young elephant, I had elephants' tusks are imported, it necessarily follows that been unable to divest myself of the idea that I was twenty-six thousand of these gigantic animals are yearly firing at my old favourite, Mowla-Bul ashz, from whose put to death to satisfy our demand for its valuable gallant back I had vanqtuished so many of my feline incisor teeth! If the present species, therefore, did foes in Guzerat." The captain, nevertheless, recovered not occupy an extensive area of distribution, a very himself sufficiently to assist in hewing out the tusks, an few years would, at this ratio of destruction, suffice to operation of no small difficulty even in the female. render it altogether extinct. The improvements in The elephant calf was next conducted to the waggons, fire-arms have rendered the slaughter of this beast a but perished in the course of a few days, as did two matter of comparative ease; and looking back on the others much older, which they afterwards captured. page of history, it is not a little curious to observe the This also leads us to remark, that, notwithstanding ridicule cast upon the statements of those who first, the anxiety which naturalists have displayed in regard single-handed, undertook hunting expeditions into the to the importation of a living African elephant, and interior of Africa. We even find the distinguished the care with which they have conducted the prelimiauthor of the " Oriental Field Sports" severely ques- nary operations, all their efforts have as yet failed to tioning the veracity of Monsieur Vaillant, who, at the prove successful. In a very recent attempt, the young close of the last century, published an account of his proboscidean perished before it had left the shores sporting successes in the plains of the great African of its native country. With regard to the experiences continent. " No native of Bengal, nor any European of other African adventurers, some of them possess a resident t/here," says Captain Williamson, " would thrilling interest, and to those whose conceptions of the undertake such a piece of rashness as to go out shoot- delights of hunting rise in proportion to the narrowness ing wild elephants!" Time, however, silently works of escapes encountered, we particularly commend the progress, and our libraries now teem with records of following most extraordinary adventure: —On a magnidaring adventure with this most formidable probosci- ficent tropical moonlight night, Mr. Andersson, alone, dean pachyderm. Dr. Livingstone has borne testimony as usual, took up his position on a narrow neck of land to the substantial accuracy of Mr. Gordon Cumming's between two pools of water. He was protected by a writings, and we are not aware that any one has small skdiria, built of stones, and had with him two or thought it necessary to doubt the no less remarkable three guns and a blanket. Presently a noise like the statements and experiences of Mr. Charles John An- passage of a train of artillery broke upon his ear, and an dersson. Some of Mr. Cumming's exploits appear to immense elephant appeared, followed by others, to the have been accompanied with unnecessary cruelty, which number of eighteen. " Their towering forms told me is the more to be regretted, as, under ordinary circum- at a glance," says MIr. Andersson, 1" that they were all stances, the manifest sufferings of these huge mammals males. It was a splendid sight to behold so many huge in the agonies of death should be sufficient to excite creatures approaching with a free, sweeping, unsuspectsympathy, and induce the sportsman to deprive them ing, and stately step. The somewhat elevated ground of life in the swiftest manner possible. The behaviour whence they emerged, and which gradually sloped of the young when deprived of a parent is particularly towards the water, together with the misty night air, worthy of remark. Thus, Captain Harris having shot gave an increased appearance of bulk and mightiness a female elephant whilst hunting in Cashan mountains, to their naturally giant structures. Crouching down was much struck with the subsequent conduct of its as low as possible in the sk[irm, I waited, with beating helpless calf. It was about three and a half feet high, heart and ready rifle, the approach of the leading male, and emerged from a bush, uttering mournful notes. who, unconscious of peril, was making straight for my "We had observed the unhappy little wretch," he hiding-place. The position of his body, however, was says, "hovering about its mother after she fell, and unfavourable for a shot; and, lulowing from experience having probably been unable to overtake the herd, it that I had little chance of obtaining more than a single had passed a dreary night in the wood. Entwining its good one, I waited for an opportunity to fire at his little'proboscis about our legs, the sagacious creature, shoulder, which is preferable to any other part when after demonstrating its delight at our arrival by a thou- shooting at night. But this chance, unfortunately, sand ungainly antics, accompanied the party to the body was not afforded till his enormous bulk towered of its dam, which, swollen to an enormous size, was above my head. The consequence was, that while in surrounded by an inquest of vultures. Seated in gaunt the act of raising the muzzle of my rifle over tlhe array, with their shoulders shrugged, these loathsome skilrm, my body caught his eye, and, before I could fowls were awaiting its decomposition with forced place the piece to my shoulder, he swung himself round, resignation; the tough hide having defied all the efforts and with trunk elevated and ears spread, desperately of their beaks, with which the eyes and softer parts had charged me. It was now too late to think of flight, been vigorously assailed. The conduct of the quaint much less of slaying the savage beast. My own life little calf now became quite affecting, and elicited the was in imminent jeopardy; and seeing that if I remained sympathy of every one. It ran round its mother's partially erect he would inevitably seize me with his corpse with touching demonstrations of grief, piping proboscis, I threw myself on my back with some sorrowfully, and vainly attempting to raise her with its violence, in which position, and without shouldering tiny trunk. I confess I had felt compunctions in the rifle, I fired upwards at random towards his chest, committing the murder the day before, and now half uttering, at the same time, the most piercing shouts resolved never to assist in another; for, in addition to and cries. The change of position in all human 184 RHIiNCERIDE, MAIMMALIA. RHINOCERID2E. probability saved my life, for, at the same instant, the seems to take a wanton delight in destroying every trunk of the enraged animal descended precisely on living creature that comes within its reach. This anithe spot where I had been previously couched, sweep- mal has a singular habit of dulllnging in one spot; and ing away the stones, many of large size, that formed these high dung-heaps, while they serve the purpose of the fore part of my sklirm, like so many pebbles. In indicating to other animals that danger is nigh, also another moment his broad fore-feet passed directly afford to the native sportsman a means of guiding hin over my face. I now expected nothing short of being as to the best spot for erecting platforms from which he crushed to death; but imagine my relief when, instead secures his victim. The skin of the Indian Rhinoceros, of renewing the charge he swerved to the left, and when dried, will take a high polish, and as it is more or moved off with considerable rapidity-most happily less capable of resisting the force of a leaden bullet, without my having received other injuries than a few fetches a high price; the fat is also much used by the bruises, occasioned by the falling of the stones." Not- native doctors as an unguent. withstanding all this, Mr. Andersson snatched up an- THE JAVANESE RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros sozother rifle, and, taking aim, pulled the trigger, when cdaicus) also possesses only a single horn. It is the piece missed fire; had this happened in the first distinguished from the preceding, however, by the instance, nothing could have prevented his immediate comparatively slender head, by the proportionally ele destruction vated legs, by the character of the dermal armour, consisting of numerous polygonal scutes, whose centres are FAMILY II.-RHINOCERID2E. depressed and give origin to short bristly hairs, the ears being also bordered by long, stiff, and closely-set bristles. The Rhinoceroses are at once recognized, not onlyby The tail is hairy underneath. By the Javanese this their peculiar solitary or double horns, but also by their animal is also called the TVaqcrac, and it is sometimes thick, scabrous, tuberculated skin, which, falling into described as Rhinoceros Javanus, a title given to it by distinct folds over various regions of the body, reseml- F. Cuvier; the one here adopted being that employed bles an artificial defensive armature. The horns are by Baron Cuvier and Dr. Horsfield. According to the strictly integumentary, being composed, as it were, latter, the WVarak is gregarious in its habits, and forms of numerous bristles firmly bound and incorporated deeply excavated retreats along the declivities of mountogether. The head is much elongated; the jaws sup- tains and hills. It does not appear to possess the porting, in young individuals, thirty-six teeth, that is, ferocious character of its Indian coneuner; but at nigllteight incisors and twenty-eight molars. Of the latter, time it fiequently causes serious damage to coffee and those in the upper division have subquadrate crowns, pepper plantations. surmounted by two transverse ridges; whilst the THE SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros Sunzacrowns of the lower series are narrower, more elon- trensis) possesses two horns, and was formerly congated, and marked by curved lines, whose concavity founded with one or other of the African species. The is turned inwards. The superior incisors are much posterior horn is very short, conical, and placed a little compressed, and directed obliquely forwards; those of before the eyes. The hide is rough and slightly prothe lower jaw being' large and pointed. Thle outer vidled with hairs; the foldings of the skin being quite incisors above, and the two inner below, are very small inconspicuous. It is shy in disposition, and is seldom and concealed. Among the principal skeletal peculiari- seen near the haunts of men. ties, we may mention the remarkably thick, rough, BRUCE'S RHINOCEROS (Rhinzoceros Africanuzs) is elevated, and arched nasal bones, the general massivTe- the form most commonly known in Afiica, and is ness of all the osseous elements, the presence of more fi-equently dcescribed under the vague titles of nineteen pairs of ribs, the complete development of the the Afiican and the Two-horned Rhinoceros. It is ulna and fibula, the forlked spine of the pelvis, and the the Gargctct, or Rhinaster of the Cape Colonists, existence of only three series of digital phalanges. The the Ch/udcuroo of the Matabili, and the Borele of the digestive canal is about eight times as long as the Bechuanas. Neither of the horns are of very great entire bodiy. Rhinoceroses feed upon coarse herbage, length, the posterior one being comparatively short; and are natives of the warmer regions of the Eastern both have a glreenish-brown tint. The hide exhibits hemisphere. a yellowish-brown coloulr, being fleshy underneath, THE INDIAN RHINOCEROS (PlYinoceros Iclicuzs) and not furnished with folds. The tail is about two is the species best known —Plate 25, fig. 80-and was feet long, and bristly at the tip. The habits of Bruce's formerly termed R. muoicornis, in contradistinction to Rhinoceros closely resemble those of the Indian species. i. bicornis; but, as Van der Hoeven has very justly It is remarkably savage and dangerous to approach remar-ked, these terms ought no longer to be retained, when wounded. Mr. Andersson mentions an instance because we are now acquainted with six or seven dis- where some Namaquas had shot one of these animals tinct species, two of them being furnished with a single as it was rising from its sleep. One of the party, horn each, and the others with two horns. The species imagining it to be dead, approached, mounted, and under consideration enjoys a pretty extensive range in stabbed the carcase. Th.e beast, however, had only Eastern India, Siam, and Cochin China, being especially been stunllned; and as soon as lhe felt the cold steel abundant on the borders of the Ganges. It is chieflyf enter his body, he started to his feet andI made off at found in dlense jungles and shady forests, far fiom the full speed. This action was so instantaneous as to haunts of man. It is remarkably savage, and attacks prevent thIe man from dismounting, whilst the other elephants without the slightest compumction; and Namaquas were paialyzed with fear. Foltunately, RHINocERIDlE.- MAMMALIA. — RHINOCERIID)ZE. 185 however, after the beast had run forty or fifty paces, party, more courageous than the rest, instantly fired, he suddenly stopped short, and looked round. The and, as good luck would have it, brought the animal to favourable opportunity was not lost; for one of the the ground with his terror-stricken rider clinging to Fig. 70. ~/ Burchell's Rhinoceros (lhinoceros simnus). his back." The same distinguished traveller remarks, aster of the Cape Colonists being also termed the that when the Rhinoceros is shot, it usually falls for- C/tcore by the Matabili and 31ozoohoo by the Bechuward on the knees, and not on its sides-a result which anas (fig. 70). It is distinguished fiomn the foregoing, seems explicable from the great breadth of the body not merely by the pale whitishl-brown colour of the combined with shortness of the limbs. The Gargatan hide, but more particularly by the remarkable elongafeeds on the shoots, roots, and young branches of the tion of the head, which measuring about four feet from wait-a-bit thorn. the muzzle to the ears, nearly equals one-third of the SLOAN'S RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros Keitloa) is better entire length of the body! It is also further characknown as the Keitloa, and easily distinguished by terized by a much greater bulk and size, as compared its horns, which are nearly of equal length; the anterior with the above; the nose being likewise square-shaped. horn being cylindrical, and curved backwards near The full-grown anterior horn is three feet in length, the tip; the other compressed and almost straight sharp at the point, and curved backwards. The disthroughout. The hide exhibits a brownishl-yellow position of this species is comparatively mild; and, colour, pretty closely resembling the above; but there unlike that of its black congeners, its food consists is a black mark on the inside of the thigh. Both entirely of grasses. these species are commonly termed "black," in contra. OSWELL'S RHINOCEROS (R/hinoceros Oswellii) was, distinction to the two succeeding white species. The in the first instance, scientifically indicated as a distinct Keitloa is an extremely morose, sulky, and savage species by Dr. J. E. Gray of the British Museum. By beast, and when woundded becomes perfectly maddened the Bechuanas it is termed the Kobaaba. In point with rage. Mr. Andersson nearly lost his life y the of size and general appearance, this aliinial closely repeated attacks of a female, whose le-g lie had brolSen resebles the foregoing'; but, observes Mr. Andersson, by a shot. One of her horns ripped up his right thigh " it is with regard to their horns that the two s:pecies fiom. near the knee to the hip; and having sustained chiefly differ from each other; for whilst the anterior at the same time severe bruises and internal injury, his horn of the monoohoo has an average length of two or ultimate recovery was only effected after prolonged three feet, curving backward, that of the Kobaaba not and painful suffering. The Keitloa is very swift of unfirequently exceeds four feet, and is slightly pointed foot. Notwithistandling their apparent ungaiuliiess, forward, inclining from the snout at ain aigle of fortyall thle rhioceroses possess the power of rapid pro- five degrees. This rhinoceros is also the rarer of the gression to a greater or less exteit. two, ancd is only found in the nlore interlior parts of BURCHELL'S RHINOCEROS (R/hinoceros sitraus) is South Afica." The posteriorl horln is about a foot long, known as th e se White relhiuioceros, or te Witte Rhin- short, coical, broad at the base, and narrow at theC VOL. I. 24 186 HIPPOPOTAMIDI2E. MAMMALIA. HIIPPOPOTAMIIDE. tip; the extremitv of the anterior horn being sharp, ment into the bath not being sloped, it experienced and worn away in front by friction on the ground. some difficulty in raising itself from the water; and whilst the mother was engaged in assisting it to clamber FAMILY III.-HIPPOPOTAMIDMA. up the steps, she bruised and otherwise injured the body to such an extent that the poor little creature The Hippopotamuses formerly occupied an extensive died the same evening. The second juvenile behemoth area of distribution, as may be gathered from the perished fiom injuries inflicted by the mother some days numerous fossil remains occurring in the tertiary beds after its birth. In the hope of rearing a young Hippoof Great Britain and Europe. At least five or six potamus in England, the Zoological Society has spared distinct species have been indicated. Taking our neither pains nor expense to render the pair in their living African example as a type of the family, its prin- menagerie comfortable in each other's society. It cipal distinguishing characteristics may be described is satisfactory to observe that the favoured couple as follows. The body is clothed with an almost naked live amicably together; but whether it be owing to skin; the abdomen nearly reaching to the ground. the chilling influences of our changeable climate, or The head is broad and flat, and furnished with thir.ty- to prudential motives resulting from hippopotamine eight or forty teeth; there being eight incisors, four reasonings, or to other circumstances which invalidate canines, and from twenty-four to twenty-eight molars, the procreative function-we believe we are correct according to the age of the animal. The inferior in stating that no reciprocations of affection have yet incisors project horizontally forwards, the central pair appeared sufficiently demonstrative to' afford a belief being the longer. The worn crowns of the large that the authorities in question are at present likely to canines are perfectly smooth and opposed vertically. be rewarded for their trouble. In the wild state these The posterior molars are large and complicated. The animals display extreme solicitude for their young, ears are remarkably short; the head terminating which they carry on their necks while in the water; anteriorly in a broad, abrupt muzzle, whilst the nos- and, as the calves cannot remain long submerged, trils are much elevated. The feet are tetradactylous, the mother rises more frequently to the surface when the digits being armed with small hoofs. The tail is her offspring is with her. Whilst tending her young short. Hippopotamuses are heavy, awkward-looking the female cannot be carelessly approached, and she animals on land; but they display a singular agility and will vigorously defend her offspring. All who have gracefulness of motion in water. Aquatic plants, and read Dr. Livingstone's " Travels " will remember the especially grasses, constitute the bulk of their food. partial capsize and wetting he and his Makololo comTHE HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamnus a2mphibius)- panions sustained fiom the infuriated rush of a female Plate 25, fig. 81 —is an animal which has always been Hippopotamus, "whose young one had been speared regarded with considerable interest, although its uses the day before." Mr. Andersson and Captain Owen to man are not of the highest order. It is familiarly record similar catastrophes. The former says-" An known as the River-horse; and is the Ba}rnicl of the immense Hippopotamus, with its calf, rushed out from Nubians, the Sea-cow or Zee-Koe of the Cape Colonists, amongst the reeds where she had been concealed, and the Imfooboo of the Caffres and MIatabili; it is and, passing under our' raft, almost immediately afterprobably also the Behemoth of sacred history. A full - wards made her appearance on the surface of the water. grown male Hippopotamus sometimes attains a length Upon seeing this, I lost no time in firing; but, though of nearly twelve feet, whilst the girth of its body mea- to all appearance mortally wounded, we lost sight of sures scarcely less. The hide exhibits an inky-brown her at the time. A few minutes afterwards, however, colour generally, being at the same time more or less on coming to a bend of the river, we fell in with the tinged with a fleshy redness about the mouth and canoe that had been sent on bottom upwards; and inferior parts. The latter tint is very marked in young found, to our great consternation, that the wounded individuals. The habits of this extraordinary creature beast in going down the stream had caught sight of have been studied from the earliest times, and almost the canoe, and, instantly attacking it, had with one every African traveller of modern date has contributed blow of her head capsized it. The men saved themsomething to our knowledge of its powers. Burchell, selves by swimming; but all the loose articles were Burckhardt, Harris, Smith, Cumming, Livingstone, either lost or spoiled by the water." In the instance Andersson and others, have witnessed its sportive wiles mentioned by Captain Owen, the boat was completely in the reedy streams of its native land; whilst at home smashed, and sank; but, as in Dr. Livingstone's case, naturalists have been amply rewarded by watching the being close to the shore, all succeeded in landing behaviour of the two fine examples preserved in the safely. The Hippopotamus is nocturnal and gregariZoological Society's Gardens, Regent's Park. The ous in its habits. Large herds, to the number of Parisians enjoy a similar advantage at the Jardin thirty or forty and upwards, are firequently seen at one des Plantes of thie French capital, and they have spot, some snoozing on the bank, and others noiseeven witnessed the birth of two young; but on lessly gliding through the limpid waters. They love both occasions the jealous mother sacrificed her a still reach of the stream, " and prefer to remain by much admired offspring! The first was born in day in a drowsy, yawning state; and though their May 1858, and its death resulted, perhaps, rather from eyes are open they take little notice of things at a disaccident than intention; for, we are informed, that tance." Dr. Livingstone adds, that "the males utter after swimming about a while it attempted to get on a loud succession of snorting grunts, which may be dry ground; but the descent from the sleeping apart- heard a mile off." Among the various modes oc TAPIRIDXm/. -MAIMMALIA. TAPIRIDmE. 187 destroying this persecuted animal, that of shooting twenty-six molars, of which latter, seven occur on them is of course the most effective; nevertheless, the either side in the upper series. A wide interval sepasport is attended with much difficulty, as, when in the rates the canines from the premolars. The spinal water, they are only vulnerable immediately behind column possesses only four lumbar vertebrae; but the ear. Like the Egyptians of old, the present there are twenty pair of ribs. The bladebone of the native Beyeye employ the harpoon, and our unhappy shoulder exhibits a deep circular notch at its anterior behemoth is drawn out of the water in all the agonies margin; the honmologically corresponding bone of the of a helpless resistance. On land the harpoon is also hip, or ilium, being T-shaped. The anterior limbs are employed as the principal part of a trap called the furnished with four digits; but the hind feet are tri"downfall." The instrument, loacleclwith heavyweights, dactylous. The fossil genus Palceothlerzium has three is suspended from the bough of a tree, and is in connec- toes on all the feet. The Tapirs are found inhabiting tion with a string below, which being touched by the the reedy forests of tropical Asia and America, where beast causes the weapon to descend on its luckless pate. they feed on grass and herbage. The Hippopotamus is also taken in pitfalls. Its flesh THE COMMON TAPIR (Tapirus Amerlcanus)-Plate is palatable, and very highly esteemed. The hide is 25, fig. 82-is a native of South America, and, though extensively employed in the manufacture of whips or found in all parts of the continent, firom the Straits of sjamboks; whilst the canine teeth are especially valuable Magellan to the Isthmus of Darien, is more particularly for making artificial teeth, the ivory fetching as much abundant on the east coast of the continent. It stands as thirty shillings per pound. For these reasons, rather high on the legs, and firequently attains a length of multitudes of hippopotamuses are destroyed annually. six feet from the extremity of the proboscidiform muzzle Some naturalists believe that a smaller kind of hippo- to the root of the tail. The hide has a deep-brown colour potamus found in certain parts of Western Africa ought.. approaching to black, being scantily furnished with short to be regarded as a distinct species. This form was hairs closely applied to the surface of the skin. The first described by Dr. Morton under the title of Hiplpo- ears are of moderate size, the eyes small, and the pot.mnzs minor, and subsequently as IlippopotaOnus muzzle extremely attenuated and prolonged into a liberiensis. One of its distinguishing peculiarities con- proboscis, which is nakecl and flesh-coloured at the sists in the presence of only two incisor teeth in the tip. The neclk is surmounted by a short, bristly, black lower jaw. Dr. Leidy has given a minute description mane. The tail is insignificant. The Common Tapir of its osteological characters in the second volume is monogamous and nocturnal in its habits. Selecting of the Journal of the Acadeazy of Nathrcal Sciemces the deepest recesses of the forest, it snoozes lazily of Philadelphia. It has even been regarded as the during the day, and when the shades of evening gather'type of a new genus. darkness, it wanders forth to commit its nocturnal depredations along the grassy and luxurious slopes of FAMIIJ~LY IV. -TArPIRIDIE. ( a neighbouling stream. therbs ot every sort seem to be devoured without much selective care; and, swineIn their general appearance the Tapirs manifestly like, it occasionally swallows putrid vegetable matters, approach the pigs, whilst in respect of conformity to type, as well as all kinds of garbage. A tame specimen in their considerable bulk, associated with a proboscidi- the possession of D'Azara broke open and demolished form muzzle and more exalted stature, retain a cogency the contents of a silver snuff-box! Even in the wild of development sufficient to indicate their transitional state, their stomachs have been found to contain character. If the skull of an American Tapir be various earthy products, besides pieces of wood and pebbles. The Tapir is possessed of very considerable Fig.71. strength; it naturally exhibits a mild disposition, but. __~ \when attacked offers a stout resistance. It is easily domesticated. The flesh is coarse and insipid. ~' *ROULIN'S TAPIR (Tapjirrus villosus) is also an inhabitant of South America. It is found, however, on mountainous slopes ilpwards of four thousand feet above the level of the sea. In some respects it is said to approach more closely to the Malayan species. The hide is of a dark black colour, and thickly clothed with hair. The nasal bones are more elongated than in other existing species-constituting a feature which Skull of the Tapir. occurs more markedly in the extinct genus above mentioned. examined, its form will be seen to represent a pyramid THE MALAYAN TAPIR (Tapirus Malayanus) or having three facets, whereas that of the hog has four. BABI ALU, is a native of Sumatra, Borneo, and the A more significant feature, however, obtains in the Malaccas. It is a comparatively rare and unknown elevated and arched character of the nasal bones, and animal, and was first introduced to our notice by Major in the lofty interparlietal ridge surmounting the vertex Falrquhar in 1816. Subsequently Sir T. Stamford of the cranium (fig. 71). The jaws are furnished Raffles communicated a more detailed account of this with folty-two teeth; that is to say, twelve incisors animal, which was published in the thirteenth volume equally divided above and below, four canines, and of the Linnean Society's Transactions for 1821. He l 88 SUIDcs. MAMMALIA. SuIDE. writes as follows-" The Malay Tapir resembles in the posterior pair, which barely reach the ground, are. form the American, and has a similar flexible proboscis, likewise unmgulated (Plate 33, fig. 108). The Ilumber of wvhich is six or eight inches in length. Its general teeth varies; but the canines of the male are usually appearance is heavy and massive, somewhat resembling more or less conspicuous externally. The head is prothe hog. The eyes are small. The ears are rounded longed in front into a mobile truncate, snout. The tail, and bordered with white. The skin is thick and firm, on the other hand, is short, or only rudimentary. The thinly covered with short hair. There is no mane on skull presents the form of a quadrang'ular pyramid, the neck, as in the American species. The tail is very whose apex is represented by the extended muzzle. In short, and almost destitute of hair. The legs are short the wild state swine are mostly found in low marshy and stout, the fore-feet furnished with four toes, the forests. hind feet with three." The most characteristic feature, THE WILD BOAR (Sus Scrofca) is the pr ogenitor of however, has reference to the colour of the hide; all our common swine; in form and general appearwhich has a deep glossy black hue generally, but is ance it does not differ very materially from our white on the rump, back, and sides of the belly, the domestic hog (fig. 72), which has the skull rather line of demarcation being clearly defined. In the more elevated. When provided with its full compleyoung state it is for the first three or four months more ment of teeth there are twelve incisors, equally divided uniformly blackish above and white underneath, being above and below; four exserted, prism-shaped, recurvedl at the same time " beautifully marked with spots canines, and twenty-eight molars-in all, forty-four. and stripes of a fawn colour." The young specimen The premolars are more or less compressed; the domesticated by Mr. Farquhar became so exceedingly posterior grinders being tuberculated. The Wild Boar familiar, that it was wont to feed, like a petted dog, on is an illhabitant of the forests of Asia and Europe bread, cake, and all kinds of vegetables. A full-grown generally; and although no longer klnown in this female measures upwards of eight feet firom the tip of country, it was formerly found in Great Britain, and the nose to the base of the tail. The male is some- probably also in Sweden and Denmark. It is an what smaller. exceedingly fierce and Tvindictive animal, capable of' inflicting severe wounds on its enemies —be they men, FAMILY V.-SUIDAEi. horses, or tigers. It is doubtful whether the hunter experiences so mluch danger in pursuing the larger The various memlbers of this family are familiarly Carnivora as he does in chasing the wildl hog. In known as swine, and are with few exceptions charac- India, however, this sport is much in vogue, and terized by the possession of four toes on each foot, the attended with varied excitement. Duling the hunt, anterior digits being furnished with strong hoofs; while " it is extremely common. to see a party dividle after Fig. 72. The Tame Boar (Sus Scrofa). various hogs, either started at the first from the same energy; others pulling hard to restrain their frightened cover, or roused in the progress of chasing a single one. or too impetuous steeds; perhaps one or more in differWhere it is known that two or more are in the bund, ent stages of falling; others stopping to dismount and cane, &c., which is beating, a portion of the horse- recover spears which had missed their object; and men follow the horse thlat starts, leaving their comrades eventually a successful Nimrod trilumlphing over his to manage the remainder. Nothing can exceed the fallen victim." Captain Williamson also adds, that interest created when, as sometimes occurs, two or "hunted hogs, and indeed sometimes as a matter of three parties are following each their respective game. caprice those not disturbed, will attack any object they Some may be seen spurring on with the utmost ny.y chance to see, such as peasants, cattle, &c. They SUIDnxf.-. MAMMALATIA. SuLIDE. 189 are greatly attracted thereto by any attempt which is THE MASKED BOAR (Sus larvalt s), or BosCIr-vARn made to escape from them. Such as trust to their is an inhabitant of the plains and forests of Southspeed are for the most part soon overtaken, and receive eastern Africa, the Cape, and the island of Madagcascar. a cut of the tusk in each thigh, the boar putting his It is a large animal, between five and six feet long, and nose between their knees, and giving them a violent standing about two feet four inches in height at the toss!" For the greater part of the year the boar is shoulder, presenting a truly formidable appearance. found aloxe, but during the spring hunters often Its hideousness is much increased by the presence of come upon a pair and their litter. At such times the two nipple-like warty excrescences on either side of the sow offers no inconsiderable resistance, and frequently muzzle near the tusks; these are supported on bony punishes her enemies with a remarkably severe bite. protuberances. The caniles are large; the superior One which attacked Captain Williamson seized him pair projecting horizontally. The ].ide exhibits a dirty by the foot, which, on being suddenly withdrawn by brown colour, and is furnished with bristles which the hunter, left part of the boot in her mouth! During have a more marked development on the neck and the season of love, the boars display towards each back. The tail is about a foot long and tufted at the other the most ungovernable animosity. The period extremity. of gestation extends over a space of one hundred and THE PAPUAN BOAR (Sis Pcapuensis), or BENE, is a twenty days, the domestic sow producing from ten smaller species, scarcely exceeding half the length of to fourteen pigs at a single litter. The voracity and the preceding, and of a much more slender build. It destructive habits of the hog are too well known to is tolerably abundant in the forests of New Guinea. require description. According to Vander Hoeven, The superior canines are comparatively feeble, resemsingle-hoofedl varieties exist in the neighbourhood of bling the incisors. The hide is clothed with short, Upsal, and also, it is stated, in some parts of Hungary. stoutish bristles, which are ringed with black and Into the merits of pork we do not enter; nevertheless white, the slin of the young pig is brown, the back it is fortunate that multitudes of people enjoy a foodl being mnarked by five yellowish bands. In the young which is so easily accessible. As to its ancient pro- state these animals are captured and reared by the hibition in the East, one might almost be inclined to natives for food; the pork being highly esteemed, not believe that it was originally forbidden on account of only by themselves, but by European colonists also. the pig's liability to be infested with young cystic larvae THE BABYROUSSA (Babirzssa afilzrus) is an inor scolices of the common tape worm found in maI; habitant of Celebes, Bourou, and other easterly islands and yet it is perhaps necessary that the Tcezict solitL of the Indian Archipelago. By the natives it is should dwiell in its human host; and therefore meazled absurdly called the stag-hog, from its standcling rather pork is occasionally eaten! We cannot here further high upon its legs; and the erroneous figure given by Piso di.scuss this curious question. in his edition of the' Natural History of East India," Fig. 73. The Babyroussa (Babirussa alfurus). by Bontius, is calculated to give force to this palpable I which are also directed upwards, they arch over the enlarged in the male, aznd, ascending- fi~om then~ sock~ets, aie not enl'uoged in the femlde, almd she exhlibits; a more 190 SIIDn,. IA ALTTA. —— Sui,. slender build generally. So far as we are awarc, the Valke-vark is about two feet six inches high at the use of the large tusks in the male have not been satis- shoulder, and nearly five feet in lengtlh. The hide factorily explained. Those of the lower jaw are doubt- exhibits a reddish-brown colour; the upper parts being less intended as defensive and offensive weapons; but clothed with long stiff bristles-those on the crown of as the superior pair often recurve sufficiently to touch the head radiating, as it were, fiom a common centre. the forehead, they cannot prove very formidable instru- The muzzle is broad and truncated abruptly. The tail ments of attack. It seems scarcely enough to say that is about twenty inches long, very narrow, and tufted they are designed to protect the eyes from injury during at the extremity. The Valke-vark is gregarious in its the animal's progress through thick bushes; andc there habits. seems more aptness in the old notion that they are IELIAN'S WART-HOG (Phacochmoes AEliczni) enjoys employed to support the head by suspension to a bough, a more extensive area of distribution over the Afiican wllilst the animal is sleeping in the standing posture. continent than the above; examples having been proThis idea, however, rests more upon theory than upon culred firom Cape Verd, New Guinea, Abyssinia, and observation. the lM~ozambique. It is also called the Hcarlja, or THE ETHIOPIAN WART-HOG (P/lacoclccrzls'l/lhio- Hcallozp, and is readily distinguished fiom the' foregoing picus) AFRICAN BOAR, INGOOLOOB, or ATALKE-VARK, by the presence of incisor teeth in both jaws, of which is an inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope. In common there are generally two above and six below; the bones with its congeners, it is characterized by the possession of the forehead being also slightly depressed in this of a large skull, furnished with fiightful-looking tusks; animall, but convex in the valke-vark. The hide those of the upper jaw are enormously developedl. exhibits an earth.-brown colour, and is sparsely clotlled The teeth vary in number, the incisors being usually with bristly hairs, except along the central line of the absent in this species. The canines are directed neck and back, where they form a well-developed upwards and outwards. The molars of the perma- mane, whose indlividual bristles are eight or nine inches nent series are twenty in number; that is, five on either in length. A single hair bulb commonly gives origin side above and below; but twelve of these become to several bristles. The tail is nearly naked, but tufted deciduous, so that in the old animal only eight may be at the tip, as in the above. Both species live upon present. The last grinder is remarkably elongated, roots and bulbs which they grub up with their powerful and consists of numerous cylindrical tubes of dentine tusks, aided by a kneeling posture to facilitate the wedge and enamel, cemented together. The Wart-hogs are and lever-action of the snout. provided with thick, fleshy, wen-like lobes on the THE COLLARE1) PECCARY (Dicotyles torqulatlls), c; cheeks, which, associated with the prominent warty TAJAZOU, is a small kind of hog, livilg ill exico all excrescences below the small, sinister-looking eyes, the southern districts of the United States, being at impart additional hideousness to these animals. The the sacme time more extensively dispersed over the Fig. 74. The Collared Peccary (Dicotyles torquatls). continent of South America. The members of this closely united. Thirdly, the canine teeth, though well genus differ from ordinalry pigs in several inteiesting developed, do not project fi'om thle mouth extelnally. particulars: —Firstly, the hind feet are tridactylous; Fourthly, the loins support a peculiar gland which the outer toes beillg absent. Secondly, the metacarpal exhales a fetid odour. Fifthly, there is nrio tail; its and metatarsal bones of the large anteriol digits are place being occulpied by a slight prominence or SUIDE MIAMMALIA -HYRACID,. 191 tubercle. Some other minor peculiarities exist; and Cuvier mentions that the aorta, or principal arterial trunk of the body, is very commonly enlarged or aneu- The group of small quadrupeds associated under the rismal at different parts of its course. This, however, above title, constitute a distinct family, the members is clearly an abnormal state, for which it is not easy of which, though insignificant in respect of bulk and to account, unless, as in the similar case of the ass, it numbers, nevertheless possess a special claim upon the be owing to the presence of parasites in the blood of the attention of the scientific naturalist. By those who kind belongingtothegenus of Entozoa called Strongylus. have not studied the subject, it will hardly be credited The habits of the Collared Peccary are similar to those that these little animals, formerly classed. with the of swine in general; its food consisting of roots, bulbs, Rodents on account of their marked resemblance to acorns, and other fruits, earthworms, grubs, and insect that family, present a close approximation to the pachylarvee of all kinds, found in or upon the damp marshy derms, and more particularly to the rhinoceroses. soils, where this animal delights to wallow. Although This alliance, however, is very obvious, when we the Tajazou has been domesticated, its flesh is not examine the condition and characters of the feet and sufficiently soft and palatable to be employed as a teeth-as was, in the first instance, pointed out by substitute for common pork; and were it more plea- Baron Cuvier, and subsequently insisted on by Wiedesant it could scarcely supplant the ordinary hog, as the mann, Swainson, Lesson, Gray, and others. Regarding female only produces two young at a birth, and a only the anatomical peculiarities, it would be more full-grown individual seldom exceeds fifty lbs. in weight. correct to place this family between the Tapiridam and THE WHITE LIPPED PECCARY (Dicotyles labiatus), Rhinoceridre; but as its external features present so or TAGNICATE, is a larger species, weighing almost marked a deviation from those of the two families just double that of the Tajazou, with which, however, it was mentioned, we prefer to consider this aberrant group formerly confounded. It is readily distinguished by in the present position-as furthest removed from the the pale colour of the lips, the rest of the hide being ordinary pachydermal type. The Hyracidcl are furbrown as usual; it is also of a stouter build, the snout nished with thirty-eight or forty teeth, namely, six being likewise more prolonged and expanded at the incisors, two above and four below, and twenty-four or tip. For an interesting, account of the habits of this twenty-eight molars. In the latter case, there are no animal we are indebted to Mr. Bennett, who observes less than sixteen premolars or spurious grinders-the that the White-lipped Peccaries, unlike the former, canines being always absent. The incisors do not "congregate in numerous bands, sometimes amount- exhibit a true rodent structure, but are conical and ing, it is said, to more than a thousand individuals of similar to those of the hippopotamus. The molars, on all ages. Thus united, they frequently traverse exten- the other hand, are very like those of the rhinoceros; sive districts; the whole troop occupying an extent of the crorwns of the upper set being distinguished by two a league in length, and directed in their march, if the enamelled eminences, and connected by a ridge to the accounts of th.e natives are to be credited, by a leader outer margin, whilst those below display two semiwho takes his station at the head of the foremost ranl. circular ridges, whose convexity is directed outwards. Should they be impeded in their progress by a river, The anterior limbs are furnished with four toes, but the chief stops for a moment, then plunges boldly into the hind feet are tridactylous. The digits are provided the stream, and is followed by all the rest of the troop. with small flat hoofs; a remarkable exception obtainThe breadth of the river and the rapidity of the, current ing to the inner toes of the hind feet, which terminate appear to be but trifling obstacles in their way, and to in curved and sharply-pointed claws. Both as regards be overcome with the greatest facility. On reaching the skeleton and viscera, we find many other modifithe opposite bank, they proceed directly on their course, cations of structure more or less conformable with the and continue their march even through the plantations true pachydermal type, amongst which may be specially which, unfortunately for the owners, may happen to lie mentioned the existence of no less than twenty-one in their way, and which they sometimes. completely pairs of ribs -a number far exceeding that of any devastate by rooting in the ground for their favourite rodent, and giving a pair more than is found either food, or devouring such fruit as they find there. If in the proboscidean tapirs or elephants. In the skull they meet anything unusual in their way, they make a the malar bone forms a complete orbital ring. The terrific clattering with their teeth, and stop and examine HyracidTe are also provided with a double c~ecum; the object of their alarm. When they have ascer- and this, strangely enough, according to Professor Owen, tained that there is no danger, they continue their route indicates an affinity to the sloths: which edentate without further delay; but if a huntsman should ven- group, we may mention, contains an animal —the Unau ture to attack them, when they are thus assembled in -possessing a still larger number of ribs, namely, large numbers, he is sure to be surrounded by multi- twenty-three pairs. On this subject Professor Owen, tudes, and torn to pieces by their tusks, if he is so without referring to the ribs, and merely reflecting on unwise as to neglect his only chance Of escape, which the fact which an examination of the ccecum had consists in climbing a tree, and thus getting fairly out suggested to his mind, very pithily remarks:-" It is of their reach. The smaller bandls are by no means interestrig to find, that while the facies of Hyrax so equally courageous, and always take to flight at the far simulates that of a rodent as to have deceived the first attack." The White-lipped Peccary appears to older naturalists, and to have concealed firom them belong exclusively to South America, being very abund- those unerring indications of its alliance with the ant in the provinces of Guiana and Paraguay. Pachydermata which the osseous system exhibits; yet 192 IHYRACI~D.. -MAMMALIA. HYRACIDIE. that nature, as if in confirmation of her abhorrence to the sun, as they are frequently wont to do, an alarm the saltus, had left in the internal structure of this is immediately sounded by their sentinel, and away singular animal an impression borrowel from the type they all scamper to their hiding-places; the warning of the Edentata." However agreeable to our taste, we cry being peculiarly shrill and prolonged. The Dasse cannot pursue the subject further, and have only by is readily tamed, and, according to Mr. Rudston Read, way of conclusion to observe, that the skin is thickly two examples kept by a friend of his became very clothed with hair, the face being well supplied with agreeable companions. "' They would find him out," stoutish bristles on the muzzle and immediately above he says, " when lying on the sofa or in bed, and, climbthe eyes; similar thick hairs are also here and there ing up, shelter themselves on his breast within his interspersed throughout the fur at different parts of the waistcoat, or creep under the bed-clothes at his back, body. The ears of Hyracide are short; the tail being and, lying quiet, enjoy the warmth." Another one, represented externally by a mere tubercle. Herbage " when allowed to run unconfined about the room, was and various kinds of grass constitute their food. inclined to be sociable, but was restless and inquisitive, THE DASSE (H/yrax ccapelasis), KLIPDAS or CAPE climbing up and examining every person in the cabin, HYRAXi is an inhabitant of the mountainous districts and startling at any noise, which caused it instantly to of Southern Africa generally, both inland and along the run and hide itself. But, from confinement, it became coast. It is about the size of a rabbit, and conceals savage and snarling, and tried to bite when anything itself in the holes and crevices of rocks (fig. 75). It was put near its cage. Both wild and in restraint it is lives in colonies, and feeds upon grasses, aromatic remarkably clean in its habits, always frequenting and, herbs, and the young twigs of bushy shrubs. Shouldl depositing its dlung in one place. From its faintly cryany enemy approach while the colony are basking in ing in its sleep we may conclude that it dreams. Fig. 75. K/7~~. b -(~B":jlP The CJape Ilyrax (1-lyrax capenlsis). have also heard it," adds Mr. Read, " chewing its food Ij yrax Abyssinicus, under which title it is also entered by niglht when eveirything has been quiet. In its food in the catalogue of Mamnmalia preserved in the British it was pleased with variety, eating first a few leaves of Museum. It is a native of Palestine and the miounone plant and then of another, and greedily licking salt tainous borders of the Bed Sea generally; it is believed when given to it. In its passage home its food was to be the Shaphan of scriptire history. The body is Indian corn bruised, bread, raw potato, and onion, with about twelve inches long, possessing a similar measurea small-quantity of water, which, in drinking, it partly ment in height. The fur exhibits a greyish-brown lapped and partly sucked np. It was very sensible of colour above, being fulvous at the sides, and wvhitish cold; for when a candle was placed near the bars of its uIndeineath; the individual hairs are aannulatec by these cage, it readlily acknowledged the little warmth given several shades; their relative amount varying accordlout by turning its side, and -sitting still to icceive the ing to the region of the body in which they occnr. full benefit of the rays of heat. I am inclined to think The Damans are gregarious, selecting for their habitathat the female does not produce more than two young tions those inaccessible caverns arid clefts, which the ones at a time, from having observed, in several roclks of Syria so abindantly afford. Like the Cape instances, but two following the old ones." The flesh 1-lyrax, they delight to bask in the sun near their snugthle Aby'ssinian1 form descr~ibedl by EIhrenberg as the in thle roclcs." CETACEA. MAMMALIA. CETACEA. 193 Two or three more species have been described. Of This form inhabits New Guinea and other parts on the these may be mentioned, Smith's Hyrax (TIyrax west coast of Africa, and it is remarkable as possessing arboreus) from South Africa; this form possessing only twenty-four grinding teeth; that is, three prearboreal habits, and being distinguished by its longer molars and three true molars on each side of either fiur, which also displays a white spot on the back. jaw, the orbital ring being at the same time more Another species, capable of climbing trees and feeding complete than obtains in any other member of the on their fruits, is the Hyrax Sylvestris of Temminck. family. ORDER XII.-CETACEA. ALTHOUGH scientific naturalists have uniformly insisted skeleton has reference to the vertebrM of the neck, on the mammiferous character of the cetacea-at least which in all cases maintain their typical number, since the days of Cuvier, and also, in some degree, although, in the true whales, they are completely ossified from the time of Linnaeus-the majority of people still class them with fishes; but the only Fig. 76. grounds on which these animals can with any propriety be said to resemble the finny tribe, are those which refer to their form and the conversion of the anterior limbs into finlike paddles. Even here, however, a close inspection of the leathery hide, of the modified limbs, and of the horizontal tail, is sufficient to indicate a wide departure from the fishes properly so called, in which the tail is vertical, the fins composed of numerous rays, and the integu- W ments more or less converted into separable scales; and what is still more distinctive, we also find conspicuous indications of the reproductive organs externally, as well as mammary Seen from above. glands in the female. Anatomical investigation has likewise shown that these gigantic denizens together so as to form a single mass, more or less of the deep breathe by means of lungs, and that fissured by deep clefts, which serve to indicate the they have a pulmonic and systemic circulation, as original existence of seven distinct vertebrae in the obtains in other mammals. Taking the skeleton of embryonic condition. But this is only true of the the common Greenland whale-Plate 32, fig. 90-as a whalebone whales, for in other members of the order type of zoophagous cetacea, it is extremely interesting the several segments are more or less free; there being to observe how its several osseous elements have six anchylosed together in the spermaceti, and two become modified in form, and altered in bulk, in order only in the piked-whales, the dolphins, and the porto meet the exigencies of a creature destined to live in a poises; in the latter the first and second vertebrae are medium so different from that generally enjoyed by the conjoined; but in the BalanopterTl the union takes mass of mammalian vertebrates. Commencing with place between the second and third cervical segments. the head, the first thing that strikes us is the remark- In the herbivorous cetacea all the bones are permnaable extension of the bones of the face, the inter-max- nently free, and this is also the case in the sou-sou or illary and superior maxillary bones arching forwards to dolphin of the Ganges. In regard to the dorsal and form a kind of rostrum, whilst the lateral divisions of lumbar vertebrae, all that we need remark is, that both the lower jaw converge towards the tip of the snout, series vary in number, in different genera, while their forming a curve on either side scarcely less conspicuous. spinous and transverse processes become more and The cranial bones are not less altered; the nasals are more conspicuous as they approach the caudal series. short, the temporals square-shaped, the frontals remark- One, two, or three vertebrae have been assigned to the ably narrowed and directed obliquely outwards and sacral or pelvic region, but these do not differ in backwards, the vertex of the skull being almost entirely structure from the previous group; and but for the occupied by the upper flattened portion of the occipital existence of rudimentary pelvic bones, it would be bone. All these characters are well displayed in the scarcely fair to say that any should be classed in this accompanying woodcut (fig. 76). If our attention be category. The vertebra of the tail are extremely next directed to the vertebral column, we find on the numerous, upwards of thirty being present in the one hand an almost complete abrogation of the cervical Rorqual; structurally they vary quantitively and morregion, and a striking augmentation of the caudal ele- phologically, gradually diminishing in bulk and comments on the other; taken as a whole, however, the plexity of outline from before backwards, until we bone-chain is massive and well developed. The most ultimately find them reduced to a simple compressed interesting feature in connection with this pavt of the nodule at the free extremity of the organ. Of the rudiVOL. I 25 194 CETACEA. MAMMALIA. CETACEA. mentary character of the pelvic bones we have already nal openings above being vulgarly called the blow-holes. spoken, their attenuated form bearing no resemblance "If we trace the oesophagus upwards," says Cuvier, to the ilia of those quadrupeds in which the posterior "we find that when it arrives opposite the pharynx, it limbs are present. The ribs are chiefly noticeable in appears to divide into two passages, of which one is respect of their mode of articulation to the dorsal ver- continued onwards to the mouth, while the other tebrse and the great degree of curvature, which is mounts to the nose; this latter passage being surnecessary to make room for the bulky thoracic viscera; rounded with mucous glands and fleshy muscular a few of the anterior ribs are articulated by their bundles. Some of these are longitudinal, arising firom heads to the bodies of the vertebrae and by a tubercle the circumference of the posterior orifice of the bony to the transverse processes, but the remainder have nostrils, and descending along that canal to the pharynx, only a single mode of connection and have no true and its lateral path. The others are annular and articular facets at their attached ends. The paddles or appear to be a continuation of the proper muscle of the anterior extremities are worthy of particular considera- pharynx, and as the larynx rises into this passage in tion. In them, as has been already hinted, are to be the form of an obelisk or pyramid, these annular fibres found evidences of conformity to type, having a signi- have the power of grasping it by their contractions. ficance not less forcible than that enunciated when Mucous follicles which empty their secretion by conspitreating of the bones of the neck. Viewing the limb cuous excretive orifices are abundant at this part. The from without, there is nothing to indicate the parts lining membrane of the nasal passage having reached severally denominated arm, fore-arm, and shoulders; the vomer, assumes a peculiar texture; becoming thin, but upon dissection we find all the osseous elements smooth, very dry, of a black colour, and apparently ordinarily entering into the constitution of these seg- destitute of nerves and vessels. The two osseous ments fully represented and easily recognized. With nasal canals are closed at the superior or external orithe exception of the humero-scapulur articulation, all fice by a fleshy valve in the form of two semicircles, the bones are firmly invested and packed together by attached to the anterior margin of that opening, which fibrous tissue, so as to prevent motion upon one it closes by means of a very strong muscle lodged above another; and what is more noticeable, is, that they the intermaxillarybones. Inordertoopenitsomeforeign have all become shortened lengthwise, whilst their body must press against it from below. When this breadth has somewhat increased, as it were, by com- valve is closed, it cuts off all communication between pression within the tightly investing teguments. In the nasal passages and the cavities above them. These some species, as in the common mysticete, the digital cavities consist of two large membranous. pouches phalanges are more numerous than usually obtains in formed by a dark-coloured mucous skin, which is much the feet of pentadactyle quadrupeds. If we turn our wrinkled when they are empty; but assuming, when attention to the skeleton of any of the herbivorous distended, an oval figure, which in the porpoise equals cetacea-such, for example, as that of the Dugong, Plate the size of a common wine-glass. These two pouches 34, fig. 109-not only do we observe a less consider- are lodged beneath the integuments, in front of the able departure fiom the ordinary mammalian type, as nostrils; they comnumicate with an intermediate space instanced by a comparison of the bones of the hand, immediately above the nostrils, the latter opening arm, fore-arm, and shoulder; but in contemplating the externally by a transverse semilunar slip. Very strong structure of the head and neck, it is evident that we muscular fibres form an expansion, which closes in the have moved a step higher in the scale of organization. upper surface of this apparatus; these fibres radiate The seven cervical vertebrTe are distinct, though still from the whole circumference of the cranium to unite remarkably compressed from before backwards, and above the two pouches, being adapted to compress the skull, whilst visibly contracted in the same direc- them forcibly. Let us suppose the Cetacean has tion, presents, nevertheless, several peculiarities suffi- taken into its mouth some water which it wishes to ciently cogent to demand special notice; these will be eject; it moves the tongue and jaws as if about to immediately considered when describing the general swallow it; but closing the pharynx, the water is forced characteristics of the Manatidme. Meanwhile we pass up into the nasal passages, where its progress is acceon to notice very briefly, some of the more striking lerated by annular fibres, until it raises the valve and modifications of the viscera, as well as other internal distenrds the membranous pouches above. Once in and external arrangements equally suggestive. And, these sacs, the water can be retained there until the firstly, as respects the organs of respiration-which are animal wishes -co spout. For that purpose, it closes the chiefly to be noted on account of their singular comn- valve to prevent the descent of the water into the nasal munication with the air by means of two nostrils passages, and it forcibly compresses the sacs by means situated at the top of the head in the true whales, and of the muscular expansions which cover them; and the by a single opening similarly placed in the dolphins; fluid, thus compelled to escape by the narrow crescentic in the herbivorous species these passages terminate in aperture, is projected to a height corresponding to the front of the muzzle, as in mlammalia generally. Hav- force of the pressure." Intimately connected with ing, on several occasions, dissected the common porpoise respiration-or rather, we should say, with the power with very great care, we are in a position to testify to of remaining under water for a considerable length of the accuracy of Baron Cuvier's account of the singular time without respilring —we find a special reservoir for manner in which the windpipe terminates, especially arterialized blood; not formed however, by any unusual within a vertical extension of the phlarynx, which is enlargelmlent of the arterial. trunks, but by a remarkable commonly designated the spouting apparatus, the exter- extension of certain small arterieswhich are twisted uponl CET'ACEA.-MA MMALIA. CETACEA. 195 themselves in various directions. Often have we gazed the viscera and the lumbar arteries, which are likewise upon this rete mir cbile, as it is called, with astonishment; very large, for the supply of that vast mass of muscles and allthough it has been figured by several authors, and which moves the tail." As regards the function of especially by Breschet, from whose memoir the an- this vascular apparatus, it is evidently connected with nexed cut is given, none of these representations the power whichli whales have of remaining under water fully portray the singularly complicated appearance for a long period xvithout coming to the surface, some produced by these vascular tortuosities (fig. 77). This species having been known, when harpooned, to be structure was first accurately described and explained submerged for an hour and a half at a time. Co-ordiby the celebrated John Hunter, who observes that nating with the habits of these animals, we also find " the intercostal arteries divide into a vast number of' peculiar modifications of the digestive organs. In the branches, which run in a serpentile course between the true whales, numerous plates of baleen are developed pleura, ribs, and their muscles, making a thick substance, fr om the upper jaw. These laminTe of horny substance, somewhat similar to the spermatic artery in the bull. or whalebone, as it is commonly termed, are essentially These vessels everywhere lining the sides of the thorax, developments of the cuticular layer of the skin. As pass in between the ribs near their articulation, andi also their special function is to entangle within their layers behind the ligamentous attachment of the ribs, and. various meduse and small molluscous animals, the anastomose with each other. The medulla spinalis is lower or depending end of each plate is split up into a surrounded with a network of a{teries in the same man- multitude. of fibres, which, acting like a sieve, render their chance of escape the more hopeless; upwards of Fi.. 77. three hundred such baleen plates occurring on either side of the upper jaw in the colimon mysticete. The throat of the whale is comparatively small, and consequently adapted only for the passage of minute animals; in order, therefore, to obtain sufficient food to nourish \i},,\F 8 ll @ \ its bulky frame, it is evident that millions of creatures must be hourly swallowed. The whale having come upon a swarm of molluscs, or' pteropods such as the little Clio bo rea/is, m ultitudes are immediately entangled in the baleen; aund when a sufficient number have accumulated, the enormous tongue is raised forarads and upwards, and thus by one fell swoop of this call commt lsorgan, t ile nsuspecti ng mass are hurled backwardsll towaids the ollet thei water strained ffrom them at the' same time escaping upwards through the blow-hole in the fonm of a conspicuous jt d'cau. Although the full~ntlstomose wvit thoe ofthe horac. Tgrow i mysticetes are supplied with these horny plates for the prehension of their peculiar food, it is not true to say that they have no teeth at any stage of their existence; for, in the fbetal condlition, as the independent researches of Geofifroy St. Hilaire, Eschricht, and Goodsir have shown, and as we have had an opportunity of witnessing, the lower jaw is furnished with'numerous distinct dental sacs, each of which contains the rudiments of a separate tooth. Here again, therefore, we sends o f /. aobserve a remarkable conformity to type, in the rudi-~/I~Q ~J17/~. mental development of organs, which, as they can never'retsmiabilpoftrefo pase be required in after life, are consequently never brought Intercostal arterial plexus or'rete iirabile of the Porpoise (Phocmsna communis). to a state of perfection! Consistently with other peculiarities of their organisation, the stomachs of the ner, more especially where it comes out from the brain, Cetacea are all more or less complicated. Differences while a thick substance is formed by their ramifica- of opinion exist as to the degree of complexity in tions and convolutions; and these vessels most probably various species, but on the whole they do not depart anastomose with those of the thorax. The subclavian materially from that which has often been described, artery in the Piked whale, before it passes over the and which we have ourselves observed to obtain in the first rib, sends down into the chest arteries which assist common porpoise. In this species-as also in the in forming the plexus on the inside of the ribs. I am white whale, from which the annexed cut (fig. 78) is not certain but the internal mammary arteries contri- taken-the organ consists of tour distinct cavities; but bute to form the anterior part of this plexus. The in respect of relative bulk and function, it cannot in motion of the blood in such cases must be very slow." any measure be said to correspond with the multiple He also adds: —" The descending aorta sends off the stomach of the, ruminating duadrupeds. These comintercostals which are verylarge, and gives branches to partmernts communicate with each other continuously, this plexus; and when it has reached the abdomen, it and are not supplied with special reservoirs, reticulasends oft; as in the quadlruped, the different branches to tions, or laminre, such as are observable in the ruminant 196 CETACEA.- MAMMALIA. CETACEA. stomach, neither is there any inter-communicating thrown out at one stroke, and move with an immense channel common to the three first cavities, by which velocity through a tube of a foot diameter, the whole the aforesaid function could be maintained. In the idea fills the mind with wonder." Generally speaking, accompanying figure A represents the cmsophagus, B, c, the form of the heart is precisely similar to that of D, and E the four stomachal compartments, F the other malmals, but in the phytophagous dugong the duodenum. The only approach to alty unusual exten.- apex of the heart is deeply cleft, so that the ventricles sion of the internal secreting membrane, is such as are partly detached from one another. In regard to is gained by the presence of numerous rug' or foldings, the venous system, it should also be noted that its which are more or less irregularly disposed throughout arrangements, in so-me parts, are even more plexiform the entire compartments. Of the other circumstances than obtains in the arteries. This is particularly seen in connection with the alimentary canal which call for in the branches of the great anterior venc cava, and particular attention, are those which refer to the great more especially in the veins which surround the spinal length of the intestinal tube, and to the presence or cord; whilst another still more interesting peculiarity absence of a ccecum. Most of the spouting whales connected with this system, is, that scarcely any of the veins are furnished with valves internally. Fig 78. All these conditions are admirably adapted to the suboceanic habits of the cetaceans, and taken in connection with other structures yet to A \ be described, manifestly indicate evidences of harmonious design. We allude here principally!iiili:/fiffiX f 1to the character of the dermal and subcutaneous investment of the body. This consists essen-,,,E~~ I>,,,,~~ ~tially of the same elements which enter into the 1,;' ~/::' composition of the hide of ordinary quadrupeds; but nearly all trace of phares or bristles have disappeared in the zoophagous species, these |~~C | |liustructumles being reprlesented only in the embryonic condition of dolphins and in adult whales, by a few bristles attached to the anterior part of the upper or lower jaws. In some species the cuticle is rather thin, but in others it attains a remarkable development, and we have observed it to be upwards of an inch in thickness in the great rorqual. In like manner the cerium acquires remarkable density and strength, passing gradually into a fatty tissue, which is commonly called the blubber, and which varies Compound stomach of the White Whale (leluga Catodon). in quantity in different species, being in some found only a few inches thick, and in others have no cecum, but this appendage is present in surrounding the muscles to the depth of a foot and the mysticete and in the piked whale. The chylo- a half or even two feet below the cuticular surface. poietic viscera exhibit several peculiarities of form The larger kinds of whale are capable of yielding which need not be dwelt upon; but we may remark, upwards of twenty tons of oil, and as the oil is in passing, the entire absence of any gall —bladder worth about ~30 per ton, the "whale fishery," as in the zoophagous species, whilst it is present in it is erroneously termed, proves a very lucrative the herbivorous forms. The reproductive organs are trade. Upwards of twenty thousand tons are annually largely developed, the mammce of the female being brought to this country by British whalers, notwithplaced in the inguinal region in the true whales and standing the Americans and other nations have vastly dolphins, and in the pectoral region in the phytopha- increased the competition of late years. In 1821," gous manatees and dugongs. The circulatory system says the late Professor Edward Forbes, " the British has already, in part, engaged our attention, but the whale fishery employed one s hundred and fifty-nine contemplation of such a marvellous machinery in these ships, but the decline of the northern fisheries has bulky creatures deserves some further comment. The reduced their number to the half. We are compenanmount of muscular pressm'e required to propel the life sated for this, however, in the energy and success with stream firom the voluminous cavities of the heart of a which ouer Australian colonies are joining in the busirorqual is something well calculated to excite the ness; and the rich source of blubbery wealth which astonishment of any one possessing the slightest ac- the north once was, the south now promises to be. At quaintance with the principles of hydraulic power. present we are beaten in whaling by oure American The main arterial trunk of the spermaceti whale has a cousins; but the great advantages presented by the circumferential measurement of at least thuee feet, "and proximity of Australia and the Auckland Isles to the when," says the illustrious John Hunter, " we consider southern whaling grounds, are giving' us a filesh start, of tllese as applied to the circulation, and figure to oul- - which we will not be slow to avail oulrselves. In 1844 selves that probably ten or fifteen gallons of blood are the American whaling fleet numbered no fewer than CETACEA. MAMMALIA. BAL.NIDE,. 197 six hundred and fifty vessels, tonnage two hundred strong, diffusible odour, and when pure is soft and thousand tons, and manned by seventeen thousand five waxy on section; chemically speaking, it consists of a hundred men. In 1848 the number was slightly under fatty substance or principle termed ambreine. Amberthis estimate, though including one-tenth of the entire gris is used to impart an agreeable flavour to certain shipping of the United States. The social importance wines, and one or two grains, mixed and triturated with of this fishery will be at once appreciated, when it is sugar, is sufficient to flavour a hogshead of claret. stated that, about twenty years ago, it was estimated The special organs of sense in Cetacea are constructed that as many as seventy thousand persons in the United on the same plan as those of terrestrial quadrupeds, States derived their chief employment and subsistence, but, nevertheless, exhibit several peculiarities adapted in one way or another, from the whale fisheries; and to their aquatic habits. These are particularly noticethe number so deeply interested in them must be even able in the organs of hearing and vision. Externally greater at present. Other countries, besides Britain there is no auricular appendage, and the meatus audiand America, have but a small share of these profits: torius is only represented by a very small aperture, some sixty or seventy vessels from French, German, scarcely large enough to admit the introduction of a and Danish ports, make up the number of whalers. It small crow-quill. Internally, the essential part of must not be forgotten, however, that the indefatigable the auditory apparatus, including the ossicles, are Hollanders had at one'time a lion's share of the whole invested by an osseous framework distinct from the fishery to themselves —as long ago as 1680, there were ordinary bones of the cranium which inclose the fully two hundred and sixty ships, and fourteen thou- organs of hearing in other Mammalia. The osseous sand Dutchmen employed in the trade-nor that the capsule consists of two distinct portions inclosing the first professional whalemen and original harpooners labyrinth and tympanum. The tympanic bone is were Biscayans." particularly hard, and very largely developed, having We have thus diverted somewhat from the im- commonly a more or less kidney-shaped outline. This mediate subject-matter of our description, in order part is usually called the ear-bone, and owing to its to convey some adequate idea of the immense density and power of resisting decay and disintegration, quantities of oil yielded by the Cetacea, which, in pro- we find it very perfectly preserved in the tertiary portion to the blubber itself; is as three to four. Most marine deposits along the Suffiblk coast, where multiof the oil is derived from this source, but it should tudes of them are found associated with other wateralso be mentioned that the cellular tissue of the tongue worn osseous fragments in the phosphatic pseudoand the interior of the large bones, especially those of coprolitic beds. Some specimens in our possession, the lower jaw, likewise contain a large quantity of oil. evidently belonging to a species of porpoise, are very The fatty matter termed spermaceti, which is found highly silicified, the petrous or labyrintllic bone remainonly in a particular group of whales, is derived chiefly ing in situ, and displaying very clearly the spiral from the head of these animals. According to John groove of the cochlea and the semicircular canals. As Hunter, " the purest spermaceti is in the smallest and to the capacity of hearing enjoyed by Cetacea, much least ligamentous cells; it lies above the nostril, all along difference of opinion exists-the excellent authority, the upper part of the head, immediately under the skin Scoresby, averting that they are not roused even by and adipose membrane. These cells resemble those the report of a cannon; whilst others, who have also which contain the common fat in the other parts of the been engaged in whale-fishery expeditions, state that body nearest the skin. That which lies above the roof their powers both of hearing and vision are sufficiently of the mouth, or between it and the nostril, is more acute to render the approach of the harpooners at all intermixed with a ligamentous cellular membrane, and times difficult and sometimes unsuccessful. The eye lies in chambers whose partitions are perpendicular. is chiefly remarkable for the great thicluless of its These chambers are smaller the nearer to the nose, external or sclerotic coat, an arrangement calculated to becoming larger and larger towards the back part of the maintain in its integrity the ellipsoid form of the cryshead, where the spermaceti is more pure. This sper- talline lens and vitreous humour, which would otherwise maceti when extracted cold, had a good deal the yield to the pressure of the aqueous medium in which appearance of the internal structure of a water melon, the animal swims. Ordinary whales have no true and is found in rather solid lumps." Chemically speak- lachrymal glands, but these organs are present in the ing, it closely resembles the substance termed choles- herbivorous cetacea, which latter are also fiurnished terine, and like it, after being melted, concretes into with a third eyelid or nictitating membrane. The brain thin crystalline laminie of a silvery hue and peculiar of all the Cetacea is well formed, and provided with greasy feel. In addition to these matters there is yet numerous convolutions. Though of large size in itself, another substance found in the intestines of Cetacea, it is remarkably small as compared with the bulk of the which, though not much sought after, is nevertheless body, representing by weight in the common mysticete of considerable value. This is ambergris. It is a only the one three-thousandth part of the entire aniconcretionary formation, of a mottled, greyish colour; mal. The cerebellum is comparatively bulky; whilst, and when split open, it is found to contain a large num- of the nerves which proceed from the base of the ber of the horny beak-like processes of cuttle-fishes, brain, the most remarkable are those which pass to the derived from the cephalopodous molluscs, on which the organ of hearing —their conspicuity being especially spermaceti whales delight to feed. It has a peculiar manifested in the dolphins. 198 BALENIDYE. MAMMIAALIA. BALIENIDX:. part. The colour of the hide is black, grey, and white, FAMILY I.-BAL2ENID2E. with a tinge of yellow about the lower part of the head. The back, upper region of the head, most of the belly, This family consists of the true whales, which are the fins, tail, and part of the under jaw, are deep velvetdistinguished from the cachalots, the dolphins, and the black. The anterior aspect of the lower jaw, and a herbivorous cetacea, by the possession of plates of portion of the abdomen are white; the narrow portion whalebone, or more properly baleen, depending fiom near the junction of the tail being greyish. The skin the palatal region of the upper jaw. They have no true of suckers has a pale bluish tint. The cuticle or scarfteeth, although, as we have seen, there are tooth-sacs skin is only as thick as ordinary parchment, whilst the developed in the lower jaw of the embryonic mysticete. true skin is from three-fourths to an inch in thickness The true whales are further recognized by their prepos- all over the body. The Greenland whale is not proterously large heads, which in some of the species vided with a dorsal fin. The flippers, which are situated extend to one-third of the entire length of the body. about two feet behind the angle of the jaws, measure The nostrils are distinct and longitudinally disposed on nine feet in length, and rather more than half the same the crown of the head. The mammary glands are amount in breadth. The tail is compressed, semilunate, placed in the inguinal region-an arrangement which notched at the centre, and sometimes as much as also obtains in the cachalots and dolphins. The twenty feet in breadth. intestine is furnished with a cocum. Notwithstanding the many exaggerated statements to THE M3YSTICETE (Balcena mysticetus), or common the contrary, the Greenlandwhale seldom or ever exceeds Whalebone whale-Plate 28, fig. 89-is also known as fifty-eight or sixty feet in length. It is a slow swimmer, the Greenland whale, and in Dr. Gray's catalogue of going at the rate of four miles an hour, though when harthe Cetacea preserved in the British Museum it is called pooned, it is said to dive perpendicularly downwards at a the Right whale-this term being also applied to the speed of seven knots an hour. It occasionally ascends Cape whale (Bacclcea australis) by the South Sea with sufficient force to throw itself entirely out of the whalers. Our best accounts of the Greenland whale are water. It seldom remains submerged longer than all more or less derived from the Rev. Dr. Scoresby's twenty or thirty minutes, and when it rises again to the' Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale-fishery," surface, it will remain there about the same time if not and from a paper in the first volume of the Wernerian disturbed. In calm weather it is wont to sleep in this Society's Transactions, from which the following de- situation. One of the most moving and painful sights scription is abridged. When full grown this species is which can be imagined, is witnessed when the whalefrom fifty to sixty-five feet in length, and from thirty to fisher strikes a sucker, in order to secure its dam; forty in circumference, immediately before the fins. It whilst to say nothing of the unnecessary cruelty, it is is thickest a little behind the fins, and from thence gra- more than probable that this inhuman practice entails dually tapers towards the tail, and slightly towards the serious injury to the fishery business, by greatly diminneck. It is cylindrical from the neck, until near ishing the chances of future success. According to the about the junction of the tail and the body, where it testimony of Scoresby, " the young is frequently struck becomes ridged. The head has a triangular shape. for the sake of' its mother, which will soon come up close The bones of the head are very porous, and full of a by it, encourage it to swim off, assist it by taking it under fine kind of oil. When the oil is drained out, the bone its fin, and seldom deserts it while life remains. It is is so light as to swim in water. The jaw-bones are then very dangerous to approach, as she loses all from twenty to twenty-five feet in length, and the space regard for her own safety in anxiety for the preservabetween them is about ten feet from side to side. The tion of her cub, dashing about most violently, and not tongue is of great size, and yields upwards of a ton dreading to rise even amidst the boats. Except, of oil; and the lips, which are placed at right angles to however, when the whale has young to protect, the the flat part of the base of the head, yield fully double male is in general more active and dangerous than that amount. The palatal laminte of baleen are not the female." The period of gestation is believed to of equal lengths; neither are the largest exactly in extend over a space of about ten months. In addition the middle of the series, but somewhat nearer the to its powerfiul and' relentless human adversary, the throat; from this point they become gradually shorter Mysticete has to contend with other enemies, such as each way. Onm each side of the mllouth are about two the shark, the thrasher, and the sword-fish. It is itself, hundred laminae of whalebone. They are not perfectly however, a great destroyer of life; its principal food flat; for, besides the longitudinal curvature, they are consisting of shoals of a small pteropodous mollusc, specurved transversely. The largest lalminhe are fioom ten cifically known as the Clio borealis. Although the to fourteen feet in length, very rarely fifteen feet. The aperture of the throat is scarcely sufficient to admit the breadth of the largest at the thick ends, or where they introduction of an ordinary hen's egg, yet to satisfy so are attached to the jaw, is about a foot. The Green- prodigious a bulk of body, it is evident that myriads of land fishers estiniate the size of the whale by the length these little creatures must go to form a single mealof the whalebone; and when the baleen is six feet and if so, what must be the annual consumption of this long, then the whale is said to be a size fish. In huge monster of the deep? Well may Mr. Darwin sueckers, or youjig wianles still under the protection of argue that for every anim11al which passes through a full the mothler, the whalebone is only a few inches long. cycle of its life, ten thousand perish elre they havre It is immediately covered by the under lips, the edge reached matlurity! Into details respecting the perils of which, when the mouth is shut, ovelrlap the upper encountered by those embarked in the whale fishery, BAL uNIDE. MAMMALIA. CATODOI'rrID. 199 we cannot here enter. Full particulars are given in a boat, and attacked it with a large bearded spear; and Dr. Scoresby's work. Let it suffice us to observe that having pushed it immediately under Deptford Pier they between the years 1669 and 1778 the Dutch sent overcame and despatched it. Having by mechanical 14,167 ships to the shores of Greenland, and of these appliances raised it upon the pier, its dimensions were 561 were wrecked, no less than 73 having been lost ascertained to be-total length 14 feet 6 inches; length in a single season. from nose to angle of mouth, 3 feet 10 inches; tail The Greenland whale has occasionally strayed to from fork to fork, 3 feet 10 inches. A full account of the northern shores of Scotland and the Zetlanci Isles; this whale is to be found in the Zoologist for 1842, those that have run aground being always found in a with a figure; also an account of its capture, with a very impoverished condition. Even in this state, the sketch of the animal, is to be seen in the Illustratecl monster was in. olden times deemed a " Royal fish," London News, vol. i. p. 388." Similar difficulties and according to Pennant, or the still more authorita- exist in regard to the determination of the specific tive Commentaries of Blackstone, when the Iwhale was characters of the Great Northern Rorqual of Dr. Knox, accidentally cast ashore the reigning monarchs divided which, according to Dr. Gray, is identical withthe spoil-" the king asserting his right to the head, THE RAZOR-BACK (Phlysalus Antiquoruom); and her majesty to the tail!" knowing the careful research which this eminent mamOf other whales belonging to the genus Baleana, we malogist has bestowed upon the subject, we shall assume have only space to particularize the following:-The his determinations in this respect to be correct. We western Australian whale (B. mcrginata) which is fur- have ourselves fiequently examined the skeleton of Dr. nished with very long and slender baleen; the New Knox's celebrated specimen, so satisfactorily preserved Zealand whale, or Tuku Peru (B. antc'rctica) which and exhibited in the elephant-house of the Ecdinburgh attains a length of sixty feet; the Cape whale (B. Zoological Gardens, and we can therefore testify to the australis) which is also ail inhabitant of the southern accuracy of the details given by the three eminent ocean and of a uniformly deep black colour; the Japa- authorities on comparative anatomy who dissectel it. nese whale (B. japonica) which is very imperfectly Those who are interested in the details should consult known; and the Scrag whale (E. gibbosa) an Atlantic Dr. Knox's original description published in the Transspecies, which is characterized by the possession of a actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1827, or series of knob-like protuberances along the middle line his more recent memoir-entitled " Contributions to of the hinder region of the back, forming a sort of tran- the Anatomy and Natural History of the Cetacea"sition to the fin-backed whales. The genus Megapterct recorded in the 3rd volume of the Journal of the Proceedis, indeed, closely allied to the above species, and follow- ings of the Linncan Society. If Dr. Gray's views are ing the classification and nomenclature adopted by Dr. right, it would appear that the whale taken at Black J. E. Gray in his synopsis of the cetacean families Gang Chine, Isle of Wight, in 1842, is also referable to contained in the British Museum, we have further to this species; whilst the same may be said of specimens indicate the principal members of the hump-backed taken both at Berwick and at Plymouth in 1831. genus, there specified, as follows: —Johnston's Hump- Another example was taken off the coast of Ostend in backed whale (iregayctptera longimdana) which is a com- the early part of the present century, and the skeleton mon inhabitant of the northern seas-Dr. Johnston of subsequently exhibited in London, near the King's Berwick described it from a specimen accidentally Mews, Charing Cross. The hide of the Razor-back thrown ashore at Newcastle; the Bermuda Hump- has a slatish-grey colour, being whitish underneath; back (iM. Americana), whose head is covered with the undler border of the baleen, which is short, is tubercles or nodulations, the hide being black above blackish, the inner edge being pale-streaked. It is an and whitish underneath; the Cape Hump-back or inhabitant of the northern ocean. Respecting its habits, Poeskop (M. Poeslcop); and the Kuzira (M. IKzuzira), Mr. Bell remarks, that they "are difierentfilom those of the latter being found off the coasts of Japan. The the common whale. It is less quiet and tranquil in its genus Balonoptera is represented by a single species general movements, seldom lying motionless on the commonly known as the Pike whale (Balcenoptera surface of the water whilst blowing, but making wayat rostrata). A great deal of confusion, however, still the rate of about five miles an hour. When struck, exists in reference to this species and until the the velocity of its descent is such as very frequently to points are more satisfactorily cleared up, we are break the line, of which Captain Scoresby mentions scarcely in a position to describe it with confidence. several instances." It is very doubtful if this species According to Dr. Gray, it is identical with the /or- ever attains a length of upwards an hundred feet, quzlus Boops of F. Cuvier. It is an inhabitant of though examples have been recorded which were only the northern seas, and has a black colour above, a few feet short of this measurement. being reddish-white. underneath the belly. A speci- Dr. Gray has given the scientific appellation of men is said to have been captured in the Thames near P/ysctlus Boors to a form which he considers quite disDeptford, but this example has been considered, by tinct firom the above, and which we may therefore several authorities, only as-a young example of the more simply particularize as Gray's Fin-backl whale. Great Northern Rorqual. Dr. Collingwood in lis A specimen of this whale was captured off the Welsh admirable little " Fauna of Blacklheath and its vicinity," coast in the year 1846, and it is now preserved in the has recorded the circumstance as follows:-" On Sun- British Museum under the above title. It is thirtyclay, October 23, 1842, a whale was observed in the eight feet in length, has sixty vertebre, and fifteenpairs Thames opposite Deptford Creek. Five men put off in of ribs. The head alone measures nine feet in lengtlh. 200 CGTODONTIDiE. MAtMMIALIA. —-CATODo.NTn T mE. Several other species of the genus Physalus are indcli- undoubtedly came out of the Northern Ocean, -were cated in the Museum catalogue. towed and driven on shore at the following places, all of them dead, and in a high state of putrefaction, FAMIILY II.-CATODONTID2E. excepting one." This notable exception was " one at I-lope Point, in the River Thames. This was the only The members of this family are sometimes described one seen alive. He ran aground and smothered himunder the synonymous and equally distinctive title of self in the mud, and was afterwards made a show of in Physeteridme, which includes the cachalot or sperma- the Greenland Docks. These were all of the spermacetes, and the short-headed whales. These animals have ceti kind, and of the male gender;" "and it is remarkthe nostrils separate and longitudinally disposed; their able," aldds Dr. Collingwood, "that out of the twelve, palate is smooth and destitute of baleen; whilst a still (or rather ten, for two stranded on the Dutch coast,) more characteristic feature is seen in the presence of six were found upon the coast of Kent. From an old numerous large conical teeth in the lower jaw (fig. 79), engraving of the above specimen in my possession, to the upper jaw being edentulous, or furnished with mere which a scale is attached, it appears to have been near rudiments of teeth beneath the gums. The head, sixty feet long. Within a much more recent period, though comparatively short in some, is enormously a small Cachalot was captured in the Thames, near developed. The intestine has no ceculm. Gravesend, but I am not in possession of any particuTHE NORTHERN SPERM WHALE (Catolon macro. lars of the event." The Cachalot is gregarious in its cepghalus), or COMMON CACHALOT-Plate 27, fig. 87-is habits, large multitudes of them herding togetherl. By also known as the Blunt-headed Caclhalot, and the Sper- the South Sea whalers theyare termed "schools;" somemaceti whale; generically, it is at once recognized by its times all consisting of females, and at other of males elongated head, which is abruptly truncated anteriorly, not fully grown. One or two large " bulls," or "' schoolthe blowers being placed near the extremity of the snout, masters," as they are ridiculously termed, usually and the dorsal hump is rounded. In its native haunts, accompany the female herds, and Mr. Beale reckons this huge monster is found in the northern seas, but that he has seen as many as six hundred individuals of the southern species in a single school! The female Fi. 79. is comparatively small, and produces one, and sometimes two young, at a birth. The two recorded by AM. F. Cuvier, which were brought forth by a whale strandled on the French coast, near D'Audierne, were each about ten feet in length The young are of a deep black colour, and mottled with whitish spots. THE SOUTHERN SPERM WHALE (Catodon polyJaw-bone of the Cachalot (Catodon macrocephalus). cy29l]us) very closely resembles the northern species, both in respect of its size and habits. It has the same it occasionally visits our own shores. An example was large head and characteristic jaws, the lower being cast ashore on Cramond island, in the Frith of Forth, lodged in a groove of the upper, whilst the crowns of on tile 22d of December, 1796; its length was fifty- the teeth fit into corresponding soclket-like cavities, so four feet, and the greatest circulmference, at a point as to be entirely concealed when the mouth is closed. immediately beyond the eyes, thirty feet; the upper The southern Sperm whale, or Cachalot, occasionally,jaw being ascertained to be five feet longer than the attains a. length of seventy or eighty feet, and a specimen lower, which measured ten feet, and was provided with has been minutely described by Mr. Beale which incatwenty-three teeth on either side. The largest tooth sured eighty-four feet. Tile skin is usually smooth and was eight inches long, its circumferential measurement dark coloured, almost black; but piebald varieties occur, being the same. It was described and accurately as well as other diflerences in the depth of'shading. "Old figured by M3Ir. James Robertson, in the 60th volume of bulls," says Mr. Beale in his work on the Sperm whale, the Philosophical Transactions The occurrence of." have generally a portion of grey on the nose, immethe Cachalot on the shores of the Orkney and Zetland diately above the fore-part of the upper jaw, when they islands is by no means a rare circumstance, but it is are said to be grey-headed." The same authority:very seldom talken on the English coasts. That it does observes that the head — which we stated in our introduceoccasionally visit our shores, has been satisfactorily tory observations to contain a large quantity of oil —is shown by Dr. Collingiwood, to whom naturalists are " specifically lighter than any other part of the body, indebted-to use his own words —for resuscitating " a and will always have a tendency to rise at least so far still-born record of the Spermaceti whale," which he above the surface as to elevate the nostril or blow-hole found in a document contained in Sir Joseph Banks' sufficiently for all purposes of respiration; and, more copy of the Philosophical Transactions in the British thcfn this, a -,ery slight effort on the part of the whale Museum. It is entitled an " Extract from a letter would only be necessary to raise the whole of the from Walberswick, on the coast of Suffolk, dated anterior flat surface of the nose out of the water. At March 7, 1788," and runs as follows:-" A whale very regular intervals of time, the snout emerges, and appearing on our coast is a rarle phenomenon. The fiom the extrem.ity of thle nose the spout is thrown up, most extraorlinary instance that ever happened of this and at a distance appears thick, low, 1 bushy, and white. sort was in Feblruary, 1763, after a hard gale of wind It is forlmed of the expirecld air, forcibly ejected through northerly, when no less than twelve whales, which the blow-hole, and accquilres its white colour from CATODONTID - MAMMALIA. DELPHINIDE. 201 minute particles of water previously lodged in the chink The seemingly malicious whale dived and passed under or fissure of the nostril, and also firom the condensation the ship, grazing her keel, and then appeared. at about of the aqueous vapour thrown off by the lungs. The the distance of a ship's length, lashing the sea with fins spout is projected at an angle of 136~, in a slow and and tail, as if suffering the most horrible agony. He continuous manner, for about three minutes, and may was evidently hurt by the collision, and blindly firantic be seen from the mast-head in favourable weather at with instinctive rage. In a few minutes he seemed to the distance of four or five miles. When the whale is recover himself, and started with great speed directly alarmed or " gallied," the spout is thrown much higher across the vessel's course to windward. Meanlwhile the with great rapidity, and differs much from its usual hands on board discovered the ship to be gradually appearance. Immediately after each spout the nose settling down at the bows, and the pumps were ordered sinks beneath the water, scarcely a second intervening to be riogged. While working at them, one of the men for the act of inspiration, which must consequently be cried out-" God have mercy! he comes again!" The performed very quickly, the air rushing into the chest whale had turned at about one hundred rods from the with astonishing velocity. There is, however, no sound ship, and was making for her with double his former caused by inspiration, and very little by expiration, in speed; his pathway white with fobam. Rushing head this species; in short, nothing of that loud noise called on, he struck her again at the bow, and the tremendous the "draw-back" in the finback and other whales. Ten blow stove her in. The whale dived under again and seconds is occupied by a large bull sperm whale in disappeared, and the ship filled and fell over on her making one inspiration and one expiration; during six broadside, in ten minutes firom the first collision. After of these the nostril is beneath the water. At each incredible hardships and sufie'ings in their open boats, breathing time the whale makes from sixty to seventy on the 20th December the survivors of this catastrophe expirations, and remains, therefore, at the surface ten reached the low island called Ducies, in latitude 24~ 40' or eleven minutes. When the breathing time is over, south, longitude 124~ 40' west. It was a mere sandor, as the whalers term it, he has his " spoutings out," bank, nearly barren, which supplied them only with the head sinks slowly; the " small," or the part between water and, very scantily, sea-fowl. On this uninhabited tlle " hump" arnd the "flukes," appears above the water, island, dreary as it was, three of the men chose to curved with the convexity upwards; the flukes are then remain, rather than again commit themselves to the lifted high into the air, and the animal having assumed uncertainties of the sea. They have never since been a straight position, descends perpendicularly to an ln- heard fiiom, the island being seldom visited. On the known depth. This last act is called "pecking the 27th of December the three boats, with the remainder flukes," and those who are on the look-out call loudly of the men, put away together for the island of Juan when they see it-" There goes flukes." The whale Fernandez, at a distance of two thousand miles. The continues thus hidden beneath the surface for one mate's boat was taken up by the Indicin of London, on hour and ten minutes; some will remain an hour and the 19th of February, ninety-three days from the time twenty minutes, and others only for one hour; but of the catastrophe, with only three survivors. The these are rare exceptions. Mr. Beale gives us very captain's boat was fallen in with by the Dauphin of graphic accounts of the mode of capturing the Sperm Nantucket, on the 23rd of the same month, having only whale, which, when excited, seems to be a truly two men living, whose lives had been eked out only formidable antagonist. Perhaps, however, the most through that last resort of hunger in the wretched, stirring incident, amongst the many daring encounters which words shudder to relate! Out of a crew of which have from time, to time been recorded, is that twenty, five only survived to make the ear of the world given by the Rev. Henry T. Cheever, in his little work tingle at their strange eventful story." entitled " The Whaleman's Adventures in the Southern Several other forms of Cachalot exist, which are consiOcean," which is edited by that distinguished naviga- dered by Dr. Gray and others as entirely distinct species. tor and cetaceologist, the Rev. Dr. Scoresby. Thus These are the Mexican Sperm Whale (Ccatodonl Coleti); runs the terrible story:-" The most dreadful display the Short-headed Whale (Koygia brevicepls), which occurs of the whale's strength and prowess yet authentically in the neighbourhood of the Cape; and the Black-fish, recorded, was that made upon the American whale ship or High-finned Cachalot (P/hyseterl Tl'rsio), which is Essex, Captain Pollard, which sailed from Nantucket undoubtedly distinct. This latter species, according to for the Pacific Ocean in August, 1819. Late in the the testimony of Mr. Barclay, communicated to Mr. fall of the same year, when in latitude 40~ of the South Bell, is friequently seen off the coasts of Zetland in sumPacific, a school of sperm whales was discovered, and mer. It was first d(escribed by Sir Robert Sibbald, three boats were manned and sent in pursuit. The who compared its long perpendicular dolsal fin to the mate's boat was struck by one of them, and he was mizen-mast of a ship. The specimen from which his obliged to return to the ship, in order to repair the description was taken was cast ashore on the Orkney damage. While he was engaged in that work, a Sperm isles in the year 1687. whale, judged to be eighty-five feet long, broke water about twenty rods from the ship, on her weather bow. FAMILY III.-DELPHINID.E. He was going at the rate of about thlree knots an hour, and the ship at nearly the same rate, when he struck Undcler this head naturalists have included a great the bows of the vessel, just forward of her chains. At number and variety of cetacean species, which are colthle shock plroduced by the collision of two such imighty lectively recognized by their double rows of teeth, or, in masses of matter in motion, the ship shook like a leaf. other words, by teeth in both jaws. They have smooth VOL. I. 26 202 DELPHINIDY.-MAMMALIA. IDELPHINIDAE. palates, and the nostrils are united into a single, lunate, their sockets are placed between the maxillary and transversely disposed blow-hole. In some species intermaxillary bones; yet, from the circumstance of the teeth are deciduous; in all they are simple in the base of their roots being somewhat in front of the structure, and of a more or less conical form; the head inciso-maxillary suture, we incline to the persuasion is likewise of moderate size. The intestinal canal is that they are incisors. The left nostril is smaller than not furnished with a cOecum. the right. The colour of the adult Narwhal is dark THE BOTTLE-HEAD (Hypelroodon Butzkcopf) is an above, whitish and marbled at the sides, underneathll; inhabitant of the north sea, and occasionally makes its in young individuals the hide is uniformly black. The appearance on our shores. It is readily distinguished Narwhal is a swift swimmer, and gregarious in its by the attenuated character of the fore-part of the habits; and as it feeds chiefly upon small molluscous muzzle, which is prolonged so as to resemble a beak, animals, it is difficult to say what is the express purand was, in consequence, termed the Beaked whale by pose of the large tusk. According to Dr. Scoresby, it Pennant. The earliest account we have of its occur- is employed to destroy large fishes, such as skates and rence,is that given by Dale in his "History of Harwich," turbot, specimens of this whale having been found to from a specimen taken off the coast, near Maldon, in contain the remains of such fishes in their stomachs. the year 1717. Its length was fourteen feet, the cir- The Greenland missionary, Mr. Egecde, a translation cumference of the body seven and a half; the flippers of whose work was published in London in 1745, being seventeen inches, and the dorsal fin a foot in stated that the tusk is used in piercing ice for the length. On this subject Dr. Collingwood makes the purpose of enabling the creatures to obtain fiesh air, following remark in his brocliure previously cited:- without always seeking the open water. Others regard it "In the Philosophical Trans. for 1787,.in the paper by simply as a weapon of offence and defence, and many Hunter' On the structure and economy of whales,' is a exaggerated accounts of its powers in this respect have meagre account of bottle-nosed whales with two teeth, been recorded by Lacepede and others. The ivory with a figure of the animal. Hunter adds, that'it was of the tusk is very white and dense, and capable of caught above London bridge in the year 1783, and yielding a high polish. Lacepede, in his "Histoire became the property of the late Mr. Alderman Pugh, Naturelle des Cetacees," gives a figure of the head who very politely allowed me to examine the structure, of a Narwhal in which both of the teeth were develand take away the bones. It was twenty-one feet oped to nearly equal length. The quality of the oil long.' Mr. Bell's figure is a reduced copy of our obtained from the blubber is superior, and the flesh is whale as given by John Hunter. Hunter was doubtful much prized by the Greenlanders. Several instances of its species, saying, that it resembled Dell)hinus Turi- have been recorded of this animal's appearance on our sio (the Bottle-nosen dolphin), but was of a different shores. The first is that described by Tulpius in 1648, genus, having only two teeth in the lower jaw, con- the specimen being twenty-two feet long. Another was cealed by the gum. The belly was white, shaded off' thrown on the Lincolnshire coast, near Boston, in 1800, to the dark colour of the back. He, however, rightly and a third was found close by the shore, at the entrance conjectured that it was the species described by Dale of the sound of Weesdale in Zetland, on the morning (" Harwich," 411, pl. 14), viz. Hyperoodoz Butzlckof, of the 27th of September, 1808. The last specimen was and supposes it to have been a young one, as he men- most carefully anatomized by Dr. Fleming of Edinburgh, tions a skull which must have belonged to one thirty or who was then minister of Bressay, and who afterwards forty feet long." Dr. Collingwood has, we fear, in communicated a minute description to the Wernerian the remaining part of his "note" confounded Dale's Society, which is published in the first volume of the and Hunter's specimens, and has called the editor of Transactions, p. 131, with three accompanying figures. Pennant to account for a discrepancy in respect of The animal measured only twelve feet from the snout measurement-himself altogether overlooking the cir- to the notch Which divides the tail. The flippers were cumstance, that Dale's specimen was stranded seventy fifteen inches in length; the tusk measured only years before Hunter's example appeared in the Thames. thirty-nine inches; and, as in others, was spirally In our edition of Pennant (1776) the length of the grooved or twisted, and striated externally from righi Maldon specimen is correctly given as fourteen feet, to left, tapering to a blunt and solid point. The oil and thus corresponds with the original description; in yielded by this example was of inferior quality. Dr. the edition to which Dr. Collingwood refers, it is given Fleming expressed an opinion that there might be as eleven feet, which is probably a misprint. In con- two species of Narwhals, viz., the common and the clusion, we may observe, that a series of careful small-headed-referring the example in question to the dissections of another example of this rare and inter- latter. Respecting the Lincolllshire specimen which esting cetacean may be seen in the Anatomical Museum was taken at the village of Frieston, near Boston, Sir of the University of Edinburgh. Joseph Banks, in a letter to Dr. Fleming, observes: THE NARWHAL (M/1onodoon monosceros)-Plate 27, -" The animal when found, had buried the whole fig. 86-or Unicorl-whale, is readily distinguished by of its body in the mud of which the beach is there its remarkable tusk-like tooth which projects several composed, and seemed safely and securely waiting the feet in a horizontal direction fronm the left side of' the return of the tide. A fisherman going to his boat saw upper jaw; the tooth of the opposite side being imper- the horn, which was covered up, and trying to pull it fectly developed, and remaining permanently concealed out of the mud, raised the animal, who stirred himself within the alveolus. It is not certain whether these hastily to secure his horn from the attack " Although teeth should be regarded as incisors or canines, as Sir Joseph Banks communicated similar particulars to DELPHINID. a-,. IAMAMALIA. ITELPHINID. 203 Lacepede, the French naturalist afterwards carelessly clay and Mr. Neil in the third volume of the Wernerian stated in his well-known work that the specimen was Society's Transactions, and the skin may be seen, beaucaptured at Boston in America; and Mr. Shaw in his tifully preserved, in the Natural History Museum of the " British Miscellany," actually represented this cele- Edinburgh University. On the authority of Mr. Bald brated Lincolnshire specimen, with two fully developed of Alloa, Mr. Neill informs us, " that the animal geneteeth! Strange errors! rally passed upwards when the tide was flowing, and THE NORTHERN BELUGA (Beluga Ca(.toclo) or returned down the fiith with the ebb; this sometimes White whale, derives its name from the uniformly happened every day, and sometimes once in two or white colour of the skin. It is an inhabitant of the three clays; it came fiequently to the surface, and was northern seas generally, being especially numerous off well known for about three months by the name of the the coast of Greenland, in Hudson's Bay and Davis white whale. It was supposed to run up the river in Strait. The Northern Belu-ga forms a very striking pursuit of salmon, and it was at last killedi by the salobject, and is remarkable for its elegant symmetry and mon-fishers, near the Abbey of Cambuskenneth. The activity. According to Scoresby it is not at all shy, animal had been attacked both with fire-arms and but often follows ships, herding in numbers to the spears," and Dr. Barclay found one of the musket balls extent of forty or fifty individuals, which are seen in the lungs. It was a male specimen, and measured gracefully tumbling above and below the ocean's sur- thirteen feet four inches in length. The flesh of the face. Two examples have been captured off the Beluga is considered good eating by the Greenlanders, British coast. One of these was seen in the Medway whilst the oil is still more highly extolled. Neither the as recently as 1846, and it was subsequently shot near male nor the female exhibit any dorsal fin. The dam Upnor castle. It measured ratlher more than thirteen usually produces two young at a birth, the suckers feet in length. The other was killed in the Frith of having at first a bluish-grey colour. The example shot Forth, near Stirling, on the 6th June 1815. A full in the Medaway was furnished with thirty-six teeth; account of this specimen (fig. 80) is given by Dr. Bar- twenty in the upper, and sixteen in the lower jaw; but Fig. 80. The Northern Beluga (Beluga Catodon) it would seem that the teeth of the upper jaw are deci- tions. Porpoises frequently travel some distance up duous in old indclividuals. In the Edcinburgh specimen our rivers, and it is very interesting to watch their there were thirty teeth, eighteen above and twelve playfill antic.s as they tumble to and fro on the light fanbelow. tastic wave. They visit the Thames nearly every year, THE COMMION PORPOISE (Phoccenzca co~mznzzis) or and sometimes venture as far as London Bridge. Mr. PORPESSE, is well known to the inhabitants of the Bell records an interesting note of their appearance shores of our sea-girt islands. It is the most abundant many years ago in the river Wareham, in Dorsetshire. of all the Cetacea which visit our coasts. The hide On one occasion, at the close of the year, two that were exhibits a uniformly deep black colour, except along the taken ill this river yielded sixteen gallons of oil. "(One central line of the belly where it is whitish. A full- of them was found to have milk, which some gentlegrown Porpoise varies in length fiom five to eight feet. men tasted, and pronounced to be salt and fishy. About In dissecting several examples, we have been particu- the same season, three years afterwards, three others larly struck with the immense length (if the intestilns, were driven up the river to the town of Wareham; and in one example, shot in the Fritll of Forth, we found they were full-grown animals, all about the same size. five intestinal cestode wornms, four of which measured A fence was put across the river above and below about ten feet each in length, besides others, parasites them, in olrder to retain them for exhibition; but they in the lungs Gnd liver. These entozoa are desclribed in plunged so violently, and their cries —which they corthe 22nd volume of the Linnsean Society's Tralnlsac- tinued during the night as well as the clday-were so 204 DELPIIINID - MIAMATALIA-DELrPINIDM. distressing, that after the third day of their captivity, ing to Dr. Traill, they blindly follow a single leader, they were, like the former ones, taken from the water which if driven on shore, guarantees the destruction of andl cut up." Porpoises sometimes herd in very large the entire herd,' as their mutual attachment will not numbers, ancl on these occasions commit terrible allow them to forsake the first victims. Their favourite havoc amongst shoals of herrings, mackerel, salmon, food appears to be various species of cuttle-fish, though &c. Our conception of their destructive powers is by they also take ordinary fish. They yield excellent oil. no means lessened when we consider the number and THE GRAMPUS (Gr'C7pzl)s orca) is a large, stoutishform of their teeth (fig. 81); there being usually firom built species of whale, measuring upwards of thirty feet ninety to a hundred of these organs, from twenty to in length, andc having a girth of fourteen feet, or more. twenty-five occurring on either side of each jaw, above The anterior part of the' lead terminates less abruptly than in any of the preceding members of this family, and Fig. 81. the animal is further recognized by its pectoral and dorsal fins —the folrmer being broad and rounded, the.! - (, latter long and elevated. It is an inhabitant of the northern seas generally, and very frequently appears upon our coasts. The largest which has been taken on these shores is that recorded by Lace'pede, from notes communicateol to him by Sir Joseph Banks. In the words of Mr. Bell, this specimen LL occurred in the Thames in 1793. Struck by three harpoons, he rushed off with the boat in which were the persons who had Skull of the Porpoise (Phocena comuirunis). struck him, towed it twice to Greenwich, and once as far as Deptford, against a strong tide running eight and below. They are somewhat flattened in form, their miles an hour, notwithstanding the repeated pike crowns being also more or less knobedo The flesh is wounds which he received whenever lie appeared esteemed a delicacy by the Greenlanders, and also by above water. It was lkilled opposite Greenwich Hosthe inhabitants of our western isles. In the time of pital, ancl its expiring strul-ggles were so violent that Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, it was considered a royal no boat dared to approach it. It was a very large one, fish, and appeared to be much relished by the courtiers being no less than thirty-one feet in length, and twelve of their dlay. in circumference.' A specimen taken in Lynn harbour THE CAAING WHALE (Globiocel)hlalus clecluctor). on the 19th November, 1830, weighled three tons and -This species is also known as the ROU\D- HEADED a half. They pretty friequently visit the fi'iths of the PORPOISE, BOTTLE-HEAD, SOCIAL WHALE, HOWLING Tay and Forth; a large number appeared in the latter WTHALF., BLACK W-IALE, and in the catalogue of the bay during July ancl August, 1793. The Grampus British Museum is given as the PILOT W1IALE (G. proves very destlructive to salmon. Sviineval). As the generic name implies, the upper THE COMMON DOLPHIN (Dell7/inlusDel/plhis) —Plate aspect of the head is globular; the species is fur- 28, fig. 88 —seldoml exceeds seven or eight feet in length, ther distinguished by its long pectoral flippers andi though individuals have been occasionally found to incablack skin, the belly and throat being vwhite along the sure as much as ten feet. It is reaclily distinguishled central line. Thle jaws are seldom furnished twith from the foregoing species by its almost straight back, more than fifty teeth. The Caaing Whales herdc in and by its attenuated, colmpressed, and prolonged muzzle, large numbels. MrI. PBell states, that an entire shoal which bears some resemblance to a beak. The jaws of seven hundred tancl eighty individuals was once are of equal length, and filnished with a very numercaptured at Sumburgh in Zetland; ancl between the ous series of teeth, upwards of a hundred andcl eighty years 1809 and 1810 another shoal came on shore at having been counted in some specimens; their form is Hvalfiord in Icelandt, consisting of no less than one slender, aund slightly curved inlwatrds, and they interlock thousand one hundlred andl ten ex-amples, all of which during the closed state of the jaw. The Dolphin is an were talken. Their appearance off the coasts of Orkney, inhabitant of the northern seas andci the Atlantic Ocean, Zetland, and the Faroe Isles, is by no means infrequent, occasionally making its appearance off our coasts. It and they prove a source of miiealth to the inhabitants. is a remarkably active species; and, notwithstandling "On the appearance of a shoal," says lMr. Bell, " the its volracious andt gluttonous habits, vwas formelrly highly sailors endeavour to get to seawarcl of their victims, esteemed for its flesh. Pennant records, on the authoanl gradtlnally closing upon them, dlrive thelll onwralrcis rity of the celebrated Dr. Caims, that olle which was like a flocl; of sheep, ancl urge theml by shouts anid talen in his time was presenlted to the Duke of Normnissiles towardis the shore; whlen one of' them, some folk, who distributed portions of it amongst his friends. Scay a leader, being forcetd on the beach, a curlious "It rwas roasted and dresseclt with porpesse sauce, made scene of self-imlmolatizn is acted bSy thle whole herid. of crumlbs of fille whllite bread, mixed witll vinegar and They are then attackled by the entire population, who su.gar." The Cotnmoot. Dolphin feedls principally omi dtespatch themn by various mlleans; ancid the cries and fish. dying stiuggles of the poor animals, some in and some THE BOTTLE-NOSE DOLPHIN (Dep7nlls Tcnrsio) out of tthe wte, te shouts and exertions of the men, is another Noitlh Sea species which has occasionally and the troubled andc bloody sea, combine to foe;m a made its appearlance on thle British shores. Diffiscene of no tlrifling interest aund excitemenlt." Accord- culties exist respecting its idelltification. It is dis DEILPHINIDI.. -AIAMMALIA. MANATIDc,. 205 tinguished from the common dolphin chiefly by the ming paws, and thirty-four teeth on each side, above projection of the lower jaw beyond the upper. There and below, all of them ronugh, marked with deep and is some reason to believe that the dolphin (D. trunca- interrupted furrows, and of an irregular, mammillary tus) described by Mr. G. Montague in the third volume shape behind, which is very peculiar. A female speciof the Wernerian Society's Transactions, is referable to men measured seven feet long, and the males are this species. This specimen was captured off Totness stated to be double that size; colour variable, cornin Devonshire, in the summer of 1814. After the monly pale blue above, passing into a roseate hue animal had been exhibited, the bones were regarded beneath. It comes more frequently to the surface than as rejectamenta, and thrown into the river Dart. the marine species, and is generally met with in troops Mr. James Cornish, however, subsequently succeeded of three or four individuals.' in recovering the skull, the length of which was twenty THE SOU-SOU (Platcois'tc Gcanieticct) or Dolphin inches and a half. "On each side of the upper jaw," of the Ganges, is another cetacean of considerable says Mr. Montague, ":there are sockets for twenty interest, fiequenting the mouths, and ascending someteeth, besides a long depression behind the posterior times high up the rivers. It is readily distinguished socket." The under.jaw was somewhat longer, and by its elongated and laterally compressed snout, swollen contained twenty-three sockets on either side. Such at the extremity from enlargement of the jaws, which of the teeth as were discovered were for the most part latter support in front numerous long, conical teeth; worn and flat on their crowns. The others, it seems, there being thirty of these organs on each side, above were knocked out, and freely distributed amongst the and below. The breathing opening has the form of a curiosity-loving people of Totness! longitudinal fissure, whilst the upper borders of the SOWERBY'S DOLPHIN (Diodon Sowerbnoi), of which maxillary bones are prolonged upwards in a singular only a single example has yet appeared, is character- manner. The eyes are very small, and at first sight ized chiefly by the possession of a single pair of teeth, scarcely discernible. The pectoral flippers are suboccupying the lower jaw. It was cast ashore near triangular, the dorsal fin being placed far back. The Brodie House, Elginshire, and is thus described by Sou-Sou attains a length of seven feet. It was origiMr. Sowerby, in the first volume of his well-known nally described by Pliny, under the generic title here "British Miscellany":-" The animal is oblong; black employed. above, nearly white below; sixteen feet long, eleven in circumference at the thickest part, with one fin on FAMILY IV.-MANATIDXA. the back; head acunmlinatedl; lower jaw blunt, longer than the upper, with two short lateral boiny teeth; It is a matter of opinion whether it be more correct upper jaw sharp, let into the lower one by two lateral to associate this family with the present order, or with impressions corresponding with the teeth; opening of the Pachydermata; for whilst its members appear, the mouth, one foot six inches. Uncder the throat are by external characters and habits, more intimately found two diverging furrows, terminating below the allied with the Cetacea, their internal structure, on eyes, which are small, and placed six inches behind the other hand, plainly demonstrates a close alliance the mouth. Spiracles lunate, the ends pointing for- with the latter group. Some have suggested, not wards." The specimen was a male. without reason, that they might almost be treated as a Amongst the many other numerous and interesting separate order; but, all things considered, it is perhaps members of the present family known to exist, we can better, and certainly more convenient, to adopt our only particularize the following:- present allocation. All the members of this family PERON'S DOLPHIN (DelPpiicapterus P&o01.ii), RIGHIT- are vegetable feeders, and, in consequence, most comWHA]LE PORPOISE, or WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN. This mi nly styled Herbivorous or Phytophagoous cetacea. species is found on the southern side of the equator, off In conformity with their algous diet, we find the teeth and between the opposite coasts of Afiica and Brazil. modified so as to secure due mastication of the coarse It is gregarious in its habits, and readily distinguished flci, the molars, when present, being more or less by the lustrous white beak, abdomen, and pectoral flattened on the crown. The intestinal canal attains a fins, the other parts being quite black. The head is prodcigious length, and in the Rytina is said to measure pointed and slightly convex,; the jaws, in differellt upwards of twenty times the entire length of the animal. examples, are furnished with from thirty-eight to The stomach is constrictedcl near the centre, and more forty-two on each side, above and below. or less complicated by cceca and follicles in the differTHE INIA (Inia GeoffroyUi), or BOLIVIAN DOLPHIN, ent species. The skin is rather hairy, and the face is a very singular animal, having the breathing aper- furnished with bristle-lilke whiskers; but the tail is ture placed far backward on a line with the pectoral flattened out transversely as in ordinary cetaceans-a fins. The dorsal fin is small. The lips are (leeply circumstance very strongly insisted on by those who, cleft to beneath the eye; thle auditory lleatus being with ourselves, prefer to retain these animals in the likewise unusually large. Mr. Blyth observes that the present ordler. Thle limbs or paddles are furnished species is also remarkable as " occurring thousands of with claws; but there is no trace of posterior extrelllimiles from the sea, appearing to inhabit only the ties. The nostrils are.quite separate, placed in fi'ronlt remote tributaries of the Alllazon, ancd tlhe elevated of thle ablrupt snout, opellinIg near tile upper lip. lakes of Peru. The singular character of possessing The firont of tile jaws is coverecdi witlh lolrnly plates. bristly hairs onI the sInout has also been observed in The mammse are two in numlber, and situated below them when very young. This species has large swimn- tile thlorax; andcl thelre are fiom fifteen tornineteenll pairs 206 MANATIDX. - IAIMaALIA.-MXIANATIDA, of ribs. One of the most interesting visceral modifica- a central groove. There are no canines or incisors tions is that of the heart (fig. 82), which may be said except in extremely young individuals. Under ordito have two apices, seeing that the ventricles are par- nary circumstances the habits of the MAlanatee are mild tially separated from one another, and independent at and inoffensive. It is readily taken with the harpoon, their lower ends. In the annexed cut the letters of and is chiefly valued on account of its flesh, which is reference indicate as follows:-Ca, rilght auricle, b right stated to be excellent eating. Though formerly very ventricle, c, pulmonary artery, d, left auricle, e, left plentifiul, the Sea-cow hunters have greatly reduced ventricle, f, the aorta. In most particulars the skeleton their numbers. When these animals raise the anterior strictly conforms to the cetacean type; but in the head half of the body out of the water, they display a fanciand neck we notice several departures, the cervical ful resemblance to a human figure, and this circumstance induced our ancient navigators to believe in the Fig 852 existence of sirens, mermen, and mermaids. Two other species of the genus Manatus are also ________. known-the Lamantin, properly so called (M1. Sezegalensis of Adanson), which is a native of the western coasts of tropical Africa, and the Mexican Sea-cow (M. latirostris), a very large species, upwards of fifteen I feet in length, found on the shores of Florida, Mexico, Surinam, and some of the West Indian islands. THE INDIAN DUGONG (Halicore Dugong)-Plate 26, fig. 85-is a species of very considerable interest, though much smaller than the foregoing, seldom measu'ing more than seven or eight feet fiom the tip of the abrupt an( flattened snout to the end of the broad crescentic tail. On turning to the drawing given at Plate 26, fig. 85 it will be seen that the flippers are not furnished with nails, but their margins are thickened and tuberculated. Heart of the Dugong (IHalicore Dugong). One of the most characteristic features of this animal arises out of the presence of two large incisors or tusks vertebra remaining quite distinct, whilst the head is in the upper jaw, a ( fig. 83), the molars being flat, and shortened and comparatively massive in some species. varying numerically fiom eight oli ten to twenty, acIn the Dugong-Plate 34, fig. 139 —the intermaxillary cording to age and other circumstances. " In the female bones are enormously developed for the iniplantation Dugong," says Professor Owen, " the growth of the perof its incisive tusks, vwhilst the lower jaw is remlarkably manient incisive tusks of the upperjaiw is arrested before'broad and deep. These cranial peculiarities are not they cut the gum, and they remain through life conpresent in other allied genera. The several bony cealecld in the premaxillaries. The tusk is solid, is elements of the fore-limbs are more perfectly formed about an inch shorter, and less bent than that of the than in the zoophagous cetaceans, the would-be posi- nmale; it is also irregularly cylindrical, longituclinally tion of the hinder extrenmities being indicated by an attenuated V-shaped bone, constituting a rudimentary Fig. 83. pelvis. True V-shaped bones also exist along the hcenal aspect of the caudal vertebrne. In conclusion, we have only to observe that all the Manatide are found near the sea-coast, and near estuaries and mouths of rivers, lip which they occasionally wander to a con- cii kinds of aquatic vegetation. N. >" - THE MANATEE (licanatus australis) —Plate 36, fig. 84-is an inhabitant of the shores and great open rivers of the Southl American continent, being particularly abundant off the coasts of Guyana and Brazil, where it is commonly known as the Sea-cow. The term Lamantin is sometimes applied to it as wvell as to another species. The Mallatees are gregarious in Skull of the Indian Dugong (Halicore Dugong). their habits, aund like other Cetacea are devotedly attached to their youlng, wnvhichl they defend wimth great indentedl, and it gradually diminishes to an obtuse vigour. In the adult state the skin presents a greyish- rugged point. The base is sulddenly expandedl, bent black colour, whilst, in common with other species of obliquely outwards, and presents a shallow excathe same genus, the flippers are each provided with vation." Speaking of other peculiarities, the same four flattish nails, that of the thumib being wanting. authority also observes that the external form of the They have thiity-twvo molar teeth, that is, eight onI Dugong is "not so well calculated for moving rapidly either sicdle above ancl belown, tlleir crowns being irregu| throulgh the vater as that of the dolphin and other larly flat, square-sllapcdl, and diviled transversely by |carnivorous cetacea, which subsist by a perpetual pur MANATID.E. MAMMALIA. —MARSUPIAMIA. 207 suit of living animals. In these the snout is conical the rapacity of our greedy race, who, without even and peculiarly elongated, and in some, as in Delphinus affording naturalists a fair opportunity of unravelling its Gangeticus, the jaws are produced to an extreme curious structure, have swept it from its native shores, length, so as to give them every advantage in seizing and well-nigh obliterated all trace of its existence. It their swift and slippery prey; whilst in the herbivorous is well for science, that Steller, whose worthy name Dugong the snout is as remarkable for its obtuse, trun- it bears, was among the number of those unfortunate cate character-a form, however, which is equally voyagers who were wrecked on the inhospitable shores advantageous to it, and well adapted to its habits of of the dreary island where this animal was first disbrowsing upon the alga and filci which grow upon the covered; and it is still more fortunate that he left an submarine rocks of the Indian seas. As, from the fixed authentic record of his discovery, which was published nature of the Dugong's food, the motions of the animal subsequent to his death by the Academy of St. Petersduring the.time of feeding must relate more immediately burg in 1749, and afterwards at Halle in 1753, in a to the necessity of coming to the surface to respire; separate treatise entitled "1 Ausfiihrliche Beschreibung its tail, the principal organ of locomotive ascent and von sonderbaren Meerthieren." At the time of its descent, is proportionally greater than in the true discovery on Behring's Island, it does not appear to Cetacea, its breadth being rather more than one-third have been particularly abundant, and since the year the length of the whole body." The Dugong enjoys a 1768 no trace of its presence in a living state has ever pretty wide geographical distribution, being found not been recorded. There can be no doubt, however, that only in the Indian seas generally, but also in the Red considerable numbers previously existed, and these, it Sea; formerly large numbers inhabited the shores of appears, have all fallen a prey to the Aleutian seathe Isle of France. According to Sir Stamford Raffles, otter hunters, whose exploits have been so graphically and others, they usually feed at two, three, or four described by the Russian explorer Von Kotzebue, and fathoms' depth of water. They are abundant off the others. Steller's Rhytina attained a length of upwards Malayan coast, and especially at the mouth of the of twenty-four feet, its greatest circumferential girth Johore river. The native Malays spear them at night- being about twenty feet. According to Steller the time; their presence being indicated by a snuffing noise. pectoral flippers contained no digits, which, if correct, When caught, the tail is raised up out of the water, as is very remarkable; and what is equally singular, there the animal is quite powerless in this position. The were no teeth either above or below, their absence habits of the Dugong are gregarious, herding, says being amply compensated by the presence of hard Leguat, to the extent of three or four hundred indi- undulating lame]lee —partly made up of horny tubes and viduals at a single spot. Like other cetaceans, they partly calcareous-which covered the jaws internally, display extraordinary attachment to their young, de- and performed all the necessary functions of bruising, fenling them to the death; on being taken the suckers masticating, and detaching the sea-weeds, on which utter a short and sharp cry. All accounts agree in these animals lived. Another peculiarity is mentioned considering the flesh to be delicate and pleasant eating. as affecting the skin; the epidermis being fully an inch One or two other Dugongs have been described. in thickness, and composed of thick cylindrical fibres, Riippell considers the form inhabiting the Red Sea as a which were curiously folded or fissured, so as to present separate species; and this opinion is shared by several a very rugged uneven surface; the true dermis remainnaturalists. It was called by him Halicore Taberna- ing comparatively thin. The surface of the hide exculi, from a notion that the skin was employed by hibited a deep brown or purplish-black tint. The head the Jews in veiling the tabernacle. The Australian was small when compared with the bulk of the body; Dugong (H. australis) is generally admitted to be the tail, on the contrary, extensively developed and distinct. of an oval figure. The stomach is described by STELLER'S RHYTINA (Rhytina Stelleri)-Plate 26, Steller as small. In the catalogue of Cetacea, preserved fig. 86-is one of those interesting mammalian forms in the British Museum, this species is alluded to under whose extinction is only of very recent date, yet so com- the title of the Morskaia Korova or Rhytina gyigas. It plete as to have left scarce a wreck behind. Discovered has also been described under the generic appellations in 1741, after a few short years it entirely succumbed to of Stellerus, Manatus, and even Trichechus. ORDER XIII. —3MARSUPIALIA. As indicated in the general introduction to the class together under the ordinal title above retained; neverMammalia, the present order exhibits several characters theless it may be well to observe, in brief, that the widely differing from those displayed by any of the eternal and internal characters by which these aniforegoing, the distinctive features having especial refer- mals are at once recognized depend upon the presence ence to the parts concerned in the reproduction and of abdominal pouches or foldings of the skin, which are the rearing of their young. It is almost superfluous, inverted in the females for the purpose of concealing, therefore, to recapitulate the facts —succinctly stated at protecting, and nourishing the young, and everted in page 8 —which have led naturalists to acquiesce in the the males for the lodgment of the reproductive glands. arrangement of Cuvier, who first grouped the marsupials The young are born in an imperfectly developed 208 MARSUPrrIA. MAMMAL IA - IARSUPIALIA. state, and transferred by the mother into her marsu- brane, which, acting like a sphincter, embraces its pium, there to be nurtured through the final stages of patent outlet, bringing it into immediate contact, and their foetal condition, in a manner to be immediately also in continuation: with the nasal passages. At the described. Intimately associated with this external same time the teat of the mother is thrust far back in specialization of integument, we find the bones of the the mouth, and the injected milk flows freely down to pelvis, supplemented by two styliform elements, or the stomach, precisely in the same manner as the food marsupial trochlear bones, as they are more properly of-the porpoise, in the first instance, passes the pharynx called. Both in the male and female important muscles by two passages into the gullet! One can hardly are attached to these osseous appendages, which are refirain from comment on so remarkable a modificationl firmly articulated to the anterior border of the pelvis by of structure destined to meet the exigencies of these a broad connecting surface, bound down by interarticu- interesting species; and as, perhaps, our sentiments on lar fibrous bands, like those observable in other pelvic this score may derive additional cogency when expressed synchondlroses or ligamentous joints. The marsupial in the language of an authority-who has contributed bones vary considerably in difibeent species, being more than any other individual to the unravelling of elongated, flattened. and curved in the wombat, and the intricacies and significance of the marsupial struccomparatively straight and narrow in Perameles. In ture —we have little hesitation in inviting attention to the koala they are very large and scimitar-shaped, a Professor Owen's comment, including additional details (fig. 84); but only one inch and a half in length in respecting this organization, as it occurs in the kanMyrmecobius. The ordinary abdominal muscles con- garoo: — Thus aided and protected by modifications of structure, both in the system of the mother and its Fig. 84, own, designed with especial reference to each others' peculiar condition, and affording, therefore, the most irrlefr'agable ev;iclezce of creative foresight, the small: l' pringi of the kangaroo continues to increase, fiom s;ustenance exclusively derived firom the mother, for a -eriod of about eight months. During this period the ___ t__ hind legs and tail assume a great part of their'adult proportions; the muzzle elongates; the external ears tj land eyelids are completed; the hair begins to be developed at about the sixth month. At the eighth mlonth the young kangaroo may be seen frequently to V [(q protrude its head from the mouth of the pouch, and to crop the grass at the same time that tihe mother is browsing. Having thus acquired additional strength, it quits the pouch, and hops at first with a feeble and vacillating gait, but continues to return to the pouch for occasional shelter and supplies of food till it has attained the weight of ten pounds. After this it will occasionally insert its head for the purpose of sucking. notwithstanding another foetus may have been deposited in the pouch; for the latter attaches itself to a different nipple firom the one which had been previously in use." Pelvis and marsupial bones of Koala (Phascolaretos cinereus). Having advanced thus much concerning the most important features of the orderi, it only remains for us to nected with these bones aid them in supp-orting the notice very briefly some other minor characteristics. marsupium and its contents, but a special muscle Speaking generally, it may be said that the numerous -analagous to the so-called " cremaster" of the male species which are thus linked together into one group, -is developed in the female, whose function it is to present very striking differences in their structure, and expel the milk-secretion of the mammary glands when consequently also in theiri habits of living. These are the young have become located in the pouch and duly for the most part indicated in the union of the skull and attached to the teats. Thie mode of their connection in the form of the teeth, of the two clavicles into a with the long nipples is very curious; as, in order to single furculasr bone, and in the condition of the cranioallow of respiratory action being carried on by the tdental peculiarities bearing a strict relation to their fetus in marsupio, it is clearly necessary that the milk carnivorous and insectivorous propensities on the one should be conveyed directly into the stomach, without hand, and to the mixed nature of their food and purely the chance of its blocking up the air passages; and as phytivorous habits on tihe other. In this respect alone, yet-to take an example —the little kangaroo Mn therefore, three or four, more or less, natural groups are hardly display any involuntary functionlS, such as presented to us. But it is not alone in the skeleton might regulate the flow. of milk, and thereby, in con- that such correlative peculiarities exist, asmany scarcely nection with the ordinary reflex action of the larynx, less interesting deviations affect the brain, the circulaobviate the necessity of any special modification of thie tory organs, thie digestive olrgans, and its associated pharyngeal organs. To prevent choking, thelefore, the cllylo-poietic viscera. IInto these, however, it is not our windpipe is extended upwards to the soft palatal mlnlem- prlovinlce to o lter; aInmd it must, thelefore, suffice us to PHASCOLOMYDA.-A. -MAMALIA. MAcIoPmID. 209 observe in conclusion, that the varied members of this the animal being admirably formed for burrowing; but order are for the most part met with on the great to what depth it descends does not seem to be ascerAustralian continent and its adjacent islands. Some tained. According to the account given of it by the few inhabit the warmer regions of America, and, what natives, the Wombat of the mountains is never seen is still more interesting, fossil remains of others have during the day, but lives retired in its hole, feeding been found in Europe, in the tertiary gypsum beds of only in the night; that inhabiting the islands is seen Paris, and in the Stonesfield slate of the great oolite to feed all times of the day." Its food consists chiefly formation in England. of coarse grass and roots. The flesh is said to be delicate and excellent eating. The female produces three or four young at a single birth. FAMILY I.-PHASCOLOMYD-E. From the examination of a skull brought from South Australia, Professor Owen has expressed his belief in This family is probably represented by a single living the existence of a second species of Wombat, which he species only, but the fossil genus, Diprotollon, estab- has provisionally named P/?ascoloamys lattfons. The lished by Professor Owen, is also included in it, or in fossil genus Dip)rotocloz attained gigantic proportions, his rhizophagous tribe of marsupials, which is the same being nearly as large as the hippopotamus. thing. This small group is characterized by the possession of two incisor teeth in either jaw, above and below; FAMILY II. —MACROPIDAE. there are no canines, and a large interspace separates the incisives firom the molars, which are twenty in number, The Kangaroos are readily distinguished by the disthe anterior four being spurious; they have indistinct proportionate bulk of the hindei parts of the body as roots and flattened crowns. All the feet are penta- compared with those in front, this feature being more dactylous, but the thumb of the hind feet is rudinmen- particularly noticeable in the development of the tail tary and clawless. The tail is extremely short. The and hinder extremities. The feet are greatly elongated stomach is provided with a special gland; the ccecum by an extension of the metatarsal bones and digital being small, broad, and furnished with a vermiform phalanges, their soles being applied to the ground appendage. during progression. The powerful tail acts as a fifth THE WOMBAT (Phascolozmys TWoaibcat)-Plate 28, limb during the slower movements of the body, ancd fig. 93-is a short thick-set animal, from two to three forms, in conjunction with the hind legs, a firm tripodal feet in length, and weighing about thirty pounds. basis of support during the state of rest. The fore The head is large, and furnished with small ears, the limbs are short, pentadactylous, attenuated, and furtail measuring only half an inch. In the skeleton, nished with compressed curved claws, the nails of the however-if three of the outer-iliac vertebral segments hind feet being straight and tetradactylous. Speaking be reckoned as belonging to the categdry of sacral generally, the body ipresents a conical outline, tapering elements-there are no less than thirteen or fourteen from below upwards. The ears are largely developed caudal vertebrae. Another peculiarity in the skeleton and oval in shape; but a more important character-is arises out of the presence of fifteen or sixteen pairs of ribs-a number considerably exceeding that of other Fig. 85. marsupials. The filnu is thick, and of a sandy brown; — /N/,/' colour below and at the sides, being darker along the.. line of the back. The eyes are small, and not at all / prominent. One of the best accounts of the lWombat's. habits is that furnished by Colonel Collins at the early: //I./:.; part of the present century. "This animal," he says, possesses no claim to swiftness, as most / men could run it down. Its pace is hobbling or shuffling, something like the awkward gait of a bear. In disposition it is mild and gentle, as becomes a grass-eater; but it bites hard and is furious when provoked." His friend, Mr. Bass, -' lie adds, "never heard its voice but at that time., f on e ithe It was a low cry between a hissing and a whizzing, which could not be heard at a distance of more than Skull of the Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). thirty or forty yards. He chased one, and with his hands suddenly lifted it off the ground without hurting it, and seen in the teeth-(fig. 85.) According to Professor laid it upon its back along his arm like a child. It Owen, there are in the normal condition of the permamade no noise nor any effort to escape, not even a neit dental serics six superior and two inferior incisors, struggle." Subsequently, however, the little animal no canines, four premolars equally divided above and shrieked and made its escape, whilst Mr. Bass was below, and sixteen truie molars, that is, four on either preparing to tie it up. Colonel Collins further on side of the upper and lonwer jaws. In the genus of observes, that besides living' in Furneaux's island, the Kangaroo Ea~ts or Puteroos (Hrypsipryiisas) canines Wombat inhabits the hills to the west of Port-Jackson. are present in the upper jaw. In the true IiKangaroos "In both these places its habitation is underground, the central incisors of the uppec are not longer tllhan VOL. I. 27 210 MACROPIDe. - MAMMALIA.-MAcRoPmIn. the others, the outer pair being at the same time com- kangaroo dies or runs away. His spear being properly paratively broad. In the Potoroos the middle incisors secured, he advances slowly and stealthily, no part are of considerable length. In all the members of this moving but his legs. Whenever the kangaroo looks family the head is rather small, and the upper lip is round, he stands motionless in the position he is in cleft. These animals possess complicated stomachs, when it first raises its head, until the animal, again and they display great powers of leaping; only using assured of its safety, gives a skip or two, and goes on their anterior limbs when feeding. They are found feeding. Again the native advances, and this scene is almost exclusively in Australia, some few occurring repeated many times, until the whistling spear penein New Guinea and Van Diemen's Land. trates the devoted animal." The Great Kangaroo and THE GREAT KANGAROO (Macroltzs gigctnteus) — others of its kindred, breed freely in this country, many Plate 29, fig. 92-is an animal of very considerable British-born individuals existing in the Zoological interest, not only on account of its amazing powers of Society's Gardens and in private collections. The leaping and marsupial peculiarities, but on account of flesh is said to be good eating, and not unlike venison the circumstance of its being the largest living and in flavour. indigenous quadruped inhabiting the great Australian The so-called SOOTY KANGAROO (Macrop2us filiqicontinent. An adult specimen measures upwards of nosus of Desmarest), as well as two other large species four feet in length, not including the tail, which would described by Mr. Gould in his attractive folio "Monogive us an additional three feet; its weight occasion- graph on Kangaroos,"as L. ocydrozmusand1Tl. mzelanzops, ally exceeding one hundred and forty pounds. The are, in Mr. Waterhouse's view, only probable varieties capture of the Great Kangaroo in its native haunts is of the Great Kangaroo. Very many other species, attended with great and varied excitement; and when however, are known to exist, of which we can only it was discovered by the sailors under Captain Cook, specify the following:-The RED KANGAROO (1M. laniduring one of his ever-memorable voyages, they were ger of Gould) is a large species occupying the interior not slow to extol and exaggerate its leaping propen- of the Australian continent, and frequenting the banks sities. It is now very commonly hunted with dogs; of the river Darling and the Murrumbidgee. The but the natives have a peculiar method of their GnEAT ROCK KANGAROO (M. erobustus of Waterhouse), own. According to Captain Grey, as quoted by Mr. or Black Wallaroo of the natives, is found in hilly Dallas in his excellent little manual entitled "A localities. The female has a silvery or grey colour, Natural History of the Animal Kingdom,"-" the and is much less than the male; the fur of the latter native advances quietly in the direction where he exhibiting a rich black tint. Amongst the smaller expects to find his game, with every sense on the alert species may be mentioned the BLACK-GLOVED KANto give him notice of its approach. When the animal GAROO (ill. Irma), which is about thirty inches in is near him he is seen to assume an attitude of intense length and found in Western Australia. Desmarest's attention, and, at a given signal, his wives and chil- RED-NECIKED KANGAROO (M. rufic/llis), a species dren, who accompany him, drop immediately upon the well-known in this country, inhabits New South Wales ground. When the savage is thus occupied, you will and King's Island. A very tiny species, called the see at about a hundred yards from him, a kangaroo PANDEMELON WALLABY (Al. Tlhetides), is only twenty erect upon its hind legs, and supported by its tail. It inches long, excluding the tail, and is much sought after is reared to its utmost height, so that its head is for the sake of its flesh. The RED-BELLIED WALbetween five and six feet above the ground, its short LABY (lM. Billarclierii) is a gregarious species, as is paws hang by its side, its ears are pointed —it is listen- also the BRUSH-TAILED ROCK KANGAROO (M. peniciling as carefully as the native, and you see a little head latus). LE BRIUN'S KANGAROO (Halmatlurus Asiatipeering out from its pouch to inquire what has alarmed cus of Gray) is an inhabitant of New Guinea; it its mother. But the native moves not: you cannot possesses a very long narrow head with shortish ears, tell whether it is a human being or the charred trumk the fore-legs being comparatively strong. The fur of a burned tree which is before you, and for several exhibits a greyish colour generally, more or less tinged minutes the whole group preserve their relative posi- with yellow, especially underneath. Respecting the tion. At length the kangaroo becomes reassured, small HARE KANGAROO (Lagorchestes leporides), Mr. drops upon its fore paws, gives an awkward leap or Gould records the following amusing little incident:two, and goes on feeding; the little inhabitant of its " While out on the plains," he says, "I started a hare pouch stretching its head further out, testing the grass kangaroo before two fleet dogs; after running to the its mother is eating, and evidently debating whether distance of a quarter of a mile, it suddenly doubled and or not it is safe to venture out of its resting-place, came back upon me, the dogs following at its heels. and gambol about amongst the green dewy herbage. I stood perfectly still, and the animal had arrived within Meantime the native moves not until the kangaroo, twenty feet before it observed me, when, to my astonhaving two or three times resumed the attitude of ishment, instead of branching off to the right or the listening, ancd having like a monkey scratched its side left, it bounded clear over my head, and on descending with its fore paw, at length once more abandons itself to the ground I was enabled to make a successful shot, in perfect security to its feeding, and playfully smells and by which it was procured." Mr. Gould specifically rubs its little one. Now the watchful savage, keeping distinguishes several other closely allied forms, and his body unmoved, fixes the spear first in the throwing gives beautiful figures of them in his large work. stick, and then raises his aims in the attitude of throw- In the Tree-Kangaroos the anterior and posterior ing, from which they are never again moved muntil the limbs have nearly the same length, whilst the tail is MACROPIDr:. MAMMALIA.- PHALANGISTIDA. 211 longer than the body. The strongly-curved and power- climbing habits. Two species have been described by ful claws are also rendered subservient to their arboreal M. Salomon Muiller, which he respectively denominates Fig. 86. /'l~~~~~~~~~ /~~~,fI Trhe Tree- Kangaroo.Dend: nlogns inustus). Dencirolog.s utrsineus and D. inustus —Fig. 86. Both sculptured by vertical groves externally; these dental have moderately well developed ears, whilst the two characteristics are also present in congerneric forms, superior central incisor teeth are scarcely longer than several of which have been described as distinct spethe outer pair. cies by Ogilby, Gould, and others. THE POTOROO (I-Tpsip'rimnus minor), or KANGAROO RAT-Plate 29, fig. 91-is a gentle, timid, little animal, FAi ILY III.-PHALANGISTID_. about the size of our common rabbit. It is a native of New South Wales, and tolerably abundant in the neigh- The marsupials associated under this head are combourhood of the river Weraganibia. The fur exhibits monly called Phalangers, and although only somne of a greyislh-brown colour generally, being reddish above them exhibit highly exalted leaping powers-in virtue and white underneath the belly. The ears are of large of assistance derived fiom a membranous expansion of size; the tail being also conspicuously developed; the skin at the sides of the body-yet, on the whole, more uniform in thickness than obtains in kangaroos they form a tolerably distinct group. Among the more proper, very flexible, and slightly tufted at the extre- distinguishing peculiarities are those which have refermity. The fore-limbs still display much disparity when ence to their partially carnivorous diet and arboreal compared with the stout posterior pair; the same rela- habits. The disparity between the hind and fore legs tion holds good in regard to the feet, the three central no longer exists, whilst the posterior feet have become claws of the pentadactylous fore-feet being strikingly pentadactylous, the thumb remaining unarmed, and developed. The muzzle is so considerably attenuated the second and third toes conjoined as far forward as and produced, that in the skull the nasals are seen to the base of the claws. The teeth vary considerably in extend beyond the level of the upper jaw. This animal different genera; thus, in the true Phalangers there are is further distinguished by the remarkable length of its only eight incisors, disposed as in the kangaroos, and anterior grinding teeth, or premolars, which are also sixteen constant true molars-although occasionally we 212 PHALANGISTIDE. -MAMMALIA. PHALANGISTID-E. find also two or four canines. In all cases the upper afford no just grounds for subgeneric distinctions." central incisors are comparatively large, the lower being The particular tooth-characters here adverted to, have conspicuous and procumbent as in the Kangaroos. In reference more particularly to the presence of only the Pigmy Petaurist, or Flying Phalanger, there are three true molars on each side of either jaw; but apart twenty-four permanent molars in addition to the four from this feature the Mouse-like Phalanger possesses canines, whilst other members of the genus Petaurus many points of interest. It is remarkably small, the display twenty-eight molars, the anterior twelve coming body measuring only four inches in length, excluding under the category of spurious grinders. In the genus the tail, which would give us upwards of three inches Phascolarctos, on the other hand, there are only two and three quarters more. This organ is black at the canines occupying the upper jaw, and twenty molars, root, and clothed with short stoutish hairs, except at the anterior four being false. All the Phalangers are the tip, where it is naked. The ears are large and provided with a simple stomach and a long coecum. almost destitute of hair. This little marsupial is only In most cases the tail is extensively developed, but irn found in Van Diemen's Land. Excellent figures of it the aberrant genus Phascolarctos it is merely rudimcn- are given by Waterhlouse and Gould, and by Mr. Bell tary. In some, the tails are prehensile. The habits of in the sixteenth volume of the Linnoean Society's the family are arboreal and nocturnal; they feed partly Transactions. upon fruits and leaves, and on small birds. THE SCIURINE PETAURIST (Petaurus sciureus), or THE VULPINE OPOSSUM (Phalcangista vwl1piza) is SUGAR SQullLru.-TThe distinguished naturalist Shaw a very common species in Australia, and is much separated the flying Pllalangers into a distinct genushunted by the natives, who are particularly fond of its Eetaurus —on account of the peculiar membranous flesh. It is called in their strange language the IV/ac- expansion of the skin existing between the anterior tapooroo. Although somewhat fox-like in appearance, and posterior limbs, associated with a non-prehensile it is a nmch smaller animal, measuring about twenty- hairy tail. Five or six species have been described. six inches in length, exclusive of the tail, which would These are —P. taguanoicles, the largest, with a brown give us some additional fifteen inches. The fiur exhi- fur, whitish-grey underneath, and hairy ears (fig. bits a ruddy buff colour generally, inclining to a ferru- 87); P. Australis, or the Hopoona-Roo, with long ginous tint at the lower part of the throat; the tail is and naked ears, the fur being fulvous below and black, except at the root. The ears are about one inch marked by dark-coloured bands along the central and a half long; the limbs being also comparatively line of the back; P. breviceps, P. sciurees, P. short. Similar characters likewise exist in another Ariel, P. breviceps, and P. pygnmcezs. As has been form inhabiting Van Diemen's Land; this is a larger already indicated, the last-named species presents some and darker coloured animal, being considered by Messrs. trifling departure from the other Petaurists as regards Gould and Ogilby to be distinct; they have accordingly the teeth, which led Desmarest to give it the generic imparted to it the combined generic and specific title title of Ac'robates. Respecting the habits of the Sugar P. fzliginosa. Squirrel-which are very similar in all the speciesTHE SPOTTED PHALANGER (C0uscus maculdcta), Mr. Bennett has supplied the following interesting or SCHAM-SCHAM, has been generically separated by account-" During, the day the animal generally remains Lacepede and T~emminck on what appears to be very quietly nestled in the hollows of trees, but becomes satisfactory grounds; for we find no less than twelve animated as night advances, and skims through the incisors, six above and the like number below-the air supported by its lateral expanlsions, half leaping, total number of all the teeth together amounting to half flying fiiom branch to branch, feeding upon leaves forty. In this animal the tail is prehensile and naked and insects. This peculiar mode of locomotion can at the narrowed extremity, where it is also marked with scarcely be considered a true flight, inasmuch as the rugosities. The Scham-Scham is an inhabitant of cutaneous folds, which serve the purposes of wings, New Guinea and the Moluccas, being also called Coes- seem rather destined for the mere support of the anicoes by the natives of the latter island-hence the Imal in its long and apparently desperate leaps, than generic title adopted by the French naturalist. The for raising it in the air, and directing its course towards fur has a thick woolly texture, having a whitish ground any given object. For this latter purpose they are colour, which is spotted by large, more or less isolated indeed but little fitted by their structure, the want of deep brown patches, some of the maculae occasionally proper muscles in a great measure incapacitating them running into one another. The body is stoutish through- from performing such offices as are dependent on out; the ears being remarkably short. It appears to volition. It may be doubted, however, whether these be slothful in its movements; at least such is the char- animals are entirely destitute of the power of exercising acter given to it by AM. Lesson. their will in their flight-like leaps. For the following THE MOUSE-LIKE PHALANGER (P/halangista gli- anecdote bearing upon this subject, we are indebted r~forimis)-Plate 30, fig. 94-has been elevated by Dr. to our friend Mr. Broderip, who related it to us on J. E. Gray into a subgeneric rank, under the title of unquestionable authority-' On board a vessel sailing Drolnicia, on account of certain dental peculiarities; off the coast of New Holland was a squirrel —Petaurusbut, " as these modifications of the teeth are unaccom- which was permitted to roam about the ship. On one panied by any change of general structure or of habit, occasion it reached the mast-head, and, as the sailor whilst those teeth which most influence the diet are who was despatched to bring it down approached, made constant, it is obvious," says Professor Owen,'"that a spring firom aloft to avoid him. At this moment these differences of dentition are lunimportant, and the ship gave a heavy lurch, which, if the original PI-IALANGISTDI)IA:-. MAiAMMlIALIA. PHALANGISTID'i, 213 direction of the little creature's course had been con- suddenly appeared to check itself and so to modify its tinued, must have plunged it into the sea. All who career that it alighted safely on the cleck.' " All the witnessed the scene were in pain for its safety; but it species are natives of New South Wales. Tlhe Sciurine Fig. 87. The large Petainist, or Flying Squirrel (Petaurus taguanoides). Petaurist is also found in New Guinea and its adjacent being tufted and black at the tip. In the little mouseislands. It is sometimes called the Norfolk Island like Pigmny Petaurist the hairs of the tail are regularly Flying Squirrel, having been originally described as disposed in two rows, one on either side, like the barbs inhabiting the outlying and isolated spot of land which of a feather. lears that name. The fur is ash-coloured above and TH:E KOALA (Pka.scolorctos cinereus).-Although whitish underneath. A brownish line extends firom this animal has been generically separated firom the the muzzle to the root of the tail, the latter organ Petaurists and true Phalangers, yet there is no reason to i 88 0anThe Koala (Phascolarctos cinerecs.) place it outside the family limits of PhalangistidT. jaw and is only furnished with four premolars, one on The most striking differences have reference to the thick- either side above and below. All the molars are pro. set body, and more particularly to the ext eme shortness iiled with foni pyramidal tube cles. To the pentaand rudimentary condition of the tail (fig. 88). Its dactylous character of the feet, the very large ocecum, dentition for the most part corresponds with those of the and other essential features of the family, it is entirely Phalangers; but it never displays canines in the lower conformed. The digits of the anterior feet separate 214 PEPRAMELIDA:. -— MAMMALIA. DASYURIDAE. into two groups, the pollex and index fingers antagoniz- females of P. nasuta, P. obesula, and P. Lcgotis, has ing the outer three, so as to afford a strong prehensile its orifice directed downwards or towards the cloaca, action. The Koala is a native of various parts of contrariwise to its ordinary position in the marsupials; Australia. It is about the size of a small dog, measur- this direction of the pouch evidently relates to the proing nearly two feet in length. The fur is coarse, cumbent position of the trunk when supported on the thick, and long, possessing a peculiar ashy-brown short fore and long hind legs." During progression, colour. It is eminently arboreal in its habits, feeding the Bandicoots move the hind-feet together alternately only upon leaves and buds, but partly residing in small with the fore-feet, after the saltatory manner of rabbits. burrows excavated beneath the roots of trees. The Their flesh is said to be good eating. female is wont to carry her offspring on her back for a OGILBY'S BANDICOOT (Chcero2pus castanotis), or the considerable period Its movements, however, are PIG-FOOTED BANDICOOT, is a remarkable species, apcomparatively sluggish under ordinary circumstances. parently possessing only two toes on the fore-feet; the pollex of the hinder feet is also absent, the outer pair FAMILY IV.-PERAMELIDZAE. of digits being very conspicuously developed. The claws of the latter, as well as of the didactyle fore-feet, Looking at the dental peculiarities displayed by the are particularly strong and adapted for burrowing. members of this family-commonly called Bandic6ot This species carries forty-six teeth —eight incisors Rats-it will be at once evident that we have passed above and six below, four canines, twelve spurious, and on to a group of marsupials far less phytivorous in sixteen true molars. The ears are long, elliptical, and their habits than any of the preceding. In short, we nearly naked; but the tail is altogether wanting. have taken up a carnivorous type, and find, accordingly, Another aberrantform of Bandicoot has been described well-developed canines, numerous incisors —ten above by Gfervais, and subsequently by Waterhouse and Gould, and six below-and, in addition, there is a fill comple- under the title of Tarcsipes rostratus. It is a native of ment of molars-twelve false and sixteen true; but Western Australia, arboreal and insectivorous in its the characters of the latter conform more closely to habits, furnished with moderate ears, pentadactylous the insectivorous than to the carnivorous mammals, feet-the thumb of the hinder pair being clawless-and properly so called. Co-ordinating with the multiple a long prehensile tail. It possesses only two procumarrangement of the teeth, we find a marked extension bent incisors in the lower jaw, four canines, and a of the jaws, combined with a corresponding attenua- variable number of molars, only twelve remaining contion of the muzzle. The hind feet are much longer stant. This anomalous species has no ccecum. and stouter than the anterior pair, whereby their leaping powers are increased, the second and third FAMILY V.-DASYURID/E. toes of the posterior limbs being also conjoined as far as the base of the claws, whilst the digit equivalent to The Dasyures constitute a highly carnivorous group the thumb is perfectly developed in the fore-feet. The of marsupials, clearly representing the true Carnivora of outer toes are very short and placed far back-almost the placental mammals. The typical forms have eight concealed. The other toes are all furnished with incisors above and six below, four well-developed powerful claws, enabling their possessors to dig and canines, eight pre-molars, and sixteen true molars-in burrow with facility. Bandicoots are found only in all, forty-two teeth. According to Professor Owen, Australia and Van Diemen's Land. "the spurious molars have a pointed, compressed, triTHE LONG-NOSED BANDICOOT (Perameles nasutus). angular crown, with a rudimental tubercle at the -Four or five species are referable to the present genus; anterior and posterior part of its base. The grinding for in addition to the one here named, naturalists have surface of the true molars in the upper jaw is triangular; recognized P. Lagotis, P. Gunnii, and P. obesula as the first presents four sharp cusps; the second and third specifically distinct. The first of these three had been each five; the fourth, which is the smallest, only three. generically separated by Professor Owen, under the In the lower jaw the last molar is nearly of equal size title of Tlialaconus. It is also commonly known as with the penultimate one, and is bristled with four the Phi.lander, and is furnished with long ears and an cusps, the external one being the longest." In other extensive bushy tail; the muzzle being very much pro- respects the lower grinders correspond with those duced and abruptly attenuated. The outer incisorI of opposed above. The anterior limbs are pentadactythe upper is not separated widely from its fellows. P. lous, but the posterior pair have usually only four digits, Gunnii of Dr. J. E. Gray is an inhabitant of Van the pollex being occasionally represented by a small, Diemen's Land, and is distinguished by its possession clawless, warty tubercle. Some of the species are of a very short, white tail; the haunches being also strong and powerfully-built animals. In all, the tail is marked by several pale-coloured bands. In addition moderately long, non-prehensile, and generally hairy to insects, it appears to be very fond of bulbous roots. throughout. The'll various species are natives of AusP. obesula is commonly termed the Spring Bandicoot- tra]ia and Van Diemen's Land. Plate 30, fig. 95. In the Long-Nosed Bandicoot the THE URSINE OPOSSUM (Dasyurus Ursinus), or ears are moderate and pointed, the fur having a "Native Devil," as the Tasmanian colonists term it, brownish-grey tint above, passing into white beneath; is a truly formidable species. It is about the size of the nose is prolonged beyond the jaw. In all, the our common badger, being furnished with a coarse coecum is of moderate size. According to Professor black filr, which is here and there irregularly marked Owen, the marsupial pouch, "at least in the full-grovwn with whitish spots. The tail is rather bare under DASYURIDE.. -MAMMALIA. —DASYURIDIE. 215 neath. By all accounts these ursine opossums are which it is distinguished from the two followingperfect pests, and prove terribly destructive to poultry, Mange's (D. MZlanyii). a smaller species of an olive sheep, &c., hardly anything coming amiss to them. ground colour; and Shaw's Dasyure (D. viverlrinus), According to Mr. Harris, they were extremely nume- or Wild Cat of the Tasmanians-P late 31, fig. 97rous when the first attempts were made to settle at which has a black fur. All three are marked by large Hobart Town; but they appeared to ha.ve done good white spots on the body, and in the two first the tail is service in affording supplies of fresh food to the con- similarly distinguished. victs sent thither; their flesh is said to eat like veal. THE THYLACINE (Tb ylacinus Iarrisii) is a native As the settlement increased, their numbers diminished, of Van Diemen's Land, and is variously termed by the and they were driven into the forest, where they are colonists " pouched wolf," hyoena, tiger, zebra, oposstill pursued and secured by traps. They are ex- sum, and so forth. It enjoys the distinction of being tremely rapacious and savage, both in the wild and the largest of all the carnivorous marsupials, and is semi-domesticated state. They utter a hollow barking about the size of an ordinary fox-hound, but stouter noise, something like that of a dog; and judging from built, and standing lower on the legs. The fur exhibits their resentful persecuting behaviour, appear to have a dusky brown color, the crupper being barred transwell earned the colonial appellation by which they are versely by sixteen deep black bands running parallel so significantly characterized. from side to side (fig. 89). The Thylacines are highly Several other species are known to exist; and of carnivorous, and prove terribly destructive to the flocks these we may mention-The Longtailed Dasyure (D. of sheep, which they seem to prefer to any other kind macrourus), having a rudimentary hallucinar wart, by of animala food, though formerly they must have subFig. 89. /Z i i ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,B:~~~~~~~~~ 1 "The Pouched Wolf or Thylacine (Thylacinus Harrisii). sisted, almost entirely, on phalangers and kangaroos. very small marsupials, whose dental formula is preThey are seldom captured alive, and appear to be very cisely the same as that of rhylacinus; whilst the only wary animals. The Thylacine is nocturnal in its habits. differences appertain to the less carnassial character of It is furnished with forty-six teeth; but the circurn- the molars-serving to approximate them more closely stances most worthy of note are seen in the strongly to the insectivorous type-and to an elongation of the carnassial character of the molar teeth, and in the central incisives, which is more particularly manifest great size of the canines, as compared with other non- in the upper series. All the species are remarkably placental mammals. No other living species exists; but minute; one of theme-the Antechinus minutissimus a fossil Thylacine has been discovered in the tertiary of Gould-being the smallest living marsupial, and gypsum beds of Paris-a fact of extreme interest, taken measuring less than two inches and a half long, exin connection with other extinct marsupial remains clusive of the tail. In many particulars these animals elsewhere found in Europe, and demonstrating the wide resemble the entomophagous opossums. The common geographical distribution these creatures maintained in Phascogale is about the size of our common rat. The former times. fur is short, thick, and woolly, and of a uniform ashy THE COIIMMON PHASCOGALE (Phlascogale p9eaicil- color above, passing into white beneath. The tail is latus.)-The present genus embraces three or four well developed, and very bushy towards the tip. Its 216 DASYURIDg.' IMAMSIALIA. DIn)ELmIID. habits are arboreo-nocturnal, and in common with its Dale, at about ninety miles to the south-east of the congeners it preys chiefly on insects and small birds. mouth of the Swan River. The Myrmecobe (fig. 90) rhis species is a native of Australia generally, but has is at once distilnguished from its insectivorous connot, ee believe, been found in Van Diemenl's Land. geners, and also from all other marsupials, by the large THE BANDED IYRMECOBE (Myrmnecobiuts fcl.scia- number of teeth, of which there are fourteen incisorstus) is an inhabitant of South-western Australia, having eight above and six below —four canines, twelve proe been originally discovered and procured by Lieutenant molars, and no less than twenty-four true molars; in The Banded MIyrmecobe (Myrmecobius fasciatus). all, fifty-four. The dental formula thus approaches A single species only occurs in Chili. The opossums very closely to that of the extinct —and probably mar- are comparatively small, seldom exceeding the size of supial genus Thylacotherium. Professor Owen also our domestic cat; the jaws are furnished with eighteen observes, that it is to a certain extent comparable to incisors-ten above and eight below four canines, the dentition of the armadillos "in the small size of the and twenty-eight molars, the anterior twelve being molar teeth, their separation from each other by slight spurious (fig. 91). The heacd is pointed, the ears large interspaces, and their implantation in sockets, which Fig- 91 are not formed upon a well-developed ridge or process. The molars, however, present a distinct multicuspidate -_J structure, and both the true and false ones possess two separate fangs as in other marsupials." There does J.. -... not appear to be any necessity to consider this animal as the type of a distinct family. It is about the size of a rat, measuring ten inches from the nose to the root of the tail. The fur exhibits a rufous ground tint generally, the feet being more decidedly red, the back dark brown and banded over the crupper by whitish hairs, similar to those of the thylacine. The head dis- Skull of the Virginian Opossum (Didelephis Virginiana) plays a sharply-acuminated.muLzzle and short pointed ears The tail is sever inches long and bushy, the and naked, the gape of the mouth very wide, the prosnterior feet penltadactylous, and the hind pair four- duced muzzle being furnished with a few long bristles. toed, all the digits being armed with strong, compressed, The tail is prehiensile, mlore or less semi-nude or scaly. curved claws. Its habits are arboreal, and it burrows The feet are all pentadactylous, but the pollex of the under the roots of trees in search of insects. hinder pair is opposable to the other digits, and clawless. The opossums are arboreal and nocturnal in their habits, FAMILY VI.-DIDELPHIDE. preying chiefly -upon birds, eggs, insects, and even fruit.."' Their movements, however, are rather sluggish than Under this head are collected together all the Ama- otherwise, and their presence is recognizable by the rican marsupials or opossums, properly so called. The peculiar fetid odour of their skin. They have a simple species are extremely nlumerous, for the most part stomach andl moderately capacious coecume. confined to Brazil and the neighbouring provinces of THE VIRGINIAN OPOSSUM (Didelegis Virginsiana), Guyana, Paragutay, and Peru; a few being found iii or COMBoON PossuM-Plate 30, fig. 96 —enjoys the Mexico and California, and one in the United States. dcistinction of being the first known to naturalists. It DIDELPHIDE. -MAIMMALIA. DIDELP-IIDi. 217 is widely distributed throughout the United States, and on the borders of the Rio Grande. The D. 3lurignu is especially abundant towards the south. A full-grown is found in Mexico, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil; the D. specimen measures twenty inches in length, exclusive of dorsigera in Surinam. " These species," as Van der the tail, for which other fourteen inches must be allowed. Hoeven observes, "carry their young on the back when The fur has a dusky-brown colour, the individual they are sufficiently developed to leave the teat, to hairs being whitish, with brown tips. The legs are which at first they were attached, whilst they throw nearly black, the digits being lighter coloured or whitish. their tails like tendrils round the caudal appendage of The head is fulvous-white, with a dusky suffusion round their parent." In both the tail is fully as long as the the eye; the ears are black, with a yellow patch at the body, and the ears are largely developed. AZARA's upper border; the root of the tail is also dark coloured. PossuM (D. Azarce) pretty closely resembles the Texas The Possum is very destructive to poultry, and proves form. According to Mr. Spencer F. Baird, it is distina troublesome pest. The female produces sometimes guished by its white head and neck, with a central dark as many as sixteen young at a birth, which, when at stripe along the forehead to the dusky part of the nape. first transferred to the marsupial pouch, are extremely The ears and toes are flesh-coloured. The CRABminute. The eyes of the young open about the fiftieth EATING OPOSSUM (D. cancrivora)-so called fiom its day, when the cubs are as large as ordinary mice. propensity for eating these crustacez —is a large speThe flesh is said to be good eating. cies, possessing no well-defined markings on the head; Among the more interesting or noticeable of the the generically distinctive, long, and sparsely scattered other species, we may mention the following:-The hairs of the short fur existing more or less abundantly TEXAS POSSUM (Diclelphis Californica), which is dis- in all the opossums. The fur exhibits a deep black tinguished by its smaller size, its less rounded and colour. more pointed ears; the hairy or basal portion of the THE YAPOCK (Cheironectes variegatus), or PETITE tail being also shorter. According to Mr. J. H. Clarke LOUTRE of Buffon, is an aquatic form of opossum of the United States expedition, this species is parti- inhabiting the river banks of Brazil and Guyana (fig. cularly fond of the black persimmon, an abundant fruit 92). The only point in which it appears to differ Fig. 92. /i' rThe Yapock (Cheiioncctes vatriegatuts) materially from the ordinary opossums, has reference Yapock is little more than a foot in length, exclusive to the palmated character of the feet, which are of the tail which is scaly and prehensiie, and nearly supplied with interdigital membranes. In all other as long as the body. It is an expert swimmer, and particulars it conforms to the genus Didelphis. The feeds upon fishes, crustacea, and other aquatic animals. ORDER XIV.-MONOTREMATA. IT is not a little significant of the universality of plan the distinguishing characteristics of birds and reptiles. pervading all vertebrate formations, that we should At first sight there is little to suggest this relationship, find on examining the skeleton and viscera of the except in so far as the bill-like jaws of Ornithorynchius monotremes, a decided approximation to certain of are admitted to resemble a duck's beak; but on closer VOL. I. 28 218 MIONOTREIATA. BIAMMALIA. —ONIsIrI-oRHYNCHI.,n:. examination, several oviparine features will be imme- have no doubt in our own mind that it is analogous to dintely discovered. M. Geofi'oy St. Hilaire first gave those supernumerary organs often found in the males the name of Monotremata to the small group of non- of the lower as well as in the higher animals. " Since placental marsupial mammals here associated together, then," says Professor Owen, " this apparatus forms a thereby indicating the termination of the urino-genital sexual character, it may be presumed that its function and intestinal passages by a single cloacal outlet-an is connected with that of generation. Whether the arrangement also found in birds and reptiles. Equally spur be a weapon for combat among the males, orstriking peculiarities affect the skeleton, these being like the spiculum arnoris of the snail-be used to more especially manifest in the presence of two clavicles excite the female, the injected secretion being an addinearly conjoined, and applied against the upper surface tional stimulus; or whether the spur be mechanically of a single furcular bone; there are also well-developed useful in retaining the female during the coitus, are coracoild bones, which are articulated to the sternum. conjectures which must be verified or disproved by In addition to this there are special osseous elements, actual observation." The females are furnished with termed epicoracoids, which are connected to the sternal mammary glands; but there are no external teats. and furcular bones, the scapulke being likewise attached The manner in which the function of lactation is perto the breastbone. In the accompanying woodcut formed, and many other facts bearing upon the question -(fig. 93), the furcular bone or episternum presents a as to how the offspring are reared, still remain to be explained. Fig. 93. FAMILY I.-ORNITHORHYNCHID.E, This family is represented by a single species, which is readily distinguished from the members of the succeeding family by its non-fossorial, palmate feet. It is also furnished with eight horny, tooth-like formations regularly disposed, two on either side above and below. The crowns of the anterior pairs are long and thin, those of the posterior set being broader and oval. The snout is prolonged, compressed, broad, and covered by a naked coriaceous integument; the lower jaw is shorter and narrower than the upper, and marked Sternal apparatus of the Duck-bill (Ornithorhynchus paradoxus). posteriorly by transverse lines. The tongue is very peculiar; the anterior half or narrow portion being T-shaped outline, with the lateral free ends directed covered with coarse papille, whilst the posterior division towards the shoulder-blades. It conceals the clavicles, is broad, slightly overlapping the former, and armed which are slender bones and not united at the mesial in front by two prominent horny spines. The ornitholine. The epicoracoids are seen interposed on either rhynchus is fiurnished with cheek-pouches. The fur is side of the stem of the filrcular bone, resting laterally hairy throughout; the tail being flattened, broad, and on the thick coracoids, which latter are articulated to conspicuous. the episternum and manubrial bone of the sternum THE DUCK-BILL (Ornithorhynchus pacurdoxus), or below and to the scapular above. Another circum- AUSTRALIAN WATER MloLE-Plate 31, fig. 99 —is a stance worthy of remark is that the bones of the skull native of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. become very early consolidated; those of the face A full-grown individual varies in length from eighteen being much prolonged forwards and flattened out into to twenty inches, including the tail, which measures the form of a beak, which is covered by a smooth, about five inches. The fur exhibits a tawny or rufous naked integument. The jaws are not furnished with colour, one or other of these tints prevailing in different teeth; but their place is supplied by numerous rows of varieties. In the young state the skin is entirely horny dentelations, having their spinous points directed destitute of hair, and the jaws are short, soft, and towards the throat, as obtains in the analogous buc- flexible. In the adult the tongue is placed far back, cal papillae in the mouths of ruminants. They also the tip being fully an inch behind the anterior opening exist on the tongue in the form of conical papille. of the bill. According to Professor Owen, " the The feet are short, particularly strong, and pentadac- raised posterior lobe of the tongue must impede the tylous. The Monotremes have small eyes, no external passage of unmasticated food to the pharynx, and ears, and very short tails. In the male Duck-bill the doubtless tends to direct it on each side into the cheekhind feet are armed with a perforated spur, its channel pouches, whence the ornithorhynchus may transfer its containing an excretory duct belonging to a special store at leisure to the molar teeth, and. complete its glandular structure placed at the back part of the preparation for deglutition. An air-breathing, warmthigh. This remarkable organ was formerly supposed blooded animal, which obtains its food by the capture to be a poison gland; but there is no good ground for of small aquatic animals while submerged, must derive such an opinion. Neither is it merely a weapon of great advantage from the structure which enables it to offence and defence; for then we should probably not transfer them quickly to a temporary receptacle, whence have the gland in connection with the spur, and the they may be extracted and masticated while the animal females would probably also be similarly armed. WVe is floating on the surface or at rest in its bulrrow." ORNITHORHYNCHIDa.- M.IAMMALIA. TACHYGIOSSIDnA. 219 The Duck-bill feeds on small molluscous animals. various aquatic larvae, and especially on water-bugs FAMILY II.-TACHYGLOSSID2E. belonging to the genus Nauzcoris, which abound in the running streams and lakes of Australia. The most The members of this family are at once distinguished interesting account of the habits of this animal yet from the former by the mixed spinous and hairy charplaced on record, is that given by Mr. Bennett in the acter of their fur, as well as by the circumstance of first volume of the Zoological Society's Transactions. their possessing a slender subulate muzzle and a merely Speaking of one which he kept in a semi-captive state, rudimentary tail. On closer examination we find that occasionally tethering it to a stake by the river's side, the jaws are entirely edentulous, the palate being he tells us that "it was exceedingly lively, swam in armed with several rows of small spines directed the centre of the stream, and appeared in excellent backwards. A more significant character is founded health and spirits. The water at one part of the on the form of the tongue, which is long, narrow, river being very clear, I saw its movements distinctly rounded, and very extensile-hence the family name under the water. On diving, it sank speedily to the above given-closely resembling the lingual organ in bottom, swam there for a short distance, and then rose their placental representatives, namely, the true antagain to the surface; it ranged the banks, guiding itself eaters and pangolins. The pentadactylous feet are in its progress according to the impressions received by short and thick, the digits being furnished with powerthe mandibles, which appeared to me to be used by it ful falciform claws adapted for burrowing. The second as very delicate organs of touch. It seemed to feed and third digits of the hind feet are particularly long. well; for whenever it inserted its beak into the mud The stomach is simple, capacious, and spherical when it evidently procured some food from thence, as, on distended. The cecum is moderately developed. raising the head, after withdrawing the beak, the man- THE PORCUPINE ANT-EATER (Tachyglossus Hysdibles were seen in lateral motion, as is usual when trix), or AUSTRALIAN HEDGEHOG of the colonists, is a the animal masticates. Although several insects were native of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, basking and fluttering about the surface of the water, but is now rather rare in the first named locality. It close to it, no attempt was made to capture them, either is maintained by some, on grounds apparently tenable, from its not seeing them, or from its preferring the food that the forms proper to the two habitations are which the mud afforded. The motions of the mandi- distinct species; but others consider the differences bles in this animal, when seeking its food in the mud observable insufficient to prove a separate origin. and water, are the same as those of a duck when feed- Without offering a positive decision, we strongly incline ing in similar situations. After feeding it would lie to the belief that they are different animals, the form sometimes on the grassy bank, and at others partly in known as the Van Diemen's Land species (Taclhyglossus and partly out of the water, combing and cleaning its setosus)-which, however, is not peculiar to that island, coat as usual with the claws of the hind feet. After according to the testimony of Mr. Waterhouse-being permitting it to swim, feed, and clean itself for an provided with small and narrow digits, as compared hour, it was replaced, although with great reluctance with those of T1. Hystrix, whilst the hairy appendages on its own part, in its box; it did not, however, as of the skin are also longer, the spines, on the other before, betake itself to repose, but commenced and hand, being relatively short. Other minor differences continued a scratching on the sides of the box." likewise exist. These animals are about the size of During sleep the duck-bill rolls itself up in the form our common hedgehog, varying in length from fourteen of a ball. For this, and many other interesting to eighteen inches. The hairy portion of the skin facts, we are indebted to Mr. Bennett, who has also exhibits a chestnut colour, the spines being whitish given us a full account of the form and extent of the except at their tips, which are black. Like hedgehogs, burrows which these animals construct in the banks they roll themselves up when attacked on the open of rivers. One of these burrows measured fully ground; but their safety is usually more effectually twenty feet in length. It commenced in some long secured by burrowing in the earth, or by entering a grass about five feet from the water's edge, passed previously constructed tunnel. These animals feed upwards in a serpentine direction, terminating near upon ants, captured by the protrusion and subsequent the surface of the ground in a rounded excavation, the retraction of their extensile glutinous tongues, after lower part of this hollow forming a nest of dried grass the manner previously described in our account of the and weeds. In this particular burrow Mr. Bennett typical edentate ant-eaters or myrmecophagas. captured an unlucky ornithorynchus, which, on being Those who desire more extended information respectdrawn out by the leg, manifested the most alarming ing the structure and economy of the monotreme marevidences of fear, its heart palpitating violently. It did supials, are referred to Professor Owen's elaborate not scream, or make any attempt to bite; during its article " Monotremata," contained in the third volume subsequent captivity, however, it frequently uttered a of Dr. Todd's Cyclopsedia of Anatomy and Physiology; soft growl duling the night, at which time it also made and also to Mr. Gould's large folio work on the vigorous efforts to escape. "Mammals of Australia." END OF MAMMALIA. INDEX TO MAMMALIA. Page Page Aard-Vark, the, Orycteropus Capensis... 149 Aye-Aye, the, Cheiromyns madclagascariel2st 46 Acronotus Caama, the Ilarte-beest.. 168 Babi Alu, the Afalayan Tapir. 187 Acronotus lunata, the Sassabe.... 168 Babirussa alfurus, the Babyroussa. 189 Addax, the, Antilope Adda.. 171 Baboon, the Common, Cynocephalus Papio. 38 Agouti, the, Dasyprocta Aguti.. 143 Babyroussa, the, Babi'russa ayue'us 189 Ai, the, Bradypus tridactylus.. 153 Badgareit, the, Mfanis pentadactyla. 147 Ailurus refulgens, the Panda... 77 Badger, the American, A11eles labradoria. 74 Alcephalus bubalus, the Bubale... 168 Badger, the European, Meles taxus. 74 Alces Malchis, the Elk. 174 Badger, the Indian, Meles collaris.. 74 Ant-eater, the Great, Mlyrmecophagajubata. 147 Bajing, the, Sciurus Plantani.. 132 Ant-eater, the Little, Mfyrmecophaga didactyla.. 148 Bahena antarctica, the New Zealand Whale. 199 Ant-eater, the Porcupine, Tachyglossus Hystrix. 219 Balmena australis, the Cape Whale. 199 Antechinus minutissimus.. 215 Balhna gibbosa, the Scrag Whale. 199 Antelope, the Common, Antilope cervicapra. 168 Balena japonica, tlhe Jalpanese Whale. 199 Antelope, the Four-Horned, Antilope quadricornis. 171 Balsena marginata, the Australian Whale. 199 Antelope, the White, Antilope Leucoryx. 171 Balhena mysticetus, the fysticete Whale. 198 Antelope, the White-Faced, Antilope albofrons. 170 Balenoptera rostrata, the Pike iWhale. 199 Antilope Addax, the Addax... 171 Bandicoot, the Long-nosed, Peramneles nasunts 214 Antilope albifrons, the Bless-boc. 170 Bandicoot, Ogilby's, Chceropns castanotis.. 214 Antilope Anderssonii, the Nakong.. 171 Bandicoot, the Pig-footed, Chceropus castanotis 214 Antilope Capreolus, the Rhee-boc.. 170 Bandicoot, the Spring, Peramneles obesula. 214 Antilope cervicapra, the Common Antelope. 168 Bangsring, the Javanese, Tupai javanica.. 69 Antilope colus, the Saiya. 169 Barbastellus communis, tlhe Barbastelle.. 54 Antilope eleotragus, the Reit-boc. 170 Bat, the African leaf, Meyadermuafroos.. 58 Antilope ellipsiprimna, the Water-bc.. 170 Bat, the Barbastelle, Barbastellus conmnunis.. 54 Antilope furcifer, the Prong-horn.. 171 Bat, Bechstein's, Vespertilio Bechsteinii.. 54 Antilope Grimmia, the Duiker-boc. 170 Bat, Daubenton's, Vespertili Daunbentonii. 54 Antilope Hodgsoni, the Chiru... 169 Bat, the Greater horse-shoe, Rhinolophus Ferrunm-epuinum 56 Antilope Lechde'e, the Lechee... 171 Bat, the Kalong, Pterolas edzilis. 58 Antilope leucophoea, the Blauw-boc... 170 Bat, Leisler's, Ves~ertilio Leisleri 54 Antilope Leucoryx, the Leucoryx 171 Bat, the Lesser horse-shoe, Rhinolophus hipposideros. 56 Antilope melampus, the Pallahk.. 169 Bat, the Long-cared, Plecotus arins. 54 Antilope melanotis, the Grys-boc. 170 Bat, the Motuse-coloured, Vespertilio nurinus. 53 Antilope Mohr, the MJohr... 169 Bat, Natterer's, Vespertilio Nattereri. 53 Antilope Oryx. the Gems-bo. 170 Bat, the Noble horse-shoe, Rhinolophls nobilis. 57 Antilope quadricornis, the Chousinyha.. 171 Bat, the Noctule. Vespertilio noclula. 52 Antilope rupicapra, the Chamois. 171 Bat, the Patticoloured, Vespertilio discolor.. 53 Antilope saltiana, the ]fadoqua.. 169 Bat, the Pipistrelle, Vespertilio pipistrelus.. 51 Antilope Sumatrensis, the Canebing-outne.. 171 Bat, the Serotine, Vespertilio serotinus. 53 Antilope tragulus, the Steen-boc... 170 Bat, the Swift-flying thick-lipped,.Maolossus velox. 56 Aonyx leptonyx, the Javanese Otter... 95 Bat, the Vampire, Phyllostoena spectrunm. 57 Ape, the Barbary, Inuss Sylvanus. 35 Bat, the Whiskered, Vespertilio mystacinus. 54 Arctocephalus ursinus, the Sea-Bear. 126 Bathiergus marlitimus, the Shore M3ole.. 140 Aretomys Bobac, the Polish A/armmot. 132 Bear, the black, Ursus amnericals... 82 Arctomys brachyurus, the Short-tailed Mari mot. 132 Bear, the brown, U&rses arctos. 77 Arctomys empetra, the Quebec Manrmot.. 132 Bear, the grisly, Ursusftrox... 83 Arctomys latrans, the Prairie Marmot.. 132 Bear, Horsfield's, Ursus isabellinus.. 80 Arctomys marmotta, the Alpine Miarmot. 132 Bear, the Malayan sun, Helarctos mealagyanes.. 81 Arctomys monax, the Maryland liarinot.. 132 Bear, the Polar, Thmelarctos emaritiees... 83 Arctomys pruinosus, Pennant's Marmot.. 132 Bear, the Sea, Arctocephalus ursiems.. 126 Armadillo, the Black, Dasypus peba... 150 Bear, the Sloth, Ursus labiates. 80 Armadillo, the Great, Dasypus gigas.. 151 Bear, the Syrian, Ursus syriacus.. 80 Armadillo, the Hairy, Dasypus villosus.. 151 Beaver, the Common, Castorfbe.. 137 Arvicola agrestis, tlhe Field Vole... 136 Beluga Catodon, the White Wh/le.. 203 Arvicola amphibia, the Water Rat... 136 Beluga Catodon, the Northeren Beluga.. 203 Arvicola borealis, Richardson's Vole 136 Beluga, the Northern, Belega Catodo;.. 203 Arvicola Pennsylvanicus, WTilson's Vole. 136 Bene, the, Ses Peapuensis. 189 Arvicola riparia, the Bank Vole. 136 Betjuan, the, Aetilope eelaelmus.. 169 Arvicola xanthognathus, the Yellow-cheeked Vole. 136 Bhunder, the, Mmacacus Rhesus... 34 Asinus Hemionus, the Kiang... 180 Binturong, the, Ictides calbfans. 76 Asinus onager, the Kaolae.... 180 Biscacho, the, Lafgostoneus trichodactyless.. 142 Asinus vulgaris, the Ass. 180 Bison, the American, Bison Ameericaemas 159 Ass, the, Asinus vulgaris.... 180 Bison, Amemicanus, the Anmee-ican Bisomm. 159 Ateles Paniscus, the Coaita.... 40 Bison, Bonassus, the Eumropean Bison.. 159 Anchenia glama, the Llama m a. 176 Bison, the Emumopean, Bison Bonassmes.. 159 Axis, the, Cerects Axis. 175 Blauw-boc, the, Aentilope leucophcea.. 170 222 INDEX TO MVIAMMALIA. Page Page Bless-boc, the A atilope albifions. 170 Cercoleptes caudivolvula, the Kinkajou. 76 Boar, the Afiican, Phacochcerus AEthiopicos. 190 Cercopithecus Diana, the Diana Mnio key. 31 Boar, the Masked, Sus larvatus. 189 Cercopithecus Griseus, the Grivet 31 Boar, the Papuan, Sus Papuensis. 189 Cercopithecus Mona, the Mone. 30 Boar, the Wild, Sus Scrofa. 188 Cercopithecus Nictitans, the White-nosed Monkey 31 Bokkfil, the, Sciurus insignis. 132 Cercopithecus Petaurista, the White-nosed ilonkeq 31 Bos frontalis, the Gyall... 162 Cercopithecus Pyrrhonotus, the Nisnas.. 32 Bos Gaurus, the Gour... 162 Cercopithecus Ruber, the Patas. 2 Bos Indicus, the Zebu.. 161 Cercopithecus Sabhus, the Callithrix. 31 Bos poephagus, the Yak... 162 Cercopithecus Talapoin, the'aloieil. 30 Bos taurus, the Ox. 158 Cervus Axis, the Axis..... 76 Bosch-Boc, the Tragelap)hus sylvatica... 166 Cervus Canadiensis, the Wapiti..74 Bosch-Vark, the, Sus larvatas.. 189 Cervus dama, the Fallow dee' 175 Boselaphus oreas, the 1Eland.. 167 Cervus Elaphus, the Red-deer:. 174 Bottle-head, the, Globiocephalus deductor. 204 Cervus Muntjac, the Mntntjaak 175 375 Bottle-head, the, flHperoodon Butzkoapf. 202 Chacma, the, Cynocephalasporcaris37 Bradypus torquatus, the Gipakeiou. 154 Chamois, the, Antilope Ru29icap)ra. 171 Bradypus tridactylus, the Three-Toed Sloth. 153 Chati, the, Felis mitis....111 Bruh, the, Macacus Nemestrinus 34 Chaus, the, Felis Chans. 112 Bubale~~~~~ t 4 C as he, ~eli Chu.. 114 Buale, the, Alcephalus bubalus. 168 Cheetah, the, Felisjubatna..114 Bubalus sina, the Indian Bemflo 161 Cheirogaleus Milii..43 Bubalus Caffer, the Cape Bifftlo... 160 Cheiromys madagascariensis, the Aye-Aye 46 Budeng, the, Semnopithecus Manurus. 28 Cheironectes variegatus, the l'alock. 217 Buffalo, the, Bison Amnericanus... 59 Chibiguazu, the, Felis chibi.quazu. Buffalo, the Cape, Bubalus Caffer. 160 Chimpanzee, the, Troglodytes niyer 16 Buffalo, the Indian, Bubalats ama. 161 Chincha,the, Lytis CGvieri 142 Bulau, the, Gymnura Rafflesii.. 68 Chinchilla, the, Chinchilla lanigera 141 Bulu, the, Felis Sumatraea. 112 Chinchilla lanigera, the Chinchilla.. 141 Chiru, the, Antilope Hodysoni.169 Caama, the, Acronotus Cuaama... 168 Chlamnydophorus truncatus, the Pichicicago 152 Cabrit, the, Antilope Src'idfr.. ~. 171 Chairopus castanotis, Ogilby's Bacndicoot 214 Callithrix, the, Cercopithecus Sabecus.. 31 Cholcepus didactylus, the Unau. 154 Callithrix sciureus, the Squirrel Monkey.. 40 Chousingha, the, Aetilope quadricoreis. 171 Cambing-outan, the, Antilope Sugnatrezsis 171 Chrysochloris capensis, the lustrous Cap)e Mole 64 Camel, the Bactrian, Canmelus Bactrianus. 176 Chuck, the Wood, Arctomys monax. 132 Camel, the One-humped, Camelus Dromedarius. 176 Civet, the African, Vierra civetta.. 100 Camelopard, the, Camelopardalis Girafo. 173 Coaita, the, Ateles Paniscus. 40 Cameolopardalis Gilraffa, the Giraffe. 173 Coatimondi, the Brown, Nasua narica 76 Camelus Bactrianus, the Bactrian Camel. 176 Coendou, the, Synetheres prehensilis 140 Camelus Dromedarius, the Dromedary. 176 Colohus Guoreza, the Guereza 29 Canis aureus, the Jackal. 105 Colus, the, Antilope colus.169 Canis jubata, the Red Wolf.. 107 Condylura macroura, the Thick-tailed Star-nose. 63 Canis lupus, the Wol. ~. 106 Coypu, the, Myopotamnus Coypus 139 Canis lupus, var. familiaris, the Do. 108 Cricetus frumentaris, the Hanste. 135 Capra aegagras, the Wild Goat... 164 Crossarchus obscurus, the iMiangue 98 Capra ibex, the Ibex.... 164 Cryptoprocta ferox, the Galet... 96 Capreolus Dorcas, the Roebuck... 175 Ctenomys, the Brazilian, Ctenomys Braziiiensis 141 Capybara, the, Hlydrochcerus Capybara.. 143 Ctenomys, Braziliensis, the Brazilian Ctenomys 141 Caracal, the, Felis Caracal... 113 Cuscus maculata, the Spotted Phalangee 21 0 _potted Phalan er ~ ~~~~~~~ 212 Caribow, the, Tarandus Rangijer.. 174 Cynictis Steedmannii, the Meerkat 97 Castor fiber, the Common Beaver... 137 Cynocephalus Harnadryas, the Derrias. 37 Castor zebethicus, the Musquash... 139 Cynocephalus Papio, the Common Baboos 38 Cat, the Egyptian, Felis naniculata... 111 Cynocephalus porcarius, the Chacma 37 Cat, thle domestic, Felis dornestica... 110 Cat, the Nepaulese, Felis Nepaulensis.. 111 Damn, the, Tiyrtax Siriacus. 192 Cat, the pampass Felispjeros. 111 Dasse, the, Hyrax capendsis. 192 Cat, the Tasmanian Wild, Dasyurus vivertriems. 215 Dasyprocta Aguti, the Agouti.143 Catoblepas gnu, the Gnoo... 164 Dasypus gigas, the Great Armadlillo. 151 Catoblepas Gorgon, the Brindled Gnoo.. 165 Dasypus minutus, the Pichey.150 Catodon colueti, the Mexican Sperm Whale. 201 Dasypus peba, the Peba. 150 Catodon macrocephalus, the Northern, Sperm Wthale. 200 Dasypus sexcinctus, the Poyou.151 Catodon polycyphus, the Southern Spern Whale. 200 Dasypus Tatouay, the Tatouay. 150 Cavia aperca, the Restless Cavy... 143 Dasypus tricinctus, the Mataco. 151 Cavy, the Bolivian, Caevia Boliviensis.. 143 I)asypus villosus, the DHiry Armadillo 151 Cavia Boliviensis, the Bolivian Cavy.. 143 Dasynre, the Long-tailed, Dasyeurus macroeurus.. 215 Cavia rupestris, the Rock Cavy... 142 Dasyure, Mang&'s, Dnsyaurus Manaii 215 Cavy, the Patagonian, Dolichotis Patagonzica. 142 Dasyure, Shaw's, Dasyurus viverrinus 215 Cavy, the restless, Ceevia aperca. 143 Dasyurus macrourus, the Long-tailed Dasy:re 215 Cavy, the rock, Cavia rupestris 142 Dasyurus Mangii, Jfang's Dasyure 215 Celogenys Paca, the Paca... 143 Dasyurus Ursinus, the Ursine 01)ossum 214 Cebus Apella, the Weeper Monkey... 40 Dasyurus viverrinus, Shaw's Dasyure 215 Cebus fatuellus, the Hor'ned Moebkey... 39 Deer, the Fallow, Cervus dama. 175 Centetes setosus, the Tent'ec 70 Deer, the Musk, Afochus Moschlfe s... 176 Cephalophus pygmeus, the Gesevi.169 Deer, the Bed, Gervas Elaphas. 917 Cercocebus tEthiops, the White-crowcned Mfacdabey. 32 Delundung, the, Prioriodlon gracilis.9 Cercocebus Collaris, the Collared Meyrncabey. 32 Delphinapterus Peronii, Perou's Dobbipn 205 Cercocebus Fuliginosus, the Sooty Mfangabey 32 Delphinus Delphis, the Cbmmon Dolphin.. 204 INDEX TO MAMMALIA. 223 Page Page Delphinus Tursio, the Bottle-nose Dolphin. 204 Family Hyracid.. 191-193 I)endroolgus inustus, the Tree Kangaroo.. 211 Hystricido.. 139, 140 Dendrologus ursinus, the Tree Kangaroo. 211 Lemurid... 42, 43 Derrias, the, Cynoce)halos Hamadryas. 37 Leporide. 143-145 Dicotyles labiatus, the White-lipped Peccary. 191 Lichanotid... 43, 44 Dicotyles torquatus, the Collared Peccary. 190 Macropid. 211 Didelphis Azarve, Azara's Possum. 217 Manidac 146, 147 Didelphis Californica, the Texas Possum. 217 Manatid.. 205-207 Didelphis canerivora, the Crab-eating Opossum.. 217 Muride... 134, 135 Didelphis Virginiana, the Virginian Opossum.. 216 " Mustelidme... 85-96 Dipus iEgyptius, the gyptian Jerbo... 133 Myoxida.... 133 Dipus Indicus, Hardwicle's Jerboa. 134 Myrmecophagidoe 147-149 Dipus Mitchellii, Mitchell's Jerbon.. 134 Nycticebida... 44, 45 Dog, the, Canis lupus, var. famniliaris... 108 Octodontid... 140, 141 Dolichotis Patagonica, tlhe Patagonian Caoy.. 142 Ornithorhynchid.. 218, 219 Dolphin, the Bolivian, Inia Geoffroyii... 205 Peramelidm. 214 Dolphin, the Bottle-nose, Delphinus Tursio. 204 " Phalangistid... 211-214 Dolphin, the common, Delphinus Delphis.. 204 Phascolomyd... 209 Dolphin, the Inia, mInia Geoffroyii... 205' Phocidm... 124-128 Dolphin, Peron's, Delphinapterus Peronii.. 205 " Phyllostomidm... 57, 58 Dolphin, the Son-Son, Platanista Gangetica. 205 " Pteropid... 58, 59 Diodon Sowerbcei, Sowerby's Dolphin... 205 Rhinocerid... 184-186 Dolphin, Sowerby's, Diodon Sowerbcei... 205 " Rhinolophidze... 56, 57 Dolphin, the White-beaked, Delphinapterus Peroniz. 205 " Sciurid... 130-133 Dormouse, the common, ]fyoxus avellanarius.. 133 Simiade.. 16-38 Dormouse, the great, Mfyoxus Glis... 133 Soricidm... 65-69 Douc, the, Semnnopithecus Nemcus... 28 " Suidme... 188-191 Douroucouli, the, Nyctipithecus trivirgatus 40 " Tachyglossidm.. 219, 220 Drill, the, Papio leucophceus 37 " Talpida... 59-65 Dromedary, the, Camelus Dromedarius. 176 Tapirid... 187, 188 Duck-bill, the, Ornithorhynchusparadoxus.. 218 Tarsiid... 45 Dugong, the Australian, Halicore Australis.. 207 " Trichecide... 128, 129 Dugong, the Indian, Halicore Dugon.. 206 Tupaiadm.... 69 Duiker-boc, the Antilope Grimmia. 170 Ursidm.. 72-85 V espertilionids.. 51-66 Echinops Telfairi, the Sokinah... 70 " Viverrid... 96-101 Eland, the, Boselaphus oreas. 167 Felis domestica, the Domestic Cat.. 110 Elephant, the African, Elephzas Africanus.. 182 Felis Canadensis, the Canada Lynzx. 113 Elephas Africanus, the African Elephant.. 182 Felis Caracal, the Caracal.... 113 Elephant, the Indian, Elephas Indicus.. 182 Fells Catus, the Wild Cat... 110 Elephas Indicus, the Indian Elephant... 182 FelisChaus, the Chaus... 112 Elephant, the Sea, Morungaproboscidea.. 127 Fells Chibiguazu, the Chibigua.. 111i Elk, the, Alces Malchis.... 174 Felisconcolor, the Pumza... 119 Enhydra marina, the Sea Otter. 95 FellsJavanensis, the iuzck... 111 Equus Caballus, the Horse... 177 Fells jubata, the Cheetah... 114 Erinaceus europceus, the Conmmon Hedgehog. 70 Fells Ldo, the Lion. 119 Ermine, the, Mustela erininea.. 91 Felis Leopardus, the Leopard... 113 Fells Lynx, the European Lynx... 113 Family Egosceridme... 163, 164 Fells macroscelis, the Rinmau-Dyanc.. 115 " Antilopidm.... 164-172 Fells maniculata, the iEXgyptians Cat... 111 " Arvicolidm. 136, 137 Felis mitis, the Chati.... 111 " Balmnide.... 198-200 Felis Nepaulensis, the Nepaulese Cat... I " Bovidme.. 158-163 Felis Onca, the Jaguar. 115 " Bradypids.... 152-154 Felis pajeros, the Pampas C(t... 111 Camelide... 176, 177 Fells pardalis, the Ocelot.... 111 Camelopardid... 172, 173 Fells serval, the Serval. 112 " CanidEs.... 103-108 Fells Sumatrana, the Bulu. 112 " Castoride.... 137-139 Felis Tigris, the Tiger.. 116 " Catodontidm... 200-201 Fells Uncia, the Ounce. 113 " Cavidm.... 142, 143 Fells unicolor, Traill's Puma.119 " Cebide.... 38-41 Fennec, the, Vulpes Zerdla. 104 " Cervidre... 173-176 Flying Lemur, the, Galeopithecas olons. 47 " Cheiromyidm.... 45, 46 Fox, the American red, VunpesJidvus... 104 Chinchiliid.... 141, 142 Fox, the Artic, Vulpes lagopus. 105 Dasypide.... 149-152 Fox, the common, Vulpes vlaris... 104 Dasyuridsoe.... 214-216 Fox, the Indian, Vulpes Bengalensis... 105 Delphinids.... 201-205 Fox, the K(it, Vulpes cinereo-argentatus. 104 Didelphidm... 216, 217 Dipodidm... 133, 134 GaIago crassicaudatus.. 45 Elephantid... 181-184 Galago, the Senegal, Golago Senegl esis. 45 Equidms.... 177-180 Galago Senegalensis, thle Senzegal Galago. 45 Erinacead... 69-71 Galeopithecus volans, the Flying Lenmur. 47 " Felidie... 109-123 Galet, the, Cryptoproctafero x... 96 Galeopithecidae... 46, 47 Galictis Allamandi, Allamand's Grison.. 88 " Iapalidae.... 41, 42 Galictis vittata, the Grison... 87 Hippopotamidre. 186, 187 Garangan, the, tlerpestes Jaeanicws.. 97 " Hyrenidme.. 101-103 Gazella Dorcas, the Gazelle. 170 224 INDEX TO MAMM ALIA. Page Page Gazella Euchore, the Spring-boc 169 Hylobates Agilis, the Agile Gibbon ~ 26 Gazelle, the, Gazelle Dorcas. 170 Hylobates Hooloc, the Ifooloc.. 24 Gems-boc, the, Antilope Oryx.. 170 Hylobates Lar, the White-handed Gibbon 24 Genet, the common, Genetta vulgaris. 99 Hylobates Leuciscus, the Cinereous Gibbon'. 26 Genetta vulgoaris, the common. Genet 99 Hylobates Syndactylus, the Siaman. 25 Gibbon, the agile, Hylobates Ayilis. 26 Hylomys, the, Hylomys suillus. 69 Gibbon, the Cinereous, Hylobates Leuciscas 26 Hylomnys suillun, the Ilyloeys.... 69 Gibbon, the White-handed, HIylobates Lar. 24 Hyperoodon Butzkopf, the Bottle-head. 202 Gipakeiou, the, Bradypus torquantus.. 154 Hypsiprimnus minor, the Kangaroo Bat. 211 Giraffe, the, Cameloplardalis Giraffa.. 173 Hyrax, Abyssinicus, the Syrian ilyrax 192 Glutton, the, Galo luscus.,. 73 Hyrax, the Cape, flyrax Capensis..192 Gnoo, the, Catoblepas gnu. 164 Hyrax Capensis, the Dasse. 192 Gnoo, the Brindled, Catoblepas Goroz.. 165 Hyrax Siriacus, the DZaman. 192 Goat, the wild, Capra ceagras. 164 Hyrax, the Syrian, Hyrax Sir'iacus. 192 Gorilla, the, Troglodytes Gorilla. 18 Hystrix fasciculata, the Javanese Porcupine 140 Gour, the, Bos Gauruss. 162 Grampus, the, Grampus orca... 204 Ibex, the, Capra Ibex... 164 Grampus orca, the Granmpus... 204 Ichneumon, the Egyptian, Ilerpestes Ichzneuneon. 97 Grison, the, Galictis vittata. 87 Ictides albifirons, the Binturong. 76 Grivet, the, Cercopithecus Griseus. 31 Inpoon, the, Antilope Greimnone 170 Grys-boc, the, Antilope melanotis. 170 Indri, the, indris Brevicaudotus 43 Guanaco, the, Auchenia glama.. 176 Indris Brevicaudatus, the Indri.. 43 Guereza, the, Colobus Guereza. 29 Inghalla, the, Antilope eleotrayus... 170 Guevi, the, Cephalophus pygmceas. 169 Ingooloob, the Phacocheerus.zthiopicus. 190 Gulo luscus, the Glutton 73 Inia Geoffroyii, the nian Dollphin. 205 Gyall, the, Bosfrontalis 162 Inuus Sylvanus, the Barbary Ape.. 35 Gymnura Rafflesii, the Bulau 68 Jackal, the, Canis aureus. 105 Hlabrocoma Bennettii, Bennett's ilabrocome.. 141 Jacchus UEdipus, the Pinche. 42 Habrocome, Bennett's, Habrocoma Bennettii.. 141 Jacchus Rosalia, the l/arilcina.. 42 Halicharus gryphus, the Grey Seal. 125 Jacchus penicillatus, the Black-tufted Marmozet. 42 Halicore australis, the Australian Dugong.. 207 Jacehus vulgaris, the common Marmozet.. 42 Halicore Dugong, the Indian Dugong.. 206 Jaguar, the, Felis Onca. 115 Halmaturus Asiaticus, Le Brun's Kangaroo. 210 Jelerang, the, Scinrus bicolor. 131 Hamster, the, Cricetusfrunmentarius. 135 Jerboa, the Alak-Daargha, Scirtetesjacuhls. 134 Hare, the Alpine, Lepus variabilis.. 144 Jerboa, the Egyptian, Dipus _Egyptius. 133 Hare, the American, Lepus Americanus 144 Jerboa, the Cape, Helaniys Capensis... 134 Hare, the Calling, Lagomys pusillus. 145 Jerboa, Hardwicke's, Dipus Indicus... 134 Hare, the common, Lepus tinidus. 144 Jerboa, Mitchell's, Dipus Mlitchellii... 134 Hare, the Irish, Lepus Hmibrnicus.. 144 Hare, the Little chief, Lagonmys 2prinsceps 145 Kahau, the, Nasalis Larvatus... 28 Hare, the Polar, Lepus glacialis.. 145 Kangaroo, the Black-gloved, M1acropus i'ma. 210 Hare, the Prairie, Lepus Vimgisnianus... 145 Kangaroo, the Brush-tailed Roclk, Jlacropus penicillatus 210 Harte-beest, the, Acronotus Caama... 168 Kangaroo, the Great, Macropus giganteus ~. 210 Harte-beest, the Bastard, Acronotus lunate. 168 Kangaroo, the Great Roclk, Macropus robustus.. 210 Hedgehog, the Australian, Tachyglossus Hystriz. 219 Kangaroo, Le Brun's, Halmaturus Asiaticus. 210 Hedgehog, the common, Brinaceus europceus.. 70 Kangaroo, the I-'andemelon Wallaby, AMracropus Thetides 210 Helamys Capensis, the Cape Jerboa... 134 Kangaroo, the Red, Macropus laniger... 210 Helarctos malayanus, the Malayan Sun-Bear.. 81 Kangaroo, the Red-bellied Wallaby, Miacropus Billardierii 210 Helictis moschatus, the Nyentek.... 86 Kangaroo, the Red-necked,._Macropus rmficollis. 210 Herpestes badius, the Ratlamuchi. 98 Kangaroo, the Small Hare, Lagorchestes leporides 210 Herpestes griseus, the Mloongus... 97 Kangaroo, the Sooty, Macropusfuliginosns. 210 Herpestes Ichneumon, the Egyptian lchsneumon.. 97 Kangaroo, the Tree, Dendrologus inustus.. 211 Herpestes Javanicus, the Garangan... 97 Kangaroo, the Tree, Dendrolo us asiSs.. 211 Hippopotamus, the, Hippopotamus amphibius.. 186 Kiang, the, Asinus Hesionus.... 180 Hippopotamus amphibius, the sippopotasnts. 186 Kidang, the, Cervss iisuntjac.. 175 Hippotigris Burchellii, Burchell's Zebra. 179 Kinkajou, the, Cercoleptes caudivolvula.. 76 Hippotigris Quagga, the Quagga. 178 Klipdas, the, Hyrax capensis... 192 Hippotigris Zebra, the Zebra. 179 Koala, the, Phascolarctos cinereus.. 213 Histrix cristata, the common Porcupine. 139 Kogia breviceps, the Short-headed Whale.. 201 Histrix pilosa, the Canada Porcupine... 139 Kokoon, the, Catoblepas Gorgon. 165 Hog, the Ground, Orycteropus Capensis.. 149 Koodoo, the, Strepsiceros Kudlu... 166 Hog, 2lian's Wart, ihacochazrus Aizliani.. 190 Koolkaam, the, Antilope Oyx.... 170 Hog, the 2Ethiopian Wart, Phacochcersus zEthiopicus. 190 Koulan, the, Asinus onage'.... 180 Hooloc, the, Hylobates Hooloc. 24 Kuwuk, the, Felis Javanensis... 111 Hoonuman, the, Semnuopithecus Entelis.. 26 Hopoona-Roo, the, Petaurus Australis... 212 Lagomys Ogotona, the Ogotona. 145 Horse, the, Equus Caballus... 177 Lagomys princeps, the Little-chief Hare.. 145 Hy'na crocuta, the Spotted Byccnsa. 102 Lagomys pusillus, the Calingy Hare... 145 Hy na, the Spotted, Hycxna crocuta... 102 Lagorchestes leporides, the Small Ilare Kamgaroo. 210 Hynna striata, the Striped Hycena. 101 Lagostomus trichodactylus, the Viscacha. 142 Hynna, the Striped, Hyceama striata... 101 Lagotis Cuvieri, the Chincha... 142 Hynna villosa, the Woolly Hycena... 103 La!ande, the, Otocyon Lalandii 103 Hynna, the Woolly, Hycena villosa.. 103 Lamantin, the, Manatus Senegalensis.. 206 Hydrochnrus Capybara, ttie Crqpybara.. 143 Lechie, the, Antilope Lechie... 171 Hydrormys, the, Hydrornys ieucogaster... 135 Lemur Catta, the Ring-tailed Lemur.. 43 Hydrormys leucogaster, the Hydromnys 135 Lemtr Macco. the Pied Lemuar. 43 INDEX TO MAMMALIA. 225 Page Page Lemur Mongoz, the _Mongos. 43 Marmot, the Diana, Lagostomus trichodactylus. 142 Lemur the Pied, Lemar /Macaco 43 Marmot, the Maryland, Arctosays monazox 132 Lemur, the Ring-tailed, Lemur'dtta 43 Marmot, Pennant's, Arctonys pruiszosus 132 Lemming, Back's, M-yodes trimucronntats 136 Marmot, the Polish, Arctomys Bobac 132 Lemming, the Greenland, Myodes Greenlandicus. 136 Marmot, the Prairie, Arctomys iatroozs. 132 Lemming, the Hudson's Bay, liyodes Hudsonius 136 Marmot, the Short-tailed, Arctomys brachyurus 132 Lemming, the Scandinavian, Myodes Lemmus. 136 Marmot, the Souslik, Spermophilts citelluss 132 Leopard, the, Felis Leopardcls. 113 Marmot, the Quebec, Arctotsys enpetra. 132 Leopard, the Sea, Leptonyx Weddellii. 126 IMarmot, the Wistonwish, Arctosays latrans. 132 Leptonyx Weddellii, the Sea Leopard 126 Marmozet, the Black-tufted, Jacchus penicillatus 42 Lepus Americanus, the American fare.. 144 Marmozet, the common, Jacchus vlyjaris 42 Lepus cuniculus, the Rabbit 145 Marten, the Beech, MIartesjbina 89 Lepus glacialis, the Polar Ilare 145 Marten, the Pine, 11Martes abiette.. 89 Lepus Hibernicus, t/e Irish Hare... 144 Martes abietum, the Pine M1farten 89 Lepus timidus, the common Hlare. 144 Mactes Canadiensis, the Peoa2. 90 Lepus variabilis, the Alpine Hare. 144 Martes foina, the Beech MAarten 89 Lepus Virginianus, the Prairie Hlare. 145 Martes leucopus, the Sable 89 Leucoryx, the, Antilope Leucoryx. 171 Mataco, the, Dasyp2us tricinctus. 151 Lion, the, Felils Leo. 119 Meerlkat, the, Cynictis Steedmannii. 97 Lion, the Sea, Otariajzbata 127 Megaderma frons, the A4fica roLeaf Bat 58 Llama, the, Atchenia glama... 176 Megaptera Americana, the Bermsuda Himp-backed Whale 199 Lori, the Bengal, Loris gracilis 44 Megaptera Kuzira, the Kuzira Whale. 199 Lori, the Javanese, Loris tardigradts. 44 Megaptera longirna', Johnston's Hump-backed WVhale 199 Loris gracilis, the Bengal Lori. 44 Megaptera Poeskop, the Cape Haump-bached Whale. 199 Loris tardigradus, the Javanese Lor. 44 Meles Collaris, the Indiatn Badgers 74 Loutre, the Petite, Cheironectes variegatus. 217 Meles labradoria, the Amnericans Badger.. 74 Lutra Americana, the American Otter.. 94 Meles taxus, the European Badgee.. 74 Lutra Braziliensis, the Brazilian Otter 95 Mellivora capensis, the Ratel. 72 Lutra vulgaris, the Otters 93 Meminna Indica, the Peesoreh,.. 176 Luwak, the, Viverra nmusanga. 99 Mephitis americana, the Scsunk.. 86 Lycaon, the marbled, LycaohS ventrica. 103 Meriones Labradorius, the Labradorjemlsinisg M3osse 135 Lycaon venatica, the marbled Lycaon 103 Mohr, the, Antilope Mohr. 169 Lynx, the Canada, Felis Canadensis. 113 Mole, the Australian Water, Ornzithoryhnchus paradoxes 218 ILynx, the European, Felis Lyssx 113 Mole, the common, Thlpa -suro poa.. 60 Mole, the lustrous Cape, Chrysochloris capessis. 64 Macacus Cynomolgus, the ]lfacaque.33 Mole, the Shore, Bathieryus mnaritimuss. 140 Macacus Nemestrinus, the -zsh.. 34 Mole, the Shrewv, Scalops aquaticsss 65 Macacus Niger, the Black M1facaq qe 35 Mole-Rat, the Blind, Spalax typhlus. 137 Macacus Rhesus, the Bhtnder 34 Molossus velox, the Swi ft-ifying thick-lipped Bat. 56 Macacus Silenus, the Wasnde'oo.33 Mone, the, Cercopithecss 1Mosna.. 30 Macacus Sinicus, the Bonnet ososzke ~. 32 Mongous, the, Lenmur Mosynoz. 43 Macacus Speciosus, the Red-faced Mlfacactse. 35 Monkey, the Bonnet, 31acacus Sinsicus. 32 Macacus Ursinus, the Ursine Mlacaque.. 35 Monkey, the Brown Howling, Mycetes Ursinuses. 39 Macaque, the, Mfacacuss Cynomolgus. 8.33 Monkey, the Brown Sajou, Cebus lAppela 40 Macaque, the Black, MA]acacus Niqer... 35 Monkiey, the Diana, Cercopithecus Diana.. 31 Macaque, the Red-faced, Mlacacus Speciosus. 35 Monkey, the Horned, Cebtsfatuellts.. 39 Macaque, the Ursine, Mecacac s Ursinus. 35 Monkey, the Proboscis, NArasalis Larvatss. 28 Macroptus Billardierii, the Red-bellied WatlTby KAangaroo 210 Monkey, the Red Howling, M~ycetes Seniculuts. 38 MAacropus fuliginosus, the Sooty Kangaroo. 210 Monikey, the Squirrel. Calhithrix sciureus.. 40 Macropus giganteus, the Great Kangaroo.. 210 Monkey, the Weeper, Cebus Appella.. 40 Macropus Irma, the Black-gloved Kagaroo.. 210 Monkey, the White-nosed, Cercopithecus Nictitas. 31 Macropus laniger, the Red Kancgaroo... 210 Monkey, the White-nosed, Cercopethecus Petsaurista. 31 Macropus melanops... 210 Monodon monosceros, the NYarwThal.. 202 Miacropus ocydromus... 210 Moongus, the, lierlestes griseus.. 97 Macropus penicillatus, the Brush-tailed Rock Kangarsoo 210 Moose-Deer, the, Alces M/falchis... 174 Macropus robustus, the Great Rock Kctngaroo.. 210 lMoose, the Grey, Cerwsvs Canadiensis... 174 Macropus ruficollis, the Red-necked Kangaroo.. 210 Morse, the, Trichechus Rosmarus... 128 Macropus Thetides, the Pandemnelon Wallaby Kansgaroo. 210 AIorenga proboscidea, the Sea-Elephast.. 127 Macroscelides typicus, the Elephat Mnouse.. 66 Moschus Mosechiferus, the Mlfusk-dleer.,. 176 Madoqua, the, Antilope Saltiana... 169 Mouse, the American field, Meus leucopsts. 135 Magot, the, Isnuus Sylvanus... 35 Mouse, the Barbary, MsIts Barbarsts. 135 Manatee, the, Manatus australis... 206 Mouse, the common, iJ'[es muscules... 134 Manatus australis, the Marnatee 206 Mouse, Darwin's, Me1ts Darwinii.. 135 Manatus latirostris, the M11exican qSee-cow. 206 Mouse, the Elephant, MAlcroscelides typicus.. 66 Manatus Senegalensis, the Lamanti... 206 Mouse, the Harvest, Mus messoriues... 135 Mandrill, the, Papio _l/ornmon... 36 Mouse, the Labrador jumping, Mieriones Labradao.'ius. 135 Mangabey, the Collared, Cercocebus Collaris.. 32 Mouse, the Long-tailed field, Mess sylvatics.. 135 Mangabey, the Sooty, Cercocebus Fusliginoss.. 32 Mouse, the Meadow, Arvicola acgrestis... 136 Mangabey, the White-crowned, Cercocebus zEthiops. 32 Muntjak, the, Cervus Munljac.. 175 Mangue, the, Crossarchus obscsurus. 98 MIus Barbarus, the Barbasr/y MAouse... 135 Manis inultiscutata, the MAany-shielded Paegosii'. 147 Mus Darwinii, Daris's _Maouse.., 135 Manis pentadactyla, the Short-tailed Pasyolin. 147 Mus giganteus, the Bandicoot Rat. 135 Manis Temnmincki, Tensn)inch's Pangolis.. 147 Mius decumaus, the Brows Rt... 135 Mania tetradactyla, the Longj-tailed Pasngolin.. 147 Mus leucopus, the Assericanfellss-eonosse.. 135 Marikina, the, Jacchuss Rosalica.... 42 Mus messorius, the faercest Moeese... 135 Marmot, the Alpine, Arctosays nartsotta.. 132 Ms mnusceulus, the cosson Mouse.. 134 Marmot, the Bobac, Arctonys Bobac... 132 Mans Rattus, the Black Rlat... 135 VoL. 1. 29 226 INDEX TO MAMMALIA. Page Page Mus Setifer, the Tikus-wirok nat. 135 Paca, the Cologenys Paca. 143 Mus sylvaticus, the Long-tailed field-mouse.. 135 Pallah, the, Antilope melampus... 169 Musquash, the, Castor zebethicus. 139 Panda, the, Ailurus refudgens. 77 Mustela erminea, the Ermine. 91 Pangolin, the Long-tailed, Mfanis tetradactyla. 147 Mustela putorius, the Polecat... 90 Pangolin, the Many-shielded, M~anis multiscutata. 147 Mustela vulgaris, the Weasel.... 92 Pangolin, the Short-tailed, fanispentadactyla.. 147 Mycetes Seniculus, the Ied Howling monkcey.. 38 Pangolin, Temminck's Manis Tenninckii.. 147 Mycetes Ursinus, the Brown Howling onkey.. 39 Papio leucophceus, the Drill.... 37 Mydaus rneliceps, the Javanese Teledu... 85 Papio Mormon, the Mandrill... 36 Mygale moschata, the Mksusk rat.. 66 Paradoxurus typus, the Pougonne... 98 Myodes Greenlandicns, the Greenland Lemming.. 136 Patas, the, Cercopithecus uber... 32 Myodes Hudsonius, the Hudson's Bay Lemming.. 136 Peba, the, Dasypus pe o... 150 Myodes Lemmus, the Scandinavian Lemmaing.. 136 Peccary, the Collared, Dicotyles torquatus. 190 Myodes trimucronatus, Back's Lemming. 136 Peccary, the White-lipped, Dicotyles labiats. 191 Myopotamus Coypus, the Coypu... 139 Peechey, the, l:ippotigris Burchellii... 179 Myoxus avellanarius, the common Dormouse. 133 Peesoreh, the, Mlfeminna Indica... 176 Myoxus Glis, the Great Dormouse... 133 Pekan, the, Mfartes Canadiensis... 90 Myrmecobe, the Banded, M1yjrmecobiusfasciatas. 216 Perameles nasutus, the Long-nosed Bandicoot.. 214 Myrmecobius fasciatus, the Banded Mg~yrmecobe.. 216 Perameles obesula, the Spring Bandicoot.. 214 Mrymecophaga didactyla, the Little Ant-eater.. 148 Perodicticus Potto, thle Potto... 44 Myrmecophaga jubata, thle Great Ant-eater, 147 Petaurist, the large, Petaurus tagnanoides.. 212 Myrmecophaga Tamandua, the Tamandua.. 148 Petaurist, the Sciurine, Petaurus sciureus. 212 Petaurus Australis, the Tlopoona Roo... 212 Nakong, the, Antilope Atnderssonii. 171 Petaurus Scimureus, the Sciurine Petanrist.. 212 Napu, the, Tragulus,vaaicuss... 176 Petaurus taguanoides, the Flying Squirrel.. 212 Narwhal, the, M[onodon monosceros... 202 Phacochcerus Ehliani, _,'lian's Wart-hog. 190 Nasalis Larvatus, the Kaha... 28 Phacochcerus Eithiopicus, the /tlPthopian Wart-hog. 190 Nasau narica, the Brown Coatimondi. 76 Phalanger, the Mouse-like, Phalangista gliriformis. 212 Neotoma Drummondii, the Rocky Moountain rat. 135 Phalanger, the Spotted, Cuscus maculata. 212 Nisnas, the, Cercopithecus Pyrrhonotus.. 32 Phalangista gliriformis, the fouse-like Phalanger. 212 Nyctipithecus trivirgatus, the Douroucouli. 40 Phalangista vulpina, the Vulpine Opossum. 212 Nyentelk, the, Helictis moschatus.. 86 Phascogale, the common, Phascogale penicillatss. 215 Nyl-Ghau, the, Portaxpicta.. 166 Phascogale penicillatus, the Connmmon Phascogale. 215 Phascolarctos cinereus, the Koala... 213 Ocelot, the, Felis pardalis.... 112 Phascolomys latifirons.. 209 Octodon, Curning's, Octodon deygus. 140 Phascolomys Wornbat, the Wombat... 209 Octodon degus, Cuming's Octodon... 140 Phatagin, ilanis munltiscutata.. 147 Ogotona, the, Lagomys Ogotona... 145 Phitomok, the, Antilope ellipsiprimna.. 170 Ondatra, the, Castor zebethicus... 139 Phlcomys, the, Phlwomnys Cumminigii. 135 Opossum, the Crab-eating, Didelphis cancrivora. 217 Phoca annulata, the Mar7bled Seal. 125 Opossum, the Ursine, Dasyurus Ursinus.. 214 Phoca barbata, the Great Seal... 125 Opossum, the Virginian, Didelphis Virginiana.. 216 Phoca Grenlandica, the larTp Seal. 125 Opossum, the Vulpine, Phalangista w ssipisa. 212 Phoca vitulina, the Common Seal... 124 Orang-Outan, the, Simiai Satyrus... 20 Phocena communis, the Common Po7)oise. 203 Order Bimana... 9, 14 Phyllostoma spectrum, the Vamspire Bat.. 57 "4Carnivora.... 71-123 Physalus Antiquorum, the Bazor-back Whale.. 199 "Cetacea... 193-207 Physeter Tursio, the Black-fish W/hale... 201 Cheiroptera... 48-59 Piclhey, the,.Dasypus mzinsstus... 150 "4Edentata... 146-154 Pichiciago, the, Chlamydophorus truncatuns. 151 "4Insectivora... 59-71 Pinche, the, Jacchus Gd:dip)es... 42 Marsupialia... 207-217 Platanista Gangetica, the Sou-Sou Dol)hin.. 205 AMonotremata... 218-220 Plecotus auritus, the Long-eared Bat... 54 Pachydermata... 180-193 Polecat, the, Ms1lsteia putorius.... 90 Pinnipedia... 124-129 Porcupine, the Brazilian, Synetherespreh/ensilis.. 140 Quadrumana. 9-47 Porcupine, the Canada, Histrix pilosa.. 139 Rodentia... 129-145 Porcupine, the common, Histrix cristata.. 139 LRuminantia... 154-177 Porcupine, the Javanese, flystrixfasciculata.. 140 Solidungula.. 177-180 Porpoise, the common, Phocwena communis.. 203 Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, the Duclk-bill.. 218 Porpoise, the Right-whale, Delphinapterus Peronii. 205 Orycteropus Capensis, the Aard Vark... 149 Porpoise, the Round-headed, Globiocelahlus dedtctor. 204 Oryx, the, Antilope Leucoryx... 171 Pertax picta, the Nyl-ghau.... 166 Otaria jubata, the Sea-Lion.... 127 Possum, Azara's, Dideljhis Azarce.. 217 Otocyon Lalandii, thde Lalande... 103 Possum, the common, Didelphis Virginiana.. 216 Otter, the, Lutra vularils.... 93 Possum, the Texas, Didel)his Californice.. 217 Otter, the American, Lutra anmericana.. 94 Potoroo, the, flypsiprimnsus asinor.. 211 Otter, the Brazilian, utra Braziliensis.. 95 Potto, the, Perodicticus Potto... 44 Otter, the Javanese, Aonyx lepytonyxz... 95 Pougonne, the, Paradoxurus typs.. 98 Otter, the Sea, Bsnhydra marina.. 95 Poyou, the, Dasypus sexcinctus... 151 Ounce, the, Fells Uncia... 113 Prionodon gracilis, the Delundung f 96 Ovibos moschatus, the nusk Ox. 162 Procyon lotor, the Racoon... 77 Ovis aries, the Sheep.. 163 Prong-horn, the, Antilopjefijrci/er. 171 Ox, the, Bos taurus.... 158 Proteles Llanmdii, tlhe Aard- Wlf.. 101 Ox, the Cape, Bubaats Caffer.. 160 Pteromys volucella, the Assaae Squirrel.. 133 Ox, the Grunting, Bos pophagas... 162 Pteropus edulis, the Kalonsg Bat... 58 Ox, the Jungle, Bosa fontalis.... 162 Puma, the, Tells conscolor.... 119 Ox, the MIusk, Ovibos moschatus.. 162 Puma, T'aill's, Fells uasicolor.... 119 INDEX TO MAMMALIA. 227 Page Page Quagga, the, Hippotigris Quagga.. 178 Seal, the Great, Phoca barbata... 125 Quagga, the Bonti, Hippotigris Burchelii. 179 Seal, the Grey, Hal/chcerus gryphas. 125 Seal, the Harp, Phoca Grcnlandica... 125 Rabbit, the, Lepus cuniculus. 145 Seal, the Marbled, Phoca annulactae. 125 Racoon, thle, Procyon lotor... 77 Semnopithecus Entellus, the Hoonuman. 26 Rasse, the, Viverra Rasse. 99 Semnopithecus Maurus, the Budeng.. 28 Rat, the Bandicoot, Jlus giganteus... 135 Semnopithecus Nemceus, the Douc.. 28 Rat, the Black, Mus Rattus.... 135 Serval, the, Felis serval.. 111 Rat, the Brown, _3us decumanus. 135 Sheep, the, Ovis aries... 163 Rat, the Kangaroo, Hypsiprimnus minor... 211 Shrew, the American Marsh, Sorexpalustris.. 68 Rat, the Musk, Castor zebethicus... 139 Shrew, the Common, Sorex araneus... 66 Rat, the Musk, Aygale moschata... 66 Shrew, Forster's, Sorex Forsteri... 68 Rat, the Rocky Mountain, Neotoma Drummonadii. 135 Shrew, the Indian, Sorex indicus... 68 Rat, the Tikus-wirok, Muls setifer.. 135 Shrew, the Oared, Sorex ree/r... 67 Rat, the Water, Arvicola amphibia.. 136 Shrew, Savi's, Sorex etruscus... 68 Ratel, the, iVellivora capensis.... 72 Shrew, the Water, Sorexfodiens. 67 Ratlamuchi, the, Herpestes badias... 98 Siamang, the, Hylobates Syndactylus... 25 Rein-Deer, the. Tarandus Raner. ~. 174 Simia Satyrus, the Orang-Outa... 20 Reit-boc, the, Antilope eleotranus... 170 Skunk, the, fephitis omericana... 86 Rhee-boc, Antilope Ca-preolus.. 170 Slepez, the, Spalax tyhialus. 137 Rhinoceros Africanus, Bruce's Rhinoceros. 184 Sloth, the three-toed, Bradypeus tridcactyhs.. 153 Rhinoceros bicornis, the Indian Rhinoceros.. 184 Sloth, the two-toed, Cholcepus didactylus. 154 Rhinoceros, Bruce's, Rhinoceros Africanus.. 184 Sokinah, the, Echino-ps Telfairi.. 70 Rhinoceros, Burchell's, Rhinoceros sirnus.. 185 Solenodon, the, Solenodonparadoxus. 66 Rhinoceros, the Indian, Rhinoceros Indicus.. 184 Solenodon paradoxus, the Solenodon... 66 Rhinoceros Indicus, the Indian Rhinoceros.. 184 Sorex araneus, the conmnon Shrew... 66 Rhinoceros, the Javanese, Rhinoceros soncdacus.. 184 Sorex etruscus, Savi's Shrew... 68 Rhinoceros Javanus, the Javanese Rhinoceros. 184 Sorex fodiens, the Water Shrew.. 67 Rhinoceros Keitloa, Sloan's Rhinoceros.. 185 Sorex Forsteri, Forster's Shrew... 68 Rhinoceros, simus, Burchell's Rhinoceros.. 185 Sorex indicus, the Indianc Shrew... 68 Rhinoceros, Sloan's Rhinoceros Keitloa. 185 Sorex palustris, the American M]~arsh Shrew. 68 Rhinoceros sondaicus, the Javanese Rhinoceros.. 184 Sorex remifer, the Oared Shrew.. 67 Rhinoceros, the Sumatran, Rhinoceros Sumantrensis. 184 Spalacopus noctivagus, Pojppig's Spalacopus.. 140 Rhinoceros Sumatrensis, the Sumatran Rhinoceros. 184 Spalacopus, Poppig's, Spalacopses snoctivacgus.. 140 Rhinoceros, Oswell's Rhinoceros Oswellii.. 185 Spalax typhlus, the Slepez... 137 Rhinoceros Oswellii, Osv:ell's Rhinoceros. 185 Spermophilus citellus, the Sousli.. 132 Rhinoceros unicornis, the Indian Rhinoceros. 184 Spring-boc, the, Gazella Buchore. 169 Rhinolophus Ferrum-equinum, the Greater horse-shoe Bat 56 Squirrel, the Assapan, Pteromys volcella.. 133 Rhinolophus hipposideros, the Lesser horse-shoe Bat. 56 Squirrel, the Black, Sciurus iger... 131 Rhinolophus nobilis, the Noble horse-shoe Bat. 57 Squirrel, the Chilian, Octodon deges.. 140 Rhynchocyon cirnei, the Rhynchocon. 69 Squirrel, the common, Sciunrus vw aris... 132 Rhynchocyon,. the, Rhynchocyon cirnei... 69 Squirrel, the European flying, Sciuropterus volans. 130 Rhytina Stelleri, Steller's Rhytina. 207 Squirrel, the Flying, Petaurues taguanoides. 213 Rhytina, Steller's, Rhytina Stelleri.. 207 Squirrel, the Four-banded, Sciurus quadeivittatus. 132 Rhyzcena tetradactyla, the Sur-icate... 98 Squirrel, the Greater flying, Sciuropterus Sabrinus. 133 Rilnau-Dyan, the, Fel/s macroscelis... 115 Squirrel, the Grey. Scieurus cinerels... 131 Roebuck, the, Ccapreolus Dorcas... 175 Squirrel, the Ground, Sciurues Lysteri. 132 Squirrel, the Hacklcee, Sciurus Lysteri... 132 Sable, the, Mlartes leucopus... 89 Squirrel, Horsefield's flying, Sciesuroptlerus lepidus 133 Saiga, the, Antilope colus.. 169 Squirrel, the Hudson's Bay, Sciurues liuedsoenis. 131 Sassabe, the, Acroneotus lunata.... 168 Squirrel, the Kechubu, Scsiuropterus genibalrbis.. 133 Scalops aquaticus, the Shrew-Jole... 65 Squirrel, the, Malabar, Sceiurus ZCaximus. 131 Scham-Scham, the, Cuscus maculata... 212 Squirrel, Nieuhoff's flying, Sciuropteerus sayitta.. 133 Schizodon, the, Schizodonfiescus... 140 Squirrel, the Palm, Sciurus palhnrum.. 132 Schizodon fuscus, the Schizodo.. 140 Squirrel, Smith's, Sceiurus Cepapi... 131 Scirtetes jaculus, the Alak-Daaryha Jerboa. 134 Squirrel, Sparmann's, Sciurus bicolor.. 131 Sciuropterus genibarbis, the Kechubue... 133 Squirrel, the Sugar, Petaurus sciuree s.. 212 Sciuropterus lepidus, Ilorsfeld's Flying Squirrel. 133 Squiriel, the White-striped, Sciue-es geteulus. 131 Sciuropterus Sabrinus, the Greater Flying Squirrel. 133 Star-Nose, the Thick-tailed, Coendylura macrosurs. 63 Sciuropterus sagitta, NVieehoq's Flying Squirrel. 133 Stag, the Common, Cervwts Elaphues... 174 Sciuropterus volans, the eeuropean Flying Squirrel. 133 Steen-hoc, the, Antilope tragults... 170 Sciurus bicolor, Sparrmann's Sqeuirrel.. 131 Stemmatopus cristatus, the Crested Seal. 126 Sciurus Cepapi, Smith's Squirrel... 131 Stoat, the, lleustela erinieca... 91 Sciurus cinereus, the Grey Squirrel... 131 Strepsiceros Kudu, the eoodoe.o 166 Sciurus getulus, the White-striped Squirrel.. 131 Suricate the, Rhyzena tetradactyla... 98 Sciurus Hudsonius, the Hudson's Bay Squirrel.. 131 Sus larvatus, the asked Boar.189 Sciurus insignis, the Bokkul... 132 Sus Papuensis, the Papuan Boar.. 189 Sciurus Lysteri, the Ground Squirrel... 132 Sus Scrofa, the Wild Boar... 188 Sciurus maximus, the ]~alabar Squirrel.. 131 Synetheres prehelssilis, the Brazilian Porceqene.. 140 Sciurns niger, the Black Squirrel ~ 131 Sciurus palmarum, the Palm Sn-uirrel... 132 Tachyglossus Hystrix, the PorcTpine Ant-eater. 219 Sciurus Plautani, the Bajing.... 132 Tagnicate,.the, Dicotyles labiatus... 191 Sciurus quadrivittatus, the Fosur-banded Squirrcl. 132 Tajazou, the, Dicotylus torsuqats... 190 Sciurus vulgaris, the comsmon Squirrel... 130 Talapoin, the, Cecopithecsts Talopoin.. 30 Sea-cow, the Mexican, Mncatus latieostris.. 206 Talpa, Europa, the Coma mooneole... 60 Seal, the common, Phoca vitalina.. 124 Tansandua, the, Ms-mecophagja Taeanesdesa.. 148 Seal, the Crested, Stemmatopus ce-istates. 126 Tanggalung, the, Viveera zibetha... 100 228 INDEX TO MAMMALIA. Page Page Tapir, the common, Tapirus Americanus. 187 Vulpes lagopus, the Arctic'oz... 105 Tapi., the Malayan, Tapirus Jlfalayanus. 187 Vulpes vulgaris, the commonFox.. 104 Tapir, Roulin's, Tapirus villosus. 187 Vulpes Zerda, the lFennec. 104 Tapirus, Americanus, the Common Taipir. 187 Tapirus Malayanus, the, Mlalayan Taliir., 187 Walrus, the, Trichechuss Rosmarzls 128 Tapirus villosus, Roulin's Tcepir. 187 Wanderoo, the, _Macacus Silens.. 33 Tarandus Ranoifer, the Rein-deer. 174 Wapiti, the, Cervus Cavadienssis 174 Tarsier, the, Tarsius Spectrum... 45 WarakM the, Rhinoceros sondaicus. 184 Tarsius Spectrum, the Tarsier. 45 Water-boc, the, Antilope ellipsiprimena..170 Tatouay, the, Dasypus Tatoueay. 150 Weasel, the, l/f~ustela vglyaris.. 92 Teledu, the Javanese, Il2ydaus imeliceps.. 85 Whale, the Australian, Balcena marginata 199 Tenrec, the, Centenes setoss.. 70 " the Bermuda Hump-backed, leycaptera Amerieana 199 Thalarctos maritimus, the Polar Bear. 83 " the Black, Globiocephalus dedcltor.. 204 Thylacine, the, Thylacinus Harrisii.. 215 " the Black-fish, Physeter Tursio.. 201 Thylacinus Harrisii, the Thylacinze.. 215 " the Blunt-headed Cachalot, Catodosn2acrocephalbs 200 Tiger, the, Felis Tigris.. 116 " the Caaing, Globiocephalhis deductor. 204 Tragelaphus sylvatica, the Bosch-Boc. 166 " the Cape, Balcena astralis.. 199 Tragulus Javanicus, the Napu.. 176 " the Cape Hump-backed, Meyacptera Poeskop. 199 Trichechus Rosmarus. the _3liorse. 128 " the Common Cachalot, Catodon mnacrocelhalzis. 200 Troglodytes Gorilla, the Gorilla... 18 " the Common Whalebone, Balcena 2zysticetzs, 198 Troglodytes uliger, the Chimpanzee. 16 " the High-finned Cachalot, Physeter Teursio 201 Tschikitei, the, Asiznus Hemioznus. 180 " the Howling, Globiocephalus dedulctor 204 Tupaia javanica, the Javanese Bancysr-ling 69 " the Japanese, Balceenajaponsica. 199 " Johnston's Hump-backed, Meyaptera lonzyimana. 199 Unau, the, Choloep)us didactylzs.. 154 " the Kuzira, 3iegyaptera IKuzira.. 199 Ursus americanus, the Black Bear... 82 " tle Mexican Sperm, Catodon Colueeti. 201 Ursus arctos, the Brown Bear.. 77 " the Mysticete, Balcena mysticetus. 198 Ursus ferox, the Grisly Bear... 83 " the New Zealand, Balcena antarctica 199 Ursus isabellinus, Ilorsfield's Bear 80 " the Northern Sperm, Catodon macroceihaalus. 200 Ursus labiatus, the Sloth Bear.. 80 " the Pike, Balaenoptera rostrata. 199 Ursus syriacus, the Syrian Bear. 80 " the Pilot, Globiocephalus Svineval. 204 " the Poeskop,.Meyaptera Poeskop 199 Valke-Varlk, the, Phacochrelzs Elthiopicus.. 190 " the Razor-back, Physalus Antiquornum. 199 Vespertilio Bechsteinii, Bechstein's Bat.. 54 " the Scrag, Balasna gibbosa. 199 Vespertilio Daubentonii, Daubenton's Bat 54 " the Short-headed, iKoCia breviceps 201 Vespertilio discolor, the Particoloured Bat.. 53 the Social, Globiocephalus deductor. 204 Vespertilio Leisleri, Leisler's Bat. 54 5 the Southern Sperm, Catodon polycylphus 200 Vespertilio murinus, the M]ouse-coloured Bat 53 " the Spermaceti, Catodon acrocephas.. 200 Vespertilio mystacinus, the Whiskerecl Bat. 54 " the Tuku Peru, Balcena antarctica.. 199 Vespertilio Nattereri, Natterer's Bat... 53 " the White, Belzega Catodon. 203 Vespertilio noctula, the Noctule.. 52 Wilde lPard, the, Hfippotigris Zebra. 179 Vespertilio pipistrellus, the Pipistrelle... 51 Wolf, the, Canlis lqapTs.... 106 Vespertilio serotinus, the Serotinze 53 Wolf, the Aard, Proteles Lalandii. 101 Viscacha, the, Lagostoemus trichodactyls. 142 Wolf, the Pouched, Th/yleciness Harrisii. 215 Vison, the, Visoes luztreola 93 Wolf, the Red, Canisjubata. 107 Vison lutreola, the Vison. 93 Wombat, the, Phascolomys tombat.. 209 Viverra civetta, the Afrjican Civet. 100 Wolverene, the, Gulo llscus... 73 Viverra musanga, the Luwak.. 99 Viverra Rasse, the Rasse,.. 99 Yalk, the, Bos popeohayts. 162 Viverra zibetha, the Tangyalung,. 100 Yapock, the, Cheironzectes variegats... 217 Vole, the Bank, Arvicola riparia. 136 Vole, the Field, Arvicola agrestis... 136 Zebra, the, Hlippotigris Zebra.. 179 Vole, Richardson's, Arvicola borealis. 136 Zebra, Burcllell's, Hip9lotigris Bercheliii.. 179 Vole. Wilson's! Arvicola Pennsylvanicus. 136 Zebu, the, Bos Indicus.. 161 Vole, the Yellow-cheeked, Arvicola xasnthoyzgathes. 136 Zenic, the, Rhyzoena tetradactyla.. 98 Vulpes Bengalensis, the Indian Fox... 105 Zorilla, the, Zorilla striata. 88 Vulpes cinereo-argentatus, the Kit-fox.. 104 Zorilla striata, the Zorilla... 88 Vulpes fulvus, the Amzerican red Fox.. 104 THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL'HIST0RY. ZOOLOGYS CLASS I I.-BIRD S. ALTHOUGH the numerous and varied tribes of Birds the lungs may, to a considerable extent, penetrate, as undoubtedly come next in order after the Mammalia, it were, into the very substance of the bird's body, we cannot point to any member of the latter class, a circumstance of no small importance in reducing which, in its general characters, really makes an ap- its specific gravity, and rendering it capable of being proach to the birds. Some of the lowest mammals readily supported in the air by the action of the wings. certainly present some resemblance to the oviparous So ready is the communication between these air-sacs Vertebrata in a physiological point of view; but the and the lungs, that birds have even been known to peculiarities exhibited by these rather indicate a rela- breathe through a fractured wing-bone, when the orditionship to the class of reptiles, and thus, in our classi- nary air-passages have been closed by compression.* fications, the Birds form, as it were, a supplementary Another anatomical character by which birds are class, interpolated between the two similarly-quadruped distinguished from mammals, consists in the absence groups of Mammalia and reptiles. of the diaphragm or muscular partition, which, in the This view is remarkably in accordance with geolo- latter, separates the cavity of the chest fiom that of gical facts, as far as we can judge from the present state the abdomen, and which, by its movements, assists of our knowledge; the preponderating reptilian Fauna greatly in respiration; the alternate enlargement and of the secondary period gives place, in the gradual diminution of the cavity of the chest by which this evolution of organic nature, to the similarly prepon- function is executed in birds, is efiected by the alterderating mammalian Fauna of the tertiary epoch, nate elevation and depression of the broad fiat sternum. whilst the traces of birds, such as they are, occur As the power of flight is the principal general characsimultancoosly with these from a very early period of teristic of the whole class of birds, we naturally expect time.* to find the structure of the skeleton specially modified Birds. likae mammals, arewarm-blooded, air-breathing, for the accomplishment of this object; and so comvertebrate animals, and, like them, possess a heart com- pletely are these expectations fulfilled, that it is imposposed of four distinct cavities and voluminous minutely sible ever to mistake the skeleton of a bird for that of cellular lungs. The latter organs, however, present *any other form of animal (see Plate 31). Nevertheless some differences from the corresponding parts in the the parts described as occurring in the skeleton of a Mammalia; they are not lobed, and, instead of being mammal, may invariably be traced distinctly. The disfreely suspended in the cavity of the chest, they are tinctions of head, neck, and trunk are always clearly attached to the inner surface of the dorsal part of this visible; but the tail is very short, and the proportions cavity. Moreover, the surface of the lung, instead of of the different regions of the body are usually quite forming a closed sac, as in the Mammalia, is perforated different from those which prevail among the Mamby several large apertures, passing down through its malia. substance to the main branches of the air-tubes, and, The skull is generally of small size, and its cavity is on the other hand, communicating externally with an much smaller in proportion than in the Mammalia. extensive system of air-sacs, which penetrate to nearly This indicates a smaller brain, and less general intellievery part of the body of the bird, and even occupy the internal cavities of those hollow bones, which, in the X Although it is by no means certain that the air pervading the body of the bird by means of these air-sacs, is in any way Mammalia, and indeed in the young bird, are filled subservient to respiration, it is impossible not to recognize in with marrow. By this arrangement the air taken into this provision for the passage of air amongst the tissues of the body an analogy with that arrangement of the respiratory * The foot-prints of birds occur in the new red sandstone, apparatus in insects, which, in like manner, serves to render the earliest of the secondary formations, both in Europe aid the bodies of those animals sufficiently light to enable them to America. They are accompanied by similar traces of gig'antic exercise the power of flight. In this, as in some other respects, Batrachian reptiles. the analogy between birds and insects is unmistakable. 230 GENERAL CHARACTERS. BIRDS. GENERAL CHARACTERS. gence in these animals than in those of the preceding port to the wings. In some cases. indeed, the dorsal class. The bones forming the skull in birds, become vertebrae are anchylosed. They are filrnished with completely united together at a very early period of spinous processes both above and below; the latter life, so that the whole of the true skull (cranium) serving to give attachment to the lungs, which, as usually appears to be composed of a single bony piece already stated, are affixed to the inner surface of the without any of those sutures, which, in the Mammalia, chest. They are also provided with transverse promark out the separate bones of which the skull is com- cesses for the articulation of the ribs, which present posed. The facial bones, on the contrary, are gene- two articulating surfaces-one of which is applied to rally attached to the skull in such a way as to retain a the body of the vertebra, and the other to the transcertain amount of mobility; and this is so great in some verse process. The ribs are flat bones composed of species as to give the upper mandible the appearance two parts, united by a movable joint (fig. 135); the of being articulated to the cranium. The jaws are upper part which articulates with the vertebral column prolonged into a beak of variable form, upon the upper is the true rib; the lower, which is attached to the edge surface of which, near the base, the nostrils are almost of the sternum, is analogous to the sternal cartilage invariably situated; the internal partition between these in the Mammalia. It is by this arrangement that the is sometimes deficient, when the nostrils appehr to form movements of the chest, necessary for the inspiration a narrow horizontal slit or passage, leading from one and expiration of air, are performed. From the posside of the beak to the other. The jaws bear no teeth, terior surface of each true rib, at a variable distance but are covered with horny sheaths, the form of which from its base, there springs a lamiznar process of greater varies remarkably, according to the nature of the food or less length, which projects backwards and upwards, upon which the creature is destined to subsist. The so as to overlie the succeeding rib just above its laminar orbits, which are always placed laterally, are seldom process (fig. 134). The object served by these procompletely closed; the partition separating them is cesses is that of furnishing an additional bond of union often perforated (fig. 140). Beneath them on each between the different ribs, so that the whole framework side runs a slender process of the upper jaw, called the of the chest acquires a great degree of firmness. The jlgal bone, which passes backward until it reaches a processes are very large in blirds possessing great small bone springing from the hinder part of the skull powers of flight (such as the hawks), whilst in those on each side close to the ear; these, which are called which are not remalkable for this faculty they are the tymlpanic bones, furnish the points of articulation usually of small size, or even rudimentary (see fig. 135). for the two branches of the lower jaw. The occipital The sternum, which completes the bony framework bone, situated at the lower part of the back of the skull, of the chest, is a large, more or less triangular.bone, exhibits a large aperture for the passage of the spinal concave internally and usually very convex externally, cord, and a single condyle or tubercle for the articula- where it is also fiurnished with a large crest or keel, tion of the skull with the first vertebra of the neck. serving to give attachment to the enormous pectoral This condyle is always very convex, and sometimes muscles, by which the wings are made to strike downnearly globular-a structure which gives to the heads wards upon the air. In birds noted for a very powerful of these animals a great range and facility of move- flight, this keel is of great size, as might be anticipated; ment. whilst, in the ostrich and some other birds whose wings The neck in birds is of greater average length than are so small as to be incapable of raising them into the in mammals, and even in those species which appa- air, the sternal keel is entirely deficient. The edges rently have a short neck when clothed with feathers, of the sternum, as already stated, give attachment to the cervical region of the skeleton is usually much the sternal ribs; at its anterior part it is provided with elongated. The number of vertebrae is never less than articular surfaces for the reception of some bones nine; but most birds have from twelve to fifteen of connected with the wings, to which we shall have to these bones in the neck, whilst some have upwards of allude further on. twenty. The neck is longest in some of the aquatic The lumbar vertebrae, which in the Mammalia birds, such as the swans and flamingoes; the neck of always retain a certain amount of mobility, are here the swan has twenty-seven vertebrae. The bodies of completely amalgamated together, and with the sacral the vertebrae present a convex surface behind, and a vertebrae, form a single piece to which the pelvis is concave one in front, an arrangement which gives great attached. The latter is greatly elongated, advancing freedom of motion; and in most birds we find the neck so far as often to conceal a portion of the last ribs (see capable of describing very sharp curves, whilst the figs. 135, 136); but its inferior arch is not closed, as is strong lateral processes of the vertebrae furnish suffi- the case in the Mamimalia. The only known exception cient points of attachment for the muscles which to this rule is to be found in the African ostrich. The support the neck in its different positions, and enable posterior limbs are articulated to the sides of the pelvis the bird to dart its head rapidly forward in order to by a ball and socket joint, as in the mammals. The capture its prey. sacral vertebrae are succeeded by those of the short Of the dorsal vertebrae there are usually from eight tail, which are of small size, and vary from six to nine to ten; but some birds have only six of these bones, in number. The last vertebra is usually larger than while others have as many as eleven. They are gene- the others, and often placed so as to rise perpendirally short and very firmly attached to each other, so cularly to the axis of the body; it is to this that the as to form a solid column; great firmness being requisite muscles for nioving the tail are attached. i1 this part of the body, in order to give a proper sup- Having shown above how the fiamework of the GENERAL CHARACTERS. -BIRDS. C;GENERAL CHAIRACTERS. 231 chest in birds is arranged, so as to give it the firmness nearly parallel to each other when the wing is con. necessary to bear the strain thrown upon it in the tracted, and thus occupy a very small space. action of flight, we may now proceed to the considera- The structure of the hind limbs corresponds, in like tion of the structure of the wings, and the mode in manner, with that of the same members in the Marmwhich they are supported. From the articular sur- malia. The femur, or thig'h-bone, is usually short and faces already mentioned as existing on the anterior stout, and articulates with the pelvis by a ball and part of the sternum, there spring two large and. strong socket joint, the rounded head being set on, as in the bones, which are directed upwards and forwards, at the mammals, nearly at a right angle to the axis of the bone same time diverging more or less from each other. (see fig. 135, Plate 31). This is followed by the tibia, These are the corctcoicl bones, which, in the Mammalia, or shank-bone, usually much longer than the thigh, with the exception of the monotremata, are reduced to and accompanied by a slender fibula. This latter bone a rudimentary condition, and anchylosed to the upper is, however, commonly attached to the tibia, and part of the shoulder-blade. The superior part of each it always becomes gradually attenuated towards the coracoid bone is furnished with an articular surface, apex, and disappears entirely long before reaching the which assists in the formation of the shoulder joint. extremity of the shank. The knee-joint is furnished The remainder of this socket is formed by the ex- with a small knee-cap, or ptella. The tarsus also tremity of the scapula or shoulder-blade, which rests consists of a single cylindrical bone, often ot great against that of the coracoid bone. The scapula is length; and the foot is terminated by from two to usually elongated and rather slender, and is applied four toes containing a variable number of joints. The upon the dorsal surface of the ribs, where it lies nearly usual number of toes, especially in the most typical parallel to the vertical column. From the position birds, is four; and of these one is generally directed and strength of the coracoid bones, they are evidently backwards. well adapted to furnish firm points of support for the Of the muscles by which the apparatus of bones wings; but they are further assisted in this office by just described is set in motion, we need say but little. the clavicles or collar bones, which are usually anchy- They are generally very firm, and of a deep-red losed to each other in the median line, so as to form a colour. The principal mass of the muscles is devoted single V-shaped bone called the fum'cululr.* The to the movement of the wings. These, of course, other extremities of the clavicles are articulated to vary in bulk according to the power of flight possessed the inner surfaces of the superior extremity of the by the bird, and correspond with the development of caracoid bones, to which they serve as supporting the sternal keel. The muscles of the thigh and shank. buttresses, and thus assist materially in resisting the are also largely developed, and it is in the hinder action of the powerful muscles of the wings. The limbs also that we find the sinews presenting most bones of the wings themselves are easily recognized as distinctly those peculiarities which characterize them corresponding with those of the anterior members in in birds. They are exceedingly white and glistening, the Mammalia. The humerus, or arm-bone, is a long and have a great tendency to become ossified. The cylindrical bone articulating with the shoulder-blade long tendons which pass down the back of the tarsus and coracoid by a ball and socket joint, and presenting from the flexor muscles of the toes, are especially at its lower extremity a double articular surface for the remarkable in these respects. They are of the greatest reception of the two bones of the fore-arm. The latter importance to the bird in perching; indeed, it is to are usually longer than the humerus, cylindrical in this peculiar arrangement that the bird is enabled to form, and thickened at the two extremities; but one perch. Passing over the back of the heel, like a cord of them-the ulna —is always much stouter than the over a pulley, they are necessarily stretched by the other-the radicus-which is generally very slender. flexion of this joint, caused by the weight of the body The carpal bones forming the wrist, are two in num- in the act of perching. They thus exercise a sort of her, small, and rounded. They are followed by two involuntary action upon the toes, causing them to grasp elongated metacarpal bones of unequal thickness, any object with great firmness, and thus retaining the which are oompletely anchylosed together at both bird securely in its position even during sleep. ends. At the base of these, on the outer edge, we find It is hardly necessary to say that the clothing of another small bone, which is sometimes free and the skin in these animals consists of feathers, a circumsometimes anchylosed to the metacarpal (fig. 137). stance from which de Blainville proposed to name the This is the rudiment of a thumb, and gives support to class Penn~fbres. It may be as well, however, to give a few feathers, forming what is called the pinion or a few details of the nature of these tegumentary appenbastard-wing. The metacarpal bones are followed by dages, which, although somewhat analogous to the the phalanges, which usually represent two fingers, hairs of the Mammalia, are of a far more complicated one of which is composed of two or three joints, the structure. other only of one. These phalanges are endowed with A feather ordinarily consists of two distinct portions but little mobility, so that the whole wing may be -- central shaft or stem, and a pair of webs, occupyregarded as composed of three joints, united by a more ing the two sides of the shaft, and composed of numeror less hinge-like articulation at the elbow and wrist. ous flattened fibres or bcarbs>, closely applied to each By this arrangement the wing is rendered stiff when other. The basal portion of the central stem, which extended, whilst, at the same time, its three joints lie is partially inserted into the skin, is a hollow, horny *: This is the well-known meerryt7loa5hpt, with the ceremony tube, usually transparent, and terminating in a more or of breaking which most of our readers are probably acquainted. less pointed or rounded extremity. The uppelr portion 232 GENERAL CHAltACTERS. BIRDS. GENE1RIAL CHAIACTERS. forming the true shaft of the feather, is solid, and In the bats, the only forms of mammals which are composed of a white spongy substance coated with a endowed with the power of flight, the function is perhorny sheath. It tapers gradually to the extremity; formed, as has already been stated, by the agency of its lower surface exhibits a strong groove, whilst broad membranes, which, when they are extended its upper horny surface is usually rather convex, by the elongated fingers, constitute admirable organs smooth, and continuous at the base, with the tubular for aerial locomotion. In the bats, also, the tail is portion of the feather. At the point where the usually provided with a membrane of greater or less upper horny sheath wrapping round the sides of the extent, which is of great service to these creatures in stem forms the origin of the hollow quill, there is directing their course through the air. In birds the usually a second small stem, also furnished with webs. same purposes are fulfilled in a very different manner, This, which is called the plumnule, is not found in all but still by an extension of the tegumentary appenbirds, and where it does occur, is always confined to dages. The structure of the anterior member in a the soft feathers forming the clothing of the body; the bird, as already described (see Plate 36), is very differquill feathers of the wings and tail being destitute of it. ent fiom that of the same part in a bat. For all The sides of the shaft are occupied by the webs, practical purposes, the region of the hand may be composed, as already stated, of numerous flattened regarded as reduced to a single finger, so that the fibres or barbs. These are inclined towards the apex limb forms a single series of long joints placed end to of the feather. They are usually concave in front and end. But the feathers implanted in the skin of these convex behind; so that they fit together very closely, members are of large size and firm texture, and so and their mutual adhesion is provided for by the arranged that when the wing is extended they spread agency of a series of minute secondary fibres, or out like the rays of a fan, so as to expose a broad barb'ules, which spring from their margins. These surface to the air; whilst by the mode in which they characters are not, however, common to all the barbs mutually assist each other, and their ownl proper even of the same feather. The lower barbs are usually elasticity, their power of resistance is very considerable. soft and disunited, forming the substance well known At the same time, when the wing is closed, they pack as down, and in many of the feathers clothing the together into a comparatively small compass, and are body this downy portion constitutes the principal part thus no impediment to their owner in moving about of the feather, th3 tip only being formed by a few stiff' upon the ground or in trees. barbs. The accessory plumule, where it exists, is As the number, form, and arrangement of the quill always of a downy nature, and in a few species of feathers of the wing are of considerable importance in birds the whole plumage shows a tendency to acquire the classification of birds, ornithologists have found it a similar structure. The skins of many birds, espe- necessary to give them different names, according to cially of the aquatic tribes, are also clothed, beneath the region of the wing upon which they are situated. the ordinary covering of feathers, with a thick coat The longest and strongest, and consequently those of down, which, although evidently analogous in its which have the most influence upon the power of flight nature to the true feathers, yet exhibits certain pecu- possessed by any bird, are the feathers inserted upon liarities deserving of special mention. The down the hand; these are called primacries. They usually consists of a multitude of minute tubes inserted into decrease in length fiom the outer margin of the wing, the skin, from the extremity of each of which there and in this case the wing is more or less pointed in its arises a little tuft of soft, disunited filaments. These outline; in other cases the longest feather is the fourth may evidently be regarded as the barbs of a shaftless or fifth, when the apex of the wing becomes more or feather, and they are furnished on each side with less rounded. Their number is usually nine or ten, and numerous minute fibres representing the barbules. sometimes eleven. The name of seconzdaries is given In all birds the feathers are changed once or twice to the feathers attached to the middle division of the in the course of the year, the old feathers falling out anterior limb, corresponding with the fore-arm of man; by degrees, to be replaced by new ones. This process these are shorter and weaker than the primaries, and is called mnoultizg. In it, as in the first clothing of vary far more in their number. The tei'tiaries are the the bird with its feathers, these organs are formed in feathers attached to the arm. A few small quill feasmall tubes in the skin, lined by a cluplicature of the thers attached to the rudimentary thumb, form what is epidermis. A peculiar fluid secretion is produced at called the alula, or spurious wing, and the bases of all the bottom of each tube; this is soon inclosed in a the quills are concealed by numerous large but comdelicate, conical, horny sheath, with its point directed paratively soft feathers, forming the wing-coverts, which outwards; and within this sheath the formation of the are distinguished as primary and secondary, according feather goes on. As the latter increases in size, the to their position. point of its sheath is extended towards the surface of The quill feathers of the tail, like those of the wings, the skin, from which it finally issues, and then, burst- are long and stiff; they are furnished with muscles, by ing, allows the inclosed feather to make its escape. which they can be spread out to catch the air or conThe portion of the formative fluid remaining in the tracted within a small compass, and by the motion of quill after the feather has attained its maturity, is the tail itself they may be turned in'various directions. gradually drlied up within the cavity, where it forms Hence, from their serving in some sort as a rudder for that peculiar membranous substance which every one the bird in its aerial course, they have been termed must have observed in the quills destined for use rectrices; the quills of the wings being also known as as pens. remni~qes, from their being the main instruments of pro GENERAL CHARACTERS.-BIRDS. -GENERAL CHARACTERS. 2:33 pulsion. Thebases of the tail feathers are concealed, forwards, and one-the great toe-backwards. In some like those of the wings, by softer feathers, forming coverts; of the waders and aquatic birds, the hind toe is entirely these are usually of moderate or small size, but some- wanting, as it is also in the ostriches; the true, or times attain an extraordinary degree of development. African ostrich, is also destitute of one of the front It seems almost unnecessary to indicate the beautiful toes, so that it has but two in each foot. In the parrots adaptation of the covering of birds to their habits and and woodpeckers, and some other climbing birds, the mode of life. Organized as they are for the most rapid outer toe is directed backwards as well as the great toe, passage through the air, their numerous feathers, lying so that there are two each way —(see fig. 134)-and one over the other and all directed backwards, offer no the cuckoo has the power of turning the outer toe impediments to their flight; whilst, at the same time, either backwards or forwards at its pleasure. The the very pressure of the atmosphere, as the bird pursues swifts have all the four toes turned in one direction. its swift course, will only cause the feathers to lie more In most birds the toes are united at the base by a small closely, and thus present an increased obstacle to the fold of skin or web, which is generally insignificant, but penetration of the cold air to the skin of the bird-a often shows itself very distinctly. In the true water circumstance of no small importance whlen we consider birds, these webs attain a much larger development, the high temperature of the bodies of these creatures. generally uniting the anterior toes quite down to their The downy coat which everywhere intervenes between tips, and in some cases even extending back along the the external feathers and the skii, is an additional pro- inner margin of the foot to the hinder toe. tection against the influence of cold, especially by In a few birds, of which the eagle is one, the clothing giving room for a certain quantity of warm air, the of feathers extends down to the very toes, but in the escape of which is prevented by the outer feathers. majority the whole foot, from the heel downwards, is The structure of all the feathers, even those of the quite naked, and in some of the waders and water birds wings and tail, renders them very light, a necessary this naked part even extends for some distance up the condition for animals whose principal activity is in the shank. The skin of the tiot is of a horny texture, air. In the aquatic birds a further provision is necessary; sometimes scaly or granulated, sometimes divided into the feathers of these must resist the passage, not only distinct horny plates of larger or smaller size. The of air, but of water. For this purpose they are found toes are always terminated by claws, the form of which, to be constantly lubricated with a peculiar oily secre- like that of the bill, usually furnishes a good clue to the tion, which renders them perfectly waterproof; it is habits of the animal. Thus, in the predaceous species obtained from a peculiar gland situated on the tail, we find the claws long, strong, sharp, and curved, which the birds press with their bills when cleaning and forming most: formidable weapons; the smaller graniarranging their plumage. vorous and insectivorous birds are also usually provided In most birds the whole surface, with the exception with long, curved claws, but these are slender and of the bill and feet, is clothed with feathers, but a few weak, and only of service to them in clinging to the have the head, or even the head and neck, quite bare. surfaces of objects. Those species which, like the In most of these the skin is folded so as to form wrinkles pheasant and our common fowl, find much of their or wattles, which are often adorned with the most bril- food by scratching in the earth, are furnished with liant colours. stout nail-like claws; and these organs become still The horny bill or beak which incloses the jaws of more nail-like in many of the aquatic birds. In the all birds, is usually of a more or less conical form; but pheasant family, the male birds are frequently furnished this is modified almost infinitely to suit the requirements with one or more spurs or accessory claws, attached to of the different species. Thus, in the hawks or other the back of the tarsus, at some little distance above the predaceous birds, the upper mandible of the bill is hinder toe. strongly hooked at the tip, and many of the species In their internal structure, birds present much resempossess a tooth on each side at some little distance blance to the i3iammalia; they possess the same organs, from the apex; the parrots possess a strongly hooked arranged, with one or two exceptions, nearly in the bill, which assists them in climbing; the wading birds same manner, and the vital operations are carried on are often endowed with long bills, adapted for the cap- by precisely the same means in both these great classes. ture of their food in mud and water; and the ducks The principal difference in the structure of the digeshave a more or less flattened bill, fringed along the tive organs consists in the dilatation of the oesophagus, margins, and admirably fitted for straining their food or gullet, into a spacious bag called the crolp, in which firom the soft mud in which it is often found. All the food is retained for some time after being swallowed. these and many othe: variations in the form and struc- The walls of this bag contain a great number of glands, ture of the bill, will, however, come under our con- the fluid secreted from which soaks the food, and thus fits sideration hereafter, in describing the characters of it for the action of the true digestive organs. The true the different species of birds, so that it is unnecessary stomach is separated from the crop by a continuation to dwell upon them any longer here. The cere is a of the oesophagus, furnished with very thick, glandular naked skin, clothing the base of the bill in many birds, walls. The office of these glands is to secrete the gasand inclosing the nostrils. tric juice; and the stomach itself, in those birds which In the structure and clothing of the feet, we find feed on hard substances, such as seeds, is very muscucharacters of perhaps equal importance with those pre- lar, and lined internally with a halrd coating, which sented by the bill and wings. The number of toes is materially assists in the trituration of the food. This usually four, and of these three are commonly turned stomach is well known as the gizzard. VOL. L. 302 234 GENERAL CHARACTERS. BIRDS. GENERAL CHARACTERS. The brain in birds is proportionally smaller than in the shells. In this occupation, which is denominated the Mammalia, indicating a lower degree of general incubation, both sexes frequently take part; but, in intelligence. The organs of the senses, also, are for many instances, the whole of this labour devolves upon the most part less perfect than in the Mammalia, and the female. The number of eggs laid by a hen-bird the sense of touch especially must generally be possessed varies greatly in different species; some lay only a single by birds in a very low degree. The eyes, however, egg; most of the rapacious birds lay at least two, whilst are usually of large size and well formed, although, the smaller birds are far more prolific, some of themr as they have but little power of motion in the orbits, depositing sixteen or eighteen eggs in a single brood.'these animals are under the necessity of turning their After the young birds are hatched, the parents attend heads to bring into view any objects at which they to their wants and safety for a considerable time; but desire to look. This peculiarity is induced by the form the amount of labour thus entailed upon them is very of the eye, which is of a very large size, and of a more different in different groups of birds, owing to variations or less flattened form, but bearing in front a narrowed in the condition in which the young birds leave the egg. portion, the surface of which is occupied by the cornea. In all the birds whose chief scene of activity is the air; Around this narrowed portion of the eye we find a that is to say, in those groups which are most distincurious ring of small bony plates imbedded in the guished by the power of flight, and which dwell amongst sclerotic coat, and hence known as the sclerotic plates. the branches of trees, or in other elevated situations, The office of these plates, which are connected with -the young are hatched in a very helpless condition; delicate muscular fibres, is to increase or diminish the and for some time after they come into the world are convexity of the cornea, according as the ring which wholly dependent upon their parents, not only for prothey form is contracted or dilated by the action of their tection from danger, but for the nourishment necessary muscles, and thus adapt the visual power of the eye to for their further development. In the land and water the varying distances of objects. birds, on the contrary, the chief activity of which conThe organs of hearing are, next to those of sight, the sists in running or swimming, the young birds are most highly developed in birds; but they are never fur- usually capable of accompanying their parents from nished with an external ear, such as we see in mnost the time of their leaving the egg; and in these, thereMammalia. The ears open on the sides of the head, fore, the principal duties of the latter consist in conbehind the eyes; they are usually surrounded by a ducting their progeny to the places in which food is circle of feathers, which, to a certain extent, takes the to be found, and in sheltering them from the perils to place of an external ear, and within these the tympanic which, in their comparatively helpless state, they are membrane may be easily seen stretched across the exposed. Hence it has been proposed to divide all bottom of a short passage. In the owls and other birds into two primary groups-the Azutop2hcgce or nocturnal birds, the ears are of great size. self-feeclders, in which the young can provide for themThe organs of smell are but imperfect in their con- selves from the first; and the Insessores or Perchers struction; the internal cavities possessing but few of (so called from the ordinary habits of the majority of those convolutions, clothed with a delicate mucous the species), in which the young require to have the membrane amply supplied with nerves, which exist in food brought to them by their parents. Unfortunately, most mammals. The nostrils are nearly always placed this rule does not strictly hold good, as regards all the on the sides of the bill, or at its base; the only excep- members of the former group; for the young of many of tions to this rule being presented by the species of these are for a long time wholly dependent on their the singular genus Apteryx, which is peculiar to New parents. Zealand. In many birds with the nostrils placed near There are two other phenomena connected with the the base of the bill, these apertures are pierced in a general history of birds, to which we must briefly advert naked skin, called the cere. The sense of taste appears in this place. The first of these is intimately conto be exercised by most birds in even a still lower nected with the su)jects that we have just been condegree of perfection than that of smell, for the tongue sidering; this is their nest-building, or nidijfication, as it is usually of a horny texture, and it is only in the is usually termed. Almost all birds form a nest of some parrots and a few other birds that we meet with a kind for the reception of their eggs during the period fleshy tongue. of incubation; and, in those species whose young are The reproduction of birds is effected, as previously hatched in a perfectly helpless condition, this also serves stated, by eggs; and they are, in fact, the only class of as a cradle for the callow brood during their infancy. vertebrate animals in which nothing approaching a The materials of which the nest is composed vary viviparous reproduction ever takes place. The Mam- greatly; but the individuals of each species usually malia are all strictly viviparous, and therefore out of exhibit a most remarkable uniformity of choice in this the question here; but, amongst reptiles and fishes, we respect. Very few, and these are all of the automeet with many instances in which the eggs are hatched phagous section, content themselves with a hole scraped within the body of the mother, whilst the eggs of birds in the ground in some sheltered situation; and even are invariably excluded, inclosed within a hard cal- of these the majority take care to line the bottom of careous shell. the cavity with a few leaves, or other materials, to proThe young birds are, as is well known, usually tect the eggs from the coldness of the ground. Some hatched by the warmth of the body of their parents; birds, such as the parrots and woolpeckers, lay their the latter sitting upon the eggs during the whole time eggs in the holes of trees, which, however, they genetlhat thle development of the embryosisgoing on within rally enlarge considerably to suit their purposes by CLASSIFICATION.. BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 235 means of their bills; and the chips produced during this would be but ill off when the severe weather of winter operation serve as a soft layer for the reception of the sets in. The winter visitors are principally granivorous eggs. Other birds which take up their abode in similar small birds, or aquatic species, whose nourishment situations, bring in soft materials to line the bottom of would be equally cut off by the intense frosts of the high their wooden nest. But most of the true nest-building northern latitudes, where they have their abode in the birds bring together a quantity of materials of various summer. Thus we may easily understand the reasons kinds, sticks, twigs, straws, moss, wool, feathers, &c., for this great change of dwelling on the part of our which they either lay together in a mass amongst the feathered visitors; but we must not the less wonder at branches of the trees, or on the surface of a rock, or the marvellous instincts which prompt whole species interweave in a most ingenious manner to form a more to undertake a long and arduous journey over sea and or less cup-shaped nest; the finer and warmer materials, land at certain definite periods of the year, prompting such as wool and feathers, being always employed in them even long before there is any apparent necessity lining the interior. A few species, such as the swallows, (to our observations) for their departure, to wing their compose the exterior of their nests of miud, and line way to distant climes. them with softer materials. The beauty and ingenuity It will be unnecessary to enter into any historical of construction of many of these little edifices, to which account of the different classifications of birds, such as we shall have to advert hereafter, are such as must we thought it desirable to give in connection with the excite the highest admiration in every intelligent ob- Mammalia. Naturalists are pretty generally agreed as server. In this respect, they resemble the wonderful to the limits of the orders composing the present class; architectural labours of many insects, and thus furnish and we shall therefore confine ourselves here to the an additional indication of the analogy already Inen- following tabular view of the classification that will be tioned between these two classes in their respective adopted in the present work. The sectional namessections of the animal kingdom. In both we find the Autophage and Insessores-have been retained in this highest development of the instinctive faculties in their table, rather as indicating the general habits of the respective grades; for it is to be observed that both species included in the orders placed under them, than the bird and the insect always build in one particular as being strictly parts of the classification. fashion; every edifice produced by individuals of a given species, exactly resembling those formed by its SECTION I.-INSESSORES. brethren both in structure and materials, except where OnRDE 1. ACCIPITrES.-Bill much hooked, with a cere at accidental circumstances, easily traced, may now and its base; feet strong; claws strong, and much hooked. then cause a slight deviation from the ordinary mode of " 2. PASSERES.-Bill variable.in shape, without a cere; toes three in front, one behind. proceeding. " 3. ScANsozES.-Bill variable in shape; toes two in The second phenomenon.above alluded to is an front, two behind. 41 *. COLUMB;. —Bi1l slightly arched, with a soft tumid illustration of instinct perhaps almost more puzzling 4. COLUMB -Bill slightly arched, witha soft tumid membrane at the base of the upper mandible, in which than the nidification of birds; it is their periodical the nostrils are pierced; toes three before, one behind. migration from one country to another. Every one is aware that great mnumbers of our common birds only SECTION II.-AUTOPHAG4E. reside with us during a portion of each year: some ORmEtL 5. GALLINE.-Bill arched above, with the edges of visit us in the autumn, and stay in Britain during the the upper mandible overlapping the lower; toes three winter; others arrive in the spring, and leave our before, one behind (or hind toe wanting) not united by a membrane; legs feathered to the heel. shores in the autumn. The winter visitors come " 6. CURSOREs.-Wings rudimentary; legs strong; from more northern, and the summer ones from more hind toe wasting. T"e 7. GRALLE..-Wirngs well developed; legs long; southern regions. The latter are for the most part tibie not feathered to the heel; toes three in front, insectivorous birds; and wve can easily understand that, one behilnd (or hind toe wanting) not united by a although, during the summer, they may find an abun- memIbramie.., 8. NaTaTomeS. —Feet webbed; legs placed very far dant nourishment about our fields and woods, they back. ORDER I.-ACCIPITRES. THE Accipitres or Rapacious Birds, the Raptores of It is, as already stated, in the structure of the bill and Cuvier, have been placed by almost all naturalists at feet, that we look for those characters which stand in the head of their class; and in this we shall follow the most intimate relation to the mode of life of the preceding authors, although, in point of intelligence, as bird. The bill is short, strong, and hooked; that is to also of analogy with the mammalia, the parrots ought say, the upper mandible is always much longer than perhaps to occupy this honourable position. This order the lower one, and either more or less curved throughincludes those birds which are more especially adapted out its whole length, but more especially at the tip, or to a strictly predaceous mode of life, and which display else nearly straight in its basal portion, and strongly their fierce and destructive nature in their tremendous bent down at the apex. The lateral margins of the muscular power, andthe formidable weapons with whicll upper andclible are often armed with one or more they are furnislecl. teeth, not like those of the M~ammalia, but simply acute 236 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. VULTURIDtA. projections of the horny covering of the mandible.; its excessively developed to give attachment to those whiclh base is always covered by a naked leathery cere, in draw the wings downwards. Their flight is accordingly which the nostrils open. powerful; and many of the species cut their way through This bill, with its acute tip and sharp and often the air with the most astonishing rapidity; the ordinary jagged edges, is admirably adapted for tearing to pieces rate of progress of some being calculated at about sixty miles an hour. But even this rapid motion is greatly Fig. 04. exceeded under circumstances of excitement; for, in pursuit of their prey, some falcons are supposed to rush along at the rate of at least a hundred and twenty miles in the same space of time. The tail also is long and composed of strong feathers, so that it forms a most effective rudder to direct the movements of the birds in their rapid course. The covering of the feet is usually a reticulated. or scaly skin; and it is only in a few species that we find any portion of the foot covered with shield-like plates. In some, however, the tarsi are clothed with feathers quite dowri to the origin of the toes. The toes are always four in number, and placed three in front, and one behind. The anterior toes are usually united by,7/yftF~ Aw~ /fi, yf a fold of skin at the base; but in the owls this small membrane only occurs between the inner and middle Head of the Golden Eagle. toes, and the outer toe is capable of being turned backwards. the prey upon which these birds subsist; and the struc- The birds of this order vary greatly in size, and in ture of the feet and claws fits them no less admirably most cases the male is considerably smaller than the for seizing the victim and holding it fast, while the female. They live in pails during the breeding season, relentless beak is engaged in its destructive work. and both the male and the female assist in the construeThe feet are generally short and very powerful, and tion of the nest, in the task of incubation, and in the terminated by four strong toes, covered beneath with bringing up of the young. They are found inr all climates, from the coldest to the hottest, and only the species of Fig. 9a. one family are confined to the warmer regions of the earth. The accipitres are usually divided into three families, the Vultu'idce or vultures, the Falconidclce or hawks, and. the Strfigiclce or owls; the latter also constitute the section of nocturnal birds of prey, the principal period of' activity being the evening andl night; the other two families are called cdiiurnal l)redaceous birds, as by far the greater part of themn are never abroad except by day. _ FAMItLY I. —— VULTUI IDE. ________ jIn the Vultures the bill is considerably more elongated than in the other families of precdaceous birds, and often comparatively slender in its form; its basal perFoot of the Goldlen Eagle. Ition is always straight, and the tip rather suddenly hooked.'The lateral margins of the upper mandible roughened pads. The claws with which these toes are are often sinuated, but never toothed. The head — alnmed, are of enormous size and strength, very acute (fig. 96)-is usually naked, and the neck also fiequently at the tip, and furnished with two sharp edges. This is partakes of this character; in many cases the head is especially the case in the most predaceous species; but, furnished with peculiar wattles, and the skin, both of in those which feed on carrion and in some of the this part and the neck, is sometimes adorsnecd with smaller species which prey upon insects, the power of brilliant colours. The eyes are placed on the sides of the feet and claws, as also that of the bill, is naturally the head, ithout ally projecting eyebrows above them; much diminished. the wings are very long and pointed; the feet are In accordance with the indications furnished by the covered with reticulated scales; the middle toe is very bill and feet, we find the whole organization of the bird long, the hinder one rather elevated, and the whole are eminently fitted to sustain it in the continual warfare armed with stout but rather blunmt claws. which it wages with nearly all the rest of the animated These birds, as may be easily seen firom their chacreation. The wings are of ilmmense extent, and moved racters, are by no means the most predaceous of th eir by most lpowerfll muscles; the kleel of the sternum being ocrder; on the contrary, most of them hardly deserve tlhe AcculPTL1ES.-s lI)DS. VULTURIIDt. 2 37 title of predaceous birds, as they rarely attack a living It has long been a question amongst ornithologists prey, but content themselves with feeding upon the whether the vultures discover their food by the sense flesh of such animals as have already died. Their of smell or by that of sight; and the older writers on natural history generally assumed that it was by the Fig. 96. former of these senses that the birds received the first, indication of the presence of their favourite nourishment. Probably they were led to this conclusion rather by the well known odorous properties of the delicacies in question than by any other consideration; and it must be confessed that this solution of the matter seemed perfectly natural. It is now, however, a good man years since some ornithologists ventured to raise a doubt as to the accuracy of this view, denying that the vultures were endowed with the sense of smell in a sufficiently high degree to account for their perception of carrion at a distance, and urging the claims of the sense of sight to the honour of guiding these birds c\\ 4; r B ~to their food. The controversy was carried on with a Head of the Tawny Vulture (Gyps fulvls ) vehemence which soon left the ordinary amenities, supposed to prevail amongst philosophers, at a distance; favourite food, in fact, is carrion, in the midst of which and it seems nowv to be established, in opposition to the they revel in a state of the highest enjoyment, often older writers, that it is really by the sense of sight, at gorging themselves to such a degree with this savoury all events in part, that the vultures discover their food. banquet, that they become utterly incapable of flight. Thus it has been found, that when the body of an From the nature of their diet they also acquire an animal, even in an advanced stage of putridity, is conabominable odour; and taking these facts into considera- cealed by a covering of any kind, the vultures do not tion, it is hardly to be wondered at that most people come near it; but as soon as the covering is removed, feel a certain degree of disgust associated with the idea they descend upon the carcass and speedily devour it. of a vulture. But in the hot countries frequented by It is also said that a carcass may lie untouched in a these birds, they are viewed with very different eyes; similar manner under the trees of the forest, although there their mission as scavengers is recognized. They the vultures may frequently sail over the spot; whilst are seen pouring clown in flocks upon an abundant sup- the same object could scarcely lie for a few minutes in ply of their favourite food, and soon clear away every the open country without being surrounded by numerous vestige of animal matter, even firom a large carcase; devourers. These facts seem to show indubitably, that thus preventing those pestilential effluvia which would it is to acuteness of vision that the vultures are usually speedily emanate from a mass of animal matter exposed indebted for earliest intelligence of a feast in prospect. to the tropical sun, and poison the air in its vicinity. Amongst the vultures, as in the monkeys, we find Viewed in this light, the vultures must be regarded that the members of the family inhabiting the two as benefactors of the human race in the countries hemispheres are distinguished by certain peculiarities frequented by them, and in most oriental cities they coinciding with their geographical distribution. One of combine, in their own proper persons, the offices of the most important of these consists in the structure of inspectors and removers of nuisances. Under any cir- the nostrils, which, in the species inhabiting the Old cumstances, the vultures are certainly undeserving of World, are separated by a partition, so that they appear the opprobrium that has been heaped upon them even as mere holes pierced in the cere on the sides of the by professed naturalists, such as Buffon and his fol- beak; whilst in the American species the partition is lowers, whose statements have still some influence upon wanting, and the nostrils form an opening from onre the popular mind. It is true, that if we apply to the side of the beak to the other. characters of animals the moral tests that we employ in THE ARABIAN VULTURE (Vultur monachus) - discriminating those of our fellows, the vultures may be Plate 1, fig. l-is not, as might be supposed from its called cowardly, lazy, and gluttonous, and the eagles name, peculiar to the peninsula of Arabia; its range may be magnified into models of courage and noble- extends over the whole of Northern Africa, and it also ness. But this is hardly fair, for each of these birds is occurs in Persia, India, and several parts of the south equally fitted for its peculiar sphere of activity. The of Europe, especially in mountainous districts, such as vulture feeding on carrion, and even preferring this to the Pyrenees, Switzerland, the Tyrol, Hungary, Italy, freshly-killed meat, is not likely to exhibit much of and Spain. In the Pyrenees it is known by the name what is called courage.in attacking other animals, and of the Arr? iacn. We have mentioned it first from its being' in devouring as much as he can at once, he is but ful- the type of the genus VTltur, as restricted by modern filling his instincts; and on the other hand, when we authors, distinguished by having the nostrils round, and calmly investigate the so-called courage of the eagle, the head or neck more or less covered with a short wve find it hardly so great as is commonly supposed, for dclown. The Arabian Vulture is a large species, ienascarcely any of the animals that he attacks have the suring about four feet in height. The general colour least power to defend themselves against his terrific of its plumage is a blaclkish-brownr, but sometimes with talons. an intermixture of tawny; the head is covelred with a 238 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. VULTURIDn. nearly naked bluish skin, and the neck with a very Good Hope, is called Clzcsse-fiezte by the French short down; the latter is surrounded at its base by a writers, from its habit of devouring ordure as well as frill or collar of long, soft feathers, which also occurs in carrion. This species also feeds upon molluscs, crabs, many other species. The cere is of a violet colour, tortoises, and even insects. and the feet greyish. The nest of this bird is built THE BENGAL VULTURE (Gyps Bengalensis) is a upon the most inaccessible rocks, where it forms a flat smaller species, measuring only about two feet and a mass of sticks, three or four feet in diameter. Upon half in length; its general colour is brown, with the this platform the female deposits two, or rarely three head and neck pale chestnut, and the bill livid, tipped eggs, which are white, with a very faint bluish tinge. with black. It is a gregarious bird, flying and feeding THE TAWNY VULTURE (Gyps Fulvnts)-fig. 96, page in flocks, and also building its nests in small societies 237-is another European species, which is met with among the branches of tall trees. In their habits these abundantly in the same situations as the preceding. It birds are very similar to the preceding species, feeding, appears to be particularly common in Greece, Turkey, like them, upon carrion, and gorging themselves into a and the Grecian Archipelago; but we must remark that, state of inactivity whenever an occasion presents itself. according to some modern writers, the birds found in The recognition of the good service which they render the eastern and western parts of Europe belong to dis- to the public health protects them fiom disturbance, so tinct species. To those inhabiting the Pyrenees, Spain, that, like licensed scavengers, they are allowed to go and Sardinia they give the name of Gylys occidentalis; about their dirty business without molestation. They whilst for those found in the mountains of Europe, consequently lose all shyness but are exceedingly from Italy eastward, they retain that of Gyps fulvus, cowardly, giving way to dogs, jackals, and even crows. The differences between the two forms are very slight, Notwithstanding their gregarious habits, they squabble the principal distinctive character being derived from exceedingly when feeding; but these quarrels go no the form of the feathers on the lower surface of the further than screaming and hissing, for they seldom body. These are rounded at the tip in *the western or never fight. The nest is described as consisting of form, and pointed in the eastern. Specimens, probably a thick mass of branches and twigs, intermixed with of the former, sometimes find their way into this coun- dead leaves; the birds appear to lay only a single egg, try. The general, colour of the plumage in all is tawny, which is of large size and perfectly white. Lieutenant deeper on the upper parts; the head and neck are Hutton, who obtained a young vulture of this species covered with a whitish down; the nostrils, as in the from the nest, found that its progress towards maturity other species of the genus Gayps, are much elongated, was exceedingly slow. Although it fed greedily it could and placed perpendicularly to the length of the beak; not stand at six weeks old, and the down did not begin at the base of the neck there is a frill of long white to give place to quill-feathers until it was more than a downy plumes, which gives the bird a singular aspect; month old. At two months it was completely fledged. the beak is livid, with the tip blackish, and its base is Lieutenant Hutton gives the following account of the enveloped in a flesh-coloured cere. This fine bird, manners of this somewhat disagreeable pet:-He says, which is but little smaller than the Arabian vulture, is " It was so tame as to become a perfect nuisance; for said to be a summer visitor to most of those parts of' no sooner did it see any person than it ran towards Europe inl which its occurrence is recorded, retreatiig them, screaming' and flapping its long wings, with the at the approach of winter to the African continent, on head beIlt low, and neck drawn in towards the body, which, according to Le Vaillant, it even extends its often pecking at the feet of the person thus intercepted. journies as far as the Cape of Good Hope. It feeds, Many are the thumps and kicks the luckless bird like the rest of its family, upon carrion; and when a received from the servants, who most cordially hated party of these vultures has once taken possession of the him, as their bare feet were often assailed and cut carcass of a large animal, they are said never to quit it with the sharp blows of his curved beak. Still, through as long as a morsel of the flesh remains, so that they good and evil, he remained with us, roosting at night may be seen perched in the same spot for days together. sometimes on the top of my bungalow, and at others When fully fed, or iather crammed with food, they are wandering to some of the neighbours. Often did I quite incapable of flight; and if suddenly disturbed in wish that he would take unto himself the wings of the this happy condition, they are compelled to disgorge morn and flee away; for he never entered the house the greater part of their banquet before they can rise without making it so offinsive as to be scarcely bearinto the ailr. They also resorlt to this process for the able." purpose of feeding their young, never carlying any THE PONDICHERRY VULTURE (Otogyps calvus) portion to the nest in their beak or talons, but throwing is' another Indian species, greatly resembling the up some portion of their own half-digested food to preceding in its habits. It belongs, however, to a satisfy the cravings of their offspring. When a supply different genus, distinguished by having the head and of carrion is not to be had, these vultures are said neck quite bare of feathers, and by the skin of the occasionally to attack living animals. This bird builds, former being curiously folded about the aperture of the like the preceding species, upon the highest rocks, and car. The nostrils resemble those of the genus Gy?/s in forms its nest in the same manner. Its eggs are two their position. The plumage of the Pondicherry Vulor three in number, of a greyish-white colour, more or ture is of a blackish-brown colour, with the wings black; less covered with rieddish spots. the head and neck are flesh-colourecd; the crop is sunKOLBE'S VULTURE (Gyps Kiolbii), another species rounded by a longish white dlown; the bealk is blue' of this genus, which is very common at the Cape of black, with a yellow cere; and tile feet alre yellow. ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. VULTURIDn)E. 239 This species inhabits the same districts as the preceding, " seeming," as Le Vaillant expresses it, " to escape from and appears to be almost equally abundant with it. It a cavern in the sky." If a hunter kill an animal which is not, however, gregarious, more than two being rarely he cannot remove at once, he will find on his return seen together. It builds its nest in trees. Although that the vultures are already busy on its carcase, the Pondicherry vulture and the Bengal vulture are although a quarter of an hour previously not one was nearly of the same size, the former appears to have the to be seen in the neighbourhood. power of inspiring some kind of dread in his brother This bird builds its nest in the caverns of the rocks; scavenger; for whenever he descends upon a carcass on and the different pairs agree so well together, that two which a crowd of Bengal vultures are feeding, they or three nests may sometimes be found in the same immediately make way for him and retire from the cave. The female lays two or three eggs which are of banquet until he is satisfied-a proceeding which has a bluish-white colour, with numerous large spots or obtained for the present species the name of the King patches of reddish-brown, especially towards the larger Vulture, both from Europeans and natives. end. During the period of incubation the male birds THE SOCIABLE VULTURE (Otogyps auriacularis), keep watch at the entrance of the cavern; and the one of the largest of the species inhabiting the OldWorld, interior presents a most disgusting spectacle, and is is an inhabitant of the interior of the Cape of Good infected by an intolerable stench. Hope, and apparently of the eastern parts of Africa in THE EGYPTIAN VULTURE (NIeophron percnopterus) general, as it is found also in Egypt, Abyssinia, and -Plate 1, fig. 3-is a third species which occurs comNubia. It was discovered in the first-mentioned locality monly in the south of Europe; but it extends its visits by the celebrated French traveller and naturalist, Le further to the north, having been killed even in Norway. Vaillant, who gives the following account of the first It is especially abundant in Greece, Arabia, and Egypt, specimen that he met with: —"On the carcass of a but is also met with in great numbers in India, and is hippopotamus," says Le Vaillant, " there was a magni- stationary all the year round in Spain, Italy, and the ficent vulture busily engaged in devouring it. I had south of France. Individuals have also been killed in never seen such a large one. When I wounded it, England. It is the bird popularly known as Pharaoh's although already gorged with a great quantity of flesh, Chicken. as its crop contained six pounds and a half when I The characteristics of the genus Neolphron consist dissected it, its greediness was such, that in attempting in the great development of cere, which occupies twoto fly away, it tore off a fragment of its prey, as if thirds of the length of the beak; in the elongated longidesirous of carrying the whole away with it. On the tudinal nostrils; and in the nakedness of the face and other hand, the weight of the flesh which it had just throat, while the back of the head and neck are clothed devoured made it heavy, and prevented it from taking with feathers. The present species is smaller than any flight easily. We had time to reach it before it flew of those that we have described, measuring only about away, and endeavoured to kill it with the butt ends of two feet and a half in length; its plumage is white, with our guns; but it defended itself for a long time with the the extremities of the wings black; the inaked skin of greatest intrepidity, biting our guns or pecking at them the face and throat is yellow, the beak lead colour, the with its beak." feet yellow, and the claws black. This fine bird measures about five feet in length, and The Egyptian vulture builds its nest, like the preits expanse of wing is upwards of eleven feet. Its head ceding species, amongst the rocks, and lays from two and neck are naked and of a reddish colour, tinged to four eggs of a white colour, but usually more or less here and there with blue, violet, and white; the general spotted with brownish-red. It seeks its food, however, plumage is blackish-brown, and the frill surrounding principally in the towns and villages, where it feeds the base of the neck is of the same colour; the feathers promiscuously with the dogs and jackals on the carcasses of the lower part of the body are crisped so as to exhibit of animals and other putrefying filth, which appears the white down with which the skin is clothed. The to be so peculiarly abundant about the habitations of beak is horn-coloured, with a yellow cere. The folds eastern nations. Its natural appearance is by no means of skin on the head and neck are very striking in this prepossessing, and its plumage is constantly daubed species; they commence behind the ears, round which over with the filth amongst which it finds its nourishthey form a sort of irregular conch; they then pass ment; so that it constitutes a most disgusting object to down the neck for several inches. From this peculiar the eye. Nevertheless its useful properties are so well structure, which is referred to in both the scientific recognized by the inhabitants of the countries in which names of the bird, Le Vaillant gave it the French name it principally occurs, that it would be almost a crime of Oricou, or Eared-neck. there to kill one of these birds; and in Cairo legacies The Sociable vulture is an inhabitant of the mountains, have been left by many wealthy men, for the purpose where the numerous caves and fissures furnish it with of providing the vultures, and their brother scavengers a good shelter in which to pass the night, or to repose the kites, with supplies of fresh meat, in order, no doubt, during the day, after a full meal. At sunrise they are to induce them to remain permanent residents in the seen perched upon the rocks in large bands; and from city. This meat is distributed, according to Hasselquist, these stations they soar into the air to such a height as every morning and evening in the great square where to become quite invisible. But, even at their greatest criminals are executed; and here the birds assemble elevation, they seem still to keep a sharp look out upon Iregularly to receive their expected meal. These vulthe occurrences in the world below them; for no sooner tures are also said annually to accompany the caravan does an animal die than the vultures are upon it, to Mecca across the deserts, in order to feed on the 240 THE LAMMERGEYM. - BIRDS. TIlE CONDOR. offal of the beasts slaughtered, or on the carcasses of the hares, sheep, lambs,.and iids, which its powerful beak camels which die by the way. In India the bird seems and talons enable it to overcome easily; and its Swiss to have exactly the same habits; and Colonel Sykes name of LDmmergeyer (signifying Ltmb- Vulture), sufstates that they are always found in cantonments and ficiently expresses the sense which the Alpine shepcamps. They pass nearly the whole day on the wing, herds entertain of its predilection for the tenderer part sailing round in circles. Their efficiency as scavengers of their flocks. It is also said sometimes to attack the is also recognized in India. chamois, or even man himself; but when attempting THE LAMIMERGEYER (Gypaitos barbcatus)-Plate 2, any such doubtful enterprise as this, it.waits until its fig. 4-which is also frequently called the Bearded intended victim is close to a precipice, and then deVulture, is a remarkable species of this family, forming, scending upon it with irresistible velocity, sweeps it off both in its characters and habits so striking a transi- into the abyss below. Both in Europe and India tion towards the eagles, that it has even been arranged stories are current of children being carried off by the with the latter by some naturalists, whilst others have Lammergeyer; but these want confirmation. In the constituted a distinct family for its reception. As, latter country, according to Mr. Hodgson, the habits of however, its most important characters are decidedly the birds approach more nearly to those of the ordinary vulturine, we have preferred placing it at the end of vultures than appears to be the case in Europe; and the eastern vultures. they come in flocks to devour carrion of all sorts, withThe principal distinctive characters of the genus out the least regard to the presence of man. The same Gypra'tos, to which the Larnmergeyer belongs, consist gentleman tells *us that, in the vicinity of Simla and in the strong, compressed, and gi'eatly-hooked beak, in elsewhere on the western hills, the flesh-pots, in which the presence of a singular beard-like tuft of stiff bristles cooking is. carried on in the open air, require to be well under the lower mandible, and of a patch of similar watched, lest the Bearded vulture steal a share of their bristles, covering the base of the upper mandible on contents; and Bruce, in his " Travels in Abyssinia," each side, and concealing both the cere and the oval relates a story of this nature which applies either to this oblique nostrils which are pierced in it. The tarsi are or the following species. short and clothed with feathers; and the claws are The Bearded vulture builds no nest, but deposits stronger and more curved than in the other vultures. its eggs upon the bare rock; these are two or three in The head and neck are entirely clothed with feathers. number, of an oval form with one end rather acute; The Limmergeyer is one of the largest birds of their colour is a bluish-white, covered with smaller and prey, attaining a length of about four feet, and mea- larger spots of reddish-brown and ochreous yellow. suring nine or ten feet in expanse of wing. Individuals THE AFRICAN BEARDED. VULTURE (Gypca'tos have been described exceeding even these dimensions, nudilpes) appears to merit being regarded as a distinct and measuring from twelve to fifteen feet from tip to species, as the lower part of its tarsi is bare of feathers, tip of the wings. The plumage of the upper part of a character of more importance than a slight diversity the body is of a dull brown colour, mixed with grey; of colour. It is found in Abyssinia, and in the more the wings and tail are of a greyish tint; the neck, southern parts of Africa. This is probably the bird breast, and belly are whitish, more or less tinged with alluded to by Bruce, which, he says, is called Nisser yellow or orange; and the head is dirty white, with a Werl in Ethiopic, and Abou Duchir or Father Longblack band on each side. The bristles of the beard beard by the Arabs. Bruce gives the following account and face are also black, as are the claws. These are of the audacity of this bird. lWhile his servants wvere the general characters of the species; but they are eating their dinner in the open air on the top of a high liable to some variation in specimens from different mountain, with several dishes of boiled goats' flesh regions, and these have induced several modern ornitho- before them, one of these birds suddenly made his logists to describe three or four species of these birds. appearance. He did not stoop rapidly from a height, The distinctions of size and colour upon which they but came flying slowly along the ground, and sat down rely for the discrimination of these so-called species, close to the meat, within the ring the men had made are, however, very slight, and may probably be due round it. A great shout was raised, when the bird to geographical circumstances; we therefore prefer slowly retired; but he soon came up again, and was regarding all the northern Limmergeyers at any rate, shot within a short distance of the party. Dr. Roth as belonging to one species. says, that the Abyssinian species " smells dreadfully This fine bird inhabitants the mountainous regions from its mode of living," and " takes a great quantity of Southern Europe and North Africa, and extends its of water." range in Asia to the Caucasus, the Altai mountains, and THE CONDOR (Sarcor7ctm2plus Gryphus)-fig. 97, the Himalayas. In its carriage and aspect it greatly page 241.-The first of the American vultures to which resembles the eagles, as it does also in its habits; for, we shall allude, is one of the most remarkable and celeunlike the preceding vultures, it evinces no liking for brated species of this family. The nostrils in the Americarrion, but, on the contrary, prefers its meat fresh- can vultures are pierced through, as has already been killed. To satisfy this craving, it is endowed with a stated, from side to side of the beak. In the Condor far more audacious and warlike disposition than the and another species belonging to the same genus, they peaceful birds whose characters we have hitherto been are surmounted in the males by a large fleshy carconsidering, and the weapons with which nature has uncle, which, in the former, constitutes a comb somearmed it are also of a far more formidable character. what resembling that of a coclk. The bill in these It. feeds principally upon quadrupeds, such as rabbits, birds is very strong, and much hooked at the estremity. ACCIPITR.ES. BIRDS. VULTURIDiE.. 241 The head and neck are quite naked, and the skin on bulk. It appears, however, from the more trust-worthy these parts is variously folded. accounts of modern naturalists, amongst whom we The Condor, although undoubtedly one of the largest, may mention especially the late Baron Hrumboldt and or perhaps the largest of predaceous birds, long his celebrated companion Bonpland, that the Condor enjoyed a reputation for size and strength to which scarcely exceeds the Lnmmergeyer in size and spread he was certainly not entitled. This was due to the of wing, the ordinary distance from tip to tip being exaggerated accounts of the older travellers in America, only from nine to eleven feet, and the largest recorded which led their readers almost to believe that this bird expanse fourteen feet. These are about the measurerivalled the fabulous Roc of the Arabian writers in ments of the Limmergeyer; and as the length of the Fig. 97. A_ The Condor (Sarcorhamplhus Gryphus). latter bird from the tip of the beak to the extremity of at the apex in the male, and the latter along the outer the tail, is rather greater than that of a Condor with margin in both sexes. The legs, which are short and the same expanse of wing, wve may consider these very stout, are of a grey colour. The toes exhibit a birds as approaching very closely in size. distinct membrane at their base, and are armed with The basal part of the beak in the Condor is brown- rather long and stout, but very slightly curved, black ish; the tip nearly white. The naked skin of the claws. The hinder toe is very short, in comparison head and neck is of a reddish colour, with a few with that of the birds of prey in general. scattered black hairs. The front of the neck, beneath The Condor is found along the whole range of the vast the chin, is furnished with a loose membrane, which chain of the Andes, from near the Straits of Magellan to can be dilated at the will of the bird, in the same way the republic of New G4ranada, a few degrees north of the as the wattles of the turkey-cock. Round the base of equator. It is most abundant in the tropical parts of this the neck is a frill of white, downy feathers, like that range, especially in Peru and Quito. It is principally which has already been descrilbed as occurring in other an inhabitant of the higher regions of the mountains, species; and the rest of the plumage is black or greyish- from an elevation of about 11,000 feet up to the line of black, with the exception of the wing coverts and the perpetual snow. In its flight, however, it soars far secondary quill feathers, of which the former are white above the latter level, and is justly said by IHumboldt VOL. I. 31 242 1'HE CONDOl.. BIRDS. THE KING VULTURE. to ascend to a greater height in the air than any other M. D'Orbigny, from a fragment seen by him, supposes bird. That traveller ascertained, by actual measure- the eggs to be spotted with reddish-brown. ment, that the height attained by one of these birds THE KING VULTURE (Sarcorhamphtus Papa)must have been at least 23,000 feet above the level of Plate 1, fig 2. The King vulture, the only other the sea; and in the neighbourhood of Cotopaxi, at an species of the genus Salrcorhamphus, is particularly elevation of 14,471 feet, he observed a condor at such remarkable for the brilliant colours which adorn the an altitude, that it appeared as a mere black speck in naked skin of its head and neck. The comb which the sky. Even at the ascertained level, it is, as-he surmounts the nostrils in the male, is of a brilliant remarks, a singular physiological phenomenon, " that orange colour; the face is blackish violet; a scarlet the same bird which wheels for hours together through ring surrounds the eyes; a patch of black down occuthese highly rarefied regions (where the barometer pies the back of the head, and from this a reddishscarcely stands at 12'7 inches), should be able sud- brown fold of skin runs down on each side below the denly, as for instance on the western declivity of eye. The upper part of the neck is bright red, and Pichincha, to descend to the sea-shore, and thus in this colour gradually fades into orange and yellow on the course of a few hours traverse, as it were, all the lower parts. The frill surrounding the base of the climates." neck is ashy-grev; the plumage of the upper parts of In its habits the Condor appears closely to resemble the body is of a delicate fawn colour, and that of the the Limmergeyer, unless its predilection for carrion lower surface white; whilst the quill feathers of the may be considered rather stronger. But it not only wings and tail are black. The contrast of these varied feeds freely on the carcasses of dead animals, but also colours renders this vulture one of the most beautiful destroys many lambs, calves, and young llamas, espe- of the birds of prey, and fibrms a costume worthy of cially when just born and in a perfectly helpless state. the King of the vultures-a title which, however, For these purposes, the Condors, which usually live belongs to him by a better right than only the magnisingly or in pairs, congregate in small flocks; but there ficence of his clothing. appears to be no foundation for the stories of their This fine bird is an inhabitant of a great part of South uniting to destroy full-grown cattle and llamas, any America; but, unlike the condor, it is an inhabitant more than their attacking man or carrying off chil- rather of the vast plains and forests than of the dren in their talons. Of the latter crime, indeed, the mountainous regions. It is most abundant within the structure of their feet may prove them guiltless, for tropics, but extends its range beyond these lines, being the small development of the hinder toe must render found commonly not only in Guiana, Brazil, and Peru, them quite incapable of perpetrating any such enormity. but also in Paraguay and Mexico, and occasionally The accounts of their attacking men are equally desti- visiting Florida in search of food. It feeds upon tute of foundation. Humboldt learnt from the Indians reptiles and carrion, and even upon ordure, and in that the Condors are perfectly innocent of.this; and summer devours great quantities of the fishes which he also states that he frequently approached within perish in consequence of the drying up of the shallow ten or twelve yards of them, when sitting three or four lakes. Its visits to Florida are said to be generally together upon the rocks, and that they never showed made after the herbage has been burnt upon the the least disposition to attack him. Nevertheless, the prairies, where it feeds greedily upon the half-roasted damage done by the Condors to the domesticated snakes and other reptiles which have been unable to animals of Peru and Chili is so considerable, that escape from the flames. In its ordinary haunts, these the inhabitants regard them as among their most birds are frequently met with in considerable numbers formidable enemies, and miss no opportunity of de- in the vicinity of the towns and villages, which are stroying them. For this purpose, they sometimes lay also frequented by flocks of turkey vultures, which the carcass of some large animal as a bait, and shoot will form the subject of the next article. We are told the Condors as they descend upon it to feed, or, wait- by all writers on the natural history of these regions, ing until they have eaten their fill, capture them with that when a band of the latter birds are squabbling the lasso. But more commonly the bait is laid down over their food after the ordinary vulturine fashion, the in a space surrounded by strong palisades, which, by appearance of a single bird of this species is sufficient preventing the birds from taking the short run, with to disperse the whole assembly, who wait patiently their wings half extended, necessary to enable them to at a short distance until their king has satisfied his apperise from the ground in their gorged state, gives the tite. This is confirmed by Humboldt. Indians the opportunity of despatching a great number THE TURKEY VULTURE (Cati/artes aura), and the of them at once. URUBU (Cathartes foetens).-These two birds, which The Condor makes no nest, but lays its eggs upon are very neary allied, are known by the name of the bare rocks, simply selecting a spot where there Gallinazos in the Spanish colonies, where, as in all are cavities large enough to receive the eggs, and pre- the warmer parts of America, they are exceedingly vent them from being rolled down when the parent abundant. They have a longer and more slender bill descends upon or rises from them. The situations than the condor. The head is destitute of caruncles, chosen by the Condors for this purpose are always and covered only with a naked, wrinkled skin; and the exceedingly inaccessible. The eggs are said to be two nostrils are pierced in the sides of the cere. The in number, and the Indians describe them as of a white Turkey vulture, also frequently called the Turkey colour, which is also that of a specimen fiom Chili Buzzard, owes its denomination to the nmarked resemdeposited in the Museum at Paris by M. Claude Gay. blance which it presents to a turkey, both in size and ACCIPITRES.- BIRDS.-FALCONIDAa. 243 the red naked skin upon the head. The same general that of smell. He found that they would soon descend similarity to the gallinaceous birds, which indeed pre- to attack the stuffed skin of an animal when exposed in vails more or less throughout the Vultures, is also the open air; whilst the carcass of a hog, which was expressed in the name of Gallinazo, which appears to concealed under the bushes in a ravine, remained be common to both the species whose names stand at unnoticed by them, although many of them flew over the head of the present article. The Turkey vulture the spot, and it ultimately became so offensive that measures about two feet and a half in length, and six Audubon himself could not venture to approach it. feet in expanse of wing. The general colour of its Mr. Gosse, from his observations on the species in plumage is a sooty brown, with the back and shoulders Jamaica, seems to think that both the senses of smell blackish. The naked skin of the head and neck is and sight may co-operate in betraying to the bird the reddish, beset with scattered black hairs; and the back presence of its food, and that those naturalists who of the neck is covered with blackish down. These attribute this to either of these senses exclusively are birds are found not only over the greater part of South in error. In support of the view that the olfactory America, but also in the southern states of the North organs have something to do in the matter, he relates American Union; and during the summer they even the following anecdote-" A poor German immigrant," extend their range still further towards the north. he says, " who lived alone in a detached cottage, rose They are very gregarious in their habits, and congre- from his bed after a two days' confinement by fever, gate in great numbers in the neighbourhood of the to purchase in the market some fresh meat for a little towns and villages, where they perform the most soup. Before he could do more than prepare the valuable service in devouring thfe carrion and offal, several ingredients of herbs and roots, and put his which, in many districts of South America especially, meat in water for the preparation of his pottage, the are far too abundant to be conducive to the health of paroxysm of fever had returned, and he laid himself the human inhabitants. So numerous are the birds, upon his bed exhausted. Two days elapsed in this that Humboldt tells us he has seen seventy or eighty state of helplessness and inanition; by which time the of them at once surrounding a dead ox; and he adds, mass of meat and pot herbs had putrefied, the stench that, as mentioned in the preceding article, the appear- becoming very perceptible in the neighbourhood. ance of a single king vulture in the midst of this crowd Vulture after vulture, as they sailed past, were observed is quite sufficient to stop their gormandizing, until the always to descend to the cottage of the German, and new-comer has satisfied his no less ravenous appetite. to sweep round, as if they had tracked some putrid By their human neighbours the vultures are never carcass, but failed to find exactly where it was." disturbed. The beneficial nature of their operations is This led the neighbours to break open the door, when thoroughly understood by the inhabitants of the coun- the man was found in a state of utter exhaustion, and tries frequented by them, and.everywhere they are his preparations for soup-making in a most intolerably under the protection of the laws, so that to kill one offensive condition. of them would in most places subject the offender to The Urubu, or Black vulture, as it is sometimes a fine; whilst in Cuba, according to M. D'Orbigny, called, closely resembles the preceding in its appearexcommunication is not regarded as too severe a ance and habits, so much so indeed, that as both are punishment. D'Azara states that this vulture, if found in precisely the same countries, the two species trained early, will acquire so much attachment to its have frequently been confounded together. The Urumaster as to follow him on a journey for many miles. bus are exceedingly common in Peru, where, according The flight of the Turkey vulture is described as being to Tschudi, they sit in incredible numbers on the roofs exceedingly lofty and elegant. " On a fine day," says of the houses and along the walls of the streets, exposed Mr. Darwin, "a flock may be observed at a great to the full blaze of the noonday sun, and sleeping with height, each bird wheeling round and round, without their heads under their wings. closing its wings, in the most graceful evolutions. A third species of the *genus Cathartes has been This is clearly done for sport's sake, or perhaps is described, namely, the CALIFORNIAN VULTURE (Cathconnected with their matrimonial alliances." Accord- artes Californianus). It resembles the preceding ing to Mr. Gosse, the soaring of these vultures in both in form and size; but was formerly supposed to flocks is regarded in Jamaica as indicative of a thunder- rival the condor in the latter particular. The general storm; and he says that at other times they are gene- colour of the plumage is black, with the tips of the rally seen singly or in pairs. According to the writer secondary feathers white. The head and neck are just quoted, the Turkey vulture, called the Join Crow covered with a rather smooth, naked, red skin. vulture in Jamaica, would appear occasionally to kill his own game, at least if he can meet with a weakly FAMILY II.-FALCONIDAE. lamb or pig at a distance from its mother. He will also venture to attack a large hog if it be lying in a The Falconidee include not only the true Falcons, sick condition, picking out its eyes; but first dis- but also the numerous hawks and eagles, nearly all of charging his excrements upon it, to see whether it is which exhibit a predaceous disposition of a far more strong enough to rise, which this indignity rarely fails decided character than that of the vultures. The to effect, if the creature is still capable of any exertion. birds of this family are indeed for the most part of an It was from his observations upon this species that exceedingly rapacious nature, generally feeding prinAudubon was led to maintain, that the vultures are cipally upon prey captured by themselves, and only guided to their prey rather by the faculty of sight than by condescending to devour such dead carcasses as they 244 FALoNIDL3.- BIRDS. TIHE CARACARA. find when strongly pressed by hunger. There are, tiles. Others, again, are fishers by profession; whilst however, some exceptions to this general rule; a few a considerable number, especially of the smaller species, of the species being almost as inveterate carrion-eaters derive a great portion of their nourishment friom as the vultures, with which they often share their insects. Their modes of catching prey are also greatly dainty meals. The Falconidae are distinguished from diversified. Some hover in the air, or sail slowly along the vultures-with which they agree in their diurnal until their victim appears in sight, when they dart habits and in having the eyes placed upon the sides of down upon it with the rapidity of lightning; some the head-by the much shorter and more powerful bill, pursue their prey with the greatest pertinacity, until which is always much hooked, the ridge of the upper they get an opportunity of seizing it with their murdermandible being generally curved from the base to the ous talons; whilst others haunt woods and thickets, apex, and its margins are in most cases armed with a and appear to lie in waiting for their food. They tooth on each side. The base of the bill is enveloped usually nidificate amongst rocks or in tall trees, buildin a cere, in which the nostrils are pierced (fig. 94, ing a nest of sticks on which they lay from two to p. 236); their eyes are overshadowed by projecting five eggs, which are almost always of a white coloui, brows; the head and neck are clothed with feathers; spotted with reddish-brown. The females are generthe toes are armed with long and powerful claws; ally larger than the males, but inferior to them in and the hinder toe, which in the vultures is compara- intensity of colour; and the young birds pass through tively short and weak, acquires a considerable develop- several changes of plumage before attaining their adult ment, and renders the foot a most efficient grasping dress. The differences presented by the numerous organ. It is in fact with the feet that these birds seize species of birds forming this family in their minor and carry off their prey, and the bill appears in most characters, together with corresponding differences in cases to be employed only in tearing it to pieces. In their habits, have led to their division into numerous the habits and mode of life of the Falconidae, there is a minor groups, which we may adopt here as sections, much greater variety than is observable in the vultures. commencing with the Caracaras, which from their Some of them feed almost exclusively upon birds and carrion-eating habits, must be regarded as most nearly mammals; others upon snakes, frogs, and other rep- approaching the preceding family. CARACARAS. THE CARACARA (Polyborus braziliensis), one of the never making their appearance until he comes to a best-known species of this group, is an inhabitant of halt; then suddenly he will see them perching upon South America, where, according to M. D'Orbigny, it the trees in his vicinity, and apparently waiting for the replaces the serpent-eater oi the Cape of Good Hope, remains of his dinner. Mr. Darwin, however, attributes from the number of snakes which it destroys. It does a far less amiable object to these intruders, and regards not, however, confine itself to this diet, but feeds in- this conduct on their part as an evidence of their desire differently upon carrion, insects, and mollusca, and to indulge their carrion-eating propensities at the peralso, like many vultures, attacks new-born lambs. sonal expense of the traveller. Of this, he says, any one D'Orbigny states that it is never seen to give chase to Imay convince himself, " by walking out on one of the birds, but, on the other hand, in some districts it can desolate plains, and then lying down to sleep: when he scarcely fly without being pursued by some species of awakes, he will see, on each surrounding hillock, one small birds, against which it makes no effort to defend of these birds patiently watching him with an evil eye." itself. Chickens, however, are not safe from its depre- The Caracara, which is also called the Carrancha dations, and it not unfrequently accompanies the sports- in South America, is said to derive its name from its man in his excursions, and seizes upon the birds shot peculiar guttural cry, which is compared by Mr. Darby him. Mr. Darwin informs us that the Caracara, win " to the sound of the Spanish guttural, g, followed together with a smaller but nearly allied species, the by a rough double r, r." When uttering this cry it chimango, frequents the neighbourhood of the slaughter- throws the head back, until at last the crown almost houses, to feed on the offals thrown out; and these two touches the lower part of the back, the beak being all birds also follow the vultures in devouring the carcass the while kept wide open. It is about the size of our of any animal that dies in the open country, and never common kite, and has a tail nine inches in length. The leave it until the bones are quite clean. According to general colour of the plumage is a blackish-brown, with some writers, the Caracaras are not above taking their the neck and breast brownish-grey, barred with brown; carrion at second-hand; they are said to watch for the top of the head is black, and the feathers of this one of the vultures returning from his repast, when part are elongated, so as to form a sort of crest, which they fly out upon him and pursue him until he finds the bird can elevate at pleasure; the feathers of the tail it necessary to disgorge his food, upon which the con- are of a dirty-white colour, with numerous transverse spirators immediately descend. D'Azara states that dusky bands, and the tips black. The feet are yellow these birds also combine to pursue some of the larger with black claws, and the cere and cheeks are naked birds, such as the heron. M. D'Orbigny describes the and dull red. It is rather an indolent bird, especially Caracaras as accompanying the traveller throughout when gorged with food, and never flies to any great the vast solitudes of the South American forests, but height; on the glround it runs with facility. Its nest ACCIPITRES.-BIRDS. FALCONIDl. 245 is sometimes built on the ground, but more commonly Darwin, one of these birds actually pounced upon a dog in trees or on the ledges of rocks. It is rather large, that was lying asleep close to his master. When a and consists of sticks, sometimes lined with a few hairs hunting party has killed an animal, these caracaras and feathers; in this it lays five or six eggs, which are soon collect in the neighbourhood, and stand on the pointed at one end, and spotted with red on a reddish- ground waiting for their share of the spoil. Sometimes brown ground. they are said to stand, several in company, at the mouth THE CHIMANGO (Mlilvago Chimango), which has of a rabbit-hole, in order to seize on the animal as soon been already mentioned as accompanying the caracara as it comes out. These various methods of obtaining in its carrion-feasts, is said by Mr. Darwin to be gen- food indicate considerable ingenuity, and the birds erally the last bird that leaves the skeleton of a dead appear to be of an exceedingly inquisitive disposition, animal; it " may often," he adds, " be seen within the which often leads them into mischief. They are also ribs of a cow or horse, likle a bird in a cage." Like the arrant thieves. When the Aclventure was lying in caracara, its appetite appears to be satisfied with any- harbour at the Falklands during the winter, they would thing, as it will even eat bread when this is thrown out fly on board every day, and it was necessary to keep a of a house with other offal. It also friequents the sea- sharp look-out to prevent them from tearing the leather coast and the margins of lakes and swamps, in search from the rigging, and stealing the fresh meat and game of small fish. In its general habits it resembles the hung up at the stern. On one occasion they carried a caracara. heavy black glazed hat nearly a mile; on another they THE CHIMACHIMA (2M. Clhimachima), another species, went off with a pair of heavy balls, used in the southis said to attack beasts of burden upon which it per- ern parts of America for catching cattle; and a small ceives wounds or sores; these it tears with its bill, until compass in a red morocco case was so tempting a prize the unfortunate victim is forced to roll himself upon the that they carried it off, and it was never again found. ground to get rid of his tormentor. They are exceedingly quarrelsome, and when irritated THE SOUTHERN CARACARA (Milvago australis), fall into such a passion that they tear up the grass with appears to be peculiar to the coasts of the southern their bills. Their flesh is said by the sealers who have extremity of America and the Falkland Islands, where tried it to be very white, and good eating. They build it is exceedingly abundant. Its habits are very similar their nests on the rocks only in the small islets of the to those of the caracara, but it appears to exceed even Falkland group, which, as Mr. Darwin remarks, " is a that bird in impudence. It will seize upon birds shot singular precaution in so tame and fearless a bird." by the fowler, and on one occasion recorded by Mr. BUZZARDS. THE COMMON BUZZARD (Buteo vulgaris) is a com- which it captures in the way above described, very mon British hawk, which is also met with in most parts rarely pursuing its feathered prey when on the wing. of Europe. It measures about twenty inches in length; Mr. M'Gillivray states that he once found the stomach the plumage of the upper parts, the neck and breast, of a buzzard filled "with leaves of plants and roots, are of a dark-brown colour; the throat and belly are along with beetles and an earthworm." After feeding greyish-brown, spotted with dark-brown; the tail pale it retires to some secluded spot, and there reposes until greyish-brown, with ten or twelve dark brown transverse the food is digested, and its returning appetite again bars; the beak lead colour; and the cere and legs yellow. suggests to it the necessity of exertion. The nest of The beak in the Buzzard is short and stout, compressed the common buzzard is composed of sticks and twigs, on the sides, and has the margins of the upper mandi- mixed with heath, and lined with wool and grass. Its ble sinuated; the nostrils are large; the wings long, position varies according to the nature of the country but obtuse; the tail of moderate length and rounded; inhabited by the birds; in rocky districts it is built on the tarsi rather long and stout, covered with scales in the ledges of the rocks, and in the more undulating and front, as are also the toes; the remainder of the foot is wooded localities amongst the branches of trees; but reticulated, and the claws are long, strong, and acute. the material and construction of the nest are the same The common buzzard is generally distributed in the in both cases. These birds are said to save themselves British islands, and also occurs abundantly in most part of the trouble of building by taking possession of parts of Europe. In some localities it is called the the nest of a crow and enlarging it to suit their purposes. Kite or Glead, although quite distinct from the bird to In these nests the females deposit from three to four which these names properly belong; and in other places eggs, which are of an almost perfectly oval form, and it bears the name of the Puttock. It is rather an inactive of a dull, or slightly bluish white colour, sometimes bird, but often soars to a great height, and sails in nearly spotless, but usually spotted with rusty brown. circles like an eagle. When in pursuit of prey it glides Buzzards are said to attend to the wants of their over the fields, at no great distance from the ground, young for a longer period than most predaceous birds; and pounces down upon any articles of food that come and they certainly seem to possess very strong patenlwithlin its ken. Its food consists of small birds and the tal instincts. In captivity female buzzards have been young of the grouse and partridge, the smaller quadru- repeatedly known to hatch the eggs, and bring up the peds, reptiles, insects, and even earthworms-all of yomung of other birds; and the following curious exan;ple 246 BUZZARDs.-BIRDS. — THE HONEY BUZZARD. of this, related by Mr. Yarrell in his " History of British gists to the rank of a distinct genus under the name of birds" will probably be entertaining to our readers:- Archibuteo; its principal distinction from the common He tells us that'; a female buzzard, kept in the garden buzzard consists in its having the tarsi clothed with of the Chequers inn at Uxbridge, showed an inclina- feathers down to the origin of the toes. It is found in tion to sit, by collecting and bending all the loose sticks Britain, but by no means abundantly, and appears to she could obtain possession of. Her owner, noticing be a winter visitor to this country; its real dwellingher actions, supplied her with materials; she completed place being the cold northern regions of both contiher nest, and sat on two hen's eggs, which she hatched, nents. In its general habits it resembles the common and afterwards reared the young. Since then she has buzzard; it is described by Audubon as a sluggish bird: hatched and brought up a brood of chickens every year. residing on the meadows and low grounds, and feeding One summer, in order to save her the fatigue of sitting, principally on small quadrupeds and reptiles, although some young chickens just hatched were put down to it also appears sometimes to attack larger animals, such her; but she destroyed the whole. When flesh was as rabbits and ducks. Its nest is built with sticks, given to her, she was very assiduous in tearing it, and amongst the branches of trees; and it lays two eggs. offering it as food to her nurslings, and appeared Its southern migration during the winter is said someuneasy, if, after taking small portions from her, they times to extend as far as the Cape of Good Hope. turned away to pick up grain." THE HONEY BUZZARD (Pernis apqivorus), which is * THE ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD (But eo lagopus)- placed by some ornithologists with the kites, is a comPlate 3, fig. 7-has been raised by many ornitholo- mon bird in some parts of Europe, but a rare visitor to Fig. 98 The Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus). this country, where it is only met with in the summer. The I-Ioney buzzard measures from twenty-two to It is also known to occur in Northern Africa and in twenty-five inches in length; the colour of its upper Asia. It has a rather weak bill, curved from the base, surface is a nearly uniform brown, with the primaries which is covered by a large cere, close to the anterior black, or nearly so; that of the lower surface is a pale margin of which the elongated nostrils are placed yellowish-brown; the top of the head is bluish in the obliquely. Tle spaces between the base of the bill male, whitish in the female, spotted in the latter with and the eyes are clothed with small feathers, whereas browvn; the tail feathers are barred with brown. The in the buzzard these parts are covered with hairs, beak is black, with the cere grey, and the feet yellow, and the tarsi are reticulated. with black claws. THE CRESTED HONEY BUZZARD.-BIRDS. THE GOLDEN EAGLE. 247 The food of this bird consists of small mammalia, nished with a crest, which it is able to raise and depress birds, reptiles, and insects; and in the summer and at pleasure. The flight of this species is slow, and its autumn it appears to derive a great part of its nourish- general habits seem to resemble those of its European ment from the larvae of wasps, which it obtains by relative. The stomach of a female shot by Mr. Jerdon digging out the nests, and breaking up the comb. A contained a soft green mass, which he supposed to be specimen observed by Mr. Selby, near Twizel in North- the remains of half-digested caterpillars; that of a male umberland, was seen " to rise from the situation of a bird killed by the same gentleman contained a large wasp's nest, which it had been attempting to excavate, quantity of pure honey. Mr. Elliot also found in the or, in fact, to a certain extent had accomplished; and stomach of a specimen a mixture of ants, wax, and the large hole which had been scraped showed that a honey; so that we may suppose the natural food of this much greater power could be employed, andthat the species to consist, partly at all events, of the last-menbird possessed organs much better fitted to remove the tioned substance, for which the European species is obstacles which generally concealed its prey, than a also said to entertain a predilection. A second specisuperficial examination of its feet and legs would war- men examined by Mr. Elliot betrayed more predaceous rant us in ascribing to it. A few hours afterwards, the propensities; its stomach contained the hair of a rat. task was found to be entirely completed; the comb THE ABYSSINIAN BUZZARD (Bateo augur) is an torn out and cleared from the immature young; and exceedingly common bird in Abyssinia, where it is after-dissection proved that at this season (autumn) at regarded by the inhabitants as furnishing important least, birds and mammalia formed no part of its food." omens to those about setting forth on a journey. The larvae of wasps also seem to constitute the chief According to Salt, the Abyssinians, on meeting one food of the young. In fact, in most cases insects ap- of these birds at the commencement of a journey, pear to have been the chief food of the specimens killed watch it very carefully, and draw good or bad omens in England; the larvae of wasps and bees being mixed from its motions:-" If it sit still with its breast towards with caterpillars, and beetles and their larvae; in one them until they have passed, it is a peculiarly good examined by White of Selborne, the stomach contained sign; and everything is expected to go well during the the limbs of frogs and a great many grey slugs. These course of the journey. If its back be turned towards birds have, however, been captured in traps baited with them, it is considered an unpropitious sign, but not young rabbits; they have been seen to strike and carry sufficiently so to create alarm; but if it should fly away off young pheasants; and a specimen kept in confine- hastily on their approach, some of the most superment killed and ate rats, as well as birds of considerable stitious among them will immediately return back to size, with great ease and appetite. their homes, and wait till a more favourable opporIn a state of nature it is described as rather an inac- tunity for commencing their expedition occur." Dr. tive bird, rarely flying, except from one tree to another, Roth states that he never found anything but locusts and never rising to any great elevation; on the ground in its stomach; but, according to Ruppell, it feeds upon it runs with great rapidity, almost like a fowl. Its small birds and bats, and pursues the latter chiefly nest is built in some high tree in a wood or forest, when roused from their retreats by the passage of and is composed of twigs, and lined with dead leaves. caravans or other large bodies of men, which it freThe eggs, which vary from two to four in number, are quently accompanies or precedes. To this circumblotched over with two shades of orange-brown. stance Dr. Ruppell ascribes the belief in the faculty of THE CRESTED HONEY BUZZARD (Permis cristata) is divination supposed to be possessed by this bird, as a native of the northern parts of India, where, however, above described, and which is expressed in its specific it does not appear to be common. Its head is fur- name. EAGLES. THE GOLDEN EAGLE (Aquila chrysautos), which is are yellow, and the claws black. The tarsi are certainly the finest British species of the group to clothed with feathers down to the root of the toes. which the name of eagles is commonly applied, and In its structure the golden eagle exhibits the charyields in size and majesty to few if any of his foreign acteristics of its tribe in the highest perfection. Its relatives, must first engage our attention. This mag- beak is rather short, but exceedingly powerful, and nificent bird is found not only in Britain, and in all the upper mandible terminates in a strongly-hooked the mountainous parts of the continent of Europe, but and acute point; but the sharp teeth which we shall also occurs in Asia as far to the east as Northern India, find in the true or noble Falcons, on the margins of in the north of Africa, and also in North America. Its the mandible, are here represented only by a slight usual length is about three feet, and the wings spread festoon. The feet are enormously strong, and the toes seven or eight feet when extended. The general colour armed with claws of great length and acuteness, curved of the plumage is dark brown, with the belly and in such a manner that the grasp of the foot must thighs bay, and the quill feathers of the wings blackish. immediately bury them in the body of the prey. The tail feathers are varied with two shades of brown; The flight of this bird, as might be expected from the beak is of a bluish horn colour, the cere and toes its great length of wing, is most majestic and powerful, 248 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. FALCONID.E. and it appears to delight in soaring to a great height inthe The eagle is, in fact, the great tyrant of the wild regions air. But even when the bird is at such an elevation as which he inhabits, but as we must bear in mind that to appear only like a small black speck in the sky, the nothing that he can meet with there has any power of acuteness of its vision is so great, that it can readily clefending itself from his terrible swoop, we must not discover its prey upon the ground below it, when it will allow ourselves, as our forefathers did, to magnify him descend with the most astonishing velocity to seize its into a type of magnanimity and courage. This view victim. Its great strength enables it to prey upon crea- is induced by the magnificent aspect of the bird, and tures whose sizewouldpreventtthem frombeing attacked, the abundant evidences of terrible energy furnished or at all events being carried off by any of the smaller by his every movement; in true courage he is not supeFalconidme, and although it does not contemn such i nor to most of the smaller hawks, and certainly inferior small game as partridges and grouse, it destroys lambs, to the peregrine and many other falcons, which will even when several weeks old, and young fawns, which even venture to attack and drive away this so-called its great muscular power enables it even to carry off in monarch of the waste, when he approaches too near its talons to its nest among the rocks. Hares and rab- their nests. bits also constitute a considerable portion of its food. The Golden eagle, as already stated, is an inhabitant Fig. 99. the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysadtos). of mountainous regions, in the wild fastnesses of which young eaglets are hatched During their growth the he dwells in solitary state, far from the habitations of parent birds are indefatigable in attending upon them man. On the highest and most inaccessible ledges of and supplying them with food, and such an abundant the rocks the eagles build their nests, or eyries, which supply of game do they bring into the nest, that we are consist of a vast assemblage of sticks, forming a flat told of one instance in which a native of Kerry obtained platform of several feet in diameter.. Upon this the a comfortable subsistence for himself and his family female deposits two, or at thle utmost three eggs, which throughout a summer of scarcity, by robbing the nest are of a dirty-white colour, mottled with pale reddishW of an eagle of the food brought for the support of the brown The eggs are laid about the end of March or young birds, whose wings he clipped in order to retard the beginning of April, and inthe course of a month the their flights and thus prolong the attendance of the THE SPOTTED EAGLE. BIRDS. THE WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE. 249 parents. These birds are said to be very long-lived, unerringly on one of them, and carries it off. The and one of them is recorded to have died at Vienna other eagle, having risen again, also makes another after passing no less than one hundred and four years stoop, which is generally fatal." The Indian falconers in confinement. Their cry is a loud sharp scream. also, according to the same authority, have generally They generally retain their ferocity even after long stories to relate of these eagles carrying off favourite captivity, seldom even showing any affection for the hawks. person who feeds them; but notwithstanding this and THE TAWNY EAGLE (Aquila ncevioides) is the the general character for intractability which has been common eagle of India, where it is known as the founded upon it, instances are on record of the recla- Iokhctb. It is also an inhabitant of Abyssinia, and mation of the Golden eagle, even so far as to enable probably of the intervening countries. Like the prehim to be used for the purposes of falconry. At the ceding species, it dwells either in the jungly districts same time his temper seems to be rather uncertain, and or in the vicinity of towns and villages, over which it he is by no means so desirable a favourite as the true is frequently seen daily in company with the kites. falcons. Its food consists of hares and other game, but it also The Golden eagle, like the lammergeyer, has been condescends to devour rats, lizards, snakes, and even accused of sometimes carrying off young children to its insects, and it appears to share with the kites in any nest, but as far as we are aware, none of these stories carrion that may fall in its way. Mr. Jerdon thinks have been fully authenticated. Another popular notion, that it obtains much of its food by robbing other birds which is doubtless in some measure connected with the of prey, and he quotes a statement of Mir. Elliot's, that supposed regal nature of the bird, namely, that he will this eagle is exceedingly troublesome to the falconers feed on nothing that he has not himself killed, is cer- by pursuing the hawks for the sake of their jesses, tainly destitute of foundation; the eagle, when he pays which it mistakes for some kind of prey. an occasional visit to the shore, will feed freely upon THE BOOTED EAGLE (Aquila pennata) has the dead fish, and at other times, especially in winter, he feet feathered down to the toes, the plumage of the does not disdain carrion. Mr. M'Gillivray states that back brown, and that of the lower parts white, marked he had seen several eagles hovering over a dead sheep, with narrow brown lines. It is the smallest of the true and in the Scotch islands they are often lured to their eagles found in Europe, measuring only about twenty destruction by the exposure of the carcases of animals, inches in length. It occurs principally in the eastern in the vicinity of a pit or other shelter in which the parts of Europe, and, like the preceding species, is an gunner lies concealed. inhabitant of India. In its appearance and mode of THE SPOTTED EAGLE (Aquila ncevia) is another flight it resembles the kite, and, like that bird, it is said European species, of which specimens have been killed to be a " noted robber of the dove-cot and poultry in Britain. It is an inhabitant of the mountainous dis- yard." tricts of central Europe, but extends its range south- THE IMPERIAL EAGLE (Aquila imper'ialis), which ward into Egypt; it also occurs in Asia as far as is also common to Europe and Asia, and yields only to Nepaul and Calcutta. It is considerably smaller than the golden eagle in size, abounds particularly in Turkey, the golden eagle, being about the size of a large cock; Egypt, and the north of Afiica. It inhabits the hilly its general colour is brown, but the feathers of the legs districts, and when in search of prey, flies slowly along and sides are spotted with white, and the quill feathers at no great elevation, hunting over the bushy vallies of the wings are terminated by whitish tips. It feeds and ravines. It is said by Mr. Jerdon to strike freon small quadrupeds and birds, and builds its nest on quently at game raised by sportsmen. high trees, laying two eggs, slightly blotched with red. THE WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE (Aquila fucosa) is a BONELLIrS EAGLE (Aquila Bonellii) an inhabitant native of Australia and Van Diemen's Land, where it of Southern Europe, is also found in Asia as far as evidently takes the place of the golden eagle of Europe, India, where, however, it appears to be a rare bird. It to which it is scarcely inferior in size. A specimen killed is not common in Europe, where it lives in the marshy by Mr. Gould measured six feet eight inches from tip forests of Sardinia, Sicily, and the south of France. It to tip of the wings, and he considers this to be far feeds principally upon birds, and is said to be especially from the largest bird of this species which had come fond of ducks. In India it also inhabits wooded and under his notice. The wedge-tailed eagle frequents jungly districts, sitting upon the high branches of trees the interior of the country, and like its northern anato look out for its prey, which consists of jungle-fowl, logue, the golden eagle, rarely makes its appearance on partridges, and hares, and occasionally even the peacock the coast. It preys principally on the smaller species falls a victim to its talons. Sometimes this eagle takes of kangaroos and also on the large Australian bustard; up its abode in the vicinity of the villages, when it and in the districts inhabited by the European settlers makes fearful havoc among the domestic poultry. it is so destructive to the young lambs, that the shepMr. Jerdon gives the following account of the mode of herds wage with it a war of extermination. It will attack adopted by a pair of these birds which haunted also devour offals and carrion; for the former it will some pigeon-houses in the Neilgherries. He says, follow the kangaroo-hunters for days, and Mr. Gould " On the pigeons taking flight, one of the eagles pounced states, that in one of his journies he saw no less than down from a vast height on the flock, but directing its thirty or forty of these birds assenmbled round the carswoop rather under the pigeons than directly at them. case of a dead bullock, some sitting in a gorged state Its mate, watching the moment when, alarmed by the upon the neighbouring trees, while others were still first swoop, the pigeons rise in confusion, pounces enjoying the feast. VOL. I. 32 250 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS.-FALCONIDaE. The nest which is very large and nearly flat, is is so great that it can split the skull of a man by a blow placed amongst the most inaccessible branches of trees, with its beak, and it is certain, from M. D'Orbigny's and composed of sticks and branches. Mr. Gould was experience, that, when wounded, the Harpy eagle does unable to procure the eggs. not hesitate to attack its human enemies. That disTHE MARTIAL EAGLE (SpiozcltZts bellicosus)-Plate tinguished traveller, when navigating the Rio Securi in 2, fig. 6 —often called the Grzff'ardc by the French a canoe, saw a large specimen of the Harpy perched writers, is a large and powerful species found in the upon one of the lower branches of a tree; he landed in southern parts of Africa. It is about the size of the order to shoot it, but the soil being muddy, his Indians golden eagle, of a brown colour above, with the edges got ashore first and wounded the bird with an arrow. of the feathers pale. The lower surface is whitish, and It flew to a short distance, when it was again wounded, the feet are feathered down to the toes. The Martial and finally knocked on the head, until life being supeagles are generally seen in pairs in the mountainous posed to be extinct, the Indians plucked out the feathers districts. They prey upon antelopes and hares, and of the wings, tail and head, upon which they set a high during the period of incubation, the male bird provides value, and even stripped the bird of some of its down, his partner with food. They are described as exceed- which they employ, as we do spiders' webs in England, ingly courageous, driving all other birds of prey from for stopping the bleeding of wounds, &c. In this mutithe localities which they inhabit. The cry of this bird lated condition they brought the bird to the canoe, to is very sharp and piercing, and may be heard vhllen the the great disgust of the enterprising voyager. What eagle has soared quite out of sight. The nest, which followed will be best told in his own words:-" Being is built either on the top of a high tree, or amongst the regarded as dead, the bird," he says, "was placed in steepest and most inaccessible rocks, constitutes a flat the canoe in front of us; and we did not remark that, platform of four or five feet in diameter, and often two recovering from its state of insensibility, it revived feet in thickness; and so solid in its construction, that by degrees; we did not perceive this until, becoming it will bear the weight of a man. Its foundation is furious, and no doubt longing for revenge, it threw composed of several stout sticks, interlaced with a itself violently upon us, although, fortunately, it could quantity of flexible twigs, serving to form a solid sub- only make use of one of its talons; with this, however, stratum, when the nest is made on a tree; and this is it pierced through my arm from one side to the other, surmounted by a thick mass of small twigs, moss, dry between the cubituts and the 1radius, and at the same leaves, roots, and reeds, which constitute the greater time tore the remainder of the arm. It also endeapart of the nest. The surface of this platform is covered voured, happily without success, to pierce me with its with a layer of small fragments of dry wood, upon which beak; and, notwithstanding its wounds, it required two the eggs are laid; and this edifice, as might be expected people to make it let go its hold." from the labour attending its construction, serves the THE URUBITINGA (Morphnus Urubitinga), another couple for several consecutive years. The eggs are inhabitant of the South American continent, is found, nearly round, of a pure white colour, and almost three according to D'Orbigny, only in the plains, and there inches in diameter. always on the borders of lakes, rivers, and marshes. THE HARPY EAGLE (Tlhrasa'tus Hctapyia). The It is a solitary bird, and rather sedentary in its habits, preceding are some of the principal species of eagles taking up its position on the top of some dead tree, inhabiting the eastern hemisphere, and one of them, the where it will sit for hours watching for the appeargolden eagle, also extends its range into the northern ance of its prey, which consists principally of reptiles, part of the American continent; we have now to small mammialia, and dead birds. On catching sight describe two species which belong exclusively to South of its prey it descends upon it rapidly, and after its America. The first of these, the Harpy eagle, is a meal returns quietly to its post. It flies but little exformidable bird which inhabits the vast forests of inter- cept in the morning and evening, and then sometimes tropical America, especially along the course of the beats about the neighbourhood of its lodging, flying great rivers. It is the only species of its genus, which slowly at a considerable height. It generally sleeps is distinguished from the other eagles by having a on the lower branches of trees. The habits of the very strong beak, undulated at the margins, and very other species of the genus Moiphnus, of which several greatly hooked at the tip; the wings short, scarcely occur in South America, are very similar. reaching the base of the tail, which is long; and the feet THE SERPENT EAGLE (Circatus gallicus), called very stout, the tarsi reticulated and the toes scaled in the Jean-le-Blanc in France,-is a small species, meafront. The head in this fine bird is clothed with large suring only about two feet and a half in length. It has rounded feathers, which can be raised at pleasure to a large head, with a strong black beak, enveloped at form a sort of crest. the base in a large bluish cere, near the margin of This large and powerful eagle is said to prey almost which the nostrils are pierced; the tarsi are long, and entirely upon Mammalia, and to have a particular pre- the toes short, and terminated by short and slightly ference for the monkeys and sloths which abound in the curved claws. The plumage of the head, throat, and forests of South America. In the morning it is seen lower part of the body is white, spotted with brown; flying over the forest in search of these articles of diet, that of the upper surface is brown; and the tail, which but it is also said to attack other quadrupeds, and even is of a square form, is greyish-brown, banded with a the fawns of the South American deer are not free from darker brown. The feet are bluish-grey. its attacks. According to the natives it never attacks In Europe this bird is found principally in the vast birds. Mauduit asserts that the strength of this bird pine forests of the north and east, but it also occurs, THE SHORT-TAILED EAGLE. BIRDS. THE WHITE-HEADED EAGLE. 251 although rarely, in France; in the Asiatic continent it Nevertheless numerous specimens of these birds extends its range as far as Bengal, and in the more remain throughout the summer, and breed upon the northern regions probably still further. In Europe it rocks surrounding the Orkney and Shetland islands, preys upon the smaller quadrupeds and birds, occa- and other northern coasts of the British islands;, sionally feeding upon reptiles and even insects; but in although from the number of them that have been India its preference for reptiles is so marked, that its killed, on account of their destruction of the young native names refer to the havoc which it makes among lambs, they are by no means so abundant as formerly. the snakes. It does not, however, confine itself to The nest, which is built upon a ledge of rock, usually this food, but devours small quadrupeds and birds; and at a great height above tile sea, is of large size, consistMr. Elliot found a centipede in the stomach of one, ing of a flat platform, about five feet in diameter, corntogether with a snake two feet in length. It builds in posed of sticks, heath, dried sea-weed, grass, wool, &c. trees, and lays two or three eggs of a bluish-white Upon this are deposited the eggs, usually two in colour, sometimes spotted with brownish. number, about the size of that of the goose, but broader THE SHORT-TAILED EAGLE (Helotarsus ecaucldatus), and of a white colour, with a few pale red spots, espean inhabitant of the southern parts of Africa, is dis- cially towards the larger end. Nidification comtinguished from all the other eagles by the extreme mences about the middle of spring, and the young are shortness of its tail, which is almost entirely concealed hatched early in June. The young are able to fly beneath the wings when these are closed. The eyes about the middle of August, but the old birds generally are surrounded by a naked skin, which, with the cere, continue to feed them for some time, and, according to is of a bright red colour. So short is the tail that Le some writers, the parents quit the neighbourhood when Vaillant, the first discoverer of the bird, fancied it to the young birds are able to provide for themselves; be an eagle which had been deprived of its tail by some unlike the golden eagles, which generally drive their accident; its aspect accordingly is very deficient in offspring away to some distance, and often occupy the grace, and its movements in the air are exceedingly same nest for seven or eight consecutive years. singular. This aerial play, which appears to be con- In courage the White-tailed eagle is very inferior to nected with the courting of these remarkable birds, is the golden eagle, rarely attacking any large animal, compared by Le Vaillant with the tricks of a tumbler, and feeding contentedly upon carrion of all sorts. In and he gave this eagle the name of the Bateleur from the Shetlands they are known to sweep round the cotthis circumstance. It is by no means choice in its diet, tages early in the morning, to pick up any poultry that but feeds freely, like the vultures, upon carrion; never- may be about; but, according to Dr. Edmondston, the theless it frequently destroys young antelopes and flocks of geese which are turned out in those islands to lambs, and also sickly sheep. Its nest is built in trees, pasture upon the hills during the summer and autumn, and the female lays three or four bluish-white eggs. are rarely attacked by the eagles, although in the,THE WHITE-TAILED EAGLE (Haliactzus albicilla), immediate vicinity of their haunts. "The wing of the the first of the group of sea-eagles to which we shall gander," he says, " which not unfrequently is uplifted refer, is an inhabitant of the greater part of Europe, in defence of his young, has a moral, if not a physical especially the northern regions of that continent, and power, which the robber Erne seems to quail under." extends its range eastward as far as Lake Baikal in The same gentleman tells us that, " occasionally, during Siberia. It is also met with in Iceland and Greenland, warm weather, skate and halibut bask on the surface but does not occur in North America. It is a large of the water, and the eagle pounces on them; but species, the adult female measuring nearly three feet several instances have occurred of this aquatic hunt in length, so that it is little inferior in size to the being fatal to him. If the fish is not so large as to be golden eagle; its general colour is brown, lighter and able immediately to drag him under the water, he darker on different regions of the body, the back and elevates his wings, and in this way, if the wind happens wings being darkest; the tail is pure white, the feet, to be blowing on the land, he often manages to reach cere, and beak yellow, and the claws black. In Britain it in safety." On reaching the shore, however, he is it is a more common species than the golden eagle, compelled to liberate his claws with his beak, and it is from which it differs in many important characters, this circumstance that renders these piscatorial exploits especially in the much greater length of the beak, and so dangerous, unless the fish captured be of the right the comparative slenderness of the claws. In its habits size, and the wind in the right direction. The Sea eagle it is more sluggish and vulturine than the golden eagle feeds freely upon any dead fish that may be thrown up and its immediate allies. on the shore, and he seems to perceive these objects The White-tailed eagle usually inhabits rocks from a great height in the air. and cliffs overhanging the sea, from which it dashes THE WHITE-HEADED EAGLE (fIcaliatus leucocedown impetuously to seize either birds or fishes, and p7zalus), which is also called the BALD EAGLE, is an where seals abound it not uncommonly attacks them. abundant species in the United States of North America, At other times it carries its marauding excursions where it takes the place of the white-tailed eagle inland, destroying land birds and quadrupeds, and of Europe. It exceeds the European species in size, evincing a particular partiality for young fawns and and especially in extent of wing, but, like it, inhabits dead deer. It is more abundant in the latitude the vicinity of the sea, and also of the lakes and rivers. of Britain in the winter than in the summer; and, In its general habits it greatly resembles the whiteaccording to Temminck, it follows the flocks of geese tailed eagle, feeding with avidity upon carrion, andC which migrate annually to and firom the Arctic seas. exhibitinlg a decided partiality for fish. In Wilsonl's 252 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. FALCONIDA. time this species was very abundant about the Falls which is found, although not very abundantly, about of Niagara, watching, in company with the ravens and the coasts and lakes of the East Indies and its islands, vultures, for the carcases of animals brought down and also in Australia. In some parts of India, accordby the force of the great cataract. In obtaining his to Mr. Blyth, it is known as the Snake-killer, a name supply of fresh fish, the White-headed eagle exhibits which is also applied to the Circaetus gallicus; the an amount of sagacity which preserves him from natives of Sumatra call it the Bald eagle, and on the the unpleasant consequences sometimes attending the coasts it appears to subsist principally upon fish, which piscatorial proceedings of his European congener-in it often carries off from the nets or boats of the fact, he does his fishing by proxy. Perching on the fishermen. Mr. Gould says that in Australia these bough of a tree, or on some other elevated position birds do not capture living fish by plunging into the on the coast, he watches the manoeuvres of one of his water, but content themselves with the dead fish and near relations, the smaller and less powerful osprey or cetacea which are thrown up on the beach; they also fish-hawk (Panclion Ilalialtus). As soon as he sees probably feed upon mollusca and other marine animals, the osprey dash down into the waters, and emerge and Mr. Blyth found some joints of crustacea in an again with his prey struggling in his talons, the Bald Indian specimen examined by him. They nidificate, eagle quits his post of observation and darts off in according to Mr. Gould, sometimes in trees and somepursuit of the successful fisher. The latter, encumbered times on the rocks. The sexes are similar in their with his prey, is quite unable to contend in flight plumage, having the head, neck, and the whole lower with his pursuer, who endeavours to rise above him; surface of the body white, the back and wings grey, and the manmeuvres of the birds in this struggle for the the primaries and base of the tail feathers blackish, and upper hand, are described as exceedingly interesting. tips of the latter white. The conclusion of the affair is, however, nearly always X THE OSPREY (Pandion Icaliatzus) also known as the same-the eagle, being quite unencumbered, gen- the FlSH-HAWK, is a small species of the tribe of erally overcomes the osprey; the latter lets his prey eagles, to the piscatorial accomplishments of which wve drop with a scream of disgust; and the piratical pursuer have already alluded. Its peculiar adaptation for the then descends with astonishing rapidity, and usually capture of fish is evidenced by the structure of the manages to secure the booty before it reaches the lower surface of the toes, the skin of this part being water. One can sympathize with Wilson in his regret formed into rough cushions, and each of the granllathat so unprincipled a bird should have been selected tions of the skin terminates in a point or spine, which as the emblem of the United States; for, notwithstand- cannot but be of the greatest service to the bird in ing the ingenuity displayed in the proceedings just seizing upon the slippery struggling fishes which condescribed, it must be confessed that the industrious stitute its principal nourishment. It is a robust bird, osprey is the more respectable animal of the two. with long and powerful wings, and a strong beak; the Occasionally, however, a kind of revolution takes place; tarsi are short and stout, and their granular scales the ospreys, on a stretch of coast infested by a Bald present an arrangement by which this bird and the eagle, seem to grow tired of the exactions of their other members of its genus may be at once recognized. plunderer, and, making common cause, drive him The scales of the front of the tarsus are imbricated from their precincts. Under these circumstances he. downwards, that is to say, the margin of each scale often directs his course inland, where he commits great overlies the one below it; but on the back of the tardepredations amongst the weaker domestic animals- sus this arrangement is reversed, and the lower scales little pigs and lambs are said to be particular objects overlie those above them. The outer toe, also, is of his attention. Wilson also mentions an instance in capable of being turned either forward or backward, which one of these birds, pressed by hunger, attempted an arrangement which must evidently assist the birds to carry off a young child, and actually dragged it materially in overcoming their slippery prey. along for several feet, when its frock fortunately giving The Common osprey measures about twenty-two way, the robber was disappointed of his expected meal. inches in length; the general colour of its plumage on The White-headed eagle builds sometimes on the the upper surface and wings is dark brown, and on rocks and sometimes amongst the branches of tall trees. the lower surface white, with a few brownish feathers The nest is composed of the same substances as that of on the breast; the tips of the primaries are black, and the White-tailed eagle, sticks, tufts of grass, &c.; it the tail feathers are handed with two shades of brown. serves the birds for several years, and is added to at The beak is black, with the cere blue, and the feet are every breeding season, so that in course of time it also blue, with black claws, which, unlike those of the consists of a vast mass of materials. The eggs are two rapacious birds in general, are not grooved beneath. in number, of a bluish-white colour, without any spots, The osprey which is, at all events partially, a migraand, according to Wilson, one of the eggs is laid a tory bird, is found in almost all parts of the world, considerable time before the other. The parents are generally on the sea-coast, but frequently also on the much attached to their young, which they tend with banks of lakes and rivers far inland. It occurs abungreat assiduity, and the female has been known to dantly on the shores of North America, and is almost adhere so pertinaciously to her yomung family, when the equally plentiful in Europe; it is also an inhabitant of tree containing her nest had been set on fire, that at Northern Asia, and extends its range southward as far last she made her escape with considerable difficultyv. as India in the eastern, and HoenduIas ill the western THE WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE (fIaliact~as leaco- hemisphere. It appears to reside in the temperate gaster) is a rather smaller species than the preceding, and colder climates during the summer, and to move THE INDIAN OSPREY. BIRDS. THE WHISTLING EAGLE. 253 into a milder atmosphere as the approach of cold latter to the resemblance of its habits to those of the weather threatens to deprive it of its food, either by kites. It is said to be sacred to Vishnu, and one of freezing up the waters, or preventing the fishes from its Hindoo names signifies that it is " Shiva's kite;" coming so freely to the surface. Its habits appear to another native name is the "Washerman's kite," and a be everywhere much the same. Sailing gently along, at third, which is interpreted the " Lucky-faced," is evia considerable height above the surface of the water, it dently in allusion to a superstition prevalent among the 1keeps a watchful eye upon the proceedings of the fishes Mahometans, that "when two armies are about to beneath it, and the moment one of them comes near engage, the appearance of one of these birds over either enough to the surface to render its capture possible, the party prognosticates victory to that side." —(Pearson.) wings of the osprey are immediately closed, and it This bird is found not only on the peninsula of Hindosdescends, as described by Wilson, " like a perpendi- tan, but also in the regions to the east of this, and in cular torrent, plunging into the sea with a loud rush- tile islands of the Indian Archipelago. ing sound, and with the certainty of a rifle." Rarely The Pondicherry eagle is a small species, measuring is the attempt made in vain; in a few seconds the scarcely twenty inches in length; its plumage is chestosprey emerges again from the water with his prey nut-brown on the upper part, and white streaked with struggling in his talons, from which, however, there is brown on the lower. The beak is ash-coloured, with no escape, and shaking the water from his plumage he a bluish cere, and the feet yellow, with black claws. The sails slowly to the shore. In this way the osprey often beak, feet, and claws are much weaker than in the captures and bears to land a prey considerably exceed- ospreys; the front of the tarsus is covered with large ing himself in weight, and the American ornithologists hexagonal scales, and the upper surface of all the toes describe the bird as exhibiting great ingenuity when is occupied by broad plate-like scales. the wind is off the shore, in tacking about so as to avoid Its flight is described as greatly resembling that of a flying directly against it. Occasiorally the osprey is kite, except that the motion of the wings is rather more said to vary his fish-diet by capturing water-fowl, but frequent. It is seen constantly sailing over the tanks, this seems to occur but rarely. -rice-fields, and rivers, at a moderate height, often passThe nest is composed of an immense mass of rotten ing up and down the course of a river, ready to pounce sticks and similar materials; it is generally placed in a down in a moment at any unlucky fish that may make high tree, but sometimes upon rocks, ruined buildings, its appearance at the surface of the water. It usually or even on the ground. In this the female deposits snatches up its prey from the surface without immersing two or three eggs, of a white colour, blotched with itself, but occasionally it dips entirely under water, reddish-brown at the large end. The female sits when it seems to experience some difficulty in rising almost continuously, the male supplying her with food again with its prey. Besides fishes, this bird feeds during the periods of incubation, and after the young upon many other inhabitants of the waters, such as birds are hatchedcl, which is usually in the month of frogs, insects, and crustacea, and, according to some June, the parents are indefatigable in feeding them, observers, will also seize upon young birds. until, or even after, they are able to provide for THE WHISTLING EAGLE (CcliaCTstur sphenurus), or themselves. Zo {, fi/ g ~i. d %X- -:?-;?-. WHISTLING HAWK of the Australian colonists, is an THE INDIAN OSPREY (Pandzion Ichtlyactaus) is a abundant bird in all parts of New Holland, where it nearly-allied species, first discovered by Dr. Horsfield inhabits alike the sea-coasts,and the scrubs and swamps in Java, where it frequents the borders of lakes and of the interior. It obtains its name from its emitting a large rivers. It is also found upon the continent of shrill whistling cry when flying. Its plumage is of a Asia, as far north as Nepaul, and is known in Bengal brown colour, pale beneath and dark on the back and by the name of Fish-tyrant. In its habits it closely wings, the feathers of the latter parts being margined resembles the common osprey, and lives exclusively with greyish white; the bill and cere are greyish, and upon fish, never, according to Dr. Horsfield, attacking the feet bluish, with black claws. The tail is long and fowls or other animals. wedge-shaped, and the whole length of the bird is about THE WHITE-HEADED OSPREY (Pcndion leucoce- two feet. phalus) is a generally- distributed, although not an The Whistling eagle feeds upon carrion, small quadabundant species in Australia, where it follows precisely rupeds, birds, reptiles, insects, and fish, but does not the same mode of life as its European congener, from appear to display any of the energy which characterizes which it is readily distinguished by having the whole the proceedings of some of the preceding species, in its crown of the head white. The nest is composed of pursuit of the last-mentioned prey. It is said by Mr. sticks, some of them as thick as a man's wrist, and lined Gould to be destructive in the poultry yards of the with sea-weeds. It is of enormous size-one measured colonists; but, on the other hand, it repays much of the by Mr. Gilbert being fifteen feet in circumferencew-and injury thus done by destroying vast numbers of cateris placed either upon a rock, or amongst the branches pillars, which frequently descend in armies upon the of a high tree. The eggs are two in number, yellowish cultivated lands, and threaten to carry desolation with or white, blotched with reddish or purplish brown. them. The birds are generally seen in pairs; their THE PONDICHERRY EAGLE (Haliastur) Indus) is a nest is constructed of sticks and fibrous roots, usually very common and conspicuous species in India, where in tile branches of a tall tree; and in this the female it is known to Europeans as the " Brahminy kite," the lays one or two eggs, of a bluish-white colour, with former name being in allusion to its being regarded a slight tinge of green, upon which a few brownish with superstitious feelings by the HIindoos, and the nlarlkings are obscurely perceptible. 254 AccIPITRES. BIRDS. FALcONIDnE. FALCONS. WE now come to the consideration of the True or noble down by the administration of little pellets of hemp, Falcons, as they were formerly called, from the circum- which have a purgative effect. When the bird takes stance that nearly all the species of birds employed in his food without difficulty, he is induced to leap upon the favourite ancient diversion of hawking belonged to the hand by holding up his meat, with which he is than this group. These Falcons are distinguished from all fed, and afterwards his food is given to him upon a rude the other birds of prey, by having the margins of the representation of a bird, called the lure, to which he is upper mandible not merely sinuated, but armed with thus attracted fiom gradually increasing distances, being an acute tooth on each side not far from the apex. held all the time by a cord or string. When he The other species of the family Falconidae were denomi- becomes familiar with the lure, by associating it with nated ignoble birds of prey, partly from their deficiency his meals, he will pounce down upon it from almost of courage, as compared with the True Falcons, and any elevation. He is then taught to know his game, partly from the intractability displayed by most of still kept from making his escape by means of a cord, them, which rendered them unfit for the purposes of and at last, when sufficiently trained, is allowed to fly the falconer. Arbitrary as this distinction seems, there freely in pursuit of birds and other animals. The trainis no doubt that the True Falcons, to a great extent, ing of the Gyrfalcon is the most arduous of all, the predeserve the epithet noble thus applied to them; there liminary exercises occupying a great deal of time; the is an elegance in their port and a boldness in their Peregrine Falcon is more docile, but even its training aspect which distinguishes them at a glance from most will require a month. other birds of prey, whilst their astonishing power of The sport of falconry, which was so great a favourite flight and great muscular strength render them the with our ancestors, has now fallen into almost total types of predaceous birds. desuetude in European countries; but in the East, Before proceeding to describe any of these birds, it especially in Persia and India, it is still followed with may not be amiss to filrnish the reader with a brief great zeal. There, as in Europe in former days, it is sketch of the mode in which the hawks are trained and one of the favourite diversions of the princes and great used in falconry. When they can be taken from the men, and numerous species of hawks and falcons are nest, their training is comparatively easy; they are trained for it with great care. kept in sheltered habitations in the open air, and fed THE GYRFALCON (Falco Gyfaclco), also called the every morning and evening with beef or mutton cut Jefaiconz and the Iceland Falcon, is found in the norinto shreds, until they are about six weeks old, when themrn parts of both hemispheres, but is most abundant their predatory instincts begin to show themselves, in in North America. It is a native of this country, but the capture of any weak animals that come within their has become exceedingly rare here of late years; in fact, reach. They are then captured, their feet are confined most of the British specimens must be looked upon as with leathern manacles, called jesses, by which they can stragglers from the more northern countries of Iceland be fastened down in the dark prison to which they are and Norway, where these birds occur in greater abuntransferred, and their heads are covered up in hoods, dance. If we may judge from the high value placed which effectually prevent their seeing what is taking upon the Gyrfalcon in the days when hawking was place around them. The nestling birds are denomi- a fashionable amusement, and the sums expended in nated nicis in the language of falconers; older hawks importing them from Iceland and Norway, we may which are able to leave the nest, but can only hop justly come to the conclusion that this bird was about, are called branchers; they are simply manacled never common in Britain. The Iceland falcons were and placed in a dark prison, in the same hooded con- greatly preferred to the Norwegian specimens, their dition as the niais, and their training presents little strength and courage being described as greater, and more difficulty. their flight more rapid and bold. Hence the falconers But when an adult falcon has been caught, the affair generally considered that the two birds belonged to assumes a very different complexion, for he does not distinct species, but this view is not adopted by resign his desires of freedom without a long struggle. naturalists. The falconer, having first of all secured his prisoner's The Gyrfalcon measures from twenty to twentyfeet by means of the leathern jesses above mentioned, three inches in length; its plumage is of a white colour, to which little bells are usually attached, takes the while the whole of the back is marked with greyishhawk upon his gloved fist, and keeps him awake and brown spots; the bill is bluish, the cere and feet yelwithout food in a dark place until exhaustion begins to low, and the claws black, exceedingly sharp, and much break his spirit. When the falcon is very obstreperous curved. The young birds are brown, and the white and attempts to use his beak, he is treated with a bath colour gradually encroaches upon this at each moult, of cold water; but, notwithstanding these rigorous mea- until in the adults the whole brown surface becomes sures, it usually requires three days and nights to bring pure white, whilst the feathers of the back and wings him into a state of proper submission. His head is then retain the spots above mentioned. In very old birds covered with a hood, and he is by degrees brought to even these disappear, when the plumage becomes nealrly feed freely, his strength being at the same time kept pure white. In a wild state, as observed by Sir Johnl FALCONS.-BIRDS. THE PEREGRINE FALCON. 255 Richardson, in the Hudson's Bay territories, " its the beak is blue, with a blackish tip and a yellow cere; habitual prey is the ptarmigan, but it also destroys the feet are also yellow, with acute black claws. The plover, ducks, and geese;" from its great strength and female of this most elegant of the falcon tribe is concourage it was employed by falconers in the pursuit of siderably larger than the male; she was more highly the largest quarries, such as cranes, storks, and herons. valued by the old falconers, by whom the name of The breeding places of the Gyrfalcon are all in the falcon was especially devoted to her, the male being high northern latitudes; the best known are the rocky called a tiercel or tiercelet (sometimes corrupted into coasts of Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador. tassel), from his being as they said one-third smaller Mr. Anderson, who observed the nest in the latter than his partner. From their docility and beauty the country, describes it as " composed of sticks, sea- Peregrines, notwithstanding their comparative abunweeds, and mosses, about two feet in diameter and dance, were always great favourites with the falconers; nearly flat." Iin defence of its young the Gyrfalcon their qualities were studied with the greatest enthusiasm; exhibits great courage, as is shown by the following their persons and nests were protected by legislative anecdote related by Sir John Richardson: —" In the enactments; and an extravagantly high value was set middle of June, 1821," says that distinguished natural- upon those which combined in the highest degree the ist, "a pair of these birds attacked me as I was climbing qualities most in request. Thus, we are told, that in in the vicinity of their nest, which was built on a lofty the reign of James I., one Sir Thomas Monson paid a precipice on the borders of Point Lake, in latitude 65-~. thousand pounds (an enormous sum in those days) for a They flew in circles, uttering loud and harsh screams, single cast (or couple) of these hawks. The female of and alternately stooping with such velocity that their motion through the Fig. 100. air produced a loud rushing noise. They struck their claws within an inch of my head. I endeavoured, by keeping F the barrel of my gun close to my cheek, and suddenly elevating its muzzle when they were in the act of striking, to ascertain whether they had the power of instantaneously changing the direc- 4 tion of their rapid course, and found that they invariably rose above the obstacle o with the quickness of thought, shwsowing equal acuteness of vision, and power of u hc motion." THE PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco pere- f ft gi grinus) is the next in point of size to the gyrfalcon amongst the European species of this group; it is a far more abundantt.. bird in all the countries which it fre- dk quents, and especially in Britain. It has been noticed breeding on many parts of A( 7-i'4j' I' the coast of these islands, from the Isle of ith Wight to the Orkneys and Shetlands; it occurs, like the gyrfalcon, over the northern parts of both hemispheres, but extends its range much further to the south, being well known in the United States, the south of Europe, and in India, whilst its occurrence has been recorded The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus.) by good naturalists even at the Straits of Magellan, the Cape of Good Hope, and in Australia. falcon, as she was termed, was flown at quarries of large Mr. Gould, however, regards the Australian bird as a size and considerable strength, such as herons, ducks, distinct species, which hlie has described under the name and wild geese, and from her great strength and courage of the Black-cheeked falcon (F. melazogeny.s). was well adapted for this pursuit. Sir John Sebright, tihe The Peregrine Falcon usually measures from fifteen great modern authority upon hawking, gives the followto eighteen inches in length; the plumage of the top of ing interesting account of the chase of the heron as practhe head and the back of the neck is nearly black, and tised in Norfolk:-He says, "The herons go out in the a spot of the same colour occurs on the cheeks beneath morning to rivers and ponds at a very considerable disthe eyes; the back is of a bluish-ash colour, with darker tance in search of food, and return to the heronry towards bars; the primaries are brownish-black, with whitish the evening. It is at this time that the falconers place spots on the inner webs; the front of the neck is themselves in the open country, down wind of the whitish, spotted with brown, and the rest of the lower heronry; so that when the herons are intercepted on surface greyish-white, with numerous da.rk brown bars; their return home, they are obliged to fly against the 256 ACCIPITRE:S.-BIRDS. FALCONID). wind to gain their place of retreat. When a heron height in the air, above the heads of the hawking party, passes, a cast of hawks is let go. The heron disgorges watching for the starting of the game, upon which it his food when he finds he is pursued, and endeavours immediately descends with a fatal swoop. " It is a fine to keep above the hawks by rising in the air; the hawks sight," says Mr. Jerdon, 1" to see this fine bird stoop fly in a spiral direction to get above the heron, and thus on a partridge or florikin (Otis auritca) which has flushed the three birds frequently appear to be flying in different at some considerable distance from it, as it often makes directions. The first hawk makes his stoop as soon as a wide circuit round the party. As soon as the falcon he gets above the heron, who evades it by a shift, and observes the game which has been flushed, it makes thus gives the second hawk time to get up and to stoop two or three onward plunges in its direction, and then in his turn. In what is deemed a good flight this is darts down obliquely, with half-closed wings, on the frequently repeated, and the three birds often mount to devoted quarrywith more than the velocity of an arrow." a great height in the air. When one of the hawks The birds best adapted for this sport are those bred in seizes his prey, the other soon bi7cls to him, as it is the vicinity of open country, as these acquire a greater termed, and, buoyant from the motion of their wings, strength of wing; the forest-bred birds adopt a more the three descend together to the ground with but little lazy mode of existence, perching quietly on the trees, and velocity. The falconer must lose no time in getting thus watching for their prey. The mode of capturing hold of the heron's neck when he is on the ground, to these and other falcons in India is peculiar. At the prevent him from injuring the hawks. It is then, season when the young birds are known to be about, and not when he is in the air, that he will use his beak the falconers make their appearance in the district with in his defence." From this animated description of the a little apparatus called an Eerwan, which consists of scene, the sportsman will probably sympathize with the a thin strip of cane, about equal in length to the expanse enthusiasm for this diversion exhibited by our fore- of wing of the falcon to be captured, and having its fathers. Indeed one can imagine few scenes of a more ends smeared with bird-lime for several inches. To exciting nature. the centre of this stick the falconers tie a living bird, In a wild state the Peregrine Falcon tyrannizes usually a dove, the eyes of which are previously sewed unmercifully over all the weaker part of the feathered up; this is let loose in sight of the falcon, which immecreation. In most districts grouse and partridges diately pounces down upon it, smears his wings with seem to constitute his favourite food, and it is at the bird-lime, and falls to the ground. such game as this that the male or tiercel is trained to THE JUGGUR (Falco Jugger) is another Indian fly; but when the Peregrine has his dwelling-place in species; and, indeed, the most abundant of the large the vicinity of water frequented by aquatic birds, he falcons on the peninsula of Hindostan. It is, however., preys freely upon these, pouncing down upon them a heavier and slower bird than either of the preceding, whilst swimming peacefully on the surface of the water, and is consequently less valued by the falconers. It and carrying them off in his talons with the most is principally flown at crows, and the dodges of the astonishing address. Rabbits and leverets are also latter, when they find themselves the object of pursuit, frequently destroyed by these falcons. Their boldness are described as exceedingly amusing. They use every is such that they have even been known to strike artifice to make their escape, taking refuge amongst grouse sprung by the sportsman's dogs, before the birds horses, cattle, and vehicles, and even entering houses. had risen high enough to be shot at, and in several Mr. Jerdon mentions a case in which one of these cases wounded birds have been carried off' by them. falcons struck a crow so close to a washerman's fire, The Peregrine Falcon usually builds its nest amongst where it had taken refige, that the wing feathers of the the nearly inaccessible rocks and cliffs of the sea-coast, falcon were burnt. but is also known frequently to select an inland station The Paddy Bird also affords great sport with the for this purpose. The nest, which is composed of sticks Juggur; it is always found feeding amongst cattle, and and dried plants, is a bulky structure, and in it the when pursued dodges its enemy with such dexterity female lays three or four eggs, of a dull light-red colour that the hawk is not unfrequently foiled, and somewith darker spots. times even trodden under foot. In a state of nature THE SULTAN FALCON, (Falco peregrinator) called the Juggur differs somewhat from the preceding species; the Shaheen by the natives of Hindostan, is a species it is always met with in cultivated districts, building its nearly allied to the Peregrine, to which it is even pre- nest inll a tall tree. Its food consists of small birds, and ferred for the purposes of falconry in India. It is it occasionally steals a chicken from the cantonments. found in all the Indian peninsula, and also in other THE LANNER (Factlco lanarius) is also allied to the regions of Asia, especially to the south-west, breeding Peregrine falcon. It is a native of Nepal and Southamongst high rocky hills, usually in the vicinity of western Asia, from which countries it was formerly jungle or forest. In the wild state it feeds principally imported into Europe for the purposes of falconry. It on partridges, quails, and similar game, and is also said also occurs in the eastern parts of Europe. This bird to have a strong predilection for the paroquets which was often flown at kites, which its great strength enabled abound in India. it to cope with; the Peregrine falcon, a smaller bird, This falcon, according to Mr. Jerdon, is always being unequal to this contest. In France this chase trained for what, in falconer's language, is called a of the kite was regarded as a royal amusement, and, "standing gait;" that is to say, it is not carried on the from this circumstance, the kite is still described by hand until the quarry is started, and then thrown off; some French writers under the names of Mikan royal t.ut is instructed to hover and circle at a considerable and M1filvus regalis. THE HOBBY. BIRDS THE KESTREL. 257 THE HOBBY (Fcalco subbuteo) is a small British little Falcon is from thirteen to fifteen inches; the colour species of falcon, closely resembling the Peregrine. of the plumage of the back is a bright reddish fawn in It usually measures from twelve to fourteen inches in the male, reddish-brown in the female, marked in the length; the plumage of the upper parts is greyish-black, former with small triangular black spots, and in the or bluish-grey; the quill feathers of the wings are black, latter with transverse black bars. The lower surface and those of the tail greyish-black, indistinctly barred in both sexes is of a pale reddish fawn colour, with with a lighter tint. The lower part of the body is dark longitudinal streaks and spots; the tail-feathers yellowish-white, with dark brown patches; the beak is are greyish, more or less distinctly barred, and exhibitbluish, the cere greenish-yellow, the feet yellow, and ing a broad transverse black band near the tips, leaving the claws black. The Hobby has been met with in the tips themselves white; the beak is blue, the cere and many parts of this country, to which it is a summer feet are yellow, and the claws black. visitor, but is by no means an abundant British bird. The appearance of this pretty little Falcon must be It is found in all parts of the continent of Europe, familiar to most of us, as it is commonly sold in our and also occurs in Northern Africa, and probably in markets, and may be seen almost everywhere hovering most parts of Asia, as specimens have been obtained over the fields in search of its prey. When thus enfrom Siberia, India, and even from China. It usually gaged, it may always be recognized by its movements. inhabits wooded districts, where it builds its nest in a After advancing for a short distance, it suddenly high tree. Its powers of flight are very great, its remains perfectly stationary, suspended in the air by wings being so long as to reach beyond the end of the very short but rapid motions of the wings; and during tail when closed. In a state of nature its favourite this halt its sharp eye is carefully inspecting the ground prey appears to consist of skylarks, in pursuit of which beneath it in search of the small game which constitutes it manifests great perseverance, whilst the unfortunate its favourite food. Should there be nothing stirrling lark exhibits wonderful dexterity in avoiding the fatal in one place, the bird moves on to another, and there stoop of its pursuer. The Hobby is also sometimes resumes his inspection; but should a mouse or any other trained to fly at larks, quails, and snipes. Besides small animal make its appearance, the Kestrel closes his small birds, it feeds upon small beetles; and Mr. wings, and dashes down upon it instantly. It is from this Henry Doubleday found the stomachs of two speci- habit that the bird has received the name of Windmens examined by him, filled with the common dung hover. His favourite food, for the capture of which beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius). the manceuvres above described are indeed specially ) THE MERLIN (Fa~lco cesalon), the smallest of the adapted, consistsof field-mice andother smallMammlalia, J alcons inhabiting Britain, is usually regarded as a amongst which he causes a great destruction, so that he winter visitor to this country, although several instances is certainly to be regarded a;- a farmer's fiiend, and are on record of its remaining here through the summer should be encouraged rather that persecuted; but unforand breeding. It is, however, more abundant in the tunately this bird is very commnonly confounded with the northern than in the southern parts of the British isles. Sparrow-hawk, and often suffers the punishment which On the continent- of Europe it appears to be generally the latter may perhaps deserve for his depredations in distributed; it extends its range in Asia as far as Nepaul; the poultry yard. The Kestrel does not, however, and specimens have been obtained in the fur countries confine himself exclusively to quadruped game, but of North America. According to Dr. Andrew Smith, occasionally kills and devours small birds; insects and it is also met with at the Cape of Good Hope. It earthworms also form a part of his diet. Mr. Selby measures only eleven or twelve inches in length; the mentions, on the authority of an eye-witness, that a plumage of the back is of a fine bluish-vrey colour; Kestrel has been seen late in the evening hawking the wing primaries are quite black; the lower parts are after cockchafers. His informant says —"I watched reddish, with brown patches and streaks. In the female him with a glass, and saw him dart through a swarm the back is liver-brown, and the lower parts brownish- of the insects, seize one in each claw, and eat them white. Notwithstanding his small size the Merlin is so while flying. He returned to the charge again and courageous and powerful that he has been known to again." The nest is built among rocks, or on old strike and kill partridges at least twice his own weight; towers and other ruins, and in some places in trees. blackbirds and thrushes, and other small birds, are his Sometimes the Kestrel takes possession of the nest of a common prey; and he was formerly trained to pursue crow or a magpie, and adapts them to its own purposes. these for the amusement of his owners. In the palmy The eggs are four or five in number, of a reddish-white days of falconry the Merlin was the Lady's Hawk. colour, mottled or blotched with reddish-brown. Its nest, which is rude and scanty, is built upon the THE CREAM-BELLIED FALCON (Falco Be'iyoraground in rocky places, or amongst heath; the eggs Plate 2, fig. 5).-This species is generally distributed are four or five in number, and of a mottled reddish- over Van Diemen's Land aud Australia, where it is brown colour. known to the colonists by the name of the Brown Iawc. THE KESTREL (Falco tinnunculus), called the Wind- It measures from fourteen to sixteen inches in length; hover in some localities, is the most abundant of the its plumage is generally of a brown colour, but the, British species of this family, occurring in all parts of throat and a large patch on the belly are pale buff. the country in considerable numbers. It is also gene- The bill and feet are of a light lead-blue colour, and rally distributed on the continent of Europe, and extends the claws black. This bird, which is more sluggish in in Asia as far as China, Japan and Java, and in Africa its habits than the majority of the tlrue Falcons, is to the Cape of Good Hope. The length of this beautiful exceedingly abundant in the districts which it firequents, VOL. I. 33 258 ACCIPITImES. BIRDS. FALCONI.D.M;. so that, as stated by Mr. Gould, from ten to forty of falcons; their little beaks are strong and much hooked, them may not unfrequently be seen reposing on a single and the margins of the upper mandible armed with tree, after securing their morning meal. Their food l]arge teeth, indicating predaceous propensities of the consists partly of carrion, partly of reptiles and insects; very highest order. These little falcons, often smaller and it is not often that they prey upon birds or small than a thrush, are frequently trained by the Hindoos Mammalia. The nest, which is about the size of that for the purpose of falconry, when they are flown at of a crow, is composed of sticks, and lined with strips quails and other game of corresponding size. Captain of bark, leaves, &c.; it is built amongst the highest Mundy describes the mode of flying this falcon in the branches of lofty trees. The eggs are two or three in following words:-" The mode of starting it is different number, usually of a buffy white colour, blotched or from that used with any other hawk. The falconer mottled nearly all over with reddish-brown. holds the little well-drilled savage within the grasp of THE WHITE-NAPED FALCON (lerax eutolmus). The his hand; tile head and tail protruding at either end, genus Ierax, which is peculiar to the East Indies, and the plumage carefully smoothed down. When he includes the smallest species of the family Falconida; arrives within twenty or thirty yards of the quarry, the but, notwithstanding their diminutive stature, these sportsman throws his hawk, much as he would a cricket little birds are by no means inferior in courage to the ball, in the direction of it. The little creature gains largest and strongest of their allies. Their talons are his wings in an instant, and strikes his game after the formed on the precise model of those of the larger manner of the Bhause (Goshawk)." KITES. THE COMMON KITE (Milvus vulgarlis), although comparatively rare occurrence, especially in the southformerly very abundant in this country, is now of ern parts of the kingdom, the gradual clearing of the lig. 101. The Comiinoi Kite (Milvus vulgaris). extensive ranges of forest, which folm his favourite now most friequently met with, are the lake country of retreat, having exposed him to be all but exterminated Cumbelland and Westmoreland, and tile south-westelrn by the gamekeepers. The districts where the Kite is part of Scotland. On the continent of Eur'ope it is not THE COimIMON IKITE. BIRDS. THE BLACK-WINGED KITE. 259 uncommon, and extends eastward into Siberia; in the and a cast of hawks thrown up in pursuit of the Kite. more northern regions, it is a summer resident, migrat- In captivity the Kite is said to become very tame and ing southwards in the autumn. familiar, and to display a most engaging amiability of The Kite measures from twenty-five to twenty-seven disposition. inches in length, including the long forked tail with The nest, which is usually built upon the forked which it is furnished. The general colour of the branch of a tree in the thickest part of a wood, is plumage of its back is reddish-brown, the feathers composed of sticks and lined with soft materials. It being dark brown with broad reddish edges; the head contains from two to three eggs, of a dirty white colour, and neck are greyish, and the whole lower surface with a few reddish-brown spots at the larger end. In reddish-brown, as are also the tail feathers. The wing defence of its nest the Kite seems to exhibit an unusual primaries are black. The beak is horn colour, the cere degree of courage, for Mr. Yarrell tells us that " a boy and feet are yellow, and the claws black. The wings who climbed up to one had a hole picked through his of the Kite are very long, and of immense extent as hat, and one hand severely wounded, before he could compared with its body, and from this circumstance drive away the parent bird." and the great power of the tail, the flight of the bird THE BLACK KITE (MlIilvus niger), an inhabitant of is singularly graceful and easy. The extended wings the south of Europe and of Africa, is still more seem to have the power of supporting their owner in remarkable as a scavenger than our British species. It the air almost without the least exertion: it glides is exceedingly abundant in Abyssinia, where it is consmoothly along without effort, now rising gently, now stantly seen clearing the streets and compounds in descending, to use the words of Buffon, " as if sliding company with crows. But the most extraordinary upon an inclined plane," now wheeling round in part of the character of this bird is its wonderful impugraceful circles, and all with scarcely a perceptible dence. It frequents the towns and cities of the East in movement of the wings, but simply by the action of great abundance, and will descend upon chickens, and the rudder-like tail. From this beautiful gliding carry them off from under the very noses of their motion no doubt, the Kite has in some districts received owners, or even snatch away food from the hands of the name of the Gled or Glead, which has probably men and women. Dr. Petit mentions his having seen survived from the days of our Saxon ancestors. During one of these birds at Cairo carry off a piece of bread his graceful evolutions, however, the Kite has usually and cheese from an Arab woman as she was in the act his eyes steadily fixed upon the ground beneath him, of putting it into her mouth; and on another occasion, with which he seems to have so little to do; and the as a black boy employed by him in preparing birds was moment his prey makes its appearance in the shape of engaged upon the skin of a pigeon, a kite descended a mole, a mouse. a young rabbit or leveret, or any upon him, tore away the head of the bird, which other small terrestrial animal, the long wings are closed alone contained any flesh, and left the skin in the in an instant, and the Kite descends with astonishing hands of the astonished young taxidermist. velocity upon his devoted quarry. Lizards, frogs, and THE GOVINDA KITE (Milvus Govincla), an inhabisnakes constitute a portion of the food of the Kite, and tant of India, and apparently of the entire southern he has been seen to capture fish with great address. part of the Asiatic continent, agrees very closely with In some countries he takes his share of carrion with the Black Kite in its habits, having an equal predilecthe other feathered scavengers; and in London, in the tion for carrion and an equally bad character as an reign of Henry VIII., there were, as we are told by impudent robber. These birds will descend upon garbClusius, vast numbers of kites always on the look-out age in the most crowded streets, and often seize it in for the offal, with which the streets of the city were their talons at the moment of its being thrown out and polluted. He appears rarely to pursue birds upon the before it reaches the ground; and, according to Colonel wing, but the young of the gallinaceous birds not Sykes, they will even occasionally stoop upon a dish of unfrequently fall victims to his talons, and chickens are meat on its way from the cook-room to the house. sometimes carried off by him from the poultry yard, THE BLACK-WINGED KITE (Elanus nmelanopterus) although the hen by her vociferations and show of is a small species of this group, which appears to resistance sometimes succeeds in driving off the be spread over nearly the whole of the warmer part cowardly plunderer. In fact, the courage of the Kite of the Old WVorld. It is abundant in India and seems to be of very low quality, for he allows himself the islands of the Eastern seas, and in Africa from to be attacked and even brought down by the Sparrow- Egypt to the Cape of Good Hope; specimens also hawk, without making much show of resistance. In occur, although rarely, in the south of Europe. Its France, as already mentioned, the Kite was pursued by colour is an ashy grey on the upper parts, becoming falcons for the amusement of the king; and the same nearly black on the wings; the whole inferior sursport has been followed in our own country, as recorded face is pure white. It feeds principally upon insects, by Sir John Sebright. The Kite was attracted towards which it often whips up with great address fiom the ground by means of a great owl, to the leg of the ears of standing grain in the fields; in some which a fox's brush was usually attached; this was places it preys freely upon mice, pouncing down upon thrown up into the air within sight of the Kite, and these small quadrupeds with the rapidity of lightning. the latter, no doubt wondering what strange creature Although it sometimes kills and devours small birds, it this was, would gradually advance within the proper does not usually capture them on the wing, but seizes distance of the haw\king party. The owl, having been them when on the ground or the branch of a tree. its previously trainecd, was then brought down to the lurme, mode of flight, when hunting for food, is comparleci to 260 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. FALCONIDa. that of the Harriers (Circus). The nest is built in the which gives the bird an elegant appearance. In the forked branch of a tree, and lined with moss and air its movements are most graceful, and it spends most feathers; it usually contains four or five eggs. of its time on the wing, capturing the insects on which, THE SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Nauclerus frcotus) like its analogues the swallows, it principally feeds. In is a handsome bird, inhabiting the warmer regions of fact nearly the whole business of its life goes on in that America, where, however, it seems to be a bird of element, for which it is so pre-eminently fitted; here passage. Two specimens have been taken in Britain, the courtships take place between the newly-mated and hence it figures in our British Ornithologies as an pairs, and here it devours all its prey, even carrying off occasional visitor. It may be at once distinguished by the lizards and small snakes, which constitute a portion the great length of its very deeply-forked tail, which of its food, to eat them while sailing through the air. exactly resembles that of the swallow; its wings also The Swallow-tailed Kite breeds in the southern states are extremely long and pointed, and the bird is evi- of the American Union, building a nest of dry sticks dently constructed with a view to great activity in the and moss, lined with grass and feathers, in the highest air. The head, neck, and the whole of the lower sur- branches of the tall oaks and pine trees. In this the face of the body are snow-white; the whole of the back, female lays from four to six eggs of a greenish-white the wings, and the tail feathers are deep black, glossed colour, upon which the parents sit alternately, feeding with a metallic purple lustre —a contrast of colour each other while thus engaged. HAWKS. THE SPARROW-HAWK (Accipiter Nisus), one of the of man does not at all interfere with the predatory most abundant of our British hawks, is also found com- plans of this daring little marauder; he skims along at monly not only in most parts of Europe, but also in a little distance from the ground, snatches up his prey Asia, as far east as Japan, and in the northern parts of in an instant, sometimes almost from under people's Africa. The male and female in this, as in most feet, and dashes off with it before an alarm can be other species of the group of Hawks, differ greatly in given. VWhen taken young the Sparrow-Hawk may size; the former measuring only about twelve inches be trained to hawking; he may be flown at partridges in length, whilst his partner is fifteen. The general early in the season, and, according to Sir John Sebright, colour of the plumage consists of different shades of " is the best of all the hawks for landrails." In rearing brown, richer in the male than in the female; in the the young, the sexes must be separated very eally, former the lower surface of the body, fiom the chin to otherwise the females, being larger and stronger, will the tail coverts, is reddish, with many transverse bars kill and devour the males. of reddish brown; in the female the same parts are The nest of the Sparrow-hanwk is usually built in greyish-white, with brown bars; a somewhat similar a tree, but in some of the Hebrides, where trees are difference of colour prevails in the tail feathers of the wanting, the bird builds among the rocks. The nest is two sexes. nearly flat, rudely composed of sticks and twigs, with a The Sparrow-hawk is exceedingly elegant in its little grass, moss, or wool in the centre for the recepform, and active in its habits, its long lings enabling it tion of the eggs, which vary from three to five in numto fly with great rapidity, whilst its broad and powerful her, and are of a bluish-white colour, with dark-brown tail renders it capable of performing the most astonish- blotches and spots. Very often this hawk does not ing evolutions with ease. When hunting for its prey, take the. trouble to build a nest, but seizes upon the it usually glides swiftly along at a height of only a few deserted dwelling of some other bird, usually a crow. feet above the fields, occasionally passing up one side THE STREAKED SPARROW-HAWK (Accip)iter virof a hedge and down the other, its bright eye always gattis) is an Indian species, which, although not common, watching for an opportunity to dart upon its victim. is much used and highly prized by the native falconers. It sometimes pursues birds upon the wing, but usually It is an inhabitant of the forests, and is employed for pounces down upon them when resting either on the hawking in jungly districts, for which its habits specially ground or on the branch of a tree or bush, and its adapt it. descent upon its quarry is performed with the most iTHE AMERICAN BROWN HAWK (Accil)iterfescos), surprising celerity. 31r. M'Gillivray mentions his hav- wiich is found abundantly in manly parts of the United ing seen a Sparrow-hawk' rush headlong into the States, especially those bordering the Atlantic, is an midst of a dense thicket, and suddenly emerge on the active and elegant bird, which seems in its boldness to other side carrying off a thrush in his talons;" and he represent our sparrow-hawk on the North American adds, "How a bird at its utmost speed could thread Continent. It is described by Wilson as dashing its way between branches and twigs seems almost in- through the air with extraordinary velocity, often in a credible." But the Sparrow-hawk does not always zig-zag course, as if' for the purpose of seizing its prey content himself with a diet of small birds and field- by surprise. It feeds upon small birds, quadrupeds, mice; young rabbits, leverets, and partridges are often and lizards; and as an example of its activity in puldestroyed by him in the fields, and occasionally he suit of prey, Wilson mentions his having shot a specipays a visit to the habitations of man, and carries off men whlich had in its talons a small lizalrd, whose chickens from the poultry-yard or pigeons from the lightning-like rapidity of movement is so remarkable as dovecot with the utmost aucdacity. Even the presence to have obtained for it the name of the Swift. THE GOSHAwK.-BIRDS. THE SECRETARY BIRD. 261 THE GOSHAWK (Astur palumbarius).-The Gos- THE NEW-HOLLAND GOSHAWK (Astur Nove Holhawk is the only species of this group, besides the lanclie), a fine species, rather smaller than the presparrow-hawk, found in Britain, where, however, it is ceding, found principally in the colony of New South very rare. On the continent of Europe it is in many Wales, is remarkable for the pure white colour of most districts not uncommon. It occurs in many parts of of the specimens, only a few being occasionally met Asia; and in India, where it is called the Bha/use, is with in which the back is grey, and the feathers of the employed in falconry. It also inhabits the north of chest marked with brownish transverse lines. The Africa, and the United States of America. It is rather grey birds are peculiar to New South Wales, but the a large hawk, the full grown female measuring about white specimens not only occur in that colony, but also two feet in length, whilst the males are often one-third in Van Diemen's Land. less; the plumage of the upper parts is brown and that THE AUSTRALIAN GOSHAWK (Astur approximans) of the lower surface nearly white-spotted, barred, is a far more abundant species than the preceding, and lined with black; the tail feathers are barred although occurring principally in the same range of transversely with light and dark brown; the beak is country. The general colour of its plumage is brown, horn-colour or bluish-black, the cere and feet yellow, with numerous narrow transverse greyish bands on the and the claws black. lower surface. It is an active, bold, powerful, and sanIn its general habits the Goshawk resembles the guinary species, destroying great quantities of small sparrow-hawk; but its greater size and strength ren- birds, quadrupeds, and reptiles. Its nest-which is of der it formidable to game of larger size than can be large size, built with sticks, and lined with leaves of the attacked by that bird. Its flight is low, but rapid and gum-tree-is usually placed amongst the boughs of a gliding, and it pursues its quarry with great pertinacity, large swamp oak (Casuarizna), and commonly contains even through woods and thickets —a quality which for- three eggs of a bluish-white colour, covered with merly rendered it a great favourite with falconers. The patches of brownish buff. game at which it was flown consisted of pheasants, THE CHANTING FALCON (Melierax musicus), an partridges, grouse, ducks, and even herons, amongst inhabitant of the southern parts of Africa, is remarkable birds; and hares and rabbits, amongst quadrupeds: it in the whole series of birds of prey for the possession pursues these in direct flight, not attempting to rise of a musical voice. It is a bold, active, and sanguinary above them in order to pounce down like the peregrine bird, waging an incessant war of destruction with all and other falcons. When baffled by its quarry taking the smaller inhabitants of the forest, in which it takes refuge in a thicket through which it cannot penetrate, up its abode, usually near the course of a river, Its it will perch upon the branch of a tree, and wait song, according to Le Vaillant, is heard principally patiently until the game begins to move, when it during the breeding season, when the male perches immediately starts in pursuit. The nest of this bird is by the side of his mate up on the summit of a high usually built in a high tree near the borders of a forest, tree, or in the vicinity of the nest where she is and the same nest frequently serves for several years engaged in incubation, and pours out his feelings in in succession. The eggs are three or four in number, melody for hours together, particularly about sunset and of a pale bluish-white colour. and sunrise. SERPENT-EATERS. THE SECRETARY-BIRD (Serpentari's reptilivorus), its conformation is strikingly in accordance with its -Plate 3, fig. 8-the only known species of this group, duties in nature. It has sometimes been called the has been placed by different writers in the most various Secretary Vulture, and placed in the family Vulturidae, positions in the classification, for which, indeed, its for what reason it is hard to say; and the majority of remarkable structure may furnish some little excuse, modern naturalists are agreed in arranging it in the although it can hardly justify those who have made the present family, of which it forms a subordinate group, greatest blunders. The Secretary-bird or Serpent- most nearly allied to the Hawks and Harriers, and in eater is distinguished from all other predaceous birds some respects intermediate between those two groups. by the extraordinary length of its legs, which give it an The Serpent-eater is a large bird, attaining a height aspect somewhat similar to that of a wading bird of of more than three feet when standing with its head the order Grallce, amongst which some authors have raised. Its plumage is of a bluish ash colour above, and not hesitated to arrange it; although one would think of a greyish white beneath; at the back of the head is all that a glance at the feet and bill would have sufficed elegant tuft of lolg black feathers, which the bird posto convince any ornithologist that this could not be sesses the power of elevating or depressing at pleasure; its proper place. Others have assigned it a posi- and it was from a fancied resemblance of this tuft to thle tion amongst the gallinaceous birds, a view which is pen of a clerk, stuck in a business-like fashion behind equally untenable. In fact we have only to examine his ear, that the old Dutchmen who first saw this curithe general character of the bird to become convinced ous bird gave him the name of the Secretary. The that it is simply a long-legged species of the predaceous tail is composed of long flexible feathers, of which the order; and when we come to inquire into its habits and two middle ones are much longer than the rest, and mode of life, we shall soon see that this peculiarity of nearly reach the ground; and the whole of these 262 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS.- FALCONIDE. feathers are variegated with black and grey, and tipped nent, whom he swallows whole if of convenient size, or with white. The great length and slenderness of the tears to pieces if too large to be disposed of at a single legs have been already alluded to; these characters gulp. He has sometimes been seen to carry up a indicate that the bird is constructed especially for walk- snake, which refused to die easily, to a great height in ing and running on the ground, and in accordance the air, and then let him fall to the ground. Some with this destination we find the toes comparatively notion of the voracity of this bird, and of the benefits little developed, the hind one in particular being very which he unconsciously confers upon the inhabitants of small, and the foot, like that of the Vultures, is incapable a region so overrun with reptiles as Southern Africa, of grasping and carrying off a prey. may be obtained from a statement of Le Vaillant, to All these peculiarities co-operate in adapting the the effect that he found in the crop of a Secretary Secretary-bird to its place of abode and mode of life. eleven good-sized lizards, three snakes of the length It is found upon the dry plains of Southern Africa, of a man's arm, and eleven small tortoises, besides a where it wages an incessant and deadly war with the considerable number of insects. It is no wonder then infinite multitude of snakes and reptiles of all kinds that the Secretary-bird is regarded as a benefactor with which that region abounds. And here we have by the inhabitants of his native country; and we find to notice another peculiarity of this singular bird —a that he is not unfrequently domesticated at the Cape, further adaptation to its particular calling of snake- and kept among poultry, partly for the purpose of destroyer. Its wings, which are of large size, and destroying'snakes, rats, and other injurious animals, covered with strong quill feathers like those of most and partly, it is said, with the view of keeping order Falconidme, are further armed with blunt but strong amongst the other inhabitants of the yard. He is said spurs at the wrist joint, and these wings the bird to live peaceably with the latter, notwithstanding his holds before him like a shield, keeping them in con- accipitrine nature; although, if he is not properly suptinual agitation-sparring, as it were, as he advances plied with food, he sometimes makes away with a sidelong towards his intended prey. His long legs, chicken or two. The bird has also been introduced by which enable him to run with rapidity, also give the French into the colony of Martinique, with the him a great advantage in this mode of attack, by rais- view of keeping down the numbers of the terribly ing his head to a safe height from the ground, and as venomous Fer-de-lcance serpent (Trigonoceplhalus). he gradually approaches the snake, he watches care- The nest of the Secretary-bird is built of sticks in fully for the moment when the latter is about to spring a thicket, usually in the highest part of the district upon him, and to fix its poisonous fangs in some vul- inhabited by the birds. It is of large size, often three nerable part of its adversary's body. But this is usually feet in diameter, fiat, and lined in the centre with a vain attempt; as the reptile dashes upon its enemy, a wool, hair, and feathers. The bird is said to have sudden and most violent blow from the bird's armed the art of arranging the branches of the bushes surwing throws him writhing upon the ground, and this rounding it, in such a way that their shoots speedily process is repeated if the snake be strong enough to form a rampart round it, and conceal it most effecreturn to the attack. After reducing his foe to a help- tually. The eggs are two or three in number, and less condition by these tremendous blows, the bird, like of a bluish-white colour, faintly spotted or clouded a victorious gladiator, proceeds to despatch his oppo- with brown. HARRIERS. THE COMMON HARRIER (Circus cyaneu.s).- The appears to become less abundant towards the north. group of hawks to which the name of Harriers is given, Specimens have been killed in some parts of Africa, makes the nearest approach of all the diurnal preda- and a harrier occurs in North America which seems ceous birds to the family of the Strigidm, or Owls. The to be identical with the European species. The male characters which indicate this alliance are the softness of the Common Harrier measures about eighteen inches of the plumage, and the greater size of the eyes and in length, and is of a light bluish-grey colour on the ears, accompanied, in some species, by a radiating upper surface, with the primaries of the wings nearly arrangement of the feathers of the face, presenting a black; the lower surface is ashy grey, becoming paler certain degree of resemblance to the well-known facial on the belly. The female, which is about two inches discs which give the owls such a curious staring aspect. longer than her partner, differs from him completely in The name of Harriers given to this group of hawks, colouring, being of a uniform brown colour above, and is supposed to allude to their mode of seeking their reddish-buff beneath, whilst the lateral tail feathers are prey; when thus engaged, they fly slowly along at but barred transversely with two shades of brown. From a little distance fiom the ground, apparently beating this latter character the female is sometimes called the over every part of the surface, somewhat in the manner Ringtail, or Ring-tailed Harrier. The wings in both of a dog hunting for game. sexes are about two inches shorter than the tail; the The Common Harrier is generally distributed in bill is black, the cere and feet are yellow, and the claws Britain, although now, like most birds of prey, becom- black. ing far less common than it was but a few years back. This bird is usually found in flat, marshy districts, It inhabits the temperate parts of Europe and Asia, but on low moors and commons. Its flight is buoyant and THE COMMON IHARRIER.-BIRDS. -Thr3 AUSTRALIAN HARnlIER. 263 easy, and performed apparently with but little labour, scribed, which often necessitates its being on the wing so that it is admirably adapted for the peculiar mode for hours together. Its prey consists of small mamof seeking prey adopted by the bird, as already de- malia, such as young rabbits, leverets, rats, and mice, Fig. 102.' The Common Harrier (Circus cyaneus). the smaller birds, and reptiles; upon these it pounces the extremity of the tail. The difference of colour in down suddenly when it spies them amongst the herbage the two sexes is as great as in the common species. on the ground, and its courage and strength are such In this bird the radiating feathers of the face are more that it does not hesitate to attack a partridge or grouse, distinct than in the two preceding species, giving it and has even been known to seize upon a pheasant. a still more owl-like aspect, but the habits of the birds Sometimes, but rarely, it will pursue birds upon the are precisely similar. wing, probably when they rise from under its stoop. THE INDIAN HARRIER (Circus SwaCisoni), which The nest of the Harrier is usually placed upon the is found abundantly in many parts of India, presents ground, and rudely built with a few small sticks and a considerable resemblance in its habits to its English pieces of coarse grass. In this primitive cradle the relatives, which, indeed, are also met with in the plains female deposits four or five eggs, which are of a white of Hindostan. It rarely perches on a tree, but fireor very faint bluish colour. quents open places and cultivated ground, beating over THE MARSH HARRIER (Circus ceruginosus), which the corn fields, and preying upon lizards, locusts, and is also frequently termed the 1lioor Buzzard, is another mice, or ocaessionally on small birds. British species, rather larger than the preceding, the THE BLACK AND WHITE HARRIER (Circus melamale usually measuring twenty-one and the female noleucos), another Indian species, frequents low, marshy, twenty-three inches in length. It is pretty generally and inundated districts, feeding, in company with distributed in this country, but by no means common wading birds, on frogs, mollusca, and even on fishes. in any locality; it occurs all over the continent of THE AUSTRALIAN HARRIER (Circus assimilis), Europe, in the north of Africa, and in Asia as far which is nearly allied to our Marsh Harrier, is an as India. In its habits it agrees very closely with abundant species in New South Wales and the souththe common Harrier, but it is said to prefer preying ern part of New Holland; it also occurs, though less upon aquatic birds-whence probably its name of the numerously, in Van Diemen's Land. In its habits it Duck Hawk-and also occasionally to capture fish. resembles the Marsh Harrier, evincing a great parMONTAGUE'S HARRIER (Circus cineraceus), a third tiality for marshy grounds and the vicinity of lagoons. British species, is a little smaller than the common Its prey consists of reptiles, and small mammalia and harrier, from which it may also be easily distinguished birds. Amongst the colonists this bird is known as by the great length of its wings, which reach quite to the Swamp Hawk. 264 ACCIPITRES.- BIRDS. STRIGIDE. JARDINE'S HARRIER (Circus Jarclinii), another are of larger size than in any other birds, and are Australian species, is remarkable for the great beauty usually furnished with a sort of lid to cover the large of its plumage, which is of a fine chestnut colour cavity in which they open. generally, with the whole lower surface of the body and The head is large, and there is no ridge over the the shoulders elegantly spotted with white. The tips eyes, as in the Falconidse. The feathers of the face are of the wings are nearly black, and the long tail is somewhat hair-like in their texture, and are arranged marked with alternate bars of blackish-brown and pale in a radiating form round the eyes, constituting a pecugrey. Its habits exactly resemble those of the pre- liar disc of irregularly circular form on each side of the ceding species. face. In some cases this disc completely surrounds the THE FROG-EATING HARRIER (Circus ranivorus), eye; in others the upper part of the face is clothed with discovered by Le Vaillant at the Cape of Good Hope, ordinary feathers, and the peculiar feathers of the disc is described by him as being so much addicted to that are only seen beneath and on the sides of the eye. The diet which is sometimes said to be also a favourite feathers of the face bordering the inner margin of the with his countrymen, that even the Dutch boors and eye, which form the inner part of the facial disc, proHottentots had given it the name of lKikvors vanger, ject more or less forwardcs, and conceal the base of the or the "Frog-catcher." Gliding gracefully over the bill, which is short and hooked, and furnished with a marshes and pools, this bird watches intently for the naked cere. appearance of any unlucky frog amongst the reeds; The wings are rather short, broad, and rounded, and the moment he catches a glimpse of his intended indicating far less power of flight than is possessed by prey he dashes impetuously down amongst the herbage, any of the hawks and vultures; but, on the other hand, seizes his victim, and devours him on the spot. He the legs are stout and powerful, and armed with sharp also destroys water-fowl, especially when young, and claws, of which an eagle need hardly be ashamed. appears sometimes to catch fishes. The nest of this The whole of the tarsi and the toes nearly to their tips species is made amongst the plants of the marshes are generally clothed with feathers, which are usually frequented by it, and composed of fragments of their of a hair-like texture. The outer toe in each foot is stems and leaves. The eggs are three or four in num- reversible, or capable of being turned backwards, in ber, and, like those of all known Harriers, of a white the manner of that of a parrot. colour. These birds are solitary in their habits, living in pairs in the holes of trees, rocks, old buildings, and FAMILY III.-STRIGIDi2E. other retired places, where they conceal themselves during the daytime, issuing forth in the evening to The nocturnal birds of prey, or those whose princi- seek their prey. This consists principally of.the smaller pal period of activity is the darkness oi twilight, form vertebrated animals, especially Mammalia, many of only a single family, that of the Strigidae, or Owls. which are nocturnal. The smaller owls also feed freThese birds are distinguished from those of the pre- quently upon the insects, such as moths and beetles, ceding families by several sufficiently striking characters, which come abroad in the twilight, and the indigestible the most prominent of which are undoubtedly those portions of all their prey are collected in the stomach which bear a relation to their nocturnal mode of life. into little pellets, which are then disgorged. Their Thus, the plumage is very soft and downy, rendering voices are generally loud and discordant, and when the flight of the Owls perfectly noiseless, so that the heard in the silence of the night, have, no doubt, had birds are enabled to execute the most rapid manceuvres much to do with the superstitious fear with which these in the air without producing any flapping sound to give birds are commonly regarded by the vulgar in most notice of their approach to the most wary of their prey. countries-a feeling probably enhanced by the noiseless Their eyes are of very large size, with immense pupils, flight of the bird, and its often frequenting the churchand consequently adapted to receive every ray of light yards and other solitary places, such as ruins, which that may be available for vision. These organs are are regarded with a certain degree of awe by the ignoplaced in such a manner as to look almost directly rant and superstitious. We shall now refer to some of forward, and not, as in the day-flying hawks and eagles, the more important species of this family, commencing on the sides of the head. In both these particulars, as withpreviously stated, the harriers make a certain approach THE SNOWY OWL (Surnia nyctea)-Plate 4, fig. 12. to the owls; but these characters are exhibited by them -Although the birds of this family are generally chain a far less distinct form than in the birds of the pre- racterized, as already stated, by their adaptation to a sent family, and none of them are known to hunt their nocturnal mode of life, there are some whose organizaprey in the twilight. Of course this structure of the tion enables them to bear the light of day, so that they eye in the owls, however important to them in the can go abroad in search of their prey even when the imperfect light in which they are destined to be abroad, sun is shining brightly. The most diurnal of these is by no means advantageous in broad day-light, and exhibit a striking approach in some of their characters when exposed to the latter, they evince their discom- to the hawks, and especially to the harriers; their fort in the most evident manner. In a strong light heads and eyes are comparatively smaller than in the they can hardly see, but sit perfectly helpless and con- more typical owls, their facial discs are imperfect, and fused, staring in a most ludicrous fashion at the objects their ears are smaller and less complicated than in presented to them, and taking any opportunity of the strictly nocturnal species of this family. Hence withdrawing into some obscure corner. The ears also these owls have been denominated Hawk Owls. Their TIH: SNOWY Owl.. BIRDS. THE LITTLE OWL. 265 adaptation to a diurnal activity is evidently in intimate captivity it appears to be gentle and tractable, and to connection with the necessities of their existence; they exhibit a considerable degree of intelligence. are, for the most part, inhabitants of those regions of The accounts given by naturalists of the nesting of both hemispheres which lie within, or close to, the the Snowy Owl vary somewhat according to the nature arctic circle; and as, duling the summer, there is little of the country in which the birds have been observed. or no night in those latitudes, a nocturnal bird would Thus, in Europe the birds have been found to breed be but ill adapted to get his living there at that season. on the ledges of steep rocks and on the old pine trees Of these diurnal species the Snowy Owl is a well- of the north; but in the fur countries of North America, known example. It is generally distributed over the Dr. Richardson describes them as making their nests extreme northern parts of both hemispheres, descending on the ground. Their eggs are three or four in nummore towards the south in the winter, when the inhos- ber, and of a white colour. pitable climate of the arctic regions would leave it but XTHE HAWK OWL (Surnia UGula), which is nearly little chance of finding prey. In this way it visits the allied to the preceding, is also found in the high United States in the western, and Germany and Great northern latitudes of both hemispheres, descending Britain in the eastern hemispheres, but it is a very rare towards the south only during the winter. It is conbird in this country. Nevertheless it would appear, siderably smaller than the snowy owl, the male meathat not very long since it was a permanent resident in suring only about fifteen inches in length, and the the Shetland islands, building its nest and breeding female seventeen.' It is of different shades of dark amongst the rocky ledges of their wild hills. brown and black, mottled and barred with dull white The Snowy Owl is one of the largest species of this on the back and wings; the lower surface is dingy family; the male measuring twenty-three, and the white with numerous transverse brown bars; the tail female twenty-six inches in length. It has a rather feathers are barred with brown and white, the beak is long and rounded tail; its plumage is white, with the yellow, the claws horn-coloured, and the feet clothed back spotted, and the wings, tail, and lower surface with long whitish feathers to the very extremities of barred, with dusky brown. These brown marks are the toes. larger in the females and young birds than in the males. The Hawk Owl is a bold and active bird, which, like The feet are thickly clothed with white feathers to the the snowy owl, flies and pursues his prey by day-light. extremities of the toes, which are armed with strong He feeds on partridges and grouse, and during the black claws; the bill is also black. Its habits have summer to a great extent on mice and insects; and so been observed principally in North America, where bold is this owl, that he will even descend upon a bird they were carefully studied by Audubon and Sir John which has just been shot, and carry it off before the Richardson. Both these authors state that it heats eyes ot she sportsman. The snowy owl has also been during the day, and, Audubon adds, also in tne dusk. known to perform the same feat. The nest of the It flies well, passing swiftly over its hunting ground, Hawk Owl is built in a tree, and composed of sticks, and capturing its prey by dashing suddenly down upon grass: and feathers; the eggs are two in number, and it. In pursuing birds on the wing, such as ducks, of a white colour. grouse, and pigeons, it strikes at them somewhat in the THE LITTLE RUFOUS OWL (Athenze Noctua), the manner of the peregrine falcon. Its terrestrial prey Little Owl of some English ornithologists, is a rare bird consists of lemmings and ha-res; the latter it has been in this country, but common on most parts of the seen to pursue for some distance, grasping at the European continent. It measures scarcely ten inches animal repeatedly with its foot; and it generally de- in length, and is of a greyish-brown colour with a vours its victims on the spot, swallowing them whole reddish tinge above, variegated with white spots of if not too large. It is also said to be dexterous in different sizes. The throat, breast, and belly are white, fishing, often frequenting the borders of rivers for this the two latter marked with longitudinal brown spots; purpose, and capturing its finny prey most cleverly the beak is yellowish-brown. The feathers with which by grasping with its foot as it sails along close to the feet of this bird-and of the other species of its the surface of the water. In the Orkneys, and other genus, which are numerous —are clothed, are very places in the British islands Where this bird has been slender and bristle-like, presenting a great contrast to met with, it appears to haunt the rabbit warrens and the thick plumage with which these parts are covered to feed on their inhabitants. In Sweden its habit of in most species of the family. The Rufous Owl preying upon hares is said to have given origin to the lives in old houses and ruined towers, in the cavities of name of Ifarfuing, which it bears in that country. Dr. which it builds its nest. It is nocturnal, or at least Edmonston describes it as feeding upon sandpipers, on crepuscular in its habits, and feeds upon mice, bats, which it pounces with great precision as it skims over and insects, and also upon small birds, which it capthe marshes; and from his account it would appear tures while at roost. The female lays two eggs of a sometimes to swallow these birds whole. The same white colour. writer tells us that in the Shetlands "it affects solitary, THE LITTLE OWL (Athene passerina), the only stony, and elevated districts, which, by the similarity other European species of this genus, is still smaller to it in colour of the rocks, renders it difficult to be dis- than the preceding, measuring only about seven inches covered." On leaving its lhaunt, which it does only at in length. It has the upper palrts of a brownish-ashl the approach of twilight in the Shetlands, it is often colour, with white or reddish-white points and lines, pursued by crows and other birds, whose attacks it and the lower parts of dazzling whiteness with numertreats with the most contemptuous indifference. In ous longitudinal blrown spots. The feet are white VOL. I. 34 206 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS STRIGIDiE. with reddish spots, and the beak lead-colour, with the liar cry of buclc-buclc, from which its native name is point yellowish. This bird does not appear to occur derived, is only heard during the period of twilight and in Britain, but some confusion has arisen between this darkness. The note is said to bear some resemblance and the preceding species, in consequence of which the to that of the European cuckoo, and hence the coloAthene passerina has been recorded as a British bird. nists imagining that everything goes on by the rule of It is found pretty commonly in Germany, and its habits contraries at their end of the globe, determined that seem to agree with those of the A. Noctua. Scopoli it was the cuckoo, which, in accordance with the law states that in Carniola this bird builds in chimneys; above-mentioned, uttered his notes at night instead of and two of the birds, to which the name of the Little during the day. The food of this owl consists of small Owl has been applied in this country, were taken in birds and large insects. It breeds in the holes of large chimneys, so that it is just possible both species may old gum trees, laying its eggs upon the rotten wood occasionally pay us a visit. occupying the bottom of the cavity. THE LITTLE INDIAN OWL (Athene Brama), an THE SPOTTED OWL (Athene maculata), a still abundant species in Southern India, closely resembles smaller species, measuring scarcely ten inches in length, the A. Noctua both in size and plumage. It lives in seems to replace the preceding in Van Diemen's Land; families of four or five together, usually roosting during where it inhabits the thickly-wooded gullies, and apthe day in large trees, but also about the eaves and pears to seek its food principally at night, although roofs of houses, where it is often exceedingly noisy. It able to endure the light of day. Its habits resemble sallies forth from its retreat in search of food about those of the preceding species, and its food consists sunset, when it generally takes short undulating flights principally of small birds and insects. Its colour is fiom one resting-place to another, snapping up the brown, with numerous white spots on both the upper insects which constitute its principal food as they also and lower surfaces. are taking their evening flight, or occasionally snatch- THE POWERFUL OWL (Athene strenua), which aping one from its resting-place on the ground or the pears to be ppculiar to New South Wales, is a large trunk of a tree. It also sometimes captures mice. Its and formidable species, measuring about eighteen flight is supposed, in some parts of the country, to prog- inches in length. It has a strong and prominent bill; nosticate the course of future events; and'Colonel the whole upper surface is dark-brown, spotted and Sykes says that amongst the Mahrattas, where this or barred with paler brown; the throat is buff and the a similar superstition prevails, "a class of persons, belly white, each feather bearing a transverse band of called from it, Peengleh, live on the credulity of the dark-brown near its tip. It is an inhabitant of the people by pretending to consult it, and predict events." dense bushes, where it sleeps during the day, and THE RADIATED OWL (Athene radiata), an inhabi- which afford it a plentiful supply of birds and small tant of India and China, is very common in thicikly- mammalia during its nocturnal rambles. Its cry, wooded districts in those countries, inhabiting the which is hoarse and mournful, is compared by Mr. largest trees, from which it sends forth its clamorous Gould to the " bleating " of an ox. cries often throughout the whole day. It also flies lTHE BURROWING OWL (Athene cunicularia), which actively in the daytime-at least when disturbed. Its is distributed over a great extent of country in America, food consists of insects, principally large beetles. from the prairies of the Mississippi to Chili and THE HAIRY OWL (Athene scutulata), which is also Coquimbo, is remarkable for some peculiarities in its an inhabitant of India, and of the countries and islands habits. Wherever it occurs, it dwells, at all events to the east of that peninsula, is a small species of a during the breeding season, in burrows formed in the reddish-brown colour above, and spotted with bright earth either by its own labour or by that of some digging red beneath. It is further distinguished by having the. mammal. At the bottom of its burrow the eggs are toes fringed with stiff hairs. resembling the teeth of a deposited on a bed of noss, grass, and dry roots; and comb. It is nocturnal in its habits, passing the day in here the young remain during the downy period of the thickest jungles, and coming towards the edges and their existence, occasionally advancing to the entrance, open parts at night. During its period of activity, its but retreating immediately on the approach of any cries are incessant, and may be heard at a great dis- suspicious object. In the western prairies of the tance. They are said strongly to resemble those of United States the Burrowing Owl is a constant ina cat undergoing the process of strangulation. Mr. habitant of the villages formed by the bvbitations Elliott says that, " when seized, it cries like a child." of the marmot, or prairie-dog, as it is called, livIts presence is regarded as ominous of misfortune by ing on pretty good terms with the true owners. the natives; and when one of them is heard crying in In fact the mode in which the marmots sport about the vicinity of a house, the inhabitants go out with near the entrances of their burrows, whilst the owls lights'to frighten it away. move briskly amongst them is said to furnish a most THE 00BOOBOOK OWL (Athene booboolc), which is delightful and amusing spectacle. It is singular exceedingly common all along the southern coast of that the cry of this bird resembles that of the Australia, is a small species about ten or eleven inches marmot, which consists of the syllables cheh-cheh. long, with the plumage of the upper surface and wings pronounced several times in rapid succession, and reddish-brown, spotted in some places with white, and that this note is also common to the individuals inthat of the lower surface nearly white, reddish on the habiting the West Indies and other parts of America throat, and streaked with reddish brown. It flies in where no marnmots occur. Hence, as Prince Charles pursuit of prey both by day and night; but its pecu- Bonaparte remarks, we cannot suppose the marmnot to THE, ScoPS EARED-OWL. BIRDS.- THE EAGLE OWL. 267 be the unintentional tutor of the young owl. In the Himalayas at an elevation of five thousand feet. It is United States the food of the Burrowing Owls, accord- a rare visitor to Britain, but several specimens have ing to the writer just quoted, consists exclusively of been taken in different parts of England. Its habits insects, and they seem never to touch the marmots are nocturnal, and, according to the late Mr. Spence, its among which they reside; but in the West Indies melancholy cry of cew, hew, may be heard in Italy at they are said to prey not only upon insects, but also intervals of about two seconds almost all night long. Its upon rats, mice, and reptiles. The Burrowing Owl is a food consists of mice, beetles, moths, and other insects. small species, only measuring between nine and ten When reposing on the branch of a tree during the day, inches in length. The plumage above is of a light it does not, according to Dr. Gerbes, a French ornithoamber-brown, with whitish spots; that of the lower logist, sit transversely on its resting-place, as is usual surface is whitish with brown bands on the breast. with birds, but almost always talkes up a position paralTHE LITTLE AMERICAN OWL (iVyctale acadica) is lel to it. The nest of the Scops Eared-owl is formed a very small species, measuring only seven inches and in the holes of trees and old walls; it lays from three to a half in length. It inhabits the middle and northern four white eggs. It may be tamed with great facility, states of the American Union and extends as far north and is an interesting little bird in confinement. as Nova Scotia and the Hudson's Bay territory. It i.THE RED EARED-OWL (Ephialtes Asio) is a Northoccurs most abundantly towards the sea-shore, and American species, and appears to be tolerably common amongst woods and pine swamps, in the shade of the in the United States, especially towards the north. It sombre foliage of which it dozes through the day. migrates southwards in the winter. It frequents the The twilight is its period of activity, and its prey con- high grounds, and feeds on mice, small birds, beetles, sists principally of mice, which it catches with great and other insects. During the day this bird roosts in the dexterity. thick evergreen trees, and comes abroad in the evenTENGMALM'S OWL (Nyctale funerea), another ing, when it may be heard uttering a peculiar cry, abundant North American species, a little larger than described by Wilson as a " melancholy quivering kind the preceding, is also found in the forests of Northern of wailing," from which it has acquired the name of the Europe, and more sparingly in the more southern parts Little Screech-owl. Its nest is made with a little hay of the Continent. It has also been met with in Egypt. and a few feathers in the hole of a tree; in this the In this country it is rarely seen. In America it occurs female usually deposits four white eggs. most abundantly in the Hudson's Bay territories, where, THE EAGLE OWL (Bubo maximus), one of the largest according to Sir John Richardson, it occupies all the species of this family, is an inhabitant of Europe, where wooded country from the Great Slave Lake to the it is tolerably common in the great forests of the ContiUnited States, but is most plentiful on the banks of the nent, but. is only a rare and occasional visitor to the Saskatchewan. It is nocturnal in its habits, and can- British islands. It is also found in many parts of Asia, not bear the light of day. Its cry is a single melancholy even as far to the east as China. When full-grown note, repeated at intervals of a minute or two, and the this bird measures from twenty-four to twenty-eight Indians have a superstitious practice of whistling when inches in length, the females being the largest. The they hear it. They suppose that if the bird does not: colour of the plumage on the head, neck, and back, is repiy it is a sign of the speedy death of the whistler, reddish-brown, streaked and mottled with dark brown; and hence the Cree Indians call it the Death-bird. the quill feathers of the tail and wings are barred transLike the preceding species, it builds a nest about half- versely with dark brown; the feathers of the facial discs way up a pine-tree, and lays two white eggs. are light brown, speckled with black, and below the face THE SCOPS EARED-OWL (Ephialtes Scops), the Little are some white feathers, forming a more or less distinct Horned Owl of some writers, is one of the smallest irregular white band; the lower surface is pale brown, species of the family, measuring little more than seven spotted and barred with dark brown. The head is inches in length. Like many other owls, its head is ornamented with two large tufts of feathers which stand adorned with two tufts of feathers, which in this species up above the eyes like horns; and the feet are feathered resemble small pointed ears, projecting upwards and down to the extremities of the toes. backwards from behind the eyes. Its beak is short, Although this magnificent owl is so common in some and the feet feathered only to the base of the toes, parts of Europe, its habits appear to have been but which are naked both above and below. The colour little studied. Its activity is principally nocturnal, of the plumage of the back consists of two shades of although it appears able to support the light better than brown, mottled with grey, and barred with dark lines; some of its allies. Its prey consists of hares, grouse, the tail feathers are barred and spotted with brown and partridges, which fall easy victims to a bird of its and black; the lower surface is greyish, mottled and strength and size. Some writers state that its courage streaked with different shades of brown. is equal to its powers, and that it has no fear of a dog; The regions inhabited by this little owl lie further to when hard pressed it is said to throw itself on its back the south than those which constitute the favourite and defend itself vigorously with its claws. It has even residence of the preceding species. It is found abun- been described as contending successfully with the eagle, dantly in the southern countries of Europe, especially and a French writer tells us that he witnessed an engagein Italy and France, but appears to migrate even ment of this kind, in which the owl fixed himnself so thence into the warmer regions of Afiica for the winter firmly to his adversary with his talons, that both came season. In France it is said to appear and depart with to the ground together, and were taken alive. the swallows. It occurs in India, and breeds in the Thle nest of the Eagle Owl is a bulky structure, usu 268 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. STR IGIDA. ally placed upon the ledge of a rock, or the walls of old sleeping during the day either in the hollow of a tree, ruins, but sometimes on the ground. The eggs are or under the shadow of the dense masses of foliage two or three in number, and pure white. The parents of the cypress swamps. Its food consists of rabbits, appear to attend to their young with great devotion, at squirrels, rats, mice, partridges, and other small birds least if we may judge from the following anecdote and quadrupeds; and it occasionally steals chickens related by the late Bishop of Norwich, in his 1" Familiar fiom their roosting places in the farm-yard. The nest, History of Birds." This instance of parental solicitude which is of considerable size, and composed of a great " was witnessed by a Swedish gentleman, who resided mass of sticks, lined with a few dry leaves aiqd feathers, several years on a farm near a steep mountain, on the is built on the forked branch of a tall tree, and in it the summit of which two Eagle Owls had built their nest. female deposits four eggs, which are nearly round and One day in the month of July, a young bird, having of a pure white colour. quitted the nest, was caught by the servants. This bird THE GOOGOO HORNED-OWL (Bubo bengaleasis), the was, considering the season of the year, well feathered; most abundant and widely distributed of the large but the down appeared here and there between those owls of India, usually firequents rocky hills, ravines, feathers which had not yet attained their full growth. and old buildings, not unfrequently sheltering itself After it was caught it was shut up in a large hencoop, for its diurnal slumbers in the numerous holes which when, to his surprise, on the following morning a fine occur in such places. On the Neilgherries, howyoung partridge was found lying dead before the door ever, it inhabits the wooded glens. In its general of the coop. It was immediately concluded that this habits it is nocturnal; but not so strictly so as some of provision had been brought there by the old owls, the preceding species; it flies /ieadily when disturbed which no doubt had been making search in the night- during the day, and commences its quest for food long time for their lost young one-and such was, indeed, before dark. The Googoo preys principally upon rats the fact; for night after night, for fourteen days, was and lizards, but often diversifies its diet with small the same mark of attention repeated. The game which birds, crabs, and large insects. Its usual cry is a single the old ones carried to it consisted chiefly of young long, clear, and loud hoot, but it sometimes indulges in partridges, for the most part newly killed, but sometimes one of those imitations of the noise made by an animal' a little spoiled. On one occasion a moorfowl was undergoing the operation of strangling, which appear to brought, so fresh that it was actually warm under the be such a favourite mode of exercising their vocal wings; and at another time a putrid stinking lamb was powers with many owls. The nest is always made in deposited." a hole or burrow in a bank or rock, and the young are This bird is frequently seen in confinement, when it said to be invariably two in number. hisses like a cat, and snaps its bill at any object which THE ORIENTAL HORNED-OWL (Bubo orietaelis). annoys it, but rarely emits any regular cry. Sir This, which is also an Indian species of great size and William Jardine mentions that a specimen kept by strength, inhabits the recesses of dense and lofty woods him used to " bark " incessantly at night, making a and forests, where the deep shade of the foliage makes noise so exactly like the bark of some little cur, as a solt of twilight even at nooln-day, and thus enables to irritate his large housedog, whose angry replies this bird to seek its prey at a time when most of its disturbed the whole neighbourhood. relatives are taking their repose. Its chief activity is, THE VIRGINIAN HORNED OWL (Bubo viqiZicnlZus), however, at night, when it issues forth into the open which was formerly supposed to be identical with the country. The food of this owl consists principally of European species, is a common inhabitant of the United pheasants, hares, rats, and snakes; but it sometimes States of America, firom which it appears to extend its preys uponl the fawns of the small Indian deer, and Mr range to a considerable distance both north and south. Jerdon was informed by an intelligent native that fish Its favourite residence is amongst the gigantic trees of also form a part of its diet, and that it will dive to some the swamps, where in the morning and evening it depth for them. startles the echoes by loud and sudden cries of TVuctegh THE YELLOW-FOOTED OWL (Ketapa flavipes). 0! Waugh 0! sufficient, as Wilson says, to alarm a Besides the preceding, several species of Horned-Owls whole garrison. The same writer gives the following inhabit the East Indies and thle adjacent islands, and striking account of the varied vocal powers of this of these three have been formed into a peculiar genus, bird:-" He has other noctulnal solos, no less melo- which has been named Ketuzpa, from the Javanese name dious, one of which very strlikingly resembles the half- of the species first described. The most striking dissuppressed screams of a person sufifocating, or throttled, tinctive character of these birds consists in their having and cannot fail of being exceedingly entertainling to the whole of the feet bare of feathers, and covered with a benighted traveller, in thile midst of an Indian wilder- a granular or ilrregularly scaly skin. ness!" The American Indians, like many of their The Yellow-Footed Owl is a tolerably common species more civilized brethren, on this side of the Atlantic, in many parts of India, especially towards the north, entertain a strong superstitious feeling with regard to ancld also abounds in the Incdian Islands and in Siam. owls; and this Great American.Horned Owl, which It is a large, heavy, clumsy, but powerful bird, which appears to possess the plroperties necessary for inspiring flies well by day, and is usually found in the vicinity of superstitious dread in a pre-eminent degree, is made rivers, where it preys upon fish and crabs. Amongst use of by the priests of some tribes of Indians as a the Siamese, according to Mr. Finlayson, "the skull of fitting symbol of tile supposed mysteries of their office. this bird is held in considerable estimation as a medicine Thle Virginian Horned Owl is nocturnal it its habllits, in small-pox, and chliefly to check and alleviate the THuE LONG-EARED OWL. BIRDS. -THIE SHORT-EARED OWL. 269 itching sensation which takles place in the curative possible, while his senses are dimmed by the unwonted stage. For this purpose the head is rubbed upon a glare, the disturbance will sometimes last until the stone with water, which, thus impregnated, is received shades of evening put a stop to it. by dismissing the into a vessel, from which an attendant spurts a quantity little persecutors to their roosting-places, and placing of it on the body from time to time." the owl in a position to avenge himself for their insults THE CEYLONESE EARED-OWL (Ketupa ceylonensis), if they still ventured to continue their annoyance. a second species of the genus above referred to, is The Long-eared Owl builds early in the season; the found not only in Ceylon, but also in most parts of young being frequently hatched in April. It rarely India. It is a large and powerful bird, which resem- builds a nest for itself, being content to lay either in bles the preceding species in its habits, and, like it, the hole of a tree, or more commonly in the deserted sometimes flies by day. Its principal activity is dur- nest of some other bird of suitable size-such as the ing the twilight, and at that time it emits its hoarse rook, the crow, or the woodpigeon-which it usually cry, which is described as resembling a harsh repulsive repairs roughly by the addition of a stick or two. The laugh, expressed by the syllables /aw, haw, haw, ho! eggs are four in number, and, like those of the owls in The third species (K. javanensis) appears to be pecu- general, pure white. liar to Java. THE SHORT-EARED OWL (Otus brachyotus), like THE LONG-EARED OWL (Otus vulgaris)-Plate 4, the long-eared owl, is met with pretty abundantly fig 10-which is not an uncommon species in Britain, in the northern parts of both hemispheres, inhabiting occurs also in most parts of the northern hemisphere. the higher latitudes during the summer, and migrating It inhabits the continent of Europe generally, and in southwards as the cold weather approaches. In this France is the most common of all the owls. Eastward country the Short-eared Owl is a permanent resident, it extends its range as far as India, and towards the that is to say, many individuals remain with us throughsouth it is found in the northern parts of Africa. It is out the year, and build in some parts of the kingdom; also an abundant bird in the United States of America but their numbers receive a great increase in the and in Canada, reaching as far north as the Hudson's autumn by an immigration from the northern parts of Bay territory, but apparently only advancing to such Europe, especially the Scandinavian peninsula. This high latitudes during the summer. In other places it immigration occurs at the same period with that of the does not appear to be migratory. woodcocks, and hence this bird is sometimes called the Wherever it occurs the Long-eared Owl always takes Woodcock Owl. In the spring there is a migration in up its abode in wooded districts, usually preferring thick the opposite direction, many individuals returning to plantations of evergreen trees, or adopting the thick their northern home, to pass the summer and breed. covering of ivy which often covers old trees in large This species measures firom fourteen to fifteen inches woods, for its diurnal hiding-place. Unlike the gene- in length. It has a small head, adorned with a pair rality of the owls, which are rather noisy birds, the of little tufts, which, like those of the other EaredLong-eared Owl rarely lets his voice be heard, at least owls, can be elevated or depressed at pleasure. The after he has arrived at the age of discretion; the young facial discs are complete, and composed of light-brown birds, however, are rather clamorous, emitting a loud feathers, which are nearly black at their base, forming and rather shrill, but somewhat plaintive cry, even after a dark ring round each eye; the plumage of the head, they have quitted the nest. This species is strictly neck, back, and wings is dark brown, with the edges nocturnal, rarely moving in the daytime except when of the feathers fawn-colour; the primaries of the wings disturbed in its retreat, but at night it is active in search and the tail feathers are pale, barred with dark brown; of its prey, which consists of rats, mice;, moles, and and the lower surface of the body is pale buff, with similar small four-footed game, together with insects and patches and streaks of dark brown. small birds. The latter it is said to capture by snatching Unlike the long-eared owl, this species does not themi firom their roosting-places, and, indeed, it is dif- shelter itself in the woods and plantations, but frequents ficult to imagine how it could obtain them in any other the open country, and rests upon the ground in fields, way. However this may be, the finches, warblers, and and on commons, heaths, and moors. Here it lies close other small birds seem to regard the owl in the light amongst the herbage and stubble of the turnip and of an enemy, and show the greatest animosity towards corn fields, and the heath and other plants of its wilder him whenever they have an opportunity for such a dis- haunts; in the former situations it is fiequently flushed play of their feelings. If he should by chance prolong by sportsmen, when partridge-shooting late in the his predatory excursions, so as to be surprised by the autumn. In the winter, when the fiost has cut off garish light of day when still at a distance from his much of the vegetation on the open grounds, this owl favourite haunts, and thus be compelled to take refuge takes shelter at the bottom of the hedge-rows. Its in some such imperfect shelter as a hedge or bush ordinary food consists of small quadrupeds and birds, affords-the discovery, almost certain to take place, of which it captures at night; although, when disturbed the unfortunate sleeper in his temporary lodging, is the during the day-time, it does not seem to be so much signal for a simultaneous rising amongst all the small inconvenienced by the glare as some of its allies. In birds in the neighbourhood, who flock to the place and the Orkneys, indeed, according to Mr. Low, it even raise such a commotion as rarely fails to cause the owl pursues its prey during the day. That writer says, "It to change his quarters; and should he be at such a is impudent in breeding-time, sometimes catching up distance from the thick woods and plantations as to chickens from the doors-I have likewise seen it in chase render his reaching them very difficult, or even im- of pigeons in daylight, which is not ordinary with the 270 ACCIPITRES. BIRDS. STRIGIDAE. owl kind." He adds that, in a nest which he found in streaked and spotted with white; the neck and breast Hoy, there " were the remains of a moorfowl, two are whitish, with transverse browln bars, and the belly plovers, besides the feet of several others, and the is yellowish, streaked longitudinally with brown. birds, two in number, ready to fly." The nest is made The Barred Owl is an inhabitant of the woods and upon the ground amongst the heath and other plants; forests of North America, where its loud discordant cry, it is a rude habitation, often consisting only of a hole which is compared by Audubon to the syllables whahscraped in the ground, upon which the eggs are laid, whah-whah-whah-aa, is constantly to be heard as the without even the slightest attempt at a lining. The shades of evening descend upon the earth. According eggs are usually two or three in number. to the author just mentioned, the effect of this cry is THE BROWN OWL (Syrnium aluco)-Plate 3, fig 9 very strange and ludicrous, so that he says it would not -often called the Tawny Owl, which is not an un- be surprising if the hearer were to compare it " to the common bird in wooded districts in England, is nearly affected bursts of laughter which he may have heard allied to the preceding species, but differs from them from some of the fashionable members of our own in the total absence of the ear-like tufts upon the head. species." Proceeding in this cynical strain, Audubon It measures about fifteen or sixteen inches in length. gives us to understand that the gestures of the bird are This owl appears to become rarer towards the north. as ludicrous as his voice, and says, "' The liveliness of so that in the Orkneys it is only met with in the sum- his motions, joined to their oddness, have often made mer, and it is less abundant in Scotland generally than me think that his society would be at least as agreeable in England; it is common in most parts of the continent as that of many of the buffoons we meet with in the of Europe, and also occurs in Asia and the north of world." It is not, however, at night only that this owl Africa. is active; it flies freely by clay, and, when the weather In its habits the Brown Owl is strictly nocturnal; the is lowering, its cry is heard all day long. When apglare of day dazzles and bewilders it so much as to proached by any intruder on its solitudes, its gestures render it perfectly helpless, and it shows the wisdom are very curious. It lowers its head, puffs out the which might be expected from the favourite of Minerva, surrounding feathers so as to form a sort of ruff, fixes by retreating during the day to the cover of some thick its eyes in a broad stare upon the intruder, and, whilst wood, where it reposes amongst the dense foliage. But watching his movements, moves its head to and fro in as the sun sinks below the western horizon, and the so extraordinary a manner as almost to lead one to the shades of evening gradually steal over the open country, belief that that part is'dislocated fi'om its body. If the the Brown Owl prepares to quit its place of concealment, object of its suspicions approach it too closely, it flies in order to satisfy an appetite which, as it is somewhat off to a short distance, and alights with its back to the indiscriminate, is perhaps appeased with but little dif- person, but immediately turns round with a single jump ficulty. Flitting along with noiseless wings the owl to recommence its scrutiny. If it be shot at and missed, finds it easy to surprise the smaller quadrupeds, such as it flies off to a considerable distance, and, on alighting rats, mice, and moles; but he is not content with these, in a safe place, utters its cry in a pompous tone, which and boldly seizes on young rabbits and leverets when seems to indicate some degree of triumph over the they come in his way. Small birds, also, constitute a unsuccessful marksman. portion of his diet, and to this varied supper lie often The food of the Barred Owl consists of young rabbits, adds frogs, insects, and even fish. Of the latter, leverets, mice, and small birds; it is also a great he has been known to capture both those species destroyer of chickens, and is said by Audubon to be which often swim near the surface of deep water, and " especially fond of a kind of frog of a brown colour, those which, like the bullhead and the loach, dwell very common in the woods of Louisiana." On the amongst the stones, at the bottom of shallow brooks. other hand the owl itself is made use of as food by man; Mr. M'Gillivray mentions that he found the stomach of and it "is very often exposed for sale in the markets one of these birds nearly filled with earthworms, torn of New Orleans. The creoles make gumbo of it, and into fragments of about half-an-inch in length. With pronounce the flesh palatable." The eggs are laid so many resources, the Brown Owl can hardly ever either in the holes of trees upon the dust and rotten wood want a good supper. While engaged in its predatory with which they are covered at the bottom, or in the excursions, it emits a loud and doleful hooting cry, re- deserted nest of a crow or hawk; they vary in number sembling the syllables hoo-hoo-hoo, and occasionally from four to six, and are of almost the same size as a gives utterance to a shrill scream. hen's egg, but nearly globular in form. The Brown Owl does not appear to build a nest of THE BARN OWL (Strixflammea)-Plate 4, fig. 11its own, but deposits its eggs, and hatches and brings which is also frequently called the White Owl and the up its young, either in the hole of a tree, or in the Screech Owl, is the commonest species of the whole of deserted nest of some other bird. The eggs are three this family in the British isles, and is likewise very or four in number; and pure white; they are hatched generally distributed in all parts of the eastern hemiin April. sphere. The Barn Owl of the United States, which is THE BARRED OWL (Syrn-iuom nebulosuom), one of very similar to the British bird, was formerly regarded the.commonest owls in the United States of America, as identical with it, but it is now generally admitted to is considerably larger than the preceding; for although constitute a distinct species. the male is only sixteen or seventeen inches in length, The Barn Owl measures from fourteen to fifteen inches the female often measures twenty-two inches, or even in length, the females being usually about an inch two feet. It is of a reddish-brown colour above, longer than the males. Like the preceding species, it THE BARN OwnL. BIRDS. —— TH JAVANESE OWLT. 271 has the facial discs complete, that is to say, they entirely times without even their bones being broken. These, surround the eyes; and the two discs meet in the and other indigestible parts of all itsprey, are afterwards middle of the face in such a manner as to form a straight collected into pellets in the stomach, and finally disgorged ridge, running upwards from the beak. The whole in its resting-place, where these pellets often accumulate upper surface of the bird is of a light reddish-yellow to an astonishing amount. Mice also constitute the colour, minutely mottled with ashy grey, and marked great bulk of the food brought by these owls to their with combined small black and white spots; the facial young ones; and it is upon this fact that Mr. Waterton discs and the whole of the lower parts are white, the relies in his plea for considering this bird as a benelatter sometimes marked with a few dusky spots. The factor to the farmer. While the young are in the nest, tail feathers are of the same colour as the upper surface, which is the case throughout the greater part of the but marked with five transverse grey bars; the beak year, as several broods are produced in the season, the is nearly white, and the claws brown. owls will bring a mouse to the nest every twelve or Unlike most of the owls to which we have previously fifteen minutes; and in the course of sixteen months, referred, the Barn Owl does not take up his residence in Mr. Waterton's owls accumulated in their dwellingthe wilder parts of the country, but approaches boldly place a deposit of more than a bushel of pellets, each to the dwelling-places of man, and seeks his food in the of which seems to represent on an average about five midst of towns and villages, and in the cultivated fields mice. In the face of such facts as these, the Barn Owl surrounding them. His chosen retreat is some dark should certainly be pardoned fobr any depredations that hole or corner of an old building, the tower of a church, he may commit amongst the young of our' game-birds, or the roof of a barn; sometimes, however, he takes up as these must be infinitely more than counterbalanced his quarters in a hollow tree. Strictly nocturnal in his by the benefit he confers on the husbandman by the habits, he passes the whole day in his retreat, dozing destruction of vermin. away the bright hours, whose glare would be insup- The nest of this bird is placed in its ordinary dwelling, portable to his eyes; and if by any chance he is driven and consists simply of a few sticks and straws, upon from his concealment at this time, he is so dazzled by which the eggs are deposited. The eggs are said to the unwonted light as to become quite bewildered and vary fiom two to five in number; and it appears, from helpless. To add to this misfortune when it happens, a notice published many years ago by Mr. Blyth, that all the small birds within reach make a point of attacking a fresh laying takes place before the first brood is able him whenever he appears abroad during the period to quit the nest. He says that a nest was found in the of their activity, and the unfortunate owl gets no rest neighbourhood of Tooting, which "contained two eggs, until he reaches some fiiendly shelter. Even when he and when they were hatched, two more were laid, has resorted to a wood, in order to enjoy his day's rest which latter were probably hatched by the warmth of under the shadow of the thick foliage, he does not always the young birds; a third laying took place after tire escape the malevolence of his little tormentors; should latter were hatched, and the nest at last contained six a small bird discover him, the alarm is immediately young owls of different ages, which were all reared." given, and in a very short time the owl is surrounded The screeching cry of the Barn Owl, which is often by a troop of vociferous enemies. But when the sun heard about ruined buildings and church-yards, can goes down in the west, and the twilight begins to enve- hardly break suddenly on the ear during the silence of lope the face of nature with its dusky mantle, the owl the night without producing some effect upon the imagiassumes a very different character; from being the sport nation, and this sound has been regarded in almost all of the weakest inhabitants of the grove, he becomes a ages and countries with a certain degree of superstitious tyrant, and, gliding forth on noiseless pinions, goes to dread. This equivocal honour is shared by the Barn seek his prey. He may then be seen dashing round Owl with many other species; but, according to Pennant, the stacks and buildings in the farm-yard, perching now the Barn Owl has the advantage over his brethren, in and then upon a cart or waggon, or skimming rapidly that the Mongols of Tartary "almost pay it divine over the fields and along the hedgerows, carrying honours, because they attribute to its species the predestruction to all the weaker creatures which venture servation of the founder of their empire, Genghis Khan. forth at night. The moment he perceives his prey That prince, with his small army, happened to be upon the ground, he drops suddenly down, seizes it in surprised and put to flight by his enemies, and forced his claws, and uttering a shrill cry, or screech, flies off to conceal himself in a little coppice; an owl settled with it to his nest. In this way rats and mice of all on the bush under which he was hid, and induced his kinds, and other small mammalia, including even very pursuers not to search there, as they thougtht it irnyoung hares and rabbits, are captured by this noctur- possible that any man could be concealed in a place nal marauder, who also destroys larks and other small where that bird would perch." birds which may be met with on the ground. He often THE AMERICAN BARN OWL (Strix perlatta), which catches the moths and beetles which fly so abundantly closely resembles the preceding, and was regarded by during the summer evenings, and, according to Mr. Wilson and other writers as identical with our British Waterton, will also capture fish, by diving boldly into species, is by no means common in the United States, the water. But the principal food of the Barn Owl but occurs more abundantly in the West Indies and undoubtedly consists of the mice of different species, South America. Its habits appear to resemble those which abound to such an extent about the stack-yards of its European relative; its favourite food consists of and corn-fields, and these, when captured for the owl's field-mice, of which it devours great quantities. personal benefit, are generally swallowed whole, some- THE JAVENESE OWL (Strix Javanica), which hlas 272 PASSERES. BIRDS. PASSErFEs. been found both in Java and on the continent of India, colouring; in habits, also, the two birds are precisely has similar habits to our Barn Owl, and, like it, inhabits similar. Several other nearly allied species are also the vicinity of villages and farms. It is not, however, met with in Australia; and one, the S. castanops, which regarded with much favour by the natives on this is of considerably larger size, appears to be peculiar to account, as they entertain various superstitious notions Van Diemen's Land. regarding it, and in some places its appearance is con- THE BAY OWL (Pholiclus badius), Wowo-WIWI, sidered of evil omen. Colonel Sykes, who met with or, KALONG-WIWI of Java, is the last species of this this species in India, says that one of his specimens "was family, and of the order Accipitres to which we shall captured alive, while lying on its back on the ground, allude. It is a rare bird in Java, residing in the darkest defending itself against the attacks of a body of crows." forests; and it is principally remarkable from the belief THE AUSTRALIAN BARN OWL (Strix delicatulus). entertained by the Javanese that it lives in a state of Although this bird is a native of Australia, where it the closest familiarity with the tiger, venturing even to is very abundant and generally distributed, it very alight on the back of that formidable quadruped, which, nearly resembles our European species in size, form, and like itself, inhabits the recesses of the forest. ORDER II. —PASSERES. THE order of the Passeres or passerine birds, which I these birds Jnsessores or Perchers. For this purpose may be regarded as including the types of the whole! their feet are well adapted. The tarsi are of moderate class, is of very great extent; and the birds composing length, and the feet consist of four well developed toes, it exhibit a vast variety both of structure and habits. placed, as in the preceding order, three in front and one Amongst the Passeres we find species almost as pre- behind, furnished with claws of moderate length, and daceous as many of the preceding order; others whose endowed with a sufficient grasping power to secure the food consists entirely of insects; others, again, which bird firmly upon its perch; whilst at the same time the manifest a predilection for carrion nearly as strong as general structure of the foot and leg is not so decidedly that of the Vultures; and others which content them- prehensile as to prevent its readily quitting its hold. selves with vegetable food. Even amongst the last In the predaceous birds, on the contrary, the long there is, as may easily be supposed, a great variety; grasping toes are arranged specially to enable their some feeding solely upon soft fruits, whilst others derive possessor to secure and carry off its prey; and for their nourishment from the hardest seeds and nuts. the same purpose they are terminated by large and As might be expected, this want of uniformity in one of powerful claws. The whole organization of the hinder the most important conditions of life, causes a corre- limb is also directed to the same object, and thus the sponding variety in the structure of those parts which predaceous birds, although they perch, are by no means are in any way concerned in the business of eating, at home amongst the branches, and exhibit but little and this even in a greater degree than could be fore- grace or agility in their movements upon them. seen from the mere diff'erences in the nature of the food; Although this arrangement of the toes, three before for many birds of this order, which agree generally in and one behind, constitutes one of the principal chathe nature of their nutriment, differ from each other in racters of the order Passeres, it must be confessed that their mode of obtaining it, and thus the modifications it is liable to certain exceptions, which render it espeof the bill become almost endless. The mode of life of cially difficult to draw the line between this and the the birds also varies greatly, and by this means further following order. The latter is distinguished, as indimodifications are introduced into the general organiza- cated in the table of orders —(p. 235)-by having the tion; so that it becomes a matter of considerable diffi- toes placed two in front and two behind. Now culty to indicate the general characters by which the several passerine birds have the power of reversing present order is circumscribed. This difficulty is cer- one of the toes, so as to reproduce, temporarily, the tainly not lessened by the fact that some members of scansorial foot; whilst, on the other hand, some of the the following order appear to differ only in a single scansores, such as the cuckoos, are able to turn one character of somewhat uncertain value from the pas- of the hind toes forwards. In the swifts, also, Which serine birds; in fact, although we have left the forms belong to the present order, all the toes are turned just alluded to amongst the Scansores, in order to forward. present the reader with a view of the classification The other general characters of the feet, taken in generally adopted, it has long been our opinion that conjunction with the arrangement of the toes, will this portion of the system requires to be remodelled. generally enable us to determine whether or not a bird But we shall return to this subject hereafter. belongs to this order. The tarsi which, as already To speak in general terms, the birds belonging to stated, are of moderate length, are scutellated or the present order may be denominated Perchers par covered with shield-like horny plates; of these there excellence; that is to say, they of all birds are best are generally several on the anterior surface, whilst the adapted for a life amongst the branches of trees, as hinder surface is usually occupied by a single long they exhibit the greatest facility in perching and hop- shield. The whole upper surface of the toes is proping from one branch or twig to another. Hence tected by series of similar but smaller and more Cuvier, and after him many other authors, denominated numerous plates; and in most cases the only part of PASSERES.-BIRDS. PASSERES. 273 the foot which exhibits a granular or reticulated of the two bronchial tubes coming from the two sepaappearance, is tile lower surface of the toes. The toes rate lungs, is provided with a complicated apparatus of are not furnished at the base with a distinct membrane small muscles, by the action of which the birds are or small web, such as is usually found at this point in enabled to modulate their notes in a surprising manner, other birds; but, on the other hand, the outer toe of so as to produce that delightful music which charms each foot is generally united to the middle one for a the ears of all wanderers in the country throughout the greater or less extent; sometimes only at the base, but spring and summer. sometimes nearly to the extremity. The claws with From the vast variety of forms included in this order, which the toes are armed are either of moderate length and the gradual manner in which their distinctive charand strength, or very long and slender; they never acters blend one with the other, the division of these emulate the formidable talons of the predaceous birds, birds into subordinate groups presents no small diffinor do they degenerate into the flat scratching nails culties; and the opinions of authors upon their classificharacteristic of the gallinaceous birds. cation are almost as various as the authors themselves. This structure of the hind limbs renders the Passeres It is impossible for us to travel through these minutia very active on their feet, whether they disport them- of classification, the discussion of which, moreover, selves amongst the branches and twigs of the trees, or would be neither interesting nor instinctive to the hop, as is their usual manner of progression, on the reader; the system here followed is nearly identical ground. Their wings or anterior members are also with that of Mr. G. R. Gray, which in its turn is well developed, and they generally possess the power founded upon that of Cuvier. The latter great natuof flight in a very high degree of perfection. In this ralist divided his order of passerine birds into five great respect, indeed, we find a considerable variety amongst families, to which he gave the names of Dentirgstres, the members of this group, some of them furnishing Fissirostres, Conirostres, Tenuirostres, and Sywlnactyli; most remarkable examples of rapid and long-continued the first four being characterized by peculiarities in the flight; others enjoying the power of moving through the conformation of the bill, and the last by the structure air with more moderation, but few deserving the char- of the feet, the outer toe in each foot being united to acter of being feeble flutterers. In accordance with these the middle one throughout nearly the whole of its length. variations in the volitant power, the form of the wings Of the birds thus distinguished, the majority are now also varies, being long and pointed in those which fly generally admitted to be nearly allied to those forming best, and broader and rounded at the tip in proportion Cuvier's group of the Fissirostres, with which they may as the power of flight diminishes; but the number of well be associated in a single tribe or suborder; the primary quill feathers in the wings is tolerably uniform, remainder (the Hornbills) approach the Crows in their being generally ten, although the first of these is fie- general structure, and may be placed with them in the quently very small, or even altogether wanting. The tribe of Conirostres. This leaves four divisions which quill feathers of the tail are generally twelve in number. may be briefly characterized as follows:The form of the bill, as may be supposed from 1. FIss[RCSTRES, with the bill usually more or less the statement already made with regard to the great depressed at the base, and the gape wide, opening as difference of food, is very variable; but it is to be far back as the eyes-see Plates 5 to 7. remarked that it never partakes of the strongly-hooked 2. TENUIRoSTRES, with the bill much elongated and character which prevails in the preceding order, nor is slender, and the gape not so wide as in the preceding its base covered by anything like a cere. The bill is group-see Plates 8 and 9. ordinarily conical; sometimes short and stout; some- 3. DENTIROSIIRES, with the upper mandible more times elongated and slender; in many of the long-billed or less curved, hooked at the tip, and armed with a forms, the whole of the organ is more or less curved; single tooth on each side-see Plates 10 and 11. and a considerable number of those with short bills 4. CONIROSTREs, with a stout and usually straight have the upper mandible slightly arched, and bent conical bill, in which the upper mandible is either down at the tip, near which the margins are armed smooth at the edges or toothed throughout-see Plates with small teeth. The object of these various forms of 12 and 13. the bill, and of others to which we need not refer here, It is to be observed, however, that the characters will be readily seen when we come to treat of the his- above given are only to be regarded as appertaining to tory of the species belonging to this order, in the classi- the groups generally y; as from the gradual passage of fication of which they are also of great importance. the one into the other, it sometimes becomes necessary, With regard to the internal structure of these birds, in order to avoid violating evident affinities, to place a we need only state that the oesophagus is dilated into given bird rather arbitrarily in the group to which it a small crop; that the walls of the stomach are very belongs by its general characters, although it may thick and muscular, forming a gizzard; and that in many not distinctly present those expressed in the name of of them the inferior larynx, situated at the point of union the group. VOT,. T. 35 274 PASSERES.- BIRDS. CArRIMIULGIDmA. TRIBE I.-FISSIROSTRES. THE tribe of the Fissirostral birds, with which we which we concluded the preceding order. Like all commence the long series of Passeres, is distinguished, nocturnal birds, they have a soft plumage, which as already stated, by the great extent of the gape, enables them to fly noiselessly through the air; and which, in the most typical or characteristic forms, large eyes, adapted for the perception of objects in reaches as far back as the hinder margin of the eye. the dim twilight. They are insectivorous birds, feeding The birds thus characterized constituted the wlole of principally upon the moths and beetles which fly the group as established by Cuvier; but most modern at night. These they capture on the wing, and ornithologists are agreed in referring to the same the long spreading bristles with which the mouth is position in the system several families which, in the fringed are of the greatest service to them in capturing classification of Cuvier, occupied a very different this active kind of prey. place. Nevertheless, the distinction between these THE COMMON GOATSUCKER ( Caprimulgus eurlopeus), birds is so well marked, that we may regard this tribe -Plate 6, fig. 17, and woodcuts 103 and 104-may be as consisting of a typical and an aberrant group of first referred to, as it is almost the sole representative families, rather than of a nocturnal and a diurnal one, of the family in Europe, and is not an uncommon bird as is usually done; for the nocturnal forms-the Goat- in this country. It is, however, a bird of passage, suckers-are very nearly allied to the Swifts and retiring to the warm regions of the South, firom the Swallows, and form with them a perfectly natural group; colder and temperate countries of Europe and Northern whilst the remaining families are almost equally closely Asia, in the autumn, before the inclemency of winter related to each other in their general conformation. has destroyed its insect food; and returning again to its The typical families correspond with the order Cheli- summer quarters in the month of May, when the mild dones of Vieillot and Temminck. weather of spring has begun to vivify the insect world. The Common Goatsucker measures about ten or FAsMILY I.-CAPRIMIULGIDM eleven inches in length, including the tail, which is rather long. The plumage iS' dusky in its general tint, The Caprimulgide, or Goatsuckers, are distinguished presenting when closely examined a mixture of grey, by the intensity with which they exhibit the fissirostral red, and brown; but the whole of the upper parts are characters: the bill is very short and much depressed, streaked and spotted with blackish-brown, and the tints and the gape uncommonly wide, extending quite of the lower surface are arranged so as to form a series beneath the eyes. The upper margins of the gape are of alternately dark and light undulated bars. The eyes are dark, and very beautiful. In common with numeFig. 103. rous allied species of the family, the Goatsucker has a very short and weak bill, and the feet also short and A,_~ ~. I weak, so that it appears to have some difficulty in perching in the ordinary manner of the passerine birds; but when resting on the branch of a tree, plalces itself in the direction of the length of the latter, and crouches down closely.41 mJ -~r~~.~ ~/~B:t // upon it, as if fearful of Fig, 104. larly pectinated (fig. 104), or Head of Goatsucker (Caprimulgus europseus). toothed like a comb along its inner edge. The number of generally bordered by very long stiff bristles, which in teeth or serrations in a perfect some species betray their analogy with feathers by claw are about ten, but the tip bearing a few barbs upon their sides. The legs and tarsi generally appears to be worn of these birds are rather short, but the anterior toes are away, and thus the number is long and stout; and the hinder toe, which is shorter, reduced to six or seven. The is turned somewhat forward, and slightly united at the use of this pectinated claw has base to the inner anterior toe. The wings are usually long been a puzzle to naturalists, Foot of Goatsucker. long, and rather pointed, but far inferior iii both these and we can hardly say that its respects to those of the other families of typical object has yet been thoroughly ascertained. White Fissirostres, which scarcely yield to any other birds in of Selborne, in one of his charming letters, writes length and power of wing. A further distinction of the as follows regarding an observation which he made Goatsuckers consists in their adaptation to a nocturnal upon one of these birds "as it was playing round a mode of life, in which they resemble the Owls, with large oak that swarmed with Sca'abwi solstitiales, THE' UOATSUCKIER. BLRDS. —-THE GOATSUCKER. 275 or Fern-chafers. The powers of its wing," he says, mens are known to linger in the southern counties of "were wonderful, exceeding, if possible, the various England long after the main body has taken its evolutions and quick turns of the swallow genus. But departure; for individuals have been shot in Cornwall the circumstance that pleased me most was, that I and Devonshire as late as the month of November. saw it distinctly more than once put out its short In this country the Goatsucker is usually met with leg whilst on the wing, and, by a bend of the head, about moors, heaths, and commons; but it also fredeliver somewhat into its mouth. If it takes any part quents young woods. It is very fond of basking upon of its prey with its foot, as I have now the greatest the ground in the sun, under the shelter of a bush; reason to suppose it does these chafers, I no longer and when thus engaged, it lies very close, so that it wonder at the use of its middle toe, which is curiously may almost be trodden upon before it offers to move. furnished with a serrated claw." Mr. Atkinson also Its period of activity is the twilight, when it may be takes this view, and mentions his having seen the seen hawking about after its favourite food; sweepGoatsucker taking its prey with its feet; adding, "Pro- ing swiftly round the trees frequented by beetles and bably its serrated claw may assist this operation." moths, of which it destroys great numbers. It is Considerable doubt is thrown upon this view, however, frequently asserted by ornithologists that the Goatsucker by the position and nature of the serrations, and by the flies with its mouth wide open, gaping for its prey; and fact that the Goatsucker has never been seen, when in hence the French have given it the name of Engouconfinement, to seize insects with the foot. Moreover, levent. This notion, however, appears to be erroneous, the conformation of the mouth itself, so admirably and the bird probably does not open his mouth until, adapted as it is for seizing insects on the wing, must he is just about to seize his prey. The note of the be regarded as an additional argument against this view. bird, which is only emitted by the male, is a sort The opinion has been put forward by several orni- of whirring sound, compared by many writers to the thologists, and very generally received, that the middle noise made by a spinning-wheel; hence he is known as claw of this bird was intended to be used for combing the Wheel-bird in some districts, and in others as the its moustaches, if we may use the expression, so as to Night-churr, Night-jar, and Churn-owl. The Goatfree them from any firagments of its prey; but this sucker is also called the Night-hawk and Dor-hawk; notion is negatived by the fact, that the teeth are too the latter name having reference to his predilection for close together to admit the bristles between them. night-flying beetles, which are often called dors; and Other opinions have beeh advanced by various natu- likewise the Fern-owl, from his liking for fern brakes ralists; but the only one that deserves notice is that of as a place of abode. The name of Goatsucker-which M. De la Fresnave, which indeed appears likely to be is applied to this bird in almost all languages, from the the true one. That distinguished ornithologist calls time of the Greeks and Romans, whose names,Egotheles attention to the fact, that the Common Goatsucker, and and Caprimulqus had the same meaning, down to the all its immediate allies in which this form of claw present time —refers to the bird's supposed habit of prevails, rest upon the branches of trees in the direction sucking the milk of goats and other domestic animals of their length, so that they as it were ride upon the during the night; a suspicion which has doubtless given convexity of the branch. The structure of the feet, the bird a bad character in the minds of many farmers, as M. De la Fresnaye points out, is wonderfully adapted whilst, by the destruction of vast numbers of cockto this peculiar position. The posterior toe is articu- chafers, it is in reality one of their best friends. The culated to the inside of the extremity of the tarsus, cause of this opinion has been indicated by Le Vaillant. and, as already stated, has a forward tendency. By He says that there is no doubt that the Goatsuckers this means the small sharp claw with which it is termi- frequent the folds in which goats and sheep are penned nated is rendered available, like that of a thumb, for up for the night, but that this is by no means with the clinging to the back of a branch. This is also the felonious intention usually ascribed to them; on the case with the inner anterior toe; and the teeth of tile contrary, they are attracted to such places solely by inner margin.of the middle claw will also evidently the numerous insects which are to be met with there, come into play, and give the bird a secure hold upon attracted in their turn by the accumulation of impuits seemingly precarious resting-place. If this explana- rities. The shepherds and herdsmen noticing the birds tion, which is certainly very plausible, be the true one, descending among the animals under their charge, but there can be no doubt that the Goatsuckers are espe- not knowing their object in so doing, unfortunately cially organized for holding their peculiar position upon put a wrong construction upon their proceedings, and the branches; but the object of their taking such a thus fixed a somewhat libellous appellation upon a very position is still to be discovered. harmless bird. Another curious notion has prevailed The Goatsucker usually arrives in this country about with regard to the Goatsucker, namely, that it not only the middle of May; so that it is, with one exception, flies with its mouth wide open, as already stated, but the latest of all our migratory birds. It is also very that in order to enable it to do this, the roof of the mouth early in taking its departure, quitting our shores at the is rendered transparent, so that the bird, whilst flying end of August or the early part of September. Never- in pursuit of its insect prey, is enabled, by turning its theless, in this short period it finds time to distribute eyes downwards, to see through the palate and thus itself very widely over the country, as it is by no means direct its course. It is scarcely necessary to say that confined to the southern parts of Blritain, but is a this idea is quite destitute of foundation. The roof of common bird in Scotland, extending even to the most the mouth is indeed very thin and membranous, but northern parts of that country. Occasionally, speci- by no means sufficiently translucent to allow any object 276 - PASSE;RES. BIRDS. CAPRmIIULG LDE. to be seen through it; and, on the other hand, the eye THE WHIP-POOR-WILL (Caprimnulgus vociferus), one is too -completely fixed in its orbit to be capable of of the commonest American species of this genus, is performing the singular movement, which would be found in most parts of the United States, where, hownecessary to enable it to take any part in such an ever, it is a bird of passage, usually arriving from the unusual proceeding. south towards the end of April, and departing for The eggs of the Goatsucker are usually two in its winter abode about the beginning of September. number, of a white colour, clouded with bluish-grey. It measures nine inches and a half in length, and They are deposited in a depression or cavity on the exhibits in its plumage a mixture of black, pale cream surface of the ground under the shelter of a bush, colour, brown and rusty red, "sprinkled and powdered generally with scarcely any attempt at a nest. In this in such minute streaks and spots," to borrow Wilson's country the. eggs are deposited about the first week in words, " as to defy description." The tail, which is June. rounded, has the three outer feathers on each side THE BOMBAY GOATSUCKER (Cap rimulgus asiaticus). blackish brown for half their length, and the remainder, — Several species of the genus Caprimulgus are found to the tips, pure white; the four middle feathers are in India, and of these that called the Bombay Goat- marked with herring-bone lines of black and yellow. sucker by Latham is the commonest and most widely The Whip-poor-will usually resorts to elevated and distributed, occurring abundantly in all parts of the dry situations, and is rarely seen or heard in low peninsula. It also occurs in the Transgangetic countries. marshy districts. Like the preceding Goatsuckers, it In its habits it resembles our British species, sheltering is nocturnal in its habits, sitting close during the day itself' under hedges and bushes, and laying its eggs on in the most retired and shady spots to be found in the the ground without a nest. The eggs are pink, spotted woods, or on the steep busby banks of a creek or river. with brown. " The note of this species," according to WVhen disturbed in the day time, it sails slowly through Mr. Jerdon, " resembles the sound of a stone scudding the wood to a short distance, and then settles generally on ice;" and Mr. Elliott compares it with the words on a low branch of a tree. At dusk these birds issue tyookc, tgoolc, tyooC. from their concealment, and hawk about in the manner THE LARGE INDIAN GOATSUCKER (Caupimulgs of their European congener in pursuit of night-flying indicus), which is as widely distributed as the preceding insects; they are also said by Wilson to feed upon species, but far less abundant, is a large species of an " grasshoppers, pismires, and such insects as frequent ash colour, with numerous transverse black lines, and the bark of old, rotten, and decaying timber." Their spotted with rusty red on the cheeks, breast, and wings. note, which is emitted in the evening and night, espeThe tail is banded with black. This bird is found cially during the breeding season, is described as chiefly in the wooded districts of the Indian peninsula, distinctly resembling the syllables whil-poor-will, tlhe where it passes the day under the shelier of the trees, first and last syllables being uttered with great emphasis, and comes forth into the open country in the evening and the whole occupying about a second in its emission. in pursuit of its prey. Its habits resemble those of the Between each repetition of the note a sort of cluck European species, and its note is something like that of may often be heard by a person in the immediate the Bombay Goatsucker, being compared by Mr. Jerdon vicinity of the bird; and when two males meet, their to the syllables tew-yo-yo frequently repeated. notes are reiterated rapidly and incessantly, as if each THE COLLARED GOATSUCKER (Caprimnuigtls plec- were straining to overpower and silence the other. toralis), a native of the Cape of Good Hope, is dis- Amongst the Indians this bird, friom its nocturnal and tinguished by having an ash-coloured band on the noiseless activity and its singular note, became the breast. During the breeding season, which commences object of some superstitious dread, in this respect in the month of September, the male indulges in a sharing the evil repute of the owl. With the white very loud and singular song, which he begins about an settlers in the United States, however, the Whip-poorhoulr after sunset, and often continues all night, if' the will appears to be rather a favourite; for although weather be fine and light. Le Vaillant says that when Wilson tells us that the shrill and confused clamours of he happened to encamp in the vicinity of these birds, these birds, as evening draws on, are very surprising to the incessant song of the male rendered it impossible a stranger, he adds that " they soon become extremely for him to sleep. The habits of the bird are very agreeable. The inhabitants lie down at night lulled by similar to those of' the European species; the eggs are their whistlings, and the first approaches of dawn are deposited on the ground, frequently even in the midst announced by a general and lively chorus of the same of a path, a custom which is not peculiar to the present music; while the full-toned tooting, as it is called, of' species. Both the male and the female sit upon the the pinnated grouse, forms a very pleasing bass to the eggs, and when thus engaged in an exposed situation whole." they will remain at their post until the wayfarer is on The female begins to lay about the second week in the point of treading on them, when they rise almost May, and, like her European relative, takes no trouble from under his feet. Notwithstanding the little care in preparing a nest, but deposits her eggs either on the which they seem to take to conceal their eggs, they are bare ground or on a few dry leaves. She always very jealous of these treasures, and remove them selects a dry situation, in the most sequestered part of immediately on perceiving that they have been touched. the wood. Le Vaillant states that this lremoval is effected by the THE CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW (Cacrjimulgus caroparents taking each an egg in their mouths, and flying lizeezsis), is another American species, the somewhat off with them. singular name applied to which has been delrived fiiom THE CHUCIK-WILL'S WIDOW.-BIRDS. —THE VIRGIsIAN GOATSUCKER. 277 its note. This remarkable cry is said by the American black, and having many of the feathers edged with writers to resemble the words Chuclz-will's-widow, buff. The quill feathers of the wings are brownish each syllable being slowly and distinctly pronounced, black, the secondaries with numerous buff, and the with the principal emphasis laid on the last word. It first four primaries with large pure white spots, forming is so loud that in a still evening it may be heard at a a band upon the wing. On each side of the throat distance of nearly a mile; and in those districts where there is a large streak of white, which also occurs in the birds are numerous, their incessant vociferation the other species. Little is known of the habits of makes the mountains ring with echoes during the whole this bird, which is distributed over all the southern evening. In general the note is heard only in the parts of the Australian continent. Lilie the preceding morning and evening, but on moonlight nights it is species, it breeds on the ground, and is nocturnal in its continued throughout the whole night. habits. Mr. Gould states that when flushed in the dayLike the preceding species, the Chuck-will's-widow time, it mounts rapidly into the air, performs a few is a migratory bird, arriving in the southern states of zigzag evolutions, and then pitches down again upon the American Union about the middle of March, and the earth at a distant spot. gradually extending itself towards the north. It retires THE WHITE-THROATED GOATSUCKER (Eurostofrom the United States early in September. In its podus albogularis), has only been met with in New habits it resembles the Whip-poor-will, passing the South Wales, where it is not uncommon, but appears day in concealment in thick woods and wooded glens, to be a summer bird of passage. It measures about a and issuing forth at sun-down in pursuit of insects. It foot in length, and is of a far more dusky plumage than flies low, and frequently settles on old logs or on fences, the preceding species, which it also exceeds in the from which it dashes off again after its prey. The length of the wings, the tips of the primaries reaching eggs, two in number, are laid on the ground, without as far as the end of the tail. In accordance with this, any nest, and the birds exhibit the same jealousy of Mr. Gould says that its flight is more powerful than having them touched which we have already described that of any other goatsucker that he has seen; it in the case of the African Collared Goatsucker, and dashes through the air with great rapidity, and rises cr which is probably common to most birds of this group. descends almost perpendicularly whenever an insect In illustration of this peculiarity, we may quote the comes within its reach. Its food consists principally of following account given by Audubon: —" The negroes," beetles and locusts, some of them so large as to render says that celebrated ornithologist, " some of whom pay it surprising that they can be swallowed by the bird, a good deal of attention to the habits of birds and especially as they are sometimes so little injured by the quadrupeds, assured me that these birds push the eggs process, that Mr. Gould preserved them for his entoor young with their bill along the ground. Some mological collection. farmers, without troubling themselves much about the THE LEONA GOATSUCKER (Macrodipteryx lofngimatter, imagined the transportation to be performed pennis)-Plate 6, fig. 18-is remarkable for having an unler the wings of the old bird. The account of the exceedingly long feather, measuring sometimes twice the negroes appearing to me more likely to be true than that length of the body, springing from each wing, but furof the farmers, I made up my mind to institute a strict nished with barbs only at the extremity, the remainder investigation of the matter. The following is the of the feather constituting a bare shaft. This curious result:-When the Chuck-will's-widow, either male appendage, which is peculiar to the male, is not, or female-for each sits alternately-has discovered according to Mr. Swainson, one of the ordinary quill that the eggs have been touched, it ruffles its feathers, feathers of the wing, of which the same number exists and appears extremely dejected for a minute or two, in both sexes, but a supplementary feather, arising after which it emits a low murmuring cry, scarcely from the bend of the wing, between the primaries and audible to me as I lay concealed at a distance of not secondaries. Its object-if, indeed, it serves any more than eighteen or twenty yards. At this time I special purpose-is quite unknown, and it seems prohave seen the other parent reach the spot, flying so bable that, like so many other extraordinary developlow over the ground that I thought its little feet must ments in animals, they are to be regarded solely as have touched it, as it skimmed along; and after a few ornaments; but, in the absence of information upon the low notes and some gesticulations, all indicative of habits of the bird, the question cannot be decided. great distress, take an egg into its large mouth, the other The Leona, Goatsucker usually measures about eight bird doing the same; when they would fly off together, inches in length, and in its general appearance resembles skimming closely over the ground, until they disappeared our European species. among the branches and trees." From an observation THE VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKER (Chordeiles virginiof Wilson's it would appear that the Whip-poor-will anus), called the NIGHT HAWK by many American also removes its young from a spot where it appre- writers, is a well-known migratory bird in the United hends that they are in danger. States, where it arrives in the month of April, returning THE SPOTTED-WINGED GOATSUCKER (Eurostopodaus again towards the south about the middle of August. yluttatus).-The true Goatsuckers are represented in It measures rather more than nine inches in length, Australia by two species belonging to a peculiar genus, and is of a general blackish-brown colour, thickly to which Mr. Gould has given the name of Ezrosto sprinkled above with minute spots and streaks of cream p)odus, in allusion to its stout feet. The Spotted-winged colour and pale red. The tail is forked, and all the Goatsucker is about eleven inches long, and its plumage feathers composing it, with the exception of the two.s generally of a grey colour, minutely freclkledl with middle ones, are barred with white nearly to the tip, 278 P1ASSERES. BIRDS.- CAPRIMULGIDXE. where they are crossed by a broad white band; the selves, in the manner of the Woodpeckers, to the first five primaries of- the wing are also marked with a extremity of a broken branch. Here they remain with broad white band, and there is a triangular spot of the body in a vertical position, and supported on the white on the throat. The gape is destitute of bristles. tail, the feathers of which are always more or less The Virginian Goatsucker is met with in all parts of the worn, with about half the body projecting beyond the United States, and also in Canada and Nova Scotia, branch; by which means, as their plumage is nearly of where it appears to be very abundant. Its habits the same colour as the bark, and they remain for a long resemble those of the other Goatsuckers, the evening time quite motionless, it becomes very difficult to disbeing its principal period of activity, except in wet cover them. gloomy weather, when it often comes abroad in the The Great Ibijau measures nearly twenty inches in daytime, generally flying at a considerable height. It length, and is of a brown colour, spotted with black, is strong on the wing, and executes the most varied buff; and white. It is nocturnal in its habits, flying movements in the air with great agility, as it becomes about like the ordinary Goatsuckers in pursuit of necessary to change its course in order to capture its night-flying insects. It lays its eggs and brings insect prey. Unlike the preceding species, which gen- up its young in a small hollow in a tree, without erally reside wholly in rural districts, the present bird making any nest. Azara mentions that it is a common will venture tboldly into the towns and cities, where it opinion that these birds not only make no nest, but may be seen sitting on the chimney tops. Whilst that they stick their eggs to trees by means of some engaged in the pursuit of insects in the air, this bird sort of glue or gum, and that, when the young are emits a singular cry, compared by different hearers to ready to be hatched, they or their parents break off the the syllables piramiclig or gi' me a bit, or, according to upper half of the egg, leaving the lower part sticking to Mr. Gosse, wittawitawit. In descending perpendicu- the tree. larly, which this bird will often do to a distance of THE JAMAICA IBIJAU (Nyctibius jclmaicensis), or sixty or eighty feet with great rapidity, it produces a POToo, which is found not only in Jamaica, but also in loud booming sound, very much resembling that caused Brazil and other parts of the South American continent, by blowing strongly into the bunghole of an empty is a smaller bird than the preceding, which it somewhat cask. This manoeuvre is fiequently repeated. The resembles in the tints of its plumage. In Jamaica it eggs are deposited about the middle of May, and, as sometimes flies by day, but its regular period of activity with the other Goatsuckers, are laid upon the ground is the evening, when it flits about with noiseless wings, without any nest. or takes its station on a dead tree or fence.. Mr. Gosse, THE NACUNDA GOATSUCKER (Podager Nacunda), judging from the habits of a specimen which he had a Brazilian species, which migrates southwards in the alive, thinks that the bird, notwithstanaing its large summer, is usually met with in the open country, and powerful wings, flies but little, and that it watches where it is said by Azara to prefer moist places. It for the insects on which it preys from a resting-place, often pursues its insect prey by daylight, whence it has and dashes after them when they come in sight, some-. been called the DIURNAL GOATSUCKER by some orni- what in the manner of the Flycatchers. According to thologists. the writer just quoted, this bird feeds upon the large, THE GREAT IBIJAU (Nyctibius grandis).-This bird, hard, and horned beetles which abound in tropical which is a native of South America, belongs to a genus countries, as the well-known dung-beetles do here. Its strikingly distinguished by several very peculiar char- cry is a loud and hoarse ho-hoo. The eggs of the acters from the group formed by the preceding Potoo are deposited on the ground, but, unlike the species. In these birds, of which seven species are ordinary Goatsuckers, it makes some little attempt at known, the bill is. considerably longer than in the nest-building. Mr. Gosse says, "I have seen that true Goatsuckers, but almost entirely membranous in which serves this bird for a nest: it is simply a round its structure; the only horny parts being the ridge of flat mat, about four inches wide, composed of the the upper mandible, and the somewhat hooked tip fibrous plant called Old Man's Beard (Tillandsia with which it is terminated. The margins of the usneoides)." This is a singular moss-like plant which upper mandible are furnished with a soft process or grows upon the branches of trees, from which it hangs tooth, and the whole of the lower mandible is corm- down like a great white beard. pletely concealed beneath the upper one when the THE GUACHARO (Steatornis caripensis), also known mouth is closed. The tarsi are shorter than even in as the OIL-BIRD and the TRINIDAD GOATSUCKER, is the true Goatsuckers, scarcely equalling in length one another very remarkable species of this family, which of the joints of the toes; they are stout, and clothed inhabits the tropical regions of America. For our knowwith feathers. The toes are better adapted for grasping ledge of the natural history of this bird, we are princithan in the preceding species, the posterior one in par- pally indebted to the celebrated traveller Humboldt. ticular being much longer and stronger, and articulated It is about the size of a pigeon, measuring eighteen at the back of the tarsus instead of at the side. The inches in length including the tail, which is long; the claw of the middle toe is slightly dilated, but not bill is loug, hooked, and robust, although very broad denticulated on the inner side. The habits of the birds at the base and depressed; the nostrils are large, are in accordance with this striking difference in the pierced near the middle of the sides of the bill, and construction of the feet. Instead of dwelling on the overardhed by some long stiff hairs springing from its ground, they take up their abode amongst the branches base; he tarsi exhibit no scales or plates, the toes are of trees, and, singularly enough, usually attach them- of moderate length and strength, and the middle claw THE GUTACHARO. BIRDS. THE NEW HOLLAND GOATSUCKER. 279 is neither dilated nor serrated on its inner margin. The torrent. For a distance of upwards of four hundred general tint of the plumage is sombre, consisting, as feet, the daylight still struggles with the darkness of usual in the present family, of a mixture of minute the cavern; and the seeds brought in by the birds to dots of black, brown, grey, and reddish, but marked on feed their young, but accidentally dropped by the way, the head and neck, and on the wing and tail feathers, germinate in the scanty soil of the floor, producing with white spots of variable form and size. etiolated plants, which, as Humboldt remarks, might be These birds are found in Trinidad, and in several taken for the phantoms of plants banished from the parts of the north of South America. They are noc- outer world. Further in, the loud and discordant cries turnal birds, and pass the day in the recesses of caverns of the Guacharos were heard, repeated and increased by in the mountains, where they collect in vast bands. the echoes on every hand. The seeds found in the Unlike the other species of this family, the Guacharos crops of the young birds opened in the cavern are feed entirely upon fruits and seeds, no insects having supposed by the Indians to possess medicinal virtues, ever been met with in their alimentary canal; the food and are carefully preserved under the name of Semilla of the young also consists of the same matters, and del Guacharo. hence a great accumulation of fat is produced in them, THE NEW HOLLAND GOATSUCKER (/Egotleles. especially in the peritoneum. This furnishes an excel- Nove, Hollanclice) -The remainder of the birds of this lent oil; and the Indians of those parts of South family form three genera, the members of which are America where the birds occur, destroy great quail- almost entirely confined to Australia and the islands tities of the young every year in order to obtain a intervening between that continent and Asia, >the supply of this grease. The most noted locality for this majority of the species being natives of Australia. oil-harvest is a cavern at Caripe, called from this The New Holland Goatsucker is a charming little circumstance the Cueva del Guacharo. Into this cave, species, measuring only about nine inches in length. as Humboldt tells us, the Indians enter once a year, It has a very broad depressed bill, of which, however, about the festival of St. John. They take with them only the tip projects beyond the forehead, and the long poles, with which they destroy all the nests within whole gape is bordered above with numerous long reach, and thus kill many thousands of the young bristles, many of which are furnished with little barbs. birds. The nests are found in holes of the walls of The plumage is mottled with grey and brown, paler the cave. During this process the old birds, as if to beneath; a greyish white collar runs round the neck, defend their broods, sail over the heads of the Indians and there is a crescent-shaped spot of the same on the uttering the most discordant cries. The young birds back of the head. The talsi are long and slender. are immediately opened, and the fat removed fiom This species is met with all over the southern parts of them: it is afterwards melted in clay pots at the Australia, and also in Van Diemen's Land, where it is entrance of the cavern. The oil thus obtained is known, according to Mr. Gould, as the Little Morepork, semi-fluid, transparent, and inodorous, and so puire that a name which will be explained when we come to it may be kept more than a year without becoming in describe the Poclargi. It is a somewhat solitary bird, the least rancid. It is employed in cooking. more than two being rarely found together i its habits The annual destruction of these birds is so great, are nocturnal, and it feeds upon night-flying or crethat, as Humboldt remarks, the whole iace would soon puscular insects, being especially fond of mosquitoes, be extinct, were it not for certain circumstances which according to M. Jules Verreaux. During the day it favour the preservation of the species. The birds dwells in the spouts or hollow branches of the trees, doubtless breed in many caverns which are never visited and when disturbed in its retreat, makes a hissing by the oil-gatherers; and even in the cavern of Caripe, noise like the owl, which it also resembles very closely the voices of these birds are heard in galleries to which in its carriage. When the trunk of the tree on whichl the Indians never penetrate, partly perhaps from their it has taken up its abode is tapped with a stone, tIle inaccessibility, but principally on account of certain little inmate will ascend in his spout and peep out to superstitious notions connected in their minds with the see whether he is thlreatened with any danger. If the cave and its inhabitants. Humboldt, describing his tree be lofty, he again descends in his dwelling; but if visit to the cavern of Caripe, says-" We had much the noise be repeated, or the disturbance about the trouble in persuading the Indians to pass the anterior tree continue, hle flies off to another tree which offers portion of the cave, the only part which they frequent a similar refuge. It is in these cavities, without in their annual collection of fat. It required all the making any nest, that the female deposits her eggs and authority of the padres to make them advance as far brings up her young. The eggs are four or five in as a spot where the ground rises suddenly at an angle number; and Mr. Gould states that at least two broods of sixty degrees, and where the torrent forms a small are reared by each pair of birds in the year. subterranean cascade. The natives attach mystical THE TAWNY-SHOULDERED PODARGUS (Poclargus ideas to this cavern, inhabited by nocturnal birds. | humeralis). The Poclrgyi, which are peculiar to AusMan, they say, should dread places which are lighted tralia and New Guinea, in which countries about eight neither by the sun nor by the moon. To go to the species have been discovered, are amongst the largest Guacharos, is to join one's fathers, to die." species of this family, and distinguished from the preThis celebrated cavern is pierced in a vertical rock: ceding species by a much greater strength of bill. The its entrance measures eighty feet in width, and seventy- head is of large size, and the gape enormously wide; two feet in height; and through the cave there riuns, the feet are stout, and the outer toe has a certain power as indicated in the above extract, a subterranean of being reversed. The Tawnly-shollldered-Podlalgas, 280 PASSEnES. BIRDS. CYPsELIDnA. which is one of the commonest Australian species, is preceding species, but its nest is said to be more neatly about seventeen inches in length, including the rather formed. long tail; it is of a greyish-brown colour, mottled and Of the remaining species of this genus we need only spotted with brown, and the wing coverts are spotted mention the MOTH-LIKE PODARGlUS (Podargus lhloawith white and tawny, the spots forming irregular lcczoicles), a small species found at Port Essington, and bands across the wings when these are closed. The in other parts of North Australia; and the PLUIMED bristly feathers above the base of the bill are more or PODARGUS (P. plumifeirtas), which is remarkable for less plumose. a large tuft of light feathers springing from above the This bird is found abundantly in New South WAales, base of the bill. The latter is rather a large species, and also in Van Diemen's Land, where it dwells measuring eighteen inches in length, including a long amongst the trees, sleeping during the day upon a tail slightly forked at the tip; it is found in New South branch in so lethargic a condition that it is almost Wales. The NEW GUINEA PODARGUS is called P. impossible to arouse it; it may then be taken by the papuensis; it is a large species. hand, or knocked down with a stick or stone, and Mr. HORSFIELD'S GOATSUCKER (Batraclostoa2zus jaGould says that he has even shot one without disturb- vensis). The islands of the Eastern Archipelago are ing its mate sitting by it. At night, however, it inhabited by several species of this family, nearly allied becomes active and animated, but its powers of flight to the Podargi, but possessing a still more strongly seem to be inferior to those of the goatsuckers in developed bill. The Javanese species, known as HorsgenQral, and from the nature of its food, which consists field's Goatsucker, inhabits the recesses of large forests, to a great extent of insects which do not move at night, but nothing is known of its habits. In another species, such as Ci'adce and Phasmidce, we may judge that it the GREAT EARED-GOATSUCKER (B. auritus), tile finds much of its sustenance by creeping about the face is ornamented with a pair of large tufts of light stems and branches of trees, in the crevices of the bark feathers, projecting horizontally, and giving the bird a of which these insects conceal themselves at night. very singular and grotesque appearance. This view is borne out by the subscansorial character of the feet, and the worn state in which the feathers FAMILY II.-CYPSELIDE. of the tail are usually found. The stomach, according to Mr. Gould, is " lined with a thick hair-like substance, Thle birds forming the family of the Cy2,selida3, or like that of the common cuckoo," and as the latter is Swcifts, are very commonly placed in the same family known to consist of the hairs of caterpillars, we may as the Swallows, which they closely resemble in most infer that these insects form a portion of the food of of their external characters. They have a very short, this'Poclargus. During the winter season it feeds upon weak, and depressed bill, with the gape opening back beetles and, when other resources fail, also upon small as far as the hinder margin of the eyes, and entirely terrestrial Mollusca. According to M. Verreaux, in destitute of bristles. The nostrils are of very large the breeding season their tastes become carnivorous; size, situated on the upper surface of the base of the they devour small birds, which they seize upon the bill, and surrounded by raised margins. Their feet are nest. M. Verreaux says that when the birds are very short and weak; and in the typical species, rather large, he has seen the Podargeus take his prey to fornling the genus Cylpselus, a large branch, seize it by the head, and beat it right all the four toes are directed Fig. 105. and left against the branch so as to break its bones, forwards. This arrangement when he swallows it whole, commencing with the head. of the toes adapts the feet The cry of this species is a loud hoarse note, which, admirably for clinging to walls, Mr. Gould says, cannot be accurately described. Dur- rocks, and similar objects, about ing the pairing time the male uses a note which, as which the Swifts commonly described by M. Verreaux, resembles the cooing of a take up their abode; but the dove more than the cry of a night bird, and which weakness of their hinder lim bs t appealrs to have a great attraction for the female. The renders them all exceedingly nmales also fight fiercely at this season. The eggs, helpless on the ground, to which are usually two or three, of a pure white colour, which indeed they rarely de- Foot of Swift. are deposited in September, in a flat nest composed of scend of their own accord. small twigs, and placed on the fork of a horizontal When driven to the earth by any accident, they l)ranch, at about five or six feet from the ground. remain crouching where they fall, or creep along CUVIER'S PODARGUS (Podar/gus Csuieqri) is a rather lamely until they can reach some slightly elevated smaller species than the preceding, measuring only object on which they can climb, and thus obtain fifteen or sixteen inches in length; it is also destitute a point of vantage from which to start into the of the large tawny spots on the shoulders, and the air. In the last-mentioned element, however, their bristles over the base of the bill have only a few dis- means of locomotion are perfect; in fact, they protant barbs upon them. This species, although met bably exceed all other birds in power of flight. Their with on the continent of Australia, is more especially wings are excessively long and pointed, and moved by an inhabitant of Van Diemen's Land, where it is known strong nluscles attached to an enormously-developed to the colonists as the lMqore Por/c Bird, its curious cly sternal keel; and by the rapid vibration of these being considered to bealr a close resemblance to the vigorous pinions, the little birds are enabled to perform words "more pork." In its habits it resembles the the most astonishing airlial evolutions. Nearly their THE COAIonON SWIFT. BIRDS. THE COMMOx SWIFT. 281 whole time is passed in the air in pursuit of the insects beginning of May. It leaves us again generally by the on which they feed. Their behaviour in this incessant middle of August, so that its stay in Britain hardly flight is very similar to that of the still better known exceeds three months; and it is remarkable that the swallows, although they display even more activity. birds quit even Italy towards the end of August to cross To show the rapidity of flight possessed by some of the Mediterranean on their way to their African winterthese birds, we may quote a calculation made by Le quarters. On the continent of Africa our Common Vaillant with regard to an African species which he Swift is said to advance even to the Cape of Good calls the Martinet Velocifere. "In flying," says the Hope, although the majority probably stay within the African traveller, "it passes over a space of one hundred tropics as asserted by Temminck. In Asia these birds toises in five seconds, as I have ascertained several are met with as far to the east as lake Baikal, and times upon a measured ground. Thus, supposing that specimens have been killed in India. Like some other the bird would or could continue its flight with the migratory birds, the Swifts will often return after an same rapidity, it would be scarcely a minute in travelling absence of eight or nine months, and a voyage of half a league; and, consequently, would only take a several thousand miles through the trackless fields of fortnight in going round the world." air, to the very same spot where they had built their The Swifts also present some anatomical characters nests and reared their young the year before. Dr. which seem to corroborate the justice of their separation Jenner ascertained this with regard to the Swift by an from the Swallows. In the first place, the inferior experiment which he describes in the following words: larynx is destitute of those muscles, by the agency of -" At a farm-house in this neighbourhood" (Berkeley which singing birds are enabled to modulate their notes, in Gloucestershire), he says -" I procured several and which are present in the swallows; hence, with swifts; and, by taking off two claws from the foot of those authors who adopt the division of the passerine twelve, I fixed upon them an indelible mark. The birds into two great sections, according as they do or year following, their nesting-places were examined in do not possess the organs of song, the separation of an evening when they had retired to roost, and then I these two families would become still wider than we found several of the marked birds. The second and have made it. Secondly, there is a difference in the third year a similar search was made, and did not fail form of the sternum: the Swallows, like all the other to produce some of those which were marked. I now singing birds, having the posterior margin of this bony ceased to make an annual search; but, at the expiraplate deeply notched, whilst in the Swifts it is entire- tion of seven years, a cat was seen to bring a bird into a character which is strongly in favour of the view held the farmer's kitchen, and this also proved to be one of by some ornithologists, that the Swifts are really allied those marked for the experiment." to the Humming-birds, which possess a very similar On its arrival the Swift takes up its abode in holes and sternum, and present other resemblances too striking other sheltered places in church-steeples, towers, ruins, to be overlooked. and under the eaves of houses. From these concealed The Swifts, like the Swallows, and indeed like most nooks and corners, it dashes forth in fine weather to purely insectivorous birds, are migratory in the colder wheel about in the air with inconceivable rapidity in and temperate climates. Our European species arrive pursuit of insects, accompanying its headlong flight here later, and leave earlier, than the Swallows. They with loud screaming notes; but when the day is usually frequent old walls and buildings, or rocks, in unfavourable, and especially when there is a high the holes or crevices of which they breed, often without wind, the Swifts, notwithstanding their power of wing, any attempt at building a nest. We now proceed to usually keep close within their snug retreats. Their notice a few of the most remarkable members of this food consists entirely of insects, which they capture and family, commencing with- devour, as previously stated, on the wing. They do THE COMMON SWIFT (Cypselus apus)-plate 5, fig. not indeed appear always to swallow their insect prey 15-as the best known species. In this bird the typical as soon as it is caught; but as it usually consists of characters of the Swifts are well shown: the small weak gnats, midges, and other small compressible insects, bill, the large, oblong nostrils, the extremely long, they seem to prefer collecting a sufficient number in curved, nearly sabre-shaped wings-reaching when their mouths before swallowing them, to make it worth closed far beyond the extremity of the slightly-forked their while to do so. The insects caught for the nourtail-and the small weak feet, are all exhibited most ishment of the young are also carried and collected in distinctly by our Common Swift, which also presents the same way, so that it is rarely that a Swift is killed another character already referred to, but not common without some insects in its mouth. to the other genera of the family, namely, that all the The nest is built in one of the ordinary holes infour toes are directed forwards (fig. 105). These charac- habited by the birds. It is composed of fragments of ters belong to the typical genus Cypselus. The Common straw, dry grass, and bits of rag, with a few feathers; Swift is of a uniform blackish-brown colour, slightly and these materials are glued together by degrees, glossed with green, except on the chin, which is occupied especially after the nest has been inhabited for several by a greyish-white patch. The total length of the bird successive seasons, by means of a sort of glutinous is about seven inches and a half, and the wings usually secretion produced by the largely-developed salivary extend fully sixteen inches-an immense stretch, when glands with which the Swifts in general are endowed. we consider the small size and lightness of the body. The eggs are usually two in number, but vary from The Swift, as already indicated, is a summer visitor two to four, the latter number being rare. Tile young to Europe, and usually arrives in this country about the are hatched about the end of June, but do not leave the VOL. I. 36 282. PASSFERES. BIRDS. - CYPSELIDAI. nest till the end of July. During all this period the British species, some half a dozen specimens having parents attend to and feed them with great care, supply- been killed at different times in this country. Its true ing them with abundance of food, although they allow European home, however, is amongst the Swiss Alps rather longer intervals to elapse between their visits to and other high mountain ranges of the South of Europe; the nest, than is usual with birds when bringing up it ranges eastward through Greece and Turkey into their young. After the young birds have come out, Asia, where it has even been met with in India, and in they receive little attention from their parents, but Africa it migrates southwards to the vicinity of the are left pretty mulch to shift for themselves; this, how- Cape of Good Hope. Its coloration is very different ever, they are well able to do, and, indeed, within a from that of the Common Swift. The whole of the very short time after their first initiation into the cares upper surface is of a greyish-brown colour, as are also and perils of the outer world, they are strong enough a band round the neck, the thighs, chest, and under to undertake a long journey into unknown regions. It tail-coverts; the chin and throat, the lower parts of the sometimes happens that the first eggs are destroyed by chest and the belly are white. The length, to the some accident; and in this case, the Swifts lay a second extremity of the tail, is fiom eight to nine inches, and time. Some curious examples of this have been re- the expanse of the wings about twenty or twenty-one, corded. Gilbert White, writing in 1781, says-" Our so that in this respect it exceeds even the Common swifts in general withdrew this year about the first day Swift. The rapidity of its flight is also described as of August-all save one pair, which, in two or three greater than that of the preceding species, with which days, was reduced to a single bird. The perseverance it agrees in its general habits. of this individual made me suspect that the strongest THE WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT (Cypselus aginis) is of motives, that of an attachment to her young, could a common species in India, where it is very generally alone occasion so late a stay. I watched, therefore, distributed. It is called the Abcbeel by the Hindoos. till the twenty-fourth of August, and then discovered It haunts pagodas, choultries, and other buildings, and that, under the eaves of the church, she attended upon maktes its nest —which is composed of straw, grass, two young which were fledged, and now put out their feathers, and other soft substances, mingled with clay white chins from a crevice. These remained till the -in the numerous crevices with which these editwenty-seventh, looking more alert every day, and fices usually abound. The nests are usually built seeming to long to be on the wing. After this day close together, but so as to be concealed wholly or they were missing at once; nor could I ever observe partially by a beam, rafter, or some similar object lying them with their dam coursing round the church, in the before them. act of learning to fly, as the first broods evidently do. THE BATASSIAN SWIFT (Cypselus bcatassiensis), On the thirty-first, I caused the eaves to be searched; another abundant Indian species, is said by Dr. Bubut we found only two callow dead swifts, on which a chanan Hamilton, to be " a nocturnal bird, appearing second nest had been formed." In this instance, it is at sunset, and going to rest at sunrise." According to evident that by some accident the first brood had been the same authority, its Bengalee name, Baltassia, " sigdestroyed, that a second nest had been made over them, nifies a bird resembling wind, and is bestowed on this and a second brood produced; that the male, yielding to species on account of its swift flight." It frequents the the strong impulse to migration, coolly took his depar- groves of palms, especially those of the Palmyra or Tal ture, leaving the cares of the family to his mate; and (Borassusflabelliformis), on the fan-like fronds of which that the latter, faithfully discharging the duty thus it builds its nests. These little birds are sociable in their imposed upon her, remained for nearly a month, after habits, as many as twenty or thirty pairs being often the main body of her species had started on their met with upon a single palm-tree; and they also live in journey southward. great harmony with their feathered neighlbours of other In another case recorded by Mr. Salmon in the species, for Mir. Blyth states, that it is " rare to meet Magazine of Natural History, the male bird behaved with one of the same palms clustered with the pensile in a manner more consistent with his duty, and remained nests of the Baya (Plocens lhililppensis), that does not to share with his partner in the trouble of rearing their also harbour two or three pairs of this elegant little little family. In this instance also his forbearance was Palm Swift." far more severely tried than it could have been in THE JAIAICA PALM SWIFT (Cypselus pheonicothat observed by White, for on the second of Septeri- bits), regarded by M. Gosse, its first describer, as the ber the young birds found in the nest did not seem to type of a new genus which he denominates Taclhornis, be more than a week old, and it was not until the first appears to be peculiar to the magnificenlt island of of October that they were ready to fly; three days Jamaica, where it resides all the year round. The afterwards the whole family disappeared. Single speci- plumage of the upper parts of this interesting bird is of mens, probably detained much in the same way as a smoky black colour, becoming brownish on the head; those just mentioned, have been met with even later in the sides of the body beneath are also smoky black; the season in various parts of this country; thus Mr. but the chin and throat, and the middle line of the Blackwall records his having seen one on the 20th belly, are white, and there is also a broad white October; one was seen in Perthshire on the 8th Novem- band crossing the rump above, but this is often nearly her, 1834; and another in Devonshire in 1835, as late divided into two spots by a black line descending from as the 27thi November. the back. THE ALPINE SWIFT (Cypselus melba), also called Mr. Gosse's account of the habits of this Palm Swift the WHITE-BELLIED SWIFT. is recorded as a second is so admirable, that we cannot do better than extract THE JAMAICA PALM SWIFT. -BIRDS.- THi ACIULEATED SWIFT. 283 it. He says —" Over the grass-pieces and savannas of length, having wings extending twelve inches from the lowlands, the marshy flats at the seaward mouths point to point! The whole of the plumage is of a deep of the valleys, as well as the pens of the mountain sooty-brown colour, with the exception-of the chin and slopes, this swift-winged sylph daily urges its rushing a line over the eye, which are of a dull white; the tail course, in parties of half a dozen to fifty or a hundred, is black, and the short but muscular feet are of a often mingled with other swallows, performing mazy purple colour. evolutions, circling and turning, crossing and recross- The Aculeated Swift, like the majority of the insecing, now darting aloft, now sweeping over the grass, tivorous birds of temperate climates, is migratory in its till the eye is wearied with attempting to follow them. habits, arriving in the United States about the end of The length of its wings, which is scarcely less than April or early in May, and taking its departure again that of the whole bird, renders it a fleet and powerful towards the south in the first or second week in Sepflyer; an attentive observer will be able to identify it, tember. On their arrival they appear to take up their when mingling in aerial career, by a more frequent abode in multitudes in the interior of hollow trees, recurrence of the rapid vibration of the wings, the from which they are seen emerging with great noise in momentary winnowing, by which a fresh impetus is the morning, returning to their resting place at night obtained." But the most curious part of the history of in similar crowds. This circumstance led some of the this bird is its nidification, which is described by Mr. earlier observers of the habits of American birds to the Gosse as follows. After mentioning the mode in which conclusion that these Swifts passed the winter in a his attention was called to a cocoa-nut palm, by his torpid state in these hollow trees, which hence acquired noticing these swifts about it, some of them clinging the name of Swallow-trees, and at the first glance to masses of cotton projecting from the spathes, he there is some plausibility about this notion. Thus, says, that although several other cocoa-nut trees were the birds were first observed about the trees early in about, none of them appeared to be tenanted. so that May, that is to say, in the spring, and they were last this swift, like the preceding, is evidently sociable in seen entering in September; so that as the trees were its habits. The first tree could not be climbed, but at always respected by the settlers, it was perhaps natural the foot of another " lay the dead fronds, spadices, and for them to suppose that the Swifts remained in this spathes, which had been, in the course of growth, comfortable abode throughout the vwinter. It was thrown off; and in these were many nests. They were found, however, even in WVilson's day, when the upper formed chiefly in the hollow spathes, and were placed portion of one of these swallow-trees was blown down in a series of three or four in a spathe, one above in the winter, that there were no Swifts in the part of another and agglutinated together, but with a kind of the tree broken off; and the birds never returned tc gallery along the side, communicating with each. The the remaining stump. It is evident therefore, indematerials seemed only feathers and silk-cotton (the pendently of our knowledge of the migratory habits of down of the Bomobax); the former very largely used, birds of this kind, that these Swifts do not pass the the most downy placed within, the cotton principally winter in their hollow trees, and that the notion that without, the whole felted closely and cemented together they did so originated simply from their making their by some slimy fluid, now dry, probably the saliva." way directly, and in considerable numbers to their Mr. Gosse afterwards procured some nests of this bird, ordinary places of-abode, and departing again as sudwhich were composed almost exclusively of the silk- denly in the autumn. Wilson supposes that before cotton, and which, when separated, had a curious hairy the arrival of Europeans in America, this bird must appearance, not unlike a doll's wig. These nests were have built its nest in such hollow trees as those above attached to the fronds of the cocoa palms, and resemr- mentioned, and adds that this is still its practice in the bled in form those watch-pockets which are often remote western districts where chimneys are comparasuspended at the head of a bed. tively unknown luxuries; but in the older states, the THE ACULEATED SWIFT (Acant/liylis pelasgia) is a Aculeated Swift quits the rustic abode in which it takes native of the United States, where it is known as the up its residence on its first arrival, and proceeds to CHIMNEY SWALLOW, from its habit of building in the build its nest within the chimneys, which are, of course, chimneys in the summer, like our Common Swallow. It disused during the summer. The nest resembles those is, however, a member of the family Cypselidae, although of most Swifts, in being composed of small twigs and differing from the species of the group previously similar articles united together by a glutinous matter. described, in the structure of the feet, which have three It is small and shallow, and attached by one side to the toes in front and one behind; this character also pre- wall of the chimney; its cavity has no soft lining of vails in the remaining species of this family. The feathers, and it usually contains four white eggs. The genus Acanthylis is distinguished from the other Swifts birds generally have two broods in a season. They by the peculiar construction of the tail, which is short feed their young with great care, and even continue and somewhat rounded at the extremity, where the their attentions to them throughout the night. Someshafts of the feathers project for some distance beyond times when there has been a long continuance of the barbs in the form of bare spines, which serve to heavy rain the nest becomes softened and loosened from support the bird by pressing against the walls or other the wall, when it, with its contents, is precipitated to objects to which it clings. These birds are also re mark- the bottom. If it contains eggs they are of course able for the great extent of their wings in comparison destroyed; but when this accident happens after the with their bulk; the Aculeated Swift of North America, hatching of the young, these, although they inmay be which measures only about four and a half inches in still blind, frequently climb up again into the chimney, 284 PASSERES.- BIRDS.-C OYPSELIDI.. clinging like squirrels by means of their strong feet and THE HOODED SWIFT (Dendrochclidon comatus). sharp claws. The young birds are indeed so conscious The genus, to which the name of Dendclrochelidon, or of the power of their feet, that it is not uncommon for Tree-swallow, has been applied, consists entirely of them to quit the nest voluntarily long before they can eastern species, peculiar to India and the islands of the fly; they then cling firmly to thewall, and are fed there Indian Archipelago. They have the hinder toe nonuntil they can dart off in pursuit of their own prey. versatile, the tail forked, and the head usually adorned Wilson says that " the Chimney Swallow is easily with an erectile crest or with tufts of feathers. The distinguished in the air from the rest of its tribe, by its Hooded Swift, which is an inhabitant of the numerous long wings, its short body, the quick and slight vibra- islands of the Eastern Sea, is a beautiful little species, tions of its wings, and its wide unexpected diving measuring only about five inches and a half in length; rapidity of flight; shooting swiftly in various directions the general colour of the plumage is a bronze green; without any apparent motion of the wings, and uttering but on the head there are some long white feathers, the sounds tsip tsip tsip tsee tsee in a hurried manner. which form a sort of hood or crest when erected. The In roosting, the thorny extremities of its tail are thrown belly and under tail-coverts are also white. in for its support. It is never seen to alight but in THE BEARDED SWIFT (Dendrochelidon mystaceus), hollow trees or chimneys; it is always most gay and which is found only in New Guinea, is another elegant active in wet and gloomy weather; and is the earliest species, the contrast of its colours producing a most abroad in the morning, and latest out in the evening of pleasing effect. The colour of the crown of the head, all our swallows." of the wings, and tail, is blue-black; a portion of the THE NEEDLE-TAILED SWIFT (Acantlylis cauda- wing-coverts and the outer web of the external tail cuta) of Australia, is a considerably larger bird than feathers are white; a white band, originating at the the preceding, measuring seven inches in length to the nostrils, passes above each eye; and beneath the lower extremity of the tail, whilst the wings are of immense mandible there springs a tuft of small white feathers, extent, measuring no less than nine inches from the which borders the gape, and terminates on the sides of wrist-joint to the tip, and thus extending at least three the neck in two long slender white plumes, exactly times the length of the bird. Its general colour is resembling a white moustache of the true military cut. brown: the wings, tail, and crown of the head, are The other parts of the bird are of a brownish slatedeep, shining green; the throat and chin, a band above colour. except the inferior tail-coverts, which are grey. the bill, the inner webs of the innermost secondaries, THE ESCULENT SWALLOW (Collocalia esculenta)and the hinder part of the abdomen, with the lower tail Plate 5, fig. 16-which we might with more propriety coverts, are pure white. It is an abundant summer call the Esculent Swift, is one of the most remarkable bird inre New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, birds of the whole tribe of the Fissirostres. This bird, and its rapidity of flight, as might be expected from with several others belonging to the same genus, is the great length of its wings, is so extraordinary, that found in many parts of India, both on the continent as Mr. Gould remarks, it might be engaged in hawking and on the islands. Their nests, which are built in for flies on the continent of Australia and onil the island fissures and caverns of the rocks, are the celebrated of Van Diemen's Land within half an hour. It flies edible birds' nests, so highly prized by the Chinese for in large flocks at a great height in the air, at least on the preparation of soups and sauces. The nests are the Australian continent, where the clear dry air causes composed almost entirely of the glutinous matter which the insects to rise to a great elevation; in Van Die- in the other Swifts assists so materially in binding men's Land, on the contrary, where the air is moist, together the materials of which the nests are composed, and the insects fly low, this Swift also skims along not and which, as we have previously stated, is secreted by far from the surface of the ground. The nidification of the greatly-developed salivary glands. These, in the this bird is not known. species of the genus Collocalia, or at all events in those THE SHARP-TAILED SWIFT (Acantlhylis oxyura) is which are regarded as the principal manufacturers of an inhabitant of South America, especially of Paraguay, the edible nests, are of very large size. Although this where, according to D'Azara, it is called by the Indians view is now generally received, it was long a matter of Mbiyuimbopi, or the Bat-Swallow, from a resemblanmce, considerable doubt amongst naturalists where and how both of its colour and mode of flight, to those of a the so-called Esculent Swallows obtained the materials bat. It flies principally above the highest trees of of their nests, the mlost general opinion being that these the woods of Paraguay, and when it passes to the were derived friom sea-weeds picked up and eaten or open country rarely descends within thirty or forty masticated by the birds. Hence Thunberg described feet of the earth, even then rising again speedily to its one of the species under the name of Hilrundo fuciordinary elevated position. It is a very shy bird. phaga. There is, however, still considerable doubt as Like all the Swifts it drinks on the wing, flying rapidly to the number of species which make the edible nests. over the surface of the water, and taking up a little sip According to Linnaus, his Hirunclo esculenta had white in passing. It passes with great rapidity, but with the spots on all the tail feathers, a character which does utmost precision, amongst the branches of trees, and not occur in any species known to modern naturalists. when thus engaged often carries off spiders from the Thunberg describes his Hirunclofuciphaga as being of webs which they have spread there; and it is in the a black colour; ash colour, dull brown, orwhite beneath; cavity of a hollow tree that it passes the night. In and with the tail, wings, and feet entirely black. We flying this bird produces a sound which is compared by have placed the name given by Linnaeus at the head D'Azara to that of a very small pair of castanets. of this article, as it seems pretty certain that one of the THE ESCULENT SWALLOW. BIRDS. THE ESCULENT SWALLOW. 285 species engaged in the production of the edible nests nests to be expected from each cave may be estimated will be found to correspond with the description of the before the season for gathering them, with remarkable illustrious Swede; there being several concurrent testi- accuracy. monies in the works of the older travellers and natu- The collection of the nests is undertaken in Java at ralists, to the effect that the Esculent Swallow has three periods in the year. The principal harvest is white spots on the tail feathers. Should this prove gathered in the month of October, after the birds have correct, there will be at least three known species of been left undisturbed for about six months; the other these birds, namely- two gatherings are in December and March, so that there are two intervals of three, and one of six months, Cotllocalia esculenta of Liniaeus; CoUociafucihaga of Thnberg since described by Mr. between the gatherings. The shorter periods scarcely G. R. Gray as G. nidifica, on the ground that Thuln- allow the birds time to build their nests and bring their berg's name is erroneous); and progeny to maturity, so that both in December and Collocalia Linchi of Horsfield and Moore, a species very March great numbers of young birds are necessarily destroyed; on the other hand, the nests obtained at Although, as already stated, Thunberg had adopted these gatherings are of superior quality, clean and the notion that these Swifts procured the materials of white, and very free from any extraneous matters. their nests from the sea-weeds cast upon the shore by During the longer interval of six months the birds are the waves, and other writers maintained a somewhat enabled to rear two broods; thus the quantity of nests similar opinion, namely, that the glutinous matter becomes very large, and the maintenance of a sufficient was derived from the spawn of fishes or the bodies number of the birds is provided for. In collecting the of mollusca, the Rev. J. Hooyman published in 1781 nests, various contrivances in the shape of ladders a paper, in which he completely disproves these and scaffoiblding are necessary; and notwithstanding views, and approaches very nearly to the true solu- these aids, the gatherers appear to be exposed to contion of the problem. He declares that the food of siderable risk. the birds consists of insects-a statement which has The number of nests collected in Java is very great, been confirmed by subsequent observations. He de- the quantity passing annually through the market of scribes the habits of the birds as very similar to those Batavia on its way to China being estimated by both of the other Swifts; they resort during the day to Raffles and Craufurd at two hundred peculs, or two marshes, inland lakes, and plains, over which they hundred and fifty hundredweights; but this is nothing hover in pursuit of the insects which abound in such in comparison with the Sooloo Archipelago, which situations; and it is difficult to suppose that those produces no less than five hundred and thirty peculs. numerous individuals which inhabit the interior of such The total value of the edible birds' nests imported into large islands as Java and Sumatra would undertake China is said to be 1,263,570 Spanish dollars, or a journey to the sea-coast and back in search of the ~284,290 sterling. This, however, can give us but an materials for their nests. Mr. Hooyman's idea of the imperfect clue to the actual quantity of this article of mode in which the glutinous material of the nest is luxury wlhich finds its way to the Chinese markets; procured is, that it is elaborated firom the food of the the price paid for the nests varying greatly according bird, by a peculiar organic effort resembling secretion. to the quality of the different samples. Thus the best In this it will be seen that he was not far from the and purest sorts fetch 3500 Spanish dollars per pecul, truth, for Sir Everard Home and Mr. Blyth both state, or about ~5 10s. per pound; the second quality will that the glutinous matter is undoubtedly a secretion not bring more than 2800 dollars; and the third only from the enormously-developed salivary glands, and fetches about 1600 dollars. These prices will give chemical analysis of the nests has confirmed this some notion of the way in which these bilds' nests are conclusion. prized in China, but they still only indicate the value We have stated above that the Collocalice producing at the place of importation. This value increases to a edible nests are found in great numbers both on the very considerable extent as the delicacies are conveyed Indian continent and in the islands; but it is principally away from the coast, and we are told that in some in Java that any information as to the:natural history of parts of China, a catty, or about one pound and a the birds and the mode of collecting the nests has been quarter of these nests, has fetched no less than 40 obtained. This island appears to be peculiarly adapted Spanish dollars, equivalent to X~9 sterling. for the dwelling-place of these birds, which congregate in large flocks in caverns and fissures of the rocks, and FAMILY III.-HIRUNDINID2E. build their nests upon the walls of these. Both in the interior and on the coast extensive hollows are folrmed In this family, which includes the well-known species abundantly in the rocks, probably caused to a consider- of true Swallows, we meet with characters very similar able extent by the volcanic action to which the island to those presented by the Swifts, which form the preis so subject. Here the Swifts swarm in vast flocks, and ceding family. The difibrential characters of these the management of the nests, especially in the caverns two groups were, to a certain extent, indicated under of the southern shore of the island, is laid down by the head of the Cypselidoe, so that we need not dwell regulations established by the government. So well upon them here at any length. In their general form is this singular harvest regulated, and so well has the Swallows closely resemble the Swifts, as they do experience taught its managers the conditions under also in their mode of life; but their wings are shorter which it is to be realized, that the average quantity of and broader, their nostrils of small or moderate size, 286 PASSERES. BIRDS.- HIRUNDINrID. and the gape of the bill is surrounded by. short bristles. channel fishermen state, that in hazy weather the SwalThe tail is more or less forked, and the feet are always lows very frequently alight in their boats when they of the ordinary structure, having three toes before and are a little way out to sea, so completely fatigued, that one behind. The difference in the structure of the it is with some difficulty that they muster strength to sternum ftd trachea has already been alluded to. - fly from one end of the boat to the other when an The Swallows, like the Swifts and Goatsuckers, are attempt is made to seize them. In fine calm weather all insectivorous birds which capture their prey on the they are often seen to descend upon the smooth surface wing, and those species which frequent cold and tem- of the water, with their wings widely extended, rising perate countries are also birds of passage. Their again after a short time, seemingly much refreshed by appearance in the spring, and disappearance at the this partial bath. approach of winter, has been observed in Europe from Like the Swifts, the Swallows exhibit great activity time immemorial, and these birds have consequently on the wing, and in pursuit of the gnats, midges, and been always regarded with a friendly eye by mankind,' other insects, which constitute their sole prey, they peras serving in some sort as the harbingers of the sum- form numerous evolutions with much grace. They are mer. The habit of our common species of building very commonly seen hovering over the water, doubtabout the habitations of man, and perhaps some indis- less attracted by the many insects which swarm in such tinot notions of the benefits conferred upon us by these situations. They drink without alighting, by sweeping birds, by the destrbction of immense numbers of insects swiftly over the surface of the water and taking up a -many of them injurious to us, directly or indirectly- little of the fluid in their bills as they pass; they also have considerably increased this feeling. The ancients occasionally bathe in the same way, by plunging a little considered the Chimney Swallow to be under the direct deeper. Most of them breed twice in the seasonprotection of the household gods, and believed that sometimes nestling in holes, sometimes building a nest, when any injury was inflicted upon this familiar bird, usually composed wholly or in part of mud, against the it revenged itself by pecking the udders of the cows, cliff of a rock or the wall of a building. The species causing them to become dry. The Ostiaks consider it of this family are found in all parts of the world, but a crime to kill swallows; and in most places it is looked they are not very numerous. Three species occur in upon as an act of inhospitality to kill or disturb these Britain. pleasing little strangers. THE CHIXINEY SWALLOW (Hirutndo rutGstica)-Plate With regard to the nature of the retirement of these 5, fig. 13-is one of the British species. It is a small birds from their usual summer haunts, some very curious bird, for although it measures about eight inches and notions formerly prevailed, it being supposed by some a half in length, the tail occupies nearly five inches of naturalists that the Swallows concealed themselves in this, and thus the body of the bird is very small. The holes and similar places, where they slept during the colour of all the upper parts, together with the upper winter; whilst others maintained a still more singular part of the breast, is black, with violet tints; the foreopinion, namely, that the birds passed the winter in the_ head and throat are chestnut brown; the lower part of mud at the bottom of ponds and rivers. How this the breast and the abdomen are rusty red; and the curious fancy could ever have been entertained it is inner webs of the tail feathers, except the two middle difficult to conceive, but it was a very generally received ones, are spotted with white. The outer tail feathers opinion as late as the end of the last century. Never- in the male are twice as long as the rest. They are theless Frisch, a German naturalist, had long previously rather shorter in the female; but in both sexes nearly ascertained beyond doubt, by an ingenious experiment, the whole of the inner web of these feathers is white. that this notion could not be true. He attached to The Chimney Swallow is a very abundant bird in all some swallows pieces of thread coloured with water parts of Europe during the summer, and in some parts colours, which would inevitably have been washed out of the Mediterranean district a few individuals even had the birds passed the winter under water, in accor- remain through the winter. But by far the greater dance with the popular opinion. The birds returned part of our European swallows migrate in the autumn in the following spring with the thread still coloured- into Afiica, where they pass the winter, and return to proving that they, at all events, had not been under us in the spiing. They arrive in this country early in water. These experiments, repeated by Spallanzani April (about the 10th, as stated by Mr. Yarrell, from and otlers, served also to prove another singular fact, an average of many seasons), and take their departure namely, that the Swallows generally return to the same again towards the end of October. From Europe the spot and even to the same nest year after year. The Swallow seems to extend its range eastward into Asia actual migration of the Swallows has now been set as far as Nepal and Calcutta, and probably still further, beyond doubt by positive observations, made both on whilst in Africa it has been noticed certainly as far our own southern coast and on the northern shores of south as the equator; and in Sierra Leone it is said to the Mediterranean; here they are seen taking their reside all the year, although it becomes less plentiful in departure for the warm regions of Afiica in the autumn, the rainy season, from June to September. and- also making their way back in the spring. In On its arrival in its summer quarters, the Swallow crossing the sea, they usually fly either singly or in usually selects a spot for its place of abode, where the small parties of two or three; and it is remarkable, habitations of man lie in the vicinity of water; for, in that they arrive on the fulrther side in a condition of common with a considerable majority of the members exhaustion apparently as great as that of other birds of of this family, it has a great fondness for hovering over passage whose power of wing is far inferior. The the surface of large ponds, lakes, and streams. The THE CHIMNEY SWALLOW.-BIRDS. THE PANAYAN SWALLOW. 287 partiality exhibited for human habitations by this bird, the summer; of these the first is usually ready to fly by as well as by many other species of the family, is very the end of June, and the second at the end of August. remarkable; and it is no less striking, that of the two During the infancy of their offspring, the old birds are familiar British species, one, the Swallow, frequents de- most assiduous in attending upon them, alnd have been tached country places, villages, and farm-houses; whilst observed to visit thle nest about every three minutes the other, the Martin, takes up its abode in towns. This throughout the day. When the young birds are nearly may perhaps be, to a certain extent, accounted for by ready to fly, their parents still attend upon them, and the fact, that the situation very commonly chosen by gradually instruct them in the art of flying. Gilbert the Swallow for building its nest is the interior of a White says:-" The progressive method by which the chimney, and the chimneys of old-fashioned houses in young are introduced into life is very amusing. First, the country may be better adapted for this purpose than they emerge from the shaft, with difficulty enough, and those to which we are accustomed in towns; but, what- often fall down into the rooms below; for a day or so ever be the cause, the fact is quite certain, both as they are fed on the chimney-top, and then are conregards this and other countries, so that Linn us deno- ducted to the dead leafless bough of some tree, where, minated the two species H. rustica and H. uzrbica. sitting in a row, they are attended with great assiduity, Although the Chimney Swallow has received its most and may then be called perchers. In a day or two general name from the somewhat peculiar position in more they become flyers, but are still unable to take which it builds its nest, it by no means confines itself their own food; therefore they play about near the to a habitation of this nature, but builds readily in place where the dams are hawking for flies; and when almost any suitable sheltered position. Thus the dis- a mouthful is collected, at a certain signal given, the used shafts of mines, and the sides of old wells, are dam and the nestling advance, rising towards each other, sometimes resorted to by it; occasionally it will build and meeting at an angle-the young all the while utterin the roof of a barn or shed, attaching the nest to the ing a little quick note of gratitude and complacency." rafters, or in a garret or passage to which it may find This process of instruction may be constantly observed easy access. In almost all cases it selects a point both with the Swallow and the Martin, and the curious where some projection from the wall or other sheltering way in which the young bird, when just ready to fly, body forms a buttress on which its nest may be sup- may be seen apparently to hesitate about throwing ported. Some curious examples of the selection by itself off' from its elevated position on the house or these birds of rather anomalous places for their nests, chimney top, and yet evidently most anxious to try the are cited by Mr. Yarrell. He states that he had heard strength of its pinions, is very amusing. Notwithof the nest being built " in the half-open drawer of a standing their affection for their young, the Swallows, small deal table in an unoccupied garret, to which as well as the Martins, have been known to desert their access was obtained by a broken pane of glass." He second brood, when the young birds have been unable mentions that he had in his collection a nest described to fly at the period of the southern migration. \When by Pennant, built by a pair of swallows upon the body the young birds are able to fly, they roost in great and wing of an owl which was nailed against a barn, flocks amongst the osiers and reeds in marshy places, and quotes from a provincial paper the following most and continue to do so until the time arrives for their singular instance of eccentricity on the part of a pair of departure for the South, and as they are fat and of these birds:-"- A srfiall steamer, the Clarence, lies at good flavour at this time, they are captured in great Annan Waterfoot, and plies between it and Port Car- quantities in some parts of Europe, by means of nets lisle, in the way of tugging vessels. A pair of swallows spread at night over their roosting-places. built their nest last year under the sponsons of one of The note of the male swallow is very sweet, and he the paddle-wheels, not more than three feet above the sings both flying and perching. Both the swallow and water, and succeeded in bringing forth their young. the martin are exceedingly bold and courageous birds, There they are this summer again (1845). During and appear to be actuated by an intelligence which neap tides the Clarence plies every other day, and often enables them to co-operate in anything which may tend every day. When she leaves the Waterfoot, the to the common good. Thus, when a hawk makes its birds leave her and keep on the Scotch side; and when appearance in their vicinity, the swallow which first she returns, and is nearing Annan, the swallows inva- catches sight of this dangerous, or at all events susriably meet her, and accompany her to her berth." picious intruder, immediately sounds a shrill alarm, The nest of the Swallow is built principally of mud when all the swallows and martins in the neighbouror soft earth, collected in small pellets from the edges hood flock together to expel the common enemy, by of ponds and other wet places. These are carried pecking at him and annoying him in every possible home in the bird's bill and plastered on to the spot way. selected for the nest; fresh pellets are then brought THE PANAYAN SWALLOW (Hizrundo panayana). and added, together with numerous straws and leaves which is the most abundant and generally distributed of grasses, and the whole is gradually moulded into the of the Indian swallows, is also found in the countries form of an open saucer, attached by one side to the beyond the Ganges as far east as China, and in the wall of the chimney or other place of retreat. A lining islands of the eastern seas, including even the Philipof feathers is then put into the nest, and updn these pines. It is very closely allied to our Chimney Swallow, the eggs are laid; they vary from four to six in num- both in its appearance and general habits. It is during ber, and are of a white colour, speckled with ash grey the winter months that these birds are most abundant aild dark red. Two broods are reared in the course of in tlhe peninsula of Hindostan, and probablyin their other 288 PASSERES. BIRDS.- HIRUNDINIDmE. southern stations, and it is not known with certainty that are brownish black, and all the feathers of the latter, they ever breed in Southern India. Mr. Jerdon notices except the two middle ones, have an oblique spot of that it disappears from some places during the hot white on the inner web. season, and suggests that it may breed in the north of Like our own swallows, this bird is migratory, passing India, or spread still further over the Asiatic continent, the summer, and breeding in the southern parts of It seems not improbable that both these suppositions Australia and in Van Diemen's Land, but departing on may be correct; for, according to Captain Hutton, these the approach of winter to the more genial climates of birds breed freely at Candahar during the summer, the north. It arrives in New South Wales at the end building their nests in temples, open rooms, verandahs, of August or early in September, where it is welcomed and similar places. They seem to arrive at Candahar by the colonists as the harbinger of spring; and one very early in the spring, as Captain Hutton says he has can easily understand that the sight of a creature so observed them there on the 5th of February, flying like a familiar friend of the old country, cannot but be about with the thermometer at 36~. They leave the pleasant to the eyes of those who are separated from region of Candahar in October. the scenes of their youth by half the circumference of THE WIRE-TAILED SWALLOW (Hirubndo filifera), the globe. Hence Mr. Gould proposed to call it the another Indian species, distinguished from the pre- Welcome Swallow. ceding by having the extremity of the tail nearly even, The habits of the Australian Chimney Swallow agree with the two outer feathers very long and almost very closely with those of our common species; like thread-like, is one of the most elegant of the Swallows. this it breeds twice in the season, and builds a nest of It is not common in the southern parts of the Indian a cup-like form, composed of mud bound together with peninsula, where it is always seen about water; but in straws and grass. The interior of the cup is lined with the north it is very common, frequenting fields and fine grass, and finally with a layer of soft feathers, gardens, as well as the vicinity of water. It usually upon which four spotted eggs are laid. The natural flies in small parties of four or six, and builds a small breeding places of these birds are clefts and caverns in saucer-like mud nest in holes of old walls and build- the rocks; but it is a remarkable circumstance that ings, and on the sides of walls. Colonel Sykes describes since the colonization of Australia by Europeans, the this bird as presenting a very beautiful appearance swallows have acquired the habit of associating themwhen flying, with its thread-like tail feathers floating selves with man, building their nests about the sheds behind it. and outbuildings, and even evincing a decided liking THE CAPE SWALLOW (Hirundo capensis), which is for the chimneys. a summer inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope, and, THE TREE MARTIN (Hi'rundo nigricans), another indeed, of the southern part of the African continent Australian species, migrates like the preceding, and generally, is another species very nearly allied to our arrives in the southern colonies about the same time. Chimney Swallow, for which, indeed, it might easily It is also a familiar bird, taking up its abode in the be mistaken when flying. Like the common English towns without the least fear; but, unlike the preceding Swallow, it is met with principally about inhabited swallow, it builds no nest, but breeds in the holes of places, and is so familiar as to enter the houses and trees, where it lays its eggs on the soft dust usually build its nest against the walls and rafters. This pro- met with in such places. ceeding is viewed with great satisfaction by the human THE FAIRY MARTIN (Hirundo ariel) is a beautiful inhabitants of the dwellings, who regard the swallows little Australian species, in which, as in the preceding, as birds of good omen. The nest is built with clay, the tail is short, and rather notched than forked at the worked in the same way as that of the Common end. The Fairy Martin has the crown of the head Swallow, but the architectural powers of the South red; the plumage of the back deep steel-blue; the African bird are far greater than those of its European rump and all the lower surface white or whitish. Each relation, for the nest, instead of being a mere cup, is feather of the throat has a very fine brown line down closed on all sides, so as to form a hollow ball, to the its centre, so that this part has a delicately streaked interior of which access is obtained through a long appearance. This charming little martin arrives in the tunnel. This cosy dwelling is lined with a profusion south of Australia in the month of August, and departs of the softest feathers. again to the northward in February or March; in the THE AUSTRALIAN CHIMNEY SWALLOW (Hirundo interval it produces from two to three broods. It is frontalis), called the WELCOME SWALLOW (H. neoxena) remarkable that, according to Mr. Gould's observations, by Mr. Gould, is a most beautiful representative of our this bird seems to bear an antipathy to the sea-coast. Chimney Swallow at the very opposite side of the globe. He says that he never heard of its being within twenty Indeed this species. was -- formerly supposed to be miles of the sea, although at that distance inland it was identical with the Panayan Swallow above referred to, to be met with in profusion. In its habits it resembles and this again has been confounded with the Chimney our Martin, and when it builds about houses selects Swallow of Europe, so that it will easily be seen that, similar positions for its nest. The nest, however, is of notwithstanding its station at the antipodes, the Aus- a different form, being shaped somewhat like a bottle, tralian Swallow is very nearly related to our well-known attached by its bottom, with a more or less curved little visitor. The plumage of the upper part of this neck protruding horizontally. bird is deep steel blue; the forehead, chin, throat, and THE AMERICAN BARN SWALLOW (Hirrundo eryupper part of the chest, rusty red; the remainder of throgaster), one of the most abundant of the North the lower surface is nearly white: the wings and tail American Swallows, was formerly supposed to be THE AMERICAN ]BARN SWALLOWv. BIRDS. THE PURPLE MARTIN. 289 identical with our chimney swallows, although the dif- wings and tail uniform brownish black; and the lower ferences even in the plumage, are quite sufficient to surface of the body is pure white. This species arrives distinguish the two birds at first sight. The American in the United States a few days later than the prebird is about seven inches in length, and thirteen in ceding one, and takes its departure southwards a extent of wing; the whole of the upper parts are steel little earlier. It breeds in hollow trees, or in the blue, as is also the breast; the forehead and the rest of boxes often put up for the accommodation of the the lower surface are chestnut-coloured, paler on the Purple Martin; and, unlike most of the swallows, it abdomen. The wings and tail are brownish black, uses no mud in the composition of its nest, which is with a slight greenish gloss; the tail is much forked, formed of fine dry grass, with a thick lining of soft the outer feathers in the male being an inch and a downy feathers. The eggs are four or five in number, half longer than any of the rest, and each feather of and pure white. These birds are said to quarrel more the tail, except the two middle ones, is marked with in their flight than the Barn Swallow, and in the an oblong white spot. spring they are seen fighting in the air for a quarter of This swallow makes its appearance in the United an hour together, keeping up a low chattering noise all States in the month of March, and by the beginning the time. They frequent the same localities as the of April is generally dispersed all over the country to barn swallows, and like them feed on insects; but the east of the Alleghanies, often ascending to a con- Wilson states that " for some time before their siderable elevation on high mountains. Like the departure, they subsist principally on the myrtle European swallows, these birds have a predilection for berries (lifyrica cerifera), and become extremely fat." the habitations of man, and, according to Wilson, they THE PURPLE MARTIN (Preogae puipurea). Certain take up their abode in every barn to which they can species of this family, all peculiar to America, are dishave access. The feeling of the farmers is so strongly tinguished from the other swallows by a far more in their favour, that they are seldom molested, and strongly developed bill, this being more than half as Wilson mentions two superstitions which are enter- long as the head, and considerably compressed at the tained regarding them, and which must strongly con- sides. The tail is slightly forked, and the tarsi, as duce to their preservation. A German farmer assured in the preceding swallows, are scutellated, or covered him, "that if a man permitted the swallows to be with horny shields. The species presenting these shot, his cows would give bloody milk, and also that characters form the genus Progne. no barn where swallows fiequented would ever be The Pulple Martin is an abundant and well-known struck with lightning; and," says Wilson, " I nodded bird in the United States and in Canada, througlh assent. When the tenets of superstition lean to the which it continues its migrations as far as the Hudson's side of humanity, one can readily respect them." Bay territories; it reaches the southern states of the The nest is not built until the beginning of May. American Union as early as the end of February or It is of the form of an inverted cone, with one side the beginning of March, but occupies considerable cut off where it is applied against the rafter or other time in its dispersion over the more northern parts of point of support; like the nests of the European the continent. It does not reach its northern limit swallows, it is composed of mud mixed with fine hay until the month of May. Wherever it appears, the to bind it together. The conical hollow of the nest Purple Martin is a great favourlite with the inhabitants is stuffed with fine hay, upon the top of which a layer of the United States, many of whomn even put up of downy feathers is placed, and upon this scientifically boxes, often containing a dozen or more compartments, constructed bed the eggs are laid. These are usually to induce these birds to build about their houses; which, five in number, of a white colour, speckled all over indeed, they are by no means loath to do; for, like with reddTsh-brown. The birds generally have two almost all the swallows, they always seek the habitations broods in the season, and although twenty or thirty of man. In return for this general favour, the swallows nests are often established in the same barn, and destroy vast quantities of insects, and according to the nests are often placed close together, no some accounts, they also serve the pulrpose of an squabbling takes place amongst the inmates. In the alarum, for, as day breaks, they commence an incessant air this species has all the sprightly vivacity and musical chattering, which is said to be quite sufficient agility of its congeners, and its song is a pleasing to awaken the most sleepy person. But a still more warble. valuable quality possessed by the Purple Martin, is its About the middle of September the barn swallows inveterate hostility to all birds of prey, so that the quit the United States, on their way to their winter vicinity of a colony of this species, is a most excellent quarters in the warm regions of the soulth. They take protection to the poultry yard. "The Purple Matin," up their abode during the winter in the West Indian says Wilson, "like his half-cousin the King-bird islands and in the tropical parts of the continent of (Tyrannus intreicldus), is the terror of crows, hawks, South America; specimens in the British Museum and eagles. These he attacks, whenever they make are recorded from Nevis and Para. their appearance, and with such vigour and rapidity, THE SEVERN SWALLOW (Hir'2L7do bicolor), another that they instantly have recourse to flight. So well American species, the WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW of known is this to the lesser birds and to the domestic Wilson, is less abundant than the preceding in the poultry, thllat, as soon as they hear the Martin's voice United States, and also considerably smaller. It engaged in fight, all is alarm and consternation. To measures less than six inches in length; the whole of observe with what spirit and audacity this bird dives the upper pirts are light, glossyv, greenish blue, with the and sweeps upon andl aroundl the hawk or the eagle is VOL. I. 37 290 PASSERES.- BIRDS.- HIRUNDL'IDXE. astonishing." Under these circumstances, it is no notched at the extremity. It is a very sminall species, wonder that the bird is a universal favourite, and measuring less than five inches in length; the upper Wilson gives us a ludicrous account of the only man parts are of a uniform light brown colour, with the he ever met with who disliked the martins. "This," quill feathers of the wings and tail very dark or blackhe tells us, "was a penurious, close-fisted German, who ish-brown; the lower surface is pure white, with the hated them, because, as he said,'they eat his peas.' exception of a brown band, which crosses the upper I told him he must certainly be mistaken, as I never part of the breast; the feet and bill are dark brown; knew an instance of martins eating peas; but he the wings, when closed, reach a little beyond the end replied with coolness, that he had many times seen of the tail. them himself' blaying near the hife, and going sclhnip The Sand Miartin, or Bank Martin as it is sometimes schlnap,' by which I understood that it was his bees called, is very generally distributed over the British that had been the sufferers; and the charge could islands, but is still rather a local bird, and by no not be denied." In fact, the Purple Martin has means so abundant as the chimney swallow, or the the somewhat singular taste of preferring wasps and house martin. It arrives in this country rather earlier bees for his food, and his diet is principally made up of than either of those species, having been noticed once these insects and large beetles. Of the latter, Wilson or twice before the end of the month of March. It is states that he has taken four from the stomach of a well known in all parts of Europe, ranging as far north Purple Martin, all of them in a perfect state. as Norway and Sweden; in Asia, it is met with in The Purple Martin is about eight inches in length, summer in the more temperate parts of Siberia, and it and the general colour of the plumage in the male is also occurs in India and even in the Philippine Islands, a deep, rich, purplish blue, with the exception of the whilst the European specimens retire into Africa like wings and tail, which are brownish-black. The female our other swallows. But this species is more cosmois blackish-brown above, with a slight bluish or violet polite than any of the preceding, for it inhabits both gloss; the chin and breast are greyish-brown, and the hemispheres, migrating from central and tropical belly whitish. The birds begin to build about t-o America, to the northward, as far even as the 68th days after their arrival, taking up their residence in degree of latitude. Wherever it occurls, its habits are any convenient cavity, frequently where no accom- the same; it frequents the banks of rivers, the sides of modation is specially prepared for them, taking pos- sand-pits, and similar places, where a perpendicular session of some of the compartments of a pigeon house. bank of soft earth affords it the opportunity of burrowThe nest, which is rather bulky, is composed of dry ing without much difficulty. In these situations it leaves, straws, hay, and feathers; the eggs are four in scoops out the earth to a depth of about two feet in a number, and pure white. There are two broods, of horizontal direction, forming a beautifully regular which the first (in the middle States) appears in May, cylindrical tunnel-a labour which, considering that its and the second late in July. These birds by no bill and feet are the only tools which it has to work means confine themselves to country places, but like with, is certainly most surprising. In its mining operathe martins of our own country, come freely into the tions, the bird clings with its feet to the surface of the towns and cities, and sweep about boldly even in the sand or earth, in every possible position, and uses its most crowded streets. Their flight is exceedingly swift little bill as a pickaxe in digging, as vigorously as the and easy, and they sail much with the wings expanded. most experienced navigator. The inner extremity of They leave the United States for the South about the the burrow is usually more or less crooked, and here end of August. The Purple Martin has been recorded a bed is prepared for the reception of the eggs, by as a British bird, on the ground of several specimens the accumulation of a little loose hay and a few soft having been killed at different times in this country; feathers. In a suitable situation, great numbers of the most striking instance being that of two specimens these little galleries are excavated side by side, shot at Kingsbury in Middlesex, in September, 1842; and the birds may be seen constantly going in and one of which was an old male, and the other a young out of the holes. The eggs are from four to six in bird of the year; hence, it would appear that the birds number, and pure white. The habits of the Sand must have bred in this country. Martin, in all other respects, are similar to those of the Several other species of the genus Progze are found swallows in general; like the preceding species these in the West Indian islands, and on the continent of birds skim through the air with great ease and celerity, South America; most of them have the same habit of in pursuit of the insects on which they and their building about the abodes of man; and one of them, young are fed; and like them they are fond of the which is common in the region of the Rio de Plata and neighbourhood of water, into which they dip when on Paraguay, has been described under the' name of the wing, both to drink and wash themselves. Pq-ogne domestica. They generally migrate southward According to White, the young are sometimes fed in the summer, from the tropical into the more with dragon flies almost as long as themselves, and temperate parts of the South American continent, on leaving the nest they are to be seen perched in returning to the warm regions at the approach of cold a row upon a rail. weather. THE CRAG SWALLOW (Cotyle rupestris), which is THE SAND MARTIN (Cotyle 1_iparia), a common nearly allied to our sand niartin, is an inhabitant of British species, belongs to a group in which the feet the southern parts of Europe and Asia, and of the are very slender and scutellated, the bill of moderate north of Afiica; its migrations being less extensive size, and slender, and the tail nearly even, or merely than those ofthe English species. The general colollr THE AFRICAN HOUSE MARTIN.- BIRDS. THE HOUSe MARTIN. 291 of its plumage is ash-grey above and whitish beneath. they are also very fond of the vicinity of water, over In its habits it exhibits none of that engineering skill which they may constantly be seen skinming, now which is possessed by the sand martin, but builds a sweeping about in wide circles, now flying straight mud nest, lined with fine straw and feathers, amongst along, with their wings nearly touching the surface, the clefts of the rocks, where it always takes up its and dipping their little beaks into the fluid, for the purhabitation. It flies more slowly than the other pose of drinking. Like the preceding species also, swallows, but rises to a great height in the air; its they are found to return with great constancy to their home being amongst the mountains, it is rarely seen former places of abode, and to make use of the same in the plains, except when stormy weather in the nest for several years together. upper regions drives it to seek its insect prey near the The House Martin, as well as several other members surface of the earth. The eggs, which are of a pure of this family, nourishes a most inveterate enmity to white colour, are five or six in number. This species all birds of prey, which he endeavours to drive away is the earliest visitor to the south of Europe of all the from his haunts. In this object all the individuals of swallows, and is also the last to take its departure. this species inhabiting a locality will co-operate, and on THE AFRICAN HOUSE MARTIN (Cotyle fuligula) other occasions they seem to have some sort of intellidiffers from both the preceding species in building its gence with each other, which enables them to commud nest under the eaves of houses; the nest is of bine their efforts to effect some desired purpose. An a cup-like form. This species is found fiom Abys- interesting example of this is related by Dupont de sinia to the Cape of Good Hope. Nemours. He Says —"I once saw a martin which had THE SMALL SAND MARTIN (Cotyle sinensis), and unfortunately, I know not how, caught its foot in the the BROWN SAND MARTIN (C. concolor), are eastern running knot of a thread, the other end of which was species, of which the former burrows into banks in the attached to a gutter of the College des Quatre Nations. same way as our Brifish species, whilst the latter Its strength being exhausted, it hung and cried at the builds its nest about houses, high walls, and other end of the thread, which it raised sometimes by trying buildings. Both these species are found in India, but to fly away. All the martins of the great basin between they do not appear to be very numerous. the bridge of the Tuilleries and the Pont Neuf, and THE HOUSE MARTIN (Chelidon urbica)-Plate 5, perhaps fiom "a still greater distance, collected to the fig. 14-is distinguished from all the other species of number of several thousands. They formed a cloud, the present family by having the feet clothed with all emitting cries of alarm and pity. After much hesivery small feathers, instead of shields or scales. It is tation, and a tumultuous consultation, one of them a small bird, measuring less than five inches and a half invented a mode of delivering their companion, made in length; the plumage of the upper parts is of a rich, the others understand it, and commenced its execution. glossy bluish-black colour, except on the rump, which All those that were within reach came in turn, as if is white; the whole lower slr'face of the body is pure running at the ring, and gave a peck to the thread in white, and the quill feathers of the wings and tail are passing. These blows, all directed upon the same black. The wings are long and pointed, reaching point, succeeded each other every second, or even still quite to the extremity of the tail, which is moderately more frequently. Half an hour of this work was suffiforked. cient to cut through the thread, and set the captive at The House Martin is a common summer visitor to liberty." all parts of Europe, extending its migrations even The House Martin, as already stated, generally takes as far north as Lapland and Iceland. In Asia it is tiup its abode in towns, and builds its nest under the common in Siberia. The European martins mi- cornices and eaves of houses, in the upper angles of grate southwards into Africa like the swallow, and windows, and similar situations. From its partiality their times of arrival and departure seem nearly for windows, it is often known as the Window Swallow. to coincide with those of that species. In fact, the The nest is composed of mud or wet clay, collected by martins and swallows are said to leave the African the birds in pellets, and brought up to the place shores at the same time; but as the latter possess rather selected for the nest in their bills. According to MI. greater powers of wing, they leave the-martins behind Vieillot, they frequently make use of worm-casts in them, and arrive in their European homes a few days their little edifices. The building is carried on with earlier. The martins appear to have some sort of great care and deliberation, only a single layer of earth instinctive consciousness of their inferiority in power of being applied in the day; this is left to harden before flight, for they depart from our shores on their return any more materials are brought. Gradually, by the journey, a few days sooner than the swallows, and thus addition of course after course of mortar, the nest both will probably arrive in their winter quarters about acquires its well-known, nearly hemnispherical shape, the same time. the only means of ingress and egress being a small In their general habits, in their mode of life, and round aperture at the top. The interior is then lined their fondness for building about the habitations of with a little hay and a few feathers, and the nest is men, the martins exactly resemble the swallows, and ready for the reception of the eggs. These are fouir or they share with them in the favour which seems to be five in number, and of a pure white colour. They are universally regarded as their clue, both from the fatmli- hatched in less than a fortnight, and as soon as the liarity of their habits, and their character as the har- young are ready to leave the nest, the female lays bingers of summer. Like the swallows they pass again, thus plroducing three, and sometimes four broods nearly all their time on the wing in pursuit of insects; in a season. The last brood is sometimes hatched so 292 PASSERES. BIRDS.- CORACIADE. late in the season, that the period of migration arrives other forms placed in the conirostral and dentirostral before the young are able to fly, and in this case the sections of the Passeres. In fact, in the form of the parents have been observed to leave their progeny to. body, the gait, and to a certain extent in manners, perish by starvation. they are so like some members of the corvine family, Occasionally, the sparrows, which take advantage of that they were placed in juxtaposition with them by every cavity about our houses for their own purposes, the older writers. They possess an elongated bill, finding the nest of a martin ready for use, take posses- which is usually broad and depressed at the base, and sion of it without ceremony; in this case the rightful compressed at the sides towards the tip, which is often owners endeavour, generally with success, to oust the slightly hooked. The gape is wide, reaching back intruder from their domicile. Sometimes, however, generally as far as the eyes; it is bordered at the base the sparrow in possession obstinately refuses to quit of the upper mandible by a row of bristles. his usurped abode, and then the martins have been The birds of this family are often distinguished by seen to adopt a very curious mode of revenging them- great beauty of plumage. They are for the most part selves, which we may describe here, as it also fuirnishes confined to hot countries, a few only being inhabitants another example of a community of action in these of the more temperate regions. Their food consists birds. When the owners of the nest find that all their principally of insects, but some of them are found to endeavours are insufficient to turn out the robber, they subsist also wholly or in part upon vegetable subcollect their friends and ndeighbours in great numbers, stances. We have only a single British species, and watch the moment when the sparrow is engaged namely — in the business of incubation; then, the whole body, THE COMMON ROLLER (Coracias garrula), an inhaeach bearing a mass of soft earth in its bill, rushes at bitaut of the Afi'ican continent, from which, however, it once to the nest, and in a few moments the aperture migrates freely in the sumlner into Europe, but is only at the top is closed by a solid mass of mud, which a rare and occasional visitor to this country (fig. 105). no efforts on the part of the unhappy prisoner can In the south and east of Europe, and even in the great possibly break through. So determined are they, forests of Germany, it is, however, not uncommon, but indeed, to effect their object thoroughly, that, in a case in Asia it seems only to occur in the parts bordering recorded by the Vicomte de Tarragon, the mass of on Europe, namely, in Asia Minor, and the countries clay stuffed into the aperture was "nearly of the formI between the Black Sea and the Caspian. On the and size of a small hen's egg, the two ends projecting steppes of Southern Russia it is abundant, and goes by into and out of the nest." The sparrow was found the name of the Steppe Parrot, a name given to it, no dead upon her eggs. doubt, partly on account of its squalling voice, and About the end of heptember, or the beginning of partly from its beautiful plumage. In the latter respect, October, in this country, the martins collect in flocks, it is indeed one of the most brilliant of European birds. preparatory to their departure for their winter quarters. The head, neck, and wing coverts are of a beautiful, They assemble on the house-tops, and sweep about in rich greenish-blue colour; the shoulders, rump, and the streets, even of large towns, in such a manner as tail-coverts are blue; the back, scapularies, and termust attract the attention of the most unobservant pas- tials are yellowish-brown; the wing primnaries and sengers. About the middle of October they leave this secondaries are of a fine verditer blue at the base, country; but individuals, and even small flocks, are with the rest blue-black; the two middle feathers of sometimes seen at a much later period. The latest the tail are blackish-green, the remainder bluish-g/'een, on record, is that of a martin seen at Sidlmouth in the outer feathers on each side being tipped with black; Devonshire, by the Rev. W. F. Cornish, on the 10th the whole lower surface of the body is pale bluishDecember, 1835. green, with the throat verditer blue, and the lower surface of the quill feathers, both of the wings and tail, is FAMILY IV.-CORACIADJE. rich blue. The feet are yellowish-brown; the bill and claws black. In the male the outer tail feathers are With the present family we commence the series of slightly elongated. The whole length of the bird is groups, which, although united with the Fissirostres by about thirteen inches. all modern ornithologists, present so many differences The foregoing description will give but a very imfrom the birds forming the preceding three families, perfect notion of this beautiful bird, which is described that we may regard them as constituting a distinct by one observer as looking'"like a moving rainbow," section of the fissirostral tribe. In the majority of'when flying in the sun. It passes the winter in Afirica, these birds, as we have already stated, the outer toe is and probably the majority of the individuals of this united to the middle one for the greater part of its species dwell throughout the year on that continent, length, a character belonging to the group denomi- for it does not appear that the northern migration is nated by Cuvier Syzdactyli. by any means universal. It is not only common in This syndactylous character of the feet does not, the islands of the Mediterranean, in passing to and however, occur in'perfection in the first family of this from its winter quarters, when it is so abundant, espesection, that of the C'oraciacd or Rollers; in these cially in Malta, that it is captured in great quantities, birds the outer toe is sometimes free, and sometimes but also stays in those localities throughout the sumunited to the middle one only at the base, in the same rmer, and breeds there. In central Europe it usually way as in a great number of other birds. The species inhabits the dense forests, where it builds its nest in of this familypresent a considerable resemblance to some the holes of trees, generally preferring the birch for this THE CoMIzoN ROLLER. BIRDS. THE JAVANESE TODY. 293 purpose, whence it is known in Germany as the Birch- clay-banks of the rivers. This habit is exactly similar jay. In those places where trees are scarce, as in to that of the Kingfishers and Bee-eaters, which are Malta, the Roller is said to breed upon the ground, or now associated with the Rollers in the tribe of the in the holes of old buildings; and in the treeless regions Fissirostres, and thus furnishes an additional bond of of Southern Russia, it makes its nest in holes of the union between these groups of birds, which is further Fig. 105. The Common Roller (Coracias garrula). strengthened by the fact, that the eggs of the Roller, said also to feed on mice. The nest is rather large, which are usually four in number, are exactly similar but loosely put together, built of twigs, and lined with in shape and in their pure white colour, to those of grasses; it is generally placed near the summit of a our common Kingfisher and Bee-eater. It is a noisy middle-sized tree growing in the vicinity of water. and restless bird, a circumstance which has doubtless The eggs are four or five in number, and of a deep had much to do with the popular notion by which the blue colour. Roller is associated with the Pies, and especially with THE LONG-TAILED ROLLER (Coracias cauclctta) is the Jay. This, and its brilliant colouring, has also of larger sizo than the preceding species, measurinig given rise to a comparison of this bird with the Parrots from sixteen to seventeen inches in length; it has the -it is not only called the Steppe-Parrot in Russia, but back orange-brown; the lower surface of the body, the is also known as the Germanz Parrot, in more western head, the neck, and the wing-coverts, sea-green; the countries of Europe. In the autumn the young birds forehead, a streak over each eye, and the chin white; become very fat, and acquire a good flavour, when they the quill feathers of the wings blue, those of the tail are eagerly sought after in Greece and elsewhere, as a greenish, the two middle ones being greenish-black, choice article of food. and the two outer ones, which are a good deal longer THE INDIAN ROLLER (Coracias indica) is an than the rest, crossed by a band of blue and black abundant species in most parts of India, where it is towards the tip. This lhandsome bird is abundant in regarded by the Hindoos as sacred, from a belief that Africa, where it appears to migrate southwards in the the god Siva once assumed its form. It is a bird of summer from the tropics, towards the Cape of Good brilliant plumage, green and blue being the prevailing Hope. Its habits are not well known, but according colours; the throat and breast are reddish. The to Le Vaillant it lives in the woods, and feeds both length is about thirteen inches. It inhabits the groves upon fruits and insects. In the north of Afriica it is of trees about the villages, and also the jungle, and said to breed in holes in the banks of rivers, and also flies buoyantly, but with a constant flapping of the in the crevices of rocks, old buildings, and similar wings. In its habits it is rather shy, flying off at the situations. approach of a man; but towards its feathered neigh- THE JAVANESE TODY (Eurylaimus javanicus)bours it exhibits considerable pugnacity of disposition, Plate C, fig. 19-is an example of a remarkable group driving ofi the crows firom its vicinity with great ease. of birds belonging to this family, all of which are found Its food consists principally of large insects, such as only in India, and the neighbouring islands. Tilhe grasshoppers, caterpillars, and mlole- crickets, but it is Javanese Tody, which was discovered by Dr. Horsfield 29 PASSERES. - BIRDS.- CORACiaD:. in the island whose name it bears, has the head and dent nest, composed of small twigs, which it attaches neck above chestnut-brown; the back black, with a to the branches of trees growing out of the water. yellow stripe down its centre, becoming expanded into The eggs are four in number, and of a pale blue colour, a large spot on the upper tail-coverts; the wings are without spots. black, edged with yellow from the wrist downwards, THE GREEN TODY (Tods viridis). The Rollers and with a yellow mark on the outer web of each are represented in America by two small groups of secondary feather; the whole forming a broad yellow birds to which the names of Todies and Motnots have band near the apex of the wing when closed. The been given. The Todies are distinguished by having scapularies, which are elongated, are also yellow; the an elongated bill, which is exceedingly broad and defeathers of the tail are black, with a white spot near pressed towards the base, so that it acquires a tongue. the tip of each, except the two middle ones; the lower like shape. The margins of both mandibles are finely surface is wine-red, purplish on the throat, below which denticulated. The outer toe is nearly as long as the is a narrow black transverse line, followed by an olive middle one, to which it is united for three-fourths of its band of a somewhat crescent shape. The bill is very length; the inner toe, which is considerably shorter, is broad, strong, hooked at the tip, and greenish-blue. also united to the middle one for half its length. Of The whole length of the bird is about nine inches. these birds only four species are known; they are all Nothing is known of the habits of this bird. Dr. inhabitants of tropical America and the West Indies. Horsfield simply says of it-" I discovered this species We have cited the Green Tody as being the best in one of the most distant and inaccessible parts of known species; indeed, until a comparatively recent Java, covered with extensive forests, and abounding period, the others were often confounded with it. The with rivers and marshes." From the shortness of its Green Tody is a very small bird, being little bigger wings, it is probably only adapted for short flights than a wren; the whole upper surface is of a vivid amongst the branches of the trees, in pursuit. of cater- green colour; the throat is brilliant crimson, and the pillars and other sluggish insects. It is found not remainder of the plumage of the lower surface white. only in Java, but also in the Malayan peninsula as far This bird is exceedingly common in all parts of as Tenasserim, and in the great island of Borneo. Jamaica, which appears to be its head-quarters; it THE FRILLED INDIAN TODY (Serilophus lunatus), feeds exclusively upon insects, which it usually captures which is nearly allied to the preceding, has hitherto while hopping about upon the twigs of trees. It is only been met with in the Tenasserim provinces. It is bold, allowing a person to approach it very closely, and about eight inches in length; the plumage of the head if disturbed usually flies off to another twig only a few and back is of different shades of brown, becoming yards distant. Its brilliant green plumage, and crimrich chestnut towards the rump; the head is adorned son throat, render it the admiration of all visitors to with a crest, and marked with a black line running up Jamaica. The nest is formed in a burrow excavated from the base of the bill over the eye to the nape; the in a dry bank, to a depth of about a foot, entirely by lower surface is of a delicate grey, and on each side of the agency of the bird's bill and feet; its course is the neck is a beautiful crescent-shaped mark, composed somewhat tortuous, and at its extremity is a lar.ge of silvery white feathers. The wings are black, with a chamber, which the bird lines with the dry nbres of large blue patch or broad band across the middle; the plants, moss, and cotton, for the reception of its eggs. tail is also black, with the three outer feathers on each The latter are four or five in number, of a grey colour side tipped with white; the bill is greenish-blue. spotted with brown. This beautiful little bird is found in the thickest THE BRAZILIAN MOTMOT (Momotus brasiliensis). jungles, and according to Major Godfrey, "its food was The Motmots are considerably more numerous than found, upon minute investigation, to consist entirely of the Todies, in conjunction with which they represent berries and fruits." Dr. Helfer once observed them in the Roller family in South America and its islands. societies of thirty or forty sitting on the loftiest trees in They are distinguished by having the margins of the the forest; he says they were so fearless that the mandibles, which are much stronger than in the Todies, whole flock might be shot one after the other. distinctly notched or serrated for a considerable porTHE GREAT-BILLED INDIAN TODY (Cymbirhynchus tion of their length. They also possess a pectinated macrorhy zchus). This remarkable bird, which is also tongue. The tail in these birds is long, and the a near relative of the preceding, is met with from the feathers gradually increase towards the middle; but it Tenasserim provinces and Malacca to the island of is remarkable that in nearly all specimens the shafts of Sumatra. The plumage of the head, back, wings, and the two middle (longest) feathers are entirely bare of tail, together with the chin, and a band round the barbs for a considerable portion of their apical halfthroat, is black; the rump and the whole lower surface the base is furnished with barbs, then follows the bare of the body deep crimson; the three outer tail feathers portion, and the tip again presents the ordinary appearon each side are spotted with white, and the scapularies, ance of a feather. It is supposed that the birds must which are very long and slender, are also white. The pick off the barbs of this portion of the tail feathers. bill, which is very broad and stout, is of a beautiful The name of 3Motmot is said to be derived from the blue Colour. The length of the bird is about ten inches. peculiar note of these birds, which is described as This beautiful bird freuents the banks of rivers and resembling those syllables slowly resebling tose sylables slowly repeated. According alakes, and other marshy and watery situations, where to other writers, however, the cry of the Motmot is it finds an abundance of the insects and worms which comparable to the syllables toutoc. The Brazilian constitute its food. It builds a nearly globular pen- Motmot, which is not uncommon in several districts of TRIOGONIDm.-BIRDS. THE RESPLENDENT TROGON. 295 the tropical parts of South America, is about the size purpose, by means of their bills, lining the bottom of of our common blackbird; its general colour is green, the cavity with the powdered rotten wood which they but the face, and a spot in the middle of the breast, are disengage from the sides. Upon the bed thus formed, black, and the head is blue. the female lays three or four eggs about the size of Little is known of the habits of these birds, as they those of a pigeon. Whilst the female is sitting, the are solitary in their disposition, residing, usually in male perches on a branch close at hand, and conpairs, in the deepest recesses of the forests. They tinually emits his tender cooing notes. At other feed principally upon insects, which they capture by times the male is silent, and both sexes frequently pouncing down upon them suddenly. Besides insects, perch for a long time, perfectly motionless upon a however, they are said occasionally to devour small branch, andi puff out the long loose feathers with snakes and lizards, and even small birds, and some- which their bodies are clothed to such an extent, that times to feed upon fruits. They are said by some whllile their bulk is scarcely greater than that of a writers to nestle in the holes of trees, by others to bur- thrush, they look as large as a pigeon. They feed row in the ground; if the latter be true, the barbs of upon worms, insects, and caterpillars. the long tail feathers might possibly be worn away by THE CUBA TROGON (Ti'ogon temnurus), which is fiiction against the sides of their narrow tunnel. of about the same size as the preceding species, has the crown of the head of a violet-blue colour, the npper FAMILY IV.-TROGONID2E. surface of the body brilliant metallic-green, the throat and breast greyish-white, and the belly vermillion. The Trogonidme, or Couroucous, as they are some- The scapulars and the great coverts of the wings are times called, from the name given by the natives of green, with a white spot near the extremity of each South America to some of the species inhabiting that feather; the quill feathers of the wings are black, continent, and which is said to be an exact imitation adorned with white spots, and those of the tail green of their cry, are distinguished from the preceding or blue, spotted with white. This bird is chiefly families, by having the toes of unequal length, and remarkable for the peculiar form of the tail, each arranged, as in the scansorial birds, in two pairs. feather of which is truncated at the extremity, with its They have a stout bill, broader than high, so that it exterior angle produced outwards, so that, as the presents a triangular form when seen from above; the general form of the tail is, or rather would be, wedgeedges of the mandibles are sometimes strongly serrated, shaped, its whole apical half is surrounded by a series sometimes smooth nearly to the tip, and there furnished of points. It is a beautiful species, which has only with a single tooth. hitherto been found in Cuba,. where it is very common The Trogonidm are all inhabitants of tropical in the woods. Its note, which is heard in the morning regions, and the majority of them belong to the New and evening, is described as resembling the syllables World, although several species, distinguished by tocorr. This species is said to feed upon vegetable peculiar characters, are found in India and the Eastern substances. It sits in a very passive state upon the islands. One species, also, scarcely distinguishable branches, so that it is easily killed; and great numbers generically from the American forms, is an inhabitant are destroyed for the table,.their flesh being very good. of Southern Africa. They are usually adorned with THE RESPLENDENT TROGON (Trogon?respleadens) brilliant metallic colours, inhabit the thickest parts -Plate 7, fig. 20-which has been placed by many of the forests, and feed principally upon insects, which authors with several nearly allied species in a distinct they frequently capture on the wing. Some of the genus, to which the name of Calm'us is given, is species also eat fiuits. distinguished from the preceding species, partly by THE COUROUCOU (Trocon Clorucui), an abundant the presence of a large crest of delicate feathers on the species in Guiana and Brazil, measures ten or eleven head, and partly by the great development of the inches in length, and is generally of a fine brilliant upper tail-coverts, which conceal the tail, and hang green colour, with the breast and belly of a beautiful down in the form of long delicate plumes of great red; the wing-coverts are bluish-grey, marked with elegance. undulated black lines; the tail, which is wedge-shaped, The male of this Trogon is one of the most magniis green, except the two outer feathers on each side, ficent of birds. The head and throat are of a golden which are blackish, crossed with small grey transverse bronze colour; the neck and breast, the back, and the lines. wing and tail-coverts, are of the most brilliant golden The name of this bird is derived, as previously green; thle wings themselves are black, or blackish, indicated, firom its peculiar melancholy note, which is setting off the splendour of the wing-coverts in the described by different authors as resembling the word most striking manner; whilst the whole of the belly couroucotais so exactly, that, whilst the natives of and the lower tail-coverts are of a beautiful crimson Brazil give it this name, the Indlians of Guiana merely tint. The feathers of the tail are black. Of the drop the c, and call the bird Ouroucouais. The elongated tail-coverts, the two middle ones are the Couroucou is found in the deepest recesses of the longest, but the whole are most delicate and beautiful, forests, especially at the breeding season, when the being composed of long loose barbs, gradually diminmale employs the above-mentioned melancholy note to ishing to the apex of the feather, and hanging in the express his feelings towards his mate. In April, most graceful manner. The species is found in Brazil when the breeding season commences, the birds seek and Peru, whelre it is employed by the natives as an out a suitable hole in A tree, which they adapt to their ornament; the Peruvian ladies being especially fond 296 PASSERES. BIRDS. AlICEDINEDA. of adorning themselves with tufts of the long and day this species takes up a position in the shade, and brilliant tail-coverts. The tenderness of the skin, and sits there solitary and quiet, so that it is possible the the ease with which the feathers are detached, render other species have similar habits. We need not refer the skinning of these birds a very difficult operation, to the other species, of the habits of which little is and this applies to the whole of the Trogons. Most of known. the specimens obtained from the Indians of America are simply dried without skinning. Several other FAMILY V.-ALCEDINID2E. species of Trogons, scarcely yielding to the preceding in beauty, are found in the tropical parts of America; This family, which includes the well-known Kingbut to these our space prevents our alluding. We shall fishers, and a great numbelr of nearly allied forms, is therefore pass to- characterized by the form of the bill- which is elonTHE NARINA TROGON (Apalodermnea ncarina), the gated, generally quite straight, stout, broad at the only African species. This bird approaches very base, and acute at the tip-by the small size of the tail, closely in its general characters to its American rela- and the shortness of the tarsi. The toes are variable, tions, differing only in some particulars of little import- both in number and arrangement; sometimes they are ance. Like them it displays a brilliant lustre on its placed in pairs, as in the preceding family; sometimes green plumage, which is replaced by a deep -rose tint three in front and one behind, as in birds in general; on the lower parts of the body. The greater wing- whilst in some cases, one toe is altogether deficient, coverts are grey, with fine black lines and dots; the and the foot has two toes in front and one behind. wings are black. The four middle feathers of the tail The wings are long and rounded, and the birds possess are of a fine golden green colour, and of equal length; considerable powers of flight. the three outer feathers on each side become rapidly Their food consists of animal matters.; some, like shorter, so that the outermost is only about half the our common kingfisher, capturing fish with great dexlength of its next neighbour; these feathers are white, terity; whilst others feed more upon insects, or upon with black bases. The whole length of the bird is these and small reptiles, or other terrestrial creatures. about fourteen inches. In other respects, they exhibit a great variety of habit, This species is an inhabitant of the southern part of and they occur in almost all parts of the world, although the African continent. It nestles in the hole of a tree, most numerous in warm countries. where it lays four eggs of a delicate pale rose colour, THE COMMON KINGFISHER (Alcedo is)icda)-IPlate which are remarkable for their transparency and 7, fig. 21-the only European representative of the extreme fiagility. During the breeding season the family, is one of the most beautifiul of British birds; male emits sounds of the most melancholy nature; at its appearance, as it dashes along in the sun, giving other times he is very silent. one the idea of a living emerald. The top of the blead, THE FASCIATED TROGON (Hmarpactes fa.sciatus). the wing-coverts, and a stripe on each side of the The Indian species of the family Trogonidce are dis- neck, are green, covered with most beautifiul azure tinguished fiom all the preceding forms by the want spots; the back is dark green, with its hinder part and of serratures on the margins of the mandibles, these the rump azure; the throat, and a streak on each side being smooth nearly to the tip, where they exhibit of the neck, are yellowish-white, and all the rest of the a notch, or tooth, somewhat similar to that occurring lower surface of the body is pale chestnut. The quill in many dentirostral birds. Nearly a dozen species feathers of the wings are greenish-black, and those of have been met with in different parts of India and the tail deep blue. The beak, which is an inch and the islands of the Eastern archipelago. a half long, is black, with the base of the lower manThe Fasciated Trogon, which is an inhabitant of the dible orange. The feet are of a reddish-brown colour; Indian peninsula and of Ceylon, is a fine and striking they have three toes in front and one behind, and the species, about ten inches in length; its colour is fer-. outer front toe is united to the middle one, as far as ruginous above, tawny red beneath; its wing-coverts the second joint. are barred with black and white; its head and neck The Kingfisher is an inhabitant of all parts of Europe, are black, with a naked blue patch surrounding the except in the extreme north; thus it occurs, although eyes; its breast has a band of white, its tail-coverts rarely, in Denmark, but does not appear to inhabit are grey, and the quill feathers of its wings and tail the Scandinavian peninsula. It is also met with in dusky; the latter tipped with black. the temperate parts of Siberia, and extends thence to This bird occurs in the dense jungle amongst lofty the southern parts of Asia, whilst in Afiica it occurs trees, where it is generally seen seated motionless as far south as the Senegal. It is always found in upon a branch, occasionally flying off in pursuit of the vicinity of water, frequenting the banks of rivers some passing insect. More than two are rarely seen and brooks, and also of large ponds, over the surface of together. which it may be seen shooting along rapidly, like a HODGSON'S TROGON (Htarpactes elrythrocephalus), little green meteor. Its food consists not only of small an inhabitant of the elevated regions of Northern India, fishes, but also of aquatic insects and leeches, and proand of Tenasserim, is said by Captain Tickell to fly in bably any other production of its favourlite element will small troops, and to be active and vociferous in the Ihardly come amiss. When watching for food, the morning, a behaviour which indicates more sociability Kingfisher takes his post on a bush or tree overhangof character than is usually attributed to the Trogons. ing the water, or on a rail by the bank side, and here Captain Tickell states, however, that in the heat of the he waits patiently until his expected prey comes within THE COlIMON KINGFISHER.- BIRDS. -THE PIED KINGFISHER. 297 sight; then he dashes instantly down upon it, and so by its bill, will always turn its breast to the north; and rapid are his movements, and so unerring his aim, that that if accurately balanced and suspended by a single he rarely fails in his attack. Sometimes he is seen thread from its back, its bill will point in the direction to hover over a particular point of the surface of of the wind, even when it is kept in-doors. Some of the the water, waiting for the favourable moment to make other notions entertained about the Kingfisher are his plunge; but when the prey is caught, he always still more absurd; its head and feathers have been makes his way back to his post of observation, and regarded as a protection against witchcraft, and as a then swallows his victim head-foremost, usually crush- certain means of securing the affections of a coy ing it first, to prevent struggles during this operation. mistress. Although so strictly aquatic in its habits, the King- THE INDIAN KINGFISHER (Alceclo bengalensis), a fisher remains in this country throughout the year, but common species in most parts of India, is very nearly in severe weather it has been known to quit the allied to our European kingfisher, which it also reinland fresh waters, and to resort to the sea-shore. sembles in its habits. It frequents the brooks and The Kingfisher is a solitary and pugnacious bird, rivers, excavating its burrows for the purpose of nidifiliving in pairs during the breeding season, but rarely cation in the steep banks and in mud walls. Its food allowing any neighbours of its own species. It dwells consists of small fishes and aquatic insects, and it is in holes in the banks of the streams which it frequents, often seen perched on a stick in the paddy fields and these are said to be usually the deserted burrows watching for its prey in the shallow water. of the water rat, or of other Mammals. Whether the THE BIRU KINGFISHER (Alcedo Biru) is common Kingfisher ever digs its own burrow is still uncertain; in Java, where it follows the same mode of life as its but it would appear not improbable that it may do so European relative. Dr. Horsfield describes it as dartoccasionally; and on taking possession of the deserted ing in short rapid flights along the surface of the water, domicile of some other animal, it seems always to emitting from time to time a note so shrill and piercing make some alterations to suit its abode to its own as to be very disagreeable to the hearer. It is also purposes. The floor of this retreat is always covered often seen perched on trees on the banks of rivulets, with the disgorged bones of the small fishes devoured and its food, like that of the two preceding species, by the birds, and it is upon these that the eggs are consists of small fishes and insects. laid. The eggs are of a pinkish tint, and vary between THE AZURE KINGFISHER (Alcyone azzeca), a very five and seven in number. When the young are abundant species in Australia, especially in its southern hatched, the parents feed them by disgorging the fishes and south-eastern parts, belongs to a genus which is and other animals which they have captured; and they principally distinguished from that including our Eurocontinue to supply the wants of their offspring in the pean species, by the existence of only three toes in same manner for some time after they are able to each foot, the outer toe being entirely deficient. It leave the nest. The note of the Kingfisher is shrill is rather a larger bird than our common kingfisher; and piping; it is frequently emitted when the bird is the whole upper part is of a fine ultramarine blue on the wing. colour, the wings are black, the lower surface is ferruWe have still to notice some curious superstitions ginous orange, becoming nearly white on the throat; which prevailed in ancient times, and some which a line of the same colour runs fiom the base of the bill have even come down to our own clay, in connection to the eye, and there is a tuft of yellowish-white with this bird. The Greeks and Romans, naturalists feathers on each side of the neck. as well as poets, believed ttat the Kingfisher built a It is found along the margins of brooks and ponds, floating nest, and that the elements were so kind to where it perches on the bare branch of a tree overher, that during the period of incubation, no storms hanging the water, dashing down from its resting-place arose to disturb her in her work, or render her situa- upon the small fishes which pass underneath it. Durtion perilous. Hence, it was supposed that tlhe waters ing the breeding season, which commences in August, always remained smooth during *the period in which the male is very pugnacious, and at all times this Kingthe Kingfisher was engaged in hatching her eggs, and fisher is a solitary bird. The burrow of the bird, like that the mariner might safely venture on the uncertain that one of our British species, is made in the bank of element which was the scene of his calling, without the stream, and its floor is occupied by the bones of any fear of meeting with untoward accidents in his fishes disgorged by the inhabitants. course. Indeed, so far did some of the old poets carry THE PIED KINGFISHER (Ceryle udclis) belongs to their credulity, that. they actually believed the bird to a genus also closely allied to Alcedo, and agreeing with have some secret power of stilling the waves. From it in the number and arrangement of the toes, but disthese circumstances the term " Halcyon days," applied tinguishable at once by the great stoutness of its short to the supposed period of incubation of this bird, came tarsi. The Pied Kingfisher is found abundantly in to be regarded as synonymous with calm, and it is India, and thence westward to Africa, extending its still frequently used metaphorically, to express a dur- range, according to some statements, even as far as the ation of quiet happiness. Thlese ancient notions are Cape of Good Hope. Specimens also occasionally firequently referred to also by our older English poets. cross from North Afiica, where the bilrd is very comSome of the more modern superstitions with regard to mon, into some of the southern countries of Europe, this bird, seem to have a certain connection with its such as Spain and Sicily. supposed influence over the weather. Thus it is The Pied Kingfisher is about the size of the songbelieved in some places, that a Kingfisher, suspended thrush, measuring rather more than eight inches in VOL. I. 38 298 PASSERES. BIRDS. ALCEDINIDAE. length, exclusive of the bill. The feathers of the upper feathered fisher; and the sound of his pipe is as well parts are white, marked with black spots of various known to the miller as the rattling of his own hopper." forms; the lower parts are pure white, with a deep The nest of this species is made in the perpendicular black collar below the base of the neck; the wings are bank of his favourite stream, into which he digs horiblack, with the feathers bordered with white, and the zontally by means of his bill and claws often to the feathers of the tail are also varied with black and white. depth of four or five feet. The eggs are five in numThis species, which is rendered elegant by the vivid ber, and of a pure white colour. In the colder states contrast of its pied plumage, differs somewhat in its of the Union this bird would appear, from Wilson's habits from the preceding kingfishers; for instead of statements, to be only a summer visitor; at least it watching for its prey from a fixed station, it hovers departs fiom Pennsylvania and the more northern over the surface of the water and darts down l)epepen- states at the approach of winter, and returns to them dicularly when its victim comes within sight. Dr. again in the spring. Pearson says-" From a height of twenty to thirty feet Of the South American species we shall only menit plunges down, dead as a stone, to the water, and tion three, namely-the STARRY KINGFISHER (C. remains below it so long that the ripple over the sur- torquata), a rather large species, lwhich somewhat face clears away sometimes before it comes up again." resembles the preceding in colours, being bluish-ash This bird, like the preceding, breeds in holes in steep above, and chestnut-brown beneath, with a white banks. collar and spots- a native of South America and THE GREAT AFRICAN KINGFISHER (Ceryle maxi- Mexico; the RED and GREEN KINGFISHER (C. tricoma), one of the largest species of the present family, is Zor), an inhabitant of Guiana and Brazil, about eight an inhabitant of the western part of tropical Africa. inches in length, with the upper parts green, sparingly The general colour of the whole back, including the spotted with white, and the lower surface red; and the wings, is lead grey, but the wings are covered with GREEN and WHITE KINGFISHER (C. Americava), numerous white spots; the tail feathers ale blackish, somewhat smaller than the preceding, from which it with a row of seven white spots on each; the crest of differs in having the lower surface white. rather long feathers with which the head is adorned THE GIANT KINGFISHER (Dacelo gigas), which is is black; the lower surface is white, with numerous the largest species of this ihmily, measuring about blackish spots on the flanks, and a broad pale brown eighteen inches in total length, is an inhabitant of New band across the chest; the sides of the throat and South Wales, where it is known to the colonists by the cheeks are also marked with lines of small black spots. name of the Laughinag Jackass, conferred upon it on The whole length of this fine bird is about fifteen account of its singular cry, which, as Mr. Gould says, inches; in its habits it resembles the preceding species. " is so extraordinary as to be unlike that of any other THE BELTED KINGFISHER (Ceryle Alcyoi).-Be- living creature." This cry, which is described as sides the preceding species and some others inhabiting resembling a sort of loud gurgling laugh, and is comthe eastern hemisphere, the genus Ceryle includes some pared by Captain Sturt to "( a chorus of wild spirits," American birds, amongst which the Belted Kingfisher may be heard at a considerable distance, and the bird is the best known. It is an abundant species in most is especially vociferous at dawn and sunset. parts of the United States. In its colours it much The Giant Kingfisher (fig. 106) has a much larger resembles the preceding species, but is readily distin- and stronger bill than the preceding species, and this guished by its having a broad collar of white round the character is found in all the birds belonging to the neck. It is also smaller in size, measuring only about genera Dacelo and Hcalcyon. Its head also is very twelve inches and a half in length. large, and covered with a sort of crest of longish Wilson's account of the habits of this bird is as feathers, which are darkbrown on the crlown of the follows:-" Like the love-lorn swains of whom poets head, and pale-buff on the sides. A broad dark-brown tell us," says the great American ornithologist, "he band passes firom the base of the bill round the back of delights in murmuring streams and falling waters; not, the head, and the back is darkl-brown. The back of however, merely that they may sooth his ear, but for a the neck is pale-buff, the whole lower surface white, the gratification somewhat more substantial. Amidst the wings, crests, and rump, greenish-blue and black, the roar of the cataract, or over the foam of a torrent, he quill feathers of the wing black, with a white spot nearl sits perched upon an overhanging bough, glancing his the outer margin of the wing, and the tail is chestnutpiercing eye in every direction below for his scaly prey, brown, banded with black, and with the extreme tip, which, with a sudden circular plunge, he sweeps fiiom the margins of the outer feathelrs, and a band before their native element, and swallows in an instant. His the tip, white. The upper mandible is blackish-brown,, voice, which is not unlike the twirling of a watchman's the lower one pale buff. rattle, is naturally loud, harsh, and sudden; but is The Giant Kingfisher is by no means a shy bird, softened by the sound of the brawling streams and cas- but, on the contrary, exhibits a prying and inquisitive cades among which he generally rambles. He courses disposition, which, indeed, is indicated in his general along the windings of the brook or river, at a sniall aspect, and especially in the somewhat corvine expresheight above the surface, sometimes suspending himself sion of his face. -Ie will perch on the branch of a tree by the rapid action of his wings, like certain species of anid watch with the greatest curiosity the lighting of a hlawks, ready to pounce on the fry below; now and fire by any party travelling through the bush in his then settling on an old, dead, overhanging limb to vicinity. He flies and settles quite noiselessly, so that reconnoitre. Mill-clamns are particularly visited bythis his being in the neighboulrhood is seldom known until THE GIANT KINGFISIIR.- BIRDS.- TIE AUSTRAIAN KIrGFISIIEn. 299 he breaks out into his usual laugh, probably expressive but a few minutes elapse before it is roasting over the of his satisfaction at the proceedings going on before fire it was lately surveying with so much curiosity." him; but his cachinnatory explosion often costs him his The name Kingfisher applied to this bird, and indeed life, "for if, as is often the case," says Mr. Gould, " the to all the following species, is, perhaps, a' misnomer, traveller's larder be ill provided, and his appetite keen, and can only be justified by the desire to indicate how Fig. 106. The Giant Kingfisher (Dacelo gigas). closely these birds are allied to the true kingfishers. northern and north- western coast, by the BUFFNone of them appear to be aquatic in their habits, but BREASTED KINGFISIHER (D. cervina). Another species they feed upon insects and other terrestrial animals, so (D. Gauclichalclii) inhabits New Guinea; their mode that the name of iHunters is more applicable to them of life is, for the most part, very similar to that of the than that of Fishers. Accordingly some naturalists Giant-Kingfisher of New South Wales. have proposed to denominate these birds Kiinghunters, THE AUSTRALIAN KINGFISHER (Halcyon sancta). and the French term Mlartins chasseurs, expresses the -The numerous species to which the generic name of same opposition to the habits of the Kingfishers, or Hcdlcyon has been applied, are all inhabitants of the iMartins pecheutrs. The Giant Kingfisher is a great eastern hemisphere, in all parts of which, with the hunter, feeding voraciously upon insects, reptiles, and exception of Europe, some of them occur. They have crabs. Mr. Gould says, " it devours lizards with three toes in front and one behind, but the inner firont avidity, and it is not an unfiequent sight to see it bear toe is very small. The present species, which is called ing off a snake in its bill to be eaten at leisure." It the Australian Kingfisher, from its receiving the name also preys on small mammalia. Hence, 1unlike the true of kingfisher from our colonists, is generally dispersed kingfishers, this bird is not confined to the vicinity of over the whole continent of Australia. It measures water; indeed Mr. Gould believes that it seldom if about eight inches in length, including the powerful ever drinks, so that the driest plains serve it as a habi-'bill, which is black, with the base of the lower mandible tation. It breeds in August and September, depositing white; the crown of the head, the back, and scapularies, its eggs, which are of a beautiful pearl white colour, in and the wings and tail are green, the latter tinged with a hole in some large gum-tree, upon the dust and blue; a line running from each nostril over the eye is decomposed wood which lines the bottom. It defends buff; a broad blackish-green band separates the green its nest and young with great courage, and its formid.- of the head from a broad buff collar which surrounds able bill enables it to inflict very severe wounds. the neck; the throat is nearly white, and the whole Tis bird is represented in other parts of Australia lower surface of the body bu-f, deeper on the flankls. by nealrly allied but distinct species; in the north- This handsome species is a sumrnmer resident in the eastern part of that continent its place is taken by southern parts of Australia, from which it retires nolthLEACH's KIrNGFISHER (D. Leacliii), and along the wards after the breeding season is over. Its food con 300 PASSERES. BIRDS.- ALCEDINIDIXE. sists principally of insects, of which it devours great THE TERNATE KINGFISHER (Tanysiptera Dea), so quantities; and Mr. Gould states that, on the banks of called from its having been originally discovered in the the Hunter river, its favourite diet consists of the island of Ternate, is also abundant in New Guinea, larvae of a species of ant, which it procures by digging where, according to Lesson, it is named Ml~anesoulcouv holes into the nest. It will also devour small snakes by the natives. It is remarkable for having the two and lizards, and on the coast it feeds freely on crabs middle feathers of the wedge-shaped tail excessively and other Crustacea. It breeds in the hollow spouts elongated in the male; they are narrowed in the of the gum-trees, or in hollow apple-trees, and the middle, and again expanded at the apex. Two other breeding season commences in October. The eggs are allied species have been described. four or five in number, and pure white. THE THREE-TOED KINGFISHER (Ceeyx tridactyla), Several other species of the genus Halcyon inhabit with three or four allied species, inhabits the islands of Australia; they are all birds of brilliant plumage, but the Eastern Archipelago. Little is known of the their habits are very similar to those of the preceding habits of these birds, which differ from Halcyonz, as species. Ceryle does from Alcedo, namely, in the want of the THE SACRED KINGFISHER (Halcyon sacra), which inner front toe. The foot has only three toes, two in is a native of the Society Islands, and of some other front, and one behind, and the anterior toes are united parts of the Polynesian Archipelago, is of a blue colour for the greater part of their length. The three-toed above, and whitish beneath; over each eye is a pale Kingfisher is of an azure-blue colour above, and red streak, and underneath a blue stripe. It is called yellowish-white beneath; its bill is yellowish. the Sacred Kingfisher on account of the veneration THE GREEN JACAMAR (Galbula viridcis). The in which it was held by the natives of Otaheite, who group to which the name of Jacamars is given by regarded it as a divinity, under the name of Eatua. ornithologists, is distinguished by having a long, slenTHE WHITE-HEADED KINGFISHER (Halcyon leuco- der, straight, or slightly curved and pointed bill, less cepihala), a native of India and Java, measures about powerful than that of the species described in the pretwelve inches in length, and is of a bluish-green colour, ceding pages; a long, graduated tail, short tarsi, and with the head and neck, and the lower surface, yel- the toes arranged either in two pairs, or two in front lowish-white; the crown of the head is streaked with and one behind, the anterior toes being united. They black; the bill is of a blood-red colour. This species, are all brilliant birds, and inhabit the tropical parts of \vwhich is called the Gurial by the Hindoos of Bengal, the western hemisphere. where it is more common than in other parts of India, The Green Jacamar is an inhabitant of Brazil and is a powerful and courageous bird; one of them has Guiana, where it dwells in the recesses of the forest, been seen to compel a hawk of considerable size to and passes its life in solitude. It feeds entirely upon quit his hold upon it by a severe blow upon the chest. insects, which it pursues with a short but rapid flight. Unlike the preceding species, this bird is a fisher, According to some writers, this bird has an agreeable perching upon a bush or tree close to the water, and song. The eggs are deposited in a hole of a tree. watching there for the appearance of its prey, upon. This bird is about eight inches in length, and is very which it darts down with a sudden and violent plunge. brilliant in its appearance, the whole upper surface of Its note is a sort of screaming laugh. the body being of a beautiful golden-green colour, the THE INDIAN KINGFISHER (Halcyon fusca), an breast yellow, traversed by a broad band of golden abundant species in the peninsula of Hindostan, and in green, and the belly reddish. the countries to the eastward, is also a fishing bird, THE LONG-TAILED JACAMAR (Galbula leptzura)commonly frequenting the banks of rivers and brooks, Plate 7, fig. 22-a native of Brazil and Guiana, is of a and the wet paddy-fields, where it preys upon small golden coppery-green colour-above and red beneath, fishes, frogs, tadpoles, and aquatic insects. It does with a golden green band across the breast, and the chin not confine itself to these situations, however, but also and throat white; the tail is long, with the feathers visits the dry cultivated ground in search of small gradually increasing in length to the two middle ones, lizards, grasshoppers, and other insects. Its voice is a which are the longest, and golden green, the rest being loud, harsh, rattling scream. Passing over several red. The total length of the bird is rather-more than other Indian species, we may notice- ten inches. The Long-tailed Jacamar resides in the THE RED-BELLIED KINGFISHER (Haclcyon semi- moist woods, where it leads a solitary life, perching cwerulea), an inhabitant of Senegal, and other parts of upon branches at a moderate height fiom the ground, the west coast of Africa. This bird is of a bluish- and often sitting there motionless for a considerable green colour above, with a black streak behind the portion of the day. It is not uncommon, and its flesh eyes, and a black spot on the Awings; the lower sur- is sometimes eaten by the natives of Brazil. Its song face is yellowish-red. The length of the bird is about is said to be agreeable, although very short. twelve inches. It is described by Forster as the Crab- THE PARADISE JACAMlAR (Galbula paradisea) is eating kingfisher, but this may be only an occasional another long-tailed species, which inhabits Guiana. habit. Other African species are the SENEGAL KING- It measures nearly a foot in length, but of this a great FISHER (Hf. senegalensis); the BLUE-COLLARED KING- deal is to be attributed to the tail, of which the two FISHER (H. cinereifros); the CHELICUTI KINGFISHER middle feathers are six inches long; the feathers on (I. Chelicuti); and the BROWN-HOODED KINGFISHER each side of these diminish rapidly in length, the outer(IT. fuscicazpilla), the last from the Cape of Good most being only about one inch long. Its plumage is Hope. green above, with various lustres, according to the TIIE COLLARED PUFF-BIRD.-BIRDS. TIE BEE-EATER. 301 light in which it is viewed; the head is dull violet- colour. It is a native of Guiana. With these birds green, and the throat is white. This species is less we quit the family of the Alcedinidse. retired and solitary in its habits than the others, being found in the more open parts of the forest, and usually FAMILY VI.-MEROPIDMA. in pairs. THE THREE-TOED JACAMAR (Jacamaralcyon tri- The birds of this family present certain points of dactyla). This species differs from the other Jaca- resemblance both to the Kingfishers and Swallows mars in possessing only three toes; two in front, amongst the Fissirostres on the one hand, and to the united to each other, and one behind. It is of a drll slender-billed birds of the following group (Tenuigreen colour above, with the forehead and crown of rostres) on the other. They have an elongated, and the head reddish-white; the throat and cheeks are more or less curved bill, of which the gape extends black, and from the throat a black streak descends backwards beneath the eyes; their nostrils are partly along the sides of the body to the lower tail-coverts, concealed by short bristles; their wings are long and which, with the vent, are also black; the rest of the pointed, indicating considerable powers of flight; and lower surface of the body is reddish-white. This they have a long and broad, usually more or less curiously marked bird is a native of Brazil. Its wedge-shaped tail, of which the two middle feathers habits agree with those of the other species. are generally a good deal longer than the rest. Their THE GREAT JACAMAR (Jacamerops grandis)- tarsi are very short, and the long toes are placed as in Plate 8, fig. 23-has the feet similar to those of the birds generally, namely, three in front and one behind; ordinary species, but the bill, which is rather stout, is the anterior lateral toes are united to the middle one, slightly curved throughout its whole length. It is the outer one throughout its whole length. The brilabout eleven inches in length. The plumage of the liant birds belonging to this family are all inhabitants whole upper surface is of a rich and brilliant golden- of the eastern hemisphere, especially of its tropical green, exhibiting a more or less reddish lustre in cer- portions. Their food consists of insects, which they tain lights; the quill-feathers of the wings are blackish capture in the air, like the Swallows, to which they externally, and the lower surface is red. The bill is bear so much resemblance. Bees and wasps constitute black. This bird is also a native of the tropical parts a favourite portion of their nourishment, from which of America. circumstance they have received the English name otTHE COLLARED PUFF-BIRD (Bucco collaris). The Bee-eaters. The French, on the same account, call curious group of birds called Puff-birds, from their them Gup2iers, or wasp-catchers. Of the African habit of puffing out their plumage so as to appear species, onemuch larger than they really are, is placed amongst the THE COMMON BEE-EATER (Merops apiaster) —Plate Alcedinide by Mr. G. R. Gray, although it certainly 8, fig. 24-visits the south of Europe regularly as a appears to have considerable affinity with the small summer bird of passage; and as occasional specimens group of birds called Barbets, belonging to the scan- find their way northwards to this country, it is recorded serial family of the Woodpeckers. They have a very as a British bird. This beautiful bird measures nearly stout, conical bill, somewhat inflated at the base, which eleven inches in length, from the tip of the bill to that bears several tufts of strong bristles; and the toes are of the elongated middle feathers of the tail. Its bill is arranged in two pairs, the two outer toes being the black, and a black streak runs from its base under the longest. There are numerous species of this group, eye, to join a bluish-black band which crosses below all inhabitants of tropical America, where they lead a the throat; the forehead is bluish; the upper surface is solitary, and somewhat sedentary life in the recesses of of a fine reddish-brown colour, becoming yellow on the the forests. They live exclusively upon insects, and rump; the quill-feathers of the wings are greenish-blue, breed in the holes of trees. with the tips black; the tail-coverts are bluish-green, The Collared Puff-bird, which is an inhabitant of and the tail-feathers green. The lower surface is Guiana, measures rather more than seven inches in bright green, with the chin and throat of a rich saffron length; it is of a red colour, with transverse black yellow colour. streaks above, whitish beneath, with a black band In Africa, this species has been observed nearly as across the breast, and above this a tawny one; the far south as the Cape of Good Hope. It also occurs feathers of the tail are also banded with black. in Madeira, and in the spring passes in troops of twenty THE WAX-BILLED BARBACOU (Monasa atra). Of or thirty from the northern shores of Africa, in all the numerous species of Puff-birds inhabiting South parts of which it is well known, to the islands of the America, we need only refer to this species, the type Mediterranean, and thence in considerable numbers to of a genus (21Ionasa), the species of which are rather the south of Europe, where it remains through the more active, and less solitary in their habits, than the summer to breed. It is abundant in Turkey, Greece, rest of their allies. They possess longer wings, and and Southern Russia, and is also common in Spain and fly better than the Buccos, and although they reside in Italy. Those individuals which visit more northern the forest, they often seek the insects which constitute countries, must be looked upon as stragglers, and the their food over the inundated savannahs. They are Bee-eater is thus known as an occasional visitor not said to breed sometimes in the holes of trees, and only to this country, but also even to Norway and sometimes in the earth. The Wax-billed Barbacou Sweden. measures nearly a foot in length, and is black above, In its habits the Bee-eater somewhat resembles the aish-coloured beneath; the bill is of a fine carmine Swallows, hunting about like them in pursuit of insects, 302 PASSERES. BIRDS. —-MEROPID2R. which it captures on the wing; it is, however, inferior it takes up its station on the branch of a tree or bush, to the swallows in power of wing. Its favourite food, or on sonime other elevated situation, from which it as is well known in all the countries which it frequents, dashes off in pursuit of any unlucky insect that passes consists of bees and wasps, and it does not appear ever by, returning again to its perch after having made its to suffer any inconvenience from the stings of those capture. Mr. Layard observed that these birds someirascible insects. In reference to this power possessed times beat their prey against their perch before swalby the Bee-eater, and indeed by many other small lowing it. This mode of procuring food appears to be birds, of swallowing bees and wasps with impunity, adopted principally in the middle of the day, for in the Mr. Yarrell says, " I believe that the bird pinches the morning and evening the Green Bee-eaters are observed insect, passing it from head to tail between the points hawking about actively in pursuit of insects, in the of its mandibles, till, by repeated compression, parti- manner of the Swallows, and often in company with cularly on the abdomen, the sting is either squeezed those birds. They possess the power of gliding along out, or its muscular attachments so damaged that the for some distance without closing the wings, so that, sting itself is harmless." That the throat and stomach as described by Mr. Pearson, the flight of the bird of the Bee-eater are not furnished with any protective consists of two parts-" a rapid commencement, in coat impenetrable by the sting of the bees, is evidenced which the wings flap rapidly; and a quick glide, with by the curious mode of catching these birds described the wings and tail fully expanded. Its motion, espeby Belon, as practised in the island of Crete, where cially in this latter position, is extremely elegant." Its they abound during the summer, and referred to, note is a loud whistling, which, however, is described on the authority of the old French naturalist, by our by Dr. Jerdon as rather pleasant. countryman Izaak Walton, in his " Complete Angler." THE PHILIPPINE BEE-EATER (Mlierops phllippinus) In this island the boys fasten a cicada upon a bent pin is another Indian species, which inhabits both the conor a fish-hook, which is attached to a long slender line; tinent and islands, as far east as those fiom which it the insect is then allowed to fly into the air, when the takes its name. It is about the same size as the preBee-eaters are hawking about; one of the latter is ceding species, and is of a dull-green colour above, pretty sure to dash down upon it, and is captured by light-green beneath, with the rump and tail bluishthe concealed hook. The bird is said to have an green; on each side of the head there is the usual agreeable odour, and its flesh is very good. Its note, black streak. It is commonly met with in wooded diswhich is emitted on the wing, is described as a plea- tricts, where it hunts in small parties, perching upon sant and rich warble. trees and other objects, and dashing off over a conThe Bee-eater breeds in a hole, which it excavates siderable circuit in pursuit of its insect prey, before in the bank of a river, to the depth of about six inches, returning to its resting place. Wet places, such as and lines wtll soft moss for the reception of its eggs. paddy-fields, appear to be favourite resorts of this bird. It is gregarious in the breeding season, as at other Its note resembles that of the preceding species. times; and in Southern Russia, particularly about the THE VARIEGATED BEE-EATER (iMerops ornatus), rivers Don and Wolga, where the birds are very whicli appears to be the only species inhabiting Ausabundant, they dig into the clay banks of the rivers in tralia, is abundantly distributed over the whole of that such numbers, and so close together, that the banks continent, migrating from north to south in the spring, are described by some travellers as almost resembling and in the opposite direction at the approach of winter. a honeycomb. The eggs are fiom five to seven in It arrives in New South Wales in August, and like the number, and of a pure white colour. Swallows, is a favourite with the colonists, as the harTHE BLUE-HEADED BEE-EATER (Mlerol2s nubiczcs). binger of fine summer weather. This species measures Of several other African species of the genus 31eropls, between nine and ten inches in length, including the the Blue-headed Bee-eater is one of the most striking. elongated middle tail feathers; its general colour conIt is an inhabitant of Western firica, and measures sists of various shades of green; the bill is black, as thirteen inches in total length, including the two very are also a broad streak on each side of the head, and a long feathers of the middle of the tail. The plumage crescent-like band below the throat; the throat is of a of its upper surface, including the wings and tail, is of rich orange-yellow colour; the tail is black, with the a bright brick-red; the breast and belly are of a fine two middle feathers bluish, as far as the extremity of rose colour; the head is greenish-blue, with a black the other tail feathers, where they are much narrowed, mark behind each eye; the tail-coverts are bright blue. the projecting portion being very slender, and black. The tail is nearly square at the extremity, but the two The habits of this bird resemble those of the preceding middle feathers project more than three inches beyond species; during the day it frequents open parts of the the others; these are slender, pointed, and tipped with forests, and in the evening the banks of rivers, where black. great numbers are often seen together. It breeds in THE INDIAN BEE-EATER (Mllerops vi}iclis), which is the sandy banks of rivers, in which it digs a hole of an abundant bird in all parts of Hindostan, and also in about a yard in depth, terminating in a small chamber, Ceylon, measures about nine inches in length, and is where the eggs, four or five in number and beautifully of a golden-green colour above, and green beneath, white, are deposited on the bare sand. with the throat blue; on each side of the head there is THE SWALLOW-TAILED BEE-EATER (Melittophagus a black band. The middle feathers of the tail are hirundclilctcezs) belongs to a genus which is peculiar much elongated. In seeking its insect prey thlis bird to Africa, and of which all thle species have the tail exhibits the habits of the Fly-catchers, that is to say, more or less forked. It appears to be spread over a UPUPID. - BIRDS.-TiHE HOOOE. 303 considerabie portion of the African continent, but it is THE AZURE-THROATED BEE-EATER (Nyctiornris most abundant in the south. The general colour of Athlertooii). This species, which is an inhabitant of the plumage of this fine species is a brilliant green, India, resides solitarily in the deepest recesses of the both above and below; the forehead, belly, and tail- forests, where it appears to pass a quiet and sedentary coverts, are blue, or greenish-blue; a black stripe runs existence. It is very shy and war.y, so that specimens from the base of the bill through the eye; the chin are obtained with much difficulty. The food of this and throat are bright orange-yellow, and this colour is species consists partly of bees, and other hymlenopseparated from the green of the breast, by a brilliant terous insects, and partly of beetles, which it captures azure band; tile quill-feathers of the wings are of a by watching for their passage from a perch, and then tine cinnamon-brown colour, and those of the tail dark- suddenly starting in pursuit of them. This species has green, tipped with white, and gradually increasing in a stout bill, more curved than in the preceding folms, length from the middle outwards, forming a tail as and the tail is nearly square at the end. strongly forked as that of a swallow. The length of The Bee-eaters close the varied series of the Fissithis bird is about eight inches and a half. The Swal- rostral birds, and we have now to enter upon the consilow-tailed Bee-eater is one of the most brilliant and deration of a group which presents an equal, if not a elegant species of the family. greater amount of diversity. TRIBE II.- TENUIROSTRES. OF all the groups of passerine birds, this certainly con- in length; its head and neck are of a pale brick-red tains the most apparently heterogeneous elements, and colour; the back is of a purple red tint in front, it is very difficult to give any general characters which reddish-white and banded with black behind; the shall include the whole. The leading character of the wings are black, with some irregular white bands birds composing this tribe, consists in the slenderness across them, and the tail is black, with a single transof the bill, which is usually elongated, sometimes verse white band. The head is adorned with a gracestraight, and sometimes curved. In some of these ful crest of long feathers, each of which has a black birds, however, the bill is but little longer than in the and white tip, and the whole aspect of the bird, with slender-billed dentirostral birds belonging to the next this striking ornament erected, is singularly elegant. tribe; but there is this difference between them, that In their summer migration, the Hoopoes proceed as in the Tenuirostres, the upper mandible, although far to the north as Denmark and Sweden, and they acute at the apex, is not hooked, and its margins are breed in most parts of Europe; but the individuals not armed with teeth, which are the characteristic which visit this country, usually make their appearance marks of the Dentirostres. The Tenuirostral birds are in the autumn, and probably come to us from the more for the most part inhabitants of warm climates, and in northern parts of the European continent, after the nearly all of them, those muscles of the lower larynx breeding season is over. They have, however, been which are the agents of song, are entirely wanting. In known to breed in this country. The nest is made of Mr. George Gray's arrangement, the Tenuirostral birds a few stalks of grass, mixed with feathers, and is built form five families, some of which include a great in the hole of a tree; the eggs, which are generally number of species; but as little is known of the habits five or six in number, are of a pale lavender-grey of many of these, we need only refer to the more colour. remarkable examples of each. The Hoopoe is generally met with in woods in the vicinity of marshes, where they seek their food, which FAMILY I.-UPUPIDZE. consists of worms and insects. They walk and run upon the ground with great ease when thus engaged. In the Upupidre, of which the singular European In the neighbourhood of Bordeaux, these birds are met Floopoe is the type, the bill is long and slender, gently with in great numbers, upon an extensive range of curved throughout its length, and acute at the tip; marshy ground occupied by numerous pollard willows, the small nostrils are placed close to the -base of the which are grown there for the sake of their long shoots. bill; the wings are rather short and roulided; the The rotten summits of the trunks of these trees are tarsl are short and stout, and terminated by three long visited by the Hoopoes, which find in them anl abunand strong toes, armed with curved claws of consider- dant supply of insects. The note of the Hoopoe closely able size. These birds are peculiar to the Eastern resembles the word hoop), pronounced softly and hemisphere. frequently repeated; from this the name of the bird THE COMMON HOOPOE (Uopu2aC F po29s)-Plate 8, is derived. fig. 25-which is a well-known bird in some parts of THE INDIAN HOOPOE (UpruRPa nigXrip)ennis) is a Europe, is, however, a bird of passage in that continent; species very nearly allied to the preceding, friom which its tlrue home being in Afirica, and it is also met with it differs principally by its sholrter and blaclker wings, in many parts of Asia. It occurs occasionally, but and by the absence of white in the tips of the crest not rarely in Britain, especially in the southern featlhers, except occasionally on the hinder part of the counties. The Hoopoe measures about twelve inches crest. It inhabits Inldila and Ceylon, wllherle it is toler 304 PASSERES. -BIRDS.- PRO3IEROPID,. ably common, taking up its abode in woods, groves of and violet tints, in a perfectly circumscribed patch of trees, hedges, and even in single trees, and sometimes considerable size and nearly triangular form, bounded about old buildings. Like the European Hoopoe, it below by a bright, orange-yellow, transverse line; the feeds on the ground, walking and running with great tail, unlike that of the preceding species, is short, and ai cility, and picking up insects and worms as it pro- nearly square, and on each side of the base of the tail gresses. It is said by Lieutenant Burgess to be partial beneath the wings, there spring a few light decomposed to the sandy ground in the Deccan, feeding upon the plumes, resembling those forming the tufts of the true Ant-lions, whose conical pitfalls abound in such situa- Birds of Paradise. This bird inhabits New Guinea. tions. In Ceylon, it has been observed investigating the THE RIFLE BIRD (Ptiloris paracliseus). This dung of cattle in search of the beetles with which that magnificent species has only been discovered in the substance usually swarms. Its note resembles that of south-eastern corner of Australia, between the Hunter the common Hoopoe. This species breeds in holes in River and Moreton Bay. It measures nearly eleven old buildings and mud walls, into which it brings a few inches in length. The two sexes are very different in fibres of some soft substance for the reception of its their colours; as Mr. Gould remarks, "While the male eggs, which are of a very pale blue colour, is adorned with hues only equalled by some species of THE RED-BILLED IRRISOR (Irrisor erythrorhyn- the Trochilidce, or Humming-birds, the dress of the chus) belongs to a genus, of which numerous species female is as sombre as can well be imagined." The are found in Africa, in which the tail is very long general colour of the plumage of the male is a rich and the head destitute of a crest. This species is velvet black, with a brownish-violet lustre on the about fifteen inches in length, and of a blackish-green upper surface; the feathers of the abdomen and flanks colour, with the abdomen black, the wings and tail are broadly margined with rich olive-green; the crown spotted with white, and the rostrum and feet red. of the head and the throat are covered with beautiful These birds inhabit the tall trees, where they creep scale-like, metallic, bluish-green feathers, and the two along the branches in search of the insects and larvae middle feathers of the tail are also of a metallic-green which constitute their principal nourishment. They colour. The female is very dissimilar. The whole are also said to feed upon figs. upper surface in this sex is greyish-brown, the feathers THE SUPERB PLUMED BIRD (Epimachus magnus). of the head having each a white line down the centre; The Plumed birds, as they are called, resemble the the whole lower surface is buff, paler on the throat, and Birds of Paradise in the great development of some each feather of the breast and abdomen has a black, parts of their plumage, and also in the great brilliancy arrow-shaped mark upon it. The bill and feet are of colour exhibited by most of the species. They have black in both sexes. Scarcely anything is known of accordingly been placed by many writers with the the habits of this bird, which is said to climb about Birds of Paradise, or in their immediate neighbour- upon the trunks of the trees in the Australian forests. hood, and they certainly differ but little from those Mir. Gould has described a second species of this birds, except in the form of the bill. The species are genus, under the name of Pt. Victorice, in compliment inhabitants of New Guinea and its dependencies. to the Queen. The Superb Plumed Bird is about the size of a pigeon, but from the enormous development of the tail feathers, of which the middle ones are twenty-eight FAMILY II.-PROMEROPIDAE. inches long, the whole measures about four feet in length. The general colour of this beautiful bird is THE birds of this family, to which the name of Sunviolet black; the back of the head and neck, and the birds is frequently applied, are generally splendid in fore part of the belly, are of a brilliant glossy green their plumage, and like most birds in which this is the colour; the scapulars are very remarkable for their case, they are confined to the tropical parts of the peculiar form, the shafts being curved upwards and earth's surface. They are, however, common to both furnished with very short webs on the upper surface, hemispheres, although the species found in the Old whilst the barbs of the lower surface are very long, World all differ in certain respects fiom those inhabitand of a purplish-black colour at the base; but the ing America. The najority of the species belong to tips of these barbs for a considerable length, are of the Eastern Hemisphere. a most brilliant golden-green colour. From beneath The family is distinguished by having the bill long each wing springs a tuft of light feathers, resembling and slender, and usually more or less curved, with the in texture those of the common Bird of Paradise, of a nostrils situated at the base of the upper mandible, and dusky colour, and about eight inches and a half in covered by a scale; the wings are of moderate length, length, and on each side of the tail there are about and the tarsi short and clothed with broad scales. In half a dozen long and pointed feathers of a bronzed their general habits these birds resemble the Humming and gilded green colour, with unequal webs; the tail birds, which they rival in splendour of colouring, frefeathers are blue-black and brilliant, the two middle quenting the flowers in search of the small insects ones being chestnut. usually found amongst thle petals, which they extract THE MAGNIFICENT PLUMED BIRD (Epimachus by means of their long slender bills. According to magnificus). This species, which is rather smaller some writers they also feed upon the sweet juices of than the preceding, is of a general black colour, with the flowers; and from this opinion they have been violet and green reflections in certain lights; the throat denominated Sucriers, or Sugar-birds, by the Frenclhl and breast exhibit the most vivid metallic blue, green, autlhors. THE CAPE SUN-BIRD., BIRDS. TIIE PURPLE SUN-BIRD. 305 THE CAPE SUN-BIRD (Promerops caffer), the only of Good Hope, where the species is very abundant, species of its genus, is, as implied in its name, a native is one of the most beautiful and remarkable of the of the Cape of Good Hope, where it exhibits a par- African species. It measures rather more than nine ticular partiality for the flowers of the Proteca. It inches in length, and has a long tail, of which the two measures about fifteen inches in lenlgth, and has a middle feathers are about two inches longer than the very long, wedge-shaped tail, and a slender, black, rest. The general colour of the plumage of the male is and slightly-curved bill. The plumage of the upper a fine golden green, passing to steel blue on the lower parts, including the wings and tail, is greenish-brown, part of the belly. The quill feathers of the wings and with the top of the head varied with grey and brown, tail are violet black; but the secondaries and the two and the rump and upper tail-coverts olive-green; the elongated middle tail feathers are margined with golden throat is dingy white, bordered on each side by a green; a deep-black line runs. from the base of the bill black line; the breast is brownish-orange, the belly to the eye, and -on each side of the breast there is a nearly white, spotted with brown, and the lower tail- smalf tuft of yellow feathers. The bill and feet are coverts are of a fine yellow colour. According to Le black. The female is smaller than the male, and of Vaillant's observations, this bird feeds upon the juices a yellowish-grey colour above, yellow beneath. T1he of flowers. When he kept them in confinement, he.. male is said to have a pleasing song. The nest is procured the flowers of the Protea and other plants composed of fibres and moss, and lined with hailr. to which the birds are attached, and they resorted to The eggs are four or five in number, and of a greenish them freely in search of nourishment; or, in default of colour. flowers, they fed readily upon honey mixed with water. THE SPLENDID SUN-BIRD (Nectarinia Is)l~nldiclr), They build their nests on the forked branches of trees. another African species, and the last from that colnTHE BRONZED SUN-BIRD (Nectarinia cenea). The tinent to which we shall refer, is remarkable for the genus Nectarinia, to which this bird belongs, includes brilliancy of the violet tint, with purple and blue reflecupwards of a hundred known species-all inhabitants tions, exhibited by the head, neck, breast, and abdomen. of the warm regions of Africa and Asia. Of these we Over these parts are scattered numerous points of bright can of course only notice a few, and we may cornm- red, with golden and green tints. The upper surface is mence with the African species, of which the Bronzed of a fine golden-green colour; and the feathers of the Sun-bird is 6hne. wings and tail are violet black. These are the colours In the male of this species the whole upper surface of the male; but the partner of this splendid bird is far is of a bronze colour, with bluish and greenish tints in more modest in her dress, her plumage presenting only certain lights; the wings and tail are of a bronzed different shades of brown on the upper surface, whilst black, and the lower surface of the body, the bill, and the lower parts are greyish. The nest is placed in the feet are black. The female, on the other hand, is hollow trunk of a tree; and the eggs, which are four or of an olive colour above and blackish-brown below. five in number, are white. This bird. malkes its nest in the hole of a tree, where THE PURPLE SUN-BIRD (Nectarinia asiatica), which it lays five or six eggs of a pale rose colour, with small is an abundant species in all parts of India, varies conreddish spots. siderably in colour according to the season, the breeding THE BEAUTIFUL SUN-BIRD (Nectarinia pulchcella), dress of the male being a deep violet-blue, with greenish which is an inhabitant of the west coast of Africa, and lustre, and with a tuft of yellow feathers on each side especially of Senegal, is a charming little species, of a of the breast. The female is of an earthy brown above brilliant metallic-green colour, with the exception of and greenish-yellow beneath. The length of the bird the breast, which is red, and the wings and tail which is about four inches and a half. are black. The bill and feet are also black. These The Purple Sun-bird is found both on the continent are the tints of the male, in which the two middle tail- of India and in Ceylon, and is observed to feed in part feathers are about two inches longer than the rest; the upon the honey which it extracts firom flowers, and female is far more sober in her clothing, exhibiting only in part upon insects. The latter it captures, not only different tints of brown. The length of the bird is fiom from the flowers over which it hovers while exploring six to seven inches. their recesses with its curved bill, but also friom the THE VIOLET-HEADED SUN-BIRD (Nectarinia vio- branches and twigs of plants; and it has been seen by lacea), a native of the Cape of Good Hope, is a rather Mr. Jerdon to capture insects on the wing. Its note is smaller species than the preceding. It has the head a feeble but sweet chirping. The nest which is a domeand neck of a violet colour, passing on the throat to shaped, or bottle-shaped structure, is suspended from metallic blue and green; the rest of the plumage is the end of a twig, and is sometimes attached to the web olive-green, with the exception of the abdomen which of a spider in a suitable situation, and composed partly is orange colour. The female is of an olive-green of cobweb, in which Mr. Layard says he has seen the colour. The bill and feet are black in both sexes. spider still at work, thus renidering the concealment The male is said to have an agreeable song. The nest of the nest very complete. Mr. Jerdon describes of this species is built in a bush, and composed of moss the process of building adopted by this ingenious little and lichens externally, with an inner lining of hair. architect as follows:-" The nest was commenced on a The eggs are usually five in nunmber, and yellowish- thick spider's web, by attaching to it various fragfnents white, with brown dots. of paper, cloth, straw, grass, and other substances, till TEHE SHINING SUN-BIRD (Nectacriniafaimtosa), the it had secured a firm hold of the twig to which the web GREEN SUGAR-BIRD of the Dutch colonists at the Cape adhered; andl the nest suspenlded on this was then VOL. T. 3 9 306 PASSERES. BIRDS.- NECTARINIDE. completed by adding other fragments of the same fearless that it may be almost touched before it takes materials. The hole is at one side, near the top, and to its wings. The Malays call it the " Spark bird," has a slight projecting roof or awning over it." Mr. and this name is said to be very appropriate, as, when Layard describes the entrance to the nest in the same darting about the bushes, the cock-bird looks as bright way as above; but Captain Tickell states that the open- as a flash of fire. The nest is about the size of the egg ing is at the bottom; so that if he is correct in his of a goose, which it also resembles in shape; it is susdetermination of the bird, it would seem that there pended by the smaller end from the slender twig of a is a remarkable diversity in the practice of different tree, and is composed of moss, lined with some white individuals of the same species. The female lays two fibres and a few feathers. A young bird, taken from the or three eggs, of a pale greenish-grey colour, with nest, was brought up by Mrs. Motley upon rice and minute dusky spots. banana pulp. It became perfectly tame and fearless, LOTEN'S SUN-BIRD (Nectarlict Lotenia) has pre- and would sit upon the finger without attempting to cisely the same habits, and builds its nest in the same fly away;,' and though its whole body, feathers and way, as the preceding species, firom which it differs in all, migiht have been shut up in a walnut, it would peck its larger size-the length being about five inches and at a finger held towards it with great fierceness." a half-and in its much longer and more curved bill, THE CRIMSON-THROATED SUN-BIRD (Dicccum which measures an inch in length. Its plumage is lirunldieaceuzm) is an abundant bird in Australia, glossed with green, and the lower parts, from the breast although from its minuteness it generally escapes the backwards, are brown. notice of the colonists. The male has the whole upper THE BLUE-THROATED SUN-BIRD (Nectariziac zey- surface, including the wings and tail, black, glossed lonzica) is an abundant species in Bengal, and occurs with steel blue; the throat and breast, and the under also in other parts of India, in Ceylon, and the Indian tail-coverts, are scarlet, and the abdomen is white, with islands. It measures about four inches in length, and a large black patch in the centre. The female is dull has the plumage of the upper parts olive, and that of black above, with the throat and abdomen pale buff, the lower surfilce yellow; the throat, the front of the and the under tail-coverts pale scarlet. The length of neck, and the breast are of a brilliant violet-blue colour. the bird is about four inches. This bird is found It has a weak, shrill song, compared, by Mr. Blyth, to principally upon the she-oaks (CCtsuarince), amongst the that of the British hedge-sparrow. The nest is sus- upper branches of which it plays about, uttering its pended, and has the entrance at the top. Mr. Blythl pleasing song. It is especially partial to those trees describes a specimen in his possession as a beautiful which bear upon their branches a misseltoe-like parafatbric. It was attached, nearly throughout its length, site, of the genus Lorant/zls, upon the sweet and juicy to a small thorny twig, and was of an elongated pear berries of which it delights to feed, as was discovered shape, composed of soft vegetable fibres, very neatly by M. Jules Verreaux. It also feeds upon insects, and interwoven with coarser strips of grass, leaves, and according to Mr. Gould, these constitute its principal fragments of bark on the outside. The inner lining was nourishment. M. Verreaux indicates that it is by tlhe composed of the softest fibres, which were carried over agency of this bird that the parasite above referred to the lower part of the entrance so as to fasten down its is transferredl from one tree to another. The nest is a rim, and over the entrance was a roof or canopy. The beautiful little purse-like structure, with an opening on Hindloos of the vicinity of Calcutta take these birlds one side; it is suspended from the twig of a tree, and with bird-lime, and aFter plucking out the wing pri- composed of cotton-like fibres, obtained from the seed maries to prevent their fluttering, tie them to a stick vessels of plants. The eggs are three or four in numand carry them about for sale. They will live for a ber and dull white, with numerous brown spots scatshort time upon sugar and water, but Mr. Blyth found tered over their surface. that jam was a better food for them. THE SCARLET CLOAK-BIRD (Dire2lanis coccinea) THE ORANGE-BACKED SUN-BIRD (Dicceum trigono- belongs to a small genus with a greatly clrved bill, stigma). The preceding species, which we have referred of which five species have been discovered in the to the genus Nectcrinia, have been divided by many islands of the South Sea Archipelago. The present modern writers into several genera, of which, however, species is about six inches long, ad has the whllole the soundness seems rather doubtful. The genus plumage of a brilliant scarlet colour, with the exception Dicceum, of which about twenty-four species are rnown, of the quills of tile wings and tail, which are black. inhabiting the countries from India to Australia, is dis- This bird is abuncdant in the Sandwich Islands, where tinguished by having the edges of the mandibles very its splendid scarlet feathers are employed in the fabricaslightly denticulated, small basal nostrils, and a short, tian of cloaks and other articles of dress, intended square, or slightly-notchlled tail. especially for the use of the chiefs. Many specimens The Orange-backed Sunbird is a small species, mea- of this manufacture are exhibited in the ethnological suring only about three inches in length. It is of a collection of the British Museum. bluish-grey colour, with the belly and a triangular THE BRILLIANT HALF-BILL (Hremaql athls lncidZ s) spot on the back orange-yellow. It is an inhabitant of is another species very nearly allied to the preceding, Tenasserim, Malacca, andc Sumatra, and also extends and, like it, an inhabitant of the Sandlwich Islands. It into Borneo, where it is not uncommon about Labuan. is remarkable for the siiigular structure of its bill, which Its habits are described as resembling those of the is very long and much arched. In fact tile bill does Eniglish golden-crested wren; it haunts low brush- not project in the ordinary mianner fioom the forehead, wood, continually emitting a low, shill chirp, and is so but rises fromn its base, so that thIe summiiiof the arch b,__________ _ ___________________________X__________________:_ ________ NECTARINIDzE.. ]B RDS.-TaocnII,ID~-. 307 is higher than the forehead; the lower mandible is not pendled at the extremity of the most flexible twigs, and more than half as long as the upper one, into the lower it usually selects those for this purpose which hang over surface of which it fits. This curious bird has the the middle of a brook. The nest, which is exclusively upper surface of the body olive-coloured; the forehead the work of the female, is constructed of moss, dry and cheeks, the throat and breast, are bright yellow, vegetable fibres, and the cotton and down of plants. as are also the eyebrows. The female is more sober These materidls are so closely interwoven, and so in her colours, and has no yellow except on the eye- strongly attached to the supporting twig, that the brows. The length of the bird is about six inches. whole must be broken to pieces if it be desired to THE BLUE GUIT-GUIT (Coereba cyczaec). Besides remove it without cutting the twigs. The entrance is the preceding and numerous allied species inhabiting from below, and the nest is divided vertically by a the Old World, a few birds belonging to this family are partition into two chambers, one of which serves as a found in the tropical parts of America. The Blue sort of staircase to enable the bird to ascend to the top Guit-guit is one of these. It has a nearly straight, of the nest, whence it then descends into the second acute bill, of moderate length, and a short square tail. chamber, which has no direct communication with the The general colour of its plumage is a fine, lustrous, exterior. In this chamber the female lays her eggs indigo blue, the forehead is brilliant ultramarine blue, and performs the business of incubation, sheltered and a violet-black band passes over the eyes. It mea- firom all her enemies; security is still further provided sures about five inches in length. This beautiful little for by the male keeping watch in the outer chamber bird is abundant in Brazil and Guiana, especially in of this ingeniously-constructed dwelling. With this the latter country, whence numerous specimens are interesting species we may close our notice of the brought to Europe, where they are often regarded as present family, and pass to that of the Humming-birds. Humming-birds. In its habits thisbird closely resembles the rest of the Nectariniclce; it hovers about the FAMILY II.-TROCHILIDA3. flowers in search of their sweet juices and of the insects which conceal themselves among the petals, and also The birds forming this family, which are undoubtedly captures insects upon the branches of trees and shrubs. the gems of our ornithological treasuries, are peculiar The nest is suspended at the extremity of a slender to the New World, in the tropical parts of which they twig; it is constructed very artificially with straws and abound, adorning the gardens, fields, and woods, and other coarse materials externally, and lined with soft even the mountain sides to a considerable height, with matters, woven into the form of a chemist's retort with their swiftly glancing fairy-like forms, and brilliant a neck about a foot long, through which the little sparkling colours. These charming little birds, the architects obtain access to the true nest situated in the smallest, as a group, of all the feathered tribes, are belly of the retort. Here the eggs are laid, and thus furnished with a long and more or less acute bill, the brood and their parents are sheltered from their which is sometimes straight and sometimes curved, and enemies. has the lateral margins of its upper mandible dilated THE CAYENNE DARNIS (Darnis caynca), another beyond the edges of the lower one. The nostrils are species abundant in Guiana, is rather more than four situated at the base of the upper mandible, and coninches in length, and of a glossy green colour, streaked cealed beneath a large scale, which is sometimes covered with white on the lower surface. It resides in the with feathers. The wings are long and pointed, remindforests, and usually keeps in the upper parts of high ing one somewhat of those of the Swifts, with which, as trees, preferring those which are in flower. Here it already stated, the Humming-birds have a very manifest creeps about in every direction upon the branches and affinity. They are moved by powerful muscles, and the twigs in search of spiders and insects, which appear to keel of the sternum, to which the great pectoral muscles constitute at least the greater part of its nourishment. are attached, is probably more developed in these than The nest is built at the top of lofty trees. in any other birds. The structure of the sternum preTHE BLACK AND YELLOW CERTHIOLE (Certhiola sents a very close general resemblance to that prevailflctveola) is an inhabitant of tropical South America ing in the Swifts. The legs are short and slender, and the West Indian islands, where it appears to be indicating that the birds are not in the habit of alightabundant. Its general colour is ashy-grey, but the ing on the ground; but the feet are terminated by long head is blackish, with a white streak over each eye, toes, well adapted for perching upon the twigs of trees united behind the head. The anterior part of the wings and shrubs, which are the favourite resting-places of is margined with bright yellow, and the rump, breast, these feathered gems. The structure of the tongue and and abdomen are yellow, becoming greyish towards the its accessories is very remarkable in the Hummingvent. The length of the bird is about four inches and birds. The tongue itself is cleft nearly to its base; and a half. The Certhiole is called the Sucrier in Cayenne, the branches of the hyoid bone, which supports the from its frequenting the sugar-canes for the sake of tongue, are prolonged round the back of the skull their sweet viscous juice; it also haunts flowers, partly almost like springs. By the agency of this remarkable in search of their nectar, but partly for the insects con- organization, which, however, we shall meet with elsetained in them. It is said to have a short but agree- where amongst birds, the tongue acquires great capaable song. During the greater part of the year it is a ity of protrusion and retraction, so that it may work very solitary bird, and even during the breeding season within the tubular bill like the piston of a pump; and usually endeavours to keep all its fellows from the place the birds are said to use it in this way in sucking up which it has selected for its dwelling. Its nest is sus- the sweet juices of flowers, which certainly constitute 308 PASSErES. -BIRDS.. T.locIIILI)U. a portion of their food, and have been regarded by fragments of lichen -glued on with a sort of saliva, many naturalists as forming nearly their whole nour- within which is a thick layer of the wings of certain ishment. From the observations of modern ornitholo- seeds; and the whole is lined with the fine down of the gists, however, there would appear to be no doubt that mullein and of the stalks of ferns. The base of the the Humming-birds are decidedly insectivorous, and nest is continued round the branch, so that when viewed that their principal object in visiting the flowers, about from below, it appears to be a mere mossy knob or prowhich they hover from morning till night, is to obtain tuberance. In some cases, it is built against the mossthe small beetles and other insects which abound grown trunk of an old tree, and occasionally upon the amongst the petals. Hovering in the air with its wings strong stem of some low growing plant. The eggs are in such rapid motion as to be quite invisible, or only two in number, and pure white. Tubular flowers conapparent like a grey mist on each side of the bird, the stitute the favourite resort of this Humming-bird; and little Humming-bird buries its long bill in the interior Wilson's description of his behaviour about a thicket of of a flower, and then protruding its forked tongue, which full-blown trumpet-flowers may be given here as an is said to be indued with a viscid secretion, it readily illustration of the habits of this bird. l He poises or seizes the little beetles and other insects which are suspends himself on wing," says Wilson, "for the space attracted by the nectar, and retracting its tongue, of two or three seconds, so steadily that his wings beswallows them immediately. While thus occupied, come invisible, or only like a mist; and you can plainly the rapidly-vibrating wings produce a humming noise, distinguish the pupil of his eye looking round with great whence the name applied to the birds. Some of the quickness and circumspection. The glossy golden green species do not depend wholly upon flowers for their of his back and the fire of his throat, dazzling in the supply of insect food, but have been observed capturing sun, form altogether a most interesting appearance. flies on the wing in the same way as the Flycatchers- When he alights, which he fiequently does, he always namely, by taking tup a post of observation upon the prefers the small dead twigs of a tree or bush, where tip of a dead branch or twig, and flying off in pursuit he dresses and arranges his plumage with great dexof their prey as soon as it comes within sight. The terity. His only note is a single chirp, not louder than males are described as very pugnacious in their habits, that of a small cricket or grasshopper, generally uttered rarely meeting without a battle, when the vanquished while passing from flower to flower, or when engaged bird is compelled to quit the field; and the victor in fight with his fellows; for when the males meet at returns to feast upon the flowers, for which he has the same bush or flower, a battle instantly takes place, fought so bravely. An immense number of species of and the combatants ascend in the air, chirping, darting, these beautiful birds have been described; but of these and circling round each other, till the eye is no longer we can only refer to comparatively very few. For able to follow them. The conqueror, however, genefurther information upon their forms and habits, illus- rally returns to the place to reap the fruits of his victory." trated by the most life-like figures, the reader must Mr. Gould, who saw great numbers of these birds at consult Mr. Gould's magnificent work, the" 1MLonogl;aph Washington, does not give them so pugnacious a charof the Trochilide." acter, and is inclined to think that it must be during THE RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD (Tr2ochilus the' breeding season that the males are so quarrelsome. colubris), oneofthe mostwidely-distributedspeciesofthis "The flight of the Huimming-bird," says Wilson, family, is a beautiful bird, of a rich golden-green colour "from flower to flower, greatly resembles that of a above, and white, with a golden-green tinge beneath, bee, but is so much more rapid, that the latter appears except on the throat which is of the most brilliant ruby a mere loiterer to him. He poises himself on wing, red; the wings and tail are purplish-brown, and the bill, while he thrusts his long, slender, tubulartongue into eyes, and feet black. lThe female differs from the male the flowers in search cf food. He sometimes enters a in the absence of the brilliant crimson colour on the room by the window, examines the bouquets of flowers, throat, and in having the tail feathers tipped with white. and passes out by the opposite door or window. He The total lenolth of the bird is three inches and a half. has been known to take refilge in a hothouse during Like many other Humming-birds, the Ruby-throat is the cool nights of autumn, to go regularly out in the migratory; but its wanderings extend to a far greater morning, and to return as regularly in the evening, for distance than those of any other species. It passes the several days together." The food of this species, accordwinter in the warm regions of Central America, and ing to Audubon, consists principally of insects, usually about the month of Mlarch sets off on its migrations small beetles, which, with some equally diminutive towards the north. In the course of this month it flies, are commonly found in the stomach. The pugarrives in the southern states of the American Union, city of the Humming-bird is displayed not only in and thence gradually advances, reaching the latitude of combats with his own species; he will frequently attack New York generally in May. From the northern the king bird and the mnartin with some degree of substates it passes into Canada, and even visits the terri- cess; and an old French writer declared that he could tories of Hudson's Bay Company. In all these districts drive his slender bill into the body of a crow with it breeds, and in some places rears two broods in such vigour, as to bling even this gigantic opponent to the year. the ground i A still more absurd notioin, which we The nest, as described by Wilson, is generally fixed have seen published not long since, is, that the Humon the upper side of a horizontal branch, not among ming-bird will overcome even the eagle by perchiig the twigs, but on the body of the branchl itself. It is on his head and picking out the feathers firom that part about an inch in diameter, composed externally of of the king of birds! THE EImERALD HUMIMIING-BIRD. BIRDS. THE GIANT HU11J1ING-BIRD. 309 DE LALANDE'S CRESTED HUMMING-BIRD (Trochilus male of this beautiful little species is adorned on each Delalandi) —Plate 8, fig. 26-is an inhabitant of the side of the neck with a tuft of long, narrow plumes, southern part of Brazil. It is about the same size as of a light chestnut-red colour, each terminated by a the preceding species, but the male is remarkable for brilliant spot of emerald green; these plumes form a possessing a long crest, terminating in a single slender triangular ruff on each side of the neck. The crown plume, upon the head. The whole crown of the head, of the head bears a rich chestnut-red crest, and the including the crest, is of a brilliant metallic green colour, face and throat are emerald green. This species is but the long single feather terminating the crest is widely distributed over the low'districts of tropical black. The upper surface is bronzed green; the breast America. and abdomen are of an intense shining violet-blue GOULD'S COQUETTE (Lophornzis Gocldii), a nearly colour; the sides of the neck, the flanks, and under allied but rare species, has the neck tufts pure white, tail-coverts are brownish-grey; the quill feathers of with emerald green tips to the feathers, There are the wings purplish-brown, and those of the tail black, several other species of the genus Lophornis, but to except the middle ones, which are green. The female these our space forbids our alluding. has tlhe whole lower surface dull greyish-brown, and THE RUBY AND TOPAZ HUMMING-BIRD (C/hryis destitute of the elongated crest. The nest of this solampnis moschltus), one of the commonest species of species is suspended from the fine twigs of bamboos, the group of HIumming-birds, specimens of which are and probably of other plants; it is composed of fine imported into Europe by thousands, is found abundantly fibrous roots, moss, and lichens, together with the in- in Brazil and Guiana. Common as it is, however, the volucres of a composite plant, matted together with male is an exceedingly beautiful bird, the whole top of fine cobwebs. Several nearly allied species with simi- his head being of a brilliant ruby-red, and the chin, lar crests are described by Mr. Gould, who forms them throat, and breast golden or topaz yellow; the rest of into a genus under the name of Celchatepis; they are the plumage exhibits different shades of brown, and the called by him in English Plover-crests, from the simi- tail is of a rich dark chestnut-red. The nest is cuplarity of the crest to that of the plover. shaped, composed of cottony materials, and adorned THE LONG-TAILED EMERALD HUMMING-BIRD with fragments of lichens on the outside. (Trochilus polytmus) appears to be peculiar to the THE GIANT HUMMING-BIRD (Patagona gigas), the island of Jamaica, amongst the many brilliant-feathered largest species of this family, measures between eight inhabitants of which it is regarded by Mr. Gosse as and nine inches in length; but as the tail is comparathe most beautiful. The general colour of the plumage tively short, its bulk is far greater than that of some of the male is a fine metallic green, most brilliant on other species which approach it in total length, but in the breast and abdomen; the whole top of the head is which the tail feathers are much elongated. It is of a deep black, as is also the tail; the quill feathers of the pale brown colour with a greenish gloss above, and wings and the under tail-coverts are purplish-black; reddish beneath; the wings, which are very long, reachand the bill is coral-red with a black tip. The length ing nearly to the extremity of the tail, are blackishof the bird, from the tip of the bill to that of the ordi- brown. This species migrates to the southward from nary tail feathers, is five inches; but beyond this two of the equatorial regions of South America, where it has the feathers of the tail are prolonged for a distance of been met with at an elevation of from twelve to fournearly six inches, forming long streamers, which float teen thousand feet, and passes along the chain of the behind the bird in its rapid flight. The female is des- Andes through Chili into the country of the Araucanos. titrite of these elongated feathers, and has the lower Its flight is extremely bold and vigorous, as might be surface white. Of the beautiful appearance of this expected firom the length and form of its wings, which bird in its native haunts, Mr. Gosse has given us the resemble those of the Swift; but it is nevertheless following eloquent description:-" The beautiful Long- able to flit with ease fi-om flower to flower, and to poise tailed Humming-bird," he says, " came shooting by itself in the air while examining their recesses for with its two long violet-black feathers floating like its insect food. The nest is cup-shaped, rather large, streamers behind it, and began to suck at the blossoms and constructed of mosses, lichens, and other similar of the tree in which I was. Quite regardless of my materials, held together, as usual in the Humming-birds, presence, consciously secure in its power of wing, the by cobwebs; it is placed on the forked branch of a tree lovely little gem hovered around the trunk, and threaded or shrub, generally overhanging a rapid stream of water. the branches, now probing here and there, its cloudy THE GLOWING PUFF-LEG (Eriocneimis vestitus). The wings on each side vibrating with a noise like that of a names of Puzff-leg and Eriocnemis have been given spinning-wheel, and its emerald breast for a moment to a genus of IHumming-birds in which the legs are surflashing brilliantly in the sun's ray; then apparently rounded by a tuft of delicate small plumes, which are black, all the light being absorbed; then, as it slightly usually of a white colour. Of the present species ~ Kr reinsdrigth inean igain osfblack. It is frequently called the Numidian Crane, from its African habitat. THE CROWNED DEMOISELLE (Balearica.pavonina) —fig. 128-is another beautiful species, resembling the preceding in general times appe oform, but at once distinguisuhnble from it by the presence of a large spreading tuft of stiff reddish-brown fibres, which springs from the back, i~ ~ ~ ~_:: of the head. The sides of the head are naked Th~ [-e___ and red, and there is a kind of wattle on 1IhJei7 ~ - general each side of the throat. This graceful bird is sides'~~ ofa~~~ the headan inhabitant of many parts of Africa, and also a kted textends its range to the Mediterranean islands and the south of Europe. With the preceding which wspecies it is frequently seen in aviaries..-____~~~~ 1VIARCGRAVE'S CARIAIIA (Coariama crisThe Common Crane (Grus cinerea). tata)-Plate 23, fig. 91. Besides the preceding and several other species of true Cranes, the warmer regions luring the winter, and migrating most of which are found in the Eastern hemisphere, to the northward in the spring. It is now a very rare this family includes some singular American birds, and occasional visitor to this country, but in former to which the name of Trumpeters is often given. times appears to have been much more abundant here, These birds have a shorter and more arched bill as it is frequently mentioned in old household books, than the true Cranes, and their tertiary feathers are and in the descriptions of great feasts. Curiously not elongated or decomposed. Of these, the species enough, it usually occurs here in severe winters. known as the Cariama is a large bird about thirty or The Crane measures about four feet in length, and thirty-two inches in length, of a reddish-gray colour, the general colour of its plumage is ash-gray. The very finely mottled with brown. The head is adorned sides of the head and'neck are white, the wing-primaries with a tuft of straight, decomposed plumes, and the are black, and the elongated and decomposed tertiaries, rather long and ample tail is crossed near the tip which were formerly much in request as ornaments for by a broad black band. The wings are short, and the head, are variegated and tipped with blue-black. the bird pcssesses but little power of flight; but its long The bird has a long and slender neck, anid a long, legs enable it to run with great speed upon the elevated straight, and pointed bill. In their migrations the plateaux of South America where it dwells. Ithaunts Cranes, like the wild geese and swans, fly in a regular the margins of woods and forests, and feeds upon body, usually in the form of a wedge, but sometimes worms, insects, lizards, and small snakes. The Cariama in a long extended line. They fly at a great height is a wild and shy bird. Its voice is very loud and in the air, and, like the aquatic birds above alluded to,~ strong. 412 GRALLE.- BIRDS, —— I -AmDE1ID1A THE TRUMPETER (Psophlia crepitans), also called course, in so extensive a family the characters are the AGAMr, another South American species, is espe- liable to great variation, but all the birds referred to cially abundant in Guiana, where it is fiequently this group agree in one important point, namely, the domesticated and kept in the poultry yards, fiom a full development of the posterior toe, which is placed notion that it protects the fowls from the assaults of on the same plane as the three anterior ones, and is applied to the ground in walking. The legs are lPig. 128, long and slender, and naked for a considerable distance above the articulation of the tarsus. 4 X/~~~ k~N'x.~~ /The latter is generally scutellated. The bill is /';h ~//; - 4b y developed, and the birds are generally endowed,\ /;~/ I i d J/,,w', S with considerable powers of flight, although they (1 W/ are rarely very rapid in their motion through the air. These birds are found in all the warmer and temperate parts of the world, and many of them are either very widely distributed or perform more or less extensive migrations. They haunt Miarshy places and the marlgins of leakes and rivers, and feed for the most part upon fishes, i / Af / A - 47-~' /E L m of lafrogs, and other aquatic animals.;;~.-~ ~~P~jTHE GRAY HERON (Ardea cinerea)-Plate 24, fig. 92. This fine bird, which may be taken as I! l resoir the type of the Herons properly so-called, is a F?~'(T-~?. native of Britain, where it is tolerably common 4 | a t ioo o It and generally distributed. It is a large species, llon ianda ifl ts gnr measuring fully three feet in length, and is furnishied with enormous wings, which, when spread, r/I''[/ ~~ 5iii look quite disproportionate to the size of the bird. d! and <~' Y/!M~J&~1/~fU'I' I/ The general colour of the plumage is bluish-gray j/| is/I 4e/iabove, and white beneath. The back of the head is adorned with a crest of long dark slate[ ~/~I~F( < 7W1nd7I toh( 7ot hatwgul he a coloured feathers; the bill is yellow, and the legs The common or Gr~ay I-Ieron appears to be its most northern haunts it is migratory, only... FAMILY I-visiting them in the summer. At this season the bird frequents inland districts, along the margins of lakes and rivers, in the neighbourhood The Crowned Demoiselle (Balearica pavonma). of marshy places; but in the winter it frequently resorts to the shores of the sea and the mouths predaceous birds. It becomes exceedingly tame, and of rivers. Its food consists principally of fishes, will then follow its owner about like a dog, and even which it captures by standing patiently in the water endeavour to drive away other domestic animals to until they pass within its reach, when the long prIevent their receiving any notice. The Trumpeter is neck is immediately darted out, and the luckless prey about the size of our common Heron. It has a short is generally secured and swallowed. Large fish are convex bill, long tarsi, and a short tail. Its general sometimes transfixed -by one of the acute mandibles; colour is black, with a very brilliant metallic blue and lMr. Yarrell mentions a case in which a Heron lustre on the'upper surface. The bill is yellowish, drove its upper mandible through the eyes of a large and the feet orange colour. The name of this bird eel, which then, in its agony, coiled itself so tightly is derived from the peculiar loud and rough trumpet- round the neck of its captor that the bird was prevented ing sound which it emits. Its flesh is said to be very from breathing, and the pair were found dead in this delicate. Two other species of Trumpeters are known; close but by no means loving embrace. Besides fish, one of them (P. viriclis) is of a green colour above, the Heron feeds freely upon frogs, newts, and other and the other (P. leucoptera) has the wing-quills white. aquatic animals, and is said even to devour small birds and quadruipeds. FAMILY IV. —ARDEIDE. At the commencement of the breeding season, the Herons, which have lived in solitude through the This family includes a much greater number and winter, become very sociable in their habits, and collect variety of birds than the preceding-the Herons, together, like the rooks, in some wood or clump of Bitterns, Storks, Ibises, and many other forms. Of large trees, which is generally frequented by them fur THE PURPLE HEROw. —.BIRDS.-THE NINHT HERON. 413 many years in succession. Upon these trees they and terminated by four long toes, capable of being build their broad flat nests, which are composed of widely spread; its bill is hardly so long as in the sticks and twigs, and lined with wool, The eggs are Herons, but is strong, arid acute at the tip. The four or five in number, and of a sea-green colour. The feathers of the neck are very full and capable of being young birds remain in the nest until they are able to erected, so as to give the neck the appearance of being fly and provide for themselves-the parents feeding of great thiclkness, when the. back of the neck is found and tending them with great care. to benearly bare of feathers. THE PURPLE HERON (Ardea prapurea) is generally The Bittern resides in fens, morasses, and marshy distributed in the warmer and temperate parts of places, and amongst the dense flags and reeds along Europe, Asia, and Africa, and is not a very rare visitor the borders of riveirs, where in spring its loud, booming, to this country. It has the sides of the neck fawn or bellowing note is still fiequently heard. Its food colour, with black streaks, the back slate colour, the consists of almost any animals which it is able to overlong feathers falling over the wings chestnut, and the come and swallow-such as small mammalia and lower surface maroon, mixed on the belly with slate birds, fishes, fiogs, newts, and insects. Entire watercolour. It is a fine bird, measuring about thirty inches rails have sometimes been found in its stomach. It in length. Unlike our common Heron, this species feeds principally at night, and remains in concealment dwells amongst the reeds and other tall herbage of (luring the day, when it is not easily driven fiom its swamps and marshes, where it also makes its nest. retreat. When forced to rise, its flight is not vigorous; THE GREAT EGRET (Ardea Egretta)-Plate 24, but if wounded it defends itself courageously firom both fig. 93-an inhabitant of both North and South Ame- dogs and men, and is able to inflict severe injuries with rica, is a beautiful species of a pure white colour, its sharp and powerful bill. The nest of the Bittern is adorned with a sort of train of long decomposed plumes, composed of sticks, reeds, &c., and is placed amongst descending from the upper part of the back, and falling the thickest parts of the marsh herbage, usually close gracefully over the tail. Including these plumes it to the water's edge. The female lays four or five eggs measures upwards of four feet in length. In the of a pale brown colour; and the young, when hatched, United States this is a migratory bird, inhabiting the remain in the nest and are carefully tended by their swamps and rice-fields of the southern states. Its nest parents until they are able to provide for themselves. is built on the cedars in the same way as that of the THE NIGHT HERON (Nlycticorcax eurolcaze.s), which common Heron, and the birds usually collect in con- is an inhabitant of the warmer and temperate parts siderable societies during the breeding season. of Europe, Asia, and Afiica, is occasionally met THE GREAT WHITE HERON (Arclea alba), which with in Britain, principally in the southern counties. is also called the GREAT EGRET, and was long supposed It is about two feet in length, and is supported upon to be identical with the last species, is an inhabitant of rather shorter legs than the preceding species. The Europe and of Western Asia, and an accidental visitor back of the head is adorned with some slender varieto this country. It is smaller than the American spe- gated white plumes; the top of the head and back of cies, but closely resembles it in its general characters. the neck are black; the back is black, with a greenish THE LITTLE, BITTERN (Ardetta minuta) differs from tinge; and the whole lower surface is white. This all the preceding species in having the legs clothed with bird, like the Bittern, is nocturnal in its habits, and feathers down to the articulation of the tarsus. It is an frequents marshes, fens, and the borders of lakes and inhabitant of South-western Asia, the south of Europe, rivers, where it conceals itself among the rushes, reeds, and the whole continent of Africa. It occurs occa- and other herbage. Unlike the Bittern, however, it sionally in Central and Nortlhern Europe, and a good builds its nest on a tree. Its food consists of frogs, many specimens find their way into England, where fishes, and aquatic insects. they have sometimes been supposed to breed. The THE BOATBILL (Cancroma cochlearqia)-Plate 24, Little Bittern is about thirteen inches in length. The fig. 95-one of the most remarkable birds of this general colour of the upper surface is blue-black, but family, is at once distinguished by the peculiar form the wing-coverts are buff; as is also the lower surface; of its bill, which is very large and wide, and has the the front of the neck is white, and the bill and feet are upper mandible deeply and broadly fiurrowed on each yellow. This bird frequents marshes and the margins side fiom the base to the apex, leaving a strong rounded of rivers, where it dwells amongst the osiers and luxu- keel in the middle, terminated at the tip by a distinct riant herbage. Small fish, frogs, and other aquatic hook. This bird is about the size of a large fowl; the animals, constitute its food. The nest is made upon male has a pendent crest of elongated black feathers the ground amongst reeds or dense herbage, and the on the back of the headl; in the female the crest is female lays four or five eggs. wanting. The Boatbill is widely distributed in South THE GREAT BITTERN (Botamrus stellaris)-Plate America, fiequenting the borders of the creeks and 24, fig. 94. This bird is widely distributed in almost rivers, in which it seeks the fishes and crnstacea which all parts of the Old World, and in former days was a constitute its food. It perches on trees, and in its common species in Britain; but as the fens and marshes habits appears to resemble the ordinary Herons. have been gradually drained, the Bittern has become THE WHITE SPOONBILL (Platalea leucorodla) is more and more scarce, until now it is looked upon as another species remarkable for the singular form of its a rare bird in this country. It is a large bird, measur- bill, which is much depressed, broad at the base, thence ing about thirty inches in length; its legs are long, gradually narrowed to a little past the middle, and naked for a short distance above the tarsal articulation. dilated towards the apex into a flat oval plate. Both 414 GRAILL.-. BIRDS. —ARDnEIDA. mandibles take part in this cfirious formation. The verbial; and the female has been known to prefer White Spoonbill is a native of Asia, Afiica, and Europe, perishing with her young ones in a conflagration to in many places being tolerably abundant; in northern making her escape without them. countries, and even in England, it is only an occa- THE BLACK STORK (Ciconia nigra) is another sional visitor. Its plumage is entirely white, with the European species, of which a few specimens have been exception of a band across the breast which is of a Itaken in this country. It inhabits as wide a range of buff colour; the naked skin of the throat is yellow; country as the White Stork, and like it is a migratory the back of the head bears a crest of elongated slender bird; but instead of approaching the dwellings of man, feathers; the bill is black, with the extremity yellow; it takes up- its abode in the most sequestered spot it and the legs are black. The length of the full-grown can find. This bird is nearly as large as the White male is about thirty-two inches; the female is rather Stork, and is of a deep black colour, with purple, less, and has a smaller crest. The trachea of the coppery, and green tints, except on the lower surface, Spoonbill is very curiously convoluted in the form of fiom the breast backwards, the plumage of which is the figure 8. white. The bill and feet are orange red. The Spoonbill resembles the preceding species in THE ADJUTANT (Leptoptiluts Argala), also called its general habits, frequenting the margins of rivers the GIGANTIC CRANE, is a large and curious bird, and lakes, in which it procures the fishes, frogs, aquatic inhabiting India and the Indian islands. It frequently insects, and other animals, which constitute its food. attains a height of five feet, and measures fully half as In capturing minute animals at the water's edge or in much more from the tip of the bill to that of the enorthe mud, it makes use of its wide spoonlike bill much mously elongated feet. This remarkable bird has a in the same way as a duck. It is an abundant bird in long, powerful, conical bill with an acute tip, with the Holland during the summer, but migrates southward nostrils in the form of longitudinal slits near the base at the approach of winter, during which season it of the ridge of the upper mandible; its head and neck haunts the coasts of the Mediterranean in flocks. The are nearly bare of feathers; in front of the neck is a nest is generally made amongst the reeds and herbage large pouch, and the base of the neck is surrounded of the marshes, but in some places the Spoonbill is by a sort of ruff' of feathers. The wings are of enorsaid to build, like the heron, in trees. mous size and the legs are very long and stilt-like, the THE ROSEATE SPOONBILL (Platalea Ajaja)-Plate naked reticulated skin extending far above the articu25, fig. 96-a beautiful species of a rose colour with lation of the tarsus. The Adjutant is of an ashy-gray the wings rich carmine, enjoys a wide distribution in colour above, withl the borders of the elongated wingSouth America. In its habits it resembles the Euro- coverts white; its lower surface is white. This bird pean species. is exceedingly voracious, devouring anything that comes THE WHITE STORK (Ciconia alba)-Plate 25, fig. in his way; with his enormous bill he is able to snap 97. In the Storks and their immediate allies the bill up even such large articles of food as fowls, cats, and is very strong, conical, and usually pointed; the upper rabbits, and the capacity of his throat is such that he mandible has no grooves, and the nostrils are pierced in swallows these whole. A small leg of mutton will also its sides near the base of the bill. The White Stork, disappear in the same way, and where the Adjutant is which is a well-known European bird and an occasional kept in a tame state, it requires no little care to protect visitor to Britain, is migratory in its habits, passing provisions of all kinds fiom his sudden attacks.. He is the summer only in temperate and cold latitudes. It nevertheless regarded as a benefactor by the inhabitants is a large and handsome species, measuring about three of the countries in which he occurs, on account of the feet and a half in length, and is of a white colour, with quantities of carrion which he devours, and for this the extremities of the wings black. reason his presence in the towns is even encouraged. The Stork frequents marshes and the banks of rivers, In a wild state this bird lives in flocks, generally fredevouring indiscriminately any aquatic animals that quenting the flat shores of the mouths of rivers. come in its way, and not even sparing the young THE MARABOU STORK (Lelptolptilus Marabou) is of water fowl. It also feeds freely upon any offal or an African species, a little smaller than the preceding, carrion; and for this reason in many places its visits which it resembles in its form and general habits. are regarded with great favour; and it may be seen This bird is chiefly remarkable for the great delicacy stalking about with perfect confidence even in the of the feathers growing from beneath the wings, which crowded streets of towns. It often takes up its abode are known as Marabout feathers, and form some of the upon the house-tops and there builds its nest, return- most admired ornaments of ladies' head dresses. ing every year to take possession of its old dwelling; THE SENEGAL JABIRU (Ml~ycteria senegaleasis)and in Holland and Germany it is usual for the people Plate 25, fig. 98-is an inhabitant of the same region to place boxes upon the roofs for the accommodation as the last species, to which it is nearly equal in size. of the Storks. The nest consists of a mass of sticks It is at once distinguishable fiom all the preceding forms and similar rough materials, in the midst of which the of this group by the peculiar form of the bill, which is female lays three or four eggs; the young, when curved upwards at the tip. In its habits this bird hatched, are attended with great care by the parent resembles the Storks. A nearly allied species, the M. birds, which feed them by introducing their bills into australis —is an inhabitant of Australia; and a third, the gaping mouths of their offspring and then disgorg- distinguished by having the bill black and the head ing a portion of their last meal. The affection shown and neck nearly naked (21. americana), is met with by the Stork for its young has indeed become pro- in the tropical regions of South America. THE MADAGASCAR OPEN-BITL. BIRDS. — THE SACRED IBIS. 415 THE MADAGASCAR OPEN-BILL (Ancastoanms lamelli- Mr. Gould, who regarded it as in some respects allied gerus-Plate 26, fig. 99-is also a species of the group to the Pelicans. It was placed by Mr. Gray amongst of Storks, but is distinguished from all the preceding the Herons and in the neighbourhood of the Boatbill, forms by the curious conformation of its bill. This with which curious bird it has some analogy in the organ is long and stout, as in the other Storks, and the form of its bill; but Professor Reinhardt of Copenhagen, mandibles are in apposition for the basal half of their in a paper recently published, contends, and apparently length; but from this point to near the tip they are with good reason, that the Baloeniceps is most nearly separated by a small interval, the tips again coming in allied to the Umbre, also an Afiican bird, with which contact. The edges of the open part of the bill are it would form a small subordinate group, standing in furnished with numerous lamellne, or little plates. This the immediate vicinity of the Storks. The Baleniceps bird, which is found in Southern Africa and Mada- is a large and powerfull bird, measuring about four gascar, is about the size of the common Stork, which it feet and a half in length; its head is large and bears resembles in its-habits. Another species (A. oscitans) a broad, somewhat depressed bill, of which the upper inhabits the continent of India. mandible is spoon-shaped, but terminated by a strong THE TUFTED UMBRE (Scopus umbretta)-Plate 26, hook. It stands upon a pair of' long slender legs, of fig. 100. This remarkable species, which is an inhabit- which the naked reticulated part extends for a conant of Africa, is about the size of a crow, and of a brown siderable distance above the tarsal joints. colour; the male has the back of the head adorned THE SACRED IBIS (Geronticus ctl/iopicus)-fig. 129. with a large crest. The bill is much compressed, and The group of birds to which the common name of Ibis its upper mandible is furrowed along the sides and is given, is distinguished from the other forms of the terminated by a curved or slightly hooked tip. present family by the slender and elongated form of THE BAL2ENICEPS (Balceniceps rex). This singular the bill, which is obtuse at the tip and gently curved bird, which is an inhabitanit of Nubia and the banks of downwards. The Sacred Ibis, which is an inhabitant the White Nile, was described about ten years ago by of many parts of Africa, was regarded with great Fig. 129. The Sacred Ibis (Geronticus mthiopicus). veneration by the ancient Egyptians, who kept many was long supposed to be the Sacred Ibis of the Egypof these birds in the courts of their temples, and fre- tians, is found chiefly in the tropical parts of Africa, quently embalmed their bodies after death. The Ibis especially on the western coast. It resembles the last is also constantly to be found represented on the sculp- species, but has the naked skin of the face red. tured monuments of Egypt. It is about the size of a THE SCARLET IBIS (Ibis rubra) is a beautiful large fowl, and its plumage is white, with the exception species of a bright scarlet colour, with the tip of the of the tips of the wings, which are black; the head wings black, which inhabits the marshes bordering the and greater part of the neck are nearly naked and great rivers of South America, and is described as black, and the bill and feet are black. one of the chief ornaments of those regions. It has THE MILKY IBIS (Tantaluzes lacteus) Plate 26, fig. only a small portion of the head naked. 101-belongs to a genus in which the bill is stouter THE GLOSSY IBIS (Ibisfalcinellus), which is nearly than in that including the Sacred Ibis, but in which allied to the last species, appears to be distributed over the head and part of the neck are still bare of feathers. nearly all parts of the known world. It is occasionally This bird is an inhabitant of Java. seen in this country, and even finds its way as far THE AFRICAN TANTALUS (Tantalus Ibis), which north as Sweden. In ancient Egypt this bird shared 416. GRALLE.-BIRDS.- SCOLOPACIDA;. with the Sacred Ibis in the veneration of the people; mandible is a little longer than the lower one and it is seen represented on their monuments, and its usually grooved on each side; the nostrils, which are mummies have been found in the tombs. small, are pierced at the base of the.bill in the grooves. The Glossy Ibis is about two feet in length, and the In the development of the legs the birds of this family plumage of its upper parts is of a dark-reddish or differ considerably amongst themselves-some having,chestnut-brown colour, with beautiful purplish and the legs longer and more slender in proportion to their bronzed green tints. The lower surface and neck are size than any other birds, whilst others are supported dark reddish-brown, the bill is purplish-brown, and upon comparatively short limbs. The anterior toes the feet are green. Like nmany other species of the are of moderate length, and frequently connected at Ibis group it is migratory; it lives chiefly in swampy the base by membranes; the posterior toe when present places by the sides of rivers and lakes, and feeds on is small and slightly elevated, but sometimes entirely young frogs, small fishes, insects, worms, and mollusca. wanting. The wings are well developed, and the birds generally possess considerable powers of flight. FAMILY V.-SCOLOPACIDZE. The species of this family, which are exceedingly numerous, are all true wading birds, frequenting marshy These birds, which are among the smaller species of places and the banks of rivers, in the mud and soft their order, are distinguished by their long, slender, ground of which they seek the worms and insects which and nearly cylindrical bills, which are obtuse at the constitute their chief food. tip and generally somewhat flexible, of a softer texture THE CURLEW (Nuimenius arquata)-fig. 130-a than in most birds, and often covered at the tip with a common British species, is one of the largest birds in delicate skin, abundantly supplied with nerves, and this family, the female measuring upwards of two feet thus forming an admirable tactile organ. The upper in length, whilst the male is a few inches less. It is Fig. 130. f' The Curlew (Numenius arquata). of a brown colour, with the edges of the feathers whitish, THE BLACK-TAILED GODWIT (Limosa melanura) and the rump white; the lower surface is white or is a bird of passage in this country, appearing with us nearly so, with the breast pale brown, and the neck chiefly in the spring and autumn on its way to and and breast streaked with dark brown. The bill, which from its northern breeding-places, although a few pairs is long and considerably curved downwards, is brown, remain through the summer and breed in our fens and and the naked part of the long slender legs is pale blue. marshes. It is met with throughout the northern half During the late autumn and winter the Curlew fre- of the eastern hemisphere. This bird measures from quents the sea-shore, where it finds an abundance of sixteen to seventeen inches in length; it has a long small crustacean worms, and other marine animals; bill, very slightly curved upwards. Its plumage varies but at the approach of spring it migrates inland, and greatly with the seasons; but it is always distinguishusually in a northerly direction, to breed upon the able by its black tail. moors and hills. The nest consists of a few dry leaves THE COMMON REDSHANK (Totanus Caliclris) is a and similar materials brought together in a tuft of her- not uncommon British species, and resides in this 'HE JOMRIMON SNDI)PIPER. BIRDS.- THE STILT. 41.7 ashy-brown, with the primaries nearly black, the rnmp fiequently in marshy places on the borders of water in white and the tail barred with gray; the lower surface the interior, it walks about on the soft sand or mud, is white, with a few dusky streaks. In summer the or wades deeply into the water, poking about with its back and especially the wings are spotted with brown- long, flexible, and curiously fornmed bill in search of ish-black, and the lower surface is streaked and spotted the worms, aquatic insects, and small crustaceans on with black. The bill is dark-red with the tip black, which it feeds. The nest is made in a small hole in and the feet are red. During the winter the Redshanks the ground, and the bird is said to lay only two eggs. are seen in flocks on the sea-shore, seeking small marine THE STILT (Himanctoqpus melanopteres), also called animals by probing with their bills into the wet sand the LONG-LEGGED PLOVER, is especially remarkable and mud; for the breeding season they resort to inland for the immense length of its slender legs, which appeal marshes, moors, and heaths. The nest is composed of quite out of proportion to its little body. It is nearily a little coarse grass. Like many other wading birds allied to the Avocet, but has a straight bill; and the the Redshank swims with facility. posterior toe, which is small in the Avocet, is ill the THE COMMON SANDPIPER (Totanus hypoleucus) is present bird entirely walting. The back and wings a summer visitor to this country, arriving in April and are nearly black, with a slight green tinge; the taking its departure again in September. It is also remainder of the plumage is white, the bill is black, known as the SUMMIER SNIPE. It is about seven inches and the feet are pink. The length of the bird is about and a half in length; its colour above is greenish- thirteen inches. This species is found in Europe, brown, with a blackish bar on each feather; the pri- Africa, and Asia; it is a rare visitor to this country. maries are nearly black; the breast is a pale-ash colour THE AMERICAN STILT (Himantopets nigricollis), a streaked with black, and the rest of the lower surface bird very nearly allied to the last species, but distinpure white. This is a lively and active little bird, gnished friom it by its black head and neck, is found oil which frequents the margins of our rivers, lakes, and the Atlantic coasts of North America in companiy with ponds, where it runs nimbly along on the gravel and the American Avocet. During the breeding season it mud, seeking for worms and insects. It is rarely seen associates in small parties of six or eight pairs, which on the coast. Its nest is composed of a little moss and make their nests, at a short distance apart, amongst a few dry leaves in the immediate vicinity of water; the thick tufts of grass on the dry ground near the salt generally in a hole of the bank under the shelter of a marshes fiequented by them. The nests are composed tuft of rushes or grass, or at the root of a tree. The of dry grass, twigs, and similar materials, and as the eggs are four in number. This species swims well, birds sit they continually add to the height of their and even the young birds before they are able to fly nests, probably. with a view to protect the eggs or will take to the water when threatened with any danger. young firom any accidental rising of the water above They can even dive with facility and remain under its ordinary level. Several other species of Stilts are water for a considerable'time, coming up at a distance known; they are scattered over all parts of the world. from the place where they went down, they are said THE RUFF (Philomachus pugnax). The male of to progress under water by the agency of their wings. this species is adorned during the breeding seasoII with THE GREENSHANK (Totanus Glottis) is another a large quantity of feathers, springing friom the head( migratory species, which makles its appearance with and throat and forming a large ruff, which is capable us chiefly in the spring and autumn on its journey to of being raised or depressed at the pleasure of the bird, and from the high northern latitudes in which it prefers hence its ordinary English name. The females, which to breed. Some specimens, however, remain with us are called Reeves, are destitute of this ornament. This through the summer, especially in the northern parts bird is rather more than ten inches in length; the of Scotland. It is of an ashy-brown colour above, feathers of the upper surface are black, broadly marwith the edges of most of the feathers buffy-white; gined with ash-colour and brown; those of the neck the primaries are black and the tail white, barred or and breast are still more broadly edged with grayishstriped with brown; and the lower surface is white, white, and the remailnder of the lower surface is white. with the neck and breast, and the sides under the The Ruff inhabits most parts of Europe in the sumwings, marked with ash-coloured streaks. The bill is mer, but is most common towards the north; it is also black and the feet olive-green. This bird occurs in found in Asia and Northern Africa, and performs a Europe, Asia, and North America, and generally in regular migration:in spring and autumn. In this the vicinity of the coasts. country it is met with in the fen districts, where it THE AVOCET (Recurvirostra Avocetta)-Plate 27, breeds, but is much less common here than formerly fig. 102-is remarkable for the length of its legs and It is polygamous in its habits, and the males fight with for the singular form of its bill, which is long, slender, the greatest ferocity and determination. and strongly curved upwards. It measures about THE KNOT (Triga Ccanutus), unlike the preceding eighteen inches in length, and its plumage is curiously species, is a winter visitor to this country, where it is pied with black and white. The toes are united by not an uncommon bird fiom autumn to spring. It large membranes, but it does not appear to use its feet does not appear ever to breed in any part of the British in swimming, as is done tLy some species not so well islands, but resorts to very high northern latitudes for this provide(l. The Avocet inhabits Asia and Africa, and purpose. Like a good many other birds which have visits Europe as a bird of passage; it is rare in this this habit, it is common to both hemispheres, of which country, but appears to have been more abundant it seems to inhabit all the northern parts. The Knot formerly. It is sometimes seen on the coast, but more is about ten inches in length, and in the summer its VoTl. I. 53 118 GRALLZE. BIPtDS.- 1ALL1DiL, upper plumage is black, with the feathers margined feeds at night, when it sallies forth f'rom its cover and with reddish-brown and white, and the whole lower proceeds silently to its feedinlg ground, where it seeks,surface rich red(lish-chestnut, in the winte worms and ]arvin of insects which constitute its gray above, andl white streaked with gray beneath. nourishment. In its mode of nidification it resembles In this country the Knot is met with on the shores, the other Snipes. chiefly of the southern and eastern counties. THE GRAY PHALAROPE (Phalaropus lobatu.s). —The THE DUNLIN (Tringa variabilis), which is about Phalaropes closely resemble the Snipes in their general eight inches in length, undergoes changes in its plumage characters, but are at once distinguishable by the analogous to those occurring in the preceding species, structure of their feet, which have the anterior toes borand the difference between the bird in its summer dered with membranous lobes, rendering them efficient and- in its winter dress is so great, that it was long swimming organs. Hence, tliey have been placed by -supposed to form two species, distinguished under the some ornithologists in the same group with the Coots names of the Du1zli2 and the Purre. The Dunlin is and Grebes, in which. nearly the same structure of foot diffused over the whole northern hemisphere, and prevails, although in all other respects the Phalaropes migrates to high latitudes in the spring to breed; in are evidently true nlembers of the Snipe family. this country it is abundant on the sea-coasts during The Gray Phalarope is a pretty little bird, measuring the autumn and winter, bilt appears to breed only in about eight inches in length. In winter its colour is the most 0ol thelrn parts of Scotland, and in tile Orkney pearl-gray above, with the greater part of the winhgand Shetland islands. It frequents flat sandy shores, feathers lead-gray, margined with white; the lower where it is seen in constant activity, running along or surface is white. In the summer it is nearly black taking shol:t flights near the edge of the water, and above, with the margins of the feathers pale-yellow, continually probing with its bill in search of the small and reddish-chestinut beneath. This bird is widely crustacea on which it chiefly feeds. distributed in the Northern hemisphere, being met with THE COMMON SNIPE (Scololqox galliinago)-Plate in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is migratory 27, fig. 103. —This well-known bird, although generally in its habits, resorting to the extreme north for the migratory in its habits, and breeding in high northern breeding season, and passilng the winter inl the warmler latitudes, is still truly indigenous to this corkntry, in all temperate lalitudes. It is usually seen in this country parts of which it is known to breed, but most commonly in autumn, when it is not uncommon, and a few specitowards the north. It is, however, most abundant mens remain with us through the winter. As might here during the winter, when it is met with in marshy be expected, firom the structure of its feet, the Phalaplaces all over the country. The bill in the Snipe, and rope is -a good swimmer. It has been seen several in all its immediate allies, is thickened, soft, and very miles out at sea, swimming about and capturing the tender at the extremity, and this part, being richly small crustacea and other animials which float at the supplied with nerves, serves as a delicate organ of surface of the water. When swimming its appearance touch in searching in the soft ground for the insects resembles that of a teal, Two other species of Phala — and worms which constitute the food of the bird. The ropes are met with in North America, one of which, nest of the Snipe is a very slight structure, composel thle lIIED-NECKED Pl-ALAROPE (P. lypjerboreus), is also of a little dry grass or other herbage, brought together foulld in Europe, in a small hollow in the ground, often under. the shelter or in the midst of a tuft of grass or rushes. The FAIILY VI.- RALLID2E. eggs are from two to four in number. The Common Snipe is found in all parts of Europe, and in Northern In this family the bill is always short, much coinAfrica and Asia Minor, but in its more southern places pressed, and wedge-shaped; the upper mandible is of residence it is only a winter visitor. grooved along each side, and the nostrils are generally THE JACK SNIPE (Scolopax gallinula), a smaller placed near the middle of' the bill. The legs are and rarer British species than the preceding, is found also short, rarely so long as in the preceding iamily. in this country almost exclusively during the winter, They are generally pretty stout.. The toes, espealthough a few specimens remain to breed in the cially the anterior ones, are greatly elongated; the northern parts of Scotland. It is widely distributed hinder toe is sometimes of moderate length, someover the eastern hemisphere towards the north, and times very long, and it is either placed on the salme migrates into high latitudes every summer. plane with the anterior toes, or elevated a little upon THE GREAT SNIPE (Scolop nx major) is a larger the back of the tarsus. The claws with which the toes species, measuring about twelve inches in length. Like are armed are ofteii very long, especially that of the the preceding Snipes it is widely distributed, and h]inder toe; arind the birds in wlhich this structure migrates far north to breed. occurs are thereby enabled to run with ease upon the THE WOODCOCK (Scolopacx rusticola), which, like floating leaves of aquatic plants. The wings are the Snipes previously referred to, is a winter resident moderate, and the tail generally short. The neck, also, in this country, is also known to remain here through is short, and in their general aspect the birds resemble the summer, and to breed in many parts of Britain, the Gallinhe more than the true Wnaders. especially in the north of Scotland. It arrives here In their habits the birds of this family vary greatly. early in October, and leaves us again for the nortlh in Some of them firequent dry places, anrd especially cornMIarch, and dulring its residence here dwells chiefly fields, whilst others haunt marshy places and the in plantations and copses in the vicinity of water. It margins of water. Of the latter, sorie, as already THI-IE WVAttTER~-RAkIL. -BIRDS. THE CooT. 419 stated, run over the floating aquatic plants, and others eveniig not unfiequently wanders to the damp menaswiel and dive with ease. Their food consists of dows in its vicinity in search of worms, insects, and worms, small mollusca, and insects, but they also eat slugs. Occasionally this bird perches on the branch a good deal of vegetable matter. We may commence of a tree, and it has even been known to place its nest with those forms which are represented in Britain. upon a branch hanging close to the surface of the THE WATER-RAIL (Rcllus aquaticus)-Plate 28, water; but the nest is generally made on the ground fig. 106-is an abundant species in many parts of amongst reeds and other herbage. The eggs are Europe, but does not occur very commonly in England, usually seven or eight in number, and the birds pro-,where, however, it is a constant resident. In the north duce two or three broods in the season. In winter the of Europe it is a summer visitor. This bird frequents Gallinules frequent running water, which is not liable marshes, where it dwells amongst the dense beds of to be frozen over, and in severe winters they take to reeds, rushes, and other herbage. Through these the hedge rows and plantations, and appear to feed on compressed form of its body, which, indeed, is common berries and seeds. to all the species of this litmily, enables it to pass with THE COOT (Filica atra), which is very nearly allied great facility, so that it can hardly be driven from its to the Gallinule, is distinguished fiom it by the broad cover by any means. It is also able to swim and dive membranous lobes with which the toes are bordered well. The nest consists of a mass of sedges and coarse on each side The base of the upper mandible is grass, collected amongst the thickest herbage of its dilated into a fiontal plate. The Coot is considerably haunts. The appearance of the Water-rail is well larger than the Gallinule, measuring about sixteen shown in our figure. Its bill is longer than in most inches in length; its colour is. a sooty black, with the other species of the family, and the whole length of the tips of the secondaries white, ibrming a narrow band bird is nearly a foot. across the wing; the bill is flesh co'our, with its frontal THE LAND-RAIL (Crex pratensis), which is also dilatation white, and the feet are dark green. This called the CORN-CRAKE, is a common visitor to Britain, bird is widely distributed in Europe and Asia, alnd perarriving here towards the end of April. It resem- forms a partial migration towards the north in the bles the Water-rail ill its general appearance, but summer. It fiequents large open sheets of water, and is nearly two inches shorter, and has a much shorter is very watchful in its habits; for which reason other bill. The Land-rail is abundant all over Europe, water fowl are said to be exceedingly fond of associand also visits Northern Africa in the winter. It ating with it. It swims and dives well, alld is active haunts damp meadows and the borders of rivers, and and lively on land; it even perches and moves about is also commonly found in corn-fields, from which its the branches of trees with great ease. curious cry of crelc, crel, crelc, may be constantly THE SULTANA BIRD (Porlphyrio lulverulentus)heard in the dusk of the evening. The food of this Plate 28, fig. 107.-The species of the genus Peobird consists of worms, slugs, insects, and even small phyrio are very nearly related to the Gallinules, which reptiles, and its flesh is regarded as exceedingly good. they resemble in most of thei: characters. They are -Its nest, which is placed on the ground in a field of distributed over most parts of the world, principally thick grass, clover, or corn, is composed of dried herb- in the warmer regions; only one species, and this a age, and usually contains from seven to ten eggs. The native of Africa, occurs in Europe. In their habits female sits very close; indeed, an instance is recorded they resemble the Gallinules. The species figured of her head being cut off by mowers. When in is a native of Southern Africa, where it is met with on danger, and unable to escape, the Land-rail will feign the banks of rivers. death in the most perfect manner, and persist in this THE JACANA (P1arra Jacaa).-The Jacanas differ simulation until it gets an opportunity to steal away. from the preceding species in the form of the bill, Several other Crakes or La;lc-rails are met with in which is more or less arched towards the tip, and in this country. They all visit us in the summer. Other the great length and acuteness of the claws, especially species are dispersed in all parts of the world. those of the hinder toes. The wings also are armed THE GALLINULE (Gallnlula chloroopus) —Plate 28, with spurs at the bend. The claw of the hind toe is fig. 108. The Gallinules are distinguished fiom the perhaps more elongated in the present species than in preceding species by having the ridge of the upper any other. It is an ihhabitant of Brazil, where it fremandible dilated at the base into the form of an oblong quents the rivers, and runs by means of its elongated plate, of rather soft consistence, which covers more or toes over the floating leaves of the aquatic plants. At less of the forehead. They are all aquatic in their the base of the bill there is a large dilated plate standhabits. The hinder toe is more developed than in the ing up in front of the forehead, and a sort of wattle-like preceding species of this family. The common Gallinule, prominence occupies the base of the lower mandible; Moor-hen, or Water-hen of this country is generally the head and lower surface are black, and the upper distributed over the Old World, always inhabitingr parts chestnut. Its length is about ten inches. rmarshy places. The Gallinule swims and dives with THE CHINESE JACANA (Parra sinzezsis)-Plate 27, great facility, and is rarely seen except on the water, fig. 104-is an example of a- different group of these along which it moves with a nodding motion of the birds, which some ornithologists have elevated into a head, probably conrresponding to the strokes given by genus, undei the name of lHydrophasianus. It is desthe feet. It picks up most of its food while thns titute of the fiorltal plate at the base of the upper swimming about, and obtains some also by diving nlandible. Several other species are found in America, to the bottom of the water, but in the Inorning anld Aflica, and Southllern Asia. 420 N.ATATORES. BIRDS. ANATIDAL. THE HORNED SCREAMER (PcFlamelea cornuta)- THE CHAJA (Chauna chavaria), instead of the curiPlate 28, fig. 105 -is nearly allied to the Jacanas. Its ous horn of the Screamer, has on the back of the head head is decorate(l with a singular long and slender a circle of feathers, which are capable of being raised horn, and its wings are armed each with two spurs. or depressed at the pleasure of the bird. The Chaja The toes, and especially the claws, are comparatively is an inhabitant of Brazil and Paraguay; it feeds chiefly shorter than in the true Jacanas. This bird is about on vegetable matters, and is frequently kept with the the size of a goose, and of a blackish colour, with a domestic poultry, as it is said to drive away birds of large red spot on each shoulder. It dwells in the prey. This bird is remarkable for the looseness of its marshes of South America, living in pairs, and utters skin, which appears to be separated from the subjacent loud cries which may be heard at a great distance. musclesby a stratum of air-cells, and the skin crackles It is said to live chiefly upon leaves and seeds. when the finger is pressed upon it. OnDER VIII.-NATATORES. Is the Natatorial or Swimming Birds we find in its of the members of the order; and between these two highest state of development a character which, as extremes we find every intermediate grade. The btill already stated, occurs more or less amongst the rnem- is also subject to great v7ariations in size, form, aied bers of the preceding order, namely, the union of the texture. anteiior toes by a web or membrane. In fact, in most. As might be expected from the preceding stateof these birds the feet are completely palmated, the ments, the habits of these birds vary greatly, and they membranes extending quite down to the extremities of form six well-defined families, presenting important the toes; but this is not universally the case, for in differences both in structure andc mode of life. some forms the toes are merely bordered with a wide membrane. The posterior toe is almost always small, FAMILY I. —ANATID2E. more or less elevated on the back of the tarsus, and directed a little inwards; in a few species it attains The birds forming this family, of which our conmmon a greater d(egree of development, and is then united by Geese and Ducks are characteristic examples, are a memlbrane to the inner anterior toe. By the agency easily distinguished from all the rest of their order by of these webbed feet the birds of this order are enabled the peculiar characters presented by the bill. This to swim with great ease and rapidity, and most of them organ is generally of a lrather broad and flattened pass the greater portion of their existence upon the form, and furnished with a soft covering; and the surface of the water, not a few also being able to dive edges of )both mandibles exhibit a series of fine, toothand progress beneath the surface with astonishing faci- like lamellue or plates. The office of these, which lity. The legs are usually rather short, and placed very interlock when the mandibles are nearly closed, is to far back towards the tail, a position which, coupled form a sort of strainer, by means of which the birds with the boat-like form of the body, greatly increases are enabled to separate small particles of food fiom the the natatorial power, but renders the gait of these water and mud in which they commonly seek their birds upon dry land awkward and waddling in the nourishmlent. The feet are well developed, and the extreme. In some forms, such as the Penguins and anterior toes are united bly ample membranes; the skeleton, the legs are so placed that tlhe bird is coin- hinder toe is small, free, and raised more or less on pelled to hold itself quite upright when out of the. the back of the tarsus. The wings are also tolerably water. large and powerful, enabling the birds, notwithstanrdThe body, as already indicated, is of an elongated, ing their bulky and rather heavy bodies, to fly with boat-like form, admirably adapted for speedy motion considerable ease and rapidity; many of them are through the water; it is generally stout and bulky, migratory in their habits, and perform long journeys and most frequently terminates in front in a rather to and from their breeding places. They are generally elongated and very flexible neck. The plumage is gregarious, and most of them frequent fresh waters, dense, and exhibits a very thick under-coat of down; although they are often seen on the sea-shore in the the outer surface is kept constantly greased by the winter season. Their food consists chiefly of worms, birds, so that the water runs off it with great readi- aquatic insects, and mollusca, which they obtain as less. In other respects these birds exhibit many above described by straining the mud and water and important differences amongst themselves. In the through the fine lamellm of their bills. The species development of the wings we find a far greater varia- of this family are very numerous, and we can only tion than in any other order of birds, some species refer to a few of the most interesting forms. being endowed with enormous organs of flight, which THE FLAMINGO (Phlienicopterus rube)- Plate 29, suffice to support them in the air for the whole day fig. 109.-This singular bird undoubtedly presents the without apparent fatigue; whilst others have mere nealrest approach in many resplects to the preceding rudimentary pinions, quite unfitted for flight. The order, although its characters distinctly show that it latter are the most thoroughly aquatic in their habits b7elongs to the present family. It is slpported uponl THE FLAsMINGO.-BIRDS. —T-1H WILD SWANo 421 enormously lolng legs, of which the naked part extends to remain in Britain through the summer to breed, espefar above the articulation of the tarsus, as in the Wad- cially in the north of Scotland. It is found all over ing birds, with which it was, ue t(hib account, long asso- Europe, and breeds in the extreme north of that conciated by ornithologists; hut the teet are filly webbed, tinent. Its name of Bean Goose is given to it from its it presents the same lamellated structure of the edgps fondness for pulse and grain; it is known to frequent of the bill which prevails amongst the Anatid'e, and c-rn-fields often in great flocks, which do considerable its plumage possesses all the characters of that of damnag,-. In its migrations this bird, and many of its these birds. The bill itself is of a singular form, but allies, usually fly at a great height in the air, and in the form of a wedge, or rather of the letter V, with Fig. 131. the point directed forward; they generally fly by night., when their passage is betrayed by the clanging sound of their voices. ________'~~~ ~'THE WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albsf,-ons), a rather smaller species than either of the preceding, is distirnguished by having a white band at thle base of _____ ~Y"~' ~' M>J ~ r --— ~ —-the upper mandible, continued in the form of a patch ~ -.~ _ on the forehead; it is an inhabitant of the whole -!, X~ northern hemisphere, and is an abundant winter visitor - to this country. Its note somewhat resembles a laugh; -_ ______.__ Xand hence it has sometimes been called the Laughing Goose.! _______ THE BRENT GOOSE (Anser- Bernicla), the smallest British species, has a white spot on each side of the =-_ —__ —-_ —_ -~ \'. ~?:~ —- neck. It is very abundant here during the winter, but, unlike'the preceding species, dwells chiefly upon Head of Flamingo. the coast, feeding upon sea-weeds of various kinds. THE NEW HOLLAND GOOSE (Cereoplsis.Arovce Holis wonderfillly well adapted to the peculiar mode of life lagodice)-Plate 29, fig. 111.-OF the numerous other of this bid — fig. 131. As the Flamingo stalks along species of Geese distributed in all parts of the world, upon its long stilt-like legs, or wades in the shallow our space will only permit us to refer to thle curions waters, it holds down its long neck towards the ground, Australian bird, to which the name of Cercojsis has and the peculiarly formed upper mandible is thus turned been given. In this bird tile base of the upper nmanback downwards, and constitutes a receptacle for any dible is occupied by a large cere, towards the front of small objects in the mud or water. These are retained which the nostrils are pierced; the tarsi are rather by the lamellm of the mandibles, assisted by the spines elongated, and the webs uliitiilg the toes are deeply which fringe the fleshy tongue, and thle Flamingo is cut. out in a semicircular form. It is abllout the size thus enabled to retain thle small fishes, nlollusca, anld of our Common Goose, and is of a gray colour, withl crustacea which constitute its food. the quills of the wings and tail blackishl; the bill is The Flamingo is an inhabitant of Southern Europe, black, the cere yellow, the tarsi reddish-orange, and Africa, and Asia. It is a large bird, old males often the feet black. The Cereopsis frequents the shores of standing nearly five feet in height, and as it is grega- Australia. Its voice is very strong and clanging. rious inl its habits, collecting in large flocks upon the THE WILD SWAN (Cygnus fer-us), called thile Wioovsea-coast, its bright red wings give these parties a ING SWAN, in allusion to the whooping cry of the male, close resemblance to bodies of soldiers standing in line. is a winter visitor to this country, its summer residence The nest of this bird is very curious, being a small hill alld breeding place leilng in the high northern latitudes of mud, with a cavity in its summit; in this the female of the Old World. In the Orkneys, however, a few lays two or three eggs, which she hatches by sitting pairs generally remain through the slmmner and breed. astride upon the hillock. Other nearly allied species The WhVooping Swan is about the same size as tle are found in both hemispheres. ordinary Tame Swan and, like it, is of a white colour; THE WILD GOOSE (Anserferus)-Plate 29, fig. 110 but the bill is yellow, with the extremity black, while -also known as the GRAY-LAG GoosE, is believed in the Tame Swan the black is at tile base of the bill. to be the original stock of our domestic geese, though In tlis country the Wild Swans fiequent the rivers another species, tile White-fronted Goose, is also pro- and lakes, and in severe winters move down to the bably one of thleir progenitors. It is a migratory bird, sea-shore. As in the cranes and several other bilrds inhabiting most parts of Europe and Asia, frequenting which have a loud and trumpet-like voice, t hie tlachea highl northleln latitudes in the summer for thie purpose of the Wild Swan is very long, and is bent back illto of breeding, and descending to the walrm and temperate a large fold or loop, enclosed in thle interior of tile regionls in the autumn. It was former]y not uncom- breast-bone mon in this country in the winter, but of late years THE TAWIE SWAN (Cygnus olot), or i' UTE SWAcxN, has becomle rare. so called from his possessing onlly a soft and rather THE BEAN GOOSE (Anser segetzr,) is the most musical voice, very cifferent fionu the strong notes of abundant of our British sIecies; anrd althotlgh chiefly the preceding species, is the well-knownm and graceresident here onllv il thle willter, a few paiirs are known ful species so often seen adorning witlh its delicate 422- NATATORES. BIRDS.-ANATIDA;,. white plumnage, and elegant form, the surfaces of much frequented by water-fowl, and covered with nets our lakes, rivers, and ornamental waters. It is the supported upon hoops. The birds are enticed or only species that permanently resides in this country, driven into these canals by means of decoy ducks, where, however, it is generally met with in a half- trained to come to a whistle, and assisted by equally dlomesticated condition. This bird has the extreme well-trained spaniels. The fowlcrs are concealed by tip of the upper mandible and its edges, and a patch means of reed-screens, so disposed that they may be at the base of the bill extending to the eye, and seen by the birds which have advanced beyond them occupying a large tubercle in fiont of the forehead, into the decoy, and which are thus caused to give up black; the rest of the bill is orarge-yellow. During all thougllts of retreat; they consequently push forward the breeding season the swans live ill pairs, each pair to avoid the dog and his master, until they reach the keeping to its own part of the water, and at this time termination of th,, canal, which gradually grows narthe male becomes exceedingly fierce, attacking any rower, and ends in what is called a turlnel net capable animal that intrudes upon his domains. The nest is of being detached fiom the main net of the decoy as formed of a mass of reeds, rushes, and other plants, soon as it is filled with birds. These are then taken and is placed close to the edge of the water, or out and killed by the fowlers. amongst the plants growing upon some small balllk I THE SHIELDRAKE (Tctdorna VTulpanserl) is a wellwhich is hardly above the surface. The eggs are six known species on the British coasts, where it resides or seven in number. When hatched the young birds throughout the year, but is most abundant in the winter. accompany their parents into the water, and occasion- It is an exceedingly handsome bird, having the head ally the mother will even take her family upon her and upper part of the neck deep green, the lower part back and swim along with them, apparently with the of the neck white, and below this a broad annular view of relieving them from the necessity of making band of chestnut; the back and lower surface are white, way against the stream. The whole family remains the latter with a dark-lbrow1n band along the middle; together throughout the winter, and in the summer the scapulars and part of the tertials are black, and or autumn the owners of the swans put a particular the primaries dark brown. The bill is of a vermilion markl upon the bills of the young birds. produced by colour. The length of the bii d is rather more than those belonging to them. AMany of these marks are two feet. On some parts of our coast the Shieldrakes verv curious; representations of a considerable ium- regularly breed in the rabbit b urrows, whence they hIer, with interesting historical details, will be ifound are known as Burrow Ducks. in Mr. Yarrell's "History of British B.rds.' THE SHOVELLER (Spatula cly2ertc.a), another BriTHE BLACK SWAN ( Cygnus tla tus).- Am ongst the tish species, is an inhabitant of the northern parts species of Swans noiie is more remarkable than the of both hemispheres, breeding chiefly in the extreme BSlack Swan, from the complete exception which it north. It is easily distinguished by the great makes to the orcdiniarily white colour of these bilrds. width of thle extremity of the bill, fiom whichl its This species, which is an inhabitant of various palts names of Shovellet and Broad-bill are derived; the( of New Holland, and has even given its name to the ulpper mandible is terminated with. a rather stronglycolony of Swan Riv-er in WVesternl Australia, is of a hooked nail. This bird inhabits inland nlmarshes, lakes, black colour, with tie exception of the wing-quills, and rivers, seeking its animal food in the mud and which are white, and the lower part of the belly, which shallow water. It also feeds to a considerable extent is of an ash colour. rl'he bill is orange red, and the upon grass and othller vegetable matters.,feet are brownish. The Black Swan is nearly as large THE PINTAIL DUCK (Dafila aCuta) resembles the as the common species, but appears to be rather inferior preceding species in its wide distribution, and is a to it in strengthl. winter viSitOl' to Blritain. Thle male has the central THE WILD DUCK (Arias Boschas), of which the male tail-feathers much elongated and black. In its habits is known as the Mallard, is an abundant species in this it resembles the shoveller. It is fiequently taken wvith country, and was formerly much more numerous here, the common wild duck aud other allied species in the before the fens and marshes were so generally drained. decoys, aind its flesh is in high esteem. A few pairs remain here through the summer; but the THE TEAL (Quer-qoedula Crecca) is one of the majority resort to high northern latitudes to breed, aiid smallest species of ducks, measurinw, ornly fourteen visit us in large flocks at the approach of' winter. T'he intches in leligth. It is found all over the northern WVild Duck fiequents marshy places and the borders of parts of the Eastern hemisphere, but does not extend rivers and lakes, where it finds an abundant supply of its range to Anmeiica, where its place is talken by nourishment in the form of worms, insects, and mol- another species. In this country it is a winter visitor, lusca, except in very severe ainters, when it is forced although a few pairs renairi heree to breed. to resort to estuaries in search of food and opell water. THE WIDGEON (lIcor'eca pe2nelope), another wellIn a wild state it always pailrs; but the domestic clducks, known British duck, is a winter visitor to our' islanids. which are derived from this species, are polygamous THE POCHARD (Aythlya fereina).-Besides the prein their habits. ceding ducks, which are chiefly inhabitants of the fresh As the flesh of tle Wild Duck is exceedingly good, waters, there is a considerable number of nearly-allied it is captured in great quantities duriing the winlet species, which hauntthe sea-shore, and maybe regaildcd season, sometimes by means of the gun, and sometimes as marine ducks. Of these the Poehalrd, whichi is one by peculiar traps known as decoys. These consist of of tile best lknown, is forud botlh inland anlld on tih long-curved canals, leadilig out of a piece of water coast. The Pochard measures nearly tweiity illnches in 1IlEi EIDiER Duc bD. —BI -'DI.- TE COOSANxaR. 425 lengtlh; it has the head and neck chestnut-red, the lower especially towards the nortlh of Scotland, is most altunpart of the neck and the breast deep black, and the dant in the extreme north of both hemispheres, whlere rest of the plumage freckled with delicate gray spots it breeds amongst the rockt of the coasts in vast qualnand lines upon a white ground. The eye is red. This tities. The male of this species has the cheeks whlite, bird is a winter visitor to this country, and breeds in the top of the head black, the back of the head green, the extreme northern parts of both hemispheres. Its the back and smaller wing-feathers white, the primaries flesh, when it feeds in fresh wate:s, is exceedingly and secondaries and the great wing-coverts black, the good; but specimens killed on the sea-shore are lower surface and tail black, and the neck white, coarse, and of a bad flavour. The Canvas-backed with its lower part pale-buff; the bill is dusky greelln, Duck (A. Vctlisneria) of North America, a nearly- with its tip white, and the feet are green. The lengtl allied species, is noted for the goodness of its flesh. is rather more than two feet. The female is pale brown, THE TUFTED DUCK (Fulsqula cristata) is another variegated witlh spots of a darker brown. abundant and well-linown British species, whlich chiefly The Eider Duck frequents the sea-coast and feeds frequents the sea-coast. It occurs all over the nor- upon marine animals. It is highly valued on account thern parts of the Old World. This is a short and of the great quantity of very fine, soft, and elastic down stout-bodied bird, with a small crest on the back of which it produces, and whichll is most abundant in the the head; the male has the head and neck and the breeding season, at which period the female plucks this back black, and the lower surface white, whilst the delicate substance fiom her skin, and employs it as a female is dark brown above and grayish white beneath. lining for her nest. The down is collected from the Its length is about seventeen inches. nests by the inhabitants of countries where Eider Of other allied species we may mention the HAR- Ducks abound; and as the female continues to lay LEQUIN DUCK (Ficligula histrionica), the SCAUP and to pull the down from her body for a considerable DucK (F. ma6ila), the GOLDIEN-EYE (F. clctngula), time when thus plundered, it is said that she will fiurthe BUFFEL-HEADED DUCK (F. albeola), and the nish as muich as half a pound of this material in the LONG-TAILED DUCK (HarelcCa glacialis), all of which course of the season. It is mlucll esteemed for its warmlith visit our shores for the winter season. and lightness, anld is employed in the manufacture of THE EIDER DUCK (Soomateria mollissima) —fig. 132 quilts and similar articles. -an inhabitant of some parts of the British coasts, THE COMMION SCOTER (Oiclemia nzigra) is entirely Fig. 132.,.'IThe lider Duck (Somlateria moilissilma). of a black colour, with only the ridge of the upper a blackish colour, crossedl by numerous paler lines. It mandible orange; the female is paler and blackish- measnures about thirty inches in length. )brown. Its lengthl is about nineteen inches. This THE GOOSANDER (iMergus Menganser)-fig. 133. bird is a winter visitor to our coasts, and feeds upon Besides the preceding forms, which all possess a broad niussels and other bivalve mollusca, which it procures and more or less depressed bill, the present family inby diving, an exercise in which this and all the marine cludes a considerable number of species in which that ducks are very expert. organ is niearly cylindrical, or even compressed, with THE LOBATED DUCK (Hlydrobates lobcatus), a native the upper mandible terminated by a strongly-hooked of' Southern Australia, is remarkable for the singular nail. These birds friequlent both iniland waters and the leathery flap which hangs down beneath the lower sea-shore, and are chiefly confined to the northern mandible in the male. Tlhe plumage of this bird is of parts of the worldli. They are exceedingly active in 424 NATATORES. -B13IRI)S.- COLYmIBIDmE. the water, swimming and diving with astonishing ease Some of them frequent fresh waters, others prefer the and rapidity in pursuit of the fishes and other animals sea-coast; they fly with considerable rapidity, but only. which constitute their food. for short distances. They swim and dive with the The Goosander, which is one of the largest species greatest ease, and progress under water with the most of this peculiar form, is a common bird in the northern astonishing rapidity, their movements when submerged being greatly aided by the action of the wings. Their Fig. 133. food consists of fishes, mollusca, insects, and crustacea. THE GREAT NORTHERN DIVER (Colymbus glacialis), the largest species of' this group, measuring nearly three feet in length, is met with chiefly in,the arctic regions of both hemispheres, but advances further south at the approach of winter, when it occurs in great abundance about the shores of the northern parts of Scotland. At.this period it lives principally on the sea, capturing herrings, sprats, and other small fish by diving; but in the summer these birds firequent the numerous fresh-water lakes of the extreme north, on the margins of which they make their large fiat nests of dry. herbage. On land the Diver is very awkward, as it is compelled to rest upon its lower surface, and push itself on with its feet; but in the'Water it moves with surprising rapidity, its speed equalling that of a four-oared boat; and even under water it moves with undiminished swiftness, coming HI-ead of Goosander. up at intervals for the sake of air, but often remaining below the surface for six or seven minutes at a tine. regions of both hemispheres; in this country it is Two other species, the BLACK-THROATEID DIvER usually seen only in the winter, althoiigh some indivi- (C. arcticus) and the RED-THROATE1D DIVER. (C. sepduals remain to breed in the northern parts of Scot- teatrionalis), which correspold with the Great Northelrn land. It frequents indifferently the fresh and salt Divei in their distriblltion anrd habits, are sufficiently waters, but in severe winters is usually driven to take distinguished by the peculiarities indicated in their up its abode in deep bays, where its great power of names. They are both met with on the British coasts, diving enables it to procure a supply of food. the latter abundal.tly, the tormer more rarely. THE RED-BREASTED MERGANSER (Mlfergus ser- THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE (Podicelps cristatus). rctoi-) is another species which may be regarded as, -The Grebes are distinguished firom the Divers by the to a certain extent, permanently resident in Britain, peculiar structure of their feet, in which the menmalthough chiefly a winter visitor; and the HOODED branes, instead of' uniting the toes, are cleft nearly to MERGANSER (ilV. cucullatus), distinguished by its the base of the latter, forming broad membranols broad crest, with a large white patch on each side of margins. In other resl)ects, the two forms are very it, is a native of North America, of which, however, similar, as also in their habits, althoughl the Grebes specimens have found their way to ourl shores. fiequent lakes and other pieces of fresh water in preference to the sea. The Great Crested Grebe, one of the largest species, measures from twenty-one to twenty-two inches in length, and Ihas the plumage of FAMILY II. COLYMBIDfE. the upper surface dark brown, and that of the lower parts white; the wings exhibit a wvliite patch formed The birds klnown as Divers and Grebes, which con- by the secondary quills; the top of the head is dark stitute this family, are readily distinguished from those tbrown, and is adornled at the back with a double crest just described, by the absence of the lamellme along the of the same colour; the cheeks are white, and below edes of the bill, which is rather elongated, of a coni- the head there is a sort of tippet, hanging down all cal form, and acutely pointed. The nostrils are small round the neck, of a pale chestnut colour, deep chestanrd very narrow, forming mere slits in the sides of the nut at the lower margin. ulpper mandible; the wings are short, and the legs are This bird is an inhabitant of most of the northern placed so far back, and attached to the body in such a parts of both hemispheres. In this country it is a manner, that the birds are compelled to sit upright, rest- constant resident, frequenting the lakes anid other ing upon the whole length of the tarsus when on dry extensive pieces of water. It feeds upon aquatic ground. The feet are large, and the toes sometimes animals of all kinds, which its great natatorial powers fiily webbed, sometimes bordered by ample but dis- enable it to capture with ease. tillet membranes; the posterior toe is always present, THE HORNED GREBE (Poclicrps cornutus), also although small. kown as the SCLAVONIAN GrIEIB, is a r much smaller These birds, whlliclh are essentially aquatic in their species than the preceding one, vwhich it resembles inl habits, never venturing to move far fiom the water's its general habits ancd di.stribution, but is a rare bird edge, are found principally in the nortliern hemisphere. in tlhis country in summer. The male is distinguishlled I~ _ _ _ ______________________ _ ______________ _______ _____________________________________ ATCT.B. TR DS. TIIE OUILtE;mIOT. 425 by the peculiar tufts of feathers which spring from the fly, and the bill is elongated and conical; its colour is back and sides of the head. a sooty black on the back and wings, except the tips THE LITTLE GREBE (Pocliceps minor), also called of the secondaries, which are white; the upper part of the DABCHICK, and in some places the DIDAPPEII, is the throat is also black, but thle rest of the lower surthe smallest British species of this family, and is by no face is pure white. The length of the bird is about means uncommon in this country throughout the year. eighteen inches. It is widely distributcd in the northern parts of the The Common Guillemot is abundant round our Old World, but is not found in America. The Little coasts at all seasons, and breeds in thousands upon Grebe measures only nine inches,and a half in length, the ledges of the cliffs in many places. It makes no and is nearly black above, and grayish-white beneath, nest, but lays a single egg upon'the bare rock, and tle with the cheeks and upper part of the neck reddish- female sits'upon the egg in an upright position. The chestnut. It fiequents rushy lakes an2 ponds during young, when hatched, remain for a time upon the ledge the summer, but in winter resorts to sniall streams, of rock, but when arrived at a certain age, the old birds and when the weather is severe even to estuaries and are said to take their offspring on' their backs, and fly sheltered parts of the sea-coast. Its food consists of with them down into the sea. small fishes, insects, and other aquatic animals; and THE RINGED GUILLEMIOT (Ur-ia lacrymans) and the its nest, which contains fiom four to six eggs, is of BLACIK GUILLEMOT (Uria Gry1lle) are also common large size, and placed amongst the reeds anld rushes European and British species; the former closely which fringe its place of abode. resembles the Common Guillemot, but has a white THE SENEGAL COOT-GREBE (Poclica senegcqlezsis) ring surrounding each eye, and giving off a narrow line, is nearly allied to the true Grebes, but differs from them which runs backwards on the head; and the latter is in having a well-developed tail, in the greater length of a black colour, with a large white patcll upon each of the legs, and in having the posterior toe larger, wing. The Black Guillemot is also abundant on the placed nearly on the same plane as the anterior toes, arctic shores of America. and bordered by a membrane. Its neck is also!nmuch THE PUFFIN (yFratercula arctica), also called the elongated. This bird, presenting a curious combina- SEA-PARROT and COULTEIRNtEB in allusion to the form tion of characters, has frequently been placed with the of its bill, is a summer visitor to our shores, on some Coots in the preceding order. It is a native of Westernl parts of which it breeds in vast numbers. The female Afi'ica. deposits her single egg, sometimes in the fissures of the cliffs, sometimes in burrows which she excavates FAMILY II.-ALCIDIE. in soft ground to a depth of about three feet, and sometimes in rabbit burrows, the possession of which In this family, which includes the Auks, Puffins, and she disputes with the rightful owners. On land the Penguins, the wings are still smaller than in the pre- Puffin is a very awkward bird; but it flies swiftly, anid ceding group, fiequently quite incapable of raising their swims and dives well. owners into the air, and in some cases even reduced to THE RAZOR-BILL (Ulamania tordcl) is another spea nearly rudimentary condition, and covered only with cies remarkable for the singular form of its bill, which a scaly skin. In all cases, however, these organs are is considerably longer than that of the Puffin, but very of service to the birds when swimming beneath the much compressed and much arched towards the point. surface of the water, an occupation in which much of The bill is black, with three grooves and a white line; their lives is passed. The legs in these birds are placed the upper surface and wings are black, with a narrow quite at the hinder extremity of the body, so that streak running from the base of the bill to each eye, when on shore they are under the necessity of sitting and the tips of the secondaries and tertiaries white; upright, and supporting themselves on the whole lower the whole lower surface is pure wlite, and the feet are surface of the tarsus, which forms a sort of sole, and the nearly black. The length of the adult bird is about hindcler toe is either entirely wanting or quite rudimen- seventeen inches. The habits of the Razor-bill closely tary. The anterior toes are well developed and united resemble those of the Guillemots; it is most abundant by ample menmbranes. I in the arctic seas, but occurs more or less on all the The Alcidle are distributed in most parts of the European coasts. world, but are most abundant in high northern and THE LITTLE AUK (3Mergulus Alle).-In this bird southern latitudes. They are found upon the barren the bill is shorter and thicker than in the Guillemots, rocky shores of the arctic and antarctic lands and and the general form of the body is short and stout. islands, often in flocks consisting, of vast numbers of It is a small species, less than nine inches in length; individuals; they pass the greater part of their time in the head and throat and all the upper surface are the sea, which furnishes them with an abundant supply black, with a small spot over each eye, and the tips of of the fishes on which they chiefly prey. the secondaries and tertiaries white; the lower surface THE COMON GUILLEMOT ( Uria T'roile), which is is white, the bill black, and the feet yellowish-brown. likewise called the FOOLISE GUILLEMOT, is one of the In winter the throat is white. The Little Auk is most abundant and best known British species of found abundantly in the arctic seas, and occurs not this family, and at the same time one of those which uncommonly round the British coasts in winter. approaches in its characters most nearly to the DiTrers THE GREAT AUK (Alca imp2ennis).-This bird, and Grebes. In common with tile other Guillemots, which is nearly, if not quite extinct, is a native of the it has the wings sufficiently developed to enable it to arctic seas, and was folrmerly met with occasionally VOl. I. 54 426 NATATOREs. BIIRDS. -PROCELILARIIDE. Upon the northern shores of Britain. It is a large the tussocks of grass, that it miillt easily be mistaken bird, measuring about thirty-two inches in length; the for a quadrupe d. wings, although furnished with ordinary feathers, are far too small to support its bulky body in the air; and its bill is large, strong, much compressed, and marked FAMILY IV.-PROCELLABJIDIE. with several furrows on each side. In its habits the Great Auk closely resembles the Guillemots. For- Whilst the birds of the preceding family are very merly it occurred not uncomimonly about the shores of scantily furnished with wings, and some of them Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, and the totally incapable of flight, those to whlich we have eastern coast of North America, as iar down as La- now to advert possess large wings, and fly with great brador and Newfoundland, but for many years it has ease and rapidity.'They have a tolerably stout body, scarcely ever been seen in any of these localities, and supported upon moderately long legs, which are placed in some of them it is cert'ainly extinct. Examples of less backward than in any of the preceding groups, so it are so rare in collections, that a good specimen is that these birds walkl with more grace than most of now worth fifty guineas, anld even tile egg will fetch their allies. The anterior toes are well developed from twenty to thirty pounds. and united by large webs, but the posterior toe is THE PATAGONIAN PENGUIN (lAptenoclytes pcata- rudimentary or entirely wanting. The structure of gonica). —The birds which we have just been describ- the bill serves to distinguish these birds from those ing are found with some allied forms in the extreme of the following family, which they resemble in general northern seas, the Penguins, which constitute the form. IThe apical portion of both mandibles is disrelnainder of this family, are equally peculiar to tinctly separated from the basal part, and the upper those approaching the antarctic circle. They are surface of the base of the upper manadible is usually distinguished by tile rudimentary state of the wings, occupied by a pair of tubes, generally united together, which are not only far too small to support the birds at tile extremity of which are the openings of the in the air, but are even destitute of the ordinary quills, nostrils. The nostrils are always of a tubular form. the skin of these parts being covered only with scales, These birds are strictly oceanic in their habits, passwhich represent rudimentary feathers. These curious ing nearly their whole time upon the surface of the organs serve as paddles to assist the birds in swimming sea, and even apparently delighting in rough weather. beneath the surface of the water; they are also some- Few of them ever visit the shore except for the purtimes used as a second pair of feet to aid them in their pose of breeding, when they deposit their eggs, and movements on shore. hatch and bring up their young upon the ledges of the The Patagonian Penguin is a large species, standing rocks. Their food consists of fishes and.other marine nearly three feet in height when in an erect position; animals, together with fragments of animal matter its colouring is shown by ou1' figure. It is found in whlich they find floating on the waves. large flocks about the coasts of Patagonia and the THE GREAT SIIEARWATER (Ptzfinzus mnjor), a very islands scattered over the antarctic ocean. On shore it abundant species in the North American seas, is also is seen in compact bodies, the young birds, moulting seen upon the British coasts, especially on the Atlantic birds, and sitting females kleeping in clistinct parties; side. It Ihas a uon-g and rather slendel, dark-brown each female lays only a single egg, which slhe hatclhes bill, anud the upper surface ashy-gray, with the back of by holding it between her legs, and when dlisturbed, the neck nearly white, and the primaries arndl tailwaddles away with her treasure secured in ihe same feathers blackish; the wllole lower surface is white, manner. At thlis period the male goes to sea to fish, variegated withl brown about the vent, and the feet and brings a supply of food to the female, and the are brownish-yellow. The length of this bird is latter, fiom her sedentary life becomes very fat. Tile eighteen inches. young birds are also fed on shore for some time. THE MlANKS SHEARWATER (Putlinus Anglorum2) is THE CAPE PENGUIN (SpheRi.scus demnersus), which a smaller species, only fourteen inches in length, anld is found about the Cape of Good Hope, and also on of a brownish-black colour above. It resides all the the shores of the Falkland islands, is nearly the size year in the British seas, especially along our westernl of a goose, and is black above and white beneath, coasts, and occurs on most of the shores of Europe and with a black line on the breast. It occurs in immense on those of Nortll America. This bird breeds in crenumbers, and breeds amlong the rocks. vices amongst tile rocks and in rabbit burrows, laying THE JACKASS PENGUIN (Eudlyptes demnzers) is a single egg. It goes out to sea in tile evening during very generally distributed in tile antarctic seas, and the breeding season, both sexes passing the day in their occurs in many places in vast quantities. It is about burrow, where they are heard crooning over a sort of the size of a large duck, black above and white be- guttural song. Like maniy othler species of this family, neath, with the back of the head adorned with a pair this bird when caught in the halld emits a large quarlof tufts of a white or yellow colour. The name of tity of a green oily matter of a most abominable odour. Jackass Penguin given to this bird is an allusion to THE GREAT BLACK PETREL (P tfinzus ceqzinoct'cllis). the pecmlian braying sounld which it emits whell on -A consicelable number of birds nearly allied to the shore; its note when at sea is deep anrid solemn. preceding are met with in the Southernn seas, extending This bild malkes use of its little wings as fore-legs even to the Antalctic ocean, One of these is the Great when moving on the land, and is described by Mir, Black Petrel, Wvhich inhabits various parts ofthe Pacific Darwin as advanlcing so rapidly in this way among ocean, andis ifound on the shores of New Zealand amid TIlE STORSMY 1i'ETEL. IBIL)DS-. Ti1r FuInu. 427 Australia, and at the Cape of Good Hope. It is a THE CAPE PETREL (Daption cactensis) measures rather large species, about eighteen inches in length, thirteen inches in length, and has the ulpper surface and of a sooty-black colour, with the throat white. speckled with black and white, and the lower parts THE STORMY PETREL (Procellaria pelagica)-fig. white. From its spleckled plumnage it is sometimes 134-is the smallest species of the present order, called the Pintado Petrel, and it is well know\n to measuiring less than sixinches in length. It is ofa,sooty- sailors under the name of the Cape Pigeon. This bird black colour, with the outer masrgins of the tertiary quills, is met with abundantly at the Cape of Good Hope and the upper tail-coverts, and the sides of the vent white. also in other parts of the Great Southern ocean. The bill and feet are black. This bird is found in all THE FULMAR (Folmnalus glaci(dlis), a British parts of the European seas, and wanders about all over species, very nearly allied to tlhe preceding, is most abundant in the arctic seas of both hemiFig. 134 spheres, where it satisfies its voracious ap)etite by devouring anything tllat cones in its way on the surface of the water. During the sulmer it is a constant companion of the whale-fishers, when they are ____,g engaged in cutting the blubber off their captures; any friagments which fall into the water dulring this operation, are immediately snapped up by the watchful birds. Their sqiuabbling on these occasions is said to be very amusing. The Fulmar breeds on ~- ~. -< ~\\ r rocky coasts, selecting the ledges of lofty' — ~ and inaccessible precipices for this purpose. It lays a single egg either in a rude nest, or in a depression in the turf clothing the......,:...- -'= — ~ ledge, and so numelros are the birds in some localities, that the whole face of thle cliffs seems to be covered with them. The The Stormy Petrel (Procellaria pelagica). eggs are taken in great numbers by the inhabitants of the vicinity, who esteem them the Atlantic ocean, depending, however, upon its long, highly as an article of food; and both the old and pointed, and powerful wings for its rapid movements young birds when seized emit a quantity of clear amberfiom place to place. Even in stormsy weather the coloured oil, which is collected like that of thle Petrel Petrels, notwithstanding their small size, are very active, above mentioned. The young birds also are very fat, flying along over the surface of the waves, with their and are boiled down in great quantities for the sake of feet close to, or dipping in the water; indeed, the the oil they furnish. sailors believe that it is principally at the approach of THE BROAD-BILLED PETREL (PPrion vittiatus). a storlm that these birds make their appearance, and -This bird, with a few nearly-allied species, is an they are known amongst mariners by the Iamnes of inhabitant of the Southern ocean, in many parts of Devil's birds and Mother Carey's chickens. The name which it is met with abundantly. It is distinguished of Petrel is supposed to be a diminutive of Peter, and by the broadcl and d(epressed form of the bill, but in its to be given to the birds in allusion to their apparently habits appears to resemble the preceding species. w.alking on. the surface of the water, as the apostle (lid THE WANDERING ALBATROSS (DioGledea exiton the lake of Gennesareth. The food of the Petrels lans).-The Albatrosses, of which several species are consists of small fishes, crustacea, mollusca, and other met with in the Pacific and Southern oceans, are dismarine animals; and they will also follow ships for con- tingtished firom the preceding birds of this family siderable distances in order to pick up any fragments by the position of the nostrils, whllicll form a pair of of food that may be thrown overboard. This bird short tubes, projecting from the sides of' the upper breeds amongst the stones and debris of rocks on our mandible near its base. They are all large birds, and coasts, generally on small islands, alnd the female lays strictly oceanic in their habits, scarcely ever approachonly a single egg. Upon this she sits so closely, that ing the shores, except ini the breeding season. she may readily be taken by hand; when tllus treated, The present species is the largest, and is known to she vomits a quantity of oil, which is collected forl the sailors by the names 6C' the Cape SLeep, and the burning in many places. Many other species of these AMan-of-war bird. It is an iniihabitant of the Southern birds, all of small size, occur in various seas; three of ocean generally, and flies almost incessantly over the them are met round the British coasts. sulnface of that stormy sea, supported upon its ample THE GIANT PETREL (Osstfrugus gigganteus), an and apparently untirable pinions, which in large speciinhabitant of' thlle Great Southern ocean, is a truly mens cover a space of fully fifteen feet. In this way gigantic species, when comparedi with the diminutive the Albatross passes rapidcly alog just above the birds just mentioned, beinrg about twenty-eight inciies sisrfaice of the waves, andcl eady at any moment to in length. Its plumage is blackish-gray above, and plunge downs upon thle passing fishes, of ~whicl its paler gray beneath, wvith the head and neck dirty white. voraciosus appetite leads it to consume immense quan 428 NATATORES.- B[RDS. -LARIDO. titles. Its courage, however, is not equal to its size It is about eighteen inches in length, and is of a pearland strength; and the sea-eacles and even the larger gray colour above; the head and neck and lower surface gulls will attack it boldly and compel it to give up are white; the secondaries and tertials are tipped witll its prey. It is said sometimes to attack sailors who white, ancl the primaries are black on thle outer welbs, fall overboard, and is frequently captured by means with a white patch near the tips of the first and second. of a hook bIaited with a piece of- meat, and trailed along Tile bill is greenish-gray, becoming yrellow tolards the at the stern of a ship. Tile eggs of this bird and its tip, and the feet are of a dark-greenish colour. allies, which are of a large size, are deposited upon the This bird is common on most parts of our coasts rocky and desolate islands scattered over the ocean throughout the year, but is more abinclant in some which they frequent; they are said to be exceedingly places than in others. It may be seen walking about good, and, like the young birds, are eaten by the sealers upon the shore or sand-banks engaged in picking up and whalers. any portions of food left by the tide, or taking short flights over the shallow water, to seize upol small fishes and other floating objects. It may also fieFAMILY V.-LARIDA. quently be seen in some districts at a distance of several miles fiom thle sea, following the ploIghs in orcler to In this family, of which our common Gulls furnish pick, up the insects and grubs; and it-is by no means well-known and characteristic examples, the wings are uncommon for it to advance many miles along the well developed, and the birds possess a great power of course of a tidal river. The Common Gull breeds on flight. The bill is variable in its form, but generally the ledge of a cliff, wherever the coast presents such rather elongated and compressed, not furnished with conveniences; on flat shores, it breeds in the marshes, a distinct tip as in the preceding family, and the nostrils or on low sandy islands. The nest is rather large, and is comlposed of sea-weeds and grass; the female lays Fig. 135. two or three eggs. THE GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL (Larcts cmarinu.s) is a constant inhabitant of our coasts, although by _ - 11no means so numerous as the species just described. -:' —j ~ I It is a large bilrd, measuring as much as thirty inches in length, and is very preldacious in its habits, destroying not only fish, which may be looked upon as its natural prey, but also small birds and even weakly 2 lambs.'-1 lamb THE LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL (L~rtulfitsfc as) closely resembles the preceding species in its general ~tilXV! l il)!- appearance, but is less than two feet in length. It is an abundant species about the British coasts, and is Head of Common Gull. widely distributed over the seas of the Old World. This species always breeds on the ledges of rocks, form linear or oval slits in the sides of the upper man- making a nest of grass, ill which the female lays two dible without any trace of tubular structure-fig. 135. or three eggs. The old birds are very bold in defence The feet, which are placed moderately forward, so as of their eggs and younlg, dashing towards any intrudel, to enable the birds to walk with ease, are generally to frighten him fiom the vicinit)y of the nest, and small; the tlhree anterior toes are long and united by sometimes actually striking him with their bills. In a complete membrane, and the hinder toe is small and other respects the habits of this bird resemble those of elevated on the back of the tarsus. the preceding species. These birds are generally distributed and numerous THE HERRING GULL(Laruscwrenzattu.s),anabundant in most parts of the world, but are most abundant ini and widely-distributed species in both hemispheres, is the Northern and Southern seas. They fly well, and a little larger than the last species, with which it assrofloat very lightly and buoyantly upon the surface of the ciates most amicably, usually breeding in the same waves, but do not swim much, and are incapable of locality. It has the head, neck, and lower surface pure those remarlkable diving exercises vwhich compensate white, and the back and wings delicate French gray; so many of the short-winged species for the imperfec- the teltials are tipped with white, and the primaries are tion of their power of flight. They are generally noisy, black, with small white spots at the extremnities of the screaming birds, which live together in considerable first three. The bill is yellow, with the apex of the flocks, and breed in company upon the ledges of pre- lower mandible red, and the feet are flesh colour. The cipitous rocks; their food consists chiefly of fishes, Herring Gull receives its name fioni its partiality to which they capture by dashing down into the water small fish, in pursuit of which it approaches the boats as they skim lightly and swiftly above its surface; but of the fishermen with great boldness. they by no means confine themselves to this diet, and THE LITTLE GULL (La-us mzimntes) is tile smallest. many of them feed fieely even upon carnion. species of this family,, measuling little more than ten THE COMMON GULL (Larus canus), one of the most inches in length. It has the head and upper piart of abundant of the British species of this family, occurs the neclk black; the lower part of tlhe neclk white; the also in most parts on Europe and in North America. upper surface pale aslly-gray, with the primlaries darlker, THE BL.ACli-HLEADED GULL.- BIR)DS. -'ii AicvrcI SKUA. 429 and tipped with white; and the lower surface white. be reckoned amongst the most raptorial of the aquatic The, Little Gull is rather a rare bird in this country, but birds. is more common in Southern Europe. It is said to The Common Skla is an inhabitant of the arctic feed upon insects and worms. seas, and visits the British shores chiefly in the winter. THE BLACK-HEADED GULL (Xema ridibadncO), wlich Thlis, or a very nearly allied species, is ilso found is widely distributed in the northern parts of the Old abundantly about the Falkland Islands, the Straits ot World, is abundant throughout the year on our low Magellan, and other parts of' the antarctic ocean. It marshy coasts, where it breeds. It is fiequently folnd is of a dark-brown colour, slightly variegated with at great distances inland, not only following the plotghs relclish-brown;n; the primaries are nlarked with dirty to pick up insects and their larvae, but even taking up white near their base; the two middle tail-feathers are its abode upoi ]lakes and other large sheets of water. scarcely longer than the rest; and tile bill and feet are This bird is about sixteen inches in length, and has the black. The length of the bird is about two feet. head and upper part of the neck dark brown, the back The Skua is generally seen in pairs. Its fliglht is and wings French gray, with some of the primaries exceedingly rapid and powerful, and it avails itself of edged with black, and the rest of the plumage pure this advantage to chase the srmaller gulls and compel white; the bill and feet are bright red. The Black- thl-em to give urp the fishes which they haNve just caught, headed Gulll feeds on sliall fishes, insects, and worms. rarely taking the trouble of fishing for itself. It also Its flight is light and buoyant, and its note is a hoarse preys upon its smaller neighbours, and displays its cackle, having some resembllance to a laugh, whence analogy with the Raptorial birds by tearing its prey to tile specific name of the bird is derived. The nest of pieces with its bill, securing it the while by means ol this species is made amongst the herbage of the marshes the crooked claws with which its toes are aimed. This which it firequents. bird breeds upon the rocks, and lays two or three eggs. THE LAUGHING GULL (Xema atricilla), a very simi- It defends its young with great cou'rage, and will even lar species to the preceding, both in appearance and beat off the eagle if he conies too near its place of abode. habits, is abundant on the Nortlh American coasts, and THE ARCTIC SKUA (Lestris 2parcsiticzts) is consialso visits the European shores. derably more abundant in Britain than the preceding THE KITTIWAKE (Rissar, triclactyla) is an example species, and even bireeds on our northern shores. It of a small group of Gulls, in which the hinder toe is readily distinguished by its muclh smaller size, by is represented only by a small tubercle, without the elongation of the central feathers of the tail, and any trace of a claw. It is abundant on many parts of by the pale colour of the lower surface. In its habits the British coasts, and extends hence to the highest it resembles the Common Skua. T''wo other species northern latitudes. The Kittiwake has the plumage of -the POMARINEI SKUA (L. 2pomari'mus) and BUFFON'S the back and wings delicate French gray, the outer SIKUA (L. Buff'oaii)-are found on our coasts; the margin of the first primary and the tips of the succeed- latter is a very small species, measulring only twelve ing ones black, and the head, neck, and lower surface inches in length to the extremity of the very elongated pure white; the bill is greenish-yellow, with the inte- middle tail-feathers; it ihas the neck and breast white. rior of the mouth orange. The wings are very long THE BLACK SKIMMER (R/iynqclhops nigra). — The and pointed, crossing, when closed, above the tail. preceding species, with many others scattered over This bird breeds on the ledges of lofty and precipitous the seas of nearly the whole world, may all be recliffs, forlming a nest of sea-weeds, and usually laying garded as true Gulls; but we come now to an example three eggs. of a small subordinate group, which differs fiom THE IVORY GULL (Pagophila eburnea) is distin- them in some very peculiar -characters. The most guished by the pure and delicate white of the whole striking peculiarity of the Skimmers is to be found of its plumage; it has a yellow bill with a greenish in the form of their bill, which suffices to distinbase, and black feet. When alive the plumage of guish them at once fiom all other birds. This orgah this bird is said to exhibit a delicate rosy tint, wlmich is elongated and conipressed, almost resembling a vanishes soon after it is killed. The whole lengthll is pair of blades placed one above the other; the upper fiom sixteen to eighteen inches. The arctic seas are manidible is considerably shorter than the lower one, the chief resort of the Ivory Gull, which is very rarely which consequently projects some distance beyond it. seen so far south as the British islands. Notwithl- The wings are long and pointed, indicating great standing the delicacy of its appearance, it is a most power of flight, and tIle tail is forked. The Black voracious bird, and by no means particular in its choice Skimmer is an inhabitant of the coasts of America, of food; like the Fulmar it greedily devours any float- from the Straits of Magellan to the United States. ing carrion or other animal matter, and is a constant It is about nineteen inches long, black above, with attendant'upon the whalers during the operation of a white band on each wing, and white beneathll; the gfensing or cutting the blubber off the whales. bill and legs are red. Supported on its long and THE COMMON SKUA (Lestris cataractes).-The pointed wings, which sometimes extend fully forty Skuas, although nearly allied to the ordinary gulls, inches, the Skimnmer darts swiftly along the surface are distinguisled from them by the possession of a of the ocean, cipping the extremity of its curious bill more powerful, hooked beak, in which tle base of the into the water as it moves along, for the purpose of u:~pper mandible is covered with a cere, and by their captluring the small fishes and crlustacea upon whlich it large and strongly-hooked claws. These characters chiefly feeds. This, however, is not, according to indicate very predaceous habits, and the Skuas are to Lesson, the only use of the bill; that writer states 430 NATATORES. BIRDS. - LARIDzE. that on the coast of Chili thle Skimmers insert tile sant activity on the wing, they are frequently known as knife-like extremity of the lower mandible into the SEA-SWALLOWS. These are not the only points of gaping shells of the bivalve mollnsca left nearly dry resemblance between the Terns and the Swallows; in by the retreating tide; the mollusc, objecting to this their mode of flight there is some similaritry, many of treatment, immediately closes his shell, and in so doing them capture insects on the wing, and hawk about in of course seizes the bill of his elnemy, who then drags pursuit of them over lakes and inland marshes, and the him fiom his retreat amongst the s-nd, carries him up species met with in temperate climates are for the most to the beach, breaks his shell open by a few blows, and part sumimer visitors, and retreat, like their iname speedily devours its contents. The few other species sakes, to warmer regions at the approach of winter. of Rhllnchops are met with chiefly in tropical seas. The females lay firom two to four eggs, either on the THE COMION TERN (Stereal Hiruzdlo)-fig. 136.- bare ground or on the ledges of rocks, without any The Terns, of which a vast number of species lhave been nest; and the old birds exhibit much courage in defenddescribed friom the seas of all parlts of the 7world, are dis- ing their offspring firom the attacks of other birds. tinguished from the Gulls by their long, straight, and The Common Tern is an exceedingly elegant spepointed bills, small slender feet, very long wings, and cies, of a slender and gracefuill form, with long wings foliked tails; from the latter characters, and their inces- crossing above the forked tail, of which the lateral Fi'. 136. The Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). feathers run out into very long and acute points. The white patch on the forehead, the back and wings are whole top of the head is black, the baclk and wings are delicate pearly-gray, and the lower surface is pure pale gray, the whole lower surface white, and the bill white. and feet coral-red. The whole length of the bird is THE BLACK TERN (tlfclyroclelidcon nigra) has the about fourteen inches. This species inhabits Europe tail less forked than itl the preceding species, and its and Afiica; it arrives on our coasts in May, and leaves plumage is of a dark gray colour, with the vent and us in September. Its food consists of small fish, and under tail-coverts white; the bill is black, and the feet although chiefly seen about the sea, it will not unfie- are reddish-browvr, with the membrane not extending quently advance far inland along the course of large much beyond the middle of the toes. The length of rivers, and even sometimes take up its abode upon a this bird is nearly ten inches. It is found inland lake. The nest of this species is usually made upon about marshes, lakes, and large sheets of water. Its the ground in a marshy place. Three other similar food consists chiefly of (lragon flies, beetles, and other species are met with in this country; these are the insects, which it captures on the wing in the manner CASPIAN TLRN (S. caspia), the ROSEATE TERN (S. of a swallow. Dougallii), and the SANDWzIC1 TERN (S. Boysii). THE NODDY (Av'oiis stoliclds) is a species nearly The former is a large species, measuring nineteen allied to the true Terns, but differs fiom them in the inches in length, although its tail is much shorter than form of the tail, which is rounded off at the extremity that of the species just described. instead of being forked. The plumage is of a dark THE AtRCTIC TERN (Sterna arctica) has also some brown colour, with the top of the head buff, and the resemblance to the common Tern, but the lower surface back of the head sooty-gray; the bill and feet are is gray instead of white. This bird appears to advance black. Its length is about foulrteen inches. This bird further north than the other species, being found is found in the warmer parts of the Atlantic ocean, on breeding upon the shores of the arctic seas in both both shores of which it is well known, but can hardly hemispheres. Its tail and wings are even longer than be regarded as more than an occasional visitor to the in the. species figllured above. British islands. It feeds upon fishes, which it captures THE LESSER TERN (Sterna minuta) is a beautiful as it skims over the waves. The Noddy breeds on the little species, measuring only eig'ht inches in total rocky islands of the Atlantic, where it makes its nest length. It is wicely distributed over the whole writhl a little sea-weed, lbut on the keys of the Gulf of northern hemisphere, and is not uncolmmon on the Mlexico, where it is very abundant, it builds a regular British coasts. The top of tlhe head is black, with a nest in a tree or bush. It lays three eggs. PELECANIDAE. BIRDS. T- E GANa sT. 431 and the Pelican then flies on to seek more prey. Thl FAMILY VI.-PELECANIDZE1. nest of this bird consists of a mass of grass, sed(ges, and other aquatic plants, and is usually placed quite close The birds forming this last family of the order Nata- to the edge of the water. The eggs are two or three tores, and concluding our review of the class of birds, in number. During the process of incubation, the male are at once distinguishable from all others by the struc- is said to furnish his partler with Iood, and when thle ture of their feet, which have the hinder toe turned young are hatched both parents are assiduous in inwards, and united by a narrow triangular web with attending upon them. In disgorging their prey for the the inner anterior toe-fig. 137. They have a head nourishment of their young, the birds are described as pressing the pouch against the breast; and it is geneFig. 137. rally supposed that the notion which prevailed amongst the ancients, and came down nearly to our own day, that the Pelican in times of scarcity nourished her young with her own blood, must have originated in the observation of the gesture above-mentioned, when the bright red tip of the bill, strongly contrasted with the purie white plumage of the breast, would easily produce ______ _the impression of a spot of blood. About ten other ____________ zspecies of Pelicans are known to naturalists. They are scattered over almost the whole world, but agree in _ their general habits. THE GANNET (Sula Bassaina), also called the So-_______ LAND GoosE, and sometimes the lBooBY, is another _2_j-_ ___'- large species of this family, which is found in thousands upon certain parts of the coast of Britain, and occurs Foot of Pelican elsewhere on the shores both of Europe and North America. One of its best known British stations is of small or moderate size, supported upon a long anld the Bass rock in the frith of Forth, fiom which, indeed, slender neck, and armed with a bill which is also usually its specific name is derived. The adult Gannet is nearly elongated in its form, and terminated either by a sharp three feet in length, and is of a white colour, with the point, or, as far as the upper mandible is concerned, by naked skin of the sides of the face blue, the head and a hooked nail. The legs, which are generally short and neck yellowish or buff, and the primary feathers black. stout, are not placed very far back, and the wings are The young bird exhibits a blackish plumage, more or generally of great extent and power. These birds are less spotted with white. all great destroyers of fish, which constitute their sole In their mode of life the Gannets much resemble the nourishment. In other respects their habits exhibit Pelicans. They fly rapidly over the surflce of the sea much diversity, and wvill be best understood by referring in search of the fishes on which they feed, and on seeilng to examples of the different forms occurring in the their prey beneath tihem, immediately rise into the air family. to gain sufficient impetus to carry them down to the THE COMMON PELICAN (Pelecanus Oooclrotalus). requisite depth in the water, and then closing their -The Pelicans are distinguished by their very long wvings, dlescend perpenldicularly upon their intended bills, of which the upper manclible is terminated by victim, which, indeed, they rarely miss. They are a hook, and the lower one furnished with an enor- very partial to herrings, pilcllads, and sprats, whicll, mous pouch, formed of a naked leathery skin, in swimming in large shoals, and always nlear the surtace which the birds are enabled to stow away the fishes of the water, insure them a good supply of food, and which they capture in their excursions over the surface the fishermen, when they see a flock of Gannets busily of the rivers. They are large and powerfill birds, the engaged, know at once where to direct their boats. species now under consideration measuring between The nest of the Gannet consists of a lmass of weeds five and six feet in length, and twelve or thirteen in and grass, placed upon a ledge of rock. In this the expanse of wing. Its plumage is white, with more or fenlale lays a single white egg, and the youlng bird when less of a rosy tinge, and the nail at the tip of the upper lhatched is furnished with an abudlanlt supply of food mandible is bright red. Tlhis bird frequents both the by its parents. On the Bass rock the young birds are seas and the fiesh waters of Asia, Africa, and Easternl taken in considerable numbers every year, and sold for Europe, and is generally seen in small flocks. It swims food at a low price. They are clothed with a beautifiL and flies exceedingly well, and, notwithstanldin its white down, said to be quite equal to swan's-down for large size, perches fieely upon the branches of trees. making tippets, &c. The old birds are taken for the When seeking its food, the Pelican sweeps on its enor- sake of their feathers. A method sometimes adopted mous wings at some little height above the surface of for securing them consists in fixing a herring upon a the water, until it perceives a fish passing beneath it, board anld towing it along the surface of the sea; the when it instantly dashes dowvn upon its victim with the Gannets, seeing it, dart down lupon it immediately, and most astonishling velocity, and with such precision, that generally kill themselves by thle force withl which they it rarely misses its aim. The fish when captured is strike the board. On the Bass rock, wvhelre thley are stowed away in the great yellow pouch under the chin, protected, they become so tame that they will allow ~IS THiE CORMORAN'T.-B[RDS.-THE Tuoric BIRD. themselves to be stroked by the hand as they sit upon mandibles bent downwards, by the enormous length their nests. of its wings, which are larger in proportion to THE CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax Carbo). —The its size than in any other bird, and by the snmall Cormorants constitute an exceedingly numerous group size of its feet, of which the toes are only partially of birds, including species scattered in all parts of united by a web. The Frigate Bird is abundant on the world, and frequenting indifferently salt and fresh the Atlantic shores of both America and Afirica; it water. They have a rather long, nearly straight, passes nearly its whole life in the air, through which it compressed bill, with the upper mandible strongly darts with incredible swiftness, or sails along with outhooked at the tip, but destitute of the pouch char- stretched pinions at a considerable height, looking out acteristic of the Pelicans; the face and upper part for its prey, on which it descends with lightning-like of the throat are naked, and the latter is capable of rapidity and the most unerring precision. Not conmuch dilatation, so as to serve as a receptacle for their tenit with the produce of his own fishing, however, he prey. often acts the part of a pirate, attacking other marine The Common Cormorant is a large bird, measuring birds, and compelling them to disgorge their booty.' about three feet in total length. It is of a black colour The Frigate Bird is said to build its nest upon trees. beneath, and dark-brown above, with the margins of LE VAILLANT'S DARTER (Plotus Le Vaillaltii).the feathers black; on each thigh there is a white The name of Darters is given to a few species of birds patch; the naked skin of the face and throat is yel- inhabiting the tropical regions of both continents, and low, bordered with white. In the spring and summer distinguished by the elongated form of their bodies, the feathers of the back of the head are elongated, their long and slender necks, and elongated pointed forming a sort of crest, and the head and neck bear mandibles. In most respects they resemble the Cornumerous slender white feathers. morants, and, like some of these, firequent firesh waters, This bird is abundant on the British coasts, where haunting the margins of lakes and rivers. They are it breeds on the elevated ledges of lofty cliffs, making said fiequently to perch upon the branch of a tree overa large nest of grass and sea-weeds, in which the hanging the water, and there to watch for the appearfemale lays from four to six eggs. The Cormorant ance of a fish, upon which they immediately dart down. flies well, and, unlike the preceding species, swims When disturbed, they slip into the water with so little rapidly, and dives with facility in pursuit of its slippery effort, that they produce scarcely more agitation of the prey, in securing which the hooked point of the upper surface than might be caused by an eel. They nidimandible is of the greatest service to it. It is widely ficate on the branches of trees. The species figured, distributed in the Old World, extending from this Le Vaillant's Darter, is a common species in Southern country to China. Africa, where it is known under the name of the THE FISHING CORMORANT (Phlalacrocorax sinen- Sclhlacnghlsvogel or Snalke-aecked bird. sis), a native of Northern India and China, is trained THE COMMON TROPIC BIRD (Phaciton cethfereus), by the Chinese to the business of fishinlg, for which although nearly related to the Darters, is: essentially our British species was formerly employed. The oceanic in its mode of life, passing its whole existChinese species is taken to the water with a leather ence in almost incessant activity over the waves of thong or metal ring round his neck to prevent his the tropical ocean. It is fiom the fact that this swallowing the fish, and carried in a small boat to the bird and its allies are rarely seen beyond the fishing station. Each boat carries several cormorants, tropics, that their ordinary name is derived; they are which descend from it into the water at the word of also known under the name of Paille-en-queue or command, dive down in pursuit of the fishes, and on Straw-tail, in allusion to the two long and slender making a capture bring their prey to their master with feathers which they bear in their tails. These feathers the greatest docility. If one of them gets hold of a in the present species are of a pale-yellow or whitish fish too large for his strength, the others will come to colour. Notwithstanding the distances to which it his assistance, and between them the strugglinlg prey flies over the open sea, this bird is said to return every is conveyed to the boat. A second British species of night to roost upon dry land; its food consists entirely this genus is the SHAG or GREEN CORMORANT (P. of fish, and it breeds, like most of its tribe, upon the graculus), which ranges as far south as the Cape of rocks of the tropical shores or upon the scattered islands Good Hope. of the ocean. Another well-known species is the THE FRIGATE BIRD (Tack ypetes aquilus~).-This RED-TAILED Tre(aPi BiRD (P. phLceaictlrus), which hla bird is distinguished by having the tips of both the elongated feathers of the tail red. INDEX TO BIRDS. Page Page Ababeel, the, Cypselus afJinis..282 Aracari, the Koulik, Pteroglossus piperivorus 373 Abba-Gumbah, the, Bucorvus abyssilicus.. 371 Arapunga, the, Chasmarhynchus albus. 340 Aberdevine, the, Calrduelis spinus. 358 Ardea alba, the Great White Heron. 413 Abou Duchir, the, Gypa&os nudipes. 240 Ardea-cinerea, the Gray Heron. 412 Acanthiza chrysorrhcea, the Yellow-tailed Acanthiza. 326 Ardea Egretta, the Great [.hqre. 413 Acanthiza, the Yellow-tailed, Acanthiza chrysorrhwa. 326 Ardea purpurea, the Purple lieron. 413 Acanthylis canudacuta, the Needle-tailed Swiv.. 284 Ardetta minuta, the Little Bittern.. 413 Acanthylis oxyura, the Sharp-tailed Swift 284 Arrian, the, Vulture monachus... 237 Acanthylis pelasgia, the Aculeated Swft 283 Artamus fuscus, the Murasiug Chactterer. 338 Accentor modularis, the fIedges r2oaow 326 Artamus sordidus, the Wood Swallow. 338 Accipiter fuscus, the American Brown Hcwlk.. 260 Astrapia nigra, the Incomparable Bird of Paradise 351 Accipiter Nisus, the,Sporrow-hawk.. 260 Astur approximans, the Australian Goshawk. 261 Accipiter virgatus, the Streaked Sparrow-hawk. 260 Astur Novse Hollandira, the New Iiolland Goshawk. 261 Acridotheres ginginianus, the Bank JMynah 352 Astur palumbarius, the Goshawk 261 Acridotheres tristis, the Common Mynah. 352 Athene boobook, the Boobook Owl 266 Adjutant, the, Leptoptilus Argala. 414 Athene Brama, the Little Indian Owl 266 JEgotheles Novr Hollanditc, the New olloand Go,itszcker 279 Athene cunicularia, the Burrowingq Owl 266 Agami, the, Psophia crepitans. 412 Athene maculata, the Spotted Owl. 2%6 Agapornis Swinderiana, the Love-bird.. 378 Athene Noctua, the Little R/bus Owl.. 265 Agelaius phoeniceus, the Red-winged Starling.. 356 Athene passerina, the Little Owl. 265 Alauda arborea, the Woodlark... 363 Athene radiata, the Radiated Owl. 266 Alauda arvensis, the Skylark 362 Athene scutulata, the Hairy Owl.. 266 Alauda Calandrella, the Short-toed Lark.. 363 Athene strenua, the Poiwesifl Owl. 266 Alauda cristata, the Crested Lark... 363 Attagis Latreillei, Latreille's Attacgis... 404 Alcedo bengalensis, the Indian Kingfisher..297 Australian Kingfisher, the Ialcyon sancla. 299 Alcedo Biru, the Biru Kiafgsher... 297 Australis Mantellii, ifantell's Apteryx.. 412 Aleerdo ispida, the Comaola Kingfisher... 296 Avocet, the, Recarvirostra Avocetta. 417 Alcyone azurea, the Azure KifJisher... 297 Alectrurus, the Pied, Alectrurus tricolor 336 Babbler, the Black-faced, Garruhax chinesis. 331 Alectrurus tricolor, the Pied Alectrurus.. 336 Babbler, the White-headed, _lalacocercas griseus. 331 Amadavade, the, Amadina Aneandava. 360 Balwniceps, the, Baleniceps rex 415 Amadina Amandava, the Amadavade. 360 Balmnniceps rex, the Balceniceps 415 Amadina Gouldia-, the Gouldian Finch.. 360 Balearica pavonina, the Crowned Denmoiselle. 411 Amadina Lathami, the Spotted-sided Finch 360 Barbacou, the Wax-billed, 2~onasa eatra 301 Ammodromus inaritimus, the Sea-side Finch 361 Barbet, the Cayenne, Capaito cayanensis. 383 Ampelis Cotinga, theBlue-riband Cotiga. 336 Barbet, the Ceylon, Megalania zeilanica. 384 Ampelis Pompadora, the Pompadoeur Cotinga.'336 Barbet, the Green Indian, Afegalaima v'irdis 384 Amrydrus monrio, the Cape Stalrling. 355 Batara, the Spotted, Thamnoiphilus ncevis ON 342 Anthochsera carunculata, the Short-eared Wattle-bird 315 Bateleur, the, tielotarsus ecaudatus 251 Anthochwra inauris, the Long eared Wattle-bird 314 Batrachostomnus auritus, the Great Eanred-Cootsucker. 280 Anthochera lunulata, the Lunalated Wattle-bird 315 Batrachostonmus javensis, lor,sfield's Goatsucker. 280 Anthochara mellivora, the Brush Wattle-bird''315 Baya, the, Ploceus philippinus 367 Anthropoides virgo, the Demuoiselle Crane. 411 Bee-eater, the Azure-throated, Vyctiornis Athertonii. 303 Anthus agilis, the Indlian Tree Pil)it. 328 Bee-eater, the Blue-headed, Merops nubicas. 302 Antbus arboreus, the Tree Pisit 328 Bee-eater, the Common, Merops apiaster. 301 Anthus ludovicianus, the Brows, Lark 329 Bee-eater, the Indian, Merops viridis 302 Anthus petrosus, the Rock Piit... 328 Bee-eater, the l'Philippine, Merops philippins.. 302 Anthus pratensis, the Meadow Pipit 328 Bee-eater, the Swallow-tailed, Meliltophaqus hirindinaceus 302 Anthus Richardi, Richard's Pipit 328 Bee-eater, the Variegated, Merops otuts. 302 Anthus rufulus, the Common Indian Pipit 328 Beef-eater, the, Buphaga africaia.353 Anumbi, the Sharp-tailed, Anumbius acusticaudatus 319 Bell-bird, the, Chsmasrhynchus albus. 340 Anumbius acuticaudatus, the Sharp-tailed Anu bi 319 Bell-birdl, the, MyzantCha melanophrys. 317 Apaloderma narina, the Narina Tr'goe. 296 Bell-bird, the Crested, Oreol'ca gulturalis 342 Aprosmnictus scapulatus, the King Paroquget 376 Blhause, the, Astur palumbarius. 261 Apteryx australis, Shaw's Apteryx.. 407 Billy-biter, the, Parus cnrnuleus 326 Apteryx, Manteil's, Australis Mantellii 407 Bittern, the Great, Botar'ius stellaris. 413 Apteryx, Shaw's, Apltes,yx australis. 407 Bittern, the Little, Ardcletta minuta. 413 Aquila Bonellii, Bonelli's Eagle. 249 Blackbird, the, Turdas merula.. 330 Aquila chrysaetos, the Golden Eagle. 247 Blackbird, the Crow, Qaiscalus versicolor. 355 Aquila fucosa, the Wedge-tailed Eag/le. 249 Blackbird, the Hill, Mgyiophonuse cerulens. 333 Aquila imperialis, the Imperial Eagle 249 Blackcap, the, Curruca atricapilla. 323 Aquila nmvia, the Spotted Eagle. 249 Bluebird, the, Sialia sitlis 325 Aquila nyvioides, the Tawny Eagle. 249 Blue-eye, the, Eiztoasyza cyanotis 316 Aquila pennata, the Booted Eacgle. 249 Boatbill, the, Cancronia cochlenrgi.. 413 Aracari, the, Pteroglossus orocari 373 Bombycilla carolinensis, the Cedar' Bird..336 Aracani, the Green, 1'teoglossiss viridis. ~ 373 Bonmbycilla garrula, the Bohemian Chatter'er. 336 VoL. I. 55 434 INDEX TO BIRDS. Page Pnge Botaurus stellaris, the Great Bittern 413 Cancroma cochlearia, the Boatbill 413 Bower-bird, the Satill, Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus 353 Cape Coly, the, Colius c,,pensis o. 3(9 Bower-bird, the Spotted, Ohlamydera maculata. 54 Cape Sheep, the, Diomedea exulans 427 Brachypternus anrantius, the Yellow-backed Woodpecker 382 Capercailzie, the, Tetrao Urogalls 401 Bubo bengalensis, the Goqgo oHorned Owl. 268 Capita cayan nsis, the Cayenne Barbet. 383 Bubo maximus, the Eagle Owl. 267 Caprimulgus asiaticus, the Bombay Goatsucker. 276 Bubo orientalis, the Oriental Honed Owl o. 268 Caprimulcgus carolinensis, the Chuck-will's-widow. 276 Bubo virginianus, the Virginian Horned Owl. 268 Caprimulgus europeus, the Comnon Goatsucker 274 lucco collaris, the Collared Pullgbird. 31 Caprimulgus indicus, the Lnargqe Indian Goatsucke/r 276 Buceros bicornis, the Philippine iHorabill. 7 1 Caprimulgus pectoralis, the Collared Goatsucker 276 Buceros galeatus, the IRound-helneted Iornmbil 371 Caprimulgus vociferus, the Whip-poor-will 276 Buceros hydrocorax, the F'at-helmeted Ilornbill 371 Caraca-a, the, Polyborns braziliensis 244 Buceros pica, the Malabbar Jiornbill 371 Caiacara, the Southern, _ilvaqo anustralis. 245 Buceros Rhinoceros, the Rhinoceros Hornbill 3 70 Cu dinalis virginiana, the Carlinal Crosbeak * 367 Bucorvus abyssinicus, the Abys.sniai ilornbill 371 Carduelis canaria, the Caainry Bird. 358 Bud-hunter, the Yellow, LTeionlthrix luteus. 337 Carduelis elegans, the Golqfiacl k. 358 Bulbul, the Jocose, Pycnnowtas jocosus. 332 Carduelis spinus, the Siskib. 358 Bulbul, the Red-vented, PI/cnonotus heinorrhoiis. 332 Carduelis tristis, the Yellow Bird. 358 Bullfinch,. the, Pyrrhula vcwlgaris 36~ 4 Carib the Purple-breasted, Eulanmpis/,pularis. 311 Bullfinch, the Purple, Caiaodocits puipureus 3..64 Carpodacus purpureus, the P'uaple Bu/lfiliCh. 3(64 Bunting, thile Black-throated, Euspiza americana 362 CarpoIpihaga magnifica, the JMagimficent Frult Pigieon a 390 Bunting, the Cirl, Emberizn Cirlhts. 361 Carrancha, the, Pol borus braziliensis 244 Bunting, the Common, Emnberiza ranililria 361 Cassicus cistatus, the Crested Oriole. 356 Bnuiting0, the Cow, Molothrus pecoris. 356 Cassowary, the, C4asuaius galeatas. 407 Bunting, the Lapland, Plectrophaanes lcaponica. 36;2 Cassowary, the Bicarunculated, Casuarius bicarunculatus 407 Bunting, the Painted, Spiza ciris' a* 361 Cassowary, the Cape York, Casuariis austfralis 407 Bunting, the Reed, Emberiza Schceniclas 361 Casuarius australis, the Cape Yorkl Cassowcrry 407 Buiting, the Rice, Dolichonyx orlZiVar us. 362 Casuarius Bennettii, the 3ooiiruk. 407 Bunting. the Snow, Plectrophanes nivcralis. 362 Casuarius bicarunculatus, the Bicarunculated Cassowary 407 Bunting, the Yellow, ]Snberiza Citriisella. 361 Casuarius galeatus, the Cassownary. 407 Buphaga africana, the Oxpecker. 353 Cat-bird, the Australian, Ptilonorhynchus Smithii 354 Bustard, the Great, Otis tarda.. 408 Cat-bird the, tlimus fJilicox. 331 Bustard, the HIoubarna. Eupodo/is undulita. 409 Caterpillar-eater, thie Black, Camiephaqa neqia. 338 Bustard, the Little, Otis tet,'ax 408 Caterpillar-eater, thie Gray, Crmiephiaga finibriata'338 Butcher-bird, the Austialian, Cracticus destructoa/r 343 Caterpillar-cater, the Lobed. CamnIsephaga lob(/ae 338 Buteo augur, the A byssizian Buzzard. 247 Caterpillar-eater, the White-shouldered, Camlpemphaga Buteo lagopus, the ioouhh-legged Buzzard. 246 humeralis 338 Buteo vulgaris, the Coimoi Buzzr~ird 245 Cathiartes aura, the Tukey Vulture 2 12 Buzzard, the Abvssinianm Buteo augur. 247 Catharates Californianus, the Cilfiinian Vulture 243 Buzzard, the Common, But/o valgris 24. 245 Cathartes fotens, the Urubu.. 242 Buzzard, the Crested Honey, Permis cristata 247 Cedar-bird, the, Bombycilla carolineisis. 33i Buzzard, the Honey, Pernis aicoirs. 246 Centurls carolinus, the Red-bellied Wioodpecker. 38-2 Buzzard, thae Moor, Circus eeritu.inosii.. 263 Cephalopterus ornatus, the Unlbrella Bbiil 339 Buzzard, the Rough-legged, Buteo kagopus. 2416 Cereopsis Novin Hollaudian the Newi Ilolliid Goose. 421 Buzzard, the Turkey, Cathartes aura. 242 Ceriornis satyrus, the Traolg)an. 3990 Ceithia familiaris. the Cotinion Briown Creelper 317 Cacatua cristata, the Broad-crested Cockatoo 379 Certhilauda afiricuan, the Coape Sand-larn. 364 Cacatna galerita, the Great Sulphur-cested Cockatoo. 379 Certhiole, the Black and Yellow, Ceithiola flaveola 307 Cacatua Leadbeateri, Leadbeater's Cockatoo 379 Certhiola flaveola, the BMlck and Yelt'ow Certhiole 307 Cacatua sulplhurea. the Sitall tiSlphui-crested Cockatoo 379 Ccryle Alcyon, the Belted Kingiyiher... 298 Caccabis rubra, the Red-legged Partridge -. 403 Ceryle Americ ana, the Greei, and White Kingfisher. 298 Careba cyanea, the Blue Guiit-gcuit. 307 Ceryle maximia, the Great Afican Kinsher.. 298 Cactornis scandens, the Climbling Cactus Bii-d. 367 Ceryle rudis, the Piedl Kingjfishei 297 Cactus Bird, the Climbing, Cctorntis scandlens.. 367 Ceryle torquata, the Starryc Igingfishe.. 298 Calamodyta arundinacea, the Reed lWarbler 8 324 Ceryle tricolor, the Red and tGreei in!/Ksheq se 298 Calamnodyta locustella, the Grasshopper W'Varbler 324 Ceyxtridactyla, the Thr ee- toedKintgisher. 300 Calamodyta phraginitis, the Sedge Wa-bler 324 Chaffinch, tile, Fdtiailla ccelebs -`oa Calamophilus biarmicus, the Bearded Tit - 327 Chaja, the, Chatuna chararia 420 Calmnas nieobarica, the Nicobar Pigeon. 391 Chamrnpelia passerina. the Passerinte Giountd-Dove 9 392 Callipepla californica, the Cl, fornitni Quail. 406 Charadrius hiaticula, the Rig Plover. 410 Calopsitta Nove Hollandivu, the Netw 1lolland Crested Charadrius morinellus, the Dotterel 410 Paroquet 376 Charadrius pluvialis, the Golden Plovere 410 Calospiza thoracica, the Otrange-breasted Tanaser t. 366 Charmosyna pappuia, the P'tpian Lory 377 Calospiza tricolor, the Tri-coloured T'natger 366 Chasmarhynchus albus, the Araptinga. 340 Calospiza vittata, the Banded Tanager I' 366 Chasse-fiente, Jolbe's Vultrme 2. 238 Calothorax macrurus, the Short-tailed VWoodstar 311 Chatterer, the Baohemnian, Bombycilla gatitlarr 336 Calyptomena, the Green, Calyptonzena viidis. 337 Chatterer, the Crimson-rumped. Peric,-ocotus /peregriniis 338 Calyptomena viridis, the Green Calgptonena. 3 337 Chatterer, the Flunmaieous, Pericrocotus jinitmmau 33 Catyptorhynclhus Banksit, the Banksian Cockatoo 379 Chatterer, tile AMurasing, Artanuts fiscus 338 Calyptorhynchus funereus, the FItuereal Cockatoo. 379 Chatterer, the Red. Phwiticocercus carnif/ex 3' 337 Canmpephaga fimbriatas, the Gray Caterpillav-eeate - 338 Chanuna chararia, the Chtaja ~ 42) (Jamitephagal humeralis, the IWhite-shouledered Catetpillar- Chelidon urbica, the Ilouse Mtartin - 291 eater... 338 Chiff-chaff the, Sylvia Hi)pijolaIs. 323 Canmpephaga lobatas, the Lobed Catet7sillar-eater. 338 Chimachinia, the, lfilvago Chimnachinta 245 Campephiagam nigra, the Black Caterpillar-eater. 338 Chimango, the, lilcdrio Chitanqo. 24 Cmmpephilus principalis, the Ivoiy-billed IWoodpecker. 381 Claionis albi, the IVhite Shea/hbill - 40-h Cmanamy Bird, the, Carteltelis caniaia.. 358 Chlalnydera mnaculata. the,S5pot/e Boweer-bii-drd 35I INDEX TO BMIRDS. 435 Paone Page Chlorospiza chloris, the Greenfinc/, 359 Corvus Cornix, the flooded. Crow. 34(i Chordeiles virginianus, the Jiirginian Goatsucker 277 Corvus Corone, the Carrion Crow. 46 Chough, the Alpine, Pyrrhocorax alpints. 349 Corvus coronoides, the Austroliasn Crow 346 Chough, the Cornish, lFregilas graculhs 349 Corvus culminatus, the Indian Carrion Cro w.r348 Chough, the White-winged, Corcorax leucopterus 349 Corvus firugilegus, the Rook.347 Chrysolampis moschitus, the Ruby and Topaz fulmnsng-bird 309 Corvus monedula, the Jackdaw. 347 Chrysonotus Tiga, the'Tiga Wloodpecker 382 Corvus splendens, the Indian flooded Crow. 348 Chlrysotis amnazonicus, the Green Parrot 378 Corythaix albocristatus, the Louri Touraco 369 Chrvsotis festivus, the Festive Parrot. 378 Corythaix persa, the Green Toutraco.3o 6 39 Chucek-will's-widow, the, Caprimulaus carolinensis 276 Cotinga, the Blue-riband, Ampelis Cotinga. 336 Cicinurus regius, the King-bird of Paradise. 351 Cotinga, the Pompadour, Ampelis Pumpcadora. 336 Cinclodes antarctica, the Southern Cinclodes 320 Coturnix Chinensis, the Chinese Qcuail. 403 Cinclodes, the Southern, Cinclodes antarctica 320 Coturnix dacylisonans, the Commoni Quail 403 Cincloramnphus rufescens, the Australian Singing Lark, 324 Coulterneb, the, Fratercdla aroctica. 425 Cinclosonia punctatum, the Sli,tted Ground Thrush 332 Courocou, the, 7i'oqon C trucui 295 Cinclus aquaticus, the IVater Ouzel 333 Courser, the Brazen-wing-ed, Cursorias chalcopterus 409 Circautus gallicus, the Serpenit Eagle. 250 Courser, the Creamn-colour ed, Calrsorizs gallics. 409 Circonia alba, the White Stork.. 414 Courser, the Purple-winged, Cursorius chalco2ters. 409 Circonia nigra, the Black Stork. 414 Cow-pen Bird, the, Mo/othruspeois. pecor 356 Circus iruginosus, the Mlarsh, harrier. 263 Coytle concolor, the Brown Sand Martin. 291 Circus assimilis, the Australian Hairier 263 Coytle fuligula, the Aif'ican fouse furtin. 291 Circus cineraceus, Montague's hIarrier 263 Coytie riparia, the Sand Martin 290 Circus cyaneus, the Commono HarriUer, 262 Coytle rupestris, the Crag Swallow. 290 Circus Jardinii, Jardine's Harrier 264 Coytle sinensis, the Small Sand M]artin. 291 Circus melanoleucos, the Black and IVIhite hlarrier. 263 Cracticus destructor, the Australian Butcher-bird. 343 Circus ranivorus, the,rog-eating Harrier 264 Cracticus nigrogularis, the Black- throated Crow Shrike 343 Circus Swainsoni, the Indian HIa trier. 263 Cracticus plicatus, tie Pied Crow S/hi/ e 343 Climacteris scandens, the Auslraliun Bown Tree-creeper 318 Cracticus Quoyii, Quoy's Crow Shrike.343 Climacteris rufa, the Red Tree-creeier, 318 Crane, the Common, Gris cineren.. 411 Cloak-bird, the Scarlet, Drepanis coccinca. 306 Crane, the Demoiselle, Anthropoides virgo 411 Coccothraustes vulgaris, the Ilanfiwnch 3G66 Crane, the Gigantic, Leptopltilus Angola.. 414 Coccothraustes japonicus, the Jpanese Crosbeak o 367 Crax alector, the Common Cunrassow. 394 Cock, thie Bankira. Gal/-us Bankivus 399 Crax globicera, the Globe Curassowzo 394 Cock, thie Black, Tetrao Teltrix 401 Creeper, the Australian Brown-tree, Cliniacteris scandens 318 Cock of the Rock, the Orange, Ripicola' aurantia 337 Creeper, the Cayenne-tree, Dendrocolaptes cayanensis 319 Cock-of-the-woods. the, Tetrao Urogallnts 401 Creeper, the Common Brown, Certhia amuiliaris 317 Cockatoo, the Banksian, Calyptorhynchl s Banksii 379 Creeper, the Red Tree, Clinmcteris rsi/fi. 318 Cockatoo, the Broad-crested, Cacatsa cristata. 379 Creeper, the Wall, Tichodnoina inuraria 318 Cockatoo, the Funereal, Calyptorhlynchus Jiiiereus 379 Crex pratecsis, the Land Rail. 419 Cockatoo, the Great Sulphmur-crested, Cacatun yalerita 379 Crossbill, the, Loxia curvirotrna..364 Cockatoo, the Goliahl, Microglossum aterriinumn 379 Crossbill, the Parrot, Loxia Pityopsi/tacus 365 Cockatoo, the Long-nosed, Licmetis tenuirostris. 379 Crossbill, the White-winged, Loxia leuacop)tea 365 Cockatoo, Ledbeates, catna Leadbeatei 379 Crow, the Australian, Corvits corozo'odes 346 Cockatoo, the Small Sulphiur-crested, Cacatita salpjhurea 379 Crow, the Bald-headed, Picathar'es gyynnocephalns. 348 Colaptes auratus, the Golden-winged W'oocdpecker. 383 Crow, the Bald-headed IFruit, Gymnioce]uhalaus calvus 339 Colius capensis, the Cape Coly 369 Crow, the Bare-necked iFruit, Gynod'erus Jfietidus 339 Columba (Enas, the Stock-dove.. 389 Crow, the Carrion, Corvmts Corone.. 346 Columba livia, the Rock-dove. 389 Crow, the Hill Fruit, Stirelecra argnua. 344 Columba Pahlumbus, the Ring-doe. 389 Crow, the Hooded, Corvus Cornix. 34 6 Collocalia esculenta, the Esculent Swallow. 284 Crow, the Indian Crrion, Corvus cdlr-inartt s.38 Cotluricincla brunnea, the Brown Thrshum 342 Crow, the Indian King, ficrimu-s mucrocecus 33 Colluricincla harmounica, the Port-Jtackson Thrush. 342 Crow, the Indian Hooded, Corvuts spleudens.348 Colluricincla rufiventris, the Buff-bel/ied Th'ush 342 Crow, the Pied Fruit, Strepera grcumlina. 344 Colluricincla Selbii, Selby's Thrush. 342 Crow, the Piping, Gyunorhinhui tibicemn. 344 ColyInbus arcticus, the Black-throamted Dive-, 424 Crow, the Red-legged, Freguiis gracuhlus ~ 349 Colymbus glacialis, the Great osorltheru' Divei. 424 Crow, the Royston, Corvins Ciornix 347 Colymbus Septentrionalis, the Red-throttled Dice-io 424 Crow, the Sooty Fruit, Strepera Jfilininosa 344 Conder, the, Sarcorhamuphus Gs yphis.phs 240 Crow, the Tasmmnian Piping, Gymnuorhina omaryanica. 344 Conurus carolinensis, the Car-oli-ia I'aroquet. 375 Crow, the White-backed Piping, Gymnorhina leuconota 344 Conurus guianensis, the GCiana Paroquet. 375 Cucnlus canorus, the Coimmion Cuckoo. 34 Conurus patagonicus, the Patagonian Parrot. 375 Cuckoo, the Conmmon, C-cl-ii cmlnorms 3 84s Conurus solstitialis, the Yellouw'aroqiiet. 375 Curassow, tin Cashew, Ourax 1pauxi1.394 Coot, the, Fulica atra. 419 Curassow, the Common, Crax calector. 394 Copsychus saularis, the Magtpie Rom-ib. 324 Curassow, the Globe, Crax globicea. 34 Coquette, Gould's, Lophlornis Gouhlii, 309 Curlew, the, ANunenius arquata 416 Coquette, the Tufted, Lophornis ormni/tus 309 Cursorius chalcopterus, the Briazeun-wic ned Coumrser 409 Coracias caudata, the Long-tailed Rollei.. 293a Cursorius gllicus, the Cream-coloured Coimrser 409 Coracias garrula, the Commono Roller. 292 Curruca atricapilla the Blacbkcap 3' Coracias indica, thle Indian Roller, 293 Curruca cinerea, the 11hutethroat 3 323a Corcorax leucopterus, the While-ic/nged Clhoitagh 349 Curruca hortensis, the Garden Warbler 23 Cormorant, the, Phalacrcornax C-ribo-i 432 Curruca sylviella, the Lesser IVhie-throat 323 Cormorant, the Fishing, Phalacnrocor'ax sinensis. 432 Cushiat, the, Columnba I'aluumbus' 389 Cormorant, the Green, Phalacrocor'x gr'acuiits. 432 Cyanurus cristatus, the Bluen Jay 345 Corn-crake, the, Crex p'ratensis 419A Cyclorhis guianensis, the Cayeniee, Groeen Slhrike.342 Corvultur albicollis, the Ccai{'a-rian-i C-iow-vcult/uae. 348 Cygnus atratus, the Blaick Scwusn 422 Corvultur crassirostris, the Abyssinia, C('rouc-vulture 348 Cygiaus ferus, the WI'~ild Suvan.421 Corvus corax, the Rmacen... 345 Cygnus oloa, the Tame Swanicmm 421 K1 - ___________________ -___________________________________________________,4 436 INDEX TO BIRDS. Page PI'age Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus, the Great-billed Indian Jay 294 Dunlin, the, Tringa variablilis. 418 Cynanthus cyanurus, the Blue-tailed Syiph 312 Dustan,the Huzar, Edolius paradiseus. 339 Cynanthus sinaragdicaudus, the Green-tailed Sylph 312 Cypselus affinis, the White-rumped Swi.ft 282 Eagle, the Bald, Halia'tus leucocephalus 251 Cypselus apus, the Common Swift 281 Eagle, Bonelli's, Aquila Bonellii 249 Cypselus batassiensis, the Batassian Swift 282 Eagle, the Booted, Aquila pennata. 249 Cypselus melba, the Alpine Swift..282 Eagle, the Golden, Aquila chrysaitos 247 Cypselus phanicobius, the Jamaica Palm Swift o282 Eagle, the Harpy, Thrasahtus Harpyia. 250 Eagle, the Imperial, Aquila iraperialis. o 249 Dabchick, the, Podiceps minor 425 Eagle, the Martial, Spiz,'tus bellicosus. 250 Dacelo cervina, the Buff-breasted Kingfisher. 299 Eagle, the Pondicherry, Haliastur Indus 253 Dacelo Gaudichaudii,. 299 Eagle, the Serpent, Circaotus gallicus 250 I)acelo gigas, the Giant Kinqflsher 298 Eagle, the Short-tailed, Ilelotarsus ecaudatus 251 Dacelo Leachii, Leach's Kin/fisher ~. 299 Eagle, the Spotted, Aquila necia. 249 Dafila acuta, the Pintail Duck. 422 Eagle, the Tawny, Aquila ncevioides. 249 Daption capensis, the Cape Petrel. 427 Eagle, the Wedge-tailed, Aquila fucosa. 249 Darnis, the Cayenne, Darnis cayana... 307 Eagle, the Whistling, Haliastur sphenurus 253 Darnis cayana, the Cayenne Darnis. 307 Eagle, the White-bellied Sea, JIalia'tus leucogaster. 252 Darter, Le Vaillant's, Plotus Le Vaillantii. 432 Eagle, the White-headed, Haliai'tus leucocephalus. 251 Dasyptilus Pecquetii, Pecquet's Dasyptille. 380 Eagle, the White-tailed, Hlaliai;tus albicilla 251 Dasyptille, Pecquet's, Dasyptilus Pecquetii.. 380 Eared Neck, the, Otogyps auriacularis... 239 Deathbird, the, Nyctale funerea... 267 Eatua, the, Halcyon sacra 300 Demoiselle, the Crowned, Balearicapavonina.. 411 Ectopistes inigratorius, the Passenger Pigeon.. 390 Dendrochelidon comatus, the Hooded Si.ft 284 Edolius paradiseus, the Paradise Drongo. 339 Dendrochelidon mystaceus, the Bearded Swift. 284 Egret, the Great, Ardena alba 413 Dendrocolaptes cayanensis, the Cayenne Tree-creeper 319 Egret, the Great, Ardea Egretta. 413 Diamond-bird, the, Pardalotuspunctatus 337 Elanus melanopterus, the Black winged Kite. 259 Dicaeum hirundinaceurn, the 6'rimns,,n-throated Sunbird 306 Emberiza Cirlus, the Girl Bunting. 361 Dicmum trigonostigma, the Orange-backed Sunbird. 306 Emberiza Citrinella, the Yellow Bunting. 361 Dicrurus bracteatus, the Spangled Drongo.. 339 Emberiza Hortulanria, the Ortolan 361 Dicrurus macrocercus, the Indian King Crow. 338 Emberiza miliaria, the Common Bunting 361 Didapper, the, Podiceps minor... 425 Emberiza Schceniclus, the Reed Bunting 361 Did-unculus, the, Didunculus strigirostris. 392 Emneu, Bartlett's, Dromains irroratas. 407 Didunculus strigirostris, the Didunculus. 392 Emeu, the, D)romains Novce-Itol7and'ce. 407 Didus ineptus, the Dodo.. 392 Engoulevent, the, Caprionlgus europa'us. 274 Didus Nazarenus, the Nazarene...393 Entomophila picta, the Painted Honey-eater 316 Didus solitarius, the Solitaire....393 Entomyza cyanotis, the Blue-eye 316 Dilophus carunculatus, the Wattled Starling. 333 Eopsaltria australis, the Yellow Robin. 337 Dioch, the, Juelea sanguinirostris 3. 68 Ephialtes Asio, the Red-eared Owl 267 Diomnedea exulans, the Wandering Albatross 427 Ephialtes Scops, the Scops-eared Owl. 267 Diphyllodes magnifica, the Magnficent Bird of Paradise 351 Epimachus minagnificus, the Magnificent Plumed Bird 304 DippeP, the, C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~nclus ayuulicus o~, o~I lcntPlune Brd'0 Dipper, the, Cinclus aquuticus 3. 0 33 Epimachus magnus, the Su2perb Plumed Bird.. 304 l)irtbird, the, M]alacocercus griseus. 331 Eriocnemis Derbianus, Lord Derby's Puff leg 310 Diver, the Black-throated, Colymbus arcticus 424 Eriocnemis vestitus, the Glowing Puff'leg. 309 Diver, the Great Northern, Colynmbus glacialis. 424 Erkoom, the, Bucorvus abyssinicus 371 Diver, the Red-throated, Colymbus Septeatrionalis 424 Erythacus rubecula, the Redbreast. 324 I)ocimastes, ensiferus, the Sword-bill. 312 Esculent Swallow, the, Collocalia eculenta 284 Dodo, the, Didus ineptus 392 Estrelda bella, the Fire-tailed Finch.. 360 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, the Rice Bunting 362 Estrelda ocula, the Red-eared Finch 360 Dotterel, the, Charadrius morinellus 410 Eudyptes demersa, the Jackass Penguin 426 Dove, the Collared Turtle, Turtur risorius. 390 Eulampis jugularis, the Purple-breasted Carib 311 Dove, the Graceful Ground, Geopelia cuneata 390 Eupetomena macrura, the Swallow tailed Ilummini g ird 311 Dove, the Ground, Cinclosonma punctatum. 332 Euphlionia musica, the Organist Tanager. 366 Dove, the Jnamaica Ground, Peristerajamaicensis ~ 392 Euphonia violacea, the Violet Tanaeger`366 Dove, the Passerine Ground, Chamcepelia passerina. 392 Euplocomus ignitus, the Fire-backed Pheasant 401 Dove, the Ring, Columba Palumbus 389 Eupodotis undulata, the Honbara Bustard 409 Dove, the Rock, Columba livia.. 389 Eurostopodus albogularis, the White-throated Goatsucker 277 Dove, the Stock, Columba Einas. 389 Eurostopodus guttatus, the Spotted-wcinged Goatsucker. 277 Dove, the Tambourine Ground, Peristera tynipaMistlria 391 Eurylaimus javanicus, the Javanese Tody. 2 Dove, the Turtle, Turtur auritus. 390 Euspiza americana, the Black-throated Bunting 362 Drepanis coccinea, the Scarlet Cloak-bird. 306 Dromaius irroratus, Bartlett's Emeu.. 407 Falco msalon, the Merlin. 257 Diomnais Nova-Hollandim, the Emeu 4017 Falco Berigora, the Cream bellied Falcon. 257 Drongo, the Paradise, Edolis paradiseus. ~ 339 Falco Gyrfalco, the Gymfalcon. 254 Drongo, the Spangled, Dicr,rus bracteatus. 339 Falco Jugoer, the Juggumr 256 Dryobates major, the Great Spotted Woodpecker. 381 Falco lanarius,. the Lanner. 256 Dryobates minor, the Lesser Spotted WModpecker 381 Falco peregrinator, the Sultan Falcon 256 Duck, the Buffel-headed, Fuligula albeola. 423 Falco peregrinus, the Peregrine Falcon. 255 Duck, the Eider, Somateria nmolissima.. 423 Falco subbuteo, the Hobby.. 257 Duck, thIe Golden-eye, Fuligula clangula. 423 Falco tinnunculus, the Kestrel. 257 Duck, the Harlequin, Fuligula histrionica. 423 Falcon, the Cream-bellied, Falco Berigora. 257 I)uck, the Lobated, Hydrobates lobatus 423 Falcon, the Chanting, Melierax musicus. 261 Duck, the Long-tailed, Harelda glaciais. 423 Falcon, the Iceland, Falco Gyrfalco.. 254 Duck, tIme Pintail, Dafila acuta.. 422 Falcon, the Peregrine, Falco peregrinus.. 255 Duck, the Scaup, Fuligtula nearilla 423 Falcon, theSultan, Faicoperegrinator.. 256 Duck, the Tufted, Fuligula cristata. 423 Falcon, the White-naped, lerax eunolmts.. 258 Duck, the Wild, Anas Boschcms 422 Falcunculus frontatus, the Crested Shrike Tit.. 342 INDEX TO BIRIDS. 37 437 Page Page Falcunculus leucogaster, the White-bellied Shrike Tit 342 Flycatcher, the Yellow-breasted, Icteria vhiidis 335 Family Alcedinid. 296 Formicarins cayanensis, the Cayenne Ant Thrush. 332 AlcidT.425 Four-o'clock, the, Tropidorhynchus corniculatus. 315 Ampeidw..336 Fowl, the Crested Guinea, Numnida crisctata. 401 Anatida3..420 Fowl, the Guinea, Nnmida Meleagris. 400 Apterygide. 407 Fowl, the Jungle, Gallus Sonneratii a. 399 Ardleida. 412 Francolin, tile Common, Frasncolinus vulgarlis.. 403 " Iucerotid.. 370 Francolinus vulgaris, the Common Francolin 403' Caprimulgid.. 274 Fratercula arctica., the Puffin.. 425 Certhiadw.317 Fregilus graculus, the Cornish Chough.. 349 Charadriidm.. 409 Freycinet's Mlankirio, _Megapodius Freycineti. 395 Chionidide. 404 Friarbird, the, Tropidorhynchus corniculatus. 315 Columbidw (Pigms).. 388 Frigate Bird, the, Tachlyetes aquilus 432 Colvmbidm. 424 Fringilla ccelebs, the Chqi/inch... 357 " Coraciadm 292 Fringilla montifringilla, the Mfountain Finch. 357 " Cypselidme. 280 Fulica atra, the Coot. 419 Corvidsm..344 Fuligula albeola, the Bufel-headed Duck. 423 Cracidm. 394 Fuligula clangula, the Golden-eye Duck. 423 CuculidEe.8 384 Fuligula cristata, the Tufted Duck. 423 " Falconid'..243 Fuligula histrionica, the fHarleqoidn Duck. 423' Fringillide... 357 Fuligula marill, the Sceaup Duck. 423 " Gruid*e..410 Fulmar, the, Fulmarus glacialis. 427 " Hirundinidm... 285 Fulmarus glacialis, the Esilmar?. 427 " Laaniidw..340 Furnarius rufus, the Red Oven-bird 320 " Laridu..428 " legapodiida 395 Galbula leptura, the Long-tailed.Jacamar. 301) " Meliphagidt.. 313 Galbula paradisea, the Paradise Jacanmar 300 " Meropid... 301 Galbula viridis, the Green Jacamar. 300 " Muscicapidm*. 333 Gallinulat chloropus, the Gallinule 419 " MusopihagidC. 369 Gallinule, the, Galinula chloropus 419 " Otidida). 4)8 Gallus Bankivus, the Bakia Cock. 399 Paradiseid.. 349 Gallus Sonneratii, the Jungle Fowl. 399 " Pelecanida.. 431 Gannet, the, Sula Bassana. 431 Phasianid..... 396 Garrulax chinensis, the Black-faced Babbler 331 Picitd h *. 380 Garrulus glandarius, the Joy.. 345 " Procellarid... 426 Gecinus viridis, the GCeens Woodpecker. 382 Promeropidm.. 304 Geopelia cuneata. the Grace/al Ground Dove. 390 " Psittacide... 373 Geophaps scripta, the Purtrid.qe Bronze-wing. 392 " Pteroclidm... 404 Geospiza magnirostris, the Thick-billed Ground Finch. 367 " RatllidT.. 418 Geronticus mthiopicus, the Sacred Ibis. 415 " lhamnphastidr... 372 Glareola torquata, the Collased Pratincole. 409 " Scolopacidm.. 416 Gled, the, Milvus vulgais. 258 " Strigidas.. 264 Glyciphila fulhfirons, the Tawsy-fronted Honey-eater 316 " Struthionidoa.. 406 Goatsucker, the Bombay, Calrimul.qus asiaticus 276 Sturnidm. 351 Goatsucker, the Collared, Caprimulquspector?,lis 276 " Sylviidws..322 Goatsucker, the Common, Caprimlyqus europaeus. 274 Tetraonid&.. 401 Goatsucker, the Diurnal, Podagest Nacunda 278' Tinamidwa..405 Goatsucker, the Great-.eared, Batrachostosmus auiritus 28(0 Trochilid..... 307 Goatsuccker, Horsfield's, Batsachostomuisjavensisi 280 " Trogonid.... 295 Goatsucker, the Large Indian, Caprimulgus indicus. 27(6 Turdidm.. 329 Goatsucker, the Leona, A3facrodipteryx longipennis 277 " Upupidoe*...303 Goatsucker, the Nacunda, Podaqer Nacunda.. 278 Vulturidn ~ 236 Goatsucker, the New Holland, Az`otheles Novwe-Hoil/ad,'e 279) Father Longbeard, Gyp,'taos nudijn s. 240 Goatsucker, the Spotted-winged, Eurostopodus guttatus. 277 Fieldfare, the, Turdus pilaris.. 330 Goatsucker, the Trinidad, Steatornis caripensis. 278 Finch!, the Beautiful Grass, Poiphila mirabilis. 360 Goatsucker, the Virginian, Chorldeiles virginianus 277 Finch, the Brambling, F'ingillua montJringilla. 357 Goatsucker, the White-throated, Enurostopodus albogularis 277 Finch, the Fire-tailed, Estrelda bella. 360 Gold-crest, the, Regulus cristatus. 323 Finch, the Gouldian, Amnadina Gouldin ~ 360 Goldfinch, the, Carduelis eleguns. 358 Finch, the Mountain, Fringillan montfi.ingilla., 357 Goldfinch, the, Corduelis tristis 358 Finch, the Red-eared, Estrelda ocula 360 Gonolek, the, Laniarius barbarus.343 Finch, the Sea-side, Amnnodromus mauritimus. 361 Goo-gwar-ruck, the, Anthochcera mellivcsn. 315 Finch, the Spotted-sided, Amnadina Lathtmi. 360 Goosander, the, Merygus _ 1Mer:qanser.. 423 Finch, the Thick-billed Ground, Geos)iza magnirostris 367 Goose, the Bean, Anser segetum.. 421 Firebird, the, Yphantes Bltimore... 355 Goose, the Brent, Anser Bernicla. 421 Flame-bearer, the Red, Selasphorus vJesf ~ 312 Goose, the Gray-lag, Anserjerus. 421 Flamingo, the, Phcenicopterus ruber.. 420 Goose, the New Holland, Cereopsis Nocve Ioianudice. 421 Florisuga mellivora, the Jacobin 311 Goose, the Soland, Suit Bassana.. 431 Flycatcher, the Black Fan-tailed, Rhipidura inotacii/oid/es 334 Goose, the White Fronted, Anser albifons. 421 Flycatcher, the Paradise, Tchitrea paradisi 334 Goose, the Wild, Anserjerus. 421 Flycatcher, the Pied, Muscicapa atricapilla 333 Goshawk, the, Astusrpalumbarius 261 Flycatcher, the Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus. 334 Goshawk, the Australian, Astur spproximans. 261 Flycatcher, the Restless, Seisura volitass 334 Goshawk, the New Holland, Astur Novas liollandie. 261 Flycatcher, the Spotted, Muscicapa griseola. 333 Goura coronata, the Crowned Pigeon 391 Flycatcher, the Tyrant, Tyrann us in~trepidus.. 335 Gracula religiosa, the Jungle Grakle. 355 Flycatcher, the W hite-browedt,B ipidura albof',ntata. 334 Grakle, the Jungle, Gracula reliqiosa 355 Flycatcher, the White-eyed, V~ireo noveboracensis. 334 Gralde, the Purple, Cuisculus versicolor 355 -..eon 391 438 INDEX TO BIIRDS. Page Page Grakle, the Rusty, Scolecoplzagnsferrugineus 355 Haliahtus leucogaster, the Vhite-bellied Sea Eagle 252 Grallaria Rex, the King Ant-thrush.332 Haliastur Indus, the Pondicherry Eagle 253 Great Auk, the, Alca imli)ennis 425 Haliastur sphenurus, the Whistlingy ]Ea.le e. 253 Grebe, the Great Crested, Podiceps cristatus. 424 Harelda Glacialis, the Long-tailed iDuck. 423 Grebe, the Horned, Podiceps corsnutus. 424 Harpactes erythrocephalus, Hodgson's Trogon 296 Grebe, tile Little, Podiceps minor. 425 Harpactes fasciatus, the Fasciated Ts'ogo s 296 Grebe, the Sciavonian, Podiceps cornuus. 424 Harfang, the, Surnia nyctea. 264 Grebe, the Senegal Coot, Podlica senealensis 425 Harrier, the Australian, Circus assimilis 263 Greenfinch, the, Chlorospiza C/horis. 359 Harrier, the Black and White, Circles nlanmoleucos 263 Greenshank, the, Totanus Glottis. 417 Harrier, the Commnon, Circus caoneis. 262 Griffard, the, Spizantus bellicosus 250 Harrier, the Frog-eating, Circus rcea9iorus. 2(64 Grinder, the, Seisura volitans. 334 Harrier, the Indian, Circus Swainsoni. 263 Grosbeak, the Azure, Guiraca cyanea.. 367 Harrier, Jardine's, Circus Jardii... 264 Grosbeak, the Blue, Guiraca cortlea.. 36i Harrier, the Marsh, Circus eriiginosus 2 (3 Grosbeak, the Cardinal, Cardinalis virginiana. 367 Harrier, Montague's, Circus cinerace,s. 263 Grosbeak, the Common, Coccothraustes vulgaris 366 Hawfinch, the, Coccothraustes evularis. 366 Grosbeak, the Fine, Pinicola enucleator 364 Hawk, the American Brown, Accipiter faiscus 260 Grosbeak, the Greenish, Sperolp)hilafalcirostra 364 Hawk, the Brown, Falco Bertiora. 257 Grosbeak, the Japanese, Coccothraustes jrlpvunicus. 367 Hawk, the Dor, Cnapriuiulgns enropaeus 274 Grosbeak, the Republican, Philceterus sucius. 368 Hawk, the Duck, Circus cerugiiosts 2 263 Grosbeak, the Rose-breasted, Guiraca ludovicima. 367 Hawk, the Fish, Pandion Holiatius. 252 Grouse, the Banded Sand, Pterocles arenaiius.. 404 Hawk, the Night, Caprisindlgus eropreus 274 Grouse, the Black, Tetsno Tetrix. 401 Hawk, the Night, Chordeiles virgyinianus 277 Grouse, the Common, logopus scticus 402 Hawk, the Sparrow, Accipiter Nisus 260 Grouse, Pallas' Sand, Syrrhaptesparadoxus 404 Hawk, the Streakced Sparrow, Accipiter virgstus. 260 Grouse, tile Pinnated, Tetrao cspido. 401 Hawk, the Swamp, Circus assinilis 263 Grouse, the Pin-tailed Sand, Pterocles alchta.. 404 Hawk, the Whistling, Haliacitur sphennrus. 253 Grouse, the Red, Lagopus scoticus. 402 Helmet-crest, Guerin's, Oxypoyon Guerinii 312 Grouse, the. Wood, 7'etrao Urogallus. 401 Helotarsus ecaudatus, the Short-t,,iled Eagle. 251 Grus cineeea, the Common Crane 411 Hemignathus lucidus, the Brilliant Hall:bill 3 06 Grypus Aquila, the Sickle-billed Humiiny Bird. 310 Hemipodius taceydromus, the Andaululsiano (ail 403 Grypus nmsevins, the Saw-bill 311 Hermit, the Cayenine, Phailornis speierciluosus. 310 Guacnharo, the, Stestornis carisensis 278 Hermit, the Little, Phaitornis eremita.. 310 Guan, the Crested, Penelojpe cristata. 395 IHeron, the Gray, Ardea cinerea. 412 Guiraca coerulee, the Blue Grosbeak 367 Hieron, the Great White, A'dean alba 413 Guiraca cyanea, the Azure Grosbeak. 367 Heron, the Night, Nycticorax eurojpceus. 413 Guiraca ludoviciana, the Rose -breasted Grosbeak 367 Heron, the Purple, Ardea puipurea 413 Guit-guit, the Blue, Ccereba cyanea.. 307 I-Hill star, the Chiinborazian, Oreotrochil},s Chimborozo.310 Gull, the Black-headed, Xemra ridibunss.r. 423 Hill-star, the Pichincha, Oreotrochibis P)ichiucha 310 Gull, the Common, Larus canuss 428 Hill-star, the White-sided, Oreotrochilus lrucopleurns. 310 Gull, the Great Black-backed? Larus nmarils. 428 Himantopus inmelnopterus, the Stilt 417 Gull, the Herring, Laus argedntatus.. 428 Himantopus nigricollis, the American Stilt. 417 Gull, tile Ivory, P,,gophila ebsurnea ~ 429 Hirundo ariele the Flairy l3artime.. 288 Gull, the Laughing, Xenar otricilla 429 iiriundo bicolor, the Severns Swcallow. 289 Gull, the Lesser Black-backed, Larusfascus. 428 Hirundo capensis, the Cape Swoallowo 288 Gull, the Little, Lris u is sammtus. 428 Hirundo erythrogaster, Mhe American Barn Ssollow 288 Guillemot, the Black, Uria grylle. 425 IIirundo filifera, the IViree toiled Swrallowu 288 Guillemot, the Common, Usia ir oile u 425 Hirundo frontalis, the Austrulian Chimhscis SwalIlomw 288 Guillemot, the Foolish, Usia Troile 425 Hirundo nigricans, the Tree Mactrt in 288 Guillemot, tile Ringed, Usia lacr nsmams. 425 Hirundo pianayana, the J'anaoyan Smam1IlsOw. 287 Gurial, the, Halcyon lemcocephlu. 300 Iirunmdo rustica, the Chimney Swallow. 286' Gymnocephalus calvus. the Bald-headled Eseruit Crow. 339 Hoatzin, the, Opisthocomuss cristatmis. 370 Gymnoderus fteidns, the Bare-necked Fruit Csrowu 339 Hobby, the, Falco subbuteo 257 Gymnorhina leuconota, the White-backed Pis~i,y Cs-ow. 344 Honey-eater, the Blackc, 2~pzonzela nigma 316 Gymnorhina organica, the Tissmansian Pisminy Csrow- 344 Honey-eater, the Blackheaded, 1lelithreiptuss ve7anocehmalsus 317 Gymnorhina tibicen, the Pipimy Crow. 344 Honey-eater, the Garrulous. 3ayzantha garrdla. 317 Gyrfalcon, the, Falco GyrJtlco ~ 254 Honey-eater, the Long-billed, leliphagan longirostris 313 Gypastos barbatus, the Lmntmergeyer.. 240 Honey-eater, the Lunulated., g3elilhre]utsis ltnstlmtts 316 Gyps Bengalensis, the Bengal Vulture.. 238 IHoney-eater, the Luteous, zansthar lttea. 317 Gyps Fulvus, the Towny VulturlEe.238 Honey-eater, the Mounstached-i ileliphhaga uystacalis 313 Gyps Kolbii, Kolbe's Vulture. 238 Honey-eater, the Neew Holland, Jieli]hogt Nova hol'amdice 313 Gypaotos nudipes, the 4/'i-ican Bearded Vultiure 240 Honey-eater, the Painted, Eutomolphila picta. 316 Gyps occideenteis, the T twunp Vultsusse... 238 Honey-eater, the Redl-headed, ]hfyzmuela erythrocephbala 316 Honey-eater, the Sanguineous. illjzomnelm sunguinoleinta 316 Hemmatopus ostralegus, the Oyster-catcher. 410 Honey-eater, the Singing, Ptil,;tis sonorus 314 Halcyon chelicuti, the Chelicsti Kinf qjsher.. 300 Honey-eate, thee Somebre. lf]yzantha obscursa 317 H-alcyon cinereifrons, the Blue-collatred Klmlijisher. 300 Honey-eater, the SwaenRiver, 21elithrepttus chloropsis 317 Halcyon fusea, the 1Indiat King.fisher 300 H-oney-eater, the Tawny-fionted, Glyc iluile vi/'usmo s 316 Halcyon fuscicapilla, the Brtown-hooded Kin gi.stee 300 Honey-e-ter, the Tasnmanan, A]eliphotsa australasia, a. 313 Halcyon leucocephala, the I-hite-headed Kiqiser. 300 Honey-eate, the iWarty-ficed, Xe tsthomuz ahrpiua 314 Haulcyon sacra, the Smacmed I~inofisher. -., 300 Honey-eater, the White-cheeked, Aieliphoaga sesiccua 313 Halcyorn sanucta, the Australiman Kimsfisher. 299 Honey-eater, the IcYellow-cared, Ptilotis chrysotis. 314 lHalcyon semniccerulea, tIhe led-bellied Kimqfisher. 300 Ihoopoe, the Commoni, Ubpupa /polps. 303 H-alcyon senegaleesis, the Semegal Kiin/fishe r. 300 IHoopoe, the Indian, Upspa n vimlpemnnis. 303 ID w~~~~~~~a mwq~a )V htalf-bill, the Brilliant, Hesmsimmt/mts lcidms.. 306 Hrorbill, thee Abssinianu Bncorvms mmbssisscts. 371 Haliaitus albicillae, the White-tailed Eagle.. 251 Hornbill, the Flat-heehneted, Bsices-os hydrocorax 371 Haliahitus leueoceph-eus, the Wlhite-hemmrled Etmle. 251 Hom-bill, the Malabhar, Bisceros pice - ~.31 L ______ _______________ ___ _____ ____ __ _________________ ___.___1 INDEX TO BIRDS. 439 Ptieg Pare Hornbill, the Philippine, Buceros bicornis 371 Kingfisher, the Starry, Ceryle torquata 298 Hornbill, the Rhinoceros, Buceros Rhinoceros 370 Kingfisher, the Ternate, Tasnysiptera Den. 300 Ilornbill, the IRound-helmeted, Buceros galeatus 371 Kingfisher, the Three-toed, Ceyx tricdactyla. 300 Humming-bird, I)e Lalande's Crested, Trochilus Delalandi 309 Kingfisher, theWhite-headed, Halcyon lcucocephala 300 Humming-bird, the Giant, Patagona gigas 309 Kinglet, the, Regais cristatus.. 323 tumming-bird, the Little, Aiellisuga miinima 313 Kite, the'Black, Milvus snier 259 Humming-bird, theLong-tailedEmerald, Trochiluspo/ljt/ms 309 Kite, the Black-winged, Elanus melanoeterus.. 259 Humming-bird, the Ruby-throated, Trochilus colubris. 308 Kite, the Common, JlLvus. vuClgris 258 Humming-bird, the RubyandTopaz, Chrysolamnpis moschitus 309 Kite, the Govinda, Milv/s Govinda 259 IHumming-bird, the Sickle-billed, Grypu.m Aquila 311 Kite, the Swallow-tailed, Nauclerns furcatus 260 Humming-bird, the Stella, Oreotrochil/s Estella 310 Kittacincla macroura, the Indian Nightingale. 326 Humming-bird, the Swallow-tailed, Eulpetomen mnacruna 311 Kittiwake, the, Rissa trid cltyla 429 IHydrobates lobatus, the Lobated Duck. 423 Kivi-kivi, the, Apteryx ausir'Iiis. 407 Bydrochelidon nigra, the Blacck Tern.. 430 Knot, the, Tringa Canutos.. 417 [bijau, the Great, Nyctibiuns gfraidcis 278 Lagopus scoticus, the Common Grouse.. 402 Ibjau, the Jamaica, Adctibiosjainaicensis. 278 Lagopus vulgaris, the Ptarnzignn 402 Ibis falcinellus, the Glossy bThis 415 Lammergever, the, Gy)a'toas barbatus.. 240 Ibis, the Glossy, IbisfJilceinellus. 415 Lanner, the, Falco lanarius. 256 Ebis, the Milky, Tantalus latctets. 415 Laniarius barbarus, the Gonolec. 343 Ibis rubra, the Scarlet Ibis.415 Lanius borealis, the American Gray Shrike 341 Ibis, the Sacred, Geronticus cethiopz'cus 415 Lanius collurio, the Red-backed Shrike.. 340 Ibis, the Scarlet, Ibis rubia. 415 Lanius cristatus, the Crested Shrike 341 Icterus spurius, the Orchirid Oiiole. 356 Lanius excubitor, the Great Cinereous S/rike.. 341 leteria viridis, the Yellow-bieasted Flqcnatclher 335 Lanius ludovicianus, the Loqgerhead Shrike.. 341 Icrax eutolnius, the White-ncapled lFatlcon.. 258 Lanius rutilus, the WIood-chat:. 341 Indigo-bird, the, Spiza cyaiiea. 361 Lapwing, the, Vaneilus cristatus. 410 Irrisor erythrorhynchlius, the Red-billed Irisor.. 304 Lark, the American Meadow, Sturnella LcudoviciaCna. 352 Irrisor, the Red-billed, Irrisoi erythrorhynchus 304 Lark, the Australian Singing. CincloramphUs rufescens. 324 Lark, the Brown, Anthus ludoviciainus. 329 Jabiru, the Senegal, _fycteria senegalensis. 414 Lark, the Cape Sand, Certhilauda ajricana 364 Jacamar, the Great, Jacameiros grandis 301 Lark, the Crested, Alauda cristata 363 Jacanmar, the Green, Galbula viiidis 301)0 Lark, the Gingi, Pyrrhilanda grisen 363 Jacamar, the Long-tailed, Galbula leptuIrn. 300 Lark, the Short-toed, Alauda Calandrella o363 Jacamar, the Paradise, Galbula paradisea 300 Lark, Smith's Finch, Pirrhlanda austranlis.. 364 Juaeamar, the Three-toed, Jacaniralr/cyoa tridact/la. 301 Larus argentalus, tle Herring Gull 428 Jacamaralcyon tridactyla, the Three-toed Jacauiar. 301 Larus canus, the Consnoa Gn/l 428 Jacamerops grandis, the Great Jacamnar. 301 Larus fuscus, the Lesser Black-backed Gull 428 Jacana, the, Parra,acana. 41 9 Larus inarinus, the Great Black-backed Gull 4 28 Jacana, the Chinese, Parra sinensis. 419 Larus minutus, the Little Gull.. 428 Jackass, the Laughing, Dacelo qitas. 298 Latreille's attagis, Attagis Latreillei 404 Jaclkdaw, the, Corvus iionedulna. 347 Leatherhead, the, TIropidorhyichus corniculatus. 315 Jacobin, the, Florisitya nielivora 3111 Leiothrix luteus, the IYellot Bud-/hunter. 33'7 Jay, the, Gurrilus glandarius.. 345 Leipoa ocellata, the Oceliiaed Leipon. 395 Jay, the Birch, Coracias garrila,.292 Leptoptilus Argala, the Adjuitant. 414 Jay, the Blue, Cyanurus cr'istcatust. 345 Leptoptilus Mnarabou, the 1/T arabou Stork.. 414 Jean-le-Blanc the, Circitlus illicus.. 250 Lestris Buffonti, Buffins S/ncu. 429 Jeifalcon, the, Falco Gyf'ilco. 254 Lestris cataractes, the Commaons Sckuait 429 Jugger, the, Falco Jiugyer 256 Lestris parasiticus, the Arctic S/cait 429) Lestris pomarinus, the Pomatteste Skua.. 429 Kakapo, the, Strigops habroptilus.. 380 Leuconerpes dominicanus, the Domineican Wbodoecker. 383 Kalong-wiui, Pholidas badius 272 Licuetis tenuirostris, the Long-nosed Cocckatoo. 379 Kestrel the, Falco tinnunculus. 257 Linnet, the Linota cannabuina 358 Ketupa ceylonensis, the Ceylonese Earedl Owl.. 269 Linnet, the Mountain, Linota nontium. 359 Ketupa fdavipes, the Yellow;footed Owl.268~ Lnota caunnabina, the Lininret.. 358 King-bird, the, Tyrannus intrepidus o- 335 Linota canescens, the Mealy Redpole o. 359 Kingfisher, the Australian, Halcyoa Sasncta. 299 Linotj linaria, the Redpole.. 359 Kingfisher, the Azure, Alcyone azrea... 297 Linota montium, the iMountaini Linnet. 359 Kingfisher, the Belted, Ceryle Alcyon. 298 Little Auk, the, Mergulus Alle 425 Kingfisher, the Biru, Alcedo biru. 297 Lophophorus impeyanus, the Imnpeyan Pheasant 398 Kingfisher, the Blue-collared, Halcyon cinereifrons. 300 Lophorhina superba, the Superb~ Bird of Paradise. 351 Kingtisher, the Brown-hooded, Halcyon /jsciclapilla. 300 Lophornis Gouldii, Gould's Coquette.. 309 Kingfisher, the Buff-breasted, Dacelo cervina.. 299 Lophornis ornatus, the Tsfted Coqitette.. 309 Kingfisher, the Chelicuti, Halcyon Chelicuti.. 300 Lorikeet, the Blue-bellied, Trichogalossus hematorles 377 Kingfisher, the Common, Alcedo ispida 296 Lorikeet, the Orange-winged, TnichglscOs pSlyyrhi-opterus 378 Kingfisher, the Crab-eating, Halcyon seneicersulea. 300 Lorius domicella, the Coll/tred Lot. 377 Kingfisher, the Giant, Dacelo gqqas 298 Lory, the Collared, Lorius domicella. 377 Kingfisher, the Green and White, Ceryle Am ericana. 298 Lory, the Papuan, Charmosysnapapua.. 377 Kingfisher, the Great African, Ceryle maxima. 298 Louri, Touraco, the, Corythaix albocristatus 369 Kingfisher, the Indian, Alcedo bengaletsis.. 297 Love-bi:d, the, Ayapornis Svideriana.. 378 Kingfisher, the Indian, H1alcyonjusce. 300 Loxia curvirostra, the Crossbill. 364 Kingfisher, Leach's, Dacelo Leichii 298 Loxialeucoptera, the White-wsi.qIed Crossbill. 365 Kingfisher, the Pied, Ceryle rudis. 297 Loxia Pityopsittacus, the Parrot Crossbill. 365 Kin fisher, the Red-bellied, Ha/lcyon senicaerlria. 300 Lyre-bird, the, ifennurn ssuerba 321 Kingfisher, the Red and Green, Ce~yie tricolor 298 Lyre-bird, Prince Albert's, fenora Ailberti 322 Kingfisher, the Sacred, Ilae/cyoi sacra. 300 Kingfishaer, the Senegal, Ha/lcyots senego/lensis. 300 Macc/sw, the Blue and Yellow, hiecrocercas Asarausia. 374 ~~~~49 ~~~~~~INDEX'1'O BIBDS. M3accawo, the Great Green, 3[cr~~tocereuts militateis o 374: Milvus vulgaris, the Commlon Kite. o. 258 Mlaccaw, the Hyacinthinc, ilrac~rocercus hsyacinthinus 375 Mimnus felivox, the Cat-bird.. 331. Mlaccaw, the Scarlet, Macrocercus MC~acao.. 374 Mimus polyglottus, the Mliocking-bird.. 331 M~accaw, the Small Green. n~acrocercus severu~s 374 Mniotilta restira, the Blue-eyed Yellowv }Va/rblel'. 327 M~acrrocercus Ararauna, th~e Blue an~d Yellow Maccaw.374 M\/niotilta vermivora, the k~Torm-ea~tin# IPnarbler. 327 Mlacrocercus hyacinthinus, the Hyac~inthinc Maccaw. 375 Mocking-bird, the, Mimu~spolygloltus. D. 331 Mlacrocer~cus Mbacao, the Scarlet i]fa~ccatvo o. 374 M~olothrus pecoris, the Cow-p~en B~ird.. 356 5Ilacrocer~cus militaris, the Great Gr~eenz.~~accaw o 374 Momotus brasiliensis, the Brasilia~m ~~otmot o. 294 Macrocercu s severus, the Small Gr~een'~ctccaw. 374 Mionasa attra, the Wax-billedE Barlbacou.. 301 Macrodipteryx longipennis, the Leona GoatsuLck~er. 277 Monk, the, Tr~opidorhy2nch uls cor~nicukattus o 315 Magpie, the, Pica cai~dalta.... 348 ontalcilla Yarrellii, the Pied W~tagtail... 32;8 Magpie, the Blqck. Str~eperan.f,~llri~ios a. 344 M~oor-hen, the, Gallnu~la chlo r~ollus. o.419 Malacocereus griseus, the Whlzite-headed Babbler'. 331 Mooruk, the, C, suarlius Benn7et~tii. 40'7 Ml~leo, thle, Jllegacepjhalon Jlaleo... 396j M\orepork, the Little, J~gotheles Nover FItollandie o 279 Mlaim'us cyaneus, the Bhtle IVr~en... 324 M~orphicus Urubitinga, thle Ur~ubit~inga... 250 MC~anakin, the Blue-headed,.o. 36 otacilla alba, the 14rhite Wasgtail... 328 Matnakin, the Capped, Pipra pileata... 336 Motaeilla boarula, the Grayx Wagtail.. o 328 M'auakin, the Red-headed, I'iprae ru~lbro-ca?,ll~ata. 336 Motacilla Yan'ellii, the Piecd Waqta/iil.. 328 Maunakin, the White-headed, ~. 336 Motmot, the Br~azilian, 2t-~omoJtus brasili'ensis o. 294 Mlanesoul~ouv, the, Tanys~Zte~a.Dea... 300 Mound-bird, the, Mega~podlius tu~mutus. o. 395 Man-of-war Bird, the, Diomnedea ex-tulans..427 Miouse-bird, the, Colius capenzsis.. 369 Mharegfrave's Carlama, Ccia~rlam crista t a. 416 M nurasing Chatterer, the, Artamclus jqtsc u s ~. 33 Marlleca penelope, the l:[~geon.... 422 Muscicapa atr~acapilla, the Pied FIlycaltch~er~.333 Mazrtin, the Afi'ican House, Cotylle tCligulaa. 291 Muscicapa gr~iseola~, thle Spo~tted Flyc-atcher..33 Mlartin, the Batnk, C~otyke r~ipari a. 290 Musophaga violacea, the Vioet Plantatin-ealter.. 369 M~artin, the B3rown Sand, Cotule concolor o. 291 Myctefia senegallensis, the Sclenegl ab~ir~u.. 414 Marltin, the Fair~y, Hit~undo ariel.. 28 Myiophonus ccerulcus, thle Hlill Black~bird..333 Martin, the House, Ch~el~idon urbica..291 Mynah, the Bank, Alcridother~es glinginianuls..352 Martin, the P'urple, Progne purpurea... 289 Mynah, the Commnon, Acrid~other~es tr.istis..35 Mlartin, the Sand, Cotyle r~ipa-ria... 290 Myzantha lutea, the L;~tteous Honei- eater. 17 Mar~tin, the Smnall Sand, Cotyle sinlensi s.. 291 Mlyzantha garrula, the Garrulou~sHoney-eate r.. 317i Martin, the Tree, H~itundo nilrizcanas...288~ Myzantha, melanophrys, tile ~Bell-bird...317 Mecistura eauda~ta, the Lon. -tailedl Tit.. 327 M Ryz;antha obscura, the Sombr~e Hloney-eater~. 317 Megacephal~~ ~~~~~~~on alo, h ac 9 Myzomela erythrocephala, the Red-headeE Hloney-eacter. 316 Meg~alaima zeilanicat, the Ceylon Barber. 384 M~~iyzomela nigra, thle Black Honey-eater. 316 M'egfalaima viridis, the Gr~een lindian2 Barbe t. o. 34 yzomnela sanguinolenta, the Sanlluineous HioneyZ-e, tcr 316 Megc~apodius Freyciueti, Fjreyc~inet's 3~[ankirio. 395 Megazpodius tumnulus, the M~ound Bir~d.. 395 Nandu, thle, ]?~hea amnericana.. 406 Mielanerpes erythroeephalus. the RedE-head~edE IToodpleck~er 38'2 Nauclerus furcatus, the Swallow-tailedE Irite.. 260 M~elanopicus torqluatus, the Clollar~ed W~rtoodpecker 382 Nazarene, the, Did~us Nauzarencus.. 39 Meleagris Gacllopavo. the Commnon TuLrkeyj 400 Necc;arinia cenea, t~e Bronzxed Sun-bird.. 305 MleleagrIs Numida, the Guinzea Fowol..400 Nectar~inia asiaftica, the Putrple Sun-bir~d..305 M'eleagris ocellata, the Ocellated Turk~ie y 400 Necta~rinia. splendida, thle Splenzdid Sun-bir~d..305 Melier~ax musicus, the Chanztin~g Fanlcon.. 261 Nectarinia famosa, th~e Shining Stm-bird.. 305 Meliphagfa australasiana, the Tasanzanit tboney-eater. 313 Nectar~ini a Lotenia, LTotenL's Sun-bird..30(; MeTtliphaga longirost~ris, the:Long-billedl Honey-eater. 313 Nectarinia pulchella, the Beau~t~ifLul Sunr-bir~d. 305 M~eliphaga mnystacalis, the 2~mtzstlach~ed Honey-eater. 313 Nectarinia riolucca, the. Violet-hearded Xs~'n-b/r~d. 305 Mleliphaga Norm? Holland~ira, the NVew tgollaLd Honre#-eater 313 Naetarinia zeylonica, the Blule-thro~ated Sunz-bird. 306 MVeliphagat sericea. the Igihite-cheeked Itoney-eater.31 Neli-courvi, the, Ploceuls pensills...368 Melithreptus hmunlatus, thle Lun9ulatedE Honey/-eater 316 Nemosia fiavicollis, thle Gr/een-mirrior T, naqcer~.. 36(J~ MIelithreptus melanocephalus, the lackc-headedlt oney-elater 317 Neophr~on per~cncopterus, the Eg!/ptiarn VuLt u, re.. 23!) Melittophagus hirundinaceus, the Stoallowt- tailed B'ee-eater 302 Nestor hypopolius, thle New Ze,2land Nestor. 380 Mlelizophilus Dartfbr~diensis, the Dartfor~d W~tarbler1. 323 Nestor produactus, th7e Phillip slandc Prccr,?,t.. 379, Mlellisuga minima, the Little Hummzing-b~ird. 33 Nightingale, thle Indian, Klittafccinlcla m i7crlta. u. c 3 2( M\Ielopsittacus undulatus, the W'arbl~ing Grass P, rr~o~zuet 3176 Nightingale of Norway, the, Turdtl~s z'iicrs. 330 Menura Alber~ti, Prince Albert's Lyr~e-bird.. 322 Nightingale, the, Ph~ilomela ILuscia... 322 M~enura superba, the Lyr~e-b~irdl., 321 Nightingale, the Virginia, Card b~i~,,lis v~i7'qivian9,e. 36'7 Merganser, the Hooded, ~er~gus cuculklatus..424 Night-chum~r the, Copr~imulgurs euar~pcetts..274 Mer~ganser, the Red-breasted, Miergus serra~tot. 424 N~ight~jar, the, Cacpr~imul. us ew'loplteus... 2741 Mergulus Alle, the Little Aluk... 425 Ninekiller, thle, Lanius e xc ubitor. 3411 Me~'.~us cucullatus, the Hlooded,Mer~ganser.. 424 Nisse~r Werkr, the, G~yp,,~'os nludEipes. 24t} Mlergus Me~ganlser, the Goosanlder~... 423 Noddy, the, Anoiisstolidl/s... 4'1{} Mergus serr~atot, the Redl-breastedl Mer~avser o. 424 Nonpareil, the, Sp~iza ciris... 361 M\erlin, the, Falco cesalor~.. 257 Nothura maeulos%, the Spte'nnz 4t)5 M~erpps apiaster, the Comm~on Bee-eater~.. 301 Numenius arquata, t/~e Curlewc.. 41(;' M~erops nubicus, the Blue-headed Bee-eatler. 302 Numida cristata, the Cr.ested Gulinea. Fjowl.. 401 Mqerops orrnatus, the Varielgated Bee-earter.30 Numida meleagris, the Grrinza Fowol...400 3Ierops philippinus, tile Ph~ilippine Bee-eater..30 Nutcracker, the, Nu~cl~j'(~ga caryocatacles.. 349 M~erops viridis, the Indian Bee-eaterP... 302 Nuuthatch, the, Sitta europcea.... 318 M'icroglossumn aterrimum, the Goliah Cockactoo.. 379 Nuthatch, the BSlack-capped, Sittellap~ile,,t~.. 31 M~ilatn, the royal, F5alco lacn~rrius... 25 Nuthatch, the Canatdia~n. Sitta carzadc~ensis.. 319) nlJilvago austrais. the Southern Caracuran o. 245 Nuthatch, the Carolina, Sitta car1olinensis. 318 MRilvago Chimachima, the Chilimach~imat... 245 Nuthatch, the Olrange-winged, Sitte~ll,, chrysopt~fra. 319, Mlilvag~o Chima~ngo, the Chbniango. o. 245 Nyctale acadica, the Little Amer~ican Owl:. 267 M~ilvus Govinda, the Govinda Kite...259 Nyctale funerea. Te~zngmr,tl's ~Owl...267 51ilvus niger, the Black Kite... 259 N~yctibius,grandis, thre G,~eat Ibija...978 Mlilus r~egal~is, the, Falco lancnri~zs... 256 Nyctibius jamaieensis, the Jamalicat Ibjau9.. 278s INDEX TO BIRDS. 441 Paie Pago Nycticorax europanus, the N:Tight Heron. 413 Owl, the Little Screech, LEplailtes Asio. 267 Nyctiornis Athertonii, the Azure throated Bee-eater. 303 Owl, the Long-eared, Otus vulgaris 269 Nymphicus cornutus, the Ilorned Parroquet 376 Owl, the Oriental HIorned, Bubo orientalis. 268 Owl, the Powerful, At/hene strenua. 266 Cellated leipoa, the, Lempoa ocellata. 395 Owl, the Radiated, Athene radiata 266 Ocyphaps lophotes, the Crested Pigeon 392 Owl, the Red-eared, Ephialtes Asio 267 (Edienemue crepitans, the Commzon Thick-knee.. 409 Owl, the Screech, Strix flain mea. 270 Oidemia migra, the Common Scoter. 423 Owl, the Scops-eared, Ephialtes Scops. 267 Oil-bird, the, Steatornis caripensis 28q Owl, the Short-eared, Otus brachyotus. o. 269 Oisean monp6re, the, Gynnocephalus cal7vs. 3frJ Owl, the Snowy, Surnia nyctea. 264 Open-bill, the Madagascar, Anastomus lamelligerve' 415 Owl, the Spotted, Athene nmaculata 266 Opisthocomus cristatus, the foatzein. 370 Owl, the Tawny, Syrniun aluco. 270 Oriole, the Orchard, Icterus s2urius.. 356 Owl, Tengmalm's Aryctale ftnereae. 267 Order Acciptres 235 Owl, the Virginian Horned, Bubo virginianus. 268 Columbr..388 Owl, the White, Strix flaTmean. 270 " Cursores. 405 Owl, the Woodcock, Otun brachyotus 269 "Gallinm 394 Owl, the Yellow-footed, Ketupa.iavmipes 268' Gralio..408 Oyster-catcher, the, HIaezmnatopus Qstralegus. 410 ~ Natatores. 420) Oxpeclker, the, B2qhayga infricuna 353 " Passeres.272 Oxypogon Guerinii, Guerin's Helbuet-crest 312 "Scansores 371 Oreoica gotturalis, the Crested Bell-bird ~.342 PachycephIala gutturalis, the Thunder-bird 337 Oreotrochilus Chimborazo, the Ch/imborazian f/ill-stamr 310 Pachycephala pectoralis, the Banded T/ick-/ead 337 Oreotrochilus Estella, the Stella Iiumming-bird 310 Pagophila eburnea, the vory Gull 429 Oreotrochilus leucopleurus, the White-sided Hli/-star 310 Pailk-en-queue, the, P/ha/'ton athereus. 432 Oreotrochilus Pichincha, the Pichincha lild-star 310 Palamedea cornuta, the Horned Screamer 419 Organ-bird, the, Gymnorhina orguanica 344 Palnornis Alexandri, the Alexand'ine Parroquet 375 Oricou, the, Otoqyps auriacularis. 239 Palwornis Barrabandi, Barraband's Parroqet. 376 Origmna rubric-ata, the Rock u'rb/erm' o. 325 Palmornis longicauda, the A/daucca Ring Pa'roquet. 375 Oriole, tIme B-altinmore, phasnte/es Rti~m 1mre..355 Palnornis torquatus, the Rose- ringed.Parroquet. 375 Oriole, the Crested, Cassicus cristatus 356 Pandion I Haliatus, the Osprey. 2 52 Oriole, the Golden, Oriolis galbula.. 332 Pandion Ichtlyai/tus, the Indianm Osprey. 253 Oriolus galbula, the Golden Oriole. 332 Pandion leucocephlialus, the WVhite-headed Osprey. 253 Orthonyx, the Spine-tailed, Ortholnyx sinicadrmmds o 319 Patagona gigas, the Giant tlunming-bird 309 Orthonvx spinicaudus, the Spine-tailed Ortho,/yx 319 1Paraiise, the Emerald Bird of, Paoradisea apoda. 350 Orthotomus longicauda, the lmndian Tailor Bird 324 i'aradise, the Golden-breasted Bird of, Parotaia aurea. 351 Ortolan, the, Aleda Cm/almndrell., 363 Paradise, the Incomparable Bird of, Astrapia nigra 351 Ortolan, the, Emnbem za 1/ostuaana. 361 Paradise, the King Bird of, Ciciinurus regius. 351 Ortyx viginianus, the Virgqinian Quaz l, 402 Paradise, the Little Emecrald Bird of, Paradisea papluensis 350 Oryzornis oryzivora, the Java Sparrow o 360 Paradise, the Red Bird of, Paradisea rubra.. 350 Osprey, the, Pandion tlm/ia/ous 252 Paradise, the Magnificent Bird of, Dmphyllodles imacynfa -351 Osprey, time Indiman, Poandion Tch/lhg/at/s. 253 Paradise, the Superb Bird of, Lophorhina smperbae 351 Osprey, the White-headed, Pand/oai leucocepuhslm o2 53 P'radisea apoda, the Emnerald Bird of Paradise 350 Ossifrainguns gigantes, the Giant Petrel. 427 Paradisea papuensis, the Little Eimierald Bird of Paradise 350 Ostrich, the, S/imtm/hao Cazes.... 406 Paradisea rubra the Red B/md of Paradise 350 Ostriell, the, 8fruthio, rCamelus 406, te 9~ o~nd Pc~cltloe.83 Otocoris alpestris, the Shore-lark 363 Pardalotus punctatus, the Spotted Pardalote 337 Otogyps aimiatcularis, the Sociable Vuieture. 239 Pardalote, tihe Spotted, Pardalotus pusctatus. 337 togyps calvus, therrePodichery Vlture 238 Pardalote, the Streakel, Pardalotus striatus Otis tarda, the Great Bustard. 408 Pardalotus striatus, the Streakced Parde ote. 338 Otis tetrax, the Little Bustard o 408 Parra Jacana, the Jacana.419 Otus brachyotus, the Short-ceared Owl. 269 Parra sinensis, the Chinese Jacana. 419 Otus vulgaris, the Long-eared Owl 269 Parroquet, the Alexandrine, Palceornis Alexanmdi. 375 Ourax pauxi, the Cashew Curassoi 394 Parroquet, Barraband's, Palceom'sis Barrabandii. 376 Ouzel, the Ring, Turdtms torquatus.. 330 Parroquet, the Carolina, Conurus caroliensis.. 375 Ouzel, the FWater, Cinclus aquaticus. 333 Parroquet, the Ground, Pezoporusfoiorisus.. 376 Oven-bird, the Red, Furnarims ru:/s.. 320 Parroquet, the Guiana, Coimouma ls ginensis 375 Owl, the American Barn, Strix perliaa. 271 Parroquat, the Horned, Nymiphicus co'rnutus. 376 Owl, the Australian Barn, Strix deliicatui/. 272 Parroquet, the King, Aprosmictus scapmlnatus. 376 Owl, tihe Barn, S/rix flammea 270 Pmarroquet, the Malacca Ring, Palceornis longicauda. 375 Owl, the Barred, S/y/niunm nebulosum. 270 Parroquiet, the New Holland Crested, Calopesitat Noeva Owl, the Bay, Pholides badius 7 272 i Holladice... 376 Owl, the Boobook, Atheie boobook 2(;6 Paa-roquet, Pennant's, Platycercms Pennantii 376 Owl, the Brown, Sirniuin alico. 270 Parroquet, the Rose-ringed, Pal-eornis torquatus 375 Owl, the Burrowing, Athene cunicuoaria. 2(;6 Parroquet, the Warbling Grass, ille/opsitt/tcus undus/atus 376 Owl, the Ceylonese Eared, Ketupa cey/omnensss o 269 Parroquet, the Yellow, Conurus so/sttit//is 375 Owvl, tihe Churn, Capisimi/u.qus s esuropamus. 274 Parotia aurea, t/le Go/den-breasted B/ird of Paradise 351 Owl, the Eagle, Bubo mnaximus. 267 Parrot, the German, Coramcias yarrunla. 292 Owl, thie Fern, Caprim ulgus europaeus 274 Parrot, the Festive, Chrysotus festivus I.. 378 Owl, the Googoo Horned, Bubo bengalensis. 268 Parrot, the Gray, Psi/tacus erythacus.37., Owl, the Hairy, Athene scutula/a e,. 266 Parrot, the Green, herysotis amazonicsts 378 Owl, the Hawk, Surniai lula..u 2(65 Parrot, Le Vaillant's, P'sittacus Le Vaillantii 378 Owl, the Javanese, Strix. avanica.. 271 Parrot, the Patagoniaa, Conusrus patagonicus 375 Owl, the Little, Athene passemrian.a 265 Parrot, the Phillip Island, Nestor prodactus. 379 OwI, the Little American, N//e acadi. 266 Parrot, tie Steppe, am-ac/msgas mi/ar. o 292 Owl, the Little Horned, Ephialtes Scope -. 267 Partridge, the Barbary, Csccabis pet osae.. 406 vwl, the Little Indian, Athenme Bramuma.. 266 Partridge, the Brommze-wing, Geoplhps scr~pta. 392 Owl, thme Lit]b Rufous, Athene Nactue.. 265 Partridge, time Common, Pem-dix cinemere.. 402 56 * 142 INDEX TO BIRDS. PagePago Partridge, the Crowned, Roal/nh/. cristatus. 403 Piculet, the Minute, Picstmnus minults.383 Partridge, the Guernsey, Caccahis rubra. 403 IPiculet. Teintiinck's, Sasia- ab-normis o383 Partridge, the Red-leggc-e, Caccatbis rubra 4 403 Picunmnus minutus, the Minute Picu7e/ 383 Parus ater, the Cole Tit 32!) Picus martius, the Great Black IVoodpecker 3'81 Parus everuleus, the Blue Tit 32(; Pigeon, the Aromatic, Treron aromatics, 391 Parus major, the Great Tit a 3291 Pigeon, the Bronzed-winged, Phaps chalcopteeas 392 Parus palustris, the Mfarsh Tit 3 26 Pigeon, the Cipe% Daption capensis 427 Pairus eristatus, the Crested Tit 326 Pigeon, the Crowned, Goura coronatr. 391 Passer dornesticus, tihe IoTse Sparroaw. 59 Pigeon the Crested, Ocylphaps lophotes 392 Passer inontanus, the Tree Spmrro. 3i() Pigeon,.the DiCunculius, DidWcUolus stsmg/'os er 392 Pastor roseus, the Rose-coloe~red Pastor 35 2 Pigeon, the Magnificents Fruit, Cacpnophaga sttcaq:a 390 Pastor, the Rose-coloured, Pastor rosei. 352 PIgeon, the Nicowir, Ca/cenaes nicocat.c 391 Pavo cristatus, the Cntmmon Peacock a99 Pigeon, the Passenger, Ectopistes m'igraoatoris. 389 Pavo muticus, the Javanese Petcock 399 Pigeon Swainson's Fruit, Ptilinou Saisoi 39 pjgeoi _,pus Slis FIainsonil 39oyzt Peacocki, the Commnon, Pavoe crista/ts. 99 Pigeon, the Waalii, Treron abyssinicr 391 Peacock, the Javanese, Pao mutics t'c'349 Piieon, thle Whtite-booted, Tieron Sicbolii - 391 Peewit, the, Vanellis crisattsi.. 410 Pigeon, the Wood, Co.t'stsba PoItubs..u 389 Pelecanus Onocrotalns, the Commnon Pelicant 431 Pinlico, the, TSrolidlor/ynchus cotnictctatrs 3815 Pelican, the Common, Pelecanvs Onocr-otelti. 431 PiticoTh enicleator, the Fise Grosbeak 864 Penelope cristata, the Crested Gunr 395 Piper Iind, the, Cephalopteruts ornolu/t o 339 Penguin, the Cape, Sptheniscus cdemers-s. 426 Pipit, the Cornmmon Indian, Anthlssa is'vf le 328 Penguin, the Jackass, Ltdyptes demersa 4 26 Pipit, the Indian Tree, Astthus agilis 28 Penguin, the Patagonian, Apltenodytes pa.agonicr 4)2 Pi-pit, the Meadow, Anthus pratensis s 328 Perdix cinereae the Commonto ttat/'ige. 402 Pipit, Rdchrd's, Aurthis Ri-has..d. 328. Pericrocotus fammeus, the Flamnmeous Chattere-,. 338 1Pipit, the Rock, Anthuspetrositso 32 8 Pericrocotss peregrinus, the Crimson-rusisned Chatet'ers. a38 Pipit, the Tree, Anthss arboaeuss 328 Peristes jamia tenss the Jamaica Crotnl Dome. 392 Pipra rbro-capillata, the Red-rheaded 0Mnaaki;/t 33(; Peristera tympanistria, the Tambourine G'omtnd Do e 391 Pipra pileata, the Capped Mnmiksin 336 Perrnis eristata, the Crested Honey Buzzacd 2. 217 Pitt%, the Bengal, Pitta berelesensis..332 IPernis apivorust the Honey Buzzard 246 Pitta bengoalensis, the Bengal PMittN.. 332 Petrel the Broad-)Hillel, Prion vrittatua. 427 Pitta crunlea, the Giant Pitta 33. Petrel, the Cape, Daption capensis. 427 Pitta, time Giant, Pitta ecerulea. 333 Petreli the Pintado, Daoption capensi 427 Plantain-Eater the Violet, Mrsottiaga violaeca 369 PIetrel, the Giant, Oss]'af-?.os g;.qanteus. 427 Platalea A.-ja, the Rosecate Spooi bill 414 Petrel, the Great BlackP, Psitus cequinoctialis 436 Plhtalea leucorodia, the White Spoonbid 413 Petril, the Stormy, Pm ocel/rain pelagica.. 427 Platycercus Pennmsmtii, Permant'a Parnoqt.tet 376'etrocea bicolor, the Pied Robint ~ 325 Pleetrophanes lapponica, the Laplrmstd BRtding 3.6 Petroiea multicolor, the Scmrlet-breasfed Pobin,. 325 Pleetruphaneo- n ivalis, the Snow Buntirag Petroica phicenicea, the Flame-breasted Robin 325 Ploceus larvatus, the Abyssinian WVeaver —Bird'. 368 Pettychaps, the Greater, Cus'ru-ea lhortensis 323 Plocers pensilis, the M3adaqaseitr IVeaver-Bi/d'.368 Pezoporns f rnosus, the GCsound Parroquet.3:76' Plocees philippinus, the Philijpine Weaver-Bir'd' 367 Phcenicocercus carnifex, the Red C/atterer - 337 Pletus Le Vaillantii, Le Vaillant' s Darter. 432 Phlinicopterus ruber, the Flams/nqo. 420 Plover Criest the, Tr'ochilus Daclaedi 309 Phaeton Ttherers, the Co",unon Tropic Bi3rd: 432 Plover, the Golden,, Charnmdi iuspluvial e. 410 Plhhaton phimnicurus, the Red-tnailed Tiopice Bird 432 Ploverr the Gray, Squataroa helvet ica. 410. P'lhtutornis eremita. the Little Hermit 310 Plover, the Riing Charadmius tAiaticula, 410 Pha~tornis superciliosus, the Cayenne liermit 310 Plumed Bird, the Magnificent, Epimaechs magnif:cusi 30. 04 Phalaropus hyperbsheus, the Rem-necked Ph lmmlptr~ 418 Ilnmed Bird, the Sumperb,. Epimachus maynuo. 04 Pbhalaropus lobtus, the Groy Phalarone 418 Pochmad0 tIe, Aythya fJrina.4. hliailacrocorax Carbo, the Cormorat. 432 Podtlager Nacunda, the Vacsmcda Goatsucke r 2 8 Phalacrocorax graculus, the Green Cormneoran. 432 PIodargus Cuvier's, Poda,,gus Cuvieni 280 Phalacrocorax. sinensis, the Fish/mu Cormnorant 432 PoIdargus humerais, the Tawny-shoildesedPoda?],280. laro])?ss hyl~~~~~erboreui 418~~ 28~i Phalarope, the Red-necked, 1Phlarolps hypeboreus. 418 Podamrgas the Mothslike Podar/gus ahlnoides 280 Phnlarope, th-e Gray, Phalaropus lobatus~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 280. Pholarope, the Gray. Phalaropsss aob/tins - 418 Podargus, the New Guinea, Podar qus paptuensi 280 Phaps chalcoptera, the Bronzed-m/inged Pigeore 392 Podarguss papuensis, the Neme Guinea Poedartu is' 80 Pharaoh's chicken, Neophron percnopterus 239 Podargus psaltummides, he Moth-like Podarsgus- 280 Phnsianus Amherstiae, Lady Amherst's Phe.,sant.. 397 Podargus, the Plhsned, Podcarigusspl p/ /irmus 280 Phasianus colchicus, the Commom Pheasant.39'6 Podmargus plumniferus, the P/lumed Podari.ss 280 Phlasianuss rsycthemerus, the Silver Pheasant. 398 Podargus; the Tawny-shouldered, Podagus lhumeralis 27 Phasianus pictus, the Golden Pheasant. 397 Iodicam senega!emnsis, the Senegal Coot-grebe.. 425 Pheasant, the Common, Phos/anus colc/hicus 396 Podiceps cristatus the Great Cested ebe4 "^" roicel~ col~n eusi he flo~?zed G1~e.. 424 Pheasant, the Fire-baelred, Etploeomu.s igniti 3 98 Pmoiceps cormutus, the Horned Grebe 424 Pheasant) the Golen, Phasianus pictus 397 Pomdiceps ininor, the little Grebe.. 42 Pheasant, the Impeyan, lophohorus Jpeyanns. 398 Poe-b'd, thie, Prosthenmadenra Nove ZelandaT - 315 Pheasant, Lady Amherst's, Phasiutntus Aimherst/. 397 Pomphilaa nirabilisi the Becaut/tfsl Grass /icl/ 360 o I'heasant, the Nepanlese-horned, Criornais.cuat/grus. 399 Polylvorus bhm ziliensis, the Cat-acutra 4 4 Pheasant, tihe Silver; Phaeuiatus ycthenterts. 398 Poitician, tihe Vireoanoveboraceinss. Pheasant, the Wood, M1:enura svpe2-ba. 321 Polyplectron,. the Argus, Pol.yplectron biiaicucrr/itim 3)99 lPhilmterus socius, the Republicau CGrosbea. 368 Polyilectron blcm'at n. the Ags Poyp/ec.399 a Polyp~ectron icalcatuln,.. The Agzr~s Polgjlcrl Plhihimachus pugnax, the Rmjf'. 417 Pol)ITectron, tihe Tiletan, Po./plecs-on Ti/betanusis 400 Phiolidus badius, the Boy mOwl. 272 Polypleetron TIibetanus, the Tibetan Polypl)ectrons 40Philomachus pugisax, the Ri./ff. 417 Poiiatorhi nus supercils)sus, the- White-~le-browed Thi-ssh 331 Philomela luscinia, th/e NVighti/sgale. 322 Pork Bird, the More, Podargus Cuaieri 280 Phytotoma Rara, the Rana... 365 Porphyrio pulveruilentmms, the Sultana Bird. 419 Pica caudata, the Magpie 348 Pmmtmmo, the, Nyctibitsm'ctmaicetsts... 27-8 Picatimartes gymnocephalus, the Bald-headed Cm-oat' 348 Pi-atincohe, tie -Coll a red, C/ineo/a tam pita/cs 409' Pi~,irdes tridactylus, the Thu-ee-teed WI.isdcl/ecker:81 I'Prion vittatns, the BnSmrum-bllebl IPi/ti.... 427 INDEX TO BIRDS. 443 Page Pags Procellaria pelagica. the Stormy Petrel.. 427 Rice-bird, the, Oryzornlis oryzivora. 360 Progne purpurea, the Purple Martin. 289 Rifle Bird, the, Ptilorisparadiseus. 304 Promerops caffelr, the Cape Sun-bird 305 Rissa tridactyla, the Kittiwake. 429 Prosthemnadera Novm Zelandix, the Poe-bird.. 315 Robin, tile Flame-breasted, Petroica phznicea.. 325 Psittacule, the Bonneted, Psittacula pileata 378 Robin, the Golden, Jphantes Baltimore. 355 Psittacula pileata, the Bonneted Psittacule. 378 Robin, the Indian, Thanmnobiafdlicata.. 324 PNittacus erythacus, Tie Gray Parrot 378 Robin, the Magpie, Copsychus saularis 324 Psittacus, Le Vaillantii, Le Vaillant's Parrot. 378 Robin, the Pied, Petroica bicolor. 325 Psophia crepitans, The Trumpeter. 117 Robin, the Scarlet-breasted, Petrol'ca vmlticolor. 325 Ptarmigan, tile, Lagopus vulyaris 402 Robin, the Yellow, Eopsaltria anstralis.. 337 Pterocles alchata, The Pin-tailed Sand Grouse. 404 Roller, the Common, Cor acias yarr.ul.. 292 Pterocles arenarius, The Banded Sand Grouse 404 Roller, the Indian, Coracias indica 293 Pteroglossus aracari, the Aracari 3. 73 Roller, the Long-tailed, Coractas caudtea. 2930 Pteroglossus piperivorus, the Koulik Aracari. 373 Rollulus cristatus, the Crowned Partridge. 403 Pteroglossus viridis, the Green Aracari 373 Rook, the, CorvusJfuiniequs 347 Pterocyclus cachinnans, the Laughing Thrush,. 331 Ruff, the, Philomachus pugnax.. 417 Pterophanes Ternininckii, Temninck's Sapphire King 312 Rupicola aurautia, the Orange Cock-of-the-rock. 337 Ptilinopus Swainsonii, Swainsoa's Fruit-piyeoll 391 Ruticilla phcenicura, the Redstart..325 Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, the Satin Bower-bird. 353 Ruticilla suecica, the Blue-throated Redstart.. 325 Ptilonorhynchus, Smithii, the Australian? Cot-bird. 354 Ruticilla Tithys, the Black Redstart. 325 Ptiloris paradiseus, the Rife-bird... 304 Ptilotis chrysotis, Yellow-eared lhoney-eater. 314 Sabre-bill, the Brazilian, Xiphorhynchus procurvus 319 Ptilotis sonorus, the Singing Ilone, -eater. 314 Sapphire-wing, Temminck's, Plerophanes 7'eimninclii. 312 Puff-bird, the Collared, Bucco collaris. 301 Sasia abnorinis, Tem cinekh's Piculet.. 383 Puff-leg the Glowing, Eriocnenzis vestitus 309 Saw-bill, the, Grypus naovius. 311 Puff-leg, Lord Derby's, Eriocnemis Derbianus. 310 Sarcorhamphus Gryphus, the Conder... 240 Puff-leg, the, Metallic, Eriocnemis Alines. 310 Sarcorhainphus Papa, The King Vuillure. 2.42 Puffin, the, Fratercula arctica. 425 Saxicola (Enanthe, the Wheateor CS.. 32( Puflinus Anglorum, Manhks Shearvater. 426 Saxieola rubetra, the Whinchat 0. 325 Puffinus YEquinoctialis, the Great bFlck Petrel. 426 Saxicola rubicola, the Stonechat.. 325 Puffinus major, the Great Shearwater. 426 Sandpiper, the Common, Totanus hypoleucus. 417 Pycnonotus hwmorrhoiis, the Red-vented Bulbul. 332 Sandpiper, the Gray, Squatarola helvetica. 410 Pycnonotus jocosus, the Jocose Bulbul.. 332 Schizorhis gigantea, the Giant Touzaco.. 369 Pyranga aestiva, the Sumnmer Red-bird... 366 Scolecophagus ferrugineus, the Rusty Grakle. 355 Pyranga rubra, the Scarlet Tanager. 365 Scolopax gallinago, the Connmon Snipe. 418 Pyrlrhocorax alpinus, the Alpine Chough. 349 Scolopax gallinula, the Jock Snipe.. 418 Pyrrhulauda australis, Smnith's Finch-lark.,. 364 Scolopax major, the Great Snipe. 418 Pyrrhulauda grisea, the Gigi Lark... 363 Scolopax rusticola, the Wood-cock.. 418 Pyrrhula vulgaris, the Bulich... 364 Scopus umbretta, the Tufted Usnbre. 415 Seoter, the Common, Oidemnzia nigra. 423 Quail, the Andalusian, flesnipodius t chy'droius. 403 Screamer, the Horned, Palamedea cormnta. 419 Quail, the Californian, Callipep~la caliornica.. 402 Sea-parrot, the, Fratercula arctica.. 425 Quail, the Chinese, Coturnic Chinensis.. 403 Secretary-bird, the, Serpentarius reptilivorus.. 261 Quail, the Common, Coturnix dactylisonans. 403 Seisura volitans, the Restless Flycatcher.. 334 Quail, the Virginian, Ortyx virinianus.. 402 Selasphorus rufus, the Red Flame-bearer. 312 Quelea sanguinirostris, the Dioch.. 368 Sericornis citreognlaris, the Yellow-throated Warbler. 326 Quiscalus versicolor, the Pusple Grakle. 355 Serilophus lunatus, the Frilled Indian Tody. 294 Serpentarius reptilivorus, the Secreta/e bird. 261 Racket-tail, the Whitebooted Spathuran Uncderwoodi. 310 Setophaga ruticilla, the American Redstart.. 334 Rail, the Land, Crex pratensis. 419 Shaheen, the, Falco peregrinato'... 25 Rail, the Water, Rallus aqutcticus.. 419 Shanhu, the, Garrulax chinensis. 331 Rain-bird, the, Gecinus vieidis... 382 Shearvater, the Great, Pmlueinus sanjor. 426 Rallus aquaticus, the 14ater Rail. 419 Shearwater, Manlks, P/finus Anglorum. 426 Rara, the, Phytotonen Rarca. 365 Sheathbill, the White, Chionis alba. 404 Raven, the, Corvus corax. 345 ShieldrakIe, the, Tradorna vwlpauser.. 422 Riazorbill, the, Uttianania torda. 425 Shorelark, the, Otocoris alpestris. 363 Razor-grinder, the, Seisura volitans. 334 Shovellei, the, Spatula clypeata... 422 Recurvirostra Avocetta, the Avocet.. 417 Shrike, the American Gray, Lanius borealis 341 Red-bird, the Summer, Pyranga cestivva. 366 Shrike, the Black-throated Crow, C'racticss niqrogularis 3-13 Redbreast, thee, Erythacus rubecula... 324 Shrike, the Cayenne Green, Cyclorhis guianenssis. 342 Redpole, the, Linota linaria.... 359 Shrike, the Crested, Lanius cristates.. 341 Redpole, the Mealy, Linota canescens... 359 Shrike, the Great Cinereous, Lanius excubitor. 341 Redstart-, the, iRuticilla phcenicura... 325 Shrike, the Indian Grey, Teplrodornis pondiceriana. 341 Redstart, the American, Setophaga ruticilla. 334 Shrike, the Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianeus. 341 Redstart, the Black, Ruticilla Tithys.. 325 Shrikre, the Pied Crow, Cracticus picarot/s. 343 Redstart, the Blue-throated, Ruticiila suecica. 325 Shrikle, the Red-backed, Lanius collurin. 340 Redwing, the, Turdus iliacus.. 330 Shrike, Quoy's Crow, Cracticus Qeeyii.. 343 Regulus cristatus, the Gold Crest.. 323 Sialia sialis, the Bluebird.. 325 Rhlamphastos Ariel, the Ariel Toucan.. 373 Siskin, the, Cardeelis spinus.. 358 Rhamphastcs dicolorus, the Red-breasted Toucan 373 Sitta canadensis, the Canadian Necthatch.. 319 Rhamphastos erythrorhynchus, the Red-billed Toucan 373 Sitta carolinensis, the Carolina Necthatch.. 818 Rhamphastos Toco, the Toco Toucan.. 373 Sitta europcea, the Nuthatch. 3 /8 Rhamphastos torquatus, the Collared Toucan.. 373 Sittella chrysoptera, the Oransge-wiseged Nuehatch. 319 Rhea americana, the Nandu... 406 Sittella pileata, the Black-capped Neuthatch. 319 Rhipidu'a albofrontata, the White browved Flycatcher. 334 Skimmer, the Black, Rhmychops nigra.. 429 Rhipidura motacilloides, the Black Fan-taied Flycatcher 334 Skua, the Arctic, Lestris parasiticsis. 429 Rhynchops nigra, the Black Skienmer. 429 Skua, Beffcn's. Let/cis Bm.tlbnii - -. 429 444 INDEX TO BIRDS. S ~ua, the Common, Lestris caic~artess *. Page Pa 4e Skua, te Common, Lestris cataactes 429 Swallow, the Bat, Acanthylis oxyura.. 284 Skua, the Pomarine, Lestris p:nzarinus. 429 Swallow, the Cape, Hirundo capensis. ~. 288 Skylark, the, Alauda arvensis 362 Swallow, the Chimney, Acanthylis pelasgia. 283 Snake-killer, the, Halia'tus leucogaster. 252 Swallow, the Chimney, Hirundo rustica.. 286 Snipe, tihe Common, Scolopax yollilnaco. 418 Swallow, the Crag, CoGyie ripestris.. 290 Snipe, the Great, Scolopax major 418 Swallow, the Esculent, Collocaiia esculenta. 284 Snipe, the Jack, Scolopax gallinula. 418 Swallow, the Panayan, Hiroundo pamNyana;. 287 Snipe, the Summer. Totanus hypoleccus. 417 Swallow, the Severn, Hirundo bicolor.. 289 Soldier, the Poor, Tropidorhynchus corniculatus. 315 Swallow, the Tree, Dendrochelidon comnzatus. 284 Solitaire, the, Didus solitarius. 393 Swallow, the Welcome, Iiirundo neoxena. 288 Somateria mollissima, the Eider Duck. 423 Swallow, the White'bellied, Hirundo bicolor 289 Spark-bird, the, Diceume trigonostignma. 306 Swallow, the Window, Clhelidon eurbica 291 Sparrow, the Hedge, Accentor mnodularis. 326 Swallow, the Wire-tailed, Hirundoftlifra. 288 Sparrow, the House, Passer domesticus. 359 Swallow, the Wood, Artamus sordidus 338 Sparrow, the Java, Oryzornis oryzivora. 360 Swan, the Black, Cygnus atratus. 422 Sparrow, the Song, Zonotrichian meiodica. 360 Swan, the Mute, Cygnus olr.. 421 Sparrow, the Tree, Posser montoanus 360 Swan, the Tame, Cygnus olor. 421 Sparrow, the Whlite-throated, Zonotrichia alicoillis. 360 Swan, the Wild, Cygnus ferus. 421 Spathura Underwoodi, the White-booted Rncket-tlad. 310 Swan, the Whooping, Cygnus ferus. 421 Spatula clypeata, the Shoveller. 422 Swift, the Aculeated, Acanthylis pelasgia 283 Spermonphila falcirostra the Greenish Grosbeak. 364 Swift, the Alpine, Cypseles melba. 282 Spheniscus demersus, the Cape Penguin. 426 Swift, the Batassian, Cypselus batassiensis. 282 Spiza ciris, the P'aicted Bunting. 361 Swift, the Bearded, Dendrochelidon nystaceus. 284 Spiza cyanea, the Indigo-bird 361 Swift, the Common, Cypselus aus.. 281 Spiza6tus bellicosus, the llartialEagle.. 250 Swift, the Esculent, Collocalin esculenta. 28-4 Spoonbill, the Roseate, Platalea Ajaj'a. 414 Swift, the Hooded, Dendrochelidon comatus. 284 Spoonbill, the White, Plotalea leucorodtia. 413 Swift, the Jamaica Palmn, Uypselus phonicobius 282 Starling, the Cape, Amydrus motro.. 355 Swift, the Needle-tailed, Acauthylis caadacicta.. 284 Starling, the Comnmon, St/sreens vdgaris.. 352 Swift, the Sharp-tailed, Acantlhylis oxye-ra. 284 Starling, the Mountain, Aecydirus morio. 355 Swift, the White-bellied, Gypselus melbae 282 Starling, the Red-winged, Amydrus maoriio. 355 Swift, the White-rumped, Cypselus cafinis 282 Starling, the Red-winged, Ayelaius phcenicees. 356 Sword-bill, the, Dociomastes ensiferus. 312 Starling, the Wattled, Dilop/hs carusnceltues. 353 Squatarola helvetica, the Gray Plover. 410 Steatornis caripensis, /the Guacharo.. 278 Sylph, the Blue-tailed, Cynanthus cymnurts. 312 Sterna arctica, the Arctic Tern. 430 Sylph, the Green-tailed, CQynanthus snzearaydicaeuds. 312 Sterna Boysii, the Sancdwich Tern. 430 Sylvia Hippolas, the Chiff-chaf'. 323 Sterna caspia, the Caspian Tern. 430 Sylvia sylvicola, the WTood Warbler. 323 Sterna Dougallii, the Roseate Tern. 430 Sylvia Trochilns, the Willow Warbler. 323 Stelna Hirundo, the Common Tern. 430 Spine-tailed Synallaxis, the, Synalltcxis s]~iicauda.e 319 Sterna minuta, the Lesser Tern. 430 Synallaxis spinicauda, the Spine-tailed syncllaexis. 319 Stipiturus n'alacurus, the Emeu Wrene.. 324 Syrnium aluco, the Broewn Owl. 270 Stonechat, the, Saxicola rubicola. 325 Syrnium nebulosum, the Bcarred Owlc. 270 Stork, the B131ck, Ciconia nigra. 414 Syrrhaptes paradoxus, Pallas' Sand Groeuse. 404 Stork, the Mlarabou, Leptoptilh s uaraboce. 414 Stork, the White, Ciconica alba.. 414 Tachypetes aquilus, lthe Frigate-bird ~. 432 Storm-cock, the, Turdces viscivorus. 329 Tachyphonus coryphceus, Vigors' Tanager. 366 Straw'tail, the, IPhaeton cethereus.. 432 Tachyphonus cristatus, the Crested Taccnaer.. 366 Strepera arguta, the Hill Fruit Grow.. 344 Tachyphonus leucopterus, the Black Tancyer.. 366 Strepera fuliginosa, the Sooty Fruit Crowa. 344'Tadorna Vulpanser, the Shieldrcke. 422 Strepera graculina, the Pied Freuit Crow. 344 Talegalla Cuvienri, Cuvier's Talegalla. 396 Strigops habroptilus, the Kakapo. 380 Talegalls, Cuvier's, Talegalla Cuvieri.. 396 Strix delicatulus, the Australian Barn Owl 272 Talegella Lathami, the Brussh Turkey.. 396 Strix flamenea, the Btrn Owl.. 270 Tailor-bird, the Indian, Orthotomeus lonqicaudc.. 324 Strix javanica, the Javanese Owl. 271 Tanager, the Black, Tachyphoenus leucopterus. 366 Strix perlata, the American Barn Owl.. 271 Tanager, the Banded, Calospiza vittatac. 366 Struthio Camnelus, the Ostrich. 406 Tanager, the Crested, TachyMhonus cristatus. 366 Sturnus vulgaris, the Common Sterlieg. 352 Tanager, the Greee-mirror, Neeosia fiavicollis.. 366 Sturnella. Ludoviciana, the Aenecican.leadow Lark 352 [anager, the Jacapa, Tacnagra jacapa.. 366 Sucrier, the, Certhiolaiaeveola.. 307 Tanager, the Orange-breasted, Calospiza thoracica. 366 Sula Bassana, the Genneet. 431 Tanager, the Organist, Eunponici mscic ca.. 366 Sultanca Bird, the, Porphyrio pulverulentucs. 419 Tanager, the Red-capped, Tanuccgra gularis 3 66 Sun-bird, the Beautiful, Nectarinia pulchella. 305 Tanager, the Scarlet, Pyranga rebsa. 365 Sun-bird, the Blue-throated, Nectarineia zeylonica 306 Tanager, the Seven-coloured, Tanayra Tato 366 Sun-bird, the Bronzed, Nectarinia caeeea 305 Ta1aycer, the Tri-coloured, Calospiza tricolor 366 Sun-bird, the Cape, Promeurops c,,f/.r. 305 Tanager, Vigors', Tech/yphonus coryphwus. 366 Sun-bird, the Crimson-throated, Dicceumn hirundinaceueee 306 Tanaoer, the Violet, Euphonia violacea. 366 Sun-bird, Loten's, Nectarinia Lotenia. 306 Tanagra gularis, the led-capped Tanager.66 Sun-bird, the Orange-backed, Dicceum trigonostigica 306 Tanagra jacapa, the Jacaupa Tanager. 366 Sun-bird, the Purple, Nectarinia asiatica. 305 Tanagra Tatao, the Sevesn-coloured Tanauger. 366 Suh-bird, the Shining, Nectarinia /hmnosa. 305 Tantalus, the Afirican, Tantalus Ibis. 415 Sun-bhrd, the Splendid, Nectarinia sllenldicda. 305 Tantalus Ibis, the Africacn Tantalus. 415 Sun-bird, the Violet-headed, Nectarinia violacea. 305 Tantalus lacteus, the Mlilky lbis. 415 Sugar-bird, the Green, Nectaniciaufuose. 305 Tanysiptera Dea, the Ternate Kiec/fsler. 300 Surni a nyctea, the Snowvy Owl.. 264 Tchitrea paradisi, the Paradise Pl yca/ch.er 334 Suenia Ulula, the eawk Owl. 265 Teal, the, Ouerquedela uGrecca. 422 Swallow, the American Barn, Htisundo e'ythrogaste r. 288 Teplhrodornis pondiceriana, the Jcliaee Creep Shri,hoe. 31 Swiallo [i the Australian Chimney, HieieeedO foet/!eis 288 Tern, the Arctic, Sterna aactica.. 430 INDEX TO BIRDS. 4455 Page Page Tern, the Black, Hy#&rochelidon, nigra 4'a.40 Treron abyssinica, Mhe Wandia Pigeon...391 Tern, the Caspian, Sterna caspia 4 a', 40 Trero n aromatica, the Aromatic Pigeon..391 Tern, the Common, Slerna, Hitundo...430 Treron. Sieboldii, the White-booted Pigedon.. 9 31 Tern, the Lesser, Ster'na minuta... 430 Tribe, Conirostres...343'Fern, tihe Roseate, Sterna Dougalt"11 o. 40"enro ts.... 32 2 Tern, the Sandwich, Sterna'Boysih. 4 3 0 Tenuirostres. 33 Tetrao cupido, the Pinnated Grouse...401 Trichoglossus hicematodes, the Blue-bellied Lorikeet.` 77 Tetrao Tetrix, the Black Grouse...401 Trichoglossus pyrrhopterus, the Orange-winged Lorikeet 378 Tetrao UrogallusI the C apercailie..e 401 Trochilus colubris, the Ruby-throated Humming Bird 30 8 Textor erythrorhynchus, the Red-billed Textor 86.38 Trochilus Delalandi, De L, lande's Crested Hammaing Bird 309 Textor, the Red-billed, Textor er~ythbrorhynchus..368 Trochilus granatinus, the Purple. breasted Carib. 311 Tharnnobia fulicata, the Indian!lobin..32-1: Trochilus polytmus, the, Long-tailed ~mzer, d H1unminy Thainnophilus nmevius, the Spotted Batara. 342 Bird..309 Thick-head, the Branded, Pacheycephala pectoralis. 0 33 7 Tr'oglodytes domesticus, the House Wren..321 Thiek-knee, the Common, GEdicizemus crepitans. 409 Troglodytes vulgaris, the Common Wren..320 Thinecore, D'Orbigny's, Thinetorus Orbigayanus. 404 Trogon, the Cuba, Troyon teninurus 2. 95 Tifinoeorus Orbignyanus, D'Oi-bigny's Thinecore. 404 Trogon Curucui, the, Couroucou.. 295 Thrasa~tus Harpyia, the Harpy Eayjle... 250 Trogon, the Fasciated, Itairpactesfiasciatug. 296 Thrush, the Brown, Colluricincla b~'unnea.. 343' 42 Trogon Hodogson's, Harpacres erythrocephalus..296 Thrush, the Buff-bellied, Colluricincla rqjfivenirls 8 42 Troogon, the -Narina, Apalodermna narinna. 296 Tin'ash, the Cayenne Ant, rormicaflrus cayaneJnsis. 332 Trogon resplendens, the Resplendent Trogon..295 Ttlrush, the Gold-vented, Turdus auriventer. ) a' 30 Trogon, the lResplendent, Troyon resplendens. 295 1'hrush, the King Ai-t, Grail, tia Rex...332 Trocron teinnurus, the Cuba Tiro on...295 Thrush, the Laugrhing, Pterocyclus cachinnans 3.) I3 Tropic-bird, the Commion, Phaibton cethereUs. 432 Thrush, the Missel, Tutrdus viscivorus ~.329 Tropic-bird, the Red-tailed, Phab'on phoenicitrus. 432 Thrush, the Port-Jacksoni Colluricincla harmonica. 342 Tropidorhynchus corniculatus, the Friar Bird..315 Thrush, the Red-breasted, Turdus migratorius..330 Trumpeter, the, Psophia crepitans... 412 Thrush, Selby's, Colhuricincla Selbii..342 Turdus auriventer,' the Gold-vented Thrush..330 Thrush, the Song, Tturdus musicas.~.329 Tuirdus iliacus, the Redwii~q a 3 Thrush, the Spotted Ground, Cinclosoma puncltaura 3 32 Turdus melodus, the Wood Thr]ush~. 330 Thrush, the W!~ite Eye-brewed, Pomatorhinus sit~erciliosus 331 Tu'dus merula, the Blackbird... 33 Thcrush, White's, Turdus Whtitei.) 3.30 Turdus migratorius, the Red- breasted Thrush..33 Thrush, the Wood, Turdus melodus. la.30 Turdus musicus, the Song ThruSh...329 Th/'~yothorus p'lustris, the Marsh Wrern. 321 Turdus pilaris, the Fieldfare...330 Thunder-bird, the, Pachycephala gutturalis.'a 37 Turdus torquatus, tihe Ring Ouzel.) 3 30 Tithedroma, muraria, the W-all-creeper' 3[8 Turdus viscivorus, the M1issel Thrush. o. 329~ Tinamotis elegans, the Crested Tinamou..405 Turdus Whitei, White's Thrush.. 330 Tiammou, the Crested, Tinagnotis elegans..405 Turkey, the Brush, Taleqalla.Lathami..406 Tinamou, the Greath 77bivmus Brasifleasis,405 Tin-key, the Common, _/]eleagris Gallopaveo 400 Tinamou, the Spotted, Notbura maculosa..405 Turkey,. tlhe Ocellated, Afeleagris ocell, ta..400 Tinamou, the Tataupa, Tinamus Tataupa..405 Turtur auritus, the Turtle Dove..390 Tinarmus Brasiliensis, the Great Tinamou,. 405 Turtur risorius, the Collared Turtle Dove., 9 90 Tinamus Tataupa, the Tataupa Tiamnou o.40 5 Twite, the, Linota montium...359'fit, he Beaded, alamo~philus biarmicus. 27 Tyrant, the Crested, Tyrannus crinitus..35 Tit, the Blue, Parus cceruleus... 2 6 Tyrant, the Fisth, Pandion Ichlhya(tus 2.'a'5 Tit, the Cole, Parus ater....326 Tyrannus crinitus, the, Crested 7~ranl.. 335 Trit, the Crested Shrike, Falcunculus f3'ontatus..342 Tyrannus intrepidus, the Tyrant ~'lgcatcher 3.0 35 Tit,, the Crested, Parus cristatus...326 Tit, the Great, Parus majo,.. 326 Umbre, the tufted, Scopus umbretta...415 Tit, the Long-tailed, Mecistura caudata;. 32 7 Umbrella Bird, the, Cephalopterus ornalus. 39 Tit, the Marsh, Par us palustris.. 26 Upupa Epops, the Common Hoepoe ~..303 Tit, the White-bellied Shrike, Falcuncutus leucoyaster.342 Upupa nigripennis, tihe Indian ttoop9oe...303 Titlark, the, Anthus pratensis...328 Uria Grylle, the Black Guillemnot...425 Titmouse, the, Parus' cazrulus... 326 Uria lacrymans, the, Ringed Guillemot... 425 Toeko, the Black-billed, Tockas nasutus. 337 1 Uria Troile, the Comm17on Guillemot...425 Tocko, the Red-billed, Tockus erythrorhynzchus..371 Uiu!)itinga, the, 3[OrThnUS Urubitinga. 25 0 Toclkus erythrorhynchus, the Red, billed Tockus..37 1 [rubu, the, Cathartes fidees...242 Toe':cus nasutus, the Black billed Tocko..371 Utainania, torda, the Razor-bill.~.425 Tedus virdis, the Greer~ Tody.....294 Tody, the Frilled Indian, Serilophus lunatus 294 Vanellus cristatus, the Lapwin. g 410 Tod~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 36 Toy, the Great-billed Indian, Cynibirhiynchus macro- Vidua paradisea, the Angola Whydah-bird. 39 rhynchu s.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~294 Vireo noveboracensis, the White-eyed F lycatcher 3 an34 Tody, the Green, Tedus viridis...294 Vireo olivaceus, the Red-eyed Flycatcher ~.33 4 Tody, the Javanese, Eyurylaimusjavanicus. 293 Vulture, the Abyssinian-Crow, Corvidtur cratssirosbrls 8 48 Tomntit, the, Parus cceruleus...326 Vulture, the Afr'iean Bearded, Gypa5'los nudities,. 240 Topaz; the Crimson, Topazapella...311 Vultu'e, the Arabian, Vultur monachuts..23 7 Topaza pella, the Crimson~ Top~tz...311 Vultur-e, the Bearded, Gypa~tos barbatus..2410 Totanus Calidris, the Common Redshank..416 Vulture, the Bengal, Gyps Bengalensis 2.0 38 Toueca, the Ariel, Rhainphastos Ariel...373 Vltutme, the Black, Cathartesfoetens...242 Toucan, the Collared, Rhamphastos torquiatus. 373 Vulture, the Cafftinrinn Crow, Corvultur albicollis. 348 Toucan, the Red-billed, Rhamphastos er!/thvorhynchus.373 Vulture, the Californian, Cathartes Californianus. 243 Tolican, the, Red-breasted, Rhamphastos dicelotus. 373 Vulture, the Egyptian, Neo2)hronpercnopterus ~. 239 Toucan, the Toro, Rhainphastos Toco...373 Vulture, the John Crow, Cathartes aura..242 446 INDEX TO BIRDS. Paze PaTe Vulture, the Pondicherry, Otogyps calvus 238 Wood-chat, the, Lanius rutilus 34-1 Vulture, the Sociable, Otogyps (auriacularis.. 239 Woodlark, the, Alauda arbo'ea. 363 tulture, the Tawny, G/ypsjailvus.. 238 Woodpecker, the Collared, Mielanocus torquatus. 382 Vulture, the Turkey, Cathartes'aura. 242 Woodpecker, the Dominican, Leuconerpes ldominicanus 383 Woodpecker, the Golden-winged, Colaptes auroatus 38 3 Wagtail, the Gray, Mlotacilla boarula e 328 Woodpecker, the Great Black, Picus martius.. 381 WAagtail, the Pied, IlMotacilla Yarrellii. 328 Woodpecker, the Great Spotted, Dryobates major 381 WaVgtail, Ray's, Budytes Racyi. 328 Woodpecker, the Green, Gecinus viidis 382 Wagtail, the White, Jiotacilla alba.. 328 Woodpecker, the Ivory-billed, Calmpephilus prizcipaolis 381. Wandering Albatross, the, Dioneedea exulans. 427 Woodpecker, the Lesser Spotted, Dryobates nminor 381 Warbler, the Blue-eyed Yellow, MJlziotilta cesliva. 327 Woodpecker, the Red-bellied, Centursus carolinus 382 W\arbler, the Dartford, _Melizophilus Dnrtbrdiensis. 323 Woodpecker, the Red-headed, Melanerpes erythlrocepleaius 382 Warbler, the Garden, Csurruca hortensis. 323 Woodpecker, the Three-toed, Picoides tr iclactylus 38 Warbler, the Grasshopper, Calamzodyta locustella 324 Woodpecker, the Tiga, C(hrysonotus Tiga. 382 Warbler, the Reed, Calanodyta arundinacea,.. 324 Woodpecker, the Yellow-backed, Brachypternus auranztiues 38'2 Warbler, the Rock, Origma rubricata. 325 Woodcock, the, Scolopax rusticola.. 418 WVarbler, the Sedge, Caelamnodytes phragnitis.. 324 Woodstar, the Short-tailed, Calothorax 2acrurus. 311 Warbler, the White-eyed, Zosterops plpebrosus. 327 Wolhllab, thb, Aquila nevioides 249 Warbler, the Willow, Sylvia Trochilus. 323 Wowo-wiwi, Pholidus badius,.. 272 Warbler, the Wood, Sylvia sylvicola.. 323 Wren, the Blue, Maluerus cyaneus.. 324 Warbler, the Worm-eating, Afniotilta veresnivo'ao. 327 Wren, the Common, Troglodytes vulgaris.. 320 Warbler, the Yellow-throated, Sericornzis citreoyularis 326 Wren, the Emu, Stipiturus malacurus. 324 Wattle-bird, the Brush, Anthochcera mellivort,a 315 Wren, the Furze, Mlelizophilus Dartfordiensls 2 3)3 Wattle-bird, the Long-eared, Anthochcera inanu'is 314 Wren, the Furzeling, JMelizophilus Dartfbrdiensis. 323 Wattle-bird, the Lunulated, Anthochcera lunulalta 315 Wren, the I-House, 7roglodytes domesticus. 321 Wattle-bird, the Short-eared, Anthoch(era carunculata. 315 Wren, the Marsh, Thryothorus palustris. 321 Waxwing, the, Bombycilla g.rrula... 336 Wryneck, the, Ymunx torquilla.. 383 Weaver-bird, the Abyssinian, I'loceUs larvatus., 368 Weaver-bird, the Madagascar, Ploceuspensilis.. 368 Xanthomyza phrygia, the Warty-faced Honey-eater. 314 W\eaver-bird, the Philippine, Ploceuesphiiippinzus 367 Xema atricilla, the Latugling Gll.. 429 Wheatear, the, Saxicola nnanzthe. 326 Xema ridibunda, the Blackeheaded Gull. 429 Wheel-bird, the, Ccap'ie2n/lus europceus, 274 Xiphorhynchus procurvus, the Bracilialz Sabre-bill 319 Whillchat, the, Saxicola rubetra., 325 Whip-poor-will. the, Caprimelgaus vocifer'us,, 276 Yellow-bird, the, Carduelis tristis. 358 Whip-Tom-Kelly, the, Vireo olivaoeus. 334 Yellowhammer, the, Ezmberiza Citrinella. 361 Whitethroat, the, Cu6'rruca cinerea., 323 Yphantes Baltimore, the Baltimore Oriole 355 Whitethroat, the Lesser, Cu'rruca sylviella, 323 Yunx torquilla, the Il4rynecle. 383) Whydah-bird, the Angola, Vidua paradisea 369 Widow-bilrdl, the, Vidb paradisea, 369 Zonotrichia albicollis, the White-throated Sparrow. 360 Wigeon, the, Maieca penelope. 422 Zonotricllia melodia, the Song-sparrow 360 NVind-havor, the, Fhalco tielneualmlas s 9 o y 2 telot)s ptrltebrosus, the WV ite-ecued Warblier 3*2 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ - -I ----— r~ —-.-~ -~~. —. — — ~~;-L-~~_=-_~~I C~I U~L= 'bk 4L -nci~d c~<.t i ~ ckvry~ iz t-e-i~P —' cra i-L4'A1 i ~&i~~~au,. w-yI~g~6:qv~d,1 < -tL-,@ZX- - ote t i' 4 4-t --- ~, 4;t,.,.*tt0<6XS74' te-2 ~L ~ ~.~".~~.B1-e3 L:.-~eL~~~~i ~Lun ~~ ~t~. B r~~t ~6~ YIY~C; 4tLO2k~ / ~~C~-i-Le ~~Lzu~'6,1i-j~Z - eh~G <~ w,~. IL-4J%-,4ed-,'7 kJ2~-~k ~~...,.h -''".: Na dd i kZ Fi?, l tw- P/ c * t4, 11ie -~2M r -fat- L-~U' t >-C Lt""" Uu>~'tt-d t - - 1.d Jci,...-C, —,, w fk- ~ Zb44 /,f~~ ~,,/M?-.,':~,,.:~, -~ ".'v}6 d y,,,o h. ~,,. VL~kC~h~f yA4A41AJ 1f)hY1 r#,2yr-t Aruy 4't Wrr' ch-. iY vu L e' -''iGqt/w ~.- iii (LA~-4A# d -;~i~ bA24-4. ~-'.~t, tL' -:' -. 2v'~L';. /' St' f S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/'' /~d/Lo~h/n/Y — Ls-ic~'sL~j~./.: -'' iS~ t - Cr...~.~,~.~ ~ S4'/4..?.,'w X ~~-1. -.~~k-...... — d ~&-, 6 +nvpf c /.- +.- -~ -- _ -t 1,~ _;,.,. ~~~~.,,.~.I' - i', —.~ M, -3-,' VZ~/,t~c b,I I uvrMe -~ aI 42]tct/l~ Wtx e. qA~~UL~ — cec/A i' f<, _i - wV1-k-~ - + C.- - < h~~i su-,, -r',ud/~ a/' -' X- " -~~~~.,,~~-~;y~C,.'-ls v'' a v' igc- Cctis, tc&C_/t gyl-~ 49O~.-, _/, {