SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA: 1874- 5. REPORT OF PROGRESS IN THE LABORATORY OF THE SURVEY AT HARRISBURG, BY ANDREW S. M'CREATH HEARRISBURG: PUBLISHED BY TtE BOARD OF-COMMISSIONERS FOR TlE SECOND GEOLOGICAL" SURVEY. 1875. Entered, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the year 1875, according to acts of Congress, BY JOHN B. PEARSE, Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at WASHINGTON, D. C. Stereotyped by Printed by Singerly Printing and Publishing House, B. F. MEYERS, State Printer, Harrisburg, Pa. HIARRISBURG, PA. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. His Excellency, JOHN F. HARTRANFT, Governor, and ex-officio President of the Board, Harrisburg. ARIO PARDEE, - - - - I-azleton. WILLIAM A. INGHAM, - - - Philadelphia. HENRY S. ECKERT, - - - - Reading. HENRY MCORMICK, - - - - - Harrisburg. JAMES MACFARLANE- - - - - Towanda. JOHN B. PEARSE, - - - - - Philadelphia. ROBERT B. WILSON, M. D., - - - Clearfield. Hon. DANIEL J. MORRELL, - - - Johnstown. HENRY W. OLIVER, - - - - Pittsburg. SAMUEL Q. BROWN, - - - - Pleasantville. SECRETARY OF THE BOARD JOHN B. PEARSE, - - - - - Philadelphia. STATE GEOLOGIST PETER LESLEY, -.. - Philadelphia. LABOBATORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL bURVEY, 223 MARKET STREET, HARRISBURG. October 1st, 1875. PROF. J. P. LESLEY, State Geologist: SIR:-I have the honor herewith to submit my report of the operations in the Laboratory of the Survey, at Harrisburg, during the past and present year; with a brief description of the methods of analysis employed. The work of organizing the Laboratory was commenced in August, 1874; but much time was necessarily spent in fitting up and in procuring the proper chemicals and apparatus; so that actual analytical work was not begun until about the middle of September, 1874. The number of analyses required for the reports of the assist tant geologists has been too great to permit any considerable amount of original investigation. Many tests, qualitative and otherwise, have been made, the results of which are not here-recorded; but it is believed that nothing of interest or importance has been omitted from these tables. I would avail myself of this opportunity to express my thanks to Mr. S. A. Ford, who has assisted me in the Laboratory since May, 1875,-a11 the analyses made by him being given over his name; and also to Mr. Frederick W. Forman for much valuable assistance rendered. Yours, very respectfully, &NDREw S. M'CREATH. TABLE OF CONTEN'TS PASEo CHAPTER I. Bituminous coals, cokes, &c.,.. 1 CHAPTER II. Iron ores,. 43 Section 1. Method of analysis,.... 43 Section 2. Brown hematite ores of Lehigh county. Silurian,...... 48 Section 3. Iron ores of York county. Cambrian(?) and Mesozoic,....... 55 Section 4. Fossil ores of the Juniata. Silurian, 60 Section 5. Brown hematite ores of the Juniata. Devonian,....... 64 Section 6. Brown hematite ores of the Coal Measures,........ 68 Section 7. Carbonate ores of the Juniata. Devonian,....... 69 Section 8. Carbonate ores of the Coal Measures, 71 CHAPTER III. Limestones,..... 75 CHAPTER IV. Fire-clays,...... 78 CHAPTER V. Miscellaneous analyses.. 89 REPORT OF PROGRESS IN THE LABORATORY AT HARRISBURG. ] 874-'75. BY ANDREW S. M'CREATiH, CHEMICAL ASSISTANT. CHAPTER I. BITUMINOUS COALS. The term bituminous is usually applied to those coals which yield a large percentage of volatile combustible ma-tter, and which burn with more or less of a yellow smoky flame. They are generally brittle, with a bright shining or resinous lustre, and a black or brownish-black color. TUnder the name bituminous, however, are included a number of kinds, which differ materially under the action of heat, giving rise to the general classification, ealking or corcing coals, and free-burning coals. Cok:ing coals are those which, when heated strongly in a covered vessel, become partially fused and agglomerate into a, mass of cohereiit coke. Free-burning coals, on the other hand, are those which, on being heated in a covered vessel, do not fuse or cake together in any sensible degree, and whose particles do not unite to form a coherent coke. The manner of treating the coal, however, influences in a marked degree its coking qualities, ~since some coals which, when treated in the usual way, are practically non-coking, when rapidly exposed in a closed vessel to a very high heat, yield a firm coherent coke. The term semi-bituminous is applied to that class of coals which, while they yield combustible gases adlcl a coke, never contain more than eighteen per cent volatile combustible matter. According to this classification, therefore, all the coals examined during the past season are strictly bituminous. As a 2 M. S. s MCREATn. REPORT OF 1874-'75. class they are characterized by possessing a bright shining orresinous lustre, a tendency to columnar structure, and by yielding a coherent coke when strongly heated in a closed vessel. The analyses given in the following tables are what are commonly known as' proximate" analyses. By a general or proximate analysis we determine the following ingredients: —Water,, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon, sulphur and ash. The method of analysis used is the following: Method of Analysis. 1. Determnzatzon of lWater.-A weighed quantity of the coal was put into a counterpoised watch glass and dried in an airbath, heated to a temperature of 2250 to 2300 F., until no further loss in weight occurred. An hour was generally sufficient for this purpose. The watch glass and contents were then rapidly transferred to a desiccator, where they were allowed to' eool thoroughly. The weight was then taken, and the loss, noted as water. 2. Volatile matter.-A weighed quantity of the coal, in coarse powder, was placed in a platina crucible, fitted loosely with a lid, and heated to a red heat over a Bunsen gas burner until the flame of the escaping gas was no longer visible; it was then exposed to a nearly white heat for five minutes. After being allowed to cool thoroughly in the desiccator, the crucible and contents were again weighed, and the loss in weight, after deducting the water found in the previous experiment, was put down as volatile matter. 3. Ash.-The coke remaining in the crucible was heated over a Bunsen burner, or in a muffle, until all the combustible matter was burned off. The color of the ash was then noted, and its weight determined in the usual way. 4. Sulphur.-One gramme of the coal, finely pulverized, was fused with ten grammes of carbonate of soda, and six grammes nitrate of potash, until fusion was calm. The mass was then dissolved in water, the solution acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness; re-dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, diluted with distilled water, filtered, and the sulphuric acid precipitated by means of chloride of barium. The solution was now allowed to stand over for twelve hours, when ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 3 the sulphate of baryta was filtered off, dried, ignited and weighed; from the weight of this the per cent of sulphur was readily calculated. 5. Fixed Carbon.-This was estimated by deducting the percentage of water, volatile matter, ash and sulphur found, from 100, and taking the " difference" as fixed carbon. Notes.-It may be here stated that it was found impossible to obtain carbonate of soda perfectly free from sulphur, so that a separate test had to be made of that re-agent, and the proper deductions allowed. As many of the samples of coal had been taken several months previous to analysis, it has been thought desirable to affix to each specimen the date of sampling and analysis, so that some estimate can be made as to the amount of drying each specimen had undergone previous to analysis. In this way some seeming discrepencies may be accounted for. For the sake of convenient reference, the letter and page of the report in which the geology of the specimen is given, are also added with each analysis. Clearfield County. I. II. 11I. IV. WVater........................ 0.810 1.942 0.780 0.710 Volatile matter.............. 20.640 22.720 21.680 23.400 Fixed carbon................ 74.023 71.018 73.052 72.218 Sulphur....................507.543.688.532 Ash.......................... 4.020 3.777 3.800 3.140 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 78.550 75.340 77.540 75.890 Color of ash................. White. Cream. Gray. Gray, with recl tinge. I. Penn Colliery, Houtzdale, five and a half miles south-west of Osceola. The coal is deep black, with shining lustre, somewhat columnar structure, easily broken, the fragments having a somewhat cubical shape. Sampled July 15th. Analyzed Sept. 7th. Published in report of progress, 1874, tI, page 29. II. Frankclin Colliery, Houtzdale, five and a half miles southwest of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, H, page 80.) 4 I A S.A.. iCREATII. REPORT OF 1874-75. The coal is of a deep black color, shining lustre, somewhat columnar structure, very friable, and containing considerable mineral charcoal, also numerous small scales of calcite, and a small amount of iron pyrites. Analyzed fresh fiom mine. III. Eureka Mine, Houtzdale, five and a half miles southwest of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, I, page 32.) The coal is shiny black, with small seams of charcoal. Sampled July 15th. Analyzed Sept. 8th. IV. Stirling Mine, Houtzdale, five and a half miles southwest of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, I, page 35.) The coal is black, columnar, and contains scales of iron pyrites. Sampled July 15th. Analyzed Sept. 15th. V. VI. VII. VIIi. Water...................... 0.765 1.100 1.100 0.700 Volatile matter............... 20.090 23.00 22.450 23.565 Fixed carbon,................. 74.779 71.199 72.300 68.890 Sulphur......................666.611..... 1.715 Ash......................... 3.700 4.020 4.150 5.130 100I000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 79.145 75.830 76.450 75.735 Color of ash................. Gray. Red. Gray. V. ]Moslitnnon Colliery, (Bed B) on Beaver branch of Moshannon, three and a half miles south-west of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, H, page 36.) The coal is black, shining, friable, and contains iron pyrites and charcoal. Sampled July 16th. Analyzed September 16th. VI. New Jlfioshannzon Mi'ne, north side of Beaver branch of IMoshannon river, three and a half miles south-west of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, -1, page 37.) The coal has rather a dirty appearance, is friable, and contains iron pyrites. Sampled July 16th. Analyzed October 9th. VII. Mioshanncon Cocd, analyzed by MIessrs. Booth & Garrett, and published by permission of TMr. David Knight, president Aoshannon Coal Company. VIII. Malclpleton Colliery, on Shimni el's run, one and a half ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 5 miles north of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, 1-, page 43.) The coal has a shining lustre, columnar structure, is easily broken, and contains small scales of iron pyrites. Sampled July 18th. Analyzed October 9th. IX. X. XI. X1I. W ater....................... 0.570 0.740 1.630 0.620 Volatile matter.............. 24.630 25.210 22.000 22.135 Fixed carbon................ 68.400 68.628 72.815 68.728 Sulphur..................... 1.900 2.122.425.867 Ash....................... 4.500 3.300 3.130 7.650 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 74.800 74.050 76.370 77.245 Color of Ash................ Gray, Red. Gray, Gray. red tinge. red tinge. IX. Iale's Colliery, one mile north of Osceola. UTpper bench. (See Report of Progress, 1874, 1, page 42.) The coal is bright, shining, columnar structure, with smlall seams of iron pyrites. Sampled July 24th. Analyzed October 24th. X. Icale's Colliery. Lower bench. (See Report of Progress, 1874, H1, page 42.) The coal is bright, shining, columnar, withl small veins of iron pyrites. Sampled July 24tl. Analyzed October 24th. XI. WrebsterG Colliery, Goss Riun branch of Tyrone and Clearfield railroad, five miles south-west of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, 1, page 33.) The coal has a bright resinous lustre, is of somewhat columnar structure, and friable. It contains numerous veins of bright crystalline coal and mineral charcoal, and shows little iron pyrites. Analyzed fresh from mine. XII. Logaon Colliery, on Shimmel's run, two miles north, north-west of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, 11, page 44.) The coal has a dull lustre, somewhat columnar structure, with thin veins of slate running through it. Sampled July 18th. Analyzed October 9th. 6 M. A. S. M CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. X[II. XIV. XV. XVI. ter........................ 0.800 0.640 0.820 0.410 Volatile matter.............. 23.260 24.360 23.900 22.810 Fixed carbon............ 72.350 64.082 69.007 66.690 Sulphur......................590 3.378 1.373 1.790 Ash.......................... 3.000 7.540 4.900 8.300 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 75.940 75.000 75.280 76.780 Color of Ash................. Gec. ray, p'k Gray, p'k Gray, p'k tinge. tinge. tinge. XIII. Laitrel Run, Colliery, on Shimmel's run, two miiles north, north-wrest of Osceola. (See Report of Progress, 1874, I1, page 45.) The coal has a bright shinilng lustre, columnar structure, con.taining small scales of iron pyrites. It yields a somewhat porous, friable coke when the coal is coked in a platina crucible. Sampled July 18th. Analyzed October 9th. XIV. Decat ur Coal Compcany's Collierl/, one and a half nmiler north of Philipsburg, Centre county. Lower bench. (See -cport of Progress, 1874, I, page 48.) The coal has a bright shininig lustre, columnar structure, aid contains considerable pyrites. Sampled July 20th. Analyzed Dctober 17th. XV. Decatura Cocl CooLpany's Colliery. Upper bench. (See Report of Progress, 1874, -, page 49.) The coal has a bright shiling lustre and columnar structure. Sampled July 20th. Analyzed October 17th. XVI. 3Derby Colliery, one and a half miles west of Philipsburg. (See Report of Progress, 1874, II, page 47.) The coal is bright, columnar, friable, and contains small veins of charcoal. Sampled July 23d. Analyzed October 21st. XVII. XV:II. XIX. XX. WVater....................... 0.550 0.560 0.420 0.620 Volatile matter.............. 24.090 25.190 25.010 22.730 Fixed carbon............... 71.689 71.013 67.221 68.794 Sulphur......................571.587 2.479 1.576 Ash.......................... 3.100 2.650 4.870 6.280'100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 75.360 74.250 74.570 76.650 Color of Ash............... Gray. Salmon. Pink. Gray. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS GOALS. M. T XVII. l1orriscdae Mine, three miles north, north-west of IPhilipsburg. Lower bench. (See Report of Progress, 1874, 1-, page 50.) The coal is bright, shining, columnar, with little pyrites. Sampled July 20th. Analyzed October 19th. XVIII. 3orrisdale MIine. Upper bench. (See Report of Progress, 1874, H, page 50.) The coal is bright, shining, with considerable pyrites. Sampled July 20th. Analyzed October 21st. XIX. Hubler's Mine, four miles north-west of Kylertown.,.(See Report of Progress, 1874, II, page 52.) The coal has a bright shining lustre, friable, and contains veins of iron pyrites. Shows peculiar chisel-faced (oblique) forms. Sample not freshly mined. XX. Williamson's Mine, on Williamson's run, one mile east,of Philipsburg, Centre county. (See Report of Progress, 1874, II, page 56.) The coal is shining, columnar, contains veins of charcoal and pyrites. Coal is very compact and heavy. Sampled July 23d. Analyzed October 21st. xxi. XXIi. xxiii. xxiv. Water...................... 0.540 0.600 0.640 0.630 Volatile matter............... 22.560 22.600 23.010 24.630 Fixed carbon................. 71.551 68.709 71.799 70.396 Sulphur..................... 1.079 2.691.5_1.61,4 Ash.......................... 4.270 5.400 4.000 3.690 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent................ 76.900 76.800 76.350 74.740 Color of Ash................ Light Gray, Red. Red. Gray. p'k tinge. XXI. Powelton Mlline, three miles south-east of Osceola. Upper bench. (See Report of Progress, 1874, I, page 40.) The coal has a comparatively dull lustre, is hard, with slate and iron pyrites in veins. Sampled July 22d. Analyzed October 22d. XXII. Powelton YMine. Lower bench. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 40.) The coal is bright, shining, columnar, with small veins of,pyrites and charcoal. Sampled July 22d. Analyzed October 23ld. 8 /M. A. A. M.'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. XXIII.. W.. -Davis' Mine, one ancl a half miles south-easof Janesville, Clearfielc county. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 102.) The coal has a dead lustre, is friable, contains charcoal and pyrites in veins; slightly iridescent. Sampled July 31st. Analyzed October 26th. XXIV. Reitur's Mine, near Karthaus P. O. Upper bed. (R. P., 1874, -H, p. 81.) The coal is bright, shining, very hard, with small scales of iron pyrites. Sampled August 17th. Analyzed October 29th. Sxv. x. X vIv. xv vII. XVII. W ater........................ 0.750 0.380 0.550 0.480 Volatile matter............. 19.570 22.280 22.650 22.320 Fixea carbon................. 69.833 67.995 72.616 59.788 Sulphur.......................677 2.455 1.334 4.232 Ash........................... 9.170 6.890 2.850 13.180 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 79.680 77.340 76.800 77.200 Color of Ash................. Gray, Dirty gray. Red. Pinkish. red tinge. XXV. Moni's Minee, one-half mile south of Iylertown. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 86.) The coal is hard and compact, with dull resinous lustre. Sampled August 18th. Analyzed October 30th. XXVI. Bill's Mine, two-thirds mile east of Clearfield. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 90.) The coal is shining, columnar, with much iron pyrites and charcoal in veins. Sampled August 19th. Analyzed October 30th. XXVII. lMason's Miine, one and a half miles west of Clearfield. Upper bench. (R. P., 1874, 1H, p. 91.) The coal is bright, columnar, containing veins of charcoal and iron pyrites. Sampled August 20th. Analyzed November 2d. XXVIII. Ma-son's Mine. Lower bench. (R. P., 1874, HI, p. 91.) The coal has a glossy lustre, is very friable, and contains much pyrites. Sampled August 20th. Analyzed November 2d. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. MI. 9 XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. Water........................ 0.410 0.520 0.870 0.700 Volatile matter.............. 21.800 21 030 21.680 24.020 Fixed carbon................ 72.903 67.133 68.928 64.951 Sulphur...................... 1,087.767 1.302 1.639 Ash.......................... 3.800 10.550 7.220 8.690 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent................. 77.790 78.450 77.450 75.280 Color of Ash................. eddish. Reddish Pinkish. Red. gray. XXIX. u11tophrey's lMine, one me l west of Clearfield. (R. P., 1874, I, p. 91.) The coal is bright, friable, fracture showing chisel-facec (oblique) forms; pyrites in viens. Sampled August 20th. Analyzed November 2d. XXX. J. Shaw's Minze, one mile north, north-west of Clear field. Lower bench. (R. P., 1874, 1-, p. 92.) The coal is bright, shining, very hard, with slate and clharcoal in veins. Sampled Augfust 20th. Analyzed November 4th. XXXI. Sh. S wai's Mine, one and one-fourth mile north of Clearfield. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 93.) The coal has a dull lustre, columnar structure, is very friable,, and contains pyrites and charcoal. Sampled August 30th. Analyzed RNovember 3(d. XXXII. J. Cooper's lTine, one mile south-east of Glen Hope, Clearfield creek. (R. P., 1874, 1, p. 105.) The coal has a dull lustre, very hard, and shows much oxide of iron and iron pyrites. Sampled July 31st. Analyzed October 27th. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. Water..................... 0.860 0.940 0.950 Volatile matter........................ 31.600 31.060 32.450 Fixed carbon........................ 61.662 61.563 59.904 Sulphur............................... 2.288 1.487 1.296 Ash............ 3.590 4.950 5.400 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent......................... 67.540 68.000 66.600 Color of Ash................... Brown, Gray, red Gray. red specks. tinge. X X III. 1fonygold's MJine, Bell township, four miles southeast of Troutlville. (R. P., 1874, It, p. 115.) 10 M A. S. M CREATI. REPORT OF 1874-'75. The coal has a bright shining lustre, is rather compact, and shows little pyrites. Sampled September 24th. Analyzed January 26th. XXXIV. Tyler's Xinte, Tyler's station, on Low Grade railroad, (Bennett's Branch.) (R. P., 1874, II, p. 140.) The coal is bright, friable, containing slate, charcoal and pyrites. Sampled November 19th. Analyzed November 27th. XXXV. Bell's Mine, near Evergreen station, on the Low Grade railroad, seven miles north-east of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 11874, 1-, p. 192.) The coal is bright, compact, and contains charcoal and pyrites. Sampled September 11th. Analyzed November 14th. Centre County. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. W ater................................. 1.280 0.650 0.750 Volatile matter........................ 25.580 24.560 23.440 Fixed carbon.......................... 68.937 70.416 64.374 Sulphur................................613.964.986 Ash.................................... 3.590 3.410 10.450 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent.......................... 73.140 74.790 76.800 Color of Ash........................... Cream. Cream. Gray, red tinge. XXXVI. Snowv Shoe Mines, Mine [No. 5, Upper bed. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 71.) The coal is compact, with a shining lustre, very hard, and contains small veins of charcoal. Sampled August 6th. Analyzed October 28th. XXXVII. Snow, Shoe Mine, No. 6, Middle bed. (R. P, 1874, I, p. 70.) The coal has a resinous lustre, and contains thin veins of pyrites,nd charcoal. Sampled August 6th. Analyzed October 28th. XXX VIII. S-now Shoe Basin, Mine No. 4, (Lower bed,) B. (R. P., 1874, 11, p. 70.) The coal is bright, shining, and contains veins, of charcoal and pyrites. Iridescent. Sampled August 7th. Analyzed October 29th. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 11 ~XXIX. XL. W ater.......................................... 0.880 1.680 Volatile matter............................... 23.620 21.870 Fixed carbon.......................... 70.089 71.108 Sulphur..........................................6Ci.612 A sh.............................................. 4.750 4.730 100.000 10'0.000 Coke, prr cen.................................. 75.500 76.450 Color of Ash................................... d. e Red. XXXIX. William I olt's 3Iine, west of Iolt's Hill, two miles north-west of Snow Shoe City. Bottom bench of bed; lower hard part of bench. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 74.) The coal has a dull lustre generally, and shows considerable iridescence. Sampled August 6th. Analyzed October 27th. XL. William Holt's Mine, Snow Shoe basin, two miles northwest of Snow Shoe City. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 74.) The coal has a shining lustre generally; some pieces dull lustre, iridescent. Sampled August 6th. Analyzed October 27th. Jefferson County. XLI. XLII. XLIl. XLIV. Water........................ 1.120 0.980 0.950 1.190 Volatile matter.............. 33.860 30.300 35.130 32.810 Fixed carbor................ 60.692 50.521 59.304 55.316 Sulphur. 1.278 2.429 1.436 2.284 Ash.......................... 3.050 15.770 3.180 8.400 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 65.020 68.720 63.920 66.000 Color of Ash................. Gray, Gray, Dirty gray. Gray, red tinge. red tinge. p'k tinge. XLI. DiamC ond Colliery, (formerly D. Reynold's mine,) one mile north of Reynoldsville. Lower part of " six foot bench" worked. (P. P., 1874, H, p. 151.) The coal has a dead lustre on outer surface; contains char-coal and pyrites. Sampled August 28th. Analyzed November 7th. XLII. Diamond Colliery. Upper part of six foot bench. (R. I., 1874, II, p. 152.) The coal has a dull resinous lustre, contains charcoal and much iron pyrites. 12 Ml. A. s. 1CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. Sampled August 28th. Analyzed November 7th. XLIII. l Diamono d Colliery. Aain five foot bench. (R. P,. 1874, II, p. 152.) The coal has a dull resinous lustre generally, but with veins of bright crystalline coal running through the mass; is rather hard, and contains soft mineral charcoal. Sampled August 28th. Analyzed November 7th. XLIV. Diamonzd Colliery. Middle bench; the 23 inch coal above the six foot bench. The coal has a shining lustre, is compact and hard, and contains veins of iron pyrites. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII, W ater........................ 1.100 1.100 1.100 0.960 Volatile matter............... 29.990 32.900 30.800 32.680 Fixed carbon................. 46.639 62.174 62.524 59.097 Sulphur...................... 3.101.726.776 1.063. sh.......................... 19.170 3.100 4.800 6.200 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000, Coke, per cent............... 68.910 66.000 68.100 66.360 Color of Ash................. Gray, Cream. Cream. Gray, red tinge. red tinge. XLV. Diamond Colliery, one mile north of Reynoldsvilleo. Upper bench (the 25 inch coal) not worked. (R.. P, 1874, II, p 153.) The coal has a dull lustre, is hard and compact, with veins of pyrites and much slate. Sampled August 28th. Analyzed November 7th. XLVI. iloover's Ilinet (Ohio Co.,) lReynoldsville. Lower part of six foot bench worked. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 155.) The coal has a shining lustre, is compact, with thin veins ot charcoal, pyrites and slate. Sampled August 29th. Analyzed November 9th. XLVII. I-oover's Mine. Middle part of six foot bench worked. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 154.) The coal has a dull resinous lustre, is very hard, and contains charcoal and iron pyrites. Sampled August 29th. Analyzed November 13th. XLVIII. Hoover's Miine. Upper part of six foot bench worked. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 154.) ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. l8 The coal is hard and compact, has a dull lustre, and contains pyrites in thin layers. Sampled August 29th. Analyzed N ovember 13+8h. XLIX. L. LI. LII. Water.......................... 1.440 1.600 1.480 1.430 Volatile matter................. 32.460 30.700 29.220 31.940 Fixed carbon................... 63.011 63.791 65.022 62.109 Sulphur......................... 39.639.608.531 Ash......................... 2.450 3.270 3.670 3.990 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent.............. 66.100 67.700 69.300 66.630 Color of Ash.................... Cream. Red. Gray, Cream. red tinge. XLIX. Wroodward Reynolds' Mine, one mile south of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 157.) The coal has a shining lustre, is compact, with a slmall amount of iron pyrites. Sampled Septemnber 22d. Analyzed January 6th. L. Shiesley's Boank, half a mile south of Reynoldsville. ITUpper part of worked bench. (P. P., 1874, 1I, p. 158.) The coal has a resinous lustre, is compact and hard; slightly iridescent, and contains iron pyrites in veins. Sampled August 28th. Analyzed November 5th. LI. Sliesley's Banok. Lower part worked coal. (P. P., 1874, IH, p. 158.) The coal has a resinous lustre, is very hard, and contains colnconsiderable iron pyrites. Sampled August 28th. Analyzed November 6th. LIT. Spraguc's Coal Mine, three miles east of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, IT, p. 161.) The coal is shining on outside, resinous on fresh fracture, with little iron pyrites. Sampled October 2d. Analyzed January 6th. LIII. LIV. Lv. IVI. Water........................ 0.850 1.040 0.960 1.300 Volatile matter............... 31.200 31.610 32.320 30.220 Fixed Carbon................ 59.882 62.464 58.640 63.617 Sulphur...................... 1.368.736 1.230.763 Ash.......................... 6.700 4.150 6.850 4,100 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent................ 67.950 67.350 66.720 68.480 Color of Ash.............. Dirty Gray, Gray, Gray, Lavender. red tinge. red tinge. pink tinge. 14 M. A... I'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. LIII. Seley's Bank, three and a half miles east of Reynoldsville. Upper four foot of worked coal. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 160.) The coal has a dull rusty appearance, is hard, iridescent, and contains pyrites in veins. Sampled August 27th. Analyzed November 4th. LIV. Seley's Bank. Lower part of five foot bench worked. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 160.) The coal has a dead lustre, is hard, iridescent, and contains small scales of sulphate of lime. Sampled August 27th. Analyzed N ovember 4th. LV. Seley's Bank. Lowjer six inches of coal on bottom, (R. P., 1874, HI, p. 1.60.) The coal has a dull lustre, is hard and compact, iridescentr and contains pyrites in quantity. Sampled August 27th. Analyzed November 4th. LVI. Strouse's iine, two and a half miles south of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 163.) The coal is bright, shining, clean, compact, with veins of charcoal and pyrites. Sampled September 15th. Analyzed November 27th. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. W ater........................ 1.010 1.320 1.570 1.300 Volatile matter.............. 27.790 31.440 33.430 32.570 Fixed carbon................ 48.365 62.578 61.285 62.567 Sulphur...................... 3.885.892 1.055 1.023 Ash........................ 18.950 3.770 2.660 2.540 100.000 100.000 100 000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 71.200 67.240 65.000 66.130 Color of Ash................ Gray, Gray. Brown. Red. pink tint. LVII. Brown's Coal Mine, four miles south-east of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 116.) The coal has a dull lustre, is slightly iridescent, and contains a very large amount of iron pyrites. Sampled October 2d. Analyzed October 15th. LVIII. Sharp's Mine, on Low Grade railroad, three and a half miles north-east of Reynoldsville. Upper bench. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 149.) The coal is resinous, compact, iridescent, and contains little iron pyrites. Sampled October 17th. Analyzed January 15th. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. Mi. 15, LIX. Sharp's Mine. Lower bench. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 149.) The coal is resinous, compact, with a coating of silt, an)d much pyrites. Sampled October 17th. Analyzed January 15th. LX. Wachob's Mine, four and a half miles north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 169.) The coal has a dead lustre on outside; on fresh fracture a bright lustre; is strongly iridescent. Sampled September 19th. Analyzed December 31st. LXI. LXII.. LXIII. LXIV. Water........................ 0.950 0.950 1.000 1.100 Volatile matter............... 33.550 31.590 33.200 31.170 Fixed carbon............... 60.523 60.520 59.428 63.544 Sulphur..................... 1.167 1.440 2.042 1.016 Ash.......................... 3.810 5.500 4.330 3.170 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.O Coke, per cent............... 65.500 67.460 65.800 67.730 Color of Ash................. Reddish Dirty Brown, Yellowish brown. Gray. red'h tint. brown. LXI. Htawk's Mine, two miles north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 171.) The coal has a shining lustre, is hard and compact, with mineral charcoal and much iron pyrites. Sampled September 19th. Analyzed December 30th. LXI.I. J. Thomas' Mine, two and a half miles north of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 173.) The coal is bright, shining, compact, with many small veins of charcoal and pyrites. Sampled September 19th. Analyzed December 31st. LXIII. Weaver's Mine, three miles north,north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 173.) The coal has a dull lustre, is coated with silt, friable, iridescent, with charcoal and pyrites. Sampled September 19th. Analyzed December 23d. LXI V. Pantal's Jine, four miles north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, 1, p. 176.) The coal has a dull lustre, is hard, coated with silt, shows charcoal and. pyrites, and is slightly iridescent. Sampled September 18th. Analyzed December 3Cth. 16 M. A. AS. M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-75. LXV. LXTI. LXVII. LXVIII. Water........................ 1.050 1.150 0.920 1.000 Volatile matter.............. 33.150 32.070 35.440 33.260 Fixed carbon................. 58.405 60.428 59.962 63.081 Sulphur...................... 1.295 1.702.848 1.139 Ash.......................... 6.100 4.650 2.830 1.520 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent................. 65.800 66.780 63.640 65.740 Color of Ash.................. Gray. Fawn. Brown, Reddish reddish tint. brown. LXV. M'Kee's Mine, three and a half miles north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 176.) The coal is shiny, compact, somewhat slaty, with considerable iron pyrites. Sampled September 18th. Analyzed December 29. LXVI. Wingert's Mine, three miles north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 177.) The cal is bright and friable, with pyrites and iron oxide. Sanrpled September 18th. Analyzed December 1st. IXVII. 1hun's inze, one and a half miles north-west of Punxatawney. Upper part of main bench. (R. P., 1874, I, p. 179.) The coal is bright, with glossy lustre, compact, with a small amount of iron pyrites. Sampled September 18th. Analyzed December 14th. LXVIII. HFumm's Mine. Lower part of main bench. (I. P., 1874, H, p. 179.) The coal has a shining lustre, is somewhat compact, with a small amount of iron pyrites. Sampled September 18th. Analyzed January 14. LXIX. LXX. LXXI.. LXXII. rater.............. 1.060 0.950 1.150 0.800 Volatile matter........ 34.140 35.870 27.705 32.020 Fixed carbon................. 61.172 58.218 65.835 51.887 Sulphur.......................678 2.302.930 3.593 Ash................... 2.950 2.660 4.380 11.700 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 64.800 63.180 71.145 67.180 Color of Ash................. Cream. Red. Red. Gray, rod tinge. LXIX. BRuth's Mine, four miles west, north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 180.) ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 17 The coal has a dead lustre, is compact, iridescent, hard, coated with silt, and shows charcoal and pyrites. Sampled September 18th. Analyzed D.ecember 30th. LXX. Anthony's Mine, four miles west, north-west of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 181.) The coal is shining, somewhat friable, with many small veins of charcoal and pyrites. Sampled September 18th. Analyzed December 31st. LXXI. London Banck, four miles north-east of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 194.) The coal has a dead lustre outside, bright and shining oi fresh fracture, shows iridescence, and contains iron pyrites. Sampled October 1st. Analyzed October 15th. LXXII. Coal from bed of Sandy Creek at Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 198.) The coal is bright, shining, clean, compact, with veins of pyrites and charcoal. Sampled September 4th. Analyzed November 14th. LXXIII. LXXIV. LXXV. LXXVI. W ater........................ 1.320 1.870 1.830 1.200 Volatile matter.............. 33.920 32.450 34.270 33.630 Fixed carbon................. 53.905 61.103 58.353 55.796 Sulphur...................... 1.505.547.767 1.504 Ash.......................... 9.350 4.030 4.780 7.870 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent............... 64.760 65.680 63.900 65.170 Color of Ash................. Gray, Cream. Gray. Gray. pink tinge. LXXIII. Wm. M'Cullough's Mine, one and a half miles northeast of Rockdale. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 212.) The coal has a dull lustre, is somewhat slaty, and contains much iron pyrites. Sampled October 5th. Analyzed January 6th. LXXIV. S. Patten's Mine, seven miles north, north-east of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, IH, p. 214.) The coal has a dull lustre, is very friable, iridescent, with ^ small amount of pyrites. Sampled October 5th. Analyzed January 8th. 2-M. 18 M. A. S. M'CREATI. REPORT OF 1874-'75. LXXV. J. J. Stewart's Mine, eight miles north, north-eastof Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 215.) The coal has a glossy lustre, is compact, and contains a small amount of iron pyrites. Sampled October 6th. Analyzed January 7th. LXXVI. to. J. Calkoun's Mine, eight and a half miles north, north-east of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 217.) The coal is bright, shining, xather compact, with slate and iron pyrites. Sampled October 6th. Analyzed January 8th. LXXVII. LXXVIII. W ater........................................... 1.360 1.150 Volatile matter.......................... 38.720 36.000 Fixed carbon.................................... 53.683 48.099 Sulphur........................................ 2.047 7.611 Ash.............................................. 4.190 7.140 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent................................. 59.920 62.850 Color of Ash.................................. Red Red. LXXVII. Key's Mline, three-fourths of a mile west of Brockwayville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 219.) The coal has a glossy lustre, is rather compact, containing a small amount of iron pyrites. Sampled October 6th. Analyzed January 7th. LXXVIII. P. Galusha's Mine, Toby creek, two and a half miles north-west of Brockwayville. Second bed above iron ore. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 222,) The coal is shining, friable, iridescent, and showing a large amount of iron pyrites. A second sample of this coal yields 8.35 per cent sulphur. Sampled October 16th. Analyzed January 15th. Armstrong County. LXXIX. LXXX. LXXXI. Water.................................. 0510 0.730 1.650 Volatile matter....................... 30.490 31.680 39.120 Fixed carbon.......................... 46.194 49.815 52.716 Sulphur.................................576.455 2.634 Ash................................ 22.230 17.320 3.880 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent.......................... 69.000 67.590 59.230 Color of Ash........................... Gray. Yellow. Brown. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 19 LXXIX. Red Bank Coal Company's Mine, one and a half miles south-east of New Bethlehem. (R. P., 1874, IT, p. 240.) The coal is hard and compact, with conchoidal fracture; contains considerable carbonate of lime through it. Cannel coal. In coking, the particles do not seem to fuse together very thoroughly, and the resulting coke is only slightly coherent. Sampled October 14th. Analyzed January 11th. LXXX. -Red Bankc Coal Company's Mine. Second sample. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 240.) The coal has a dull resinous lustre, is hard and compact, and contains considerable carbonate of lime. In coking, it behaves in the same way as first sample, LXXIX. Analyzed fresh from mine. LXXXI. Bed Bank Coal Company's Mine. Two feet of coal under cannel. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 240.) The coal is bright, has a resinous lustre, with considerable iron pyrites in veins. Sampled October 14th. Analyzed January 11th. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV W ater................................. 1.690 1.840 1.540 Volatile matter........................ 35.940 35.940 36.730 Fixed carbon.......................... 53.950 53.661 53.210 Sulphur.............................. 3.380 1,739.630 Ash.................................... 5.040 6.820 7.890 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent......................... 62.370 62.220 61.730 Color of Ash........................... Gray. Gray. Light yellow. LXXXII. Red Bank Coal Company's lMines, one and a half miles south-east of New Bethlehem. Bed No. 2, 25 feet above cannel coal. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 241.) The coal is bright, shining, friable, containing considerable pyrites and charcoal. Sampled October 14th. Analyzed January 11th. LXXXIII. Red Bank Coal Company's Mines. No. 3, 70 feet above cannel coal.'"Orrel" coal. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 241.) The coal is bright, very hard, with considerable iron pyrites and mineral charcoal. Sampled October 14th. Analyzed January 11th. 20 M,.. A. SM CREATII. REPORT OF 1874-'75. LXXXIV. Widowo Thom2pson's Jliine, four miles south-east of New Bethlehem. (R. P., 1874,, p. 242.) The coal has a resinous lustre, is hard and compact, with no visible pyrites. Some of the pieces were ordinary bituminous coal. while others were decidedly cannel-like. It yields a coherent, but somewhat porous coke, having a dull lustre. Analyzed fresh from mine. Clarion County. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. W ater.................................. 1.370 1.706 1.320 Volatile matter....................... 37.680 38.930 40.800 Fixed carbon.......................... 39.353 56.096 52.879 Sulphur................................ 8.427.604.881 Ash.................................... 13.170 2.670 4.120 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent........................ 60.950 59.37u 58.880 Color of Ash.......................... Red. Cresm. Gray, with red tinge. LXXXV. Fairmount C.oal, on north side of Red Bank creek, cne mile east of New Bethlehem. Low Grade railroad. Brookville coal from bed at railroad level. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 230.) The coal has a dull lustre outside, resinous on fresh fracture, with pyrites, and a very large amount of sulphate of iron. Sampled October 14th. Analyzed January 8th. LXXXVI. Faivn-ount Colliery, on north side of Red Bank creek, one mile east of New Bethlehem. Low Grade railroad. First sample. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 231.) The coal is bright, resinous, hard, compact, with a small amount of pyrites. Sampled October 14th. Analyzed January 9th. LXXXVII. Facirnmount Colliery. Second sample. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 231.) The coal has a dull resinous lustre, containing viens of slate and considerable pyrites. Analyzed fresh friom mine. M'Kean County. LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. xC. W ater.................1........... 1.130 1.300 1.170 Volatile matter....................... 33.090 39.830 35 440 Fixed carbon...................... 53.006 52.063 43.992 ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. iM-. 21 LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. XC. Sulphur................................ 1.874 1.727 1.708 Ash.................................... 10.900 5.080 17.690 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent......................... 65.780 58.870 63.390 Color of Ash........................ Gray,with Yellow- Gray. pink tint. ish white. LXXXVIII. Coal from three miles east of Norwich Corner. " Blue vein." The coal has a dull lustre, somewhat coated with silt, is very hard, with pyrites, slate and charcoal. Analyzed fresh from mine. LXXXIX. Lyman Mine, near Bishop's Summit. UTpper bench. The coal has a bright resinous lustre, very hard and compact, with considerable pyrites. Analyzed fresh from mine. XC. Lyman Minee. Lower bench. The coal has a dull lustre outside, bright on fresh fracture; very hard, strongly iridescent, with veins of slate and pyrites. Analyzed fresh from mine. Elk County. XCI. XCII. XCIII. W ater.................................. 2.460 2.920 1.770 Volatile matter........................ 30.470 27.280 32.170 Fixed carbon.......................... 62.227 59.725 59.323 Sulphur..........................823.705 2.067 Ash.4.020 9.370 4.670 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent....................... 67.070 6c.800 66.060 Color of Ash.......................... Cream. Brown. Gray, with red tinge. XCI. Petriken Colliery, at Benezette. No. 1. Coal from the three foot bench. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 134.) The coal has a shining lustre, columnar structure, containing iron pyrites. Analyzed fresh from mine, XCII. Petriken Colliery. No. 2. Coal from the two foot eight inch (top) bed. (R. P., 1874, IH, p. 135.) 22 M. A. S. M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. The coal has a dull lustre, is somewhat slaty, and containing only a little iron pyrites. Analyzed fresh from mine. XCIII. Petri1ken Coal Opening, at Caledonia, six miles up the creek from Blenezette. No. 3. (R. P., 1874, HI, p. 138.) The coal has a dull lustre, is very friable, coated with silt, and containing considerable pyrites. Analyzed fresh from mine. Indiana County. xciv. XCv. W ater.......................................... 1.050 1.020 Volatile matter................................ 29.730 30.190 Fixed carbon.................................... 59.781 57.943 Sulphur........................................ 1.389 2.757 Ash............................................. 8.050 8.090 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent................................. 69.220 68.790 Color of Ash................................... Reddish Cream. brown. XCIV. G. Graf's Mine, Canoe township, seven miles southeast of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 186.) The coal has a dirty appearance, somewhat hard, with considerable iron pyrites. Sampled September 21st. Analyzed January 6th. XCV. M'Farland's Coal Mine, Canoe township, six and a half miles east, south-east of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 187.) The coal is bright, iridescent, columnar, with considerable iron pyrites. Sampled September 21st. Analyzed December 31st. Blair County. KCVI. W ater......................................................700 Volatile matter.......................................... 26.790 Fixed carbon........................................... 66.878 Sulphur..................................................802 A sh................................................. 4.830 100.000 Coke, per cent.................................... 72.510 Color of Ash......................................... Gray, with red tinge. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 23 XCVI. Tipton Coat. The coal has a bright shining lustre, is somewhat coated with silt, and contains much iron pyrites. Sampled January 23d. Analyzed March 22d. Forest County. XCVII. W ater..................................................... 1.380 Volatile matter.............................. 36.385 Fixed carbon............................................. 38.821 Sulphur............................................ 7.714 A sh....................................................... 15.700 100.000 Coke, per cent............................................. 62.235 Color of Ash............................................ Deep pink, nearly red. XCVII. Muddy Outcrop Coal, near Marion. The coal has a dull dirty appearance; is hard, iridescent, and contains much iron pyrites. Sample analyzed on receipt, ANALYSES OF CORiS. D'3' CD ^ - AED L CL cy. NAIME AND LOCALITy. C CD |. Color of Ash. Description. -~A~:E., ~ t.. Penn Colliery, Houtzdale, five and half miles m south-west of Osceola. Coked in open air -rouhly.......................................600 2.020 88.032.998 8.350 Red.......... Very hard, with silvery lus- e Mapleton Colliery, on Shimmnl's run, one and tre. c.' a half miles north of Osceola. Coked in open air roughly....................................S 1.370 84.068 1.032 12.950 ed... Slaty, shining, iridescent.. Laurel Run Colliery, on Shimmel's run, two miles north, north-west of Osceola. Coked in open air...................................510 1.300 89.243.607 8.340 Reddish...... Compact, silvery lustre. Decatur Coal Co.'s Colliery,one and a half miles north of Philipsburg. Coked in open air.....350 2.190 90.293.867.300 ed........ Compact, dull gray, slaty. [ Morrisdale Mine, three miles north-west of Philipsburg. Coked in open air..............250.730 90.707.643 7.670 Red... Compact, gray, slatv. 0 Snow Shoe Railroad Co.'s Colliery, Mine No. 6, Middle bed. Coked in open air from loose stuff.........................................990 2.950 82.626 1.104 12.330 Red........... Compact, dull gray, very Diamond (D. Reynold's) Mine, one mile north slaty. of Reynoldsville. From six foot bench of coal........................................... 500 1.150 88.478 1.022 8.850 Cream........ Hard, comp't, shining, slaty. - Hoover's Mine, (Ohio Co.) Coked from coal " of six foot bench in open air................. 780 1.420 88.950.900 7.950 Reddishgray, Comp't,slaty,&-comparative- ly soft. Slightly iridescent. < — 1 ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M1. 25 Phosphoric Acid in Coals. Per cent Per cent in Coal. in Ash. Penn Colliery, Houtzdale.........................007.174 Franklin Colliery, Houtzdale......................005.047 Eureka Mine, Houtzdale.........................013.342 Stirling Mine, Houtzdale................005.159 Moshannon Mine, Houtzdale....................006.162 New Moshannon Mine............................005.124 Mapleton Colliery................013.253 Logan Colliery....................................237 3.098 Laurel Run Colliery..............................011.366 Decatur Coal Company's Colliery................ trace. trace. Morrisdale Mine. Lower bench..................047 1.516 Morrisdale Mine. Upper bench..................022.830 Derby Colliery....................................033.397 Powelton Mine.................................. trace. William Holt's Mine. Lower hard part of bench,.013.273 Snow Shoe Mine, No. 4. Lower bench...........020.191 D. Reynolds (Diamond) Mine. Upper part of six foot bed worked................................ trace. trace. Webster Mine.................................. trace. trace. Hoovor's Mine, (Ohio company.) Middle of six foot bench worked............................. 008.160 Hoover's Mine. Upper part of six foot bench worked.......................................071 1.145 iRON AND SULPHUR IN COAL. C CD' oC r O:..: a o. O P r~ IQ. P CD CD'd oF1 a I= r~ C C Decatur Coal Co.'s Colliery. Coal from upper bench.......................... 1.373.595.680.693.842 1.118 d Penn Colliery, Houtzdale......................... 507.245.280.227.264.336 M Franklin Colliery, Houtzdale..................................................875.581.664.211.328.414 - Eureka Colliery, Houtzdale.....................................................688.392.448.240.451.581 Mapleton Colliery, on Shimmel's run, one and a half miles north of Osceola. 1.715 1.099 1.256.459.568.750 Logan Colliery, on Shimmel's run, two miles north, north-west of Osceola...867.525.600.267.628.813 Decatur Coal Co.'s Colliery. Coal from lower bench.......................... 3.378 2.485 2.840.538................ t Morrisdale Mine, near Philipsburg........................................571.245.280.291.302.400 Powelton Mine. Lower part of bench.......2.691 1.488 1.700.991................ Seley's Bank. Bottom of six foot bench, (worked).............................736.154.176.560................ oover's Mine, (Ohio Co.) Lower part six foot bench, (worked).............726.294.336.432................ Brown's Mine, four miles south-east of Reynoldsville......................... 3.885 3.395 3.880.005 2.220 3.118 Mason's Mine, one and a half miles west of Clearfield......................... 4.232 3.780 4.320.000 3.140 4.067 Webster Mine, five miles south-west of Osceola................................425.189.216.209.271.54 Hum's Mine, one and a half miles north-west of Punxatawney...............848.434.496.352.390.613 Weaver's Mine, two miles north-west of Punxatawney........................ 2.042 1.428 1.632.410 1.768 2.687 Mongold's Mine, four miles south-east of Troutville........................... 2.288 1.120 1.280 1.008.920 1.362 P. Galusha Mine, two and a half miles north-west of Brockwayville.... 7.611 3.570 4.080 3.531 3.456 5.498 Do............do..........do.........do..........do........2d sample, 8.350 3.590 4.100 4.250 4510 7.158 ___ __ __ I —-~ 7. 15 ANALYSTS EO ASH O COAt. _ I I I v t d _ D -.P -.. a-.. *'.'. 0' * 0 Penn Colliery, Houtzdale................................................ 2.040.350 1.140.136.032.007.... 4.020 Eureka Mine, Houtzdale 1.....1.660.560 1.360. 34.046.013.......3.800 ] Mapleton Colliery, one and a half miles north of Osceola................. 1675 1.570 1.480.22.154 013...... 5.130 Logan Colliery, two miles north, north-west of Osceola................... 3493.750 2.700.302.168.237...... 7.650 Decatur Coal Company's Colliery, one and a half miles north of Philipsburg, 2.100 3.550 1.550.090.206 trace... 7.540 Morrisdalo Mine, three miles north, north-west of Philipsburg........... 1.450.350.500.260.198.047.054 3.100 Powelton Mine, three niles south-east of Osceola. Lower part of ed... 1.460 2.480 1.050.180.169 trace.082 5.400 Seley's Bank, three miles cast of Reynoldsville...................... 1.860.220 1.760.060.162... 4.150 ioover's Mine, (Ohio Co.) Reynoldsville. Lower part of six foot bench..... worked...................1..........................220.420 1.215.120.090.008 3.100. i. H c~i 02 t~ 28 M. A. S. M' CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. REMARKS. lVater.-In glancing at the general results obtained, the exceedingly low percentage of water found in these coals is a very striking point, and in this respect they compare very favorably with the bituminous coals of other States. The average per cent of water in one hundred and forty-nine samples of Ohio coals, as shown by Prof. Wormley's analyses, is 4.65. Prof. YWhite gives 8.57 as the average percentage of water of sixty-four samples of Iowa coals, and the analyses of Mr. Regis Chauvenet * give 3.40 as the average of one hundred and twelve specimens from Missouri. The ninety-seven samples here examined show only 1.03 as the average percentage of moisture. The hygroscopic water is not only of no advantage as combustible matter, but it actually diminishes the effective value of the fuel, as much heat is lost in transforming the water into steam and thus expelling it. The accurate determination, therefore, of the amount of moisture in a coal becomes a point of considerable import, ance. It was found that exposure at a temperature of 2120 F. was insufficient to dry some of the coals thoroughly, so that the test was always made at 225~ to 230~ F. The average of sixty-six coals dried at 212~ F., gave 0.786 per cent water; dried at 2250 F. the average was 0.851. Many of the specimens showed a very marked difference, in one or two cases amounting to over a quarter of one per cent. Prof. WVormley states as a singular fact, true at least of most Ohio coals, that at a temperature of 2400 F., the powdered coal generally loses less in weight, in a given time., than at a temperature of 2120. If, therefore, a coal be thoroughly dried at 2120, and then be exposed to a heat of 2400, it will generally quickly increase\ in weight, due to the absorption of oxygen. This was not found to be the case with the coals I examinedl from this State, for in every instance was the loss greater when the coal was dried at 225~ than at 212~. It is probable,, therefore, that the porous, wet coals of Ohio have a greater capacity for the absorption of oxygen than the compact and comparatively dry coals of Pennsylvania. This is an interesting point when we consider the weather waste of coals. It was found that when coal was exposed to the air, it slowly parted with a considerable portion of its moisture. One sample * Missouri Geological Survey, Chemical Report for 1874. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 29 which, when freshly mined, contained 1.94 per cent water, when exposed to an ordinary temperature for one month was found to contain only 0.52 per cent, and this amount it retained, with only slight variations, due probably to the hygroscopic changes in the atmosphere, during the six months it was examined. A number of experiments would be necessary to determine this point, but the one example here given may serve as some criterion by which to judge the extent of drying the different coals have undergone by being kept in an ordinary atmosphere for several months. Ash.-The relative amount of ash found in the bituminous coals examined, varies from 1.52 per cent, found in the coal from Hum's Mine, Jefferson county, to 19.17 per cent, existing in the coal from the upper bench (not worked) of the Diamond Colliery. The average of ash found in thirty-four coals from Clearfield county was 5.30 per cent; that of five from Centre county, 5.38 per cent. Thirty-seven coals from Jefferson county gave 5.45 per cent as the mean average of ash. In cases where excessive heat is required in the combustion of the coal, the character and quality of the ash is a point of the highest consideration. Its color affords a good indication as to its composition, a large amount of oxide of iron giving it a brown or reddish brown color. The best and most infusible are those of a white color, consisting essentially of silica and alumina, with little iron, lime or magnesia. A few analyses of the ashes have been made, which will give some idea as to their average composition. Phosphoric acid.-It will be noticed that a small amount of phosphoric acid is invariably present. The mean average from sixteen coals gave.032 per cent phosphoric acid, which is equal to.014 per cent phosphorus. A specimen of coal from the Logan Colliery gave.237 per cent phosphoric acid, an amount fatal to this coal for use in the manufacture of Bessemer pig iron. Hithferto iron men have paid but little attention as to the freedom of their fuel from this most injurious element. In the manufacture of iron for the Bessemer process, where even a small amount of phosphorus is injurious, pure fuel becomes as much a matter of necessity as pure ores. Although the presence of phosphoric acid in the ashes of coal is a decided disadvantage to their use in the manufacture of iron, it becomes a. point of the highest consideration when we view them in relation to their value for enriching 30 M. A.. A M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. impoverished tracts of land. The small amount of potash and soda we invariably find present, adds much to their value in. this respect. To the farmer, therefore, the coal ashes are important, as, apart from their own intrinsic value as a fertilizer, they possess considerable absorbent powers, and may be made the vehicle for the application of liquid manures. Volatile matter.-The amount of volatile combustible matter found in the coals examined, varies from 19.57 per cent to 40.80 per cent. The mean average of thirty-four coals from Clearfield county gave 23.64 per cent volatile combustible matter; that ot five coals from Centre county, 23.81 per cent. Thirty-seven specimens from Jefferson county gave 32.60 as the mean average per cent. The average of three specimens from Clarion county gave 39.14 per cent volatile matter; that of six from Armstrong county, 34.99 per cent. Many of the coals from Clearfield and Centre, counties are known in the market as semi-bituminous, but their large percentage of volatile matter, as compared with standard semi-bituminous coals of the Broad Top region, entitles them to rank as true bituminous coals..Fixed Carbon.-The average per cent of fixed carbon in the Clearfield county coals examined, is 68.96 per cent; that ot Centre county coals 68.98 per cent, and that of Jefferson county coals 59.27 per cent. Sulphur.-The relative amount of sulphur found in the different coals examined, varied from.425 per cent, found in the coal from the Webster colliery, to 8.427 per cent present in the coal from the lower bed of the Fairmount colliery. The mean average of the thirty-four coals from Clearfield county gave 1.36 per cent; that of five specimens from Centre county.767 per cent; that of thirty-seven from Jefferson county 1.518 per cent. Armstrong county coals gave 1.57 per cent as the average, and Clarion county coals yielded 3.30, as the mean average per cent of sulphur. Prof.Wormley, of the Ohio State Geological Survey, has shown that many coals which contain but little iron, have yet a large percentage of sulphur. It has hitherto been supposed that the sulphur in coal existed in one of two forms, as bisulphide ofiron or iron pyrites, and sulphate of lime or gypsum. Prof.. Wormley's experiments, however, have proved conclusively tha. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 31 a large proportion of the sulphur found in coals exists not in union with iron or lime, but as some organic compound, the exact nature of which has not been fully determined. A number of analyses made of the Pennsylvania coals for iron and sulphur, shows that the sulphur in most cases is largely in excess of the amount required to convert the iron in iron pyrites. In only two instances does all the sulphur seem to exist as bisulphide of iron. In the coal from Galusha's Mine, Jefferson county, the amount of " free sulphur," that is, the sulphur not taken up by the iron to form iron pyrites, (Fe S2,) amounts to 3.53 per cent. This question is of equal importance to the coke manufacturer and to the manufacturer of gas, for while it is possible that the sulphur existing in the coal as iron pyrites may be partially washed out, it is scarcely probable that that portion existing as some organic compound can be got rid of in that way. The proportion of t' e sulphur which passes off with the volatile matter during the process of coking, seems to vary considerably. Prof. Wormley, to whom we are indebted for much valuable information on this subject, gives two instances of coals containing respectively.49 and.93 per cent of sulphur, of which there remained in the coke o ly.082 and.015 parts. Oi the other hand, another sample of coal containing,98 per cent of sulphur, of which about 90 parts existed uncombined with iron, retained.66 pafrts in the coke. Of the fourteen coals I examined from this State for sulphur after coking, nearly all of them were found to retain a large proportion in the coke; and in no case did the loss by coking exceed twothirds of the sulphur originally present in the coal. In one coal, where all the sulphur, 3.88 per cent, existed as pyrites, there remained in the coke 2.22 parts, so that 1.66 parts of tLe sulphur passed off with the volatile matters during the process of coking. A specimen of coal from the Galusha Mine, containing 7.61 per cent of sulphur, having 3.53 parts as " free sulphur" and 4.08 parts existing as iron pyrites, lost by coking 4.15 parts of sulphur. A second sample of the Galusha coal, with 4.25 parts " free sulphur," lost by coking (the average of two experiments,) only 3.84 parts of sulphur. It has been stated,* " that where the sulphur in coal is not combined with iron but with the volatile portion of the coal, * Coal regions of America. Macfarlane, page 154. 32 M. A. S. M CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. it passes off in coking or in ordinary combustion." The ningle example of the Galusha coal containing 4.25 parts sulphur not combined with iron, and which lost by coking only 3.84 parts sulphur, would seem to indicate that this statement could not be made of general application. From a number of experiments made with the coals from this State, it does not appear that the sulphur, where it exists in the same coal both as pyrites and'" free sulphur," passes off with the volatile matters during the process of coking, in much larger proportion than in cases where it all exists as pyrites. A large number of carefully conducted experiments will be necessary to determine what conditions are most favorable for expelling the sulphur during the process of coking. Carbonate of lime in coal is said to have a very marked effect in retaining the sulphur in the coke, and preventing its passing off with the volatile matters during the process of coking. To the gas manufacturer, therefore, this question is one of very great importance, as it might permit the use of coals, otherwise too rich in sulphur, for the economical production of a high quality of illuminating gas. In order to test the point, the following experiments were made. A coal, rich in sulphur, was coked in a platina crucible in the usual way, and the amount of sulphur left in the coke estimated. The same coal was then coked with the addition of a certain percentage of carbonate of lime, and the sulphur estimated in the resulting coke. It may be stated as an interesting point, that the coke produced by coking the coal with carbonate of lime, gave off a strong odor of sulphuretted hydro' gen gas, whereas the coke produced from the same coal without the addition of carbonate of lime, gave no smell of sulphuretted hydrogen. The results of the experiments are embodied in the following table: ~D CD (D O Sulphur in coal- [ = C, C 8.35 per cent. C:.: C C lf in 5 45 Sulphur left in coke................ 4.846 5.046 5.611 4.537 4.488 ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 33 The W]eather Waste of Coal. The changes which a coal undergoes by exposure to the weather, is a question of equal importance to the miner and to'the consumer of coal. It has generally been supposed that bituminous coals part with a large amount of their volatile combustible matter, and otherwise deteriorate very much in quality by exposure to the weather. This waste depends on their power to absorb oxygen, causing the coal to undergo a slow combustion, converting the hydro-carbons into water and carbonic acid. The presence of moisture is also said to be an important condition. Mr. Richard P. Rothwell, M. E., in an article on "Alabama coal and iron,"* gives us the following points in regard to the weather waste of different coals: ^ "It is also essential that the coal be freshly mined, for experiments have been made that show that the deterioration which a coal undergoes by even a very limited exposure to the atmosphere is quite considerable. For example: According to Dr. Richter, the weather waste of a coal depends on its ability to absorb'oxygen, converting the hydro-carbons into water and carbonic acid. Grundman found that coal exposed for nine months to the atmosphere, lost 50 cent of its value as a fuel. He states that the decomposition takes place in the middle of a heap the same as at the surface, and it reached its maximum about the third or fourth week; and one-half the oxygen was absorbed during the first fourteen days. He also found that a coal poor in oxygen absorbs it most rapidly, and that the presence of moisture is an important condition. Coal which made, when freshly mined, a good compact coke, after eleven days exposure either would not coke at all, or it made an inferior coke. For gas purposes the coal is also greatly injured by the loss of its volatile hydro carbons. " Varrentrapp, of Brunswick, found in his experiments that oxidation of the coal takes place even at common temperature, where moisture is present. Coal exposed to a temperature of 284~ Fah. for three months lost all its hydro-carbons, a fact which shows that the conversion of bituminous coal into anthracite was not necessarily accompanied by a high temperature. *The Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. XVII, No. 4, page 51. 187i. 3-M. 34 M. A. S. M'CREATI. REPORT OF 1874 —'75. lie found also that the weather waste in some cases amounted to 33 per cent, and in one instance the gas yielding quality decreased 45 per cent, and the heating power 47 per cent, while the same coal under cover lost in the same time but 24 per cent for gas purposes, and 12 per cent for fuel. The harder varieties of bituminous coal, such for example as the cannel and splint coals of West Virginia, Ohio and Indiana, do not appear to lose much by exposure to the atmosphere, except it be in heaps of slack where the conditions are favorable for the generation of a high temperature. Anthracite appears to be still less affected by exposure, for the fine coal which has lain for the past twenty years in our culm banks, exposed to' the rain, and under conditions the most favorable for decomposition, being mixed with sbales containing a large amount of iron pyrites, which in decomposing generate a very high temperature in the whole mass, is yet found to burn well, almost as well as that freshly mined, while the large lump coal has been used in our blast furnaces after an exposure of twelve years, and no perceptible difference in its quality could be noticed. It is nevertheless quite certain that most varieties of bituminous coal deteriorate very rapidly and to an extent but little appreciated. These important results should be borne in mind, not only in providing for the storage of coal, but also in selecting samples for analysis.' Sufficient time has not been allowed during the present survey to collect the mass of facts necessary for a proper discussion of the coals of this State as to their weather waste, but the few analyses already made are given underneath in the hope that they may serve to throw some light on this interesting subject, and at the same time show that the general impression that all bituminous coals lose part of their volatile combustible matter by exposure to the weather, does not hold good at least in so far as the compact and dry bituminous coals of Pennsylvania are concerned. The German Railway Association have had different coals exposed to the weather for twelve months and then re-examined, and the results of their experiments are here added for the sake of comparison. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. M. 35 Weather waste in Coal. BITUMINOUS COAL FROMI THE FRANKLIN Freshly After beig COLLIERY. mined coal. weatherefr six months. W ater...................................... 1.942 1.060 Volatile matter............................... 22.720 22.700 Fixed carbon................................. 71.018 72.075 Sulphur.......................................553.515 A sh.......................................... 3.777 3.650 Ash.3.777 3.650 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent.............................. 75.340 76,240 APRIL. MAY. JUNE. BITUMINOUS COAL. ~ n CD3 CD CD _._____ I___.____.I I _ Water.1.942.520.965.590.700 Volatile matter........... 22.720 22.830 21.715 22.830 22.450 Fixed Carbon............ 71.561 72.770 73.880 72.020 72.650 Ash............ 3.777 3.880 3.440 4.560 4.200 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke, per cent..... 75.340 76.650 77.320 76.580 76.850 JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEM'R. CD CD CD BITUMIINOUS COAL. CD CD C Water..............................565.935.780 1.060 Volatile matter................... 23.090 22.560 22.980 22.700 Fixed carbon..................... 71.989 72.455 72.300 72.590 Ash................................ 4.356 4.050 3.940 3.650 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100 Coke, per cent..................... 76.350 76.510 76.240 76.240 p,.....................: A3 M. A S..'CRE'ATI. REPORT OF 1874-'75. e mied for 3 months. W ater........................................ 1.030.810 Volatile matter............................. 38.230 38.520 Fixed carbon.............................. 52.561 52.350 Sulphur................................... 1.709 1.690 Ash..................................... 6.470 6.630 100.000 100.000 Coke, per ce t............................... 60.740 60.670 JULY. AUGUST. SEPT. GAS COAL. Freshly Weatherd. Weather'd. mined. W ater.................................. 1.030.760.810 VTolatile mIatter....................... 38.230 38.017 38.520 Fixed carbon............................ 54.270 54.403 54.040 A sh...................................... 6.470 6.820 6.630 100.000 100.000 100.000 Coke. per cent..............-............ 60.740 61.220 60.670 Germa7n Rctilwcay Association's Experiments. After exposure of the coals for twelve months, the following losses Weight Caloric Yield of weree determineLd, per cent. per cent. coke per ct. NAME OF COAL. Pease's West H/nrtley, coking........... 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glucksburg seam, Ibbenbiiren.......... 1.4' 6.0 4.6 Carl Mine, near Dortmund...............2.6 2.1 Htibernia Mine, Gelsenkirchen.......... 0.4 0.6 2.1 Constantin Mine, Bochum............... 0.4 0.4 0.0 Borgloke Mine, Osnabriick.............. 2.0 6.0 0.5 By glancing at the tables given above, it will be seen that the coals tested have not changed materially in their clmheical composition, even after an exposure of several months. v-eathering the coal may have a very decided effect in eliminating the sulphur. A quantity of coal containing 1.86 per cent of sulphur, existing chiefly as iron pyrites, was put into a glass funnel, the neck of which was loosely filled with pieces of glass, ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS. A. 37 and exposed to the action of the weather r -or several weeks. The funnel was so arranged that the rain water filtering through the coal was collected in a glass beaker underneath. On examination of the solution it was found to contain considerable ferrous and ferric salts, with quite a large amount of sulphuric acid. The decomposition of the pyrites in coal is attended by the generation of considerable heat which will have the effect of disintegrating the coal, unfitting it for bearing transportation equally well. This question will be an important one in considering the weather waste of coals in all its bearings. A long series of experiments will be necessary to determine under what conditions oxidation of the coal takes place most readily. It is probable that porous, spongy coals having a large percentage of water, may also possess a greater capacity for the absorption of oxygen, and consequent weather waste. No attempt has been made at a discussion of the different coals as to their steam raising powers, but as their chemical composition bears some relation to their heat producing qualities, the analyses given in th re n pecein pages are here grouped together for convenience of comparison, followed by a condensed table taken from Prof. Johnson's elaborate experiments to the U. S. avy Department. COALS C t~4 r~ O CDCD NAME OF COLLIERY.: Color of Ash. Clearfield County. 1. Penn Colliery.............................10 20.640 74.023.507 4.020 White.............. 78.550 2. Franklin Colliery...............1.942 22.720 71.018.543 3.777 Cream...................... 75.340 ^ 3. Enreka Mine...............................780 21.680 73.052.688 3.800 Gray........................ 77.540 4. Stirling Mine................710 23.400 72.218 532 3.140 Gray, with red tinge....... 75.890 5. Moshannon Collierv..........................765 20.090 74.779.666 3.700.....do.......do............ 79.145 6. New Moshannon Mine........................ 1.100 23.070 71.199.611 4.020 Red 75.830 7. Hale's Colliery. Upper bed.....570 24.630 68.400 1.900 4.500 Gray, with red tinge........ 74.800 8. Hale's Colliery. Lower bed..............740 25.210 68.628 2.122 3.300 Red........................ 74.050 9. Mapleton Colliery.........700 23.565 68.890 1.715 5.130 Gray........................ 75.735 10. Logan Colliery................................. 620 22.135 68.728.867 7.650 Gray........................ 77.245. Laurel Run Colliery.............................00 23.260 72.350.590 3.000 Red..................... 75.940 H 12. Decatur Coal Co.'s Colliory. Lower bench...640 24.360. 64.082 3.378 7.540 Gray, with red tinge........ 75.000 13. Decatur Coal Co.'s CGolliery. Upper bench......820 23.900 69.007 1.373 4.900....do........ do............ 75.280 ^ 14. Morrisdale Mine. Lower bench...............550 24.090 71.689.571 3.100 Gray...................... 75.360 15. Morrisdale Mine. Upperbench.............560 25.190 71.013.587 2.650 Salmon..................... 74.250 16. Derby Colliery...............................410 22.810 66.690 1.790 8.300 Gray, with red tinge... 76.780 17. Reitur's Colliery. Upper bed.................630 24.630 70.396.654 3.690 Red...................... 740 18. Mon's Mine.......750 19.570 69.833.677 9.170 Gray, ith red tinge....... 79.680 19. Hill's Mine...................380 22.280 67.995 2.455 6.890 Dirty gray, with red tinge, 77.340 20. Hmphrey's ine.............................410 21.800 72.903 1.087 3.800 Red................ 77.790 21. Mason's Mine. Upper bench................... 550 22.650 72.616 1.334 2.850 Red....76.800 22. Mason's Mine. Lower bench.........480 22.320 59.788 4.232 13.180 Pinkish........77.200 23.. GW.Davis' Mine...................... 640 23.010 71.799.551 4.000 Red....76.350 24. Jeremiah Cooper's Moine....700 24.020 64.951 1.639 8.690 Red.................... 75.280 25. Williamson's Mine.............................620 22.730 68.794 1.576 6.280 Gray....... 76.650 26. Powelton Mine. Lower part of bed...........600 22.600 68.709 2.691 5.400 Gray, with pink tinge...... 76.800 27. Powelton Mine. Upper part of bed.............540 22.560 71.551 1.079 4.270 Light gray.......... 76.900 8. Webster Colliery........................ i.630 22.000 72.815.425 3.180 Gray, with slightred tnge, 76.370 2 Bell's Mine..........................950 32.450 59.904 1.296 5.400 Gray...................... 6.600 30. Tyler's Mine........................ 940 31.060 61.563 1.487 4.950 Gray, with red tinge....... 68.000 31. R. Shaw's Mine........................ 870 21.680 68.9.28 1.302 7.220 Pinkish.................. 77.450 32. J. Shaw's Mine............................520 21.030 67.133.767 10.550 Reddish gray............... 78.450 33. Mongold's Mine...................860 31.600 61.662 2.228 3.590 Brown..................... 67.540 34. Hubler's Mine................................420 25.010 67.221 2.479 4.870 Pink........................ 74.570 Centre County. 1. Snow Snoe Mines. Upper bed. ine o. 5... 1.280 25.580 68.937.613 3.590 Cream...................... 73.140 2. Snow Shoe Mines. Middle bed. Mine No. 6...650 24.560 70.416.964 3.410 Cream..........7470.... 7.790 3. SnowShoeMines. Lower bed (B). MineNo.4,.750 23.440 64.374.986 10.450 Gray, with red tinge...... 76.800 4. Win. Holt's Mine, west of Holt's Hill...........80 620 70.089.661 4.750 Red......................... 75.50 5. Wn. Holt's Mine,SnowShoe basin. Upperb'h, 1.680 21.870 71.108.612 4.730 Red........................ 76.450 Jefferson County. - 1. Seley's Bank. Upper bench.................850 3.1.200 59.882 1.368 6.700 Dirty gray, with red tinge.. 67.950 ~ 2. Seley's Bank. Middle bench.......... 1.040 31.610 62.464.736 4.150 Gray, with red tinge........ 67.350 3. Seley's Bank. Lower bench..................960 32.320 58.640 1.230 6.850 Gray, with pink tinge...... 6.720 4. Shiesley's Bank. Upper bench............ 1.600 30.700 63.791.639 3.270 Red........................ 67.700 5. Shiesley's Bank. Lower bench................ 1.480 29.220 65.022.608 3.670 Gray, with red tinge...... 69.300.. 6. Diamond Colliery. Upper bench.. not 1.100 29.990 46.639 3.101 19.170........do............ 6S.910 7. Diamond Colliery. Mliddle bench.. worked 1.190 32.810 55.316 2.284 8.400 Gray, with pink tinge...., 66.000 8. Diamond Colliery. Lower bench. Mid. port'n,.950 35.130 59.304 1.436 3 180 Dirty gray......... 63.920. 9. Diamond Colliery. Lower bench. Low. por'n, 1.120 33.860 60.692 1.278 3.050 Gray, with red tinge... 65.020 10. Hoover Bank. Upper bench....................90 32.680 59.097 1.063 6.200.....do........do........... 66.360 11. Hoover Bank. Middle bench.............. 1.100 30.800 62.524.776 4.800 Cream...................... 68.100 12. Hoover Bank. Lower bench.................. 1.100 32.900 62.174.726 3.100 Cream..................... 66.000 13. Sprague's Mine....................... 1.430 31.940 62.109.531 3.990 Creani.................... 66.630 14. Wachob's Mine......................... 1.300 32.570 62.567 1.023 2.540 Red..................... 66.130 15. J. Thomas' Mine................................950 31.590 60.520 1 1.440 5.500 Dirty gray................. 67.460 16. Anthony's Mine.................................950 35.870 58.218 2.302 2.660 Red......................... 63.180 17. P. Hawk's Mine................................950 33.550 60.523 1.167 3.810 Reddish brown............. 65.500 18. Ruth'sMine.................. 1.060 34.140 61.172.678 2.950 Cream..................... 64.800 19. Pantall's Mine................ 1.100 31.170 63.544 1.016 3.170 Yellowish brown........... 67.730 20. M'Kee's Mine............................ 1.050 33.150 58.405 1.295 6.100 Gray.........658..0....... 65.800 21. Weaver's Mine.........................I....... 1.000 33.200 59.428 2.042 4.330 Brown, red tinge........... 65.800 22. Wingert's Mine.......................... 1.150 32.070 60.428 1.702 4.650 Fawn............... 66.780 23. H-lum's Mine. Upper bench................920 35.440 5.962,848 2.830 Brown............... 63.640 c COALS-CONTIENUED. i CC *.. CD c~ c? ~ Jefferson County-Contznued. - 24. unium's Mine. Lower bench................... 1.000 3-3.260 63.081 1.139 1.520 Brown................... 65.740 & 25. W. Revnolds' Mine........................ 1.440 32.460 63.011.639 2.450 Creame...................... 66.100 I 26. Sharp's Aine. Upper bench................... I.320 31.440 62.578.892 3.770 Gray........................ 67.240 p 27. Sharp's Mine. Lower bench................... 1.570 33.430 61.285 1,055 2.660 Brown............... 65.000 3 28. London Mine............................ 1.150 27.705 65,835.930 4.380 Red....................... 71.140 M 29, Strouse's Mine.................................. 1.300 30.20 63.617.763 4.100 Lavender.................. 68.480 30. Creek, Reynoldsville............................800 32.020 51.887 3.593 11.700 Gray, with red tinge...... 67.180 31. Brown's Mine...1........................... 1010 27.790 48.365 3.885 18.950 Gray, with pink tinge...... 71.200 32. Winm. M'Cullough's Mline......3......0......-.. 320 33.920 53.905 1.505 9.350..do........ do............ 64.760 33. S. Patten's Mine............................... 1.870 32.450 61.103.547 4.030 Cream......................... 65.680 34. J. Stewart's Mine........................ 1.830 34.270 58.353.767 4.780 G[ay........................ 63.900 H 35. J. Calhoun's Mine............................. 1.200 33.630 55.796 1.504 7.870 Gray................. 65.170. 36. Key's Mine..................................... 1.360 38.720 53.683 2.047 4.190 Red........................ 59.920 H 37. P. Galusha's Mine.................... 1.150 36.000 48.009 7.611 7.140 ed......................... 62.850 Armstrong County. 1. Red Bank Colliery. Cannel....................510 30.490 46.194.576 22.230 Gray........................ 69.000' 2. Red Bank Colliery. Cannel................... 730 31.680 48.815.455 17.320 Yellow..................... 67.590 3. Red Bank Colliery. Below Cannel............ 650 39.120 52.716 2.634 3.80 Bown.................. 59.230 Qn 4. Red Bank Colliery. Middle bed............... 1.690 35.944 53.950 3.380 5.040 Gray........................ 62.370 5. Red Bank Colliery. Upper bed 1..840 35.940 53.661 1.739 6.820 Gray........................ 62.220 6. Thompson's Mine.............................. 1.540 35.730 53.210.630 7.890 Light yellow............... 61.730 Clarion County. 1. Fairmount. Big bed........................... 1.320 40.800 52.879.881 4.120 Gray, with red tinge....... 58.880 2. Fairmount. Big bed........................... 1.700 38.930 56.096.604 2.670 Crean...................... 59.370 3. Fairmount. Lower bed........................ 1.370 37.680 39.353. 8.427 13.170 Red 6.............. 60.950 STEAiM IAISING POVWER OF COALS. Results of United States Government experiments in bzrning coal under a steam bo'ger. COIMPOSITION IN 100 PAiTS. EFFICIENCY.. ation................................... 1 0.0 L.5 5 NAMES OF COAILS IN THE OCDBE OF EVAPORETIVE ~ 5 0: POWER UNDE R EQUAL BULKNS. 0.: 0 3. PeachM[ountltain....................................... 93'J7 2.958 89.020 0.006 6.125 95.145 545.7 lQ.110.964 5. Easby's "'ICoal, in Store;"...............................6 9.14. 0(S4 76.2604.... 8.3.84,347'535 6 O.00.9 6 2 6. New York and Maryland B1inilng Comipaniy......... I.7V..55 12.:0 3 9 73.5C03........ 12.40'[ 85.03 524.8 9.780.927 7. Quin's Run...........................................8...S3a 17.808 72.787.1 S40 51.1 (T) 1 3 517.0 1.20.9l3 o 8.:Blossbu g........................ r...* @ * o * e e * * * * *................ I'. 0 9 13.927 73. 103 8D- 3 10.773 83 881 5 5.9~~ 9. ^70.911 9. Neff's, Cumberland.................................. 2.4-5. 12.675 74. 5'.7........ 10. 34384. 870 512.7 9.440.906 10. Easby S Tempiem' s.........................44 15.532 74.69........334 84.022 56.2 10.700 10.903 11. B1eaver Meadow. Slope, No. 3.......................52 2.3 88..2 3 1. 9 5.504 55.5 D9.20.893 12. Beaver Meadown. (NavyYard).........................0.006...... 10. 0 3 13. oret tumproveen 1-5th C 785 3. 90.751 0.016 4.414....... 5 540.S, 1.5 80.880 14. Lehigy's.......oal..................................,O.9S 76.264....3 8.13 59 19.020. 6. New York and Maryland Mining Company... 1.785 / 12.309 73.5083 9 912.03 5.90 524.8 9.'780.927 15. Lycomin' Rn.e 7...........................-0 1.807 71.532.0 13.96 81. 5.0 1 0.2754.9871 16. Cambria Cou nt................ 13..27 73.03.53 00.773 3.881 5159. 9.70.91 60 9. Noff's, Cumoberland.2:;::::::;.:::::;;:::::::: 2.4-) 12.675 7-4.527... 10.3431 847 512.7 9.40'.905 3 10. Easby & Smith's. 83....1.5.......9 1.,522 74.289... 296 83.585.5.111 9.960.903 11 Beaver b eadow. Slope, No 3. 1................. 1.562 2.384 88.942 0.011 7.112 96.052 505.5 9.200.893 12. Beaver Meadow. (NavyYard) 8.104 9.080.0883 17. Mixture, 1-5th Cumberlan 1, 4-5ts Beaver Meadow,..... 498.5 9. 18.850. Tehh.......... 5.........5 8...............:'5' 971 490 8.920.s872 15.Lycom-ing Creok""".6(0""""""""""".. 13.807 71.532.030 139.01 85.493 4. 8.910.871 16. Csmbriha @ont.............. r.4u5 45 19.019 69.373 1.50C0 d o I 9 4153 78 486. 9.240.86 17. Mixture, 1-5th Midlothian, 4-5111s Beaver eadI...... 8.885 41.. 1 8.80.80 18. Barr'sa eep Run 1785 19.782 67.958 10.475 78.43 3 78.7 9.020.845 19. LCaC~ka T~TL anna1~. ~~~~~~~0..~~~ 0~~~ d ~~2.120 3.793 87.741 0.123 6.346 94.087 477.7 9.790.844 ^, SPEAM RAISING POWER OF COALS-CONTINYUEID. COMPOSITION IN 100 PARTS. EFFICIENCY. D 0 CD C C Q ~ i -.. C-R -. r n CD NAMES OF COALS IN TIIE ORDER OF EVAPORAT IVE -'e 0' o20 Karthas.................................... 1.282 17.948 73.770 1.580 7.000 80.770 477.4 9.090.843~ 36 Liverpool...........892 39.587 54.899.376 4.622 59.521 375.4 7.840.663 37. Scotch -........... 38.837 -48.812.358 9.338 58.150 353.8 6.950.625 2. Dauphin and Susquehanna..446 13.547 74.244.269 11.494 85.738 472.8 9.340.835 22. Lvkens Vallev..0.111 6.796 83.841 0.09I 9.252 93.093 459.7 9.460.812 24. Midlothian, (average).. 2.455 *29.796 53.012.058 14.737 67.749 44.8.5 8.290:792 25. Crouch &t Sneacl's.. 1.785.23.959 59.976.427 14.280 74.256 445.0 8.340.786 26. New Castle...2.007 35.597 /56.996.230 5.400 62.396 439.6 8.660.776 o 27. Midlothian, (900 feet shaft)..1.1.72 7.278 61.083 ].... 10.467171.550 433.7 8.580.766 28. Midlothian, "New Shaft".. 670 33.490 56.400 2.286 9.440 65.840 418.6 8.750.1739 29. PiCtou, (Cunard's)...781 25.975 60.735..12.508 73.243 417.9 8.480.738 - 30. Chesterfield Mining Company..1.896 30.676 58.794 1.957 8.634 67.428 410.9 9.000 726 - 31. Midlothian, (screened).... 1.785 34.497 54.063.202 9.655 63.718/ 408.7 8.940 722 K. 32. Natural Coke.. 1.116 11.977 75.081 0.466 1.826 86.907 395.3 8.470.698 6 13. Creek Comp'ny's.. 1.450 29.678 60.300 2.890 8.572 68.872 391.8 8.420.692 34. Pittsbur5...1.397 36.603 /54.926.160 7.074 62.000 384.1 8.200.678 35. Sidney...3.125 23.810 [67.570..5.495 73.06.5 378.9 7.990.669 36. Liverpool..892 39.587 54.899.376 4.622 59.521 375.4 97.40.663 37. Scotch...3.013 38.837 [48.812.358 9.338 58.150 353.8 6.950.625 38. Tippecanoe.. 1.841 34.165 [4.620.377 9.37413.994 350.2 39. Cannelton, (Ia.)...2.597 33.992 58.437..4.974 -63.411 348.8 7.340.616 40. Clover Hill...................339. 31.698 56.831.514 10.132 66.963 347.7 7.670.614 ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. 1A. 43 CHAPTER II. (Section 1.) IRON ORES. Method of Analysis. 1. Water.-A weighed quantity of the ore is heated in a glass bulb, to which is attached a counterpoised chloride of calcium tube. By this operation the water is driven off and collected in the chloride of calcium tube, the increase in weight of which gives the amount of water present in the ore. It may be here stated that all the ores were dried at 1000 C. previous to analysis, so that the amount of water given in any analysis represents that portion only which exists in chemical combination in the ore. 2. Sulphuric Acid.-A weighed quantity of the ore, in fine powder, is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the solution evaporated to dryness; re-dissolved in dilute acid, and the insoluble residue filtered off. The sulphuric acid in the filtrate is then precipitated by means of chloride of barium, and the solution is allowed to stand over for twelve hours. It is best to have the solution hot and only slightly acid previous to precipitation of the sulphur. From the weight of the sulphate of baryta obtained the percentage of sulphuric acid is calculated. In cases where the sulphur exists as pyrites, the ore is dissolved in nitric acid with the addition of a small amount of hydrochloric acid, and treated as before. When a large amount of pyrites is present, it is much better to fuse the finely pulverized ore with carbonate of soda and nitrate of potash, dissolve the fused mass in water, acidulate with hydrochloric acid, and evaporate to dryness so as to get rid of all nitric acid. The residue is then dissolved in dilute acid, the insoluble matter filtered off, and the sulphuric acid precipitated with chloride of barium. 3. Phosphoric Acid.-Five grammes of the finely pulverized ore are dissolved in aqua regia and the solution evaporated coln 44 1. A. S. M' CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-75. pletely to dryness; re-dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and the insoluble residue separated by filtration. The iron in the solution is now reduced to the state of proto-chloride by means of sulphite of ammonia, and the solution boiled to expel any excess of sulphurous acid that may have been used. A'small portion of the iron is then oxidized by means of chlorate of potash, the solution nearly neutralized with amm-onia, and the phosphoric acid pirecipitated as phosphate of iron by means of acetate of ammonia. The solution is then boiled for some minutes, the precipitate filtered off, washed well with hot water, and then dissolved in hydrochloric acid. This solution is now evaporated down to a small bulk, and just enough citric acid added to prevent the iron from being thrown down by ammonia. The liquid is now made strongly alkaline by means of ammonia, and after the solution has cooled, magnesia mixture" is added, which throws down the phosphoric acid ams amonio phosphate of magnesium. The solution is stirred vigorously and allowed to stand aside for sixteen hours, so as to ensure the complete precipitation of all the phosphoric acid. The precipitate is then filtered off, washed with ammonia water, dried, ignited carefully, and weighed. From the weight of the pyro-phosphate of magnesia obtained the percentage of phosphoric acid is readily calculated. 4. Insolutle residue.-One gramme of the ore, in fine powder, is digested in strong hydrochloric acid until no further action takes place. The solution is then evaporated cautiously to dryness; re-dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and filtered. The insoluble residue which remains is well washed with hot water, and in order to dissolve the iron thoroughly out of the filter a little dilute acid is added, after which the washing is continued until the wash water is no longer acid. The filter and contents are then ignited in a platina crucible and the weight of the insoluble residue noted. When it becomes necessary to analyze this residue the method of analysis as given for fire-clays may be used. 5. Manclanese.-The filtrate and washings from the insoluble residue are nearly neutralized with ammonia, heated to the boiling point, and the iron, alumina, &c., thrown down by means of a slight excess of acetate of ammonia. The solution ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. M. 45 is then boiled thoroughly, and filtered while still hot. This precipitation is repeated, so as to ensure the complete separation of the last traces of manganese. Preserve the precipitate for the estimation of the iron and alumina. The filtrates are now evaporated down to a small bulk, transferred to a flask, and the solution rendered slightly alkaline with ammonia. A few drops of bromine are then added, the mixture agitated so as to aid separation, ind the flask, after being tightly corked, is allowed to stand aside for twelve hours. The solution is then boiled and the precipitated oxide of manganese separated by filtration. This precipitate is now dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the manganese thrown down from the solution by means of carbonate of soda. Filter off the precipitate, wash well with hot water, and afterwards dry, ignite and weigh. From the weight of the ignited oxide (Mn304) the metallic manganese is readily calculated. 6. Lime.-The filtrate from the precipitation of the oxide of manganese by means of bromine, is treated with oxalate of ammonia, which throws down the lime as oxalate. The solution is allowed to stand over for some time, after which the oxalate of lime is filtered of;f washed, dried aand ignited; the resulting carbonate of lime is then converted into sulphate by the addition of a small amount of sulphuric acid, having previously dissolved the carbonate in a small quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid. Excess of alcohol is then added, and the mixture set aside for twelve hours. The lime is weighed as sulphate, and its percentage calculated therefrom. 7. lagyne.sia.' The filtrate from the oxalate of lime is made strongly alkaline by means of ammonia, and the magnesia thrown down with phosphate of soda. The solution is allowed to stand aside for twelve hours, after which the phosphate of magnesia is filtered off washed with ammonia water, ignited.and weighed. From the weight of the phosphate (2 MgO, PO 5) obtained the per cent of mnagnesia is calculated. 8. Alumina and IZron.-The precipitate produced in the hycrochloric acid solution of the ore by means of acetate of ammonia, (5) is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and precipitated with ammonia, filtered off, and washed well with hot water. This.gives the iron, alumina and phosphoric acid. The precipitate 46 M. A. S. M'CREATII. REPORT OF 1874-'75. after being ignited and weighed, is dissolved in the hydrochloric acid, and the iron estimated by means of a standard solution of bichromate of potash. By deducting the oxide of iron and phosphoric acid from the total weight of the oxides found in the previous experiment, the amount of alumina is obtained. Estimation by " difference" is generally objectionable, but the separation of iron and alumina, where the iron is largely' in excess, by means of caustic potash is so unsatisfactory that the above method is used in preference. 9. Iron.-A separate estimation of iron is always made from the ore direct. For this purpose, the volumetric process, first suggested by Dr. Penny, is very convenient and gives excellent results. It is based on the fact that when bichromate of potash,. dissolved in water, is added to an acid solution of a protosalt of iron, the latter is converted into a persalt at the expense of the oxygen of the chromic acid. An indirect method is necessary to ascertain when the reaction is finished, and for this purpose a weak solution of ferricyanide of potassium (red prussiate of potash) is used, which produces a blue or bluish-green. color with the protosalts of iron, but is unaltered by the persalts of that metal. The standard solution is readily prepared by dissolving thirty-six grammes of the pure crystallized bichromate of potassium, previously freed from hygroscopic water by heating to incipient fusion, in eight litres of distilled water; of this solution about 200 c. c. will be equivalent to one gramme of metallic iron. The strength of the solution is readily ascertained by dissolving 0.5 gramme pure iron wire in dilute hjydrochloric acid, taking care that no oxidation takes place, diluting the solution with distilled water, and adding the bichromate of potash from a burette until a drop no longer gives the slightest trace of a bluish-green color when transferred, by a glass rod, to a white porcelain slab wetted with the solution of ferricyanide of potassium. The solution may be made of any strength, but one of which every c. c. represents 0.25 to 0.50 per cent iron, will be found most convenient for general use in the estimation of iron in ordinary iron ores. For ores, the method is as follows: One gramme of the finely ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. M. 47 pulverized ore is heated with strong hydrochloric acid until solution is complete. It is now diluted with distilled water, and the per-chloride of iron reduced to the state of proto-chloride by means of zinc. The standard solution of bichromate of potash is now added from a burette, and the operation conducted as given above in the preparation of the standard solution. 10. Titanic Acid.-When titanic acid is present, the ore is decomposed by fusing with twelve times its weight of bisulphate of soda, dissolving the fused mass in cold water, filtering off the silica, and precipitating the titanic acid in the solution by continued boiling. 11. Carbonic Acid.-This is most readily determined by the use of Rose's carbonic acid apparatus, the weight of the charged apparatus being carefully ascertained, and its weight again determined after the complete expulsion of the carbonic acid. Notes. —When the gangue of an ore is of such a nature that solution in hydrochloric acid fails to represent the true character of the specimen, decomposition is effected by fusing the finely pulverized ore with carbonate of soda, dissolving in water, acidulating with hydrochloric acid, evaporating to dryness, and treating the residue in the usual way. Such analyses are recognized in these tables by showing the percentage of silica instead of insoluble residue. Where metals of unusual occurrence are present, special methods have to be adopted for their separation and estimation, but it is believed that the above processes are sufficient for the general run of ores. The number of analyses required by the different Assistant Geologists has been so great that a complete analysis of each sample has been impossible. An endeavor has been made, however, to make the examination complete enough so as to represent the true character of the specimen. In the case of brown hematite ores, the percentage of iron, manganese, sulphur, phosphorus and insoluble residue is given; the undetermined portion consisting essentially of water of combination, alumina, lime, magnesia, and oxygen in union with the bases &c., estimated. In carbonate ores, the residue consists chiefly of alumina, lime, 48 M. A. S. M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. magnesia, organic matter, water, and a large amount of carbonic acid in union with the bases. The samples sent in to the Laboratory varied very much in quantity; in most cases, however, they were sufficient to fairly represent the average of the mine. This is especially the case with those sent in by Prof. Persifor Frazer, Jr., from York county, the av e average sample being about two hundred and fifty pounds of the ore. Section 2. Brown HIematite Ores, Silurian, Lehigh County. The number of brown hematite ores examined from Lehigh'county is thirty-eight. The percentage of iron found varies from 28.10 to 58.50 per cent. The mean average per cent is 46.09. The amount of sulphur present is invariably very small; the average percentage being only 0.025. The per cent of phosphorus varies from 3.135, found in the ore from Jacob Steininger's Mine, to 0.025, present in the ore from Frank S. Lichtenwalner's Mine. The mean average per cent of the thirty-eight samples examined is 0.344, The insoluble residue gives as the mean average 17.16 per cent. The amount of manganese varies from a trace to 9.28 per cent. The mean average per cent is 1.275. These ores are used for the most part in the furnaces situated in the Lehigh valley, and are smelted usually with the compact magnetites from New Jersey. The product is said to be a good quality of foundry iron. The fuel used is anthracite, with hot blast. The ores are invariably used raw. The percentage of phosphorus is generally too large to admit of their extensive use in the manufacture of Bessemer pig iron, but many of thenm might be used for this purpose in connection with the more compact but less phosphoric magnetic iron ores. I. Ir. iII. iV. Iron......................... 37.000 32.700 46.600 45.300 Manganese.................. 3.033.374.454.749 Sulphur......................035 030.027,032 Phosphorus..................186.179.597.137 Insoluble residue........... 28.990 39.050 16.230 21.060 I. Harry Kaiser's Mine, leased by Mull and Hagenbuch, ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. M. 49 morth of Lock Ridge, one mile west of Alburtls. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 18.) Sample partly lump and partly fine ore. Limonite, hard and sandy, with considerable quartz in fine -ore. II. Jonas Kreischmann's 2 ine, leased by Allentown Rolling Mill Company, one mile east of Alburtis. Vein ore. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 18.) Limonite, hard, compact and very sandy. III. Jonas Kreischmann's Mine, leased by Coleraine Iron Company, one mile east of Alburtis. Wash ore. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 19.) Limonite, wash ore, witn considerable admixture of ferruginous clay. IV. lViand's Mine, leased by the Temple Iron Company. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 21.) Sandy limonite, with considerable quartz in the fine ore V. VI. VII. VIII. Iron........................ 46.500 33.300 47.000 47.900 Manganese.................. 50.612.518.266 Sulphur......................022.007.030.003 Phosphorus..................128.170.111.165 Insoluble residue........... 16.300 34.250 16.050 11.890 V. P, liacrck's Mine, leased by Lehigh Iron Company. (R. P., 1874, D. p. 21.) Limonite, hard, compact, arenaceous, with somewhat slaty structure. VI. Maple Grove Mill property near Hensingerville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 21.) Limonite, hard, compact, exceedingly silicious, with slaty structure, and light brown color. VII. J. Barber Comp2any's line, Hensingerville, one and a half miles south, south-west of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 22.) Linonite, compact, with large mass of fibrous ore. VIII. Shanklweiler Lot, at Hensingerville, 78 feet below the:surface. (R. P., 1874, ), p. 23.) Limonite, very hard and compact, slaty structure, surface somewhat velvety. 4-M. 50 M. A.S. M' CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. IX. X. XI. XII. Iron......................... 44.600 44.500 51.250 43.000 Manganese................576 9.280.351 4.575 Sulphur..................... trace..019.016.049 Phosphorus............151.316.100.109 Insoluble residue........... 20.340 6.280 11.010 19.060 IX. Thomas Iron Company's Mine, at Ilensingerville.' (R.. P.Y 1874, D, p. 24.) Limolnite, hard, compact, and of somewhat slaty structure. X. Ifensinger Heirs' Facrm, one and a half miles south of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 24.) Limonite, bomb-shell ore, curiously honeycombed, with large amount of githite. XI. Ludwig's Old Mine, one mile west, north-west of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 26.) Limonite, hard, arenaceous, with broken concretions of pipe ore. XII. Blcank's Mine, leased by Ludwig, Ilertzog & Co.7 onefourth mile north-west of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 27.) Limonite, compact, arenaceous, containing cavities lined with gothite and lepidocrocite. Specimen also contained a small piece of arenaceous red hematite, and a small amount of pipe ore. XIii. XIV. XV. XVI. Iron.......................... 51.950 48.500 48.000 38.000 Manganese...................360.194.173 1.484 Sulphur..................... trace. trace..032.020 Phosphorus...................106.123.120.108 Insoluble residue............ 11.430 16.560 15.950 30.970 XIII. Reuben Ilomig's Mine, leased by Allentown Iron Company, three-fourths of a mile east of New Texas. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 29.) Limotnite, compact, cellular, with considerable admixture of yellow clay. XIV. Werner e Reinhart'ss'ine, leased by the Allentown Iron Company, one-half mile east of New Texas. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 29.) Limonite, compact and cellular, with admixture of ochreous earth. * This analysis is put down under Hensinger & Saul's Mine in Prof. Prime's report, but specimen was from Thomas Iron Company's Mine. ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. M. 51 XV. Werner & -Reinhart's Mine, mined by the Allentown Iron Company. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 29.) Limonite, hard, arenaceous and compact. XVI. Milton Lauer's Mine, leased by Carbon Iron Company. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 29.) Limonite, hard, compact and very sandy. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. Iron........................ 48.250 42.300 48.200 48.100 Manganese...................432.648.418.360 Sulphur.....................045.026.005.045 Phosphoru..................025.100.158.164 Insoluble residue........... 18.450 24.120 14.810 13.440 XVII. _Frank S. Lichtenwalner's JMine, three-fourths of a mile east of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 30.) Limonite, compact, with nodular concretions and small seams of ochreous iron ore. XVIII. Ehwyn tBastian's Minze, leased by the Lehigh Iron Coml-any. (R. P., 1874, I, p. 31.) Limonite, hard, compact, sandy, with considerable quartz in fine ore. XIX. Francis Guth's Mline, leased by Carbon Iron Company, three-fourths of a mile west, north-west of Wescoeville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 32.) Limonite, hard, compact and sandy. XX. Francis Breinig's Mine, one and a half miles north, north-west of Breinigsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 32.) Limonite, silicious, somewhat slaty structure,, spongy-form. Color various shades of brown and brick red. XXI. XI. XXIII. X II. XV. Iron........................ 57.500 58.500 45.700 48.500 Manganese..................749.223.648.360 Sulphur..................... trace..084.034.002 Phosphorus...................165.043.157.328 Insoluble residue............ 3.470 2.800 20.210 15.580 XXI. Oliver Moser's Mine, leased by Northampton Iron Company, one-third of a mile north of Breinigsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 33.) Limonite, compact mass of pipe ore, the pipes in some pieces being somewhat obliterated; somewhat cellular, the cells being partially filled with yellow clay. Color dark brown generally. XXII. Thomas Breinig's Mine, leased by Northampton Iron 52 M. A.. M'CREATII. REPORT OF 1874-'75. iCompany, one-third mile north of Breinigsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 34.) Limonite, very compact, somewhat cellular and stalactitic,;botryoidal. Color various shades of brown. XXIII. Nathan Whitely's Mine, one mile from Trexlertown, on road to Breinigsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p, 35.) Limonite, hard, arenaceous; structure flaggy, some of the pieces decidedly fibrous. XXIV. William B. Fogel's Mline, leased by Carbon Iron Company, one-half mile north-west of Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 36.) Limonite, hard, compact, arenaceous, with somewhat laminated structure, and considerable admixture of yellow clay. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. Iron........................ 51.750 49.300 46.600 49.000 Manganese................309.216.144.187 Sulphur.................... trace. trace. trace. trace. Phosphorus..................270.235.276.172 Insoluble residue........... 10.350 15.120 19.880 15.400 XXV. Henry Swartz and W. B. Fogel's Mine, leased by the Crane Iron Company, at Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 36.) Limonite, sandy, containing small cavities lined with g6thite. XXVI. Alwyn Bortz's Mine, one-half mile east of Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 36.) Limonite, compact, argillaceous, with considerable admixture ochreous earth. XXVII. Ahwyn Bortz and William Koch's Mine, leased by Carbon Iron Company, one-half mile east of Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 87.) Limonite, cellular, somewhat nodular, of a dark brown color. XXVIII. Jonas Grammis' Mine, one-half mile east of Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 37.) Limonite, soft and cellular, some of the cells being filled with yellow clay; partly laminated structure. XXIX. xxx. xxxi. XXXIi. iron......................... 51.700 - 45.000 28.100 51.400 Manganese................... trace..626 5.029.295 Sulphur.......................214 trace..002.021 Phosphorus...................066.190.551.233 Insoluble residue............ 10.550 21.900 36.430 11.290 XXIX. Gackenbach's Mine, leased by the Crane Iron Com ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. M. 53 pany, two miles north-east of Trexlertown. (i. P., 1874, D, p. 38.) Limonite, stalactitic, cellular, sandy. Color various shades of brown and vermillion. Contains 10.83 per cent of water. XXX. Francis Fisher's M]iine, leased by the Coleraine Iron Company, one and a half miles north-west of Wescoeville. (R. P., 1874, D) p. 88.) Limonite, arenaceous, exceedingly hard and tough, with nodular concretions and velvety surface. XXXI. J. 1D. Smith's Mine, leased by Millerstown Iron Company, one mile south, south-west of Fogelsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 39.) Limonite, compact and exceedingly sandy, with considerable adhering yellow clay. Color various shades of light and dark brown. XXXII. Charles Miller's Mine, three-fourth of a mile south, south-west of Fogelsville. Stripping ore. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 39.) Limonite, arenaceous, with a large admixture of ochreous iron ore. XXXIII. XXxIV. xxXV. xXXVI. Iron......................... 47.000 36.500 49.600 43.700 Manganese................... 7.464 2.932.583.763 Sulphur......................003.031.007.005 Phosphorus...................630 3.135 1.288.869 Insoluble residue............ 4.940 18.900 9.440 18.580 XXXIII. J. -). Scholl o Co.'s Mine, leased by Lehigh Valley Iron Company, one and a half miles south, south-east of Fogelsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 40.) Limonite, compact, cellular, with numerous seams of ochreous earth. XXXIV. Jacob Steininger's Mine, leased by James Lanigan, three-fourths of a mile south-west of Fogelsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 40.) Limonite, compact, arenaceous, with considerable admixture of ferruginous clay. XXXV. Henry Stein's Mine, leased by Thomas Iron Company, one mile west, south-west of Fogelsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 41.) Limonite, rather compact, with considerable coating of white 54 MT. A. S. M'CREATI. REPORT OF 1874 — 75. clay; some of the pieces of a brick red, and others of a foxy color. XXXVI. Jesse Laro's Mine, leased by the Crane Iron Company, one and a half miles south-west of Fogelsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 41.) Limonite, compact, arenaceous, of a very dark color. XXXVII. XXXVIII. Iron.............................................. 42.800 50.400 M anganese......................................252 1.203 Sulphur.........................................03.002 Phosphorus.......................................222.993 Insoluble residue............................... 25.040 10.050 XXXVII. Levi Lichtenmwaer's Mine, leased by the Crane Iron Company. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 42.) Limonite, hard, sandy, with considerable ochreons iron ore. XXXVIII.. Krcemlieli Lichtenwcdner's Mine, leased by the Crane Iron Company, at Fogelsville. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 42.) Llmonite, hard, cellular, the pieces being generally of a slaty structure. Color dark brown and cinnamon brown. XXXIX. Sesquioxide of iron.......... 68.590==48.013 per cent iron. Alumina..................... 2.010 Oxide of manganese......... trace. Lim e........................ 270 Magnesia.................... 1.480 Phosphoric acid...............340=0.149 per cent phosphorus. Sulphuric acid...............060=0.025 per cent sulphur. Water, combined............ 10.750 Water, hygroscopic.......... 6.950 Insoluble residue............ 9.930 100.380 XXXIX. Ltudwig's NTew Mine, one mile from Alburtis. (It. P., 1874, D, p. 25.) Average of six cars. Analyzed for Pennsylvania Steel Company in 1874, and published by permission of S. M. Felton, Esq., President. ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. IM. 55 Section 3. Tron Ores of York county. Cambrian (?) and Mesozoic. Only twelve specimens of ores have been examined from York'county during the past season. Of these seven were limonite ore, showing an average of' 44.88 per cent of iron. They are generally very rich in phosphorus, and where used alone will be apt to produce a very cold-short iron. The mean average per cent of phosphorus is 0.857. The two magnetic ores examined are of excellent quality and admirably adapted for the manufacture of Bessemer pig iron, owing to their freedom from phosphorus. By roasting the greater part of the sulphur will be eliminated. I. II. IIi. Sesquioxide of iron.................. 64.428 61.428 72.143 Sesquioxide of manganese............ 2.150 5.570.387 Alumina.............................. 3.148 3.176 1.725 Lime...................................140.157.168 Magnesia...............................270.155.330 Sulphuric acid.........................230.236.123 Phosphoric acid....................... 1.374 1.546.432 W ater................................. 11.020 11,010 5.760 Insoluble residue..................... 16950 16.600 19.090 99.710 99.878 100.158 Iron................................... 45.100 43.000 50.500 Manganese.......................... 1.490 4.004.269 Sulphur................................090.094.049 Phosphorus......................610.675.189 I. Bollinger Bcank, four miles north-east of Hanover. (R. P. 1874, G, p. 56.) Limonite, sandy, shelly, with cavities filled with gothite and lepidocrocite. II. Hlcldemanc Bank, five miles north-east of Hanover, at the foot of Pigeon Hill. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 60.) Limonite, sandy, full of seams of ochreous iron, and with small masses of gothite and lepidocrocite. III. HaldemanBankc, (red oxide,) five miles north-east of Han-'over, at foot of Pigeon Hill. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 62.) Red hematite, arenaceous, exceedingly hard and tough. 56 I. A. S. M CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. IV V.. I. Sesquioxide of iron................... 63.285 69.714 67.000, Sesquioxide of manganese............ 2.210 1.135 2.341 Alumina.............765 1.422.950 Lime...............................196.106 1.680 Magnesia........................216.194.591 Sulphuric acid.........................068.095.277 Phosphoric acid....................... 2.986.844 2.804 Water...................... 10.880 11.100 11.890 insoluble residue..................... 19.750 15.630 12.320 100.356 100.240 99.853 Iron................................... 44.300 48.800 46.900 Manganese........................... 1.538.790 1.630 Sulphur................................024.038.110 Phosphorus........................... 1.303.343 1.224 IV. Frit? Banlk, three and three quarter miles north-east ofi York. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 50.) Limonite, compact, with cavities filled with ochreous iron ore and ferruginous clay. V. l1agaretta Baik, near Mairgaretta furnace, five and a half miles south-east of Wrightsville. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 21.) Limonite, brittle, arenaceous, with more or less decomposed' argillaceous slaty gangue. VI. Early & Killinyger Mine, two and a half miles east of Littlestown. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 44.) Limonite, with cavities containing nodular lumps, the sides of the walls consisting of gothite and lepidocrocite; shell-like structure, and containing a considerable admixture of quartz. VII. VIII. Sesquioxide of iron............................. 4u.285 76.714 Sesquioxide of manganese...................... 21.888.640 Alunkla................................... 2.674...... L im e.............................................240......'M agnesia.......................................155...... Baryta........................................... 1.322...... Sulphurlic acd........................................ trace. Phosphoric acid................................. 1.491 2.741 W ater........................................... 11.200...... Insoluble residue............................... 14.780 3.710 100.035....... Iron................................. 32.400 53.700 Manganese..................................... 15.239.446 Sulphur............................................... trace. Phosphorus.......................................651 1.197' ANALYSES OF IRON ORES. 57. M VII. 2rmyser Rank, four miles north, north-east of York. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 67.) Llmonite, fine grained, with conchoidal fracture, and containing masses of gothite. VIII. M'Ncair's Ore, about eight miles south of Gettysburg,. on Emmitsburg road. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 76.) Limonite, hard, compact, fine grained. Color dark brown. Surface somewhat velvety. Ix. Protoxide of iron......................................... 10.475 Sesquioxicle of iron.......................... 7.324 Bisulphide of iron................................. 1.818 Bisulphide of copper......................................060 Protoxide of manganese...................................480 Alumina.a.............................................. 7.391 Lime...................................................... 6.350 Magnesia............................................. 5.686 A lkalies............................................. 2.190 Carbonic acid............................................. 4.420 Sulphuric acid...........,,....................016 Phosphoric acid............................................201 Titanic acid............................................. 1.260 W ater..................................................... 2.142 Silica..................................................... 50.150 99.963 Iron..................................................... 14.125 Sulphur......................................988 Phosphorus.........8................................. 088 Magnetite separated by magnet, 4.36 per cent. IX. Help Bank, (so-called " Nes Silicon Steel Ore") two-thirds of a mile north of Shrewsbury, on Northern Central railroad. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 10.) Calcareous chloritic rock, compact, of a greenish color, containing crystals of magnetite, pyrite and calcite. x. Protoxide of iron............900 Sesquioxide of iron.......... 857 per centron Sesquioxide of manganese...103 Alumina.................... 1.630 Lime..................862 Magnesia.....................30? Sulphuric acid...............011=.004 per cent sulphur. Phosphoric acid..............513=.224 per cent phosphorus. Water....................... 1.690 Insoluble residue...... 43.425 100.294 58 M. A. S. M CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. fnsoluble residue: X. Silica........................ 36.990 Alumnia.............. 4.090 Oxide of iron................ 1.310=.917 per cent iron. Linme.......................050 Magnesia.....................510 X. York Iron Co.'s Mine, near Strickhouser station, on Hanover Junction railroad, (so called " Codorus Ore.") (R. P., 1874, C, p. 32.) Micaceous hematite, or rather hydro-mica slate bearing considerable oxide of iron; shows a few crystals of magnetite, also spangles of specular oxide of iron; rather friable, slaty structure, the slate being very much decomposed. XI. XII. Protoxide of iron............... 18.643 18.385 Sesquioxide of iron............. 42.100 43.414 Bisulphide of iron.............. 4.093.450 Sulphide of copper...............098Oxide of copper. trace. Sulphide of cobalt...............7660xide of cobalt..326 Alumina....................... 2.417 2.774 Protoxide of manganese.........186.352 Lime............................ 6.132 7.563 Magnesia........................ 6.738 5.001 Potash and soda.................350.054 Carbonic acid.................... 1.760 1.640 Sulphuric acid....................119.011 Phosphoric acid..................052.052 Water........................... 1.080 2.320 Silia.......................... 15.120 17.860 99.654 100.202 Iron............................. 45.880 44.900 Sulph........................... 2.680.244 Phosphorus.................... 023.023 XI. Logan's Shaft, one mile north-east of Dillsburg. " Mumper ore." (R. P, 1874, C, p. 71.) Magnetite, compact, of a sea-green color, carrying a large amount of pyrite and considerable calcite. Sample in part strongly crystalline magnetite and part as magnetic sand. X.II. Fuller's Mine, on bank of Yellow Breeches creek, three miles north-east of Dillsburg. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 74.) Magnetite, hard and compact, carrying considerable calcite. Secimen contains considerable magnetic sand. ANALYSES OF IRON ORES.. 59 Analyses of Ignitcd " Insoltubl Residue" in Iron Ores. r......U.. Bollinger Bank, four miles northeast of Hanover...............1437 1. 59.21.02.24...... 1.95 Haldeman Bank, fivo miles north-east of Hanover........ 1424 1.57.31.01.14 10 60 Haldeman Bank, "Red oxide," 16.16 1.78.72.05.25...... A1.09, Fritz Bank, three and three quarter miles north-east of York..1525 3.23..04.63.......75 Margaretta Bank, five and a half miles south-east of Wrightsville... 12.87 1.83.25.02.50...... 15.63 Early &. Killinger Mine, two and a half miles east of Littlestown.........................11.17.61.01 7. 12...... 12.32,Smyser Bank, our miles north, north-east of York............ 11.19 2.23.30.02.39.202 14.78 xIII. XIV. Ferrous oxide................................... 13.930 20.130 Ferric oxide.................................... 45.640 44.732 Iron di-sulphide................................ 1.052.742 Alumina........................................ 1.824 1.050 M anganous oxiderace. Manganous oxide................................652 trace. Lim e...................................... 5.322 1.484 M agnesia........................................ 4.308 1.837 Oxide of copper.................................048 trace. Phosphoric acid..................................024.038 W ater......................................... 5.000 1.580 Silica..................................100 27.700 99,900 99.293 Metallic iron..............4..................... 42.750 47.314 Su phur..........................................590.361 Phosphorus......................................011.018 XIII. " Dillsbmur Ore," Alex. Underwood's miine, at Dillsburg. ((R. P., 87,, p. 73.) Analyzed for the Penn'a Steel Co. in 1873, and published by permission of S. M. Felton, Esq., president. XIV. " Dillsburg Ore," Alex. Underwood's mine, at Dillsburg. (R. P., 1874, C, p. 73.) Analyzed for Penn'a Steel Co., in 1872, and published by peranission. 60 M. A.s..'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. Section 4. Fossil Ores of the Juniiata. Silurian. Eighteen samples of fossil ore have been examined from Mifflin and lluntingdon counties. Many of these ores are of excellent cuality, containing over 50 per cent iron and with little injurious admixtures present. Others again contain such a large amount of carbonate of lime as to be only ferriferous limestones. The average per cent of iion in the eighteen samples is 35.59. rThe percentage of phosphorus is usually quite low, the mean average being.277 per cent.. When no carbonate of lime is noted in the analysis, its absence in the ore may always be und erstood. The amount of manganese present in these ores is usually very small, a number of tests made showing a mere trace. Mifflin Countyl I. II, II. IV. Iron.......................... 16.000 36.400 44.400 34.000 Sulphur..................024.017.028.018 Phosphorus...................230.184.115.124 Insoluble residue............ 58.370 35.200 28.880 35.480 I. George ]I'Kee's Ore Bank, Ferguson valley, seven miles west of Yeagertown; lower portion of fossil ore vein 16 inches thick. Compact, highly silicious fossil ore of a light brown color. II. George M'Kee's Ore -Bank, Ferguson valley, seven miles west of Yeagertown; top portion of ore vein good; whole vein about 18 inches thick; this part analyzed about 10 inches thick. Compact, silicious fossil ore of a dark brown color. III. George M31'Kee's Ore Bank, Ferguson valley, seven miles west of Yeagertown; fossil ore vein 12 inches thick; this part (top) eight inches thick; north dip in vein. Balance, four inches in "Jack." Compact, sandy fossil ore of a reddish brown color. IV. North of George 31'Kee's Ore Bank, near Jas. Shehan's house, in the meadow foot of Jack's mountain. Ore vein about 12 inches thick; second specimen taken from heap of ore, being ANALYSES OF FOSSIL JORES. M. 61 ore from shaft. Specimens mixed in properproportions previous to analysis. Compact, sandy, fossil ore of a deep red color. V. Sesquioxicle of iron....................................... 42.857 A lum ina.................................................. 7.816 Sesquioxide of manganese........................093 Lime.............................................. 448 Magnesia............................................738 Phosphoric acid............................................547 Sulphuric acid........................................122 W ater..................................................... 5.500 Insoluble residue.................................... 41.510 99.631 Iron..................................................... 30.000 Sulphur.......................................048 Phosphorus.......................................239 V. George M3'Kee's Ore Bacnk, Ferguson Valley, seven miles west of Yeagertown. Top bench of vein six to twelve inches thick; bottom part of vein, lower bench, two to six inches thick; face of gangway eight to twelve inches thick; trp bench, south dip, average of vein. The analysis represents the above ores mixed in proper proportions. Compact, coarse, sandy fossil ore of a deep red color; somewhat slaty. VI. vII. VII. IX.. Iron......................... 39.800 42.300 59.100 27.500 Sulphur......................011.010 trace. trace. Phosphorus...........231.516.110.206 Insoluble residue........... 31.560 25.930 7.470 43.110 VI. John Kinzer's Ore Bank, five miles north-east from M'Veytown. Soft fossil ore (medium;) north dip; south anticlinal of ore ridge; vein one foot thick. Fossil ore, compact, iron rust color, with, tendency to break up into blocks. VII. Ferguson callley Ore Ridge, six miles north-east from M'Veytown. Fossil ore, (medium soft;) John M'Cord ore bank, No. 2 ganowav. Fossil ore, compact and very hard, reddish brown color, slaty structure with much slaty gangue. VIII. Ferguson Valley, six miles north-east from M'Veytowin. Iron ore found within the ore sandstone, six inches thick at M'Cord ore bank. 62 M. A. S. l'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. Fossil ore, compact, very earthy appearance, exoeedingly tough, and of a brown color. IX. Ferguson Valley, six miles north-east of M'Veytown ore ridge. John M'Cord ore bank, north dip; faulty vein. Fossil ore, very argillaceous, structure somewhat slaty with delicate pink color. x. XI. XII. Iron.................................... 13.100 23.000 40.900 Sulphur.................................018.054.014 Phosphorus.......................252.268 1.018 Carbonate of lime.................... 54.792 31.272 18.136 Carbonate of magnesia................ 1.428 4.080 1.408 Insoluble residue...................... 15.992 25.392 12.976 X. Matilda Furnace, one mile north from Mt. Union. Fossiliferous ore froim No. 3; under ore sandstone, 10 inches thick. Fossil ore, hard. and compact, with adhering slate; part of specimen is iron rust color, and part of a light gray. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XI. JMatilda F;urnace, one mile north of Mt. Union. Hard fossil ore taken from the water level gangway, 16 inches thick at the opening; size irregular. Fossil ore, very hard and compact, chocolate color, containing particles of slate. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XII. Matilda Furnace, one mile north of Mt. Union. Ha rd fossil ore taken from lower level gangway. Fossil ore, hard and compact, of a slaty structure and red color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. xIII. xIV. Iron............................................ 41.700 50.000 Sulphur.................................034.024 Phosphorus......................................212.606 Insoluble residue............................ 27.640 14.784 XIII. Ferguson Valley, six miles north-east of M'Veytown. John Rothrick ore bank, (soft medium fossil.) In same ravine as John M'Cord ore bank, on east side of ravine; north dip of ore ridge; vein from 16 to 18 inches thick. Fossil ore, hard and compact, slaty structure, reddish brown color, containing numerous particles of specular iron ore. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. ANALYSES OF FOSSIL ORES. M. 68 XIV. llatilda Furnace, one mile north trom Mt. Union. Medium fossil taken from third level; vein 20 to 22 inches thick; vein overlying the ore s. s. Fossil ore, compact, with slaty gangue; color brownish red;. ore has a tendency to break up into blocks. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. Huntingdon County. xv. xvI. Sesquioxide of iron............................. 72.571 72.428 Alumina.................................... 4.723 4.211 Sesquioxide of manganese.......................320.269 Lim e...........................................174.319 Magnesia....................................... 309.432 Phosphoric acid................................256.281 Sulphuric acid.................................. trace. trace. W ater........................................... 3.440 4.620 Insoluble residue............................... 18.650 17.000 100.443 99.560 Iron............................................. 50.800 50.700 Sulphur......................................... trace. trace. Phosphorus.................................... 112.123 XV. South side of Blaclcog Gap, No. 1 gangway, large underlying fossil ore; vein 20 inches in thickness. Rockhill Coal and Iron Company. Compact, coarse fossil ore, reddish brown color. XVI. South side of Blacktog Gap, small overlying fossil ore vein; gangway No. 1. Rockhill Coal and Iron Company. Hard, compact fossil ore, chocolate brown color, with somewhat laminated structure. xVII. xvIII. Iron............................................. 23.800 27.250 Sulphur....................................... trace. trace. Phosphorus.......................................238.203 Carbonate of lime........................... 39.132 36.007 Carbonate of magnesia......................... 6.976 1.180 Insoluble residue............................ 12.850 16.610 XVII. Blacklog Gap, near Orbisonia. No. 1 north gangway. Hard fossil ore. Fossil ore, hard, compact, reddish color. XVIII. North side ofBlacklog Gap, near Orbisonia. Bottom vein, drift No. 1, 20 inches thick. Fossil ore, hard, compact, with numerous small crystals of calcite; of a reddish brown color. '64 M. A.S.. MCREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. Section 5. Brown Hematite Ores of the Juniata. Devonian. Twenty-three brown hematite ores have been examined from these counties. The percentage of iron found varies from 20.62. present in a bog ore, to 51.90 per cent, found in the ore from Dull'& Bradley's Mine. The mean average per cent of the twentythree specimens is 39.13. The ores are generally silicious, having 27.28 as the mean average per cent of insoluble residue. The amount of phosphorus is in most cases quite small, the average per cent being (exclusive of the bog ore) 0.284. Mifflin County. I. H II. IV. Iron...................... O000 42.500 30.900 29.500 Sulphur......................257.044.035.062 Phosphorus....................688.078.107.039 Insoluble residue............ 47.230 23.890 44.140 44.380 I. Lewistown Section, on wagon road north-west of Lewistown. Ore shaft. Compact, argillaceous limonite:of a light brown color. II. l'Veytown Gap, Ross ore opening. Ore from upper oopening. Limonite, compact, argillaceous, of a light brown color. III. James Rhodes, in Kansas property, on hill south of his house. Ore opening in Oriskany hiP Limonite, compact, arenaceous, of a deep brown color. IV. James Rhodes' Ore Opening, Kansas, opposite his house. Second vein cut in tunnel. Vein from one to five feet. Limonite, very sandy, slaty structure, and somewhat friable. V. vi. vII. VIII. IX. Iron................ 46.500 51.900 44.700 50.000 26.000 Sulphur.............028.033.008.058.046 Phosphorus........349.231.165.166.588 Insoluble residue.. 13.830 8.970 19.950 11.456 47.232 V. IKansas ore, north of James Rhodes' house, picked from surface, being an ore common on surface of Jack's mountain. Limonite, hard and sandy. Surface ore. ANALYSES OF HEMATITE ORES. M. 65 VI. aDull Bradley Mine, one mile east of iDuikard church. ILime ridge, south of Ferguson valley; ore from shaft. Vein three to five feet thick. Limonite, compact, containing a small admixture of ochreous iron ore; one of the pieces being section of a geode. VII. "' Squaw Hollow," three and half miles north-west from Lewistown. Moore's ore bank. Vein two to three feet thick. Mined by Logan Iron Company. Limonite, compact, with -much. adhering clay; structure somewhat laminated, part of the specimen being beautifully stalactitic. VIII. On Williams' Farm, four and a half miles east from Logan steel works; north synclinal. Limonite, compact, surface covered with ochreous earth, somewhat stalactitic. Color dark brown. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. IX. Barnhart Bank, four miles west of Lewlstown. Silicious hematite overlying the Oriskany sandstone, two to four feet thick. Limonite, silicious, with much adhering clay; structure laminated. Color chocolate brown. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. x. Sesquioxicle of iron....................................... 62.143 Alumina.................................................. 3.795 Sesquioxide of manganese..................................651 Lime........................................722 iM agnesia...................................................360 Phosphoric acid....1........1................... 1.362 Sulphuric acid.............................................053 Water.......................................... 11.390 Insoluble residue........................................ 19.690 100.166 Iron..................................................... 43.500 Sulphur..........................................021 Phosphorus.......................................595 X. First synclinal on Lewistown section, one mile north-west,of Lewistown. Marcellus vein. Limonite, containing cavities filled with ferruginous clay. 5-M. 66 M. A. S. M'CREATT. REPORT OF 1874-'75. XI. Sesquioxide of iron............................... 29.464 Alumina............................. 5.639' Oxide of manganese...................................... 14.902 Lime.................280 M agnesia..............................................335 B aryta.................................................... 204 Phosphoric acid.................................. 3.037 W ater..................................................... 23.270 Insoluble residue....................................... 22.840 99.971 Iron...................................................... 20.625 Manganese...1.....0................ 10.375 Sulphur....................................................034 Phosphorus............................................. 1.326 XI. Bog ore, Kansas, along side, and east andcwest of James Rhodes' house, five miles north-west of M'Veytown; ore one to three feet thick. Bog ore, compact, sandy, of a deep brown color. This ore was tested for organic acids, but no appreciable quantity was found. Itoilzut-gdon County. XII. XII]. XIV. XV. ron........................ 42.200 33.250 39.000 47.500 Sulphur.................. 12 trace..095 trace. Phosphorus..................130.345.096.402. Carbonate of lime............990................. Carbonate of magnesia..... 756............ Insoluble residue.......... 19.740 41.750 28.210 17.260 XII. Ore/fiom Orbison Slope, Sandy Ridge, near Orbisonia. YLimonite, hard, cellular, with much adhering clay. XIII. Chert Ore Bank, east of Broad Top railroad, Sandy Ridge, two miles south from Orbisonia. Ore from Oriskany shales. Rockhill Coal and Iron Company Limonite, hard, compact and silicious. XIV. Miountain Boulder Ore, on terrace of Blacklog mountain, near Orbisonia, north-east of Blacklog Gap. Rockhill Coal and Iron Company. Limonite, compact, silicious, surface somewhat velvety. XV. Lane Ore Bank, Ilill Valley, five miles north-west from Orbisonia. Ore in Oriskany sandstone, lower portion Chestnut Ridge. Lane property. Limonite, sandy, with large admixture of ochreous earth. ANALYSES OF HEMATITE ORES. M. 67 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. Iron.......................... 47.500 47.300 45.000 51.700 Sulphur.......................013 trace..032.023 Phosphous...................111.491.187.068 Insoluble residue............ 14.100 17.900 26.580 10.490 XVI. Hick's Ore Bank, between Logan ore bank and Stewart's ore, five miles from Orbisonia, Chestnut ridge. Roekhill Coal and Iron Company. Limonite, cellular, cells for the most part filled with ochreOns ore. XVII. Douglas Ore Bank, opposite Lane ore bank, five miles north-west from Orbisonia. Limonite, compact, silicious and cellular. XVIII. Mountcain Ore Bank, four miles south-west from Orbisonia, in crevice of Medina sandstone, Blacklog mountain. Rockhill Coal and Iron Company. Limonite, compact, botryoidal, somewhat cellular; color various shades of brown. XIX. Sandy Riclge Ore, two miles north from Orbisonia. Rockhill Coal and Iron Company. Limonite, very hard and compact, containing considerable ochreous iron ore; dark brown color. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIiI. Tron........,................. 34.800 37.900 33.300 29.800 Sulphur................... trace..010.126.060 Phosphorus.................726.386.238.082 Manganese................... 3.606.915.......... Insoluble residue............ 25.010 31.300 43.752 48.190 XX. Mlartin Ore Bank, Hill valley, south-west from Logan farm, five miles from Orbisonia, on terrace of Jack's mountain. Iron ore in lower Clinton shales on Martin ore land. Limonite, silicious, rather compact, with light brown color. XXI. Whitzel's Oe Or pening, on terrace of Jack's mountain, north of " Logan Farm " ore bank, five miles from Orbisonia. Ore in Clinton shales. Limonite, exceedingly silicious, with laminated structure. XXII. 1ft. Union, Jack's Narrows, one mile north from Mt. Union. " Bog" from loose rocks from red Medina sandstone. Limonite, very hard, cellular, containing masses of quartz; iridescent, with dark brown color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. 88 M. A... M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. XXIII. WVilson Farm, Hill valley, five miles north-west from Orbisonia. Iron ore from the seam of Oriskany sandstone. Limonite, silicious, exceedingly hard and tough; structure somewhat laminated; color reddish brown.,Section 6. Brown H- ematite Ores of the Coal Measures. Only five specimens of brown hematite ores have been examined from the coal measures. They are generally of good quality, yielding as the mean average 39.74 per cent of iron. In only two cases is there an appreciable amount of manganese present. The per cent of phosphorus is generally large, showing 0.444 as the mean average of the five samples examined. Only one specimen of red hematite has been examined from the coal measures. It yielded 57 per cent metallic iron, but is not supposed to exist in any great quantity. It is interesting, however, to notice this in connection with Dr. T. Sterry Iunt's discovery of several specimens of this valuable ore in the coal measures of the Hocking valley, Ohio. Cleafidd County. I. 1I. Iron............................................ 42.400 40.800 Sulphur...................................039 trace. Phosphorus.................................... 82.596 Insoluble residue................................ 23.120 25.600 I. Lanmbert's Ore, on Clearfield creek, seven miles above mouth. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 100.) Limonite ore, of a reddish brown color, compact, laminated structure. II. Leightner's Ore, on Clearfield creek, five miles south-west of Glen Hope. From outcrop near hill top. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 108.) Limonite ore, hard, compact, silicious and of a dark brown color. Jefferson County. III. IV. Iron..................................... 36.800 37.700 Manganese...................................... 1.744 2.12 Sulphur. 0...................................... 34 018 Phosphorus...................................... 29.553 Insoluble residue............................... 22.980 20.77) ANALYSES OF CARBONATE ORES. M. 69 III. Boaird's Ore, three and a half miles west of Brockway ville, on top of limestone bed. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 222.) Limonite, compact, highly fossiliferous, of a reddish brown color. IV. Bovaird's Ore, fossils in ore on top of limestone. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 223.) Limonite, compact, highly fossiliferous, of a reddish brown color; almost the entire mass being made up of closely packed fossil forms. Centre County. v. Iron............................................... 41.000 Sulphur.................................................. trace. Phosphorus...................................692 Insoluble residue................................. 25.250 V. Brown hematite ore just west of the summit of the Allegheny mountain, on line of Bellefonte and Snow Shoe railroad. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 78.) Limonite ore, brittle, arenaceous, of a light brown color. Section 7. carbonate Ores of the Juniata. BDevonian. Five specimens of carbonate ores from Mifliin and Huntingdon counties have been examined during the past season. The general excellence of their character is at once apparent on glancing at the analyses given in the following tables. The mean average per cent of iron is 36.78. The amount of phosphorus present is unusually small, the average percentage being 0.189. When thoroughly roasted these ores will yield from 45 to 60 per cent metallic iron. One of the specimens from the Ross ore bank shows an ore of unusual purity; when thoroughly roasted it yields 60 per cent metallic iron. The small amount of injurious ingredients present will allow the profitable production of an excellent quality of metal. It is curious to notice how this ore is oxidized, and its character entirely changed in some parts of the bed. An analysis. of the limonite ore found associated with it gives 42.50 per cent of iron and 0.078 per cent of phosphorus. 70 M... A S. M'CREATI. REPORT OF 18T4-'75. ilfftin County. Io II. Iron............................... 33.500 42.500 Sulphur...............................734.260 Phosphorus.......................................110.135 Insoluble residue.............................. 18.870 3.390 1. Ross Ore Bcul27, M'Veytown gap, one mile north of M'Veytown. Black carbonate ore; lower depths of vein. Here this specimen alternates with shale and, ilncluding the yellow hematite, measures from 24 to 28 feet. Carbonate ore, exceedingly hard and compact, surface somewhat hematitic and botryoidal, structure laminated, and fraeture conchoidal; color various shades. of black. The ore carries considerable carbonaceous mnatter. II. Ross Ore Bank7c, M'Veytown gap, one mile north from M'Veytown. Carbonate ore, upper portion in layers divided by black shale. Whole thickness of measures, including alternations, 24 to 28 feet Carbonate ore, bard and compact, color bluish-black, crust hematitic, fracture conchoidal, showing small crystals of pyrites. Ore carries considerable carbonaceous matter, and when thoroughly roasted yields sixty per cent metallic iron, and five per cent insoluble silicious residue. lII. Protoxide of iron......................................... 48.857 Sesquioxide of iron.....4............................825 Bisulphide of iron.........................................262 A lum ina.................................................. 2.240 Protoxide of manganese.................................. 1.625 Lime................................................... 4.536 Magnesia................................................569 Phosphoric acid........................................... 1.314 SulphuLric acid..33 Sulphuric acid.............................................133 Carbonic acid............................... 32.650 Water..................................................... 368 Organic m atter..................................360 Insoluble residue......................................... 6.410 100.149 Iron....................................................... 38.700 Sulphur...................................................192 Phosphorus........................ 574 III. Lewistowzn Section, one mile north-west of Lewistown. Carbonate ore taken from near the surface. Clay iron ore, steel gray color, hard and compact, with conchoidal fracture. ANALYSES OF CARBONATE ORES. M, 71 Huntingdon County. IV. V. Iron...................................... 35.500 33.700 Sulphur....................................480.533 Phosphorus.................................... 081.045 Insoluble residue............................... 14.790 18.520 IV. Near Hill Valley, five miles west from Orbisonia, Chest-:nut Ridge. " Logan farm" bank. Marcellus ore vein. Clay iron ore, carbonate, compact, cellular, and of a light gray color. V. Orbison Slope, Sandy Ridge, near Orbisonia. Rockhill Coal and Iron Co. Carbonate ore, compact, somewhat slaty structure, with small seams of limonite. Section 8. Carbonate Ores of the Coal Measures. Thirteen carbonate ores from the coal measures have been examined during the past season. They are rather lean, but when roasted will yield sufficient iron to be profitably worked in the blast furnace. From their convenience to the fuel and flux necessary for their smelting, the day cannot be far distant when these ores must play a prominent part in the iron industries of the United States. By being roasted they lose their carbonic acid and other volatile ingredients, and as the fragments of ore retain very nearly their original size and form, they thereby acquire a degree of -porosity which materially facilitates their after reduction in the blast furnace. They usually contain quite an appreciable amount,of foreign admixtures, such as lime and magnesia, which are in themselves valuable adjuncts in the blast furnace. The mrean average per cent of iron of the thirteen specimens examined is 30.30. The amount of sulphur and phosphorus generally present is in most cases quite small, so that the product from their smelting ought to be a foundry iron of excellent quality. Only one sample of so called blackband ore has been examined during the past season. A partial analysis of it is given 72 M. A. S. I CREATII REPORT OF 1874-'75. in No. II, —of these tables. A complete analysis of this orehas been made by Mr. Frederick iW. Forman, under my direction, and the results are here given as showing the true character of the ore. For comparison, an analysis of the blackband ore from Low Moor, Yorkshire, analyzed by Mr. J. Spiller, is also given. It is interesting to notice how closely the two analyses correspond. The amount of carbonaceous matter present is small compared with the famous Scotch blackband ironstone. In order to make the comparison complete, an analysis. of this latter made by me in 1868, in the Laboratory of the late Professor Penny, Glasfgow, is added to the tables. Centre County. i. - II. III. IV. Iron......................... 30.250 35.800 29.300 28.700 Sulphur......................112 trace..010.011 Phosphorus..................211.204.201.178 Insoluble residue........... 19.630 16.050 17.600 23.600 I. Yeager's Ore, one and a half miles west of Snow Shoe City.. (P. P., 1874, IH, p. 76.) Carbonate ore, compact, minutely crystalline, dark gray color,. with conchoidal fracture. II. [3' laster's Ore, near Snow Shoe City. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 76.) Carbonate ore, hard, minutely crystalline, of a steel gray color and conchioidal fracture. II. Snow Shoe Basin, ore overlying Bed C, Mine No. 1. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 77.) Carbonate ore. Color various shaded of brown and black. Structure slaty, very hard and compadt. A specimen of this. ore when thoroughly roasted in the Laboratory, yielded 43 per cent metallic iron. IV. Snow hJioe Basin'l Clayband ore, underlying middle.bed of coal. (R. P., 1874, XI, p. 77.) Carbonate ore, hard and- compact, of a dark color and slaty structure. v. vI. Iron.......................... 30.100 32.600 Sulphur..........................................086.013 Phosphorus..............,....................364.993 Insoluble residue............................... 23.250 20.530 V. Snowt Shoe Basin. Ore underlying Mine No. 4. Ore, overlying Coal Bed A. (R. P., 1874, H. pi. 77 \ ANALYSES OF CARBONATE ORES. AM. 73 Carbonate ore, hard and compact, minutely crystalline, steel gray color, with conchoidal fracture. VI. Snoio Shoe Basin. Ore underlying Mine No. 4. (R. P. 1874, H, p. 77.) Carbonate ore, hard and compact, steel gray color and conehoidal fracture. Clearfield County. VII. VIII. Iron.......................................... 34.000 34.000 Sulphur................................ ~054.061 Phosphorus.....................................521.356 Insoluble residue.............................. 21 040 18.050 VII. Karthaus JMine, near Karthaus P. O. (R. P., 1874, 11, p. 82.) Red ore, abandoned drift, from loose ore lying in front. Carbonate ore, surface hematitic, hard and compact, nodular,. concentric. VIII. e. Leiyhtner's Ore, on Clearfield creek, five miles south west of Glen Hope. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 107.) Ore from lower bed 60 feet above creek. Carbonate ore, minutelv crystalline, of a dark steel gray color and conchoidal fracture. Jefferson County. ix. X. xI. Iron................................... 34.000 21.100 27.000 Sulphur............................... 355.127.03 Phosphorus............................202.493.106 Insoluble residue................... 11.390 30.010 31.120 IX. Hog Shanty Buan Ore, seven miles west, south-west of Reynoldsville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 168.) Carbonate ore, exceedingly hard and compact, minutely crystalline, of a dark gray color, with conchoidal fracture, and showing crystals of iron pyrites. X. Clayville Iron Ore, in bed of Mahoning creek, threefourths of a mile west of Punxatawney. Ore resting onl limestone. (R. P., 1874, IH, p. 183.) Carbonate ore, compact, silicious, of a greenish gray color, and showing crystals of pyrites. XI.'P. Galusha Ore, on Toby creek, three miles north-west of Brockwayville. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 221.) Carbonate ore, hard, compact and silicious, light gray ii color, and with conchoidal fracture. 74 M.. A. SM CREATII. REPORT OF 1874-75. Indiana County. XII. Iron................................................ 26.500 Sulphur....................................................141 Phosphorus............................................149 Irsoluble residue....................................... 34.460 XII. Schlimmer's Iron Ore, Canoe township, three and a half miles south-east of Punxatawney. (R. P., 1874, I, p. 185.) Carbonate ore, hard, compact and silicious, of a bluish gray color and conchoidal fracture. Clarion County. XIII. Iro....................................................... 30.600 Sulphur....................................................075 Phosphorus............................................. 225 Insoluble residue.........................................300 XIII.. Himes' Ore, New Bethlehem, Red Bank creek, Low Grade railroad. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 234.) Carbonate ore, hard, compact, and of a dark gray color and conchoidal fracture. Blackbacd Iron Ores. i. IT. iii. Ferric oxide............................ 4.127 1.450 0.750 Ferrous oxide.......................... 33.171 36.140 35.390 Manganous oxide...................... 1.962 1.380 1.860 Alumina............................. 3.347 6.740.410 Lim e.................................. 3.494 2.700 2.010 Magnesia.............................. 2.021 2.170.860 Potash......................................650...... Silica................................. 20.160 17.370 6.400 Carbonic acid.......................... 25.950 26.570 24.950 Phosphoric acid..........................513.340.510 Sulphuric acid........................ trace. tace ae..... Iron pyrites............................021.100 trace, Water..hygroscopic.. 1.650.1'10.400 combined. 1.160 Carbonaceous matter.................. 2.730 2.400 26.800 99.149 99.780 100.340 Metallic iron......................... 28.700 29.100 27.520 I. Snow Shoe Basin, Centre county. Blackband ore overlying bed C. Analyzed by Fred'k W. Forman. II. Blackband from Lotw Moor, in Yorkshire. Analyzed by J. Spiller. III. Scotch bcLckcband ironstone. Analyzed by A. S. M'Creath. ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES. M. 75 CHAPTER III. LIMESTONES. Method of Analysis. l. Insoluble Residue. -One gramme of the finely pulverized limestone is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the solution evaporated to dryness; re-dissolved in dilute acid, and the insoluble residue filtered off. This is washed thoroughly, dried, ignited and weighed. 2. Iron and Alumina.rThe iron and alumina, in the filtrate are precipitated with a slight excess of ammonia, the solution boiled, and the precipitate filtered off: This is dissolved in a small quantity of acid, and re-precipitated with ammonia. The filtrate from this is added to the other. The precipitate of iron and alumnia is thoroughly washed, ignited and weighed. A separation is best made, when the iron is in small quantities, by the method given in the analysis of fire-clay. The second precipitation of the iron and alumina is made, as a small quantity of lime is invariably carried down by the first precipitation. 3. Lime.-The two filtrates from the iron and alumina are treated with an excess of oxalate of ammonia, and the precipitate after being allowed to stand aside for some time, is filtered off and washed thoroughly. It is then burned off, the resulting carbonate of lime dissolved in a small quantity of hydrochloric acid, and the lime precipitatec from the solution by an excess of sulphuric acid and alcohol The mixture is allowed to stand aside for twelve hours, after which the sulphate of lime is filtered off, washed with alcohol and water, dried, ignited and weighed. From the weight of the sulphate of lime found the amount of lime is calculated. 4. Mlgnesia.-The magnesia is estimated in the filtrate from the oxalate of lime precipitate, by being thrown down in a strongly ammoniacal solution by means of phosphate of soda. The solution is allowed to stand aside for twelve hours, after which the precipitate is filtered off, washed with ammonia 76 MI. A. S. M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. water, dried, ignited and weighed. From the weight of the phosphate obtained the per cent of magnesia is calculated. 5. Sldphur' and Phosphorus are estimated by the methods as given under iron ores. Lehich county. I. II. III. IV. Carbonate of lime............ 51.920 47.890 51.603 48.630 Carbonate of magnesia...... 41.071 39.585 32.917 40.410 Sulphur..................... trace. trace..147.005 Phosphorus.................011.021.012.012 Insoluble residue............ 5.650 11.260 13.490 9.240 I. Thomas Iron, Co.'s Quarry, three-fourths of a mile northy north-west of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 12.) Linmestone, hard, compact, and of a bluish gray color. II. Thonmas Iron Co.'s Quarry, three-fourths of a mile northeast of Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 12.) Limestone, compact, highly crystalline, and of a bluish gray color. III. lr]s. Kuhn's Quarry, one and a half miles north-east of Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 12.) Limestone, compact, silicious, and of a light bluish gray color. IV. Frtatz Quarry, one and a half miles north-east of Trexlertown. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 12.) Timestone, hard, silicious, of a dark blue color. Centre County. v. vI. Carbonate of lime.............................. 42.941 51.153 Carbonate of magnesia......................... 22.764 13.265 Sulphur.........................599 trace. Phosphorus..................................050.287 Insoluble residue................. 18.730 23.530 V. Snow Shoe Basin, Freeport limestone underlying ore. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 76.) Limestone, hard, compact, silicious, and of a dirty gray color. VI. Snow Shoe Basin, Freeport limestone. (Shaft of Bellefonte and Snow Shoe railroad.) (R. P., 1874, 1-1, p. 76.) Limestone, hard and highly silicious, and with conchoidal fracture. ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES. NI. 77 Clecafield County. Vi,. VIII. Carbonate of lime............................... 93.810 91.880 Carbonate of magnesia.......................... 1.710 1.892 Sulphur..........................................053.135 Phosphorus.......................................00s.031 Insoluble residue............................... 2.070 2.770 VII. Ccddwell's Openingy, one mile west of Glenn Hope. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 105.) Limestone, hard, compact, and of a bluish gray color. VIII. Owen's Opening, on Clearfield creek, one mile east of Clearfield. (R. P., 1874, tI, p. 98.) Limestone, highly crystalline, of a deep blue color, Elk County. IX. X. Carbonate of lime................................ 66.912 36.764 Carbonate of magnesia.......................... 9.836 2.011 Sulphur.........................................118 trace. Phosphorus.......................................072.031 Insoluble residue............................... 16.130 53.330 IX. Pearscll's (Goqf's) Rtun, one mile north of Caledonia. (R. P., 1874,, I p. 139.) Limestone, hard, compact, crystalline, bluish gray color, con choidal fracture, and showing crystals of pyrites. X. Pearsall's ( Gqo's) Run. Second sample. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 139.) Limestone, hard, very sandy, and of a bluish gray color. York County. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. Carbonate of lime,.......... 73.180 62.350 77.890 93.870 Carbonate of magnesia....... 4.370 6.320 2.830.960 Iron.....................520 5.270 1.330.300 Insoluble residue............ 21.500 20.060 15.890 4.300 XI. In bottom of lI' William's Slope, one mile north-east from Dillsburg. Limestone conglomerate, crystalline; color greenish gray. XII. Opposite Allison's Mill, Xenia P. 0., five miles south-east from Hanover. Limestone, including fragments of chlorite slate, greenish gray color, with considerable adherihg oxide of iron. Contains "a considerable amount of manganese. 78 M. A. S. M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. XIII. In Shacft No. 5, three-fourths of a mile north-east fromn AMt. Alto furnace, Franklin county. Conglomerate limestone from heading of drift. XIV. Half a mile south of Seitzland, in railroad cut, five miles north of Maryland line, Northern Central railroad. White crystalline limestone, enclosing fragments of chloriteslate. CHAPTER IV. FIRE-CLAYS. Method of Analysis. 1. Silica.-One gramme of the finely pulverized clay is fused with six grammes of carbonate of soda over a Bunsen burner, until fusion is complete. The fused mass is then dissolved out in water, acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness with the addition of a few drops of nitric acid; re-dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and the silica filtered off, washed thoroughly with hot water, dried, ignited and weighed. 2. Iron and Alumina.-The iron and alumina in the solution are then precipitated by means of a slight excess of ammonia, the solution boiled, and the precipitate filtered off. After being thoroughly washed with hot water, it is dried, ignited and weighed. This result gives the oxide of iron and alumina. By dissolving the ignited precipitate in hydrochloric acid, the amount of iron present may be estimated by means of a standard solution of bichromate of potash, first taking the precaution to reduce the iron to the state of protochloride by zinc. Where, however, only a small amount of iron is present, it is found. best to effect the separation by means of caustic potash. By repeating the separation, the oxide of iron is obtained perfectly free from alumina. Before burning off the oxide of iron, it is first re-dissolved in acid and precipitated with ammonia. The weight of this precipitate is ascertained and deducted from the total iron and alumina, and the difference put down as alumina. 3. Lieme.-The filtrate from the precipitation of the iron and alumina by ammonia, is boiled for some time with oxalate of ANALYSES OF FIRE-CLAYS. M. 79 ammonia. The solution after being allowed to stand aside for some time, is then filtered from the oxalate of lime, which is washed well with hot water, dried and ignited; it is then moistened with a solution of carbonate of ammonia, and heated until the last traces of the volatile salt have been expelled. It is weighed as carbonate, from which the per cent of lime is calculated. Where a considerable amount of lime is present, the method of estimation as given for limestones is preferable, but where only a small quantity exists in the substance under examination, the above method is much shorter and is equally reliable. 4. Magnesia.-The magnesia is estimated in the filtrate fromthe lime by precipitating it in a strongly ammoniacal solution by means of the phosphate of soda. 5. Water.-One gramme of the clay, in powder, is heated in a glass tube to a dull red heat, and the water collected in a counterpoised chloride of calcicum tube, the increase in weight of which gives the amount of water present. 6. Alkalies.-One gramme of the finely pulverized clay is intimately mixed with an equal weight of chloride of ammonium; eight parts by weight of carbonate of lime are then added, and the whole thoroughly mixed. The mixed mass is then transferred to a large platina crucible, and heated cautiously until all the ammoniacal salts are expelled. The heat is now increased until the crucible becomes red hot, at which temperature it is kept for about an hour. The crucible and contents are then put into a beaker with hot water; the mass soon separates from the crucible, which may now be taken out and washed thoroughly. The mixture is allowed to digest at a moderate heat for some time, when the solution is filtered. The filtrate is treated with an excess of carbonate of ammonia, then concentrated by evaporation, after which some more carbonate of ammonia and a little caustic ammonia are added to precipitate the last traces of the lime. The solution is now filtered into a tared platina capsule, a few drops of sulphuric acid added, and the whole evaporated to dryness. The residue, in the dish, is now cautiously heated over a gas flame until the salts of ammonia have volatilized; it is then moistened with a solution of carbonate of ammonia, after which it is heated to a dull red so as '80 M. A. S. M CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. to drive off all salts of ammonia. The capsule is then transferred to the desiccator, where it is allowed to cool. The weight is then taken and the increase noted as sulphates of the alkalies. Sometimes a small amount of insoluble residue is present, which must be deducted from the total weight of the sulphates. The sulphuric acid is estimated by dissolving the mass in water, with a little hydrochloric acid, and precipitating with chloride of barium. By deducting the weight of the sulphuric acid from the weight of the sulphates of the alkalies, the amount of alkalies present in the clay is found. This method was first suggested by Prof. J. Lawrence Smith, and is found to work admirably. 7. Titanic Acid.-When titanic acid is present, the clay is decomposed by fusing with bisulphate of soda, the fused mass dissolved out in cold water, and the silica filtered off. It was found that long protracted boiling was insufficient to precipitate the titanic acid from this solution. By first precipitating with ammonia and afterwards dissolving in sulphuric acid, the precipitation of titanic acid by boiling is almost immediate and complete. By this method the titanic acid is obtained perfectly free from impurity. 8. SulpAuric Acid and Sulphur.-These are determined by the same processes as given for iron ores. The sulphur existing as sulphuric acid is deducted from the total sulphur, and the residue calculated as iron pyrites, (bisulphide of iron.) Centre County. I. II. II. Iv. Silica......................... 45.650 44.950 45.820 74.950 Alumina..................... 34.730 37.750 35.950 15.940 Protoxide of iron............ 3.546 2.700 3.380 1.899 Bisulphide of iron........... none. none. none. none. Lime..........................112.302.112.106 Magnesia.....................619.216.573.407 Alkalies..................... 5.750.985 4.130 1.v56 Sulphuric acid..............165.075 trace..050 Water........................ 9.650 13.050 10.130 4.885 100.222 100.028 100.045 99.993 I. Sandy Ridge, Tyrone and Clearfield railroad, four miles from Osceola, Clearfield county. Top layer. (R. ]., 1874, II, p. 119.) ANALYSES OF FIRE-CLAYS. M. 81 Clay, massive, pearl gray color, unctuous; outside of piece slightly fibrous. II. Sandy Ridge, four miles from Osceola. Second layer from top. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 119.) Clay, compact, grayish color, with bluish tint on fresh fracture. III. Sandy Ridge, four miles from Osceola. Third layer from top. (R. P., 1874, I, p. 119.) Clay, compact, pearl gray color, containing small scales of mica. Breaks up in blocks. IV. Sandy Ridge, four miles from Osceola. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 119.) Clay, compact and sandy, pearl gray color, containing small -scales of mica. Clearfield County. V. VI. vII. VIII. Silica....................... 60.130 64.850 50.150 67.950 Alumina.................... 25.710 23.770 35.600 20.150 Protoxide of iron........... 2.371 1.218.827 1.960 Bisulphide of iron...........067.032.031.032 Lime.......................117.190.112.084 Magnesia.....................663.122.160.216 Alkalies.................... 3.490.345.070 2.045 Sulphurlc acid...............191.280.140.224 Water...................... 7.280 9.560 13.610 6.580 100.019 100.367 100.700 99.241 V. Clearfield Fire-Clay Works; mine at Clearfield. No. 1, two feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 126.) The clay is hard, compact, and of a slaty color. VI. Clearfield Fire-Clay Works; mine at Clearfield. No. 2, two feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 126.) The clay is hard, compact, and of a slaty color. VII. Clearfield.Fire-Clay WVorks; mine at Clearfield. No. 3, four feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, IH, p. 126.) The clay is hard, compact, and of a dark olive color; fracture conchoidal, and structure slightly laminatel. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. VIT1. Cleafield Fire-Clay Works; mine at Clearfield. No. 4, two feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 126.) The clay is hard, compact, and of a dark gray color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. 6-M. 82 M. A. S. M'CREATI. REPORT OF 1874-75. IxX.. xi. xII. xiII. Silica............. 57.875 5.560 61.000 51.360 61.975 Alumina.......... 27.005 28.820 25.800 31.250 22.260 Protoxide of iron.. 2.549 2.243 2.347 1.936 2.696 Bisulphide of iron,.033.135.064.748.101 Titanic acid......................500.385 Lime..............112.431 trace..061.157 Magnesia..........465.605.530.260.380 Alkalies.......... 3.170 1.800 2.800.035 1.795 Sulphuric acid...........869.379.381.240 Water............. 8.305 11.406 7.792 12.832 9.278 99.514 99.869 100.712 99.363 99.267 IX. Clearfeld Fire-Clay Works; mine at Clearfield. No. 5, two feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 126.) The clay is hard, compact, unctuous, with gray color anld slaty structure. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. X. Clearfield Fire-Clay Works; mine at Clearfield. No. 6, two feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, H, p, 126.) The clay is hard, compact and slaty, and of a slightly bluish color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XI. Clearfield _Fire-Clay Works; mine at Clearfield. No. 7, four feet average thickness. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 126.) The clay is hard, brittle, unctuous, and of a gray color, Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XII. Qlearfield Fire-Clay Works; Mine at Clearfield. No. 8, two feet average thickness. The clay is compact, of a light pearl gray color, with conchoidal fracture. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XIII. Clearfeld Fire-Clay Works; raw brick. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XIV... XVI. Silica.................. 42.700 43.350 44.550 Alumina............ 37.600 37.550 39.000 Protoxide of iron.............. 2.385 2.145 1.440 Titanic acid........................... 2.500 2.825 1.700 Lime..................112.084.028 Magnesia............................270.'2.042 Alkalies...............................730.235.530 Water................................. 13.840 14.170 13.680 100.137 100.593 100.980 ANALYSES OF FIRE-CLAYS. M. 83 XIV. Porter's Mine, (Harrisburg Fire-clay Works,) three miles west of Blue Ball Station. Tyrone and Clearfield railroad, five miles west of Philipsburg. Upper layer. (R. P., 1874, -I, p 121.) The clay is hard, compact, of a dark bluish gray color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XV. Porter's Mine, Blue Ball Station. Middle layer. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 121.) The clay is hard, compact, with pearl gray color and conchoidal fracture. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XVI. Porter's Mine, Blue Ball Station. Bottom layer. (R. P., 1874, II, p. 121.) The clay is hard and compact, with light pearl gray color and conchoidal fracture. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. Silica...................... 46.250 45.450 45.230 46.180 Alumina..................... 37.500 36.125 38.030 36.880 Protoxide of iron............ 1.935 2.275 1.980 2.250 Bisulphide of imon...................... Lime........................168.168.163.173 Magnesia.....................126.342.237.317 Alkalies.................... 1.115 1.290.830 2.760 Sulphuric acid........................... 013.009 Water........................ 13.540 13.730 13.605 11.580 100.634 99.380 100.088 100.149 XVII. Hfope Fire-Clay Mine, near Woodland P. 0., Tyrone and Clearfield railroad. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 123.) The clay is hard, compact, pearl gray color, and somewhat slaty structure. nal nyzed by S. A. Ford. XVIII. -Woovdland Fire-GClay Works; mine at north side of Loaring Run brook. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 123.) The clay is hard, compact, with pearl gray color and slaty structure. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XIX. Gearzahrt Clay; mine about three-fourths of a mile north-west of WVoodland station, on the Tyrone and Clearfield railroad. Hard clay. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 124.) The clay is hard and compact, with slaty color. 84' M. A.. S M'CREATII. REPORT OF 1874-'75. XX. Gecalriart Clay; mine about three-fourths of a mile north-west of Woodland station, on Tyrone and Clearfield rail-:oad. Soft clay. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 124.) The clay is compact, of a pearl gray color, and comparatively "soft. Jeflerson County. XXI. XXII. XXIII, Silica................................ 58.125 60.675 78.075 Alumina............................ 26.500 25.915 14.440 Protoxide of iron.................... 3.234 2.210 1.590 Bisulphide of iron....................008........... Lim e............................078.089.056 Magnesia.............................555.465.480 Alkalies............................. 2.180 1.925 1.670 S-ulphuric acid......................058 trace. trace. W' ater................................ 9.725 9.090 4.163 100.463 100.369 100.474 XXI. Nlewsome Fire-Clay; three-quarters of a mile south of Brookville. Top layer. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 225.) Clay is comparatively soft, and of a pearl gray color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XXII. Newsome Fire-Clay; middle layer. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 225.) Clay is compact, unctuous, and of a pearl gray color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XXIII. Newsorme Fire-Clay; bottom layer. (R. P., 1874, I1, p. 225.) Clay is very sandy, hard, compact, and of a light gray color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. Elk county. XXIV. XXV. Siica........................................... 44.450 44.045 Alumina........................................ 38.945 39.445 Protoxide of iron........................... 2.135.940 Lime.......7...................................173.075'Magnesia..............................155.115 Sulphuric acid................................... trace. trace. Alkalies..........................................760.720 W ater........................................... 13.287 14.138 99.905 99.478 XXIV. Jones' ]Jiane, one a half miles west of Benezette. (R. P., 1874, H-, p. 134.) ANALY~SES OF FIRE-CLAYS. M. 85S The clay is hard, compact, of a pearl gray color, with conchoidal fracture. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XXV. 7. Fletcher 4 Brother's Mine, two miles west of Beiiezette. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 135.) Clay is very hard and compact, and of a light gray color, Analyzed by S. A. Ford. Notes.-Clays are essentially hydrated silicates of alumina, and on the presence of the water of combination depends their plasticity or capability of being moulded into any given form,, Bischof finds that the analysis of a clay gives a distinct indication as to its power of resisting extreme heats. The value of a refractory clay is found by the proportion of alumina to the silica, and again by that of the alumina to the fluxes, (alkalies, alkaline earths and iron oxide.) The more alumina a clay contains in proportion to the fluxes or fusible matter, the more refractory it is; on the other hand, the fusibility of a clay at high temperatures increases directly with the quantity of silica it contains. Of two clays containing the same proportion of alumina to fluxes, the one containing relatively less silica will be found to resist heat better. Save in the case of a few well defined exceptions-dependent upon certain external properties of the clays-it was found that clays having the same proportions of aluminous and silicious constituents, possessed an equal power of resisting extreme heats. The principal impurities in clays are oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, alkalies, and sometimes a small amount of iron pyrites. The presence of these in considerable quantity renders the clay incapable of withstanding a high temperature without fusion. Fire-bricks, formed of baked clay, must be able to withstand sudden changes of temperature without fracture, and extreme degrees of heat without fusion, In order to afford a convenient comparison of the clays from this State with other standard clays, the analyses here given in detailed form are grouped together in a table, followed by tables giviig the analyses of standard British clays and others from the Continent of Europe. PENNSYLVANIA FIRE CLAYS. co r~~ CC ~ D C g ^ ^ ^'1: B"~ - I ^ I ~CCD.D ~ 1. Sandy Ridge, Centre county..... 45.650 34.730 3.546......112.619 5.750.165 9.650 100.222 2. Sandy I-Ridge........ do............ 44.950 37.750 2. 7 2. SadyRdge do............ 44.950 37.750 2.700................302.216.985.075 13.050 100.028 3. SandyRidge........ do............ 45.820 35.950 3.330.................112.573 4.130 trace 10.130 100.045 4. Sandy Ridge........do............ 74.950 15.940 1.899....106.407 1.756.050 4.885 99.993 ^ 5. Clearfield Fire-clay Works........ 60.130 25.710 2.371.067.......117.663 3.490.191 7.280 100.01.9 6. Clearfield..........do..... 64.850 23.770 1.218.032........190.122.345.280 9.650 100.367. 7. Clearfield..........do..........o. 50.150 35.600.827.031........112.160.070.140 13.610 100.700 8. Clearfield..........do............ 67.950 20.150 1.960.032.......084.216 2.045.224 6.580 99.241 9. Clearfield........do............. 57.875 27.005 2.549.033..........112.465 3.170...... 8.350 99.514 a 10. Clearfield..........do.......... 53.560 28.820 2.243.135........431.605 1.800.869 11.403 99.869 ^ 11. Clearfield..........do............ 61.000 25.800 2.347.064........ trace..530 2.800.379 7.792 100.712 ~ 12. Clearfield...... do............. 51.360 31.250 1.936.748.500.061.260.035.381 12.832 99.363 - 13. Clearfield..........do............. 61.975 22.260 2.696.101.385.157.380 1.795.240 9.278 99.267 0 14. Blue Ball......................... 42.700 37.600 2.385........ 2.500.112.270.730........ 13.840 100.137 y 15. Blue Ball..........................43.350 37.550 2.145....... 2.825.084.234.235........ 14.170 100.593 16. Blue Ball.......................... 44.550 39.000 1.440.. 1.700.028.072.530...... 13.660 100.980 5 17.'Woodland Station............ 46.250 37.500 1.935....168.126 1.115.. 13.540 100.634 3 18. Woodland Station............ 45.450 36.125 2.27.................1.342 1.290........ 13.730 99.380 I 19. XVoodland Station............... 45.230 38.030 1.980...........163.237.830.013 13.605 100.088 _] 20. WodlandStation............... 46.180 3.80 2.250................73.317 2.760.009 11.580 100.149 o 2.1. Newsome Fire-dclay................58.125 26.500 3.231.008........078.555 2.180.058 9.725 100.463 22. 3Nevvsome.....do.................. 60.675 25.915 2.210.................089.465 1.925 trace. 9.090 100.369 23. Newsome_....do......do............ 78.075 14.440 1.590................. 056.480 1.670 trace. 4.163 100.474 24. Jones........do.................. 44.450 38.945 2.135.................173.155.760 trace. 13.287 99.905 25. E. Fletcher & Bro., Fire-clay...... 44.045 I 39.445.940...............075.115.720 trace. 14.138 I 99.478 COMPOSITION OF BRITISH FIRE-CLAYS. 1. ^2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Silica..................... 63.30 51.80 50.20 51.10 69.25 55.50 67.12 53.05 58.10 66.16 79.40 68.98 42.00 59.49 45.25 Alumina................... 223.30 30.40 32.59 31.35 17.90 27.75 21.18 28.13 26.59 22.54 12.25 23.82 40.90 28.95 28.27 Protoxide of iron...........80 4.14...... 6 297 2.01............... 5.31......10 trace 1.05.... Sesquioxide of iron /............ 3.52 /...... 1.85 2.48 2.97...... 1.30.39......... 772 Lime............3..36..4 1.46 130.67.32.17.40 1.42.50 trace 1.30 trace.47 Magnesia......................50.44 1.54...75.84 1.20.99 trace....17.10. Potash.................2.......... 2.32.............2.19 2.02 4.19 1.21.............07.................... Soda.......................... tr..49....................... Water, combine......... 9.69 10.47 7.58 4.82 5.82 7.57 3.14 5.20 5.54 Water, hygroscopi....... 10.30 1.............. 1.39 2.20 1.41.......85 4.70 11.05 17.34 Organic matter.............90 2.82 1.21............... ) 99.43 99.95 99.12 100.55 99.00 99.84 100.44 100.08 100.45 98.57 98.65.100.41 99.00 100.54 99.05 1. Stourbridge, Worecestershire-; used for glass pots; by C. Tookey. 2. Brierley H-ill, Staffordshire; by T. H.. H-enry. 3. Glascote, near Tamworth; by J. Spiller. 4, 5. Newcastle on Tyne; byT. Richardson. 6. Newcastle on Tyne; by Hugh Taylor. S 7, 8, 9. Dowlais, South Wales; by E. Riley; No. 7 is considered the best fire-clay of the district. 10. Glasgow; by J. Brown. M 11. Ireland; by T. H. Henry; clay of excellent quality. 12. Lee Moor, Devon; by J. A. Phillips. 13. Clay from Stann-ington; Q by Le Play. 14. Clay from the iron works at Gartsherrie; by Schwarz. 15. Clay from Stourbridge; by Salvetat. o.:: i. COMPOSITION OFl FIRE-CLAYS FROM TEHE CONTINENT OF' EUROPE. 0) II ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Slica, c msbined... 63.57 60.60 66.10 - 252.084 20 9.1 60.40 54.06 46.50 55.46 77.32 56.00 52.00 0 4750 Silica, as sand........... 25.04 21.04 26.40 5901.7 2.00 9.80 47 Alumina..................27.45 26.39 19.80 29.06 30.04 27.46 24.26 24.09 26.99 34.90 31.74 15.57 26.00 25.00 34.37 P Sesquioxide of iron........15 2.50 6.30.45.67.93 4.04 3.70 2.73 3.00.59.86......... 1.24 Lime................... 55.84.........04.56.10 1.32.55.85.......19 trace..........50 Magnesia.................. trace..............70.18.34.72.61 82.....2.13 2.00 trace. 1.00 Potash.................................... 40 1.20 o.29.24...... 2.49.67 oda......................40 1.................... 2.22.33 68.63.....................22.33. 68.63.. Water, conbined.......... 8.64 9.20 7.50 9.03 8.45 8.00 10.24 10.60 14.15 13.30 9.37 5.61 14.00 12.60 14.43 t W ater, hygroscopic....... 1.27............................................................................. ____101.63 99.53 99.70 97.54 99.08 98.33 100.79 100.46 100.17 97.70 100.66 100.79 100.00 99.40 99.04 1. Beleiu, Ardennes. 2. Dourdan, Seine-et-Oise. 3. Hayanges, Moselle; by Salv6tat; No. 3 used or fire-bricks. 4, 5, 6. Clays I from Belgium; by Bischof. 7. Schoningen, Hanover; by Streng. 8, 9. Kipfendorf, Saxe-Coburg; byFresenius. 10. Almerode, i Hessen-Cassel; by Berthier. 11. Vallendar, near Coblenz. 12. Mehlem, near Konigswinter. 13. Tahier, Belgium; by Coste. S 14. Mazet, Belgium; by Coste. 15. Almerode, Hesse; makes excellent crucibles; by Salvetat. The above tables were taken from Phillips' Elements of Metallurgy" and Crookes & Rohrigs'' Steel and Fuel." CI_ < ca MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. M. 89 CHAPTER V. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. Protoxide of iron.......................................... 45.064 Sesquioxide of iron.............................. 1.553 Bisulphide of iron........................457 Alumina................................................... 1.643 Protoxide of manganese.................................. 1.150 Lim e...........................................644 Magnesia..................... 1.495 Carbonic acid.............................................. 29.330 Phosphoric acid............................................142 Sulphuric acid............................................061 W ater.....................................................420 Insoluble residue............................. 17.575 99.534 Iron....................................................... 36.350 Sulphur............................................268 Phosphorus..............................062 I. Barber's M1ine, Hensingerville; one and a half miles from Alburtis. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 22.) Carbonate ore, hard and compatct; surface white, brownish color on fresh fracture; laminated structure and minutely crystalline. This ore is found underneath the brown hematite, and occurs in white rounded balls of considerable weight and various sizes. It has, however, only been found in small quantities. II. Protoxide of iron........................................ 16.303 Sesquioxide of iron....................................... 63.366 Bisulphide of iron........................................ 137 Alumina......................................... 2.970 Protoxide of manganese.................................. 2.414 Lime............................................. 1.428 MIagnesia.................................................. 2.397 Carbonic acid......................850 Sulphuric acid...............485 Phosphoric acid.........208 W ater..................................................... 3.170 Insoluble residue...................................... 6.460 100.189 9t0 M. A. S. M'CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. Iron................................................... 57.100 Sulphur...............................................267 Phophorus................................................ 091 anganese................................................ 1.730 II. fiechling's Mine,7 mined by Lehigh Valley Iron Company. Hard and compact magnetite, considerably oxidized, sample containing a large admixture of fine ore. III. Ferrous oxide..................... 5.142 00 Ferric oxide........................... 65716 percentiro. Manganous oxide..................... trace. Alumina.............................. 4.032 Lime.................................. 3.836 Magnesia..........................256 Phosphoric acid........................139==0.060 per ct. phosphorus. Sulphuric acid..................... trace. Insoluble residue.................... 20.800 99.921 III. D. V. Ahl's Ore, Adams county. Average from lot received at Pennsylvania Steel Works. Analysis published by permission of S. M. Felton, Esq., President. IV. Protoxide of iron................. 22.536 52.5per ent iron. Sesquioxide of iron............... 50.080 Alumina.......................... 2.560 Protoxide of manganese.......... trace. Oxide of copper....................500 Oxide of cobalt.................... trace. Lim e.............................. 1.208 Magnesia...................... 5.172 Phosphoric acid................... trace. Sulphur............................180 Water...,.......................780 Silica............................. 16.440 99.456 IV. Cornwall Surface Ore; average at Robesonia. Analyzed by Mr. Andrew A. Blair in 1871, in the Laboratory of Messrs. Booth & Garrett. This analysis is given to compare with the Mumper," " Fuller" and'" Dillsburg" ores. It will be noticed that the general character of the ores is the same. The average Cornwall ore is generally richer in sulphur and copper than is shown in the above analysis of the surface ore. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES M. 91 An analysis of pig iron made from the Cornwall ore is given underneath. Y. Graphitic carbon...................................... 3.360 Combined carbon.....................................763 Silicium................................................. 1.742 Sulphur....................................................071 Phosphorus......................................072 Manganese...............................................576 Copper.................................................... 1.200 Calcium...................................................056 Magnesium............................................... trace. Aluminium...............................................427 Iron....................................................... 91.679 99.946 V. Cornwcall Pig Iron; average No. 2, quite gray. Analyzed by me in 1871 for Pennsylvania Steel Company, and published by permission of S. M. Feltoon, Esq., President, to whom the Survey is indebted for many analyses. Note.-The method for the complete analysis of irons, steels, &c., containing small quantities of Carbon, Aluminium and Chromium, will be reserved for next year's report. VI. Silica.................................................... 97.100 Ferric oxide............................................. 1.250 Alumina......................................... 1.390 Lime...........................................179 Magnesia...............................................129 100.048 VI. Chickies Rock, near Chickies Station, Pennsylvania Railroad. Quartzite sandstone used at Pennsylvania Steel Works for lining the Bessemer Converters. Analysis published by permission of S. M. Felton, Esq., President. VII. Silica...................................................... 63.310 Alumina.................................................. 16.160 Ferric oxide...................................... 3.790 Lime..................................................... 150 Magnesia................................................. 4.443 Potash............................................ 7.560 Soda...................................................... 1.540.Sulphuric acid.........................................110 Phosphoric acid....................................102 W ater..................................................... 2.650 99.815 92 M. A. A. S. CREATH. REPORT OF 1874-'75. VII. aamoourite Slate, from Ilensinger Heirs' Mine at IHensingerville. (R. P., 1874, D. p. 12.) Yellowish white color, slaty structure, and somewhat soapy feel, very soft and easily broken. vIIi. IX. Silica.......................................... 55.880 60.530 Alumina....................................... 19.400 17.400 Oxide of Iron.................................. 10.570 9.290 Lime....................080.080 M agnesia....................................... 1.710 1.920 W ater.......................................... 8.170 5.510 A lkalies........................................ 3.760 5.270 99.570 100.000 VIII. Ochre from Nathan Whiteley's Mud-dam, one mile from Trexlertown, on road to Breinigsville, ILehigh county. (R. P., 1874, )D, p. 35.) Ochre, soft but compact, sandy, and of a light brown color. IX. Ochre from Francis Breinig's Mine, one and one-halt miles north, north-west of Breinigsville, Lehigh county. Dried ochre. (R. P., 1874, D, p. 33.) Ochre, soft but compact, sandy, and of a very light brown color. i. xi. XII. Silica................................. 76.100 57.590 48.835 Alumina.............................. 10.040 19.297 25.235 Protoxide of iron..................... 3.493 6.429 2.279 Bisulphide of iron.................04.198 Lim e..................................683 1.285.165 Magnesia............................. 1.419 1.502.635 Alkalies.............................. 2.460 1.970 1.780' Sulphuric acid.........................151.016.334 Water.............................. 5.390 12.049 3.090, Organic matter........................110...... 17.794 99.889 100.138 100.345 X. Lezwistown Section, clay attached to carbonate ore taken from near the surface, one mile north-west of Lewistown, Mifflin cou nty. The clay is soft and of a pearl gray color. XI. Clay from Gnist's JIeadow, one-quarter mile south-west of Wellsville, York county. The clay is very soft and of a light blue color. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. M. 93 XII. Roof Slate of Coal from bed of Sandy Creek, Reynoldsville, Jefferson county. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 198.) The slate is hard and compact, of a deep black color, and showing numerous crystals of pyrites. Analyzed by S. A. Ford. XIlI. Silica...................................................... 45.880 Alumina................................................. 33.920 Protoxide of iron......................................... 4.680 Lim e......................................................160 Magnesia.....7.50 A lkalies.................................................. 4.643 W ater..................................................... 10.370 100.403 XIII. Sandy -Ridge fire-clay, average sample as used by the Pennsylvania Steel Company. (R. P., 1874, H, p. 119.) Analysis made in 1870 and published by permission. By comparing the above analysis with those made for Mr. Franklin Platt's report during the past season, the extreme regularity of this clay is apparent XIV. Carbon. Sulphur. Ash. 1871.................................. 86.010 1.110 12.880 1873.................................. 88.869 1.126 10.005 1873................................ 89.378 0.872 9.750 1871*................................. 89.600 1.080 9.320 1871*.............................. 87.940 1.180 10.880 1874.................. 0.768...... Analyses of Connelsville Coke, made by George Hay, for Lucy Furnace Co., Pittsburgh; and published by their kind permission. NOTE.-The labels given with the analyses in this report were furnished for the most part by the different assistant geologists; those from the bituminous coal district, including coals, ores, limestones and clays, by Mr. Franklin Platt, Report I; those from Lehigh county, by Professor Frederick Prime, Jr., Report D; those from York and Adams counties, by Prof. Persifor Frazer, Jr., Report C; and those from Mifflin and Huntingdon counties, by Mr. John H. Dewees, Report Fo * Washed coke. IN'DEX To Report of Progress in the Laboratory, at ilarrisburg, by Andrew S. 1' Creath, Chemical Assistant. PAGE, Ahl's (D. V.) ore, Adams county................................ 90Alburtis, ores near............................ 49, 50, 51, 54, 76, 89 Alkalies in clay, estimation of..................................... 79 Allegheny Mountain ore............................................. 69 Allentown Iron Company............................................. 50, 51 Allentown Rolling Mill Company...................................... 49 Allison's mill, limestone opposite................................. 77 Almerode, Hessen-Cassel, clay, analysis.............................. 88 Alumina, estimation of, in ores, 46; clays..................... 78 Aluminium in pig iron.................................................. 91 Analyses, tables of, of coals, 3-23; coal ashes, 27; cokes, 24; phosphoric acid in coals, 25; iron and sulphur in coals, 26; iron ores, 48-74; limestones, 75-78; clays, 80-88; miscellaneous................... 89-93 Analysis of coals, method of, 2; of ores, 43; of limestones, 75; clays.. 78 Anthony's coal mine................................................... 17, 39 Anthracite, weather waste in, 34; used as fuel......................... 48 Armstrong county coals, analyses of................................... 18-20 Ash in coal, average percentage of, 29; phosphoric acid in, 29; value as a fertilizer, 30; method of estimation........................ 2 Barber (J.) & Co.'s mine, 49; carbonate ore........................ 89 Barnhart's ore bank......................................... 65 Bastian's (Elwyn) ore mine............................................ 51 Beaver Branch of Moshannon river.................................... 4 Beleu, Ardennes, clay, analysis....................................... 88 Belgium clays, analyses................................................ 88 Bell's coal mine........................................................ 10, 39 Bellefonte and Snow Shoe railroad.................................... 69, 76 Bell township, coal mine in........................................... 9 Benezette coals, analyses of, 21, 22; clays.............................. 84, 85 Bennett's Branch Low Grade railroad............................... 10 Bessemer pig iron, ores suitable for, 55; purity of fuel required for... 29 Bishop's Summit, coal near..................................... 21 Bituminous coals, definition and classification of, 1; weather waste in, 33-37; tables of analyses............................................ 38-40 Blackband ores, analyses of.............................. 74 Black carbonate ore, analysis of........................................ 70 Blacklog Gap ores.................. 63 BJlacklog mountain, ores on......................................... 63,66, 67 Blair's (Ancrew A.) analysis.......................................... 9 Blair county coals, analyses of.......................................... 22 Blank's ore mine.................................. 50 [M. 95.] 96 M. INDEX, PAGE, Blue Ball station fire-clays........................................... 83,86 Bog, analysis of........................................................ 67 Bog ore, analysis of..................................................... 66 Bollinger ore bank, 55; insoluble residue.............................. 59 Bombshell ore.......................................................... 50 Booth & Garrett's analysis, 4; laboratory...................... 90 Bortz's (Alwyn) ore mine................................... 52 Bovaird's ore.......................................................... 69 Breinig's (Francis) ore mine, 51; ochre................................ 92 Breinig's (Thomas) ore mine........................................... 51 Breinigsville, ores near, 51, 52; ochre.................................. 92 Brierley Hill clay, analysis of......................................... 87 Broad Top............................................................. 30 Brockwayville................................................... 18, 69, 73 Brookville coal, 20; fire clay............................................ 84 Brown's coal mine, 14, 40; iron and sulphur in....................... 26 Brown hematite ores, analyses of, Lehigh county, 48-54; Juniata, 64-67; Coal easures...................................................... 68, 69 Brunswick, Varrentrapp of............................................. 33 -Caldwell's limestone.................................................... 77 Caledonia coal, 22; limestone................................... 77 Calhoun's (W. J.) coal mine........................................... 18, 40 Caloric, per cent lost by weather waste of coal........................... 36 Cambrian (?) and Mesozoic, ores of the........................... 55 Cannel coal, analyses of................................................ 19 Cannelton (Ia.) coal, analysis of........................................ 42 Canoe township coal, 22; ore............................................ 74 Carbon Iron Company's ores........................................ 51, 52 Carbonate of lime in coal, 32; in fossil ores............................. 60 Carbonate ores, Juniata, 69-71; Coal Measures......................... 71-74 Carbonate ore found with brown hematite, 89; analysis of hematite.... 49 Carbonate of soda, sulphur in......................................... 3 Carbonic acid, estimation of............................................ 47 Centre county coals, 10, 11, 39; clays, 80; limestones, 76; brown hematite ores, 69; carbonate ores............................... 72 Chauvenet's (Regis) analyses.......................................... 28 Chert ore bank.................................................... 66 Chestnut Ridge ores....................................... 66,67,71 Chesterfield Mining Company's coal..........,................. 42,Chickies rock, 91; station.............................................. 91'Chlorite slate in limestone.............................................. 77,Chloritic rock............................................................ 57'Clarion county coals, analyses of, 20, 40; carbonate ore.................. 74'Clay attached to carbonate ore, analysis of............................. 92 Clayband ore........................................................... 72'Clayville iron ore.............................................. 73 Clearfield.................................................... 8, 9,26,77,81, 82 Clearfield creek................................... 9,68,73,77 Clearfield county coals, 3-10, 38,39; brown hematite ores, 68; carbonate ores, 73; limestones, 77; clays..................................... 81-86,Clearfield Fire-clay W orks, clays of.................................... 81,82 INDEX. M. 97 PAGE. Clinton shales, iron ore in.............................................. 67 Clover Hill coal, analysis of............................... 42 Coals, classification of, 1; bituminous, 1; semi-bituminous, 1; coking, 1; free-burning, 1; tables of analyses, 38-42; method of analysis, 2; average per cent water, 28; volatile matter, 30; fixed carbon, 30; ash, 29; sulphur, 30; condition of the sulphur, 31; iron and sulphur in, 26; phosphoric acid in, 25,29; carbonate of lime, 32; ash, analyses of....................................................... 27 Coal Measures, brown hematite ores of, 68,69; red hematite ore in, 68; carbonate ores, 71-74; limestone................................... 76,77 Coal, roof slate of....................................................... 93 Cobalt in iron ores....................... 58 Coblenz clay, analysis of.................... 88 Codorus ore, analysis of............................................... 58 Cokes, tables of analyses............................................ 24,93 Coke, natural, analysis of............................................ 42 Coking coals..................................................... 1 Coleraine Iron Company's ores.............................. 49, 53' Congl omerate limestone................................................ 77, 78 Connellsville coke.......................................... 93 Cooper's (J.) coal mine................................................ 9,38 Cornwall surface ore, 90; pig iron...................................... 91 Crane Iron Company's ores............................................ 52,54 Creek Company's coal.................................................. 42 Creek, Sandy, coal from bed of......................................... 17 Creek, Toby, coal......................................... 18 Crookes & R6hrig, tables of analyses................................... 88 Crouch & Snead's coal.................................................. 42 Damourite slate, analysis of............................................ 92 Dauphin and Susquehanna coal......................................... 42 Davis' (G. W.) coal mine............................................. 8, S8 Decatur Coal Company's colliery, 6, 38; phosphoric acid in coal, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of, 27; coke....................... 24 Derby colliery...................................................... 6, 38, 25 Devonian, brown hematites of the................................... 48 Dewees, (J. H.)................................................ 93 Diamond colliery, 11, 12,39; phosphoric acid in, 25; ash in, 29; coke... 24 Dillsburg ores, 58,59,90; limestone near............................. 77 Douglas ore bank....................................................... 67 Dourdon, Seine-et-Oise, clay........................................... 88 Dowlais clays....................................................... 87 Dull & Bradley's ore mine.............................................. 64, 65 DunKard church, ore near....................................... 65 Early & IKillinger's ore bank........................................... 56,59 Elk county coals, 21; limestones, 77; clays............................. 84 Emmitsburg road, ore near.................................... 57 Engineering and Mining Journal........:............................... 33 Eureka coal mine, 4, 38; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of....2..................................... 27 Evergreen station, coal near........................................... 10 7-M. 98 M/. INDEX. PAGE. Fairmount colliery............................................ 20,30,40 Felton, (S. M. ).............................54, 59,90, 91 Fergusson Valley ores................................ 60,61,62, 65 Ferriferous limestones................................................ 60 Fire-bricks, essential qualities of................................... 85 Fire-clays, method of analysis, 78; Pennsylvania, tables of analyses, 86; British, 87; clays from the Continent of Europe, 88; refractory qualities of, what constitutes, 85; titanic acid in............... 80, 82 Fisher's (Francis) ore mine............................................ 53 Fixed carbon in coal, average per cent of............................... 30 Fletcher (E.) & Bro's fire-clay.......................................... 85 Fogelsville, ores near......................................... 53, 54 Fogel's (Wni. B.) ore mine.............................. 52 Ford's (S. A.) analyses.................. 62,63,65,67,81, 82,83,84,85,92,93 Forman's (F. W.) analyses............................................. 72,74 Forest county coal, analysis of.......................................... 23 Fossil ores of the Juniata, analyses of................................. 60-63 Franklin colliery, 3,38; iron and sulphur in, 26; weather waste of coal, 35 Franklin county limestone............................................ 78 Frantz's limestone quarry.............................................. 76 Frazer, Jr., (Prof. Persifor)............................................ 48,93 Free-burning coals....................................... 1 Freeport limestones.................................................. 76 Fritz's ore bank.....I................................................... 56,59 Fuller's ore bank.................................................. 58,90 Gackenbach's ore mine............................................ 52 Galusha's (P.) coal mine, 18,40; iron and sulphur in, 26; sulphur, condition of, 31,32; carbonate ore..................................... 73 Gartsherrie clay................................................... 87 Gas coal, weather waste of.............................................. 34,36 Gearhart fire-clay........................................... 83,84 German Railway Association's experiments on weather waste of coal.. 34, 36 Gettysburg, ore near.................................................... 57 Geological survey, Missouri, 28; Ohio............................ 30 Glascote clay............................................................ 87 Glasgow, 72; clay....................................................... 87 Glen Hope coal, 9; brown hematite ore, 68; carbonate ore, 73; limestone............................................................. 77 Gnist's meadow, clay from...................................... 92 Goff's run limestone............................................ 77 Goss run coal.......................................................... 5 Graff's (G.) coal mine........................................... 22 Grundman's experiments on weather waste of coal.................... 33 Guth's (Francis) ore mine.............................................. 51 Haldeman's ore bank............................................. 55,59 Hale's colliery......................................................... 5, 38 Hlanover..................................................... 55, 58, 59, 77 Hanover Junction railroad............................................. 58 lHarrisburg Fire-clay Works, clays..................................... 83 Hawk's coal mine...................................................... 15,39 Hay's (George) analyses................................................ 93 INDEX. M. 99 PAGE. Hayanges, Mosselle, clay.............................................. 88 Help ore bank............................................. 57 Hensinger Heir's farm ore bank....................................... 50 Hensinger Heir's mine, damourite slate in....................... 92 Hensinger & Saul's mine................................................ 50 Hensingerville................................. 49, 50, 89, 92 Hick's ore bank......................................................... 67 Hime's carbonate ore................................................. 74 Hill's coal mine......................................................... 8,38 HIill Valley ores.................................................. 66,, 68, 71 Hocking Valley, Ohio, red hematite in.............................. 68 Hog Shanty Run ore.................................................... 73 Holt's Hill............................................................. Holt's (William) coal mine, 11, 39; phosphoric acid in................. 25 Hoover's coal mine, 12, 39; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of, 27; coke................................... 24 Hope fire-clay mine............................................... 83 Houtzdale coals.............................................. 3, 4, 24, 25, 26, 27 Hubler's coal mine...................................................... 7,39 Hum's coal mine........10...................... 16, 26, 29, 39,40 IHumphrey's coal mine............................ 9, 38 Hunt, (Dr. T. Sterry)............................................... 68 Huntingdon county, fossil ores of, 63; brown hematite ores of, 66; carbonate ores.......................................................... 7 Hydro-carbons in coal, loss by exposure to the weather.......... 33 Indiana, coals of........................................................ 34 Indiana county coals, 22; carbonate ore........................... 74 Insoluble residue in iron ores, estimation of, 44; tables of analyses.... 59 Iowa coals, per cent of water in....................................... 28 Ireland clay........................................................... 7 Iron, estimation of, in ores.............................................. 46 Iron ores, method of analysis, 43; tables of analyses, Lehigh county brown hematites, Silurian, 48-54; York county, Cambrian (?) and Mesozoic, 55-59; Juniata fossil ores, Silurian, 60-63; Juniata brown hematites, Devonian, 64-68; brown hematites of the Coal Measures, 68, 69; carbonate ores of the Juniata, Devonian, 69-71; carbonate ores of the Coal Measures.............................. 71-74 Iron and sulphur in coals, tables of analyses........................... 26 Iron pyrites in coal..................................................... 36, 37 Jack's Mountain ores.......................... 64, 67 Jack's Narrows ore...................................................... 67 Janesville coal......................................................... 8 Jefferson county coals, 11-18; brown hematite ores, 68; carbonate ores, 73; clays........................................................... 8 Johnson's (Prof. W.) tables of analyses, c......................... 37, 41, 42 Jones' fire-clay......................................................... 84 Juniata fossil ores, 60-63; brown hematites, 64-67; carbonate ores..... 69-71 Kaiser's ( Harry) ore mine............................................ 48 Kansas ores.......................................... 64, 66 Karthaus coal........................................................... 42 Karthaus Post-office, coal near, 8; ore................................. 73 100 M. INDEX. PAGE. Key's coal mine........................................................ 18 40 Kinzer's (John) ore bank............................................... 61 Kipfendorf, Saxe-Coburg, clay......................................... 88 Knight, (David). 4 Knight, (David).................................................... 4 Koch's (William) ore mine............................................. 52 Ireischmann's (Jonas) ore mine..........4.................. 49 Krcemlich & Lichtenwalner's ore...................................... 54 Kuhn's (Mrs.) limestone quarry................................. 76 IKylertown, coal near........................ 7, 8 Lambert's ore................................................ 68 Lane's ore bank........................................................ 66,67'Lanigan's (James) ore mine............................................ 53 Laro's (Jesse) ore mine................................................. 54 Lauer's (Milton) ore mine.............................................. 51 Laurel Run colliery, 6, 38; phosphoric acid in, 25; coke................ 24 Lee Moor, Devon, Clay................................................. 87 L.ehigh county brown hematite ores, 48-54; limestones, 76; carbonate ore............................................................... 89 Lehigh Iron Company's ores........................................ 49,51 Lehigh Valley furnaces, ores used in................................... 48 Lehigh Valley Iron Company's ores.................................... 53,90 Leightner's ores..................................................... 68,73 Lewistown, ores near, 64, 65, 70; clay..........................2...... 92 Lewistown section, carbonate ore............................,.. 70 Lichtenwalner's (Frank S.) ore' mine.................................. 48, 51 Lichtenwalner's (Levi) ore mine................................... 54 Lime Ridge ore..................................................... 65 Limestones, method of analysis, 75; Lehigh county, 76; Elk county, 77; York county, 77; Centre county, 76; Clearfield county........ 77 Limonite, analyses of............................................ 48, 55, 64,68 Littlestown, ore near................................................... 56, 59 Liverpool coal...................................................... 42 Lock ridge, ore near................................................... 49 Logan colliery, 5, 38; phosphoric acid in, 25, 29; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash.............................................................. 27 Logan farm ore bank................................................... 67,71 Logan Iron Co.'s ore.................................................... 65 Logan shaft, Mumper ore............................................. 58 London coal mine..................................................... 17,40 Low Grade railroad................................... 10, 14, 20,74 Low Moor, Yorkshire, blackband ore................................ 72,74 Lucy Furnace Company................................................ 93 Ludwig Hertzog & Co.'s ore............................................ 50 Ludwig's new mine, 54; old mine............................... 50 Lyken's Valley coa.................................................... 42 Lyman coal mine, Bishop's Summit................................... 21 Macfarlane, coal regions of America.................................... 31 Magnesia, estimation of................................................ 45 Magnetic sand.......................................................... 58 Magnetic ores for Bessemer pig iron................................... 55 llahoning creek, ore in bed of....................................... 73 INDEX. M. 101 PArGE.'Manganese, estimation of.............................................. 44 Mapleton colliery, 4, 38; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of, 27; coke....................................... 2 Maple Grove mill property ore......................................... 49 Marcellus vein ores..................................................... 65,71 Marck's (P.) ore mine................................................. 49 AMargaretta ore bank, 56, 59; furnace............................ 56 Marion, coal near.................................................. 23 Martin ore bank........................................................ 67 Maryland line, limestone near......................................... 78 AMason's coal mine, 8, 38; iron and sulphur in.......................... 26 Matilda furnace ores.................................................... 62,63 -Mazet, Belgium, clay................................................... 88 M'Cord's (John) ore bank................................... 61,62 -M'Creath's (A. S.) analysis of Scotch blackband................... 74 M'Cullough's (Wm. ) coal mine........................................ 17,40 il\'Farland's coal mine................................................... 22 M'FKean county coals................................................... 20 M' Kee's coal mine...................................................... 16,39 M'Iee's (Geo.) ore bank...............60,61 [M'Master's ore..................................... 72 M'Nair's ore................................ 57 MI'Veytown, ores near.......................................... 61,62,66 IM'Veytown Gap ores................................................... 64,70 M'William's slope, limestone in............................... 77 Mechling's magnetic ore................................................ 90 Medina sandstone, ore in............................................... 67 Mehlem, Konigswinter, clay..................................... 88 Midlothian coal......................................................... 42 Mifflin county fossil ores, 60; brown hematites, 64; carbonate ores.... 70 Miller's (Chas.) ore mine................................... 3 Millerstown Iron Company's ore........................................ 53 MIiscellaneous analyses.................................................. 89-93 -Missouri coals, average per cent water in................................ 28'Mon's coal mine.......................................... 8,38 Mongold's coal mine, 9,39; iron and sulphur in................ 26 Mont Alto furnace, limestone near..................................... 78 Moore's ore bank....................................................... 65 Morrisdale mine, 7, 38; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of, 27; coke............................................ 24 Moser's (Oliver) ore mine............................................. 51 Moshannon colliery, 4, 38; phosphoric acid in.......................... 25'Mountain boulder ore................................................... 66 Mountain ore bank...................................................... 67 Mount Union ores................................................... 62,63,67 Aiuddy outcrop coal.................................................. 23 Mull and Hagenbuch's ore............................................ 48 M{umper ore bank....................................................... 58,90'N!avy U. S., Department, tables of experiments........................ 41,42 Nes Silicon steel ore...................... 57'New Bethlehem.....................................................19,20,74 102 M. INDEX. PAGE.. New Castle on Tyne clay.............................................. 87 New Castle coal......................................................... 42 New Jersey magnetites................................................. 48 New Moshannon coal mine, 4,38; phosphoric acid in................... 25 New Texas, ore near.................................................... 50 Newsome's fire-clays.................................................... 84,86 Northampton Iron Company's ore...................................... 51 Northern Central railroad..............................................57,78Norwich Corner coal.................................................... 21 Notes on iron ore analysis.......................................... 47,48 Ochre, analyses of............................................... 9 Ohio Company's coal, 12,25,26, 27; coke................................ 24 Ohio, coals of, 28,34; geological survey................................. 30' Orbison slope ores.................................................. 66,71 Orbisonia ores,................................................ 63, 66,67,68,71 Oriskany sandstone, ores in............................................. 65,66 Oriskany shales, ore in................................................. 66 Oriskany Hill ore....................................................... 6 Osceola................................................. 3,4,5,7,24,26,27,80,81 Outcrop muddy coal.................................................... 2 Owen's limestone................................................... 77 Oxidation of coal....................................................... 33 Oxygen, absorption of, by coals......................................... 28 Pantal's coal mine..................................................... 15, 39 Patten's (S.) coal mine................................................. 17,40 Pearsall's (Goff's) run limestones...................................... 77 Penn colliery, 3,38; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of, 27; coke........................................... 24 Pennsylvania coals, iron and sulphur in............................... 31 Pennsylvania fire-clays, analyses of................................ 86 Pennsylvania railroad......................................... 91 Pennsylvania steel company........................... 54,59,90,91, 93 Penny's (Dr.) process for the estimation of iron in ores, 46; laboratory, 72 Petriken colliery....................................................... 21,22 Pictou (Cunard's) coal......................................... 42 Pictou (New York) coal............................................... 42 Pigeon Hill ore.............................................. 55 Pig iron, analysis of........................................ 91 Pipe ore........................................ 50,51 Pittsburg, 93; coal................................................ 4 Philipsburg..................... 6,7,24,26, 27, 83 Phillips' Elements of Metallurgy, analyses from....................... 88 Phosphoric acid in coals, 25, 29; estimation of, in ores.................. 43 Plasticity of clay, cause of.............................................. 85 Platt, (Franklin)....................................................... 93 Porter's fire-clay mines................................................. 8 Powelton coal mine, 7,38; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of............................................. 27 Prime, Jr., (Prof. F.).................................................. 50,93 Proximate analysis of coals............................................. 2 Quartzite, analysis of................................................... 91 INDEX. M. 103 PAGE. Red Bank coal company's mines.......................... 19,40 Red Bank creek..................................................... 20,74 Red hematite in the Coal Measures, 68; Haldeman red oxide, 55; in Blank's mine....................................................... 50 Reitur's coal mine...................................................... 8 Remarks on coals, 28; clays............................................ 85 Reynold's (D.) coal mine, (Diamond colliery,) 11, 39; phosphoric acid in, 25; coke......................................................... 24 Reynold's (Woodward) coal mine............................... 13, 40 Reynoldsville............................. 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 73,93 Rhodes' (James) ores.................................................. 64, 66 Richter's (Dr.) experiments on weather waste of coal.................. 33.Roaring Run Brook fire-clay........................................... 83 Robesonia............................................................... 90 Rockdale, coal near............................................... 17 JRockhill Coal and Iron Company's ores......................... 63, 66, 67,71 Romig's (Reuben) ore mine............................................ 50 -Roof slate of coal...................................................... 93 Ross ore bank, 64; carbonate ores............................ 69,70 iRothrick's (John) ore bank............................................ 62 Rothwell, (R. P.)............................................... 33 Ruth's coal mine............................................ 16, 39:Sandy Creek, coal from bed of, 17; roof slate.......................... 93 Sandy Ridge ores, 66, 67, 71; fire-clays.......................... 80, 81, 86,93'Schlimmer's iron ore................................................... 74 Scholl's (J. D.) & Co.'s ore mine....................................... 53 ~Sch6ningen, Hanover, clay............................... 88 Scotch blackband ironstone......................................... 72,74 Scotch coal.................................................... 42 Seitzland, limestone near.......................................... 78 Seley's coal banr, 14, 39; iron and sulphur in, 26; ash, analysis of... 27:Shankweiler's ore mine............................................. 49 -Sharp's coal mine................................................ 14,15,40 Shaw's (R.) coal mine.................................................. 9,39,Shaw's (J.) coal mine.................................................. 9,39:Shehan's (Jas.) ore............................................. 60:Shiesley's coal mine.................................................... 13,39 Shimmel's run................................................. 4, 5,6,24,26 Shrewsbury, ore near................................................ 57 -:Sidney coal............................................................. 42 Silica, estimation of................................................... 47 Silurian ores.............................................. 48,60 Slate, damourite, 92; hydro-mica...................................... 58 Smith, (Prof. J. L.)............................................... 80 Smith's (J. & D.) ore mine............................................ 53 Smysey's ore bank...................................................... 57,59;Snow Shoe Basin................................... 10,11, 25,72, 73,76 Snow'hoe City......................... 11,72 Snow Shoe mines.................................................. 1025,39:Snow Shoe railroad company's colliery, coke from..................... 24 ~South Wales clays (Dowlais)........................................... 87 104 M. INDEX. PAGE.. Specular iron ore in fossil ore.......................................... (62 Spiller's (J.) analysis.................................................. 72,74 Sprague's coal mine........................................... 13, 39 Squaw Hollow, Moore's ore bank...................................... 65 Staffordshire clay...................................................... 87 Stannington clay. 87 Stannington clay..,....................................................... 87 Steam raising power of coals........................................... 41,42. Stein's (Henry) ore mine............................................. 53 Steininger's (Jacob) ore mine..........................................48, 53 Stewart's (J. J.) coal mine.................... 18,40 Stewart's ore bank... 67 Stirling coal mine, 4, 38; phosphoric acid in............................. 25 Stourbridge clays.................................................. 87 Strickhouser station, ore near......................................... 58 Strouse's coal mine................................................ 14, 40 Sulphur and iron in coals, tables of analyses........................... 26 Sulphur in coal, estimation of, 2; condition of, 30; average percentage of, 30; sulphur expelled by coking................................. 31 Sulphuric acid, estimation of........................................ 43 Surface ore, Cornwal.......................................... 90 Swartz (Henry) and W. B. Fogel's ore mine........................... 52. Synclinal, first on Lewistown section, carbonate ore.................... 65, Tahier, Belgium, clay............................................... 88 Temple Iron Company's ore............................ 49 Thomas' (J.) coal mine.................................... 15, 30 Thomas Iron Company's ores, 50, 53; limestone quarry................ 76 Thompson's (Widow) coal mine...................................... 20,40: Tippecanoe coal................................................. 42. Tipton coal, Blair county............................................ 23, Titanic acid, estimation of............................ 47, 80 Toby Creek coal, 18; ore............................................... 73 Trexlertown................................................... 52, 53, 76,92 Troutville coal....................................................... 9,26 Tyler's coal mine, 10, 39; station...................................... 10 Tyrone and Clearfield railroad................................ 5, 80, 83, 84 Underwood's (Alex.) ore............................................... 59 Vallencer, Coblenz, clay........................................... 88 Varrentrapp's experinients on weather waste of coals.................. 33 Volatile matter in coal, method of estimation, 2; average percentage.. 30 Wachob's coal mine.................... 15, 39 Water, estimation of, 2, 43, 79; average percentage in coals, 28; notes on the estimation of............................................ 28 W eather waste of coals, 33-37; tables of analyses.......................35, 36 W eaver's coal miine................................................ 15, 26, 39 Webster colliely, 5, 39; phosphoric acid in, 25; iron and sulpher in, 26; small amount of sulphur in............................... 30 Wellsville clay...................................................... 92 W erner & Reinhart's ore mines........................................ 50, 51 W escoeville ores................................... 51, 53 West Virginia, coals of................................................. 34 White, (Prof.)........................................................ 28, INDEX. M. 105 PAGE. Whitely's (Nathan) ore, 52; ochre................................. 92 Whitzel's ore opening..6.................................. 67 Wiand's ore mine..............49................................. 49 Williams' farm, ore on.................................... 65 Williamson's coal mine, 7, 38; Run.................................. 7 Wilson's farm, ore on.............................................. 68 Wingert's coal mine................................................. 16,39 Woodland Station......................................83,84 Woodland Post Office, clay near.................................. 83 Woodland Fire-clay Works, clay......................... 83 Worcestershire clay..................................... 87 Wormley, (Prof.)................................................... 28, 30,31 Wrightsville............................................................ 56,59 Xenia Post Office, limestone near........................... 77 Yeager's ore..7....................................................... 72 Yeagertown ores....................................................... 60,61 Yellow Breeches Creek ore................................ 5 York..................................................... 56, 57,59 York county iron ores, 55-59; limestones, 77; clay..................... 92 York Iron Company's ore mine................................. 58