,41t I I)IM Q AI. t\\o 7 J s Us ' v 4ylaa P OP 21t,/ ) 4e.~........ I', V/ A41Lb4CI 1 J4 ' I I- ~~~~~,~\"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~~~ THlE PlEOPLING(' OF T11E PH1ILlIPPINES. ~ BAy Ruv. VIRcilowV [ITruislatt(4l. Withi xiOtW, IW 4.T. '. M AWMN.l PART 1. Since the days when the first Euiropean navigattor~s entered the Souith Sea, the, dispute over' the source and ethnic affiliations of the inhabitants of that extended and scatteredl island worldl has, b~een uinsettled. The most superficial glance points out a contrariety, in ext'rnald appearaniC(es, Which leaves little doubt, that here pe-oples o)f entirely (lifl'erent blood live near and among one another. And this is so apparent that the pathfinder in this regc)i.n Mlagellan. gaeexpres.,1011 to the contrariety in his names for trilbes and islands. Since (lark complexion wits ob~se-rve(d on indlividuals in certain tribes and in defined areas, and light c'omplexioni on others, here abutndantly, the~re quiite exceptional, writers applied 01(1 World nanies to the new ph1lnomena without further thought. The lPhilippines set the decisive example in this. Fernando Magellan first discovered the islands of this great archipelago in 1-521, March 16. After his death the Spaniards completed the circles of his discoveries. At this time' the name of Negros was fixed,' which even now is called Islas de los Pintados. For years the Spaniards called the entire archipelago Islas de Pouiiente; gradually, after the expedition of Don Fray Garcia.Jof re. de Lottisa (1-526), the new title of the Philippines prevailed, through Salazar. The people were divided into two groups, the Little Negroes orlNe-gritos and the Indios. It is quite conceivable that involuntarily the opinion prevailed that the Negritos had close relationship with the African blacks, and the lndios' with the lighter-complexioned inhabitants of India, or at least of Indonesia. 'Translated from -sitzungsberichte dter Kiniglich Preuss'i'when Akademie dter Wi8 -senslehaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1897, January-June, 279-289. 2No'rE.-The island of Negros received its name because it was peopled chiefly by a dark, woolly-haired race, while in other islands these were confined to the interior. Cf. A. B. Meyer, Negritos, 1899, p. 16.-TRANSLATOR. 3This word, except in an historical sense-, should iiever be used for non-Negrito Filipinos. 509 510 THE PEOPLIIN(G OF THE PHILIPI'INES. HIowever, it tnust ie.said 1elre that the theory of a t rly Africanl origin of the Negritos hats been advainced hut seldo.ll allnd tlenll inl a very hesitating manner.' TIhe id(a tlhat with the presenlt contituration of the eastern islnld world, especially with the'ir greatt (listalices aparlt, a variety oif mankind that had never nian ifested allny aptitude for maritime enterplrises should h1ave sIprettad tlheslves over thi. vast ocean area, in order to, settle (hown on this isl:anl atl(d on th:at. is so unreasonable that it lhats found scarcely a ( defender worth naming.l More andI ml ire the blmacks are coming to Ie collsildered( the loi.riginal I)eo)les, tlhe I idiis' to Ihe the iitrutiders. F 'or this there is:a Illite retasonablel groul'tndi, in tlhat () manyIil isllan(lds the bIlacks e ill the interior, dlitticult,f 1('(ccess, espec(iatlly ill thle (dlese a:lld ulnwloll(esoie1, mlouliltaill foIre(sts, while thle lighter iltc('o lllexi oled tllri es hlave settled the c(oalsts. T'() thliis ai' ad((l(d liltnistic' pr(ofs. w!ich place the lighiter races, (,f liomgl((i)llgeos lspxecl',il. in linguistic relatiol(s withll tlle irighler l'races, especially' tlie MalaNys. l)ogalltticallyv it llas }ieen sali(l thlat originally the(se islal(ls had tbee oclcu)ie(l entirely 1 1y t(e prili itive black lxopulat ion, but afterwards, throughl i ntrusiolls fronm t lie sea. these blacks were gra(lually pressed taway fr' oi tile c(ast ami(l nho(ved )'ack ito() the interior. The probllem, though it )i)appears simple enough, hlas b}(eco)ne coplicated llore and l iorel e thro thriel tlise p)ogrl esns (,f discovery. esp)ecially since C()oo(k enlarge(d ourl knolwledtge (of the oriental islandl world. A lnew and still more p)reglnant co(ltrast then thrust itself to t} fie frt in the fact tlhat th(e blacks t d the lighter-col(rd )peol)les are etach separtated into widely (litffeing groups. While tlhe forlel.r h(o d especially the ilmmense, almost continental, regions (of Attst'ralia (New H1ollanld) and New Guinea, and also the larger archipellagos. su1(h ias New Ie})rides, Solomitoi Islands, Fiji (Viti).Archipelatgo-that ins the western areas-the north and east, [Mi cronesia and IPol yiesia. were o(cupied l) lighter-colored peoples. So the first division into, Melalnesia and Polynesia has in latest tilmes comie to be of value, and the dogia l nce fixed hias remained. For the Pol ynesians are by Imany allied to the alhays. while the blacks are put together as a special ethnological 'race. For practical ethnolog this diisio sffi. this d sn emsu scientific I NOTE.-A striking analogy should not be overlooked; it is tile (custo of tlhe Negritos to file tlihe front teeth to a point. This custom is widely spread in central Africa, but it is not coinmmon in the South Sea. Jagor, Reise in den Philippinen, Berlin, 1880, p. 374, PI. 1I, figs. 44-. [Compare this note with A. B. Meyer's remarks in Die Negritos. 1899, p. 69. Filing the incisors in serrate form is practiced, not 1y all Negritos, but only by Luzon tribes (Zeitschr. f. Ethnol., 1873, p. 92). Besides the custom in Africa, it will be found with some tribes in New Guinea, some in the Mantawi Islands (southwest of Sumatra), and in Java (see A. B. M., Mittheil. Anthrop. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1874, IV, p. 239, and VII, p. 215, 1877; Ausland, 1883, p. 401; and Max Uhle, in Abhandl. of the Dresden Museum, 1886-87, No. 4,18 pp., on the ethnological significance of filing the teeth).-TRANSL.ATOR.] THE PEO PLIN(r OF THE 11PHI LIP'I N S.E. 1 I man will seek also for the blhacks a genetic explanation. The answer ha.s beenl furnislhed byl olne of the greatest ethnologists. 'heloldr \Wait;,' who, after lie hadl e.xl)osed the' illiftticiency of tlhe aceplted fortullllals. came to tohe conclusion that the (ifferlentiationl of tle blacks froml the liglhter p)eople)l's Illitrit )(b anll error. Hie denied tlhat there had(l,eei a prilmitiv\e black lerce in 1Micronesia and Pol)nesill ill his opinlion we have lhere to do with a: si nle race. The color of the 1Polynesians Ilma te out an( out fron naltural causes dlifferent; i'ndeedtl, their entire physical al)pearani.ic in(licates the greatest variability." IIerein tihe whole qluestion of the domiiain of va'riatiol is sprung withi imperfect satisfacti(on o the p)art of those. travelers who give tileir attenition mllore t tr tansitions thai tp t e ty s. Among these are nt a feh wlho have retturnedl froml the South Sea with the conviction tha:t all criteria for tel, diagnosis (f men andl of races aret valueless. Ana1lyti(cal tanth rio) )lopy! l I.as led( to othlr aIl (,d'tll t Il e (xpect ed restults. It lihas proved that just tliat portion of Sotlth Sea pluliation lhi'llh clan apparently lay tihe strongest (clain to be (omsi(ler((l at hottogenteols race mt list I( sepl)arate(l into a (oll(ectiomin of suil)arieties. Notbli in applears I(more' likl tl tha tht thle tNegrlitos of tihe Philil)ppi ines are thei nearest relatives to tile Melanesians. thle, A ustralians, tile Papliuals: andt yet it las beem lproved that all thiese are separated one frm'i anAIoter by well-marked ' haliacters. Whether tlhese chlaracters place the )peoples undter tlhe heatd (f varieities. or whiether, indeed, tlhe black tribs of the South Sea. slite o(f all differlences, are to be traced bIack to olne single primitive stock, that is a (liestion of )prhistory for whose an:swer the material is lacking.' Were it p)ossille to furnish the 1proof tihat the Iblack pl)o laltionls of the South Sea were alrleadv settled( in their present homes whei land brid(lges existed( between their territory andl Africia, ol when the Illucl-sought Lemullria still existedl, it would not be worth the troublle to hul t for the missing materiatl. In our present knowle(dge e we an not till the gaps. so we muIlst ye't hold the blacks of the ()rient to Ibe sepalrate races.a The hair furnished the strongest chara(lct4,r for diagnosis, in which, not alone that of the head is utnder consideration; the hair, therefore, occupies the foreground of interest. Its olor is of the least importance, sin('e all peoples of the South Sea htave black hair. It is more the structure and tappearance whic(h flurnish theo)bserver convenient starlting points for the prinmary classification. (tenerally a twofold division 'Anthripologie der Naturvlker, Vol. \'; The South Sea Islanders, Part II; The Micronesians and Northwestern Polyneisians.. leipzig, 1870, pp. 33-36. Finsch, Verh. d. Berliner Anthrop. Ges., 1882, p. 164. 2 NOTE.-The reader must consult, on the ilhentity (,f Negritos with Papuans, A. B. Meyer in Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Verhandl., Berlin, 1875, p. 47, and the Distribution of the Negritos, Dresden, 1899, pp. 76-87. —T. 3On Lemuria cf. A. R. Wallace, Geog, Distrib. of Animals, 1876, I, p. 272, and Island Life, 1880, p. 394.-TR. 512 THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. satisfies. The blacks, it is said, have crisped hair, the Polynesians and light-colored peoples have smooth hair. But this declaration is erroneous in its generality. It is in no way easy to declare absolutely what hair is to be called crisp, and it is still more difficult to define in what respects the so-called crisp varieties differ one from another. For a long time the Australian hair was denolninated crisp, until it was evident that it could be classed neither with that of the Africans nor with that of the Philippine lacks. Semper, one of the first travelers to furnish a somewhat complete description of the physical characters of the Negritos, describes it as an "extremely thick, blrown-black, lack-luster, and crisp-woolly crownl of hair."' Among these peculiarities the lack-luster is unimportant. since it is due to want of care and uncleanliness. On the contrary, the other data furnish true characters of the hair, and among themi the crisp-woolly peculiarity is most valuable. On the terms " wool" and " woolly" severe controversies, which have not yet closed, have taken place among ethnologists during the last ten years. Also the lack of care, especially the al)sence of the co(l), has here acted as a disturbing Icause in tlhe decision. But there is vet a set of peoples, which were formerly included, that are now Ibeing gradually disassociated, especially the Australians and the Veddahs, whose hair, by means of special care, appears quite wavy if not entirely sleek and smooth. Generally it is frowzy aIld matted, so that its natural form is difficult to recognize. To it is wanting the chief peculiarity, which obtrudes itself in the African blacks so characteristically that the colmpact spiral folrm which it assumes from its root, the so-called "pepper-corn," is selected as the preferable mark of the race. The peculiar nappy head has its origin in the spiral "rollcke^." As to the Asiatic blacks this has been for a long time known among the Andamlanese; it has lately l)een noticed upon the Sakai of Malacca, and it is to be found also amlong the Negritos of the Philippines, as I can show by specimens. Therefore, if we seek ethnic relationships for the Negritos of the Philippit.es, or as they are named, the AEtas (Etas, Itas), such connections obtrude themselves with the stocks named, and the more strongly since they all have brachycephalic. relatively small (nannocephalic) heads and through their small size attach themselves to the peculiar dwarf tribes. I might here comment on the singular fact that the Andaman Islands are situated near the Nicobars in the Indian Ocean, but that the populations on both sides of them are entirely different. In lmy own detailed descriptions which treat of the skulls and the hair specially,2 it is affirmed that the typical skull shape of the Nicobarese is dolichocephalic and that "their hair stands between the straight Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner, Wfirzburg, 1869, p. 49. Verhapdl. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft, 1885, pp. 104, 109. THE PEOPLING OF THE PHIIIIPPINES.51 613 hair of thle 'Mongoloid and thle sleek, though slightly curved 01r walv, hair of thle M'Nalavan and Indian Ipeoplelt:" their skin color is relatively, dark, but. only so much so 2us is peculiar to thle tribes of India. Wvith thle little hhlltks of t-he Anmlanmuas there is not the slightest agreement. In this we have, one of the best, evidences against the theory of Waitz-Gerland that the (liflerences inl physical appearaunce a1re to be' attriltnited to variation mlerely. I will, ho~wever,11 so as not to be misunderstood, expressly emphasize, that I amn n t willing to declare that the tWo peopl)es have bXeln iat aill tinuies s0 cmtistituite-d I aniim10w,speaking of actual coimditioiis. In the samue senlse I wish also myid remarks concerning the Negrit-A)s to he tatken. Not one fact is inl evidence fro-mi which we uiiatv coiiclude that a single neighboring peo)ple known to us has beenl Negritized. We are therefore just itiedl when we see inl the Negritos at truIly primitive p)eople. Ats they are-( 1mow, they we're more thanl three hutndred andtitvar ago~ when the first Europ~ean navigrators visit~e( these. islands. About oldcr relationships niothing is known. All the graves fromt which thle bones of Negrtitos now iii possession were taken lbelong to recent times.:umd also the ol1dest descr-iptionls which have beenl received, so far as I)hylogeny is con(cernedl, must hv, characterized ats modern. Trhe little, change inl the mode of life made known through these, descriptions inl comoiection with thle low griadle o)f culture on which these iimpoverishedl tribes live amply testify theat we have before uts here a Primitive race. * [The (question whether we hiave to (10 wvith older, independent races in the 'Malayv Archipelago or with mixtures is (everywhere anl open one. -TIRANSLAToI. J Whoeer would picture the present ethnic affiliations of the, lightcolored peoples- of thle IPhilipphies will 500m1 land in confus'ion on account of the great number o)f tribes. One of the ablest observers, Ferd. Blumentritt.' mentions, lhesides the, Negritos, the Chinese and the whites, not less than 51 stuch tribes, Ilie classifies theni in one group as.Malays. according to the plan now customary. This oh ivison rests primarily onl ai linguistic foundation. But when it is noted that the identitv of language. among all the tribes is not established and ainong many not at all lproved, it is sufficiently shown that speech i.4 a char-acter of little constancy, andl that a language, may be imposed upon a people to the annihilation o)f their own iw those who belong too a different linguistic stock. The Malay Sea is filled with islands on which tarry the remnants of peoples not Malay. For a long time, especially since the Dutch occupation, these old 'Versuch ciner Fthnogyraphie der Philippinen, Petennann's Mittheilungen, Gotha, 1882, No. 67. Sm9-3 514 514 PTH E PEOPLING OF '111E PHILIPPINES. populations have receive-d the, special namne of Alfuros.' litit this ambiguous termi has been usedl in such1 an arlbitrarv and1( prom~iscuous fashion that latterly it hats been wvell-nigh banished fromt ethnological literature. It is not long ago that the Negritos were so called. luti if the black peoples aire elimninated, there remiains oinimany islands at. least an element to be differentiated froin the Matlay. clijetl throuigh the, dlarker skint color, greater orthocelphaly, and1 more, w~avy, quite crimped hair. I have, for- the dlitlerent islands, furnished proof, aind will here(, only refer to the assertion that ai broad b~elt of wavy and curly hair has pressed itself in between the Papuian and the Malay, at belt which in the, north seems to termiinate wvith the Veddah, in the South with the Australian." One c-an niot read the accounts of travelers without the increasing conviction of the existence of several different, if not perhaps related, varieties of peoples thr'ust onl the samle island. From this results the natural and entirely tinjrej udicedl conclusion, which hats repeatedly been stated, that eithei' a primitive people 1y later- intrusions has lbeen pressed back into the interior or that in course of timie several imtmigrations have followed one another. At the same tiun it is niot unreasonable to think that 1)0th pr'ocesses went on at the samne time, anid indeed this conception is strongly brotughit forward. So Bluminentritt assumies thatr there is there a lprimitive black people and that three separate Malay invasions have tamken lplace.,r1he oldest, whose branches have mnany traits in accordl with the IDavaks of Borneo, especially the, practice of head-hunting; at second. which also took place before the arrival of the, Spaniiards. to which the Tlagals, Visayas, Vicols, Ilocanes, and other tril)es belong; the third, I slami tic, which emigrated from Borneo and miight have been interrupted by the arrival of the, Spaniards, and with which at contemporaneous immi'gration from the Moluccas wvent on. It mutst be said, however, that Blumientritt admiits two periods for the first iinvasioni. In the earliest he places the iminigration of the Igorrotes, Apavos, Zambhales-in short, all the tribes that dwelt in the interior of the, country later and were pressed away from the coast, therefore, actually, the miountain tribes. To the second half he assigns the Tinguianies, Catalangranes, and Iriavas, who aire not head-hunters, but Semiper says they appear to have a mixture of Chinese and Japanese blood.3 'A. Lesson. Les Polynesians, Paris, 188, Vol. 1, pp. 267, 283. [On this objectionable word see A. B. Meyer, The Distribution of the Negritos, Dresden, 1899, Stengel, p. 7. -TR. ] 11R. Virchow, Alfuren-Schiidel von Ceramn und von den MI~olucken. Verhandl. Berl. Anthrop. Gesellsehaft., 1882, p. 78; 1889, pp. 159, 170. [Whether this be a new type or mixture cf. J. G. F. Riedel, De sheik en Kroesharige Rasssen tlessehenl Selebes en Papua, 1886.-TRANSLArOR. ] 8Noim.-The dates for these several migrations are given as follows: First migration, 200 B. C.; second migration, 100-500, A. D., bringing the alphabet; third migration, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Islanitfic. But these dlates represent only opiniowl up to date, from which more thorough inquiry must set, OUt.-TRAINSLATOR. T'ILE 'PEO(PLI NO OF '1'TE PHILI'PPINES. Against this scheme nl anyt things mlay 1 ) e said(I ill (ltail, eslpecially that. actcordingig to the apparently weIll-groulnd(d assertiolls ()f M31illerlkeck, tihe g(ointg (of the Chinese to thle 'Philippine's was dev(teloped abotut ti' e,,ld of the fourtteelnth centllry., and chitfly after tlhe Spaniards had rgotttii a foottholtl and were using tilt, Mesxicanl silver il trade. At Iay rate, tie a)pprehension of Semllper, whlich rests ()on somltewhlt sul)erficial p)hysiognotumic gro(und, is not confirmed by searchling investigations. So the head-hunting of the lmounltainl tribes, S) far as it hints; at relations witil Bornleo), give's Ino s.lre chronological result, since it mighlt have been)( c(ontellporaneous in them alld could have c(omle here thlrouigh invasioin from( (other islands. The chlief inquliry is this: Wheth er there t)ook pla(ce other land older invasions. For this we are not only to draw tilpon tlh l)resent triles, )but if possible luponl tile remallins of earlier and )perhalp now extinct triles. This 1)ossib)ility lias,been brought nearer fori tiht Ph'ili)ppinles throullgh certaitn cave (lep)osits. We hatvt to thlank. for the' first informatitotiill t ravele'lr,IJgor, whlose exceps(tioinal tailent its ('(llectol'r hls placed us in tlhe l)ossessioll of rich mallterial, (especially crania. 'To Ills excellent relport of Ilis jo)llrney I have already( dedic'ated at special chal)ter, in which I lhave preselnted tand lpartiallly illustrated not only the cave crania, but also ia series of other skulls. An extended( t'onference upon them has been held in the Antlhro()ologi(cal Society.' 'Ihllte l( Spanish chronliclers desc.riibe attccurate(ly tihe Ill()lrtuary (ustolims which were in vo\gue in their tinle. ''h (lead were laid:i in (Ocfins made from excavated tree trunks and covere(l with a well-fitting lid. They were then deposited on some elevated placho, or nliluntain, or river bank, or seashore. Caves in the mountains were also utilized for this purpose. Jagor describes such caves on the islan(d of Saniar, west of Luzon, whose contents have recently been annihilat(ed.2 The few crania from there which have been intrusted to me bear th( atlrks of recent pedigree, as also do the additional otbjects. Unfortunlately, )Dr..Jagor did not himself visit these interesting caves, but he has brought crania thence which are of the highest interest, and which I must now mention. The cave in question lies near Lanang,3 on the east coast of Samar, on the bank of a river, it is said. It is, as the traveler reports, celebrated in the locality "on account of its depressed gigantic crania, without sutures." The singular statement is made clear by means of a well-preserved example, which I lay before you. The entire cra'NOTE.-In the matter of evidence for high antiquity and separate race furnished by incrusted cave crania, Prof. William II. Holmes's paper on the Calaveras skull (printed in this volume), should be studied, in which serious d(oubtS are thrown upon the value of such relics as witnesses.-TRANSLATOR. F. Jagor, Grabstatten zu Nipa-Nipa. Zeitsehrift fur Ethnologie, 1869, I, p. 80. SDie Philippinen und ihre Bewohner. Verh. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellsch., 1870, session of 25th of January. 516 THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. nium, including the face, is covered with a thick layer of sintxer, whi'ch gives it the appearance of belonging to the class of skulls with Leontiasis ossea. It is, in fact, of good size, but through the incrustation it is increased to gigantic proportions. It is true, likewise, that it has a much flattened, broad and( complressed form. The cleaning of another skull has shown that artificial deformation has taken place, which obviously was completed before the incrustation was laid on )by the mineral water of the cave. I will here add that on the testiImoiny of travelers no Negritos were on Samar. The island lies in the neighborhood of the Visayas. Although no description of the position of the skull is at hand and of the skeleton to which it apparently belonged, it must be assumed that the dead man was not lai(l away in a coffin, but placed on the ground; that, in fact, he be)longed to an earlier " period." How long ago that was can not be known, unfortunately, since n!o data are at hand; however, the bones are in ia nearly fossilized condition, which allows the conclusion that they were dep)osited long ago. The deformation itself furnishes no clut to a chronological conclusion. In Thevenott is found the statement that, according to the account of a priest, )pro))aly in the 16th century, the tcustoi prevails in some of the islands to press the heads of new-lorrn babes between two boards, also to flatten tie forehead, "since they believed that this form was a s)ecial mark of beauty." A similar (leformation, with more pronounced flattening and )ackward pressure of the forehead, is shown on the crania which Jagor produced fromn a cave at Carantiuan in Luzon. There are modes of flattening which reminld one of Peru. When they came into our hands it was indeed tan immense surprise, since no knowledge of such deformation in the South Sea wits at hand. First our information led to more thorough investigations; so we are aware of several examples of it from Indonesia and, indeed, from the South Sea (Mallicolo). However, this deformation furnishes no clue to the antiquity of the graves. [Chinese and Korean pottery are said to have been found with the deformed crania. Similar deformations exist in the Celebes, New Britain, etc. Head-shaping has been universal, ef. A. B. Meyer, Qtber Kunstliche deformirte Schiidel von Borneo und Mindanao and iiber die Verbreitung der Sitte der Kunstlichen Schiideldeformirung, 1881, 36 pp., 4~.-TRANSLATOR.] I have sawed one of these skulls in two along the sagittal suture. The illustration gives a good idea of -the amount of compression and of the violence which this skull endured when quite young. The cranial cavity is inclined backward and lengthened, and curves out above, while the occiput is pressed downward and the region of the front fontanelle is correspondingly lacking. Likewise, a considerable 'RElations des diverses voyages curieux. Paris, 1591 (1663). Smithsonian Report, 1899.-Virchow. PLATE I. SKULL FROM CAVE IN PHILIPPINES. THE PEOPLING OF THE P3HILIPPINES.51 517 thlickness' () thet 1h0m14 is to 1)4 notedl, especiailly of thlt ver-tex. Th'le u~prjaw is slightly pro-(giia1thotis and1( thet r(X)f o)f the14 iiioith unusually arhedl~. (P1. 1.) For the purpose. of the present stidy. it is, unnecessatry to go further into particuhars. It might het mienitione&d that aill ILanang skulls are clharacterized hv their sizes and the firmlness of h~one(, So that thev (lepati wvidely fromt the characteristics of they other Philip11)1ne examlples known to mce. Similar skulls have been received only from caves, which exist in one of the little rocky islanids east froml Luzon. Trhy sugge(.St most Kanakat crania from Hawaii, and Mforiori crania from Chathamn islands, and they- ratise the question whether they do not belong t~o at migration periodi long b~efore the time of the Malays. I have, 01n various occa~sions1, 11e'n tioned t Iiis Iprolbable 1)re-Ma~flayall, or at least proto)-MalaVan, population which stands in n(earest relation to the settling of 1Polvnesitt. Here I will mnerely mention that the Polv'nesian saigads bring the progenitor from the west, and that. the pwsg between Halamnahera (Grilolo) and the Philippines is pointedI out ats the, course of invasion. At any rate, it is quite probable that the skulls f romi Lanang, Cragaraty, and other Philippine islan(Is are the remitains of at very old, if not autochthonous. prehistoric layer of population. The lpresent imountain trilbes have furnished flo close analogies. As to the Igorrotes, which Blumentritt attributes to the first invasion, I refer to) my description given on the ground of (chronological investigations; according to the account given by Hans Meyer' the disposal of the dead in log coffins and in caves still goes on. Of the skulls themselves, none were brachycephalous; on the contrary, they exhibit platyrrhine and in part dIecidedly pithecoid noses. On the whole, I canie to the conclusion, as did earlier Quatrefages and Haiany, that "they stand next in coumparison with the Dayaks of Borneo," b~ut I hold y'et the impression that they belong to a very old, probably pre-Malaty, uimnigration. ' 'Schiddel der Igorroten. Verhil. decr Berliner Anthrop. Geselllsch., 1883, pp. 390, 3.99. [On the IgorroteL4 see A. B.3Mever, Negrittos, 1899, p. 12, note 2. TRANMLAI'OILJ '2Die Igorroten %- ni Luzon, p). 386. 3 With this study of crania should be read Dr. A. B. Meyer, on craniological data andl their value, in The Di.4tribution of the Negritos, Dresden, 18-99, in which he says: " The forlin of the skull in general is variable and call not be regardedA as. a perinanent, character in the development of the races." Tile readler must not neglect Dr. Me~yer's pub~lications,, since in them he has the results of careful studies on the spot.: Volume VIII, of the folio publications of the Dresdlen Royal Ethnographic Museum, 1890, on the tribes of Northern Luzon; Volume IX, of the same, on the Negritos, 1893; Album of Philippine Type-s, 1885, 329 plates, 40; ditto, 1891, 50 plates; and The Distribution of the Negritos in the Philippine Islands and Elsewhere, Dresden. The last three are published by Stengel & Co., Dresden. The little book on distribution is in English, and contains, in addition to most useful information, a list of Blumentritt's publications.-TRANSLA-MR. 518 THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. P'ARIT II.' When, on the lsth of March, 1897, I 111mde at (o'limuni(catiol on the population of the Philippines, a bloody uprising had broken out everywhere against the existing Spanish rule. In tills Ulprising a celrtain portion of the population, and indeed that which had the mlllost valid clailm to al)originality, the so-called Negrlitos, were not ilnv()l ve(l. Their isolation, their lack of every sort of political, often indeed of village organization, also their nmeager nublcers, render it conceivablle tliat the greatest changes might go on among their neighllors withoult their taking such a practical view of them as to lead to their (elgaging in them.n Thus it can be understood how they would take no interest in the further development of the affair. Since, then the result of the war between Spain and the Americans has been the destruction of Spanish power, and the treaty of Paris brought the entire Philippine Archipelago into the possessioll of the United States of America. Henceforth the princitpal interest is centered upon the deportment of the insurgents, who have not olyv outlived the great war between the powers, b)ut are low (deterlille( to assert, or win, their independence froml the conquerors. These inlsurgents, who for brevity are called Filipinos, belong, as I have remarked, to the light-colored race of so-called Indios, who are sharply differentiated from the Negritos. Their ethnological position is difficult to fix, since numerous mixtures have taken place with imllligrlalt whites, especially with Spaniards, but also with people of yellow and (f brown races-that is, with Mongols and Chinese.2 Perhaps here and there the importance of this mixture on the composite type of the Indios has been overestimated; at least in most places positive proof is not forthcoming that foreign blood has imposed itself upon the brightcolored population. Both history and tradition teach, on the contrary, as also the study of the physical peculiarities of the people, that among the various tribes differences exist which suggest family traits. To this effect is the testimony of several travelers who have followed one another during a long period of time, as has been developed especially by Blumentritt. In this connection it must not be overlooked that all these immigrations, howsoever many they be supposed to have been, l.must have come this way from the west. Indeed, a noteworthy migration from the east is entirely barred out, if we look no farther back than the Chinese and Japanese. On the contrary, all signs point to the assumption that from of old, long before the coming of Portuguese and 'Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1899, Vol. III, 19th January, pp. 14-26. 'NOTE.-A brief r6sum of these many mixtures is given in Tour du Monde, 27th May and 3d June, 1882; see also statement in this translation.-TRANSLATOR. THE PEOP~LING OF THE, PHIILIPPINES. 5 ~ 519 5tl)fl' iioein'it h)a( grone ont frotin this retriontoil Spaniard(s. at ttoo themvI~v r% east, and that. the grieat, Sea WIIY which exists b~etween Mindanlao and the Sului islandls on01 th "iorth and iladhnahe_~ru and the 'Moluccus in the south wats the e,,ntrance, road along which those tribes, or at le~ast thos naigaors hos ariv-al peopled the- Polynesian Islands, found their waiy into the Pacific Ocean.- BUt also thle movemen t o h 1Po~ll nesnIns points, tA the west, and if the-it ancestors inav have comne front Indonesia there is 110 (ou~lt that in their longr journeys eastwar'd they mnust have-( totuchedl at. thie coasts of other islands on their way, especially the P~hilippines. Polynesian invasions of thle Philippines are not Sup~posedl to have closed when t i aigration of lx'opl('s or of riien Passing out to the P'acific Ocean laidl tlt(e foundation of at large fraction (If the population of the archipelago. It is known that now and theit single canoes f roin the P'alawan or the Ladrone islands were driveit upon the (east coast of Luzon, lbut their inipjortflnce ought. not to be overestimiated. The inigration this way front the west ltutist henceforth remnain ats the point of dep~arture for all explanations of this eastern ethnologry. jrhese stAttem-ents are well enought for working hypotheses, hut actual proofs are, not at hand. Rtatzel, BerI. Verhand 1., etc., Phil. list. Class, 1898, I, p. 33.-TRANSLATOR.) Now, how are then local (lifferences of vnarious tribes to he exlplained, when oni the whole the place of origin Was the samne IIs there here, a secondai'v variatiton (If the, typ)e, somiething brought about th rough climiate, food, circumistances? It is at large thente,, which, uinfortunatelv, is too often domninated by previously-formied theories. The imiportance of ''environment" and niode of life upon the corporeatl developmient of man can not lhe contested, but the mneasure of this importance is very mnuch in doubt. Nowhere is this uteasure, at least in the pm'esent consideration, less known than in the Philippines. In spite (If wide geological and lbiological differences on these islands, there exists a c-lose anthropological agreenient of the Indlios in the chief characteristics, and the effort to trace back the, tribal differences that have been tiarked to climnatic and alimentary causes has not sueceedled. The, influence of inherited peculiarities is also more mighty here, as in most parts of the earth, than that of "miilieu." If we assume,, first. that the immigrants brought their peculiarities with them, which were fixed already when they caine. we must also accept ats self-evident that the Negritos of the Philippines do not lbelong to the same stock as the more powerful, bright-colored Indios. As long as these islands have been known, more than three centuries, the skin of the Negritos has been dark brown, almost black, their bair' short and spirally twisted, and just as long has the skin of the Indios, been brownish, in various shades, relatively clear, and the hair has been long and arranged in wavy locks. At no time, so far as known, has it been discovered that among a single family a pronounced variation 520 THE PEOPLING OF THE PHITLIPPINES. from these peculiariti.es htad t:taket place. ()On this point there is entire unanimlity. In case of tlhe Negritos there is not the least (ldoubt; of the Illnios a (loubt mltla arise, for, in fact, the shades of skin color appear greatly varied, siince the brown is at times quite blackish, at times yellowish, almost tis varied as is the color of the sunburnt hair. But even then the practiced (ee easily detects the d(esent, and if the skin alone is not suffi'iellt the tirst glance at the hair completes the diagnosis. The correc(t explanatiol of indlividual o)r tribal variations is difficult only with the Itndis, while no,such necessity exists in tile case of the Negritos. B3ut anllong the Indios these individual and tribal variations alre so frequent anid so )otspoken that one is justified in making the inqluiry whether there has lnot developed here a new type of inherited l)eculiarities. If this were the.case, it Imust still be held that already tlie ilmmigrant trib)(es ha(d )osse'ssed theim. Now, history recco rds that (iffeten't imlliigrations have actually taken place. Laying aside the latest before the arrival of the Splniards, that of the Islamites, in the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries, there remains the older one. If ethnologists and travelers in general l come to the conclusion concerning Borneo-and( it is to be taken as certainthat the dtifferences now existing amiong the wild tribes of this island are very old, it ought not tbe thought so wonderful if, acoording to the conditions of the tribes which have immigrated thence, there should exist on the Philippines near one another dissimilar though related peoples. This difference is not difficult to recognize in manners and customs-a side of the discussion which is further on to be treated more fully. We begin with physical characteristics. Among these the hair occupies the chief place. To be sure, among all the Indios it is black, but it shows not the slightest approach to the frizzled condition which is such It prominent feature in the external appearance of the Negritos and of all the Papuan tribes of the East. This frizzled condition ma y ble called woolly. or in somewhat exaggerated refiniement in the namlle lmay be attrilmbted to the term " wool," all sorts of meanings akin to wool; in every case there is wanting to all the Indios the crinkling of the hair from its exit out of the follicle, wherebl would result wide or narrow spiral tubes land the coarse appearance of the so-called " peppercorn." The hair of all Indios is smooth and straightened out, and when it forms curves they are only feeble, and they make the whole outward appearance wavy or, at most, curled. But within this wavy or curled condition of the hair there are again differences. In my former communication I have attended to examinations which I made upon a large number of islands in the Malay Sea, and in which it was shown that a certain area exists which begins with the Moluccas and extends to the Sunda group, in which the hair THE PEOPLIN(J OF THE PI~HL[PPINES.52 621 sho1(ws at strongr jinclinaitionl to) forin wavy locks, indeed pvses gratdtially into crinkledl, if not. inlto Spiral, 1'olls. Suich hair is found specialtlv in the, interior o)f the islands, where the so-called alI)origrinal popuilation is purer an(I where for a long time the namev o)f Alfuiros' has been conferred on them. On mnost points affinity with Negrritos 01r Papuanms isi not to h~e recognized. Should such at anyv time h~ave existedl, wve are at long WayN from the lperiod when the (lirect cauises therefor are t-o be looked for. lin this- connection the study of the Philippines is rich with instruction. lIn t-he limits of the lmnost~ insu11 isolated 'Negrito enclave., mixtures between Netrritos and Indios veryi~ seldomn suirlrise one, and never the transitions that cani have ari1sen1 tin the post-generative time of deveb l)nmvmmt. I The island of Negrros, oni the contrary ispopled by SuCh crOSSIhreedS.-TiRANSLATOR.I If there are, amiong th(,, brigrht-colored islanders of the Indian Ocean Alfuros and Malays close together there is nothing against coining upon this (contrast in the IPhilippine, population also. Among the iiore, central peoples the tribal differences are so great that almost every~ exIplorer stumbnlles on the question of mixture. There not only the Davaks and the other Malavs obtruide theniselves, but also the, Chinese and the MNongolian peoples of Farther India. Indeed, many facts are known, chiefly in the. languiage,2 the religion, the lolinestic, arlts, the agricuiltur'e, the pastoral life which remind one of known conditions pecu1liarly Indian. The results of the eithnologists are so tangled here that one has to be cautious when one or another of them draws conclusions concerning inmmigrations, because of certain local or territorial specializations. Of course, when a Brahmanic cust~om occurs anywhere it is right to conclude that it camie here from Indlia. But before assuming that the tribe in which such a custumit prevails itself comes from Hither or Farther India, the time has to be, ascertained to which the customn is to be traced back. rLhe chronological evidence leads to the confident belief that the custom and the tribe immigrated together. Over the whole Philippine Archipelago religious customs have changed with the pr-ogress of external relations. Christianity has in many places spread its peculiar customs, observances, and opinions, and changed entirely the direction of thought. On closer view are to be detected in the midst of Christian activities older survivals, as ingredients of belief which,, in spite of that religion, have not vanished. Before Christianity, 'in many places, Islam flourished, and it is not 'On t his objectionable name, see supra, p. 514. That the term does not connote hair characters cf. A. B. Mever, Sitzungsb. d. Phil. Hist. Classwe (ler kaimerlichen Akademie der Wiss-ensch. Wien, 1882, Vol. C1, p. 155.-TRANSLATOR. 2DnT. H. Pardo de Tavera, El sanscrito e la lengua, tagalog. Paris, 1887. 622 THE P'EOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. surlllrisillg to witness, its (on Mindanao, Christian and Mohamlinmedan beliefs side )y.side. Biut, Ibefore Islam, ancestor worshipl, as has long been known, was widely prevalent. In almost every locality, every hut has its Anito with its special place, its own dwelling; there are Anito pictures and images, certain trees and, indeed, certain anilials in which sorne Anito resides. The ancestor worship is as old as history, for the discoverers of the Philippines found it in full bloom, and rightly has Bltumentritt charactertized Anito worship as the ground foril of lhilippine religion. He has also furnished numerous examples of Anito cult surviving in Christian collnunities. Chronolohgy has a good groundwork and it will have to observe every footprint of vanishing creeds. Only, it miust Inot be overlooked that the beginning of the chr(onology of religion has not bleen reached, and that the origin of the gelnerally (iftfsed anclestor worship, at least on the Philippines, is not known. If it is l)orne in mind that belief in Anitos is widely difftused in Polynesia and in purely Malay areas, the drawing of certain ((conc(lusions therefrom concerning the prehistory of the Philippines is to be despaired of. Next to religious custioms, among wild tribes fashions are most enduring. Littleof costume is to be seen, indeed, among them. Therefore, here tattooing asserts its sway. The more it has been studied in late years the mllore valuable has been the information in deciding the kinship relations of tribes. Unfortunately, in the Philippines the greater part of the early tattoo designs have been lost and the art itself is also ntearly eliminated. But since the journey of Carl Selllperl2 it has been known that not only Malays but also Negritos tattoo; indeed, this admirable explorer has decided that the " Negroes of the East Coast" practice a( different method of tattooing from that of the Marivales in the west, and on that account they attain different results. In the one case a needle is employed to make fine holes in the skin in which to introduce the color; in the other long gashes are made. In the latter case prominent scars result; in the former a smooth pattern. But these combined patterns are on the whole the same, instead of rectilinear figures. Schadenburg has the operations commence with a sharpened bamtboo on children 10 years of age.3 Among the wild tribes of the light-colored population tattooing is not less diffused, but the patterns are not alike in the different tribes. Isabelo de los Reyes reports that' the Tinguianes, who inhabit the mountain forests of the northern cordilleras of Luzon, produce figures of stars, snakes, birds, etc., on children 7 to 9 years old. Hans Meyer describes the pattern 'Der Ahnencultus und die religiosen Anschauungen der Malaien des PhilippinenArchipels. Wien, 1882, p. 2. (From Mittheil. der K. K. Geograph. GeselLschaft). Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner. Wirzburg, 1869, pp. 50, 137. 8 Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 1880, XII, p. 136. 4 Die Tinguianen (Luzon). Translated from the Spanish by F. Blumentritt (Mitth. der K. K. Geograph. Ges. in Wien), 1887. THE PEOPILINO 01? THE PHI LIPPINES.52.523 of tflic Ig irot-(es., Thete appears to exist at great Irvy N-1)4s for exam~jple-. on, the armns, straight and crooke(1 line's crossling. one amiotlher', onI the b~reast, feather-like patterns. Lea4St f re(juemrtlv. he sa;Iw the SO)-calle(I Ilurik (lesignls, which extendled in lparallel bl11n(1 across the blreast. the Inack, and calves, and give to the lxmdy the appelarance of a sailor's stripedA jacket. It is very remarkable thiat, the huminan forml nvrOCCUTrs. W hat is t-rtie conIcerni ng tattooing on so mnany Po)lyVnesiain ishands holds also) coln)1pletelv here. But reliable dlescrip~tions aire so few, an1d especially there is suchl at imleager numlber o)f uIsefull draw11ings. thiat it wouldl mto rep~ay the trilllble to assemble the scatteredl datai. At least it will suthfce to discoNver whether among theml there are genuline t-riball iniarks orI to investigate concerning the distribution of selparittv patterns. Those knowun show concluisiv-ely that, in the matter of tattooing the Filipinos are not differentiated fromt the islanders of the P~acific: they foriti1. nioreove'. anl imnportant linik in the cheain of knowledge, which demonstrates the, grenetic hoiiiogen"leity o)f the inhlabitant~s. Th tattooings of the eastern) islandlers are, com1parable only- to those o)f African aborigrines, with which last they furnish iiiany family, marks. inade out and recognlizedl. It is dlesir'able that at trustworthy collection 4i all patterns lbe collected before the mnethod becomies niore altc'red or dest rove(I. Next to the skin, amiong the wild tribes the teeth are mo1dified in the muost miiuflrotis artificial alterations. The lpreferable custoi, co()innmon in Af rica, of lbreaking out the f ront teeth in greater or less nimnillher has not, so far as I rememiber, been described among thte Filip~inos; I only mnention that while I was making at revision of our IPhilipp~ine cran11ita. two) of theni turned upl in which then middle Upper incisors had evidently bleeni broken ouit for at long time, for- the, alveolar bordler had.shrunk into a smnall. quite smooth ridge, without a trace of ain aveolus. It is, otherwise with t~he pointing of the incisors, especially the upper ones. which, also is not conmio~n. I must leave 'it undecided whet-her the sharpening i-4 done by filing or by breaking off pieces from] the sides. The latter should be in general far more frequent. In every case the otherwise broad and flat teeth are lbrought to suich sharp points ats to project like those of the carnivorous animals. I have miet with this c-ondition -several times on Negrito skulls and furnished illustrations of them.' On a Zambal skull, excavated by Dr. A. B. M.Neyer and which I lay lbefore you, the deformation is easy to be, seen. I called attention at the time to the fact that among the Malays an entirely different method of modifying the teeth is in vogue, in which a horizontal filing on the front surface is practiced and the sharp IVerhandi. der Berliner Gesellsch. ffur Anthropologie, 1883, p. 38. 2Abliandlung fiber alte und neue Schiidel, in F. Jagor's Reiwen in den Philippinen. Berlin, 1873, p. 3714, PI. II, figs. 4 and 5. 524 THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. lower edge is straightened and widened. Already the elder Th'I' enot has accented this contrast when he says: "'rhese.cause the teeth to be equal, those file theml to points, giving them the shape of a saw."'.This difference appears to have held on till the present; at least no skull of an Indio is known to me with similar deformation of the teeth. This custom of the Negritos is so much more remarkable since the chipping of the corners of the teeth is widely spread among the African blacks. The other part of the body used Ilost for (deformation-the skullis in strong contrast to the last-named customl. Deforlmed crania, especially from older times, are quite numlerous in the Philippines; probably they belong exclusively to the Indios. If they exist amonlg the Negritos, I do not know it; the only excep)tion colmes from the Tinguianes, of whom,1. de los Reyes reports their skulls a're flattened behind (per detriis oprilllido). Such flattlening is found, however, not seldom among tribes who have the practice of Iinding children on hard cradle boalrds-chiefly among those fanmilies who keep their infants a long time on such contrivances. A sure mark by which to discriminate accidental pressure of this sort fromi one intentionally produced is not at hand; it may be that in accidental deformation oblique position of the deformed spot is more frequent; at any rate, the difference in the Philippines is a very striking one, since there not so much the occiput as the front and middle portions suffer from the disfigurements, and thereby deformations are prodluced that have had their most perfect expression among the ancient 1Peruvians and other American tribes. I have discussed cranial deformation of the Americans in greater detail, where I exhibit the accidental and the artificial (intentional) deformation ill their principal forms.2 The result is that in large sections of America scarcely any ancient skulls are found having their natural forms, but that the practice of deformation has not been general; moreover, a number of deformation centers lmay be differentiated which stand in no direct association with one another. The Peruvian center is far removed from that of the northwest coast. and this again from that of the Gulf States. From this it must not be said that each center may have had its own, as it were, autochthonous origin. But the method has not so spread that its course can be followed immediately. Rather is the supposition confirmed that the mlethod is to be traced to some other time, therefore that somewhere there must have been a place of origin for it. On the Eastern Hemisphere, and especially in the region here under consideration, the relations are 'G. A. Baer (Verhandl. d. Berliner Anthrop. Gesellsehaft, 1879, p. 331) says that such an operation obtains only among Negritos of pure blood. 'Crania ethnica Americana. Berlin, 1892, p. 5, and figs THE PEOPI~NO OF THE PHILIPPINES.52 525 apparently otherwise. Here 'exist, so fair its known, great areas entirely- free from deformation; small ones, on the other han11d, full of it. There atre herel, also), (leformation centers,. but only at few. Among these, with our- present knowledge, the. Philippines occupy the first plalce. The knowledgre of this, indleed, is not of long duration. Public attention wats first aroused alhout thirty years ago concerning skulls f rom Samar and Luzon, gathered by F. *lagor f romn ancient caves, to furnish the piroof of their (leformiation. Uip to that time next to nothing wats known of deformied cranian in the orientud islnnd world. First through my pub~lication' the attAention of.J. (. IRiedel, at most observant Dutch resident, wats called t4 the fact that cranial (leformnation is still practiced in the Celebes, and he wats so good ats to sendl us at specimen of the comp)ressing appatratuis for (lelicatte infanits. (lS714).' Compressed crania were also found. But the number wats sinall aind the comjlression of the separate specimiens wats only slight. In1 both respe"cts what was observed in the Sutida islands (liil not differ from the state of the case in the Philipp~ines. lhrough.Jagor's collections difflerent places had become known where de formed cranlia were buried. Since then the number of localities has multiplied. I shall mention only, two, onl account of their peculiar locality. One is Cagraily, at SmallaI island east of Luzon, in the Pacific Ocean, ait the entrance of the Bav of Albav r the other, the island of Marindilque, in the west, between Ljuzon and Mindoro. Fromn the last-named island I saw, ten years ago, the first picture of one in a photograph albumi accidentally placed in my hanrds. Since then I had opportunity to examine the Schadenberg collection of crania, lately come into the possession of the Reichsumuseumi, in Leyden, and to my great delight (liscovered in it a series of skulls which are compressed in exactly the same fa~shion as those of Lanang. It is said that these will soon be described in a publication. It is of especial interest that this method has been noted in the Philippines for more than three hundred years. In my first publication Icited a passage in Th'venot where he says, on the testimony of a priest, that the natives on sonic islands had the custom of compressing the head of a newborn child between two boards, so that it would be no longer round, but lengthened out; also they flattened the forehead, which they looked upon as a special mark of beauty. This is, therefore, an ancient example. It is confirmed by the circumstance that these crania are found especially in caves, from the roofs of which mineral waters have dripped, whtich have overlaid the bones partly 'Zeitschr. fuir Ethnologie, 1870, Vol. II, p. 151. 2Tesame, III, p. 110, P1. V, fig. 1; Verhandl. Anthrop. Ges., Vol. VI, p. 215; Vol. VII, p. 11; Vol. VIII, p. 69; Vol. IX, p. 276. 3Verhandi. der Berliner Anthrop. Geoeliseb., 1879, Vol. XI, p. 422, 1889, Vol. XXI, p. 49. r 526 52(1 ~THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. with a thick layer of calcareous matter. The bones themisevIes have an uncommonly thick, almost ivoryi-, fossil-like appearawnle. Only, the outer surface is in places corroded, and onl these places saturated with a greenish infiltration. It is to be assumed, therefore, that they arei-(.yery old. I have the impression that they mutst have been placed1 hiere before the discoveryv of thel islands and1 the introdluction o)f Christijanitv. Their p~ecutliar appearan,11,1ceV, e~specially their angrular- formn an(l. the t hickness of the bonle, remIinids one of crania111 fro(m other par-ts o)f the South Sea, ev~ecially those, froin Chatham and Sanldwichl Islands. I shall not here go further into this (question, btut mlerlely mlenition that I camle to the conclusion that these people must lbe l~oked uponi as Ipro(toMalayani. The changes which will take place in the political condition o)f the 1Philipp~ites mlay be o)f little service to scientific expl~loations at. first; but thel study of the population wvill be sreytaken uip with recnewed energy. Already in America scholar-s hav'e liegun to occuipy themiselves therewith. A brief article by Dri. Briniton is to he men~tionedI ats the fir-St sign of this.' But shouildl the ardent dlesire o)f thei Filip~inos lbe realized, that their islands, should have polAitical autoiioinv, it is to be hoped that, out of the patriotic enthusiasmn of the' lIopuhation and the scientific spirit of miany of the(,ii' best mceii. new souirces of information will 1)e ol)ened for the historv andl the dvlpetOf oriental peoples. To this end it may be here muentionied, by the way. that the connecting links of ancient Philipp~ine history and thle customs of these islands, ats well with the 'Melanesians ats withi the( L,(olynesians of the souith, are yet to be discovered. As representattives of these two groups. I present. in closing,. two especially well-formed crania from the P~hilippines. One of them. which shows the marks of antiquity that I have -set forth, Ibelongrs to Indio (Pi. II). It hais the high cranial capacity of 1,540 cutbic cenitimeters, at horizontal ('ircumiference of -525 millimneters, and at sagrittill circumference of 3861 millimeters; its formn is hypsidolicho. qu1ite onl the border of mnesocephaly: Index of width, 75.3; indlex of height, 76.3. Besides, it has, the appearance of at race capable of development; only, the nose is platyrrhine (index,. 52.3), ats among so many "Malay tribes, and 'in the left temple it bears ait ~ sb d~s~au ~prU developed partly frlom anl enlarged fontitnelle. The other skull (P1. III) was taken from at Negrito grave of Zambales by Drm. A. B. Meyer. It makes, at first glance, just as favorable an impression, but its capacity is only'1,182 (cubic centimeters; therefore 358 cubic centimeters less than the other. Its form is orthobrachycephalic;, breadth index, 802.2; height index, 70.6. As in single traits of dev-elopment, so in the meassurements, the difference and the debased character of this race obtrude themselves. Only, the nasal index is some~what smaller; onl the, whole, the nose has in its separate parts a (lecidedly pithecoid form. 'ThePeoplesof thePhilippines, Washingtoi, D.C., 1898. Ainerican Anthropologist. Smithsoniar. Report. 1899.-Virchow. PLATE II. FILIPINO SKULL (AFTER VIRCHOW). I ithsonian Report, 1899.-Virchow. PLATE III.., I-< 3. a.1 NEGRITO SKULL (AFTER VIRCHOW). .I I/ I - - n Ift n - /t2Z / X r ^.........9S ' c_\.,, be Air ~' - 'L 'I '. ^**"*T^ y,,,,iw7 ~r.... ) I -w. / -- -. * 3-.!..,...r~~fo,1 I i i It i I ilr