--- M- - j iT J. tiern iier nff - orthler. Mjhi4 torical od PAMPHLETS. X4 fiv /, ftsaif otd enfdiunrul }~4d mlis~ s PRINCIPALLY HISTORICAL, ON DEPOSIT IN THE ROOM OF WESTERN RESERVE A RORTHERN 01IO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, CLEVELAND, OHIO, BY CHARLES WHITTLESEY, SUBJECT TO BE WITHDRAWN ON DAEMAND. JANUARY 1, 1872. A. NC,.! No. A. Adams, Rev. S. W., Biography. Cleve- 240. American Revieow. New York, 181.9. land, 1867. 120. Atwater. Caleb. Tour to the West. Co03e. American Local History. New York, lumbus, 1850. 1846. 166. Army Medical Statistics. Washington, fi'. Alsop's Maryland. New York, 1869. 1839,1854 and 1856..85. American Revolution. Columbus, O., 105. Agriculturist, bound vol. Columbus, 1834. 1851. 1i09. Arctic Journal. New York, 1852. 171. Army Officers, U. S. M. A. Graduates, 1,.8. American Antiquities. Priest. Alba- Biographical notice,2 vols. Cullum. ay, 1835. New York, 1868. 1t. American Letters (in French,) 2 vols. 53. American Revolution of 1776. Botta. Paris, 1788. Buffalo, 1851. 167. Art of War in Europe, 1854 to 1856. Me- 245. Artillery Field Instruction, U. S. A. Clellan and Mordecai. Washington, Philadelphia, 1869. 1860. 24:6. Army Regulations. New York, 1857. 175. Annual Report Adj. Gen. Ohio, 1863-5. 247. ArmyDictionary. Gardner. NewYork, 176. do do do 1853. 179. Army Register, (U. S. A.) WTashington, 260. Army and Navy Journal, 2 vols., 1863 to 1866. 1865. New York. 186. Army Register, (Alphabetical.) New 99. Agricultural Society, Hamilton Co., O. York, 1863. 1844. Bound pamphlets No. 12. 202. Army Register, (Ohio Vols.) Columlbus, American Biographical Dictionary. 1862. Drake. Boston, 1872. 216. Army Regulations. New York, 1857. Army of the Cumberland. Reports of 6. Andrews, Rev. Alfred. History of New Meetings to 1871. Britain, Conn. Chicago, 1867. Army of the Potomac, Swinton. 1866. B. 6t. Badger, Rev. Joseph. Biography. Hud- 96. Bound Pamphlet. Battle of Lake Erie, son, Ohio, 1851. by J. F. Cooper. Cooperstown, 1843. 10&11. Baylies, Francis. History of New 102. Blannerhasset, Herman. Biography. Plymouth, Mass. Boston, 1866. Cincinnati, 1853. 92. Black Hawk. Biography. Cin'ti, 1847. 119. Blue Laws of Connecticut, 1685. Hart41. Beltrami, Constantino Bergamno. Biog- ford, 1838. raphy. Italy, 1865. 141. Bushnell's Historical Discourse. Hart46. Bouquet's Expedition against'the Ohio ford, 1851. (Bound pamphlets.) Indians. Reprint Rob't Clarke, Cin- 147. Buckeye Celebration. Cincinnati, 1835. cinnati, 1868. (Duplicate.) (Bound pamphlets.) 51. Burgoyne, Lieut. Gen. Expedition from 149. Boonesborough, Ky., Celebration, 1840. Canada. London, 1780. Moorehead. 2 No. No. 184. Battle of Pittsburgh Landing. 201.'Bross, J. A., Memorial of. Chicago, 187. Battle of Pittsburgh Landing. Letter 1865. of Lt. Gov. Stanton. Columbus, 1862. 258. Burke's European Settlements in 188. Battle of Pittsburgh Landing. Letter America, 2 vols. London, 1768. of Hon. Thos. Ewing. Columbus, 1862. 267. Boone, Daniel. Bryant. Harrison232. Buffalo Academy of Fine Arts, 1866. burgh, Ky., 1813. 203. Blue Book, United States. Washing- 270. Barnard, Maj. J. G. Tehuantepec Surton, 1860. vey. New York, 1852. 94. Boone, Daniel. Biography. Cincin- 279. Bell's History of Canada, 2 vols. Montnati, 1849. real, 1862. 21. Bradford. Notes on the North-West. 94. Boone, Daniel. Timothy Flint. CinNew York, 1846. cinnati, 1847. C. 2. Congregational Council of the United 139. Cincinnati WaterWorks Report. ConStates. Boston, 1865. cinnati, 1852. 7'. Champlain Valley, New York, History 163. Civil Service United States. Washingof. Watson. Albany, 1863. ton, 1868. 19. Cincinnati, 1859. By Cist. (Duplicates.) 189. Comments on Gen. McClellan in West21. Church Union, Plan of. Kennedy. ern Virginia. Col. Hill. Toledo, 1864. Hudson, Ohio, 1856. 225. Chicago Directories, 1851-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9. 70. Chase, Rev. Philander. Autobiography. 232. Census of United States, 1850. Wash2 vols. Boston, 1848. ington, 1854. 91. Canadian Insurrection, 1837. McLeod. 253. Coast Survey U. S. Washington, 1867. Cleveland, 1846. 256. Construction cours de. Paris, 1821. 115. Coal Bank Disaster, near Zanesville, Cesar, Life of. Louis Napoleon. 2vols. Ohio. Malta, Ohio, 1856. New York, 1865. 161. Census U. States, 1860. (Duplicates.) D. 61. Davis, W. H. H. Conquest of New 241. Documents, Executive U. S. A. and Mexico. Doylestown, Penn., 1869. Message, 1851-2. 110. Dakota, History and Resources. Yank- 242. Documents, Executive U. S. A. and ton, Dakota, 1866. Message, 1846. 121. Darnell, Captivity of. Philadelphia, 118. Das leben des Geo. Washington, Bal1854. (Duplicates.) timore, 1817. 928. Documents, Executive U. S. A. 1840, 159. Documents, U. S. General Land Office. 1848, 1860. Washington. Washington, 1866. 229. Documents, Executive U. S. A. 1845. 20. Drakes, S.G. Indian Biography. Boston. Washington. 260. Davenport, Iowa. Wilkie. Davenport, 230. Documents, Executive U. S. A. Gen- 1858. eral Land Office, 1861. 278. Denny, Maj. Ebenezer. Military Journal. Philadelphia, 1859. E. 1.69, 1 Elements of Mammology, Herpe- F80. Eminent Mechanics. New York, 1842. S11 170, tology, Ichthyology, Botany, 235. England, History of. Macauley. Vol. 1. & 17 3 and Concology. Ruschenberger. New York, 1849. & 173. j Philadelphia. 1844. 283. Edwards. History of Illinois prior to 238. Eclectic Magazine. New York, 1849. 1833. Springfield, 1870. F. 26&27. Fire Lands, Pioneer. Sandusky, 218. Field Fortifications. Mahan. New 1859 and 1860. York, 1861. 43. Fire Lands. Pioneer, Sandusky, 1858. 164. Family Magazine. Cincinnati, 1836. 98. Fitch, John. Biography. Wescott. 286. Fathers of New England, 6 vols. BosPhiladelphia, 1857. ton, 1870. 236. Fremont's Report of Explorations. 248. Fitch, John. Petition to Kentucky LegWashington, 1845. islature relating to a Monument, 1843. G. 207. Grant, Lieut. Gen. Army Report, 1864- 277. Gordon's History of Pennsylvania prior 1865. 1 to 1776. Philadelphia, 1829. H. 24. Hull, Gen.William. His defence. Hart- 117. Harrison, W. H. Biography. Cincinford, 1814. nati, 1845. 48. Hunter's Indian Captivity. London, 144. Herald of Truth, 1 bound vol. Cincin1823. nati, 1847. 51. Henry, Alexander. Travels in Canada. 142. Hesperian, vol. No. 3, bound. CincinNew York, 1809. nati, 1839. 66. Huntington Family Genealogy. Stam- 158. Heckewelder, John. NationsIndienne. ford, Conn., 1863. Paris, 1822. 67. Holt Family Genealogy. Albany, 1864. 259. Histoire Philosophique, (without name 69. Historical Tracts. Peter Force. 4 vols. or date.) Washington, 1838. 262. Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania, 1609 101. Harrison, Gen.W. H. Biography. Mont- to 1682. Philadelphia, 1850. gomery. Cleveland, 1852. 285. Hotchkiss' Western New York. New York, 1848. 3 I. &J. No. No. 36. Jones, David. Journal Northwest of 75. Jesuits in North America. Parkman. the Ohio River, 177-3, Reprint. New Boston, 1867. York, 1865. 226. Illinois, Directory of, 1860. 83. Illinois, History of. Reynolds. Bell- 1. India, Ancient and Modern. Allen. ville, Ill., 1852. Boston and Cleveland, 1856. 88. Illinois, History of. Brown. New York 217. Infantry Tactics. Hardee. 2 vols. 1844. 266. Johnston. Captivity, Narrative, &c., 1'3. Indian Narratives. Claremont, N. H., 1790. New York, 1837. 1854. 275. 12Jko n ne1854.3T 275. Jesuits. Relations. French. 3vols. 182. Jackson, Gen. Andrew. Sword of, &c. a,b&c. Reprint. Quebec, 1858. Washington, 1855. 280. Iowa. Annals complete, 1863 to 1870. 15. Iowa, Hand-book of. Parker. Boston, 281. Indian Treaties and Laws, from 1633 to 1856. 1831. Washington City, 1832. K. 50. Kentucke, Histoire de. Paris, 1785. 114. Knight & Slover's Narrative. Reprint. 32. Keating's Expedition to the Mississippi Cincinnati, 1867. River, 2 vols. London, 1825. L. 37. Lake Champlain, History of. Albany, 223. Lallemande's Artillery. NewrYork, 1820. 1866. 49. La Salle's Last Voyage. Joutel. Lon56. Logan and Cresap. Albany, 1861. don, 1714. 84. Letters from the West. London, 1828. 249. Land Office Report. Washington, 1853. 113. Lewis and Clark's Narrative. Dayton, 274. Lossing. Pictorial History of the U. S. 1847. New York, 1857. (Duplicates.) 206. Lucknow. India, Defence of. Cleve- 279. Lossing. War of Independence. New land, 1858. York, 1849. M. 28. Minnesota. its place among the States. 258. Meteorological Report. Espy. WashHartford, 1860. ington, 1857. 29. Minnesota Historical Soc'y Collections. 259. Meteorology. New York. Hough. AlSt. Paul, 1867. bany, 1855. 30. Minnesota Iistorical Soc'y Collections. 269. McDonald. Sketches. Cincinnati, 1838. St. Paul, 1865. 272. Michaux. Travels in the West. lou47. Morse's Report on the Indians. New don, 1805. Haven, 1822. 60. Maine Historical Society Collections. MILITARY PAMPHLETS, CASE No. 1. Portland, 1869. Orders Adjutant General Ohio, 1861. 77. Minnesota, History of. Neill. Phila- Orders Department of Missouri, 1861. delphia, 1858. Orders Department of Mississippi, 1861. 122. Medina County, Ohio, History of. Nor- U. S. Military Academy. Services of graduthrop. Medina, 1861. ates. (Mansfield,) 1847. 168. Military Commission to Europe, 1855. Army Register, 1861. Do. 1862. 2 vols. Washington, 1860. MILI Y L, CE N. 220. Manual of the Bayonet. New York, MILITARY PAMPHLETS, CASE No. 2. 1860. Ohio Volunteers Register, 1862; Ohio Adj't 225. Manual of Artillery. Gibbon. New General's Report, 1861-2-3; Ohio Q. M. York, 1860. General's Report, 1861; Ohio Militia 71. Mississippi, Discovery of. Schoolcraft. Laws, 1861; Ohio Volunteers at battle of Philadelphia, 1855. Shiloh Church; Lt. Gov. B. F. Stanton 82. Marshall and Putnam counties, Illinois, and Hon. Thos. Ewing on same; Report History of. Dillon. 1860. of Military Commission Cincinnati 1865. 152. Mackenzie's Voyages to the Arctic Sea. MILITARY PAMPHLETS, CAS No. 2 vols. New York, 1814. 2 vols. NewrYork, 1814. aMILITARY PAMPHLETS, CASE No. 3.) 154. Michigan, Early History of. Sheldon. Army Register, 1863; Campaign ShenandoNew York, 1856. ah, Gen'l Patterson, 1861; Report on tile 243. Merchants Magazine, vol. 20. New Navy Yards, 1862; Colonel Worthington's York, 1847. Court Martial, Memphis, 1862: Col. Hill 138. McKenney's Tour to the Lakes. Balti- on the West Virginia Campaign, 1864; more, 1827. Ohio Report on Clothing of Tlroops, 1861; 146. Mississippi Valley Directory. Cincin- Report on Military Arrests, 1864; Repori nati, 1848. on the assault at Petersburg, 1864; Ieport 178. Military Academy U. S. Register of on battle of Shiloh Church, 1862; do. batGraduates. New York, 1850. tie of Fredericksburgh, 1864; Ages of U. 250. Merchants Magazine. New York, 1847. S. Volunteers, 1866; Military Rambles, 254. Medical Statistics U. S. A. Washing- (Turchin); Outpost and patrol duty; Gen. ton, 1856. Grant's Report, 1865. N. 8. New York, History of. Howe & Bar- 39. Niagara Frontier. O. t. Marshall. Blfber. 1841. falo, 1865. 35. Native Races of the Indian Archipel- 53. North America. Concise Account of. ago, or Papuans. New York, 1853. Rob't Rogers. London, 1764. 4 No. No. 55. New Gate, Conn., History of. Albany, 89. New York Canal Papers, and Public 1860. Documents. New York, 1825. 93. Napoleonic Ideas. Louis Napoleon, 252. New York. Documentary History. New York, 1859. Albany, 1849. 130. New York Historical Soc'y Collections, 261. Norfolk, Va. Forest. Philada., 1853. New York, 1849. 0. 34. Ohio. History and Antiquities. Howe. 185. Ohio. Report of Quartermaster GenCincinnati, 1847. eral. Columbus, 1862. 78. Ohio Gazetteer. Columbus, 1837. 191. Ohio. Acts Relating to the Militia. 106. Ohio Legislative Reports. Columbus, Columbus; 1864. 1840-1844. 192, Ohio. Acts Relating to the Militia. 108. Ohio Gazetteer. Columbus, 1833. 202. Ohio Volunteers, Register of. Colum127. Ohio Gazetteer. Columbus, 1841. bus, 1862. 153. Ohio, History of. Taylor. Cincinnati, 215. Our Battery. Cutter. Cleveland, 1864. 1854. 58. Ohio Historical Society's Transactions. 155. Olden Time Magazine. Craig. 2 vols. Part 1 and 2. Columbus and CincinPittsburgh, 1848. nati, 1838-39, and Whittlesey's Ad160. Ohio Statistics. Report of Commis- dress, 1842. sioners. Mansfield. Columbus, 1857, 106. Ohio. Reports of Public Officers, 18401858,1859 and 1861. 44. (Bound Pamphlets.) 177. Ohio Military Regulations. Col., 1854. P. 20. Pioneer Women of the West. Mrs. El- PAMPHLETS BOUND. lett. New York, 1852. 99. Tallmadge, History of. 1842. 44 Pre-Columbian Discovery of America. Wst Point Merit Roll, 184. De Costa. Albany, 1868.:Hamilton Co. Agricultural Soc'y, 1844. 72. Pioneer History of Ohio. Cincinnati, Cleveland, History of, 1842. 1.848. 76. Pontiac, Conspiracy of. Parkman. Bos- PAMPHLETS BOUND. ton, 1855. 90. Pittsburgh, History of. Craig. Pitts- 105. Kirtland's Horticultural Address,Oberburgh, 1851. lin, 1845. 1.56. Pioneer Magazine. 2 vols. Williams. Cleveland & Columbus Railroad ReCincinnati, 1842-3. port, 1846. 205. Patrol Duty, Instructions on. Mahan. Northern Lakes and Southern Invalids. 224. Prisoners in Mexico. Drake. Louisville, 1842. 271. Pennsylvania Historical Soc'y Memoirs. National Magazine, vol. 2, No. 7, 1845. Vol. 6. Philadelphia, 1858. Journal and Review, vol. 1, No. 1. CincPAMPHLETS BO. innati, 1846. P"?AMPHLETS BOUND. 22. Fremont's Report, 1839. PAMP S Mythology of the Algonquins. Squier. 105. Commercial Review, vol. 1, No. 2. CinWestern Farmer and Gardener. Cin- cinnati, 1846. cinnati, 1844. 3 numbers. Cleveland Mining Company. Articles Ohio. Report on Public Lands, 1847. of Association, 1846. Michigan. Report on Mineral Rights, Superior Copper Co., Report of, 1846. 1846. Oneota or Red Race of America, 1844. Farmington, Conn., Historical Dis- Military Resources of the West. Washcourse. Porter. Hartford, 1841, ington, 1845. Adams, John Quincy, Biography of. Lake Superior Copper Company, ReParker. Hartford, 1848. port, 184. Jackson. PAMPHLETS BOUND. PAMPHLETS BOUND. 4~. Pittsburgh last hundred years. Upfold. 106. Ohio Legislature, Reports 1840-44. Pittsburgh, 1845. Ohio. Common Schools Report, Jan. Military Academy U. S. Graduates to 1842. 1845. Ohio, Deaf and Dumb Asylum Report, Oregon Question, British view of. 1845. 1840. Cleveland & Warren Railroad Report, Ohio. Blind Asylum Report, Jan., 1840. 1838. Ohio. Deaf and Dumb Asylum Report, Ohio Railroad Report, 1837. 1841. Hanging Rock Railroad Report, 1837. Ohio. State Prison Report, Dec., 1841. Ohio. Public Works Report, Jan., 1842. PAiMPIILETS BOUND. Ohio. State Auditor Report, Dec.,1844. id6. ~Battle of alake Erie. Cooper. Coop- Ohio. Public WorksReport, Dec., 1844. erstown, 1843. Isle Royale Mining Company, Report PAMPHLETS BOUND. of. Cassells. 1843. 107. Smithsonian Report, 1869. Hamilton County Agricultural Society, Pension Laws U. S., 1869. Report of, 1844. Patent Office Instructions. Squier. Cleveland & Columbus Railroad Re- Volcanos, Central America. port, 1846. Interoceanic Canal, Central America. Pacific Railroad, Petition for, by A. Drift Deposits, Milwaukee, Wis. LapWhitney, 1843. ham. Army Uniform. The Ocean. Desor. No. No. 107. Ohio. Governor's Message, 1850. Ford. 141. Cass, Lewis. Welcome to Kossuth, Mercantile Library, Cincinnati, 1850. Dec. 1851. Austrio-Hungarian Question. Daniel Smithsonian Institute Report, 1850. Webster. Hygrometric Tables. Report. Bache. Historical Discourse. W. D. Gallagher, 1857. 1850. Lake Shore Railroad Report, 1850. PAMPHLETS BOUND. Ohio. Report on Banks, 1850. Algonquin, Condition of. Squier. 147. Buckeye Celebration, Forty-seventh Anniversary, 1835. ~PAMPHLETS BOUND. Morehead. Speech on Colonization. PAMPHLETS BOUND. Adams, John Quincy. Address. Cin139. Cincinnaii Water Works Report, 1852. cinnati, 1843. Penn'a & Ohio Railroad Report, 1850. Pennsylvania and Virginia Boundary Marietta & Cin'ti Railroad Report, 1851. Question. Craig. 1843. Erie & Franklin, Penn., Railroad and Fitch, John. Watson. 1843. Canal Report, 1850. Cincinnati Report of Common Schools, Lake Shore Railroad Report, 1850. 1843. Lake Shore Railroad Report, 1852. 147. Memorial on the Tariff, Cincinnati, 1842. Clevel'd & Pitts. Railroad Report, 1846. Cass, Lewis and Dan.Webster. CorresWestern Reserve College, 1851. pondence on the English Treaty, 1842. Mercantile Library, Cincinnati, 1851. Cincinnari Astronomical Society AdMercantile Library, Cincinnati, 1852. dress. Burnett. 1844. Gold Mines, Sonora, 1852. Cincinnati Memorial, Ohio and MissisPatent Office Forms.sippi Rivers, 1844. Supreme Court Report. Irwin's Heirs against Nicholas Longworth. PAMPHLETS BOUND. PAMPHLETS BOUND. 148. Railroad Convention at Harrisburg, 1838 Northmen. Discoveries of North Amer140. Railroad Convention, St. Louis, Mo., ica, A. D. 900. Nov., 1852. Military Memorial. Gen. Gaines. 1840. North Mo. Railroad Convention, Nov., Ohio. State Auditor's Report, 1840. 1852. Ohio. Governor's Address. Lucas. 1836. Zanesville & Coshocton Railroad Re- Ohio, Report on Public Instruction in port, 1853. Europe, 1837, Stow. Bellefontaine & Indiana Railroad Re- Kentucky Internal Improvement Reports, 1853 and 1856. port, 1837. Akron Branch Railroad Reports Nos. 1 Webster, Daniel. Speech on Finances. and 2,1853. 1840. PAMPHLETS BOUND. PAMPHLETS, BOUND. 141. Ohio. Board of Public Works Report, 244. Canfield, Rev. S. B. Sermon. Cleve1852. land, 1852. Ohio. Deaf and Dumb Asylum Report, British Free Trade. 1852. Homeopathic College, 1853. Brainerd. Ohio. Auditor of State's Report, 1852. Natural Science. California Academy, Jared Sparks and Lord Mahon, Histor- 1853. ical. Cincinnati Mercantile Library Report, Hartford, Conn., Historical. Bushnell. 1853. Shields, Hon. James. Speech on Ire- Daniel Webster, Life of. 1852. land. Cliicago, Trade and Commerce of. 1856. Ohio. Governor's Address. Wood. 1852. Niagara Ship Canal, and Illinois River Charles Sumner. Address to Kossuth. and Canal Report, 1834. Roberts. William Johnson Slave Case, Kentucky, April, 1846. 287. Lake Superior Railroads, 1854 —1856. R. 74. Rhode Island Colonial Records, 1780 to 227. Railroad Journal, 1843. 1783. Vol. 9. Providence, 1864. 273. I Rhode Island Historical Soc. Provi81. Richardson's, Sir John, Arctic Expedi- A&B ( dence, 1835. 2 vols., 2 and 3. tions. New York, 1852. 288. Ruggles' History of Suffield, Conn. 192. Reply to H. L. Burnett, Judge Advo- Springfield, Mass., 1859. cate, (Suratt case.) Cincinnati, 1865. S. 4. Salem Witchcraft. Upham. 2 vols. 100. Sketches of Western Methodism. FinBoston, 1867. ley. Cincinnati, 1856. 11. Sons and Daughters of Newport, R. I. 104. Stone, William L. History of WyoMason. 1867. ming. Albany, 1864. 20. Statistics, &c. Bartlett. Rochester, 127. Stobo, Capt. Robert, Memoirs of. Pitts1857. burg, 1854. (Duplicates.) 23. Schoolcraft, Henry R. The Indian in 197. Smithsonian Institute, Guide to. Washhis Wigwam. New York, 1848. ington, 1861. 45. Sexagenary. Bloodgood. Albany, 1866. 180. Shenandoah Valley Expedition. Pat79. Sparks' American Biography. Vol. 6. terson. Philadelphia, 1865. Boston, 1845. 6 No. 268. Spencer, O. M. Indian Captivity. 1834. 95. Summit County, History of. Bierce. Cincinnati; reprint New York. Akron, 1854. 276. Sabin's Bibliotheca Americana. 251. Smithsonian Reports, 1857,'59,'61,'62, 284. Sergeant Winthrop. Braddock's Expe63 (dup.,)'67,'68. dition. Philadelphia, 1855. 255. Stone Cutting, Minutes on. 1831. T. 13. Toledo War. W.V. Way. Perrysburg, 125. Tecumseh, Life of. Drake Cincin1869. (Duplicate.) nati, 1852. 25. Tallmadge Semi-Centennial Celebra- 99. Tallmadge, Ohio, History of. Whittletion. Akron, 1857. sey. Cleveland, 1842. (Bound pamph59. Tennessee, History of. Putnam. Nash- lets No. 12.) Hamilton Agricultural ville, 1859. Society, 1844. West Point Merit Roll, 1844. V. 53. Virginia, Notes on. Jefferson. Baltimore, 1800. w. 10. Winthrop, Mass., History of. Thrus- 173. War of the Rebellion, Report on the ton. Portland, 1855. Conduct of. 3 Parts. Washington, 14. Western Reserve Register. Hudson, 1863. 1852. 173 a. Ditto. Washington, 1865. 33. Western Annals. Albach. Pittsburg, 181. War. Report of General McClellan. 1856. 190. War of the Rebellion. Report of Mc40. Washington's Journal, 1754. London, Cook and Brown. Columbus, 1861. 1754. 195. War of the Rebellion. Evidence in the 68. Winchell, Family Genealogy of. Win- Memphis Cases, Tenn. chell. Ann Arbor, 1869. 198. War of the Rebellion. U. S. Service 87. Whittlesey, Charles. Fugitive Essays. Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 6. N.York, 1864. Hudson, 1852. 199. War of the Rebellion. Report of Comn103. Western Adventures. McClung. Day- mittee on Military Arrests. ton, 1854. 213. War of the Rebellion. U. S. Soldiers, 112. West, a New Guide to. Cincinnati, 1848. Ages of. New York, 1866. 113. Wisconsin, History of. Lapham. Mil- 221. War of the Rebellion. General Orders. waukee, 1844. Washington, 1861. 124. Wallace, Poemns of. Cincinnati, 1837. 222. War, Science of. 2 vols. New York, 131. Wisconsin, its Resources, &c. Philadel- 1817. phia, 1857. 234. Western Law Journal, Vol. 10. Cin132. Wisconsin Gazetteer. Madison, 1853. cinnati, 1853. 133. Wisconsin Historical Society. Madi- 239. Whig Review. New York, 1845 to 1846. son, 1855. 219. West Point, History of, and Merit Rolls. 134, 135, Wisconsin Historical Collections; Philadelphia, 1840. and 136. vols. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 264. Wayne, Gen. Anthony. New York, 1860. 137. Western Monthly Magazine, 2 volumes. 265. Winchester's (Gen.) Campaign of 1812. Cincinnati, 1833 to 1837. Darnell. Philadelphia, 1854. 145. Western Journal. St. Louis, 1848. War of the Rebellion, Twelve decisive 150. Western Magazine. Bound Pamphlets. Battles of. Swinton. New York, 1867. Cincinnati. AISCELLANEOUS. 57. History of the Line, &c., 1728. Byrd. 231. Bound Volume of Pamphlets, Ohio 1838 2 vols. Richmond, 1866. to 1839. 86. Essays and Reports. Cleveland, 1842. 237. Lincoln and Douglas' Political Debate. 116. Pennsylvania and Virginia Boundary. Pittsburg, 1843. SCRAP AND MEMORANDA BOOKS.-War of 162. TU. S. Official Register. New York, 1863. the Rebellion, 1861-2. 3 vols. —Gene194. Female Seminary, Cleveland. Eleventh ral Scrap Books, 1840 to 1860. 4 vols.Annual Report. General Memoranda Books, 1830 to 2(4. Army Register, U. S. A. New York, 1865. 5 vols. —Antiquities of the West, 1862. 1838 to 1872. 3 vols.-Field Notes, 1838 2f08. State Law College, Catalogue of. Cleve- to 1872. 32 vols. —Historical Letters, land, 1865. 1800 to 1825. 3 vols. —Pamphlets in 209 & J Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. pamphlet cases. Vols. 1 to 14 inclu-.'10. 1 Thirty-ninth Catalogue, 1862. sive. —Maps in pamphlet cases. Vols. RI. Cleveland Medical College, 1864 & 1865. 15 to 21 inclusive. LIST OF PAMPHLETS. No. 1.-BATTLE OF FRENCRTOWN, MICHIGAN, Jan., 1813. Rev. Thomas P. Dudley. No. 2.-JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT OF OHIO, 1803-1854. Alfred T. Goodman. No. 3.-WAR OF 1812. Papers of Elisha Whittlesey. No. 4.-FIRST WHITE CHILD IN OHIO. A. T. Goodman. No. 5.-ANCIENT EARTH WORKS OF THE CUYAHOGA VALLEY. Col. Charles Whittlesey. No. 6.-FIRST WHITE SETTLERS IN OHIO. A. T. Goodman. No. 7.-WAR OF 1812, Selection No. 2. No. 8.-INDIAN AFFAIRS, DETROIT, 1706. Papers of Gen. Cass. No. 9. -ARTEHO OLOGICAL FRAUDS. Col. Charles Whittlesey. No. 10.-ANNUAIL MEETING, May, 1872-Death of Mr. Goodman. No. 11.-ANCIENT ROCK SCULPTURES, BARNESVILLE, BELMONT CO., O. ANCIENT MOUND, HARDIN Co., O. No. 12.-WAR OF 1812, Selection No. 3. No. 13.-COL. BRADSTREET'S EXPEDITION, 1764, Selection No. 1 No. 14.-Same, Selection No. 2. No. 15.-WAR OF 1812. Papers of Major George Tod. No. 16.-ANNUAL MEETING, May, 1873-Origin of the State of Ohio. No. 17.-WAR OF 1812, Selection No. 5. No. 18.-WAR OF 1812, Selection No. 6. Papers of Maj. Tod and Gen. S. Perkins. No. 19.-WAR OF 1812, Selection No. 7. No. 20.-NORTHWEST TERRITORY, DISCOVERY AND OWNERSHIP. Hon. Jas. A. Garfield. No. 21.-ANNUAL MEETING, May, 1874. No. 22.-BATTLE OF FRENCHTOWN. Rev. Thos. P. Dudley. MAJOR ISAAC CRAIG ON LAKE ERIE, 1782. WHITE MEN AS SOALPERS. THos. HUTCHINS, Geographer General United States, 1779-1788. CLEVELAND, O., AUGUST, 1870. HISTORICAL AND ARCHELOGICAL TRACTS. NUMBER ONE. BATTLE AND MASSACRE AT FRENCHTOWN, MICHIGAN, JANITJA=RY, 1813 BY REV. THOMAS. P. DUDLEY, ONE OF THE SURVIVORS. The following incidents relating to the enough to kill a mouse." They reached the march of a detachment of Kentucky troops River Raisin about three o'clock in the afterunder Colonel Lewis to Fren~htown, on the noon, and while crossing the river on the ice under Colonel Lewis to Frenchtown, on the I the British began firing their swivels, when River Raisin, Michigan, January, 1813; te the American troops were ordered to drop battles of the 18th and 22d; the massacre of their knapsacks on the ice. Reaching the opthe prisoners, and the march to Fort George, posite shore, they raised a yell, some crowing on the Niagara river, were written by the Rev like chicken cocks, some barking like dogs, and others calling, "Fire away with your Thomas P. Dudley, of Lexington, Kentucky, mouse cannon again." The troops weredisMay 26, 1870, and indorsed as follows: posed as follows: The right battalion commandA. T. Goodman, Esq., Secretary Western Re- ed by Colonel Allen, the center by Major Madiserve Historical Society: son, the left by Major Graves. The latter battalDEAR SIR: I take pleasure in forwarding to ion was ordered to dislodge the enemy from your society an interesting and reliable narra- the position occupied by them, "being the same tive, by the Rev. Thomas P. Dudley, of this occupied by the American troops in the city. Very truly yours. battle of the twenty-second," during which LESLIE COOMBS. the right and center were ordered to remain LEXINGTON, June 1st, 1870. where they were, in the open field, until MaOn the seventeenth day of January, 1813, jor Graves's command should force the enemy a detachment of five hundred and fifty men, to the woods. While Graves was driving the under command of Colonel William Lewis, enemy occasional balls from the woods, oppo-ith Colonel John Alien, and Majors Ben. site Colonel Allen's command, wounded some Graves and George Madison, from the left of his men. Hence Colonel Allen ordered a wing of the Northwest Army, was ordered to partial retreat of some forty or fifty yards, so Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, where it as to place his men out of reach of the Indian was understood a large nnmber of. British had guns. Just as this order was accomplished, collected, and were committing depredations we discovered, from the firing, that Major on the inhabitants of that village. O; the Graves had driven the enemy to the woods, 17th, at night, the detachment encamped at when he was ordered to advance the right and the mouth of Swan Creek, on the Maumee of center. Up to this time the fighting was done the lake. On the 18th, they took up the line bv Major Graves's battalion. So soon as the of march, meeting a number oI the inhabi- right and center reached the woods tants retreating to the American camp, op- the fighting became general and most posite to where Fort Meigs was subsequent- obstinate, the enemy resisting every ly built. Our troops inquired whether inch of ground as they were the British had any artillery, to which the re- compelled to fall back. During three hours ply was,'They have two pieces about large the battle raged, the American detachment lost 2 eleven killed and fifty-four wounded. About in the rear of the picketing, under the bank, dusk Major Graves was sent by Colonel Lewis and on the same side of the river, to stop the pursuit of the enemy, and direct where the battle was raging, and killed and the officers commanding the right and center, wounded several of our men. It is believed who had been hotly engaged in the conflict, that the entire number of killed and wounded and had killed many of the enemy, to return within the pickets did not exceed one dozen, to Frenchtown, bearing the killed for inter- and the writer doubts very much whether, if ment, and the wounded for treatment. Noth- the reinforcements had not come, those who ing of importance occurred until the morning fought the first battle, although their number of the 20th, when General Winchester, with a had been depleted by sixty-five, would command of two hundred men, under Colonel not have held their ground, at least Wells, reached Frenchtown. Wells's com- until reinforcements could have come mand was ordered to encamp on the right of to their relief. Indeed, it was the detachment, who fought the battle of the very evident the British very much feared 18th, and to fortify. The spies were out con a reinforcement, from their hurry in removing tinually, and brought word on the 21st that the prisoners they had taken, from the soutl the enemy were advancing in considerable force to the west of the battle ground, and in the to make battle. On the 21st morning Wells direction of Fort Malden, from which they askei leave to return to the camp, which he sent a flag. accompanied by Dr. Overton, aid had recently left, for his baggage. General to General Winchester, demanding thesurWinchester declined giving leave, informing render of the detachment, informing they had Wells that we would certainly and very soon Generals Winchester and Lewis, and il the be attacked. In the afternoon Wells again event of refusal to surrender, would not re applied for leave to return for his baggage. strain their Indians. Major Graves being General Winchester again replied, "The spies wounded, Major Madison was now left in combring intelligence that the enemy have reached mand, who, when the summons to surrender Stony Creek, five miles from here. If you are came, repaired to the room in which Major disposed to leave your command in the imme- Graves and several other wounded officers diate vicinity of the enemy, when a battle is were, to consult with them as to the propriety certain, you can go." Wells left and went of surrendering. It is proper here to state back. that our ammunition was nearly exhausted. On the 22d, just as the reveille was arousing It was finally determined to surrender, requirthe troops, (about daybreak,) the first gun was ing of the enemy a solemn pledge for the sefired. Major Graves had been up some hours, curity of the wounded. If this was not unand had gone to the several companies hesitatingly given, determined to fight of his battalion, and roused them. it out, but 0. the scene which Upon the firing of the first gun he imme- now took place! The mortifica-.diately left his quarters and ordered his men tion at the thought of surrendering the.to stand to their arms. Very many bombs Spartan band who had fought like heroes, were discharged by the enemy, doing, howev- the tears shed, the wringing of hands, the,er, very little execution, most of them burst- swelling of hearts, indetd, the scene beggars de ing in the air, and the fighting became gener- scription. Life seemed valueless. Our Madison al along the line, the artillery of the enemy replied to the summons, in substance, "We will being directed mainly to the right of our not surrender without a guarantee for the lines, where Wells's command had no pro- safety of the wounded, and the return of sidetection but a common rail fence, four or five arms to the officers." (We did not intend to be rails high. Several of the Americans on that dishonored.) The British officer haughtily repart of the line were killed and their fence sponded:'Do you, sir, claim thelright to dieknocked down by the cannon balls, when Gen- tate what terms I am to ofler?"' eralWinchester ordered the right to fall back Major Madison replied: " No, but I a few steps. and reform on the bank of the intend to be understood as regards the only river, where they would have been protected terms on which we will agree to surrender." from the enemy's guns. Unfortunately, how- Captain William Elliott, who had charge of the ever, that part of the line commenced retreat- Indians, it was agreed should be left with some ing, and reaching Hull's old trace along the men, whom it was said would afford ample lane, on either side of which the grass was so protection until carryalls could be brought high as to conceal the Indians. At this time, from Malden to transport the prisoners there, Colonels Lewis and Allen, with a view of rally- but the sequel proved they were a faithless, ing the retreatmig party,took one hundred men cowardly set. The British were in quite a hurfrom the stockade and endeavored to arrest ry, as were their Indian allies, to leave after the their flight. Very many were killed andsurrender. Pretty soon Captain Elliott came wounded, and others made prisoners, among into the room where Maior Graves, Captain the former, Colonel Allen, Captains Simpson, Hickman, Captain Hart, and the writer of this Price, Edmundson, Mead, Dr. Irwin, Mont- (all wounded) were quartered. He recognized gomery, Davis, Mcllvain and Patrick, and of Captain Hart, with whom he had been a roomthe latter, General Winchester, Colonel Lewis, mate, at Hart's father's in Lexington, KenMajor Overton, &c. The firing was still kept tucky. Hart introduced him to the other offiup by the enemy on those within the pickets cers, and after a short conversation, in which and returned with deadly effect. The Indians, he (Elliott) seemed quite restless' and a good after the retreat of the right wing, got around deal agitated, (he, I apprehend, could have 3 readily told why,) as he could not have for- him out on the snow within a few feet of him, gotten the humiliation he had contracted after which he breathed once or twice and ex in deceiving Hart's family, pecuniarily. He pired. While still standing in the yard, withproposed borrowing a horse, saddle and bridle out coat, hat or shoes, Major Graves aptor the purpose of going immediately to Mal- proached me in charge of an Indian, and den, and hurrying on sleighs to remove the asked if I had been taken. I answered no.'wounded. Thence assuring Captain Hart He proposed that I should go along with the,especially of the hospitality of his house, and Indian wno had taken him. I replied "No, if begging us not to feel uneasy; that we were you are safe I am satisfied." He passed on and in no danger; that-he would leave three in- I never saw him afterward. While standing terpreters, who would be an ample protection in the snow two or three Indians approached to us. He obtained Major Graves's horse, me at different times, and I made signs that.saddle and bridle, and left, which was the last the ball I received was still in my shoulder. we saw of Captain Elliott. We shall presently They shook their heads, leaving the impression.see how Elliott's pledges were fulfilled. On that theydesigned a more horrid death for me. I the next morning, themorning of the massacre, felt that it would be a mercy to me if they between daybreak and sunrise, the Indians would shoot me down at once, and put me out were seen approaching the houses sheltering of my misery. About this time I placed my the wounded. The house in which Major hand under my vest, and over the severe wound Graves, Captains Hart and Hickman and the I had received, induced thereto by the cold, writer were, had been occupied as a taver'n which increased my suffering. Another young The Indians went into the cellar and rolled warrior passed on and made signs that the ball out many barrels, forced in their heads and had hardly struck and passed on, to which I began drinking and yelling. Pretty soon they nodded assent. He immediately took off a came crowding into the room where we were, blanket capot (having two) and tied the sleeves and in which there was a bureau, two beds, a around my shoulders, and gave me a large red,chair or two and perhaps a small table. They apple. The work of death on the prisoners forced the drawers of the bureau, which were being well nigh done and the houses fired, he filled with towels, table cloths, shirts, pillow started with me toward Detroit. After going a slips, &c. About this time Major Graves and short distance he discovered my feet were sufCaptain Hart left the room. The Indians fering, being without shoes, and he having on took the bed clothing, ripped open the bed two pair of moccasins, pulled off the outer tick, threw out the feathers, and apportioned pair,and put them on my feet. Having leached the ticks to themselves. They took the over- Stony Creek,five miles from the battleground, coat, close bodied coat, hat and shoes from where the British and Indians camped the night the writer. When they turned to leave the before the battle of the 22d of January. Their room, just as he turned, the Indians camp fires were still burning, and many had tomahawked Captain Hickman in less stopped with their prisoners to warm. In a than six feet from me. I went out on short time I discovered some commotion among to a porch, next the street, when I heard them. An Indian tomahawked Ebenezer Blythe, voices in a room at a short distance, went into of Lexington. Immediately the Indian who the room where Captain Hart was engaged in had taken me resumed his march, and soon,conversation with the interpreter. Heasked: overtook his father, whom I understood to be "What do the Indians intend to do with us." an old chief. They stopped by the roadside,'The reply was: "They intend to kill you." and directed meto a seat on aloe and proceeded GHart rejoined: "Ask liberty of them for me to to paint me. We reached Brownstown about make a speech to them before they kill us." sundown in the evening, when having a small The interpreters replied: "They can't under- ear of corn we placed it in the fire for a short:stand." "But," said Hart, "you can interpret time, and then made our supper on it. A for me." The interpreters replied: "If we blanket was spread on bark in front of the undertook to interpret for you, they will as fire, and I pointed to lie down. My captor soon kill us as you." It was said, and I sup- finding my neck and shoulder so stiff that I pose truly, that Captain Hart subsequently could not get my head back, immediately took contracted with an Indian warrior to take him some of his plunder and placed under my head to Amherstburg, giving him $600. The brave and covered me with ablanket. Many Indians, placed him ion a horse and started. After with several prisonels, came into the council going a short distance they met another corn- house afterward, and they employed thempany of Indians, when the one having charge selves dressing, in hoops, the scalps of our ot Hart spoke of his receiving the $600 to take troops. There was the severest thunder storm Hart to Malden. The otherIndiansinsisted on that night witnessed at that time of the year. sharing the money, which was refused, when The water ran under the blanket, and the -some altercation took place, resulting in the ground being lower in the centre around the shooting of Hart off the horse by the Indian fire, I awoke some time before day and found who received the money. A few minutes after myself lying in the water, possibly two inches leaving the room, where I had met Hart and the deep. got up and dried myself as well as I interpreters, and while standing in the snow could. About daybreak, they resumed their eighteen inches deep, the Indians brought march toward Detroit, stopping on the way Captain Hickman out on the porch, stripped and painting me again. We reached Detroit of clothing except a flannel shirt, and tossed about three o'clock in the afternoon, and as 4 we passed along the street, a number of wom- The temptation was so strong I entered the en approached us, and entreated the Indians door, to the astonishment of the Major and not to kill me. Passing on,we met two British other officers, who supposed I had been murofficers on horseback, and stopped and chatted dered with many other prisoners. I am conwith the Indians, exulting with them in the vie- strained to acknowledge the great mercy of tory,to whomthe women appealedin my behalf, God in my preservation thus far. On the but they paid no more regard to me than if I following morning, when arrangehad been a dog. I passed the night with the ments were being made for transportaIndians at the house of a white woman in the tion of officers to Fort George, but city, who the next morning asked liberty to none for me, my heart felt like sinking within give me a cup of tea, with a loaf of bread and me at the thought of being left to the care of butter. In the afternoon the Indians paraded those I had no confidence whatever in. Proviwith their prisoners and the trophies, scalps, dentially a Canadian Lieutenant was listening and marched to the fort. After remaining and so soon as all, both British and American some time in the guard-house, where all the officers, left the room, nobly came prisoners were surrendered but myself, my to me and said: "I have a good captors arose to leave with me. When we span of horses and a good carryall. reached the door the guard stopped me, which You are welcome to a seat with me." I joyseemed to excite the Indians considerably. fully accepted his offer, and I hereby acMajor Muir, commanding the fort, was imme- knowledge that I met in his person a whole diately called for, and entered into a treaty for souled man and a soldier, through whose mv release. It was said he gave as a ransom kindness, mainly, I reached Niagara river. for me an old broken down pack horse and a When I was once more permitted to look on keg of whisky. My Indian captor took affec- the much loved flag of my country, and pationate leave of me, with a promise to seeme roled and put across the Niagara river on again. Let me here say my Indian captor American soil, then, with all my suffering, I exhibited more the principle of the man and felt that I could once more breathe freely. I the soldier than all the British I had been have again to acknowledge the goodness of: brought in contact with up to the time I met God, in providing for reaching my home and Major Muir. The nextdaytheBritish officers, friends, after traveling more than one thouHale and Watson, invited me to mess with sand miles, badly wounded, a half ounce ball them so long as I remained in thefort. Three buried in my shoulder. But I lived to be or four days afterward, and the day before fully avenged upon the enemies of my country our officers, Winchester, Madison and Lewis, in the battle of the 8th of January, 1815, were to leave for the Niagara river, one ofbelow New Orleans. I have omitted many these officers accompanied me across the De minor incidents that were in this communitroit river to Sandwich. When passing cation, the writing of which has given great. to the hotel where they were, when pain in my wounded shoulder. I became opposite the dining roSm door, THOMAS P. DUDLEY. I saw Major Madison sitting down to supper, Lexington, Ky., May 26, 1870. (-Va'Nil tdi' i | T; I*, r. q t 4 I HIS(RICA L SCOCI ETY. TNUMi BE'R T WO. JUDGES OF THE 8UPREME COURT. OF OHIO, TUNDER THE FIEST CONSTIT UTI(ON, 1803 —1852. BY THE LATE A.. GT. (ODMAN —1871. 1787(-1803. Ibegan the government of the Northwest lUpon the establis'hment of the Northwest | Territory; the officers being acceptable to the Territory in 1787, by ordinance of the Con- people everywhere. They had the full continental Congress, provision was made for fdence of Congress and though the task the government of the same by an executive they were d reqlui ed to perforn was arduous officer,nncl three judges. The Governor with and difficult, they began the work with a the judges had supreme power; made the zeal and energy that augured well for suclaws, created counties; in fact, had almost, C the prerogatives possessed by the autocrats the fa go no and the of Eulrope. Under ethe ordinance it became judges commenced the performance of their the duty of Congress to choose the officers duties, With headquarters at "Campus Marabove mentioned. On the 16th of, (October, "tis" Ms'iettas Their first act created the 1787, they selected and appointed A-lthur St. ount of Washington,in honor of General Clair,Governor, James l. NVaruaum, Samuel WTashington, and sundry laws were framed H. Parsons, and James Armstrong, judges. or the oovel-ment of the people. But the St. Clair was from Pennsylvana, Varnuu bench of the territory did. not long remain from Rhode Island, Parsons from Connec- as Congress had formed it ticut, and Armstrong from Pennsylvania. Judge Va5Mnuim died of consumption at Each of the appoirintees hald been Generals in Maietta, January 10th, 1789, aged forty the Army of the Revolution, and were years' n to their fellow-citizns as en of T fill the vacancy thus created, President good judgment and sound common senseWasnton, A ust th 178 which in these days were the best recon- Wlliam Barton, of Phlacelphia., a mendations one malnu could furnish for an- prominent lawyer and gallant soldier in the other. The commission of Parsons found recent war. Mr. Barton declined the posi him in the enjoyment of the peaceful pur- tion, and on the 12th o September, 189, suits of a private citizen, while St. Clair, Gerge Turne, of Virginiawasappointed. Varnum, and Armstrong were members of He was a man of considerable talent, but exthe body that appointed them. tremely "old ftgyish" in his notions of what After much hesitation General Armstrong was best for the settlements, and the result declined accepting the position tendered was a number of quarrels between the bench him. The other two Judges with the Gov- aUi poplace ernor accepted. In place of Arms;trong, Juda'e Parsons was drowned while deCongress on February 19th, 1788, chose scending the Big Beaver river, November John Cleve Symimes, of New Jersey, a vrcy 17th, 1789, aged fifty-two years. I-e was prominent lawyer of that State, who hid succeedede Larch 81st, 1790, by Rufus Putbeen a member of Congress in1785-6, Thus nam, one of the pioneers and founders of 2 TFE PIONEER ATTOREIYS. Marietta, who had served as a Brigadier Gen- ranked high in the councils of the Nation, eral of Massachusetts troops in the Contin- while her sons who have been called to comental service. FHe made a good judge and mand on the field of battle have had no was popular with all classes. Governor St. superiors as military leaders. Her judiciary Clair and himself were fast friends. is known wherever the law governs, and From 1790 to 1796, the government of the forms a record of which the State may well Territory was in the hands of Arthur St. be proud. Clair, Governor, John Cleve Symmes, George Our Supreme Judges under the old Co:Turner, and Rufus Putnam, Judges. Dur- stitution were not ai wTays the ablest lawyers ing that period the Territory prospered, and in the State, but generally speaking w ere began to assume the position and appear- men of sound judgment, gond understandance of a civilized State, instead of a wilder- ing, fair and impartial in their judicial relaness, the habitation of prowling Indians and tions. The lives of Meeigs, McLeau, Wright, wild beasts. Lane, Hitchcock, and such in n will form In 1796, Judge Putnam resigned his cor- an important chapter in the civil and judimission, to accept that of Surveyor General, cal history of Ohio. They were great lawand Joseph Gillmian, a resident of Hamilton yers, men of character anad wisdom, who county, was appointed Judge (December,2d, made the judiciary of Ohio the pride of its 1796). The following year (1797) Judge bar, and the envy oftribunals abroad. Turner, having purchased largely of lands The early admlittedl attorneys —as connear Kaskaskia, removed to the then far nected witl tVhe judicialry —who practiced Y~aest, and resigned his judgeship. He was at the Bar or h0io deserve mention. succeeded, February 12th, 1798, by Return They werei intelligent, industrious, and Jonathan Meigs, of Marietta, a pioneer settler zealous in the interests of their clients. of that place, and one of the ablest men in Some of themr attained national fame, others the Territory. He afterwards was Governor local distinction; all w.re known to the of Ohio, U. S. Senator, and PostmasterGen- public. eral, U.S. As then constituted, the Suprenae' c first admitted attorney within the Court continued until the admission of limit;s of the present State of Ohio was Paul Ohio into the Union as a State. Judge Fearing'. His certificate'was granted in Symmes had served from 1788 to 1803, Septeiner 1788; at "Camnus Martins," Judge Gilman seven years, and Judge Marietta, by Judges Varnum and Parsonis. Meigs five years. A short time previous to Of those who soon followed him were Dudthe formation of our State Government, ley Odlin, x't;thew Beackus, William Littel, President Jefferson, for partisan reasons, re- Solomon Sibley, David Putnam, Willis Sillimoved (fall, 1802) Arthur St. Clair fro-m the man and Philemon Beecher. The first atposition of Governor of the Territory. From torney admitted under the Constitution of that time until the spring of 1803, the time 1802 was Lewis Cass, whose certificate the new Constitution went into effect, bore date 1803. The honored name of Charles Willing Byrd, Secretary, was Act- Lewis C'ass is known to all Americans. Of ing Governor of the Territory. later names w, might mention Charles HamIt is proper here to state that the Ordi- mond, William Woodbridge, since Senator nance of 1787 provided that when the Terri- from:Michigan, Tihomas EwingF, Judge tory should contain a population of 5,000 Francis Duniavy, Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son free white males, a change in its oovern- of the Governor, Judgve Luke Foster, Robment should take place. In 1798 it con- ert B. Parkmlan, D. E. Este, Elasha Whittained the required number, when a Terri- tlesey, Robert F. Slanghter, JudOee Johin W. torial Legislature was chosen by the people, Willey, Judge John W. Campbell, William and a Council of ten citizens appointed by Creighton, Joseph H. Crane. Benjamin Rugthe President. These two bodies framed the gles, John YWoods, Robert T. Lytle, Eleu laws, while the Governor possessed the veto theros Cooke, Alfred Kelley, Sherlock J. power. Thus from 1798 until 1803, the Andrews, Henry Stanberry. Thomas L. Ha. judges were restricted in their duties, so far mer, Samson Mason, Judge B. S. Cowan, A. as the making of laws was concerned. W. Loomis, Salmon P. Chase, Samuel F. Vinton, Simon Nash, Eben Newton, IHenry 1803-1852. B. Payne, Hiram V. Willson. and Hum |phrey H. Leavitt. Among the above nameE It is a proud satisfaction for the people of I have not mentioned any of the judges oi the Buckeye State to know that Ohio has the Supreme Court from 1803 to 1.852. furnished the country with many of the most Under the Constitution framed at Chillidistinguished names which adorn its his- cothe, November 29th, 1809,, the iudicia tory. Whether in the field or the Cabinet, power of the State, both as to matters of lav on the bench or in the forum, Ohio has no and equity, was vested in a. Supreme Court. mean or scanty record. Her statesmen have in Courts of Common Pleas, in justices oi SUPREME COURT OF OHIO. 3 the peace, and in such other courts aT the The first commissioned official under the Leg'islature from time to time established. constitution of 1802 was Samuel Huntington. rhe Supreme Court was to consist of three He was elected Judge of the Supreme Court judges, any two of which to constitute a on the 2d of April, 1803. Governor Tiffin, quorum. They were given original and ap- in his letter to Judge Huntington, enpellate jurisdiction, both in common law closing his, commission, refers to it and chancery, in such cases as directed by as the first one issued "in the law, and the Legislature was authorized, name of and by the authority of the after a lapse of five years, to elect an addi- State of Ohio." Judge Huntington tional judge.'TPhis power was afterward was born at Norwich, Conn., in 1765. He exercised, and the number of judges in- removed to Cleveland in 1801. In 1802 he creased to four. They were to be elected by was a member of the Constitutional Conventhe Legislature for a term of seven years, if tion of Ohio; in 1808 elected Governor, so long they behaved themselves well, and I serving one term; was District Paymaster were obliged to hold a session in each county in the war of 1812, and died at his residence at lease once a year. From time to time the near Painesville in February, 1817. Judge Legislature enacted laws regulating the Su- Meigs was born at Middletown, Conn., in preme Court, and on the 20tlh of January, 1765. He became famous as a lawyer, and 1823, passed an act requiring the served as Judge of M.ichigan, Louisiana, and judges to hold a Court in Bank an- Northwest territories. He was United States nually, at the seat of Government, Senator from Ohio 1809-10, Goveinor 1810and provided for reporting and publish- 14, and Postmaster General of the United ing the decisions of the Court in Bank, and I tates from 1814 till he resigned in June, such other decisions as the judges might de- 1823. He died at Marietta, O., March 29th, sire published. Agreeably to this resolu- 1825. tion, the judges held a session at Columbus Judge Sprigg was a native of Maryland, in December, 1823. This was their first sit- and early settled at Steubenville. He ting under the new law. Ruies of practice, was a brother of Samuel Sprigg, etc., were made and adopted, and Hon. \Governor of,Maryland, 1819-22. He Charles Hami riond appointed reporter. The I was a well educated man, a fine writer, Supreme Court in Bank continued until the and a sound lawyer. He resigned his adoption of the new Constitution in 1852. judgship in M/ay, 1806, and resumed pracThe following is a correct list of those tice at Steubenville. He was again chosen who served on the Supreme Bench under the to the bench, and was removed from office old Constitution, ending in 1852. They are' in 1809, with Judge Tod. He afterward regiven in the order of their election or ap- turned to Maryland, where he died at an pointment: advanced age. Samuel Huntington, Return J. Meigs, George Tod wa- born at Suffield, Conn., William Sprigg, George Tod, Daniel December tlth, 1778, graduated at Yale in Symmes, Thomas Scott, Thomas Morris, 1795, and in 1800 settled at Youngstown. William W. Irvin, Ethan Allen Brown, Cal- He was State Senator in 1804-5, and was vin Pease, John McLean, Jessup N. Couch, elected Judge of the Supreme Coart in 1806. Jacob Burnet, Charles. Sherman, Peter! In 1808, the Legislature impeached Judges Hitchcock, Elijah Hayward, John M. Goode- Tod, Sprigg, and Huntington for declaring now, Reuben Wood, John C. Wright, Joshua a law of the Legislature unconstitutional. Collett, Ebenezer Lane, Frederick Grimke, They escaped by one vote, but in 1809 the Maftthew Birchard, Nathaniel C. Read, Ed- Legislature passed an act declaring their ofward Avery, Rufus P. Spalding, William fices vacant. In the meantime, Huntington B. Caldwell, and Rafus P. Ranney. had been elected Governor of Ohio. To Twenty-eight judges in a period of half a show the feeling on this subject we give becentury! How illustrious the list! The low a letter to Judge Tod,from David Abbot, tw.unty volumes of Ohio reports bear ample a member of the Legislature, and one of the testimony to their ability, industry and cort framers of the Constituttion of 1802. rectness of judgement. But few remain HoN. GEORGE TOD-Sir: If the judges among the living. We believe that Judges have a ria'ht to set aside laws, because they Birchard, Spalding, Caldwell, and Ranney de(-em them unconstitutional,the people have alone survive. Of the number, four, Meigs, no security, except the infallibility of the Huntington, Brown and Wood were Gov- judges. ernors of the State; four, Meigs, Morris, If the judges have a right to set aside Brown and Burnet were United States Sen- laws, because they are unconstitutionai,they ators; seven, Irwin, McLean, Hitchcock, cannot be removed from office, because it Hayward, Goodenow, Wright and Spalding would be hard indeed to remove a judge for were members of Congress, and two, Meigs error in judgment. and McLean, were Cabinet officers. If the judges have a right to set laws 4 THE COURT vs. THE LEGISLATURE. aside, then the people have no power left dion as a lawyer. He died in Chilicothe, O., them, except choosing their representatives, February 25th, 1856, aged eighty-four years. for the representatives may enact laws, the Thomas Morris was elected a Supreme judges set them aside, and thus Government Judge in 1809, m place of William Sprigg, would be at an end. legislated out of office, He was born in But, saith the judges, if we have not a Virginia, January 3d, 1776. In 1795 he right to judge of the constitutionality of the settled in Hamilton county, 0. He afterlaws, the. Legislature have no check; they ward removed to Clermont county, and ia might enact that there should be an equal 1806 was elected to the Legislature, and distribution of property, which is unconsti- served twenty-four years in the Senate and tutional. It is a true a Legislature might be House of Ohio. He was a Senator in Conso corrupt as to pass such a law, but if the gress from 1883 to 1839, and died December people allow the judges the right to set aside 7th, 1844. Hie was more of a politician than laws, does it not make the judiciary a con- lawyer. plete aristocratic branch by setting the Judge Irvln was frequently in the Legislajudges over the heads of the Legislature? ture of Ohio, from Fairfield county. He Nothing, I think, could have originated was born in Albemarle county, Va., in 1778. the idea, except it is the Scripture account He was a Judge of the Supreme Court from of God and the devil-one to create, the 1809 until 1815, when he resigned. He was other to destroy. a member of Congress from 1829 to 1838, Please explaiL how the above mentioned and died at Lancaster, O., in April, 1842. evils can be avoided. Judce Irvin was a very able jurist, and as Very respectfully your humble servant, an advocate had a widespread reputation. DAVID ABBOT. Judge Brown was born at Darien, Conn., Judge Tod served as M]ajor and Lieuten- July 4th, 1776. He studied law with Alexant Colonel in the regular army in ander Hamilton in New York City. In 1804, the war of 1812, acquitting himself with he located at Cincinnati for the practice of great credit. In 1815, he was chosen the law. In 1810, he was chosen a Supreme President Judge of the Court of Common Judge, and held the position until 1818, Pleas, Third Judicial District, serving un- when he was elected Governor. He served til 1884. He then retired to private life, as Governor four years, and in 1822 was sent and died at Brier Hill, O., April llth, 1841. to the United States Senate, where he reHis second son was the late Governor Da- mained until 1825. In 1830, President Jackvid Tod son appointed him Minister to Brazil. In Judge Daniel Symmes was appointed 1835, hebecame Commissioner of the General from Hamilton county, in place of R. Land Office. In 1836, he changed his resiJ. Meigs, resigned. He was born in New dence to Rising Sun, Indiana, where he Jersey, graduated at Princeton College, and afterward lived. He died while on a visit was an early settler in Southwestern Ohio. to Indianapolis, February 24th, 1852. Judge John Cleve Symmes was his uncle. Prob- Brown was one of the most honest, upright ably his influence secured the appointment and incorruptible judges that ever sat upon of his nephew to the Supreme Bench, as the Supreme Bench. He was not as learned Daniel Symmes never ranked high, either as some; but he was very popular with the as a lawyer or judge. He died in 1810. Bar and people. Thomas Scott was a native of Mlarvland, Calvin Pease was born at Suffield, Conn., born in 1762. From 1789 until 1796, hi was September 9th, 1776. I-He graduated at Yale, an itinerant miaister of the Methodist and read law with Hon. Gideon Granger, Episcopal Church, In 1798 he commenced afterward Postmaster General. After adthe study of law, and soon after located mission to the bar, Mr. Pease emigrated in Chillicothe, O. He was secretary of (1800) to Warren, 0., where he engaged in the Convention that framed the Constitu- practice. The same year he was appointed tion of Ohio, in 1802, and it is thought was Prothonotary for the Court of Common the last survivor of that body. He Pleas for Trumbull county, and in 1803 was was for a time clerk of the courts, and elected judge of the same court. This posiSecretary of the State Senate, from 1803 to tion he held until 1810, when he resigned. 1809, when he was chosen Judge of the Su- In 1812 he was elected State Senator. In preme Court, in place of Judge Tod, re- 1816 the Legislature chose him Judge of the moved. He was Chief Justice from 1810 Supreme Court. Re-elected in 1823, he until 1815, when he resigned, the salary served until 180, when he retired from jubeing insufficient. From that time almost dicial life. In 1831 Judge Pease was elected until his decease, Judge Scott was engaged to the Legislature from Trumbull county, in the practice of his profession. He did serving one term, after which he declined did not rank high as a judge, though in accepting office. He died at Warren, SepSouthern Ohio he acquired a good reputa- tember 17th, 1839. Judge Pease was a man LAT ER JUDGES. 5 of talents, and was greatly respected for his with members of the bar. He is the father private virtues and public usefulness. of Senator Sherman, General W. T. SherJohn McLean was born in Morris county man, and Charles T. Sherman, United New Jersey, in 1785. When four years of States District Judge, Northern District of age, his father emigrated to Virginia, thence Ohio. to Kentucky, finally locating in'Warren Peter Hitchcock served as a Judge of the county, Ohio. In 1807, John McLean was Supreme Court fortwenty-eight years. Born admitted to the bar, and at once began in Cheshire, Conn., October 19th, 1780, he practice at Lebanon, 0. From 1812 to 1816, graduated at Yale College in 1801. In 1806 he was a member of Congress. In the latter he removed to Burton, Geauga county, 0. year he was chosen a Judge of the Supreme In 1810 he was a member of the House of Court, and remained upon the bench until Representatives of Ohio, and from 1812 to 1822, when President Monroe appointed 1816 was in the State Senate. He was memhim Commissioner of the General Land Of- ber of Congress from 1817 to 1819, and from fice. The following year (1823) he was 1819 till 1852, with the exception of five made Post-master General. In 1829, Presi- years, was on the Supreme bench. From dent Jackson appointed him a Judge of the 1833 to 1835 he was in the State Senate, and Supreme Court of the United States, which in 1850 a delegate to the State Constitutionposition he held until his death at Cincn- al Convention. He died at Painesville, O.. nati,, April 4th, 1861. Judge McLean May 1lth, 1853. Judge Hitchcock ranks as was a man of commanding talents, of great one of the purest and ablest jurists this State learning and exLended research. He was has produced. often spoken of as a candidate for the Presi- Elijah -Hayward was appointed Judge of dency. the Supreme Court on the 15th of February, Jessup N. Couch resided in Cincinnati. 1830. He was born at Brida'ewater, Mass., He was a pioneer settler of Hamilton county, November 17th, 1786. His education was a man of weak intellect, who never stood limited, and he began life as a merchant. In high either as a lawyer or judge. As 1811 he went to England and was in the a politician, however, he had no equal. House of Commons, May 11th, 1812, when He could tell a good story, and make sump Bellingham shot the Right Honorable Spenspeeches, which never failed to please the cer Percival, Prime Minister of Great Britbackwoodsmen of early days. He was jus- ain. In 1818 he again visited England. In tice of the peace for several years, and 1820, after studying eighteen months, Mr. served in the State Legislature, where he Hayward was admitted to practice law, and was very popular. He was chosen a Judge immediately removed to Hamilton county, of the Supreme Court in 1818, and died O., where he opened an office. In October, while on the bench, in 1821. Judge Couch 1830, while Judge of the Supreme Court, he was probably the weakest of all the lawyers was appointed. by President Jackson Comwho have occupied a place upon the Supreme missioner of the General Land Office. This Bench of Ohio. position he held until 1835,when he resigned Judge Burnet was born in Newark, N. J., and returned to Ohio. Judge Hayward aftFebruary 22d, 1770. H-e came from a dis- erward served as State Librarian, and held tinguished family. In 1796 he located at several local offices of trust and'profit. He Cincinnati. In 1799 he was a member of died at Conn ellsville, 0, September 22d, the Territorial Council, in 1812 a member 1864. He was a plain, practical man, but of the Legislature, and in 1821 was chosen a never took rank as a leading lawyer. Judge of the Supreme Court. serving until John M. Goodenow was a native of Mas. 1828. He was a Senator in Congress from sachusetts, and early settled in Jefferson 1828 to 1831. He died at Cincinnati in 1853. county, 0. He served in the Legislature, Judge Burnet was an eminent lawyer and and held other offices of trust and honor bereflected honor on the Supreme Bench.' fore his election to Congress in 1829. While Judge Sherman was a iwuy er ot fine in Congress, 1831, he was chosen a Judge of talent. He was a native of Connecticut, the Suipreme Court, holding the position born in 1787, removed to Ohio in 1810, and until 1832, when he resigned. He was a at once acquired a large practice. He was man of fine abilities, and enjoyed a large revenue collector and held other local offices practice at the bar. He resided at Steubenof trust and profit. In 1825 he was chosen ville, where in 1819 he published a work Judge of the Supreme Court, and held that entitled "American Jurisprudence in Conposition at the time of his death, which oc- trast with the Doctrine of English Common curred at Lebanon, Warren county, while Law." This work is now very rare, less on the circuit, in 1829. His remains re- than fifty copies having been printed. Judge pose in the cemetery at Lancaster, O. Judge Goodenow died several years since. Sherman was a man of genial temperament, Reuben Wood was an excellent judge, kind, social and agreeable, very popular and highly- respected by the bar and the 6 JOHN C. WRIGHT. peoplp. He was born in Rutland county, was admitted to practice in 1814. In SepVt., in 1792, served in the war of 1812 as tember of that year he located at Norwich captain of Vermont volunteers, studied law and practised there and other small places.with Hon. Barnabus Bidwell, was admitted until his removal to Ohio in 1817. In 1818 to the bar, and in 1818 removed to Cle e- Mr. Lane married Frances Ann, daughter of land, 0. In 1825 he was elected to the Sen- Governor Roger Griswold, of Conate and was twice re-elected, In 1830 he necticut. The same year he located was chosen President Judge of the Third at Elyiia. In 1819 he removed to Judicial District, and in in 1833 was trans- Norwalk, and was almost immediately choferred to the Supreme Bench. He retired sen Prosecuting Attorney of Huron county. from his judicial service in 1845, and in In 1824, Mr. Lane was chosen JudgOe of the 1850 was elected Governor. of Ohio. In Court of Common Pleas of the Second Judi1851 he was re-elected, serving until 185, cial Circuit. Six years later he was chosen when he resigned to accept the Consulship Judge of the Supreme Court, occupying a to Valparaiso, tendered him by President seat upon the bench of that Court until his Pierce. For nearly three years he was act- resignation in February, 1845. In 1842, he ing Minister to Chlli. He died at Rockport, changed his residence to Sandusky. Judge near Cleveland, October 2d, 1864. Lane was a remarkable man. He was a dilJohn C. Wright is known in the judicial igent student, not only of the law, but of annals of Ohio as an able, industrious, and history and science. His opinions have giveu incorruptible judge. He was born in 1783, him a national reputation. He died of canand at an early age settled at Stenbenville, 0. cer in the throat, at Sandusky, June 18th, He soon attained eminence in his profession. 1866. IHe was a member of Congress from 1823 to Frederick Grimke was born in Charles1829, and for many years served on the Su- ton, S. C., September 1st, 1791. He gradupreme Bench. His law reports are in high ated at Yale, studied law, and at an early estimation throughout the West. After re- age removed to Ross county, O., where he tiring from the bench, Judge Wright re- was a protege of Governor Worthington. moved to Cincinnati, where for along period He practicedlaw at Chillicothe with marked of time he was owner and editor of the Cin- success until his elevation to the Supreme cinnati Gazette. In 1861 he was appointed Bench, in Febtuary, 1836. He served as a delegate to the Peace Convention, which Judge of the Supreme Court until 1841, met at Washington City, and he died during when he resigned, and retired from practice. its session, February 18th, 1861. He died in 1868, aged seventy-two years. Joshua Collett was born in Virginia in Judge Grimke was an author of consideraole 1781. He received' common school educa- repute. He published a work on tahe " Nation, and. was early admitted to practice ture and Tendency of Free Institutions," law. In 1801 he located at Lebanon. 0., and an essay, entitled "Ancient and and the following year opened a law office, Modern Literature." His brother was the being the first lawyer in Warren county. celebrated Thomas S. Grimke, of South From 1802 to 1817 he practiced at the bar, Carolina. Judge Grimke died a bachelor. and was everywhere known as "the honest He was a very retired, urbane man, and lawyer." During the year 1817 he was mingled little in society. As a lawyer. he elected Common Pleas Judge, and served was not widely known. several years. In 1828, he was chosen a Matthew Birchard is well known to the Judge of the Supreme Court, which position bar of Ohio. lHe was born at Becket, lass. he held until 1842. Though not a brilliant January 19th, 1804. in 1812, his parents, lawyer, Judge Collett was an able and in- with their family of seven children, removed dustrious one. He died in 1855, aged sev- to Windham, Portage county. Judge enty-three years and six months. The in- Birchard's education was principally rescription on his tombstone says, "As a man ceived at schools and academies on the Reand as a Christian he maintained a character serve. At an early age he determined to for piety, simplicity, righteousness, and love follow the medical profession, but after a of truth, such as only the fear of God and year's study abandoned it for the law. In faith in the gospel of Jesus Christ can im- 1824 he became a student in the ofice of the part." ate General Roswell Stone, at Warren, and Ebenezer Lane was born at Northampton, was occupied there four mnonths in Mass., September 17th, 1793. He studied the year-the other eight being at Leicester, and at the at the age of four- employed in alternately teaching at Braceteen entered Harvard College, graduatingo ville and Nelson. In August, 1827, he with high honors in 1811. He then entered was admitted to the bar, and began practice the office of Judge Matthew Griswold at at Warren with the late Governor T:'d. The Lyme, Conn., where he studied law, and Legislature, in 1833, chose him a Judge of R. P. SPALDING. 7 the Court of Common Pleas, to succeed Wooster, O., where he afterward resided. Judge Wood, transferred to the Supreme Judge Avery early secured an extensive Bench. In December, 1836, President Jack- practice at the bar. He grew up with the son appointed him Solicitor of the General community in which he lived, and though Lan,d Office at Washington. Three years often urged, seldom accepted office. He later, President Van Buren appointed him served two years in the State Senate, and in Solicitor of the United States Treasury, in 1847 was chosen a Judge of the Supreme place of HIon. Henry D. Gilpin, promoted Court. fhis position he held until March, to Attoney General. This office Juidge 18,51, when he resigned. From that time Birchard held until March, 1841, when he until his decease he remained in private returned'to Ohio, and resumed practice at life. He died at Wooster, June 27th, 1868, Warren w7ith his old partner, Governor Judge Avery was an exemplary Christian Tod. In December of the same year and a good citizen. He was a fair lawyer, the Legislature elected him a Judge but never ranked high upon the bench. of the Supreme Court, which position he Rufus Paine Spalding was born in West held until 184a. Since that time Judge Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., Mayt8, Birchard has not held office, with the excetl- 1798, and removed with his parents to Contion of serving a term of two years in the necticut when very young. He received a State House of giepresentatives, 1854-5. He good academical education, and graduated was a candidate for Congress in 1856, against at ale in 1817. He married a daughter of the late Mr. Giddings, but failed of an elec- Judge Zephaniah Swift, with whom he tion. As a 1:wyer, Judge Birchard has al- studied law. In 1821 Judge Spaidlm loways held a place in the front ranks of the cated in Trumbull county, 0. In 1829 he profession. As a judge he was deservedly was elected to the House of Representatives popular. His opinions are noted for their of Ohio, and bein: re-elected in 1841, was cleal, concise language, strong reasoning, chosen Speaker. In February, 1849, he was and good sense. elected a Judge of the Supreme Court, and Judge N. C. Read was a native of Cham- continued in that office until February, 1852, paign county, Ohio, born on the JMac-Jack, when the new Constitution went into effect. about the year 1810. He was educated at Soon afterward he located in Cleveland, and Athens College, Athens, O., and studied law continued in practice until 1862, when he with the Hon. Israel Hamilton at Urbana. was elected to Congress, Judge Spalding After admission to the' bar he removed to continued a member of the Nation.al House Cincinnati, where he early displayed great until 1869, when he declined a re-election. talent as an advocate, especially He s a lawyer of marked ability, and as a in criminal cases. So great was Judge of the Supreme Court gave general his popularity that at the age of satisfaction. twenty-six he was made Prosecuting Attor- William B. Caldwell was born June 23d, ney for Hamilton county, and before his 1808, in Butler connty, 0. He was educated thirtieth year was elected President Judge at Miama University, Oxford, 0., graduatof the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841.the ng in 1885,-and studied law with Hon. Legislature chose him Judge of the Supreme John Woods, of Hamilton, 0. He was Court, in place of Judge Grimke, resigned. admitted to the bar in 1887 at Chillicothe This position he held until February, 1849. and commenced practice at Xenia. The Upon leaving the bench Judge Read re- following year he removed to Cincinnati, turned to Cincinnati, but left shortly after- where ihehas resided ever since. In 1841 ward for California. He practiced two or he was. elected Prosecuting Attorney for threeyears in San Francisco, but soon fell a Hamilton`Icounty, and in 1842, President victim to that vice which has proved the Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. This destroyer of so many of our distnguished position he held until 1849, when the Legismen. He died in 1858, at the early age of lature chose him a Judge of the Supreme forty-three years. Court. In 1858 he resigned judical honors Judge Read was a man of elegant scholar- and returned to practice in Cincinnati. ship, an erratic genius, whose whole-souled Judge Caldwell has always ranked high as liberality and generous hospitality proved a lawyer and judge. his ruin. Whatever his faults, he was a Rufus Percival Ranney was born at genial companion, and we can but pity the Blandford, Mass., October 80th, 1818. In weakness that proved his downfall. 1822 his parents removed to Ohio, locating Judge Edward Avery was a native of first at Fairpoint and shortly afterward at Connecticut, born in the year 1790. His Freedom, Portage county. Judge Ranney's primary education was received in Fairfield early education was limited. He worked on county, after which he entered Yale, gradu- his father's farm in summer, and attended ating in 1810. He studied law and was ad- village school in winter. At a later day, by mitted to the bar in 1818. In 1816 he made hs own industry, he managed to attend a tour of Europe. In 1817 he located at college at Hudson for a short period. In 8 B. P. RANl EY. college at Hudson for a short period. In State Treasury, but the appointment was 1836 he entered the law office of Wade & declined. In the fall of 1859 he was the Giddings at Jefferson, O., and after two Democratic candidate for Governor against years study was admitted to practice. In William Dennmson, but failed of an election. 1839 he became the partner of Hon. Benja- In 1862 he was again elected Judge of the rain F. Wade, one of his preceptors. In Supreme Court, which he resigned in 1864. 1846 and 1848, Judge Ranney was a candi- From 1864 to 1868 he served upon the Demodate for Congress against General John Crow- cratic National Committee. Since 1864, he ell, but failed of an election, though he ran has held no official position, but has been largely ahead of the Democratic State and engaged in the practice of his profession at county tickets. In 1850 he was chosen to Cleveland. Asa lawyer and jurist, Judge represent the counties of Trumbull and Ranney has no superior in the State. Geauga in the Constitutional Convention. In As before remarked, Judge Ranney was the debates of that body he took a promi- the last Judge of the Supreme Court, chosen nernt part. On the 17th of March, 1851, he under the old Constitution.. The new Conwas chosen by the Legislature a Judge of stitution, framed by a convention chosen by the Supreme Court, in place of, Edward the people, was submitted to for ratification Avery, resigned. 1 his was the last election or rejection at the fall election of 1851. The of Supreme Judge under the old Constitu. result was its adoption by a large majority. tion. In October, 1851, Judge Ranney was In February, 1852, it went into operation. re-elected by the people. He resigned in Under its provisions the powers and privil1856, and in 1857 was appointed eges of the court were largely extended, and by President Buchanan United States the number of Judges increased to five, one District Attorney for'Northern Ohio. to be chosen by the people annually, after This position he held two months and re- the first election of the whole number. At signed. The same year he removed from some future time we may notice the Supreme Warren to Cleveland. In 1869 Governor Court as it has existed since the adoption of Chase appointed him one of the Commision- the present Constitution. ers to examine into the condition of the E|$!EW Rcw' *isIvti(,eie!wf CLEVELAND, O., NOVEMBER, 1870. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRACTS, NUMBER T'HREE. PAPERS RELATING TO THE WAR (F 1812. Among the voluminous papers of the late unteer from one regiment, or battalion, they Elisha Whittlesey, of Canfield, Ohio, are many were to elect their own officers. which relate to the war on the frontier in 1812. Mr. Whittlesey was aide to General WadsBy the provisions of his will, a fire-proof room worth, performing the duty of Adjutant, and has been built for their preservation on the afterwards brigade inspector to Genold homestead. Some of them are being eral Perkins, and thus came transcriled for the use of the Western Reserve into possession of a large part of Historical Society, from which the following the papers and correspondence relating to the extracts are taken: war in this quarter. On receiving news of There had been but four divisions of Ohio Hull's surrender at Detroit, of the 15th of Augmilitia. Major General Elijah Wadsworth, of ust, General Wadsworth instantly gave orders, Canfield, was in command of the Fourth di- which bear date August 22d, for each brigade vision, composed of three brigades, which em- to rendezvous at Cleveland, without delay. braced the northeastern portion of Ohio. He A second draft was at once ordered by the had been a Captain in Colonel Benjamin Tall- government for one hundred thousand men, madge's regiment of the Connecticut line dur- of which the quota for the Fourth division was iug the war for independence, having removed five hundred to each brigade. to Ohio in 1802. The first brigade was to President Madison was a man of great perthe south of the Reserve, commanded by sonal rectitude, and a statesman of the first Brigadier General Reasin Beall; the second rank; but lacked the personal independence, brigade, to the southwest, by Briga- promptness and energy for a war executive. dier General Miller; and the third Dr. William Eustis of Virginia was Secretary on the Reserve by Brigadier General Si- of War, whose administration of that departmon Perlins. As war had been anticipated, ment in this critical moment rose but little the Legislature of Ohio made provision for a above imbeilitv. The declaration of war was draft, and on the 27th of April, 1812, orders sent to General Hull by mail through Clevewere received from Governor Meigs to raise land, and did not reach him at Maumee until one company in each brigade. In case a suffi- several days after the British had it cient number to form a company should vol- at Maiden. He lost a vessel with stores, 2 and his papers, by this culpable neglect this subject. The Adjutant General has hereAlthoueh the war had been clearly foreseen tofore complained of the remissness of this defor at least two years. supplies for tle western partment, and it has been'impossible for the for at least two years, supplies for tUe western commandant of this division to be more punccommandant of this division to be more punctroops were almost wholly wanting. As late tual in the discharge of the duties as the 3d of October, while apart of the levies assigned to him, as the returns from of the Fourth division were lying on the the brigades under his command have Cuyahoga, at old Portagenear Akron, Generalin some mstances been partially and in n,^.1 ~ ~..a~ /others wholly withholden from him, and they Wadsworth was obliged to send a horse ex- have been made months after; it was his duty press to Pittsburg for gun flints, without to have for.varded them. The general expects which muskets were of little value. When the from your attention and exertions, that a relevies of this division were well in the field turn of your brigade will be duly made and under the command of Generall Perkins, Gen transmitted to him, agreeable to the 27th section of the militia law of this Ststte. eral Wadsworth was relieved at his own re- With esteem anl regard I am your obedient quest. and humble servant, Colonel John Campbell, of Ravenna ELISHA WHITTLESEY, Aide-de-Camp. had command as Captain of the company GENERAL PERKINS TO GENERAL WADSWORTH. raised under the draft of April 27th, in which WARREN, April 29, 1812. John Harmon of that place, who is yet living, DEAR SIR: Your order of the 27th inst., was a volnnlteer. He has arpecentiy written awas received that day. and I have issued orders efor raising the quota assigned to my brigade. minute history of the services of this company SIMON PERKINS, Brie. General, for this society. 3d Brigade, 4th Division, Onio Militia. Campbell was Colonel of the Second Regiment,, Third Brigade. Calling his regiment AL P W EN, May 11, 1812. together at Ravenna, on the 23d of May, fifty DE SIR: On the 9th nst. I received returns men enrolled themselves as volunteers, and from the several colonels, complying with my thus were enabledto choose their officers. On order of April 28th. From two regiments the first of July they were called into service, volunteers were returned, and in one a draft and reached Cleveland on the 10th. Herethey was e. Thevolunteersretuedeehave was made. The volunteers returned here have been sufficient in this regiment to form a comtook boats and proceeded to Sandusky, were py, bt they re from two regiments. I his letter is dated on the 17th. In giving the have issued an order for drafts to those regipapers and correspondence below, it cannot ments which returned volunteers, and my always be rodcecl in te order of dates andreturn will no doubt be complete in the course always be produced of the present week. SIMON PERKINS. at the same time have relation to one subject or expedition. SIMON PERKINS TO ELIJAH WADSWORTH. ANTICIPATIONS OF THE WAR-MAJOR GENERAL WRREN, June 12, 1812, SIR: —In compliance with your order of the WADSWORTH TO THE BRIGADE COMMANDERS. 27th day of April last I have caused to be CANFIELD, Sept. 14, 1811. drafted and who now hold themselves in readiI am directed by the commandant of the nes for your further order the following list of Fourth Division of the Militia of this State to cers and men: call your attention to the subject of making John W. Seely, Captain: James Kerr, EnIeturns of the brigade under- your cor- siEn; Samuel Bill, 1st Sergeant; Zadock tiand. It is important that the govern- Bowell, 3d Sergeant; John Cherry, 1st Corrient of this State and that of the United poral. Btates should know at a time when PRIVATES. war almost appears iw-vitable, their actual Asa Lane, Peter Lanterman, Miller Blackstrengtb. There is little or no doubt but thatley, Wm. Strader, Joseph Netterfield, "the weighty and important matters" which Wm. Crawford, James Chalpin, Robthe President has to lay before Conlress, by ert Brewer, Nathaniel Stanley, Alex-'eason of which it is calied to meet earlier, ander Haves, David Kiddle, Wm. Martin. than usual, relate to our differences with Conrad Knafe, James Anderson, John foreign powers. Strain, Matthew Dobbins, Ezra Buell, SoloShould Congress deem it expedient to de- mon Wartrous, Peter Yatman, Urial Burnett, dare war against one or both of the belliger- Hugh Mlarkee, Amos Rathburn, David Fitch,.ents, its attention nmust necessarily be drawn Joseph Walker, Michael Crumrine, Barnabas t) ascertain the force they could compel to take Slavin, Martin Tid, Jr., Justin Fobes, William the field. Thisinformition cannot be derived Meeker, James Mears. Aaron Scroggs, AntIom any other quarter thiin the returhs made drew Markee, Jr., Eathen Newman, Daniel from the several States, and their neglecting Fowler, SIMON PERKINS, o make returns at the Adjutant General's Brigadier General Third Brigade, Fourth Diffice dries up the source of information on vision, Ohio Militia. .3 COLOlNEL JOHN CAMPBELL TO ELISHA. WHIT- GENERAL WADSWORTH TO SECRETARY OF'oAB TLESIY. TLEOSEY.AUSK ul17h1Headquarters, Camp at Cleveland, 0., LOWER SANDIJSKY, July 17th, 1812. Augusc 26, 1812. Dear Sir: We arrived here on the morning SIR:-On the instant I received informa of the 14th. From Cleveland we came by tion that General Hull had capitulated with water. We found the fortifications here in the British commander for the surrender of considerable forwardness. The stockade Detroit; that our army were prisoners, and is nearly completed; we are progressing in the the British and Indians in possession of the work. It is difficult to say to whom the corn- Michigan territory, and on their march to this mand of this post belongs. A man who bears State. I I immediately ordered out all the the title of Major Butler has instructions from militia under my command, consisting of the tue Governor relating to the fortifying of this First brigade, commanded by Brigadier Genplace somewhat similar to mine, but cannot eral Beall;, the Second brigade, commanded by ascertain that he has, or ever has had, a Brigadier General Miller; the'hird brigade, commission either under this State or the commanded by Brigadier General Perkins, to UnitedStates. Captain Norton from Delaware repair immediatly eel to Cleveland ith is here with about thirty men, he continues to their arms and - days provisions. comanand his company and I mine. and in- My orders have been promptly tend so to do until the pleasure of the corn- complied with, about -- troops have almander-in chief is known. Harmony prevails ready arrived, and others are continually eomamongus, and our men are in good spirits. A ingin from all quarters. I expect in a few gentleman arrived here this morning from days to have a, sufficient force to repel any Detroit. He confirms the report that Gen, force that the enemy can at present bring Hall has crossed into Canada, and that he is aainst us, but I am destitute of everything now fortifying Sandwich. No opposition was needful for the use and support of an ariny. made to his landing. Col. Munson, aid to The troops are badly armed and clothed, with Governor Meigs, has received a mortal wound no provisions or camp equipage, or the means by an accidental shot from one of his party. of procuring any.. But the dangerous sitnaThe ball passed throuah his left arm and tion of the country obliges me to face every lodged in his body. The ball has not been ex- difficulty, since my command..arrived at this tracted. To the politeness of this gentle- place, on the -instant, and estab ishea my man we are indebted for the perusal of Gen. headquarters.. Since my arrival at this. place Hull's proclamation of the inhabitants about prisoners have been landed here of Canada. He invites them to accept the by the British. Yours with respect, friendship and protection of the United States, EIJAH WADSWORTH. and promises security and protection to their property and possessions, but threatens extermination of those who unite wi h the merci- Extract from the "TI rmp of Fame" newspaless savages tomurderourunoffendingcitizens. per, Warren. Trumbull county, Ohio, Sept. The Indians here appear perfectly friendly, 2d, 1812-T. D. Webb, editor, Some of them brought here an Indian who had stolen horses from General Hull's army. He "Major General Wadsworth has established is still a prisoner here. The Detroit mail has his headquarters at Cleveland, and pushed forarrived. It informs us that General Munson is ward a body of troops under the command of dead. With due respect, Sir, Brigadier General Perkins to Huron. The deJOHN CAMPBELL. taehmcnt, from the brigade under the command of General Beall has been ordered to Manfield. The unfortunate prisoners belonging to this State, who surrendered at Detroit, SIMON PERKINS TO MAJOR GENERAL are daily coming into Cleveland. All accounts WADSWORTH. concur in the establishment of the treachery Auo-st 15th, 1812. of General Hull. But we trust if the government of the United States will put arms in our SIR: Inclosed are my returns for this di- hands that tte patriotic nilitia of Ohio will vision, which would have been forwarded soon take abundant satisfaction. As soon as sooner if the returns had been received from the news of the fall of Detroit was conirmed, the commandants of regiments. Colonel every man ran to arms, old and voung without Rayen delayed his, expecting to have corn-distinction ot politics, repaired to the post of pleted his return of the artillery company, but danLer, no man waited for the cold forma'ity finding it impossible, his, and of course my of the reception of orders, but every one, return s made without it. My return to the exempt or not from military duty put on his Adjutant General was made by the last mail. armour I have ordei ed a muster of officers to be held at the house of Asahel Adams, in Liberty, on w. EUSTIS, SECRETARY OF WAR, TO GENERAL the 2d and 3d days of September next, and WADSWORTH. should be very happy to wait on you at that WAR DEPARTMENT, Sept. 5, 1812. time and place. Sir: It has heen determined by the PresiI am, Sir, most respectfully, your humble dent to repair the disaster at Detroit, and to servant. SIMON PERKINS. prosecute with increased vigor the important 4 objects of the campaign, for which an ade- to consult and arrange with you on a line of quate f,.rce will be provided. The Governor defense from Mansfield to Huron, Until the of Ohio will furnish reinforcements on the army under my command is prorequisition of General Winchester or officer vided with munitions of war we commanding the northwestern army, and as shall not extend ourselves far into the troops in your vicinity, and those of your the enemy's country, but arrange the defense division. a,e near the frontier, it is requested of the frontier in the best manner. Several that you will order fifteen hundred to good blockhouses should be erected at convemarch to the frontier with as little nient distances on the road from Huron to delay as may be, and with directions to re- Mansfield. The positions you and General port to General Winchester or officer corn- Beall will fix on, and if from either of your mandino on the frontier. Fifteen hundred detachments a party may be prudently adstands of arms, equipments, ammunition, and vanced to a point nearer the Sandusky bay,say such camp equipage as the public stores can to somewhere near where the Maumee road supply will be forwarded from Pittsburgh, as strikes the west line of the Fire Land, it you will be more particularly informed by the would be advisable. Much must be left to return of Mr. Huntington. You are requested your direction, as particular instructions canto inform Governor Meigs and the command- not be given without a better knowledge of ing officer of this arrangement. the country. Your troops will be better Very respectfully, I have the honor to be, contented if you keep them employed. Sir, your obedient servant. W. EUSTIS. General Beall marches for Mansfield on the 8th or 9th inst., and in five days will reach ELIJAH WADSWORTH TO GENERAL PERKINS that place. The utmost confidence, is placed HEADQUARTERS, in your skill and vigilance, and it is expected CLEVELAND, Sept 6th, 1812. that you send to headquarters and to General SIR: Orders have been issued to General Beall (when he informs you of his arrival at Beall to march the troops from the First and Mansfield) every occurrence of interest to the Second brigades to Mansfield in Richland service. county. That force is more than six hundred Yours, ELIJAH WADSWORTH, men. To them will be joined the force from Maj. Gen. Fourth Division. Virginia under Colonel Connell. amounting to N. B.-Forward a weekly report of your two hundred men. General Beall is ordered strength, and also a weekly return of the to keep open a communication with you, and Quartermaster's stores. WAiL (Or 1~ romtihc rapersA a.. h i tlese. SELECTION No. 2. PETITION OF CITIZENS IN THE WEST PART OF such soldiers as are destitute who may be PORTAGE COUNTY, RELATING TO THEIR EX- called to do duty in actual service. And likePOSED CONDITION. wise that a proportion of powder be sent; To GEN. ELIJAH WADSWORTH, Canfield, Ohio: which articles will be placed under such diWe, the subscribers, citizens and committee rections as your Honor shall think proper. of the towns of Stoe, Franklin, Northhamton GEORGE DARROW, Major., and Harmansburgh, do Humbly show that the AMOS LUsH, Capt., inhabitants of said towns are entirely destitute GEORGE W. HOLCOMB, Lieut., of ammunition such as powder, lead orflints, CARLES POWERS, Ensign, and a very great number destitute of arms. THOMAS RICE, Capt, We, the said committee, Detition to HOMAS ANHYNING, Lieut. your Honour to forward on as many arms as can be spaled, about one hundred pounds of RETURN OF DRAFTS FROM 1ST REGIMENT, 3RD powder, five hundred ints, and lead in proor- BRGADE, 4TH DIVISION ME TH SPTEMtion. Our present defenceless situation is BE, 1812. well Known to your Honour, and no doubt I do certify this to be a true Return of Drafts will give such relief as may be in your power. from 1st Regiment, 3rd Brigade. 4th Division We do not consider the number of men in this Ohio Militia as made to me. part of our frontier sufficient to protect it. WILLIAM RAYEN, Lt. Col. We therefore pray that you may send on such A RETURN OF NAMES OF THE COMMISSIONED a numner of men as you may think sufficient AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND for that purpose. PRIVATES. FRED'K HAYMAKE, First Company. WM. UE INTMO, Captain-JOSHUA T. COTTON. SAJ OHN KIYMAGER Lieutenant-GEORGE MONTIETH. 8sTEPHEN BUTLER. Ensign-JACOB IRWIN. STOE, 22nd August, 1812. Sergeants. N. B. It is reported and generally believed John Cotton, John Myres, that Gen. Hull has surrendered to the British. George Wintermute, Ab'hm. Wintermuto. Corporals. PETITION OF THE OFFICERS OF THE ODD BAT- John Carlton, Boardwi Robins, TALION. John Russell, Jesse (rraham. HUDSoN, August 22, 1812. Privates, To ELIJAH WADSWORTH, ESQ., Major General Henry Peter, John Truesdale, of Division: Daniel Shatto, Francis Harvey, We, the undersigned officers of the Odd James Crooks, Anthony Whitterstay, Battalion, in the Fourth Brigade and Fourth Matthew Guy, Thomas Cummons, Division of Ohio Militia,do humbly state that a John McCollum, Jacob Parkust, part of the soldiers in said Battalion are desti- Henry Bronstetter, Isaac Parkust, tute of arms; and the situation of the country Robert Kerr, Samuel Calhoun, generally, and our particular situation, is well Henry Crum, George Gilbert, Known to your Honour as being a frontier. Nicholas Vinnemons, Abraham Simons, We do, therefore, petition that fifty stands of William McCrery, Thomas Craft, arms be sent to the Battallion for the use of Joseph Osburn, Archibald Maurace, 6 Adam Swazer, James Fitch,! Phillip McConnell, Robert MeGill, Henry Thom, Henry Foose, Richard McConnell, Renalds Cowdan, John Parkust, Abraham Leach, Robert Goucher, Samuel Love, Samuel White, Daniel Stewart, Thomas McCombs, William McGill, Senaca Carver, Joseph Carter, William Bucannou, Walter Bucannon, Jacob Hull, Isaac Fisher, William Reed, William Cowdan, John White, Jacob Powers, William Shield, John Zedager, John Muskgrove, Thomas Irwin, William Frankle. George Smith, William Munn, A RETURN OF CAPTAIN HINES' COMPANY. John Hayes, Nathan Angue, Lieut-EDMUND P. TANNER. Thomas McCrery, Philip Kimmel, Ensign-THOMAa MCCANE. John McGlaughlin, Abraham Hoover, Ses. Michael Storm, Benjamin Roll,ereants. John McMahon. Julius Tanner, Daniel Fitch, Second Compaeny. Silas Johnson, John Hutson. Captain-SAMUEL DENISON. CorPorals. Lieutenant-DAvID A. ADAMS. Christopher Rasor, Joseph Bruce, Ensign-WILLIAM1 SWAN. John McMullen. Sergeants. Privates. Amos Gray, William Carlton. Henry McKinney, George Leonard, Corporats. John Turner, Robert Cain, James Walton, Mathew I. Scott, oh Young, enrv Boyd, Robert Stewart; David Ramsey. John Chub. William McKinne, James McDonald, George Heater, Privates. Jacob Shook, henry Houck, John Dun woody, David McClelland, Samuel Green, James Saseton, Ephrahirn Armitage, Isaac Lyon, Conrad Osburn. James Polluck, Samuel Fera'uson, Samuel Mann, Benj. Manchester, John Mcuonnell. Conrad Miiler, John McMurry, William Thomas, Arthur Anderson, Jacob Fia'ht, Seur., William McMurry, William Leonard, Elijah Stevenson, Jacob O-walt. William Bell, John Hill, Henry Stump, James Eckman, John Nelson, William Steel, John MNcCuly, Andrew Boyd, Peter Carlton, Robert McCrary, Frances Henry, John lj oore, Jacob Fight, Jr. Nicholas Leonard, John McKey, David Kays, David Stewart, Henry Ripley, James Jack, John Day, Joseph Baggs, James Moore, Garret Peckard. Robert Walker, William IMcNight, Thomas Wilson, Thomas Fowler, Colonel Richard Hays to the commanding John Tulley, Sampson Moore, officer at Fort Wayne or Urbana, September JamesLvnn, John Povnes, 7, 1812. Sent by Lieut. Pomeroy and his William Crawford, John Bradon, party of scouts. David Willson, Daniel Augustine,CAMP AT PIPE CREEi. David McConnell, John Polly, September 7, 1812. John Yast. To the commanding officer at Fort Wayne or Urbana. Th:d (CIompany. SIR.-We are encamped at this place and at Captain —WARREN BISSELL. Huron with four hundred militia of Ohio. Lieutenant-ALEXANDER RAYNE. The inhabitants are in a state of consternation Ensimgn-NscHOI AS MCCONNELL at this place. Most part fled at news of our Sergeanls. Northwestern Army surrendering. We should esteem it a great favour to receive some infor A. qtilson, Parkus Woodrout'h, A. Btilsodn, SParkus Wtaoodlough, mation from you hy the bearer of this, so far Asa Baldwin, Simon Stall, as would not be detrimental, if it should be Corporals. taken from the bearer by the Indians. Lieut. William Hamilton, Amanuel Hull Pomeroy commands the scouting party sent Jacob Dice. Isaac Blackman, out. Accept my respects. Przvates. RICHARD eHAYES. a N Alexander Craze, Lieut. Col. Command't 3d Regiment. 3d David Noble, Davicl IkcCombs BBrigade, 4th Divison Ohio Militia at this place. Aaron Dawson, David McComNbs, David Conizer, George Mockerman, GEN. SIMON PERKINS TO GEN. WADSWORTH, Henry Rumble. John Dowler,CLEVELAND John Riddle, Josiah Bearsley, CAMP AT HURON, Sept. 8, 1812. James Moody, John Murphy, DEAR SIR: I wrote you this morning by a Joseph Mearchant, Josiah Walker, sick man going home on furlough, bince John Bucannon, John Earl. which our scouts have come in and inform John Dickson, John Ross, that there is or was last night, at Sandusky, a John Moore, John Cowdan, number of Indians and British who have Joseph McGill, John Brothers, burned the public store. The spies saw the enemy and fire but could not determine their killed; one private frsm Col. Rayens' Reginumbers. ment and the other an inhabitant of this part My present arrangements are to march my of the country. One of those boats, conwhole force to Pipe Creek. except one cor- manded by Lieutenant Benj. Alien, of Col. nany, who wiil be left at this station to cor- Hayes' Regiment, found a British schooner pete this encampment and guard the provi- aground on Cunningham's Island, which, sions, from Pipe Creek send a force to after dismantling and loading the boat with Sandusky, the amount of which will be deter- the most valuable part of the rigging, set fire mined on the return of some spies now out, to and burned her. which will be in this afternoon. As occurren- I wrote yesterday to Col. Williams and Maj. ces present themselves I will inform you, and Krutzer, a copy of which is enclosed. I have am sir, vourls, SIMON PERKINS. also this day received a message trom Maj. MAJOR tGENERAL WADSWORTH. Krutzer, informing me that he has cornGENERAL PERKINS TO GENERAL WADSWORTH. menced his march, and is building a Block CAMP AT HURON Sept ) i house at what they (the messenger) call the 9, 1812, 4 P. M. Black Fork; they are in doubt whether he or WAWRTr I ill march faster than can be done with the Major (eneral WADhSWORTH, Cleveland, erection of Block houses at suitable distances Ohio. SIR -Yollur by th+e express came to hand for protection. I wrote him and solicited of lasteeni hic I s have nsw d him information as to his determination on and have returned the messenger immediately, thsubje hut thinkin it important to detain him until If I c ould r eceive a few more acceptable. this morning I presume you will pardon they would be vey acceptable. proceedinig. - I had as I wrote you yesterday Utensils for cooking and camp equipage made alrraelennts to seld a company to Saii- generally is very much wanted; we have net adusey, but g cosenue tosedf thealformatioSal so much as one kettle to a mess and no teadusky, but in consequence of the information - have thought it ~ kettle in the camp in you, letter of the 8th I have though I kettle in the caripdent to order the companies ot Dull and lur- iu etns a ray to fall back on the east side IIuron, and I occurences of note sball be comdenil Parker with his com!an3 to return to his ifonrmer stat~ioln itn the town1 of AXvery to I cated, and, Sil, I shall ever be happy to be incomplete his Blockha hotse there, then he will structed by you, and believe me very respectbe ordered to join the camp at Huron. Two fully your most humble Servant, boats that went lately to the Peninsula re- IMON P turned last evening withi the loss of two men Krutzer has with him alout (80) eighty men. Western eserve istorical %ociety, CLEVELAND, 0., JXAiXU'ARY, 1871. HIS TORICAL AND ARCHAELOGICAL TRACTS. NUMBER FOUR. First White Children Born on Ohio Soil. 13 Y A LF RE D To G OO I) A N, SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY. The earliest known occupation of the ter- riace. We have never heard of but two inritory now embraced within the litnits of the stances where traders had white wives living State of Ohio, by any collective body of white with them in Indian villages. (*) We have men, was by the French in 16 0. From that no information that would throw light upon time until the conquest of Canada by the Eng- the object of this paper, (which is to ascertain if lish, French traders were scattered through- possible the date of birth of the first white out the territory, having a post, station or child born in Ohio) from any of the French "store" at almost every Indian town. and English occupants of Ohio prior to the English traders first made their appearance peace of 1763. White children were doubtin the Ohio country in 1699-1700. From less born unto some of the many traders in that time until 1745, we frequently hear of Ohio before 1763, and yet there is no evidence them at various towns and stations. In 1745 whatever, that such was the fact. It is possithey built a small fort or idlock house among ble that among the French, English or Canathe Hurons on the north side of Sandusky dian archives there may be records that would bay. In 1748, they were driven off by a par- enlightent us upon the subject, but nothing ty of French soldiers from Detroit. Prior to has appeared thus far. to 1763, the English in Ohio were very few in The information we possess is so meagre comparison to the numbers of the French. and p)orhl;ps unsatisft' ctory, that the object of Up to the period of the American revolltion, (:) These were a inan named - Henry, thousands of French and English traders had (brother of Jtge -enry, of Lancaster, Peoncs3apr nsylvania), who was domiciled on the Scioto, passed into the Ohio country. It is impossi- i tliawnese villho a ciciled Chelokratg and a.t a Sawnese villae~ called "Chelokraty," and ble to determine how many lived there at any Richard Conner, n Ma;ryland trader, who lived one time. At some villages there was but one on the Scioto at Pickulway. Both these men or two traders, at others ten, twenty and exerciedgreatinfluenceamongtheShawnese.'Mr'~ H-enry was living'among them as early as' sometimes as many as fifty. For the most 1768. and rmtrried a white woman, who when part the traders were married to squaws, and a child, had been taken captive. We dor not had children by them. In rare cases. white know whether they had *hildren born in Ohio. but, it is likely they did, for Henry, conwomen accompanied their husbands on trad- tinued on the Scioto or many years, and ing excursions, wbhic. generally lasted for amassed a fortune there. months. This was probably becau:se the sav- Int 177: M r. Conner, who had lived among the aes alvays peferred to trae an barte t We-;te rn Irndialls as a trader for years, ^married es alwas plreferred to trade al y b arter with a oun- whatitc woman, ca -ive anmong the those connected with their people by mnar- Sh;lawnese at Piclaway. In 1771 a male child 2 hle query, "who was the first white child we have, except one occuring in 1764, which )orn in Ohio?" may still remain as hereto- is deserving of attention and investigation. ore, "a simple matter of conjecture," but we We have already stated that no known lope that thispaper will be the'opening wedge"' whice child was born in Ohio before the close or others on the subject more clear, compre- of the French and English War, (1763). The iensive and decisive. information we have of the birth of one durFor many years, indeed, until recently it has ing the year 1764, is perhaps not definite eeen generally stated and believed, that Miss enough for acceptance by the historical reader fohanna Maria HIeckewelder was the first and critic, but we have gathered in the facts, vhite child who saw the light of Heaven in such as they are, and place them upon record )hio. That belief made Miss H. the object in connection with the other statements on )f unusual attentions; visitors fiomn all parts the subject. But we think there is reasonable )f the country resorted to herresidence, to see ground for assertintg hat the first known birth nd converse with the first white child born of a white child, occurring within the limits n the wilderness of Ohio. Historians sought of Ohio, was that belonging to a white woman.er acquaintance, antiquarians her photo- froml Vilginia, who had been taken prisoner;raph and autograph; learned societies her by the Delawares il April, 1764. This woman:orrespondence through complimuentary nmeel- vwas, at the tina of her capture, far advanced )erships, in fact everybody who knew her his- in pregnlancy, and during the month of July, ory, honored and respected "Aunt Polly 1764, gave birtl- to a child at or near the Inleckewelder," as she was familiarly called at dian town of Nakatomaka, near the the pres3ethlehemi where she lived and died. Until ent site of Dresden, Muskingum county, Ohio. he year 184S Miss eeckewelder's clai re- Let us examine into the matter: nained undisturbed, that is to say, no one When Colon Bouquet advanced with his ublicly deniedl her right lo appear ia the arm ny into the Ohio country in October, 1764, -ole of the "first white child." Mr. Howe, in he was met by the principal chieftains of the uis "Historical Collections of Ohio," fist put Senecas, Delawares and Shawnese, who sued doubt on her claim, in a brief statement of fr peace. In anser to their overtures, he birth of a Frenchman, named Mille- Bouquet, who was astern, fearless and resolute lomme, which we shall notice hereafter. At 1nian, made a dignified reply. EHe said: "1 latter period thle investigations of Judge eoive you twelve days from this date to deliver 3lickensderfer, of Tuscarawas county, Ohio, i1to lmy hands at Wakatotaka all the prisonmnd Rev. lEdmundl D)eSchweinitz, Bishop of ers in youL' possession, without any exception he Moravian church, aumong the achives of -El lishnUen Frenchinen, woaen and he early mission station at G anadenhutten, children, whether adopted in your tribes, marevealed tlhe interestiang fact that a white ied or living amongst you under any denomi-:hild named Roth, son of a missionary, had ntion and pretence whatsoever; together een born there nearly eight years before Miiss l neroes. And you are to furnish the eckeele'sbitha Salem.with all negroes. And you are to furnish the leckewelder's birth at Salem. said prisoners with clothing, provisions and The birth of Roth occurred one year before soses p( cair the to FotPitt. When yoa horses to carry them to Fort Pitt. When you hat of the Frenchman, Millehomme, men- have fully complied with these conditions, ioned by Howe. Here, therefore, are two you sall then know on what terms you may nstances of the birth of white children prior ybtain tl peace yot sue for.' o M{iss [ieckewelder. These are all the cases MThis bold answer made a profound impresvas born unto them. It, s impossible to state s upon the sav An onl altrat tt what place, thouh in all probability te savaes. A oy alr ve )irth occurred at Pickaway on the Scioto. In was left them-peace upon these conditions 774, agreeably to the treaty of Fort Pitt, all or war. They judiciously resolved to give up yhites residing almong the Shawnese were de- tihe white and black captives under their conivered up at that post. Arnonl these were Mir. 0onner and wife, but the Shawnese held trol, and on the 9th of November, brought to >ack their son. The same year Mr. and Mrs Bouquet's camp all the prisoners within the donner went to reside with the Moravians at Ohio country, except a few held by a Shawhhoenbrun, O bin, Mr. Conner havin obtoained Serntissbon frot the mCerican Cor obmmtied anse tribe, who were absent lhuting. Those bt Pittsburg, went to the Scioto in search of his delivered numbered 206: Virginians-males, on. He lecf Mrs. Conner at Shoenbrun. In the 3:2 females anid children, 58. Pennsylvani*pring he returned without his child, hiaving nade a fruitless search at alt the Shawnvesea- es 4 maes nch en,. owns. During the year 1776,MIr. Conner ma-de Among the Virginians was the white woisecond search after his boy and tinally found man and her child heretofore alluded to. irn, and succeeded in purchasing his ransom. Ile p irs. Conner auccteerwed in phchsinl is t msom T ier situation t is thus noticed in the history of ra. Conner ftugh we ard without, dates, Bouquet's xapedition page 79.,run, though we are without dates,'CBouquet's Fspedition,'pae ~9. 3 "Among the captives, a woman was brought baptised on the 5th, by the Rev. David Zeisinto the camp at Muskingum, with a babe berger. about three months old at her breast. One In the life of Zeisberger, by Bishop De of the Virginia volunteers soon knew her to Schweinitz, will be found an interesting biobe his wife who had been taken by the In- graphical notice of John Lewis Roth, as well dians six months before. She was imimedi- as sketches of his lather and mother. ately delivered to her overjoyed husband, who When John Lewis was one month old, Auflew with her to his tent, and clothed her and pgust 1773, his parents removed from Gnadenhis child in proper apparel. But their joy, af- hutten to Shoenbrun. At that place Mr. ter the first transports, was soon damped by Roth labored for nearly a year, with marked the reflection that another dear child of about success. His converts were many, which filled two years old, captured with the mother and his heart with great joy and gratitude to God. separated from her was still missing, although It was at this time that Dunmore's war broke many children had been brought in. out. The Christian Indians were threatened, "A few days afterwards, a number of other the missionaries' lives were despared of, and prisoners were brought to the camp, among the entire destruction of all the Moravian whom were several more children. The wo- towns daily looked for. In this trying moman was sent for and one supposed to be hers ment Zeisberger recommended Roth to return was produced for her. At fi'rst sihlt she was to Pennsylvania with his family. This advice uncertain, but viewing the child with great was followed. Mir. and Mrs. Roth reached earnestness, she soon recollected its features; Bethlehemn in June, 1774, when their infant and was so overcome with joy, that literally son, John Lewis, was less than a year old. forgetting her sucking child she dropped it Mr. Roth continued in the service of the Mofrom her arms, and catching up the new ravian Church many years, being successively found child in an ecstacv, pressedl it to her employed at Mount Joy, York, Emmans, and breast, and bursting into tears, carried it off Hebron, Pennsylvania. He died at York, unable to speak for joy, The father seizing July 22, 1790. Mrs. Roth died atiNazareth, up the babe she had let fall, followed her in February 25, 1805. no less transport and affection.m" John Lewis Roth, whom Bishop DeBut it may be said, "thle Moravians had set- Schweinitz and Judge Blickensderfer claim to tied at Bolivar in 1761, and children may have been the first white child born in Ohio, have been born unto them!" This inquiry is was educated at Nazareth Hall, Bethlehem, easily answered and correctly so. Prior to Pennsylvania. At an early age he married 1764 there were but two white Moravians in and settled on a farm near Nazareth, PennOhio, Heckewelder and Post. Heckewelder sylvania, where he lived until his 63d year. did not marry until 7S80, and Post was mar- In 1836, he removed to Bath, Pennsylvania, ried to an Indian Squaw. Add to this, the and while residing there joined the Lutheran fact that there were no white women in the Churic, of which the Rev. A. Fuchs was pasMoravian settlements, prior to the year 1764, tor. Mr. Roth was an exemplary christian, and we think thle answer is complete. If any and brought up his children in the love and white children either French, English or fear of God. He died September 25th, 1841, American, were born within the limits of and is buried in the cemetery at Bath, where Ohio before the year 1764, we have been un- a small marble tombstone bears this inscripable to find evidences of the fact. We think tion: therefore that we are safe in stating that the "Zum Andenken an Ludwig Roth, geboren child of the Virginia captive, born in 1764, 4th, Juli, 1773. Gestorben, 25th, September was the first knowmn white child born in Ohio. 1841, Alter 68 Jahre, 2, M, 21 Tage." In 1772, John George Jungmann and wife The village of Gnadenhutten where Mr. arrived at Shoenbrlun, Ohio, from Bethlehem, Roth was born, was situated on the TuscaraPa. Jungmann was a Moravian Missionary, was river, in Clay township, Tuscarawas and his wife was the first married white wo- county, Ohio, not far from the outskirts of the man who came west among the Christian In- present town of Gnadenhutten. It was there dians. that the horrible massacre of Christian IndiIn April 1773, John Roth and wife reached anls took place in March, 1782. Gnadenhutten, hioo. Roth was also a nis- The next white birth in Ohio, is founded sionary, sent out by the Moravian Church. upon the assertion made by Mr. Henry Howe, Nearly three mlonths after her arrival, hMrs. in his'Ohio Historical Collections," page 437. Roth gave birth to a son at Gnadenhutten, who He says, "Mr. Dinsmoore, a planter of Boone was named John Lewis Roth. His birth oc- county, Ky., orally informed us that in the curred on the 4th of July, 1773, and he was year 1835, when residing in the parish of 4 Terre-Bonne, La., he became acquainted with latter were killed. About eighty warriors a planter name Millehomme, who informed came to our settlements, determined to break him that he was born in the forest, on the up the Indian congregations of Shoenbrun, head waters of the Miami, on or near the Gnadenhutten and Salem, or at least to re. Loramie, Portage, about the year 1774. His move them about one hundred miles further parents were Canadian French, then on their westward; but during their stay amongst us route to Louisiana." they changed their minds, and the majority We know nothing of the facts in this case of them, especially the chief, said they conother than as given by Mr. Howe. We pre- sidered us a happy people, to injure whom sume he considered the statement of Mr. would be a great sin, and that they wished Dinsmoore perfectly reliable, or it would not that they themselves were partakers of the have found a place in his valuable work. same happiness. Amongst them, however, Elirly in the year 17SO, the Moravian was one evil disposed man, who had resolved Church at Bethleham sent to the Ohio Mis- to murder me (your father) and for two days sions as teacher, Miss Sarah Ohneberg. She he waited eagerly for an opportunity to carry was a young wornin of fine education, ami- out his purpose, but the Lord watched over able disposition and unaffected Christian piety. and saved me fiom this danger in a very Soon after her arrival at Shoenbrun, she striking way. was the recipient of marked attentions from "After this event the three Indian congreRev. John Heckewelder, then in his 38th gations continued for some time to live in year. Frielndship soon ripened into firmer at- peace, and increased in spiritual knowledge tachment, and in July 1780, they were united and grace, so that we were filled with great in marriage in the Chapel at Salem, by the joy. But in the beginning of the mouth of Rev. Adam Grube. All the Mission famriles August we heard that there was a new moveand the converted Indians witnessed the in- ment amongst ThJe Indians to drive us away, teresting ceremony. This was the first wed- some even being in favor of destroying our ding of a white couple ever held in Ohio. settlements, but as they failed to find amongst During the following year, Mrs. Heckewel- their own number any who were ready to under gave birth to a female child at Salem. It dertake this, certain wicked white persons was baptized and named Johanna Maria joined them, and on the 12th of August they Heckewelder. We have already introduced arrived at Salem with the advance-guard. this child to the reader. Her claim, (for she The others arrived during the following days always asserted it,) to have been tire first, numbering in all 300 warriors, who camped white child born in Ohio, has been shown to in the square at Gnadenhutten. They eibe unsustainable. Her history, however, is deavored by all sorts of promises to entice our very interesting. A short time before her fa- Indian brethren and sisters to leave our stather's death, at her request, he wrote out ia tions and to come and live wvith tihem. After statement regarding her birth and tlhe events spelidirg three weeks in these efl6its, which of her early childhood. This manuscript she were ettirely unsuccessful, and being in the sacredly retained until her death, and it has e(nd disposed to leave the matter drop, they never been published, with the exception of a foiund trat they had comrpromised themselves portion, which appeared in the Mor'avian, to such anr extent that they were compelled to the Church pap,.r pub!ist'ed at Betilelhem,. use force. The writer has been tfavored with a copy, "They accordingly set apart the 2.1 of Septhrough the politeness of (larles Brodlleadc temnber for a general council, and all the Esq. The orli.ilical manluscript was writterl i Brethren at the three stations were summornthe German langtuaea, alld was trallslated ed to be in attendance. Bro. David Zeiswith great care by the editor of the niewspa- berger repaired to Shoenbrun, eight m1iles per referred to.'The translation is as fol- above, I to Salem about six miles below Gnadlows: enhutten, and the Bretf.rzn Edwards and "Johanna Maria Heekewelder was born on Sensenman to the latter place. 3ro. Jullgmann Easter Monday, April 16th, 1781, at Salem, a an his wife remrained at Shoenbru with village of Christian Indians onr thie Muskinigurm Sisters Zeisberger and Sellsellman, the latter River. She was baptized on the dav follow- of whom had an infant at the breast, and inp by Rev. William Edwards, minister at IBro. Michal Jung remained at Salem with you Gnadenhutten. A few days after her birth and your mother. We passed the night in the Indians in that reroion were thrown iitto a lmurch sorrow, but without fear. Final;y on state of great alarm by the sudden attack of an tihe 3d of September, as wve were walking lip American army upon a town of tile savages, and down on a level spot belind the gardens,. named'"Goschachkiin," and a number of the several warriors of the Wyandotte nation came up ald took us prisoners to their camlp. Here kill us. The day of our departure was fixed, wU;vere stripped of our best clothes, and one and the Brethren Zeisberger, Edwards, of them, who probably did not know what he Senseman and myself set out on the long was about, seized us by the head and shook journey. Bro. Schebosch promised to prous, saying in a scornfull tone,'Welcome, my vide our families with provisions brought friends.'" from our deserted village,'After a while we were placed in charge of " We had not proceeded more than sixty a guard. When we were taken prisoners the miles on our journey before a messenger appearance of the Indians was indeed terri- caught up with us, bringing the news that ble, as they all grasped their arms and we Bro. Schebosch and his company had been thought we should be dispatched on the spot, seized and carried off by a party of militia. but our grief at the thought of your mother Other messengers arrived bringing the same and yourself and the others, was more ter- inteligence, so that our anxiety for our wives rible than everything else, for just as we were and children became intense. At the Iowa (?) led into the camp, about twenty warriors, river we encountered endless difficulties in brandishing their arms and with terrible cries, continuing our journey. We could not progalloped of' on their horses towards Salem and ceed alone, even if we had had permision to Shoenbrun. When he saw them coming at a do so. The Captain who had charge of us, distance, Brother Jung locked the door of the procured a keg of rum and all his men behouse. You were lying in your cradle asleep. came drunk, and a number of evil-disposed Finding the outer door locked, they burst it people gathered at our halting-place. At'open by force and would have killed Brother last, since we had some of'our Indian brethJung on the spot, but a white man who was with ren with us, we received permission from a them prevented them. Your mother snatched white man to proceed. After several days' you from the cradle and wastoldthat she-wasa journey we came within four miles of Deprisoner and must accompany them to Gna- troit, but for want of a boat to cross a deep denhutten. The house was then plundered river that lay right before us, we were cornfromR top to bottom. In the meanwhile it had pelted to spend the night, which was intensely commenced to rain, and some of the Indian cold and stormy, on the open plain, without s'sters begged very urgently that you and any protection whatever, so that we were your mother might remain with them over quite stiff and almost frozen by morning. night, promising to bring you to Gnadenhut- "The next morning, at about eight o'clock, ten the next day. Bro. Jung they took with without having had anything to eat, we were them, arriving at the camp at about midnight. ferried across in a hay boat, and by ten o'clock We had hPard their scalp-cries all the while we made our appearance before the Comas we sat on the banks of the river, and the mandant at the fort, who received us with night was thereby made all the more horrible many harsh words. Finally, as we remained to us. perfectly composed, he seemed to have "We were all prisoners together. Our changed his mind somewhat and dismissed houses had been plundered, and we had us in a much pleasanter manner. For a week nothing to cover our bodies but what our In- we remained in a state of great uncertainty dian.brothers and sisters lrought us. After as to what was to become of us. We were noi several days, we received permission to be permitted to appear before the Commandant with our Indians, but together with them to make any statements, nor were we permitwere conducted through the wilderness to ted to address any written communications to Upper Sandusky. On this journey the rmoth- him. At last, our accusers being all assemers and children suffered much, as the war- bled, we were summoned to attend, and after riors would grant no halts. In the begin- a thorough examination into the'accusations ning of October we arrived at Upper Sandus- brought against us, the result was that. two of ky. We were entirely destitute, and yet our accusers were completely silenced, and were quite happy. We cared not for the the third became our defender. The council, morrow, and yet we were provided with our which consisted of the military officers and daily bread. We commenced to build little other officials at this post and of a number of huts for ourselves, but before they were com- Indian chiefs, decided that we had been falsepleted we received orders from the Com- ly accused and had innocently been compellmandant at Detroit to repair to that place. ed to endure many hardships. Thus even This was a new and severe trial.. Winter here, the glory of God's name was promoted. was at hand, and we were to leave our wives "From this time forth, the Commandant beand children behind without any provisions. came our warm friend, and from other gentleIn addition, the savages daily threatened to men at the post we received many kindnesses. 6 Provided with some needful clothing and pro- English officer, made his appearance and visions by order of the former, we set out onl threatened to kill us on the spot. We knew our return. Our Heavenly Father granted that he could readily summon confederates us, at this late season, the most pleasant to carry out his purpose, and committed our, weather, and by the end of November we re- selves to the protection of Him whose own joined our families once more [at Sandusky.] we were. And wonderfully (id He interpose On the very day of our return, the winterset in our behalf, for just then two boats arrived in, a great deal of snow fell and the cold be- to fetch us away, and brought besides an order;ame intense. The distress of our Indians from Major Arent De Peyster at, Detroit, in became terrible. In a short time they lost which he threatened to punish severely any one hundred and fifty head of cattle, which persons who should, in any way, molest us. were their main dependence for food. The April 14th, 1782, we set out in the boats,: de wild Indians again threatened to stop the scendingSandusky River for 30 miles and then preachiiig of the Gospel, and the power of the crossing Lake Erie to Detroit. On the 16th, prince of darkness seemed almost supreme. your first birthday anniversary, we were conThe scarcity of food became so great that we pelled at four different times to draw our boat began to fear that some, especially the little to the shore during a storm, once at great risk children, would perish from hunger. to us all. As I was afflicted with rheumatism "A number of Indian brethren and sisters and could not help myself, Bro. Edwards built accrdingly resolved to return with their fam- a shelter against the wind for your mother and ilies to their deserted villages and gather in you out of cedar boughs. April 29th, we the harvest, which was yet standing in the crossed Miami Bay, not without considerable fields, and little by little to forward the po- danger, and the next day we arrived at Deceeds to this place. They had almost finished troit. this work and were preparing to return to us, "Here our whole company remained until when they were attacked by a party of Amer- August. Our Indians, who had been scatterican militia, taken prisoners, and butcheredin ed in many different places, received permiscold blood. These dear martyrs, 96 in nun- sion to assemble here, and after severalfamiber, resigned themselves cheerfully to God's lies of them had come, we commenced a setwill. They united together in prayer to the tlement on Huron River, which empties into Savior, begged each other's forgiveness for Lake St. Clair. Many of our Indians joined past offences, sang hymns of faith and trust, us here, and the Commandant, now Colonel and testified that they died as Christians. The De Peyster, provided us with provisions. As many little children in this company shared theBrethren Jungmann and Senseman were in the same fate as their parents. Thus a whole the year 1785 to return to Bethlehem your parIndian congregation was in one night 7th- ents concluded to send you with them to the 8th of March, 1782, translated from earth to school at Bethlehem. After a farewell loveheaven. feast, these Brethren set out, May 16th, your *In the meanwhile we who remained at father accompanying you as far as Detroit. Upper Sandusky were suddenly summoned The journey was made by boat across Lake to appear at Detroit, whilst our Christian In- Erie, and after being detained at Niagara for dians were to unite themselves to some of the two weeks. in the same way across Lake Onwild tribes in the vicinity. Our poor Indian tario to Wood's Creek, and thence by way of brethren could not understand nor reconcile Schennectady and Albany to Bethlehem, at themselves to these orders. Many of them ac- which place you arrived July 8th." companied us as far as our first camping-place, To the above account, Miss Heckewelder a weeping as they walked beside us. Some number of years before her death, added the went with us the whole way to Lower San- following: dusky, a five days' journey, amongst whom "On this journey we were often compelled were two Indian sisters, one of whom carried to spend the night in the woods in tents. We you in a blanket the whole way, and the heard the wolves howling about our camp, other Sister Senseman's child. Here we and built large fires to keep them away, As waited three weeks for further orders, receiv- we were often compelled to go on foot, I bein, during our stay the certain intelligence of came very tired, and old Father Jungmann the murder of our beloved Indians at Gnad- used to carry me for miles on his back. Arenhutten. rived at Bethlehem, I was placed in the ChilThose were days of bitter suffering and most dren's Institute, being then only five years distressing doubts, but the Savior comforted old. There was at that time no boarding and strengthened us. As we were sitting in school. This was only instituted the followa friendly trader's house, a wicked man, an ing year. I look back upon the years spent at 7 this institution with the greatest. pleasure.'been so gracious and wise. I know myself to We received the most affectionate and tender be nothing. Through grace alone I am what treatment, and the exemplary Christian de- I am." meanor of our teachers has made an abiding The loss of her hearing prevented Miss impression upon my heart. My school days Heckewelder from devoting her future to being ended, I entered the Sisters' House. the object chosen-the education of young Having been received into the Church a short women for useful occupations in life. From time before, I partook of my first communion 180B she resided at Bethlehem; up to 1823 on August 13th, 1795. in the family of her father, and afterwards "In my twentieth year I received a call as with the Sisters ofthe Church. She was obteacher in the recently established boarding- lined to use a slate in conversation. Her school at Litiz. Here I remained for five habits were those of a pious, iudustrious years, until the impaired state of my hearing woman. Her acts of benevolence and charity compelled me to resign, and I returned to were frequent and disinterested. She aboundBethlehem. At Litiz I had many severe expe- ed in good works. Old; age curtailed her riences; many, too, which were very benefic- deeds of kindness and her "missions of love." ial to me. The Holy Spirit wrought power — Her latter days were spent in meekness and fully upon my heart, and the sinful state of qnietness-waiting the coming of her time. my heart was revealed to re. I spent many H last illness was short, and her end was sad and troubled hours, trying to build up a peace. She died in the assurance of a blessed righteousness of my own, and yet never dis- immortality, September 19, 1868, aged 87 cerning what a Redeemer I had. On the oc- years, 5 months and 2 days. Her remains casion of a choir communion, September 10, were deposited by those of her father, in the 1803, I had a peculiarly deep feeling of my Moravian Cemeterv at Bethlehem. own poverty and sinfulness, and yet I experi- We here leave our first inquiry, and give the enced the peace of God in flay s T)lll in a way We here leave ourfirst inquiry, and give the wencd the peace iofl ords descriei y n ai- w reader a brief sketch of the first white person which I canot in words desiiLe. An 11 born in Ohio, after the settlement made at effable feeling of love and gratitude to Himbo Ohio, r te t mde who could bless and forgive one so unworthy arletta, on the Ohio, in 1788. That person as myself, filled my soul. Now, everything s Leicester G. Converse. He as born at was bright within me; 1 had passed from Marietta, February 7, 1789, and resided there death to life. In this blessed frame of mind for many years. I 1834 he located in Moro I remained for a long time, but I had yet gan county, engaging il mercantile operamany things to learn, and in spite of many tions, from which, in 1846, he retired to his alternations in my spiritual life, the Savior farm, situated on the west bank of the Muswas ever my helper and consoler. The total kingum, about five miles above McConnelsloss of my hearing occasioned me much pain. ville. There he continued to reside until his and I had a severe struggle before I could r- death which occurred February 14, 1869. sign myself implicity to this deprivation. The Mr. Converse was a man of chaacter and thought that this trial came from the Lord ability; an exemplary christian, and a citizen and was intended for my advancement in the of great usefulness. He was passionately heavenly life, has now entirely reconciled me fond of farming, and for several years before to it. his death was interested in the operations of "A review of my experience fills me with the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. grateful love to Him, whose leadings have CLEVELAND, O. Dec. 23, 1870. ANCIENT EARTH FORTS OF THE CuyahogaValley, Ohio, BY COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN RESERVE AND NORTHERN OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY A GENTLEMAN OF CLEVELAND. CLEVELAND, OHIO: FAIRBANKS, BENEDICT & CO., PRINTERS. 1871. Ancient Earth Works of Ohio. HISTORY OF THE SURVEYS. The existence of ancient earth works in Ohio was first brought to notice by the Rev. David Jones, in 1772-3; by,Arthur Lee, in 1784; and in 1785, through a plan and description of those at Marietta, by Capt. JONATHAN HEART, of Colonel Harmar's battalion. Capt. Heart assisted in building Fort Harmar, at the mouth of the Muskingum river. He was evidently a man of education, and had served in the Revolutionary army. His survey was made while the ground was yet covered with a heavy growth of forest trees. In 1801, the Rev. Mr. Harris, while on a tour through the Ohio country, resurveyed them and inserted an engraved plan in his published Journal. Caleb Atwater, Esq., of Circleville, Ohio, made the first general survey of the Ohio Earth Works in 1819, under the auspices and at the expense of the American Archaeological Society, at Worcester, Mass. His plans and descriptions fill an important portion of the first volume of their transactions, published in 1820. When the first Geological Survey of Ohio was in progress, I continued the survey of the newly discovered works, intending to make the subject of our antiquities a part of the final report. This survey came to an end, in 1839, without a final report. J. H. SULLIVANT, Esq., of Columbus, requested me to continue this part of the survey at his expense, with a view to publication by himself. 4 HISTORY OF THE SURVEYS. My plans included all the ancient works then known, but Mr. Sullivant's health failing, they were not published, and many of them were lost. In 1845, the Hon. E. George Squier, who has since done so much to develop the Archaeology of the United States, commenced a resurvey of them in connection with Dr. E. H. Davis, both of Chillicothe, Ohio. These gentlemen made the first systematic descriptions with figures, of the numerous relics of the Mound Builders. They operated under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. The results of their labors, fully illustrated, constitute the first volume of its Contributions. Their surveys in this State were confined to the works on waters of the Ohio. A part of my plans were published with theirs, and a part in May, 1850, as Article 7, Vol. 3, of the Contributions, which relate principally to the works on the waters of Lake Erie. Ancient Inhabitants OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND THE LAKE REGIONS. Ruins of ancient earth works are plainly to be seen throughout a large part of the United States, constructed by a people who preceded the race first encountered here by the whites. These works are numerous on the Ohio river and on the streams which discharge into it. They are also found, but of a quite different character, on the streams which empty into Lakes Erie and Ontario from the South. Here, all or nearly all of them have a military purpose, and are less imposing than those on the waters of the Ohio. In Wisconsin is another and quite a different type of ancient earth works, which are principally mounds, in the form of effigies of animals. It does not follow that the builders of these different styles of works were one nation or were cotemporary. They had, however, traits enough in common to be ranked as a race, under the denomination of "Earth Builders." These differences were also sufficiently marked to require a separation into nations or tribes; occupying territories easily defined. The people who inhabited Central and Southern Ohio, also covered an extensive country farther to the southward and westward; down the great valley of the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. They are already known by the name of " Mound Builders." To distinguish the three peoples by their most marked characters, I designate those on the Ohio as the Agricultural nation; the Fort Builders on the lakes as the Military nation, and those 6 THREE ANCIENT NATIONS. between the Mississippi and Lake Michigan as the Effigy nation. Those who wish to study the works of the " Mound Builders" are referred to the elaborate descriptions of Messrs. Squier and Davis. The remains of the "Fort Builders" in New York have been surveyed and described by Mr. Squier, in the year 1849. The Effigy mounds of Wisconsin were surveyed by Dr. L A. Lapham, of Milwaukee. The results of his work are to be found in the Contributions for 1855. From the water-shed of the rivers that discharge southerly into the Ohio and the Mississippi, near the 40th parallel of north latitude, southerly to the Gulf of Mexico, including Arkansas and Texas, there is a similarity in the style of the ancient works, indicating that they are the work of one people. Their leading pursuit was agriculture, having little use for military defences. Their most striking works are burial mounds of earth or loose stone, and altar pyramids, showing a large religious development. In the effigy region, west of Lake Michigan, it is less easy to devine the leading characteristics of their builders. In the third division of this ancient population, occupying the lake country, in Ohio and New York, military defences take the lead, but their works are far less prominent. There are certain things which all these people had in common, though they possessed very different degrees of advancement. They all erected earth monuments over the remains of some of their dead, while the bodies of the many were consumed by fire. They had native copper as their only metal, obtained from the mines of Lake Superior, which were extensively wrought All of them used implements of flint and other stones in a great variety of forms, which are similar, though not identical with those of the red man of our times. Their copper tools, spear heads, spades and knives, were numerous and superior in form and finish to the few and rude copper knives of Indians, which were made from stray nuggets, found in the glacial drift. It would seem that their dwellings and their weapons of war were principally of wood; but we are as yet in comparative ignor ance in regard to both. Comparison of the Pre-Historic Races IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. EUROPE. AMERICA. PRIMITIVE MAN, PRIMITIVE MAN. Cave dwellers cotemporary with In South and Central America the elephant, mastodon, rhinoceros, cotemporary with the elephant, cave bear, cave lion, cave hyena, mastodon and extinct horse, dweland the great stag, all now extinct.; lers in caves. In North America, and with the closing out of the evidence, though not as yet conglacial or drift era, there known as elusive, to show him heie as early diluvium-they were hunters, dres- as the diluvium or later drift; with sed in skins-had stone and flint the elephant, mastodon, extinct implements, without polish-and horse and megalonyx. Implepottery. Antiquity exceeding fif- ments, dress and antiquity not teen thousand years. known. SECOND ERA. SECOND ERA. Polished implements of stone and In the Mississippi Valley copper flint; domestic animals, with pot- cutting tools, beads, daggers, spears, tery, but no pipes, no tools of me- olnaments and spades-cultivated tal —not cultivators of the soil- soil-built earth forts and the soil-built earth forts and hunters with the bow and spear- mounds: polished stone axes and dress in skins. implements, rare. No beasts of burden-flint knives, arrow heads and other implements and weapons of stone, rare; stone calls or whistles and spindle whorls; beads made of bone and shells-domicils not known-had burial mounds for the dead-pipes of stone and claycoarse cloth of hemp or nettlesniners of copper-cotemporary with the beaver and bear. Anti-;qlity four to five thousand years. slight evidence of an intervening:ce between the mound builder::d the primitive man. 8 COMPARISON OF RACES. AGE OF BRONZE. RED MEN AS THEY WERE BEFORE THEIRD ERA. THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. Lake dwellings of wood; domes- Hunters with spears and arrow tic animals; cultivate the soil; nets heads; knives and daggers of flint, and cloth of flax; flint implements; with stone mauls or axes; and flesh cutting tools of bronze (alloy of or skin scrapers-very little culticopper and tin), with handles of vation of the soil-mats and nets bone and wood; pottery; dress in made of bark; a few and rude tools, skins. Antiquity six thousand to gorgets and ornaments of copper; seven thousand years; calls or not workers of copper mines; not whistles of bone; earth forts with builders of earth forts with ditches; ditches. their,forts made of wood and stones -dress in skins-no metal axesno horses-domicils of bark and skins, or wooden frames covered with brush and earth-used rock shelters, and made inscriptions on trees, clay banks and rocks. This comparison indicates on this continent quite a diversity from the old; in the progress of the early races towards civilization. Here the metal age preceded that of stone, corresponding better with the age of bronze, or of alloys in Europe. We have no certain representative of the rough or unpolished stone period, which there preceded the age of polished stone implements. Our " Mound Builders" were as far advanced, as their fabricators of bronze. From them there was a relapse towards a barbarism nearly entire, in their successors, the red Indian of the North. Of the diluvial man in America we know as yet almost nothing. SURVEYS ON THE CUYAHOGA. Since 1850 works have been reported that were not then known to me. Such of them as lie on or near the Cuyahoga river, I have since then, from time to time, examined, and now give a condensed description of them with illustrations. To make the subject complete, it is necessary to republish in this connection those heretofore described. In 1869, some of the members of the Western Reserve Historical and Archaeological Society, located at Cleveland, gave me.their assistance on those surveys and excavations, particularly, Dr. J. H. Salisbury, Vice-President; Dr. E. Ste ling and C. C. Baldwin, Esq. SURVEYS ON THE CUYAHOGA. 9 About this time the Society was enabled, through the liberality of a gentleman of Cleveland, to make more extended and systematic researches, and to publish the results. It is possible that all the old earth works of this valley are not yet discovered. They are even in an undisturbed condition, not very prominent, the embankments seldom exceeding three feet in height, with a ditch of equal depth. In old fields that have been under cultivation twenty-five to forty years, none but a practiced eye would detect them. Fifty years since this country was but little settled; most of it being then covered with a heavy forest. When the old forts were from time to time discovered they attracted little attention. The soil within them is invariably rich, owing to prolonged occupation in ancient times by human beings. This fact the early settlers soon discovered, and for this reason these grounds have been cropped closer than those of poorer soil. The plow, the drag, and the cultivator, have thus done extra work in leveling the parapets and filling the ditches of fort builders. The earth works of the Cuyahoga are a fair representative of the military nation, extending from the west end of Lake Erie, north-eastwardly along the southern shore of Lake Ontario and the river St. Lawrence to Lake Champlain. There are very few on the immediate bank of the lakes. None are reported north of the lakes. They were built on bluffs and bends of the rivers, in strong defensive positions, near springs and small streams of water, not far from batteau navigation, and in the vicinity of rich bottom lands. The territory of this people in Ohio may be seen by reference to the miniature outline map of the State, presented on Plate III. Those represented by a circular blot, belong to them. Those represented by a square or rectangle, are works of the " Mound Builders." Between them is a wide space of neutral or unoccupied country, on the head waters of the streams which flow in opposite directions, through the State. In this space there are no earth forts, or they have not yet fallen under my observation. I shall refer hereafter to the differences between these ancient nations, as shown in their implements and their works, the only 10 SURVEYS ON THE CUYAHOGA. records of their pursuits and their character, which are accessible to us. FORT No. 1-NEWBURG. The topographical surroundings of this fort are seen at once on the engraving, Plate II. It occupies one of the numerous headlands that project from a gravelly plain towards the rivulets which have, in the progress of ages, excavated these deep and nearly impassible ravines. The sides of the adjacent gullies are as steep as the earth will lie, and are wet and slippery from springs. Probably there was some defence of pickets or brush in the form of abattis, around the crest of the space within the double wall. Through the outer one, no gateway or open passage was left. This is not uncommon in the old earth forts. There must have been some mode of entering them, over the walls by stairs or ladders that could easily be removed. Like most of those on the Cuyahoga and on the waters of Lake Erie, this was evidently a fortified village; like those of the Colorado Indians, in New Mexico, and the strong holds of the ancient Canaanites in Palestine, into which the inhabitants entered at night. The banks are now from one and a half to two feet above the natural surface, and the ditches two feet below. About onefourth of a mile south-east, on the same level plain, is a mound which was ten feet high in 1847, but has since been much reduced by the plow. FORT No. 2-NEWBUBG. This is smaller in size than any of those which stud the river bluffs. It is simply a projecting point, rendered more defensible by a bank of earth and a moat. The view from it is quite commanding and picturesque. Its position is about midway between Nos. 1 and 3, about one and a half miles below Lock No. 8, on the right bank of the river. At the middle, the ditch was never excavated, but there is no opening in the wall at this point. There is a narrow passage around the south end of the embankment along the edge of the ravine, by which the work may be entered. The soil is dry and sandy. In 1850 it had not been SURVEYS ON THE CUYAHOGA. 11 long in cultivation, and the elevation of the wall above the bottom of the ditch varied from four to six feet. FORT NO. 3-INDEPENDENCE. There is little difference between this and No. 1, except in size. The interior wall is now wholly obliterated-the outer one with its ditch nearly so. A resurvey in 1870 disclosed a slight bank at a a, parallel with the bluff, for which there is no apparent object, nor for the horse-shoe outwork, c c. As the soil within the lines is very rich it has been mercilessly cropped during one generation, and is still not exhausted. A rank growth of corn was waving over the entire enclosure in August last. About one-fourth of a mile southerly along the bluff, Mr. Henry Tuttle, the owner of the land, has found numerous relics and bones of the Indian race, indicating the site of a village. Among them is a small neatly carved pipe from the famous red pipe-stone quarry on the Coteau de Missouri, in Dakota. It is in the form of the head of a bird, and is among the collections of the Society, donated by Mr. Chas. Tuttle. FORT NO. 4-SOUTH-EAST PART OF INDEPENDENCE-PLATE II. Mr. Dickson, whose daughter, Mrs. Eoreback, still resides on the premises, cleared the enclosed space A, in the year 1810. The embankment, b, was then three or four feet high. A house and barn were built upon it, which are there now, and little can be seen of its primitive condition. It is not certain there was a ditch. There are springs of perpetual flow in the river bluff and in the adjacent ravines. Within the space A, near the mound, great numbers of human bones have been plowed up, so many that they were collected and reburied. The position is beautiful and commanding. On the same farm now owned by Messrs. DAVID L. and N. A. PHILIPS, about half a mile east there are four small mounds, nearly levelled by long cultivation. Near the township corners, about one-third of a mile south of these, is another 12 ANCIENT CACHES. mound which was five feet high when the early settlers first saw it. Polished stone implements were once common in this vicinity. One presented by Mr. Philips is in the Society's Cabinet, which is different from anything hitherto described. It is a soft crystalline coarse grained'sienite, cut into the form of an acorn, with a flat base and a groove around' it. Its length is two and a half inches, and its base an inch and eight-tenths. FORT No. 5 AND CACHES —PLATE III. When this fort was surveyed in 1847, the ancient pits across the ravine on the east were not known. Mr. L. Austin, of this city, first apprised me of their existence and went with me to the spot. I cannot say that there is any connection or relation between them and the fort. There are similar pits but more regular and circular in and around the space A, which were regarded by the early settlers as wells, because most of them contained water. The hard-pan of this level space, only a part of which is enclosed, is not favorable for cache pits, but the appearance of those on the crest of the bluff is the same as at C. For a time I regarded them as the remains of pit dwellings, both at the fort and and at B, C. With the assistance of Messrs. A. B. and Lorin Bliss, of Northfield, I made trenches through some of those in the group B. No relics, ashes oi charcoal was discovered in them, such as are invariably found in the ancient pit dwellings of England. My present conviction is that they are caches, and the work of the red men. A further notice of them will be found below. It is necessary to add little to the exhibit given in the plate in respect to this fort. The engineers who selected the site understood its natural advantages, but it is not apparent why they left a part of the plateau without their lines, or why the wall is single on that side and the ditch is within it. The earth of the bluffs is as steep as it will stand, and the ravines as well as the river, furnish abundance of water. Before the ground was cultivated, a man standing in the ditches could FORT NO. 5-CONTINUED. 13 not look over the embankment. Along the sharp ridge or "hogs back," ee, there is barely room for a single team to pass. On this side there was no gateway or entrance, but at the west end of the inner parapet, there was a very narrow passage around it. The main entrance was evidently from the river side, near where the present road ascends the hill. Inside the lines the ground was much richer than without them. The mounds are small, and have not been explored. Pieces of flint, pottery and wrought stone implements, are numerous in the space A. They are of the Indian type. The caches at B C, are on a level with the fort, and the ravine between them is sixty and seventy feet deep. As their strongest apprehensions of attack were from the country side, it is not probable that the fortress would have its magazines so far away, more than fifty rods distant, in an exposed position, beyond a very difficult gulf. As the present red race have made similar pits for storing their corn, and wild rice, it is reasonable to attribute all works of that kind to them. But in no instance, have the northern tribes been known to have occupied earth forts at, the period when they weil, first known to the whites, and rarely if ever since. We must therefore regard the forts, as the work of a different and an older race. FORT No. 6-BoSTON. This work is situated on the land of WILLIAM and RANDOLPH ROBINSON, on an elevated point of the river bluffs, near the east bank of the Cuyahoga, and near the south line of the township. It is upon ground very inaccessible, elevated about one hundred feet above the river. Its general topography, extent and form are fully shown on Plate V. As the ground has not been cultivated, and is now covered with full-grown oaks, the work is as near its first condition, as is possible after the lapse of centuries. The walls are low-seldom more than a foot above the natural surface, and two to two and one-half feet above the bottom of the ditches, which are double. At a is an opening only a few feet wide, and at b a broader one of twenty-one feet. 14 OPENING OF A MOUND. Very likely the slides at C have carried down a part of the wall on that side. Outside the work, the unenclosed space A A, is on a level with the terreplein B. Why, in this and several other of the Cuyahoga forts, there should have been left around the parapets, a level place above the bluff, for the convenience of the assailants, can not easily be explainfed. From the center of one ditch to the center of the other is ten to fourteen feet. C. C. Baldwin, Esq., of the Society, and the Messrs. Robinson assisted at the survey. About a mile up the valley to the south, on the same or eastern bank, is a mound which has been much lowered by long cultivation. It is situated on NATHAN POINT'S land, upon the second terrace, about fifty feet above the river, and one-fourth of a mile from it. The brothers 0. K. and W. K. Brooks, of Cleveland, and Mr. Baldwin volunteered to employ what remained of the day in opening this mound. It was then three feet above the natural, surface, which is a dry, sandy plain. At two and one-half feet below the natural surface, they found parts of two human skeletons, with charcoal and ashes, showing that they had been burled. Only a few and small portions of the skull were sound enough to be raised or handled, and these soon fell to pie6es. Even the teeth were soft and rotten, except their enameled crowns. With the remains were two flint arrow points, without notches at the base, one of which is represented on Plate VIII. There was also a small thumb and finger stone, such as are common on the surface along the valley, and a portion of a call or whistle, fabricated from a piece of iron ore. It is nearly the same in size and figure, with the one from a mound in Cleveland, as figured, on the same plate. Another and larger one was found on the surface in Northfield. The arrow points, thumb stones and whistles were evidently articles highly prized by, and therefore necessary to the parties buried there. At first we supposed that this arrow head, without a neck, was typical of the Mound Builder, and would serve to separate those of the red men, from those of his predecessor. On this account COPPER RELICS. 15 it was accurately sketched by Mr. W. J. Rattle, and engraved for this pamphlet. But flint arrow points have since been found on the surface, without the usual notchings at the base; and which may have been wrought and used by the recent Indians. On the plains it is reported that arrows provided with poison, for use in war, are not securely fastened to the shaft. They are intended to remain in the wound. Those designed for killing game are notched, and firmly tied in a slit at the end of the shaft. Mr. Austin and other gentlemen of the Society have seen some relics procured in the southerly part of this township, on the west side of the river. They were found, in excavating a cellar, within a small circle or hexagon of earth, about thirty-five feet in diameter. Among them was a copper knife about twelve inches long, very perfect, a copper awl or bodkin, four or five inches in length, and a copper chisel. These tools evidently belonged to the Mound Builders. There were several stone implements, and large pieces of mica; also, a piece of galena or lead ore. Most of the stone impl]ments are scattered and probably lost. One of them had a figur n not heretofore observed in this region. It was made of the fine-grained, striped, greenish gray metamorphic slate of Lake Supnlrior, and highly polished. Its length is four inches, the cross section everywhere a circle in form, like a short rolling pin, with a bilge in the middle. The diameter at each end is about an inch, at the middle an inch and a half, tapering from the center to the ends in a curve, everywhere symmetrical. Dr. Sterling says the Indians of the Pacific Coast have similar stones, by means of which they play games of chance. FORT No. 7-PLATE V. Across the valley from the mound which was opened, is the stronghold No. 7, on the west side of the river, in a south-west direction, about a mile and a half distant. Its position and general characteristics can be readily ascertained from the sketch, and the notes attached to it. It is neither 16 CACHES. very extensive nor imposing. The plateau A is not strictly inaccessible, but may easily be defended. Not more than one mounted man, could ride at once along the narrow ridge h h, which connects this tongue of land with the country in the rear. About one hundred and fifty feet beyond this narrow pass, is a broad bank and ditch, extending partly across the space between the bluffs. It has passages at the ends forty-four and twenty-one feet wide. The pits c c have precisely the aspect of modern caches of the northern Indians, and were doubtless made by them. It is less than half a mile in a south-west direction to the enclosed caches represented on Plate VII. The village of Niles is about half a mile to the north. In this vicinity, in the townships of North Hampton and Bath, is a numerous group of mounds, caches and embankments, which are shown on the map, Plate I. Earthwork No. 8, Plate VI, belongs to this cluster of ancient remains. It is a low bank, without a ditch, situated near the river, on the second terrace, which is about thirty feet above the channel. In the rear, and overlooking it, is higher land in the form of a terrace, and drift knolls. This is on the land of Mr. RIcHARD HOWE, between the road and the river. Near the house of Mr. P. W. OSBORNE, adjoining it on the north, on the ridge, b, is a mound which is now four and one-half feet high, after being plowed over many years. Across the road to the north-west, half a mile distant, is another, in which a human skull was found seventeen years ago, reputed to be that of a Mound Builder. With the assistance of Mr. Andrew Hale and his son, we made an open cut through this mound, without discovering anything but a few human bones near the top, evidently a burial much more recent than the erection of the mound; a stone chisel and a flint arrow point. It is composed of rich surface soil of a dark color. Originally it was seven feet high, now five feet, one diameter being forty-nine and the other forty-seven and one-half feet. Mr. Waggoner saw the skull plowed out of the mound, and is satisfied it lay near the surface. It is evidently more modern than the Mound Builders. EMBANKMENT- WITHOUT A DITCH. 17 Between this mound and the caches on Hale's Brook, Plate VII, are six small mounds, which Mr. Osborne and others have opened at different times, and in which are human bones and charcoal. EARTHWORKS Nos. 8 AND 10-PLATE VI. No. 8 is a low bank of earth, generally less than a foot in height, with an average breadth at base of nine feet. It has no ditch, and its situation precludes the idea of a design for a fort. The ground is yet a forest of venerable oaks, one of which stands on the embankment in full vigor, having a diameter of three feet. If we had proof that the Indians or the Mound Builders had domestic animals, this work and the one in Granger, (No. 10,) not represented among the plates, might be taken for permanent corrals, surrounded with pickets as a protection against wild animals. No. 10 is nearly a circle, eighteen rods in diameter, with a wall two feet high (1850) and ten feet broad, having one opening. The ditch is about equal in dimensions to the bank. It is situated upon ground lower than the general level of the country, except on the north-west, where there is a large swamp. Near it on the west is a terrace several feet higher. On each side are two small rivulets of permanent water. The road running east from the center, passes through it at about half a mile, but the owner had, twenty years since, nearly leveled it with the natural surface, for the accommodation of his house, barn and outhouses. FORT No. 9-PLATE VI. This work is situated on a high and very precipitous bluff, on the land of JOHN HOVEY. He has been laboring during many years to obliterate it, by turning the furrows always towards the ditch, which has now nearly disappeared. Originally the bank was more bold than is usual in the Cuyahoga forts, being full six feet above, the bottom of the moat. 2 18 WEYMOUTH-MEDINA COUNTY. In its general characters and position it resembles No. 6, on Robinson's land, in Boston. In both of them only a part of the plateau is included within the work, and the surrounding bluffs are very high and steep. Within No. 9, stone implements, pottery and flint arrow points were very numerous, and the soil rich. If there were entrances or gate-ways, they have been wholly obscured by long cultivation. Neither here nor in any of the forts on this river, are the lines so constructed as to give mutual support to their several parts. The positions are well chosen for natural strength, but each part of the defense, relied upon its own power of resistance. Here, as usual, there are convenient springs, a rivulet, and the river itself, for supplying water. FORT No. 11-PLATE VII. The east branch of Rocky river, at Weymouth, rushes through a narrow channel, with vertical walls of rock, seldom more than fifty feet wide, which it has excavated for itself, to a depth about equal to its width. It has assumed the figure of a peninsula, in the form of an ox-bow, about four hundred feet long from base to point. The stream is so rapid, that it has an estimated fall of one hundred and twenty-five feet in a mile and a half, furnishing valuable water power, which the inhabitants have turned to good account. It would, in this region, be difficult to find a position more inaccessible to an assaulting party, than the water sides of this peninsula. About three hundred feet from its point, the ancient engineers made a triple wall of earth, with exterior ditches, as shown on the plate. From the outer wall to the middle one, is forty-two, and fiom this to the inner one thirty-eight feet. All the ditches are yet (1850) three feet in depth, and the banks two to three feet high, as represented on the profile a b. If there were entrances or gate-ways on the land front, they are not now visible. Probably the entrance was effected by wooden steps, that could be easily drawn within the work. Inside the fort is a low mound, m, and near the road, at the edge of the village, a group of six still smaller and lower ones, DOMICILES. 19 which contain human bones. This enclosed space was selected by the early white settlers for a cemetery. As the soil is a stiff clay, and but a few feet in depth, resting upon layers of sandstone flags, it has been abandoned as a place of burial. The crevices of the river ledges were, in the pioneer times, infested with yellow rattle-snakes, from whence in spring they spread themselves over the adjacent country. There is no higher land within arrow shot. This must be regarded as a very secure position, both artificially and by nature. THE DOMICILES OF THE MOUND BUILDERS. The archeologists of Europe have discovered three -styles of domicile, which were occupied by pre-historic races. In France and England there are remains of "pit dwellings," probably made with wood, the lower parts sunk several feet into the earth. In Switzerland there are still visible, in the waters of shallow lakes, the foundations of habitations set on piles, which were also places of defence. An earlier and ruder race in Belgium, and Eastern France occupied natural caves; which are no doubt the primitive domiciles of men. The caves of the United States, also exhibit evidences of occupation; but the explorations do not yet show, how many races have made use of them. As at present known the relics of red men predominate. Over a vast field, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Superior; the indications of a dense ancient population are conclusive, but we have no certain evidences of the character of their habitations. The temporary shelters of the red races of the north, usually made of boughs, poles and bark, disappear in a few years. In the few cases where they construct cabins, they are wholly of wood, or of wood covered with earth. They are without the cellars of the ancient pit dwellers of Salisbury in England. The Mandans of the Upper Missouri, and the Digger Indians of the Pacific Coast; have in some cases however put earth on their lodges, making a slight excavation beneath them; which 20 ANCIENT PITS. faintly shows the site of their villages. We should expect a people like the Mound Builders who had the intelligence, and the industry; to construct so many, and so extensive earth works; over a territory so broad; would have built for themselves comfortable and permanent dwellings, of which the remains would now be visible. I wish to call attention to this subject by referring to pits, and artificial cavities; which still exist in the vicinity of ancient earth works in Ohio. In those which I have examined the evidence is by no means conclusive, as to their age or their purposes. The style of the earth works, in different parts of the Mound country, is by no means the same. The differences are such, as to indicate at least three races or nations, as already stated; but they may not have occupied their respective territories at the same time. ANCIENT PITS OR CACHEIS. On the farm of Mr. Andrew Hale at the northeast corner of Bath, in Summit county, are the remains of two very remarkable groups of pits. Fifty years since when Mr. Hale commenced clearing away the heavy forest, which then covered this country; they were quite conspicuous, and were covered with trees of the largest size. The largest group, was near the south line of lot 11, on a small branch running east into the Cuyahoga river, near where it crosses the north and south lines, between Bath and North Hampton. It consisted of an enclosure or bank of earth of an irregular figure, approaching a pentagon; with the corners rounded off. It was situated at the crest of a terrace, but a few feet above the branch; and was about one hundred and twenty feet across. Nothing but a dim outline is now visible, the ground having been plowed many times over. On the north and west sides at a distance of fifty to sixty rods is a high drift ridge, overlooking the valley of the brook. The soil is dry and gravelly. At present it has the appearance of a broad cavity, with a slightly raised rim. When Mr. Hale first saw it, there was..a series of cavities like those hereafter described. ENCLOSED PITS. 21 About half a mile north-west of this spot, on a part of the drift ridge just referred to, and at a much greater elevation, there was another but smaller group of pits. Here the embankment was only about thirty feet across. It stood on the edge of a dry gravelly terrace, and overlooked towards the north-west; the valley of Hale's brook. This is also obliterated by the plow. Less than half a mile down the brook on the south bank stands a similar work, represented in Plate VII. This is still covered with growing trees, one of which is an oak, two and a half feet in diameter. Mr. Hale says it is in all respects like the others except the size. The largest diameter of this is sixty feet, the shorter one thirty. A man standing in the deepest pits can with difficulty look over the highest part of the bank, which encloses them. It is two to four feet high, and the pits two to six feet long, somewhat oblong, and irregular. The breadth of the bank is five to sixteen feet, the soil dry and gravelly, forming part of a plain about twenty feet above the creek. An open cut was made by us, at the south-east corner through the bank, and the pits; and no relics, coals or ashes were found. The bottom of the cavities is clean sand and gravel, and somewhat dish shaped. On the stream above these remains there had evidently been a village or camp. Old hearths of stone, charcoal and ashes; cover a large space on its northern bank. A large Indian trail passed near this old camp, and thence over the hills to the west; along which there were very old hacks or blazes, upon the trees. In one of them, Mr. H. found a leaden bullet forty years since; which then had sixty annual layers of growth over it. Over one of the axe marks, there was a growth of one hundred and sixty layers. Near by on the hills, was an old and extensive sugar camp of the Indians. The only other work of this character in this vicinity, is represented on Plate IV., upper corner at the right. It has the same ear like outline, with a narrow entrance; is situated on the edge of a terrace near water like the others, and has eight oblong pits in the interior. It is eighty-two feet in length, thirty feet broad at the narrowest part, and forty-five at the widest. A part of the timber had been cut away but the stumps remained, and the 22 NORTHEIELD CACHES. work was not injured by the hand of man. Outside of this group however, were a large number of pits at C; not quite as deep or as regular as those within, which are also represented. On the east are the remains of a slight bank at B, inclosing a space one hundred and sixty feet long by one hundred feet broad; which is in an old field. Mr. George McKisson on whose land it is found, says that in a state of nature, the pits within this embankment, were like those on the other side of the enclosure, at C. Here the soil is dry and gravelly requiring no draining. Some of the pits at C are partly down the side of the bluff; which led me to regard them as remains of cave dwellings, but on cleaning out some of them, and especially after making an open cut across B, it appeared necessary to abandon this conjecture. In one of them was nearly half a cart load of the blue hard pan or clay, which lies twelve to fifteen feet below the surface, and which crops out on the side of the gullies. Numerous springs of water issue at the top of this blue impervious clay. There is no rim of earth around the edges of these, or of any of the pits. The earth from the enclosed ones at B, is about equal to that of the embankment. It is the same for the one on Plate VII. The earth taken from those which are outside the enclosures, must have been carried away. They appear to have been sunk from two to four feet, with perpendicular sides; probably sustained with wood, and the whole covered with wood or bark, of which nothing remains. Such cavities are found in many other places in Ohio and the north-west, generally near the old earth works. They are quite numerous on Kelly's Island, opposite Sandusky; where they are regarded as the old caches of the red man. There is a group of them on the land of Mr. Edmund Ward, partly demolished by the east and west road past his house, which is almost identical with those on the Cuyahoga. In the vicinity implements of polished stone are abundant; such as axes or mauls, chisels, fleshers, and arrow points of flint. There are also on the Island small mounds and enclosures of earth, but as yet no implements of copper have been found there; or any of stone, that may not be of recent Indian make. No certain traces of the Mound Builders are known on this Island. OTHER OLD PITS. 23 Around some of the ancient works in the south part of Ohio, there are old pits of irregular form, without borders. They are generally made in dry gravelly soil, and are both within and without the embankments. I have long regarded some of them as the remains of domiciles. If they are not, we have nothing which indicates what shelters were in use, by those old inhabitants. On the river bluff, above Piketon, in Pike county, there is one which was, in 1839, thirty feet across and twelve feet deep; its outline being a perfect circle. This cavity is precisely what would result from a circular pit, twenty feet across, with upright sides, and about fifteen feet deep. It has not, to my knowledge, been cleared out. If it is an ancient habitation, there must be at the bottom, charcoal and domestic implements of stone. According to Squier and Davis, at Dunlop's earth work, in Ross county, there are five; at another in Liberty township, same county, twenty, partly within and partly without the walls; and at " Mound City " there are twenty mounds and seven pits. The works represented in Plates XVI and XVII, of the same book; show respectively five and six, large exterior pits. In the southern part of the State there are frequently, large and irregular depressions that hold water, from which part of the earth of the banks was no doubt taken; but most of them are too small in comparison with the embankments, to furnish a material part of the earth for them. They are not as regular or circular as thosb on the Cuyahoga. In article 155 of the Smithsonian Contributions (1852), I have described a remarkable series of ancient pits, on the north shore of Portage Lake, in Houghton county, Michigan. These have raised rims or banks, and are large and deep; but are not circular. They have not been opened in such a manner, as to decide for what purpose they were made; and are now in part covered by the village of Hancock. There are in these works features, which indicate more of the domicile than the cache. In Montcalm county, Michigan, there is a collection of pits, described by Mr. Steele, which he regards as Indian caches. Near them are old corn hills, on which are growing pine trees of 24 OMAHA LODGES. the usual size for that region. They are two and three feet deep, and there are pine trees in them, the same as those among the ancient hills of corn. There are also relics of the red man in the vicinity. Mr. Alf D. Jones, of Omaha, has described the earth covered lodges of the Omahas, or Eromahas of the plains. They are twenty feet in diameter and ten feet high, with a long low entrance, like the snow-house of the Eskimos. The weight is sustained by posts and/ rafters, covered with brush. Over this they lay earth,\which is taken in part from within; and in part from an exterior trench. The sites of these abandoned villages, are plainly visible; long after the woody parts of their lodges have disappeared, but the remains are in the form of low mounds, and not of depressions. There are other northern tribes who cover the base of their skin or bark lodges, with earth. Where earth is thrown up around the base of a wigwam, it leaves a low rim or bank generally in the form of a circle. Major Kennon, of the Russian Telegraph Exploring Company, states that the permanent Kowaks of Siberia, have their lodges partly sunk into the soil. They enter their lodges, through the smoke hole in the top. Such domiciles, when abandoned, would leave circular pits, provided they are sunk so deep, that the earth covering is not sufficient to fill the cavity. At the bottom there is always a pile of ashes and charcoal, mingled with bones and broken utensils. These relics would remain immensely long periods of time; and if our old pits were ever put to the same use, we should find the same evidence of it. Near Salisbury, in England, there are old pits, usually circular, in all of which remains of fires and of stone implements, are found. I expect that farther examinations in our ancient pits, will show that some of them were sunk as a part of a lodge; but in all that I have opened this evidence is wanting. ISOLATED MOUNDS. The largest artificial mound of the Cuyahoga Valley, is on the land and near the residence of Col. John Schoonova, in North Hampton.'It is now eighteen feet high, and its base is RELICS. 25 three hundred feet in circumference. Except for the purpose of making a milk house, it has not been opened. A short distance west of it, on a gravel ridge, which corresponds to the second terrace of the valley, is an Indian burial ground; and some irregular cavities, probably caches. Excavations among the group of:mounds, at the corners of Bath, Boston, Richfield and North Hampton townships, have disclosed very little of interest. The contents of one further down the river, in Boston, and of a small work in the same vicinity, have already been noticed. There must have been a time, when this neighborhood was very populous. Most of the mounds in and near the city of Cleveland have been destroyed. About the year 1820, one which stood on the lot of the Methodist Church, at the corner of Euclid and Erie streets, was partially opened by Dr. T. Garlick and his brother Abel. Two implements were found, one of which was a bodkin or piercing instrument, made of green siliceous slate, very hard, and well polished; its upper or dull end is flattened, to make it more effectual in boring. The other was a piece of the same material, about six and one-half inches long, three wide, and at the middle three-eighths of an inch thick, made thinner towards the ends. Flatwise near the middle, an inch and one-half apart, were two holes, about the size of a rye straw; which tapered towards the center both ways. This class of stones is very common in Ohio. They are presumed to have been used in sizing, and perhaps in twisting their coarse thread. The size of the holes is quite uniform, and the circular marks of a boring tool are plain. From the mound on Sawtell avenue, opposite the Water Cure, Mr. Goodman and myself took an artificially wrought sphere, made of the iron stone of the coal series, two inches in diameter. It was perforated to the center by two tapering holes, at right angles to each other, by which it was probably suspended, as an ornament. Near it, and about three feet below the top, were four small copper rings or beads. Several feet away, and a little deeper, a stone whistle or call was found, which is figured on Plate VIII. Such 26 STONE WHISTLES. whistles, flutes or calls, as they are variously named; are common in the Ohio mounds. Some of them are flattened at the upper end like a bark whistle, and some have holes at the side like a flute. In this the bore is perfectly circular and straight, but tapers slightly towards the mouth hole. The material is fire clay rock of the coal series, polished without and within; the spiral marks of a revolving boring tool, being yet visible. As this mound forms one of the ornaments of his grounds, Mr. Freese did not wish to have it demolished. Only a small part of it was opened, consisting of a cut from the east side to the center, where it was enlarged several feet in a circular form. At the base was a large bed of rammed gravel and clay, which was followed two and one-half feet below the natural surface; without reaching undisturbed earth. The human skeleton, which almost every mound contains, was not found. To make such examinations complete, the tumulus must be entirely shoveled over, and also all puddled layers that may be noticed beneath it. The mounds of the lake country, are like the other earth works; much smaller than those on the waters of the Ohio, but there is a close resemblance in the relics, throughout both regions. Their weapons of war are so imperfectly known, that they can neither be said to have been similar or dissimilar. There is no evidence that either of these ancient nations, made general war upon each other. Their fortified camps and villages, were more likely intended for the security of clans and tribes of the same people, against each other; like the feudal castles with which Europe is thickly dotted over. Among the works of the lake folk, are none which have a religious aspect. There are no "altar mounds," truncated pyramids, or raised platforms; such as are common farther south. Our aborigines have been seen to erect mounds of stone over their dead, and very rarely mounds of earth. But in all cases theirs are small and low, and the bodies were not burned. There is little difficulty in distinguishing the Indian, from the Mound Builder tumulus, by its external aspects, but if there are doubts ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. 27 on this point, they are always put to rest when the relics are exhumed. RocK INSCRIPTIONS. As yet it is not known of what substance, or in what form the ancient inhabitants fashioned their picks. It is evident they must have had an instrument for this purpose, not only hard enough to work up earth, clay and hard pan; but to cut sand stone, lime rock, and granite boulders. The rock inscriptions at Independence, Plate IX, were made upon a very hard surface of grindstone grit, in which the marks of a sharp pick, are too plain to be mistaken. Those described by Mr. Squier, on the Guyandotte river, in West Virginia, are worked out in the same way. On a flat grit of the coal series, a mile above Wellsville, on the north shore of the Ohio, is a large group of uncouth effigies, sunk into the rock by means of a pick. These are the work of the Indians. Those figured by Mr. JAS. W. WARD on boulders of sandstone, near Barnesville, Belmont Co., 0., are in a less hard material, and the points of the tool are not as plain, but are visible. There is reason to believe that the Independence and the Belmont County inscriptions, are more ancient than the others, and perhaps they are of the age of the Mound Builders. This people certainly wrought the copper mines of Point Kewenaw, on Lake Superior. On the walls of copper veins worked by them, I have seen marks of a pick; but no copper tool has been found, or at least not described; which would answer this purpose. During the bronze period in Europe, people had such a tool made of metal; and those made of horn, bone or wood were common in the stone period. The Winnebagoes who mined lead at Dubuque, in Iowa; nearly a century since, had a pick made of the horn of a deer, with a handle of wood. This evidently would not cut away the grits of Ohio, or the trap and granite boulders, on which we see the marks of a sharp and hard point. It might have been done by 28 EFFIGY SCULPTURES. a point of flint or quartz, inserted in a stock of horn or bone; but as yet no such points have been described. The ancients also needed something resembling a pick, to work the flint quarries, of which there are many in Ohio. In working up ordinary earth, hoes, spades and picks of bone, could easily be made; but none of them have been found in the mounds. Spades, and probably hoes, of native copper have been found. THE INDEPENDENCE STONE. Great care has been taken to obtain a correct sketch, of what remains of this inscription. A very rude drawing of it was published in Schoolcraft's great work upon the Indian tribes, in 1854. He probably regarded it as the work of the red man. In 1869, Dr. J. H. SALISBURY, of this city, who has long been engaged in the investigation of rock inscriptions at the West, in company with Dr. LEWIS, of the Asylum at Newburg, made a copy by means of full and exact measurements. As no sketch is of equal authenticity with a photograph, Mr. THOS. T. SWEENY, an artist of Cleveland, at our request went to Independence, and took a copy with his instrument. The light on that day was not favorable, but the outlines of all the artificial work upon the stone, were thus secured with exactness. For the purposes of the engraver, the figures were filled in by Dr. SALISBURY from his sketch. The engravers, Messrs. Morgan & Vallendar, have made of this perfected copy a faithful transcript. Without expressing an opinion as to the authors of these inscriptions, I present, in connection with the engraving, the details furnished by Dr. SALISBURY: "DESCRIPTION OF SCULPTURED ROCKS AT INDEPENDENCE, CUYAHOGA CO., O. "BY J. H. SALISBURY, M. D. "History.-Mr. W. F. Bushnell, who resides at Independence, and M. B. Wood, of Cleveland, state that these markings were discovered about 1853, while stripping the earth from the surface of a quarry, on the north brow of the hill on which ITS POSITION. 29 the village of Independence stands. Here the rocks projected in the form of a perpendicular cliff, from twenty to forty feet in height. On the top of this cliff, and near its edge, the markings were discovered. The soil over the markings was from five to eight inches in depth, and was black, having been formed from decaying vegetation. A tree was growing directly over the markings, that was one foot or more in diameter. Within a few feet of the spot there was an oak tree, over four feet in diameter. This tree-some years previous to the discovery of the sculptured rock-had fallen nearly across the markings, and in 1853 was much decayed. Besides the markings represented in Plate IX, there were others adjacent, belonging to the same group; which had been destroyed by the quarry men, before Messrs. Bushnell and Wood were aware of it. Among the markings destroyed were the outline figures of a male and female, very well executed. There were also the representations of the wolf's foot, and figures of the feet of other animals. "At the time of the discovery the stone church at Independence was being built; and, at the suggestion of Deacon Bushnell and others, all the markings not previously d( stroyed, were carefully cut out and the block placed in the rear wall of the church, about eight feet above the ground. It was prudently placed at this height to prevent its being defaced. "In company with Dr. Lewis, Superintendent of the Northern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, I visited the locality on the 5th day of June, 1869, and made careful drawings of all the markings visible on the block, in the rear wall of the church. These with accurate measurements, are represented in Plate IX, made more perfect by the use of Mr. Sweeney's photography. "Description.-The rock here described only contains a portion of the inscription. The balance was destroyed in quarrying. The markings on the portion of the rock preserved, consist of the human foot clothed with something like a moccasin or stocking; of the naked foot; of the open hand; of round markings, one in front of the great toe of each representation of the clothed foot; the figure of a serpent; and a peculiar character w, which might be taken for a rude representation of a crab or crawfish, 30 THE EFFIGIES. but which bears a closer resemblance to an old-fashioned spear head, used in capturing fish. "The clothed feet are of five different sizes. There are eighteen impressions of this kind, arranged in nine pairs. Of the largest size, there are five pairs, a, c, g, 1, m. Of the next size smaller, there is only one pair, o. Of the next smaller size, one pair, q. Of the next smaller size, one pair, e; and of the smallest size, one pair. Of the naked foot there is only a single figure, which is rudely carved, and which is much longer than the clothed representations. There are two figures of the open hand-one with a large palm and short fingers-the other smaller, with the fingers long and slender. "The sculptures have all been made with a sharp pointed instrument, by the process of pecking, and sunk in throughout, instead of being mere outlines. The cuttings are from one-eighth to half an inch deep. The two hands are sculptured the deepest. In the illustrations, I have endeavored to give an idea of the markings left by the tool used; though these are less evident than the representations. " The length of the largest feet in figures a, c, 1,, m, from the extremity of the great toe to the heel is six and three-fourths inches, and the width at the widest place two and three-fourths inches. The length of the next in size o, is five inches and width two and one-eighth inches, and of q five inches by two inches. Length of next smaller size e, three and a half inches and width one and three-fourth inches, and three and three-fourth inches by one and a half inches. The length of the naked foot s, is nine inches, and greatest width four and three-fourths inches. The great toe is one inch long, the second toe one and one-fourth inches long,-the third toe one and a half inches long; the fourth toe one and a fourth inches in length, and the little toe one inch long. " In the large hand t, the palm is five and a half inches long and three and a half inches wide. The length of the thumb is one and a half inches,- the index finger one and three-fourths inches,the middle finger two inches,- the ring finger one and threefourths inches, and the little finger one and a half inches. In THE EFFIGIES. 31 the other hand u,- the palm is three and a half inches long and two and a half inches wide. The length of the thumb is two and one-fourth inches,- the index finger two and a half inches;the middle finger two and three-fourths inches; the ring finger two and one-fourth inches; and the little finger two inches. The diameter of the circular markings,- invariably found in front of the clothed feet, are as follows:-b, one and one-eighth inches; d, one and three-fourths inches; f, three-fourths inch; h, one inch; k, half inch; n, one and a half inches; p, one and one-fourth inches; p, one inch. " The diameter of the serpent's head is two and three-fourths inches. Length of body ninety-four inches,- making the entire length of the figure about eight feet. "In the sculptured figure w, the measurements are omitted. " It is evident this slab does not contain the entire inscription. The tracks 1, are only partially present; while it is very probable that more tracks occurred in the direction a b, arranged in a line as those are from c to 1, where there are ten tracks and eight round characters, and which are probably not all that were orginally in this line, previous to the stones being quarried. The round markings in front of the clothed tracks, may have been intended to represent the tracks of dogs or cats; l ut at present they are so smoothed by time, that it is impossible to make out anything but simple irregular circular depressions. "The rock on which the inscription occurs, is the grindstone grit of the Ohio Reports, an extensive stratum in Northern Ohio, about one hundred and fifty feet below the conglomerate. It is almost pure silex, and possesses the property of resisting atmospheric changes to a remarkable degree. Boulders and projecting portions of the formation, from which this block was obtained,that have been exposed to the weather for ages, —preserve perfectly their sharp angular projections. As a building stone, it is superior, on account of its extreme durability. This durability of the rock, and the fact that these markings were covered with earth, explains why they have been so finely preserved. "The markings a, c, e, g, 1, m, o and q, have been supposed by some to represent the tracks of the buffalo. After carefully 32 THE SERPENT. measuring and drawing them, however, I have come to the conclusion that they were designed to represent tracks of the clothed human foot, and as such have described them. "The so called bird tracks which are few and faint on this slab, are numerous and bold on most of the rock inscriptions of Ohio." SERPENT EFFIGIES. The serpent or snake in some of its varieties, has had much to do with the symbolic worship of nations, especially the rude and ancient nations. This is shown not only in history, and as far back as we get information from this source; but from inscriptions and effigies, that extend to still more ancient periods. In the third chapter of Genesis it is referred to as an example of subtlety, and is made the representative of evil or satanic power. By the oriental nations it is regarded as the embodiment of sagacity and cunning, allied to wisdom. Our Saviour desired his disciples to be as " wise as serpents," which in their circumstances inculcated a high form of prudence. Dr. Kalisch an eminent student of the Asiatic people, says it is generally represented as the emblem of evil, disobedience, and contumely; but the Phoenicians and Chinese use it as a symbol of wisdom and power. The last named people imagine that the kings of heaven, have the bodies of serpents. It appears with great frequency among their pictorial representations. In Egypt this reptile was worshiped, as a symbol of health and life. It was probably in this aspect, that the Children of Israel regarded the brazen serpent, set up by Moses. The early inhabitants of our continent, placed the snake foremost among their sculptures and their effigies. Among the North American Indians the evil principle is worshiped, or if not adored, is the object of supplication, as much as the good. The Ojibwas have their good and their bad Manitous, to both of whom they offer sacrifice and prayer. As a living creature they respect the snake, and treat it kindly. In ancient Mexico it was an object of worship. It is not therefore strange, that we find among the earth mounds of Ohio and Wisconsin; some which are in the form of a SERPENT WORSHIP. 33 serpent. It was here as in Asia and probably in all parts of the world, an animal which symbolized something, which was held sacred. The sculptured effigies at Independence in this county and near Barnesville in Belmont county, 0., with their surroundings, are no doubt records of religious sentiments or formulas, the meaning of which remains a mystery. Those made upon the sand rock near Wellsville, on the Ohio, are evidently the work of the red man, and among many animals and human beings grotesquely cut, is a rude rattlesnake with a fancy head. Serpent worship being as it were inherent with the barbarous and semi-barbarous races in all countries, there is nothing marvelous in finding evidences of it here. SPINDLE SOCKET STONES. On Plate No. VIII is a Photographic copy, of one of hundreds of stones; found in this valley and throughout Northern Ohio. On one side, and sometimes on both, are circular cup-shaped cavities, from a mere point to a diameter of an inch and a half. They are nearly half the diameter in depth, and are perfectly symmetrical, forming nearly a hemisphere a little flattened. I have seen none that exceed an inch and a half across, and none that are deeper than the semi-diameter. They are evidently formed by revolution, for they are smooth and the section is a true circle. They are so numerous that they must have been in general use for domestic purposes. I have never seen them described among the relics of the mounds, or the implements of the savage races now in existence. From accounts that have reached us, of the mode of spinning among the Aztecs, and also the modern Mexicans; they used an upright wooden spindle like the stem of a top, on which was a stone collar to act as a balance wheel. The Romans, Greeks and Egyptians had something similar to this. The Puebla Indians have been seen spinning cotton, on such a spindle fifteen and eighteen inches long, the foot of which rested in a bowl. None of the descriptions are very minute, as to the mode of twirling this primitive spindle. It could be done by hand, or by a cord, 8 34 PRIMITIVE SPIINNING. wound several times around it, and pulled back and forth; or by a bow-string, worked each way, as the Iroquois did when they got fire by friction. The most primitive way of making twine is by twisting it between the thumb and forefinger, which is nearly as rapid as with a spindle worked by hand; but with a spindle the thread can be wound, as fast as it is made, into a bunch by reversing the motion. In France and Italy there are peasants, who made thread recently on a wooden spindle with a stone whorl, or balance, twirled by hand; and in the island of Islay, an old woman was seen spinning with a stick, on which she had impaled a potatoe to give it a steadier motion. It was not till the eighteenth century, that spindles were propelled by wheels, which did not change the principle; but only increased the speed and steadiness. We know the Mound Builders had a very coarse fabric like hemp, the threads of which resembled in size those of the gunny bags, made by an equally rude people in India. They may have cultivated some plant for its fiber, or they may have appropriated that of the nettle, as the first settlers of the Miami valley did, who found it very durable. If a small socket was made in a stone, or a piece of wood for the foot of a spindle, which also passed through a hole or a forked stick, to steady it above; a very rapid motion could be got up, by the bow-string; and the process of spinning carried on by one person. The foot of the spindle would wear a smooth round cavity, precisely such as we see on these stones. When it became deep the friction would increase, and its foot would be changed to another place on the same stone. Some of them are so near each other, that the rim between them is cut away. In the Ohio mounds, and on the surface, there is found flat circular stones, with a hole in the center, such as are found in England, and in the Swiss lake dwellings, where they are called "spindle whorls." There is found also among the remains of the pile dwellings of the European lakes, a coarse cloth made of flax. These facts induce me to regard these cavities, as part of the FLINT BREAKERS. 35 spinning apparatus of the fort builders. The northern Indians were dressed in skins, when they were first encountered by the whites, and did not know the use of cloth. Their nets were made of coarse twine from the prepared bark of trees, and their mats from flat strips of bark or of rushes. In lower latitudes, on the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and California, the Indians had cloth made of cotton, as they make it now. The stone represented here is one of six specimens in the museum of the Western Reserve Historical Society. THUMB AND FINGER STONES. There is in our collection a large representation of water worn pebbles and other stones, which have on each side an artificial cavity, which is not as large, as deep, or smooth; as the spindle socket. These stones are generally elongated and flattened pebbles, not trimmed or altered except as to the artificial depression, or thumb place. Many of them are not of hard material, and the sunken places are often rough, as though they were sunk with a pick, not bored out by a revolving tool. The size of the depressions is about that of the end of a thumb, and they are exactly opposite each other. Some of them would not weigh more than a quarter of a pound, rising to a weight of two pounds. They are found on the surface and-in the mounds. We have one which a party from our society took, from a depth of three feet below the natural surface, beneath a mound five feet in height, in North Hampton, Summit county, Ohio, about a year since. It lay among the remains of a charred skeleton, and with it were two flint arrow points, one of which is figured in Plate VIII. Most of those I have examined have their ends bruised and fractured, as though they were used as a light hammer. Mr. Wilson, in his work on the ancient stone implements of Scandinavia, refers to hammers which he considers were flint breakers. Mr Evans describes similar stones, and both of these authors made flints with pebbles, used as hammers. With those in our collection, even where the pebble is soft, I can easily chip fragments of the hornstones or flint, from the Ohio pits. 36 ANCIENT FLINT QUARRIES. Savage nations the world over have modes of manufacturing flint implements. After the block or piece is rudely trimmed by blows from a stone maul, flakes are split off by quick strokes with a small stone hammer. These splinters are fashioned by light blows of bone or horn chisels, or by a slight of hand pressure with a wooden implement; throwing off light flakes. Obsidian quartz and glassy lava are wrought in the same way. ANCIENT FLINT QUARRIES. Arrow points of flint or chert are so common in Ohio, that the sources of supply must have been large. Among the strata of our coal series are numerous bands of limestone, that frequently pass into chert, hornstone and flint. The famous "buhrstone," in Jackson and Vinton counties, is one of those strata; which, like all others of the coal-bearing rocks of Ohio, are very irregular in thickness, quality and extent. It has long been known that a flint bed existed in Licking county, near Newark; and that it had been extensively quarried in ancient times. The old pits are now visible, covering more than a hundred acres. They are partially filled with water, and are surrounded by piles of broken and rejected fragments; for it is only clear homogenous pieces, that can be wrought into arrow and spear points. With what tools and appliances the ancients wrought such extensive quarries, has not yet been settled. This flint is of a grayish white color, with cavities of brilliant quartz crystals. It appears the stones were sorted, and partially chipped into shape, on the ground; after which they were carried great distances over the country as an article of traffic; arrow points from these quarries having been found in Michigan. Many acres of ground are now covered with flint chips-the result of this trimming process. The business of manufacturing arrows, knives, spears and scrapers, no doubt became a trade among the Mound Builders, as it is known to have been among the Indians. What tools they used for this work is not known, although I conjecture that this was the use of the thumb stones. Flint arrow heads and implements, are not plenty among the relics of the mounds; but on the surface they are found on FLINT BEDS ABUNDANT. 37 nearly every cultivated farm in Northern Ohio. They were in general use among the red men, when the whites first came into their country. The Indians must therefore have worked the flint quarries, more extensively than the prior race. Several other places are now known besides "Flint Ridge," where old quarries are visible. There are some on the land of James Hoile, two miles south of Alliance, in Stark county, near the C. & P. Railroad. Here the color of the flint is red, white and mottled. Flint beds are also known in Tuscarawas county, west of the Muskingum River. The color in some localities is black. There are ancient excavations in Coshocton county, two miles south of Warsaw, which were doubtless made to procure the dark colored, impure chert, which here sometimes overlies a bed of cannel coal. On the Great Kanawha, in West Virginia, above Charleston, is a heavy chert bed, on the outcrop of which probably such quarries will be found. There is another on the Alleghany river, above Freeport, in Pennsylvania. It is on and near to rivers capable of canoe navigation, that the flint beds should be most extensively wrought, because the product could be more easily transported. Every Indian hunter required a large number of arrow points, and scarcely a day would pass, without losing some of them. As the Mound Builders were more of agriculturists, and less of hunters, they would require and would consequently scatter fewer of them over the country. Those which are found so profusely on the surface, must have belonged principally to the red race. It was easier to fabricate knives, cutting edges, and warlike instruments, to be fastened in wooden handles, than the common arrow point; and yet very few flint implements are found, which were designed for such uses. In other countries, in early times, flint cutters were very abundant. They seem to have been among,all people, the first invention to answer the purposes of 38 FLINT BEDS ABUNDANT. modern cutlery. The Jews used flint knives upon their sacrifices. They have also been found in the Egyptian pyramids. As late as the battle of Hastings, the English are supposed to have used flint pointed arrows, against William of Normandy. Several thousand flakes, knives and arrows, have been taken out of the later quaternary or drift deposits, in England and France; of the era of the cave man, made from flint nodules of the chalk. The Digger Indians of California, who represent the diluvial cave dwellers, in their mental and moral developments; manufacture flint knives and arrows at this time. In Mexico the lowest order of natives do the same, with obsidian-a volcanic glass thrown out of volcanoes. A general prevalence of these simple cutting implements, among the relics of a lost people, is quite conclusive proof that they were very near to their primitive condition. Relics of the Mound Builders IN THE MUS$EUM OF THE SOCIETY, JAN., 1871. Charred cloth from an ancient Boston, Summit county, Ohio; also mound in Butler county, Ohio; a thumb and finger stone; part of a procured by Hon. JOHN WOODS. call or whistle made of clay iron stone, and two flint arrow heads, Bone beads, and red flint arrow without necks. (Plate VIII.) point from a mound in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Portion of an Oak Post, forming Small earthen kettle, from same part of a row around a human mound. A. G. GAGE, Esq. skeleton, from a mound of loose These may be relics of the red stone forty feet high, near Jackman. town, Licking county, Ohio. I. N. WILSON. Newark, Ohio. Fac-similes in wood, of two stone implements from an-ancient mound, Plates of silvery Mica, from an corner of Euclid and Erie streets, ancient work near Portsmouth, 0. Cleveland; taken out by Dr. T. GARLICK, in 1820. A sphere of Iron Ore, two inches They were made of a fine grained in diameter, with holes for suspendgreenish striped metamorphic slate ing it, m;lde at right angles to each found on L.ake Superior. One is a other. Four copper beads or rings. bodkin five inches long; the other A stone call or whistle of fire clay a flat thin polished stone, six inches rock. (See Plate VIII.) From a long, three wide, and three-eighths mound on the homestead of A. thick in the middle, handsomely FREESE, Esq., Sawtell avenue, thining towards the ends. There are Cleveland, Ohio. two holes through it at the center, made flatwise, one and a half inches Fac-simile in wood of a large apart, which taper towards the mid- copper dagger or dirk, wrought die. This is a common relic of the from a nugget, found seven feet bemounds, and appears to have been low the surface at Ontonagon, Lake used in spinning the coarse netting Superior. A. W. ECKHART. or cloth made by that people. Numerous other copper tools calculated foi' cutting wood, for minPortion of a human jaw and ing, and for weapons, have been teeth, three feet below a mound found near the mouth of the Ontoon NATHANIEL POINTS' land, nagon river, and at the ancient 40 RELICS OF THE MOUND BUILDERS. copper mines ten to twelve miles Fac-simile in copper of a spear up the river. The Mound Builders head, from an ancient mound near worked these mines probably two Sterling Illinois. Chicago Academy thousand years or more ago. of Natural Science. SPINDLE SOCKET STONES. Pieces of skids and shovels of wood, and mauls of stohe; from 1. Kelly's Island, engraved Plate the ancient copper mines of Lake VIII, from a Photograph of the Superior, ten to twenty feet below original. Dr. E. STERLING. the surface. 2. Independence, Cuyahoga co., Among the numerous relics of Ohio. W. I. KNAPP. the aborigines or red men, are some that probably belong to the Mound 3. East Cleveland. P. H. BAB- Builders, but in separating them COCK. we place nothing to the credit of this race, where there is doubt in 4. Chattanooga, Tenn. Dr. J. S. regard to its origin. NEWBERRY. They had some stone implements in common; and they have been 5. Northfield, Cuyahoga county, left by both races in the same Ohio. A. and L. 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Cn~S 2 /zoX In~'v 3c~c/~ ~~~~~i ~ ~ ~ P ofi1 /;i e (Ll: /r5fi e c — 7- -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ fi.,~f'7/ -\~'4> ///''4 /(I~. —CzU7 v., For'., t O.G. 6 B 0 S T O. Sirr veye., 1.8 9.1.'*''~' 1 I *' ~*^ ^l.r^ -^.B l jl ip l^ _5ge rtiij, ~/jIj/lii(( H, r \ D~7 7.,,i- i,=@l t<,'':,V'.-:.4:'""|.% ('l&... OatewaS. G. c"lwr sJ...tc.S.;A\ j A.B.. -A' ele aT, dplate a. 6:- \Pofile Oi (d.; - -. _'.'" * - ~''* / " 1,,''^ -.layey...... te', _ - Iil!',?::,, ea atrif. peiio C e -'a —xr S T' s' d s I~,..:-;~7:r; ~: - -: L' \ A.. _d-3.'/"''iE o'.,?-;-x:?'-?,a'u ^1 ^0.Wr ^ \\ * -,vllex drift p erit r.... _::-. I Y' _ft\ f b be i k ^. I ^.,: ( e _____ __ of'A I \!\\. < h i "1^ 1 Fo.-t X Z. Lot i. I ^^ 7..... -..'ORTtl ta' IPTON. } I. A. pla]tae 6 f a -a O_ e letl abovre CTan al_. _h.A A narrow _tde, S~,.-Ohl-& aC. Cache s. __ _ h_ o fi~lea. a,.... Sutt-reyed t[Sb. _ ! E a Y ~) I K..X.A 8. I A IOt 13_ I QNORTH HNXll'MPT ON. I S 7 0 ~. i: I'""" /m,. i K S 0t + Oak t ree 3 r. dia In ete_' t la.- Entr-alce. b, Gl:r viel utoll s o f -yall-ey d-r:ift 5 0ft.li6ol. Fort N9). lot:7. -.'ORTl'H AMPTONT. S-1t1i v e -e Junl 869 | -- E1. c los o d c ( 1, J h, t. 13 N HAMP 1'1TO0 N. O. I1S 70 D r - ia e 1 I i:L. fc f' t,,, (,..' ts p_ S: ProtilHe bha. 1 to 2 fe e t deep -''= 1 S (. ei l tat-ra ce.'e. "... FortNo I1 N1 WEYM I0 U TH'. o.;... p4. K c 1AEGI^A~o,, s,'. M~arch 1850t.,: |:- ":t'r... —- _.:, —------':-..... E a 111 1 *e ( d )profile aZ\b. s -?> zr~~~~., 5 > X o- f,.. -'' / * 7 i.,//~~~~~~~_ -i O()tliime of~ I CLEVELAND, 0., FEBRUARY, 1872. HISTORICAL AND ARCILEOLOGICAL TRACTS, NUMBER NINE. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FRAUDS.-Inscriptions attributed to the Mound BnildersThree Remarkable Forgeries. BY COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN RESERVE AND NORTHERN OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. During the past thirty-five years, three with antique alphabetical characters.which artificially wrought stones have been pro- was disclosed on opening this mound. duced, purporting to have been found in These characters are in the ancient rock ancient mounds on the waters of the Ohio, alphabet, of sixteen right and acute anonwhich were inscribed characters, letters gled strokes; used by the Pelasgi and or hieroglyphics, supposed to have the other early Mediterranean nations, and force of written records capable of inter- which is the parent of the modern Runic, pretation. As there has long been an ex- as well as the Bardic." * * "Several pectation that among the relics of the copies of it soon got abroad which differ mound-builders such inscriptions would from each other and from the original." be found, these were seized upon by anti- Mr. Tomlinson says, "We commenced quarians with great eagerness. I know of on the north side, and excavated towards only three such stones purporting to be the center, an adit ten feet high, and seven from the mounds of the Mississippi valley, feet wide, along the natural surface. At the all of which are now regarded as spurious. distance of one hundred and eleven feet We are, therefore, now as far as ever from we came to a vault that had been excavated the settlement of the question whether the in the earth before the mound was commound-builders had a written language. menced; 8 feet by 12 square and seven 1 shall notice them in the order of their in depth, Along each side and across the appearance. ends upright timbers had been placed THIE GRAVE CREEK MOUND. which supported timbers thrown across In 1838, Mr. A. B. Tomlinson, the owner the vault, asa ceiling. These timbers of the great mound at Grave Creek, West were covered with loose unhewn stone, Virginia, constructed an adit or gallery cmmon in the neighborhood. The timalong the natural surface of the ground to bers hadrotted and the stone tumbled the center of the mound, which is an ar- into the vault." "In this vault were two tificial truncated cone of earth, about human skeletons, one of which had no seventy feet high, with a flat place fifty ornaments. The otherwas urrounded by feet in diameter on the top. At the base 650 ivory beads and an ivory (probably bone) it is 900 feet in circumference. White men ornament about six inches long, see figure examined it as early as 1734. From the herewith." (A similar stone may be seen top he sunk a shaft to the adit, and made in the Museum of the Historical Society.) other excavations and improvements, with * * * Insinking the shaft front a view to render this remarkable burial the top, at 34 feet above the first or botmonument of an ancient people, and his tom vault, Mr. Tomlinson found a second collection of ancient implements of cop- orupper one, similar to the first, with per, boae and stone, attractive to visitors. 1,700 beads of ivory (bone?) 500 small shells He produced among other articles pur- perforated and worn as beads, and five porting to have been found in the excava- copper rings, or bracelets, on the wrists of tions a small flat stone, nearly circular in the skeleton, in all weighing 17 ounces. form about half an inch thick,and aninch There were also 150 pieces of mica, and and a half in diameter. On one of the flat about two feet from the skeleton, this surfaces there were engraved characters, ston, with the supposed Runic characconcerning which many conjectures were ters. formed. A fac simile, or an attempted Mr. Levering, of Lancaster, Ohio, comfac simile, was published in the Cincinnati menting upon the stone in 1843, (American Chronicle, Feb. 2d, 1839, and in the Anmer- Pioneer vol. 2, p. 406.) says: "In excan Pioneer for May. 1843. amining a work relating to the The antiquarian, Henry R. Colcraft, hav- chirography of the ancient Britons, I ing examined the stone in August, 1843, was astonished and gratified to discover a published the following opinion upon the striking similarily between the fac simile characters and their interpretation: of their style of writing and that found in "The mostinteresting object of antiqua- the mound at Grave Creek." * * * rian inquiry is a small flat stone, inscribed 2 THE CINCINNATI STONE. "The ancient Britons cut their alphabet eights of an inch. The material is fine upon a stick with a knife, which grained sandstone. The supposed hie:othus inscribed, they call'Billet glyphics on the upper face resemble the of signs of the Bards" or the "Bardic al- ornamentation of sculptured stones in phabet," Compositions and memorials were Central America, figured by Catherwood. legistered in this way, on long narrow On the other face, there are only some boards, several of these being united to- longitudinal furrows, such as might be gether in the following manner: (here an made by sharpening a pointed tool of metal engraving of a stick book and its letters upon the stone. The publishers had a wasinserted) form a connected composi- fac simile tracing of the ornamented side, tion. Although there are but few charac- taken and engraved on wood, which acters, on the flat stone of Grave creek, sev- companied the description of Mr. Gest. eral of that few exactly resemble those of The editors appended a column of remarks. the stick book of the ancient Britons." Plaster models were made and distributed This stone thus verified and commented among antiquarians. The engraving which upon with so much learning, is now uni- is a very faithful representation of the versally rewarded by archaeologists as a stone, has been reproduced in many books fraud. Probably Mr. Tomlinson himself subsequently published, from one of which was imposed upon by some one who se- I make some extracts. creted it there, whose genius and ambition Professor Daniel Wilson, L. L. D., of took that direction, and who had seen the Toronto Canada, in his learned work entiBardic characters of the ancient Britons. tled Pre-Historic Man; London, 1835, refers As late as 1866 a clerk at Washington City at length to the "Cincinnati Stone," after went through the labor of cutting an Ice- having discarded the "Holy Stone," of landic or Runic inscription upon a rock at Newark as a forgery. the Falls of the Potomac, which pur- "Upon its smooth surface, an elaborate ported to record the death and mark the figure is represented, as shown in the acgrnave of Syuso or Suane aged 25 years, companving illustration; by grinding the widow of Kjoldr one of the Icelandic ex interspaces within a rectangular border,so plorers in America, A. D. 1051. Having as to produce what has been regarded as a posted himself on the history of the North- hireoglyphic inscription. But a remarkamen of this continent, he prepared a ble feature of its graven device is the selearned article for the New York'Tribune ries of lines, by which the plain surface at which appeared January 31, 1867. each end is divided. The ends of the The examination purported to have been stine form arcs of diTPrent dimensions. made in company of Professor Lesquereux The greater arc is divided by a series of of Columbus, Ohio, Professor Brand of lines, twenty-seven, into equal spaces, and Washington City and Dr. Boyce of Boston. within this is another series of seven CINCINNATI STONE. oblique lines. The lesser arc, at the In the Cincinnati Gazette of Dec. 1, 1842, opposite end, is divided in a cornmmunication is printed from Ea:'tUSmu like manner, bv the series of lines twentyGest, a well known citizen of Cincinnati,fiveand eight i number, similarlyarrelating to an engraved stone, purporting to ranged. This tablet has not failed to rehave been found in removing an acient ceive due attention. It has been noted mound, about twenty feet high, at the that it bears a singular resemblance to the north-west corner of Fifthi and Mound Egyptian Cartouch. The series of lines streets. He says, "this hieroglyph was were discovered to yield, in the form of found with a skeleton, together with two the products of the longer and shorter bones taken from the same grave, each ones, a near approximation to the number about seven inches in length; nicely of days in the year, a result which funrounded and pointed at one end. In the ex- ished the requisite grounds for ascribing to cavation severalskeletons were disinterredthetabletan astronomical origin, and so in a good state of preservation, but so near constituting it an ancient calender, rethe surface, as to give rise to the inference, cording the approximation of the Mound that the were deposited since the mound Builders tothe true length of the solar was erected." year. Mr. Squier perhaps runs to the op(NOTE. It was a common practice for posite extreme, in suggesting that it is Indians, and also with the early white probably nothing but a stamp, such as settlers, to bury their dead on the top and have been found made of clay in Mexico sides of ancient artificial mounds of the and the Mississippi Mounds, used in imwest.) pressing ornamental patterns on cloth or "But the one found with the pointed prepared skins. Such clay stamps always bones and hieroglyphic, was in a decayed betray their purpose, by a handle attached state, in the center of the mound and to them, as -i the corresponding bronze somewhat below the natural surface, and stamp of the Romans." was no doubt the object for which it was "Another hypothesis may be admissible, erected," that is a record of a certain scale of meas"I think there is little doubt about its urement." being a hieroglyph, and is probably the "f so, the discovery of a record perhistory of agreat chief who once swayed tainngto the standards of measurement the destinies of a powerful nation." of the Mound Builders, is calculated to This stone is four and one half inches add new and more definite interest to our long, two and one fourth inches broad at study of their geometrical constructions." the ends, and is in the form of a rectangle Thus for, near thirty years, this ornawith its longest sides curved gracefully in- mented stone was received as genuine, ward. Its upper and lowerfaces are flat though its hieroglyphic character was not and parallel, and its thickness is three- generally admitted. All illusions and all THE NEWARK HOLY STONE. 3 speculations on this relic are now dissipa- connection with the old earth-works, for ted. Recently looking over Professor which thisplace has nowbecome celebrated Wilson's work in our library, I perceived About 4 o'clock in the afternoon the late.a written leaf pasted into the book, at the David Wyrick,an old resident of the town, place where it is noticed by the author, was seen in a very excited manner, hurrywhich proved to be the following ing along the main street, from the direcstatement. It wipes out the last supposed tion of the canal. He was regarded there record of the race of the Mounds. as an eccentric character, an uneducated COM'MENTS OF DR. JAR:ED P. KIRTLAND, man, but on some subjects, particularly mathematics, as possessed of decided abiliCLEVELAND, OHIO, DECEMBER 1871, ty. He had held the offceof county surON FIGURE 17, PAGE, 221 WILSON'S PRE- vevor until long continued attacks of HISTORIC MAN "CINCINNATI TABLET.' acute rheumatism rendered him physicalIn early days a high and regular formed ncompetent. With his mbs and joints so swollen by elehantisis, attendmound was located in the westein part of y a Cimound wint. G eneral ilknson at an earl ed by intense suffering, his feet and hands time placed upon it an observatory and sentries for watching the Indians. In the man aspect, he was everywhere regarded year 1841 the corporation established a had adopted te theory that the Hebrews street through this mound and its destruc- had adted tild theor that the Hebrews were the builders of the earth works of One morning while I p e as in the Chemi- the Vest, and when his physical condition ncal Laoranry of my cwllas g e Cinhe m would allow it, sought dilligently among Ohio Geological Survey land hi the Medhl them for proofs to sustain this hobby. He Collehge of Ohio, Professor John Lockeia was certainly an enthusiast, his mind in the Spring of that year, an artful and somewhat distorted, in sympathy with his body, but no one of his neighbors thought sinister looking muan rushed into the roosms and assuming a high degree him capable of deliberate deception. assuming a high deree of As he passed rapidly from shop to shop, exc:tement, stated that while ~excaatelnthe cestreate of thet w and store to store, on this hot afternoon of he had dug out a curiously engraved stone, stone afterwards known as the "Holy which he could sell to us for $40 or $50, which he could sell to us for e40 or $50, Stone," as a triumphant proof and settleand handed out ffhe Tablet figured oil page 5?1 T~ 0} 1 ^ ment of his Jewish theory. General Israel 221. Prof. Locke took it, and calmly ex- ent of his Jewishtheor. al amined the engraving through a magnifier. Dille, who had known Wyrick since he was He, in a sarcastic manner, said to the a young man and had full confidence in him then exain a s ilarcstic manner, alsaid to tOW het I atlerwards learndvise you, bef proposed that we should take him in a ustranger, "Iwolda~vie ou bfoeyou buggy, and at'once proceed to the spot attempt to palm this off as a piece of an- whereit was found. A lad of his, about 14 previous, in the mound, where i t wouldn ade of 1in s, abou t an1hou tiquity, to carefully brush from the excavations in the stone the fine grains of sand he e formed by the cuttingNE K strumT t." w tion, and he was taken with us. Wedrove then examined it in a similar manner, and ioedte fly ttt the s i, authe mlea plainly detected the imposition. The fel- southest of the town, where the earth low hastily seizedtho oe sione and made thehathrown out was still fresh and exit w thout r epy.his moist. The hole they had made was near The nexthat aae and desiption the center of an artificial circular depresof this stone appeared in th e Ascan si on, common among the earth works, iode the firstabout twenty feet in diaeter and three iafworkswrslandtahssoeasfeet deep at the middle, with a low rim or injuaftered by cultivatards learned that this stmightbank around ite and his son beint ad engraved i a marble hop in of thickhave been buried fifty years. The Free frest. They a occuy in all their ramifica-were searching for human bones, and, at a city and was carefully buried the night previous, in the mound, where it would ep o or inches a h be reached by the excavators inn early tims as an insigiae d ay's labors. J. P. KIRTInstone in. It had been only partially cleaned, and the dirt being a fine yellow loam, THE NEWARK HOLY STONE. which filled the sunken spaces, corresNear Newark, Licking county, is a series ponded fully with that of the pit. The lad of ancient earth-works, more extensive confirmed what his father said, and added than any that have hitherto been described that as soon as the characters on the stone on the waters of the Mississippi. When I were discovered he ran away to town with made the first detailed survey of these it like a crazy man. works, in February, 1838, they were little The stone had not the appearance of injured by cultivation, most of the ground great antiquity, but suggested that it might being then in its original condition of thick have been buried fifty years. The Free forest. They occupy in all their ramifica- Masons of Newark at once recognized it as tions more than a thousand acres. A plan one of their emblems, representing the with full descriptive maps may be seen in "Key Stone" of an arch which Master the "Monuments of the Mississippi Val- Masons wore in early times as an insignia ley," by Squier & Davis, published by the of their rank. On these "Key Stones" and Smithsonian Institute in 1847. A portion on their modern substitutes the owner of the less conspicuous works are now was priviledged to engrave mottos accordobliterated, but they are still an object of ing to his taste. There were modes wonder to all tourists, and of still deeper enough to account for such a stone being interest to all students of American an- found in this depression, without giving it tiquity. any connection with the Mound Builders. Near the close of the month of June, 1860, It might have been dropped there since the I was at Newark on business having no advent of the present race of white men 4 THE EFFIGY OF NOSES. and covered by the accumulations of loam that time been so much covered by falling and vegetation continually washed to- earth, that they labored, from morning till wards the center of the cavity. It was three P. M. uncovering the pile of clay. It secured by the Ethnological Society of New was the usual fire clay of the coal series, York and commented upon fully by the about two feet thick, evidently brought members, but with a general doubt of its there. In this the wooden trough was genuineness firmly imbedded, and in this manner it had Mr. Wyrick's account, which he pub- been preserved. lished soon after in pamphlet, reads th!Ls: "Near the under surface, imbedded in "The following is a representation of the the clay, was taken the stone box (engraved four sides of the supposed keystone that size of nature in the pamphlet) whilst digwas found on the 29th of June, 1860, in a ging in the hole in the clay, in which (the sink or depression, commonly called a box) was enclosed a black stone, as is "well hole," whilst looking for bones that shown by the four following cuts of it, said holes were said to contain. The ob- with the characters on each side, the Engject of looking for human bones was to as- lish of which appears to be an abridgement certain the truth of such assertion. This of the Ten Commandments." stone is in the size and shape represented On one of the sides of the blackstone. is a by the cuts, and has upon each of the four likeness of Moses with his name in Hebrew sides a Hebrew inscription, in the Hebrew over his head. He is represented as a very character, which, when translated, reads, savage and pugnacious individual. The "The King of the Earth," "The Word of Hebrew letters were like those of the Holv the Lord," "The Laws of Jehovah," "The Stone readily translated by Hebrew Holy of Holies." scholars. Wyrick closes his pamphlet in The letters are nearly an inch long, and in these words: "Would it not require well sunk into the stone. Taken in the a very profound scholar in Hebrew to same order as Mr. Wyrick has recited make such an abridgement of the Hebrew them, the Hebrew sentences are "Torah decalogue with foreign characters as is Adonai," "Dabbah Adonai," "KadoshKa- made above." * * * "Bacon's arrant dosheem," "Malach Aratz," and with a school boy borrowing a Hebrew Bible everL free reading give a consecutive sentence in Ohio of some minister and whittling thus, according to three Hebrew scholars hone stones into gin bottles (Bacon's Life acting independently: "The law of God, Elexir) forever with all the jack knives in the word of God, the King of the earth is Christendom could produce even in Ohio most holy." While this stone was being such an outrage or piece of scholarship." discussed Wyrick went on digging, and'1 his somewhat blind and sarcastic alluhis discoveries were much more startling sion was intended for those who quesand doubtful than those already given, tioned the genuineness of these inscribed but much more appropos of Moses and the stones. Experienced archeologists had Jews. On page8 of his illustrated pamph- never much faith in the Holy stone. iet, the results are thus described: When Moses and the ten commandments "The following four cuts are those of four appeared, Wyrick's character as an impossides of a very singular stone, found en- tor was soon established. closed in a stone box buried twenty feet in Not long after this he died, and in his prithe earth, or in the earth of a tremendous vate room among the valuable relics he stone mound. This stone was found on had so zealously collected, a Hebrew Bible the first of November, 1861, in company was found, which fully cleared up the with five others (persons). In the first mystery of Hebrew inscriptions "even in place, onremoving this stone pile (several Ohio." This had been the secret and years before), which was said (truly) to study of years, by a poverty stricken and have been forty feet high, rising from a suffering mal, who in some respects was base 182 feet in diameter, some of the almost a genius. His case presents the workhands came to a mound of pure clay, human mind in one of its most mysterious of which they say there was or is quite a phases, partly aberation and partly fraud. number within the periphery of this stone When the Arabs who are employed to base, entirely around it, but covered by explore ruins on the Nile this enormous stone stack." * * "In and the Euphrates, discover what one of these, in the clay, they found the relics their employers are in shell of an old log, on which lay seven cop- pursuit of, they generally produce them. per rings, with the appearance of some ex- Here the motive is plain, it is money. tremely coarse cloth. * * Removing the Perhaps this was the case with the "sinisold shell, they found it to be the cover to ter" individual, who presented himself to another piece of timber, resembling a Professors Locke and Kirtland with the trough, in which was coarse cloth (very Cincinnati stone. The Grave Creek inrotten), human bones, hair, and ten copper scription if it was gotten up by the prorings, which they took, and covered up prietor Mr. Tcmlinsor, might be placed in the trough and its contents. the same catagory It, as is more proba"In Julv, 1860, I happened to see a piece ble, it was the work of another party, who of the wood and four of the rings (now in must have industriously studied the possession of Dr. Wilson, of Newark), and Runic or Bardic alphabet, it can only be repaired to the place-(two miles east of attributed to an innate pleasure in the: Jacktown and south of the National Road) practice of deception amounting to mono-with some work hands, and sa'rilegious- mania. We have frequent exhibitions of lytook it up." In November, 1861, Wy- this disease in the case of articles prerick and three others, one of whom is said sented to our museum, in some instances to have been Dr. Nichols, again attacked by persons who profess to be respectable the wooden sarcophag s. which had by and conscientious. CLEVELAND, O., MAY, 1872. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRACTS, NUMBER TEN. ANNUAL MEETING AT THE MUSEUM, MAY 13th, 1872. OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION. not to be found in ordinary book storesCol. Chas. Whittlesey, President and I think when our catalogue is made out curator. we shall find that we are now in possesDr. J. H. Salisbury, Vice President. sion of three-fourths of them, and that Secretary, (vacant.) there;s not a more complete collection on Hon. S. Villiamson, Treasurer and early history, to be found west of the Alcurator. leghany Mountains. It has already beMrs. M. Milford, Librarian. come a place much frequented by persons CURATORS ELECTED. who are working up the local and general history of Ohio. Our historical maps and Joseph Perkins, C. T. Sherman,J. H. A. manuscripts are not as complete as the Bone, C. C. Baldwin, Mrs. J. H. Sargent, books and pamphlets, but are highly valuJohn W. Allen, Miss Mary C. Brayton. able. Among the old maps in our collecCURATORS EX-OFFICIO. tion are the following: WVm. Bingham, Benj. A. Stanard, H. M. A general atlas of the world, very full Chapin, James Barnet. as to Europe, containing with illustrations 95 sheets folio bound, of date 1701 to i720 LIEFE MiEMIiRER.S. by John Baptiste Homan Nuremberg. DeLeonard Case, H. M. Chapin, Joseph posited by Breno Nicolais, Cleveland. Perkins, TH. A. Harvey. Map of "Carolana and the River MeschGeneral Statement by the President. acebe," by Daniel Coxe, 1727.........- British North America, with the French -Mlemorial Notice ot Alfred T. and Spanish settlements adjacent, by Goodman. Henry Popple, London, 1733. "Possessions Anglaise et Francaise," by Our collection of books, maps, manu- I. Rotter, Ansterdam, 1752. scripts, pamphlets, relics and general "British and French Dominions in curiosities continues to increase as hereto- North America, eight large sheets, bound fore with a rapidity greater than we had by John Mitchel, Amsterdam, 1755. Preanticipated, almost entirely the result of sentel by Rev. E. A. Dairymple, Secrevoluntary donations. We have no sys- tary Maryland H-lstorioal Society. tematic cataJogue of relics, pioneer or war implements, and other articles of general "Middle British Colonies in America," interest,constitutint g our museum; but ourby Lewis Evans with Pownall's tooefficient and systelmatic librarian, Mrs. graphical descriptions, London and PhilaMilford, reports the relative number of deiphia 1755; same second edition, with books, pamphlets and registered visitors descriptions by Evans, Philadelphia, 1760. for 1871 and 18'72 to be as followes: 1Printed by B. Franklin and D. Hall. Incease dr "Atlas of British Colonies in North Increae dur- America." including admiralty surveys, No. of Rooks. 1S 1812 llg itheyea. twenty-five large sheets, br William FadNo. of Books........ll81 20; 2 321 No. of Pamphlets...215249 3CO0 411 den, London. 177. No. of Visitors...... 625 1024 409 Charts and illustrations of Captain It is not our purpose to collect a largo Cook's voyarges around the world, 1772 to library. The designs of the institution in 180, thick volume folio, on deposit by C. this respect are special; to procure as far C. Baldwin, Esq. as possible, and to preserve for reference Large map f Pennsylvania, on cloth, by all the mlatter within our reach, whether R. Howell, 1792. books, pamphlets, maps or manuscripts, Large bound volume of manuscript which has a bearing upon the early histo- maps, fror the papers of the Connecticut ry of Ohio, in particular, and of the Land Company, 1796-7. Northwestern States in general. Map of Ohio, 1806, by John F. MansThe printed books on this subject are field. Presented by Joseph Sullivant. few in number, not exceeding four or five Map of Ohio, 1815, by Hough & Bourne, hundred, but most of them are so rare as Chillicothe, 1816. ~~~~2 ~DECEASED MEMBERS. Manuscript map of the west end of Since the last annual meeting the soLake Erie, apparently for the use of the ciety has sustained an irreparable loss in army in 1813, from the papers of John the death of our Secretary, Mr. Alfred T. Walworth. Goodman. The committee appointed by Manuscript plat of a State road from the the curators to prepare a notice of his forks of Muskingum (Coshocton) to short but busy life, and his ever zealous Painesville, byAbram Tappen, 1805. services in the cause of history, have not General Atlas of the World: Dublin, fully completed their work. It will soon 1800. Presented by Hon. S. Williamson. be ready, and will appear as part of the General Atlas, by Matthew Carey & proceedings of this meeting. The morSon, Philadelphia, 1818. Presented by J. tality of our officers and members during P. Kirtland, L. L. D. the year has been unusually great. BeMaps of northern boundary, commission sides our lamented Secretary, our First of 1820. Presented by the late M. B. Vice President, M. B. Scott, Esq., an Scott, Esq. original member and substantial friend Map of Paris and its fortifications. Pre- of the society, died suddenly on the 2d of sented by N. C. Winslow, Esq. February last. The venerable John HarMaps of twenty counties in Ohio. mon of Ravenna, Ohio, an honorary memWe have been presented during the year ber, who has contributed many valuable with a series of works relating to the an- papers on the history of the Reserve, died tiquities of North and Central America, at the ripe age of eighty-two embraceing everything on that subject years on the 29th of August, 1871. which we find in the market. This muni- The Hon. W. B. Castle, one of our ficent donation includes the great work of active members, and formerly Mayor of Lord Kingsborough in nine folio volumes, Cleveland,departed this life on the 28th of reproducing the picture writings of Mexi- February, and Dr. E. W. Sackrider, one of co, in fac simile, with translations, so far te original members, on the 12th of April, as they are accessible in America or Eu- 1872. rope. Few libraries in the United States An experiment was tried during the possess these rare and splendid volumes. past winter to revive the public interest Next to what relates to generalhistory and which existed before the war in useful and antiquities, we desire to have in our library scientific lectures. The old Library room works of a local and statistical character, i the Case Block was handsomely ftted such as official reports of Legislatures, up for that purpose, and a course of six municipal corporations and public institu- lectures delivered for the joint benefit of tions of all kinds, whether new or old; the members of the Library Association city and county maps of Ohio, and the Kirtland Society of Natural Science, sketches of the settlements of townships, and the Historical Society. The subjects including the earliest settlers. i and lectures were, On the Structure of Public feeling in this community is o Sponges, by Prof. A. H. Tuttle, of Camfavorable to this institution that our dona-' bide, Mass, The Scenery and Resources tions of articles for the museum, come in of Colorado, by Geo. H. Ely, Esq., of Clevemore rapidly than we can provide cases land; on the Motive Power of Animals. to arrange and display them. I believe by Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, Mass; two that an equally liberal feeling exists in on the Extinct Saurian Reptiles, by Prof. regard to money contributions, and that!S. G. Williams, Superintendent Cleveland it is only necessary to make an effort in igh School; The Teachings of Nature, the way of solicitation to put ourselves in by Hon. H. Rice, Cleveland. The audia good condition financially. At present he ences were not large but appreciative, and annual subscriptions, for membership do the lectures were throughout both internot meet current expenses, without an esting and highly instructive. occasional resort to the legacy of the late I conclude by urging on the curators the Mr. Warner. Something more than a adoption and the energetic execution of vear since we had a special contribution some plan to secure a permanent income in money for the purpose of developing for this association. The amount required the antiquities of the State, an investiga- is not large, but it should be certain and tion which should have attracted the at- permanent. tention of the State geologists. Surveys OIr ALE'ED THOMAS GOODMAN, of the aneient works in the uyhoga val- LATE SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY. ley have been made by the help of this fund; of which the members have evi- The committee appointed by the curadence in pamphlet No. 5, of our series. tors to prepare a memorial notice of our Examninations have been made, and fac late Secretary, believe that nothing can simile copies of several ancient inscrip- be more proper and acceptable than the tions upon rocks, within this State, have spontaneous expressions of his friends,and been procured. These tracings now on of the press at the time of his decease. exhibition in this room, ai e taken full We can add nothing to the earnescness natural size, and then photographed to a and the tenderness of these expressions, scale convenient -for engraving. In this but will give in addition thereto, somaway they will be made available for anti- thing more of his personal history. For quarians; by a process, the accuracy of one who died so young he had already acwhich no one can call in question. complished much. ALFRED T. GOODMAN. 3 [From the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Dec. 21 1871] are largely original historical matThe late Alfred T. Goodman was a ter, prepared by him. In the pursuit of young man of unusual promise, mentally. valuable manuscripts he perserved until His mind ran to specialties. He had a every chance of recovery was gone. Mr. mania for gathering autographs, and his Goodman is an example of the value of collection was one of the finest in the our High Schools, and the completeness of country, containing the signatures of all home education. He had no other trainthe American Presidents, and of many ing toliterary life,andprobably had all that crowned heads and literary and other was necessary to success. As a penman celebrities of Europe. Very few young men he was not only plain and elegant,but very were so deeply read in the political and rapid. His most hasty composition left general history of this country, particular- no excuse for errors of the compositors. ly in the early history of the West. The Why one so promising, and apparently Western Reserve Historical Society owes destined to be honored and useful, should its present flourishing condition more to so soon be removed from life and his behis efforts than those of any other man. loved pursuits, is one of the inscrutable The historical papers which he contributed acts of that Supreme Providence, who, to to the press of this city attracted general use his own words: "doeth all things attention, well." When quite young he was connected REMARKS OE THE REV. w. H. GOODRICH with the Harrisburg Patriot. After his AT THE FUNERAL, DEC. 24th, 1871. return to Cleveland, he studied law for It w one ofhe requests of ur some time in Judge Ranney's office, but It was one of the last reuests of our had abandoned the idea of completing his young friend and brother, whose remains studies and permanently entering the we are now to lay in the grave, that I profession, owing to ill health. His edu-should assist a hs funeral, and speak some words of remembrance and of symcation was entirely obtained in the schools some words of remembrance and of symof this city, and what accrued through pathy. I have known him for many years, self-government. Mr. Goodman was but since he was about fourteen years old, and twenty-six years of age at the time of his have held him from that time in peculiar death. It seems lamentable that this esteem. No one could become acquainted young man, apparently moulded for a with him even as a boy, without being career of mark, should be taken so early; truck by his marked traits of character, but "man proposes and God disposes." and unusual tokens of promise. Though [From the Cleveland Herald Dec. 21,1871.] my meetings with him have not been freWe have just learned of the decease of quent, they have alwaxs been warm and Mr Goodman, late Secretary to the His- interesting. I recall especially an hour torical Society, which oocurred in this spent with him in Harrisburg some years city, Wednesday evening, Decem- ago which heightened my regard for him, ber 20th. Those who have and impressed me with his development taken an interest in the work of the His- and worth. le always seemed to seek torical Society know how much of his and value the society of older meit. He short life has been devoted to historical had his own young friends and associates researches. In 1868 he was elected Secre- as others have, but he sought every opportary and has given since then, without tunity to gain knowledge from those who pecuniary compensation, at ieast half his could impart it, and was always aspiring time and labor to its affairs, besides nu- after some new acquisition. He had merous and valuale donations of coins, great capacity for gathering facts and autograqhs, maps, pamphlets and books. reasoning about them. How far he cultiHe was attacked with hemorrhage of the vated recondite science, I do not know, lungs about two years since, anl but for the broader and commoner sciences has been constantly sinking until he had peculiar aptitude, and was making the fatal hour arrived. It steady attainment. He was already of is a disease which entails incessant value in our community. He was unconphysical.suffering under which he has sciously making a place for himself which borne np heroically, even after all hope of I no one is at hand to fill; and had he lived, recovery had been abandoned. His bril- would have occupied an honorable position, liant mind was clear throughout the de- as a man of high self culture, and of aupressing influences of a malady known to thority in certain branches of knowledge. be tatal. VWe have recently made note of Meanwhile he neglected no duty to the his edition of the journal of Captain Wn. household, which in its trials and ameniTrent, through Ohio in 1752 with copious ties, relied much on his counsel and care. and learned notes. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, How faithful a son and brother he has first Governor of the Northwest Territory, been these mourning hearts could testify. was a favorite of his, and for several His memory will remain fresh and preyears with great assiduity, he had labored cious in all this circle of kindred. upon a biography, which is nearly com- It is these remembrances of his worth plete, calculated to do justice to that un- and promise which makes this affliction fortunate public man. To one so young bitter. Death does sometimes seem, to his acquaintance with the scources of his- our reason, without order. It has no retory, especially in manuscript, was prob- spect of persons, and takes away the very ably without a parallel. The pamphlets one we least could spare. It regards no and tracts published by the Society seasons or circumstances, but breaks with 4 ALFRED T. GOODMAN. its summons upon the gladdest holiday of Union, at Harrisburg, Pa., a connection the year. It is blessed to know that which lasted until 1868. He was attracted strange as it may seem to us, it never is to Harrisburg more by his historical than without order in God's sight. Our times by his political bias. The State papers, are in His hands. The number of our the archives of the State Historical Sociemonths is with Him, and He hath ap- ty, and especially the collection of the late pointed our bound that we shsll not pass. General Wm. H, Miller, presented irresistNothing passes unpermitted by His wis- able attractions to him. His remarkably dom. And all the circumstances of trial, rapid use of his pen, coupled with-what is the attendant pains and weariness that ac- so unusual-a clear and plain chirography, company a death like this, are fully com- enabled him to report speeches and take prehended in the thoughts of our Heavenly notes,which were ready for the press withFather. Our friend and brother submit- out revision. Old and indistinct manuted to disease and death patiently as to scripts were deciphered by him as it were the will of God. HIe was comforted by a by instinct. He was never happier than child-like trust in His gracious love. He while engaged picking out, here and there, rested, yes he rejoiced in the knowledge an historical fact, from a pile of old letters of a Savior on whom he laid his sins. and -an occupation that to most men is tireto whom he committed the keeping of his some, if not disgusting. soul till the day of God. As Secretary, of this Society he was enEXTRACT EROM A PRIVATE LETTER. gaged in collecting historical letters and CINCINNATI, Dec. 29th, 1871. manuscripts. His fondness for correspon"I have just learned with great regret of dence enabled him to trace out and recover the death of our young friend, Alfred T. valuable papers or copies of them from the Goodman. Though I have not had the most distant and obscure places." pleasure of a personal acquaintance with He had a capacious memory, without him, my correspondence for the last two which no one can gather up and marshal years has been so frequent, so profit- the detached facts which constitute hisable, and so pleasant to me, that I tory. From 1868 to 1870 his health was apesteemed him very highly as a personal parently robust, and his promise of life friend. His death is a great loss, not only uncommonly good. In stature he was to his family and your society; but to the small, but compact ana active, with a fair State of Ohio, as [ know of no one whose and fresh complection, dark hair and eyes; knowledge, taste and perseverance in his- well represented in the photograph which torical matters, presented the prospect of i is placed over his desk in our hall. so important and profitable a future; es- During these two yearsof perfect health, pecially valuable to this State, where that he wrote and published in different newsparticular talent is rare." R. I papers a brief notice of the Governors of L. C. Draper, the veteran historian of the Ohio, of William Crawford, who perished West, wrote to us "that amongthe proanis- on the Sandusky plains, tortured to death ing young men of this new country, it is by fire, in 1782; and a history of the camrare to find one of historical talent, such paign of General Harmar to the Maumee as our young friend possessed, and who River in 1790. Of our historical tracts, he may take the place of the fathers who are wrote those entitled "First White Child in so rapidly passing away." Ohio," "First White Settlers in Ohio," and His parents, John Goodman and Ann "Judges of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Goodman (nee George) are natives of Hle had labored assiduously upon a biogWarwickshire, England, near Leamington raphy of General St. Clair, which is nearly and Warwick Castle. They emigrated to completed, but is not in proper shape for Washington, Washington county, Penn- publication. In 171 after hi health besylvania, where Alfred was born Decem- came visibly impaired; and by frequent ber 15th, 1815. The family removed to hemorrhages of the lungs; be became Cleveland just in time to give him the conscious of his doom; the "Journal of benefit of the public schools in this city. Captain Wit. Trent" in 17/52, was preA fixed number of the scholars of the pri- pared fer publication, and issued by Wm. mary schools who stands highest are se- Dodge of Cincinnati, only a few weeks lected for the high school, which is prac- prior to his death. tically a college. Young Goodman tooks More than an hundred of the sketches, the lead in his classes throughout. T-he in Drakes American Dictionary ot BiogSuperintendent of the High School says raphy, were furnished by Mfr. Goodman, his capacity to acquire knowledge was re- buat the work itself, he was not permitted markable, and that his industry kept pace to see. Before the fatal disease assumed with his capacity. such proportions, as to talke away the hope In 1864, soon after graduating, he joined of prolo ged life, he was lo(oking forara the 150th regiment of Ohio National to the colposition of a history ol Ohio, Guards, and served at Washington, D. C., for which a laree part of the materials in the defence of that place against the are alrercy collected in our library. His attack on Fort Saunders under General last days were characterised by intense Breckenridge. Soon after the discharge physical suffering, which he bore without of those regiments, he became as- conplaint, looking forward to the hour of sistant editor and Legislative Re- death, with resirlation and hope, and not porter to the Daitly Piatriot and I with dread. WEST-ERN RESERVE AND NORT'HERN OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. HISTORICAL AID ARCILEOLOGICAL TRACT NO. 11. ANCIENT ROOK INSORIPTIONS IN OHIO, AN Ancient Burial, Mound, Hardin County, 0., AND A Notice of some Rare Polished Stone Ornaments. EDITED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY AND PUBLISHED BY A GENTLEMAN OF CLEVELAND. AUGUST, 1872. CLEVELAND: FAIRBANKS, BENEDICT & CO., PRINTERS. 1872. North! ~~,,.-,'^^ ~ ^ortiv -"" - ^VW /,.~~~~~~~~~~~4 ^ "~ ^l~~~y- ID rI ft.;-~-. " i \ 0.">;"j'',:,. /*f ^ - I ~ s- )~;"' -^: w/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L-^-^ ~~~~~Il" - -.O ^/^ y *': r"^ "^ i^^ i'^'^ r' * ~- V.~ ^, -^!,<, ( <^' "S'* ooop \ \,fy 9 o /Mr^ ^^^ y \^ ^ p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y" **-/7 ^'^~~~~~~c'*^.r~ ^,r~ i./iJ; ^-c t ^^?. 1-D — ^ ^ i? ^^J i ^ *,^1'- ^ ^ ^:i "c^,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C -:::..-/':-'-"-7' —' I s;:^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~/6 - /e-i. n: A t';) 6 ",',<-./,^ I & ^( 1^0~~~~~~~~/': /..X,7; la r-.,e-.; ~. I;.'**^(^- \?- ">i-h!".-A y^ ^* ^n-j ** *;;-~T;,i.?''<'* i ^,\r^ fr "- **^'C)*A "*". ~,, 5 ^ ri -: " r.-0-00-.. l v y ^ - /(' \\ ^ ye;\ -1'1" - ^' -- -* " / " ^ 1 * r ^^ ra.;^ ) \ Vv'''*- "-''t'~ "~!.,!,*""-' r^;~T ^~~~~~lma to 1 of xi^^m[^\'- -'' j2,^T i E i i~~ ~ ~'i 07I tt'l i~~~~~~~ t I, "' o n a. A_ Secti on n Ott \I,'\'~ —' t *., *^ /P I ll' W/^m / i! /' A \ ^^ —7;-l^^ *t I i sizeof atr ROCK SCULPTURES NEARt BARNESYILLE, BELMONT COUNTY, OHIO. In 1857 or'58 Mr. Thomas Kite of Cincinnati examined the " track rocks" near Barnesville, and took casts of some of the sculptured figures. Jas. W. Ward, Esq., of the same city, soon afterward, made a detailed sketch, which he caused to be engraved and circulated. In 1869 Dr. J. H. Salisbury and myself made a visit to the place, with a view to get a tracing on cloth, but were compelled to give it up for want of time. An arrangement was made with Dr. Jas. W. Walton of Barnesville to take a tracing for this Society, which, however, was not received until the fall of 1871. The discussion which took place at the Indianapolis meeting of the American Association, in August, 1871, was based upon Mr. Ward's sketch, which had been made with much care, he being not only an artist, but an antiquarian. This was reproduced, with a detailed description, by Mr. Ward, in the first number of the American Anthropological Journal, issued in January, 1872, at New York.. When Dr. Walton's fac simile tracings, size of nature, were received it was evident that notwithstanding the care exercised by Mr. Ward, there were important omissions, which destroyed the value of the discussions at Indianapolis, based upon his sketch. It is now conceded that copies of such sculptures must be made by casts, squeezes, or tracings, in order to be reliable. In the different representations that have appeared of the "Dighton Rock," the supposed Grave Creek stone, the "Big Indian Rock," on the Susquehanna, and the "Independence Stone," of this County, something material is omitted, or palpably distorted. Mere sketches are of little or no ethnological value. I think the mode adopted by us, leaves little room for errors, either in size or proportion, but there may be in the manner or aspect that belongs to every object, and which is known by the plain but forcible expression, "life like." The rock was first thoroughly cleaned of the moss and dirt, as Dr. Walton explains in his letter accompanying the tracings. All of the artificial depressions were then filled with paint, and a sheet of muslin 4 DESCRIPTION BY DR. WALTON. covering the en tire block, pressed into the sculptured figures. This coarse grit is so nearly imperishable, that whatever distinct markings were originally cut upon it, are doubtless there now, and are not perceptibly injured by exposure. These groups present the first instance among the rock inscriptions of Ohio, where it can be said that we now have complete and entire, in their primitive condition, all the figures that are capable of being traced, not mutilated by man, or obliterated by the elements. Dr. Walton's description will now be both intelligible and interesting. "The copies I send you exhibit every definite figure those rocks contain, and indeed many more than will be noticed by a casual observer of them.'Some of them were discovered only after removing the lichens of ages; others after glancing the eye along the surface of the rocks from every point of the compass; and others after the sun had declined low in the west, casting dim shadows over depressions too shallow to be seen before. And there are many indistinct impressions on each of the rocks that could not be copied-these resemble the indefinite remains of innumerable tracks of men and animals overlying each other, as may be seen on our highways, after a rain has effaced almost every outline. " Upon examining the point of the smaller rock it will appear that two men, each accompanied by a dog, seem to have passed over it in opposite directions. This idea has never, so far as I have learned, occurred to any person who has heretofore examined the rocks; the figures being regarded as distinct and disconnected, as they appear on the larger stone, I did not catch the idea, until after I had painted all the distinct figures on this stone, and had impressed the cloth on the paint, when upon removing and examining the print I found, say, first a right foot print, then a left one at its appropriate position, then a right foot where it should be, but the succeeding left one wanting.'' This set me on a more careful examination of the motley indentations covering this part of the rock for traces of the lost feet, and it was not a great while before I found sufficient remains of just what was wanting, and at their appropriate places, but in exceedingly indistinct impressions. " The rude cuts of human faces, part of the human feet, the rings, stars, serpents, and some others, are evidently works of art, as in the best of them the marks of the engraving instrument are to be seen; and it is barely possible that the residue of those figures were carved by the hands of men; however, I must say that the works of the best sculptors, do not surpass the exquisite finish of most of the tracks on those rocks." DESCRIPTION OF MR. WARD. CINCINNATI, August 24, 1858. CHARLES WHITTLESEY: My Dear Sir: 1 went to the "track rocks," as I found the neighbors had already christened them, in pursuance of the intention I intimated to you, wishing very much you could have gone with me. You would have been pleased with the trip, and interested in the sculptures, which these so called tracks undoubtedly are. They are perftct enough to deceive any one who does not critically examine them. There are two main tables-though a few scattering sculptures are found upon other stones in the vicinity. I have made pretty accurate drawings of the two tables, omitting, however, in the one represented by the left hand cut, a few "tracks " removed from the main group, that I could not get in. The magnified, REFERENCES TO PLATE NO. ONE. a though still much reduced, figures on the sheet are taken from casts of some of the most conspicuous objects, made by Mr. Kite. These rocks are the sandstone grit of the coal series, and have the appearance of being boulders. They stand about three feet above the surface of the ground, and are surrounded by large trees of oak, walnut, poplar and locust. The markings until lately were quite concealed by a heavy growth of moss.'The two figures upon the small fiagment lying upon the left hand tablet are upon another stone not many feet distant from the one upon which I have placed it. [NOTE.-These are not on our copy.]'These sculptures, as you may judCge from the casts, are remarkably well made. It is difficult not to believe the birds' feet natural. An examination of the rock will convince any one, however, that the whole is the work of art. Historically these tables must be regarded as very interesting. I design making a little paper on the subject, and have therefore got the drawings engraved. I should say further that these tables are about ten to twelve feet long, and six to eight broad. The bear's foot is eight i nches lono; the large human toot on the right hand drawing, marked " ax," is fifteen inches in length. In the rest I have preserved the relative proportion as to distance and magnitude. One interesting question is as to their probable age. Very truly, your friend, J. W. WARD. PLATE No. 1. GROUP A. 1-20TH OF NATURE. In all cases, whether single or in groups, the relative dimensions of the figures are preserved. The surface of this block is eight by eleven feet. An error has crept into the engraving of this group, in regard to the east and west sides, which should be reversed: for east read west, and for west east., a —human foot, greatest length 15 inches. a2 " " " A 10 " a6 (" C " 31 " b-Nos. 1 and 2, apparently the fore foot of a bear, 5~ to 9 indhes long. c-hind foot of wolf or dog, breadth across the toes 3-2 inches. c1 -hind foot of a wolf or dog, breadth across the toes 21- inches. d-probably the hind foot of a bear, length 54- inches. e-Nos. 1 to 5, buffalo tracks, length 2 to 5 inches. f-Nos. 1 to 13, so called "bird tracks," 3- to 5 inches in length. g-Nos. 1 to 4, snakes, or portions of them, 13 to 21 inches in length. h-effigy of a bird, greatest length 22 inches. i-Nos. 1 to 9, resembles the spread out skin of an animal, 3 to 8 inches greatest diameter. k —not recognized as an animal form, length 6 inches. I-an imperfect figure. 6 GENERAL RE3iARKS. n-probably a variation of i, with a groove that may have been part of the figure. o-apparently incomplete. p —greatest length 6 inches. q-spirit circle, diameter 7T inches. x-Nos. 1 to 3, outlines of the human face, breadth 3~ to 6 inches. There is a rock in Georgia, described by the antiquarian, C. C. Jones, of that State, on which are a number of circles like "g," a sign used by the Chippeways to represent a spirit. GROUP B. BLOCK 7 FEET BY 8, LYING 20 FEET SOUTH OF A. a-Nos. 2, 6, 7 and 8, human foot 9 inches long. Cal o c( c 31 C3 " c-Nos. 1 and 10 to 16, hind foot of a dog or wolf, 2~ to 4 inches broad across the toes. c-Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5, five toes, greatest breadth 4 to 5, inches across the toes, (the animal not recognized.) d-hind foot of a bear. e1-buffalo track, 3 inches long. e2 "( " 1 " " a pair. -' so called "bird tracks," 3- to 5 inches long. g-snake, 21 inches long. gl-part of same. t-groove 5 inches long. GROUP C. "TURKEY FOOT ROCK." Opposite Fort Meigs, at the foot of the rapids of Maumee river, north shore, on a limestone boulder. a-an eliptical depression, 6- inches long and 1 inch deep. b b —shallow grooves, 5 to 9 inches long. c c c- bird tracks," 2t to 6 inches long. The cross under the word " north " is 2- inches long. We have here as good representations as it is possible to procure, of two of the rock inscriptions of Ohio. The copy of the Independence stone, which was published in our Tract No. 5 (1870), embraces only a fragment of the original, not exceeding one-fourth of the surface; once covered with sculptured effigies. If the figures had a general relation to each other, it could not be determined by an inspection of only a portion of them. In 1842, when I first saw the " Turkey foot rock," at the rapids of the Maumee, it had many more characters on it than are represented on group C; but even at that time it was evident the group was not complete. The inscriptions near Newark, in Licking Co., 0., originally THE BIRD TRACK CHARACTER. 7 covered a vertical face of conglomerate rock, fifty or sixty feet in length, by six and eight feet in height. This rock is soft, and therefore the figures are easily erased. As the place was partially sheltered from the weather by overhangs, the injury done to them by exposure was not much; but from the earliest settlement of the country, about the year 1800; it became a place where white men, sought to immortalize themselves by cutting their names across the old inscriptions. When Dr. Salisbury in 1864 undertook to rescue what remained of them, it was only possible to trace the ancient figures over a space about seven feet by thirteen, and here many of them were restored with difficulty, by great patience and labor. His copy is in the hands of the American Antiquarian Society, and is in the course of publication. It is therefore like the Independence stone, only a fragment. On the rock faces and detached sandstone blocks of the banks of the Ohio river, there are numerous groups of intaglios, but in them the style is quite different from those to which I have referred, and which are located in the interior. Those on the Ohio river, resemble the symbolical records of the North American Indians-such as the Kelley Island stone, described in Schoolcraft, by Capt. Eastman-the Dighton Rock — the Big Indian Rock of the Susquehanna and the "God Rock" of the Alleg hany river. In those the supposed bird track is generally wanting. The large sculptured rock near Wellsville, which is only visible at low water of the Ohio; has among the figures one that is prominent on the Barnesville stones. This is the fore-foot of the bear, with the outside toe distorted and set outward at right angles. Dr. Salisbury has analyzed the characters of the Newark group, and finds that there are (22) twenty-two of them. He is comparing them with the alphabets or syllable characters of Asia; but as yet without a satisfactory result. About eight (8) centuries before Christ, the bird track, formed a part of the Chinese syllable alphabet, which led him to give them a more ancient date here, than the advent of the red race. Some of the earth mounds of Ohio have the same form, as for instance, the one at the center of the Newark circle; but no connection has yet been established between the " mound builders," and these rock inscriptions. The mound builders did not, as the proofs now stand, make engraved figures on stone. The bird track character, partakes of the arrow-head type, which pervades the records of many eastern nations. Here there are sometimes one of the toes or prongs wanting, but sometimes there is a center line, inserted like an arrow stem, or at right 8 COPPER TOOL OR PICK. angles, transforming it into a cross. In no case, are the supposed bird tracks, as they appear on the canvass, placed in the order of walking, alternately right and left; in fact none of the tracks whether of buffalo, bear, wolf or the human foot, are in the order of walking. They are single or in pairs. The Mexican picture writings, frequently have the human foot, and the remarkable projections of the great toe joint, which these sculptures present, but they are the tracks of walkers, and are a symbol; intended to show the direction in which the parties were moving. The pair of carved feet, on the lime rock at St. Louis, referred to by Schoolcraft, are in the position of a man standing upright. Dr. Owen, late of N. Harmony, Indiana, procured the slab for his cabinet, where I have seen it. It is now in the State collection at Bloomington, from whence, through Prof. Richard Owen, we expect to have casts. The feet are fifteen inches in length, the heels six inches apart, and the toes thirteen, with enlarged joints. In the Mexican writings the feet are single, and placed opposite the spaces as in walking. On our stones they must have had a different meaning. I do not purpose to dwell here on the general subject of Western antiquities, but will present in addition to Plate 1, some sketches of wrought stones which I have not seen described, and which are principally designed for ornament or badges. These are represented in Plate No. 2. But before describing them, I insert a very full and clear account of the excavation of a large burial mound in Hardin Co., Ohio, by Dr. Matson, of Shelby, Ohio. The cold-wrought copper tool, fig. 1, Plate 2, is inserted as the only one yet found, either of stone or metal; which might have been used as a pick, to do the stone engravings. It was found at the Bohemian mine, Flint Steel river, near Ontonagon, Michigan, and near to ancient mine pits. I have seen on the walls of those old mines, one or two marks, which might have been made with such a point. By inserting it in a prong of the horn of a deer, or of the branch of a tree, standing at right angles to a helve; it could perform the office of a pick. This is merely a surmise, but it is the nearest approach now known, to a pick for working in rock-a tool which the ancient miners, and also whoever made these stone cuttings, must have had. The effigies on the north side of Cunningham's island, Lake Erie, are cut on a boulder of very hard quartzose granite, requiring a hard and tough corner or point, for the work. ANCIENT BURIAL MOUND AND ITS CONTENTS, T-.A.IDI:T. CO., O-IIO, BY JOHN S. B. MATSON, M. D. SHELBY, OHIO, December 10, 1869. JUDGE JOHN BARR, CLEVELAND: Dear Sir:-In the fall of 1856, in Hardin County, Ohio, near the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railway, between Mt. Victory and Ridgeway, I commenced removing a gravel bank for the purpose of ballasting a part of the above named railroad. I learned shortly after my arrival there, that the bank was an ancient burial-ground. This information caused me to examine the ground, and note discoveries. Before I came on the ground there had been a track graded and laid. This track separated a short distance east of the mound, one track on the south, the other on the north. The men who graded the track, had taken the loam off where the track ran, and cast it out from the mound. We removed the gravel from both sides, moving the track up to the bank, when it became difficult to load. The loading was done by men with shovels into gravel cars, and hauled out with an engine. The average amount removed was about two hundred and twenty cubic yards per day. About six weeks in the winter we had to suspend operations, on account of freezing. The mound covered an area of one and a half acres; being covered with an orchard of apple trees, then in bearing. Several stumps and a few trees of the original forest still remained; on the mound. I was informed by citizens of the vicinity that there had been a remarkably heavy growth of timber on the mound. The stumps remaining were large. The mound was what I would call double; the larger and higher part to the west. About two-thirds of the mound was embraced in this part. The eastern part, presenting the appearance of a smaller hill having been pressed against the other; leaving a depression between them of three or four feet, below the highest point of the smaller and five or six feet below a corresponding point of the larger. Both parts had the appearance of having had surface work done, to give them a beautiful oval shape. The loam I found deepest on the highest points, where it is generally of less depth. The interior was composed of a clean limestone gravel, and sand; evidently formed by decomposition of the strata and very plainly marked. In the eastern or smaller part of the mound, was an excavation that had been made by citizens of the vicinity for sand for building purposes, in which excavation, I learned a number of skeletons had been exhumed, having beads and trinkets on which were reported as being similar to those I afterwards found. I was unable to obtain any of them. A little south of the highest point of the western mound, was an excavation made by the railroad company, for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of gravel. No remains were found in that excavation. Shortly after commencing to load gravel, indications of graves were visible in three places, on both sides of the eastern part, and nearly north of the center of the larger or western part. At the last named place, two skeletons side by side were found in a horizontal position; the feet pointing east, which had been deposited there without their heads; there 10 HARDIN COUNTY MOUND. being no evidences of skulls. With them I found a stone axe or celt of granite, two flint arrow points, and an implement made of blle stone resembling slate, but much harder the outlines of which I give full size; also a large fresh water clam, filled with red paint, in good preservation.* The flint implements had the appearance of never having been used being very sharp pointed. The bones crumbled on exposure to the atmosphere. These graves were about four feet deep. The lirst skeletons taken out of the eastern part of the mound were in better preservation, especially those on the south side. Several skulls were sound and the other bones of some were so well preserved that by applying sole leather for ribs they were wired together. With the first skeleton taken out of this part of the mound I found a thin piece of ivory (Fig. 6, plate 2) with two small holes, evidently an ear ornament. Next was the skeleton of a little girl who may have been eight or ten years old. Skull in good preservation, which remains in my cabinet. She had a' string of beads, so made as to be larger in the center of the neck in front, tapering almost to a point at the back of the neck; she also had a plate of copper (Fig. 5 plate 2) on her neck. The lower maxilary and upper joints of the vertebra, are yet green from its oxidation. The plate had two rows of dents a part of the way around. The dents look like an impression made on a board with the heel of a boot, with tacks. The two last skeletons had been buried in a sitting posture. On the north side nearly opposite the last named skeletons, was a grave about four feet deep, in which the remains had been deposited and apparently burned. There were ashes and charcoal with pieces of charred bones, one or two of the hands being entire. In the progress of removal, I found the eastern or smaller part of the mound, to be literally filled with graves. The modes of burial had been various; the depth of remains varying from two to nine feet; while there was a difference of posture in nearly every skeleton. I found that not less than ten or twelve dogs had also been buried; the human and canine side by side. One group of nine graves, I was so impressed with, I will endeavor to be particularly explicit. The first had two skeletons, that of a male and female, side by side, there not being more than four inches of sand between them. Both had evidently been buried in one grave. The female was buried on her knees, both hands spread over the face, which was downwards, and a string of conch shell beads around her neck. I found inside of her ribs the remains of a foetus. Her partner was buried horizontal, with face down; both hands had been placed with their palms on the face, their heads towards the east. After tracing the bones with particular reference to their positions, and to save these skeletons which were best preserved, I took down the disturbed strata with my hands; and at the head of the grave, I found above the remains, and pointing down, the bones of the index finger, while at the foot of the grave, and at a corresponding height, the bones of a great toe, pointing in a similar manner. The balance of the group were some buried with face down, both hands over the face, others with one hand, some with face up and both hands over the face; while another had one hand over the breast, the other over the face. All this group had the heads to the east. On one of this group, I found a string of copper beads, of which the metal had never been smelted, but evidently been flaked from the native metal, and rolled around a twisted string, evidence of which was still visible, in the beads which were rude. On the north side of the eastern portion, under an oak tree stump (150 years old by growths), was the remains of the largest human * The celt is eight inches long, and the blue slate stone two and three-fourths. It is of a common form flat with two tapering holes near the middle. POSITION OF THE SKELETONS. 11 bones I have ever seen. T.he joints of the vertebra seemed as large as those of a horse. I think they did not indicate a taller frame than some others; but the bones were heavier than any in the mound, I have its inferior maxillary broken, but glued together, in my cabinet. The other bones were so decomposed, that they were useless. I could not say as to his posture, as the stump brought down the grave, rendering it out of the question to note the position. Near the last named skeleton, perhaps ten feet from it, we came upon a grave, that had been dugO oblong almost six feet deep, three feet wide, and over seven feet long, which they had Iilled with human bones promiscuously, without reo'ard to order, to the depth of Ifur feet; on these, in regular order, were placed twenty-seven skulls, with the top of skulls up. They were about two feet below the surface; the bones so much broken, and I regret to say I did not examine them as particular as I should have done. One of the skulls had a small hole broken in, and I learned afterward that a piece of the femur was found where they were dumped on the road, 1having a flint dart fast in the bone. There was an implement or ornament found having one part like the head of a bird's neck, and shoulders like a horse, cut off back of the shoulders, and turned up like the back part of a saddle seat; the lower part being flat, with a hole drilled diagonally, from the lower part of the neck to the base, with a corresponding hole in the back part. This implement was manufactured of a blue stone resembling slate, but extremely hard.* It is probable they had had a battle, and after the flesh had decomposed, they collected the bones and brought them to the mound for burial. I am sure from the positions of the bones, they had not been interred with the flesh on. I found in this part of the mound the remains of at least fifty children,. under the age of eight years; some with two, others with four incisors; some with eight, and others with no teeth. On the neck of one infant having two incisors, there was a string of conch shell beads of the largest size, one hundred and forty in number; four of these beads were black, and were about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The string would weigh one pound or more. Some of the graves had trinkets and beads made of clam shell; some had bones of the deer sharp pointed, others had pieces of deer horns; some had long shaped beads around the wrists, I think of ivory. One had a conch shell plate, round, about five inches in diameter, with a hole in the center, half an inch diameter, with two holes near the edge, for suspension with a string from the neck, like a breast-plate. Some had birds buried with them. One skeleton taken out of this part of the mound, had the appearance of a very aged man; the point of the inferior maxillary was almost in two parts, while the trachea was bone all around. Quite a number showed indications of extreme age; seven or eight that I observed had bone tracheas. I now return to the western or larger portion of the mound. This part was removed as fast as the former. I soon discovered there were two rows of graves, leading direct from the two first mentioned, containing the flint implements, paint, etc., towards the center, each pair having been dug deeper as they approached the center of the mound. Those with the stone axe, paint and flint implements were four feet deep, the depth of each pair increasing about a foot in regular gradation till the last pair, which was as near the center and highest point of the mound as I could calculate, the last pair being eighteen feet below the surface. The pair next to those with the axe, paint and flint implements were in a sitting posture, as were all in these two files except the first two. On the head of one of the second * This is the saddle-shaped stone figured on page 239 of Squier and Davis' "Monuments of the Mississippi Valley." It is either an ornament or a badge, which was suspended, and is frequently found on the surface. 12 OVAL PLATES OF SHELL. pair was a conch shell plate, resembling in shape the sole of a moccasin, nine inches in length and three and a half inches greatest breadth. This plate has three holes in it towards the wider end, and it was placed on the top of the head; with the larger end back. Two other skeletons of these two files had similar plates, differing only in size, the smaller being about half the size of the larger. Several implements of stone were found, all differing in shape. They were made of stone resembling slate, but much harder. One of them is three inches long by one and a half broad, in form of a shield, with two holes through it flatwise. Farmers picked up some implements in the field adjoining the mound. One given me by Judge Baldwin is a flat stone of slate, with one transverse hole, that I supposed belonged to the same race. As we approached the center of the mound, the graves getting deeper, the bones were much better preserved. Several bodies in decomposition had formed a cement that would have preserved them an almost incalculable length of time. In fact, when first taken out of the cement they liad the appearance of bones just dissected, being nearly one-third heavier than those without cement. The four last and deepest skeletons all had beads on, sonle of them quite small, the smallest not as large as a pea. Some. were made of clam shells, but mostly of conch or sea shells. Those of clam were so decomposed that they fell to pieces. Three of these skeletons had beads only around the neck, the fourth, being the last one taken out, and the file leader (as he ought to be called) of the two deepest, had I should think nearly thirty yards of beads, having four wraps around the neck crossed over the breast and back, passing down between his legs; strings down his legs to the feet; also strings along his arms and around his wrists. This remains presented the appearance of being decorated all over. He had no other ornaments or implements that I could find. Near the south side of the western part of the mound, near one of the forest trees, I found the remains of a human being that seemed to be detached from all the rest. I thought perhaps he was an Indian of some of the late tribes, who had been buried perhaps on some hunting expedition. There was a piece of deer horn with him that had the appearance of having been the handle of a butcher knife. I could not detect any evidence of rust, however. On the highest part of the mound, and about twelve or fifteen feet from the two deepest graves, was evidence of fire. The loam had been burned till it had a brick color. I have seen it look very much so where a large log heap had been burned, and would have thought such was the cause, had it not been that it was below the surface about three feet. The whole number of skeletons exhumed by me was three hundred and eight. I could not ascertain how many had been taken out by diggers of sand. The citizens of the vicinity informed me that there was a very heavy forest on the mound at the time of clearing it. They also stated that the Indians who were there with the first settlers knew nothing of the race who interred their dead there. I have very little doubt they belonged to the age of Stone. There was no evidence that they ever had any communication with the age of Iron, or Bronze. They must have had some commercial arrangements for getting conch shells and copper. The copper has the appearance of the Lake Superior copper, and the conch shells must have come from the Atlantic, Pacific or Gulf of Mexico. There was no evidence of pottery that I was able to discover. I have visited as many as twenty in the Mississippi Valley, on nearly every one of which were pieces of broken pottery, literally covering the mounds. East of Vicksburg, near Black River, we turned a mound into a redoubt. In excavating, there were layers of charcoal of about two inches in depth in the mound. I found a small stone ax or celt, also a stone shaped like the knob of a bureau. There was ABSENCE OF POTTERY. 13 a circle hollowed out in the center of the raised part; within the circle was a delpression as if the stone had been turned in a lathe on a pivot. This mound was small in area and not over six feet high. In a southwest direction, and not further than twelve rods, was a smaller mound foar feet in height, and southeast from this was at large belt of gravel in the shape of a horse shoe, that had been strewn with shells in sufficient quantities to whiten the ground. About a mile from this, in a northeast direction, across Clear Creek, I visited a mound on which the plough laid turned up human bones. But I will not weary you further with Mississippi mounds. About three-fourths of a mile from where I now reside, on a farm owned by a Mr. Stump, is a very beautiful little mound about thirty feet across and six feet higl. Some years ago Dr. Craig, of Ontario, Richland, County, made an excavation in which he discovered charcoal, ashes, and a flint knife live inches long. It is my impression that no signs of human bones were discovered by him. There lias been a large number of stone axes (or celts) of all sizes between two and seven incells in length found on the surface, some of them finely made, mostly of granite. Various other implements have from time to time been picked up, and I have made a practice of preserving the flint implements on my farm and vicinity, until I have over two hundred specimens of various shapes and sizes. Another mound in Shelby County lies about a mile north of Sidney, north of the Blue Cut, as it is called on the railroad. This mound seems to me to indicate that it had been made by carrying gravel from Musquito Creek, which is near it. It is long-shaped and as near as I can judge, about eight or ten feet high. I had a desire to excavate it, but had no opportunity. Yours, truly, JOHN S. B. MATSON, Shelby, Richland County, Ohio. The articles found, and the leading features of the burials, which Dr. Matson has so thoroughly described, are principally Indian. Adair, a century since, saw the Creeks of central Georgia, wearing oval plates on their heads and breasts; made from large shells. The stone chisel, the ornamental stones, and the arrow points are Indian relics, but it is very rare to find copper, in the graves of red men. Evidently the mound had been trimmed, rounded and'raised, since the bodies of the central part were deposited; a work which the red race has never been known to do. The large number of bones, of which Dr. Matson speaks, not buried with the flesh on, forms no doubt one of those ossuaries which the early Jesuits saw the Hurons make, on the shores of the Georgian Bay. Every few years they exhumed the remains of their dead relatives, and bore them to a central point, where a funeral feast was held, and the collection tumbled into a pit, amid the most dismal cries of grief. In the ancient burial mounds, no bones of domestic animals have been found. In this a number of dogs were buried with their masters. With the Indians, it is, and has been, not only a common, but an almost universal rule; to place with the dead body a good supply of food. The dog is not only his 14 REFERENCES TO PLATE NO. 2. choicest meat, but his dearest companion. This mound presents features not fully consistent with the sepulture of the red man, or of the mound builders, but the predominent ones, are characteristic of the Indian of our day. If all the circumstances surrounding each skeleton could have been determined; the two races, could probably have been separated. PLAE No1. 2. FIGURE 1. A pointed tool of cold wrought copper, with a socket to receive a haft, indicated by the dotted lines. It is introduced here as the only implement yet known, that may have served the purpose of a pick-not only the stone inscriptions, but most of the stone chisels, axes, and hammers, show that they were first wrought into shape by means of a sharp pointed tool; and it must have been very common. This was found at the Bohemian Mine, Flint Steel River, near Ontonagon, Lake Superior, in 1865. I saw it in possession of General Walbridge of Detroit. FIGURE 2. One half of an egg shaped ornament of polished iron ore, (limonite) split through the middle, and the other part lost; represented by an outline of the stone, flat side downwards, and a cross section at the middle, "a. b." It is one of the so called "plumb bobs", which are very common; but in this the hole for suspension is wanting. It is a very perfect ellipsoid, and highly polished. In possession of Herman Bliss, Northfield, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, where it was found by him on the surface. FIGURES 3a AND 3b. This stone was found near Columbus, Ohio, by Mr. Grover, and appears to be but one-half of the original, broken through the middle. Its thickness is about two-fifths of an inch, polished on both sides, perfectly flat, and parallel. The material is the universal greenish gray, striped, fine grained, silicious slate; existing in place on Lake Superior, in great abundance and from thence transported, with the northern drift; to the Ohio country. Fragments, with the edges worn by attrition, are easily found in our gravel banks. This stone is hard, tough, fine grained, capable of a polish, and is ornamental. A large part of the tubes, gorgets, flat pendants, and other ornaments, scattered so profusely over the northwest, are of this material. Most of them are of Indian origin, but some have been found in such close connection with acknowledged mound GREEN AND STRIPED SLATE. 15 builder relics; as to show that they used and prized the same stone. It is not so near a precious stone as the "chalcihuites" of Mexico, Central America and Peru; on which the ancient inhabitants engraved their most perfect cameos. The chalcihuites were not precious stones, according to Mr. Squier; but a superior quality of jade and quartz. They are however an approach to emeralds and turquoises, and had the practical value of precious stones. The northern nations, whether mound builders or Indians, had the same passion as the southern for green colored stones; and these striped slates, principally silicious, in alternate lamina of gray quartz, tinged with a dull green silicate of iron, answered their purpose. The engraved figures occupy both sides of this stone. They are evidently Indian, and might be read by Indians. This man with his scalp lock, the canoe, the tomahawk and the pipe, are precisely in the style of the records of the northern tribes, being made every day on trees, clay banks and rocks. On the other side (3b) is the fish, bird and arrow, (the point broken), pointing to a human face; the moose, a bird; another decorated head, and a kettle on a rude tripod over a fire. The photograph for the engraving was furnished by Mr. O. Gates, of Columbus, Ohio, who has the stone in his very valuable cabinet of relics. On both sides are characters that bear some resemblance to hieroglyphics, but are probably rude signs, drawn from natural objects. That on the right hand of the line (3a) may represent a plant lying flat, with its bulb or root. In Indian picture writings the human face has a great many meanings. FIGURE 4. This belongs to a series of finely wrought stones of striped slate, that appear to have been emblems or wands, used by medicine men or officials* They have a counterpart in the fiduceus of Mercury, and are numerous and various in form. However, the Indian medicine man has not, to my knowledge, been known to use them since the advent of the white man. Some of them are like a slight thin double-edged axe, or mace, as may be seen in Squier's Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, pages 218-19. The small size of the perforation for a handle, and their light ornamental figure, precludes the inference that they were used as implements. This one is of a fine grained slate, clouded with red. It was broken near the edge at " a. c.," the right hand part A being lost, and put in as a restoration. The hole" a. a." is bored perfectly true with a drill, but tapers slightly towards the upper side, as they usually do. It was found on the surface 16 ARTIFICIAL SHELLS OR SPHERES. in Northfield, Summit County, Ohio, by Mr. George McKissan, who presented it to the Society. Figures 5 and 6 have already been noticed in notes to the paper of Dr. Matson. FIGURE 7. This is an oval of green slate, but is not an ellipsoid, like the pendants, and the perforation is through the middle, as shown in the section " a. d." Like the eye or handle hole of figure 4, this is bored by a circular revolving drill, the spiral stria, being very distinct. The bore is true, but tapers slightly from d to a, and is a little to the right of the middle. Like figure 4, it is doubtless a badge. Among the collections of this Society, there are none of the heavy stone implements pierced for handles, nor have I seen any such in other collections. FIGURE 8 is the outline, flatwise, of a thin miniature chisel of red limonite, the edge of which has been nicked since it was found. The polish consists of a series of plane faces, as though it had been rubbed on a flat stone. Locality not known. A donation from Mrs. Chas. H. Norton, of Cleveland. Its appearance is that of a child's plaything, in the form of a chisel. FIGURE 9. In none of the western collections have I seen anything resembling this cup of red limonite, which has been called a "paint muller." If anything like a pestle or grinder had been observed, which would fit such a tray, this would be a reasonable conjecture, especially if the pestle was of the same material. Two such stones rubbed together would produce an inferior paint, like Spanish brown. This was not formed by a revolving tool, for it is not strictly circular, within or without. As a muller it would have been much more convenient with a flat instead of a pointed base. It was found on the surface, in East Cleveland, and presented to us by T. R. Chase, Esq. FIGURE 10. This is another of the series of iron ornaments, fashioned from a piece of shell ore into a rude sphere, with two holes, "a a," for suspension. They extend at right angles to each other to the center, tapering to a point, where they intersect. The tool with which such perforations were made has not yet been discovered. The stone must have been firmly held while it was being bored, and the same with the drill or borer, or the holes and tubes would not be true, as they all are. In general the spiral stria made by the borer are in one direction, as though it was not worked back and forth, like a spindle. Sometimes the holes are scratched longitudinally by scouring, after the boring. All of them have more or less taper, as though the drill became smaller as it descended into the stone. The ball which is outlined here was taken by Mr. Goodman, our late secretary, and myself, from near the base of a mound on Sawtell Avenue in this city. It was in ground apparently not disturbed since the erection of the mound, and near by the tube and the copper beads, described in tract No. 5, but not in connection with the human skeleton, which we did not find. It must be regarded as a relic of the mound builders. A similar globe, an inch and one-tenth in diameter, is described by Mr. Squier, from Ocosingo, in Guatemala, the material of which is the green chalcihuite stone, and on which are ancient Mexican inscriptions, having a straight hole bored through its center. n ttri[ a$00uc all or t rriltttlt 1J7 HISTORICAL SOCIETY. CLEVELAND, 0., NOV., 1872. HISTORICAL AND ARCHLEOLOGICAL TRACTS. NUMBER TWELVE. Selection No. 3. WAR OF 1812, from the Papers of the late ELISHA Will UTLESEY. We now present our third selection SIMON PERKINS TO MAJ. GEN. WADSWORTH. from the papers of the late Elisha Whit- WARREN, June 21st, 1812 tlesey relating to the war of 1812, on this SI: Yours of this instant is received. frontier. The rank roll which you require shall be ELIJAH WADSWORTH TO JOHN WAL- immediately made out and forwarded as WORTH. soon as it can be procured. The returns as RCANTFIEL June LO, 1812. you ordered for the draft are not vat preCANFIELD, June [0, 1812. pared. Maj. Cotgreave, who is the bearer DEAR SIR: There are rumors afloat in of this, will be so good as to inform you this quarter, which I deem not altogether the cause of the delay, but as soon as it is groundless, that the citizens to the wes- in mypower it shallbe completed and ward are not perfectly secure from the In- forwarded. dian depredations, particularly at this I am, sir, your most humble servant, time, and that threats have been made to rescue the Indian in confinement. Should SIMON there be any probability of a rescue, you Judge Tod of Youngstown, was comwill deliver witht ut delay, if you please, missioned a Major of the Nineteenth regthe enclosed order to Major Jones, and I iment of United States Infantry (Colonel shall order two or more companies, if you John Miller), July 6, 1812. He performed should deem it expedient, to act in con- a gallant and important part in the srtie cert with Major Jones' battalion. I should from ort Meigs, in May, 1813, in which place much reliance on your opinion and the British were driven fro their guns those with whom you shall confer on the ina position across the ravine, near the subject, Should the men be raised I fort, on the south-east. On the hst of Janshould also crave your assistance in pro- uary, 1815. he was prcmoted to be Lieucuring provisions. Maj..Whittlesev will tenant-Colonel of the Seventeenth Uniattend if the men should be embodied on ted States Infantiy. The Nineteenth the fifteenth, and probably I shall attend regiment was raised in Ohio. After the at that time myself. Please insert Maj, evacuation of Maiden by the British, on Jones's christian name previous to deliver- the approach of General Harrison in Seping the orders. Your obed't servant, tember, 1813, Major Tod was left in comELIJAH WADSWORTH. mand of that post. He was the father of John Walworth, Esq. Governor David Tod. late of Briar Hill, and avery prominent character in NorthELIJAH WADSWORTH TO MAJOR SAMUEL eastern Ohio during the first thirty years JONES. of the present century. Before the war CLEVELAND, June, 1812. he held the position of Justice of the SuSIR:-YOU will, without delay, order preme Court. the battalion under your command to be MAJOR TOD TO ELISHA WHITTLESEY. embodied at the City of Cleveland on the LExtracts.] 15th day of this June, armed and equipped agreeable to the laws of the State. You HEAD QUARTERS, CAMP LOWER 1 will see that your men are each provided SENECA, Auust 19th, 1813, with half a pound of powder and two ELISHA WHITLLESEY, Esq.. Canfield,Ohio. pounds of lead run into balls, suited to "Generals Harrison, (Cass and Mcthe calibre of their rifles, if armed with Arthur, their suits &c., have left this rifles, or if armed with muskets, that thev morning for the mouth of Sandusky Bay, be each provided with forty-eight cart- off which lies Commodore Perry with his ridges and fortv-eight halls. In execution Erie fleet We expect much from him, ot this order I depend upon your vigilance and I ai deceived if the country may not and activity. Your men will also be pro- expect success to follow Gen. Harrison's vided with carts. movements. We have about one thousand ELIJAH WADSWORTH, effective men here, two thousand militia Major General 4th Division. (Ohio), under the command of Gov. Meigs 2 SIX INDIAN MURDERS. in person, at Upper Sandusky, ready to I hope the enclosed returns will be satisadvance at the word. I am for the present factory, my forwarding the strength of attached to the 27 Reg't, U. S. Inf. How the detachment and return of camp long I shall continue to fill mv present equipage, etc., shows there is a deficiency, station I know not. Sitting on courts and it will remain with the government martial and superintending tbe drill ser- to make it up. I know not what articles vice, constitute my essential duty. the government intend furnishing. I, GEORGE TOD. however, have stated such as I know will be wanted. In case I should continue in TRUMP OF FAME PRINT, my present state of health, I believe I WARREN, OHIO, Sept. 16,1812. i shall be under the necessity of returning "A detachment under the command of home, which I hope will meet with your Major Austin. of this town, was sent a approbation. Pray sir, signify your apfew days since on to the Peninsula between probation relative thereto by next opporLake Erie and Sandusky Bay, for the pur- tunity. pose of procuring refreshment for the Sincerely, General, I am your friend, troops under the command of Gen. Per- REASIN BEALL. kins. They passed over to Cunningham's T TO N DSWWOT Island, where they discovered a British HON WM. SIS O. S schooner on shore, and abandoned by her WAR DEPARTMENT, ()t. 3, 1812. crew; they set fire to her. On their re- SI:-Your letter of Sept. 27th is return they discovered the dead body of ceived. Mr. Hutington is appointed Mathew Guy of this neighborhood. Re- paymaster to the troops in your vicinity. turning from that place one of their own Major Stoddard will continue to forward number was shot through the head and supplies. The Pennsylvania detachment fell dead. This is the first blood shed is assembling at Pittsburgh, and it ishoped since the declaration of war at Sandusky the judicious arrangements ot General Bay. Harrison will soon quiet the Indians on We are told the President has ordered the frontier, and at least restore our poson to Gen. Wadsworth 1500 muskets." sessions on the Upper Lakes. A train o artillery will immediately leave PittsBRIG.-GEN. REASIN BEALL TO MAJ.-GEN. burgh, subject to the order of (General WADSWORTH. Harrison, and every exertion is making for the comfort and convenience of the CAMP NEAR WOOSTER, OHIO, Sept. 13, 1812. for the comfort and convenience of the troops on the frontier. DEAR GENERAL:-Enclosed is the Very respectfully, sir strength of the detachment under my Your ob't servant W. EUSTIS. command. I do not see that it will be in my power to erect block-houses on the HON. WM. EUSTIS TO MAJ. GEN. WADSroute contemplated, owing t 3 the want of WORTH forage and provision. I believe a suffi- WAR DEPARTMENT, cient quantity could be had, providing we Oct. 10th, 1812. had money. The day before yesterday SIR: You will organize the detachment the Indians killed and scalped four per- requested by my letter of Sept. 5th, put sons on the Black Fork of Mohican, about them under the command of a Brigade twenty-five miles west of this, and eight General and report them to Gen. Harrison miles east of Mansfield. At Mansfield for such disposition as he may think there are upwards of two hundred men proper. Blankets, stockings, shoes and stationed, from the counties of Mus- other clothing, with medicines and hospital kingum and Knox. I have last night stores are on the way, and will be disand to-day detached three companies tributed by General Harrison according to range north-west of the place about to the wants of the army. Very Respecttwenty miles, and in case they should dis- fuliy, Sir, Your Obedient Servant. cover any sign of the enemy making to- W. EusTIs. ward the settlements to pursue and destroy them. 1 shall attend to the detach- GENERAL WADSWORTH TO SECRETARY OF ing the number required from my brigade. WAR. but I can assure you that I almost despair HEADQUARTERS, HURON, of getting them to camp. The unparalleled Oct. 24th, 1812. number of deserters are truly astonishing HON. WM. EUSTIS, Secretary of War, to me. I feel quite weak in consequence Washington, D. C. of my late spell of sickness, and at times SIR: Your letter of the 10th instant was feel strong symptoms of relapse. I do not received by express last evening. I shall, believe that I shall be able long to per- without a moment's delay, comply with form the duties required in camp, the requisition therein contained. I feel much less the fatigues of a cam- it a duty incumbent on me to make you paign. I am very desirous to re- acquainted in some measure with the situturn home in order to regain ation of my detachment. The extent of my health. I find it impracticable to line which required guards from my dekeep up a line of communication with tachment exceeded 150 miles. At this Gen. Perkins, owing (as I before observed) place between four and five hundred men to the want of provisions and forage, have been placed. Oi those a very considlwhich prevents my moving farther west, erable part, by sickness and death, have AN ARMY WITHOUT FUNDS. 3 been discharged and new drafts ordered. a part of the expenses incurred in organYou may be acquainted with the extent izing this detachment and keeping it in of my division-more than 110 miles the field. The draft that I mentioned in square. Almost the whole of this extent my letter of Nov. 8th was not forwarded is uninhabited. My detachment takes by Lieut. Church from Pittsburg, owing from the draft of 100,000 ordered by the to his having been informed by Major President. Stoddard that the subsistence of the proAfter my detachment is completed, visions from Detroit was improperly emI must ask the question how and in what braced in his estimate on which my draft manner are the heavy bills accrued in this was predicated. It would accommodate the business to be defrayed? I have spared public creditors if some person in the no pains to effect the object, and involved Western Country should be authorized to myself and may be my ruin, should the purchase bills on the War Office. Government neglect me. I have, and still continue to place. the greatest confidence GEN. WADSWORTH TO WM. EUSTIS, ESQ., in the present Administration; have had SECRETARY OF WAR. the strongest assurance verbally from Mr. CANFIELD, Dec. 20th, 1812. Huntington for my support. SIR: Having on the 29th ult. completed Your obt. servant, the force ordered by you from my diviELIJAH WADSWORTH, sion by vour letter of Sept, 5th, and Maj. Gen. 4th Division Ohio Militia. placed them under the immediate comGEN. WADSWORTH TO WM. EUSTIS. mand of General Harrison, reporting to him the whole force, it seemed that my HEADQUARTERS, i2 service was no longer necessary or reHURON, Nov. 20th, 11. quired by Government, and accordingly SIR: I have, in obedience to your direc- oi the 30th I left the head quarters of the tions of Sept. 5th, called out fifteen hun- right wing of the Northwestern army at dred men from my Division, most of them Huron and returned home. have now been in the service on the fron- Various causes combined, which were altier nearly three months, one Regiment is together beyond my control, has in some organized and marched to the Lower San- measure lengthened the time in completdusky, the residue are in this camp; they ing the organization of the detachment. also would be at Sandusky if we nad any However, no time has been lost. The exprovisions for them, but the contractor tensive new settlements have been saved after some time dealing out damaged from savage barbarity, and the detachflour, is now entirely out of corn. When meat equally ready to go forward with the to this is added that since the troops were main army. Doubtless you are sensible of first called out they have received no pay I the great disadvantages I have labored trust you will appreciate the difficulty of under to equip, support, and march into keeping them together, and the delay (in- the field such a detachment of men withcident to such a situation of things) in out money. Although the credit of the completing the arrangements you have United States may be good, there are a directed. I trust, however, that within a class of citizens that will not lend week I shall be able to cause the residue any assistance or support to of the troops from my division to join the war. Of course it is more their brethren at Sandusky, and give up difficult to procure supplies for a the command of them to General Harri- military force, and in the present case son. Very respectfully, has fallen heavy on the real friends of the Sir, I am your obedient, Government. You will see I am placed in a ELIJAH WADSWORTH. critical situation. By my orders great exGENERAL WADSWORTH TO SEC. OF WAR. penditures have accrued. I am daily HURON, Nov. 28th, 1872. called on for payment and several suits SIR:-I have organized three Regiments have been actually commenced, although from the Division under my command, I do not conceive myself personally holdcomprising the number of men you re- en, yet it will make extra expense and, quired me to order to take the Sir, I do conceive it necessary as well field, and have placed them for the honor of the Government as the under the command of Brig, good of the creditors, that some effectual Gen. Simon Perkins, agreeable, to instruc-measures be immediately adopted to save tions from Gen. Hacrrison. One Regiment expense, would it not be advisable to aphas advanced to the Sandusky Bay, where point some person within the limits of my they occupy the Fort, Parties are de- Division to audit and pay off those detached daily, to gather corn and other mands? Forage, and every means are made use of I can assure you, Sir, that many of the to prepare for a continuous campaign. I creditors are much embarrassed for want trust Sir that the men willof theirjust dues. signalize themselves when they engage Yours very respectfully, with the enemy. I have drawn three sev- ELIJAH WADSWORTH. eral Bills of Exchange on you to defray WESTERN RESERVE AND NORTHERN OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. TRACT No. 13-FEBRUARY, 1873. PAPERS RELATING TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF COLONEL BRADSTREET AND COLONEL BOUQUET, IN OHIO, A. D., 1764. SEILc'EiCTIO:10S L O,_ 1. It is our first duty to acknowledge the This expedition marched by land in Octocordial assistance we have recei red in col- ber, down the north bank of the Ohio to lecting these papers, extending through the mouth of Beaver; thence along an Indian trail, passing near New Lisbon, many years, from Messrs. Motley and Columbiana county, Ohio, to the heads of Schenck, American plenipotentiaries at Yellow Creek. and down the Big Sandy to London, Mr. Moran, their Secretary and its mouth at Bolivar. the: British Premiers Lord Claren- Colonel Bradstreet crossed the old portd a Earl. als tage at Lewiston, on the east side of the don and Earl Granville; also to James Niagara river, to Fort Schlosser, early in W. Ward, Esq., of New York, Dr. F. B. August, carrying his boats on wagons. Hough, of Lowville, New York, Rev. H. Launching them on the waters of Lake A. Homes, Librarian of the State Library Erie, he followed the south shore to Detroit, where he arrived on the 25th of that at Albany. New York, George H. Moore, month. Some chiefs of the threatened L.L. D., of the New York State His- bands met him on his way up at "L'Ance torical Society, A. K. Spofford, Esq., aux Feuilles," or Leaf Bay, probably the Librarian of the United States Library at Bay of Erie, in Pennsylvania, and on the Washington, William M. Darlington, Esq., 14th of August he entered into stipulations with them. Returning from Detroit, he of Pittsvurg, and J. P. Kirtland, L. L. D., reached Sandusky Bay, with a part of Rockport, Ohio. his command, in September. He sent In 1764 the British government sent two out messengers to the tribes represented military expeditions into the Ohio country at Presque Isle, as Erie was then called to chastise the western Indians. One of and remained until the 18th of October, them had its rendezvous at Fort Niagara, when, with about 1,100 men, he proceeded commanded by Colonel John Bradstreet, in boats down the Lake. quartermaster general for the colonies. It On the night of the 19th and 20rh, a severe came from Albany in boats, by way of the disaster overtook the expedition at or near Mohawk, to Fort Stanwix, now Rome, Rocky River, Cuyahoga county, Ohio. New York; crossing the portage to After many years of diligent research in Oneida Lake, down the river to Oswego, every quarter where authentic accounts and along the south shore of Lake Ontario migbt be expected, no detailed description to Fort Niagara. of the event has been found. A number The other had its rendezvous at Fort of papers, however, have been collected, Pitt, now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, un- which are here produced for the first time. der Colonel Henry Bouquet, of the Royal Probably they contain the substance of all Americans, or Sixtieth Regiment of Foot. existing records, and all that may be ex pected relating to the expedition, relics of street, last fall, near the "Riviere aux which the citizens of Rockport have dis- Roches." The bad weather, however, decovered in great numbers, evidently be- feated the object. This is all that I have longing to this command. These are fully yet seen that clearly defines the place of described in Whittlesev's "Early History the shipwreck. Wilkins's disaster unof Cleveland," by Dr. Jared P. Kirtland. doubtedlv took place at. Point aux PinsWhen Bradstreet was leaving Sandusky on the north shore of the lake, in Kent to return, Bouquet was pushing on to the District, Canada-so marked on "Maps in Indian towns near Coshocton, Ohio, where Bell's Canada." (See Rocques's Map, 1761; he thoroughly humbled the tribes residing Mitchell's Map, 1755; Pownall's Map, 1777; on the Muskingum and the Scioto. Charleviox's Map, 1734; Bellin's Map, 1754.) On his return, Bouquet was promoted In the journal of Sir William Johnson's and Brads.reet received official censure. journey to Detroit he says he dined there This may have been the reason why there on the 28th of August, 1761. (Stone's Life, is now so little to be found concerning the vol. 2, page 455.) homeward bound march of Bradstreet's While no other point on the lakes is so troops. His brigade inspector, Major named, on any map that I have examined, Thomas Mante, published a book on the in truth the north shore of the lake was French war, in which he defends Brad- oftener traveled than the south, by voystreet's policy with the Indians, giving ageurs on their way to and from Detroit, some informationin regard to the disaster, being shorter. an abstract of which, by Mr. Darlington, is Yours truly, WM. M. DARLINGTON. inserted below. In Captain Degarimo's diary, of which we give a part, the days of THE DEPARTURE FROM OSWEGO-EXTRACTS the wreck and the stay at Rocky River are FURNISHED BY THE NEW YORK HISTORIa blank. CAL SOCIETY FROM UPCOTT, VOL. 2, PAGIE 167. MINUTES FROM MAJOR MANTE, BY WILLIAM NE YORK July 19 1764. M. DARLINGTON. 167. NEW YORK, July 19, 1764. M. DARLINGTON. Our last advices fr'om the lakes are that PITTSBURG, Dec. 6th, 1870. on the 3rd instant, Sir William Johnson Col. C. Whittlesey: and Colonel Bradstreet, with the forces DEAR SIR:-The best account of General under their commands, set out from Fort Bradstreet's expedition in 1764 is that of Ontario at Oswego, for Niagara Colonel Mante, Major of Brigade in the campaign Bradstreet was so ill that he was obliged of that year; indeed it is the only narra- to be carried to the vessel. The forces tive of that expedition yet published, giv- consisted of the following men, viz: ing a detailed account from its inception Of the 17th Regiment.................243 to its close, although it is not as minute as " 55th Regiment.................. 98 is now desirable. " New York Regiment............344 He notes that the boats were "forty-six " New Jersev Regiment..........209 feet in keel, to carry 27 men and three onnecticut Regiment. 219 weeks' provisions." Battoe Men..................... 74 weeks' provisions." " Carpenters....................... Now, as the army numbered 1,180 men, Crpente,1 exclusive of 300 Indians in their own boats INDIANS. and canoes, at least 44 boats formed the Mohawks.......................... 74 fleet. As to the shipwreck, the main Cocknawagas..........................106 point of your inquiry, he states, "in the Oneidas................................... 70 "evening as he (Bradstreet) was going to Onondagas............................ 68 "land the troops, a hidden swell of the Cayugas............................... 45 " lake without any.visible cause, destroyed Tuscaroras............................. 37 several of his boats; but no lives were lost. Ockwaroes............... 31 "This surprising phenomenon proved to Nanticokes............................ 28 "be the forerunner of a storm, which con- Stockbridge............................. 17 "tinued several days, whereupon it be- Ossiningoes.............. 31 "came necessary to detach part of the Ottwas from Meckillimackin........41 "army by land to Niagara." 608 The letters of Sir William Johnson, Cocknawagas and other Indians at cited in your history, and also in the New Niagara...........................120 York Colonial History, vol. 7th, confirm - 728 the statements of Mante, if any were needed, that no lives were lost. Sir Wil- 1,924 liam Johnson was very inimical to Brad-THE FORTS AT SANDUSKY. street, and prejudiced the weak General It is not easy to determine the precise Gage against him. See Bancroft's U. S., location of the early French and English vol. 5th, p. 210, note. forts or trading posts on Sandusky Bay. The last paragraph in the "Diary of the The earliest map which has on it the name Siege of Detroit," p. 119, notes that the of this bay is that of Henry Popple, Lonschooner Victory was sent (in May, 1765,) don, 1733, where it is called "Lake Santo take up the cannon left by Colonel Brad- doski." Indian traders from Pennsyl 3 vania were there in 1748, but probably had ment of two lieutenants, three sergeants not then a permanent post or fort. On and eighty privates, were ordered out, Mitchell's Map, London, 1755, and on that destination not given. A detachment of Evans, Philadelphia, same date, there from the 46th and 55th regiments is diis a "fort" laid down on the north side of rected to embark on the evening of the the bay, near the month. It is much 15th. October 17th, "the boats to be more probable that this fort, house, or loaded by the dawn of day, the troops to post, was situated where the trail or port- be in readiness at the shortest notice. It age path came out on the bay, across the is Col. Bradstreet's orders that no huts be neck from the Portage or Carrying River, burned when we leave the camp." at Ottawa. The English government had "19th of October, camp at -" no name no fortifications there at that time. given, but somewhere on the beach east of Mitchell states that the fort on the north Sandusky Bay. Here there is a blank in side, meaning post, was "usurped by the the journal to the 22d at the "Camp at French in 1751." Fort "Junendat," on Grand Riviere" where they remained to Evans's map, is placed south of the bay the 29th, On the 22d the "army was orand east of Sandusky river, "built in 1754." dered to receive two days provisions imThis wasa French establishmen for trade, mediately. Each corps to give the same perhaps with a stockade for defense against number to march as this morning to pathe English,and their Indian allies. When rade at 4 o'clock this afternoon in front of the English got possession of Lake Erie Major Dayly's Light Infantry, Major Haand its tributaries in 1760, a military post gan to command the detachment." Col. was planted somewhere on Sandusky Bay. Putnam was with the command on the Ensign Paully and a squad were captured 29th, which is the last entry until Novemthere in 1763, at the uprising of Pontiac's ber 14th, when they were at Fort Ontario, conspiracy, and most of them murdered Oswego, New York. The expectations of on the spot. One of the letters which we a detailed description of the Rocky River give, dated October, 1765, refers to a block disaster, excited by the discovery of this house a short distance out, on the trail to journal were entirely dissipated when it Fort Pitt. The natural point for a fort came to hand. Capt. Degarimo was no or a trading post, is on the north side of doubt too much occupied on the night of the bay, west of the plaster beds, where the 19th and 20th to make memoranda. the trail from Portage River touched the shore. This was the route from DetroitEXTRACTS FROM NEWSPAPERS OF 1764-5. into the Ohio country, and commanded From the Newport Mercury-Files in the mouth of Sandusky River. Brad- Congressional Library Washington, D. C., street's camp was here. It is also proba. date of July 30th, 1764, a letter from Nible that Ensign Paully's blockhouse, or agara, of June 19th. stockade, was at the same place. It was "Two new vessels are got on Lake Erie only about two miles along the trail north- and another expected." ward to Lake Erie, from where all parties May 28th-From Detroit March 25th. moving in canoes could be observed, and "Scalping parties of Potawattamies are intercepted at the mouth of the Bay. around Detroit, killing cattle and killing To the west, around the Bay, the ground and scalping white men." is alow, swampy, and very difficult of pas- Pennsylvania Gazette-B. Franklin and sage, even by Indians, in its primitive con- D. Hall publishers, Philadelphia, May 3d, dition,which gave importance to che carry- 1764. ing place in a military point of view. It "Advices from Detroit to Gen.Gage state would add much to the historical interest of -that the Indians, 2,000 in number, have the region if we could determine the blood burned their huts, and departed suddenly, stained point where Paully's little com- probably for Niagara." mand was butchered, "Aug. 23d-Col. Bridstreet and his JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN DEGARIMO. army left Niagara for Detroit on the 6th of Aug. Among transcripts with which we have Aug. 30-By advices from Fort Schlosser been courteously furnished by the New of the 12th of August, the army left Erie York Historical Society, is the military on the 8th, and went up the lake. record of Captain Degarimo, from San- Waited on the 9th for some men of the dusky to Niagara on the return of the ex- 17th Regiment, who had lost some of their pedition, commencing at the "Camp at boatsin the rapids-on the 10th crossedto St. Dusky Lake, Oct. 3d, 1764." It is the South shore." merely an abstract of the order book, or Newport Mercury, Nov. 8th, 1764-" Col. the order book itself. Xt some future Bradstreet was at St. Dusky on the 28th time we hope to be able to put it in print. of September, waiting for the Indians to A part of the 46th, 55th. 60th and 80th come in according to terms. The faithless Regiments were then with the detach- and malicious creatures are seeking prement, also Lieutenant-Colonel Putnam texts for delay"-same paper Nov. 19thand his provincials. letter from an officer, dated Oct. 5th, On the morning of the 14th a detach- given below. Same paper, Dec. 10th-A 4 letter from Lt. Col. Israel Putnam to Maj, livered up. We expect to set off for Durkee, of date October 7th. [See below]. Detroit in a few days, having everything Annual Register 1764, page 181-" Col. ready for that purpose.-Newport Mercury, Bradstreet made a treaty at Presque Isle, Aug. 27, 1764. (Erie, Pa.), in August. He made another at Tuscaroras, (Sandusky), with the Shaw- EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM FORT nese and Delawares in October. [This is SCHLSSER, AUG. 27,1764. probably an error, and confounded with "The morning of the 8th instant the the operations of Col. Bouquet]. The army went off from hence, and in the substance of both of them was, that war evening arrived at Fort Erie, which is on was to cease, and all prisoners be deliv- the north shore, about two miles above ered up, and ten (10) hostages left as guar- the rapids, at the entrance of the lake. antees. The 9th they set out about ten o'clock, and proceeded along the north shore about six EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM NIAGARA, miles, where they remained all night, DATED JULY 15, 1764. waiting for the 17th regiment, which was detained by having lost some of their Last Sunday afternoon, the snow John- boats in going up the rapids. Early on son, arrived here from Ontario, with Sir the morning of the 10th they stood across William on board; who, since his arrival, the lake to the south shore. I left Fort has been much busied in holding council Erie the same day at 10 o'clock, since with the Indians, of whom there are now which time have heard nothing from at this place. above 1,000 of different na- them, though we have reason to think tions, some to join and proceed with the they are a considerable way on their army; some for peltry, expecting trade to journey, the weather having been pretty be opened, and others to treat of peace. favorable since they went off. This morning, 105 men of the Follies The schooners Victory and Boston Avoines. (Menomonies) arrived here, and sailed from Fort Erie for Detroit on the are now in Council in the Fort. he Sen- 9th, in the night. I propose to proceed ecas have been expected for several days with them to Detroit, and hope to arrive past, but are not yet come in. Ne are in- there as so'un as the army,"-Newport formed that there are about 900 of them, Mercury, Sept. 3, 1764. and the Delawares assembled together. It is whispered about, that if they don't come LETTER IFROM AN OFFICER AT BRADin in a few days, the army will march STREET'S CAMP, NEAR THE CARRYING against them. The army in the boats was PLACE, SANDUSKY LAKE, OCT. 5, 1764. eight days in the passage from Fort Onta- "e all expected we came here to finish rio hither, having met with some violent the peace with the Shawnese and Delastorms, in which four of the largest boats wares, ic our colonel began a L'Ance were cast away and wrecked to pieces; aux Feuiles. Instead of that, in consethe men's lives were all saved, and most uee o order ust co we of he provisions an baggage. withattack them and destroy them root and Aboaut two-thirdse of the army, with brancb, or they must give us ten men to their boats &c., are got over the carrying put to death" place, and the remainder will be over in * ey were bringing in 200 pridtwo or three days. We have now four * hey were bringing in 200 pris vessels on Lake Erie, the last of which oners would have ratified the peace, and set out for Detroit yesterday. A few we should have jogged home, etc. ~~set ou frDeritystray w "The impractibility of a march into that days ago, a soldier was fired at by an Indi-country. 300 miles from home, without an on the Carrying Place; the ball struck horses, is well known, and the incathe haversack on his back; the thl'DgS any horses, is well known, and the incatherein prever nted its back; the thbins pacity of the troops to attempt it too evitherein prevented its entering his body; dent if you but look at them. ore than he returnea the fire, and made his escape half of them tare i the condition tf to one of lhe little fortsm. If Sir William's to one of te lttle fts II Sir William's Fallstaff's. Our boats are the most excellent indefatigable diligence and influence over that were ever formed for the service of the Indians does not prevent it, we will be s c tr from hee e o this country; from hence, I believe you at loggerheau s in a few days. "-ewportthink below, we have some contrivance to Mercury. Aug.. 27, 164. maKe them sail upon dry ground, for the EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM NIAGARA, rivers which we were ordered to go up, in AUG. 2, 1764. order to get to the Shawnese and Delawares, have no water in them. I saw it "We are here attending Congress day myself, there is not water for an Indian after day, with about 1300 Indians of dif- canoe; and I assure you, as yet we have ferent nations, some of whom have come no intention, altho' I think it should be 600 miles. They have concluded a peace considered, as it is the only improvement with Sir William Johnson, except the they want to make them quite perfect. Delawares and Shawnese, whom we have The service then would never suffer for near a month waited for, as they are to want of geographical knowledge of the bring their prisoners, in order to be de- country. 5 For my part, I never think myself in as you could get ammunition you would danger in one of these boats, led by our join me." colonel, who has been all along as careful "King replied that there was nothing of the army on these lakes, as though we in it. At this Pontuck produced six belts had been his children. of wampum, that he had last year from "You know we brought from Niagara the Six nations, to join with them in carIndians of the Five Nations; we expected rying on the war against the English.'" great things of them. They were ordered "King said he did not know what to to go with the army to attack the Miamis. say about that, but he knew nothing of it. "No, they say they would not; they were Pontuck said "that the Six nations said now desired to go against the Shawnese, that the English were so exhausted they etc. They stand like stocks, the devil of coujd do no more, and that one years war one will budge. You see what our de- well pushed, would drive them into the pendence ought to be on these dear friends sea,"-a pause.-King. "Brothers you of ours, but no more of that. know this to be true, and you have always * * * I hear we are to stay till Novem- deceived me." At this the Six nations ber, God forbid. If we are, I shall wish were all angry, and to-day are packing up for some of that courage-inspiring wine to go off. What will be the event 1 don't you have so plentifully at York. know nor don't care; for I have no faith My heart already akes at the aprehen in the Indian peace, patched up by sion of snow and ice, as my poor kegg is presents." almost out; so it is with us all, * * " * Yesterday Captain Peters arrived Thich is the last party we have out. He EXTRACTS FROM A LETTER OF LIEUT. COL. says the Wyandots are all coming in, but ISRAEL PUTNAM TO MAJOR DURKEE, the Delawares and Shawanees are not, nor NORWICH, CONN., " CAMP SANDUSKY" durst they come, for they are afraid if they NEAR THE CARRYING PLACE, OCT. 7TH, do Colonel Bouquet will be on their towns 1764. and castles." "We sent an officer and three Indians He has sent to them to come to him and to the Delawares and Shawnese from make peace. ()On the contrary if they go Preiskeal, (Presque Isle) and Captain to him, we should be on them, and they Peter from Moammee, (Maumee). We intend to lie still until Bouquet comes to also sent Capt. Morris of the 17th, and them, then send out and make peace if one Thomas King, with three Indians. possible; if not, to fight him as long as Capt. Morris returned some time ago, and Lhey have a man left. was much abused and stripped, whipt, We believe they wait to get some adand threatened to be tomahawked, but vantage of us before they try peace. had his life spared in case he would re- Captain Peters says Bouquet is within turn." thirty miles of their towns and believes it "Captain Thomas King and three of the to be best for him to make peace with them, Conawawas proceeded. This Captain for Colonel Bradstreet had orders from King is one of the chiefs of the Oneida General Gaee eight days ago, to make no Castle." peace with them and to march to meet'About ten days ago, King came into Bouquet. Detroit, and had left all the Conawawas, On a council of war being called, and exwho gave out for want of provision, and amining the Indians and Frenchmen that could not travel. He supposes they are were acquainted with the road, found it perished in the wood. Three days ago he to be thirty leagues to travel by land and arrived here and yesterday had a con- nothing to carry provisions but on men's ference with the Indians. He expresses backs; which after allowing for hindrances himself in this manner." must take forty days to go and come; with four large rivers to pass; two of which SPEECH OF CAPTAIN KING. with rafts and that very difficult, consider"Friends and brothers, I am now to ing the season of the year, it was judged acquaint you with facts too obvious to impracticable. Here we are. for what, I deny. I have been since I left you to know not, nor when we are to leave it. Monsieur Pontuck's (Pontiacs) camp, "I suppose you will think it strange that and waited on him to see if he was willing in many places in this country there are to come and make peace with our brothers 10,000 to 20,000 acres of land without a the English. bush or a twig, all covered with grass so He asked me what I meant by all that, big and high that it is' very difficult to saying you have always encouraged me to travel; and all as good plow land as you the war against the English, and said the ever saw, any of it fit for hemp. only reason you did not join me last year ISRAEL PUTNAM. was for want of ammunition, and as soon ew Port Mercury, Dec. 10,1764. WESTERN RESERVE AND NORTHERN OHIO HIISTORICAL SOCIETY. TRACT No. 14-FEBRUARY, 1873. PAPERS RELATING TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF COLONEL BRADSTREET AND COLONEL BOUQUET, IN OHIO, A. D., 1764. SEIEioCTiION JTO. 2. [TRANSCRIBED BY DR. F. B. HOUGH.] treaty. Colonel Bradstreet broke the wampum and sent back the messenger to From the Connecticut Courant. Oct. 29, 1764, acquaint him that he must come himself and Newport Mercury, Nov. 8,1764. or send his son., But he found pretences * * * * * Our last advices from the to decline both, and the peace was conarmy under Colonel Bouquet are dated the eluded without him." 28th of September, when they had crossed From the New York Mercury, Nov. 26, 1764. the Ohio and were encamped on the other side near Pittsbur. Monday night last an officer arrived Col. Bradstreet with the army under his express from the army to the northward, command, was still at St. Duskey, waiting from whence we have received advices for the arrivalof the Indians, to execute that Colonel Bradstreet had broke up his the articles of accommodation according camo at Sandusky, on the 18th of October; to the stipulated terms. having first engaged many of the Upper The Indians had been for some time nations, with whom peace had been conpast very quietin those parts. Yet many cluded, to declare against the Shawanese people doubt their sincerity, and think if and Delawares, and to send parties out to they can gain time to get in their winter war against them. That about seventy stores, and find pretenses to delay the miles from Sandusky the lake rose in the operations against them till the season is night on a sudden, and the surf beat with past, and all our expensive preparations, such violence on the shore where the and the difficult and nainful services of the army had landed that betwixt twenty and year rendered entirely useless, that they thirty boats were beat to pieces, notwithwill show themselves as inveterate and de- standing the efforts nade to save them. structive enemies as ever; and that our The night was very dark, and little else easiness in admitting a reconciliation after than the small quantities of provisions suffering the most provoking and cruel that was in them could be saved. The army expressions of their implacable malice that proceeded to the Grand river, about sevthey could possibly invent, will probably enty miles fart-er, which they entered in give them reason to suppose that they a storm. The tempestuous weather haymay treat us in the same manner again irg the appearance of continuing, and the with impunity." oats being deeply laden, by receiving the additional men from the boats which were From the Newport Mercury, (Rhode Island,) lost, a number of the best marchers Dec. 19, 1764. marched along the lake side and the In"Pondiac finding the other Indians had dians took to the woods. The men who made peace, sent a message and a string marched were for a time relieved by other of wampum, desiring to be included in the men from the boats; but provisions being 2 COL. BRADSTREET'S LETTER. out, and a snow storm upon the lake, LETTER OF JAMES W. WARD, ESQ., RELATabout two hundred men pushed on ING TO HIS RESEARCHES IN THE BRITISH for Fort Erie, in which they suffered MUSEUM. greatly, and would have suffered more, NEW YORK, Jan. 6, 1873. had not the most advanced been relieved MY DEAR COLONEL: I returned home with provisions and boats, from Fort Erie in November last, and should have writin consequence of Col. Bradstreet's direc- ten you before in relation to the request tions, sent by express. The remainder, you made me while inLondon,if I had not except a few missing, were taken up by been in daily expectation of a mislaid the boats on the 2d instant, and the army package containing the papers I now send arrived at Niagara; from whence the reg- you, which only arrived from London yesular troops, and some Provincials, sailed terday. I am apprehensive after all ihat in vessels on the 9th instant: the rest of the documents I have copied may not inthe army being left to follow in boats, terest you, or that you may already be faunder Lieut. Colonel Putnam. The ves- miliar with them. However, these are sels arrived at Oswego on the 11th instant, all the papers I was able to find relating to in a great storm, in which the Snow John- the expedition of 1764, about which you son was lost, going into the Oswego River; are making inquiries. In the whole colby this accident, some baggage and arms lection of manuscripts relating to this pewere lost, but the men are happily saved." od, now in the ritish Museum, there is [NoTE.-This letter may be found in the none in the form of a report by Colonel Newport Mnercury (Rhode Island) of Dec. or General Bradstreet. This I ascertained Nd, 1764, Pennsylvanian Gazette, Nov. 29th, by looking through the entire file. and by and in the Boston Gazette, Dec. 3d, copies inquiry of the very thorouhl informed of which have been presented us by E. M. and polite cutodian of the Barton, Esq.. of the American Antiquar- MSS department. The only letter of ian Societv, Worcester, Masse and George Bradstreet in the collection relating to H. Moore, LL. D. of the New York His- the expedition, I have copied for you and torical Society.] enclose, adding a couple of letters of Bouquet relating to matters covered by O TROOPS Bradstreet's quasi "report;" one of them SUrFFERINGS OF THE TROOPS. being an answer to it. The papers are inFrom the Newport Mfercury, Dec. 31, 1764. teresting, certainly per se, but you may al"Bv a letter dated the 8th instant from ready have had printed copies of them, the Mohawk river, of the best assurance, though am ignorant if any such exist. we are informed that, by the strange con- Oe thing would seem to be certain, there duct of some, Sir William Johnson will i nosuchreport as the one you referto have infinite work to do with the Indians, among the British Museum MSS. If there The distressed, struggling army are now is, those who should know do not know daily crawling homeward. Many left where to look for it; and I was allowed their carcasses in the woods and along the access to every MS. book and portfolio in lake, a prey to the wolves and other ver-the establishment. * * * min, through mere fatigue and want. Hoping my very pleasant labor has not Some Indians and a few of the Indian offi- bee altogether in vain? cers are arrived in a shocking condition, I am yours, very sincerely, having been in the woods twenty-six days J W. WARD. without a morsel but what they killed, LETTER FROM COL. BRADSTREET-THE which was a trifle for this number. The ONLY THING LIKE A "REPORT" AMONG main body, with Captains Montour and THE BRITISH MUSEUM MSS.-COPIED BY Johnson, Lieutenant Preston, &c., are ex- MR WARD. pected in a few days at Sir William Johnson's. They are detained carrying some SANDUSKY, LAKE, Oct, 17, 1764. sick Indians on their backs thro' the To Col. HENRY BOUQUET: woods." ~~~~woods.n~" PYour packet was delivered to me by the [If the advice of Sir William had been two Indians, who spoke to you in favor of attended to, near three years past, in all the Shawaese and Delawares, They say probability we should have had no Indian that one of the Englishmen you sent with war; for at that time it was demonstrablethem was for coming on, but the other one that he could have formed upon the surest would not; saying they must return to basis such a construction of amity with you, with the chiefs of the Delawares. the far nations as would no doubt have They also say that some of the Shawanese been productive of the most sensible ad- chiefs were gone to you to ask peace. vantage to the inhabitants here as well as have not settled anything with, or received to those at home. But he was abridged any prisoners from the Shawanese or Delby apoor ~7,000, which, if properly ap-awares. I have sent to "All Nations of plied then, would have prevented all the Savages" as far as "Illinois the Bay," (quocalamities of a scalping war.] tation marks original) letting them know what (ienl. Gage desired, in his first letter LETTERS OF COL. BOUQUET. 3 to me, respecting the peace I had made, lect them at their towns. I have besides agreeably to his instructions, and indeed two hostages from the Senecas and six have taken every step in my power to from the Delawares. I join entirely with prevent a storm, I hope all may go weil you, that the peace will last, provided the on that score. The savages haveunder- savages are properly managed. It is now standing. have been on this lake and up Sir William's business. I hope you and the river (Sandusky) as far as it is naviga- I have done with them. I wrote to Col. ble for Indian canoes, for nearly a month, Campbell (commanding at Detroit) to acand am extremely sorry to tell you, it was quaint the Nations with him that matters impossible for me to put General Gage's were settled in this way; though I believe orders into execution. It is necessity, ab- they will never hurt one another much. solute necessity. that obliges me to turn I enclose you the speech I made at Tuscathe other way, By mv long stay here, and rawas, when I broke, by the General's keeping of chiefs of such nations as could orders, the peace they pretended to claim, give assistance to those against whom you after they had infringed it in every paract. the two nations are left to defend ticular. The Wyandotts have sent me themselves; and should they stand out, four prisoners, and promise to deliver fourI am hopeful their efforts will be feeble. teen more in the spring. We keep them in constant alarm, that the HENRY BOUQUET, safety of their families may prevent their collecting in a body. Part of our coL. BOUQUET TO GOVERNOR FAUQUIER scouts have returned, in which were OF VIRGINIA, Ottawas, Chippewas and Hurons; four From the collection of General Haldeman's more go out this day and MSS. more go out this day and From the collection of General Haldeman's to-morrow, and I am not without hope, those people will continue the war. If CAMP AT THE FORKS or MUSKINthey do not, it must be from bad manage- GUM, NEAR WACKATUMICA, THEI ment in us. MOST CONSIDERABLE SHAWNEE This letter is sent by two Indians of ToWN, November 15, 1761. Cocknawaga, Canada; in company with To Governor FAUQUIER: twenty-three men for service. I was favored the 4th inst, with your letNot a man of the Five Nations will act. ter of 13th Sept., and 1 have now the The "faithful persons" you want, it is pleasure to inform you that the Mingoes, not in my power to send, though not fr the Delawares and the Shawnees, after want of numbei s of Indians. numberless difficulties, have, at last, subWere 1 sure you would get this letter I mitted to the terms prescribed to them, should be more plain. The enemy have and without being allowed to stipulate prisoners who read English. I wish you any conditions on their behalf, they have success; I have done all in my power to delivered all the prisoners that could be contribute to it, and have the honor to be. collected, and even their own children Your most obedient Servant, born of white women, and given fourteen JNO. BRADSTREET. hostages to deliver the rest. and, as security that they shall commit no hostilities, REPLY OF COLONEL BOUQUET TO COLONEL or violence against His Majesty's subBRADSTREET'S LETTER OF THE 17TH OF jects. On these conditions they OCTOBER. are permitted to send deputies to make VCAMP AT THE FoRiKS OeF THE their peace with Sir Wm. Johnson. CAMP AT THE ORK S OF T16E} I am only to request you will publish a MUSCKINGUTM, NOV. 1, 1764., suspension of arms with the said Nations, Colonel BRADSTREET: and I may presume to assure you from Sir: — received on the 28th of October, their present disposition, that the militia by Capt. Artel and twenty Cocknawaga on your Frontiers may be discharged;and Indians, the favor of your letter of the the inhabitants return with safety to 17th. The Senecas and the Delawares had their abandoned settlements. Several of at that time submitted to the terms I had the captives have remained so long among prescribed to them; but the Shawnees had the savages, that they leave them with the stood out to the last. However, seeing us utmost reluctance; and we are obliged to at their towns and determined to carry keep guard upon them to prevent their our point, they accepted, two days ago, escape. In my opinion these unfortunate the same conditions as the other Nations, people ought to be treated by their relaviz: to deliver immediately all their pris- tives with tenderness and humanity, till oners, to give hostages of their principal time and reason make them forget their people, and to send deputies to make unnatural attachments; but unless they peace with Sir Wm. Johnson. I have re- are closely watched, they will certainly received already upwards of 200 prisoners, turn to the barbarians. including their own children born of I am now to return my thanks for the white women, which I have obliged them two distinguished corps of volunteers who to give up; and I expect more yet from have joined me trom your government; the Shawnees, having sent parties to col- one commanded by Colonel McNeil and 4 LETTER OF GENERAL GAGE. Captain Lewis, and the other by Major that immediately on the receipt of your Field. letter of the 13th of last October, he had They have been of great service in en- much pleasure in forwarding a copy to abling me to penetrate into this country Lord Granville, and in requesting his with a sufficient force to compel these Lordshipto favor him if possible, with a haughty savages to submit on our own copy of the official report of Col. John terms. I flatter myself that the success of Bradstreet, on his expedition along the this expedition, so interesting to your southern shore of Lake Erie in 1764, province in particular, will recommend That request has been fully considered, them to your n3tice. and that of your gov- and I now forward to you herewith, ermnent. I promised'you that they should copies of two notes in reply, from Lord create no expense to your province, as I Granville. From the last of these, it apintended to have mustered them in the pears, that after a further careful search Pennsylvania regiment, and to have made in the Public Record Office, no other decup to them the difference from that pay to unsent on the subject can be found there, that of your militia. But this method is but the one, a copy of which was commuso disagreeable to them, that I shall pro- nicated to Mr. Motley, on the 11th of ceed no further in it till I know your in- August 1869, and which he sent to you in tentions, and then of the House of Bur- his letter of the next day. gesses in that respect, as I can make no General Schenck regrets that his efforts doubt that upon your recommendation to serve you have been unsuccessful, and the House will not leave it to another he is reluctantly compelled to come to the government to pay their own troops, who conclusion that Colonel Bradstreet's rehave exerted themselves with so com- port has either been mislaid or lost. mendable a spirit for the defense of their I am, sir, your obedient servant, country, and whose behavior does so much BENJAMIN MORAN, honor to Virginia. Secretary of Legation. I have the honor to be, with great re- Charles Whittlesey, Esq., President Westspect, etc. HENRY BOUQUET. ern Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio. LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, G LONDON, 12th of August, 1869, GENERAL GAGE TO LORD HALIFAX-MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE 1763,1764, 1765SIR: In reply to your letter of the 19th, AMERICA AND WEST INDIES, NO. 121. I have great pleasure in forwarding to you herewith, extracts from such letters* NEW YORK, December 13, 1764. in the Public Record Office of Great MY LORD:-I have had the honor to reBritain as have reference to Col. Brad- ceive your Lordship's letter of the 13th of street's expedition to Rocky River on October, and am to acquaint you, there is Lake Erie in 1764. It appears, from a letter reason to believe that the report of the of the Master of the rolls, that the public Cherokees killing five Frenchmen on the records contain no report of Col. Brad- Mississippi is a mistake. When the last street to Gen. Amherst, the documents of accounts left Carolina, all the Cherokees which you required a transcript. were returned from war against the InI have only to add the expression of my dians of the Ouabache, Twighttwees or hope that these papers will be satisfactory Miamis, Shawnese and Delawares; but to you, and to state that I have already ex- are not accused of making any incursions pressed my thanks to Her Majesty's prin- on the Mississippi. One of the parties reciple Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. ported that they had seen some canoes, for the promptness and courtesy, with laden with skins going down the Ohio, and which your request on behalf of the Cleve- that four of the men in the canoes looked land Historical Society has been complied like Frenchmen. They fired upon them with, so far as was possible. killed several of the people, and took four I have the honor to be, sir, scalps. I conceive that the first report Your obedient servant, took rise from this circumstance, it is not JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY. mentioned whether the scalps are Indian COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY, Historical or French. Some of them may possibly Society, Cleveland, Ohio. be French, as it is past a doubt that the inhabitants of Illinois have supplied the LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, ) Shawneese and Delawares with ammuniLONDON, Ilth January, 1872. tion by the way of the Ohio, audit is likeSIR:-Bv direction of his Excellency, ly might be returning with the skins they General Schenck, I have the honor to say, had received in exchange for their merchandise. This affair was inquired into *These are two letters from General Gage upon the first report, and if it shall be disto the Earl of Halifax. One from New covered that the Cherokees have attacked York Sept. 2X, 1764, and another Dec, 13,1764. any settlement belonging to the French, I That of Sept, 21st has been published in the shall not fail to do evervthin that can New York Colonial History, vol. 7, page 655.shall not l to o ve that can The other which we give below is thought tend to pacify the commandant of the disnot to have been before in print. trict where the accident happened. The ROCKY RIVER DISASTER. 5 Cherokees have had men killed and taken tie those who were grown as savage as prisoners in these excursions; some of the themselves, and unwilling to leave them, latter were carried to the Illinois, from a ad bring them bound to the camp. They whence one of them has made his escape, were then told that they must appoint and reports that last spring a French officer deputies to go to Sir William Johnson, to of rank, and others of less note under him receive sucn terms as should be imposed were very assiduous in sending for the i upon them, which the ~Nations should different tribes of Indians in their alliance, agree to ratify; and for the security of to whom they gave ammunition and arms tneir Derformance of this, and that no of all kinds; that they made them speeches, further hostilities should be committed, a in which they desired the Indians to.o to number of their chiefs must remain in our war against the English and their allies: hands. The above Nations subscribed to that they would kill all and not trouble these terms, but the Shawnees were more themn with prisoners. The accounts given obstinate. They did not approve of the by the Indians can rarely be relied upon, conditions, and were particularly averse and it is to be hoped that this is nothing to giving of hostages. But findinri their more than what is generally termed an obstinacy had no effect, and would only Indian report. tend to their destruc1ion, the troops havYour Lordship will perceive from my inU penetrated into the heart of their former dispatches that the perfidy of the countr3, they at len,,th became sensible Shawnees and Delawares, the contempt that there was no safety but in submisthey showed for us, and their havi broke sion, and were obiigel to stoop "to the the ties which even the savage nations same conditions as the other Nations. hold sacred amongst each other, required They imrmediately gave up forty prisoners, vigorous measures to reduce them. beiL1 the sine qua non of peace, It was I determined to make no peace with arreed that parties should be sent from them but in the heart of their country, the army into their towns to collect the and upon such terms as should make it as prisoners and conduct them to Fort Pitt. secure as possible. I have now the oleas- bey delivered six of their principal ure and satisfaction to acquaint your chiefs as hostages into our hands, and apLordship that this conduct has produced pointed their Deputy's to go to Sir Wilall the good effects which could be wished iiain Johnson. in the same manner as the or expected from it. Those Indians have rest. been humbled and reduced to accept of The number of prisoners already delivpeace, upon the terms prescribed to them, ered exceeds two hundred and it was exin a manner as will give reputation to peteed that our party would bring in near His Majesty's arms amongst tuae several one hundred more from the Shawnese nations. The regular and provincial troops towns. These c(n;cessions seem sufficient under Col. Bouquet, having teen joined proof of the sincerity and humiliation of by a good body of volunteers from Vir- those nations, —atd in justice to ('olonel ginia, and others from Maryland and Bouquet, I must testify to your Lordship, Pennsylvania, marched from Fort Pitt the the obligation I have to him; and that beginning of October, and got to'usca- nothing but the firm and steady conduct rawas about the 15th. The march of the which he has observed in all his transactroops into their country threw the sav- tions with those treacherous savages, ages into the greatest conrternation, as would ever have brought them to a serithey had hoped their woods would pro- ous peace. tect them, and had boasted of the se- Col. Bradstreet not finding the troops curity of their situation from our at- under his command in a conditior tacks. The enemy hovered round the to march to the plains of Scioto, troops during their march, but d.spairing kept the enemy in awe by remaining of success in an action, had recourse to at Sandusky as long as the season would negociations. They were told that thee permit, and spiritilgo up the Indians with might have peace, but every prisoner in whom he had lately made peace to declare their possession must first be delivered war and send out parties against them. u,. They brought in near twenty, and He had regulated affairs at Detroit, got a promised to deliver the rest. But as their vessel into Lake Huron, and re estabpromises were not regarded, they engaged lished the post Miissilimakltak. which he to deliver the whole on the first of Novem has garrisoned with a detachment from ber, at the Forks of the uMskingum, about the 17th regimenlt. He broke up his camp 150 miles from Fort Pitt, the center of the at Sandusky on the ISth of October, and Delaware towns, and near the most con had the misfortune to lose twenty-five of siderable settlement of the Shawnees. his boatsfrom the violence of the surf of Colonel Bouquet kept them in sight, and Lake Erie. This accident obliged part of moved his camp to that place. He soon the troops to march alongl the shore, who obliged the Delawares and some broken were for a time relieved by others from tribes of Mohicans, Wyandotts and Min- the boats. But the weather being very goes to bring all their prisoners, even tempestuous, and continuing so a number to children bornl of white women, and to of days, and provisions growing short, 6 PETITION OF THE SUFFERERS. part of the troops pushed for Niagara,and The 80th Regiment has bees disbanded suffered greatly in their march. Col, agreeable to His Majesty's Orders Bradstreet arrived at Niagara and the 55th regiment is marching to this the beginning of November and place by detachments as fast as they can embarking the regular troops, be relieved in the posts they occupy by and some Provincials in the vessels, leav- the other troops. All that regiment, ing the remainderto follow in Boats, sailed except a small part, are expected to ason the 9th for Oswego, where he arrived in semble here in a few days, and no time a very great storm on the 11th. One of the will be lost in embarking them forIreland. vessels named Johnson Snow was drove I trust this letter to the care of Major upon the Bar of Oswego, where she was Small, an officer on half pay, who is rewrecked, and some Baggage and Arms turning to England. This gentleman lost, but the men were happily saved. having served the campaign under Colonel Another vessel called the Mohock was lost Bouquet, I take the liberty to refer your on the same Lake some time before, so Lordship to him, for any particulars which that the Marine has suffered this year a you would choose to be informed of. good deal. I have the honor to be, with the greatest I now flatter myself to be able to inform regard, respect and esteem, your Lordship. that the country is restored My Lord, your Lordship's most obedient, to its former trauquilitv: and that a gen- and most humble servant, eral, and it is hoped a lasting Peace is con- THOS GAGE, eluded with all the Indian Nations, whoEndorse have taken up arms against His Majesty E Or The possessing of the Illinois is yet a diffi- NEW ORK, Dec. 13, 1764. culty which we have to encounter, though Major General Gage, by Major Small. this last Peace with the Shawnese and Del- R. 16th January, 1765. awares may facilitate our designs in that Extract sent to the Board of Trade the quarter. 16th January 1765, informing of the It seems to have opened a door to that Military Operations against the Indians country, and that nothing might be left -The Delawares and Shawnese reduced undone which could be attempted, Colo- and brought to submission-Peace estabnel Bouquet has received directions in lished-That five Frenchmen were killcase a Peace should be concluded with the ed, a mistake-The French continue to Shawnese and Delawares to try their in- animate the Indians against us.] With fluence to get an Officer if not a Detach- two enclosures. Bundl( B-No. 12. ment to the Illinois. The late season of the year is against us, but I have not as The proceedings of the Colonial Legislayet received any answer upon those points. ture of New Yerk have been examined by The affections of several Nations are to be Rev. H. A. Homes, Librarian for the State Library at Albany, and bv Dr. F. B, Hough, conciliated, particularly those inhabiting Library at Alban and hb Dr. F B. Hough, the Auabache and the District of the Illi- of Lowville, New York. Mr. Homes says nois. And we must reckon that the "In looking over the Journals of the AsFrench will privately give us all the obh sembly I find that it was prorogued from struction in this that they can. We may Octcber 1764 to November 1765, partly in accuse the French in general terms, tho' consequence of there being no Governor." we cannot fix the blame on any one par- Dr. ough has examined the printed ticular commander. The enclosed copy of Journals (Gaines' Edition, vol. 2, page 186), a letter from Colonel Bradstreet to vlons. where the foll wing entry has been found. de St. Ange. who now commands at No further Legislative proceedings or rePort Chartres with the enclosed copy ports have been discovered: of a letter to Colonel Bouquet, from Mr. "NOVEMBER 27, 1765. Smallman, a Major of Militia who has'A petition of several officers late in the been a long time prisoner amongst the pay of this Colony, and on the expedition Delawares. will shew your Lordship that with Col. Bradstreet, in behalf of themthere is reason to accuse them of doing us selves and soldiers enlisted under them, ill offices. Captain Morris's journal which was piesented to the House and read, setI had the honor to transmit your Lordship ting forth, that they have suffered grear in my last, is a further proof of this, and loss in their baagaee and effects in a storm its apprehended that the bad reception on Lake Erie, when on the expedition that gentleman met with from the sav- aforesaid. That there are sundry sums ages was in great measure owing to the due them for billetting money; that they management of the French. Ihave wrote were upwards of forty days longer in the to Monsieur d'Abbadie on this subject, said service, than the time t ey were enand shewed him it was not without jus- listed for, for neither of which they have tice, that the English had accused the received any satisfaction; and therefore French of animating and supporting the humbly pray their case may be taken into Indians against them; and shall take the consideration, and provision made for first opportunity to transmit him capy's their payment. of the enclosed letters, if he still remains "Referred to committee on Governor's at New Orleans. Ispeech." ^^~cr~rnim\rur$ all (4 ori 0 to HISTORICAL SOCIETY. TRACT No. 15, APRIL, 1873. Correspontience of Major Tod, War of 1812.-History of Northfield. The heirsof the lateGovernor Tod some it may be promptly executed, you are time since placed the public and historical hereby requested to issue an order to the papers of his father, Judge Tod, on de- present commandants of regiments within this brigade to furnish with the least posposit at the Historical Rooms. sible delay their proportion of the detachJud'~e Tod's life was an active and ment called for; and if the corps should eventful one, a sketch of which will prob- be raised by volunteer enrollment, the ably appear in due time. He had been a number assigned to the first regiment is thirty-three, to the second regiment Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and twenty, and to the third regiment twentyon the expectation of a war with England three. But if contrary to expectation a received an appointment as Major in the draft should be found necessary, then the number to be raised in the first regiment regular army, ~At that tinme he was Brig- is sixteen, in the second regiment, eleven, ade Inspector to General Simon Perkins, and in the third, thirteen. The officers to the brigade including the entire Western command the detachment will be apReserve, The first paper here given is pointed as selected by law. You will the order to secure and organize the quota strictly enjoin it on the said commandants that thev make returns of the men of the brigade, which had three regiments thus raised by the 9th day of May next, and and abattalion. When the United States also that they order those volunteered or raised their first regiment, on the new es- drafted within their home regiment to rendezvous at some convenient place in tablishment after the Revolution, it was said regiment, on Wednesday, the 14th commanded by a Lieutenant-Colonel. day of May next, for the purpose of reoeivFollowing this example, the Ohio militia, ing such orders as the exigencies of the under the Territorial government and of case and circumstances may then require. For information you w ill refer the proper the State, pror to the war of 1812, had no co mm andant to a statute of the proper commandant to a statute of the United Colonels'. The companies were small and States, passed the 6th day of February, they were very much scattered through 1812. entitled "An act authorizing the the new settlements. This explains whv President of the United States to accept and organize certain volunteer militia this order was issued to the Lieutenant- corps." Likewise to the statute of the Colonels of the regiments, which seldom State of Ohio, regulating the militia numbered more than 500 men of the line. thereof. SIMON PERKINS, Hayes, Rayen and'Edwards entered the Brigadier General 3d Bridade, 4th Division. service at once, where Edwards soon fell GEORGE TD, EQ., Brigade jor and a victim to the malaria of the waters of Inspector. Sandusky Bay, where the Ohio troops were stationed in 1812. Tod was soon BRIGADE ORDERS, 3D BRIGADE, 4TH DIwo ws soon.VISTON, OHIO MILITIA, ISSUED 28TH OF commissioned a Major in the Seventeenth APRIL, 1812, TO LIEUT. COLONELS WILUnited States Regiment. to be raised in LIAM RAYEN, RICHARD HAYES AND JOHN Ohio and Kentucky. Its Colonel was s. EDWARDS. Samuel Wells of Kentucky, and its Lieu- SIR: You are hereby required to cause tenant-Colonel, John Miller of Steuben- to be raised within the regiment over ville Ohio. which you have command, if they can be GENERA PERKIN Traised by voluntary enlistment, twentyGENERAL PERKINS TO MAJOR TOD. three good and able bodied men, to serve WARREN, TRUMBULL CO., OHIO, in the service of the United States as a April 27, 1812. detachment from the militia of this State. SIR: The enclosed order from the If that number of men cannot be attained Major-General, bearing date Aprii 27, 1812, by voluntary enrollment, you are required has just come to hand; and in order that to cause to be raised by draft and on your 2 THE REECRUITING BUSINESS. regiment thirteen men of the above de- His Excellency, and will in the course of scription, to be taken from the respective a few days be in a condition to move with c(mpanies composing the same, in propor- security to the place of destination. Govtior to the numbers in each. In whatever ernor Meigs will advance in person at the way the detachment from the 3d Brigade, head of the forces-Generals Gano and 4th Division, Ohio Militia, may be raised, Cass in command. Governor Meigs has it is to be officered in the manner as signified to me his pleasure that I should the law directs. On the execution of accompany him and make one of his milthis order, you are to make the Briga- itary family, and also directs me to assure dier of the aforesaid brigade a return you of his high esteem, and that from of the men enrolled or drafted by the 9th present'appearances a call on your section day of May next. The above order is of the State for draft, will not be made. issued in consequence of recent and press- JAS. R. MUNSON. ing orders from the President of the RENDEZUrS, ZANESVILLE, OHIO, United States throunth the Major General KENDEZVUS, ZANESVILLE, OHIO, of 4th Division of Ohio Militia. The de- JIne l1th, 1812. tachment from your regiment shall ren- am ordered by Brigadier Generel Windezvous at some convenient place in vour chester to cause "recruits" to be taught regiment, as you shall order, on the 14th the soldiers' drill, comformably to the of May next, when it will receive further rules and directions laid down in the orders. hook entitled'"Instructions to Infantry," The above orders are to be executed and prescribed by the Secretary of War with the greatest possible promptitude- for the discipline of the troops of the and dispatch. United states. For information you are referred to a It is submitted, Sir, if a copy of that statute of the United States passed the work should not be forwarded to this ren6th day of February, 1812, entitled "An dezvous. It would oblige the officers of act authorizing the President of the this district could we be furnished with United States to accept and organize cer- the pamphlet prescribing the uniform tain volunteer Military corps:" likewise dress of the army of the United States. to the statute of the State of Ohio regulat- (Neither of these publications can be ing the Militia thereof April 27. 1812. found in this country.) By order of SIMON PERKINS, Brigadier I am, Sir, very respectfully, GEORGE TOD. Brigade Major and Inspec- Your obedient servant, tor. GEORGE TOD, HON. GIDEON GRANGER, WASHINGTON, D. Major United States Army. HCO T EBENEZER GRANG:ER, ZANESVILLE.' ALEXANDER SDMYTH, Inspector General C. TO EBENEZER GtANGER, ZANESVILLE. of Army of United States. WASHTINGToN, Feb, 15, 1812. 1of Army of United States. WASHTINcTON, Feb, 15, 1812. EBEN'R GRANGER ESQ.: MAJOR TOD TO GENERAL WINCHESTER. The ()hioDelegation have recommended ZANESVILLE, OHIO, June 29, 1812. Gen'l Miller for Colonel, and George Tod for Major. I am astonished at Tod's en- DEAR SIR:-s have just received a file tering the rmy. If I could see him f newspapers frm Waington Cy g could change his mind. log inteligence of a declaration of war, by olYr. friend, nsthe Congress of the United States against G. GRANGER. Great Britain, This event will give a new aspect to afGENERAL WINCHESTER TO MAJOR TOD. fairs; and it is really to be hoped that it will produce a union of sentiment and acLEXINGTON, KY., 28th Apr. 1812. tn have commenced the recruiting MAJOR? GEORIG TOD:*' tcioD. I have commenced the recruiting service in the different parts of the Dis' SIR:-On the receipt of this you will re- tric e in the diffy however, has that work trct —so rccentlv, however, has that work pailr to this plane for the purpose of receiv- been commenced, ht I ae received no i^^^ng monev and'eDcs been commence, that I have renceived no to place you on recruiting service in the report from any of the recruiting officers, State of Ohio. Its desirable that no time sou e lost.. The Scretary f War reported to me six, which I have mustered. should be lost. The Secretary of War ex- I indulge myself in the belief that from pects expedition in raising the quota of the arrangements which have been made troops in'Deparmen~ [No, 1, of which ^troops in Departmentr No. 1, of which for the recruiting service iU this District, your State f prms a part., that service will go on prosperously. I am resOectfunly, Sir, You will, I trust;, excuse me Your Obedient Servant, in the course which I have J. WINCHESTER, B. Gen'l U, S. Army. proposed to muself o pursue JAMES R. MUNSON, CINCINNATI, TO IAJOR in regardc t*) my returns, which is to make TOD. mv first returns up to, and including the CINCINNATI, April 26, 1812. first Monday of July next, so that my My Dear Major:-The question and pie- weekly and monthly reports will be made paration for war engrosses the time and with some regard to system. cares of all here. The requisition made I have made a contract for the necessby His Excellency has been ounctually ary supplies at the rendezvous: rations at and gallantly met and completed. Cincin- 16 cents each: have procured barracks suf-,atl hill is covered with tents, etc., and ficieutly capicious for the accommodation troops who were yesterday received by of one hundred men, at six dollars per TROOPS ORDERED TO DETROIT. 3 hian; have employed a physician; vaccina- apprehensive from the number of the voltion will be strictly attended to. The unteers from this State, and the proceedpressure of the recruiting service has left ing to a second draft of the Militia, that me not a single subaltern officer for Draft- the recruiting service will progress but ing, Assistant Quartermaster or Acting slowly. Yours Respectfully, Adjutant. The duties of these officers I WILLSON ELLIOTT, Capt. United States must necessarily discharge at least for the Army. present. I do not find them very burden- GOVERNOR MEIGS TO MAJOR TOD. some. ~~~~~~~~~some. ~CHILLICOTHE, July 27, 1812. There is here sufficiency of summer CHILICOTHE, Jrly 27, 1812 clothing for 200 men; kettles for the num- DEAform g R-I am fairly fatigued with ber; tin pans are, not however, furnished.formin the new brigade. Boiler went, It would help,Ithink,sir,the service we are long since, with Mcrthur, to Philadelengaged in had we even a small supply of pia. I know not what to advise you remuskets. The clothing I have compared pecting your running for Congress. I with the invoices, an have forwarded to certainly wish you to take that course you the United States Military Agent, Phila-would best profit by and be most agreeable. My wishes are chat you was in Condelphia, duplicate receipts for the same. e. My wishes are chat you was imConI am, very respectiully, sir, gress. I will duly apprise you of the time Y am, ve ur obedient servnt of election.'Tis mail day, and I am in Y GEORGE TOD,se Major. great haste, having come from FranklinRECRUITING RENDEZVOUS, Zancsville. ton last evenin.. Your friend, R. J. MEIGS, LIEUTENANT BOOKER, RECRUITING OFLIEUTENAN TO MAJOR TODCITIN LIEUT. COL. JOHN MILLER, (L7TH REG'T U. S.ICERS, O MAJOR TOD. 1S. INFANTRY), TO MAJOR TOD. ST. CLAIRSVILLE, 9th July, 1812. DEAR SIR: Since my last of the 6th RENDEZVOUS, inst., I have enlisted four fine able bodiedCHILLICOTHE, JUly 29, 1812. fellows, and am much at a loss for blan- MAJOR GEORGE TOD: kets; and in fact I don't see how we can SIR-1 have this moment'received orders manage well without some, particularly from General Winchester to organize im* * * Would wish to go to some of the mediately one company of regulars in this small * * * are near this place in order State to consist of one hundred men, into pick up recruits * * A sarceant's cluding non-commissioned officers, and to sword and six or eight suits of uniform hold them in readiness to march at a moclothing * * * be forwarded here, I ment's notice. He has ordered that the think it would be attended with a benefi- troops from your district be immediately cient effect, as it would charm our country marched to this place, or at least as many buck. and put them in a greater spirit of as will complete the company with what being soldiers. If there should be no op are here. You will therefore order all the portunity of any waggon starting from or recruits within your district to repair to coming through Zanesville to this place so Zauesville without delay, and detach and as to have them sent, probably it would march to this place one l1t lieutenant, one be as well for me to hire a horse and send 2d lieutenant and forty privates, should out there and they could be * * last you have that number; if not you will in. I expect to get two or three more be- march what you have. I wish you, if fore the week is out. Withdue defference possible, to have your detachment at and respect, I remain your humble ser- this place against the 10h or 12th of vant. SAMUEL P. BOOKER. August. Every reliance is placed on your Major GEORGE TOD. exertion on this important occasion. CAPTAIN ELLIOTT TO MAJOR TOD. General Winchester informs me that the WARREN, July 13th, 1812. object in calling the company out is to MAJOR GEORGE TOD: join a detachment from Kentucky to SIR;-Enclosed you have my weekly re- march immediately to Detroit. You will turn for the rendezvous at Warren. Should please forv ard by the detachment a musthere be any inaccuracy in my return as ter roll of its strength. As neither of you to method, be so good as to inform me in have included New Lancaster in your reyour next communication. Lieut. Fred- cruiting district, you are at liberty to ericks has obtained two recruits, when en- send a recruiting officer there, as soon as listea, or anything more on the subject I you see proper. have not learned. Ensign Milligan has I have not as yet received any answer been here, and returned to commence from General Winchester to the several * in Jefferson county. inquiries I made him, concerning reports, It is reported and generally believed returns, &c., &c. As soon as I do, J will that the British have lately captured two inform you of ic. of our vessels on Lake Erie. One loaded I am, very respectfully, with provisions for the army at Dtroit. Yonr obedient servant, The other had on some of Gen'l Hull's of- JOHN MILLER, ficers, destined for the same place. I am Lieut. Col. U.. Army. NORTHFIEL]D. BY IRVING A. SEARLES. History of the Settlement of the Township-Reminiscences of Early Times. In the spring ot 1807, Isaac Bacon moved thence were to march directly through this into Northfield, now in Summit county, section of the country This rumor sent and making a small clearing, erected a log the greateit onsteratl no n throughout the this region. It was well known tbat the house on the location where Francis Waite enemy in its marches was accompanied by now lives. He had to raise his house the merciless Indians, who refrained not without assistance, which he succeeded in from mrdering all ages, sexes and conditions. Dwellings wrapped in flames, and doing in about five days. Here this fam-shrieks of blingheraped in t fllmes and shrieks of butchered innocents followed ily lived for three years before another in the wake of the English soldiery, Our white settler came. Their nearest neigh- three Northfield friends therefore deterbors were ten miles distant. Indians were mined to move to Hudson, and thus augnumerous untilthe war of 1812, when they ment the numbers which must reBel the invading army. While Mr. Bacon left to join the Britsh. There were, for went to Cleveland to ascertain the truth some timne, several wigwams on the farm of the rumor, the others loaded the wagof Bacon. The red men caused no trouble ons with what furniture they could and buried the remainder. They had got except in their attempts to secure all the about three miles out of town when Bacon whisky about Bacon's premises. One returned and told them the report was day a number of them came into the false. The Americanprisonerstakenfrom house and called for fire-water. Mr. Ba- Hull were in Cleveland but no British con was not at home and Mrs. Bacon told forceasthere Thearty nretne to their homes. One day shortly after them they could not have any. They this, several white men, including a nurmthen drew their tomahawks, walked qui- berot non-residents of the township, were etly up to the cu.pboard, found the whisky at the house of Bacon, and while conversbottle, drank all they wanted and went ilg upon the prospects of a favorable or away. David C. Bacon, then a small lad, unfavorable term:nation of the war. they tells us that he well remembers playing saw an Indian standing in the woods near with the Indian children. In fact he had the edge of the clearing. Mr. Cramer no other playmates. The favorite sports went out and kindly told him that if he with the Indian boys were throwing the wanted to save his life he had better leave hatchet and shooting with the bow and that town, and then re-entered the house. arrow. He who could stand the far- From the appearance of the Indian it was thest from a tree or stump and throw the conjectured that he was a member of a hatchet so as to make it stick fast in the tribe that once lived in Northfield, and object at which it was aimed, was the best that he had in some way become separated fellow. Mr. Bacon maintains thathefrom his people. There was in the could do quite as well at this as his play- company of whites one who was known mates. In shooting with the bow and ar- to be an inveterate hater of the red men, row, however, they could excel him. They and this man shouldered his rifle, left the had a tact in that which the white boy house and walked slowly into the woods. could never learn. From 1812 dates the He returned in about two hours, and when last of the Indian race on the Reserve. questioned as to where he had been, reThose who were once here, and plied that "he guessed that Indian would survived the war, never returned, for never find his tribe." Nothing further they inwardly felt that they had forfeited would he tell about the matter, but it is all just claim to there former homes. the general opinion of those conversant At the breaking out of the war there with the circumstance that a rifle ball were o-ly three families of whites in the closed the earthly career of the savage township: Noble, Cramer and Bacon. long ere le passed the limits of Northfield They gave themselves no special uneasi- township. ness about the conflict until Hull's dis- The women of the pioneer days had graceful surrender at Detroit. Newsthen many experiences which ought not to go came that the British were coming to unrecorded. While the husband with Cleveland by the way of Lake Erie and stalwart arm felled the trees and reduced MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE. 5 the wilderness to productive fields, the the faithful creature would be disobeyed, wife had no small task to perform. No opened the door and told the dog to go one felt the hardships and privations of out. The animal growled and looked pioneer life more than she. In coming to fiercely at the stranger, but would not the frontier she exchanged her comforta- move. The man then told the woman to ble dwelling house for the rude log cabin. sit down andhe would see that the dog In the place of the society which she once left the house. He then opened the door enjoyed she was almost isolated from all and told the dog to leave, but the creature, intercourse with theworld. Oft times the now aroused, again growled and exhibited husband must be absent from home for a set of teeth which had the immediate days at a time, and then the women were tendency to cause the man to take his seat left all alone, miles from any neighbors, in and desist from all further attempts to the heart of a vast wilderness. The wife disturb the dog. The man made no furof Isaac Bacon was frequently thus situ ther demonstrations, but went away about ated. Mrs. Bacon wasabrave woman, and daylight, leaving Mrs. Bacon tzo thank her the experiences through which she passed dog for the preservation of her life. seem to us of this day almost incredible. in the summer of 1826 there occurred We give but one instance illustrative of one of the most singular affairs of which the statement just made. Our informant we have any knowledge. The parties imis David C. Bacon, oldest son of the woman mediately interested in the transaction of whom we are. speaking. This son still were Dorsey W. Viers, then a citizen of resides in N~orthfieid, near where his pa- Northfield, and now a resident of Norton rents lived at the time. Mr. Bacon was township, and one Rubert Charlesworth. frequently absent from home, and on one This last named individual was about of these occasions a very suspicious look- thirty years of age, an Englishman and ing man came to the cabin and asked ad- unmarried. For some time he had made mittance, which of course Mrs. Bacon it his home at Viers', and worked whengranted. He seated himself and inquired ever he could, as a day laborer. Somethe time of day, when Mr. Bacon would time in the month of July Charlesworth be at home, how far it was to suddenly disappeared. At first but,little the nearest neighbor, and, if she was not was thought of his mysterious departure, afraid to stay alone! From the first Mrs. but after a time an effort was made to disBacon did by no means like the appear- cover his whereabouts. The most dilliance of the man, and every moment only gent search after the missing man was, strengthened her impression,f him. She however, unavailing. Suspicion that he was undoubtedly as courageous as any had been foully dealt with began to develop woman; but there she was, so far from any itself, and to make the matter still more neighbor that no assistance from that quar- posisive, it was whispered among the ter, in case of emergency, could be ex- neighbors that Viers knew more about pected. But she had one hope, and that Charlesworth's disappearance than he was was in the assistance of a powerful dog, willing to confess. A hint of this kind which stood by her ide. From the time was sufficient to lead many to at once prothat the man entered the house the know- nounce Viers the murderer. But noting animal eyed him, as if to sav: "You withstandlng this strong suspicion no deare here for no good purpose." It was cisive legal action was taken until five now most dark, and Mrs. Bacon very po- years after Charlesworth left. During litely told the man that she could not these wears the excitement, instead of keep him over night and he had better be abating had become more intense, until going. The man said nothing, but from popular clamor demanded a fullinvestigahis actions seemed to think otherwise. He tion. Accordingly, G. N. Wallace, Justice stood and pondered a few minutes, and of the Peace in Northfield, arrested Viers then called to one of the children to come January 8, 1831. A trial of eight days and turn a grindstone which stood a short ensued, and we wish the reader to caredistance from the house. He accompanied fully note the testimony elicited. It was this request by producing a large, ugly- said that parties going to the house of Viers looking knife. The child obeyed and be the next morning after Charlesworth's proceeded to sharpen the instrument. disappearance, found Mrs. Viers hurriedly Mrs. Bacon expected the crisis was now at mopping up the floor. Viers himself aphand and began to prepare for the worst. peared greatly agitated and was much She took her station in one corner of the confused in his statements about the misroom and called the dog to her side. The sing man. He once said that he saw man soon came into the house Charklsworth go, and then, soon after, said and sat down at the opposite side that he was sound asleep when the man ot the room. They thus remained left. These contradictory stories had only until midnight, neither speaking a served to heighten the suspicion of Viers' word. The man then began guilt. Viers' hired girl also testified to manifest considerable uneasiness. He that a bed blanket which had finally asked the woman why she did not been on Charlesworth's bed for a few turn that dog out of doors. She replied weeks prior to his disappearance was that she always allowed the animal to re- missing, and that it was afterwards found main in the house at night. He then ad- with clots of blood on it, under a hay vised her to turn the animal out of the stack. It was also suddenly discovered house. She, knowing that her orders to that Charlesworth was immensely rich, 6 kFIRST SCHOOL HOUSE. that Viers was poor until afterthe murder solved that the remainder of his days, if when he became all at once flash of mon- necessary, should be spent in search of ey. The reader may here conclude that Charlesworth. He opened correspondence testimony sufficient has already been ad- with proper authorities, both of this counduced to hang any man, but the evidence try and Europe. He also visited in person of Viers' terrible crime did not cease here. many of the more prominent cities of the When witches were believed in, every United States. Years rolled on and the man, woman and child saw them. So it search was unsuccessful. One day Viers wasin this case. That Viers had murder- went into a tavern in Detroit, and to the ed that man was believed, and the public crowd in the-bar room he propounded the could see in everything the evidence of hir oft-repeated query: "Is there any one guilt. The body Af a murdered man was here who knows a man by the name of found in every nook and corner in North- Charlesworth? " To this he received the field. One man at the trial swore point heart-sickening reply-"No." But as he blank that he went one morning to Viers' left the room and stepped out into the door yard, and passing by a meadow con- street a man confronted him and said, taining about twenty acres ol grass, yv "My name is Charlesworth and yours is uncut. he saw plainly the trail where some Viers, and you are from Northfield, Ohio." heavy body had been dragged through the Viers recognized the longlost man and the grass. Here now is the key to the whole meeting was, indeed, most cordial. Viers mystery! "Murder will out," and the told Charlesworth that he must immediheart of our searcher after truth is made ately return with him to Northfield. The to rejoice that he is to be no small instru- latter for a time refused, saying that he mentality in giving to justice what had had important business which must be atlong been her due. He accordingly fol- tended to a once. Viers would accept no lowed the trail through the meadow to a excuse, and the two came direct to Northpieceof woods adjacent. Ever and anon field. Hand-bills were posted up all over as he passed along he found spots of the country announcing that on such a clotted blood, and his tender heart day Charlesworth would be at the church, went out in loving sympathy for the de- and earnestly requesting all interested to parted Charlesworth. (Coming to the fence call and satisfy themselves as to the idenseparating the meadow from the woods he tity of the supposed murdered man. This lost the trail, and therefore conjectured was a great day in Northfield. The church that the murderer had here taken the was crowded. Individuals who used to body of his victim in his arms and carried know Charlesworth would give him some it to the place of burial. The avenger of hint in reference to some old transaction, blood entered the woods, and while and then he would go on and fill out the searching for further trace of the trail he details. They would ask him, forinstance, saw a chipmunk dart in-to a pile of leaves. if he once kept company with such and He instantly conceived the idea of killing such a girl; and when he answered "Yes." the poor creature, and going to the leaves they would tell him to go on and describe began poking them about with his cane- her. In this way, after a long examinaand what a sight met his eves! There lay tion, the public were fully satisfied that the body of the long lost Charleswortt. the murdered man stood in their midst. T'is true but little beside che skeleton was Mr. Viers was fully cleared of all part or left. but those were the remains of the lot in the matter, and we presume he never missing man. Thus the witness in sub- regretted the efforts he made to find his. stance testified. The lawyers defending alleged victim. The only reason CharlesVieis asked how he knew it was Charles- worth assigned for his strange conduct worth's body, and he replied that one of was that he had passed a counterfeit ten the front teeth was broken. as he had dollar bill, and fearing an arrest he fled uften observed inCharlesworth.,The court, the township. of course, sent a committee to visit the The first school building erected in place where the corpse lay. They camie Northfield stood where Mr. Rianier now back and reported that while the remains lives. The children from miles around of the departed were there visible they assembled at this house of learning, until were the remains of an old dogand not the number of scholars exceeded a dozen. those of Charlesworth.'he witness would The first winter that school was taught have been put under arrest on the charge here was a very severe one. There was of perjury had he not left town. no chimney to the house. Cracks between He soon went away from North- the logs freely admitted the wintry wind, field and never returned. and the building in all respects Come far In the midst of the trial two men from short of the modern idea of a public Sandusky came to Northfield and swore school edifice. Teachers then were not that they had seen Charlesworth but a paid so much as they are now. A lady, short time before. On this testimony for teaching in the summer, received, Viers was acquitted, although the public perhaps, a dollar a week and board around. was firm in its belief that he had murdered In the winter a man was paid from eight Charlesworth. to ten dollars per month and board. A person, in his right mind, will do a While wages were less than those paid good deal to preserve his reputation, and now, the teacher's qualifications were corespecially when it is assailed by so serious respondingly low. Reading, spelling. a charge as that of murder, and Viers re- writing and arithmetic, to the "Rule of BEARS AND HOGS. 7 Three," were about all that were taught one chair with abroken round, three table in the backwood's school. The teacher knives, three forks, three tea cups, three did not have to bother about "certificates." saucers and three plates. They sent to No public money was available for Pittsburgh forthese articles. The reader school purposes, and employing a teacher will see that it would not doto break more was simply a matter of agreement between than a dozen cups and saucers every time a few of the neighbors and any man or they washed dishes. We apprehend that woman whom they might thus constitute house-wifes were then a little more careful "teacher." Private parties paid the bill, in this matter than some are now-a-days. and private parties said to whom it should As already stated they had but one chair. be paid. When Mrs. Wood wanted to sit Thefirst white person who died in the in the chair the husband would sit townsnip was an infant daughter of Isaac on the floor, and likewise, when Bacon. The child died in 1808. Mr. Wood wanted to occupy the chair, In September, 1813, occurred the first his wife would occupy the floor, or a part wedding. It was the marriage of Henry of it at least. And yet, at what time Wood to Esther Cranmer. Father Wood, since have people enjoyed life more than "Uncle Harry Wood" as he is familiarly did these good old pioneers, if we were called by his friends, is still living in only a mind to think so? How true it is, Northfield. Thereis but one other person that "Man wants but little here below, now living who attended this wedding, and nor wants little long." that is Miss Lucy Wood, maiden sister of Bears and wolves were numerous in Henrv. The brother and sister are both those early days. The bears committed residing with Mr. C. S. Bates, son-in-law no further depredations than carrying off of Father Wood. The Justice who per- the hogs of the settlers; but this act of formed the ceremony came all the way robbery was enough to brinf down bitter from Hudson, and received for his services curses upon the shaggy criminals. Mr. the then large sum of one dollar and a half Bacon, one night, heard one of his hogs Father Wood humorously remarked that he squeal, and going out he saw a large bear, did not do as it is said one young couple in walking on its hind legs and carrying a Northfield did a few years later. Rumor gIod sized hog in its fore paws. The hog, has it that a young gentleman and lady, perhaps, knew that Bruin was simply cabent on uniting their fortunes and going ressing him, but he, nevertheless, did not hand in hand down life's rugged pathway appreciate such outbursts of affection, and started through the woods to have the he made the forest vocal with his squealmarriage rite consummated by a Justice ing. Before Ba-on could get his gun the who lived several miles distant. They, in bear had killed his victim, and laying it some way or other, had procured alicense, down beside a log had run off. his pursuer which then only cost one dollar and a uar- knew not where. Bacon made a pen of ter, but neither of them had the where- logs and left a door at one side just large withto pay the Justice. Here was adilem- enough for the bear to enter, and placed ma, but they would trust ia Providence the ho; in this pen. He then arranged his and all things would be frr thebest. For- gun, with the aid of a string, so that the tune is said t favor the brave, and these contents of the weapon would be dispersons must have been very brave, for charged at the bear the momenthe should they were exceedingly lucky While theattempt to enter the enclosure. Bacon face of the youngpan bad become nearly returned to his house, and in about two as long as that w a horse, and his eyes hours, hearing the report of the gun and wore alook of melting and yet wonderful going back, he found the bear stark dead, tenderness, as he thought of the solemnity with a rifle ball through his heart. of a circumstance which bid fair to pre- Mr. Wood had a dog which seems to have vent the legal union Df two loving hearts. been about as remarkable as any animal of and while his dear companion, mild and that or later times. He bought the dog of gentle in all her movements, with a voice an Indian squaw and paid a dollar for it, modulated after the sweetest cadences of When we say that this dog was a strange the screech owl, was about to whisper in animal we feel as if we were but very the large ears of her lover some fond word faintly expressing the idea which we would of encouragement and cheer, a " coon" like to convey. In fast we have not the sprang fr1m a small sappling which stood right kind of language at our command to near them and ran toward a large white speak in fit terms of that dog. If Mark oak tree. The young man seemed to be Twain were here we would give him the moved by some. invisible power, and giving job of describing him. The animal had a yell, which would have done honor to no color to which any name has ever been the greatest Mohawk chieftain, started given. He was of medium size and his off in a brisk canter after the fugitive ani- head, in proportion to'his body, was very mal. Here history is blank as to de- large. His large eyes were overhung by a tails, but, at all events, the man profusion of eyelashes which ta caught the coon, skinned it, and took the times rendered the gaze of the animal hide to the justice and paid the marriage very repulsive. He lid not possess a difee with it, versity of gifts. He was not a five Mr. Wood and his wife did not have a talented nor yet a three talented dog. He vast deal of furniture with which to begin had but one talent, that of barking. He house keeping, for their whole stock was would bark all day and he would bark all 8 A PIONEER DOG. night. There was not an animal in North- i into heaven and into the woods and into field, from a bear down to a chipmuck, at the house some of the finest specimens of which this dog had not poured forth his yelps. He had to bark only for a short volumes of howls. But this was all the time before he could call up all the wolves harm the dog would do to any creature- within a circuit of five or ten miles. As just stand and bark until the animal soon as he was fully satisfied that he had left in disgust. Mr. Wood was one day got a sufficient number of these howling out in the field at work when as usual he creatures started to take his place at heard the dog bark. He noticed that the barking for the remainder of the night, he sound was constantly receding, and think- would run under the house and remain ing that there might be some large game, silent and secreted until daylight. The and wishmig to rest a little from his work, wolves, in the meantime, would surround he started off in the direction of the sound. the house, and yelp, to the by no means Presently he saw the dog barking at a infinite amusement of the occupants of the large, long-legged, white-faced bear. The building. The dog seemed to have the two animals were about a rod apart and idea that there must be barking of some each seemed to enjoy the other's com- kind all the time, and if he could get the pany very much. As soon as the bear saw wolves to take his place once in a while it Wood it ran off, and the dog, barking of M as nobody's business. We have not course followed at a safe distance behind. heard that this dog was ever either killed Mr. Wood, having no gun, returned to his or died a natural death. We are of the work. Soon the dog came back and trot- opinion tha. the dog never did die,-he ted up to his master, and in about ten just passed away. f he isyetliving, either minutes along came the bear, returning to in this world or any other, he is probably see what had become of the dog. The still barking. We hope the people of dog's greatest delight was to remain some- orthfield will remember this dog. Not what quiet at night until Mr. Wood every township can boast of such an aoiand his family were all nicely asleep, mal. You may forget the writer, but and then to go out two or three rods from don't forget the dog. the house and mounting a stump, send HISTORICAL SOCIETY. TRACT No. 16 — AY, 1873. List of Publications.-Annual Report, 1873.-Origin of the State of Ohio. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Colonel Henry Bouquet into Ohio in 1764. 1870. Selection No. 1, 6 pages. Tract No. 1.-Battle and massacre at No 14.-Same, selection No. 2, 6 pages. River Raisin, Michigan, January 18 and No. 15.-Correspondence relating to the 21, 1813. By Rev. Thos. P. Dudley, of war of 1812, papers of Major George Lexington, Ky., one of the survivors, 4Tod, C. S. A., History of Northfield, pages. Summit county,Ohio, by I. W. Searles. No, 2.-Notices of the Judges of the Sua-. preme (Uourt of the Territory and State of Annual M9eeting. Ohio, 1788 to 1851. By Alfred T. Goodiman, late Secretary, 8 pages. IThe annual meeting ot the members of No. 3.-Papers relating to the war of 1812. From the collection of the late the Western Reserva and Northern Ohio Elisha Whittlesey, Canfield, Ohio, 4pages, Hist rical Society, was held in the room of 1871. the Society, in the Savings Bank building, No. 4.-First white child born in the ruesday vening, May 13th. Ohio territory, By A. T. Goodman, Secretary, 8 pages. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. No. 5.-Ancient earth forts of the valley President-Charges Whittlesey. of the Cuyahoga. By Chas. Whittlesey, First Vice Pr 40 pages'illustrated by nine plates. Erst Vice Presden —J.. Salisbuly. No. 6.-First white settlers in Ohio, and cond Vice Presidert —Vacant. original documents from the war office. Secrtary —Vacant. By A. T. Goodman, Secretary, 8 pages. Treasurer-S. Williamson. No 7. —Selection No. 2, from papers of Librarian —Mrs. M. Milford. Elisha Whittlesey, relating to the war of 1812, 4 page-. CURATORS ELECTIVE. No. 8.-Indian affairs around Detroit For one year-J. H. A. Bone, Samuel in 1706, from French archives, procured Williamson, Mrs. J. I. Sargent. by General Cass, 6 pages. For two years-C. C. Baldwin, C. T Sher1872-73. mar, Miss i. ary C. Brayton. No. 9.-Archeological frauds. Three For three years-Joseph Perkins, Charles remarkable forgeries, byCharles Wittle- Whittlesey, John W. Allen. sey. 4 pages. vE-officio as Trust, es of the Library AssoNo. 10.-Annual meeting of the Society, - rdman illiam Bi Memorial notices of the late secretary. caton-W. J. Boardman, Wiliam BingA. T. Goodman, 4 pages. ham, James Barnett, H. M. Chapin, B. A. No. 11. —Rock inscriptions in Ohio, Stannard. Ancient Mound, Hardin county, Ohio, LIFE MEMBERS. Polished stone ornaments, 16 pages, illus- Horace Kelley, C. F. Glaser, trated bv two plates. trated by two plates.. 3 T. M. Keiley, Leonard Case, No. 12.-Selection No. 3, papers of E. T. Keiey L C. Basdw, Whittilsey, war of 1812, 4 pages. olgate oyt. C. dwin No. 13.-Papers relating to the expedi- Joseph Perkins, H. B. Tuttle, tions of Colonel John Bradstreet and A. W. Fairbanks, P. H, Babcock, 2 ANNUAL REPORT. R. C. Parsons, E. Cushing, adopted, was to rely hereafter on life L. E. Holden, S. V. Harkness, memberships more than upon the uncerA. Cobb, A Bradley, tain one of annual members. Certificates eorge Wiley, T. S Bekwith of life memberships, are issued eorge?lley, T. S. Beckwith, for each sum of one hundred William Chisholm, S. L. Mather, dollars, paid to the endowment fund; the O. A. Childs, H. C. Blossom, principal of whichis to be invested, by H. P. Weddell, H. M. Chapin, Messrs. Bingham, Bishop and Willey, as George Mygatt, N. C. Baldwin, trustees. The subscribers were not to be A. G. Colwell, J. H. Salisbury, called upon, unless $5,000 should be seR. P. Ranney, William Edwards, cured. A thorough canvass of the city J. P. Bishop, William Collins, has not been made, but this sum has J. T, A Tons, been subscribed, and a portion of it colJanx es J. Tracy, Amos'Townsend, lected. If each curator will pledge himW. S. Streator, T. P. Handy, self to secure one such membership annuJ. H. Wade, R. P. Wade, ally, we Phall soon have asufficient and J. H. Devereux, Alfred E. Buell, perpetual income. Joseph Perkins, Jr. L. Lewis Perkius, This spacious fire-proof room is substanDouglas Perkins, Jacob B.. Perkins, tially a donation from the Society for E. P. Morgan, Miss L. T. Guilford, Savings and the Cleveland Library Association. Miss Mary E. Ingersoll, Since the origin of the society, in the Miss Sarah L. Andrews. year 1867, our expenditures have not been Eben Newton, Canfield. large, as the following statement will Kent Jarvis, Massillon. show: Wm. G. Lane, Sandusky. GENERAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT FROM George T. Perkins, Akron. 1867 TO DATE. Donations from a number of gentlemen (beyond their annual dues), toAnnual Report on the Condition of wards furnishing the rooms......... $662 00 the Soclety, 1May 13th, 1873. For cases for the war relics, by the Cuyahrga Co. Military Committee... 198 12 During the past year the general pro- Forprocuring papers of tho Connecticut Land rompany by the County gress of the Society has been satisfactory. omisioners.pany by e County The donations of flags, relics, maps, pampn- For exploring the antiquities of Ohio, lets, manuscripts, and articles of interest, and publications relating to them have continued to increase as usual. (Tracts 5 and LI), a special donation, 1,000 00 As our library is special, and intended For books, binding, and transcribing, particularly to include works relating a special donation.......... 963 67 to the early history, antiquities, and Legacy of the late John F, Warner..... 500 00 to the early history, antiquities, and Received from memberships.......... 888 90 statistics of Ohio, and the Northwest,.. it would not be large, if it was complete. Total...............................$4 412 69 We have already on history and anti- All of which has been expended. Wichquities about two-thirds of the publish- out the endowment fund the year would ed works, and not having money to pur-have closed without debts, but also withchase the remainder, which are both out resources, sufficient to maintain the few and scarce, we have not during the museum as a public institution. year added many to our'shelves. The increase of current pamphlets has been IOGRAPHICAL NOTICES, large. It is a part of our plan to give, from year The number of visitors to the museum to year, biographical notices of our memhas at least doubled, but during a portion bers and patrons. of the year our prospects, in a financial During the year 1871-2, an unusually point of view, were quite discouraging. large number of members were removed Our old members were more and more re- by death. In the current year we are admiss in the payment of their annual dues, vised of the loss of D. H. Pease, Esq., of and new ones were obtained with difficulty. Norwalk, Ohio, a valuable corresOur current expenses are light, but the pending member, but have net the maannual receipts,are lighter still. It became terials for a proper notice of his life. He evident that the museum could not be was for many years the secretary and kept open to the public, on the income moving spirit of the "Fire Lands Pioneer from memberships alone. The curators Association." determined to advance personally what THE MARGRY PAPERS. might be necessary, until the time of the For some years a correspondence has been annual meeting, and to appeal to our citi- going on by us, in connection with other zens to provide an irreducible endowment societies to secure a collection of manufund. With the annual dues of members, scripts, which are at Paris, relating to who are prompt in their payments, and French explorations on the St. Lawrence the permanent income on $10,000, we can and Mississippi, between 1680 and 1750. make the museum free to the public, and Monsieur Pierre Margry has spent a accomplish most of the leading objects of long life in one of the bureaus of the French the institution. The plan of solicitation Government, and has been engaged more ANNUAL REPORT. 3 than twenty years in making transcripts one by the Marietta College, Ohio, another of offi3ial reports, letters, maps and docu- by Yale, and a third by the Medical Colments sent from Canada to France during lege at Louisville, Ky. As it approached that early period. They mbrace all that the earth its brilliancy was almost equal remains, or that can be hoped for, to cor- to that of the sun. As usual it broke into plete the history of those interesting times numerous fragments, weighing from a few in North America. The manuscripts ounces to 130 pounds. Some of them were fill nine volumes of nine hundred pages seen to fall,and were dugoutof the ground, each, which be was unable to publish, or while they wore yet warm. This is the to fird a publisher. A petition originated only instance in America where a meteohere, suggesting to Congress the propriety rite has been observed to strike the earth, of purchasing those papers. Other socie- and the fragments secured at once. ties and individuals interested in bistori- ROCK INSCRIPTIONS. cal matters, readily circulated and signed Our mode of copying rock inscriptions the petition, and an appropriation of $10,- leaves no room to question their correct000 was secured. ness hereafter, in case the originals are The Hon. James Monroe, of Oberlin, Obliterated. Itis effected by tracings on gave it his active support, in which he cloth full size; copied from the cloth by had the assistanceof many other members photograph; reduced to the exact size of Congress, in this, and in the Eastern used by the engraver. States. This subject is now engaging the attenA WAR TROPHY AND )THER RELICS. tion of antiquarians in all parts of the Messrs. Footf Moore & Co., of Detroit,world. in June last, signified a willingness to do- EXCHANGES AND DISTRIBUTION. nate to the Society one of the large iron We have frequent calls tor exchanges Iuns captured by Commodore Perry, in with other societies, and with individuals, the naval action o- Lake Erie, Sept. 10, which gives a money value to our dupli1813. On the application of Dr. E. Sterl- cates. In September last, we received ing, the Comn issioners of Public Grounds through the Smithsonian Institute, at advanced the expenses of transportation Washington, a request to do something to Cleveland, on condition that this trophy toward filling up the large and ancient Liof war be deposited on Monument Square brary at Strasburg, in Alsace, which was at the base of Perry's statue, where it now nearly destroyed during the siege. A box lies. It is soon to be placed in a more of surplus copies was sent there through conspicuous position. This gun, which is Mr. Muckle, their agent at Philadelphia, a 32-pou.aer. had been mounted on the for which a cordial acknowledgment has works at Amhei stburg, and was put hasti been received. ly on board the Britisa fleet. with others, As the vacancy caused by the death of to complete its armament. Mr. Gooetman in the office of secretary has A. M. Burke, Esq., ofNewburi, donated not been filied,Mrs. Milford has performed to us, and delivered at his own expense, its duties in addition to her regular and the first mill stone used in Cuyahoga efficient care of the room and the library, county, in 1799, which the Park Commis- on a salay so small that I prefer not to sioners have placed on the north side of mention the amount. Most of the lads the arcade, on the Square. who visit the rooms do so for good purWe shall continue to piacebulky articles poses and behave with propriety. We which are of general public interest at the made an effort to secure for her some audisposal of the managers of the public thoritv from the Board of Education, analgrounds, hoping that the time may come ogous to that of a teacher, which might when they will assume somewhat the be exercised over those wno shall character of a museum. misbehave themselves while in the The Hon.George Wiiley has lately placed building; but in this we did not in our collection a large and convenient succeed. It was necessary several times writing desk orsecretary with numerous to call in the aid of the police. Finally drawers, now in good condition, which the curators were compelled to adopt a was once the property of the famous Eng- rule requiring lads under 18 years whose lish statesman. Edmund Burke. parents are not members or donors, to The tattered battle flag of the 124th procure certificates of admission from one Ohio, Colonel Payne, and the flag of the of the curators on request of the parents, 103d, Rith the battles through which they who are held responsible for their good went have recently been deposited heie. conduct. METEORITE. Mrs. Milford has nearly completed a A very interesting and valuable speci-catalogue of our purely hisorical works, men of an Ohio meteorite has been ob- Our collection of articles of general intertained, which fell in the county of Musk- est, such as relics, coins, autographs and ingum, near the village of Concord, about manuscript letters, has continued to grow noon, on the 1st of Mav. 1860. It weighs steadily in size and value. It will be cata11 pounds, and was secured by Mr. J. logued as soon as we have cases in which Grummen, immediately after its fall. It to arrange them. is the fourth fragment of that meteorite, THE PRESS OF THE CITY. in the order of weight; the It is our pleasure and our duty to acother large ones having been purchased, knowledge our obligations to the press of 4 ORIGIN OF THE STATE OF OHIO. this city, particularly to the Cleveland has permanently fixed the time for holdHERALD, for many favorable notices, ing our Fall elections. which have been of substantial value to us. When they had framed and adopted a Under our by-laws it is made the duty (onstitution, they provided for the elecof the President to deliver an address at tion of State officers and members of both each annual meeting. I have prepared for Houses of the Legislature, to be held in this occasion a short article relating to an January, 1803. Edward Tiffin was Presihistorical error as to the date from which dent of the Convention, which adjourned the political existence of this State should on the 29th of November. be reckoned. Respectfully submitted, LETTER OF THOMAS WORTHINGTON. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, Pres't, &c. CITY OF WASHINGTON, Jan. 5th, 1803, To the Honorable the President of the Senate of-the United States: ORIGIN OF THE STATE OF OHIO-DATE OF SIR:-I have the honor to enclose to you ITS LEGAL EXISTENCE. herewith the Constitution of the State of It has been the practice for at least half Ohio, and reques; you will do me the faa century to date the existence of the vor to lay the sa-e before the Senate of the State of Ohio from November 29th the United States. 1802. On that day the convention which Very Resp'y, I have the honor to be met at Chilticothe on the first of that Sir, your Ob't. Serv't, month, to form a State Constitution, fla- T. WORTHINGTON, ished its work. It had, or assumed to Agent from the State of Ohio. have, final power over the adoption of a Jan. 5th.-Senate Journal p. 251, preConstitution, without the consent of the sented to the Senate by Vice President people. This made the establishment of Burr, and a motion made for aspecial an organic law a very speedy and very committee. simple affair. Jan. 6.-Committee, Messrs. BreckenA large number of aspiring young men ridge, Anderson and Morris. were elected to the convention, who con- Jan. 7th.-Amended and orderedto be trolled its action, and soon assumed the printed. management of the new state. At that LETTER OF EDWARD TIFFIN. time there had been little experience in the formation of States. Even the Dem- iHILLICOTHE, Dec. 6, 1802. ocratic element inpolitics, underthe name ro the Vice President of the United of the Republican party,was strongly tinc- States: tured with British ideas of the preroga- Honored Sir-Enclosed you will receive tives of office. Governor St. Clair, who an address from the Convention lately was of the Federal party, differed from convened at this place, for the purpose of his opponents in the Terintorial legisla- forming a constitution and State governture, and in the convention, not so much ment, and which it has been made my dufy in principle as in degree, and in the ob- to enclose to you, to be presented to the jects they wished to secure. honorable body over which you preside. At present, however, we are dealing With every sentiment of respect I have with dates, in order to correct an error the honor to be your obedient servant. which has become respectable by lapse of EDWARD TIFFIN. time, andby usage. While the Territorial WithMr. Tiffin's letter, there as laid government existed, itis plain the govern- before the Senate an address to Congress, ment of the State of Ohio did not exist. and the Administration which had been No official act of the newly-organized adopted by the Convention. State had any legal force until sanctioned by Congress, and until the officers of the ADDRESS OF THE CONVENTION. prior government had surrendered their To the President and both Houses of Confunctions. gress of the United States. The breach between the last Territorial The Convention of the State of Ohio Legislature, which met at Chillicothe, duly appreciating the importance of a free Nov. 23, 1801, and Governor St. Clair, was and independant State government, and open, bitter and personal. A majority of impressed with sentiments of gratitude to the members, however, were not then in the Congress of the United States, for the favor of the project for a new State. The prompt and decisive measures taken, at min)rity was more in earnest, as opposi- their last session, to enable the people of tions usually are, and therefore more the North Western Territory to immerge active. They elected the Hon. Thomas trim their Colonial government, and to asWorthington to represent their views at sume a rank among the sister States, beg Washington, who succeeded in commit- leave to take the earliest opportunity of ting the President and Congress to the or- announcing to you this important event. ganization of a State. On this occasion the Convention cannot Congress, on the 30th of April, 1802, help expressing their unequivocal appropassed an act for that purpose. The dele- bation of the measures pursued bye the gates to torm a Constitution were elected present administration of the General on the 12th of October following, and this Government, and both bouses of Congress being the second Tuesday of the month in diminishing the public debt, cultivating ORIGIN OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 5 peace with all nations, and promoting the January 28, 1803. Second reading rehappiness and prosperity of our country. sumed, January 31, and amendments Resolved, That the President of the offered. Ordered to be further considered Convention do inclose to the President of February 3. the United States, to the President of the Feb. 3rd, letter of Edward Tiffin Senate, and tothe Speaker of the House communicated and the address of the Conof Representatives of the United States, vention received on the 5th of January, a copy of this address. 1803, and refered to the special committee, Done in Convention, November 27,1802. composed of Breckinridge, Morris and EDWARD'IEFFIN, President. Anderson. THOMAS SCOTT, Sec'y. of Convention. Feb. 4, amendment withdrawn and Received February 2, 1803, and ordered bill passed tothe third reading; Februato lie on the table. ry 7th, orderec to be engrossed; FebThese papers are among the files of the ruary 14th, message from the House that Senate, but the files of the House of that they had passed the bill. date are not to be found. In volume 2 of The bill (House?) in relation to the disthe'Miscellaneous American State Pa- pc!siLion of the Public Lands in Ohio, etc. pers," page 340, is a report on the same Received February 22d. Referred to a subject trom Mr. Randolph, of the House, committee composed of Messrs. Breckenmade February 3d, 1803. It apparently ridge, Stone and Baldwin, Passed withcame up in both Houses simultaneously. out amendment March 1st, 1803. In the Senate on the 27th of January, Mr. ihe intensity of party rancor in those Breckinridge, from the special Committee, days has not been exceeded in subsequent made the following Jeport: times. It was alleged that Governor St. The committee to whom was referred Clair not only resisted the Administration the resolution of the 7th inst. to "inquire by whom he had been appointed, and opwhether any, and if any, what legislative posed its favorite project of a new State measures may be necessary for admitting northwest of the Ohio, but that he had the State of Ohio into the Union, and ex- spoken disrespectfully of the President. tending to that State the laws of the Mr. Jefferson was not inclined to deal United States," report tuat the people of severely with General St. Clair, but his the eastern division of the territory north- friends in Ohio were so persistent that he west of the River Ohio, in pursuance of yielded on the score of policy. an act of Congress passed on the 30th day After the enabling act was passed and of April, 1802, entitled an act to enable the the delegates to establish a constitution people of the eastern division of the terri- had assembled at Chillicothe, St Clair was tory northwest of the River Ohio, to form removed from office on the 22d of Novema constitution and State government ber, 1802. His secretary, Charles Willing and for the admission of said State into Byrd, a member of the Convention, thus the Union on an equal footing with became the acting Governor, who perthe original States, and for other purposes formed the functions of a territorial execdid on the 29th day of November, 1802, utive until the first Legislature of Ohio form for themselves a Constitution and assembled at Chillicothe Mlarch 3d, 1803. State government; that the said Constitu- He then surrendered the office to Edward tion and government, so formed, is Repub- Tiffin, the first elective Governor. Unlican and in conformity with the principles til this act was performed there was no contained in the articles of the ordinance, vitality in the State authority. Mr. Byrd made on the 13th day of July, 1787. for the was at once commissioned by President government of said territory; and that it Jefferson as Judge of the United States is now necessary to establish a District District Court. Court within the said State, to carry into Thirteen other delegates to the Conven complete effect the laws of the United tion, nearly one-half of its members, reStates within the same. ceived appointments or were soon elected Passed to second reading, January 27. to office under the new government. Senate Journal, p. 257. Read second time. i ^ttiii $r t1 ani v|tla v( B{(tL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. CLEVELAND, 0,, NOV., 1873. NUMBER SEVENTEEN. CORRESPONDENCE OF MAJOR GEORGE TOD. Selection No. 2-WAR OF 1812. EBENEZER GRANGER TO MAJOR TOD. WARREN, July 28, 1812. ZANESVILLE, Feb, 27,1812. Major George Tod, Zanesviile, O.: DEAR SIR:-l yesterday received this. SIR-Within I have returned you the number of recruits, since my last weekly letter from Mr. Gideon Gtranger at Washington. I find that the information it con- report. The progress of recruiting in the tams was known in town by the Tamman- State, 1 am apprehensive, moves slowly; talna wa8 known in town by the Tamman- arising in a great measure, I presume,from ies before the rising of the Legislature. arising in a great measurnihed b theumefrom -rutyo il ot ccp acmmn the number of volunteers furnished bh the I trust you will not accept a command State of Ohio. I have not hed from State of Ohio, I have not beard from undera triflig editor of a trifling neWspa- Lieut. Fredericks or Milligan for someper.* if the appoinument is made Dgree — time. I concluded it would be most advi, bly to the no1mina1tion, I shou!d not hesiablyte to the nominr. residet thatI considered sabl for Eusign Milligan to recruit in Jeftate to tell Mr. President that 1 consideredferson county, and establish his rendezvous The Governor leaves twn to-day. He at Cadiz, from which place I directed him The Governor leaves town to-day. He to report to you at Zanesville weekly. I says he trusts when you receive ysour ap also gave the same directions to Lieut. pointment as Major you will protest It, Fredericks, of Lisbon, to report weekly, and send it back to them. Nothing and furnished them with blank forms. has, occurred here snce vou left us. Y'rs respectfully, Your friend, --- f1" EBENEZER GRBANGEBR. WILSON ELLIOTT, FB:~~ENEZE'~ G RANGE~Capt. U. S. Army. *This refers to his appointment as 1ajrp )rt. Ary in thu Nineteenth Regiment, under Jonn CRrLrCOTHE, July 30 1812. Miller, as Lieutenaut Coloel.. Miller, as Lieutenanto. Major Geo. Tod, Zanesville, 0.: TrHEADQUARTERS,? DEAR SIR-I do myself the pleaqure of E ~ DQUA MRTERS,?1812 f enclosing 3 ou forms of eubsistarnce and pay IEXTGTONw KY,, May 9, 181r2. ai accounts. My motive in so doing is. that SIR: —YOU will please to repair to this I expect that they wi!l be both acceptable place without loss of time, to reeive atd serviceable to you, as you probably instructions, to enable you to commenoe will not be able to procure forms of the the recruiting service in the State of Ohio. kind in Zanesville. 1 have written to you twice before on I am with much respect, this subject, but not knowing the place of Your ob't servant your residence, I fear my letters may not JOHN MILLER. have reached you, I have therefore deemed it expedient to repeat my orders, CINCINNATI, July 31, 1812. and address them to you at Youngstown, MAJOR TOD-Dear Sir: Enclosed is $400 where, I am since informed, that you re- m Chillcothe and Marietta bank, notes side. I am respectfully, sir, your obedi- which I received for the Kentucky notes ent servant. J. WINCHESTER, and checks that you gave me to exchange. B. Gen'l., United States Army. PIlase acknowledge the receipt of them. Major George Tod, Youngstown, Ohio, Our little town has a hundred and thirtyUnited States Army. six men now, with General Hull, besides 2 AFFAIRS AT CINCINNATI-REGULARS SENT FORWARD. contractors, sutlers, wagoners, quarter. Lieut. Booker to Zanesville, but Mr. masters, &c., &c., followers of the army. Booker has gone on, and I am at a We are now called on for 114 more, to be loss to know what to do. I have seven drafted and held in readiness to march at with my sergeant, but I should be glad a moment's notice. This will make 250 for him to stay with me. You will please men from Cincinnati, exclusive of the fol- to send me some instructions by the lowers of our little army. Our last re- bearer. He tells me he is going on for turns of the militia of this place was 526 clothing, and if I am to keep my recruits privates, and 593including officers. These any length of time, I should be glad if I were no doubt some invalids and some could get a sait apiece for them. I think I transient people, of course. Our present could make much better progress recruitcall, including what is on duty now, takes ing. With respect, I am, every other man in town on the rolls. So Your obedient servant, much for correct heads. It is certainly a JAMES MILLIGAN, great hardship, and a very great injury to Ensign U.S. Army. our place; more so than all those heads will be worth if they live to be old as Methu- RENDEZVOUS CHILLICOTHE, salah. August 4th, 1812. I am respectfully, dear sir, Major G.Tod, U.S. Army, Zanesvilie,Ohio: Your friend and most ob't serv't, SIR: Since my last letter to you ot the WM, STANLEY. 28th ult. I have received a second order from General Winchester to name and RENDEZVOUS ORDERS. organize officers sufficient for two comZANESVILLE, August 1, 1812. panies, in addition to those already called The non-commissioned officers and for, and to forward him a list of their privates at the barracks are required, names without delay. You will therefore when not on parade to salute all commis- please to name in addition to the first and sioned officers whenever they meet them second Lieutenants already ordered, one byraising the right hand asihigh as the captain, one second Lieutenant and one eyes, with palm of the hand turned toward enslgn in your district, and forward their the officer. They are never to come into names to me by return of mail. You will a room where there are any commissoned hold them in readiness to march as soon officers but with hats off. Soldiers on as men enough are recruited to form a duty, when having arms in their hands, second company. without any command, on the approach General Winchester urges the immediate of a commissioned officer, will carry their organization of the company already arms. Any soldier or other person called for. You will therefore make every belonging to the barracks, who shall be exertion to have your detachment here as found drunk or intoxicated with liquor, soon as possible. The Keatucky troops when called on parade shall be immedi- are expected to be at Urbanna about the ately arrested by the officer or non-co 10th or 2th of this month, and I have missioned officer commanding on parade wrote General Winchester that I expect and put in confinement, and as soon as to be ready to march the company ordered the parade has been dismissed, such from this State about that time. offenders shall forthwith be reported to I am, very respectfully, the Major or other commanding officer at Your obedient servant, the rendezvous. JOHN MILLER, The Major hopes these orders will be at- Lieutenant Colonel U. S. Army. tended to with cheerfulness. If not, offenders will be punished. RENDEZVOUS, CHILLICOTHE, GEORGE ToD, August 5, 1812. Major U. S. Army. Major Tod, U. S. A., Zanesville, 0.: SIR: I have this moment received yours RENDEtZVOUS oRDmERS. of the 4th inst., and am glad to learn that NDesV l A. A 18 you will be able to march the detachment Zanesville, Aug. 1st, 181 required from your district, to this place, On Sundaoyc August e 2d the non-rommiss- against Sunday next. I received a letter sioned officers and privates at the bar- from General Winchester this day, in which racks will repar to the court house at he urges me to have the company ready to 11 o'clock in the morning, for the purpose march immediately, If the number of reof attending divine worship, clothes clean, cruits atyour rendezvous should not ex and heads powdered-witout arms, but ceed 35 on Sunday morning next, you need attended with drum and fife. The conduct not wait longer for others to come in; but of all must be decent and orderly, should you have 40, the number before GEORGE ToD, asked for, you wiil please to send them on. Major U. S. Army. Lieut. Van Horn, the bearer of this, arA o A a rived here last evening (express) from our G. R TA Y 4. Portage County (Harmon) -Fairfield BIOG iRA~PHY. County (McCracken.) 1. t. M. Brioggs, (Harrison,) 18i69. 5. Cuyahoga County-Early Surveys-Ear2. Battle of Lake Erie Survivors, (U. M. ly Courts-Pioneer CelebrationsPar-sonis,) 186'3. -fHuntington and Walworth Papers. 3. C. Beltrami ins ItaliaIn. 1861. 6. Cuyahoga County —Augustus PorterM. Matthe L yon, (White,) 188.. -Manual anxd Members. 8. John iDelamater, (Good1rich,) 1869. 8. Surveys, 1797, A. Atwater. Surveys in 1806, A. Tappan, 9. Western Reserve-Fire Lands. SolCASE No. 8 diers of 1812. PIONEER BIOGRAPHY.T 1. CASE NO. 11. 1. BenLjamin iTappan -Alnizi'Atwater- MISCELLANEOUS. White Indian. 2. James Kingsbury -Lorenzo Carlter-. Fourth of July Address, Sharon, Conn.. Edwxarid Paine -Samuel Gilbert. 1798, (Smith.) 3. Simon Perkins- Charles Parker-Cal- 2. Connecticut Act of Assembly, 1781, revin Pease -Dr. Metcalf. lating to the State's quota. 4. Ephraim Cutler-J. Delad ater-Ely 3. Connecticut Act of Assembly, 1781, reCam pbell - Jolin AXndrews. lating to bounties. b. Governors of Ohio, (Duplicate): - Reu- 4 Connecticut Act of Assembly, 1765, rehen C aood - Davd' 0od. lating to insol vent debtors. 6. Heman Oriatt-Natllan Peirry-Sen- 5. Moses Vindicated. London, 1732. (Uneca, an Indian-Lewis Dille-Dr. derhill) Long-Alfred KEelley-Q. F. Atkins. 6. Geological Survey of Ohio, Report on, 7. Oliver Culver-Leonard Caese —-Cyrus March, 1831, (Riddle.) Prentiss-Zenas Kent - E. Cooke - 7 Human Kniowledge Classified, (Roswell Lot Sanford. Park,) 1855. 8. Bronson Family-Cahoon Family.. Panic at Nashville, Tennessee, (Terry,) 9. J. S. Clarke-Saniuel Dodge. 1862. 10. Z. Taylor-E. Mix -James Ward-W. 9. Bath Street Cases, Cleveland, 1854. A. Otis-Josiah Harris. 10. Trial of Capt. Frank Gurley, 1864, for 11. H. Manning —M.. Demin - J. F. War- the Murder of Gen. McCook, Nashner - L, Goodale - F. Wadsworth. ville 12. Mrs. Julia Long-J. Squire-J. Coit- 11. Sabbath, Scripture Viewt of, (D. H. A. Phelps -- P. P. Pease - D. Jarvis Beardsley,) Cleveland, 1864. - George Hoadley. 12. Social Reform, (McEwen,) Nashville, 13. Robert Kennicott - S. R. Curtis. 1869 14. D. Jones-F. Wadsworth-Joseph 13 Census of the United States. WashBadger - Walworth and Huntington in3tCon, 1869. Papers. 14. National Institute, Newr York, 1868. 15. r. T. Garlick. 15. Naval Depot, Cleveland, 1864. 16. Elisha Noiton. 16. Reconstruction, (Robert Dale Owven,) 1863. CASE No. 9. 17. Free Suffrage, (J. B. Lyon,) 1864. rWESTERN RESERVE AND GENE:rRAL r18. Necessity of War, (Goodrich,) 1861. WS RNRHISTORY. N E 19. Academy cf Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Report of Trustees. 1868. 1. Moravian Missions. First Sunday 20. Pennsylvania Revenue Cases, (McSchool. Candless,) 1867. 2. Medina County Celebration, 1857. Putin Bay Celebration, 1858.CASE N 13 3. Murder of Nicksaw, 1808. Shooting of.. Diver, 1808. Deerfield, Portage Co., HISTORICAL. Ohio. 4. Evans'Map, 1755. J. Smith, 1755. Trump 1. Battle of Lake Erie Celebration, Sept. of Fame, 1812. Fourth of July at 10,1858. Painesville, 1801.. Connecticut Historical Estimate, 5. Pioneer Celebration, Cincinnati, 1857-8. (Bushnell) 1851. Indians, Buffalo Creek. 3. Maumee Valley, (Hosmer,) 1858. 6. Co. Bouquet's Expedition, 1764. 4. Committee of Safety, HagerstownMa7. Trumbull and Mahoning Counties, (J. ryland, 1775-7. M. Edwards,) 1858. 5. Mason and Dixon. Cincinnati. (Veech.) 8. Detroit in Olden Times. Cass Papers. 1857. 9. Early Maps of America. St. Mary's, 6. Salisbury, Connecticut, Oct. 1842. Michigan. (Church.) 10. Oswego and Onondaga, New York. 7. Cincinnati Astronomical Society, 1843. 11. The Pilgrims and the Puritans. (Adams.) 12.. C. Aiken's Quarter Century Sermon, 8. Suffield Connecticut 150 Anniversary. 1860. 1859. (Ruggles.) No. "Possessions Anglaise et Francaise," by I. 9. Beecher Lyman's Trial for Heresy, Cin- Rotter, Amsterdam, 1752. cinnati. 1835. "British and French Dominions in North 10. Bayfield. Lake Superior, History of 1858. America," eight large sheets, bound by 11. History of the Pennsylvania troops. John Mitchel, Amsterdam, 1755. PreReport on. 1866. sented by Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, Secretary Maryland Historical Society, CASE No. 1.3. "Middle British Colonies in America," by Lewis Evans, with Pownall's topographHISTORICAL PAPERS. ical descriptions, London and Philadel1. Moses Cleaveland to Direcors Connec- phia, 1775; same second edition, with t. osesCleav eland tom. Directois nec- descriptions by Evans, Philadelphia, 1760. ticut Land Company. Aug. 17. 1796. 2. Theodore Shephard to Moses Cleve9ticllt lnrpl <~^or>1->n~rl +< ATric 1,. ^ 1, Priinted b)y B. FranIlklinl and D. Hall. l.an.ed,. Cahnnd haigna, April 1797'"Atlas of British Colonies in North Amerl3 Maons Clea anT nl iemanda of (ca," including admiralty surveys, twen3. Moses Cleaveland and Memoranda of Land Sold. 1796. ty-five large sheets, by William Fadden, 4. Moses Cleaveland in Laccolunt with the London, 1777. 4 r.ie LandCvoany 1cont with the* Charts and illustrations of Claptain Cook's Erie Land Compa5y r 1 U00. voyages around the world, 1772 to 1780, 5. Burning of Col. Crawford, near Upperoluol dep. BSandusrnngof Col.Crawford, thick volume folio, on depositby C. C. Sandusky, June 11, 1782. Baldwin, Esq. (6. Moses Cleaveland's Diary. 1796. Earl of are bound volume of uscriptmps, 0 Warwick's deed, 1631.... arge bound volume of manuscriptmaps, WVarwick's deed, 1631.. 7. Christopher Cackler's statementof the from the papers of the Connecticut Land 7 w. CiS phe, from the papers of the Connecticut Land great Bear Hunt, Streetsboroe, Portage Company, 1796-7 grrea t e a HuntStreetsbo0o, cortalge General Atlas of the World: Dublin, 1800. ounilty. n1. C nd 18Presented by Hon. S. Williamson. 8. Millerism in Cleveland. 1845. 9. Papers of Seth Pease. 1795-1805, from General Atlas, by Matthew Cary & Son, Horace Pease, by F. Kinsman. Oct. Philadelphia, 1818. Presented by J P ~~~3, ~1869. ~Kirtland, LL. D. 10. Military papers of Col. Campbell'sreg- Maps of Northern boundary, Commission iment. Portage county. War of 1812. of 1820. Presented by the late M.B. Scott, 11. Memoranda of David Jones. Ohio. 1773. Esq. 192. Exports or~f P iCuyenhoga C~ounty> 1824. K9 Pyramids of the Nile, illustrated. 13. Address of L. V. Bierce, Newburgh, Catherwood's Antiquities of Central Amer13. Address of L. V. Biei'ce, Newburgh, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, June 1860. lea, illusrations. Cu14 yhoga Conty, Ohio, Jtno 180. o Chronological Chart of the World. 1 J.Newark, Ohio. iJuly, 1868. MouBattles in Mexico, illustrated.. HistoricalrAdd, Oio. Bierce. Trajans Column, and the war in Dacia, 1.5. Historical Address of Gen. L. V. Bierce. BIath, Sumlmit county, Ohio, Sept. 10,., illustrated. 1s8ti6, MOUNTED MA-PS. 16. Papers of the late Judge P. Hitchcock, No. from P. M. Hitchc-ock. 17 Crt H o C ion, Geaua 1. United States, by the National ObserI. CourLrt House of ChalAmpion, G eauga ator, J86!9. nplinateCounty, 1809. Subscription to build.. dle Sttes, y Johson, 1 18. Rebel correspondence captured at 3. Mhio bdleWatlies, 1861. Wytheville, Virginia, Dec. 18, 1864. - 1 al 19. John Harmon's History of Campbell's OHIO COUNTYAT IAPS. Regiment, Portage county. VWar of 1812. 4. Lorain, by Geil, 1859. 5. Geauga and Lake, by Matthews. 1857. Duplicate. HISTORICAL MISCELLANEOUS. 6. Trumbull, by Brown and Matthews. 1. Historical Addresof Woolsey Wells, 7. Summit, by Paul,185i6. D licate Lorain county, Ohio. 8. Holmes, by Walling, 1861. Loraln (coulty, CioO9. Coshocton, by Becker. 2' Pioneer Celebration, Newburg, June C hoa, by atthes, Dupli1860..~~~~~10. Cuyahoga, by Meatthews, 1858. Dupli1I8r 60.. 4. Ohio, by oh Boure,.. Specimens of the Great Seals of Ohio1. ta, y Ho aker, 18. Mo s Lking cn Ohio. 12. Fairfield, by Toason, 1848. Mounds, Licking county, hi13. Muskingu s b Rennetrt. ocety, Cleveland, Feb. 4,1869. 16. ailroad Map of the United States, MAPS & IL~LUSTRATIONSIN17. Ohio, by, John Kilbourne, 1822. to 1720,ecords of a Court at Warwick county 1. Ohio, by Howard, 18. bVirginia Dep ted by Bno Nicolis y 1of Washnon. (John Bannan 1828. la8. Mound Builders of Newark, by Isaac 19. Ohio, by Adams and Eggof tle Southernn, 1848. Map of "Carolana and the Rie er Celer States. New York. 1864. cebe,"S r. 20. estern B eserve, by Reed and olo,es, 1842.. Organization of Amerioungca, withMen's Literary 21.FrenchNew Military Map o Middle Europe. and Spanish settlements ad186.. Railroad Map of the United States, AHePry Popple, London, 1732. BINDIN1854..0. MAPS & ILLUSTRATION7S, IN BINDING. o3United States, 1853. A general Atlas of the World, yery full as 24. Berghaus' Chart of the World. Gotha. to Europe, containing with illustrations 1871. 95 sheets folio, bound, of date 1701. to 1720, by John Bapiste Homan Nuremberg, Deposited by Breno Nicolais, Cleve- City of Washington. (John Brannan.) 1828. land. Lloyd's New Military Map of the Southern Map of "Carolana and the River Mescha- and Border States. New York. 1864. cebe," by Daniel Coxe, 1727. Western Reserve, 1826. (W. Sumner.) British North America, with the French New Military Map of Middle Europe. and Spanish settlements adjacent, by Sebastopol, Crimea, and the Black Sea, HenryPopple, London, 1732. 1854. (Jocelyn.) 4 Town 2, Range 10, (Tallmnadge,) as surveyed No. by S. E. Ensign, 1806. 3. Green Bay and Ontonagon. Amos Spafford's Map of Cleveland, 1796. 4. Des Moines Canal, Iowa City Survey. (Copy.) 5. Lake Michigan to Lake Superior, 1855. Western District of Upper Canada. 6. Washington City and Capitol. Plan of New Market, Mouth of Grand river, 7. New York. Ohio, 1804. 8. Madison, Wisconsin. Cleveland and its environs, 1835. (A. Mer- 9. Vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri. chant.) Duplicate. Firelands, 1808. (Almon Ruggles.) Dupli- CASE No. 17. cates. Plan of the Road leading from the foot MAPS OF THE STATES. of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake 1. Kentucky, 1862. Erie to the Western Boundary of the Con- 2. Tennessee, 1862. necticut Western Reserve, 1823. 3. West Virginia, 1862. Map of the Country bordering the Buffalo 4. United States Military Map, 1863. and Mississippi Railroad. (G.R. Baldwin.) 5. Virginia, Maryland, and East Tennes1846. see, 1861. Kansas, 1870, (Mills and Smith.) 6. Virginia, 1862. St. Louis and Vicinity,'Urban and Fisher.) 7. East Virginia, 1862. Duplicate. 1854. 8. South Virginia and Washington City, Township No. 16, 17th Range. 1862. Ohio, 1833. (Justin Carpenter.) 9. United States Land Office Map, 1866. Fac simile of a map made by the Jesuit Missionaries, 1670-1. Paris. 1672. Tripli- CASE No. 18. cates. 1. United States, (Colton,) 1861. Village of Eagle Harbor. Houghon, Mich. 2. Red River and Lake Superior Wagon N851k. V, a ~.iintvRoads, (Russell,) 1868. Norfolk, Va., and Vicinity. 3. Elevations from Independence, MisBoston, 1862. (L. Pran & Co.) souri, to the Rio Grande. Boston,1 148. aNorth America, (Gilpin,) 1861. Map of the country within Five Hundred 5. Northern Boundary of the U. States, Miles of Cairo, Ill., 1861. (G. W. Colton.) Maine, 1839. Map of Wilmington. N. C. showing the posi- 6. Province of New York, 1779. tion of the blockading fleet,war of the Re- 7.Tehuantepec Railroad Survey, 1848. bellion. 8, Freont's Expeditions, 1840 and 1845. Map of Mackinaw City (B.C. Phillips.) 1857. Map of the Straits of Mackinaw, 1857. (B. CASE No. 19. C. Phillips.). Map illustrating the Canada Pacific, and 1. Europe, (Colton.) Northern Pacific and other proposed Rail-. Nicaraa, 18a. roads connecting at Mackinaw City. 3 New Haven Water Works, 1855. Large Map of Pennsylvania on Cloth, by R. 4- Ennre I Honwell 179'.' a5. Lonmbardy and Venice, 1859. Vermont. Triplicate. (Jewett and Chan- 6 North Polar Regions, 1852.. dier ) 1870. Seat of War in the U. States, 1860. Ohio in 1833. New York City, by Periis, 1850-1. CASE No. 0. City of Paris and its Fortifications. (From 1. Lake Superior, (Chapiman,) 1857, and N. C. Winslow) Land Office Map. Survey of Wellsville and Fairport Railroad, 2. Lake Superior Geological Map, 1850. by White, 1838;. 3. Copper Locations, Point Keweenaw, Hutchins' Map of the Ohio Territory. 1763. 1846,'51 and'54. Jesuits Mapo of Lake Superior, 167:2. 4. Plans of Mines: North American, Cliff, Champlain's Map of New France or Can- Phoenix and Lac La Belle. ada, 1632. 5. Minini, Locations, Point Keweenaw. Manuscript map of the west end of Lake 1846. Erie, apparently for the use of the army 6. Marquette, Escanaba and Menoneinee in 1813, from the papers of John Wal- Retgionls. worth. 7 Isle Royal and its Harbors. Lake Surveyv Charts, complete. 8. Point Keweenaw, 1856 and 1860. Coast Survey of the United States, complete. CASE No. 21. CASE No. 15. 1. Marquette County and vicinity. MAPS DEPOSITED BY CHAS. WHITTLE- 2. P t Ke en Locatiois STEY'V. LANDI) OFFIC:,Er1. and TLowns. No. 3E. LAND OFFICE. 3. Marquette an(t Menominee Rivers, 1. Louisiana, Arkansas. (Hurlbut') 1856. 2. Florida, Mississippi, Alabama. 4. Matchegy, i Lake and Keeeaw1856. 3. Iowa. 11 Bay, (Banfield,) 1856. 3. M^sa.. Upper Peninsula,. (Farmer,) 1847. 5. Daotah;Kansas, ColMorado,uNebrask. 6. Coal Fields of Michigan, Grand Travy-'6. Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho.s 7. New Mexico, Texas. Arizona. R and Pi ( CASE No. 22. 8. Illinois.. ~9." ~ Indiana.~1~ ~ Geological Report and Profile,. (Foster 10. Californiaa 1861. rand Whitney,) 1849. 2. Lake Superior, 1845-6. CASE No. 16. 3. St. Mary's Canal Company Lands. RAILROADS, CANALS AND CITIES. r4. PeoTSectional Map, by Chapman, 1857. RAILRAS, CANALS AND ICIE 5. Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon and 1. St. Croix and Lake Superior Railroad. Montreal River-4 Maps. 2. Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, 1839. 6. Portage Lake and Ontonagon, 1851. WESTERN RESERVE & NORTIIERN OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY................ ------ IN PAMPHLE, T CASES. CASE No. 1. CASE No. 4. HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. OHIO LOCAL HISTORY, No. No. 1. Chicago Society Constitution, &c. 1. Pioneer Life at North Bend, (Harri2. Georgia. Part 1, vol. 3. son,) 1867. 3. Wisconsin Address, 1869. 2. Licking County Presbyterian Church4. Houghton, Mich., 1866. es, (Duplicate,) 1869. 5. Maryland Report, 1867. 3. Licking County Welsh Settlement, 6. Minnesota, (Duplicate,) 1868. (Duplicate,) 1869. 7. Buffalo, 1863. 4. Licking County Clay Lick Settlement, 8. Minnesota Collections, 1860. (Duplicate,) 1869. 9. Wisconsin, (Duplicate,) 1868. 5. Oberlin, History of, 1860. 10. Wisconsin, 1855. 6. Tallmadge Semi-Centennial Celebra11. Wisconsin, 1869. tion, 1869. 12. Minnesota, Carver's Centenuary, 1.869. 7. Toledo War of 1835, (Way,) 1869, (Duplicate ) 8. Seneca County, Ohio, Celebration, CASE No. 2. (Rawson,( 1869. GENERL HISTORY, & 9. Brownhelm, Celebration of SettleGENERAL ~HISTORY, OttA"VThis black stone with cuneiform transcripway 01,-YTf tion in Persian, Median and Babylonian, is of the age of Darius, the great King, about B. C. 500. ^^ifTT ctTf ^quois with the plain in1609. but-end of his gun than to shoot them, such Mr. Shea in his valuable edition and tran- is the defiance of perspective. He also lation of Charlevoix says, the name is first published a map in which this lake appears. known upon the Copper Globe of Ulphius The eastern end of Lake Ontario is seen for in 1542; and appears next in Cartier 1545 the first time as Lac St. Louis. The map is who speaks ofHochelaga and Canada, other- generally in the French language but is wise called byus New France, showing the somewhat amusing in using names and rename to have been somewhat common. marks in other languages in a manner that Mr. Parkman says the name was first used, shows the author was not as good a lineuist after the return in 1524 of Verrezano to as traveller. It is common in the old maps France. to find on the same sheet, names in French, Ortellius in the map described, omits Lake Dutch, English, Latin and other tongues. Huron, though in the much less accurate In this map Hudson's Bay reachesfar down, map from Hakluyt, (ed. 1587) it reappears. near the St. Lawrence, with a note at the In the last map the country lying north of bottom, "The hay wher hudson did wente." the St. Lawrence is called "Bacalaos," a word It's position with the Saguenay would meaning codfish, intending Newfoundland. make us think that the "Mer Douce" of 4 CHAMPLAIN'S MAP, 1632. Mercator was here merged with Hudson's volume of the "Documentary History of Bay. New York"-by Dr. O'Callaghan. In 1609, after his fight with the Iroquois The map is indeed interesting: Lake Nicholas de Vignan, offered to return with Ontario runs northeast, and Niagara is a the Indian allies and winter with them. "very high waterfall" descending which, He was not seen again for some months, and various sorts of fish become dizzy. in 1612 appeared in Paris, telling large Lake Erie, unnamed, is little but a very stories about his passing up the Ottawa, wide irregular river leading from Mer Douce crossing a great lake, finding a great river (Lake Huron) to Lac St. Louis, (Ontario). flowing north, descending it and finding a One would infer that it was doubtful if shipwrecked English vessel. Brul really stood on its banks, though he In 1613, Champlain retraced the route visited the people living there. The direcwith him, but up the Ottawa Vignan tion of Lake Erie is a little south of east. became a convicted liar. He had remained The Peninsula between Lake Ontario, Erie, on the river with the Indians, and his travels and Huron, is a mere tongue of land, the were imaginary. Champlain returned dis- outlet of Lake Huron being near its western couraged; but in 1615, made a second excur- end and the lake being large, and stretching sion up the Ottawa reaching Lake Huron, from east to west some 650 miles. that immense body of water from the bord- The effect of the whole is to leave it very ers of which had come his guides and hosts. doubtful what knowledge, if any Champlain Champ'ain on his return, crossed the had of Lake Erie. lower end of Lake Ontario, advanced to the There empties into Lake Huron from the westward, and near one of the lakes of west, "Giand Lac," supposed to be Lake middle New York again met the Iroquois. Superior, by a sault f which he gives such He was not as successful as before, owing a description as to well identify Sault St. to the want of steady courage in his allies, Mary. From the north there empties by the Hurons, who wished to wait for a war the river "des Puans" another smaller lake, party of 500 men from the tribe from which where, says our author, "there is a mine of Lake Erie took its name. red copper," and in the Lake is placed an isHis intrepid interpreter land where there had been seen a mine of copper. ETIENNE BRULE, This description makes one think of Lake visited this tribe to hasten the reinforce- Superior and Isle Royale, yet the direction ments. He descended a river, evidently the and shape of the larger, represents Superior Susquehanna to the salt water, returned, was best. captured by the Iroquois, and returned to He knew these lakes, as appears by his the French in 1618. The Eries inhabited a explanation, from the reports of the Indians country reaching south of the lake of that and rightly making two lakes has divided name. the characteristics of the one, between the His story appears in Champlain's narrative two. of his voyage in 1618; but is omitted in the Champlain places the " Puants" among condensed edition of 1632, which is the one the upper Jakes, who belonged after, and a reprint of which is in the library of the apparently at that time, around Lake MichiHistorical Society, with copies of the origi- gan, and Green Bay which was long called nal maps. "Bay des Puans." It is said, that in 1621 Champlain had an Champlain died in 1635, and was buried interview with the Iroquois and drew topo- in Quebec; and with him died the energy of graphical maps of their country and the discovery that seemed to have been born in circumjacent places, " so that since that time his coming. the territory of these Indians, is seen in the After his death, New France suffered maps to be comprehended within that of New much from Indian wars, in great degree the France,"* thus beginning that geographical legacy of Champlain, and resulting from his aggiession which after led to the use of interference between the Iroquois and their much ink, and shedding oi much blood. enemies. The Jesuits and the traders lived IN 1632 CHAMPLAIN among the Indians. N 163, CHAMPLAIn after years they labored upon Lake made the first attempt to map out the Great Huron and Michigan, and explored Lake Lakes. The map and a description of it in Superior until they prefixed to their relation French, appear in his works. A copy of of 1671l (Jesuit Relations' reprint, Quebec it with a description if it in English, togeth- 1856 iiist. Soc.) a map of Lake Superior er with a portion of his description of his excelling in accuracy that of any of the expeditions of 1609 and 1615 is in the 3rd lakes then published. This map has also been reprinted in Fos* Memoir of 1699 on the Encroachments of the ter an Whitney's Geological Report of English, N. Y. Col. Documents. HEYLIN (ENGLISH), 1626-1652. 5 Lake Superior, in Bancroft's United Spirito" was the early name for the MissisStates, Vol. 3, and Monettes Mississippi slppi after De Soto's discovery, Vol. 1. But the Geographers seemed to learn very HEYLIN S MAP ANID BOOI OF 1652, slowly of thet labor}s of Chaxmplain. are similar to the edition of 1626, this'"earned" man having learned nothing in the PETER HEYLI — (ENGLISH) 1600-1662, meantime. in his Cosmograph;e, London 1626 says: A A French map of 1656 published by 2. chain of mountains below latitude 40, sepa- anson d Abbeville, an industrious and rates all the streams into the Gulf of Mexico, famous Royal Geographer of France gives from the territory north. parts of Lake Superior and Michigan. He separates America into )iexicana and This map (Harvard College Library) is Peruana; and just about in the vacant posi- erred to by that too little knon writer tion of the Lakes appears the name " Amer- he late Rev. J. H. Perkins, in N. Am ica Mexicana " Review Jan). 1839, and he suggests the pubLower California long before joined to lication of a copy of that and severa! other the continent, is now, with the superior maps. learning of later geographers become a huge in a map of Sanson's dated 1669 i his island, with the "XMare Vermiglio" (Red Atlas (Am. Geog. Soc.,) "Lac. Erie" is not Sea) flowing between it and the main land Iar out o shape, ad akes Huron, MichlThe west coast, which in former times had gan and Superior appear, the last not being reached far to the west, runs north, and in defined, towards the west. latitude 60 is a diin outline of Behrings Ths map represents Calforna as an Straits, which were in after maps as "Aunian" isnd brought nearer and nearer to the immense On a me a of Gerard talk and Peter island of California. Schenk of Amsterdam, in the Hist. Soc., no Ourau hor speaks modestlyof the "Streits date, but prior to 1708, it is also laid down of Anian,if such streits there be. " He else- as an island, with the careful statement that where places in the northwest corner of by former Geographels it has always been Arerica the supposed kingdom of Anian made a part of the continent, and so taken whence the name of the strait "thought by by Dutch from Spanish maps; but now some to part America from Asia, the very known to e an island &c &c. being of such a kingdom and of such streits This error became general, long before being much suspected," the river Canada 1700 and as late as 1767 an edition of Lord (St.Lawrence) "hath its fountai n the un nson's e Round the Vunorld in posdiscouvered parts of this Northern Tract session of H. C. Gaylord Esq.) makes the sometimes enlarged into great lakes, and same blunder, giving the fancied island the presently reduced to a narrower channel. " same square end towards the north it gener-Iis map notices none of the reat lakes and aly received. leaves it doubtful whether the author meant 1, JANSSO more than the occasional widening of the St. Lawrence proper. The English feeling of Amsterdam, taken from his Atlas of is shown in the statement that the French 1658, represents the lakes on a very small are "shut up in a few weak forts on the scale, inaccurately; the Niagara River is North of the Canada." longer thar. either of the lakes, and SuperiHe places Canada or Nova Francia north or and Huron are supposed to be disconnectof the river, and Virginia is liberally bound- from the others, and empty separately into ed "on the North, Canada; on the South, the St. Lawrence. Florida; on the East, Mare del Noort; the California is a peninsula. and America western boundaries not known." stretches to the west, as in the earlier maps. A large river flows into the Gulf of Mexi- Meanwhile the progress of discovery was co, located much like the Mississippi. steady, though slow. The Jesuits were purIt is called the "Canaveral," a name suing their missions. I have already regiven in after maps to the river flowing into ferred to their map of Lake Superior, with Mobile Bay, (to wit: Senex Atlas, 1722). De parts of Huron and Mlichigan, in 1670 and Soto had found the lower Mississippi in 1542, 1671. It is minutely and nicely laid downand its character no doubt transferred to the Lake Neepigon is more accurately laid down Mobile river. In most of the early maps a than it has been in the maps of our own long line of coast between Mobile and Mex- time, until since the Canadian survey some ico was omitted. The "Canaveral" connects 40 years ago. Isle Royale (Minong) is down in its branches with the San Spirito, as if but once. while after maps often had it there were some inkling of the great western down twice, probably because it can be seen branches of the Mississippi. The "San from the north side of the lake and also 6 MARQUETTE, 1673. from the long peninsula running from the the rest of the continent from the lower south far into the lake. Mississippi Valley, the river appears without The Indians talked much of the great name, and emptying into the Bay of "Spirriver to the west, and the reverend fathers ito Santo. occasionally mentioned it, Father Allouez The Glacial Sea a branch of Hudson's in 1666, conjecturing that it empties into Bay, is not far nothwest of Lake Superior. the Sea by Virginia and calling it the "Mes- The west coast of America is given only a sipi." little above the blunt northern end of the It was generally thought, however, that Island of California it emptied into the Gulf of California or the Our Author thinks that there is some likeliGulf of Mexico; and that the discovery hood it may be discovered that Lake Superior would give the French the knowledge and "disburthens itself into the sea by two or possession of the Southern or Western Sea. more different courses, one towards us, n te R tion a yin t m which is that of Canada, another towards In the Relation accompanig te map west and above California, the mapthird tolast described, Father Dablon speaks of the w est and above Caliornia Christian Sea; great river called the "Missisipi which can nd ha the mouth ao th is ma sh s the have its mouth only in the Florida Sea." ay we hat e o lon sought, to go to the way we have so long sought, to go to the He seems to have appreciated its size, East Indies by the West." saying it seems to encircle all our lakes, Christian Sea, is another name and emptying into the Red Sea (Gulf of for Hudson's Bay, which no doubt was California) or that of Florida. supposed to open freely by the "Glacicke In 1673, the good fathers on Lake Super- Sea" already mentioned, to the west. ior planned its discovery. Marquette was Sanson was no donbt much indebted to of the party and the only one whose narra- maps, still in manuscript, of which what is tive of the expedition is preserved, now known is contained in the appendix to His map is published in Shea's "Discovery Mr. Parkman's Discovery of the Great West; and Exploration of the Mississippi," in fac- an appendix very valuable upon the subject simile, from the original preserved in Mon- matter we are now pursuing. treal accompanied with a translation of his Journal. THE MAP OF GALINEE 1670, The map gives all of Lake Superior or "de Tracy," but the extreme north; the gives the Upper St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, west shore of "Lac des Illinois" (Michigan) River Niagara, North Shore of Lake Erie, and the River "de la Conception" (Missis- Detroit River, and the East and North sippi) by the Wisconsin by which river he Shores of Lake Huron, with considerable entered, past the "Pekittanoui" or Missouri accuracy. He claimed to have visited these and the "Wabonkiion" (Ohio) to a village shores. called Akansea. The travellers returned About 1672, another map was made supby the Illinois which is also laid down on posed to be by La Salle. the map. One can also recognize the early All the great lakes, says Mr. Parkman, forms of many familiar names. are laid down with considerable accuracy A map published in this same year, aad Opposite the site of Chicago is the state to be found in Blome's Brittania, London, ment in effect that by a portage of a thouseems almost the complement of that last sand paces one can go to the River Colbert described. It is said to be designed by (Mississippi), and thence to the Gulf of Mex"Mousieur Sanson, Geographer to the ico. French king, and revised into English, and The whole length of the Ohio River is illustrated by Richard Blome, by his Majes- laid down, with the name it now bears; so ties especial Command." called by the Iroquois, on account of its The relative positions of Lakes Erie and beauty, which the Sieur de la Salle descendHuron, are much improved from former ed' maps, and the peninsula between them It is a pity these two maps are yet unpubmuch better given. The direction of the lished. The Mississippi must have been shores of Lake Erie (not named) are given laid down from a fortunate guess, as La more correctly than in most after maps un- Salle himself was yet some years after to til the present century, The whole lake trace its course. is sunk too far to the south. Only the In 1669 or 1670, he had entered within a eastern end of Superior is given. and quite few miles of Lake Erie, a branch of the incorrectly. Ohio; and descended as far as Louisville. Lake Michigan proper is ignored, there In 1670, he embarked on Lake Erie, sailed appearing; Green Bay as "Lack of Puans" through Huron passed through into Green reaching far west but not completed. There Bay, and by that, into the main body of are the usual ranges of mountains dividing Lake Michigan. LA SALLE. 7 Did he sail along the hitherto unexplor- went to the head of Lake Ontario, crossed to ed south shore of Lake Erie, and was that the Grand River, of Lake Erie, and there La the origin of the improved map? Salle left them. They prosecuted a journey But very little was known of these jour- along the north shore, and by a roundabout neys. La Salle was so eminent as an ex- way, back to Montreal. It was from this plorer that his is one of four portraits of excursion, that Gallinee made his map. discoverers in the Capitol at Washington. Where was La Salle during the next three He spent wealth, years, and wonderful years? Perhaps Mr. Margry's papers will energy in his travels. T'he Jesuit Annual tell us more fully. He was exploring, it is Relations are our general authority for early thought, during a portion of the time, the Canadian history. -Ie had ceased to belong Ohio, and some of its branches. It even to their order, and is never mentioned in thought by some, hat he reached the Missis these accounts. sippi, which he called "Colbert," after the ~~these accounts. ^Prime Ministel of Louis XIV. There are published no journals ot his Pr M in a ette esse to Co earlier travels. Others attempted in the ac- Mr. Margrhittlesey, in a letter addressed torical Socounts of his adventures, most widely circu- hittlesey, President of the Historical Solated after his death, to steal his glory and ciety, after exressing in the kindest manner vilify him. He was finaly murdered by his thanks, for the influence exerted here vilif his m. iHe was finally murder in behalf of his project, communicates the ~~~~~his own men. following extract from an unpublished letter There are however, in existence in France of La Salle; (no date) which translated reads: many docnments, papers and maps of these "The river which you see marked on my times yet unpub'ished. Mr. Pierre Margry, map, of the southern coast of this Lake of Paris, is especially noted for his knowledge (Erie), and towards the extremity, called by of them. No one can investigate these early the Iroquois, "Tiotontaenon" is without times without indebtedness to him. These doubt the passage into the Ohio, or Olighlra valuable documents are soon to be given to Sipon, as it is called in Iroquois, or in Ottathe world, by Mr, Margry with the especial wa "The Beautiful River." The distance request and at the expense of the United from one to the other is considerable, and States. I will state in this connection that the communication more difficult; but withthis plan of publication orginated with the in a days journey from its mouth at Lake Historical Society at Cleveland. Erie, (ima ssii as it fows -i beautiful counO. H. Marshall Esq., of our neighboring- trv,) and at ia musket shot from its banksi city of Buffalo, has recently visited Mr Mar- tiier- s a little lake from wiich flowT a gry, and the result, is a very interesting stream, three or four fathoms (toisesi wide address dtlivered before the Buffalo Histori- at the outlet from the lake one fathoi (toise) cal Society, which tell us in substance that: in depth. It soon changes however, into In 1669, La Salle, with Gallinee and anoth- a river by the junction of a nulber of other er, was among the Senecas wishing tostreams, which after a coure of a hundred explore the Ohio and Mississippi, and after a leagues, without rapids, receives another present of "two coats, four kettles, six hatch small river that comes fom near the Miamis, ets, and some glass beads," declared they and five or six others quite as large, and had come "to see the people called by he floing wthe greatr rapidity along the de'Toagenha' living on the River Ohio, "and clivity of a mountain and discharging into desired a captive of that nation as a guide. the Ilinois (Oeo?) two leagues below a vilThey inquired about the route, and were lage and from thence into the River Colbert. told it required six days journey by land, of It is called Ouabachi or Aramouni." twelve leagues each. "This induced us to The original of this letter, was sent to Mr. believe that we could not possibly reach it in Parkman, who kindly returned it with the that way, as we would hardly be able to following note. carry for so long a journey our necessary provisions, much less our baggage. But JAMAICA PLAINS, MaSS., 9 Sept., 1872. they told us at the same time that in going "DEAR SIR: With regard to the extract to find it by the way of Lake Erie in canoes, from La Salle's letter, one or two points, we would have only a three days portage are worth attention. It looks like an account before arriving at that river, reaching it at a made from hearsay. On the map described point much nearer the people we were on pp. 406, 7 of "Discovery of Great West," seeking, than to go by Sonnontononan." the Maumee river is clearly laid down, with If they were to go by portage from the a portage direct to the Ohio, which is westerly end of Lake Erie, the "Toagenha" brought close to Lake Erie. This map is were probably well down the Ohio, and were clearly anterior to 1680. On the map of no doubt the Shawnees. Franquelin, 1684, made after data furnished They finally got two guides, one of whom by La Salle, the Maumee is also laid down, -a Shawnee- fell to La Salle. The party with a branch of the Wabash, designated as 8 LA SALLE IN OHIO. HENNEPIN. R. Agonasake, closely approaching it. Now La Salle's portage may have been by some I have little doubt that "la riviere que vous branch of the Maumee into some small lake, avez vue marquee dans ma carte," is the not easily found at this day. Maumee, the natural route "pour aller a a No doubt, M. Margry's maps and books riviere Ohio ou Ol1ghin (Alleghany) Sipon." will help us to locate move accurately this "The distance to the portage at Fort description of a journey through a portion Wayne is certainly far more than'une, of Ohio into the river that is its southern journee, "but accuracy is scarcely to be ex- boundary. pected. After crossing the portage, La La Salle in August 1679, launched into the Salle speaks of stream "qui se change Niagara river, above the falls, the first sail bientot en r vidre par la jonction de quantite vessel navigating the lakes, called the Griffin. de semb'ables (et) qui apres'e cours de plus His plan was to sail through Lake Michigan, de 100 lieues sans rapides recoil une autre build another vessel on the Illinois, and folpetite riviere qui vient de proche celle des iow down the Mississippi. Shea has sugMiamis." Such a "petite riviere" is laid gested, that he had better have built a vessel down on Franquelin's map. on the Alleghany, and sailed down the Ohio; It flows into the Wabash, and anwers to but he may have anticipated interruption in the Tippecanoe. The "riviere des Miamis," building his vessel and the portage was on Franquelin's and the other contemporary too long. He wished to build at Nia.ara a maps, is the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan. fort, but the Senecas would not allow it. He La Salle goes on to say that the main river sailed to Green Bay. His vessel was wreckin question, called by him "Ouabache or on her return, his men deserted. He began Aramoni," "constant le long au penchant on the Kankakee a branch of the Illinois, the d'une montagne, seva descharger dans celle erection of Fort Broken Heart. "Crevedes Illinois deuxlieues an dessous du village, coeur" et de 1i dans'e fieuve Colbert" (ississippi.) He sent Father Hennepn to explore the "Hebegins with professing to indicate the Illinois to the Mississippi. who in 1680, exway to the Ohio, but ends with bringing the plored the Mississippi north, as far as the traveller not to the Ohio, but to the Illinois. falls named by him in honor of St. Anthony I can see no other explanation of the passage, of Padlua. Hennepin returned to France, than that of a slip of the pen on La Salle's and in 1683 published "Description de la part, (or that of some copyist,) writilg Illi- Louisianle," with a map, of which more pres-'ss for Ohio. I can think of no other way entlv. of aaking the passage inteltigsable. This La Salle entered the Mississippi, February solutfiq derives some support, from the cir- 6th, 1682, with three canoes. He fotlowed cumst;aLhe that on Franquelin's map an In- its course and on the 9th of April 1682 endian vi laga Taarsila, is laid down a little tered the Sea. He returned up the stream. above the minth of the Wabash (Ouabache.) The next year he sailed from France, to La Salle, you remember, says, that the reach the mouth of the river by sea, having mouth of his rivt is "two;eagues below sent Tonty down the stream to meet him. the vilage. They were never to meet again. La Salle "The river is calied b-y him "Aramoni ou passed the mouth, and after great disheartOaabache. " He speaks ~ feTw yvears later, of enings was killed by his own men, on a another Aramoni, Identical with the Big brannch of the Trinitvy 1iver, in Texas. Vermillion, a branch of the Iosinois. One of Tontv returned disappointed, and his letter the branches of the Wabashl 1 also now left with an indian chief for La Salle, was called "Big Vermillion," and the name Ver- delivered, fourteen years after to Iberville. million is given to the county of Indiana, Joutel, a fellow-townsman of La Salle, was where th s branch joins the main str-,rn. his conmpanion in his last unfortunate expeThe coincidence is worth remarking. V er- dition, and its historian. His journal, with million is mentiond in La Salle's time, as a map, was published in Paris in 1713, and among the chief articles of Indian trade, and an English edition of 1714, is in the Historpossibly Aramoni may be the Illinois or icalRoom. Miami name for it, An account, however, by Father Douay, Yours very truly was also published in 1697, by Le Clercq, F. PARK MA-. which was suppressed. Hennepin learned It is, as is seen, very difficult from the something of the narrative, and in 1697, pubbrief description, to trace La Salle's route. lished "iNouvelle Decouverte d'un tres A common passage, in after years, was grand Pays situc dans l'Amerique," containby the Maumee into the Wabash, by a port- ing his former work and other matter. He age at Fort Wayne. In fact the Ohio and has stamped himself as a wonderful liar, Wabash were frequeutly confounded. This claiming to have himself, descended to the portage was much easier than those farther mouth of the Maississippi in 1680, with such east. circumstances as would. of themselves show JOUTEL, 1714-LA HONTAN, 1705. 9 his tale impossible; and habitually, making they made war as late as 1865, two hundred larger the stories of his first book. This was years after they are first heard of. published in Utrecht, with a new map The map in Joutel's "Journal of La Salle's Hennepin having retired from France, and Last Voyage," London, 1714, is little more in 1798, an edition still enlarged, was pub- than a sketch. The lower part bears marks lished in Lo ndon, with the same map; both of actual observation, though the the Missisuedicated to William, king of England. It sippi is not as correctly given in its course as so happened that Henrepin's books receiv- in Hennepin's even. It is called Mississippi, ed a wide circulation. and for a long or Colbert, with a note that in the year 1712 time the expeditions ot La Salle were known "it changed its name and is called St. Louis." mostly through them. Hennepin did a good The Missouri appears by that name. The deal to debase the geographical accuracy of river "Ullinois or Seignely" is too far east. the maps of North America. A branch, the "Ramany," reaches belom the His two maps correspond with his change west end of Lake "Eria," the direction and of claims. His first shows the upper part of posilmio of which is more correct than in Henthe Mississippi, having in the lower part a nepin's, but it has square ends: The river dotted line as a guess into the Gulf of Mex- "Douo or Abacha"' (Ohio or Wabash), is far ico. The other is carried to the Gulf, much too small and too far south. abridged in length, but with the character- M. Joutel returned along the Illinois. On istic curves, islands, and cut'offs. The up- the 19th of August, 1687, he passed the per Mississ'ppi is nmuch alike in the two "River called Houabache" (Ohio), "said to maps, though in the last Lake Superior is come from the country of the Iroquois more correctly shaped, and Lake Michigan towards New England." He thought it a ess sprawling. very fine river, extraordinarily clear, and The river Seignalay becomes the Illinois, its current gentle. and Fort des Miamis and the river it was His Indians "offered up to it by way of on, now St. Joseph, is moved from the sacrifice some tobacco and beef steaks,which east and correct side of Lake Michigan to they fixed on forks, and left them on the the west, The portage is marked alike in bank to be disposed of as the river thought both. fit." Lake Erie reaches down in the first, to If Hennepin had a rival in literary latitude 34, like a wellfilled round sack with fame, it was the its bottom to the south, and its south shore is wonderfully inaccurate to follow so close-BARON LA HONTAN, ly other maps based upon La Salle's. In the whose maps were as mendacious as the other's second Lake Erie is hardly mended, books. His travels, published at The Hague reaching like a narrow bag to latitude 37. in 1705, have only a small map of the lake A range of hills is below it, and from its region, where Lake Ontario is not far from source nearly to its mouth the "Hohio" flows round, and Lake Erie has a very square, west. The Missouri appears as the "Otenta," broad end towards the east. reaching far from the west, and as in Mar- He reports to have traveled up a large quette's map the name the river now bears river, emptying into the Mississippi about appears among the people upon its banks. where St. Paul now stands. After travelling The Ohio is in another place called the up this river for eighty days, he returned, "Ouye," and below it are the mountains having found many and civilized tribes of "Apalache." Indians, and being informed that the river The Falls of Niagara, called in the first continued its course from the west until with map the Grand Fall-and said in his first a short portage connection was made with book to be 500 feet high-have grown in the another large river, flowing westward and second map to be more than 600. emptying into the salt sea. Lake de Conty, or Erie, of the first map, His river was called according to some is in the second Lake EJie, or "du Chat." people the "Dead River," because of its the ancient Eries having been otherwise slow current, while others called it the called Nation of the Cat. "Long River." The tribe themselves Erieckronois (Eree He has a large map on a smaller and Nation) are well along the lake- wider scale in the edition published at Several rivers appear; but the whole lake the Hague in 1715. and country included in Ohio are so incor- Lake Superior is not badly-shaped though rectly given that there is no place for a river it turns too much to the northwest. to flow correctly or be identified. Lake Illinois has more nearly its proper The Sioux appear where they were first shape than on most contemporary maps, heard of. They were feared in the West though its south part is carried too far west. much as the Iroquois in the East; and con- The passages to the Mississippi by the tinued to inhabit much the same place where head of Lake Superior by the Wisconsin 2 10 ENGLISH GEOGRAPHERS-1700 21. river, and by the Saint Joseph and Illinois, In fact, a correct knowedge of the Ohio are all well marked. was yet far off, and for many years it was The "Ouabach" does not show its origin. yet to be represented nearly parallel to the This literary imposture seems more re- lake, and too near it. Where white men markable than Hennepin's. The latter seems travelled through the present State of Ohio to have been moved by malice toward La at all, they took portage on the rivers at the Salle, and vanity for himself to claim dis- west part of the State, the portages being coveries of real objects though with a strong much easier, and the travel safer for the exaggeration in describing them. He French. doubtless expected his claims to be success- A map of Peter Schenck, Amsterdam, ful. 1708, makes the river Auabach, otherwise La Hontan apparently drew purely upon called Ohio or Belle River, with a portage from hisimagination in falsehoods which must the Maumee. This map is evidently taken necessarily be detected. The account of from the French, and is superior in general Long riyer is contained in a letter pur- knowledge to others of the same map maker porting to have been written in 1689 in of date apparently not long previous. Michilimacinac. JOHN HOMANS As the Indians told Nicholas de Vignan tales was a celebrated geographer of about this of western waters, and the missionaries of date, of Nuremberg, and it seems singular the Mississippi, the "Great Water," so they that a town so inland should have been so may have told La Hontan stories either not famous in geography as Homans and his well understood or perhaps purposely mis- and others made it. His large atlas leading, as Indians have always been wont in four thick folio volumes, is in the library to do. The Baron was in his day consid-of the American Geographical Society. A ered a man of respectability abroad, and general map of North America is in the was afterwards Governor of New Found- room of our own Historical Society. It isa land. His book ends with a conju-photograph taken by Mr. E. Decker, of our gaton of the verb to love, in the Indian city, from the origna owned by him. La tongue. The upper end of his rv- Hontan's River and Lake are down,but Lake er was singularly enough a salt lake, in Erie is more like Hennepin's,reaching far to latitude 45, and supposed to be far over to- the South. Lake Superior has a long arm wards the west coast, and the furthest Indi- to the West. Maps on a larger scale in the ans he saw, knew the Spaniards. One might grand atlas represent the lakes better. think he had ascended the Missouri and the The rivers Wabash and Ohio are one. John Platte, and been told of the Salt Lake and Senex, F. R. S., (English), in 1710, gives a the Spaniards beyond, except that he care- better representation of the lakes. He makes fully tells that after returning from the Long the Wabash, Oho or Belle River, all the River he descended the Mississippi and then same. He has the Long River down, and ascended the Missouri. The Baron's Dead the lake beyond it. He gives a brief acRiver and Salt Lake had life enough to creep count of its discovery but with a suspicion into the maps of many highly respectable of the truth, says: "Un'ess the Baron La geographers. One Hontan has invented these things, which is ENGLISH GEOGRAPHER, HERMAN MOLL, hard to resolve, he being the only person several of whose maps are in the His- that has traveled into those vast countries." torical Room, evidently believed in him In the room of the Historical Society is fully. The lakes appear much larger than the General Atlas of the World of in La Hontan's maps, but all in the same JOHN SENEX, LONDON, 1721, peculiar forms as in La Hontan; while the a huge folio volume. "Long River" and the Salt Lake are all laid A map of 1719 is quite inaccurate. Lake down with express reference to our imagmna- "Erius, or Felis als Cadaraqua," looks like a tive traveler. flight of steps, such are its sinuosities. The Moll's dated maps range from 1711 to 1720. west end has so narrow a strait into the The Ohio is called the Sault River; the Wa- rest of the lake that it seems a'most a sepabash the Oubach or St. Jerome; the name rate lake. Oubach in one instance covering the lower The Felians (Cats, or Eries,) appear in Ohio. large letters, while the tr.be then really holdIn the map of 1711, the Upper Ohio is ing the country modestly appears in small called Ochio, and takes its origin in Oniasont pica as the "Sinneks," on a small stream. Lake (Chautauqua). Oneida Lake empties into Lake Erie by a The map of 1720 makes the Wabash rise river named "Onydas." in this lake. It flows alone parallel with The Ohio is laid down very imperfectly, Lake "Irrie or Chat," and not fifty miles with only the name-Sabsqungs-to that south of it. branch, the Ohio above the Wabash. Neither COXE, 1727-DE D'LISLE. 11 Ohio or the Wabash rise as far east as the The Ohio in this map makes from its west of Lake Erie. source "back of New York," a much more A map of Louisiana and the Mississippi, proper curve in its course than any of the inscribed to William Law, however, is quite maps we have mentioned, instead full and satisfactory, and up to the learn- of the general direction near Lake ing of the times. it is plainly based upon Erie. The "Ouabachee" has its the maps of the French geographer De source about the middle of Lake Erie L'Isle. and close to it, and joins with the Ohio in a The Ohio, or Belle, rises well up as it lake twenty miles long and ten miles above should. After the union with the Wabash the Mississippi. it is called the "Ouabache, or St. Jerome.' Mr. Coxe was a believer in what he calls Lake Sandouske appears by that name with the "faithful and judicious history of the the islands. Baron La Hontan." The Long River and the "Chicagou" appears with houses meant great interior lake, appear on his map, and for Indian huts, but looking as if our neigh- the long journey, the civilized nations, the bor, settled so late and grown so fast, was great ships and well built houses in his book. then something of a town. The Long River he calls otherwise the La Hontan's river does not appear, though Mitchagona, and the Moingana (Des Moines), he is not unfrequently quoted in the text. (a river suggested by other early geographers "Louisiana," or what the French call as being the "Long River" itself,) takes a "West Canada," and the Spaniards "Flori- diagonal from it to the Mississippi. da," includes all the West. He thinks that if ever it comes to be settled, The Mississippi scheme was then in full there will be easy communication with the favor. Pacific by a branch of the Great Yellow Our author says the French King gave a River across a range of hills little north of grant of this country to M. Crozat, 14th New Mexico to a river flowing into a great September, 1712, N. S.; the River Missis- lake. sippi being then called St. Louis, and the The Yellowstone really has its source very country, Louisiana, and the country now near the Lewis; but it is doubtful if this given to the "United French East and West fact was then known. Coxe suggests that India Companies," the shares of whose the lake is the same as the Baron's. stock by the management of Mr. Law, a A geographer very celebrated in his time, Scotch gentleman, rose in 1719 to 1200 per was cent., by which many people in France and elsewhere got vast estates." WILLIAM DE L'ISLE, ROYAL GEOGRAPHER He describes all the lakes except Erie, and to the French Kine. He was born in not badly. in 1675 died in Paris in 1726; and is considHe places south of the Ohio River by his ered the most learned geographer of France. map, "a desert 160 leagues in compass, He produced a large number of excellent where the Illinois hunt'cows,'" meaning maps, having wonderful industry, and was buffaloes. the authority for map makers of all other The time was now approaching when countries. the geography of our interior was to be He seems to have worked modestly, and more thoroughly studied. The French had at his death was preparing a new map of long completed their chain of occupation America which he hoped to be much better through the lakes and the Mississippi, and than those he had made already. were gradually establishing other posts Governor Burnett of New York, in his further to the east. memoir to the Lords of Trade governing the The English had taken the Iroquois under English colonies, Nov, 26 1720, (V. N. Y. their nominal protection. Col. Doc. 577) complains that De L'Isle in The next map I shall mention is in a his map of 1718, makes encroachments on "DESCRIPTION OF CAROL ANA, " LONDON) 1727, the King's territories from his map of 1703 complaining that "All Canada is taken in by Daniel Coxe. Our author is careful to fifty leagues all along the edge of Pensilvastate in the first line of his book that nia and New York more than in the former "Carolana and Carolina are two distinct map." though bordering provinces, the east of It is instructive to see how often De Carolana joining to the west ot Carolina," L'Isle's maps are mentioned in the Colonial and the title of the book indicates that dispatches, and how many plans even of the Carolana is but another name for the Spanish English territories taken from them, were Florida and French Louisana, claimed to be sent to England. English property and granted by Charles Gov. Colden, who was excellent authority, 1st to Sir Robert Heath and then belonging n his memoir on the Fur Trade, Nov. 18 to persons holding under his title. 1724 (V. Col. Doc. p. 726) refers to this 12 DE L'ISLE-POPPLE, 1733. encroachment of the maps, and speaks of the far off is a smaller lake, with an outlet to the French as being indefatigable in discoveries north, as if to lend color to Mr. Perkins' and commerce with (Indian) nations surmise that La Hontan's river may have of which the Engiish know nothing but been the St. Peter widened with its waters what they see in French maps and books. In set back, and rising near Red River, flowing another place he describes the map of 1718 as through Lake Winnepeg and Nelson River being the best he had seen. As late as 1755 we into Hudson's Bay a salt sea, supposed on find Palairet describing a new chart drawn report to be the desired route to the East. by Mr. Buache from the memoirs of M. de (N. A. Review, Jany., 1839 writings of J.H. L'Isle, and published in 1750. Perkins Vol. 2 p 167.) The maps of De L'Is e in the Historical The English were now giving much attenRoom are, one from Covens' and Mortier's tion to the interior of America. atlas, published at Amsterdam in 1722; and In 1701. the Iroquois made a deed to the a fac-simile of one with no date, but evident- King of Great Britian, speciously claimed ly late in De L'Isle's life, found in the Hist. by the English to convey the right of sovCollections of Louisiana, by B. F. French, ereignty to that monarch. part 2, 1850. In 1726, Governor Burnett sends to the The very maps discussed by the colonists Board of Trade, a'deed dated Sept. 14 of that in their complaints, wou d be of great interest. year, from three of the Five Nations, conThe lakes in the two maps above named, firming the deed of 1701 and and also c'aimare much alike, and approaching accuracy; ed to grant land said to extend from the Ontario is somewhat round and Erie too Cuyahoga River east. (V Col. Rec. 800) This round at the west end.'deed is recorded in Albany, and the GoverOn both ma)Ds tho Ohio flows too near the nor sent to England two maps with the Lake. The last only extends east to the half places named marked in red ink. of Lake Erie. The first shows the Ouabache, The English maps, ho vever, were yet otherwise called the Ohio or Belle River, based on the French and not with the best of rising in the Oniasonke Lake, brought down judgment. nearly to the northern boundary of Mary- There lies before me an atlas of "America land. Septentrionalis" (North) by Henry Popple, The colony of New York has very narrow published in London in 1733, and now in the limits by the colored lines, the French terri- Historical Room. tory being bounded by Lake Champlain, a These maps were undertaken with the apline from its south end striking New Jersey probation of the Lords of Trade, using all and then following the bounds of New Jersey the maps, eharts, and observations that to the northern line of Pennsylvania which could be found; and especially the authentic turns south long before it reaches lake records and actual surveys transmitted by Erie. the governors of the British Plantations. On this map appears La Hontan's Salt Lake They are certified to strongly as more accurand Long River cal'ed here the "Moin- ate than any extant by "ye Learned Dr. gona." Edm Halley" of Oxford, and F. R. S. The In the other map, which is abetter one, the engraver has bestowed much labor upon lake and Long river are left out, and the Mo- them, but the progress is backwards. Lake ingona appears with the alias "Des Moines." Ontario or Frontenac forms two well shaped The Wabash and Ohio are better, the Ohio steps toward the northeast. Lake Erie is being a branch of the Ouabache or St Jer- long and runs due east and west; Lake Hurome. In neither of these maps is the course ron is much too short north and south; Lake of the Ohio as correctly defined as in Coxe's Illinois is drawn too short; Lake Superior is map. drawn too far north with a great square Coxe's travels were in the southern part of bay below its whole east half. our country, and there is nothing in his Our old acquaintance the Long River, rebooks to show how he arrived at this knowl- appears as Moingona. The Hohio, is as usuedge of the Ohio. The course he gives it does al, near the lake with a branch from the not seem the work of chance. south from the Chautauqua Lake there not I suspect that Coxe was after all consider named. ably indebted to De L'Isle. A consciousness, slightly intelligent, apSouth of the Ohio appears the same desert pears of the bays and rivers flowing north "where the Illinis hunt cattle." into Lake Erie and'I Sandoski.' The Miamn The location of tribes, forts, and mines, is and Muskingum, not named, appear as quite full. In fact, most of the early map branches of the Ohio; the Miami having apmakers had a quick eye for promise of min- peared much larger and named previously in eral wealth. the maps of De L'Isle. The last map shows the St. Peter or Mini The scale on which the larger maps are Sota rising in a lake of some size. Not drawn is very satisfactory; and the various CHARLEVOIX, 1744. 13 portages showing routes of travel are laid I. Minong, the name given to it by Chamdown with care. plain. Chicagou appears with its houses and its Charlevoix speaks of the mines of Lake river of that name with Fort Miamis or Superior as having been re-discovered in his Ouamis, which was rea'ly located on the St. time after beinn forgotten for 70 years. Joseph on the east Side of Lake Michigan, La Hontan's river is dropped not again to there called Illinois. appear, and a note on the map says that the On the west side of the lake appears the sources of the -Moingona are not known. "Melleky" River, (Milwuakee?) Chicagou has become a "Port" A map by Emanuel Bowen, of the Euro- Among the affluents of the Illinois appean settlements in America 1774. is of in- pears the river "des Iroquois," a fact allegterest as being published with the book of ed afterwards as illustrating the extent of that name, of which Edmund Burke was the the occupation of that tribe. principal author. It is too small to be valu- The river "Ouabache ou St. Jerome" takes able. its rise in lakes near the Maumee much reBehrings Straits appear in latitude 45, as duced in size reminding one of La Salle's the "supposed Str. of Annian." letter before quoted The M3aumee is c lled Miamis. FATHIER CHARLEYOIX, The present Miami and the Scioto both a French Jesuit of sense andl ability pub- rise very near the lake with each a portage. lished in 1744 a History of New France The first is called the Chionouske, the in six volumes, illusrated by maps and second the Chiaau6s. plans of great value. This is the edi- The mastodon had apparently been found, tion in the Historical Room. The work for near the falls of the Ohio is a note that has been translated within a few years, here were found in 1729 the bones of an elewith copious and very able notes by Dr. phant. John G. Shea, a gentleman well known to The upper branches of the "Oyo ou La scholars by his many services to the learning Belle" are liberally represented; and along of ancient America and to a wider public by them and the Ohio appear Indian Villages. his occasional publications, and as theau- The ancient Eries, "who were destroyed by thor of all the articles on Indian matters in the Iroquois," are fairly located between the the new American Cyclopedia. lake and the river. This edition is in tlie city library. It is to The source of the Ohio is carried east and be regretted that it does not secure a larger opposite the end of Lake Erie. audience by being published in less expens- On the one map a branch from the north ive, and more compact form. flows from tlh Chautauqua Lake called The work contains an excellent introduc- Lake Niatacnon, the stream from it Little tory bibliographical notice by Charlevoix of Kannavagon, flows into Great Kanavagen,bethe geograpical and historical works used by coming in Evans' map 1755, Canavagy Creek, him. and still called Conewango Creek; on the Charlevoix was born in 1682, and died other map this becomes the portage and Lake 1761. EIe was sent as missionary to Canada, of Kanavangon. and his journal in the form of letters of his River "au Beufs" (Buffalo River) starts journey through Canada, the country of the from a lake near Erie, and represents French Illinois, and down the Mississipi, covers 1720 Creek. to 1722. On this as on previous maps is a marked The map in his Journal is too small to bay with two small rivers which I have no compare in value with those in tis History. doubt is an exaggeration of the curve of the Vol. 1 of that work contains a general Lake at Cleveland. map reaching nearly to the north of Lake In the west end of Lake Erie are RattleHuron; and Vol 5, a map of the great lakes. snake Islands, "des Serpens Sonnettes." In general accuracy they are a great advance I have said early in these papers that the on former maps. The author modestly at- south shore of Lake Erie was the last part of tributes this in great degree to N. Bellin, the Lake region to become known, a fact ilengraver of the department of {Marine and lustrated by our author's notes along it-"all the charts and plans acci mulated there. this shore is nearly unknown." Lake Ontario is still too round, Lake Erie That the English had begun to work over with a broad round end east, and the middle the mountains, appears in the English posts of the lake lowest rounding easily towards and names on the Cherokee river and its each end. Lake Michigan lies too much to- branches, now the Tennessee. wards the southeast, and Lake Superior is Charlevoix left Niagara to go by the north too broad. shore of Lake Erie, Maay 21, 1721. He says Isle Royal still appears twice; once under the course by the south shore was much that name, and again as I. Philippeaux or more agreeable, but longer by half. His 14 ENGLISH MAPS, 1754-55. scription of Lake Erie is in the second vol- the "Great Miyamis" with name, both quite ume of his Journal. incorrectly, with an English post "PikkavaI may be pardoned for mentioning that linna" (Pickawilliny) upon the Great Miami. my copy published in London, 1761, has in it From a small stream at the east end of the autograph and arms of Sir. Wm. John. Lake Erie to the Miamis, entering at the son. Born in Ireland,he settled in central New other end, no stream appears on the south York, in 1746 was made a war chief of the shore of Lake Erie. Iroquois; in 1755 a baronet of Great Britain, A criticism appears, that the space bein 1756 " Colonel, Agent and sole Sup- tween the "Alligany Mountains and the intendent of all the affairs of the Six Nations Mississippi is too great in the French maps." and other northern Indians." His life was I do not see that in this or in the French for some time before his death half the histo- maps the space differs materiallyfrom the fact. ry of New York. He died just as the Revo. In 1755 was published at London "The lution commenced, and his children and her- History of the Five Indian Nations" by C. editary influence cairied the Iroquois against Colden, Surveyor General of New York. us in that contest. He negotiated the treat- Although the book is valuable and in 1750 ies under which the British claimed the Governor Burnett supposed Colden "to country of the Ohio. know the geography of this country better The arms are supported on each side by than any other person," the map in the secIndians with bows and arrows, surmounted ond volume of this work is of little value, by flags, spear, and tomahawk. The crest is and carries one back in Ohio to the old misan uplifted hand with an arrow. The motto takes. is "Deo Regique Debeo." I owe duty to God There are in the rooms of the Historical and the King. The coat of arms caused me Society, two maps dated 1755, designed first to suspect the book once his. especially to show the dispute between Great 1755, the year of Braddock's defeat, was a Britain and France fruitful year for maps. One published by R. and J. Ottens, AmIn 1748, the Ohio company had been form- sterdam, is in a reprint of Mitchell's atlas ed with the design to settle beyond the Alle- of that date published at Amsterdam by ghanies or "Endless mountains" as named Covens and 1Mortier, and presented by Rev. time and again in the maps. E. A. Dalrymple the, Secretary of the MaryIn 1750, Gist their surveyor traveled down land Historical Society, to our own. the Ohio. The other is engraved by Thomas Kitchen Early in the year 1753, the English learned and sold in London, but even the title is that the French had crossed Lake Erie, for- French. These maps, as well as one in the tified Presque Isle, (now Erie) and settled Historical Rooms published at Amsterdam upon the branches of the upper Ohio. 1752 were, I am satisfied, the 14th of the Atlas Methodique of J. PalMiret "agent ~WASH~INGTON ~ of their High Mightinesses the States General was sent to see them. His journal cor- of the United Province &c., and described mencing Oct. 31st, 1753, was published in in his "Concise Description" for the better London, 1754, accompanied by a map the explaining of the map, London 1755. author of which does not appear. The territory marked disputed, is bounded It is evidently based upon that of Charle- north by the Lower St. Lawrence, th- Ottawa, voix but with additions. a line north of Lake Huron and turning Lake Erie has at its east end more its proper south to the Lake near its west end, thence course. At Presque Isle appears a French by Lake Huron, Michigan, and the Illinois fort with a portage fifteen miles to another River. to and down the Mississippi River; on "Beef River or French Creek." Thence along the Gulf to Pensacola Bay, The Mahoning River appears as Great Bea- thence irregularly north stretching towards ver Creek, the name Beaver now existing in the east, and west, again north through the lower river and eastern branch. the middle of Tennessee, thence south of and Two streams appear, one called Yellow nearly parallel to the Ohio and about sevenCreek, between that and the Muskingum, ty miles distant nearly to its source, thence called with its branch to the north (Tusca- about thirty or forty mi es west of present rawas River), White Woman's Creek. Tus- Buffalo to Lake Ontario, thence along its karoras is a village upon the east branch. south shore and in a line with it to the head Muskingum, and White Woman's Town, of Lake Champlain and nearly to the Conare two villages at the junction. necticut River thence up to opposite the Farther southwest we find the Hokhoking outlet of Lake Champlain, thence nearly east (Hocking), with a village of the name upon to the sea. it. In these maps the bay which I have spokThe "Sikader" River (Scioto)is well defin- en of as in other maps intended for the deed. Then the Little Miami without name, pression in Lake Erie at Cleveland, is called LEWIS EVANS, 1755-JOHN MITCHELL, 1755. 15 Canahogue Bay, and a settlement upon the terlocks with the "Cherage" and "French east side of the river Gwahoga. Creek," the other (Mahoning) westward with At "Sanduske" is a French fort. I Muskingum and Cuyahoga; on this, flowing nearly due east, are many salt springs about,LEWIS EVANS thirty miles above the forks." Mr. Evans was an American geographer and sur- thinks the swamps and ponds prevent a good veyor, born about 1700, and died June, portage to the Cuyahoga, "but will no doubt 1756. His home was in Pennsylvania, and in future ages be fit to open a canal between he was much employed there and else- the waters of Ohio and Lake Erie." where. Cuyahoga is "muddy and middling swift" He published a map of the Middle Colo- but nowhere obstructed with Falls or Rifts. nies in 1755, with an analysis. The map it- As this has fine land, and extended meadself is an epitome of history and geography. ows, lofty timber oak and mulberry fitted It was engraved by Jas. Turner and printed for ship-building, walnut, chesnut, and popby B. Franklin and D. Hall in Philadelphia lar for domestic services, and furnishes the It was dedicated to Governor Pownall, who shortest and best portage between Ohio and in 1776 published a folio (also in the Histori- Lake Erie, and its mouth is sufficient to recal Room) with an enlarged analysis but the ceive good sloops from the Lake, it will in same map, in which the Governor stood time become a place of consequence." stoutly by his deceased friend against other The uskingum has coals, white clay and maps pirated or other. free-stone, marked on the map. Whetstone, The advance in local knowledge in this freestone, coal, salt,,fnd petroleum are map is large. marked in such a way as to show an intelliThe Cherage River marked -'deep," lies in gent examination by his informants, for Mr. such a position that it must be the Conneaut. Evans says his knowledge of the Ohio counBetween that and the Cuyahoga is a small try was from traders and others. stream called.he Elk, which may be either Opposite Wheeling Creek are antique the Grand or Chagrin-sculptures. The Cayahoga is laid down with localbut The map has many trails and portages not accurate knowledge; it isw said to be with distances marked, which are not noticed not accurate knowledge; it is said to be here as that may'be the subject ofafumuddy and pretty gentle. Up stream on the re as that may e the a east are the "Tawas." Opposite is a French ture paper. ise in a pond with a portage af one mlte to lands stretching at regular distances across a brises of theMu |the lake, where the Indians cross from Cana branch of the Muskingum. ada to trade. The next river west is the "Guahadahuri," A map which was repeatedly printed, not far from the Sandusky River, and seem- much used and long authority, was Mitchingly too tar west to be the Black although ell's. the name sounds a little like the "Canasadohara," the name given to the Black by James JOHNi MITCHELL, M. D. F. R. S., Smith, prisoner in the country just south of came to Virginia early in the 18th century, Lake Erie in 1755. as a botanist. He lived long in Amer ca, and The Sandusky River has Wiandot on the died in England in 1768. east, Fort Sandusky on the west; above them His large and elaborate map has a certifiis a round lake, the river flowing directly cate from John Pownall, Secretary of the north. The inference would be that the lake Board of Trade and brother of Governor was intended for the bay, and the village Thomas, that it was undertaken at his reand fort were situated respectively on the quest,composed from drafts, charts and actsouth and north side of the narrower part of ual surveys, transmitted from the different the bay. colonies by the governors thereof. This cerAbove the lake on the east is "Junandat" tificate is dated July 1 1755. built 1754, and a Wyandot village. The various editions of the map genA portage of four miles leads to the Scloto, erally have no date but this. It conand one of ten to the Miami. tinued to be much thought of, and was used Lake Erie is too square at its ends, and too by the Commissioners in making the treaty near east and west. of peace in 1783 by which our country beThis map is partly reproduced and des- came a nation. The copy thus used was not cribed in Col. Whittlesey's History of Cleve long since presented by the English Governland. ment to Hon. Chas. Francis Adams who The land between the Cuyahoga and Con- gave it to the American Geographical Socieneaut Rivers is "level rich land intermixed ty; and it hangs as a principal ornament in with swamps and ponds." its lecture room in New York City. The Beaver has two branches; the east in- There are three copies of Mitchell's map in 16 Du PRATZ, 1757-POUCHOT, 1758. the Historical room, one published in Lon- piki;" but the first name has maintained its don and the other two in Holland. ground. A copy of Mitchell's map belonging to Mr. The Scioto is also called the "Chianotho." Barras of E. B. Hale and Co., seems, as far Evans' knowledge of Ohio from the reas I can judge, to be of the edition used at the ports of the traders and agents traveling over treaty. the mountains and into that country, was The governors no doubt had given a good more practical and reliable than that from deal of pains to make accurate returns. the officials of New york. Governor Moore of New York, in 1766 The general form of Lake Erie is the best writes to the Earl of Dartmouth "I must in Mitchell. knowledge to your lordship that upon men- The Maumee is best in his map. tioning a map I cannot help being under There are English factories in Ohio. some kind of terror from the remembrance The territory claimed by the English is of what I suffered in the last attempt ot this bounded by the western and northern limits kind; the breach which was then made in of Palairet; and it is claimed that since the my small fortune is by no means repaid." year 1672, when the Iroquois overcame the Many places were laid down from observa- Shawnees they were in possession, and tions. William Smith, the early historian of granted their rights to the Englishin 1701, New York,declared it to be "the only authen- renewed in 1726 and 1744. tic one extant at the time;" and it certainly The bounds of the province of Pennsylappears to be a great advance upon previous vania include most of central New York attempts. It is nearly as full in comments State reaching as far north as Niagara R ver, as Evans' covering much more territory. as far east as sixty miles west of the Hudson, The whole map is more artistic and less stiff and including a corner of Canada. The map than Evans'. That part of it covering Ohio is of great value for locating Indian tribes. is sometimes more accurate than Evans', The river Melliki appears again with Misand sometimes less so. konakimina at its mouth. No river is named between Presque Isle A map of Louisiana, 1757 by M. Le Page and present Cleveland. The Conneaut has Du Pratz and accompanying his Histoire de not its proper curve from the east to the la Lomlsiane, Paris 1758, is far behind the north. Then two smaller rivers, litely the times. Even the Dead River is raised again Grand and ChagriL; then the Gwahago Riv- and called the Grand. Lake Erie has its old er with Gwahoga, an Iroqouis town thirty form of a flight of steps. He is fully up with miles from its mouth between its branches. the times in pushing the "Montes Apalaches" The river empties into "Canahogue Bay, pretty well east, and making them everymiddle of the Lake." where the English boundary. It is forty miles by trail from the Cuya- A map of date 1758, by Captain Pouchot,is hoga to the Sandusky River; and the coun- sent by him from Montreal,April 14, to Martry between called Canahogue, is the seat of shal a Belle Isle. The English frontier lie war, the mart of trade and chief hunting lays down "from their best maps." His map grounds cf the Six Nations on the lakes and is in his "Memoirs on the Last War," and in the Ohio. volume X, N. Y. Col. Doc., p. 694. Ple-,ty of salt ponds appear about thirty The Ohio country shows that he had seen to forty miles south of the Lake. Evans' map, though his own is not on the Sandusky Bay not named, is the bottom whole as accurate. of the lake; the river is named "Blanc" The Cuyahoga is the Gayouge; the Scioto, (White). Junandat appears as a town nam- the Soniobato. From West Virginia the ed Ayonanton, between a branch to the east Petroleum River flows into the Ohio. The and lake of considerable size called Otsand- shape of Lake Ontario in this map is an im erket, which seems like a repetition of San- provement on the maps then current which dusky Bay although it is made the source of generally made it too round, with too small a principal and eastern branch of the Mus- an extension at the west. kingum or Elk River. These names occur Captain Pouchot speaks of the detail of in a letter dated Aug. 10, 1751, from Marquis Lake Erie as entirely unknown, and perde la Jonquiere to Governor Clinton which haps as navigable for large vessels as Lake says that three Englishmen were arrested at Ontario, X. N. Y. Col. Doc. p. 694. Ayonontout, the place selected in 1747 by While the British and French were nomiNicolas, the rebel Huron Chief, as his stronge nally at peace, the quarrel went on about hold near the little lake of Otsanderket (VI the Ohio; and the French declined to give N.Y. Col. Doc. p. 733). This is supposed by up their posts connecting from Presque Isle the editor of the Col. Doc., to be the same with Fort Du Quesne and down the Ohio. place with Junandat which post was built in Braddock's ill-fated expedition set out to 1754. break tie line by force. The Ohio River has an alias of "Splawaci- James Smith, who had for some time been MAJOR ROGERS, 1760. 17 a prisoner moving around Northern Ohio, in the West in those times were very uncerwas now with his captors at Fort Pitt. tain. Braddock's army was spied every day; and Rogers makes the Elk fifty miles east of an Indian showed Smith their close line of Sandusky, which, if it is east of the Cuyamarch, and anticipated the battle, by saying hoga is too little. Yet all the maps the Indians would surround them, take trees place the Elk east of the Cuyahoga, and and "shoot um all one pigeon." (Ind. Captiv- Rogers in his Concise Account of North ities. p. 183). America, p. 198, makes the Cuyahoga about Braddock's defeat was July 8, 1755. The forty miles east of Sandusky. war dragged until Pitt was placed at the Major Rogers found Pontiac, the able Inhead of ihe English ministry in 1757. In dian chief of the west, a haughty man, 1758 it was pushed with vigor, and the and most of the western Indians dissatisFrench disheartened elsewhere, abandoned fled. He took possession of Detroit and Fort Du Quesne, November 25. The French other posts; but in the Spring of 1763, Ponmeant to attempt its recapture in 1759; but tiac captured most of the posts in the West. Canada was vigorously attacked, and September 18, 1759, Quebec was surrendered to The encroachments of the English had the Enolish.been watched with a jealous eve. One chief nhe English. ^ >, had stated the English and French claims September 8, 1760, all Canada was surren- and aptly asked "Where lie the Indians' dered; the title to be as should be deter- lands?" mined at the Treaty of Peace, and in America the strife with France was endEven the Five Nations waered. They en the strife with France was ended. to could not understand that the English ownIn November 1762, a Treaty was agreed to ed their soil, and it required all the influence and ratified in February 1763. By this the and address of Sir William Johnson to keep bounds between the English and French them from joining the Western Confederpossessions were fixed at the Mississippiacy River, from its source by one of its eastern y branches to the sea. It was plainly necessary for the English to branches to the sea. be careful. But the western Indians had been wi h the be careful. French, and it was vastly easier for the A militay proclamation was issued in French in 1760 to surrender their posts than 1762, by Col. Henry Bouquet from Fort for the English to take actual possession. Pitt, reserving the land west of the mounposesinr tains as hunting grounds for the Indians. Sept. 12, 1760, Major Rogers was ordered to proceed to the western posts. About the The English at home laid out the governfirst of November he left Presque Isle with ments and the Gentleman's Magazine, Octohis command, to continue along the south ber 1763, Vol. 33, p. 476, contains a map of coast of Lake Erie. Nov. 7 they reached them laid down agreeably to the Royal Prothe river called by Rogers the Chogage. clamation of Oct. 7, 1763. The western Here he met a party of Indians from Detroit. bounds are the Alleghanies. The lands That the Chogage was not the Cuyahoga, west are marked, "Lands reserved for the as has been supposed, seems very sacisfacto- Indians," and the proclamation strictly forrily established by Col, Whittlesey in his bids settlement beyond, or any extension of History of Cleveland. Was it not the Con- the old colonies beyond the heads of the neaut, called in 1755 on Evans' map and in rivers falling into the Atlantic, 1776 in Pownall's description, the Cherage? The Annual Register for 1763, contains That the Cherage was.the Conneaut ap- the map, proclamation, and comments; givpears from its position on Evans' map and ing as the main reason, the fear of alarming from the statement, that with French Creek the Indians. (emptying at Erie) it interlaced with the east The English made two expeditions along branch of Beaver Creek. the coast of Lake Erie which met with misThe supposition that the Chogage was haps. Grand River, carries the conclusion that the November 7, Major Wilkins, going to the river called by the Indians, the Elk River, relief of Detroit, was wrecked at Point aux was the Cuyahoga; but the Elk is placed by Pins. all, east of the Cuyahoga, and the last was This place appears in Mitchell's map of the best known and surest to be laid down, 1755, in Charlevoix of 1744, and Pownall's of all the rivers from the south of Lake Erie of 1777, toward the west end of the north except the Maumee, and by names not far shore, and in other maps the name still different from the present. It, was as we adheres. Long Point also on that shore, have seen,noted for its easy portage was mentioned in the narrative of the exThe distances cannot be very certain on any pedition. (See Whittlesey's History of mode of settling the question, but distances Cleveland, and Hist. Soc. Tract No. 13.) 3 18 EXPEDITIONS OF 1764. In 1764, the British government sent two Co., of Cincinnati,has a map of Capt. Thomexpeditions into the Ohio country; the one as Hutchins, who accompanied it. The map commanded by is very much more accurate than any preCOL. J BRADSTEET ceeding one, having been laid down from careful observation. Several trails are laid was, it seems, to go along the southern shore down and carefully described. Mahoning and strike into the Scioto country. town is on the river now of that name, and His expedition was unsatisfactory. He 104 miles from Fort P tt. Thence it is fortywas unable to go to the Scioto country; and two to the Cuyahoga River, and thence ten a letter from one of its officers, intimates miles to Ottawa town on the Cuyahoga. that it was from such geographical ignorance The course of the Mahoning is very well as expected boats to sail where there was observed. The Cuyahoga has quite its proponly dry ground. The real difficulty, was er course. Cuyahoga Town is where it turns the incapacity of the commander, who al- north from east, and Ottawa Town about fiflowed the Indians to deceive him, and when teen or twenty miles from the Lake. undeceived showed no effic'ency. Sandusky Bay, called Lake, is for the first On his return, on the night of October 19 time in proper shape. Sandusky Fort is on and 20, 1764, a sudden storm overtook him the south side, and Wyandot Town, called at Rocky Ri er; twenty-five of his boats "Junandat" in the text, is just south of it. were destroyed, and much suffering ensued. "Junqueindundah" is a town about twenty Many relics of this disaster have been miles west of it, and upon Sandusky River. found, most ot which are in the room The Huron River is called "'Bald Eagle of the Historical Society, and have been de- Creek," and is sixty yards wide. Between scribed in a careful paper by Dr. J. P. Kirt- it and Mohicon Johnstown are the remains of land in Whittlesey's History of Cleveland. a fort built by the Ottawas. The Mineame All that can be found, giving an account (Maumee) has also more nearly than usual of the disaster appears in the paper referred its proper course. There are unnamed small to, and in Tracts thirteen and fourteen of streams besides, flowing from the south inthe Historical Society, to Lake Erie but not to be identified. There is no doubt of the locality of the In short, the map does decided credit to disaster. the patriotic Captain Hutchins. At the RevIn May 1765, the schooner Victory was oiution he was in London. In 1778 he was sent to take up the cannon, left by Col. Brad- suspected of correspondence with Franklin street near the "Riviere aux Roches," which and escaped to America. Here he was made is the first use of this name I have noticed, geographer of the United States. He organand it is in the French language. The New ized our system of land surveys, but died in York Mercury of November 26, 1764, says 188s. A sketch of him will be found in Histhe night was very dark, and little else could torical Tract No. 22. be saved than small quantities of provision. In 1778, his Topographical Description The army then proceeded to "Grand" Riv- was published " for the author" in London. er (first appearance I know of thai name) It was ostlv from Evans', and would tell where they had another storm. The poor the enemv little they could not aready Colonel met with still another on Lake On- know. It refers to his map, which is not in tario, and lost effects, "but happily no lives." the Historical Room though the book is. He was much blamed for his conduct. His Ihave referred to the proclamation of own report is not to be found. An officer 1763. TheEnglish were, however, pressing named Mante published a brief account of westward. Many capitalists, among them the expedition, and said no lives were lost.Washington, were thinking that western In the immediate vicinity of the relics, werelands would be valuable, and in 1768 at Fort foundin a mound some dozen bodies, with Stanwix, Sir. Wm. Johnsou made a treaty by metalic buttons and other evidences that which the boundary of the Indian Lands they were whites. Loskiel, in his History was fixed as follows: commencing on the of Indian Missions,translation, London 1794, Ohio at the mouth of the Cherokee, (Tenneslocates this disaster, and says many lives see) thence up the Ohio and Alleghany to were lost, and in this he is followed by Kittanning, thence across to the SusquehanMorse, the American Geographer in 1798., placing a great share of New York State These rocks were in old times quite a terror to the Indians. How much, appears in a map in navigation by boats and the Indians dated 1771, made by GuyJohnson, to be offered tobacco to appease them. found in the 4th Volume of N. Y. Col. HisHENRY BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION OF 1764 tory, p. 1090. Yet it was considered that into the Ohio country, was a great success. the Indians had made large concessions. The account of it, published the next year The hard feeling engendered among the with maps, and reprinted in 1868 in the Indians, by the aggression of settlers and Ohio Historical Series of Robert Clarke & traders, made them ready to side against the JEFFREYS, 1776-JOHN FITCH, 1785. 19 colonies, during the war for independence. by Major Holland, Lewis Evans, William So little geoghaphical progress was made Scull, Henry Monson, Lieut. Ross, J. Cook, during the war, that, as we have seen, the Michael Lane, Joseph Gilbert, Gardner, Hilmap of 1755, was the basis of the treaty of lock, &c., &c.; engraved on forty-nine cop1783. per plates. A map in some respects showing a curious The original date was 1776, but by a pasmixture of knowledge, and the want of it, ted slip is 1794, and some changes appear. is The Index for maps 5 and 6, describes the CAPTAIN CARVER'S, map above of 1779, laid down according to published in London, in 1781, to illustrate the treaty of 1763. The plate is the same, his travels pper Mi ibu for the travels o the pper Mississippi in 1763, passand 1767. The general map is on a small in 80 much territory from France to Enescale, but carefully studied. The large land, is substituted a new treaty of 1783 one has many details of Lake Superior, with the "eople of the United States." and the country west of it. The gen- A map of the United States of 1790, has eral map has the west coast, where in colors its flag, but its Lake Erie has gone pears Vancouver's Island not named, while back a hundred years to the old flight of the great Western Sea within shows it was steps. not fully explored, and the Straits of "Ani- A ma of the United States, by Samuel an," remind us of the early times when Beh- Dunn," improved from Captain Carver, is a ring's was confounded with the sea around good, but small map. Vancouver's Island. There is also in the Historical Room a Of the maps and books of Revolutionary argeatlas of times, in the library of the Hist. Soc., "TheFADEN S. North American and the West Indian Gazet- The first map, "The British Colonies in teer," London, 1778, 2d ed.,is quite cele- North America, engraved by Wm. Faden brated as a bibliographical curiosity for its 1777, is a very fair abridgment of Mitchaccount of Bristol, Rhode Island. ell's. Bristol is a county and town in New Eng- Two maps of Pennsylvania show a very land, "having a commodious harbor at the little of Ohio; one of them has the Hokhokentrance of which lies Rhode Island." "The ing River or the Long-necked Bottle, too far capital is remarkable for the King of Spain's east. The war did not call for maps of Ohio; having a palace in it, and being killed there, but the "Rebel works at Boston," Philadeland also for Crown, the poet, begging it of phia, and Independence Hall, are well repreCharles 2d." sented. The maps in this 12mo. are very fair for Not long after the treaty of peace, the their size. western country again attracted attention. A map printed in London, 1777, for Robt. In 1787, was formed the North-west TerriSayer and John Bennett, compiled from Mr. tory. D'Anville's maps, corrected from the original Anticipating its value, materials of Governor Pownall, gives theJOHN FITCH relative position and form of lakes and riv- of steamboat memory, spent considerable ers quite accurately, more so than Mitchell's t surveys, within the bounds of Ohio though on a small scale. time in surveys, within the bounds of Ohio ll the lakes seem quite natural. The and Kentucky. He had previously traveled Ohio and its brances from the north are the country as a prisoner among the Indians. Ohio and its branches from the north are I he am o t " Nortnot far enough east, but quite good in form. western 1785, h e made a map of the "NorthThe draughtsman gives our antipodes credit western country" based upontaining orifor some knowledge of the continent. He and orrow's maps, but containing olays down on the west coast between Lat. 50 ginal and accurate inormation. He preand 55 "Fou Sang of the Chinese." pared the copper plate and engraved it But a map of 1779, " laid down from the himself and took hs impressions ina latest surveys," and corrected in like manner, cider pess. He was then lvng in goes back to the errors of Evans' in the forms Bucks County Pennsylvania, and engagof Lake Erie and Michigan. It is not nearly ed in inventions using steam The map was as accurate as D'Anville's, and is reduced sold at six shilling a copy to raise money to from Evans' and Mitchell's. pursue his experiments upon steamboats. This map I have never seen. It is partially THE AMERICAN ATLAS OF THOMAS JEFFREYS described in Col. Whittlesey's life of Fitch, published in London, during, and after the in Spark's Am. Biography, 2nd Series, Vol. Revolutionary war is not uncommon. 6. The positions of the main rivers and One purchased by the writer in Glasgow, great lakes are remarkably accurate. On its Scotland, is on deposit in the Historical face are engraved sentences, as was the fashRooms "Composed from numerous surveys, ion at that day, which showed his clos_ 20 UNIVERSAL ATLAS-HECKEWELDER, 1796. knowledge of the country; as-"The lands The whole of Ohio shows the author's inon this Lake (Erie) are generally thin and formation to have been accurate and extenswampy, but will make good pasture and sive for the times. meadow lands." It was not until the surveys of the Con"This country (Illinois) has once been set- necticut Land Company, that the northern tied by a people more expert in war than the coast of Ohio was known The travelers and present. Regular fortifications, and some of gazetteers to be sure gave some knowledge. these incredibly large, are to be found; also There is in the library of the Historical many graves ox towers, like pyramids of Society, a earth." Fitch's own projected land company was MANUSCRIPT MAP BY JOHN ECIIEWELDER, not a success; but other companies were the Moravian Missionary, made Jan. 12, formed, which surveyed and settled the 1796. It is from the papers of General Moses lands west of the Alleghanies. Cleaveland of the Connecticut Land CompaA valuable atlas presented to the Histori- ny, and presented to the Society by his cal Society, by Mr. Geo. W. Howe of Cleve- daughter, Mrs. Morgan of Norwich, Connectiland, while these papers are being printed, cut. It extends from Presque Isle to the is Huron River. Coneought Creek is just west "THE UNYIVERSAL ATLAS;" LONDON 1796 of the Pennsylvania line, and just within "TELATLAS;" Lthat State, "grant of 2500 Acres of Land to being a complete collection of the most ap- the Moravians." proved maps extant,corrected with the great- Up the Mahoning, called Big Beaver Creek, est care, and augmented from the last edition is the "Path from Pittsburg to the Salt of D'Anville and Robert with many improve- Spring, Mahoning old Town, Gajahaga " ments by Major James Rennel and other The path passes near "Salt Spring," "Maeminent geographers; engraved on 100 plates honing old T.," and a "great deer lick," in 66 maps, by Thomas Kitchen Senior and goes west to "Cajahoga, Sandusky, and others, in one large folio volume. Detroit," striking the "Cajahoga R.," Plates 56 and 57, are a fine map of North some distance above the falls; there the path and South America, where the United States divides, one goes north-west through a are laid down according to the proclamation "swamp which will make good meadows," of peace signed at Versailles Jan. 20, 1783, to "Moravian Ind. Town in 1786," located compiled from Mr. D'Anville's maps with on the east of the Cuyahoga just above a litcorreations in the British provinces from tie stream rising from three little lakes or Governor Pownail's materials. ponds. This was "Pilgerruh" (Pilgrim's The Lakes are much more correct than in rest) where the poor Moravians and their Inthe English maps. The French maps gen- dian converts after the bloody massacre at erally, gave more correctly the position of Gnadenhutten, hoped to find rest, but where the lakes, but not so much in detail the they were permitted to sojourn only a few country. months; then going to Black River to locate Map 58 is our old friend, originally pub- some five miles from its mouth, and without lished with the text of the "last treaty" of locating there compelled to settle near 1763, republished with the text of the treaty Sandusky. Pilgerruh is supposed to have of 1783. been near the northern line of Independence Map No. 63 "of the Middle Dominions be- in this county. longing to the United States of America," is The second path crosses the river just above a very satisfactory map upon a large scale. the falls running west to "Cuyahaga old It is quite distinct from either Evans or Town" on the west side of the river where Mitchell. The south shore of Lake Erie it turns north; thence, one path leads west takes a serpentine direction south of west. to Lower Sandusky, the other north on the Oxhurene Bay is just east of the Cherage west side the Cuyahoga to the mouth, River and is quite large. thence close around the shore west. The The Elk Creek seems to correspond with old river bed appears as a "fine duck pond," the Grand River though quite inaccurate. a description which settlers not the oldest The map follows Evans and Mitchell in can verify. making the portage from the Cayahoga to A small stream enters the Cuyahoga from the Muskingum, one mile instead of eight the west, which is-"'so far navigable with as it should be. Rocky River is small and sloops." unnamed. Black River is large and unnam- The Cuyahoga and the Muslingum appear ed. Beaver Creek is as it should be, small, as the line between the Indians and the Uniand is unnamed. The Guahadahuyi answers ted States. to the Vermillion. The Huron appears as An Indian path runs "along the Lake" Bald Eagle Creek. Sandusky Bay and Riv- west. er (the last is named) are quite proper. The character of the shore is shown by CONNECTICUT LAND CO.-MORSE, 1797. 21 "Perpendicular Rocky Bank" marked be-!Vermillion, River la Chappel, Old Woman's tween the rivers Cuyahoga and Black. Creek, Huron River and Pipe Creek. The Rocky, Black, and Vermiilion, are An excellent map of this period was the marked, but not named. foreign one of Arrowsmith, a celebrated The Huron River receives more attention map maker of London. It is not in our liand on the east, some miles from the mouth, brary. A fine French. map based on it by is an "Old Moravian Indian Town." P. F. Tordieu, engraver, 1802, gives the foiHeckewelder himself lived in this little lowing names to the rivers, beginning at the village on the Cuyahoga, and I cannot with- east-Connieaught, Ashtabula not named, out emotion look at this memento of men so Grand, Biche, Shaguin, Boche, (meaning no pious, selfdenying and long suffering, as the doubt, Roche,) Cuyahoga, Elsabaca, (Rocky) Moravians: men who took constantly their Renesbona (Black), Grus (Beaver Creek) Verlives in their hands, and were only driven million, Huron, Portage, and Miami du Lac. from one place to brave death in another, This map belongs to Mr. George W. Ford all for the love of Christ and their fellow- of New York City, to whose courtesy I am men.. indebted for its examination. The location of the division between the The gazetteers of those days furnished trail down the Cuyahoga River and to San- little information of the North-west Territodusky, is fixed by a letter in Whittlesey's ry. History from Colonei James Hillman. The map of In May 1786, he took the Indian trail for JOSEPH SCOTT, PHILADELPHI, 1795, Sandusky until he arrived "at the'Standing is after te Mitchell of 1755, but less accurStone' on the Cuyahoga a litle below the ate mouth of Break-neck Creek, where the The text states the boundaries of the treavillage of Franklin is now." There he took f Greenville, a trail "direct to Tinker's Creek where was g ted all east from the mouth of the Cuya little town built by Heckewelder and ahog, up the river by the Portage, to the Zeisberger with a number of Moravian Indi- ascaratas branch of the P usoinrrm, ans. They were Moravian preachers." ans They were oravian precthence down it to a crossing place above The township surveys made by the Land Fort Laurens, thence to a branch of the Company, gave forthe first time a definite reat Miami near which stood'Lorrimer's knowledge of the Reserve. Store" thence westerly to Fort Recovery on There are in the Historical rooms, several branch of the maps of reat i nterest i ti conection a branch of the Wabash, thence South West maps of greiat interest in ithis connection. to the Ohio River opposite the Kentucky RiA MANUSCRIPT MAP 1797, BY SETH PEASE, ver. donated by his nephew Horace Pease, Esq., The map of the Northern part of the Uniof Dayton, showing the variation of the t States in the "American Gazetteer" of compass. A manuscript map of the Connecticut JEDEDIAH MOBSE, D. BOSTON, 797,.Western Reserve from actual survey by reprinted London, 1798 is a very creditable beth Pease, (from the Walworth papers) was cutline, showing greater correctness in form evidently prepared for publication. Conne- and information. ought Creek, Ashtabula Creek, Grand River, New Connecticut appears as well as the Chagrine River, and the Cayahoga are there Greenville line, and the additional reserved all properly laid down, together with the lands for the forts in various places. trails from the Big Beaver, and Indian The Cuyahoga has the name "Cayuga," paths. and Morse in his text calls it the Cayahoga The Reserve west of the Cuyahoga is un- or Cayuga sometimes called the Great surveyed and subject to Indian claims; and (Grand) River: a statement taken by him less accurately appear the rivers Rocky, Ren- from Loskiel's Missions. Mr. J. W. Taylor ihua, Vermillion and Huron. This map in his excellent History of Oho, thinks the was engraved the same year and printed at names of the Cuyahoga and Geauga Rivers SNew Haveu. both are from the occupation of their banks A map of the Connecticut Land Compa- by a band of the Cayugas, one of the five ny's lands west of the River Cuyahoga, with Nations. no date but supposed to be 1806, gives the Mr. William Mi. Darlington of Pittsburgh, rivers Rocky, Black, Beaver Creek, Vermill- in his notes to Smith's Narrative, derives it ion; names ever since used. Numerous lo- from the Mohawk word for river-Ka-ihcal trails appear which would be of consid- ogh-ha. erable interest to the local historian. The generally erroneous notions as to the An engraved map, probably ot date 1808 south shore of Lake Erie, led to some pracby Seth Pease and Abraham Tappan, has ical business results in the history of our the rivers west of the Cuyahoga well laid land titles. downin the following order; Rocky, Black, When the State of Connecticut proposed 22 EXCESS COMPANY-THE LAKES. to sell its "Western Reserve" there was "Ouatoghi or Hurons." No oneof thelakes more than one party of gentlemen prepared so uniformly received the same name. to bid for it. Lake Michigan persistently called at first The result was a compromise between 01- "Illinois," was called "Michigan" in 1719 by iver Phelps and his associates, afterwards Senex, in 1744 by Charlevoix, and it continknown as the "Connecticut Land Company," ued generally after this to have that name. and John Livingston and his associates, af- Superior, called by Champlain its first terwards called the topographer, "Grand Lac" was named by the Jesuits in their wonderful map "Tracy" "EXCESS COMPANY'" or "Superior." Called by the EngThe Excess Company agreed to withdraw lish Senex in 1719 and Coxe in 1721, as an all propositions made by them for purchase alias, after the "Nadoussians" (Sioux) on its and to assist their competitors The Excess shore it uniformly had from the time of the Company was to be entitled to the excess Jesuit map its present name, with occasionover 3,000,000 acres of land, to be released ally in early maps the name of Tracy. to them and paid for by them at the pro Lake Erie received its name from the Eries rata price of the whole land, and were on its bank, and uniformly had that name. to be to that extent tenants in common The tribe was otherwise called the Cat nawith the Connecticut Land Company. tilonl whence the lake had sometimes the alThis agreement, a copy of which is in the ias of "the Cat," "Felis," "Du Chat." library of the Historical Society, is dated 12th Senex in 1719 caed t also "Cadaraqua" the August, 1795. name sometimes given to Ontario. WashThe 13th of May 17'90, the individuals of ington's Journal, Mitchell, and Pownall callthe Excess Company conveyed all their ti- ed alsoOkswego. tie to John Morgan, John Caldwel, and Joua- The Ohio River for many years was conthan Brace, the sarme trustees who acted for founded with the Wabash and called either the Land Company, by conveyance quite name. Thelower Ohio in early discoveries similar to that of the Land Company, to them. was called " abonquigon;" Hennepin callIt was provided, however tLat the joint report ed it "Hohio;" La Hontan, "Ouabach;" Jouof the surveyors then acting in the examina- te, "Douoor Ahacha." tion of the new territory should De final as The English made their acquaintance with to the quantity of land to be held in common ts rver from ts upper en, and were by the Excess Company. rmore inclined to extend the name Alleghany The report of the surveyors was made 28th down the river. January, 1797, and it was found that the Evans in 1755 calls it "Ohio or Alieghany Land Company had less than 3,000,000 acres, or La Belle, and Palaw Th"piki by the Shawand the Excess Company nothing. enese. Mitchell calls it "Ohio or Splawcipiki." General Hull, afterwards so unfortunate in The Muskingum was called almost unithe war of 1812, was a principal stock hold-fomly by that name, sometimes Elk. Mr er in this company, and the common geo-Harris in his Tour into the Territory North graphical error of a hundred years nearly West of the Alleghanies (1805) says, it is an ruined him. Indian word meaning The Elk's Eye. This rThe name is given by Mitchell to one of its KAMTES OF THE LAKES branches. Mr. Howe (Hist. Coll. of Ohio, 594), says seemed to be determined In spite of effort, it is a Delaware word meaning a town on and are generally Indian names. The first the river side. discoverer of Ontario called it "St. Louis:" The Walhonding was often called "White The early French called it "Frontenac," after Woman's Creek," because a captive white the Governor, who was not unwilling to be woman lived on it among the Indians. complimented, but it was afterwards "Onta- The Killbuck was named from a Delaware rio or Frontenac." The English, as they chief. first claimed dominion, called it "Katara- The Mohican was called Mohican Johns, kui or Ontario" (Washington's Journal). from Mohican Johns Town formerly upon Mitchell, "Ontario or Catarakui;" and Pow- its banks, no doubt from an Indian of that nail, the same: but the name Ontario was al- tribe. ways used. The Hocking was the Hock Hocking, a Huron was named from the unfortunate word meaning,-says Mr. Howe-bottle in tribe on its shores when it was first discover- Delaware; and one map has an alias to it ed, "des Hurons", of the Hurons. From "or long-necked Bottle." Hdmans,1706, and De L'Isle, 1722, it received The name of the Scioto was uniform. the alias of "Michigan;" Hennepin in 1698, In Mitchell's it was "Scioto or Chianotto," and Coxe in 1721, called it "Huron or apparently the same name. Karegnondi;" Washington's Journal in 1754, The Maumee was originally the river of CATALOGUE OF MAPS. 23 the Miamis (Indians;) and often called in the Three tracings from the atlas; original in books "Miami du Lac" to distinguish it from Am. Geog. So~. the Miami flowing into the Ohio The con- Nova Hispania et Nova Galicia. traction to Maumee was very convenient to 1665-Cosmographie Blavianae, John distinguish it. Blaeu, Amsterdam. Tracing of general niap The name "Sandouski" appears upon Ho- of North America; original in Am. Geog. man's map, 1707,to tie bay. The word is Soc. said to be Wyand, and meaning "water" 1670-71. Jesuit maps, with Relation of or water within water. those years. Reprint of Jesuit Relations,1870, Montreal.Foster & Whitney's Lake Superior, Part 2. Bancroft's United States, Vol. 3..___ - ---- _ —__ Monnette's Mississippi Valley, Vol. 1. 1673. Marquette's map. Fac-simile from the original in Montreal, in Shea's Discovery Maps in Possession of the Western Reserve of the Mississippi. 1673 "Blome's Brittannia," map designed and Northern Ohio Historical Society In- by Sanson, London. eluding the Lake Region of North 1680. Two maps from the "English Atlas" Ameria to 10 London, Tracings. Original in Am. Geog. America to 1800 Inclusive. Sc. 1681. Map published with Marquette's 1400 to 1582-Documentary History of the Journal, by Thevenot. Copy in Bancroft's State of Maine, Vol. 1, containing a History History of the United States Volume 3,p.160. of the Discovery of Maine, by J. G. Kohl, 1683. Louis Hennepin, in his "Description Portland, 1869, containing 31 maps. de la Louisana" &c Paris 1688. 1529. Mappemundi Hieronimus de Ver- 1696. Tracing from Atlas of Vanderbest, rezano, reduced copies. Journal of the Am. Amsterdam-original in Am. Geog. Soc. Geoe. Soc. 1872. 1697. Louis Hlennepin, in his Decouverte Very early, but no date or place of publica- dans L'Amerique, Utrecht; also In "Hennetion. pin's Discovery of America," London 1698. La Florida (including the Mississippi). "A map of a Large Country Newly DisHieron. covered in the Northern America." Nova Hispania. 1705.La Hontan, Memoires de L'Amerique Peruvianae Auriferae Regionis Typus. Septentrionale, Vols. 1 and 2. 1572-L'Isole Piu Famose del Mondo, by 1706. Tracing from Homan's Atlas, NurThomas Porcaccli da Castiglione —Venice. emberg-original in Am. Geog. Soc. 1626-Cosmographie of Peter Heylin, 1708. (Prior to). North America, Gerard book 4, part 2-(America) London. Valk, and Peter Schenk, Amsterdam. 1609-Oeuvres de Champlain, reprint Que- 1708. Tracing from Atlas N. Visscher, bec, 1870. Map of Lake Champlain, includ- Amsterdam.-orig. in Am. Geog. Soc. ing east end of Lake Ontario. 1708 America, Peter Schenk, Amsterdam. 1633-Some work —tac-simile in Vol. 6 of Mexico, Florida, and Mississippi, same. Map of the Lakes. Description in French; Tracing from Atlas of same-original m also Vol. 3rd Documentary History of New Am. Geog. Soc. York, by Dr. O'Callaghan. Description in No date, but about (1708), two tracings English. from F. Dewitt's Atlas. Amsterdam. Origi1633-Tracing from Hondius' Atlas, based nal in Am. Geog. Soc. upon Mercator; original in Am.Geog. Soc. 1710. John Homan's, Nuremberg. Photo1638-At, or before this date. graph from his atlas. Insulae Americanae, Wm. Blaeu, Amster- 1710. North America, John Senex, F.R.S., dam. London. Virginia by the same. Amsterdam. 1713. Journal of Last Voyage of La Salle, After 1631. Several Sea Charts by John by Joutel, London, 1714. Keulen, Amsterdam. 1715. Nouveaux Voyages &c., La Hontan. Northern Part of North America. The Hague. Gulf of Mexico. 1715. Map of Dominions of Great Britain, North and South America. H-erman Moll. Also an early Dutch chart of N. and S. South Sea Company's Trade. (no date). America, with the sea currents,-no date. North America (no date). 1652. Heylin's Cosmographie. London. From H. Moll's Atlas: 4 small maps with Deposit by Mr. Charles Scott. no dates. 1657-8. America noviter delineata, by West Indies, Mexico, and New Spain. John Janson, from his "Novus Atlas," Am- America. sterdam. Florida, or Louisiana. 24 CATALOGUE OF MAPS. Louisiana, Mississippi, Canada, and New a Voyage to North America by Charlevoix, France. London. 1720. Parts of North America claimed by 1763. Annual Register, London. France. H. Moll. 1763. Gentleman's Magazine,Vol. 33 p. 476. 1721. General Atlas of the World, with 1764. A map of the country on the Ohio text. Thick folio. John Senex, London. and A'Auskingum Rivers by Thos. Hutclins 1722. Deseription of the English Posses- Hist. Account of Bouquet's Expedition sions, Danl. Coxe, London 1727; St. Louis against the Ohio Indians, Phil. 1765 Reprint 1840. Cincinnati 1868. Also Parkman's Conspiracy 1722. Map by William de L'Isle, Royal of Pontiac, Boston 1868. Pioneer History by Geographer to French King, from Covens' S. 0. Hildreth Cincinnatti 1848. and -iortier's Atlas. Amsterdam. 1768. Map corrected and improved from 1722. "H:istorie de L'Amerique Septentri- Evans' by Guy Johnson, VIII N.. Col. Doconale." La Poterie, Vol. 2. Paris. uments. Annexed to Report to Board of 1726 or prior. Louisane et Cours du Missis- Trade. sippi, without date. Wm. de L'Isle. Fac-sim- 1771. map of the country of the Six Naile in Hist. Coll. of Louisiana, by B. F. tions proper,by Guy Johnson, IV Doc. Hist. French, Part 2, 1850. Philadelphia. of N. Y. 1733. British North America, with the 1774. Complete History of the Late War, French and Spanish Settlements Adjacent. Dublin. Henry Popple, London, I Vol. folio. 1775. History of the American Indians, 1744; Carte de la Louisane &c. by N. Bel- James Adair, London. lin Histoire de la Nouvelle France by Charle- 1776. A Topographical Description of such voix Vol. 1. parts of North America as are contained in Amerique Septentrionale by N. Bellen the annexed map (Lewis Evans) of the MidVol. 5 of same work. die British Colonies in North America,by T. 1747. North America, Emanuel Bowen, in Pownall, late Governor &c., London.'"European Settlements in America," by Ed- 1777. A new map of the whole continent mund Burke. of America with the European Possessions 1752. Possessions Anglaise e Francaise, I. as settled at the Treaty of Peace 1763; comRitter, Amsterdam. piled from Mr. Danville's maps, and correct1754. Map of the western parts of the Col- ed in the several parts belonging to Great ony of Virginia as tfar as the Mississippi, Britain,from the original materials of Govwith Washington's Journal, London, 1754. ernor Pownall. M. P., with the text of the Reprint New York, 1865. treaty, London. 1755. History of the Five Nations, Colden 1777. Atlas of British Colonies in North London. America, by Win. Faden, London, very 1755. Carte des Possessions Angloises and large folio volume. Francoises du Continent de L'Amerique 1778. A new map of North America. Septentrionale; inserted in Sener Atlas 1721. Travels through the interior parts of North Engraved by Thomas Kitchen. This and a America in the years 1766, 1767 and 1768, by similar map printed in Amsterdam, inserted J. Carver, London, 1781. in Mitchell's Atlas, 1755, are described in 1778. The North American and West In"A Concise Description of the English and dian Gazetteer, 2d ed. London. French Possessions in N. America &c. by 1778. A Topographical Description of VirJ. Palareti London, 1755. gmia &c., comprehending the Rivers Ohio, 1755. A general map of the Middle British Kenhawa, Scioto, &c.; by Thomas Hutchins, Colonies in America, by Louis Evans, ac- London. No map. companied by an analysis of the map by 1779. A new and correct map of North Louis Evans, Philadelphia, 1755, 1 Vol.4 to. America, divided according to the last Treaty 1755. A map of the British and French of Peace concluded at Paris, Feb. 10 1763; Dominions in North America &c., by Jno laid down according to the latest surveys and Mitchell, D.F., with improvements. Printed corrected from the original materials of Govfor I Covens and C. Mortier, Amsterdam. 1 ernor Pownall. Vol. large folio. 1780. Impartial History of the War in 1755. A map of the British Colonies in America, by J. Carver, London 1771. ReNorth America. Inscribed to the Earl of print New York, 1838. Halifax and the other Lords Commissioners 1786. North America with the West Infor Trade and Plantations, by Jno. Mitchell. dies, by Saml. Dunn, London. Pub. Feb. 1755, for Jeffreys and Faden, Lon- New map of the United States of North don. Thomas Kitchen engraver. America &c. by Saml. Dunn, improved from 1758. Map of Capt. Pouchot X. N. Y. Co- the surveys of Captain Carver, London. lonial Documents. 1788. History of Independence of United 1761. Part of North America in Journal of States, Wm Gordon, D. D.,London. CATALOGUE OF MAPS. 25 1789. Travels through the Interior Part of 1806. Map of the Ssate of Ohio taken America, by an Officer. London. from the returns in the office of the Treasu1790. Manuscript map of the Battles fought rer General by John F. Mansfield, Oct. 7. around the Forks of the Maumee River (now Philadelphia. Fort Wayne Indiana) Oct. 1790, by Capt This is presumed to be the first engraved Jonathan Heart, 1st. Regt. U. S. Infantry. map of Ohio after its or'anization as a State. 1793. Topographical Description by Geo. 1808. An engraved map of the Western ReImlay, London. serve, by Seth Pease and Abraham Tappan. 1793. The American Universal Geography by Jedidiah Morse, A. M.,Boston. 1794. The American Atlas, or a Geograph- LATE MAPS DESIGNED TO SHOW EARLY GEOGical Description of the whole Continent of RAPHY. America, by the late Mr. Thomas Jeffreys, Geographer to the King, and others. Lon- Aboriginal America East of the Missisdon. sippi, Vol. 3, Bancroft's History of United 1794. History of the Missions of the United States p. 240. Boston, 1846. Brethren among the Indians in North Amer- 1655. Location of Indian Tribes around ica, by Loskiel, London. Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Georgian Bay. Jes1795. The ULited States Gazeteer, by Jo-uits in North America, Francis Parkman. uits in North America, Francis Parkman. seph Scott, Phil. Boston, 1867. 1796. Manuscript map of the Connecticut Western Reserve, made by Rev. John Heck- 1655. ap of the French, English, Dutch ewelder, Jan. 12. made hy Rev. John Heck-Swedish, and Spanish Possessions orclaims, 1796. A new Universal Atlas a complete Bancroft's History of the United States Vol. collection of the most approved maps ex- 2. 296, Boston 1855. tant, corrected and augmented from the last 1745. Map of the French, English, and edition of Danville and Robert, by Major Spanish Possessions in North America. Hst. James Rennet and other eminent Geo'ra- of Discovery &c., of Mississippi, by John phers; engraved by Thos. Kitchen, Senr and. Monette M. D.,New York, 1846. others. Thick folio. London. 1763. Forts and Settlements in America. 1797.Manuscript map of Western Reserve, Conspiracy of Pontiac, by Francis Parkman, showing variation of compass,by Seth Pease. Boston, 1868. Manuscript map of Western Reserve that 1750 to 1780. Historical Map of the State part east of the Cuyahoga being laid dwn of Ohio, showing the location of Ancient from actual survey, by Seth Pease. Earth works, and the country occupied by The same engraved. New Haven Ct. the principal Indian Tribes between 1750 1798. American Gazetteer, by Jedidiah and 1780, with their principal trails and war Morse, D. D., 1797, Boston. 1798 London. ths, by Col. Charles Whittlesey, Cleve1800. Atlas, published by J. Stockdale, land,1872; published in Talling and Gray's London. New Topographical Atlas of Ohio,Philadel1804. Map of the State of Ohio, by Rufus phia, 1872, and reprinted and published with Putnam, Surveyor General of the United a Topograpical and Historical Sketcn, also States in Journal of a Tour into the Terri- by Col. Whittlesey, by 0. W. Gray Philatory N. W. of the Alleghany mountains by delphia, 1872. T. M. Harris, Boston, 1805. Historical and Chronological Map of the 1806. A manuscript map of the Ct. Land Territory of the United States, Northwest of Company's Land west of the Cayahoga, no the River Ohio, by John B. Dillon, and in date, but supposed 1806. his History of Indiana. Indianopolis, 1859. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. CLEVELAND, 0., JUNE, 1875. NUMBER TWENTY-SIX. SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 11, 1875. The seventh annual meeting of this society THE VATICAN AND NAPOLEON MEDALS was held at its rooms in the Savings Bank liberal gift of a number of gentlemen. are the liberal gift of a number of gentlemen. Building, Tuesday evening, May 11th, 1875: Vatican are one hundred and seventy-six The Vatican are one hundred and seventy-six The Secretary made the following in number, and are exact copies in plaster of REPORT. ancient cameos of emperors, warriors, philos The past year has been in some respects a ophers and other celebrities The originals quiet one. are in the Vatican at Rome. We commenced three years ago the raising The others, eighty-two, obverse and reverse, of an endowment by the system of life mem- one hundred and sixty-four in all, form a comberships. At the annual meeting, a year ago, plete set of casts of the Napoleon medallions. we were able to report $10,300. We are not These medals were collected with much pains able to report any increase, although a sum by Dr. Theodatus Garlick, and were furnished considerably larger could be used with great by him to the Society at much less than their profit to the society and the public. $800 is a first cost. small sum with which to pay the ordinary ex- A graceful gift made us by Dr. Garlick is a penses of such an enterprise. The depression in financial circles has been BUST OF DR. JARED P. KIRTLAND. such that the society should be content to hold It represents Dr. Kirtland as he appeared its own. twenty- five years ago, the original cast having Besides the ordinary addition to been taken then. It is said by those THE MUSEUM who knew the subject at that time to be a we should mention especially a collection of very faithful likeness. The oust is a labor of Babvlonian and other antiones made by Wm. love, the work of Dr. Garlick's own hands. P. Fogg, Esq., in his recent trip around the An addition of considerable value to the world, A more full account of them is given MANUSCRIPTS AND AUTOGRAPHS in our Historical Tract No. 24. Mr. Fogg's book, soon to be published. will of the society is contained in the papers of the be looked for with much interest. late secretary, Mr. Goodman. He had an Last July, Col. L. J. DuPre, of Memphis, especial fondness for and remarkable talent in Tennessee, presented a collection of vases and the pursuit of such property. other curiosities;taken from the mounds on the T ie manuscript collections of the Mississippi river near Memphis. This was a very handsome addition to the Museum of me- HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ASHTABULA COUNTY, mpntoes of a race whose relics are rare in have long been known to be of great value. Northern Ohio. They are described in tract Tne Society was one of the earliest in the No. 23, and some of them are described and S5tate, being in active operation so early as engraved in an article by the accomplished don- 1841. We are happy to say tbat the genor in Harpers' Magazine for February, 1875. tlemen having charge of this valuable The style of these vases compare favorably property have placed it in the rooms of our sowith those in the Fogg collection brought ciety. A more particular description of it from the valley of the Euphrates. will appear at a proper time. 2 SANITARY COMMISSION. Those of the vear have been: The voluminous books and papers of the No. 21. Sixth annual meeting, May 1874. Northwestern Branch of the Sanitary Csm-Report of President Whittlesev, mission are placed amog our archives in a No. 22. Battle of Frenchtown, by Rev. mission are placed amopa our archives in a Thomas P.Dudley. M1ajor Isaac Craig on Lake beautiful walnut case, indexed and labelled for T omaP.D y. MajorIsaacraigonLa future reference. This was done by the com- Erie, 1782. White men as scalpers. Thomas mission under the care of Mrs. Maynard, Hutchins, Geographer General, United States, its secretary, and the work was, completed 1779, 1788, the last three articles bemg by during the past year. Colonel Whittlesey. No. 23. Relics of the Mound Builders, by BINDING. the Secretary. Campaign ot 1813 on the Ohio urig te pt yrt h b b frontier. An address by Thomas Christian, During the past year there have been bound communicated by Hon. Leslie Combs. of Ken175 volumes of r ewspapers, at the expense of a communicated b on. Leslie Combs o Kenfriend of the society.. uky. friend of the society.. No. 24. Recent donations by Mr. Fogg with About the time of our last annual meeting, N. R t d tiipt Mr. Fo with Dr. John Ludlow,'f Springfiield, Clarke his descrtion a and the West, county. 0., gave the society a scrap book con- by the ecretarly taimling a series of articles about the early set- by te tlement of Springfield, published by him in a VI S. local paper. The number of visitors registered is about It was a thoughtful act easily done, preserv-, 000, an increase of about one-fourth over the ing valuable matter where it is generally ac- previous year. cessible, which might otherwise, in a few DECEASE LIBRARIAN AND MBERS. DECEASE OF LIBRARIAN AND MEMBERS. years be lost. I mention it especially for the example. Ed- It is with feelings of great respect and affecitors. writers, or other gentlemen. in different tion that I speak of Mrs. Milford, for several counties, might easily furnish us much valu- years our librarian. She died on the 24th day able history. of September last. Judge John Barr, one of our original memINDEXING AND CATALOGUEING. bers, died on the 24th day of January, 1875. The property of an institution like ours needs We have also lost during the year by death to be carefully and systematically indexed and Henr R. Mygatt of Oxford, New York, a catalogued, to show its value. corresponding member. It is to be regretted that we cannot have Brief biographies accompany this reort. more help in the field. Miss Seymour, our C. C, BALDWIN, Secretary. librarian, seems well adapted to the systematic OBITUARY NOTICES care of such a room, and to take a hearty interest, above a money Mrs. Miranda Milford, late Librarian. interesi, in the welfare of the society. In 1871 Mrs. Milford was appointed custodian Her time is much occupied afternoons in the of the museum, including books, maps, mancare of visitors. She has considerable copying uscripts, and relics, under the name of librato do for the society, and her forenoons are not rian. She continued in this position until her sufficient for such work as needs doing. death, on the 26th of September, 1874. President Whittlesey and Miss Seymour have The salary we had been able to pay her was done a great service in arranging in ooxes and so small that her services were substantially a indexing manuscripts, and Miss Seymour is donation to the public; but the occupation was with courage and not much time endeavoring one for which she was so thoroughly fitted, that to make a catalogue of the library. it was to her a source of pleasure if not of profit. THE AUTOGRAPHS Her love of order manifested itself at once of the seclety are many, and one of the board,' in bringing our large collections into someMr. Johnson, has kindly consented to give thing like systematic arrangement; a labor such time as he can to the arrangement of that only those who were frequent visitors at them. the room will appreciate. His patient care during the past year has Having a special fondness for antiquities, well arranged our very respectable coin collec- she spent much more time here than was retion, which, by the way, attracts much at-. quired of her. This pleasant room with, what tention from our visitors. were to her, pleasant surroundings, afforded an unfailing resource to one to whom health EARLY MAPS. and most of the usual attractions of life were Considerable attention has been given during wanting, the past vear to the early maps of Ohio and the She enjoyed the visits of young chilWest, and the society has of its own and on de- dren to the Museum, to whom she beposit quite a large collection. A good many came an instructress, exhibiting and explaining of them are described in tract No. 25. to them the many curious objects in our cases. They will never forget the interestinglideas acTHE PUBLICATIONS OF THE YEAR quired from her at this place. have not been numerous. Nearly every thing With our limited number of shelves an( that touches the public will affect such a society cases for exhibition, it required not onlJ as ours. Even the Tilton-Beecher case has. by patience to arrange such heterogeneous mater. filling the newspaper columns to overflowing, ials, but an artistic skill to give them an at crowded out our tracts. tractive appearance. This important work, and that of a general catalogue, was finished Square, in Rouse's two-story frame building; only in part, when she was called away.. represented in Parker's painting of 1839. Mrs. M*ford ne MclI-y. was born in Cale-. Cleveland had at this time begun to feel the donia, Livingston counts Neiv York, March impulses of a commercial city. All the mem12th,1810;and was therebe si:ty-four years of^ bers of this firm took a lively and practical inage at tier death.. terestin public affairs. She was married in 18:30, to the late Win. Mr. Silliman was the father-in-law of StetMilfgrd, Esq., of this citv, who died in 1854. son, and a brother-in-law to General Cass. They settled at Cleveland in 1835, their home Mr. Silliman ded, the health of Mr. Stetson being socially, one of the most hospitable and, failed and the firm was broken up. attractive of those days.- j Judge Barr had a mild and courteous manMr. Milford was a native of Ireland, nat-. ner, rendering him popular with the masses. uralized about the time of their nmarriage. who The reverses of1837. especially his close financial became an active business man. and an enter- relations with his enterprising friends the late prising character in i egard to the public inter- James S. Clarke and Judge J. W. Willey, ests of our growing city. Since his death her greatly impaired his fortune. These difficulties, health and pecuniary circumstances have been to which was added impaired health, seemed such as would have crushed, or at least greatly to requmre of him a return to office. depressed, an ordinary character. But with He was first elected Judge of the Police an inquisitive mind, coupled with a resolute. Court, and resigned that office to become Clerk will and active personal habits, she maintained of the Court of Common Pleas. a cheerful snirit at all times. In historical matters he had the lively interIn this community her friends were numer — est of a native born actor in the early settleous, and her attachment, to them was true and ments. strong. She had besides a firm Clhristian faith, For somne years prior to 1845 he used his being a consistent member of Trinity Churc, leisure time in putting on paper the tales of the from a very early period. pioneers with whom he came in contact during long service as sheriff or under-sheriff. An Judge Jolhi Bar,, the Fir'stHonorarC y ) leimber epitome of these memoranda, supplemented of this Society, by his pers'al memories, relating especially to Cleveland, was published in the National The father of Judge Barr was the Rev.' Magazine at New York in 1845. Thomas Barr, one of the early settlers in' A much fuller statement of the pioneer times Liberty, Trumbull county, Ohio, where he I was given by him in the lectures before the pursued the trade of a carpenter. Cleveland Lyceum in [846. Free extracts Under the influence of the Rev. Mr. from these lectures, the MSS. of which are in Hughes, o Darlington. Pa., he was converted our collection, are to be found in the "Early soon after the birth of John, and becamle a History of Cleveland, " published in 1867. student in the Academy ut Darlington. ^ These lectures and publications excited so He joined the Presbyterian Church with a much attention that he was able to bring view to become a minister, as soon as his edu- into existence a County Pioneer Society, with cation would permit of it. Being filled with branches in each township, which continued the enthusiasm of an evangelist, he made such until the war of the rebellion occurred in 1861. progress that he was soon licensed to preach. He made an effort to resume it -after the war, Judge Barr was bornr at Liberty, in 1804. but soanany of the early settlers had passed In 1810 his farther was settled at Euclid, Cuy- out of time that he did Int succeed. ahoga.ounty, over the congregation of that Most of his papers and ffiemomanda are now place Since that tiren to his death, Judge in the possession of this society. Barravas a resident ofthis county or city. His death occurred suddenly while sitting in From h early nanhloodehe has taken a lively. bis chair oni the 34th of January, 1875, being andpractical interest irn the local history of then seventy-one years of age- For many the Western Reserve. No one has done more years, owing to a personal injury, he had to found, or to encourage pioneer associations. ceased to take an active part is business or in His personal recollectionL, emigacing a period public affairs. His mind and memory were of sixty years, were remarkably clear and full.' unimpaired, but he had postponed making the About 1825 he was made dleputy sheriff record of his life and its interesting associaof this countvby the late James S. Clarke, | tiens too long. Very little of it can now be who was a neighbor and a friend of the family. recovered. He occupied this position under the late Ed- Henry R. Mygatt. ward Baldwin, the successor of Mr. Clarke, e. and in 1830 was himself elected sheriff, to suc- Henry- R. Mygatt, *L. D.., of Oxford, ceedMr. Baldwin. During his time as sheriff Chonango county, New York, was a correhe was obliged to make arrests of Very desper- sponding member of our'society He made us ate character who were carrying on a svs- taluable contributions, and we lad reason to tematic cous of counterfeiting ih the valley think that he contemplated others of still of the Cuyahoga. One of them was captured greater interest. m the streets of Columbus, by drawing a bag He was born at Oxford in 1810, graduated at over his head. After serving two terms of two Union College in 1830, studied law with James years each, he declined the office for the pur- Clapp, of Oxford, a man of high repute. He pose of joining the law firm of Silliman & commenced practice in 1833, and labored most Stetson. assiduously in a very extensive business until The office of Silliman, Stetson & Barr, within a couple of years ago. The reports of was on the corner of Superior street and the of the highest courts of New York and of the United States bear ample proofs of his pro- * C. F. Glasser,- -.John Erwin. fessional ability. S. L. Mather,- ohn W. Alien. - His pursuit of the right, when a fact was in, T. P. Handy,- John Todd. question or a legal principle involved, was un- 4 George Mygatt -Willlam J. Gordon,tiring and defeat in the lower courts seemed i R. P. iRanney, - Charles 0. Scott, - only to nerve him to still higher efforts in the i7Wilham Collins, E. P. organ, appellate onefis. he O. A. Chils, N C. Baldwin,..appellate ones. The reputation he acquired and the rewards J. P. Bishop, - J H Salisbury, I lie received were fairly won. Industry, in- H. C. Blossom, -. J. Boardman tegrity and good judgment were the basis of H. P. Weddell, - Kirtland K. Cutter, his success. But better than this he was a man. H. Devereux, - H. N. Johnson, unexceptionable in private life, of great be- S. C. Baldl, * A. Brooks. nevolence, confided in and beloved by all He!. P. Fcgg. was a religious man, an ardent Episcopalian, but not a bigot and ready to help, munificently, LIFE MEBERS SON-R-IDENTS. any enterprise favorable to religion without Kent Jarvis. Jr., MIassillon, Stark county, reference to sect. He was a Christian gentle- Oh o. - man. He died March 31st, 1875. r Judge Eben Newton, Canfield, Maholing OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. county-, Ohio. a Jufdce \XV. (;. Lane, Sandlisky. Ohio. - President-Charles Whlttlesey. Hon. R. XV. Tavler, Younlgstown. Oliio. Vice Presidents-J. H. Salisbury and E. i Hon. Hn. Hen-ry Smith, Chicago, Illinois. Sterling.' Benson J. Lossing, LL. D.. Dover Plains, Secretarv-C. C. Baldwin. New York.. Treasurer-S. Willianson. ^ General L. V. Bierce, Akroln Ohio. Librarian-Mliss C. M. Seymour. *Theodatus Garlick, M. D., Bedford. Ohio. Legal Trustees —Villiam Bingbam, J. P.,aJared P. Kirtlano, LL. D., Rockport. Bishop, George Willey. Ohio CURATORS ELECTIVE. * Hon. J. A. Gartiedl, Hiram. Ohio. k Col. George T. Perkins, Akron, Ohio. Term expires in 1IS76-Joseph Perkins,,, Hon. James Monroe, Oberlin, Ohio. Charles'Whittlesey, John XV. Allen. I - Hon. (). H. Marshall, Buffalo, New York. Term expires in 1S77 —J. H. A. Bone, Mrs. Vm.. Darlington Pittsburg, Pa. George Willey, H. N. Johnson. - Dr. Franklin B Hough, Lowville, Lewis Term expires in 1878 —. C. Baldwin, Mrs. couty, New York. Alleyne Maynard, C. T. Sheiran. 31. M. Jcnes, Utic, New York. PERMANIENT CURATORS. * L. C. Draper, Madison, XVisconsin. W. J. Bardiman, Jamnes Barnett, * J. D. Baldwin, W orcester, Mass. W., J. Beoaldilln, Jalnes Balllett, I. A. Lapham, LL. D., Milwaukee, WisWilliam Binohaln, H. M. Chapin, consin B. A. Stanard. RESIDENT LIFE MEMBERS. ANNUAL MEM3BERS RESIDENT AND NON RESIHorace Kelly,' ALmos TrCownsend,' DENT. A. G. Colwnclli~- O1S- las M. Stone, -e -, Lyman Little, "Vnm. L. Cutter, C.. C. Balwin, n, WA. S. ChaImherlain,, _ f. C. Young-love,,- S. C. Green, L. E. Holden., " Win. S. C. Otis. - " J. S. Kingsland,' Harvey I'ice, H. B. Tuttle. J < t. -f. Sarlgent, William Bingham, t B. A. Stanard, A. W. Fairbanks, - aH. A. Fiarvey, _ B. R. Beav-i., J. C. Saxton, James J, Tracy,_ -LeuiiarI Cas', -.. C. B..RihlllardsonJas. W. Le(, Geo. Willey. P. - M. Chlapin, 1-. W, Tvleli. E-BHenj. Harrington, P. H. Babcoclk. Mi^ L I. 1. Guilford, C'o. C. I-l. Carlton, U. Chas. T'. SheIrman, Joseph Perkills,. Miss M. E. hIlgersol._ S. A., iJohn N. Frazee, Abira Colb... 3i- S. L. Andrewsv, Stone, Jr., _. James Barnett, Alvah Bri(adtle- v Alfrcii E. BPuell, - L. Austil, _ Miss 1Mary C. Brayton, S. V. Harllnesr - - iDouglas Perkins, —, J. D. Cleveland. T. S. Beckwith.. joi B. Perkins, h IIN athal' Ii. WIXinslo-, Buffal:o, to 1552. J. H. adtc.-; Jos.'erkins, Jra., C C.. Cat eve iand, 1878. R. P. XVade - - L. L- wi;s t'erkins. _ Chis. A. Otis, CJevela d, to 1S84. Dudles- Ealdl in, * * Peter 31. Hlt(l ckl, E N. N iuslow, -_Dr. Heinv Parker, Col gate Hcyt, D. XI.'Cris *(..Ntoris, Berea, O. Wl.in Clisholm,. C lve C. Hale.- io-Mrs. J. MIcDermott, -C. J. omnstock, W. S. Streator. J1 ). RMcl-efeller JJ. Ireland, l. J. M. Jones, T. M. Kelley - Mrs. Fred JuSii, Elijah Biugla r. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. CLEVELAND, 0., JULY, 1875. NUIMBER TWENTY-SEVEN. NOTICE OF HISTORICAL AND PIONEER SOCIETIES IN OHIO. BY C. C. BALDWIN, SECRETARY. For the purpote of prepar;nz as full an prior to 1803, when the State.rovernment account as possible of all associations in was organized. But the first and only Ohio of an historical character, whether monev appropriated for historical purpo-es inr thi. State was for the purchase of the St. local or general, our Secretary in the fall of Cla r papers, in 1870, which are now in the 1873, gave a wide circulation to the follow- State Library, which was procured through ing note: the exertions of this Society, with the hearty SIR: Will vou be aood pnough to inform me, assistance of Goveruor Hayes. as soon as practicable, whether there is or has been an Historical or Pioneer Societv in yiur; TATE IISORICAL OCIETY, town or county, and if so, when it was On the first of February 1822, several formed, its name or style, and who are or prominent public men who 0were at Columwere its managers, what papers, books, relics bus secured the nassaFe of an act to incoror records are in existence and in whose - custody? If there has been none, state that porite the'isoriial ociety o Oliio. fact in your reply. i Tlhe first meetinf was to be held in Columbus,'ours, very truly, September 1582. In an address delivered C. C. BALDWIN. before the Firelands Historict! Society, June Secretary W. R. & N. (). His. Socy. 158, the late Hon, Elisha tWhittlesey. stain case no response wv;i- mnide by the ted tlhat le went to Columbus'to particiofficers of societieps or'vicitl it wa's pre- Ipate in the proceedings of the society," that officers of societies or \V1..en it was preI'Jeremiah Alorrow, Duncarn MAcArthur, sumed none were in existence, recourse, and many mnoe worthy and distin. was had to the County Auditors, to Post-' guished pioneers werethere, who assembled masters and other public men of the coun- " in the evening, and a very interesting and ties. The following list and notices is made I delightful cov-ersation took plice, about up from replies to the circulars and from "the early scttemrents of different sections all other accessible sources of information. "of the State. Towards twelve o'clock, The spirit of historical research has never "le sugLreted to Governor Morrow that been a prominent characterislic of Ohio.' it was wel to cail the meeting to order In Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa-States " and organize. The Governor concurred which were organized after Ohio had been " but immediately reunited in conversation so long in existence that its history began to "with others, and somewhere between 2 be lost-the Legislatures have by an annual' o'clock, and daylight, those who remained appropriation, given their historical soc!e- " in the room at that time separated without ties the means which are necessary to every' an organization of the society.' enterprise of the kind. The men of that day cl.d not sufficiently In 1851 an effort was made to induce the vallue the record of their own deeds. The Legislature to assist in the publication of a charter for this society is to be found in the selection of documents, relating to events local laws of the session of 1821-2, p. 47. 2 OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF by Col. Charles Whittlesey, relating to Lord 011IO. Dunmore's expedition of 1774 On the 11th day of February 1831 The next meeting was held in 1844, and another act was passed by the Legisla- the next, which was in December, 1848, was ture, the first section of which I adjourned to be held in the city of Cincinprovided that, Benjanin Tappen, and nati in February, 1849, when the members of twenty-nine other persons, from various the "Cincinnati Historical Society" were counties of the State, named in the act, with elected members, and a donation of the propsuch other persons as micht from time to erty of tlhat society was accepted. time, become memlers, should be'a body The object of this measure was to transfer corporate, and politic, by the name of tle tLe society from the capital to Cincinnati. Historical and Philosophical S,,ciety of Up to that time it had neither museum, libraOhio," with the usual provision as to the ry or funds. Durill most of the time powers of corporations, it being carefully annual addresses il:td been delivered at Col"Provided, moreover, that the funds of said umbus, durinog the session of the Letisiature corporation, shall not be used and appro- — some of which are of great value. priated to the purpose of batnk'ilty." Anmong I priated to the purpose of bo~io/corg " A~mo~ng The officers of the so::ictv at its new quarthe corporators was Jared P. Kirtland, of teis in 18t er: Presidcnt Win D GallaTrumbull countynow of Cuyahoga county, lier: Vice Predjdents. limes H. Perkins. gratefully rememblered in the name of our ^Eward D. Mansfied, Ch;rles \ lttlesev. sister society. "The Kirtiand'ociety of, teusl otle etb(lle includinu five Natural History," of Cleveland. (it> This society wa-s organized, its by -lawsociet, to qu the eport of being passed 31st Decemnier 1831, and tie 1-4 nos li a liutrar of respectable size following officers elected:.10, olluesl and ome ver rae and.4,000 volulnies') Mid' ~otne very rare aInd President, Benjamin Tappen. valuable histoical material, coLsisting Vice Presidents.Ebenezer Lane, Rev. Wm in -I ooks, nmip., charts, and sketches Preston. A verv v-alualile work entitled "Pioneer Cor. Secretary, Alfred Kelly. Hi torI b)(einr an account of the Rec. Secretary, P. B. Wilcox. tfirst examination of lie Ohio vallev, and the Tieasurer, John W. Campbell. early settlement of the Nortxhwest Territory. Curators, Gustavus Swan, Edward King, by P. Hildreth, 8-vo. pp. 528, Cincinnati. S. P. Hildreth, B. G. Leonard,.1. P. Kirt- H. W. Der)by & Co,was ptiblished In 1848. land. i nder the superintendence of the Society, as An account of the succeeding officers will the first volunme o its neiv transactions. It be found in "A Sketch of the Historical was delivereud in sheets to tle Society, and Societies of Ohio," made l1y James H. Per- i issued b- it in 1849; as )ppears from a Cinkins and G William Keadall, in 1849, a cinnati paper of the time. committee of the society, published in ANitl it was given to the society, the man1850, with the annual discourse delivereld ty uscript of "'' ioraphical ias given us reason to look to be permitted to perform my proposed for his rejoinirn: his conjmard in February visit. Let me hope,sir,to receive an answer. next-betweer rny departure, therefore, and I am,my D'r Gen'l, most respectful y your his return not E:: ch time,:a;i intervene. friend and ob't serv't, GEORGE TOD, If granting:y request promises to injure Major 19th Inft'y. me in my cl-.l ter as a soldier, I beg, sir, Maj'r Gen'l WM. HARRISON. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. CLEVELAND, 0., DECEMBER, 1875. NUMBER TWENTY-NINE. Tradition of Brady, the lndlan linLter-Letter of Generial L.. Bieree to Judge Joiin BarrLetter of Hon. F. Wadsworti: to Sethi Day, Esq. Captain Brady's escape from the Indians on the top, known ay the "Standing Stone," during the war of the Revolulion, by jump- It was nearl3 round, its surface nearli on ing the Cuyahoga river at Kent, is a feat, the level aith tie i, anks, and;iot quite as well chronicled in border history. Tho e lar'e arulnd as a hy —slak;. Tthe waiers who examine the place at this time declare sturin"g by,t, sio vly c o'e away its taseit to be impossible, and place the accounts of but it w-as still stiion1 arnd f -ini wnii1 tili it among the excusable fictions of the Indian lPcn-lvii and Oiio C anal a-,:oi1 ntwars. Such persons should take into con cd. the enin ers mlad,-. s'lack W:-ter o tli sideration the changes that have been i po rion (if t "the gorT, b),- m)ean-i o01' daJM ieJ, wrought bv bridges and mill-dams, and by Tliey ci(.cni'oi'( id t'c i';i( the construction of the Pennsylvania andc Sone," ant cut x e\vn cr.,. o Ohio Canal. since the days of Brady. In the at bank f a i, r.,'; its natural state the river ran for about a for the api;ireS t Iao o I c-iililt of1;: i:,;, mile in what was an impassable gulf, even jumpingt. thc-'s at', it it' in low water. From a point below the cot-l In the e lis 1), lthe ton mill, nearly up t, the old glass works of "Standinl. Sccnci u il'lied,, by ti h 1825, orthe upper village, it rushed throurh a natural monunmeit wiiclh I, la-v di.sril e i, straight, narrow channel, with natural walls was well wa lknwn ast tile o:. ingl p;alace ii t;.! of rock twenty to thirty feet high, frined l ncient Indialn!rail, leadig fiom tohe i)!(io with overhanging trees. In many places the river at the mouth of Beavcr, up tiiat stretlln breadth was not much greater than the and up the ahonin', liver, ovr t he Stluml depth. When the river was in a flood the nm t, a short dicstalce south of tavennct, water was very deep, coursing swiftly clown the Breaklnei'k creec, to al fori over x througrhthe dark chasm,with resistless pow- ripple il the upper villag. From ihere thle er, made more sombre by its chocolate color. Indian road had two maini ranchels One This chasm was produced by the wearing led north, directly to tie Ouyaboga, at the action of the water upon the rocks during mouth of Tinker's Creelk tile other continincomprehensible periods of time. In the, ued througlh Stow near the centre, past lower part of the present village, there must Cuyahoga iFalls. to the'O111 Portage," three have been in the early ages a cataract twe.nty miles norti of Akron, Hlere the great trail, or thirty feet high over the edge of the con- or "carrying place," froln the Tuscarawas glomerate. Particle by particle it has been cam'e to the C(vuyahogant river from the south. carried away, the channel receding up and from thence tlile was free navigattion stream, until it let off the water from a nat- for canoes to the lake at Cleveland. These ural basin above the old village, throutgh a were well beaten r1-atrl. used by Indians and cut merely wide enough for the discharge of traders, on foot and vith ponies, visiole long a full river. A shoit distance above the after the settlement ol the country in places, present bridge at Main street, there was left where the forest had not been cut away. The standing a natural column of rock in the first road from the western part of Portage middle of the channel, with a dwarf pine county to Ravenna, crossed at the upper 2 BATTLE AT BRADY'S LAKE.: ford, near where the red man had his cross- the orthwestern Territory. Amongst othing; but eventuaily a more direct route be- er things, you said youl had been applied to came necessary, and a bridge was built near by some gentleman, (from Philadelphia, perthe spot of "Brady's leap," because here it haps,) that he had once called on you at Rawas most narrow. Before the bridge there venna, to get, if possible, some history of was a crossing for foot passengers, on a tree Brady's expedition into the Indian country, felled across the chasm. On the eastern particularly his much talked of leap across bank,the shelving rock just above the bridge the Cuyahoga river. You said that on inquihad fallen, forming a pile of rough stones ry amongst the oldest settlers in Franklin with bushes growing out of the crevices. township, in your county, where the leap The stringers of the first bridge were said was said to have been made, you could learn to be twenty-seven feet long. nothing satisfactory about it. I promised With these explanations, the impossibility you on my return home I would relate to of the leap is wholly removed. A stout you all that I knew or had heard upon the man, stimulated by an unlifted tomahawk subject, and now I sit. down to doit. I will in the hands of a savage, or the still more certainly relate to you nothing but what I horrid expectation of death torture by fire, have heard, and nothing but what from cirwould quickly take the risk. He is reputed cumstances which took place, I believe to be to have sprung from the edge of the west substantially correct. Do with this conlmubank, twenty-five feet above the water, and nication what you please. If you think it descending as he went, to have landed on of sufficient interest to send it to the gentlethe broken stones on the east side near the man who applied to you forinformation,you water level. By the help of bushes and will of course do so. If not destroy it, for roots he scrambled out of the gorge and I have received ample remuneration-for the reached "Brady Lake," before his red foes few hours I devoted to the subject, by its overtook him. bringing fresh to my recollection circum The letters of Gen. Bierce and AMr. Wads- stances which had transpired more than half worth explain the principal incidents of a century ago. this, the most exciting foot race yet chron- I find there is some little confusion in my icled in Northern Ohio. c. w. recollection of the cause given me for BraGENERAL BIERCE'S LETTER. dy's deadly hostility to the Indians; but in Judge Barr, Cleveland: substance what I give you is correct. PerThe numerous traditions respecting mit me to sav that this is the first time I ever "Brady's Leap" across the Cuyahoga river, thought of placing these transactions on paand many other "hair breadth escapes" and per. adventures of that old frontiersman grow In the year 1802 I went to Pittsburg and more and more vague and conflicting with resided. there three or tour years. Brady (i lapse of time. believe his christian rame was Samuel) died Even those which have been published at a number of years before (six or eight years various times in the newspapers and else- if I am not mistaken,) but from hs very nowhere, do not agree with each other, nor ted character as an Indian hunter, he was much talked about, and I soon became very witi the most reliable oral tradition. The mch talked bou t y, andsoo becameer following the origin of which is explained, muh mterted hi ns history,andbecame has been kindly furnished me by F. Tads- acquainted with a man by the name of John worth, Esq, It is unnecessary to say that Ptsug I- was an intelligent, observing worth, Lsq. It is unnecessary to say thiat Sumerall, who had for a longtime resided in Mr. Wadsworth has faithfully given what he Ptsburg e was n intelligent, observing learned by his own investigation, and t man, and had been an intimate friend of Braseems probable, that his sources of informa-dy. He described Brady as not being uncomtion are as worthy of confidence as any thatmonly arge, butas a powerful strong man; have been accessible since the death of the kind hearted, but an uncompromising and actor himslf. Mr. Day, to whomu the letter deadly enemy to the Indians. He gave this is addressed, settled in Ohio. I believe, in in substance, as the reason for Brady's un1800; Mr. Wadsworth in 1802. Yours, re- dying hostility to the whole Indian race: spectfully, L V. BIERCE. W hen Brady was quite a youth he lived'etui }L. V. JbiE ~ ^with some of his father's cornections, an unMB. WADSWORTH'S LETTEPR i cle perhaps, somewhere in Pennsylvania. AKRON, Feb. 26. 1856. The Irdians made an incursion on the settleSeth Day, Esq.: ment and killed almost the whole of the MY DEAR SIR-During the two very families l here he resided. He escaped by pleasant days we spent together last week in some means, and then swore eternal enmity goingto and from'ittsburg, among other to the whole Indian race. During his whole topics of conversation, was the first settle- after life he never forgot his oath. I believe ment of Ohio; for both you and myself were none of the family were taken prisoners exresidents of Ohio whilst it was yet a part of cepting a boy, who had been taken when THE RENEGADE GIRTY. 3 quite an infant into the family and adopted the blade had rusted off, so that it was only as a son. His name was Simon Girty, and six or eight inches long. I left the sword as he was not found with the others that with Jonathan Sloane, Esq., at Raveana, were killed, he was supposed to have been with a promise that it should be kept safe. carried ofi by the Indians, which afterwards A few years afterwards, on inquiring of Mr. proed to be correct. Sloane, the sword coul1 not be found. I have listened with itenese interest to I did suppose 3 ou were with us when we Sumerall's relations of the incidents attend- made the examination, but you inform me ing on Brady's excursicns into the Indian you was not. You recollect seeing the country, and of his desperate and deadly swurd at Mr, Sloane's. fights with the Indians. When there was The lake was named partly from this open war between the whites and the Ind- fight, and from Brady's having at another ans, Brady would sometimes bring in Indian time secreted himself from the Indians in it. prisoners, but in tines olf eace he al- I will give you the history of this transacways killed thenm. e was arrested and tried tion as related to me by Sumerall. I cannot two or three times in Western Pennsylvania pretend to give the dates, although in every for Killing Indians ir times of peace, and al- transaction related to me by Sumerall, he though the proof was positive against him, gave the year in which they took place. he was alvays permitted to escape without Brady started from Pittsburg or its neighsevere punishment. borhooc with a small force with him, not Sumerall gave me the history of a more than three or four. He preferred alnumlber of fiihts which Brady had ways to go alone, or to have but one or two with the Indians, on what is now called with him, although at times he was perBrady'b Run and Brady Hill, in the west- suaded to have a much larger force. He ern part of Pennsylvania, inL Beaver county. started on a scout toward the Sandusky vilBut from the;elgthl of time which has lages, and had arrived in their neighborelapsed, I cannot call the circumstances hood, when he was discovered by a party with sufficient distinctnes' to my recollec- of ten or twelve Indians, and after a sharp tion to relate them. He aio related to me fight he was taken prisoner. Those that the circumstances attending a number oi' were with him were killed, and five or six fights he had, in what is now Portage coun- of the Indians. Brady was taken to the ty, Ohio. There is a small lake in the town- Sandusky villages; and as be was, and had ship of Franklin, Portage coutly, O., which been for years, the most noted and feared still retains the name of Brai dy's Lake. white man, there was great rejoicing Sumerall ave me many of tihe particular amongst the Indians at the capture of Bratransactions of a battle Brandy had wilh the dy, and great preparations and parade were Indiansn mmnediat y on the south side of made for torturing him. Runners were that lake. lie had coilected a force of some sent to all the neighboring Indians, with the twenty men to go wvith him on an expedition news that Brady was a prisoner and every against the Indiana ia! the S:ncdusky couatry. Indian that got the news was there on the te appeoars not to have proceeded on this dav set for his execution. A very large expedition with his usual caution and se- body of Indians, old and young, were colcresy, for the Indians by somle means ob- lected together. Brady said that when he tained information of his mo-emensts, and, was first taken to Sandusky, there was somewith a much superior force, waylaid him at thing in one of the chiefs which struck him Brady's Lake, and cut off hi3 almost entire very forcibly. He soon became satisfied force. If I nistake not, Sumerall informed that he had somewhere seen him before. me that the whole party -were killed, with And after close observation and examinathe exception of Brady andc one other per- tion, he became satisfied that this person son. was Simon Girty, the boy who was brought A nnmber of years after I lett Pittsbure, I up with him as a brother. He took the first went to reside at Ravenna, Portage county, opportunitv he could get, to say to him that Ohio, and with a number of others, I went he knew him as Simon Girty. He told him and examined at Br-ady's Lake, f,r the place who he was, and related transactions that where the action bhad oeen fougi-ht. and found took place when they were boys,that he could the place to be precisely where Sumerall had not possibly have forgotten for some time. described it to be, immediatcly on the south Girty refused to know him, or even to unsiec of the lake. By scraping: the leaves and derstand a word of English; but at last he loose earth away, wo found many human owned himself as Simon Girty. He was at bones scattered over an acre or two of this time a noted chief amongst the Indians, ground. We took to IRaSvena aaT umber of and was noted as being the most savage skull boines, as well as many other human j amongst the savages. Another tradition of bones. A basset hilted sword was found; Girty, was that Brady and he were young 4 BRADY MAKETS THE LEAP. together, and intimate acquaintances and a mile above the present village of Franklin, associations; that Girty was at one time a but he found the Indians would head him, leader in the excurs orns against the Indifns, and get there before he could. He then but for some reason he icft the whites, steeLed his course down -the river, intending joined with and became a celebrated and to cross it below the present village of Franksavaae chief anionast the Indians. Brady lin, where the bed of the river was wide,and plead wi.h Girty at first to assist him to es- the water shadlow, but soon found his purcape: that he could do it without the fear of suers had headed him there, too; and they detection; that from their early associations were already on the bank of the river both and fr endship he was bound to do it. He above and below him, and when used and urged by every reason and argu- he got to the river, he found himself at the ment he coud think of to induce narrow gorge, in the now villave of Frankhim to do so, but without effect. hn, and the Indians ciose on his tJack beGirty would have but little hind him. HIe had not a moment to spare, conversation with him, and refus d to assist and, as it was life or death with him, he made him in the least.. As the time for Brady's the famous Brady's leap across the Cuyaexecution drew nigh he begged of Girty to hooa river. The river, as you Well know, at furnish him with the means to t-ke ins own that place is, or was, very narro v. It used life, and escape the tortures p'eparing for to be for some c.distarce, from twenty-five to him, but a 1 without effect. The time for forty feet wide it is, I should suspose, his execution arrived; the fires were lig-nted, from the slrface of the rock to the water, and the excitement among the Indians be- some twenty feet; and the woiter is, I have came intense. Their pow-wows had cor- been told, from twenty to thirty feet deep. menced, and the circle around tim was Many years ago, being in that neilhbordrawing closer, and he began sensib y to feel hood, I went with a man who lived in the effects of the fire. The withes which Frankin, by the name (of Havmakci, to exconfined his arms and legs were getting loose amine and satisfy myself, if I couid, where by the effects of the fire, and he soon found Brady had jumped across the Cuyahoga. he could at any time free himself from them. Mrr. Haymakler was formuerly from the He watched his opportunity, when in the neighborhood of Pittsburg. He had been excitement of the scene, a fine looking perscnaily acquainted with Brady, and had squaw, a squaw of one of the chiefs. ven- heard him teil the story, which agreed well tured a little too near him for her own safe- with what Sumerall had told me, We ty, and entirely within his reach. He, by measured the river wlhr we supposed the one powerful exertion, cleared himself from leap was macre, and foand it between tweneverything by which he had been confined, ty-four and twenty-six feet,; my present imcau ht the squaw by the head and shoulders pression is that it was a few inches less than and threw her on the top of the burnina pile, than twenty-five feet. Theie were bushes aod in the confusion that followed made his3 and evergreens growing out of the escape. And Brady said when he was twen- fissures in the reck on each side of ty rods ahead he had no fears fo: the result. the stream. lie jumped from the west to He felt the bad effects of haviun been confined e-ist side; the banks on each side of the for a number f ldays, but as he said, not steam were nearly of the same height, the knowing what m'ght hlappen, he had used flat rock on the west side descending a very every means in his power to keep hi; blood little from rhe west to the east. He caught in circulation during his confinement Du- the bushes oi the bank and fell soi;e three ring the excitement of gtting the squaw or four oir five feet efore lie recovered, and out of the fire, Brady was enabled to get a got out; by this lime the Indians were wi hin considerable distance ahead. The In4imns, a few rods of the river, anld when they saw however, were soon in hot pursuit after him, him on the opposite banl of thie river thev and a number of times came vtry near catch- set up a terrib e yell; bur none of them ating him, before he arrived at the Cuyahoga tempted to follow in jumping the river. river, a distance of more than one hundred I Three or four of the ildians fired at him, miles from the Scndusky vi lages- When and wounded him slightly in the leg. Very he arrived near the CuyahoTa river, in soon Brady found that the Indians had Franklin, Portage county, Ohio, (now Kent,) crossed the river at the Standing Stone, in he found the Indians were getting very hot pirsuit; and when he arrived at the near to him. He had intended ti) have small lake (Brady's Lake), about a mile east crossed the CuyahoTa at a very not.ed place, of the Cuyahoza river, he found the Indians known as the Standian Stone, on the Ind an were gaiing on him, and as the wound in trail from Sandu.ky to the Salt prinrs, a,, his le: was troubling him a iittle, he must few miles south of Warren, in Trumbull eiiher secrete himself in the lake or be again county, Ohio. The standing Stone is about taken prisoner. He went into the lake, and CAPTURES FIVE PRISONERS. 5 secreted himself under water, amongst the pinioned the Indian and squaw safely; made lily pads, or pond lilies. He found a hol- the squaw carry the papoose, and drove low weed which he could breathe through, them ill before him. Brady traveled with with his head under the water. This was in his prisoners only in the night. He had the fore part of the day, aud he remained in selected his places to stay during the day, the lake until the next morning. He heard some fifteen or twenty miles apart. He was the Indians about the lake all day and until pursued as he expected to be. He had late at night. selected his places to stay during the day, at The Indians followed him no farther, but places he could reach by traveling either up said afterwards that they had no doubt or down in a stream of water, a mile or two, but when they shot at him across the river, so that his pursuers could not possibly track they had mortally wounded him, and that him. Sumerall described the location of the he had gone into the lake and sunk, as they villages, the s vamp in front of them; the had tracked him into the lake but could location of the cabin from which Brady took find no tracks out. his prisoners so accurately that five or six In the fall of the year 1805, I went from years afterwards I was traveling through the Pittsburg to Kentucky. Mr. Sumerall, the the State of Ohio, in going from Mansfield, man referred to above, was going to Cin- in Richland county, to Wooster, in Wayne cinnati with some boats, and I embraced the county, (there were no white inhabitants beflvorable opportunily of going with him. tween Mansfield and Wooster,) and I had We were eight or ten days in going from not until then heardcof the Indian villages of Pittsburg to Limestone, or Maysvil e, in Green and Jeomes Towns; yet when I came Kentucky, where I left him. It was during to those villages, Sumerall's descrption of this trip that I heard from him the history them was so correct that I knew them at of B.ady'sexploits,more in detail than I had once, and I could not have given a more ever heard before. A very short distance correct description of them than I had rebelow Wheeling, Virginia, Mr. Sumerall ceined second hand from Brad) five or six pointed to the remains of a log cabin, on the years before. Ohio side of the river, the roof had fallen Brady, as I had before stated, had a numinbut the body of the cabin was stili stand- ber of fights with the Indians on Brady's ing. He said that in the last Indian war Hill and Brady's Run, in Western PennsylBrady brought to that house five Indian vania. I cannot recollect any of them with prisoners. Brady when he started on the sufficient distinctness to pretend to relate expedition to d his friends at Wheeling that them. I, however, recollect the conclusion he was on an Indian expedition, and snould of one of them, which, as far as fighting bring in prisoners instead of scalps. He was concerned, ended on Brady's Hill. He was gone from Wheeling some two or three started from Pittsburg with three or four weeks, and returned with five prisoners; an with him on an expedition towards the SanIndian Pand his squaw, a boy eight or ten dusk, villages, killed a number of Indians; years old, a girl five or six, and a papoose. but on their way back were overtaken by the Sumera'l gave a long and very circumstan- Indians all killed or taken prisoners with the tial history of this expedition, which I cannot exception of Brady. He succeeded in getpretend to do. Brady would suffer no one ting back as far as Brady's Hill, not woundto go with him. Sumerall pointed the ed, but almost dead with fatigue. Sometime direction Brady went, a little north of west before he arrived there he had discovered by from Wheeling. He went to two Indian sone means that the Indians were still in viilages represented as being situated cn pursuit of him. He was so much fatigued the west and northwest sie of an alder that he knew well if he could not by some swamp. He arrived there in the nigtt and means get the advantage of his pursuers he secreted himself in the swamp,and remained must oe overtaken by them before he could there the whole of the next day. He saw get back to the settlement. And he fell on where the family of five, mentioned above, a plan which proved successful. He sein the evening went into a cabin which was leered his place, a tree blown down, of a small distance from the other cabins in the sufficient height to sit comfortably upon. village. In the night when all was still He went carefully back in his tracks for, about twelve or one o'clock, he went to the say, half a mile, then turned about and cabin, broke fpen the door, and told them again went in his old tracks to the fallen he was Brady; that if they made the leasi tree, maKing his tracks quite plain. He then noise he would kill every one of ther.. The selected his place for concealment within a Indians knew enough of Brady, to know good rifle shot distance from the fallen tree, that he would do as he said. He told them being very careful to make no marks from if they would go peaceably he would take it to his place of concealment. He said that them without injury to Wheel ng. He he expected when the Indians arrived at the 6 ADAM POE. end of his tracks, they would stop tor con- stances attending that transaction, or fight; sultation, and would seat themselves on the the pursuit of the Indians, his overtaking fallen tree, which proved to be coirect. Af- Big Feot on the banks of the Ohio river, anc ter he had been secreted two or three hours, his finally killing him in the river. He three Indians came up in hot pursuit. They appeared to regret, more than for any other closely examined for the continuation of his thing that took place, that Big Foot sunk tracks, but not finding them they seated before he could take off his scalp. He themselves on the fallen tree, as he had ex- has often showed me the scars of the wounds pected they would. He had selected his he received, being shot entirely through the place for concealment, so that he could rake body. He was also severely wounded in the body of the tree with his rifle, which he other places, by the scalping knife of Big did most effectually. The whole three fell Foot. His relation to me of the transaction when he fired; one was shot:dead, and the did not materially differ from the account other two severely wounded. He clubbed you have seen published. Mr. Poe was a his rifle, knocked one in the head, and tom- very old man when I was first acquainted ahawked the other, took the three scalps, with him, but he would become very much and then proceeded slowly but safely to excited and animated when relating his old Pittsburg. hunting stories. I recollect well the last The present generation cannot probably time I saw him, at tne close of a lona everealize the satisfaction and real enjoyment ning's conversation, when he had told me that many of the old pioneers and hunters many of his old hunting stories, he put his (of what used to be called the Western bandon my shoulder and said: "Mr Wadscountry) took in hunting and killing Indians, worth, no man ever took more satisfaction in the early settlement of this country. I in hunting deer, bear, wolves, and buffalo became well acquainted with many of them, than I have, but the greatest enjoyment I ana particularly so with Adam Poe, who ever took in hunting was in hunting Inwas quite noted for his fight with, and kill- dians." Yours truly, ing the celebrated Indian chief Big Foot. I FRED'K WADSWORTH. have often heard him relats the circum WESTERN RESERVE.A N 1) NORTHERN OHIO tistorical Society o..,JO. March, 187(6. EARLY SETTLEMENT OF WARREN, TRUMBULL CO., OHIO. BY THE LATE LEONARD CASE. CLEVELAND: FAIRBANKS, BENEDICT & CO., PRINTERS, HERALD OFFICE. 1876. EARLY SETTLEMIENT OF TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO. BY THE LATE LEONARD CASE, OF CLEVELAND. The writer of the following notes on the history of Trumbull county, was, on the 10th of April, 1800, a lad thirteen years and nine months old. On that day, he left Fallowfield township, Washington county, Pennsylvania, for the Western Reserve. Passed by land to Beavertown, detained there three days; passed on crossed the territorial line south-east of Poland, 17th; and arrived at Mahoning, near the afterward village of Warren, 19th, 4 P. M. He believes on that day there were not more than 20,000 inhabitants (exclusive of French settlements on the Mississippi, Detroit and Mackinaw,) on the old North-west Territory, notwithstanding the census of 1800 gives 45,065. The usual incidents attended the journey until crossing the south line, on 41~ N. L. From there to Yellow Creek, in Poland, was a very muddy road called "The Swamp." In Poland, a settlement was begun, Judge Turkand Kirtland and family living on the east side, and Jonathan Fowler and wife, a sister of the Judge, keeping a tavern on the west side. From thence our way was through woods to where was a family by the name of Stevens, who had been there three years or more. The wife's name was Hannah. With her, our family had been acquainted. She said she had been there three years, without seeing the face of a white woman. There our party and cattle stayed over night. Next morning, we passed up the west side of the river, (for want of means to cross it,) to James Hillman's, and then through woods, on the old road made by the Connecticut 2 EARLY SETTLERS. Land Company, to the Salt Spring. There were some settlers, Jos. McMahon among the rest, engaged in making salt. From there we passed (through woods,) to the cabin and clearing of Benjamin Davison, on the north half of Lot No. 42, in Warren, town 4, range 4; then on one-quarter of a mile to a path that turned east to the Fusselman place, on the south half of Lot No. 35, and then to the residence of Richard Storer, arriving there about 4 o'clock, P. M., on the 18th day of April, 1800. After our passage through woods and mud, the leeks on the Indian Fild on Mahoning Bottom made a most beautiful appearance. SETTLERS. As near as the writer can recollect, the settlers then were, in and about Warren, EPHRAIM QUINBY, WILLIAM CROOKS, RICHARD STORER, JONATHAN CHURCH, FRANCES CARLTON, JOSHUA CHURCH, WILLIAM FENTON, EDWARD JONES. In Howland, JOHN H. ADGATE. They camethere in 1799 and in the following winter. Their families were, MRS. QUINBY, Nancy, Samuel and Abrilla. MRS. STORER, two sons and a daughter. JOHN CARLTON, William, Margaret and Peter. MRs. FENTON and two children. MRS. JONES and one child. MRS. ADGATE, Sally, Belinda, Caroline, John H., Nancy, Charles, Ulysses, James and one or two more. CALEB JONES, wife and child. In May, 1801, GEORGE LOVELACE settled on the north half of Lot No. 27. On and soon after the 18th of April, 1800, there arrived from Pennsylvania, EARLY SETTLERS-CONTINUED. 3 MESHACH CASE and MAGDALEN his wife, Elizabeth, Leonard, (the writer of this,) Catharine, Mary Reuben and Sarah. HENRY LANE, SEN. and wife, John, Asa, Benjamin, Catherine and Ann. HENRY LANE, JR., and his wife ELSIE. CHARLES DAILEY and wife, JENNY and several children. ISAAC DAILEY & wife EFFIE, and several children. JOHN DAILEY, wife and child. Soon after these, came, BENJAMIN DAVISON and wife, George, Liberty, Polly, Prudence, Ann, Samuel, William, Walter, James, Betsey and Benjamin to their cabin erected by the old gentleman in the fall of 1799. In June, 1800, there arrived, by the south route, JOHN LEAVITT, Esq. and family. EBENEZER SHELDON and family. Sheldon and family passed on to Aurora. Leavitt and family tarried in Warren, his family: MRS. SILENCE LEAVITT, Will'm, John, jr., Cynthia, Sally, Henry F., Abiah, Humphrey and some hired men, Elam & Eli Blair, (twin brothers.) About the same time there came PHINEAS LEFFINGWWELL & wife. John H. Adgate and family were already on their farm in the south-west corner of Howland, (1600 acres, being 160 chains N. & S. and 100 chains wide,) and had commenced improvements in 1799. Besides the family before mentioned, they had with them some help and old BENONI OCKUM, an Indian of the Stockbridge tribe. They had resided there during the winter of 1799, 1800. A pleasant family. In 1799, Benjamin Davison, Esq. purchased the north half of Lots 41 & 42 Warren. The old gentleman had erected a cabin on the old road to Beavertown, on Lot 42, about 40 rods west from the present buildings. In May 1800, the family commenced their labors for a crop.* *Wolves and bears committed depredations almost continually upon the cattle and hogs, and other smaller vermin upon the domestic fowls. The wolves would 4 FIRST PREACHERS. PREACHING. In June, 1800, HENRY SPEERS, a preacher of the Baptist order, from our former neighborhood in Washington county, Pa., and an old acquaintance, visited the settlers at Warren. Short notice was given, and he preached a sermon in the forenoon in the shade of the trees along the road south of the Mahoning, about 60 rods from the house of Henry Lane, Sr. Perhaps 50 persons assembled. They gave him a very respectful attention. This was the first sermon preached in Warren which has come to the knowledge of the writer. In the fall of 1800, Rev. Joseph Badger came, by order of the Missionary Society in Connecticut. and for some time preached to us occasionally in the private houses of the settlers. Either in the fall of 1801, or early in 1802, Rev. Thomas GJones, of the Baptist order, who resided on the Shenango east of Brookfield, was engaged for every other Sabbath at Warren. He it is believed, was the first preacher engaged regularly at Warren. He continued until after 1806. Among the members of his society were Isaac Dailey and wife, Samuel Burnett and wife and Will Jackman and wife. In the meantime, the Presbyterians were supplied with occasional preachers; however, besides the Rev. Mr. Badger, the approach even within two rods of the cabin, seize a pig, run off with it and eat it, and as soon as the flock became still again, would return again and seize another in like manner; pursuing their depredations to such an extent as to render it difficult to raise anything. The wolves wo Id likewise seize and destroy the weaker cattle- In winter, when quite hungry, they were bold and would come among the settlers' cabins. The writer recollects one night in February, 1801, when the weather had been stormy-the wind then blowing a severe galewhen the wolves attacked the cattle on the Bottoms, on Lots 35 & 42 in Warren. The cattle gathered together in large numbers; the oxen and stronger ones endeavoring to defend the weaker ones. They ran, bellowing, from one place to another and the wolves, trying to seize their prey, howled fearfully. In the morning, it was evident, that the oxen had pitched at the wolves, burying their horns up to their sculls in the mud and earth. Several of the weaker cattie were found badly bitten. The bears preyed more upon the larger hogs; frequently carrying off alive some weighing as much as 150 pounds, though they preferred smaller ones. The foxes and other vermin so preyed upon the domestic fowls, that for some years it was difficult to keep any. That wolves prey upon sheep is usual wherever they exist in the same vicinity; but they were so bad about Trumbull, in its early settlement, that the settlers were unable to protect the sheep from the ravages of the wolves, for six or seven years. INDEPENDENCE DAY. 5 writer does not recall their names. In about 1808, the Rev, Mr. Dawes was regularly engaged. Among the Presbyterians, were Benjamin Davison and Anna his wife, Thos. Pryor and Elizabeth his wife, Elsie Lane, - Lane, and John Leavitt and wife. FOURTH OF JULY. In 1800 there was a 4th of July celebration at the place of Mr. Quinby. They were much at a loss for musical instruments. - Elam and Eli Blair, the twin young men who came with John Leavitt, Esq.-one a drummer and the other a fifer-surmounted the difficulty. One found a large, strong, stem-elder and soon made a fife. The other cut down a hollow pepperidge tree and with only a hand-axe and jack plane made a drum-cylinder. With the skin of a fawn, killed for him by William Crooks, he made heads for the drum and for the cords used a pair of new plowlines belonging to M. Case. They discoursed most patriotic music. Of course, all had guns. So, the usual amount of patriotism was demonstrated in proper style by music and the burning of gunpowder. John Leavitt, Esq. played the militia captain. A good dinner was had in a bowery. Toasts were duly given and honored with the needful amount of stimulus. All went off merrily. Quite a number of the guests were from abroad, among whom were John Young, Calvin Austin and some others from Youngstown; Gen. Edward Paine and Judge Eliphalet Austin from the lake shore, and other gentlemen from other places. OLD MERRYMAN. When the first settlers came, they found in the land Merryman, a perfect patriarch of a hunter, of some 60 winters. He had for years been lord of the soil: his " right" there was "none to dispute." But after the white men came-like the natives-there was no place for him. Whence he originally came, or whither he finally went, or how he was descended, the writer hath no knowledge. 6 FIRST MILLS. FLOUR MILLS. The first grist-mill, for custom grinding, was on Mill creek in Boardman. It was started (as currently stated) in the last of Nov., 1799, and was the first mill erected on the Reserve, unless the mill erected by W. W. Williams at Newburg had priority.* It answered a tolerably good purpose for the people about Warren,t until Henry Lane, jr., and Ch, rles Dailey put their mill in operation in 1802. They commernc, I building their dam across the Mahoning in 1800; but the winter flood destroyed their work. They then exerted themselves to have their mill going in 1801, and the neighbors assisted, but they did not succeed until the Spring of 1802. * P. S. MARCH 29, 1862. Saw Allen Gaylord, Esq. of Newburg village, who says he came with David Hudson, Will Wheeler Williams, etc,, in the spring of the year 1800, removing with their families to the Reserve. He joined them in the State of New York, at or near Ironduquoit, and came with them to Cleveland. Williams stopped at Cleveland. Gaylord went with Hudson to the township of Hudson. Gaylord was well acquainted with them in Connecticut. They were both out in 1799, when Hudson surveyed Hudson and Williams erected the mills on Mill creek, on Lot No. 464, front of now Newburg village. Williams had caused the mill to be started before leaving the Reserve with Hudson in the fall of 1799_ They arrived in Con't. in November of 1799, and consequently the mill must have been set agoing in October. The mill was in operation when Gaylord arrived in the spring of 1800. He has known it ever since. He was informed that Williams was furnished with the materials for building the mill, besides the donation of the lot of land No. 461. The deed of this lot was made by Trustees Conn. Land Co. April 4, 1804, to Samuel Huntington, Recorded in Trum. Nov. 21, 1804, G. p. 45. This mill in Newburg must have been the first started. Mr. Gaylord says the rock where the stones were quarried he has seen, not long since, nearby. The writer has seen in the accounts of Directors of Conn. Land Co. viz. "1800, April, advanced W. W. Williams to erect mill at Cleveland, 255.83 23 pairs of shoes delivered W. W. Williams 23.00" The 100 acre lot No. 464 deeded to S. Huntington, is said to have been part of the consideration for the mill, + In February 1801, Benj'n_ Davison, Esq. the father of the family on the north half of Lot 42, Warren, his son Samuel, a lad about 16 or 17, and Ebenezer Earle (brother of John Earle of HIowland) a bachelor about 30, agreed to take a sled load of wheat and corn to the mill on Mill creek in Boardman. The sled had a new wood rack with two yoke of oxen. There was snow, but rather thin sledding. These three with the team started pretty early in the day for the mill, twelve miles distant. Soon after they started it grew warmer and began to thaw. It was after dark before they got their grain ground, but knowing that the road (the road which the Connecticut Land Co. caused to be opened from Poland, by the Salt Springs, Warren and to Painesville) would soon break, FIRST MERCHANTS. 7 The stones were placed in a saw-mill, the bed-stone on the sawing platform. Spur-wheels were placed on the flutter-wheel of the saw-mill, one on the lower end of an upright shaft and geared together. The running stone was placed on the upper end of the shaft, and with a hoop and appurtenances, ground tolerably well; but each customer had to bolt his own flour. It was said that the builder had a favorable contract for a piece of land, on the conditions that he should have a saw-mill and grist-mill running by the fil,. of December, 1799. He found the time growing short and res.:ted to the above device in order to comply with the letter of his conditions. MERCHANTS. The first supply of merchandise which the writer recollects was under the control of James E. Caldwell who, with an assistant, about once in two weeks poled a canoe up the Mahoning-in 1801. When he came in sight of a settler he blew a horn, and those who wanted goods resorted to the canoe for a supply. Either in the fall of 1801, or early in 1802, George Lovelace opened a small shop in Warren, on the east side of Main street and some rods north of South street. About the same time, Boyle Erwin set up his nephew, Robert Erwin, with a small assortment of goods in a building nearly opposite Holliday's tavern-stand (lately Walter King's place.)* and likewise the ice-over the Big Meander, they started for home in the night. They had not gone far before the ice over the mud-holes began to give way. Old Mr. Davison went forward to pilot the boys along the muddy places, particularly where the brush and logs were turned out and piled up like winrows. He would frequently break through. Then he would call to the boys, "Turn out, boys, turn out!" " a bad place here." When they came to the Meander it had risen so as to be above their sled beams. In order to save their load from the wet, they placed chains crosswise at the top of their rack, laid poles, crosswise with the chains, on them and piled their bags upon the poles. At a little more than half way across, the weight crushed down the rack. They and their load together found the water. It was up to their knees. However, they drove on. It was about four o'clock in the morning when we heard them half a mile off. Soon after, they reached my father's-the first house after leaving the Salt Springs-not much the worse, after they got dry. The water did not penetrate into the mea bags much. This was the first trip to mill by the two families of Case and Davison. Previous to that time the hand-mill had been brought into requisition. *August 1.-1860, I saw a notice of the death of Boyle Erwin, near Pittsburgh, a few days since, aged 88 years. He closed Robert's affairs at Warren in 1807. 8 FIRST MAIL ROUTE. In 1820 or 1803, Zebina Weatherby and James Reed started a rather larger store, (on the site lately occupied by Leicester King,) and for several years did a considerable business, selling merchandise and driving cattle.* MAILS. The first post route established to Warren was from Pittsburgh to Warren, upon application to the P. M. G., from Elijah Wadsworth, of Canfield, by letter of 30th April, 1801. It was not carried into effect before 24th October, 1801.t General Wadsworth was well acquainted with Gideon Granger, the P. M. G., who (Mr. G.) had also a large interest on the Reserve. The appointment of Simon Perkins bears date October 24th, 1801. Eleazar Gilson was first engaged as mail-carrier. Gilson probably carried a short time. The first mail delivered at Warren was October 30, 1801. It seems probable, however, that the mail carrying was not very regular until July, 1802. A letter post-marked at Chillicothe, January 19, 1802, from Hon. George Tod to Col. Samuel Huntington, at Warren, has a note on it requesting Mr. Perkins to procure the letter to be forwarded to Col. Huntington. Major Perkins had a post-office at Youngstown February 10, 1802. Hon. George Tod says in a letter, of that date, to S. Huntington that a letter had lain in that office some time. Elisha Tracy also speaks of it May 15th, 1802. Thus it appears that strict regularity was wanting as late as May 15th, 1802. Mr. Gilson, soon after his contract to carry the mail, appointed Joseph Mclnrue as his deputy mail carrier. The writer saw McInrue on the route some two miles southerly from Warren, *Weatherbee died September 1811 or'12. Reed left for parts unknown in 1815. tTHE ROUTE.-From Pittsburgh, on the south side of the Ohio river, to the mouth of the Beaver, say 27 miles; over to Ft. McIntosh, John Coulter, Postmaster; back to the south side of the Ohio and to Georgetown, 12 miles, John Beaver, P. M. there; direct to Canfleld, on the Reserve, 27 miles, Capt. Elijah Wadsworth, P. M. there; then to Youngstown, 8 miles, Calvin Pease, P. M. there; thence to Warren, 12 miles, to the termination of the route, Simon Perkins, P. M. there; --- and return once a week. ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. 9 with the mail matter tied up in his pocket-handkerchief along with the key for the Warren office, and understood that he had delivered others on the route. The Warren key had attached to it a label of wood on which was the date of its first delivery at Warren-July, 1802-plainly marked. This key was in the office of General Perkins in 1806 and several years after, wherever the office was kept, until 1816, when the writer left Warren. The General kept the office at his boarding house, the tavern of John Leavitt, Esq., and [follows copy,] with some aid until 1804-a part of 1805 was kept by the Clerk of the Court, George Phelps, on the lot after owned by Leicester King. Then at the log office of the General, fall 1805-all 1806. Early in 1807 by George Parsons at the Calvin Austin place-and then on the Jackman lot, Liberty street-until the new court house was finished. Then by Samuel Quinby, for a time, and then, as the writer has been informed, by Samuel Chesney for several years. GOVERNMENT. The history of the Western Reserve of Connecticut is among the various items of evidence which go to show that a majority of the members of Congress believed that all the waste and western lands belonged to the United States, as a nation, after allowing to the chartered colonies a reasonable territory as occupied by each; and that Congress never did, nor would admit that the claiming colonies, had title to any more lands than had been occupied and used by each to a reasonable extent, until an actual adjustment took place. It was so with the Reserve. WASHINGTON COUNTY. After the organization of the N. W. Territory in 1788, the Governor, St. Clair, included the Western Reserve east of the Cuyahoga in Washington county, which was bounded: Beginning on the Pennsylvania line, at its crossing of the Ohio river and by it to Lake Erie; along the southern shore to the Cuyahoga; up it to the Portage; to the Tuscarawas; down that stream to the crossing above Fort Lawrence; then westerly to the Big Miami; south, etc.; to the beginning. (See III Chase, 2,096.) 2 10 ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN. In 1796, Wayne county,* Michigan, included west of the Cuyahoga, etc., to the head waters west of Lake Michigan, which drained the country into it; north-to Lakes Superior, Huron and Erie-and the territorial line. (III Ch., 2,096.) JEFFERSON COUNTY. Established July 29, 1797, included all of the Reserve east of the Cuyahoga. (III Ch., 2,096.) TRUMBULL COUNTY. In the years 1799 and 1800, an arrangement took place between the United States and Connecticut and its purchasers of the Reserve, and deeds were passed May 30, 1800, whereby Connecticut ceded to the United states the political jurisdiction, and Congress confirmed to Connecticut the title of the land, for the benefit of its purchasers. This transaction first gave the assent of Congress to the title of Connecticut. *Howe, in his book, page 518, makes a material mistake in relation to Wayne county, by connecting the Wayne county established by Governor St. Clair, Aug. 15,1796, with the present Wayne county in Ohio. The Wayne county established by Governor St. Clair was bounded as stated by Howe; but all that part of it north of the north boundary of Ohio was cut off by organizing Ohio and remained Wayne county in Michigan. All the records, doings, archives, etc., remained in Wayne county. Michigan, in Detroit, and are there still-in 1860. That part of the old Wayne county remaining in Ohio, so much as was included in the Western Reserve, was included in Trumbull county, established July 10, 1800. It is very uncertain what county or counties had jurisdiction over the residue, until, under the State authority, counties were erected covering it. The present county of Wayne is composed of part of the territory of the old county. It was established February 13,1808, and embraced the land south of the Western Reserve, north of Wayne's Treaty, or U. S. Military District lines, west of 10th range, east of 16th range; was attached to Stark until organized March 10,1812 The territory included in the first Wayne, cut off by Ohio south and west of Western Reserve was disposed of after the State was organized. In March, 1803, the Legislature erected: COLUMBIANA COUNTY-And took from Jefferson county near the Muskingum -but little. MONTGOMERY COUNTY-Extending on the west and north to the lines of the State. GREENE COUNTY-East of Montgomery, north to the State line, and east to a line near the Scioto and Sandusky. The land east of that remaining of the territory of the old Wayne county, east of about Sandusky river, to the west of the Reserve, and south of it as far as Tuscarawas, seems not to have been included in any county until 1820, excepting what was included in Richland, Wayne and Stark, south of the Reserve. (See Chase III from 2,098 to 2,106.) CONTEST FOR COUNTY SEAT. 11 On the 10th of July, 1800, Governor St. Clair erected the whole of the Reserve into Trumbull county, bounded: South by 41~ north latitude, and west 120 miles west from Pennsylvania; north by latitude 42~ 2', and east by Pennsylvania. (III Ch., 2,097,) and forthwith appointed officers and organized it with the county seat at Warren. The first court was held August 25th, 1800, at 4 o'clock, P. M., between the corn-cribs of E. Quinby, on Main street, fronting the Brooks' House, just south of Liberty street. These cribs had regular clapboard cabin roofs-not as Lane says, covered with boards. After this the southeast towns became more thickly inhabited, and the inhabitants in that quarter wished the county seat removed to Youngstown. A hewn-log jail, which had been erected on the northwest part of the Square, was burned on the 28th* of February, 1804, and thereupon exertions were seriously made to have the county seat removed to Youngstown. GEAUGA COUNTY Was set off December 31, 1805, including townst No. 8, west to west of line of range No. 5; then south to the north line of town 5; then west to the Cuyahoga. Geauga was organized March 1, 1806. ASaTABULA AND PORTAGE COUNTIES Were erected February 10, 1808, and the towns No. 8 included in Ashtabula. (III Ch., 2,105.) The towns No. 8 were set back to Trumbull county on the 20th of February, 1809. (III Ch., 2,110.) "TOWNS NUMBER EIGHT." The inhabitants of the townships No. 8, as far west as to include the 5th range, complained that, during the struggle and contest about the county seat betweeen Warren and *The date of the burning of the log-jail was found in a letter from Calvin Pease to Samuel Huntington. tThese "towns No. 8" were a bone of contention, and were several times set back and forth to Trumbull and Ashtabula. Judge Solomon Griswold said they had no privileges in either county, and were sued in all. 12 CONTEST FOR COUNTY SEAT. Youngstown, from 1804 to 1809, they had no privileges in either of the adjoining counties, and were sued in all of them. However that might have been, the struggle was severe. The southeasterly part being the most densely inhabited, generally carried the election of a representative favorable to the Youngstown interest, until in 1809, as mentioned below. The Warren people were therefore compelled to appoint and support "lobby members" to attend to their interests at Chillicothe, which was no little bill of expense, besides the vexation.* STRIFE FOR COUNTY SEAT. Until the year 1809 aliens were permitted to vote at elections. There were many such in the southeast part of Trumbull, and with their aid elections were carried. It was found after the election in 1809, that the representative and commissioner favorable to Youngstown were elected, but if the votes of aliens should be thrown out, the representative, Thomas G. Jones, and commissioner favorable to Warren would be elected. The election was contested. In the September previous, the writer, then a little over 23 years of age, had been elected a Justice of the Peace. His commission hardly dry, he and William Chidester, of Canfield, were selected as the Justices to take the testimony; the first day in Hubbard, next in Youngstown and last in Poland. The aliens were mostly Irishmen and were greatly excited; 1st. because they considered the proceeding as striking at their liberties; and 2d, as a party measure. Daniel Shehy made a flaming speech at Hubbard an hour and a half long. The Justices had to force him to silence. Homer Hine was for the respondents; J. S. Edwards for the contestants. Many of those summoned to give testimony refused to testify, until about to be arrested and sent to jail-then they agreed to *In the struggle about county seats E. Root, John Kinsman and others wanted a county seat on the east line of the Reserve. Elias Tracy wanted it on the corners of Morgan, Rome, Lenox and New Lyme, or all New Lyme, No. 9, 3d rangehis town. CONTEST FOR COUNTY SEAT. 13 and did give their testimony. About one hundred depositions were taken. The next day, in Youngstown, about the same course was attempted by the witnesses, but the Justices compelled the business to proceed, and took something more than another hundred depositions. The next day after, at Poland, the same course was again attempted; but the Justices put Shehy under keepers during the day and progressed with their business. They had a very boisterous time of it. They took in all some four hundred depositions, which, upon trial turned the election in favor of Warren. A contract was soon after entered into for the building of a Court-House and Jail. This ended the contest about the county seat. It was extremely bitter while it lasted-some five yearswhole townships giving their vote on one side or the other without a dissenting vote. REMINISCENCES OF BENJAMIN LANE. WARREN IN 1799-THE FIRST SETTLERS. [EXTRACT FROM A WARREN NEWSPAPER.]-(DATE NOT KNOWN.) "For the following reminiscences of the first settlement in this county, we are indebted to Mr. Benjamin Lane, who still resides on the same spot which his father bought in the year 1799, and who lived in the first house built in this county-as bounded at present. The first white man who purchased land in this township, for actual settlement, was the late Hon. Ephraim Quinby, (Note 1) who bought the land on both sides of the river, on which this town now stands, and also the land still owned, and occupied by his son, Hon. Samuel Quinby. Mr. Quinby arrived here, early in the spring of 1 Z99, probably in the latter part of March, accompanied by Mr. William Fenton and wife, and William Carlton, and his sister Peggy Carlton.(Note 2.) The first house built in the township stood on the south side of the river, and on the east side of the road, just opposite Mr. Lane's present residence. This log-house was built by Mr. John Young, (the proprietor of Youngstown, Mahoning Co.) in the spring of the year 1798. He then owned the land where Youngstown now stands, but owned no land in this township, and he came here to raise corn, there being about twenty acres of land (once owned by the late Judge Freeman) which had been cleared by the Indians, probably very many years before, as the stumps of trees had all rotted out. FIRST HOUSE. 15 There were also some sixty acres on the south side of the river which had been cleared, part of which now belongs to the Fusselman farm, and part to Mr. Benjamin Lane's home farm. Several other pieces of the Mahoning bottom land in this vicinity, between this place and the Salt Springs, had been cleared amounting in all, to several hundred acres. Mr. Young planted some seventeen or eighteen acres of the land on this side of the river, in corn, occupying the house afore-mentioned, until the crop was gathered, stored it in the house until snow fell in the winter, when he hauled it to Youngstown. Mr. Henry Lane purchased two hundred and fifteen acres, fifty-five acres of which, lay on the north side of the river, and now belongs to Mr. Charles Smith. The balance, one hundred and sixty acres on the south side of the river, belongs to Mr. Benjamin Lane, and upon which he has lived since the first purchase. The first house built within the corporate limits of Warren, and the second in the township, was built in the spring of 1799, by Hon. Ephraim Quinby, and stood upon the west side of Main street, on, or near where the post-office now stands. The next house built, was also by Mr. Quinby, in the fall of 1799; and was on the corner of Main and South streets, near where the C. & M. R. R. Depot now stands. This was of logs, partially hewn. One room, about ten feet square, was used as a jail for several years. (Note 3.) The hewed log-house which still stands on the east side of the road, opposite Mr. Lane's house, was built in the summer of the year 1800, and adjoined the house first built. In April 1799, Mr. Henry Lane, accompanied by his son John, and -Mr. Edward Jones, came; Mr. Henry Lane purchased his land, then returned to Washington Co., Pa., his son John, and Mr. Jones remained here, and planted corn, (about five acres,) on the bottom land which now forms a part of Mr. Benjamin Lane's home-farm. The corn land was not fenced in, because there were no animals except deer, to disturb it, and they troubled it but little. In October of the same year, Mr. Henry Lane returned, and this time his son Benjamin came with him. 16 FIRST WHITE CHILD. Mr. Lane brought one hundred small apple trees, tied in two bundles, and strapped on the horse, Benjamin Lane (then a boy of fourteen years) riding the horse, and sitting between the bundles of apple trees. These trees were immediately planted, and some of them are still living, thrifty bearing trees. About the 10th of December, Mr. Lane and his two sons returned to Pennsylvania, leaving Mr. Jones and his wife in the house. The next April, Mr. Lane returned with his family, consisting of his wife, the two sons before mentioned, and another (Asa) and two daughters, Catherine (now Mrs. John Tait, who still lives in Lordstown,) and Anne, who married Samuel Phillips, and died some eight years since, in Austintown, Mahoning Co. Mr. Asa Lane returned to Pennsylvania about the year 1820, and died there. Before the return of Mr. Lane, in the spring of 1800, Mr. Jones had built a house on the farm, now owned by Mr. Isaac Daily, on the west side of the river, and removed there with his wife. There was born of Mrs. Jones, in February, 1800, the first white child in this county. This was a girl, who married with William Dutchin, about the year 1820, and died some twenty years since. Mrs. Jones, the mother, is still living in Austintown, Mahoning Co. (Note 4.) In the summer of the same year, 1799, Captain John Leavitt and Ebenezer King, (who with Ebenezer Sheldon, first bought this township from the Connecticut Land Company) came, and brought with them Mr. Wil'm Crooks, with his wife. (Note 5.) Messrs King. and Leavitt returned to Connecticut in the fall Crooks and wife remaining. Before their return, they built a log-house, cleared some eighteen acres of land, and sowed it with wheat, on what is now called the Murburger farm, two miles west of this place. This wheat was the first raised in the county, our informant being one of the reapers; in July 1800. FIRST MURDER. 1I In June, 1800, Mr. Leavitt (called Esquire John) returned with his family, consisting of his wife, four sons, and three daughters. All of these are now dead, except one of the sons, Hon. Humphrey Leavitt, of Steubenville, O. During the year 1800, about twenty families came in, and settled in this township; built houses, and made clearings. One, Mr. John Adgate with his family, settled in Howland, where his grand-son, Mr. Adgate, now lives. Salt was very scarce, very difficult to get, and sold for $16 per bushel.' At the Salt Springs, in Weathersfield, in July 1800, Joseph McMahon and two other men were engaged in making salt. The Indians were numerous in the vicinity at that time, and some fifteen or twenty of them who had been at Youngtown and purchased some whiskey, came to the Salt Springs with their squaws and pappooses, and had a drunken spree, in which MeMahon and the two white men joined. In the course of the spree, they got into a row, and the Indians drove the white men off. The whites came to this place, and the next day returned, accompanied by eight or ten other men, among whom were Mr. Ephraim Quinby, Messrs. Benjamin, John, and Asa Lane, John Bently, Richard Story. and Jonathan Church, and others armed with rifles. When they reached Salt Springs, they found the Indians encamped there. McMahon went up to the chief, whose name was Tuscarawa George, a man of immense size (who boasted that he had killed 112 white men,) and spoke to him in the Indian language. The Indian sprang to his feet, seized his tomahawk which stuck in a tree at his side, and struck at Mr. McMahon, who dodged the blow, at the same time presenting his rifle, fired and killed the Indian. At the same time, Story also fired, killing another Indian, called Spotted John; the bullet passing through the body of John, breaking the arm of one pappoose, the leg of another, which was in the arms of a squaw, and just touching the neck of the squaw, and raising a blister. 18 NOTES BY MR. CASE. The whites in this vicinity, were greatly alarmed, for fear the Indians would make reprisals, and for about two weeks, they all barricaded themselves within Mr. Quinby's house every night, but they were not attacked. The day after the affray, Mr. McMahon was arrested, taken to Pittsburg, and confined in Jail for some weeks, until some time in August, when he was brought back to Youngstown, tried, and acquitted on the ground of self-defence. McMahon immediately left this part of the country, with his family, and returned to his former home in Pennsylvania. Story left before he could be taken, and was not afterward arrested." (Note 6.) NOTES BY LEONARD CASE, SEN. On Benjamin Lane's statements above quoted, in relation to matters that happened about the year 1800, made from memory only; as he had never taken notes in writing, they are of course subject to many allowances. He does not mean to contradict any other person, but merely to state matters as they remain in his recollection. His statements from hearsay, are generally from the relation of some one or more, who were present at the time stated. Note 1. Richard Storerwas the neighbor of Ephraim Quinby, in Washington co. Pa. for several years before 1799. They came together to the Reserve in the fall of 1798, and purchased land. Quinby, the whole of lot 28 in Warren, and perhaps more; Storer, the south half of lot 35 (the Fusselman place.) In the Spring of 1799, they came to their respective places, bringing hands with them, and each commenced improvements, and putting in crops, corn, &c. In April, Storer erected his cabin where the Fusselman buildings are. Quinby had a small building on the bank at the Mill-dam, a little way northwest from the residence of Judge Austin. Will Fenton and wife, &c. lived in it. He built the house part of the log house and Jail (Jeremiah Brooks occupied the same after 1807.) Adjoining the same, were the hewn logs of a hous', raised and covered in 1799, and finished in the spring of 1800. John Shaffer, carpenter. KILLING OF THE INDIANS. 19 Soon after April 1799, Henry Lane Sr., his son John, and step-son Edward Jones, and Meshach Case went to view the country. Lane purchased their home farm; and left his son John, with Jones, to raise corn. On that farm, was the cabin spoken of in Lane's statement. M. Case returned without purchasing then; but he came out again in August, and purchased the south half of lot 42, 198 acres; cleared some two acres, and erected a cabin-nothing more than a shell and cover-and returned to his home in Washington Co. Pa., in the last days of September. Note 2. When Quinby returned in the spring of 1799, there came out with him the Carlton's, viz.: Francis the father; sons, William, John and Peter, a boy; and daughter Margaret. He purchased from Quinby, a part of lot 28-afterwards owned by General Perkins, Note 3. In the winter following 1799, E. Quinby removed Mrs. Quinby, Nancy, Samuel, Abrilla, and perhaps William. Storer had removed Mrs. Storer and three children not long before-it was after the fall of 1799. Mrs Stevens had two children born, near the crossing of the river, below Youngstown, before April, 1800. She said she had resided there three years, before seeing the face of a white woman. Note 4 Query: Why did not Benjamin Lane state that about the time his father removed out in the spring of 1800, the family of M. Case came along the same road? and that next came Henry Lane, Jr., and his wife Elsie, Charles Daily and wife and family, Isaac Daily and wife and family, and John Daily, wife and child-all from the same neighborhood! Note 5. It is hardly necessary to correct the statement about the pur chase of land by Eb. King and John Leavitt, in 1799. King and Leavitt were members of the Connecticut Land Company, and were the original owners of land, in common in drafts Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11, made in 1798. These drafts were made on $51,612.92 stock, which drew 78,497 acres of land, among which was the township of Warren. Leavitt and King had their lands by partition deeds, out of the land drawn. (See Trumbull County Records and Drafts of Connecticut Land Co., Recorder's Office, Warren, Book D., 114, 136, 123-1801, April, etc.) Note 6. About the killing of the Indians at the Salt Springs in the latter part (about the 30th, Sunday was the 27th) of July, 1800, the writer hesitates to say much, as he has seen several accounts of that transaction, which differ materially from each other, as well as from the account given by Benjamin Lane. But as the writer saw part, and heard more from those who were present, he will give a short statement of the transaction as he recollects it. Jos. McMahon and wife, and perhaps three children, had been about 20 McMAHON'S STATEMENT. Warren in 1797 and 1798, and perhaps earlier, among the Indians, and but little if any better than they. In 1799 he had erected a small house near the southwest corner post of Howland, at the south end of the Goose Pond, which he left in the spring of 1800, and went to the Salt Springs. He had taken about four acres of bottom land from Storer, at the south end of the bottom, to raise corn, and in the spring of 1800 planted it. In July, a party of Indians encamped about sixty rods up the Salt Spring run ravine, at an old camping ground. The ravine was thick with brush. The camp groundwas open, except some large trees. The Indians got whiskey, and had a general drunken revel, in which McMahon and some other whites joined. The whiskey of the Indians having been exhausted, the whites were not satisfied, but sent to Quinby's at Warren, and obtained a small further supply. The Indians suspected this, but the whites denied it, and would not let the Indians have any. On, say Tuesday, McMahon left, and went to Storer's to tend his corn. Soon after he had left, the Indians began to tease his wife-wanted her to serve as squaw-and finally threatened to kill her and her children. On Thursday the wife, taking one child in her arms, and leading the others, went to Storer's, where her husband was, stayed over night, and he went back with her and the children in the morning. (The writer, after much reflection, is in some doubt whether Mrs. McMahon stayed that night at Storer's, or whether he for some cause had started for home at the Springs, and met his wife on the road-an old road long since abandonednear south line of Lot No. 41. At all events, they, McMahon and his wife, were at the Springs next forenoon, had a conversation with the Indians, and supposed the difficulties all settled satisfactorily at that time. At least such was the statement at the time, as well by others present as by McMahon and his wife. Joseph and John Filles were present, who afterwards stayed at my father's cabin three days immediately after the killing of the Indians.) He had a talk with the Indians of the camp, and apparently settled the matter. They agreed to be peaceable, and he returned to tend his corn at Storer's. Soon after he had left, the Indians began again to threaten the woman and children, and it was said, an Indian struck one of the children with the handle of his tomahawk. Matters went from bad to worse, until on Saturday afternoon, the wife again took the children, and started for Storer's. She met her husband on the way, a short distance from Storer's, opposite my father's farm. They returned to Storer's, and remained there Saturday night, telling over and nursing their grievances, THE NEGOTIATION. 21 On Sunday morning, the 27th, McMahon went up along the river, among the settlers, told over his side of the story, and begged for aid to go with him, and make a permanent settlement of the difficulty. Most of the young and middle-aged men whom he met went with him. He got together about thirteen men and two boys. (Among them were Henry Lane, Jr., Ephraim Quinby, John Lane, Asa Lane, Richard Storer, Will Carleton, William Fenton, Charles Dailey, John Bentley, Jonathan Church, Benjamin Lane, McMahon, of course, and others whom I do not recollect. The two lads were Thomas Fenton and Peter Carlton, about ten or eleven years old, perhaps older.) In those days it was customary for every man:to carry his gun, and the party had each a gun, except the boys. The writer saw the company passing his father's house, about ten o'clock, on their way to the Springs. As the story was related at the time, they passed along in a jovial manner, engaged in miscellaneous conversation, until they reached the run at the Salt Springs, below the camp. There Mr. Quinby, who in those times was generally looked up to as a kind of leader, called a halt. It was agreed that he should go up to the camp, and see what the difficulty was, and return and let them know. The others all stopped. He passed on'to the camp. There the Indians lay lolling about. Among them were Captain George, a Tuscarawa, who spoke English, and John Winslow, a Seneca, called "Spotted John," because he was part white. He inquired of Captain George, what was the difficulty between him and McMahon, and his family. George answered: " Oh, Joe damn fool! The Indians don't want to hurt him or his family. They (the whites) drank up all the Indian's whisky, and then wouldn't let the Indians have any of theirs. They were a little mad, but don't care any more about it. They (Mr. McMahon and family) may come back and live as long as they like; the Indians won't hurt them." Mr. Quinby returned to his comrades, expecting to find them where he had left them. But, in the meantime, they had sauntered up the path in the ravine, along the run, and when Mr. Quinby met them, were just emerging from the ravine and coming up the bank. On meeting Quinby, all halted, except McMahon. He strode on and the boys followed him. As he passed, Quinby said, "Stop, Joe," but he did not heed it. The others listened to the relation by Quinby, of what had passed at the camp between him and the Indians. In the meantime they had risen from the ravine into plain open view of the camp, some twelve or fifteen rods distant, with only an occasional 22 THE FIGHT. larger tree between them; and while Quinby was relating what the Indians had said, Joe McMahon and the two boys had got to the camp. Captain George was sitting on the root of rather a large tree, leaning his body against the body of the tree, when McMahon approached him. The other Indians, some five or six, and several squaws and papooses, were lolling around the camp. McMahon said to George —" Are you for peace or war? Yesterday you had your men, now I have got mine." A tomahawk was sticking in the body of the tree, immediately above the head of George. He sprang to his feet, seized the tomahawk, and was in the act of swinging it, as if to sink it into Joe's head, when Joe, being too near to shoot, jumping backward, brought his rifle to bear, and instantly shot George in the breast. The blood spirted nearly to McMahon. McMahon cried out, " Shoot! shoot! " to the men standing in open view, without anything to screen them. At the same instant the Indians jumped up, caught their rifles, treed, and aimed at the whites. Of course the whites brought their rifles to bear, Storer among the rest. Several of their guns were snapped, but missed fire. The morning had been drizzling with rain and the guns were damp. Storer saw John Winslow, (Spotted John,) aiming, as he supposed, at him, and without further reflection, threw his rifle into position, (it was an excellent rifle and always in good order,) and fired. At the same moment, Winslow's squaw was endeavoring to screen herself and papooses behind the same tree with Winslow, and was directly behind him. Winslow's hips were all of him that was exposed. Storer's ball passed through them, and passing on, broke a boy's arm, passed under the cords of the neck of his girl, and grazed the throat of his squaw. The two boys, Fenton and Carleton, who were forward with McMahon, seeing him shoot George, fled for home. The sound of the second gun added to their speed. They ran without halting, three and a half miles to Davison's, and reached there so overdone that for sometime they were unable to tell what had happened. They could only say "shoot," and then stop for breath. At the camp, after the shooting, of course all was confusion, among the whites, as well as the Indians. The whites left the scene of action at rather a quick pace. The writer saw the party on their return between one and two o'clock, P. M. The Indians, it was said, dug slight holes, covered the dead with dirt and leaves, and all, except the squaw with her wounded children, fled for the woods, expecting the whites would be after and murder them. They took a path to Newton Falls, and there encamped. McMAHON ARRESTED. 23 They were afraid to hunt. The wounded squaw took her two wounded children in her arms, and started for the place of James Hillman, an old Indian trader who lived near Youngstown-a distance of nine miles-where she arrived, it was estimated, in an hour and a half. None of the whites who went with McMahon had any expectation of serious difficulty. Some of them said, afterwards, that they thought while going there, they discovered evil intentions in McMahon. Others thought differently. The men who went with him went as peacemakers, and had no thought of violence to the Indians. There was not attached to them any blame, or even want of discretion. As evidence of the opinions of those acquainted with the affair at the time, Quinby was elected a member of the first General Assembly under the Constitution, in March, 1803; Henry Lane, Jr., has since been a member of the General Assembly several times, and many others of that party have held stations of trust and confidence. There was no moral turpitude attached to any one else than McMahon. The party, as was stated, returned in some haste to the settlement. Soon afterwards, they put McMahon under arrest. He was placed under guard, and taken to Pittsburgh, as the nearest place where a prisoner could be kept. Some of the inhabitants, who had not been engaged in the transaction, thought that Storer ought to be arrested also. The gathering was at his house, on what is now the Fusselman place. He quietly observed what was going on around him. He concluded from what he saw and heard, that he too might perhaps be arrested and put on trial, and on reflection, believing that would be inconvenient he, about four o'clock in the afternoon, walked into his cabin, put on his hat, took down his rifle from its place on the hooks, and quietly walked off before them all, saying he must go to, look for his cows, and went west to the woods. (His reflections were, as I afterwards heard him say-at that time we had no organized government on the Reserve. The jurisdiction had been ceded to the United States, but this was not known then among ordinary people at Warren-Storer said he knew he had done nothing criminal. He had gone to the Salt Springs with the intent, only and entirely, of settling a difficulty. He suddenly found himself in imminent and instant danger of being shot, without any possible means of escape. He had shot to save his own life. If he submited to be taken and tried, he had no knowledge of what law he was to be tried by, or by whom he was to be tried. Under these circumstances he deemed himself justified, in protecting his own life, by absenting himself from the power of those who sought to call him '24 THE INDIANS PACIFIED. to account for the deed.) No one molested him, or tried in any way to hinder him; it was probably best, and that most present knew, for although a very quiet and civil man, of as good moral character as any other, he was an efficient man in whatever he undertook to do. This I saw, and I am the more particular because I have seen a different account of the transaction. From that time all was confusion in the neighborhood. The whites, supposing that the Indians would be upon them for vengeance, gathered in squads for safety. They mostly met at Quinby's. All kept guard and lookout. On Monday Mrs. Storer mounted her two horses with her three children, and what goods and clothing she could carry, and started for her former home, in Washington county, Pa., alone, except that Mr. Asahel Mills of Nelson, who was on his way to Beavertown, accompanied her as far as the latter place. The rest of her property was left to such care as a few friendly neighbors could give to it. The report of the affray had spread like wildfire, and by three or four o'clock of the same day, it had brought Hillman, John Young-afterwards Judge-and some others to Warren. Hillman, the Indian trader, had long been acquainted with Indians, and all were anxious for his advice and assistance. They prevailed upon Hillman to follow the Indians, and make some arrangement with them. A day or two afterwards, in company with, I believe, Mr. David Randall, he took with him the wounded boy, and followed the trail of the Indians through the woods to their camp. They had been so much frightened that they dared not hunt, and when Hillman came in sight they fled to the woods, and even with the aid of the boy he found it difficult to induce the Indians to return to their camp. They, however, did return, and Hillman made with them a temporary arrangement, upon which the whites returned to their houses, and the Indians to their hunting. Afterwards the United States officers made some final arrangement, with the particulars of which the writer is not acquainted. At the time of that quarrel, the ordinary inhabitants were not aware of the existence of any organized government upon the Reserve. The United States had claimed political jurisdiction, and had included a part of the Reserve, as far west as the Cuyahoga river, first in Washington county, in 1788, and afterwards in Jefferson county. In 1796, Wayne County, Michigan, was extended over all of the Reserve, west of the Cuyahoga. But until May 30, 1800, the Reserve was claimed as a part of the State of McMAHON'S TRIAL. 25 Connecticut, although that State had neglected to extend its laws over it. In 1792-1800, laws were passed by Connecticut, authorizing the cession of the political Jurisdiction to the United States, and Congress passed a law authorizing the President to convey to Connecticut for the benefit of its grantees, a title to the soil. On the 30th May, 1800, deeds were exchanged. On the 10th July, 1800, Governor St. Clair erected Trumbull county, and soon afterwards organized it and appointed officers. Until that time, the common citizens on the Reserve had supposed themselves without any legally organized government.... James Hillman was appointed Sheriff, and John Young, presiding Judge of the County Court of Quarter Sessions. Several Justices of the quorum were also appointed. and on the 25th of August, court was held, between E. Quinby's corn-cribs, where there is now a street before the house of Quinby-the Jer-Brooks residences. Early in the September following, by order of Governor St. Clair; a court was held at Youngstown, by Judges of the General Court. Return J. Meigs and the Governor in person, but not as a Judge, attended. A jury was summoned by Sheriff and-law or no law, jurisdiction or not — Joseph McMahon was put upon his trial. George Tod and some other lawyers were for the people. John S. Ed wards, and BenjaminTappen, of the Territory, and Steel Sample, of Pittsburgh, were for McMahon. The most of the facts which have been stated were given in evidence. After a full and fair trial the jury found McMahon not guilty of murder-for which he was indicted. So far as appeared in evidence, all was brawl and talk, until George caught his tomahawk with the evident intention of burying it in the brains of McMahon. The writer has heard that verdict rather severely criticised, but he has no doubt that it was in accordance with the law as generally applied to murder -the evidence being as there given. Moreover, those jurors would have compared favorably with jurors selected to try like cases at the present day. Joseph and John Filles, two young men, who were at the Salt Springs during the fracas, some three days afterwards stayed at the house of the father of the writer. They both made a statement to us, which was never given in evidence, which would have been material to show George's motives; it was this: During the drunken scrape, George several times said that he had killed nineteen white men. and he wanted to kill one more to make an even number. But the Filles left for the Ohio, and were not at McMahon's trial. GENERAL REVIEW OF TITLE. ORIGIN OF TITLE. There are several questions of interest, which might have arisen in the trial of McMahon and Storer, if they had been put upon trial, from the uncertainty of who or what political power had the real title to the Connecticut Western Reserve, or whether any law was in force upon it, at that time. It is admitted by all, that Great Britain in 1664 owned the land between latitudes 41~ N. and 42~ 2' N,, and that Charles Second granted a territory, between those linzs westward throughout the precinct from sea to sea, to the colonists of Connecticut, and claimed the title to it. Between that time and 1763, the French king claimed the same land west of the Alleghany mountains. Wars ensued. Great Britain was successful, and, by treaty in 1763, obtained a cession of all west to the Mississippi. Connecticut still continued her claim. In the treaty of peace, in 1783, Great Britain ceded to the United States all her possessions west to the Mississippi. Many of the States forming the confederation in the United States claimed all the lands westerly of the settlements, as belonging to the United States by conquest, for a fund to pay the war debts, etc. The colonies having charters, claimed to the extent of their boundaries, and unless France really had title which she ceded to Great Britain in 1763, the colonies had good title under their charters, which was doubtful if France had title A GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 27 which she ceded to Great Britain, and upon which the crown could make title by conquest against its prior grants. However this might have been, Congress admitted the claims of the charter-colonies, and appealed to them for liberal grants for the benefit of the whole. New York responded and made a release of most of her western lands, March 1, 1781; Virginia, March 1, 1784; Massachusetts, 178-, and finally Connecticut executed her release of all her lands in her charter, lying west of a line parallel with the Pennsylvania line, and one hundred and twenty miles west from it, September 13, 1786 -reserving what lay east of it, which constitutes the Connecticut Western Reserve, nearly three and a half millions of acres. Five hundred thousand acres of the west end of the Reserve, she appropriated to pay sufferers by file, in the Revolutionary war, by act of her Legislature in the year 1792, and sold the residue to a company, September 5, 1795, which company surveyed the same, east of Cuyahoga, in 1796-7, and divided it and made actual settlement, sales, etc. In the meantime, Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the territory north-west of the Ohio river, established a territorial government in 1788, and established counties. Washington county extended up the Ohio from Scioto to Pennsylvania; then with Pennsylvania to Lake Erie, and with it to Cuyahoga; up it to the Tuscarawas, west to Scioto, and to the first beginning. A regular government was established, laws were enacted. In April, 1800, Congress passed a law authorizing the President to release all the United States claim to the right of soil to Connecticut for the use of its purchasers, if Connecticut would release all its claim of jurisdiction to the United States. The Legislature of Connecticut, the same winter, passed a law authorizing its Governor to release the said jurisdiction. Deeds of cession were executed according to these acts, and mutually exchanged the 30th May, 1800. It seems pretty clear that Connecticut owned the Reserve land; at least that she owned and was in possession of the political jurisdiction up to May 30, 1800, but had always declined extending her laws over it. 28 FIRST DEED FROM CONNECTICUT. The Territory had passed various laws for the government of the Territory; but could those laws have any operation on the Reserve while Connecticut held the jurisdiction? It is believed not, nor afterwards until the law-making power should, by express legislation, have extended those laws over the territory of.the Reserve. Such is the usual custom of the United States when Congress purchases a territory. The laws of the United States are extended over it by express legislation, or new laws are made for the new government. The laws in force in the Nortllwestern Territory were made without the concurrence of any person on the Reserve, and they were never extended over the Reserve by any express legislation. The Superior Court of the Territory-Return J. Meigs and Joseph Gilman, judges-on the application of George Tod, Calvin-Pease, Samuel Huntington, John S. Edwards and Benjamin Tappan to be admitted as lawyers, at Marietta, in October, 1800, decided that the Reserve had been part of Connecticut until the deeds in May were exchanged, and admitted them without further inquiry. Then by what right, or by what law did the court at Youngstown, in September, 1800, try Joseph McMahon for killing the Indian at the Salt Springs in the last of July, 1800? FIRST DEED FROM THE STATE, FEBRUARY, 1788, SALT SPRING TRACT, TRUMBULL COUNTY. THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, TO SAMUEL II. PARSONS. The State of Connecticut, one of the United States of America, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: WHEREAS, The State of Connecticut in General Court assembled, by their several acts passed on the second Thursday of October, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six, and BOUNDARIES. 29 on the second Thursday of May, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, did resolve, direct, and order that the land belonging to said State, from the completion of the latitude forty-one, to the latitude forty-two degrees and two minutes north, and between Pennsylvania and a line drawn from the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, where the same falls into Lake Erie, and up the stream of said river to the Portage path; and thence by the Portage way to the head of the Muskingum river; and thence by a straight line to the Tuscarawas, at the southeast corner of the Indian Reserve, and so southerly to the latitude of forty-one degrees north, should be sold; and did appoint, authorize, and empower Benjamin Huntington, John Chester, and Thaddeus Burr, Esquires, a committee to sell said landtownships of six miles square, or in part of townships-and, Whereas said State in general court assembled, did resolve and order, that whenever a purchaser or purchasers should procure a certificate from aly one of said committee, that he or they have purchased and paid for any part of said lands, it shall be the duty of the Governor of said State of Connecticut, to execute a patent of such lands so purchased to the purchaser, or purchasers thereof. And, whereas, Benjamin Huntington, Esquire, one of said committee, hath, pursuant to said resolves, certified to the Governor of said State of Connecticut, that Samuel Holden Parsons, of Middletown, in the county of Middlesex, and State of Connecticut, Esquire, hath purchased of said committee and paid to him, said Benjamin Huntington the full amount thereof, a certain' tract of land parcel of the lands ordered to be sold as aforesaid. And said Samuel Holden Parsons, Esquire, now moving for a patent and full confirmation of said land as purchased as aforesaid, now KNOW YE, That we, the State of Connecticut, in pursuance of the several acts, resolves and orders of the General Assembly before in these presents referred to-Do, by these presents, fully, freely, and absolutely GIVE, GRANT, RATIFY AND CONFIRM to the said Samuel Holden Parsons, Esquire, the lands within the following boundaries, viz: Beginning at the 30 SCHOOL AND MINISTERIAL RESERVES. north-east corner of the first Township, in the third Range of townships ordered to be sold as aforesaid; thence running northerly in the west line of the second Range of said lands to latitude forty-one degrees and twelve minutes north; thence west three miles; thence southerly parallel to the west line of Pennsylvania two miles and one-half; thence west three miles to the west line of said third range; thence southerly parallel to the west line of Pennsylvania to the north line of the first Township in said third Range; thence east to the first boundary. Said lands, before described, being the lands certified by said Benjamin Huntington, Esquire, to be purchased and paid for by said Samuel Holden Parsons, Esquire, and lying within the third Range of townships ordered to be sold as aforesaid. To have and to hold all the said granted and described premises, with the privileges and appurtenances thereof; unto him, the said Samuel Holden Parsons, his heirs and assigns, forever, as a clear and absolute estate in fee-simple, excepting the lands which are reserved to be sequestered for the use of the ministry and schools, agreeably to the acts and resolves of Assembly, before mentioned. In witness whereof, the said State of Connecticut have caused these presents to be signed by the Governor and Secretary, and the seal of the said State to be hereunto affixed. Dated at Hartford, this tenth day of February, Anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight. SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, Governor. L Jea.] GEORGE WYLLIS, Secretary. The lands mentioned in the within patent, as sequestered for the use of the ministry and schools, and reserved and excepted out of this patent, are one thousand acres only; the remaining part of the lands within the boundaries of this patent being paid for by the patentee. Certified this tenth day of February, one thousand, seven hundred and eighty-eight. BENJAMIN HUNTINGTON, Committee. October 19, 1789. A true record. Attest. ALBERT ENOCH PARSONS, Register. CERTIFICATE. 31 THE STATE OF OHIO, WASHINGTON COUNTY. I The foregoing is a true copy of the original record as recorded in volume number one, at pages twenty-three and twenty-four. In witness of which, I hereto subscribe my name officially. WILLIAM B. MASON, Recorder, W. Co., Ohio. June 30, 1858. SALT SPRING TRACT-ORIGINAL OWNERS. GRANTOR. GRANTRE. PAGE. REMARKS. DATE OF DErD. Parsons, Sam'l HE1,240 Eliph Dyer. —----—.- 1, 1,240 acres of within tract, Mar. 10, 1788 340 Eliph Dyer-...-...... 2, 340 " ------- — Mar. 10, 1788 1,111 Isaac Cowles —..... 3, 1,111 ". ——. —... ——, Feb. 21, 1788 1,722 Oliver Ellsworth -.-.. 4,1,722 "................Mar. 10, 1788 4,413 Oliver Ellsworth.....- 5, X part of 4,000 acres....- — Feb. 10,1788 1,111 David Bull........... 6, 1,111 acres of Conn. tract. Feb. 21, 1788 1,320 Timothy Hosmer.- 7, 1,320 " -......, Feb. 21,1788'900 Jonathan Hart -..-.., 8, 900 " -, —--- — F-.. —.Feb. 21, 1788 3,331 William Judd —-.-.-. 9, 687 Mar. 28,1788 William Judd ----—. —10, 6-13 of the unsold land —.-Feb. 21, 1788 555 G(ad Wadsworth —....11, 555 acres of Conn. tract —Feb. 21, 1788 1,111 Noadiah Hooker..-.12, 1,111 "..-. ---—.-. —.-Feb. 21, 1788 1,111 Will Wadsworth..... 13, 1,111 " -........ Feb. 21, 1788 500 Elijah Wadsworth -..14, 500,.-.. -..... — F..Feb. 21, 1788 1,111 Solomon Whiting, Jr-15, 1,111 "..... —---- Feb. 21, 1788 555 Amos Porter -.. —-.. 16, 555 ".....Feb. 21, 1788 395 Will Hillhouse -...... 17, 395 " —.... —... ---- Feb. 21, 1788 5,338 Enoch Parsons —....21, All his right and title to Conn. lands 13,082 including Salt Spring,.-Aug, 4, 1789 Matthew Carr —......24, 8 acre lot —.- -—..-... ---- Jui y 5,1789 Richard Butier -..25, X of 4,000 acres and X of Salt Spring, Nov. 5, 1788 Richard Butler -....35, Article of Agreement for making Salt Jan. 14, 1789 Richard Butler -.....39, Y of 4,000 acres that I reserved of Conn. lands —----- Nov. 5, 1788 Matthew Carr --—._-..44, 8 acre lot, mouth of Muskingum, July 15, 1788 F Moses Cleveland. —.156,1,817 acres. H Joshua Stow. —-... 396, 1,726 acres. In those marked thus -, a reservation of 4,000 acres around the Salt Spring is made. GENERAL SAMUEL H. PARSONS. Judge Parsons, named in the above deed, seems to have been an active, enterprising man, who had early examined the western country. He is mentioned in Hi(ldreth's History, pp. 190 to 209; Burnet's Notes, p. 40. He writes a letter December 20, 1785, to some persons, making inquiries about the country, saying he had been one hundred and fifty miles westerly of the Miami. He was one of a commnittae to frame a treaty with the Shawnee Indians, and concluded it on the north bank of the Ohio at the Miami, Jan. 31, 1786. (See vol. of U. S. treaties.) He was one of the Ohio Company, formed by Manasseh Cutler, Rufus Putnam, etc., in 1786-7, and was one of its directors. He was one of the first judges of the general court under the territory, and was active in organizing the territory. Connecticut did not release her claim to western lands, lying one hundred and twenty miles west of Pennsylvania, until September 13, 1786. The Legislature, at its session in October, 1786, made provision for selling her Reserve lands east of Cuyahoga, and, as appears by the above deed, Parsons soon afterwards purchased of Connecticut about 25,000 acres of the Reserve lands. When the writer first came to the Reserve, in April, 1800, it was the current report that Judge Parsons and his assignees, had made salt there ten or fifteen years. The remains of foundations of cabins, of stone furnaces to hold salt-kettles, fragments of kettles for boiling salt, decayed timber and stumps, several acres of land run over and partly cleared-clearly indicated that the white man had several years before 1800, made settlement at those springs. It is probable that Parsons was drowned on Beaver Falls, the the latter part of the year 1789, as he was re-elected or appointed 5 34 HIS DEATH. a judge of the General Court, under the Constitution of the United States, August 4, 1789, and in the spring of 1790, Rufus Putnam was in his place as his successor. (Burnet, p. 40.) The writer has just (1861, July 18,) seen a journal of the doings of the " Cincinnati," held at Philadelphia, Pa., May 4, 1794, in which it is stated that General Samuel Holden Parsons was drowned in Beaver Creek, Pa., in N. W. T., November 17, 1789, in attempting to pass the Falls in a canoe, one man only with him. Born, May 14, 1737. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. ANNUAL MEETING, MAY, 1876. TRACT THIRTY-ONE. The eighth annual meeting of the Western science, if such it may be called. But the Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical So- taste for it is rapidly increasing, and many ciety was held at the rooms, Tuesday even- inquiries are made of the society upon such matters. There is not in the State of Ohio a ing, May 9th, 1876. respectable public library upon that subject. THE ANNUAL REPORT Shall there not be such a library in was made by the secretary as follows: our rooms? A public spirited friend, (Mr. The general object and purpose of the so- Peter Thatcher), has kindly offered to place ciety is "to discover, procure, and preserve inour rooms the only complete set in the "whatever relates to the History,Biography, city, of the New England Historic Genealogi"Genealogy, Antiquities and Statistics of cal Register, thirty octavo volumes, and the "the Western Reserve, the State of Ohio, society has, also, besides the works of Mr. "and the North-west." Savage, and others, a growing collection Its purposes are general to the State and of genealogies and local histories. we are glad to believe that its usefulness in this respect is recognized. A large share of THE MUSEUM the visitors and of the contributions to its has had a steady increase during the year. museum come from other counties than Cuy- A comparison of it with any west of the Alahoga. leghanies will make it respected. There is THE HISTORY need of new cases for the proper display of of Ohio will receive during the present yearthe too crowded objects of interest. much more than usual attention. The see- The number of visitors increases rapidly. retarv has addressed to the editors of each Those enrolled were for the quarter ending of the 537 newspapers of the State a request 1 July, 1875................ 403 that all articles of a local or general histori-i October, 1875.... 524 cal interest be sent to the society. It is not 1 January, 1876............ 851 to be supposed that the collection will be by April, 1876.........1,143 any means complete, but it will no doubt be 2,921 of large value. Contributions are received Mr. Johnson, who hqs charge of the every day. There will be formed during the year numbers of local historical or pio-COINS, neer societies. A circular has been prepared reports that the coins, medals, and by the State Archaeological Society at Colum- tokens numbered in 1873, about 500. On bus, containing a form of constitution sug- the first of May, 1876, there were 1641. By gested for such societies. One clause re- sales and exchanges, many of the poor and quires the officers of such societies to send worthless of 1873 are replaced by better. to this society and its sister at Cincinnati a In 1875 there were added 287, and since the copy of all its publications,book,pamphiet or first of January, 1876, 276. newspaper. It is believed that the placing The additions of this year cannot be disof such matter with this society will be a de- played for want of show cases. Special cided benefit to each local society. cases should be made of different pattern GENEALOGY from those used for general display. There is beginning to attract considerable attention is a growing interest in numismatics,and the in this part of the country. It may not be collection, though not a large one, is no ungenerally understood that most people of important feature of the museum. the State, if they try, can trace their lineageT PULICATION to the early settlers of this continent. It must be done, however, before many years, of the year have been as follows: or it will not be done at all. Records were No. 26, June 1875.-Seventh Annual generally well kept, down to a time after Meeting, May 1875. the Revolution, but not long after. The No. 27, July 1875.-Notice of Historical New England Historic Genealogical Society and Pioneer Societies in Ohio, by C. C. may almost be said to have created this Baldwin. 2 HISTORICAL PAPERS. No. 28, October 1875,-War of 1812. Se- much like see all those countries. But it is lection No. 8, of correspondence. necessary to limit myself to seeking out paNo. 29, December 1875.-Traditions of pers in France, as I have done since 1842. Brady the Indian Hunter, by President My collection is unique: among which are Whittlesey, with letters attached, from Gen. documents necessary to America, and which L. V. Bierceand Hon. Frederick Wadsworth. it will be for Americans who are conversant No. 30, March 1876.-Early settlement of with the country, to interpret." Trumbull County, Ohio; General Review From the imperfect portions of LaSalle's of Title -both by the late Leonard Case. correspondence, maps, and reports it apLIBRALRY AND CATALOGUE, ipears that he passed from Lake Erie to the Ohio river, about ten years before he discovMiss Dockstader is working as steadily as ered the Mississippi; but as vet it is not pracher other engagements will permit on what ticable to determine the route ie followed. will be a very complete catalogue of the He certainly ascerded a river emptying into library. the westerly part of Lake Erie, an2, crossThe books are necessarily in some confu- ing a short portage, descended a large river sion while the titles are being taken, but it leading to the Ohio. is expected that they will be ere long newly H reached the fails of that river but was and systematically arranged and perfectly deserted by his men and forced to return to accessible. the St. Lawrence apparently alone." THE MARGRY PAPERS. We hope the publications cf Mr. Margry This society, in 1872, originated a petition ill solve the mysteries that now envelop to Congress, asking tor the purchase of a the movements of LaSalle in the territory of large collection of papers relating to FrenchOo. discoveries in North America. FINANCES. The collection was made by M. Pierre The balance in the hands of the Treasurer Margry, of Paris, the correspondence em- I( Williamson) at his report last year bracing that of La Salle, and other explor- |he income during tl e year last past has ers, from 1670 to 1750 been, from endowment............ 678 34 Nearly all the historical societies of the Annual membership and subs ription.... 28 00 United States, and most of the prominent$1.066 34 historians, joined with us in this effort The disbursements for all purposes have General Garfield and Mr. Monroe, mem- been.... 969 04 bers of Congress from Northern Ohio, suP- Balance.............$ 97 30 ported our plan with zeal, and, so far as we Of which $59.56 is in the hands of the Treasurer know, all the members from this State voted personally and tha balance in working committees. forthe appropriation. Those from the New The rooms have been, before the last England States, and from the Gulf States, year, heated by steam, but it has been found in both Houses, also gave it their bupport. that this;n severe weather interfered with The sum of $10,000 was placed in the the comfort of the rooms below, and hands of the Joint Library Committee of te Societv for Savings declined to Congress, and a contract for six printed vol- loner furnish us. t was at one umes was made with Mr. Margry. There aretl re contemplated to close the rooms to be 500 copies of each delivered to the during the seveier winter weather, but a Library Committee as soon as practicable. large stove was procured of the best modern Yesterday a letter was received by our construction, and the room has been president from Mr. Marg"y dated Paris, heated by that very easily and comfortably. April 19th, in which he says: "Our first vol The discount made by the Society ume, having for its t; te,'Voyages of the for Savings on account of neat with French upon the Great Lakes, and Discov-a discount upon the rent of the additional eries of the Ohio and Mississippi,' will soonroom back of or main roo will make an appear. Since you, with Mr. Parkman and annual saving of from $50 to $100 over our Mr. Marshall, are the promoters of this pub-previous expenses, in this behalf. On the'r Mrsalreth pomtes fhipb first of October last, Miss Seymour, our lication, it is right that a copy be sent youfirst of October last, Miss Seymour, our with a portrait of La Salle." * * - * librarian removed from the city. A tribute I regret not having been able to acknowl- of thanks is due for her faithful service. edge your society on the cover of m book ss Dockstader has filled the place since as it would give me great pleasure as an act ecient energy. of gratitude towards you; but the contract is MEMBERSHIP. so drawn that I am in doubt akout the fate of IThe number of life members is 85, of anthe work until the sixth volume is reached." nual members 68. "I wish in this work to give the savans of The progress of the society has been great your continent an opportunity to examine for its age. I may add that its friends have with care the localities visited by the Cava- expended much labor and considerable lier La Salle. For a Frenchman, even with money in its behalf. It should have a much the charts, this is surrounded with great dif- larger annual membership than it receives. ficulties. The Buffalo Historical Society reported in If I was a younger man I should very 1875, an annual membership of 345. Their OBITUARY NOTICES. 3 terms require a preliminary fee of $5, in ad- the exclusive sale of carpets, in which Mr. dicion to the annual fee required by that F. A. Sterling, of his late firm, became again society and our om n. connected with him, and the firm-again Whv should not we receive like support? Beckwith, Sterling & Co.-continued in that A little money goes a great ways when the name until the death of its senior partner. only salary is $240, to the librarian. There Mr. Beckwith was a very successful merare many advantageous uses to which an chant, and the firm was so conspicuous in increase might be put. The publication of the trade of Cleveland that it may be said to a substantial volume would help much. We almost have historic interest. He was also a have abundant valuable material A singe leader in several manufacturing enterprises, year of such support as the Buffalo society which have contributed to the prosperity of receives wou'd enable us to do this our city. He was a quiet gentleman, of The Buffalo society have found club pleasant manners, firm, steady and correct meetings at residences of members to be of in his judgment. much interest. Their meetiogs are similar M Beckwith was more than a mere busito those held by our uwn society in its early ness man. He was a kind, public spirited days. The experiment is perhaps worth citizen and Christian gentleman. He was repeating here. among the earliest of our life members, and I report with sorrow the death of one of was aperson of whom this would be exour earliest life members Mr. T. Sterling pected with confidence, for the sake of the Beckwlth of this city, who died 28th March good to be done. He was active in benevo1876, and of Increase A. LaDham of Milwau- lent and religious enterprise, for many years kee who died in September 1875. member and a deacon in the Second PresbyBrief biographies are appended. terian church; active in the Bethel SundayRespectfully, school and for a cumber of years superinC. C. BALDWIN, Secretary tendent. The following resolution, offered by Din P. He married, in 1849, Miss Sarah Oliphant, Eells, Esq., was adopted: of Grandville, New York, and leaves a famRESOLVED, That there shall be created indvile, New York, and leaves a fa this society an order cf members to be called ilY. Patrons, Any person may, by vote of the He died the 28t of March, 1876. curators, be constituted a patron when his ag- INCREASE ALLEN LAPHAM LL. D. gregate cash payments for the use of the society shall Lave amounted to the sum of five also a life member of our society, was born hundred dollars. in Palmyra, N. Y., March 7, 1811. In AuThe fol'owing resolution, offered by H, N gust, 1826, his father secured him a place on Johnson, Esq., WLas also adopted: the Miami Canal,under Byron Kilbourn, then RESOLVED, That the curators be requested to Assistant Engineer. In 1827 hd was emconsider the question of charging an admission ployed on the canal around the falls of the fee to the museum and library to persons not hio. That year-only sixteen years oldmembers and not entitled to admission as do-h wrote his first scntific paper on th nors, the curators to act in the matter as they e wrcana e s fie oloy of thec paper on te may deem best. canal and the'eology of the vicinity. It The following resolution, offered by Hon. J. as published in the American Journal of P. Bishop, was also adopted: Science and Art, and highly comzmended by RESOLVED, That the thanks of the society be Professor Silliman. He was afterwards emgiven to its officers for the efficient manner in ployed on the Ohio Canal, and published in which they have performed their duties. 1832 an article on the Geology of Ohio. In 1833 he was living at Columbus, as SecreObitmuries. tary of the State Board of Canal CommisTHOMAS STERLING BECKWITH sioners. He was an ardent student of sciwas born in Lyme, Conn, 11th January, ence, and an active member and officer of the 1821. He was son o' Frederick A. and Je- Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society. rusha (Sill) Beckwith, and of a family set- lIe was active in encouraging the first geotied in Lyme two hundred years ago. logical survey of this State. When aged 14, he commenced clerking In 1836 he settled in Milwaukee. He bein Jefferson county, New York. In 1839, came early a trusted and eminent citizen. aged 18, he came to Cleveland and com- He continued also to be a close observer and menced as a clerk at the spot on Superior student. In 1838 he commenced a scries of street, where he afterwards was so promi- publications about the natural history and nent a merchant. other history of Wisconsin, the bare catWhen aged 24, he became partner in the alogue of which would exceed the limits dry goods business with the late P. M. which can be given in this notice. Weddell, Dudley Baldwin and W. E. Beck- In his botanical investigation, studies of wick, his brother. This firm the two Beck- forests, winds and waters, he was always in withs succeeded, and, with changes, did an the front rank of men eminent over the extensive bunsness, and the firm finally be- world for their achievements. His most came Beckwith, Sterling & Co. In elaborate work was his'Antiquities of Wis1854, he sold out of this firm and consin," an illustrated quarto volume upon opened the first store in Cleveland for the effigy mounds of the west, published 4 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. by the Smithsonian Institute in 1855. It is Dudley Baldwin, Kent Jarvis, Jr., recognized by archaeologists all over the John D. Baldwin, M. M. Jones, world as the work upon the subject. One of N. C Baldwin, T. Ma Kelle, S. C Baldwin, Horace Kelley, his last labors was the preparation of a series T S. Beckwith, Jared. Kirtland, of bas relief models of some of these mounds L. V. Bierce, W. G. Lane, for the Centennial Exposition. J. P. Bishop, I. A. Lapham.* He was a thoughtful observer of atmos- H. C. Blossom, Benson J. Lossing, pherc phenomena. In 1858, he appealed to Wm. J. Boardman, O. H. Marshall, steamboat owners to take measures to learn A. Bradley, S. L. Mather, of approaching storms. He afterwards. A. Bros, James onroe, addressed Capt. E. B. Ward, of De- Leonard ase, Geog Morgat, troit, assuring him that a knowledge of W. S. Chamberlain, Eben Newton, approaching storms could be obtained, in H. M. Cbapin, W. S. C. Otis, many cases,,at least twelve hours in ad- O. A. Childs, Douglas Perkins, vance. At length Chicago gentlemen re- Ahira Cobb, George (G. Peikins, solved that the matter should be tested, and Wm. Collins, Jacob B. Perkins, a joint stock company with $100,000 capital A. G. Colwell, Joseph Perkins, was preparing to do the work which the D. W Cross, Loseph Pekins, Jr., Wm. Chisholm, L. Lewis Perkins, Government now does so efficiently. But, Wm. M. Darlington, F. W. Putnam, meanwhile, Dr. Lapham's personal agency J. H. Devereux, Rufus P. Ranney, procured the act of Congress which led to L. C. Draper, J. D. Rockefeller, the Weather Bureau. He was for a while John Erwin, J. H. Salisbury, Chief Geologist of Wisconsin, until ousted M. F. Force, John H. Sargent, by a political change. He was authority A W. Fairbanks, C, 0. scott Wm. P. Fogg, W. H. Smith, in anything relating to the State he lived in, J. Garfield, Silas M. Stone and when asked what were his studies, re- Theodatus Garlick, W S. Streator, plied, "I am studying Wisconsin," and he W. J. Gordon, R. W. Tayler, studied it with little thought of personal Miss L. T. Guilford, John Tod, emolument to himself, ever busy with som- C. F. Glaser, Amos Townsend, thing of use to all. He received the degree r. P. Handy, J. J. Tracy, of LL.D. from Amherst College in 1860. S. V. Harkness, H. B Tuttle, He was a quiet, modest gentleman,simple in. A. Harve, J. P. Wade his tastes and habits, generous,scrupulously L. E Hlden, H P. Weddel L. E. Hulden, H. P. Weddell, honest in business and science, gentle and Franklin B. Hough, George Willey. cheerful. The 14th of September, 1875, he ANNUAL MEMBERS. finished a paper upon the capacity for fishANAME RS production of Oconomonoc and other small G. E. Armstrong, J. E. Ingersoll, lakes of Wisconsin and pushed out upon the Lnus Austin, Joseph Ireland, E I. Baldwin, W. S. Jones, lake named for an hour's rest. Jas Barnett. Thomas Kilpatrick, His body was found in the bottom of the W. H. Barras, J. S. Kingsland, boat, having died of heart disease without a C. H. Bill, James W. Lee, struggle and alone. Wm. Bingham, Lyman Little, LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. Sam Briggs, Frank Lynch, H. W. Boardman, F. A. Marble President-Charles Whittiesey. E. H. Bohm, Mrs. Alleyne Maynar( Vice Presidents-J. H. Salisbury and E. S. Burke, L. McBride, Sterling. George P. Burwell, Mrs. J. McDermott, Secretary-C. C. Baldwin. C.C. Carlton, G. G. Norris, Treasurer-S. Williamson. S. Chamberlain, Charles A. Otis, Librarian-Miss E. S. Dockstader. E. D. Cil, Dr. Henr Parker, Legal Trustees-William Bingham, J. P. D. Cleveland, F. W. elton, BihoLega l lusteys -vvlllt v. _.B. J. Cobb, W. H. Price, Bishop, George Willey.B. S. Cogswell, H. C. Ranney, CURATORS ELECTIVE. J. Colwell, W. C. B. Richardsol Term expires in 1877-J. H. A. Bone, C J. Comstock, Harvey Rice, Mrs. George Willey, H. N. Johnson.. L. Cuter Gerge. R tanley Term expires in 1878-C. C. Baldwin, Wm. Edwards, C. T. Shrman, Mrs. Alleyne Maynard, C. T. sherman. D. P. Eells, J. Clinton Saxton, Term expires in 1879-Joseph Perkins, Alfred, Eyears, W. P. Southworth, Charles Whittlesey, John W. Allen. L. W. Ford, Amasa Stone, Jr., PERMANENT CURATORS. J. Newton Frazee, E. Sterling, S. C. Greene, William Taylor, W. J. Boardman, James Barnett, S.. Griswold, V. C. Taylor, William Bingham, H. M. Chapin, N. H. Hand, G. A. Tisdale, B. A. Stanard. G. C. F. Hayne, J. W. Tyler, LIFE MEMBERS. G. E. Herrick, S. E. Williamson, iT I TJames M. Hoyt, E. N. Winslow. John W. Allen, Colgate Hoyt, Hopson Hord,.. Winslow. Miss Sarah L. Andrews Miss M E. Ingersoil, Henry R. Hatch P. H. Babcock, H. N. Johnson, H C. C. Baldwin, Mrs. F. Judson, *Deceased. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. No. 32-JUNE, 1876. WESTERN RESERVE-ORIGIN OF TITLE. 1BY COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY. Many of the papers of ti)e Connecticut ducting slaves, and convicted in tlhe itate Land Conpany were procured by this so- courts on this charge. ciety with funds furnished by the Commis- The defense rested mainly on the claim sioners of tlhe county of tuyahot'a. that Virginia had no jurisdiction, having In ad(iition to the ordinary sources of his- never held title to the bed of the Ohio river. torical information, I have thus been able to The pamphlet is now so rare that it should consult portions of the Land Company's be reprinted. For a levral argument its style records. is unusually interesting, the diction clear, These papers are by no means colmplete, and the investigation exhaustive. Mr. Vinand the early laws of this State, not provid- ton exhibits the acuteness of a good lawyer, ino for an official record of the surveys and the broad perceptions of a statesman, and other proceedings of the Land Com[,any, it is the eloquence of a practiced historian. now impossible to determine fully what was GRANTS AND CONVEYANCES, AFFECTING( done by it, in 1796-7. TITLES ON TIIE WESTERN RESERVE. Among these documents is a printed copy pril, 1606.-Charter of Virginia, of a full and clear Report on the subject of34 cl to 45 de. N latitude in two colotitle to the Western Rleserve, made by John es, und t names of the Lonton, and the Marshall, afterward Chief Justice of the Plymouth companies Unitepd States Supreme Court, to the House a ay 23,1609.-Second charter of Virginia, of lRepresentatives, March 2lst, 1800. 400 miles on the coast with Point Comfort Thlis contains a detailed statement at the middle. of the early granlts to the Vir- March 1, 12611-12.-Third charter of Virginia and New England Companies, giinia, iluding certain islands, from the carried( alon- to the proposed release of the 30th deg. to 41 ceg. N. latittide. ligh)t of soil in the Western ieserve, then Nov. 3, 1620.-N. Engrland, or the Plym1)pe dingi in jCn.ci!ress outh Company charterel, -10 deg. to 48 deg.. Tis valuable p.aper, m1ay t)e found at page N. latitude. I}4, vol. 1(i, American State Papers, Public May 13, 1625.-These charters havinl Lands, vol. 1. This society thas also a copy been adjudged forfeit, Charles I., by procof the argumenint of the late lion. Samuel F. lamation, makes Virginia a royal colony Vinton, of Olio, before the General Court of without charters. Vir-inia, in tile case of Peter M. Garner and March 4, 1627.-The council of the Plyotlhers, Decemi)er 1814, whoni he was ein- mouth Companvy, conveyed to Sir Henry Rosployed by the Stltc of Ohli, to ldefend. well and others the country called Massadlarner et tal. weCre ratured by the au- chusetts. thorities of Virginia on the Ohio shore, b- Mareh 4, 1629.-The above grant contwcen high and low water, charged with ab- firmeed by Charles I., and a charter given. 2 FRENCH TITLE. March 19, 1632.-The Earl of Warwick, ponderous in form, and prolix in composipresident of Plymouth Council, conveyed tion. Connecticut to Lords Sayand Seal,and others. John Livingston was a competitor with June7, 1635.-The Council of Connecti- the Land Company for the purchase of the cut surrendered their charter. Western Reserve. He assigned to William, April 23, 1662.-Charles II. granted a char- afterwards General, Hull, of Newtown,Master to the Colony of Connecticut. sachusetts. Hull agreed to withdraw his bid March 12, 1664.-Chlrles II. granted to if the Land Company would release to him the Duke of York from the Connecticut to the exceas over 3,000,000 of acres, supposed the Delaware rivers, and other lands on the to be about half a million, besides the Fire St. Croix rivet in Maine, conflicting with Lands. Relating to this arrangement, the Connecticut, this difficulty settled by Royal following papers are among the archives of Commission Nov. 30, 1664 the Western Reserve Historical Society: March 4, 1681,- Grant of Pennsylvania to First-A contract dated September 5th, William Penn. 1795, reciting the contract assigned by LivNov. 15, 1783.-Governor Trumbull, of ingston. Connecticut, issued a proclamation warning Second-An agreement signed by Wim. all persons away from the lands west of Hull and Moses Cleaveland, agent of the Pennsylvania, between latitude 41 deg. and Land Company, April 9th, 1796. 42 deg. 2 min. north. Third-A bond of Gen. Hull, in relation Second Thursday of Oct, 1786.-The Leg- to the expenses of survey, May 2d, 1796. islature of Connecticut offer that part of the There are also among the documents of Reserve, east of the Cuyahoga for sale at 50 this society the following papers from cents an acre. among those secured at Hartford: Feb. 10, 1788.-State of Connecticut to First-The articles of association adopted Sam'l Holden Parsons, deed of the Salt September 5th, 1795. Spring tract under the above resolution- Second-Plan of partition agreed upon in covering about 24,000acres. Printed in our April, 1796. No. 31. Third-A report of the Senate CommitNov. 10,1792.-By resolution of the Leg- tee on Western Lands, February 17th, 1799, islature of Connecticut, 500,000 acres of land which is substantially the sanme as the one from the west end of the Reserve was re- made by John Marshall in the House of Repleased to her citizens, who suffered by the resentatives, March 21st, 1800, published in conflagrations of tl)b enemy during the Rev- the American Archives. olution. The Spanish King laid claim to America Sept. 2, 1795.-Deeds of the State of on the basis of discovery, and a grant from Connecticut to the negotiators of the Land the successor of St. Peter. This functionCo., thirty-five (35) in number. ary, as the vicegerent of God on earth, afSept. 5, 1795.-Deed of the negotiators fcted the proprietorship of vacant parts of to the members of the Land Company. the earth, but neither Protestant England (Original in the Museum of this Society.) or Catholic France paid much attention to Sept. 5, 1795.-Deed of trust by the the grants of his Holiness. Actual or conmembers of the Land Company to John structive possession, under the law of naMorgan, Jonathan Brace, and John Cald- tions, was reirarded as necessary to a f'ood well, from whom deeds were made to the title by such civilized nations, as had not owners and purchasers. (Original in this been favored Uly the Pope. Constructive Society.) possession, was extended over the entire valSept. 5, 1795. —Members of the Connec- leys of rivers, the mouths of which were in ticut Land Company, in trust, to John Moor- actual occupancy by a recognizel power. gan, John Caldwell, and Jonathan Brace, When the French established themselves at tor the benefit of the Excess Company, all Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, and at New lands on the Reserve over 3,500,000 acres, Orleans, on the Mississipni, they secured in (Original in this Society.) this way a recognized claim to a vast counMay 30, 1800.-United States deedto the try, the multitude of whose streams disState of Connecticut, a release of all claims chLared their united volume into tide waters to the soil of the Western Reserve. at these place:. Besides the above deeds and grants there In 1497 the Cabots,following the impulses were several writlen agreementsin reference of Columbus, examined the Atlantic coast to the suppnped "Excess," some of which from Cape Fear to Newfoundland, and are in possession of this society. The pro- made discoveries which laid the foundaceedings connected withi tile purchase of tion of the English claims on this 1795 are marked l by g'reat circumspection. continent. Ralei'h's attempted settlement Several of the deeds and contracts are on in North Carolina in 1582, and the power of parchment, written in a large, plain hand, England, confined the Spaniards to regions ENGLISH TITLE. 3 moie to the south, which went by the general veyed, by the same boundaries, to Viscount name of Florida. Say and Seal (or Sele) and to Lord Brook by On the 22d of August, 1606, two comnan- a deed, an unofficial transcript of which is ies were chartered in England, under the hereinserted: name of North and South Virginia, in order DEED OF ROBERT, EARL OF WARWICK-MARCH to secure actual possession of the shores 19, which the Cabots had explored, or at least To all people unto whom this present writing had seen from their ships. A settlement shall come, Robert. Earl of Warwiek, sendeth was made in North Virginia, at the Kenne- greetitg. in our Lord God everlasting; bee or Snake river in Maine, and in South KNow YE-that the said Robert,Earl of WarVirginia at Jamestown, on the James river, wick, for divers good causes and considerations in 1007. him thereunto moving, hath giveih, granted, Te "London aby" to w m S h argained, sola, enfeoffed, aliened, and conThe "London Company," to whom South firmed, and by these presents doth give,grant, Virginia was granted, extended from Cape bargain, sell, enfeoff, alien, and confirm, unto Fear to the Potomac. North Virginia was Right Honorable William, Viscount Say and conveyed to the "Plymouth Company," Seal, theRight Honorable Robert, Lord Brook, covering the Atlantic coast from New- the Right Honorable Lord Rich,and the Honorfoundland to the Huclson, their limits on able Charles Fienner, Esq., Sir Nathaniel the west beinvery indefinite. -Rich, Knt., Sir Richard Saltonstall, Richard the west being very indefinite. Knightly, Esq., John Pym. Esq., John HampA new arrangement of the vacant terri- den, Esq., John Humphrey, Herbert Pellam tory was made in 1609. In this grant the their heirs and assigns and their associates forLondon C^mplany received "all those lands, ever, all that part of New England in Amercounti' s, and ter'-ories lying and being in ica which lies and extends itself from a river that part of Alerica, called Virginia, there called Narragansett river, the space of from tlwe Point of land called Cape or forty leagues upon a straight line near the sea Point Comfort, all aiong the sea coast shore towards the southwest, west and by south, Point Comfort a aon or as the coast heth towards Virginia accountto the southward 200 miles, and all thlat ing three English miles to the league, and also space and circuit of land from the sea colt4 all and singular the lands and hereditaments of the precinct aforesaid, up1 into the ian I whatsoever lying and being within the lands throughout from sea to sea, wves and norti,- aforesaid north and south in latitude and wvest." breadth and length and longitude of and within By such amlbiguous terms; the Colony o0f all the br-adth aforesaid throughout the main lands there from the Western Ocean to the VirgiTia was described, until after the coi- h- rou-th ad nds lace promises following the American Revolutioln. and places, soil and woods, grounds, havens, On the south the boundary was an east ports, creeks and rivers, waters, fishings, and a,.d west line, corresponding to a parallel of hereditaments whatsoever lying within the latitude at about 34 degrees south; on the said space, and every part and parcel thereof. north by an oblique line starting near Cape And also all islands lyinS in America aforeRMay, tilmlning north 4i de3g. west: across said in the said seas, or either of them, on the the east end of Lake Erie thr h akes western or eastern coasts or parts of the said e east end of Lake Erie through ke tracts of land by those presents mentioned, to Huron and Superior, to the Arctic Sea, near be given, granted, bargained, sold. enfeoffed, the mouth of the Mackenzie river. aliened, and confirmed, also all mines and Under this grant Virginia claimed Western minerals, as well Royal mines of gold and silPennsylvania, Ohio, and all the Northwest ver as other mines and minerals whatsoever in Territory. The Plymouth Company under the said lands and premises or any part therethe new arrangement was bounded oy par- of, and also the several rivers within the said allels of latitude from about 40 deg.to 48 de. limits by what name or names soever called or allels of latitude from about 40 deg. to 48 de k.nw a a'urisdiction, rights, Royalties,.Its settlement on the Kennebec had known, and all urisdiction, rights, Royalties, north. Its settlement on the Kennebec had liberties, freedoms, immunities, powersprivfailed. In 1620, (Nov. 3d,) while the "Pi!- ileges, franchises, pre-eminences and commodgrim Fathers" were seeking a home in the ities whatsoever which the said Robert, Earl New World, the Plymouth Company re- of Warwick, now hath or had, or might use, ceived a fresh charter,witll varied corporate exercise, or enjoy, in or within any part or powers. Their territory was forever to be parcelthereof, exceting and reserving to his called "New Engialld." Kinog James o-ave it Majesty, his heirs and successors, the fifth part nc I of all gold and silver ore that shall be found gratuitously to several of his favorites,saying, within the said premises or any part or parcel "The principal effect which we can desire thereof. To have and to hold the said part of or expect of this action, is the conversion or New England in America which lies and reduction of the people in those Darts to extends and is abutted as aforesaid: and the true worship of God and Christian reli- the said several rivers and every part and pargion." cei thereof and all the said islands, rivers, In 1630 the Plymouth Company, of which ports, havens, waters, fishings, mines, minerals, In 1630 the Plymouth Company, of which j sdi p sr hs Rai Robt Eal of. i, wa rsidt jurisdictions, powers, tranchise, lRoyalties, Robert, Earl of WVarwick, was president, liberties, privileges, commodities, hereditaconveyed to him what is known as Connecti- ments and premises whatsoever, with the apcut, and on the 19th of March, 1632, he con- purtenances unto the said William, Viscount 4 FRENCH BOUNDARY. Say and Seal, Robert, Lord Brook, Robert, There was then a line of French forts and Lord Rich, Charles Fienner, Sir Nathaniel Rich, trading posts, entirely surrounding the EngSir Richard Saltonstall, Richard Knightly, ls settlmets. At te e e Jo vhn P ~o~t~a~t~enR^^^^^^lish settlements. At the ocean, there was John Pyvm, John Hampden, John Humphrey, one on the Bay of Fnn o o and Herbert Pellam, their heirs and assions one e Bay of blnoy, another on the and:their associates forevermore. In witnessConrecticut river below Long Falls, called thereof the said Robert, Earl of Warwick, hath Fort Cohilssett; on Lake Champlain, Crown set his hand and seal this nineteenth day of Point; Forts Niagara and Oswego, on Lake March, in the seventh year of the reign of our Ontario; Forts Erie and Presque Isle, (at Sovereign Lord Charles, by the Grace ot God Erie, Pa,) on LakA Erie; Frrt Lc Beuf, on King of England, Scotland, ce e at of Franch creek; Fort e Anno Dlomini 16ft32. nango, on the Alleghany, at Franklin, Pa.; Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of and Fort Du Quesne, at the forks of the WALTER WILLIAM3S, ( ROBERT WARWICK. Ohio. THOMAS HAWSON. \ [A Seal. ] The French nerotiators insisted upon the In the course of time it was decided that Alleghany mountains as their boundary, as the south line of this ambiguous grant far north as the Susquehanna river, thence should be on the forty-first (41st) parallel to Fort Coliassett on the Connecticut, and to north, and the north line, forty-two degrees the Kennebec river in Maine. two minutes (42 deg. 2 min.), corresponding England admitted the line of the Allewith south line of Massachusetts. In ghaoy mountains from the sources of the the mountains of Pennsylvania, near Hor- Appalachicola river as far north as the forks nellsville and thence to the southeast, Con- of the Ohio, thelce - i)p 1he Alleghany river necticut and Virginia came in direct contact to the lakes anc the St. Lawrence, though by the oblique line running' northwest from she ield claims through the Iroquoi:, to (ape May. While the Crown was modify- tcrn.ory west of this line; (New York (Coloing the grant to Virginia in 1609, itendnrik nial Documents — Pahliret's Description, p. Hudson, in the name of the "Dutch West 59). LHad cither ot these propositions been India Company," sailed past the island of accepted, Ohio would have formed no part Manhattan up into the& country, as far as the of New England, or of Virginia. "Overslaugh." Another claimant on the Thi(l. two nations soon became involved part of Holland, and a corporation the rival in a, war in the new world, on this of the West India Company of Britain, was very subject,and when in 1760 England was thus brought into the case. victorious, she immediately prohibited all In 161:3-14, the Dutch established posts at settlements west of the Alleghanies. New York, and at Albany, claiming trom This severe and unpopular proceeding, was the Delaware to the Connecticut river, under based upon the theory that her title b,the iname of "New Netherlands." No Eng- yond the heads of the Atlantic rivers was lishman was then livingo in New England. defective,until tlhe date of the conquest from The result of this unexpected occupation France; and therefore all previous grants was, that the province of New York event- were restricted by the French boundary. ually interposed, between the present New Great Britain, in order to conciliate tle InEngland, and the extreme western part of dians, decided to give up the valley of the her grant. Thus the confulsion of lines and Ohio to the barbarians, and to guarantee conflicts of jurisdiction multiplied, and them against intrusion. continued until A. D. 1800. But the Virginians paid little attention to On the north and west, there existed the proclamation of 1760. Many of them another disturbing elemnent, no less formid- had been through the country as traders, able than France, a first class rival power prisoners, or soldiers. They had seen the An abortive attempt at actual settlement surprising luxuriance of its soil, and had enwas made by the French at Quebec in 1603, joyed the moderate climate which characterbefore Jamestown, or the Kennebec. The izes this region. They held large numbers next year after 1607, Quebec became a per- of warrants, which the Colony had issued to manent settlement. From thence, the her troops en(gaged in the late French war. French pushed westward to Lake Huron in As to the Indian, they neither feared him or 1614; to the Ohio in 1670; to the Mississippi ce;red for his rights. Squatter-sovereignty in 1673, and thence to its mouth, April 9th, was triumphant,even over British authority, 1 682. until after the Revolution; when Great This introduced more newv ques- Britain lost all power in the West. In this t;ons on co'onial boundaries. When way the colonies, when the war of 1775 the English and French govern- broke out, extended their limits to the westmen ts were discussing the terms of ward without restraint. the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, they About a century before this time the Provlabored long to settle uron a western bound- ince of New York, had been thrust in amongr ary for the British colonies. the old.grants in the following manner: THE FIRST LAND COMPANY. 5 In 1664 Charles II., of England, paying no commenced its march for Fort Pitt in Sepattention to the Royal grants of 1624, ceded tember, 1785. In 1787 he was ordered up to his brother James, Duke of York, the the Allegheny river, to build a fort at the country known as "New Netherlands." then mouth of French creek, where were the reoccu fied by the Dutch. New Nether- mains of the old French Fort Venango. lands purported to extend along the coast During the summer he had command of from the Delaware, " to the Con- the troops which were detailed as a guard to necticut rivers. To this prospective the surveyors under Thomas Hutchins, on Province, the King gave the name of New the surveys of the seven Ranges next York, and sent an English fleet to conquer south of the Reserve. He was killed it. When the Dutch war terminated in 1674 at St. Clair's defeat in November, 1791. and possession was secured, a new patent was His journal and letters show, that in 1788 lie issued to the Duke of York, who set up a made an exploration by way of the Big government under it. A copy of this grant Beaver river up the Mahloning, across may be seen in vol. 3, p. 235, New York to the Cuyahoga at the old portage, Colonial History. near Akron, and thence down the Like the other old( deeds and patents, the river to its mouth. Here he located a boundary is so indefinite,that it led to disputes quarter of a township on the east side, wlhich were not settled for an hundred years. where the city of Cleveland was laid out ten N-w York ilaimed an indefinite expaq;~;on yearslater. By his representations, Generwe-, ward ( -,n in o the valley of the Ohio. al Parsons and a number of his triends in In lthe Lranls to the Peans the colony ot the east, formed a company. or partnership, P'eliislvania was intended to be definite on to purchase lands on the Reserve, east of the ite west, but this intention was not so clear- (uyahogoa, under the terms of the resolulv expresse(i as to preclude controversy. lions of 1786. In her negotiations with the Thile express; ns used milfht mean a straight United States, Connecticut was more tenaline in ion; tide five (5) dearees west of the cious of her claims west of Pennsylvania, -)e-/I,-wa-re rivier or a crooked line of the rig- because she had lost the Susquehanna claim IIr( -f tlie river, as laid down on the early around Wyoming, under'm arbitration ploti;mps, (aringiing the Pennsvivania line nearly vided for by the Confederate Congress in t li e ( uyalhoga river. Without any at'h'ority 1783.,, i2,'lhl wh\latever, Indian traders from Penn- Though somewhat out of place, I introsylvania, spread themselves beyond' every duce here extracts from Heart's letters,wwhich, part oi I)is line over the entire State of taken in connection with tbe statements ot O()io. Mr. Ciase, explain the doings of the first Virginii: interposed by torce to limit, Land Company. The death of General ParPennsvn, tnia on tlhe west, and was making sons put an end to further operations. rgo(d her possession, when the Revolution FORT PITT, Dec. 25. 1789. turned the attention of the Colonies, from Major William Judd, Farmington, Conn.: their local quairels to their common oppres- DEAR SIR: The parpers lave no doubt sions by the Crown. As the Revolution before this announced the death of your ended in anew government, the present line most respectable friend, General Parsons. between Ohio aind Pennsylvania was a reed He left me at the Salt Springs (Weathersupon as a compromise. in accordance withl ield, Trumbull co., Ohio), to return to the patriotic temper of the times. Thomas Fort Pitt, and meet me at Conncaut, on Hutchins, John Ewing, and Andrew Ellicott Lake Erie. began the survey in 1785. In 1786 it was As he was in commission for negotiating completed by Andrew Porter and Alexander a purchase of the Western Reserve, and as McClean. [See American Archives, Vols. his papers are lost, and lie had often con10 an(l 11.] sulted with me on the subject, I enclose you This line bein-r settled, the State of Con- the oopy of a letter to him, which he was necticlnt passed resolutions, providing for the pleased to consider of importance. sale of lands on the Western Reserve. You well know our worthy friend, and Tlie first lands disposed of by the State however some might retort and say lie had were sold under the recommendation of his vie vs, I am able to declare that he was Captain Jonatlhan Heart, of Hlarmar's bat- using every exertion to bring about an extalion of United Stares troops. The jotLrnal tinguishment of the Indian claims. and many letters of Captain Heart are in the By agreement with him, I have made the archives of this society. He had been an necessary minutes for laying down the outofficer in thle Revolutionary army of the lines of the Connecticut Reserve, and as he Connecticut Line. When appointed a cap- is no more, I cannot thro-ugh his hands, obtain of the Connecticut quota under Lieut. tain the expected compensation. Colonel Harmar, he was a citizen of Beriin, It is almost three months since I have seen near Hartford. His company was raised, and Mrs. Heart, who is at the Muskingum,having ti CLEVELAND LOCATED 1789. been during that time in the woods, and re- the Muskingum, but have been so constant turned here two days ago, and leave for ly driven from one post to another that ] Muskingum to-morrow. Major Wyllys have not had time to arrange my thoughts. passed here a few days before I arrived. We left Muskingum, (Fort Harmar,) aboul Dec. 26.-P. S. As it rains I cannot go Nov. 20; went up the waters of the Beaver, till to-morrow. Many promising prospects across to the Cuyahoga, down it and around to the proprietors of the Springs, are lost by to the Pennsylvania line; from there went the death of our friend. You know I am not across to the waters of the A)]lghany to Fort interested in the Springs, though I am in the Pitt, and thence to this place, which is 62U lands. I believe I will transmit you the miles from Fort Pitt. I am waiting here a map of the Reserve, and trust its fate with few days to proceed with Major Doughty the full assurance that you will do the best down the Ohio. The officer who forwards in your power for my interest. I have not this goes to-morrow morning. I have not had time to write brother Jack,or other brothers. time to lay down the surveys of the ConnecFORT HARMAR, Jan. 6, 1790. ticut Reserve, or plats of the valuable tracts DEAR SIR: The death of General Par- I located in accordance with the agreement sons, who went with me as far as the salt between Oliver Wolcott and General Parsprings. and left me with a design to return sons. General Parsons had not time o transact the business himself, and I was to to Fort Pitt, make some arrangements ransact the business himself and I was to and meet me at Conneaut, has made great and meet me atConneaut, has made gfreat locate one-fourth of a township on theCuyderangements in the Connecticut ieserve,ahoga ip the first and secondtownslip from and in the Ohio Company, as well as in his the Lake. I have located a tract at the family affairs. It is a great misfortune to mout of the Cuyahoga, beginning ata the State, as it will be difficult for another point on the bank of Lake Ere, four miles Commissioner to take up the arrangements, east of low water mark, where the Cuyahog where he left them. As ils papers are enters the lake, thence south until a line lost, many of his designs will not be found. drawn due west to the Cuyahoga at low Much will depend on the appointment ot water and down it to the lake, and alon his successor, and I wish you may obtain it.the lake to the point of beginng, It is extraordinary that Gen. Parsons, a few shall contain sad quantity o onedays before he left me, was particulrl quarter of a township, and will transcommunicative. His conduct, indicated a mit a plat as soon as possible. I nave also full expectation that be should not put alocated atract in the second township if finishing stroke to the business. He ap-the mouth of te Cuyahoga should be dispeared to wish to communicate the general o Have aso located eght other system to me, but the business I was partic-tracts at least equal if not better than the ularly attending to, and the expectation of mouth of the Cuyahoga, but the situation of that induces me to recommend it. If he finding him on Lake Erie, prevented my en-of that induces me to recommend it. If he tering so fully in every point into his views hestates omyin with the agreement I as I wish I had done. should advise my friends to make the purI am told that $2,000 has been anpropri- chase. It embraces a fine tract and a beauated for surveying the lands,and that $1,000 tltul situation for a town. The line may be is already expended, out I am confident there tended fur ther e as t and st to cntail is not a survey made, and no minutes from more land. The other tracts are aluable which a map of the tract can be made ex-forthe richness of the soil. cept mine. With respect to the salt springs, they are FOT -AR, Jy 1, 10. worth working, and I should advise a settleS FOR: I have but just r aned fm a mt ment of a few families there. I do not know SR: I have but just retuined from a most Low your bargain stands. You and General fatiguing march up the waters of the Beaver, ler are I think proprietors, and General Butler are I think proprietors, and General across to the head waters of the Cuyahoga, Parsons. Whether his papers are in such a and down that river to the lake. From situation that he may not be cheated out of thence we went alonug Lake Erie to Conne- it, I am in doubt. aut, to Fort Franklin, (mouth of French I am so much pleased with the country Creek, Pa.,) down the Alleghany and down tt I would gladly turn the whole of my the Ohio to this place. In this march that property that ay, and become one of a severe and ever tu be lamented misfortune, opany, proded e ne n the death of General Parsons, happened. I c pany, provided the lands ae granted in such a manner that a man can know where am this moment again embarking for a like hetractsare he purchases. Iexpect next expedition down the Ohio, and have scarce- r to take another march into the same ly time to write. I have mentioned the im- spring to take another march into the same ly time to write. I have mentioned the im-country. JONATHAN HEART. portance of having a proper person appoint- Extracts from the pamphlets of Cief ed surveyor of the Connecticut claim. JJustice Marshall and of Mr. Vinton, which FALLS OF THE OHro, Jan'y 27, 1790. lie at the foundation of the history of our I wrote you from Fort Pitt, and also from titles, may be given hereafter. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. No. 33-NOVEMIBER, 1876. ARCHzI, EOLOGICAL j FRAUDS. BY COT.. CIIAS. W\IIITTLESEY. Since the publication of our paper No. 9, spurious inscriptions here. In 1847, nearly in February, 1872, on the subject of inscrip- thirty yeas since, E. Georee Squier, the tiois on stone, purporting to be ancient, and leading archeologis' of the United States, to represent aipnabetlcal characters of the after a critical examination of the Grave era of the mound builders, other such stones Creek stcne, pronounced it to be a modern have nade their appearance. The supply fabrica ion. appears to be fully equal to the demand. Professor Daniel Wilson, whose reputaWhen the Arab l.borers in the excavations tion is we l established in Europe and at Jerusalem ascertain what relics the explo- America, came to tile same conclus on. In rers want, it is not long before they make 1859, Dr. E. H Davis, of Ohio. a life-long their appearance. In England, there was, student of our relics, sustained the views of not lone since, a manufacturer of ancient Mr. Squier. All these opninons hive been flint arrow points, some of them purporting widely published in the United States. The to be of the era of tile glacial drift. The archleologlsts of Europe interested in Amerworkmen in the gravel pits of Abbeville, ican antiquities, held a Congress at Nancy,in and above there in the valley of the Somme, France,in July,1875. A dissertation upon this to Amiens, have been accused of fabricatingI stone was received and Dublishel in their relics to match those of Boucler de-Perthes, proceedinas. The writer seems to have found in the diluvium. convinced the Congress that the inscription In the United States during the past half is genuine. and was made in letters of the century,archaologrists have felt an intense in- ancient Canaanites, to vhlich reference is terest in the question, wilether the mound made telow. At the same meeting a coyv builders had a written language. Of course, of another stone, purooiting to have been anything resembling letters, purporting to exhumed from a mound in Licking county, come from an ancient mound, excited uni- Ohio, was presented a.d published.)ut was versal attention, and imitators soon made received witil great doubt by the Congress. their appearance. I propose to notice more On this the ciaracters are partly Heorew, fully han heretofore, the efforts of this genus very imperfectly rei)roduced, and in part a to solve the question of an ancient alphabet resembllance to some forms of Syriac and in North America. Armenian. I do not imagine tnat exposure will Dut an I iow give a list of all the engraved stones end to their operations, so long as there are in the Unitecl States which I have seen, or persons disposed to encourage them. of which there are copies accessible to me, Archecology has now passed from the field for swhich there have l)een advocates in faof mystery and conjecture, to that of observeu vor of their genuineness, and of their linfacts, constituting a science. Howver it guistic value. may be with exuberant theorists, thoroulh First-From the Grave Creek mound, of students do not wish to be deceived. They which there will be found below six copies, are not prepared to receive s.spicious relics all different and all purporting to be facmerely because they are wonderful, or sus- similes. tain their own tredilections. A recent Second-Characters engraved upon a quartz occurrence abroad, has given both a ludi- ax, sketched by Dr. G.,. Farish for Professor crous and a serious aspect, to the matter of Wilson, who regards them as genuine. Dis 2 GRAVE CREEK STONE-STANDARD COPY. covered by Dr. Farish near the ocean beach, The Hon. S. W. Hill, of Marshalville, at Yarirouth Bay, Nova Scotia. (Not en- Mich., who superintended the excavations, graved.) has given me a description of this stone and Third-A grooved stone ax or maul, first its surroundings, with a drawing which I described by the late Dr. John Evans, of give in its proper rlace. Pemberton, New Jersey, reproduced by Dr. It is evident there was here no attempt at Wilson in his "Prehistorin MAan," psae 412. an alphabet. I plac it in this list merely as Engravings of this tool and its inscriptions amatter of interest to archeologists,and with are given below. a view to present every ancient thing, which Fourth-The "Holy Stone" of David has even a remote resemb:anlceto engraved Wyrick, purporting to have been exhumed characters. by him from the central depression of an coPY OF TlE GRAVE CREEK STONE-NO. 1. ancient circleof earth, near Newark, Lick- BY CAPTAIN EASTMAlN. UNITED STATES A R:YP. ing, county, Ohio, June 28th, 1860, now universaliv'rezarded as spurious. On this the characters are Hebrew, of the twelfth centuly, and are easily read. (Not reproduced here).' Fifth-An epitome of the Ten Commandments in the same Hebrew, with an effigy of Moses; taken by Mr. TWyrick tro. n the base of the great stone mound near Jack- town, Lickinff county, O., in Novvember,. 1860. (Spurious, like No. 4, and not reproduced). Sixth-A stone similar in shape to the Holy Stone, represented to have been taken from a mound in Licking county, O., by David M. Johnson, of Coshocton, O., in 1867, delivered to N. Roe Bradner, AI. D., of Philadelphia, and endorsed by the late Dr. Samuel Barlow. (Not reproduced here). Captain Seth Eastmgn was a graduate and This purports to have been found in a teacher of drawing at West Point. He was human skull, taken from the same mound an accomp!ished draugbtsman and painter as the Ten Commandments. detailed by the WVar Depirtment to furnish Seventh-A grooved stone ax, or maul, the illustrations for'Schoolcraft's Indian sen: me in 1874 from Butler county, Onio, Tribes," published by the Government. about the size ot the Pemberton ax, covered This copy was made in his official capacity, with English letters so rude and fresh as to with the stone before him, and therefore deceive no one versed in antiquities. The takes the hrst rank as authority. There are purport of this inscription is that in 1689 between the lines, twenty-two characters, Captain H. Argill passed there, and secreted but one is repeated three times and anot her two hundred bags of gold near a spring. twice, leavine only twenty. The figure be(Not engraved.) low, if it has any significance, is undoubtedly Eighth-A stone rurporting to have been pictorial. plowed up on the eastern shore of Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan. An imperfect M \, I 43 cast of this stone is among the collections of the State of Michigan at the Centennial Exhibition. The original is in the cabinet of the Kent County Institute, Grand Rapids. Michigan; trom which by the kindness of M. L. Coffinbury, Esq, one of the Curators, I have obtained a photograph. An engraving of this copy will be found below. It is imperfectly executed, probably 1 with a knife, and evidently of recent make, in which Greek, Bardic, and fictitious letters are jumbled together without oider. Ninth-In 1875, a stone maul was discovered in an ancient mine pit near Lake Desor, Isle Royal, Lake Superior, on which were cut several lines that were at first regarded as letters. This is a sketch by A. B. Boreman for OTHER COPIES. 8 John S. Williams, editor of the Pioneer. that the learned Danish antiquarian could The sixth and seventh characters from the find in it no resemblance to the Runic, with left in the second line are apparently so { which he was thoroughly familiar. joinel a,, to represent one. In that case the number of letters is (19) nineteen. Tne second letter from the left in the third mine is so different from Captain Eastman's that no person would give them the same interpretation. COPY NO. 3 - USED BY -MONSIEUR JOARD AT PARIS. 1843. COPY NO. 5.-PROFESSOR DANIEL WVILSON'S PRE-HISTORIC IMAN, PAGE 409. This purports to be from an impression of the stone in wax. The differences from Captain Eastman's are similar to those of the American Pioneer, No. 2. Something like an eye, a compressed mouth, and a pointed nose, give it an aspect materially different ircm either Nos. 1 or 2.-number of separate characters (19) nineteen. Professor From this copy M. Jomard considered the Wilson is not a believer in the genuineness letters to be Lybian, a language derived of the inscription, from the Phonecian. At the right of the GRAVE CREEK STONE-NO. 6. upper line, one is omitted, and another bears no resemblance to the original. The fifth character of the seonn(d line is equallv defective and objectionable. The second, fifth and sixth of the lower line are little better. In the rude profile of a human fice I beneatlh, an eye has been introduced, and the slender cross lines attached to it have assumed the proportions of a dagger or sword. For the linguist or ethnologist this copy is entirely worthless. COPY NO. 4 —SENT TO PROFESSOR RAFN, COPENJHAGEN, 1843. The above is the copy used by Monsieur Levy Biug, at the Congress of Nancy (Compte Rendu Tome 1, p. 218). "-_ ~ In the upper line letters 3 and 4, numbering from the left, are jcitied together, in a manner not seen in any of the other copies. In the second line, letters 6 and 7 are sep_E_1w3L~ arated, which in the original are joined. No. 2 of the third line is so much distorted that it cannot be regarded as a copy, and No. 6 is little more accurate. The horizontal line below the cross is a' -p = Dofabrication, introduced here tor the first _ _,a1~~ ~ time. The number of single characters, not counting repetitions, is nineteen. Mons. Bing states that "after different This is si) Imlerfect and has so many ad- combinations of the twenty-three letters I ditions,that it is little better than a burlesque obtain the following result, that is, eight (8) upon the original. No one will be surprised Canaanite words, having complete sense; 4 MI. BING'S TRANSIATITON. forming a phrase whi"h corresponds admira- Ilanguages have letters in common. There bly with the symbol below the inscripti n." are characters which are found in March's "This symbol is a naked sword horizontally Icelandic grammar, and also several which directed Toward an arc, and supporled uplon Dr. Platt, in his, history of Staffordshire, the human head imperfectly designed, whichi England, has shown to be on the ancient reposes u.on two lona arms." British'' stick books."'"This must'represent tie idea ot Sover- This was the mode of making records eigntv and Conquest." on square sticks of wood, in the days of the In Roman characters, MI. Bing's twenty- Druids. Their written or sculptured lanthree Canaanite leters represent only nine, guage wasa modified Celtic, of which there which he marshals into the eight words as are specimens, discovered in Wales. follows: AT-TTGD —TT.L —NGT-LGA Three of the Grave Creek cilaracters, have -HDQ —AQQ. The translati)n of which been thought to form part of the inscription is "What thou sayest, thou dost im- on Diguton Rock, Rhode Island, and three pose it, thou shlnest in impetu- in the Norse Runic at Kingitorsoak, in ous elan, and rapid chamois;" "but Greenland, bearing date A. D. 1032. No in better French:"''Thy orders are laws, one in this country has ventured upon a thou shinest in thy impetuous elan, and translationof any of the various copies now rapid as the chamois." Monsieur Binr then before the public. adds: "I not only sustain but justify the au- 3Mr. Schoolcraft, who accepted the enthenticity of the twenty-three Canaanile or graving as ancient, and therefore genuine, Phonecian letters, composing the eight was inclined to regard it as having some words of the Grave Creek inscription.' connection with the emigration of MIadoc Nothing can be more positive. from Wales, in the 12th century, A. D. In a note on page 224 lie adds: "This in. Monsieur Goppert's translation, to a limited scription must be of the third or second cen- extent, harmonizes with this theory. The tury before Christ, and tle work of a Pho- a2e of trees orowing upon the mound, indinecian, having resided in Greece a long cated the 12th century, as the i)eriod of its tiiie; where the Phonecians themselves abandonment by the mound builders. It is were accustomed to write their own lan- evident, however, tlev had been in occupaguage from left to rieht." tion nianv centuries before that time. If MaM. Bing is the author of a Canaanite Dic- doc's tleet, and his followers, reached Amertionary, in French, to which he has devoted ica, and the valley of the Ohio, they found a larce nortion of his life. He regards the a numerous population already occupying old ilebiew as derived from the language of the valley of the Mississippi. Though few ancient Canaan. Nearly all writers who in number, and soon absorbed or destroyed have discussed this relic, find some resem- by the native race, they couild not have forblance in it to the Phonecian. Iotten their languace, or their mode of In 1857, Monsieur Maurice Schwab made makinu records, by "stick books." But aathe first effort as a translator of this legend, m tting such speculations to have some in the Review Archebologique, for February value, they bring no help to the theory that of that year. His rendering is as follows: the mound builders had a written language. Tile Chief of Emirration who reached If they had, they were in possession of these places (or this island), has fixed these abundant means to perpeluate it. In their statutes fJiever." mounds there are numerou's plates and artiM. Schwab was followed by AI. Oppert, cles of copper, shell and polished slate, on according to whom it reads thus: " The which they would certainly have engiaved grave of one who was assassinated nere. letters, if they hPd them. Their language, May God to revenge him strike his mur- both oral and written, must have been in derer, cutting off the hand of his existence." use over larce tracts of country, and if put This may not in the closirn line be cor- in the form of words, they must have been rectly translated from the French, but I similar, in all the rerion extendina from the have endeavored to make it literal, at the Gulf ot Mexico to Lake Superior. expense of sense and grammar. The Hon. E. Georce Squier was the first Mr. Schooleraft was a believer in the to call in question the authenticity of this genuineness ot the inscription relying upoa notorious stone, which he did in the second the statements of AMr. Tomlinson the volume of the T:-ansactions of the American owner, and of Dr. Clemens, of Wheeling, Ethnolocical Society. His reasons in geueral both made in 1838. Mr. Scholcraft gives are,that it being conceded not to be pictorial the following analysis of what he regards as or hieroglyphiical, it belonos to some of the twenty-two separate characters on th s stone: ancient atid numerous alphabets of which There are in Gieek, 4; Etruscan, 4; North the Phonecian is the early type. Therefore Runic, 5; anc ent Gaelic, 6; Old Erse, 7: the mound builders had a written language, Phonecian, 10; Old British, 16. These or this inscription is of European origin. THE PEMBERTON AX. 5 The latter is within the scope of a nossibil character, they began to be suspicious. Dr. ity. Some sturdy Celt may have crossed Nichols, who was present, charged him the ocean and found his way to the Ohio with deception at the time. After his death and become a chief, over whose remsins proofs were found, showing that all the inthey raised a sepulchral mound. But the criltions were made by him with great labor first question is whether it is authentic. Dr. from an old Hebrew Bible in his possession. Clemens, in his first account of the opening Since that time a party in the same region of the mound, makes no mention of,this has confessed to the fabrication of more instone. The object of the opening was gain scribed stones, which may account to the proprietor. The owner may himself for the appearance of those which have been imposed upon. It has no analogy came into the possession of Messrs. Barlow to other inscriptions in North America, pur- and Bradner. porting to be ancient. Such are the prin i- If the Grave Creek find was free from suspal difficulties that occurred to Mr. Squier.!iicion as to its integrity, it has undergone On the otter side, in addition to the so many mutations from transcribers and statements of Mr. Tomlinson and Dr. Clem- translators, that its value to ethnologists is ens, I have a letter from Mr. J. E.Wharton, gone. Before it can be used for scientific now of Portsmouth, O., dated May 20th, purposes, by those a ho confide in its aenu1876, in which he states that he was pres- ineness they must establish its authenticity. ent in 1838 while the mound was beingf It will not be sufficient for them to assume opened. The substance of his letter is that this, and call upon those who dissent to he saw Messrs. Clemens and Tomlinson at prove the contrary. The best authorities in the time, and they were in the adit, which the United States have condemned it dlring was being driven at the base of the mound. many years. The preponderances of proof Afterseveral wheelbarrow-loads of earth as well as of probabilities are dec'dedly had been brought from the vault at the against it. center, in which were bones, beads, mica pipes, etc., among them a small oval stone FAC-sITILE OF ANOTHER ENGRAVED STONE was discovered, a little more than an inch RPORTIG TO BE FRO TE RAE CREE by an inch and one-half across, on which IOTND. were three rows of Phonecian letters, but some are partial Runic, and he concludes by sayinu: "I know there could have been no deception." Mr. Tomlinscn, in a letter to the Ameri- can Pioneer, received in May, 1843, states that it came from the upper vault about two (2) feet from a skeleton None of these gentlemen profass to have seen the stone imbedcled in the undisturbed earth of the mound. It was first seen bv them on the barrows ot shoveled earth, as On this t ere is but one figure that apthe workmen brought them out along the proaches the form of a letter, as represented adit. on the larger stone from the same mound. No one questions the sincerity of their be- It is inserted with a view to present in this llef that it is of the age of the mound itself, paper everything witnin my reach that bears but none of them state, or can state, that he upon the subject of ancient alphabetical sawT the stone in its place. Both myself and characters. the late isiael Dille, of Newark, 0, saw the THE NEW JERSEY STONE AX ACCORDING TO first of Wvyrick's " Holy Stones" in his WII,SON-ONE-THIRD OF NATURE. hands, at the place where he said he uncovered it, within an hour after he said it wasfound,and while it was still partially encrusted with earth. it was seen the same af- ternoon by the Rev. Mr. McCarthy, who read the incription, and by a number of I ot her citizens of Newark, including the late Dr. J. N. Wilson, all of whom then believed... it to be ancient, and have so stated. They! I__ conceived WVyrick to be incapable of such a fraud. But when his second find occurred in November of the same year, embracing the ten commandments written in the same 6 AANCIENT MAUL-ISLE ROYAL. ward, might represent the K of the Northni' men. Those parallel lines at the extreme By=^'r: <^ ^'^^Sright of the blade, are common in the picto-!^^^^^: —^ A:. i! [ \ ~rial inscriptions of the red men. They may _____ijij ill ll!jillll *ili! a;islat laitbe seen on the "Turkey Foot" rock at the ~~~-~,,l i':ll','li?. i \ Maumee rapids; on the Newark inscriptions \lS/ " I r r al i iro p lco6pied by Dr. Saisbmv, and on the stone.....! i! h n jaul from Isle Royal, described by Mr. _i Hill. STONE MTAUL FROM ISLE ROYAL 1~ LINEAR. In the fall of 1874, Mr. Hi 1 was ensraed In These characters are cut in the aroove and clearing out an ancient mine-pit near Lake on the blade, as represented above. They Desor, OD Isle Royal, of Lake Superior. ate neither Runic, Sandinavian. nor Anulo- mona the stone mauls, which are al Saxon. It was first described by Dr. John was found in hp works of the ancient Evans, of Pemberton, N. J.. near where it coper miners of Lake Superior was one was found, prior to 18o9. Dr. E. 1. Davison which'vere marks, which at first view who saw the stone, does not regard the in- re thought to resembie letters. scription as ancient. The characters had been retouched before he saw them. The chatacters inserted below are of the size of nature. CHARACTERS ON THE PEMBERTON AX-SIZE OF NATURE. //// Its weight is four pounds, length seven i j( II ninches, and its mineral composition is a tou.h hard variety of trap, known on Lake - f \ I / Superior as " greenstone." f \^~ \I \ 8,Mr. Hill states that he toolk it from a depth f^ /u / ~ of twelve feet below the surface. It is bruised at both ends by use, but is without a groove around the middle, such as are found on most of the mauls of these ancient miners, They may have held the grooveless No one competent to judge of the ant'qui- ones in the hand, or may h ive fastened them ty of these figures aw the stoaes until after in a wooden handle. Many otters were they were Injured, by recent scraping and found in this nit. Trees of the usual size cutting. The most singular ftalure of the grow over the works, which are of the characters, lies in a remote resemblance to ela of the mounds. The markings on this those on the Moabitestone. The right hand maul have no significance as alphabetical one in the upper group, if bottom end up- characters. GRAND TRAVERSE STONE. FAC SIMILE OF' THE STONE FRO-M GRAND that is in advance of the usual pictorial or TRAVERSE BAY, IICIH. hieroglyphic mode of making records. The This cut is inserted as a prevention against anclent Aztec characters found by Humits being made the basis of dissertations at boldt engraved upon an ax of jade or home and abroad. chalcedony, in Mexico, were not letters but The stone is sand rock, half an inch symbols. These are tound in various dethick, with both faces flat, and the edges the grees of perfection all over North America, result of natural cleavage. In tex even among the lowest and rudest people. ture it ois of medium grain, rather A. mere collection of letters from various gritty, and not very hard. The languages is not an alphabet. Words cannot color is pale reddish brown, inclined be formed or ideas communicated in that to gray, owing to the presence of oxide of way. When a people adopt the alphabetiron. Under a magnifier the engraving ap-ical signs of aiother they adopt the general en a r style of the characters, and more often the pears fresh and recent, as though it had been st of the characters, and more often the done with a knife, in the hands of one whocharacters in detail. uch signs had alis far from an expert. The arrangement of read a arracgement into syllables an the supposed signs or letters is confused ords whch had a known signiicance. and the characters la3k individuality. It is junmble of letters from a variety of nations not easy to determine which was i ntended beirs internal evidence, that the author did to be the upper side. not have an intelligent meaning to convey to others, and did not comprehend the lanLooking over the evidence a; it now guages from which the letters were selected. stands, it may be safely affiimec, as it was In the case of the Grave Creek stone the twenty years since by Mr. Glidden, that various and contradictory attempts to exwhen the Spaniards overran America there tract a meaning fromt it,show that it belongs was not in the United States, nor had there jto no rational record of events, and is been, any wr tten or engraved alphabets in therefore not yet brought within the scope use. Nothing has as yet been discovered of historical inscriptions. si~ terrn 1e[m m anad frthclian l)Tlto HISTORICAL S-CIETY. TRACT No. 34-NOVEMIBER. 1876. T HE M1 ARG R Y -P A P 1:A P S. VOLUME ONE. BY C. C. BAILDWINS. tttt5tt(q 1|~tt95c dttl Olltl ftq mlli\ HISTORICAL SOCIETY. TRACT No. 34-NOVEMBER. 1876. T H k] M A R G R Y P AP 1 T'R S. VOLUME ONE. BY C. C. BALDWIN. Decouvertes et Etablissements des Fran- This plan of publication originated with cais dans l'Ouest et dans le Sud de l'Amer- the Historical Society at Cleveland and was ique, Septentrionale, 1614 —1754. warmly seconded Ity Mr. Parkman and by Mlemoires et Douments Originaux recue- other societies apd historical scholars illis et publies par Pierre Margry, Premiere throughout the country. partie, 1614-1684. Paris, 1875. The first of the nine volumes is indeed fnll of interest. The materials nor the early The great West was, until a comparatively fll of interest. The materials for tihe early late period, under the dominion of France. rench history in this country are in some Frenchmen made the first discoveries. Many3 respects very full and in others very scanty. years ago they made settlements, traded, and Tlle Jesuits were 1)owerful in the New occupied the country until, with the capture oransm d o the moter country. Bu of Quebec in 1760, all the Western posts transitd to e mother country. But were surrendered to Great Britain. It is e esits were not al the colony nor then to France that we must look for its were all the discoveries made under early history. ft is only within a faw years r aspces tho they ap ently that extensive re-earches have teen made in desired thlat it siouldi be so. La Salle was that cntry. ne State of New York te first discoverer of the Ohio, tue first to exhpendd a very larte sum to pub- race the Mississippi to the sea. The French expended a very large sum to publish in eleven immense quarto vol- ested their claim to the great West mainly umes documents of especial interest in upon these facts, and to-day his portrait that State. For the history of New En- adorns the Capitol at Washington as one of gland, New Jersey, and Louisiana other in- the our great discoverers of Amerca. But vestigations have been made. A quiet gen- le is hardly mentioned in these Relations. tleman of Paris, M. Pierre Margry, long M. Margiry has done more than any other to connected witi the Department of the aia-recover the history of La Salle. The hlardrine, has devoted many years to gathering sone volume before us is ornamented witl e o5 hie portrait e appeared in hs yrngnh er what would illustrate the foreign history of hs portrait as he appeared in his younger France, especially in America. HEe has al- days, with long curls and the dress of a man ready rendered this country great service in of the world. There is, however, a determinthe investigations already referred to. His ation in the race and a restless, dreamy look manuscripts, yet unpublished, were care o tle eces as f the portrait was not an unfully collected from all parts of France and likelyone or the n o, in spite o the are unique. The knowledge of these opposition of all, could penetrate alone vast treasures could not but make their pubiica- countries, could rive his fortune to discovtion much desired. Were it not for the ry, and persist with such force of will "Boston fire" this would have been thathe should e slain by his own men n a done by private hands, but that con. pathless wilderness, thousan s of miles from flagration destroying sush hopes. Congress een the settlements of hisown countrymen zn - I in the Western world. came to the rescue and appropriated a sum, n te ester orld not too large, in the purchase of copies to The earlier pa')ers in the volume relate to encourage the publication of such portions the Recollets-the "first missionaries of the as relate to our own country. West and South, in North America." They -1 ~THlE KE(OLLETS-INDlAN TRADE. were professedly poor and plain. They hast- Western and Southern trade by the unknov enedtothe new land and established a con-I river Ohio and the unknown river Miss vent at Qu be( c ai posts at othier places. The sipp-i, even to tne "Mer Vermeio," Gulf Jesuils came over alfter, p Artiy on their invi- California, and in other directions. Su( tatiou, and in tihe en(i very deeide:ily turned were the motives held forih to the King f, them out of Canadoi. Th,: seconi,;anad iarnrer such expeditions as were made by La Sail paper, is rn memoir de;iinr reli. for tieem tiough La Salle himtself seems to have be( from the obstacles placed in their way by c;ttuated by an innate love of adventure ar the Jesuits, andi te Goveri;nent of Canada discovery such as very few men have evi conirollecl!y that order. Tihere sees lo had. have beent dancer that in a few years tieere Pa.re 170, Lake Erie is mentioned in 16q would nor be a ie'conetit in Canada. Thii as called by the savages "Techaronkion." strife between the reiiious scts deserves a Temperannce men will find in the volum parper of its own The Jie>its, ar first, cer- an interestin- discussion concerning t: taitlv very devout and sehi'- sril.cii' men, isale of brandy to the Indians, and the vieand somreti res maryrs, xx ere too devoted to of various persons are presented much i tle success of teitir order, ntld th!e Colo- the umanner of witnesses in a Congressioni ni-ii Govw-rntmet was hamr ered by comtmission, with the usual diversity of opil them. Tl'he Gove r nent at home ion. opposed them secretly a id not openly. iThere appear the "Details of the voyag Recolets were meIant to be encouralred to o c Louis Jolliel," who visited in 1673 th offset them Thie Cunt de Fe onienac in M ississippi, havinz departed from Quebec b his letters wrote earnestly arain.: them in order of Frontenac to discover the Sout cipher, praising Themn in othler pats of the Sea. His map is meationed, which we hop same ettler whichl mi-glt fall under their MA. Margr,- will publishl. eyes. in a later paper from him in this The interest of the volume centers in L; volum e re pre-ented his aiews with much Salle. Although in a very early day he dis earnestness and in plain French. He covered the Ohio, but little has been known ketclhes thliir powei and possessions, their or in fact is now, of the particulars. I pur hostility to t1e t ecOllet-,t and accuses them pose!y omit discussion of this journey. Ii of a want of iicleity to he Kinc. "This this volume appears much history of L; generl animositv a(aainst 1l the nost faitn- alle, his plans, expenses, draft; mil servants of tie!King shows well enouh h upon his family and friends, how their deeins. " "'Tley w ould iot allow ihe lie bui it up)on Lake Ontaric It-collets," sayxs he, I "to lir confes-ion or and planned to build upon Lake Erie anc anminisrer sacrament."'Ie ihad char.el d further west; how he built on the Niagara them in a previous let er withl river, on tile liver St. Joseph in the south' caring m ore for betvoer than for west part of \lichigan,and away within the souls. "T'hey had opposd,' s tvs Fron- wilds of illinos, among the tribe of thal tenac, "the saile of,lirancdyl to'he Indians, name, the fourth fort, Crevecoeur. An in' witntout xwichl the fur trade coutd noi be tereslAle mnemoir is that of a friend or the successful andc now even oppoed tihe sale of Abbe de GTlliine relating, from the infor. wine, to pilce a new yole oln the people." mation of La Salle himself, the particulars ol It was comimon knowleda-e that they tock his journey -witlh the Abbe, including directly or indirectly ile iianaLcment of accounts of thie Indian tribes and their everythingr, and used for thlt purpose a pow- manners. In 1669 Gallinee, Dollier,and La erful espionage. They did not teach the I alle left Montreal to seek the Ohio known Indians French lest they sio:lid become by report. They turned toward its source, friends of the civil powver. A vocabtulary but the Iroquois dissuaded the two priests for Indian use defined equal " the Biack from the journey,much to the dissatisfaction Robe (Jesuit priest) is equal to Onontio (In- of La Salle, and the party turned to the north dian name for tie Governor of Canada)." of LakeErie. The report of Abbe Gallinee They iold other savages tiat they were tl:e of this journey is also in this volume. From masters of Onontio. And in truth they do it we extract but a single word, Paouitikonot seem in saying that to have very vio- unoraentaouak, the Algonkin name for the iently stretched the truth Chippew^avs. The feelings of La Salle were Two papers present a li-cclv piciure of the with the IRtcollets. They were first; the commercial strife witle the Dutch for the Jesuits came after (says the memoir), and trade of the Indians. The Iroquois had killed the Recollets gave them half their house. the elaver south of the lakes and were g(t- The Jesuits shortly got the other half and ting tliern from the North and Northwest the Recolleis had hard work to get it back. atna selling them at Albany and at better The Jesuits were established in Quebec, prices than the French had paid. The whole "where they are absolute masters" volume shows the projects for extension of L'Evesque(the Governor) was their creature THE JESUITS-LA SALLE. 5 and would do nothing without them. La discouragements and perseverance. The Salle complains that the Jesuits sought to Iroquois traveled from their homes in Necontrol trade. One Indian said that "when York all through the West, and it was danthe Black Robes were among us we wor- gerous to tiale sides or not to. They were shipped God, but when there were no more then fighting the Illinois and the Miamis. beavers we see tiem no more." The Jesuits First living south of Lake Ontario, the best disliked La Salle very much. Fronterac in armed and most warlike tribe in America, this volume (page 323) says "their design, as they defeated and exterminated (says it appeared in the end,was to set a trap our memoir) all their neighbors. whichever path I took, or to derange every- They bore their arms to the thing, to place the country in disorder Gull of St. Lawrence. to the North Sea. in from which they would not hesitate to Florida, and even beyond the river Missisprofit, and to ruin M. de la Salle."'He sippi. They have (says the writer) in thirhas become the object of their envy and ty years destroyed over 600,000 lives, and aversion." This enmity wae no doubt much made desert most of the country round the prompted by their pious zeal. They had great lakes. made discoveries. Their map of Lake Su- La Salle had expected the Griffin with supperior of 1671 was aimost wonderful. They plies for his journey down the river. He were searching tor the MIississippi.and their never saw the vessel again. She was lost, schemes of power, wealth, andt dominion, he believed by treachery, and he must for their order in the great valley of Norch return for succor. Early in 1680 he America, may have been as grand and mag reached St. Joseph. He found two men nificent as those of La Sallefor his King. whom he h-d sent around the lake, but The paper lets us into such lively views of they did not find the Griffin. Arrived at the times as are not given in ordinary his- length at Niarara, he found he had also tory, and we see how, after all, love of gain, lost a ship with supplies from France. He love of power, and jealousy of others in- reached Montreal, May 6th, 1680 His credfluenced history in such solitudes as would itors hiad siezed his property and seem to be tree from such disturbing ele- his resources seemed entirely wasted. ments if any freedom could be found. On his return to Frontenac he The most valuable paper of the volume is learned by letter from Tonty that his men called a "Relation of tlhe Discoveries and left at Crevecoeur had deserted after deTravels of Sir de la Saile, Lord and Gov- strjyinghe fort, carrying away whatproperernor of Fort Frontenac, beyond the greirt tv they could and destroying the balance. lakes of New France, made by order of I., They destroyed Fort St. Joseph and also Colbert, 1679-80-81." It is a narrative cov- seized La Salle's property at Niagara. He ering 150 pages of the events of those years, was not disheartened. He started to succor and probably the official report made after Tonty and save if he could the vessel buildthereturn of La Salle to Montreai. In 1677 ingn on the Illinois with which he meant to La Salle was in France. He was already descend to the sea. November 4th, 1680,he famous and of influence. His scheme was reached the mouth of the St. Joseph. The vast. He wanted to penetrate to the great Iroquois had fought the Illinois, and as he valley of our continent and lay there the approached Crevecoeur there were only foundation of powerful colonies "in a scenes of death and devastation. When he country temilerate in climate, rici and fer- reached that post he found it silent; the tile, and capable of a grand c:mmerce." planks of his vessel were there and on one Such hold of the continent would be taken of them was written, "Nous sommes tous that, at the next war with Spain, France savages ce 19 A-, 1680"-we are all savcould oust her in North America. ages. Was it prophetic that he had riamed In the commencement of 1679 ihe built the the fort Crevecoeur (Broken Heart). The Griffin, the first vessel naviaat ng Lake romantic interest of the relation is here at Erie, meeiing some opposition from the its height,but La Salle does not stop to dwell Iroquois, but less because that nation upon the picture. His first thought was, was at war beyond Lake Erie. The did the A mean Aout or Avril, August or early part of the story is well known from April. He wished to find the faithful other sources,but'he narrative of La Saile's Tonty. Tonty's fate appears parttravels after he left Fort Crevecoeur and ly in this relation and partly in parted with the expedlition to the North has his subsequent memoir in this never been told so completely as here. We volume. Not the Jesuits alone regarded La wish we could present the whole paper to Salle with jealousy. The Iroquois were not our English readers, but we cannot follow without reason fearful that the Western in detail the straight, bus-iness-like story of tribes would be armed against them with fireadventure, travel, description of countries arms and other assistance, -and that a great and Indian nations, contests, diplomacy, trade in the West would draw from their 6 LA SALLE-HENNEPIN. own profits with the Dutch and English. its origin from several great lakes, among While Tonty was absent the desertion had which are five of an extraordinary size, and taken place. After he returned he was cap- which are badly laid down in the printed tured by the Iroquois. maps. These lakes are (1. Lake Superior, In May, 1681, after unsuccessful search the Lake of the Illinois, the Lake of the Huand hard labors, building up Indian succors rons, the Lake Erie, the Lake Frontenac); and strength, La Salle left the fort on the St. (2, the first Lake de Conde, or Tracy, Joseph for Michilimackinac, where he found second, Lake Dauphin or of the Illinois, Tonty and Father Membre. They returned the third, Lake of Orleans or of the Huto Frontenac, and this paper is the relation rons, fourth, Lake de Conty or Erie, and to that time. fifth, Lake Ontario named de Frontenac.) Of his new, wonderful resurrection of They are all of fresh water and very good recourses and eventual success we do not to drink, abounding in fish and surroundspeak, althou(rh a new and brief relation of ed by fertile lands. With the exception it from information of his brother is also in of the first, navigation is easy in sumthis volume. mer even for large vessels, but difficult in The resolute willand wonderful power of winter because of the strong winds which La Sal:e appear nowhere so strongly as in blow there." I might continue the parallel the narrative we have quoted. There seems at some length. The account of Hennepin's almost a direct triumph of will over every journey among the Sioux bears a similar veropposition, of mind over matter. This is bal similarity. On page 478 of this volume the fullest, most explicit and valuable ac- appears the beginning of that part transcount of this series ot expeditions. By lated by Mr. Shea in his Discovery whom was it committed to writing? Evi- of the Mississinpi, and continuing dently by some one fully informed and from for four or five pages Hennepin, notes made day by day, with dates as however, calls the Mississippi "Colbert." in a diary. This, as well as the expedition By very far the larger part of the report of 1682, wherein he descended the Missis- bears no resemblance to Her.nepin. Hensippi, were made under the commission of nepin was not above copying the report had 1678, wherein the King was graciously he wished to do so for his hook. Much of pleased to pormit La Salle to discover these his second book was cop;ed from the supnew lands provided he did it at his own ex- pressed Le Clercq. Still I cannot but think pense. The official report of the last expedi- that those Darts of the paper which have tion was made by Father Zenobe Membre. much resemblance to Hennepin bear his a Recollet. See La Salle's memoir to mark. His egotism and desire for promiSeignelay, in Falconer's Mississippi and nence are apparent. Oregon, which leaves it almost doubtful "The Father Louis Hennepin offered himwhether La Salle did not mean to say that self to make this journey" (to the Sioux,) Membr6 wrote the official report of all his "to commence acquaintance with nations expeditions under the leave of 1678. Mem- among whom he had thought he would bre was with La Salle in the first one, and go soon to establish himself in preachit seems probable that he drew this report. inu the faith. " It ends with the embarkation of La Salle Page 440. The carpenters are said to have on Lake Ontario for Montreal. the last been sent to Niagara under the charge of of August, 1681,and then adds the hope that La Motte and Father Louis Hennepin. In the end of the year 1682 will find the dis- other accounts it is said La Motte had covery of the mouth of the Mississippi charge. made. Page 444. The carpenters would have Some parts of the report relating to those been frightened away by the Senecas if La parts of the journey where Hennepin was Salle and Father Louis had not taken pains to present bear a striking resemblance to his reassure them. There are examples of the first book, published in 1684. I translate, vanity characteristic of Hennepin's book for instance, from page 440. The two re-:uickly noticed by anyone who has read ports are word for word the same, except Mr, Shea's excellent bibliographical sketch of where differences are marked, this report as that work. The differences are suggestive. 1, and Hennepin as 2. In Hennepin the account is occasionally en"The Sieur de La Salle could not build a larged by introduction of other matter as barque at Fort de Frontenac because of a it by atte' thought. The forms of the names portage of two leagues at the great fall of of the lakes bear the stamp of the wiiderNiagara. without which one could sail in a ness Superior, of the Illinois, of the Hurons. large vessel to Fort Frontenac to the bottom Erie, in Hennepin called in compliment of Lake (Illinois. 1) (Dauphin, 2) by the lakes to Frenchmen, de Conde or Tracy, which are with reason called fresh water Dauphin, d'Orleans, de Conty. seas. The great river of St. Lav rence takes Hennepin's own name is in this paper HENNEPIN-TONTY. 7 Henpin, while La Salle in his letters calls tragic. In later times claims to large terrihim Hempin. Henpin was not unlikely the tories were made under his discoveries. The original, euphonised by speech into Hempin Fiench claimed u: der that right even the and by himself to the more musical Hen- O'iio and the forts at Pittsburg and Erie, nepin. wrested from them by the English. Still At the time this relation was made Henne- later the population, French by extraction, pin had returned from his captivity, and he I leaned to the United States in the Revoluprobably furnished his repoit in writing, tionary war and made easy such occupation used by his brother Recollet in a friendly and control as gave the United States tl e spirit. He very likely met La Salle himself, Northwest Territory. In still later times, who writes, in August,to a friend in France, when our Northwestern boundary was disthat Hennepin was about to go to France; outed, La Salle's doings were discussed as if that he would not hesitate to exaggerate; on them turned the fate of vast territory. "it is his character," and he speaks "nearer We say then that we feel under great obwhat he wishes than what he does." I ligation to M. Margry who, with patriotic doubt not the report of Hennepin was quite care, has collected and preserved cut short in this paper; in fact,it so apnears. much valaable matter; and we werFollowing this relation is the recital from before this publication much indebted Nicholas de la Salle of the discovery of the for the liberal use of his treasures he has mouth of our great river, in 1682, and the permitted to Americans. While it has given return to Quebec. Next is a general rela- the public a foretaste of his riches, it has tion of the enterprises of La Salle from 1678 stimulated that patriotic zeal which makes to 1683 made by Torty, whose nickname, the student of history desire access to the "Main de fer,"-hand of iron-reminds original authorities, so that he can see for one of the knights of old whi'e his healt was himself the original and life-like records of as stout and trusty as his hand-a real the times. The English reader cannot better hand of iron, by the way, found by more estimate the value of this volume than to than one Indian to give a very heavy blow. see how often in the Discovery of the Great Tonty was successively commander at Ni- West these unpublished treasures have been agara, Crevecoeur and Fort St. Louis, and to Mr. Parkman his best and frequently his desc ended the Mississippi with LaSalle. The only guide. The early maps which accomcontents of these 600 pages cannot be made pany these and other relations have not been known in a review. Their value consists yet published. We hope M. MAargry may mainly in the more complete variety and be able to furnish them. Some of the early perfect knowledge which they give of these manuscript maps are vastly in advance of great enterprises of which we had some pre- those published. On seeing them, one has vious knowledge. Their apparent value in- a profound respect for the discoverers, creases by comparison with less authentic somewhat, it must be confessed, at the and particular accounts. LaSalle is by all expense of the early geographers. means the most prominent figure in interior Some of the best and clearest evidences of discovery. We have indicated how vast his what was done and known, arise from the plans. His life was romantic, his death maps. HISTORICAL SOCI ETY. TRACT' TlIIRTY-FIVE-D-LECEM! BR 87fi. A. CE: ITEN:NIAJ-IS LAW S TIT_ BfY C'. -EAI )I',N. During the present year the Supreme British forts must be captured, and in JanCourt of the United States has rendered a u-ry, 1778, he was instructed by his State judgment for about $50,000 on a cleim to attack Kaskaskia, in the southwestern which originated nearly one hundred years part of what is now the State of Illinois. ago. He captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia and The facts of the case well illustrate the Vincennes. These were old French towns history of western dominion and are interi surrendered with Quebec to the British in esting in the patriotism and long suffering 1760. They were, by the way, in ( Illinoil of its hero. county," Virginia, that State having proAt the breaking out of the Revolutionary viled that all its citizens who were or should war the colony of Virginia claimed jurisdic be settled "on the western side of the Ooio"' tion of Kentucky and the country north- should be included in a distinct county, west of the Ohio. The border settlers had which shall be called Illinois county. St. had much trouble with the Indians. Thih Louis, at that time, was an old town govhad quieted, but the British contem erned by Spain. plated such arming and use of their savage The hero of our law suit, Col. Francis allies as threatened the destruction of all Vigo, was a Spanish merchant there, who settlers west of the mountains. Ma- had a hearty sympathy With the Americans, jor (afterwards General) George Rog and visited Clark at Kaskaskia era Clark lived in Kentucky and Col. Clai k had received a communication was the most able and eminent from Capt. Helms, whom he had left in of the early heroes of the West. In 1776, command at Vincennes, stating that he was he visited Virginia to meet the Legislature destitute Clark could not send supplies, He was too late, but he got the powder he but he requested Vigo to go and procure wanted of the Governor (Patrick Henry) them of the French inhabitants there, to and the Executive Council. This was whom he was well-known. In the meanbrought to Kentucky by way of Pittsburgh time Vincennes had been recaptured by The next two years were full of border the British and Indians, so that Vigo was depredations. Clark saw that the western taken prisoner. Though a Spanish subject, Ai CENTENNIAL LAW SUIT. he was suspected of having too warm an in- wards for American scalps, and Clark was terest in the American cause, and was told not disposed to grant many " honors." he might depart on condition he would not He sent a letter ny the duck-hunter to do anything during the war injurious to the the inhabitants, desiring them to remain in British. He finally pledged himself to do their houses, as he was determined to take nothing on his way to St. Louis. He kept the post that night Those that" are friends his promise sacredly, but immediately left to the King will instantly repair to the St. Louis for Kaskaskia and gave Col. fort and join the Hair Buyer Generalzand Clark full information of Vincennes. fight like men." Clark's little army occuThe French inhabitants of that place pied the town that night, and there was might be expected to favor the expedition. some fighting. la fact the inhabitants of Kaskaskia had Next morning he "ordered"' Hamilton themselves raised the American flag. But to surrender in terms so expressive of the Clark was needy. The statement of facts intensefeeling engendered by the Indian in the case shows that "< the soldiers were in atrocities that I reproduce it: a state of almost entire destitution, being "SIR: In order to saveyourself from the without clothing or mnans of subsistancee impending storm that now threatens you I They had the colonial money of Virginia. order you immediately to surrender yourBut the French had a very healthy dislike of self with allyour garrison, stores, etc., etc. an unconvertible currency, and would not For if I am obliged to storm you may detake it. Clark would perhaps have been pend on such treatment as is justly due to helpless, but Vigo cashed his drafts on the a murderer. Beware of destroying stores agent of Virginia at New Orleins. Vigo of any kind, or any papers or letters that seems to have felt a very hearty sympathy are in your possession, for, by Heavens, if with America, and to have thoroughly corn- you do, there shall be no mercy shown mitted himself and his fortune to the issue. you." He advanced some $12,000, in those days a After further engagement Hamilton prolarge sum. The draft, which was the basis posed a truce, which was declined and he of the suit, was dated December 4th, 1778, surrendered at once. and was for $8,716 40 The immense cnsequences of this brief Oa the 5th of Februiry following Clark, campaign, with few men and small means, with one hundred and seventy men, started are oot easily realized It gave the for Vincennes I cannot follow the details Americans possession of the main posts of the campaiga, called in the opinion of in the west, south of Detroit. When the Supreme Court, one of the most ro- peace was made in 1783 with Great mantic of the West down to this day. Britain, that nation desired the Ohio No statement of the sufferings of these as a boundary, and many Americans would hardy men could be more effective than the have favored such a concession, but the sdple mdaiy crevood of the officers. t We;United States was in actual possession of simple dab y rfec the oicers. We the territory, and continued so. make but few extracts: ~,But our hero, Colonel Vigo, waits with 18uh (Febraary 1779) (" spen draft upon New Orleans. It was not night in the water to no purpose, for there aid ad at e lo e of e war constituted was not one footse of drylndthe war constituted a claim against the State of Vir.inia. 19. h. —"Col. Clark sent t o -men in the anoe~downt etthebattteau nth orders The Congress of the Confederation, Sepo we don vto meet the ttat e wth orders tember 6th, 1780, considered it "advisable to come on day aod night, that being our last hope, and we starving, many of the to press upon those States which can re ien much cast down, particularly the vol. the embarrassments repectig the nnteers No provision of any sort now two pWoestern country a liberal surrender of a unteers. No provision of any sort now two rritorilclaims, since they,~~~d S~~~~~ann"portion of their territorial claims, since they 20as.-"Camp vey, but hugr cannot be possessed entire without endanS20th.-Cm e almost in despry quiet, bt hgering the stability of the general ConfedSome almost in despair. Ma'de canoes" as "earnestly recommended 21st.-"''Army over, but no dry land. Rain Ieracy," and it was "earnestly recommended 21 this day, no proverbision" I dry Rain to those States who have claims to the all this day, no provisions. Western country to pass such laws, and 22d.-"Col. Clark encourages his men, give their delegates in Congress such powers which gave them great spirits. Marched Ias mty effectually remove the only obstacle on in the water. Those that were weak to a final ratification of the articles of Conand famished from so much fatigue went in federation." the canoes. We came one league farther On the 20th of October, 1783, Virginia to some sugar camps, where we stayed all passed an act authorizing a conveyance, night Heard the evening and morning which was made on the 1st of March, i784, guns from the fort. No provisions yet. by Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lord help us. Lee and James Monroe, then delegates Next day they waded over Horse Shoe from that State. One of the conditions was Plain, about four miles long, all covered "that the necessary and reasonable expenses with water breast high, when they caught a incurred by this State in subduing British man hunting ducks. Governor Hamilton, posts or maintaining forts and garrisons commander at St. Vincents, had offered re- I within and for the defense, or in acquiring A CENTENNIAL LAW SUIT. any part of the territory so ceded or relin- heen much respected for his integrity, good quished, shall be fully reimbursed by the character, and sense. The original papers United States." on file in the suit, says the attorney for the Several acts were passed in reference to claimants, show that he possessed the esclaims, but no claims were to be allowed teem and confidence of General Knox, the which had not been allowed by Virginia then Secretary of War, General Anthony prior to the 24th of September, 1788. Wayne, and General Harrison, and that he Colonel Vigo's claim does not appear to subsequently performed valuable services ~have been presented to Virginia prior to to this country. As late as 1811. General that date, nor to the United States within Clark wrote him in the warmest terms of the not long time fixed for presentation. He friendship and favorable mention is made lived clear upon the frontier and perhaps of the services he rendered to his did not know the need of it. adopted country by Judge Marshal in his In one of the papers in the case, General Life of Washington, (vol. 3, p 566), and by Gratiot relates that his father, having General Clark himself in his letter to claims against Virginia, went to New Or- Thomas Jefferson, (Jeeerson's works, vol. 1, leans, thence to Havana, thence to North p 453). Judge Burnett, in his notes on the Carolina and Richmond as being safer than Northwestern Territory, says Vigo voluna more direct journey. He was engaged tarily surrendered his property for the sup. two or three years in getting his pay, and port of the regiment. but for strong friends must have been a At the hearing was produced a letter of ruined man. He received but little money, General Harrison, who says in 1834 he had negroes and tobacco at a high price,'and a known him thirty-nine years, and for thirquantity of land esteemed not worth look teen years, while Governor of Indiana, ing after. On returning to the Illinois lived in the same town with him and on country, Gratiot's report caused the other terms of the most intimate friendship. He creditors to lose heart. declared Vigo "utterly in-apable of misThe western commissioners, in 1783, by representation, however great his interest," their views, would not make claims very and that he was confident there "were more valuable. It was their opinion that bills respectable persons in Indiana who would drawn on the treasury of Virzinia ought to become the guarantors of his integrity than be paid off according to the Illinois scale of could be induced to for any other person." depreciation, by which they were estimated "His whole life, as long as his circumat a small per cent. stances were prosperous, was spent in acts In Clark's accounts in evidence, he cred- of kindness, and benevolence to individuals its in January, 1778, $1,143, 1.5 for ~1,200, and his public spirit and attachment to the Virginia currency; in May 1779, $4,000, institutions of our country were proverfor ~9,400 Virginia currency. bial." Vigo's bills were included in Clark's ac- Vigo continued to reside in Indiana counts, and a round allowance was made until his death at Terre Haute, March 22, by the United States to Virginia of half a 1836. million dollars. His claim was, from time to time, preColonel Francis Vigo was born in Mon- sented to Congress. Judge Burnett himelf dovi, in the kingdom of Sardinia, in 1747. had it in charge for a while. Seven times At an early age he enlisted in a Spanish the House Committee reported in favor of regiment and accompanied it to it, and twice bills for its payment passed New Orleans There he left the army and that House. In the Senate bills were reengaged in the Indian trade, settling a few ported providingfor its payment. years after in St. L-,uis. He is said to have Finally, in 1872 an act passed both been there connected in business with the Houses referring it to the Court of Claims, in Governor of Upper Lousiana. So essential which court Archibald McKee and others, was his help to Clark that Judge Law in his as his heirs, commenced their proceeding History of Vincennes, says the whole credit upon the claim. In 1873 the court found of the conquest belonged to two men, Gen. in their favor. The United States George Rogers Clark and Colonel Francis took the case to the Supreme Court, which Vigo. in May, 1876, decided in favor of the claimBesides the losses already mentioned, ants for the original amount, with interest Vigo had taken Clark's depreciated cur- from 1778 at five per cent. per annum, the rency, which became valueless. Vigo set- interest, at that rate, being several times tied in Vincennes, much crippled by his the principal. patriotic efforts, and continued there to see I am indebted to D. W. Middleton, Esq., the forest he had rescued grow into a great Clerk of the Supreme Court, and to W. Penn country. Clarke, Esq., counsel for the plaintiffs, for He continued comparatively poor. He the copies of arguments, facts and testimony seems to have led a pure, patriotic life and in the case. ilv en %fvlt~4l l lll'iort11 Iat ( HISTORICAL SOCIETY. TI(AC(T.No. 36 —JANUARY. 1877. Memoranda and Notes by the late Alfred T. Goodman. rAmong the papers ot our late secretary be in Indiana) which is not far distant from.are many unfni3hed articles on wvarious his- the road. When within a few miles *of the torical and biographical subjects. They all Lick our hunters had leave to go ahead. bear the marks of his capacity in gathering Presently we heard the report of both their.,materials of this kind, and, incomplete as guns, and in a few minutes five buffaloes they are, possess too much value to be lost. made their appearance,bearing furiously toWith so much industry and a memory that ward the head of the column When withseemed to retain everything that be iead, in fifty paces the men in front vere perhad his life been spared there is no part of mitted to fire. This turned the heads of the our local and personal history which he animals; they passed along and received the would not in process of time have made per- fire of the whole line. Those only were shot feet in all its details. We shall publish down near the rear, wheie they approached occasionally from these framnents, a portion within twenty paces." of which are presented here: Bison were found by James Smith in First-The bison or buffalo on the Ohio. Southern Ohio in 1750. 1746-Seen by GenSecond-Statements of General George eral Crohtan near Lake Erie. 1772-Rev. Sanderson, Lancaster, 0., April, 1870. War D. Jones found them on the Scioto and at of 1812. the mouth of the Great Guyancotte. M. de Third-Miajor Amos Stoddard, killed at Vandreuil, in a memoir on Canada, 1687Fort Meigs. "Buffaloes abound on the south shore of Fourth-General Harrison at Clevel tnd, O., Lake Erie, but not on the north." ^"~*~1812. ~~___Ninety leagues up the Miami river at a on the Bso ad Bplace called La Glaise, (Defiance, 0.) buffatloes are always found. They were observed FORT IIARAIR, NOV. 9, 1789. "to wallow in the mud and eat the dirt." Geheral Harmar to General Thomas 3Mif- Charlevoix writing in 1721, under date of fin, writes that he is about to move to Fort June 1st, at Long Point on Lake Erie,says "I Washington, opposite mouth of Licking, know that on the south side of the lake there and in describing the neighborhood says are vast herds of wild cattle." that buffalo are in abundance. 1787, March 27th. "Some of the hunters FORT WASHINGTON, Feb. 25, 1.790. brought into the fort a buffalo that was i.n i.. eighteen hands high and weighed one thouHarmar t(, Jonathan Williams, Philadel- sand pounds." Journal Sergeant John phia, (extract)-'"Buffalo, venison, turkeys, Bruck, Fort Harmar. fish, of uncommon size (when the season The same year a company from Fort arrives), we have in the greatest abund- Harmar left for Vincennes, on their return ance." to the Falls of Ohio. Under date of OctoFORT WASrHINGTON, MIarch 1, 1790. ber 4th, Sergeant Bruck says: "On our Harmar to Daniel Clymer, of Reading, march to-day we came across five buffaloes. Pa., inviting him to visit the West, says- They tried to force a passage through our "We can afford you buffalo and venison in column. The General ordered the men to fire abundance." on them; three were killed and the others Denny's Journal, October 4th, 1787- wounded." "Passed over a great deal of poor land, par- In a letter of Thomas Morehead, of Zanesticularly near the Great Lick, (presumed to ville, Ohio, dated February 13th, 1863, he 2 GENERAL SANDERSON'S STATEMEN'T. says: "Captain James Ross, who has re Statement of General George San ir.. sided 1 ere fifty-five years, says that Eben. gong of Laneaster, 0. ezer and James Ryan often talked with him APRIL, 18 0. of having killed buffaloes on the branch of I was born at Carlisle, Cumberland c. i.l, Will's creek, which still is called "Buffalo y, Pa., January 10th, 1789, and removed to Fork," twenty miles east of Zanesville." Kentucky with my parents in 1797. In or. S. P. Hildreth, of Marita, O., in a 1800 we came to Ohio, and settled at LanDr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, O., in acaster letter dated February 25th, 1863, says: "1 DEATH OF TECUMSEH. came to Marietta in 1806, and have seen At the battle of the Thames 1 commanded many of the old inhabitants who have killed a company of Ohio Volunteers raised in them (buffaloes) and eaten their flesh. Near Fairfield county. My command numbered the vicinity of Salt Springs their paths 142 men. I remember Tecumsea. I saw or roads were very distinct and plain after 1 him a number of times prevous to the war. came to Ohio, and to this day, on the hillsHe was a man of huge frame, powerfully there are large patches of ground, destitute built, and was about six feet two inches in of bushes and trees, where they used to heiht. I saw his body on the Thames congregate to stamp off the flies, digging f before it was cold.Whether Colonel the surface into deep hollows, called "Buf Johnson killed him or not I cannot say. alo Stamps." During the battle all was smoke, noise, and Albert Gallatin, when a young man sur- confusion. Indeed, I never heard anyone veying in West Pennsylvania and Virginia, speak oi Colonel Johnson's having killed observed buffaloes. He says: "In my time, Tecumseh until years afterward. 1784-5, they (buffaloes) were abundant on Johnson was a brave man and was badly the south side of the Ohio, joining the great wounded in the battle in a very painful part and little Kanawha. I have during eight -his knuckles, and also,I think,in his body. months lived principally on their flesh." He was carried past mein a litter, In the As he describes the buffalo "tracks" or evening I was appointed by Harrison to roads leading from the buffalo pasture- guard the prisoners with my company. The roaund in Ohio to the Onondfaoa Lake a location was near a swamp. There is no distance of over 200 miles. doubt about the fact the Kentuckians skinned Tecumseh's body. I saw them in the act. Filson mentions the buffalo as an inhab- They would cut strips about a half a foot in itant of Kentucky in 1784. length and an inch and a half wide, which would stretch like gum-elastic. I saw a HARKMAA TO RTOX. piece two inches long, which, when dry, Nov. 24, 17t87. could be stretched nearly a foot in length. "We arrived on the 7th of October at the That it was TecumseL's body which was rapids of the Ohio. The distance from Fort skinne there can be no question. I knew Vincennes is about 180 miles. We saw no him, and the Indlan prisoners under my Indians or signs of Indians. We had an charge continually pointed to his body, action with five buffaloes, who would have %hich lay close by, and uttered the most run through the column had they not been bwailing cries at his loss. By noon the day prevented by the men facing and firing a after the battle the body could hardly be volley at them. They killed three of them " recognized, it had been so thoroughly skinned. My men covered it with brush and ARMAR TO MICHAEL ILLEGAS logs, and it was probably eaten by wolves. A MIClthough the officers did not like the conFORT HARMAR, April 80, 1785. duct of the Kentuckians, they dare not inDEAll SIR: I had the pleasure of receiving terfere. The troops from that State were yourletter by Captain Bradford, and now infuriated at the massacre at the River send you some more of the buffalo wool of a Raisin, and their lattle cry was, "Remember superior quality to the former. In the the massacre of the River Raisin." It was months of February and March is the time wish difficulty that the Indian prisoners the wool is in proper season. I am appre- could be guarded, so general was the dispohensive what was at first sent will not answer sition of the Kentuckians to massacre them. your purpose. But few buffalo are killed HULL'S SURRENDER. in the vicinity of Muskingum. * * * -' I am &c., Jos. T-IARAR. In 1812 I raised a company in Fairfield,~'',nl)~.&c'~ Jcounty and formed a part of the regiment of The last buffalo were killed in Ohioat Colonel Lewis Cass. Was surrendered at Jackson county, in 1802, by a man who was Detroit by General Hull. My opinion of Genliving in 1888. Their paths or roads were eral Hull's conduct, formed at the time, was t hen vxisible or. the waters of Salt creel., -and events since have not changed it -that MA.JJOI1 STODDAt VD. -: IIull was an imbecile, not a traitor or a 1775, in Pennsylvania. His father, of the coward, but an imbecile, caused by drunk- same name, was a major of Pennsylvania enness. He was an ardent drinker. On Militia in Harmar's campaign. Colonel the day before the surrender, his son, Cap Paull was a man of small frame, light corntain Abraham F. Hull, came among my men plexion, and did not enjoy good health in a beastly state of drunkenness. while in the service. He was rather unpopThe Brtilsh hal erected fortifications ular with the men, but was a allant soldier, across the river, which kept up a continu- and fearless in the discharge of duty. ous fire upon us. Hull should never have He died many years ago at St. Clair3ville. allowed the enemy to construct those works. CHARLES T. SHERMAN On the day of the surrender I saw Hull frequently. Hlis face about his mouth and Jude Serau was a man of genial techin was covered with tobacco juice, and I perament, kind, social and agreeable, very thought, in common with other officers,that popular with members of the bar. He was the General was under the influence of liquor. a lawyer of fle talent. In 1810 he came to He was surrounded with a military familLancaster hlom Connecticut, and in 1811 returned for' his wife and child. I have the members of which were fond of high h ned hs w a child. I have times, wines and liquors. After his i heard it stated that Mrs. Sherman carried surrender, and bctore tl enem her infant son from Connecticut to Ohio, ad entered, ma offiers bege (now Judge Charles T. Sherman, of CleveColonel James Fidlay to take com- land) on a pillow in front of her onl horsemand of the American torces and resist the back. Judge hera had been revenue enemy, but he declined to take command. collector for the Fairfield district, and beColonel James Miller was also requested to came a poor man through the negligence, caretake command, but he was unwillina to as- lessness, and fraud of his deputies. He had sume the responsibility, saying, "Matters the respect of citizens (f every range of polihave gone too far, but had Hull signified to ties, and when elected Judge of the Supreme me his intention' ot surrendering I would Court received every vote in the State have assumed command and defended theHouse of Representatives. I revere his fort to the last." Miller would have done memory. so, too. April 16, 1870. G EORGE S:S9uasOX. After the surrender General Isaac Brock, the British commander, came into the fort. MAJ.OR AMOS STODDARD, KILLE.D AT FOlRT We were ordered to the parade ground, and MEiGs N MAY, 1818. there piled up our muskets, swords, pistols, knives, cartridge boxes, etc. A heavy guard Born in Woodbury, Conn., 1759, son of was placed over us, and we were then sent Anthony Stoddard,of Woodburyand arandto the "citadel," where we were kept un, son of Rev. Anthony Stoddard, of Woodtil released on parole, Hull and the bury. Entered the Revolutionary army, regular officers were sent to Quebec. Brock 1779; served till 1783,when he settled at Boswas a heavily built man, about six feet ton, Mass., as Clerk of the Supreme Court. three inches in height, broad shoulders, Studied law with Theophilus Parsons, ad large hips, and was lame, walking with a mitted,and settled as a barrister at Hallowell, cane. One of his eyes, the left one I think, Me., in 1791. In 1799 appointed captain of was closed, and he was withal the ugliest artillery, promoted to major, June 7th,1807; officer I ever saw. He wore a scarlet uni- served in Louisiana as Military Governor of form, with a sash wrapped tight around his that Territory after the purchase from waist. France. He was a man of ability. Early When he came to my company, he said to in the war of i812 he was appointed by me, "If your men attempt to escaIe, or to Harrison Chief of Artillery, Northwestern complain of their treatment, I cannot be an- Army. At Fort Meigs,May llth,1813,he was swerable for the consequences, but if they wounded by a shell, which produced lockremain quiet and orderly, will shortiy be re- jaw. Author of "Political Crisis" and leased and no harm shall befall them." Sketches of Louisiana. It is reported that by his own request his All the officers of our army who con- body was buried in one of the bastions. As versed with Brock; spoke of him as a very yet the place of burial has not been identigallant and agreeable gentleman, who had fled. seen much service in India and in the East. His dirk, an elegant weapon, which he Colonel George Paull, who commanded carried at Fort Meigs, is in possession of the the Twenty-seventh United States Infantry, Western Reserve Historical Society, Clevewas a lawyer, and resided at St. Clairsville, land, 0. 0. I think he was boin about the year A brother resided in Boardman, Trumbull 4t l'( IT 1 t N' I NG T,' )O. co;.nt, 0., ait'l a 1niT)iw recennll in L.asti reg'ular lli l the commandl of Major (Cleveland., Thomas I..Jessupl who afterward attained NOTE -Anthjny Stoddard died at Boston. d(istilnuishe(l rLeputation in Virginia and in March 15ch, 168i', aged 70. Fjorida, anti became a Major Generall. liarSolomon Stoddard (son of above), born in rison, durini, his stay in Clevel'tnd, or until B)ston, 1643, died February t11th, 1.e, adncaml is nen Anthony Stoddard (son of Solomon), torn 1678,, died eptember 6h, ag. T11e GenLeral oeccupied a tent there,as also.did such honored pat:riot s Ls Iewis Cass,then C(leveland, War of 1812. 1a Irilgadlier (enerali i. tle United States (.)11 tile Sth of.ltiilv, 181'3 (Geaeral ti arr i - On, th 8hofI u18 cor rr servic.; (ol. Samuel \\ells, Secventeceth I. ^sonha rsae& General t- iii totilla no ( S. Infantry' Col Th':nls 1) O)wia. Tweny — son, lc1''in0' (5Ttnerat ( [TL' II (4'olutllati\ (' Fort MLeitel, lro0ed{.(e1(1t lto Lovri' Sano.,skvl and (Cievelaud to aitef arrato1C11ent:s for he (teecill t). S. infantry 1. (. "Bardtt Colscunritv of ttlhot' pa1-;'es.'ihe i)e)!e reiiinr )onel itli(i lirit(i t'dter General of thle aIt.(!1exl;:i.tnd, itmlHn!)ci ii l f.h i fty s<.u1- t;;l. rmy -.Iam \,. lHt.(l. )(omm' andine. B~:~lltls i't ( ieveles d nlmriir lot i'(r ite si' t futv o i~ {i hiIi iY'ii lhnhil Thttle ecote talbroald Tol riO te ilsu.ltv of 0(elij li ti ~le,:roi e ~~tvai-; Obtitotl Morrison, Lieutenant settlemenltt. Plrotltui 111d lir t!i.1 cn — (olonel, U S..\rm; \ajor GCorgle Tod,of mand tlhouvsan(l otf lthic:.. sLava. tS, liatf ed'.1.N t iitf if ttite ot e-xaovern oi 100 Xaior ll \ilm Tria, b5l Tcaisch, awho never.lost 1an olmoDIOLilitNi ioo1.~ o( \ il m rlg to.se he to tiahawki and scalein; 1 i.' Cn- th.. In i.ry; ieajor Jmes Settlers in the vicitiiut o Saduleus, kI:or aditLct t; raIorrl. alon g t1 t hle sotohel ore of tl se lake hadf i i; fidlnt~l S:tiulll ~t timl- (i, ls z('ic~i~ r ~o-~t' \-L;E i). \ I oodi, oif: tle U.S. En-lineer Corps, fare adopted by Proctor ant( the unit elize1 afterwari slin at the sotie froml ort Erie, indian1s wo'il)foe)1a(e himil. It i was it'ere i.ntld [ajor ( eor( e C' (rfnlia, tile defender of'ort SyesenFort. fore natural thai t thitlh 1 i iiants of Cscveland Fort (v shiould1 feel some tala11. There was no l o:k-',nw sleep the bra ve t0f11' or ontiher cl 0 oflil-lSrt o0, ) on,-equ~enCF Who) sink to rest. Ff, reler by their couutiy blest." at this 1tacte. The rapparent?iecess5iy for soine diefenls i(nditid the people to call on - Of tlese illustrioa etL who once Hlarrison for alidl. Ttat indiefllablet 1 coi breathie, as it: weret, in our preusence, not mnaniderl, always Ielooin4 to thie corefort t one survives. The Jati on thitl roll of heand safety or tihosl, in tihe t'iCon o' his (:o- roes was Genercal'ass, -who died in 186i, imaud, re'sponded to the: callo the;cititzens I'fuli of years t ant ftui of honors.' at once, Iand Ihliavit' aririvedI in the vH ll1~:' | fIt was -tdile at Clevetland that General hte proceeded to;a(dop!t measures for its Harrisonreceived information from Colonel its defense. A stockade was rected at tlle iRichard Ml. Johuson, tho h1a t)en ordered foot of Ontario street, on tle banrk of e to join hin at Clevelatn Mit his rri imennt lake, made ot pickets, reinforced in the in- of mounted Kentuckians, thai. his horsses tetior witl bafs filled with sand, whlich were giving way, and asking permission to made the place olye of some strength, and return to Kentucky and recruit, This re thougrl it wou1ld lnot have withstoodl the at- I quest was granted, though it took one of the tack of a very large force, vet it answered Iest regiments from HIarrison's command. the purpose in some measure, and produced The importance of Cleveland as an army a teelina of security. This was called Fo, t depot was at once seen by the commanding Huntington, in Ilonor of our second General. Daring his visit he made arrangeGovernor. The stockade was provided with ments for receiving suFplies from the War two pieces of artilcery and garrisned by 1 Department by way of Cleveland.