A Guide to Modern Greek Geldart, Edmund Martin London: Triibner, 1883 CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION PLAN OF THE WORK. PAhG *.. X1 * *. xl PART I. ALPHABET, PRONUNCIATION, ETC... TABLE OF CHANGES IN ARYAN LANGUAGES. MR. SUSAIMAKIS' EVENING PARTY (analyzed and explained in fourteen lessons).. PART II. A JOURNEY TO GREECE (Dialogues). PART III. A CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY...... PART IV. I 12 12 128 152 ACCIDENCE.. SYNTAX.. APPENDIX (Correspondence).. 212. 249 257 A2 I INTRODUCTION. THE Modern Greek language is the direct descendant of the language of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire (whence its name Romaic), as this was immediately developed from the Alexandrine Greek, or " common dialect," resulting from a blending and merging of all the various Greek dialects when the ascendency of the Macedonian king and conqueror, Alexander the Great, united the various tribes of Greece, and spread their language as the medium of intercommunication among the subjugated populations of his enormous empire. Although the political supremacy of Greece, even in its comparatively bastard Macedonian and Byzantine forms, in which, however, alone it can ever be said to have existed as a united and powerful nationality, has long been a thing of the past, the inherent vitality, and vigour, and self-recreating power of the Greek language have never waned, and in the present day Greek performs much the same office, as the language of the most thriving commercial race in the East, that it did in the days of Alexander's successors.. The subjects of free Greece-two millions and a half of souls-are but. a fraction of the Greekspeaking population of the East. In the days of Mezzofanti, at the beginning of this century, Greek was still vi INTRODUCTION. commonly spoken among the remnants of the ancient Greek colonies on the coast of Calabria, part of the old Magna Grcecia in Italy; and even in Sardinia, it is said, there are still Greek-speaking colonies. But however this may be, Magna Grcecia, "Great Greece," is still outside the limits of "Little" or "Free Greece." In Bulgaria, in Albania (the ancient Macedonia and Epirus), in Thessaly (which was part of Ancient Greece), in all the islands east of Greece in the Mediterranean Sea, on the coasts as well as far inland in Asia Minor and in Egypt, in many parts of Palestine and Syria, indeed throughout the dominions of Turkey, Greek is the one language which is almost everywhere spoken and understood. A person with a competent knowledge of Modern Greek may travel nearly anywhere in the East without invoking the aid of that most terrible institution of modern tourism, the dragoman, who, by the way, is generally a Greek. This alone is a fact which has only to become duly known and appreciated in order to secure for Greek a foremost place among the modern languages which the ubiquitous English traveller is, or ought to be, anxious to acquire. But it has another, and, if possible, a still stronger recommendation to our notice. Ten years ago I stated in my book " The Modern Greek Language in its relation to Ancient Greek" (published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1870), that "Modern Greek is nothing but Ancient Greek made easy." Constant study and converse with Greeks since that period have but served to confirm me in the opinion that that statement is literally correct. But if so, what follows? Why, that the study of Modern Greek is the true key to the mastery of the INTRODUCTION. vii classical idiom. This view has been directly or indirectly advocated by some of the foremost educationalists in England. The late John Stuart Mill, in his Rectorial address to the students of the University of St. Andrew's, referring to the growing discontent that so much valuable time was wasted at our schools and universities in learning, or too often not learning, Latin and Greektime which might otherwise be saved for the study of natural science and other essential branches of a liberal education-rightly vindicated the claims of the classics to a prominent place in higher education, not as against, but alongside of, the so-called modern subjects. Why, he pertinently asked, should not time be found for both? And he lays the fault of the dilemma, in which those are placed who in regard to these conflicting claims feel inclined to say in the words of the popular song"How happy could I be with either, Were t'other dear charmer away! " on the execrably bad system of teaching the classics which prevails amongst us, and which, after consuming four-fifths of the entire time at the disposal of a schoolboy in Latin and Greek, afterwards sends him out into the world not only unable for the most part to take up an easy classic, and read him for pleasure and for profit, but often imbued with a thorough disgust for classical literature. "Why," says Mill, "should not Latin and Greek be taught like any other language? Why should not a man learn the classics as he would learn his mother tongue?" Why, indeed, except perhaps for the obvious reason that it is only within the last few years that even modern languages have been taught on a viii INTRODUCTION. rational system, or like our "mother tongue." Still, since the days of Pestalozzi and Fr6bel, among all intelligent educationalists the belief has been gaining ground, that the only true method of teaching, both morally and intellectually, is to proceed from the known to the unknown, and not from the unknown to the known; that the learner should be dealt with not as a parrot, but as a human being; that, e. g. we should begin the study of history with the reign of Queen Victoria, and not with the creation of the world; and so on with other subjects. In accordance with these principles it is well worth consideration whether the student of Latin ought not in England to begin with French, and thence proceed to the cognate and more archaic Romance dialects, as Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Roumanian, and so on; thence to the older Norman and Provencal, and from them through the later Latin of the period of the decline to the Latin of the Augustan era. Else, to be consistent, why begin with Sallust rather than with Oscan and Umbrian, or the Salian hymns? But as regards Greek the problem is immensely simplified. Ancient Greek has but one modern representative, which is spoken with comparatively insignificant variations throughout Turkey, Greece, and the Levant. Whoever is thoroughly conversant with Modern Greek will find no more difficulty in reading the Greek Fathers and the New Testament, than an Englishman of the nineteenth century finds in understanding Spenser. The passage from the New Testament or Septuagint to Xenophon is incomparably easier than that from Spenser to Chaucer; and from Xenophon to Thucydides, from Thucydides to the Tragedians, from them to Herodotus, INTRODUCTION. ix and from Herodotus to Homer, is far more simple than would be the somewhat analogous transition in English from Chaucer to Piers Plowman, from Piers Plowman to Layamon and Ormin, from them to the Anglo-Saxon of King Alfred, and from the Saxon of King Alfred to the Gothic of Ulfilas. Indeed, the change which has passed upon the Greek language since Homer's age is so very much slighter than that which English has undergone in the far shorter period intervening between the times of the Saxon kings and the present reign, that there are whole lines of Homer which would scarcely require the alteration of a word to convert them into idiomatic Modern Greek; for example, I1. A. 334:XalpeTr, KplJVKE A6os ayyEXoL 7e s Kal tpv where only the word ^Se is not good Modern Greek, although xapere means now rather "good-bye" than "hail," and a7yyeXoL rather "angels" than simply " messengers." In line 362 of the same book the question TE/COV Tt K\alEL; is good Modern Greek. Far less is the difference when we come to Plato, the first words of whose Republic: cKarTe3r/v X0 es [7rbv] TlepataL /IerTa rXaTKavlwo `ov 'Aptla'owo9, with the single addition of the definite article, which need not have been omitted, might be heard any day in the streets of Athens in the year 1883. Greek, then, is essentially a living language-the language, unchanged in its main features, of Aristotle, Xenophon, and Demosthenes-and there is no reason why it should not be taught as such. It is impossible to draw any such rigid line of demarcation between Modern and Ancient Greek, as between the language of ancient X INTRODUCTION. Rome and the modern Latin or Romance languages, inasmuch as Greece never suffered that complete break-up of its grammar which befell the Latin language on the dissolution of the Roman Empire. When the scholar has become thoroughly familiar with the Modern Greek declension and conjugation, which for the most part are identical with the classical forms, so far as they go, it will be an easy step to add the dual number, the archaic conjugation in -,Lt, the perfect tense, and the extended use of case-endings and infinitive moods, almost all of which survive, or have been revived, in isolated phrases even in Modern Greek. Perhaps in no department of classical learning will the benefit of Modern Greek be more apparent than with regard to accentuation. The rules of prosody are learnt at Eton, Rugby, Harrow, and all our great public schools; rules which are numerous and intricate enough in all conscience, but few and simple by comparison with their exceptions. And what is the result? After seven or eight years' hard study, scarcely the most eminent of living Greek scholars unacquainted with Modern Greek is able to write from memory a single sentence in Greek without the accents being at fault. Let a man be accustomed from the first never to pronounce a single Greek word without its appropriate accent, and he will never be in doubt how to write it, or " hardly ever;" the cases where he might hesitate between a circumflex and an acute being very soon mastered when not only the ear, but the eye and ear together are exercised by writing and reading aloud with due regard to the accent. PLAN OF THE FOLLOWING WORK. THE First Part, after discussing the alphabet and pronunciation, contains a story from common life, " Mr. Susamakis' Evening Party,"1 which has been chosen as embodying in its narrative a fair illustration of the literary form of Modern Greek, while its dialogue represents the more colloquial vernacular. Each word and sentence as it comes is grammatically analyzed, repetition being for the most part avoided. When the student has worked diligently through this portion, he will find himself in possession of the main features of Modern Greek accidence and syntax, not learned by rote, as is usually the case, but gathered by actual experience. In the earlier lessons a transliteration is interlined, to facilitate pronunciation; this is dispensed with later on. The idiomatic translation also given with the earlier lessons is dropped when the student may be presumed to have gained an insight into the general structure of the language. At the end of each lesson an exercise, based on the principle of "ringing the changes " on the words and phrases occurring in previous lessons, is added. In addition to the grammatical analysis, considerable space is allotted to the indication of the philological affinities of each word as it occurs, wherever these are so apparent as to be placed beyond the field of mere conjecture. The comparisons are confined as far as possible to English and those languages with which the average student may be expected to have some 1 The Greek text of the above is taken from Dr. Daniel Sanders' ' Neugriechische Grammatik," founded on Messrs. Vincent and Dickson's " Handbooklto Modern Greek." The author is Angelos Vlachos. xii PLAN OF THE FOLLOWING WORK. acquaintance. Apart from the interest attaching to such investigations, it is believed they will form a most valuable "memoria technica." It is always easier to remember two things than one, provided there is any rational link of association between them. In this part of the work I have followed (when in doubt) that sound and cautious philologist, Georg Curtius, in his "Grundziige der griechischen Etymologie," 3rd ed., Leipzig, 1869. In order that the reader may see on what principle such comparisons are founded, and may know beforehand what sounds to expect as the representatives of the Greek in the various cognate languages, I have appended a table showing the regular changes which the sounds of words undergo in passing from one language to another of the Aryan family of speech. Part II. consists of dialogues, to which I have attempted to supply a continuous chain of interest by supposing them to take place on a journey to Greece. In order to relieve the strain which a lengthened perusal of dialogues sometimes occasions, I have shifted the Greek and English respectively from right to left and from left to right, without notice. Part III. consists of a classified vocabulary, borrowed in the main from the excellent Modern Greek Grammar of Antonios Jeannarakis (" Neugriechische Grammatik nebst Lehrbuch der neugriechischen Volksprache und einem methodischen WVrteranhang, von Antonios Jeannarakis," Hannover, Hahn'sche Buchhandlung, 1877). Part IV. is an attempt to summarize in a simple form what the student will by the time he has worked through Parts I. to III. actually have learned by practice. This part will be published in a separate form among the series of "Simplified Grammars " commenced by the late lamented Professor E. H. Palmer, and published by Messrs. Tribner. His own Simplified Grammars of Hindoostanee, Persian, and Arabic have been of invaluable use to me as models in the preparation of this portion of the work. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK; PART I. The Alphabet. ~ 1. The Greek alphabet of to-day consists of the following letters, the names of which, to be pronounced as far as possible in English fashion, we have given under each character:Aa B 3C r F Ay E e Ah'lfah. Vee'tahi. G7hah'mah. Dheh'ltah. Eh'pseelon. z r H 7 0 9 a Zee'tah. Ee'tah. Thee'tah. I L K K Eeaw'tah. Kah'pach. A X I,u Lah'mvdhah. Mee. I 7r P p Pee. Rawz. Fe K) X % Fee. Khce. N v Nee. Ksee. isee. 0 o Aw'meekron. S s( T Tv See'gJhmah. Tahv. Ee'pseelon. q Ps Psee. Awm eh'ghah. The letter F (Gav, vahv), pronounced as f/, is only used in ancient (pre-classical) Greek words. B 2 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ~ 2. Of these letters, a, E, 77,,, v,, are vowels (owvIr7vra, fawnee'e7hnda), while the rest are consonants (cratowva, see'mfawnah); and two of the vowels, t and v, have, in certain positions, a consonantal or quasi-consonantal value. VOWELS. ~ 3. A sounds always as the English interjection ah! by which syllable we shall always represent it. E is like the sound of the English interjection eh! but rather broader, with a slight inclination to the sound of a in that. We shall represent it by eh. The nearest approximation in English to the exact sound is that of a in care. Our sound ai or ay in day, chaise, &c., has an ee sound at the end, which must be specially avoided in pronouncing E. H, I, and Y are phonetically equivalent, though etymologically distinct; they all sound like ee in see, and we shall represent them accordingly. O and Q are also indistinguishable in sound. Originally o was a long or double o. At present, when either stands last in a syllable, it has a tendency to be sounded somewhat longer than when followed in the same syllable by a consonant; and this applies more or less to all the vowels. O and o both sound like oa in broad, o in lord, or aw in saw. We shall represent them uniformly by aw. DIPHTHONGS. ~ 4. Although etymologically diphthong means " doublesound" (Greek, $8t0oyyo%, dhee'fth.angawss), most of the diphthongs at present, as already in the age of Greek grammarians of the Roman period, stand for a single vowel sound, while a few represent a vowel sound followed by that of a consonant. They are as follows: A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 3 At sounded as e in Greek, represented like that letter by eh in English. Et) O all sounded as i or ar; represented by ee. YtJ Ov sounds like oo in mood, and will be represented accordingly. Av sounds as ahv, except before 0, K, e Tr, o, T, g,) Xx,, when it sounds as ahf. Ev sounds, under the same conditions as the foregoing, etio and elf respectively. Hv as eev or eef, according to circumstances. Besides the diphthongs proper, there are three so-called improper diphthongs (&IOoyyoL KaTaXpirqTLKaL, dheefthaicngee kahtahkhreesteekeh'), viz. a, y, w, in which the letter t (eeaw'tah) is simply written under the vowel in question, but not pronounced. CONSONANTS. ~ 5. These are divided into simple and compound. The simple consonants are classified in two ways; first, according to the organs by which they are pronounced, as(a) Lip-letters: /3, rr, ), pt. (b) Tongue-letters: 8, A, r, 0, v, p, Pao. (c) Gutturals: 'y, K, X. Secondly, according to their qualities, as(a) Liquids: - Pu, vF p. (h) Sibilants: aZ-. (c) Spirants: either (a) sharp, as b, X, 0, or (i3) soft, as P, y, 8. (d) Hard Explodents (tenues): as tr, K, T. The true medials or soft explodents are only heard when 7r, K, and T are found in combination with /p and v. The compound or double consonants are -- ti, which stands for /3o, rto-, or Oar; and f, which stands for ycr, Ko, or Xc. B 2 4 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. With regard to the pronunciation of the consonants the reader should observeB sounds as v in English. r sounds as a rule like German g in Tag, lag, i. e. it is the guttural spirant, just as 83 is the labial. WAe shall represent it by gh. Before the vowels e, rj, and t, or their equivalents among the diphtllongs, however, y has the sound of y in yecar; while yy sounds as ng in the words anger, lo7ger, strongier, linger, &c., never as the mere guttural n in singer), rirnger, &c. This direction will be of little use to North Country people, as they constantly confound these perfectly distinct sounds. A further modification of the sound of y occurs when yy is followed by, rE, E, or their equivalents; in this case the sound of the last y is slightly palatalized, and may be best described as halfway between g and j. WVe shall represent it by an upright letter, to distingluish it from the surrounding italics, or vi,'c versa; thus ayyirpov, ach'cnggeestrauwn, 'a hook;' ayyElov, aClJlgele'acn, 'a vessel.' A sounds as the English th in then, t/ither, this, that, and all the pronouns and pronominal adverbs in which it occurs. AWe shall represent it by dch. Z is the English z, and will be so represented. 0 is the English th in thin, thorough, thousand, &c. We shall represent it by th. K is the English 7, save before the vowels c, r/, t, and their equivalents, where it has a slightly palatal sound inclining to ch in chturch, but stopping a good way short of it, except in the Cretan and some other dialects, where it is completely transformed into the English ch, like the Italian c in similar circumstances. We shall represent this modification, as in the case of y, by an upright letter in the midst of italics, as KaLp', kehraw'ss, 'tile;' Kr:pLos, kee'r'eeawss, 'Mr., 'Lord.' Besides this it is A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 5 to be noted that yK is phonetically equivalent in all respects to yy. A is the English 1, but before t, 77, v, &c., it sounds almost as ly, i. e. 1I in Spanish, lh in Portuguese. We shall represent it by an upright letter in the midst of italics, and vice versa; e. g. X-cro, lee'saw, ' I may loose.' M is equivalent to English m. It cannot stand as the last letter in a word. N is like n in English, but subject to the same modification as X under like conditions. This will be indicated in our transliteration in the same manner, e. g. vvv, neen, 'now.' is pronounced as English x in six, except when preceded by v, written y, in which case it is sounded qz, or like x in example; e. g. 0vog, xeh',nawss, ' a stranger,' 'guest;' but co-rtWyv, sfeengzee'n, ' to sphinxes.' II is sounded as p in English, except when preceded by t, when it sounds as b; e. g. 7rapa, pahrah', 'by,' 'than;' ut /17rropos, eh'mbawcraioss, ' a merchant.' P is equivalent to English r in embarrass, but is never pronounced smooth as in hard, bar. E is always sounded sharp, as the English s at the beginning of a word, except when followed by /j, in which case it has the sound of z; e. g. (r-os, saw'awss, 'safe;' but Sf'pva, Zmee'rnah, < Smyrna.' T sounds as the English t, except when preceded by v, in which case it is pronounced as d; e. g. rovos, taw'nawss, ' tone;' but Evwvos, eh'ndawna'wss, intense. < is the English f. X is sounded as the German ch in Bach, or the Scotch ch in loch, except before e, L, or their equivalents, when it is pronounced as German ch in ich, &c. We shall represent the first sound by kh, and the second by kh, or vice versa; e. g. raxa, tah'khah, 'perhaps;' but raxvs, tahkhee'ss, ' swift.' 6 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. q is sounded ps, except when preceded by /x, in which case it is pronounced as hz; e. g. fvXK, pseekhee',' soul;' but EpIvuXos, eh'nbzeekhawss, ' animate.' OTHER SIGNS. BREATHING. ~ 6. Every vowel or diphthong at the beginning of a word is marked by a sign called a breathing (7rvEcvLa, pneh'vmah). This breathing is either smooth (r/tX', pseelee') or rough (Saro-a, dh ahssee'ah)-sub. rrpocoSia, prawssawdhee'ah, accentual sign. The smooth breathing is written as a comma over the vowel, the rough as an inverted comma; thus aw', awdhee', 'a song;' 6803, awdhaw'ss, 'a way.' As in most of the modern languages of Southern Europe, the rough breathing is no longer heard, but only written. Its presence, however, in cultivated usage is recognized in case a consonant liable to aspiration immediately precedes; such consonants are rr, T, and K. Thus A7rr oJXwv, /lpqaw-aw'lawn, becomes, by elision of the o, (di' oXov, ahfaw'lawn; KaCra oov, kahtah-aw'loo-Kao0Xov, kahthaw'loo; ovx owT(oS, ookh oo'tawss, stands for OVK ovrts. The rough breathing is frequently, though not always, written over the p at the beginning of a word, as p68ov or po8ov, raw'dlawcn, 'a rose.' In the case of two p's coming together in one word, either the aspirate is omitted altogether, or the first p has the smooth, the second the rough breathing, as Oappos or Oappos, tt ah'rawss, ' courage.' In the case of initial diphthongs the breathing is written over the second vowel; if it stands over the first, the two vowels are heard separately; e. g. avXos, ahvlaw'ss, 'a flute;' but avXo, ah'-eelaass, ' immaterial. THE ACCENTS. ~ 7. With the exception of the following words: —, v (aw, ee), 'the,' masculine and feminine nominative singular; o[, al (ee, eh), A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7 'the,' masculine and feminine nominative plural; ed (ee), 'if;' us (acwss), 'as;' o, OVK, and ovX (oo, ook, ookh), ' not;' eK and Ce, 'out of '-all words in Greek are accented. The accents are three in kind:(a) The acute, o3eEa (awksee'ah), which indicates that the syllable so marked has the principal stress-a stress which is given much as in English, but usually with a more distinct elevation of tone. (b) The grave, 3apEZa (vahree'ah), which indicates that the syllable has a more decided stress than any unaccented syllable, yet less than one which has the acute accent. (c) The circumflex, 7rEpLOaTroW/evr (peh reespalwmeh'nee), in practice no longer distinguishable from the acute, though in theory and origin it is compounded of the acute and the grave. It was held by the ancient Greek grammarians that every unaccented syllable had in reality the grave accent; consequently a word like dyairacL (ahghahpah'ee), 'he loves,' might be regarded as if written Aya7ra'. When JyaTra'l was contracted to dyra', the accents ' were supposed to coalesce, and form a kind of musical wave or transition from a higher to a lower key. Hence arose the circumflex, first written ^, and afterwards in cursive manuscript rounded into " or '. It may be assumed that so long as the L subscriptum was heard in J-yara-, so long would the grave accent be heard; and then, when this was no longer audible, only the acute would be so. The acute accent may stand over either of the two last syllables but one in a word, or on the last syllable when it comes at the end of a sentence or clause; or over a monosyllable interrogative, as t's, T The grave accent can only stand over the last syllable of a word, or over monosyllables, as To utLKpOV 7rrr-vov a'ct, 'the little bird sings.' At the end of a clause or sentence the grave becomes acute, as 'a8t To /tKpOV 7rrTVOV, or oEL TO TTVOr/v TO MLKKpOV. In writing the acute is frequently used throughout in place of the grave. 8 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. The circumflex accent from the nature of the case cannot stand farther back than the last syllable but one; otherwise we should have to assume before contraction the existence of an acute accent on the last syllable but three, which is inadmissible: thus such a form as ugEOa would presuppose Ec'eEa, which is impossible. In the case of an accented diphthong, the accent like the breathing goes with the last vowel, and in case of an initial diphthong is written, if a grave or acute, after, if a circumflex, over the breathing; as av'T7, at/Aa, at, otvo, irou, ra, aVraL. The relative position of the accent and breathing is the same in the case of the simple vowel, as av, g v, vi), 's. In the case of initial capital vowels the accent and the btreathing are written before the vowel, as 'Abvat, t'A&8r, W'; but when a whole word or sentence is printed, both accents and breathings are usually omitted. STOPS. ~ 8. These are the comma, K/co/a (kaw'mah) or urroo'rwyr (eepawsteeghmee'), as in English. Full stop, rEXEta (tehlee'ah), as in English. Semicolon, /jtiKwoXov (eemee'kcawlavcwr), which serves the purposes both of the colon and semicolon in English; it is also called avo aT1Ly/Or) (ah'naiv steeghmee') or /ecrV uryTtw (melh'ssee steeghmee'), and consists of a dot placed at the top of the line, as 17 EK8tKr0L7s ElVaL yXvKELa e V TOTOLS (cTYXOEP1r(TLS EtvaL yXVKV'repa (ee ehkdhee'keesseess ee'neh ghleekee'ah; e7hndoo'teess ee seengrkhmaw'reesseess ee'eeh ghleekeeteh'rah), 'Revenge is sweet; notwithstanding, forgiveness is sweeter.' The sign of interrogation is the English semicolon, e.. g. ti; 'who?' OTHER SIGNS. The apostrophe, v aTroT-rpoos (ee a/ipaw'stra qfactss), does not differ in form or use from our own, as 7r' eeho9 (eep' eAmoo') for Vret 4Jo V (eepaw-ehmoo') 'by me.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK, 9 ~ 9. The coronis, q Kopwov& (ee Lcawraulnee'ss), is really the smooth breathing written over a vowel which is no longer initial, simply because two words have coalesced into one, e. g. TroXaXtLTOV (toolah'kheestawln) for Ti eXaXLo-rov (tawv-ehlah'kheestauwn), 'at least.' The dieresis, or as it is more usually called, To 8taXVTtKOV (taw-dheeahleeteekcsn'n), is sometimes used to distinguish two vowels separately pronounced from a diphthong, as KaruiEvAo (kah-eemeh'nawss), 'poor,' from Kav/yEvos (kahvnmeh'nawss), 'burnt.' This sign is indispensable where the syllable has neither accent nor breathing, otherwise these are sufficient to prevent confusion, as we have seen above. It is, however, generally written even where superfluous. The diastole or hypodiastole, &aao-ToX (dheeahstawlee') or vRro3aarroakj (eelpaiwdheeahstaelee'), is simply a comma used not to indicate an appreciable pause, but to distinguish the relative pronoun o,TL (aw'-tee) from the conjunction orm (cw'tee). N.B. The marking of every accent, and the fact that every syllable of which the sound has once been learnt, is always pronounced with uniform identity and distinctness wherever it may occur, renders the acquirement of a correct pronunciation of the language by the foreigner easier than that of any other European tongue. We conclude this introductory chapter by a sample of the Greek alphabet as written, with a sentence in cursive characters, which will be found on the following page. 10 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. MODERN GREEK AS WRITTEN. av C, 1, e. I 4"' oe-.C-, 4,,Uc"X — I %. - e - 0 - 1. I <___.o 44,- 4111..7 11 - I 3.-Z a- d V, & I 'I".. I &7 e VV P czp1 -g ~z.1 Table of the Blegular Changes whi1'h the Sounds of Words undergo in p, -.ingfr'om one Language to anothe.J'th _____ _____ Aryan Famnily of Speech. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PRIMITIVE THUTONIO. IDO-G&LLYI SINSCRIT. ZsErD. Gnasx~. ITILIAN. OL iHSCLAV01NIAN. LITH~uANIAN. ALDANIAN. RESTORED. GOHCGiRMIAN. a a aeoe a eo aiuaiau aiueo a eoes anei on aeo) 9 A A civ~~~~~~5s AI 6 6 Ai6nuo a o a o d8 C C i ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ai in if i I I L ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~i ei i i y I (5 5 (5 ii 1 u a (5 n n u 9 asi ag aso& &O a6 oi ae oe ai.1 es oj ens Ai Ct V T~~~'I's 111 aj ai au ao 6n avJev o' au on aunin o 6 in io n ova4 Au au a~~fu aV qu au av an i kc kkhkfgi kkhc2g c g(Umbr. V) h (g) h (g) kI6c s k sz k (h) k'g (t) g gg'3 ~~~g gh j 3zh 4 y c ~ h g z gj4 g' gli gh h g gh jzh z x hinitial, gin mid. g g (k) g~. g z4 hz 8 t tth tth vr t th (d) d t t t d d d dh 8 d t 8Z s d d 8 d dhi di d dh o {Lat. Umbra) d t d d d P p ph P f Tr P f f v(b) p p p bh bli b (w) fLat 0brf. b b (p) b b b (g) zt A i r fi il -ybefore gutturals n n nn n n n'lo an In I In In In In In In r r r p r r r r r rrP11 1 1 ~~~~~ ~~r A 1 1 1 1 1 1l'51, y final y initial jj j jjy a ssh s 9sh h oT, 'initial 8(r) s(c) s (r) s ch T assg' v v v F v v w v v v I k' ch in church: 9 = a palatal sometimes heard in the months of 5 V yea in year, and is similar to Lithuanian a. children who cannot pronounce our sh. e1 a long, narrow, ay sound inclining to ee. 2 c (Zend) = k' Sanscrit, and 6~ Slavonic, while Slav. c = German I pron. fs. n like on in Soar. 3g' j in English and in Zend. The Albanian k' and g' respectively 8 as French e in le, de, &c. are similar. q French u, German iU. 4zh, =sound of a in pleasure; or French j: 8 in Slav. and Albanian, "' I and n' like Spanish 11 and (5 respectively: i. n. liqnid. and Sz in Lithuanian = sh in English and Zend. 11 i rough r. These various transliterations might easily be made more consistent, but only at the expense of disturbing existing usage. 12 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. IIPfTON MAOHMA.-FIRST LESSON. Praw'tawn mah'theemah. 7rpwTov: neuter nominative of TrprTo-, superlative degree of 7rpo, akin to English fore, of which first is also superlative. Hence TrpWTOV =- first.' Oad0r/ta: from root jJaO-, 'learn;' link-vowel - and noun ending -/ar-, the r necessarily lost at the end. Hence /kaOr a, 'a thing learnt,' 'a lesson.' jua- for /av0-, is kin to English mind. N.B. -r cannot stand at end of a word. 'H EO7Trepls Tov Kvplov Sovo-a/LaKi7. Ee ehspehree'ss too Eeeree'oo Soossahmah'kee. The evening-party of-the Mr. Ssamdl'kis, or Mr. Sasamnzais' evening-party. 'H: feminine nominative article, kin to English she, and standing for o-l; cf. e$ for oce, 'six.' cTrEpL -E- Treppil3 + s (nominative ending), from root o —epfor Feo-rrep-, compare vesper, Latin, and stem-ending -L8. Hence (oTrEpl3- -= an even-ing,' i. e. an open evening. To9: shortened from roio for ro5^o,1 possessive or genitive of TO- (masculine and neuter stem) -- the, with which it is cognate. Kvptov: for Kvpioto, Kvptooao, possessive or genitive of KvpLo-, 'lord,' 'master,' gentleman,' Mr.,' 'sir.' Yov-ralAdKaq: possessive or genitive of ovreov/tLaK/, proper name. Ol fKoyevetacal o'fcrKva'. Eekawyehneeahkeh' skeeneh. Domestic scenes. 'KoyevELaKaL t = plural nominative ending; a sign of fe nine gender; K makes adjective of oEKoyevELa, 'family,' formied of noun ending -eta, and roots OLKo- for FOLKO-, Latin vicns 1 The Greeks represent the consonantal value of i by writing that letter inverted and circumflexed, thus,,. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 1 13 (vico-s), ' a dwelling,' and 7Ev-, English kin. Hence o1Ko7EcvEtaKaL -'belongingr-to-house-kinidred,' ' domestic.' Co-K7vaL: plural Of O-K-7Vq-, -whence our scene, cognate with Sheen, shine. 'O Ki'pto9 Hap~aXo'v Kcal 1i Kvptia Hlap~aXoi3 ELV Aw Kee'reeawss Pardhahlaw'ss lceh ee Xeeree'ah Pardhahloo' eeneh Thie Mr. Pardalo's and the Mrs. Pardalo's are 77-P00-KEKX?JALE'VO To" E0-77-epaq ca o7v~avaa-Tp0o V. prawslehkleemeh'nee taw ehspeh'rahss eess seenahnahstrawfee'n" inUflted the eveainhg to a p~arty. 0: for 10', kin to Gerraanje in "je lunger je lieber," nominative masculine definite article - the.' Kt'L`o'0: nominative of KlipLo-. Hlap~aXo': nomninative of llap&aX?-_, proper name. Kat,' and,' kin to Latin qute. Kvpi'a, feminine of Kv'pto-, accent drawn forward to C because a is long, 'AMrs.,' ' lady.' H1ap6uA~oZ: for Ilap~aXO'7, feminine by ending -q Of llap8aXo'-. ELVE: for E'VT', and that for d'o-VT'L, from root E'oG — ' be,' cf. Eng~lish 'is, and -FTL, personal endincr - they.' It means both Lhe, she, or it] ' is' and [they] I are.' Hence JLVE [they] I'are.',7zpo3KEKX-q/fE'VOt: from 7wp03, 'to,' and KEXq1EVOL, nomintv masculine plural (by ending L) Of KEKX-q/XEV0-, perfect participle passive by reduplication and lengthening of vowvel from root KXE-, also KcaX-, KEX-, ' call;' not related to call, for K Must= h 2E English, but probably to hal- in halloa! hol- in hollow, holloo, &C. T'rd: neuter, also crude form of article TO- = the, wvith -which it is cognate. E&=,Epas: indeclinable neuter, from root Eo-(r~rp- for F~o-' '7 kin to vesp~er, ' evening.' The case of io' E'o-w~'pa,3 is called in 2 See table on page 11. 14 14 ~~A GUTIDE TO MODERN GREEK. grammars the accusative of time; it means here 'for the even'Thy0 fd, 'to,' preposition always with accusative case. c-vvcavao-Tp04flv accuative case of awvavao-rpoc/4, from root Ocrpek-, I'turn,'whence, with changedvowel usual in forming nouns, o-Tpoo-'j-, 'a turning' + o-i'v = 'together,' dva', 'up,' 'about.' He-nce uvvavao-rpoc/- 'a turning about together,' the literal equivalent of 'conversation,' from Latin con-~, ' together,' versa-, 'turn about' - conversazione' (Italian), i. e. company, party. EXERCISE I. b Kv'ptos Hap&aX6'1 KaZ -q Kvpt'aL JVE 7rrpO1KCKX-q~E'V~t GEL0K0 -YEvE1aKqjv ovvavao-rpoc/'v. 'H e'-ret r-ov Kvpt'ov Hlap~ai~ov. To Vo-rrEpas EICpCT KEKX-q/bE'VOL 6' Kv'pt0o3 Kal yj Kvpi'a. 'UK?7V1) CLv~ o1Ko-}/cvEaK~7 In the evening [there] is a party. The domestic scene. The gentleman and the lady are invited. Mr. and Mrs. Pardal&s are at the party for the evening. AETTEPON MAeHMA. —SECOND LESSON. Dheh'ftehrawn rnah'theemah. 8EV'TCp0V:_ from 81EV-, strengthened from 8v- in Uvo, our two + T-epov, neuter nominative of Tcpo-, comparative endingy of adjectives. Hence 865Evrpov - two-er, twoth, or -second. 'O K 'pco,?:ovaapa/IK77 v57rc'XXfXoT To' rypaocl'ov 06wep Aw Kee'reeawss Soossahmah'keess eepah'leelawss too ghrahfeeloo aw'pehr [The] M11r. Susamd his clerkc of-the offce which &EvOu'veL 0 Kz'ptoq? Hap~aX6,, 6EvV/~eV'0f 7rp6 LW dheeehfthee'nee aw Kee'reeawss Pardhahlaw'iss ehneenafeh'fthee praw'teenawn manages [the] Mr. Pardalo8, had married before some, /1a7 vcw V T? cyaO13 avJ~p aet -ro' 'n-poI rai ou 'JQy meenaw'n tee ahghahthee' seembrah'ksee too praweestahmeh'noo-too, mionths with the, kind help of-the prince~pal of him, A GUIDE TO MO0DERN GREEK. 1 15 '7rXovT aiav ploossee'awn a rich neem'feen ehA; bride from H~aTrpcW Pahtraw'n Patras9 e~ov~cav FLE 1 va eh'khoossahn mehn eh'nah having in~deed on-e 0346caX~4wv Auy~p'Eov azvrot;, awfthahlmaw'n awleeghaw'tehrawn WMto' eyeC less3 thani-he, aLX ELt a7To~~7/atO'&Wt ahl' eess ahpawzeemee'awsseen but for comp~ensation Tot; EXXETOPTOI? too ehlee'pawndawss of the lacking O'OOaXFtov', 'Se~a7TeVTE e"TI)?,)XtKt~aS awfthahlmoo', dhehkahpeh'ndeh eh'tee eeleekee'ahss eye, fifteen years of-age, 7repwar-Ooepa, Kal b EL~(Lo flL -te7V TCOV 7TrpLtCI0EVOVTWIJ pehreessaw'tehrah keh eess ahpawzeemee'awsseen tawn-behree.Ssehvaw'ndawn more,9 and for compensation of-the exzcessive 8elca7Te'VT6 'ETC~fl'v dhehkahpeh'ndeh ehtaw'n, fifteen years, 'rptaKol)Ta 71'EZ'T6 X a treeah'kawndah Peh'ndeh kheeleeah'dhahsa thirty - five thousands 8pa~jptwv 77-potKa. dhrahkhmaw'n pree'kah. of-drachins dowry. t'aWnrXqXos: nominative masculine of nvra'Xk-qXo-, compounded of '~r', 'under,' for avwbo, kin to Latin sub, and DX~y~o-, a reduplicated form of aXXo- standing for aXlko, andi kin to Latin alio-, our el in else, &c. - other.' Hence JAk*o — 'one another,' U~r 4XXXo- 'under one another,' ' subordinate,' 'clerk.' Similarly formed are KaT-a'QXXqXo0- (from Kam', 'according to,' and foregoing) - 'fit,' 'suitable,' and rrapcatX-qko- (from riapo", 'beside,' &c.) 'side by side with each other,' ' parallel.' Observe prepositions ending in a and o, except rpjx, lose these syllables in composition. Not so the of r1epL i-o^: originally T'61r70, from root ro- =thie + mio genitive (masculine and neuter) ending 'of the.' -ypaqdELov: genitive of ypact4`Fo-, as -roi' of tro-. Observe change of accent. The theory of this is as follows:-Every syllable in Greek not having the acute accent ', or high tone, is supposed to 16 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. have the grave, or low tone. ypaOEto-, four syllables, contracts to ypa4ero-, the ' and the ' combining to form ^ or", the circumflex. But ypaE(lov is contracted from ypacE'L'oogo, and as the acute cannot stand further back than the third syllable in Greek, it follows that in the old form of ypacELov it could not have fallen on the E; hence the combination Et = EL could not arise. From this we get the general rule-first, that the circumflex can never stand further back than the second syllable; and, further, that in no case can it be followed by a contracted syllable. It may be followed by a long syllable not arising from contraction, e.. gr. TrEo/, IpLVoKEpo(. 7pacELo- is from root ypac-, cognate with which, + an s lost in Greek, we have scrib-, Latin, schreib, German, and s/lrive, English (the priest writing down the confessions of the penitent) + co-, noun ending with local meaning. Hence ypa0elo 'writing-place,' 'office.' 07ep: from O, neuter (also root form) of relative pronoun (see above) + 7rEp, intensive or emphatic particle, kin to per, Latin, far, English, in sense of 'very.' Hence o'rep = literally 'the very one which.' 8LEVOVVEL: from &a for sh&a, kin to Uvo, also to tro, tchice, be-tweet, a preposition here meaning 'in two [or more] directions' + ei.-vv-, verbal stem from root EvB'-,'strai 'straight 'straighten.' Hence 8LEcVOV- =- 'straighten in all directions,' 'control,' 'direct,' like Latin di-riy-, in d(lli/rere. -EL = 3rd person singular, 'he,' 'she,' or 'it,' corresponding to English s. Hence 8LEvOvvcE - 'directs.' evv/Iev0rq: e-, sign of past time placed before every past tense; vvIAEvV-, verbal stem from vvfiuj, 'bride,' the suffix -Ev meaning 'be,' 'become '-hence vvJLEv- = 'become a bride;' -6 -- ' he was' or ' was.' Hence ivvuEv'r0 =- '[he] was become a bride to,' i. e. a bride was given to him, or he married (transitive). With vfIJ-7-q are connected Latin nubeo, and the English derivative, nzuptials, A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 17 7rpd, kin to English -fore, fore-, &c. = 'before;' a preposition construed with genitive case. LrtvWv: stem riv- for KILV-, kin to Latin qni-s, English which, &c. - 'some' + genitive plural ending -v v; accent thrown back upon rrpo. UI7vwv: stem frU77-, kin to month, mo, moo, &c. + same ending -ov. i: sterm 7 — (feminine form of definite article) + t, sign of dative, now written underneath called Iwra situscri)tumn, meaning 'by the' or ' with the.' ayanO, ending as in roJ: stem ayaO- means 'good' or 'kind,' by suffix -0-, from root aya-, which appears in ayaalat, I admire,' ayav, 'very.' ov/l7rpdae: t as above, added to o(-t7rrpa4E-, modified from c(vflrpant-, from root 7rpaK-, ' do' + o-vy- (as single word o-v) = with,' old form f$1v for KVv, kin to Latin cim, con-, Italian and Spanish con, Portuguese corn + noun ending -o- - — ing. Hence O-v/l7paK-o-L-, written o-tv/rpa$t- 'a doing-with' or 'doing together,' 'co-operation,' 'aid,'' help;' thus, -r adyaIOi o-uv rpacEtL, ' with the kind aid.' The dative is here used in an instrumental sense. This phrase is a resuscitation of classical usage. The popular modern Greek would be e /J ri-v ayaOjv avFrpaetv. rTV, explained above, only here masculine, not neuter. Trpoo-rTake'rov: 7rpo as above, only here in composition 'fore,' 'before;' -ov ending as that of To', &c.; /ErV-, participial suffix corresponding to English -ing, only that it is not primarily active and transitive, but, as here, passive, middle, or intransitive in meaning; t[0-a- for to-rTa-, imperfect (reduplicated) stem fron root (r-a-, kin to sta- in stand. Hence TOl 7rpoL'Ta-,uevov = ' of the before-standing-one,' i. e. principal. TO: the grammatical form the same as roV explained above, but in sense a modern relic of the old Homeric meaning of so-, which was not 'the' but 'he.' Hence TOV without the accent as enclitic, or with it as proclitic, means ' of him,' his.' TOi,rpoor'rTaEvov TOv, ' of his principal.' C 18 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7rXovao-av vvijfv: in both these words the v is the sign of the objective or accusative case. Subtract it, and we get the stems rrXovo-la', vdJSL07-, respectively. vvfJL)- as above; 7rXovcta-, feminine adjective formed by suffix oria-, from root 7rAou- for 7rXeo-, kin to full. Hence vrXovoLa = ' rich.' K: before vowels Ei, kin to Latin ex, e, ec (in compounds), out of,' ' from.' rIlarpov: genitivc plural, contracted from Harpdwv (hence circumflex), from IIdrpat, of which the accusative plural lIarpag, ' Patras,' from its frequent occurrence has become the name by which foreigners know the town. 'Xovaav: v as above; E'ovoa-, feminine participle imperfect active for xovroaa, which cannot stand in Greek, from EXovr-, participial stem + oa-, feminine suffix; -ovr- answers to our 'ing,' and is cognate with the German ending -end in hablent, liebea1d, &c.; X- means 'have,' probably for o-eX-, and cognate with German Sieg, 'victory,' i. e. the holding out against, or successfully withstanding an enemy. Hence xovaav =- 'having,' or more idiomatically, ' with.' /ev: a little word or particle hard to render, and seldlom rendered in English. 'Indeed' is its nearest equivalent, but is too strong. The German zwar almost exactly answers in sense and use. Eva: for Evav, which is likewise the popular form; v- means 'one,' to which it may be related; -av is accusative ending. 0XfOaXpov: v accusative ending; stem DrOakXAo-, ' eye,' from root Osr-, originally KoF-, 'see,' with which Latin oculus and German Auge, English eye, from Anglo-Saxon eage, are akin, +- 0aX'o-, a suffix of obscure derivation. The word is masculine. oXLywTrepov: ending -ov as in ofOaX/fLov; oXtyoWrep-o-, comparative of oX-yo-, which is made up of adjectival suffix -o + root Xiy-, with prefix (merely phonetic, and in some dialects, notably in modern Romaic, wanting) o-; AXy- seems to stand for an A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 19 original XLK-, with which are probably cognate, Low Dutch leeg or laag, and English low, perhaps also least. avrov: ending as in roe, &c.; aVro-, masculine personal pronoun, = he,' ' him,' &c. oXLty7Tpov aiwrov, literally less of him,' i. e. less than he. Various prepositions or cases are used in different languages to express this relation. In Hebrew and the Semitic languages generally min, ' from,' is employed. In the north of England they say " better till him," i. e. better to him. We ourselves say "my elders," "my betters," where 'my' is possessive or genitive. AXX' = dXX, the -a being cut off before the following vowel; aXXa for aXLa, cognate with alius, alias, &c., in Latin, and with aXXos for aXaos in Greek, means literally 'otherwise;' hence 'moreover,' 'but.' Cs, see above; here equivalent to ' for' or 'as.' a7ro0itxlwotv: v as above; at as above in -7rpaK-crt-; a7ro~i]k(o-, with o lengthened in derivation from aroy/to-, verbal stem meaning 'to compensate,' 'indemnify;' from a7ro, 'from,' and Z/&xa, old form 8alta, cognate with damnuzm, and dem in indemnify. Hence a7ror/orWo-L- = 'indemnification.' EXXELorroVTs: -os, genitive masculine ending; -ovT- explained above, cf. 'Xovo-a; iXXe5Ir- for e'vXEr-, from v, 'in,' and XELTr-, strengthened imperfect stem from root XLt- for XtKF-, kin to Latin licv-, root of linquo, &c.; XLKF- meaning 'leave' or ' fail.' Hence eXXt7r-, 'lack,' 'be wanting.' Torov XXetrovroV s oOaXAov, 'of the lacking eye.' 8EKa7rEVTre: 3eKa, kin to decem, Gothic taihun, German zehin, our ten; 7TCrVT for Tre/re, German fiinf for famtf, our five for fife, and that for finf. Hence 8eKa7revrE = ten + five 'fifteen.' frkT: for Trea, old form FerEca, from stem FFereo —, kin to Albanian s, 'year,' Latin vetus, 'old;' a being neuter plural ending, here accusative after EXovo-a. c2 20 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. jXLKt'a: S, sign of genitive singular; -Ia-, substantive suffix, making noun of ACLK-, adjectival stem, meaning literally " how great;" hence "how old;" thus LKX1tKL = '[a certain] age.' 7repLo-croTEpa: a as in EEa; -orTp- as in o6LyorEpov;3 7rEPL-cr(for rrept-K0-), formed from root 7rEp-, kin to fur- in further, meaning ' abounding,' 'excessive.' Hence 7repUro-oTepa = 'more,' or 'more excessive.' Of the adjective 7repLcro — i7- o-, there is another form, the later Attic TrptETO-, K.T.X. But TrEpLTTO- when used in Modern Greek means 'superfluous,' the old classical sense, whereas 7rept(r0o-rEpo- is the only comparative form in use, and signifies simply 'more,' as already in the New Testament. rwv: genitive plural of Tr-. WrepLOacrEVOVTrw: -wv as in rwv, rtIvv, K.T.X.; -OVT- as explained above; 7rep(-o-rev-, verb from 7rzepto —, meaning 'to be in excess.' Hence rJv 7rpto(r0EVO'VTOV, 'the being-in-excess,' ' the excessive.' ETW: for TErov; hence circumflex; cf. Harprv. TptaKovTa: from rpta- = ' three' (in composition), and -KovTra, an ending answering in sense to -ty in English. Hence TrpLaKovTa = 'thirty.' tXitaas: ending -as for avs, accusative plural feminine; -as-, substantive suffix used to form a collective noun from numeral XLXL- (o- a- o-) = 'thousand.' Hence 'a thousand.' [XAL- is probably connected with XtXA- 'straw,' Latin hilo- hilum, from the difficulty of counting stiaws in a stack. 8pax!Iov: ending as above; for 8paXkaowv: stem $paXlua-, literally 'a handful;' kin to 8pacro-oo/aL for 8paKio/tla, 'I lay hold of:' /Ja being verbal substantive suffix. The nominative singular is 8paX/ltr. The Greek apaXlk, in modern as in ancient times, is about 82d. of our money. 7rpoLKa: for 7rpoLKav, accusative singular of 7rpoZK- for Trp'K-, 'dowry;' probably kin to Latin procus, ' suitor,' precor, 'I pray,' German fragen, 'ask.' 3 Observe, however, that in forming degrees of comparison, o follows a long, w a short vowel, in the preceding syllable. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 2 21 IDIOMATIC ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE ABOVE. Mr. and Mrs. Pardal6s are invited out for the evening,. Mr. Susamadkis, clerk at the office managed by Mr. Pardalo's, had married, a few mouths before, a rich bride from Patras, with one eye less than himself, 'tis true, but as a set off to the eye that was wanting, with fifteen years' seniority, and as a set off to the fifteen extra years, with thirty-five thousand draclims of dowry. EXERCISE IT. Mr. and Mrs. Susamadkis are invited out for the evening. Mr. Pardalo's had married a wife a few months before. He had married a wife with a dowry. He had married one eye less, but a dowry of thirty-five thousand drachms. Fifteen years' seniority are as an indemnity for one eye, less. CO KV'Ptos Yovo-atxazKr/13 EW~E v~raLXX-qXo, Toy' Kvptlov Hap8aXo~3. '0 KV'pto; 8LE12OV'VEL Tni ypaOfE'Lov. Tii ypa,~Jtov 071rEp &LEVOV'VEt o' Kv'pto,; '5ovcra/Aa'K-) ElvE To ypacIEtov -roe Kvpt'ov llap~aXoi3. 'H Kvpt'a H1ap&aXoZ3EZVE 7TpOLTKEKX-q/JtE`Vq To' EOW~E~pacE'3 EL7 vvavaorTpo0rr'v. 'H Kvpta "'xEL 7rpoLKa T-rV rJXtK'aV. 0KV'pt0o 1EVV/J10 VO~ irp TtVWV FL'?VWVY VV/A47)V 2r,\ovotav LE~v, a'Xhat E`Xovo-av EVa 0'O)aXpJov &kXqyWTEPOV, Kat. ~3KEV ETE q ~~7rrEpLto-o-Tcpa aLVTOV. TPITON MAeHMA.-THIRD LESSON. Tree'tawn maah'theemah. 'rtkin to Engrlish three. 'O 0o\/3toq VlovaaaFa'K?7S~ E0vXX? 1Y'00y'o?7 r caT'- a'pXa\s et'4 Aw aw'lveeawss Soossahmah'keess ehseelawyee'sthee taw kaht'arkhiah'ss eess The fortunate Susamahis thought at first in,7raP~,vrypto7.LOV 70) CT7ov~at'Ol T01)T0V ica& EVTVXOJVg pahneeveereezmaw'n too spoodheh'-oo tootoo keli elifteekhoo'ss celebration of the important this and happy (TV/A/3E/3?7K07'T701) /V'3101) TOV.) Va &)0-77 X0POV" eL( seemvehveekaw'tawss too vee'oo too, nah dhaw'ssee khaw-raw'n eess event of the hife of-him, that he-should-give a-bali to 22 22 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ToVI? 7rapavvlAc7ov rnaTJv rc w yalmv T0o 'n-Epavtoosm pahrahnee'mfooss teen ahftee'n tawn ghah'mawin-too ehspeh'rahn the wedding-guests the very of-the marriage of-him evening; ELXE & U/l0t-Ta 7rapaKaXEo0-Et Ka't vw77a~t&)aTtfio0v T-va eekheh dheh mah'leestah pahrahkahleh'ssee keh eepahkseeawmabteekaw'n-deenah he-had too actually begged, also a non-commissioned officer.~ioCNO TOV V' T7~ ' 'ro 0~i-y Cc7)9o'paTo7-LK'qq fee'lawn-doo nah taw prawmeetheh'fssee ehk teess strahteeawteekee'ss friend-of-him that him he-sh ould-procure from the military ttov01LK~q eV q/Aa'OVTOV, e'V KXapwiE'TTov, Ka' VTOVW moosseekee'ss elm flahlootawn, ehm klahreeneh'tawn, keh ehn trawmbaw',neo band a flute, a clarionette, and a trombone, 97)TOt eva 7rXayi'avXov, eva 0'zVavXov, lca',uiav ee'tee ehinah plahyee'ahvlawn, eh'nali awksee'ahvI1'n, kceh mee'ahn or-in-oth er-words a sideways-pipe, a shrill-pipe, and a f8apvcra'X7rvy~ya c' rypau0ovo-t o-77'iCpov o[ 0 eOboaToLT0 vahreessahllpeengghah awss ghrah'foossee see'mehrawn ee neh-awfaw'teestee heavy-trumpet as write to-day the newly-enlightened -ri, ryXco'o-o-p Ka~aptOTa1, 077-(O9 TO evapliomtov avTrWV toess ghlaw'aseess kahthahreesteh', aw'pawss taw ehnarmaw'neeawn ahftaw'n of the language purifiers, in-order-that the harmnonious ofthem,,u~Xo9 T~pWO77701)9 7O~a9 7-V T7tp oKK0 lEPCWV. meh'lawss ptehraw'ssee tooss paw'dhahss tawn prawskehkleemeh'nawn. strain might-wing the feet of-the invited-ones. O'X,3to,;: i'X/3w- + s, sign of nominative. Probably for -o'X/3tos, cf. Latin salvus, whence "1salvation," German selig, English silly, the old meaning of which was ' happy.' EuvXXo-ytc'O-q: form as 4upt /E1S07 (see above), from stem a-vXXoy/t&-, 8 becoming a- before 0; o-vAXo-yt8- is a verbal stem Xo-yt8- compounded with preposition a-vv (see above), formed of X4-yo-, 'word,' 'ground,' or 'reason,' hence XoryCNo~at for Xoyt' S?,opa (the i being added for imperfect tenses), 'I reason.' a-iA A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 23 Xoy[TofLat, 'I reason with myself,' I think.' In older Greek, when the avv was still felt as a separate word, the augment e was inserted between it and the verb, thus o-vvEXoyfo-Orj instead of &'vAXoyro'6Ov. KaT: for Kayra before vowel, preposition construed with accusative in sense of ' at;' elsewhere with genitive it means ' against,' or' down on to,' as Ka'T dapXv, 'against principles,' KaTa yE7s, ' down on to the earth.' dpXas: stem dpXa- + s for vs, accusative plural ending = 'beginnings.' Hence Kar' JpXya, 'at beginnings,' 'at first.' With this is cognate apXo, 'I am first,' I rule;' Sanscrit arhdmi, Zend arey, 'deserve,' 'be noble,' whence the word Aryan, i. e. the noble or ruling race. Observe the Greeks say TO KcaT' pXas, ' the at first,' instead of 'at the first.' 7ravryvptLoapov v sign of accusative after EsL (see above); 7rav7yvpLixFLo-, po- =verbal substantive ending, making noun of verbal stem 7ravrqyvpt8- (8 becoming cr before /x); 7ravqryvpi- is also a substantive stem, and means 'fair,' merry-making,' from 7rav (for 7rarv) =- all,' and -iyvp- or ayvp-, bye-form of ayetp-, root dayp-, ' to gather.' Hence 'a gathering of all,'' a general gathering.' From root aJyep- is formed also the noun dyopa, 'a market-place,' whence ayopao), (ayopa8o),' I market,' "I buy.' or-rovatLov, genitive neuter of o7rovatZo- (observe accent), from substantive stem oa7rovSc- + adjective suffix to- La-. Sr-ovSameans 'haste,' 'zeal,' ' earnest.' It stands for o-rovSa-, T having become 7r through the influence of the vowel sound ov, which is a lip-vowel; and answers to the Latin studitum, studeo, &c., whence our study. EVTVXo'S: contracted from EVTuVXEos = adjective stem EVTVX(o-) + os, genitive ending, from ev, 'well,' and root TvX-, 'to hit,' 'strike,' 'hap;' ev stands for Eov, Sanscrit st for asu, and is perhaps cognate to root as, Greek es = 'be,' preserved in English is: according to Pope's view, "whatever is, is right." 24 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. rv/iuEP-TKOTo's: for o-v + f/E,37K6O-, reduplicated participle perfect active, from root ia- for ya-, English come + genitive ending -os. The insertion of K is common but not invariable in the formation of perfects. The active perfect is a classical, not a vernacular, form. o-vJ3a- meaning 'come together,' or 'go together;' hence ' happen,' TO oUvf1PEfrlcos mleans 'the happening,' 'the event.' ptov: from ftio-, 'life,' cognate with Latin viVus, vita, &c. va: relic of [va, conjunction, 'that.' 8&-q7: so-, lengthened in formation to 8o-, 'give' + or, sign of aorist or momentary tense, and,, subjunctive third person ending 'he may:' here 'he should' or 'might,' but on account purely of the context, the subjunctive having no power in itself to distinguish past from present. This can only be done in the indicative by the prefix E. -. stands for -rtL, as in the present indicative -ct does for -Er. The falling out of a consonant, especially o- or r between two vowels, is a constant characteristic of Greek etymology. v 'a 8o- is the Modern Greek way of saying 'to give,' the use of the infinitive being extremely limited. Xopv: for v see above; Xopo-, probably originally the enclosed green where dances took place, kin to Xop-ro', 'grass,' 'sward,' Latin Ihorts, English farcde and yard. Tovs: for TSvS =- o-, ' the' + v3, sign of accusative plural. 7rapavtfL+ovS: ending as above; 7rapavvfLto- (observe accent) from 7rapa, preposition meaning ' by,' along with,' and vI' Oa-, 'bride.' Hence 7rapdvvf0to-, 'bride-attendant,' 'wedding-guest.' Tv =-,7~-, 'the' (feminine) + v, sign of accusative; cf. acvvavaorTpoj'v, vv'i<p4]v. a{)TrkV: ending as above; a\rl-, feminine form of a'-, explained above. yda/wv: ending as in Trv, K.T.X.; ya/to-, marriage;' cf. yauppo's for yaj/-pos, 'kinsman by marriage,' Latin gener, English kin, kicnred. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 25 Ecr-7rpavr=-' repa-, feminine form, from root C'wep-,' evening' (cf. neuter eo-re'pa3) + v, sign of accusative, as above. EXE: shortened from EcXE, in which ' = sign of past time, ex- = 'have,' and e signifies 'he.' Hence EItXE ' did have-he,' i.e. he had. 8e: adverbial conjunction; the English too, German zu, Dutch te, the two latter, however, differing in use. paXtLo-a: superlative of /aXa, 'much;' hence '= very much,' 'actually,' 'indeed.' It is the commonest word for 'yes' in Modern Greek. 7rapaKaXEol EL': rapaKaXe-, from zrapa and KaXc-, explained above = ' call to one's side,' beg,' 'ask ' + -O-eL, classical -(rat, ending of first aorist infinitive active; used in Modern Greek to form the compound pluperfect ctXE 7rapaKaXe(Ore, 'had asked.' VTra(tw)xarTKoV: from V;rr for avrro, kin to Latin sub, 'under,' and altwbkLaTrKo-, from aotwxta, which is formed from verbal stein aeto- (Modern Greek, dtov-), 'to count worthy,' 'to claim,' 'to demand,' from aeto-, 'worthy,' and this from root ay-, 'to bring' + adjective suffix -o-o-, whence aycLo- = _ /ao-, 'to be brought,' ' worth taking.' Hence aLto + par- with vowel lengthened in composition gives us Jlt'o(xar-, ' a claim,'' demand,' 'dignity,' 'office;' hence with adjective suffix adto)LartKo-, 'an officer,' -, officer,' raa LK-, an fficer,' ' a non-commissioned officer.' rtva (cf. rtv0v above): for rtvav = TL + av (accusative ending) = 'some,n 'a;' used here, as elsewhere the numeral, for the inlefinite article. Observe loss of accent thrown back on preceding word, of which the grave becomes acute. 4'Xov = 4fXo + v, 'a friend; perhaps kin to OvX\/ (from root Ov-, English be) - 'race,' kindred.' T: TO- + L, dative = 'him, 'for him.' rrpopLr7Oevo'a: ending, &c., as in &8o-r; rrpo/lyOev-, from 7rpo/ rOe-, originally -rpo/ty0e-, ' thoughtful,' 'provident.' Hence 7rpop/r0evW, ' I am thoughtful,' ' I provide,' 'procure.' 26 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 'ats: T7 + s, genitive ending 'of the,' feminine. (rTpartWiTtK's: ending as above; Kq?-, adjectival suffix; c-TparTWTrLfor orpaTLwrW-, ' a soldier '-this from o-rpaTrt-, ' an army.' Hence cTpaTrLWfKo - /- o-, o military.' pOUvcLK5s: adjective used as substantive, formed similarly to above, from p/oZaca, 'a muse,' ' music;' uoo-a stands for ltov —a, oaa = feminine ending, as elsewhere; puov- is kin to mind, mental, &c. Ev: neuter and crude form of numeral. ~XAoovo == (jXaovro (Italian flauto) + v, neuter nominative, vocative or accusative ending; so KXaptvE'irro. TrpofJLrvL for ropl-rvtov, later form of rpopLXrowvv. Hence, dropping v, rpo/7rOV, from Italian trombone. r-XaytavXov: from rXayto- = 'sideways,' and aVXo-, ' a pipe ' or 'flute.' This, like the following, is a manufactured Greek word employed by modern purists to supplant the foreign importation given above. Observe change of accent in composition. 6ivavXov: as above, with ov';- '=shrill,' sharp.' /apva-a'XrLyya: /3apv-, originally yapv-, kin to gravis, Latin, 'grave' + o-aX7tryy- + a(v), accusative singular ending 'trumpet.' The suffix -Lyy- individualizes. The root ora7Xr- for a:aXrr- is probably kin to swallow, sc7iwalbe. ypdqaova-t: for ypdkovTL, from ypao-, 'write,' our grave in engrave, Latin scrib-ee e; also kin to ' scrub,' rub.' The s before the original Indo-Germanic k probably preserved it as g in the Teutonic languages, or as c in scrub, whereas in rub it has first become h, according to Grimm's law, and then disappeared. For the identity of scrub and rub, cf. German schreiben and reiben. acrj7iEpov told form rTEcpoV): from /qIEP-, root of ~/1dpa, 'day,' and r-, root consonant of article, once demonstrative. Cf. roapa for Xj opa9, now.' o[: nominative plural masculine of 6-, 'the.' VEoCWTLCTTo'L from veo-, our newu, and Wrto-ro[, verbal adjective (observe accent) from (oTL-, formed (like Xoyut- above) A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 27 from &^gr for qador, 'light,' formed in turn by substantival suffix or- from ca-, ' show,' ' declare;' cf. Latin fama, 'fame,' fa-ri, ' to speak,' &c. yXwrors -= yXwaorar-, Ionic form of yXacro-a- for yXWKxa, ' tongue.' N.B.-These Ionic forms are retained only in genitive and dative. The nominative and accusative are -yXio-oa, yXJo-aav. KaCapLo-TraL: from KaOapLt-, 'cleanse,' formed (as above) from KaOapo-, 'clean' + suffix Ta.- sign of agent + t, sign of nominative plural. OrroS (originally O7rTrt): old instrumental case used for adverb of stem o7ro- (for 0-KFo-), which' (cf. wrov, genitive in locative sense ' where,' &c.) = 'by which means,' 'how,' 'in order that.' Evapttovtov: compounded of iv, 'in,' and ap/uov'a-, 'harmony;' -tfovia- being derivative suffix added to root ap-, 'to fit,' being kin to our ar in arm, and also to ii in lid, the German Glied, &c. peXos: nominative neuter of stem /LE'Xo-, ' a strain;' means also 'a limb,' member,' and is perhaps a bye-form of t/Epos, 'part.' Cf. Milton's " linked sweetness long drawn out." See p. 54. Trreppwa: ending as in 7rpoLrlOear, K.r.X.; Trrepo-, formed (like dtLo-) from Tr-repO-, 'a wing.' Hence 'to wing,' to make fly.' 7rrCpo- is kin to our feather, transposed for TrrE-po-; root 7ET- 'fly. arodaS: for 7roSavs, from '-8-, our foot. 7rpo-K~KXr?7/LEVoV: classical passive participle genitive plural, from 7rpoUKaX-, explained above. IDIOMATIC ENGLISH TRANSLATION. The lucky Susamakis thought at first of giving a ball, in celebration of this happy event in his life, to the wedding guests, the very evening of his marriage; and he had even asked a non-commissioned officer of his acquaintance to procure for him from the military band, a flute, a clarionette, and a trombone, or, as our modern purists of to-day would write it, a 28 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. side-pipe, a shrill-pipe, and a bass-trumpet; in order that their melodious strains might give wings to the feet of the guests. EXERCISE Ill. Mr. Susamdk-is thought how (0'7ww;) he mnight give wingfs to the feet of the wedding guests, in celebration of this happy event in his life. The very evening of the wedding, lie invited a non-commissioned officer. The melodious strain is f ortunate. The modern purists (of our language) write to-day. OZ 7apLJJ(vv[L~ot EIWE wrpoOKEKX'qfLE'Vot a~v'77V Tq'V EOrWE'paV TIOV -y z4Lwv. 0O/A 3 1 v',o 7TcavTJ1vptLO7LOV TWV ylaliWi TOV E(TV\X~o-y' -O V~I w7pofL'qOEVo(,r 'vappLo'vtov utEXo, EK Trq3 ~TTpaTLTLK?7; 110VTLK~1 07WW 7TTEPWO7) TOV 7TO8aOS TIOJV '77-p00K1EKX-q)[E'vwv 7TapalvvlA(ov. E 7X E c/i'OV Ttva _vwcraLw~c~aTtKo'V. llXayitavXov, 0'eiavxov KOU~ /3aovocawX~ryya yp oovo-t aT17/11EPOV EV3 TiJV yXUXT~o(TcV TWV - VEO9W'XTUYTOL Ka~apctGT~al av'T-q'. TETAPTON MA~HMA.-FOURTHi LESSON. TIETaLJTOV: for KFE'rapTov; cf. Latin qutatuor, I'four.' 'A X X' 17a I.E E JO J E O -KE4OE',9 8'rt & V Ahi ee'tah mehtehnaw'eesseh, skehfthee'ss aw'tee dhehn ceeraw Bat /thea he-c/tanged-h is-mnind, constidertng that (it) tot was KaXo'v 1a wapaTEWy 7 LTa~VN G- TT*E#EJ Ka't kahiaw'n nah pahrahtee'nee taw mehtahksee' teess steh'pseeawss k-eh good that he-prolong t/te between the weddling anid T711 aL7-0/LOVZJOJJeO)9 a1JTOV) xp vt o &taOTl)La Kat teess ahpawmawnaw'sseeawss ahftoo' khrawneekaw'n dheeah'steemah keh the retiremnent of-h1imn time'~s space and a diE-atuce na va/3aX ELSq 7T-pOUOp(TEpOV KaL~pOV TOP) ahpehfah'sseessee nab ahnahvahlIee eess prawssfawraw'tehraw-n kehraw'n tawn r-esolved that he-defer- to a mnore suitable season the XOPEVTIKOV TO)V ya~t/lV TOV) 7Tavi7yupto-/Aov. khawrefteekaw'n tawn ghah'mawn-doo pahneeyeereezmaw'n. danicing of-the mnarriaye-of-/tim celebration. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 29 ELTa, 'afterwards,' 'then;' kin to Latin ita. /LETevO;r(Y E = JLET for /JETa (Gothic mith, our u ith; cf. wue, wir, and South German mir; kin to mit are probably wieder and wider, a kind of comparative of the preposition. The meaning in all languages fluctuates between 'with' and 'again' or 'against;' cf. wvithstand, wuiders.tehen. In Greek /EIra in composition has the latter sense) + E, sign of past time as above + voE-, verbal stem from root voF- for yvoF-, our know (whence voZ- for voF-, 'mind') + a-, sign of aorist or instantaneous action + E = 'he.' Hence /UETEVOgO-E -'he changed his mind,' 'he repented;' IeraLvoLa for ieEprvJcLa, 'repentance,' the common New Testament words. crKE~OEI?: for oTKET7rOVTS = (KET-, transposed for rrrEK-, Latin spec-, as in spectaczulnm, specula, spectrum, inspicio, &c., German sp/irei, our spy, 'to look, see, regard, consider' + Oevr-, stem of passive aorist participle + 9, sign of masculine nominative agreeing with Sovo-a/LaKis understood. The passive is here used in a middle or deponent sense; cf. German sich umsehen, 'to look about one,' and circumspect, which means ' looked about.' Hence cgKE4e-s = 'having reflected' or 'reflecting.' rOt: made up of two relative pronouns, ', cf. orwep above, and rt for KF[v], cf. TLVjV above; TtL[] being neuter of TLV-. Here used to link clauses, i. e. as conjunction; cf. similar use of English 'that,' French quze, &c. 8ev: for ov8ev, i.e. ov8E E'v, 'not even one,' hence 'nothing,' 'naught,' and so in Modern Greek 'not.' Tro: for E(rTO = E~ + root ao —, English is, see above, + To, sign of 3rd person singular in past imperfect tense of middle or passive verbs. Hence rTO = 'he was.' KaXov: neuter nominative of KaXo-, masculine or neuter stem of root KaX-, kin to hale, English, meaning ' good,' 'fair,' &c. 7rapaTEriv7: for VrapaOTevro (cf. 7rpopAr/eova, K.T.X.), from 7rapa, 'along,' and TEv-, ' stretch,' kin to our thin. Hence va rrapaTrcEv, 'that he, stretch,' or ' to extend.' 30 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. N.B.-o- after liquids is dropped, and the foregoing vowel lengthened by way of compensation. /uETacv: for /ETravv = /Etr + 4 bv (see above) = 'togetherwith,' 'among,' 'between.' crGTEmw~s: for a-rrE7r-Eo, genitive after preposition of stem arT7r —c-, literally 'crown-ing. All words thus formed are feminine. ar-TEr-ot- is for crTE-o-cL-, the root a-TEn- itself however seems to have been modified from a-re7r-, kin to Latin stipare, 'to crowd,' German Sfift, Stufe, and Stapfen, our step. The original notion was that of fixing firmly down; hence in Greek crreO- means 'crown,' -Tcros, neuter, and ar9eTavos, masculine, 'a wreath' or 'crown,' and from the bridal wreath Ca-rT and TcrTEavgO (Modern a-refavovw) mean 'to marry.' awroLovWaEwS: formed like a-rerEuos from aTroLovwao-, from a7ro + verbal stem /Jovo-, from stem dowvo-, 'alone.' Hence i7rofXJot-Ls, 'sequestration,' 'withdrawal, 'retirement.' XpovKov: adjective neuter accusative, from stem Xpo'o-, ' time;' probably kin to Xopos in sense of limit (see above). 8Lao-T7//ka: from 8tar for sFLa, kin to two, tween, in the words in two, between, ' apart' + (r-T7-, lengthened in derivation from -ra- and /a(T), substantive ending. Hence, 'what stands between,'' the space.' XPOVLKov &LtarrTa, ' time-space,' or 'space of time.' a7re>a'rc-L-E: formed like fELrevo01(ra from 'ro', 'off' or 'from,' and (aa-iL-, from 4cao-, formed like -TEqt-, K.T.X., from root Oa-, 'say.' Hence adroacrt'(w, 'I say off,' i. e. make up my mind, decide. v\ aval3iadq: from ava, 'up,'' away,' 'off,' and /aX-, 'put;' ending as in 7rapare[v, K.T.X. Hence va ava/3aA7, 'to put off,' 'defer.' TrporaoporrEpo v: formed like oXtyu7Cepov from trpo'acopo-, and that from 7rps-, ' to,' and pop- modified in nominal stems from Ep-, our bear, Latin fer-. Hence 7rpo'r-opo-, ' fit to be brought to,' 'applicable,' 'suitable.' A GUJIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 3 3.1 Katpov' (nominative, xatpo') = Katpo- + v, ' seasson,' ' weather,' 'time.' XOPEvrtLKov XOPEVTIKO- + V; XOPEVTtKO' formled like XJOVKKO K.-T. A.) from Xopcvd-, ' dance,' (verb), from Xop6'-, 'a dance ' or ' ball. IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION. Put afterwards he thought better of it, reflecting that it would not be well to prolong the interval between his wedding, and his retirement, and he decided to put off to a more convcneiict season the celebration of his wedding by a ball. EXERCISE IV. 0 XOPEVTtKo'~ rcv-qy-Vpto-AoS TWV TOLAU.)V 8E'V -,qTO KAOakO. 0O Katpo's -7T pOOpIE 1OV XOPEVJTLKOV 7r-av-q-yvptcrfkov. T6 XPOVLK6V &dcg77/a IiETa~V' TW~v -ya'/IWV Kat Tov Xopov-~ 2770 rrpoT95OoTEpov. AVETWaI. KaLXOv vai aJva/3oXk Kvptos TipV a2TrhLj/OVW0LV 1TQV. Xo7L OO2 va'L aia3a~ki 'V XoPY, a(LXX E7 a pcrETv0O)7(TE Katt a'E4)aotLe (decided on) TWV XOPEVTLKOV/ lraV27yl~pfMf/LV TLWY 'Ya/CWY TOVI~ ELIE /LLXLO-Ta 7rpOSKaX1EO-,EL TOV' 7rapa~v'Oovs. It is not good to extend the interval of time. The season was suitable, but the celebration (nominative) was not. le decided to procure a military band, but afterwards he changed his mindl, reflecting that it was not suitable to defer his retirement. Ilie decided to give wings to the f eet of the guests, and therefore lie invited them (7rp0o-EKJXAE0-E Tov13) to the, celebration of his wedding by a dance. The time between his marriage and his retirement was less than (~ he decided to be (Gr,, that it was) suitable. HEM11TON MAOHMIA.-FIFTH LESSON. -4rEjJ7-rov is precisely our fifth, for fin?,th. Ov"'ra?tO7TO~v Le-ra' rtwaS y?]val, 77/Iepal) TLva 77-cFITT,?] Oo'taw leepaw'n mehtah'-teenahss mee'nahss, eemaehrahn-teenah pehmbdeen Thus then after some mouths, one-day fifthk 32 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. T77,? E3oaao80, Wpa-a 671-tO-KE7rrr),pta &IC7V teess ehvclhawinah'dhawss, avwreh'-ah ehpeeskehptee'reeah dhee'k-een qf-the w1eek, teautlifId cards hi-the-fon /JETP1bOP9OVOV 7WpOGTKXlT?7pL'(oV &,EVE/L?761)eav' 61t~ TOVS11 mehtreeawfraw'nawn prawskleeteeree'awn Ihee-ehilehmee'theessahn eess tooss of-inwdest invitations Were-distributed to the fyYop4LouV( Kau f~Xovv TOD Kvpiotov Y0o-a1LaKq WV 6V ghnawree'mooss keh feelooss too Keeree'oo Soossahmahlcee awn ehn acpq iaitan~ces and frienids of-the AMr. Susamdh~is of-wchich one -exaj86 KaL' 0 K. H1ap~aX6, e'oxV OVTWd-O Ku/pto9 eh'lahvelh keh aw K. Pardhalhlaw'ss eh'khawn oo'taw - Aw Kee'reeawss receired, also th~e Air. Pardald"S, ra-Unyiy thus - Te Air. tcb7 Kvpt'a:~oua-cfagaKr/ 7rapaxaxov'o-, -rov Ku'ptov Kat keh ee Keeree'ah Soosahmahkee pahrahkahloo'ssee tawng-G e'reeawn keh and thte Air-s. Sasamadhis beg the Air-. and TTWv Kvpi'av Hr ap8cXou val Xa,3ft0-t TJV KcLXoav'v7V Pa teeng-Geeree'ahn Pardhahloo' nah lah'vawssee teeng-gahlawssee'neen nah the Airs. Pairs/aid's that they-have the goodness thatI TOapa'at ErL ~i6 t T~q) otKtaV Tftw 7'r)V KvptaK'7v, pah'rawssee taw tsah'ee eess teen eekee'ahn-dawn teeng - Geereeahk-ee'n, they-take thte tea at the hwuse of-them the Sanday &EKa Noeu,/3ptou Elq Ta', O'KT&) TO' C'o-wrpas?. dheh'kah Naw-ehmvree'oo eess tahss awktaw' taw ehspeh'rahss. tell (th) of-Novemtber at the eight the evening. oVTw: before, a vowel O1)TwOV, for ovrcor, old instrumental case, froni demonstrative oi'7-o-, 'this,') - 'thus.' XotrO~v: neuter accusative absolute of Xoun-\-, verbal adjective, from root Xctw-, ' leave,' with which it is cognate. Hence Xotuz0\ v as averb- 'w at i lef,' e- accordingly, therefore; first used in this sense by Polybius, afterwards in New Testament. Formerly ov'v for O'VT, i. e. 'beingT,' was employed in this sense.,wrTU: with accusative 'after.' Observe accent. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 33 rLVas: for rLva~v, accusative plural of stem Ttv-. Loses accent when enclitic.,uLvas: for /U-avavg; see above. T/jEpav = ry/tepa, 'day' + v; accusative of time.,Tva: for rLtvv, accusative, masculine, or feminine; here feminine. rre/-rrnqv: 'fifth,' here 'Thursday,' as explained by r7s 'f8oiaoso = f/38olaS-, + o0, genitive ending; from f/38aoto-, 'seventh,' adjective of &7ra, 'seven,' for o-ErErTv, itself softened from rTTro,/o-; cf. Latin septemn, septimus. 7TrrT(v) is probably a byeform of 7rrTvr, i. e. arerTov, verbal adjective from 4r- (o-er-), 'to follow,' and this for O(rKF-; 7rTa' meaning perhaps, originally, 'the following,' the next,' like secundus for sequendus in Latin: counting being in early times on the fingers, in which seven would be the second of the second series, as two was of the first. This is Professor Sayce's suggestion. wpaca: from Wopa-, our year, Latin iora + L, adjectival suffix + a, neuter plural ending. Hence lpaZa = 'seasonable,' 'fair,' 'beautiful.' E7rLOKE7rTrjpLa: from Erl, upon,' lKEVT-, verbal adjective stem of o-KErr- (see above) + substantive suffix -'pta, neuter plural nominative of -'pLo-, meaning the instrument with which a thing is done. Hence L7r(o-Ke7rTo/al meaning 'I visit;' ErL0-KECrTr'pLa are 'visiting-cards.' 8&Krv = &rcK, 'form,' 'fashion' + v; accusative and as adverb, meaning ' in the form of' —as we say, 'the shape of,' without 'in.' K)r] also means 'a form of law,' 'justice,' 'trial,' &c. LETrpLOpOVovW: genitive plural of LErpTopLdO p-, from /erpto-, 'measured,' 'moderate,' and 4pov-, 'thinking.' Hence iETrpLOpp6vwv, 'modest.' 7rpo0-KXrrTrplWV: formed like Trrtr-KrrT-7pta from 7rposKX7qr-, verbal adjective stem of root rrpoSKXE- (KXa- KaX-); see above. Hence wrpor-KXr-Tjpta, 4 cards of invitation.' sLEVErEjL)r)0av: &3 (for ta) + E, sign of past + vqel,-, lengthened 34 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. stem of root vest-, 'arrange,' 'assign' + 0q- = d, sign of passive + rav = 'they.' Hence &LevErllraav = '[they] were distributed.' TOVS: for TOVg. yvWopltovv: for yvwpLtovv, accusative plural of yvop~o- = stem yvop-, as in gnarus, ignoro, &c., from root yvoF-, kLnow + -c/o-, adjectival ending. Hence yv0pLp/o-, 'a knowable' or 'known one,' 'an acquaintance.' yvopL/OL, nominative of yvwplpCov9 (observe accent), 'acquaintances.' J!Xovs: for cL'Xovs, from root X-, ' dear,' whence also IXowu, 'I love, 'I kiss,' literally 'I am a friend of.' ov: for 'wv, genitive plural of o-, relative. eXa/3E = (e + Xa3 = 'take' + c = 'he') = 'did-take-he' = '[he] took,' 'received.' ExXov: for (XOvr, literally 'having,' here 'running' or 'reading.' 7rapaKaXoOrL' for 7rapaKaXfovr- = stem rrapaKaXe- + OVIt 'they.' Xa/3wcL: for Xa3ovr = — Xa3-, 'take' + owvT, 'they may," subjunctive. Observe Xa/3- is aorist or instantaneous stem, viz. the simple root. The imperfect is Xa/aiav-, putting in u and adding av; Xap//3avo, 'I take,' EXa,3ov or EXaa3a (Modern), I took,' EXadf3avov (a), 'I was taking.' KaXoa'vvr1v: from KaXo- + -~vvr/- - -ness. Hence KaXoOrvrv'l, 'goodness.' The ending v has been so often explained that we shall not mention it again, unless for some special reason. 7rapo-rL =,rap +- ot, explained above. 7rap- is for r7rap-, from eiL, ' up,' and Jp-, ' take.' Imperfect stem, 7ralpv-. Tja': the Chinese word, sometimes declined, to the extent of a genitive, Tro0 r'atov. An alternative is the more Greek-looking form TO Tei'ov, rov re'OV, from the French the. olKlav: feminine formed from masculine stem oLKo- for Forgo-, Latin vico- (nominative vicus), 'a house,' 'a dwelling.' ov: ' their,' 'of them;' cf. TOU above. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 3 35 KvptaK'V: from KvptaKO'- q)-, adjective by suffix -K- from KVSp Lo-, ' Lord.' Hence KvptaK'~ = (dies) dominwu~s or -a. Cf. Spanish domingo, French dimnanche, &c. 'the day of the Lord,' ' Sunday.' 8E'Ka: cardinal used for ordinal, explained above. TOLS~: i. e. J'paS, 'hours.' 0KTOJ: Latin octo, our eigqht. To cordps: accusative of time. IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION. Accordingly,. in a few months, one Thursday, some beautiful cards in the form of modest invitations were distributed among the friends and acquaintance of Mr. Susamaikis, one of which was received by M~r. Pardalo's, and ran as follows:-" Mr. anrd Mrs. Susamadkis request the favour of Mr. and Mrs. Pardalo's' company to tea on Sunday, the 10th of November, at eight, o'clock in the evening. EXERCISE V. OI'Tw Xot7rOYv8cv~ &E 07r)yaav Ta' EWIGoKE'7rT7)pta. TOy Kvpt'ov rlap8aXoi'). '0 Kv'pto& H1ap&aXo's -'TO 7VO`,pt/10o' KaXl Ot(XoI ToV3 Kvpi'ov YovoaAaLK-q. 'H Kupt'L ZXQ/E 7rpOcYKX'qTqJptcL &EK-qV M1ETPLO0/POVuJV a'XXa\ wJpatawv E7rtLO-KfE2TrqptWV EXOVTW VT '0 Kipo Ka. Kvpi'a Hlap~aXoi3 IEXOVGftV T7q KaXoo-~'vv cpctT T~act. EtS T')V otKtaV TOW~Lw Ka /ywjWV mWv Kvpt"Ov KalL Kvpt'as:~ovo-a/ALK~q. T6) 7rELL,7rTl)V, &4EKa NoEugpL`Ov E113TV3O'KTWDTo' EOWr~pcLa ot' -yvW'pLOt TOVy KvpL/OV Co-vAXoy/L`TO0-coLV va' ra'pwGLr TO' T~(W. d's T-)v Ot'Ktav Tov. The lady and gentleman are invited to take tea at the house of their friends and acquaintances. Beautiful visiting cards in the form of modest invitations were distributed on a Thursday. Thursday is the fifth of November and the fifth day of the week. After a few months and a few days he altered his mind and decided thus. Mr. Pardalo's received some modest in-vitations in the form of visiting cards. Sunday is the first day? 7rpwTV) 17i,Epa) of the week. D 2 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. EKTON MAeIIMA.-SIXTH LESSON. el7O:fr ETV adjective, from '$ ('K-,;), 'six.' The%~ though an integfral part of the word, is lost in the process of comiposition in 0-reek. Cf., however, sextus in Latin. N.B.-The interlinear transliteration is henceforth dispensed with. ~7/ILE1WT6OV O'T1 T7'V 7/FALE'paP 'raV-1V Cvxe4Ev 75 a~3p2a To-be-noted that the day this chose the fine rrpoiwota T~3 Kvpi'aq:ovraau1a y /Ca~OOTt 77/V Kvpta~qv /)resight of-the Mrs. Susamaihis forasmutch-as the Sainday EKeLV~7V OYVV67rt7T-TEV 7/ EWETEL OS' T71?7 COPT17/S TOV veapov that coincided the yearly of-the festival of-the yozithfal Trq ov~67you-o' '.`oV-a/ia'K7/ I? #aXE't7o Opea-TnS-Kca1 7 of-her consort (the Susamai his was-called Orestes) and the veovup4~oS llao-t(c&y JOKe'~O? O5TL 7TpQO40VEO-TaTOV 77TO V nzewt-wed Pasiiphae refected that most-fittinig was-it that 7Tav?7/yvptOo-0_ot ta' r0o.' an-TOV XOPOV Kai ta TOD av-rOV) be-celebrated by the same ball and by the same,,KV7rEX V tEoV 0 TE yaFLOS T7779 Kat 75 EOPT' TOV3 c ap of-tea both-the mar~riage of-her- and the festival of-th e O-VAZi/3OV T7779. spouse of-her. 1q7/kEtWTEO0V = O771/LEto- verbal stem from co-q/ptZo-, and that frontm jjnai)-, verbal substantive from root O77- (not found) + suffix TE~ meaning ' to be ' + neuter ending ov - [It is] to be remarked.' TraVTIv: feminine stem raV'Ta- (77-), answering to masculine TrOTo- = 'this.' E'~EAXE$,Ev: for E'$,E'Xqyo-,Ev == E', 'out' + E, sign of past time + XE),-, root ' Ichoose' + a-, sign of first aorist, instantaneous A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 87 tense + E(v) (for er) = 'he,' she,' or 'it' (3rd person). Hence e EX~e~v, [' she,' i. e. rpovoLa] ' chose.' a/3pa, nominative and stem (feminine), probably from root uap-, Indo-Germanic mar-, 'to grind,' 'powder,' and often bye-form of /LaX-, t/3po- af3pa being itself a bye-form of powpo- /Lwpa; cf. vocative /3pe for pwoppe; now a mere interjection. Rowpos, originally 'fool,' means 'a boy' in Modern Greek, as a/3pa in the Septuagint means 'a maiden.' The root idea seems to be that of softness, tenderness in the noun, softening, bruising in the verb. Cognate are probably mill, u/xXos; German Muhle, and mahlen, 'to grind;' our meal; Greek Ifmp-vaiatL, 'I fight;' Modern Greek aXo'vw, 'I fight;' cf. the slang use of mill. Cognate is English mild, with suffix d; also Greek /aX-aK3o and,uaX-0aKo6. The change,xp- JX- to /3X- /p- in Greek is a constant phenomenon, while a or o, either aspirated or not, is a common phonetic prefix. ~7rpdvoaa: for r-poyvota (cf. ayvota, 'ignorance,' and Modern Greek Eyvota for Evvota, i. e. Ev-yvoLa) == rpo, kin to for, fore, and yvota- = yvo + ta, ta being feminine nominative stem. Hence rpodyvota, rpovota, 'foreknowledge,' 'prudence' (provi dentia), ' foresight.' KaOOTt: for KaT' OrT, i. e. KaTa 'Tt. Though the rough breathing (') is not heard in Greek, classical tradition requires 7r, 7, K to be changed to their corresponding aspirates when immediately followed by '. KaOoTL = literally 'according that' or 'according as.' EKEtvT)v: demonstrative pronoun, formed from demonstrative adverb &KZ, 'there,' by formative suffix v- o-, v- r-. (Vve7rrrTev: arvv, see above; e as before; Trt7rr-, reduplicated, imperfect, or frequentative stem (cf. sist-, twra-, K.T.X.) for r-rerr-, from root Vrer-, Sanscrit pat-, ' to fly,' leap,' 'fall' [upon]. From same root are probably Latin petere, 'to seek,' our find (by nasalization); also TrrEpO, English feather, &c.; -ev as above. Hence o-vv&ertrrv, imperfect, ' coincided,' i. e. would coincide. 38' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. E(TrEEtOS = ETETCLO + q: masculine and feminine nominative; 7rErTtO- -= preposition &r- for ei1 + - cs-, 'year' + to, adjectival stem, masculine, feminine, neuter. Hence ET7rE(tEo = 'on-theyear, 'yearly.' The lost F of ETOs for FrTOS appears as aspirate in the Modern Greek form EETros for Ereros, 'this year,' i. e. in (the current) year; cf. "to-day" for "this day." &Ereretosj [7t/Apa] = 'the anniversary [day].' vEapov: from veapo-, from veo-, 'young' + adjectival suffix po= -ish. Hence veapo-, 'youngish,' 'youthful.' ovr;yov: from o-tv + -vyo-, 'yoke,' whence adjective and substantive ro-vvyo- (observe accent), 'yoke-fellow,' the Latin co)ojug- (nominative conjux for conjugs), 'consort,' 'husband,' ' wife;' masculine or feminine. &KaXE~ro + e + KaXE- (see above) + Ero + 'he was;' contracted from EKaXO'Tro; hence '[he] was called.' 'OpE'rros: from stem 'Opcrra- (,7-) + S; literally, perhaps, 'a mountaineer:' opec- =mountain' + Ta- Tr- = 'man who does, or has to do with,' like ending eer. vewrvv/fo + s: from veo- and vvtc-, see above; masculine or feminine; here feminine. Ilao-trab-, literally 'bright to all:' from 7ra'rL for 7rdvT + ot, dative plural ending + fanr/, kin to acos for 0aaoT-, dsj& for 0WTr, 'light.' T7povVErffTaTov -= rpOS + 4v-, our be + Es-, adjectival suffix + Taro - v = superlative suffix with neuter accusative (also nominative) ending. Hence 7rpovE'r- = 'grown-to,' 'fit,' 'natural,' 'proper;' 7rpo/veaTraTov, ' most fitting.' o-K(~>6r/: formed like iavXXoylfar- from root O-KC7T-, see above. TravrlyvptGO'i0L for Travr7yvpLt(OVTt =- TravrlyvpLt + 0, sign of aorist or instantaneous passive + WVTL, ending, 3rd person plural 'they,' lengthened from indicative ending OVTL; cf. -7 for -E, above, &c. t&a: for 8F^a, 'through,' 'by means of;' see above. In this sense construed with genitive. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 3 39 avroi: after article - same;' before article, ' very,' or ' it self;' or in Modern Greek also ' this,' ' that;' e. g. ta' aiLVTOV TOV xp (8' a 3-o rOi TO OPO~3), ' by the dance itself;' &~L Troy ain-ovXopo~, 'by the same dance.' vr\Xov: neuter (nominative KV'rEXXov), a diminutive front obsolete, root KV'Wo- or KV'z-a-; in Modern Greek Ko~ra, ' a cup.' 0 Te T, bye-form Of Kalt pronounced KE', but always enclitic like Latin 9ue and Sanscrit cha. Hence J 1TE, ' both the;' observe accent thrown back from T4'E to O', which, else unaccented, has now the acute.,Eop-r: for E'-Fop-T-r-, containing, perhaps, root vai, our wvare, 'to keep,' 'observe,' kin to Latin vereor, reveren tia, &c. + nominal suffix 'ra- (T-n-). Hence E'OpT1, 'a ceremony,' 'festival;' the C' seems like the &1 in ci/3pa', merely phonetic; -'r- is noun suffix. crvpj3Cou = 0,V' + /3t'ov — genitive of ao'~flto-; /3o- for /3(F~o-, pronoun FI~o- or Xfl8o-, kin to Latin vivro-, vivus, vivere; cf. vzs and Xa 'force.' Hence o-v',~43to- = living with,' ' husband,' or ' wife; masculine or feminine. IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION. We should observe that the fine foresight of Mrs. Susamaikis had chosen this day, because on the Sunday in question the anniversary of her youthful husband's birthday also fell, and the newly-married Pasiphae reflected that it would be just the thing to celebrate, by means of the same ball and the same cup of tea, both her own marriage, and the birthday of her spouse. EXERCISE YL. 'H Hacrufat7j 7'1To vc'vv/4os atrviyoq Tov- veapoui:4ova-apita'q. 'H KvptaK~ EJVE -7rpoo-0/vEo-aTrcJr-k) /E'pa rvpos 7rav-qyvpt(oyL.OV TWOV yauw0v. 1vvEWLr7rT-EV E'K1Et'V7V T-/V iyitkEpaV KaL Xopaq KaL y/a/_o1. 0 TE'Op'cn/ Kct aoY-4aq EWEe V 'VV/0LtOL V'tvy/ot. '0 '0pE'0rTq1 'TO UiStvyo1 ~ ~ 'H Hao4&~ EWE ~VPt&Oq TO' E~O Kvpt'ov. 'H VE1TIELTE~ EOPTT/l U1V/JAVE0-TXT0V va 7Wav-i/yvpUt0fl, KaLL ot VEvev/LpOt 40 40 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. oav'yot JTI 7rO 1EKX-q/LE'vOt. 0 U '~/LL~r~laLc KaXELTo It is to be observed that Sunday is the anniversary of his birthday. His spouse and himself (aV'r0',) wvere ('oTav) newly married. Is it suitable that the marriage and the anniversary of the birthday of that gentleman should be celebrated by the same dance and the same cup of tea? It is just the thing. EBZAOMON MA~JIMA.-SEVENTH LESSON. O1)TW XOL-O'rV q'rV 'O~-?rpaV Tr?3v KvPta~c', &L7raZ Thus then the evening of-the Sunday twofold simultaneously happen preparations; preparations of-reception E' 7TN OUCO TrOV lovo-afuaKi?7., Kal eoL/IaoLat e7rtLOYCe*frEWV in the house of-the Susamndlcis, and preparations of-visit ELv- 7(t) oU~co To?) H1ap~aXoD'. 'A,? /flqy/oLe'oV0) Ae?) eV in the house of-the Pardalds8. Let us-obser~ve in 7)Tapo (, ica7 t7rUJ 6EtEX0/JE aL ~ oLiL 701) passing, and before we-enter into thie houses of-the 'Agu~cTpv'ovwo Kcat 70O VEVOV 70), OTL TI)?V 7IPQ7epaLav, Amphitryon and of-the guest of-him, that the day-bejbre, 7O 0-E7TepaV?, cao' I)? 07L7,LY17? 6 Kv'pLoV flap~aXo\s the evening, at what moment the Mr. Pardald's T7Ot/I7,acp- oai~E7O V \ av 'po- EF TO') ypa~e' v, EWrXqcio-Laev was-preparing that he-depart out-of the otlic e, a~pproached etLV avTov 8t('1 L O' 1ooU-a/La'K)77, Kat 7TeptEXto-o-om eo? to him timidly the Susarnadkis, and twvisting-round;in TOVV? 8aKTV'XoVV TV 7)77) aLXV(TLV 70) CO'poXoyt'ov Troy, twa the fingers of-him the chain of-the watch of-hiumn, that A GUJIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 4 41 &ao-KE8aopV 7r(Oq TY 8'R1v&xtav avrov Ir WrO e he,~ w /L&OV he-divert somewhat the timidity of-him, to-himn said, smiling yXV~e~v ~Lt~a~u ue/aa7tov KaN 7wo~ayqq - Aoturou a-dulcet smile of-respect and. of-subjection: Then OA o-a,?'V \f, e~o/iev aivptov'r T&O77rEpa,Ki'pce tv0vVTa'; shall you wve-have to-morr-ow the eveninzg, M1r. Director? XCOp\V AXXo, Ki'pe 6ovo-auadiKy X..yjpk, aXXo! W~ithout aught-else, Mr. Susamndkis - without aught-else! aryVTO-EV o Ki'ptog Hap8a).o9, aVTL/6LEL&EV Kita E'Ke&109 rplied the Mr. Pardal's back-smiling also he /Itet&afya LV7EpOXr/ Kal TpOO-Tao~a9~. a-smile of-sup-eriority and p atronage. &w~XaZt: short for 8tn-Xo'at = t-, 'two' (in composition) + 7r~o-, 'fold,' with first three letters of which it is identical + at, ending of feminine plural. &qCro-(aaL: ending as above; from &TOtpuia& from ET 0 t/Ao-, 'ready' + a8-, verbal suffix -i o-'a-, feminine substantive suffix. Hence -'a making ready.' o-vyXpo'vo: for o-iy/p0'vwr (ef. ov'mw), old instrumental (adverbial) case of -vyxpovo-, V' from o-vv + Xpo'vo-, ' time; i. e. ' at one time,'I or ' simultaneously.' yLvov-rct: for -yiyvovz-at, from -ytyv-, imperfect stem doubled fromt Tov-, akin to kin + OVTat = 'they,' mniddle or deponent and passive ending, 3rd person plural. We here exhibit all persons yty'v-optat, I become; -yLyv-,E-at (classical, yv-y or- L) thou, &c.; -L'-YV-EI-at, he, she, it, &c.; ytyv-o'j1Oa, we, &c.; -ytyv1EO-OE, YOU, &c.; yiyv-0Vrct, they, &c. (as above). v~wo~oX~ = {Vi-ro, I'under' + 8o' ' a taking' + s, genitive, ending,, f rom root 3EX-, 'take,' whence 81'out &c., 'I take.' Thus {Vro~ox' = an undertaking,' ' taking up,' ' reception.' Cases as follows: Singular, {ro~oX)-~ e ~ Plural, i'woaoXa' -q - av. 42 42 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. The order of the cases here and elsewhere is as follows: Nominative, Vocative (only given separately when different from nominative), Accusative, Genitive, Dative. ot~o-: masculine form of oLbKta-, explained above. oIKO13, E, OV, OLKOV, OLKwp (observe accent), JCKOt, OLKOV13, OLKWW, OLKOEL. f7rto-K1EI/JOS: from stem 6NUoKEZr-, explained above + w, gTenitive ending of substantive suffix crt-. EVrt'o-Eqn%, E'1rt'(rKE~LV, 7rtWUTEZ/EW%9 4EWrtGKE4dEt. EMrOcKe' GS, 6nr(cKIE'fr'3, WLK~IE&W E7rc0YKEISEcYL(V). 'As: shortened from alocs, i. e. adw' for 4&wo ~ =+ root meaning ' send' + %, sign of 2nd person. Hence alin 'send, thou forth,' 'let go,' ' let be,' ' suffer,' ' let.' Thus as,cvroUvEv' O.O)/LcV, 'let us observe;' cf. in New Testament, arlbcs &~fa'XO, 'let me cast out,' J1003 '&8ccCV, ' let's See,' &C. LUV?i1AOVCVO(O/LEV: aorist stem of ucv-juovcv- from,Lv-4Lov-, 'rememberino' ' 6mindful,' from root piva- /WEc- lengthened'to ~uvq-, ' remind,' 'remember ' + uov-, ending signifying ' man-doing,' ' agent.' Hence /Lv?/l~ovev-, ' make mindful,' ' remind,' ' observe,' ' relate,' 'record' + wuev= 'we may.' Persons as follows: /MV?7/.LOVEVOCJJ, 1/V?7/JLOV1EVcrV% MAV?7MOVEVO)7,LV?71OVEVOcrlOEV, /.LV-q1,LOVEv07TIE, 1LViqLLOV1EV'crOJGLV (vernacular, Ivq.tY~CoV0-Svv). 7rap/'8p: from 7rap' (7rap&), ' by,' and '8- for a-o&-, from root 48- (o-,E8-); perhaps kin to English send, Spanish.senda, ' a path.' N.B.-The nasalization of a root, e. g. send for sed, is a very common phenomenon in all the Aryan languages. Hence 7irapo~o%; 'a passing,' ' a going by;' observe accent, which in oxytone substantives compounded with prepositions goes back to last syllable but two. Cases with article:?q, 7rapo8o, Tr-'v mrapo8ov, 7~- vapo'~v, Tjj 'rrapo~w- a't 7ra'po8aL, T'S- vapo&ous, -r~v rp68wv, Tatq 7rap '0L19. 7rpiv: for 7rp'qc, kin to primus, Latin, and to our fore, frst, &c. -A: connecting particle, link-wvord or conjunction, joining 7rpicv with verb like our "that" in "bef ore that. " Generally, ' when alone means either 'or'-. ~ either... or '-or ' than.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 43 Elcr-XOwcv: second aorist, in construction like /ivr1i/ovvero'wi/v. A second aorist means one formed from the simplest root of the verb, without the aid of o or its substitutes; it is like a strong as opposed to a weak formation in German or English, only that it does not necessarily modify the vowel. There is a superstition in the mind of the learner, difficult to eradicate, that there is some difference of force between a first and second aorist. There is no more than between digged and dug. draEXOfiUEv _= etl, 'into' + CX0-, short for Xv0O-, 'come' or 'go' + w/ev = 'we [may] go in,' 'enter' (subjunctive). oKlas: for olKlavs, accusative plural of olda-, explained above. oLKra -av -as -a' -at -as -ov -ais. 'AuLAfLpv'wv + o, proper name. adult is a preposition Latin ambi in ambidexter, &c., apparently compounded of the syllables av- or adL-; cf. auoopa, 'a holder-round,' 'container,' 'vessel,' the German um in umfassen, &c. + I- = by, not found save as case-ending or in composition in Greek; Tpvwv (for rpvowvs), nominative, means really 'the borer.' The root Tpv-, with its variants Tep- Tpa- T'p-, &c., is found in our through, thorough, thrust, thread, thrums, &c., always with suffixes, but the idea of piercing is present in all. Amphitryon was a character in Grecian mythology, and the allusion is here apparently to the wedding-feast which he gave at Thebes, when Zeus forestalled him in his marriage with Alkmene. It is about as inappropriate as forced classical allusions usually are. See Grote's "History of Greece," vol. i. p. 127. 'AK/Itrpviwv, 'A/uXtTpv'wva, 'Ap LITpV'Wvos, 'AM/AiTPVo'VC plural (scarcely found): 'AuLrpvTpove -TpV va -Tpv Va V -pvvWV -TpVoV. ~evov: genitive of $evo-, 'stranger,' 'guest,' probably from preposition iE, by means of an aorist E$evEvcra through IKVEV-, eKVEJ-, 'sail forth,' 'go,' being mistaken for that of a supposed SeveV-,' to be a e'vos.' evos,, iEOV Ove, e vov, Io ' EVOLV, evov Evowv, iEVOLt. rporepatav, i. e. rfjLEpav: from 7rpOTcpo-, comparative of.rpo 44 44 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. (see above) + adjective suffix at-o, -a (masculine and feminine) = ' belonging to.' Strictly speaking, the adjective suffix is simply -t- added to the feminine wprPOE'pa [1',it11pa]. KaOf 'Y: for KaTaL?i1v, see above; INV, relative feminine accusative. v,,&oVI rv v,o p, 9j, ot, at, a ov, a a (lv, Jv, WV' ok, a~t, ot3. The use of this relative belongs to literary style. In the vernacular, either the indeclinable 7T0U or 07wov, in classical Greek meaning, 'where '-cf. our wh o, and the German provincial wo-is employed, but never with prepositions; or else the compound i' 0'7o~og, -q 06wota, ro\ 0iro~tov, which exactly answers in original sense to the French 1equel, laquelle, Spanish el cual, la cuale, from Latin ilium qualem, illarn qztalern. o1T1cy,-k7V: crT0y11Iq +V=ory-'pik' + /wq- (ga-), verbal substantive suffix. Hence (TUTL117 = point of time,' ' moment.' Cases as V'oo 'pO/LLETO:frelk E-KcaXE-_ETo above (' + ' coalescing into from &otpa&-, see above. 'TroLAat04'qU1V, 7OqLkateOoo (classical -ov), -ETO' -0'/AEOa -Eo-0OE -OVTO. nia qpf: cf. 7rpo/u'qOvoj'= aaipE + or-~,wt lengthened to -j in composition. jva~wpiq'0-a - -yg WLE ~ _W1(-ovy). From &a~a, ' up,' 'away;' XwpE-, I'move,' cognate with X~' pa-, ' place.' E7TX?/-t'acrEV = c + 7rXV/G-L`a8 + O-EV for o-ET; 7rX'qorta8- like &o~/.a8-, from 7wX-qqo-i-, '.near.' Hence b'rX'qoltao-a, 'I approached.' Cw~r~kiacraG'a, E'71X-X`t'acrEV- Er7rX-7o-LcLTa/xkEv -(TarTE -ao-av. 8EXX&: f Or 8EIX~)r from ScLXdi-, adj ective of root St-, 'to fear,' whence 8ceE- for 8tE- (nominative 8E'0,), ' fear,' by addition of ending, XO, 8ECLXJ standing for SEEXWJ-, kin to Latin di in dirnus. The primary notion seems to be that of 'haste,''I flight:' Sanscrit di-yd-mzi, I'I haste,' ' flee.' Hence also 8&-; 'whirlpool,' ' eddy; &vw vE~, IW tvEV-'o), I'I whirl,' ' swing, 'brandish; 8ELvS1, ' terrible,' active corresponding to 8&LXO'T. 7rEptEXt`0fcYWV: for 7TEptEXt`OG-OV73 from 7wepl, 'round,' ' about' + 6XLO-O-OVT + 3; 4X'Ai`ro`VT- is f Or XLtKOVT-, imperfect participle A GUJIDE TO MOD)ERN GREEK. 4 45 stem f rom1 root AMt-, whence ' 'XL$ (E'XtKc';), 'a snail;' AXLK- is lengthened by suffix -tKc from root AX- for FIEX-, 'kin to volvo, 'turn.' Imperfect participles are declined thus: EX'raO-oW (-OVT';) -ova-a (-ov~oraa) -ov (-oVT) -OVTa2 -ova-av -01' -OVTO'; -O0tn'ay -OVTO'; -ovrt -ovcrI -o1'Tt -01/rE'; -OVa-LL -OVTa -OVcTa'; -vova-a -ovpra -ovoWV -ovoWv -ovTrWV -ova-t (v) -vovaat' -ovcrl1v. i-OVS' for Tro'v'. We here give the article entire: 0 ) To, TOV T7V To, TOJTVV T~1 OV1 rTp~ 777 T. 8aKT-v'Xov';: for 8aKTAiSov'; from 8a'KTVXO + V + ';, from root 3aKc(&Kc-), kin to German zeigert, zeihen, 'point,' ' show,' ' inform,' ' accuse;' the word &a'KT-VXO- itself being kin to digitus, zehte, toe. &aLKTVXo'; (vocative -1E), 8a'KTVXOV, &aKTV'XOV, &LKTVAp &aLKTVXOL, &LKTV'XOV', #3KTrX WV, &LKTVXOL';. aXVcrtv: from verbal stem a&Xv-, enlarged from root JIX aX E'X from FEX-1 'to bind,' ' shut in;' kin to Sanscrit var, German wvehren, Gewehr; suffix -a-t, as in o-T~'ift-, C7E`071-tElfrt-, K.T.X. iaXva-t'g, JXva-tv, a'Xv'a-1Eco';, a'Xvao-EC a'XWa-EL', a'Xv'a-E:iV, a'Xv'a-ca-tv. WpoXo-y`ov: from tpoXO'Yto- = W'pa- (W'po- in composition) -I Xo~yto-, from root Xo-y-, ' to reckon.' Hence t'0poXo'-ytov, ' timepiece,''I watch,' ' clock.' J0poXo'y/0V -Loy -t' -ta -ioiv -t'ot';. N. B.-Neuter nominative and accusative are always the same. E'va: full form of va, and with fuller sense, 'in order to;' in vernacular, &dt va\. gtaa-K~aa-J for a-i -- = t, 'about,' 'in different directions' + a-KCE~a8-, ' scatter' + a-y-q ' Ihe may.' 8EtX~av: noun from &EtXOL, ' fearful.' Hence SE1Xia = 'coward 46 46 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ie' ' timidity.' 8~tXt'a -av -as -a, plural (scarcely found) SEX'c.as~ -WV -as TW(~: proclitic pronoun personal = roi + tdative. /LEt&OJv: for pctELa'oYrs, imperfect participle of pJLt8a-, ' smile, with which (cf. ~wEtXL'xtos, ' mild,' 'kind') it is probably kin. Cf. also 8a'pv-, 'tear,' and Latin lacruina, old form dacrurna, also lingua for dingua. Many words in Greek now beginning with u have lost a a-; cf. tk 'pcso o-jv'pLvOos; 0/.LLKpOS /LLKpd&s. /LIECSCLV iOO-X -LWdV _-WVTES -wa-at -WVTaL. -wr. -wa)-av -WV -Govras -wa-as -owvra. -WVTO1; 1ij)O -WVT0O; -WVT&JV -w(TWV -WVTWV. -W~VTL -WO7~j -WVTL -Wcrt -wa-ats -wa-tv. N.B.- Observe accents. 7YXVKEpO'V from YX'vKV'-, 'sweet' + suffix po' + v = 'sweetish,''Idulcet.' fiEctqJafa = IA~t8ta- + l.a(,r), verbal substantive suffix, ' a smile.' PE&apxL, /ALtL&OjhaToS, /A.EtLta,/.aTL; /.LEt43Lt/araa, /LCtLa/a',rawv, uictScaflaa-tv. N.B.-Suffix paT- is always neuter. o-e/3laio-j.Lv for oE8a8-Eu3oi from o-qE3ca8-, verbal stem + suffix -/Loi, genitive of /to'-. ufa-Eua-'f -,wv -_4' -M/ -o.-kw bO v~roi-a~y: like '7ro~oX~s, from V"ro (o-vrz-'), 'utnder' + ra-y-, 'trange, 'order.' O' a particle used with subjunctive to form future tense. Compare Homeric KE, KEV. 1EXwVjEv: lengthened from zxq,.Lev, indicative, to form subjunctive imperfect. Personal endin gs as aorist. aupcov: aivpto + V, from stem al, + suffix pto; aiZ- appears also 'In Es av'ws for 4F~5, ' dawn,' Latin aurora for ausosa, &c. The aspirate in Attic E'', seems a relic of the, F in EtF 6AFs, and though the common form a'ptov has the smooth breathing, the rough appears in the Modemn Greek. ILEOaV' tov for 1LLeTa. a'pov 'the day after to-morrow;' cf. Chos &P~Eos, above. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 47 KvpLE: vocative of KvpLo- by modification of final vowel. tLEvOvvra': from 8tevOvv- (see above) + ra- = 'man who does,' 'agent.' Hence LterOvvrTa- (nominative -^/), ' director,' 'manager.' N.B.-ALtVeVVTa is at once the stem and the vocative case. XOwpl: for Xwp'8-,, 'without,' from stem Xiops-, 'to divide.' JAXo: for AX3o, Latin alicu, &c., our el in else; tops aXXo, literally 'without an alternative,' i. e. of course, certainly. a7rrnvTrcrEv: from 1Vro + avr'a- + crev ((rET); avra- = 'reply,' 'retort,' and is verbal stem from root avr-, 'back,' found in preposition avrL, German ant in Antwort, our ans in answer for ansiword. avrtLES8L(v = avT, ' again' or 'back' + 1tC/E8IW, ' smiling.' vrrEpox;7: for vr7Ep (oravrp), Latin super, Albanian sio)er, 'above,' and root eX-, 'have.' Hence v7repeX^ 'I have the advantage,' 'am superior,' and substantive v'repoYa, 'a having the advantage,' 'superiority.' Cases as vrroray4. 7pocTrao'aS =- rpo + oTra + oa-a, substantive ending, + s, sign of genitive. Hence r poa'raotaa = of a standing before,' i. e. patronage. IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION. Accordingly, on the evening of Sunday, the tenth of November, a double set of preparations are going on at the same time: preparations for a reception in the house of Susamakis, and preparations for a visit in the house of Pardalos. Let us mention, in passing, and before we enter the homes of our Amphitryon and his guest, that on the evening of the day before, at the moment that Mr. Pardalos was preparing to leave his office, Susamakis timidly approached him, and twirling the chain of his watch in his fingers, the better to divert his timidity, said to him, with a dulcet smile of veneration and subjection,"Then we shall see you to-morrow evening, sir?" "Certainly, certainly, Mr. Susamakis," replied Mr. Pardalos, smiling in his turn a smile of superiority and patronage. 48 48 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. EXERCISE VII. 7Hrpoao-tTWac Toy- Kvpt'ov &tEvO1VT0'V -'qTO /XVKCpO'V /LEL&'a/ka1. Ti' /LEtLta/1a Toy V'7TaXX-qov 7-To /JEtLta/xa T-E/3a0-/.LoV- KaL, V7TwO1-ayS. Oa' JmvXwp1i QoLO O,wpL l WLEicoEL TOV; &LKTVXOV' TOV ELV a'V Xvo-LV TO^ o~pXoycLOV 'ta 8taGKIE8a~ 7rw T6 8EXaV'ry 'Ywro8oxq') Ka'a E'1T'CKE1/nS yI/vovTaL ovyyjpowos. Ti' /uiELa1La TOV &EVOVVTOV 8tLE0`KE'8aoE T'JV 8LXi'aV 'roi {~rnaXKX Am 'A,; MvY~ovcv-_ Ewuv 77-apo& ) CL ~ Eocac LTVE yLVOVTOLL 0-V-YXp0vWV,E& TaLs 'V'O OL'Kt'a rov3 'A/ActTP'pvWVov Kacu 'roy.$EV 'roV. Sunday is the tenth of November. Preparations for a reception and preparations for a visit take place simultaneously in the two houses. Let us mention that at the moment when Mr. Pardalo's was preparing to leave the office, he smiled a dulcet smile of superiority and patronage, and his subordinate in his turn answered by a smile of veneration and subjection.AV We approached him smiling, in order to dispel his timidity. You will see us (have us) to-morrow evening-. Will they leave the office at the same time? Certainly. OT'AOON MAOLHIMA.-EIGIITII L-EssoN. 01800V: f Or 051(ToFov, Latin octavus; cf. Z/38o~uov for E'7rTO/A0V. eOH&Opy.-'OptO'TTE, d'0mVT?.-Hlyj1awe Va 7wtd'O-y' John I - Command, master. - Go that you-take a J'zdt fIWET a FUta)V cpav!-H1? 'rovi vA 7epaa-y K~a& a'n-o carriage after a-half hour! - Tell him that he-pass also by 'rtt Acv Vev' va pov 7TaprJ Ela~ apt ryavrta the [Iladame] Lisie's that me he-get a pair gloves E7TTaFLLOrV aptO~Lo', alo-7rpa! e1V0(v7oev etc 70) 8&)/IarTIOV seven-and-a-hialf number, white! shouted from the room tr?,? 7 Kvpifa EiX0pooi-V'V. - KaXa' Ka.. Tw~pa of-her the Mrs. Euphrosyne. - Well.. and now A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 4 49 epvuOvjOi Pa 71ap acvta, C'Xoyq.6'vq;-To' you-have-re~nembered that you-get gloves, blessed-onie? - It C'Xyo-,uL0rn~oa! TI Oc~xelt PA K4aU0c 7m'pa;-M for~qot -I What will-you that I-do now? No XELPoTepa! 6frtOt'pto-ev 0o uu4vyog ca't te/3it/3ao-E Tqv worse/ whispered th e husband and passed-on the 7TaPayyeXt'av cl9~ TOP V7T'I7pET'17V OaTv~ a rVT?70E6 fIE1 order to the servant who answered indeed ze~yaXo~0jvwo-ll~o-XiV faXad, O4dPTr, al. AXX aloud: - Very well, sir, directly.... But E p.tOpL-ev o/1w) o-tya Kat?)KctaTa Evo-E/aO-TO9' M whispered however softly and least respectfully: Nay akEVTLKa', aX?7O'eta, 7Tov- o`Xt taXXiTEpa. MEG-"? T?7 my-master, truth, since- not better-. In-the-midst-of the Xao-7r?7 Kca I T) T PEa ) yepcy eyaPTta Ka Pa mud and in the rain run that you-buy gloves and that 7Tay' a'La! 'A! &\v Oa\ IyeiVw KcI"~IT9Ka1J you-get a-cab! AhI! not shall become I-too a-master some 0opa; time e 0~oawp': for OEoa0p~, vocative and stem. ~o8WfJp17% ~Oo8()p7, ~tbp7[] o&op~: dative not used, since the form is vernacular. It is a f urther extension of the proper name ~,E6&8po-, from ~d-,\ 'Gd'and 8Wpo-, 'gift.' Hence OEO'8wpog, 'Ithe gift of God,' Greek translation of Hebrew Joliannan, 'John,' a common namne for a servant. cOpt'G-TE: 'shortened from 0p'o-'arE, imperative first aorist, 2nd person lplural of O'pLS- from o'po-, 'a boundary;' cf. Xoyt8-, from Xko'yo. Hence b'ptiw (i. e. b'ptiky) =- 'I set bounds, 'ordain,' 'command.' 'OpL'o-TE is a Very common expression in colloquial B A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Greek; addressed by a servant to his master it means, 'Yes, sir,' 'Here, sir,' &c.; among equals it answers to the French plait-il? and the German wie beliebt? 'OpT-re Eor or a(Tr' s8o means ' This way please,' or 'Come this way;' 'Opto-re by itself sometimes means simply 'Come!' 'Come in!' Kakojs po-aTe, aorist indicative, is equivalent to KaXw's XOaTE, 'You are welcome' (well-come). atqvrr): vocative and stem (observe how often these coincide). Cases: a<EvrT7r aE/vT(Y, iavVTr(v, aaEVTr,; no dative. This word is usually regarded as a corruption of avOEvrr7s, shortened for avTOvFri);, i. e. avro-evrlsT = avro-, 'self,' 'very' + cv1r, 'doer' (only found in this combination), from root E, Sanscrit ja, 'go;' in causative sense, as in L/Lut, 'I make to go, 'send,' 'put in motion' + derivative or paragogic v + -rs = -er. av0OEvVr7s in classical Greek means 'the real doer.' Hence as euphemism, sometimes 'criminal,' sometimes 'suicide,' felo de se; once, perhaps, in Euripides, 'lord,' 'master,' a meaning confirmed by the Septuagint derivative aO0evra, 'authority,' and the adjective avOevTTKo6' used by critics and grammarians, as opposed to a38sororoo, 'masterless,' 'unowned.' Hence our auftentic, and hence too the false spelling author, authority, which should have been autor, autority, being shortened from Latin auctor, auctoritatem, and having nothing, whatever etymologically in common with avOevrTs. It is, however, more than doubtful whether avOevrrjN would naturally contract to adevirTs in Modern Greek. a;OE'vTrS would be pronounced avrevTr (ahfteh'ndeess) in the vernacular, and as avros becomes dar-, never a/o&, so avOEvTrr- (a1TE'vrrrl) might become OaTevTrp, but scarcely ae'Vn7s. It seems more rational to take a/EVTrWs as coming straight from r7O + -- = aE-, as in a'r/zt5y, 'I send,' and meaning simply 'the sender,' a frequent character of the master of a slave. Perhaps, too, emvrV, 'the commander' (cf. SteC/latL, 'I colmmand' (middle), from 7r -I- E-), may have played a part in producing the bye-form of deTvr's, viz. eeVTrJs, whence the A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 5. ID Turkish title Effendi, which is simply the Greek stem Ebevrq. Possibly these popular forms (not found in the language of literature) may have been confounded by scholiasts and annotators with av0EvTrl, and thus influenced its meaning and interpretation. 7rlyyawE: a curious word with a curious history. virdyw =_ V{ro + ayw, literally 'I lead up,' Latin subigo for subago, is the common word in later Greek for 'I go.' 'I went' is vr"jyov, Hellenistic or more modern form v7rnya, shortened to 7riya. This is really an imperfect, but in verbs of going) from the nature of the case, the senses of aorist and imperfect are not so clearly marked off as in some other verbs. Moreover, the real aorist of 7raywo would be vrryjyayov, and reduplicated forms fell into general disfavour in later Greek. Especially would vrrrwyayov be a long and awkward word for 'I went.' The shortened imperfect rr^ya was therefore accepted as an aorist, often with augment c rn7ya. The preposition vro was consequently lost; tray- was regarded as the root, lengthened in the aorist indicative to r-'y-. An imperfect stem, 7rrryatv- or 7rayaLv-, was formed on the analogy of the modern forms aLOaaow from /taO-, -raOatvo from 7raO-, K.T.X. 7rTWyaLvE is therefore 2nd person imperfect imperative from modern root 7ray-, 'to go,' of which the aorist subjunctive is rrajyw, 7ray"s, rays' ryo 7ray/v, 7ray7TE, 7rayovv (woo-); colloquially, 7rabw, ras, rra (also Traus, 7rcQ' 7raLxE, 7raTC, 7raoTL, or 7rdovv). WrLao-rs: 2nd person, 1st aorist, from stem 7rtia-, Doric form of 7rdi-, in classical Greek 'to squeeze, 'nip,' in New Testament 'to catch,' in Modern Greek also 'to get,' 'take.' a/xat: for ad.tCLtv, i. e. aditkaov, diminutive of 4Laua == a/a, kin to same, Latin similis, &c. + a$-, the root element in aoov-, 'axle.' Hence al4aaa = 'with like axles,' 'a four-wheeled carriage' or 'cart,' as opposed to apaia, 'a two-wheeled warchariot.' a$wv, kin to axle, is from root dy + s, and = 'that which should draw.' E 2 52 52 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. /LEra': with accusative = after;' elsewhere with genitive, 'with' (see above). 'tLLOTJ, 'half,' adjective, as in German; /Az-o' alvOpwros, 'half a man;' /AtLo-O TrElapi~ov, 'half a quarter;' ~uto-' Wpa, 'half an hour' =Ein lalber Miann, ein 1hallbe8 Vier~tel, eivne Iwiabe Stuncle. The full classical form is '/At-V3 (for o1 imLU0V3), -qJpCO'EtaL, qLmo-u* VflILTVV, I'f"uEtaV, 'qfuolOV' qlLtoOV%3 7/~lttTaacL, 171LLL07OV1 7q[LLJELf, 7)/AW-Eta, -q7llto-Et Plural: 77LcTt, 7LOEa, )Lo-Ea () /tLcTEL% -qJJOEWT)~LOEa (_)0/tEV,'7LaLV, -q/JIOEWV' 1J, tOEU(V),WOdGatg 771,WoEo-t(v). In composition '7A"-, Latin semni; in the vernacular, /tuo,- Hence Modern Greek 1LLLO-EVOJ 'I divide,'I Part,' ' depart.' 7E3=Stem 7TE-, 'say,' ' speak' + -;, sign of 2nd person singular. Hence 7r' = 'say,' ' tell;' Cf. J10ES, 'as, 'let go,' 'let.' The stem w- is made pronounceable by the addition of paragogic,E to the letter 7r, which is a truncated form of Elw- for FEW-, in which the last letter has, probably through influence of lip-letter F, become labialized from K. Hence FEW- is Greek form of root va/c-, Latin voc- in vox (volc-s), v6care, equiv6cus, &c. TOV: f or T-, genitive for dative; 7c'3 T-ov, 'tell him.' 7WEPaLoT? stem rrEpa- = 'pass' + 0o?'enin of 3rd person aorist subjunctive. Hence v~a 7Wcpauo-, 'that he pass,' i. e. call; WES TO a ~cojtell him to call.' ELWO, literally 'off,' ' from,' here = at;' compare nautical use of ' off?' Thus, too, adir' E'8w, literally 'from here' = this 'way.' va /w aq, 'to get me;' /Ao~ for ptol;e.'-vfripaoe 'rcp for~wcpq, from '7r + 'a', peent imperfect 1st person singular E'Wcadpw) but a similar f ate to that of V'7wa-coyuI K. TA.X has befallen this word, it being regarded as aorist of an imperfect 7rEpvw orrawcpvo. The root dp-, 'take,' ' lift,' seemns to be shortened from JFEp-, and that from JuFyp-, which again would appear to have been lengthened. by euphonic a' from a-hp-, and point 1)ack to an Judo-Germanic root svar, in Sanscrit sar, of whichi A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 53 the original meaning seems to have been that of 'swaying,' or 'hovering,' 'hanging.' Hence aElpw, atpow for aFE'p3o, 'I lift,' 'I raise;' rELpal for cr-ELpa, ' a chain,' 'line,' 'row,' Latin series, &c. Eva: for Ev, formed from the metaplastic masculine nominative evas by dropping the A. A metaplastic form is a secondary grammatical formation. From the accusative nominative Eva(v), root stmi ev-, nominative masculine EJs for >v5, genitive Evo0, K.T.X., a possible stem, <va-, is unconsciously inferred, whence the nominative masculine vas, neuter Eva. These formations are frequent in Modern Greek, but are not unknown to Ancient Greek and to Latin; in Sanscrit they are likewise common. evyap't: for evyd'pLv, i. e. tevyadpov, diminutive of EV7yos, 'a 'pair,' genitive ~evyapLto arising by rapidity of pronunciation from gevyaptov, plural SevydpLa, CevyapLwv for Zevyapwov. ZeVyos is kin to tvyo- (s or v, masculine or neuter), ev being the regular strengthening of v in Greek; cf. crvyov, Ecvya, 'I fled, ceEVyW, ' T fly.' rvyo- is for 3vyo-, Latin jugo- jugum, English yoke. Hence jungo in Latin, Zevyvv(o, gEVyVVfJI in Greek, 'I join.' ycavTa: plural of ydvrt, French gant, 'glove.' The fine Greek word is XEtpOKTLOY, XELpoKTa. &rra/A-r'v: for &rrTa t /uv, seven [and] a half.' aptOLo: for aptOliwv, accusative after TrapY, in apposition with yavTra; aptOfLo- = root ap-, 'to arrange' (whence Modern Greek apa3a, 'row,' turn,' Japua(r), 'a thing fitted,' 'a chariot,' arma, Latin, Modern Greek aplcara, 'arms,' armus and arm, &c.) + -0o-, formative suffix + /O-, substantive suffix, as often above. From the same root, Gothic lithus for rithus, the German Giied for Gelied, with prefix ge, and probably our lithe as adjective; also, with different suffix, limb: probably also our lid is kin to German Lied, Gelied, Glied; cf. Augenlieder, 'eyelids,' and also the use of numbers, "melodious numbers," with Lied in sense of "song." Link is a further formation from the same root, and reminds us in this connexion of Milton's lines, 54 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. " In notes, with many a winding bout Of linked sweetness long drawn out."-L'Allegro, 139. Cf. uELoq above. ao-7rpa: neuter plural accusative of ao7rpo-, 'white,' the classical word for which is XEVKO-; probably for ao-rAo-, i. e. a —rLtXo-, 'unspotted.' r;vi77WoEv, ' called,' 'shouted,' from (oiva-, verb-stem and noun (nominative ovyw), 'voice;' for form, cf. Jrrrjvrcrev above. (K: the Latin ex, also cE before vowels, construed with genitive. owLarTlov: diminutive of 8W'ar-, nominative 4/la, 'a room,' 'chamber,' from root 8E/A-, 'build,' German zimmern (verb), Zimmer (noun), our timber. KaXa: neuter plural, used adverbially. Tr;pa: for 'j fpa, ' the hour,' 'now,' as the Scotch say "the day" for "to-day;" cf. Welsh ruan and nawr for yr awr hon and yn awr,' the hour this,' i. e. this hour, and ' in hour,' respectively. vevOvurs: ending as in CavXXoyio-Or (cf. ErvXXoyTorOr above), from E'OvtXE- = ev + OvfE- for OvJio-, 'to have in one's mind' (0vo'-), 'to remember.' Oviuos is kin to Latin fumnes, 'smoke,' but in Greek has only the metaphoric sense of mind, spirit, anger; cf. our fret and fume; the old meaning peeps out, however, in O'Laa, 'sacrifice,' OvLdtaLaTa, 'incense offerings,' Ovl4ov and 0vpo, 'thyme,' Ov', 'I sacrifice,' K.T.X. Our dust and the German dunst are (with different endings) from the same root. EvXoyrLMEvq: feminine participle perfect passive of eVXoyev, ' well' + Xoyo-, word 'to bless.' Hence evXoyrJevr7, ' blessed woman!' ' bless your heart!' Cf. Plato's use of 8aL/LovtE. eX7raLdovraqa: from XToy-/ovE- (Xrcr/oovEWo, X7cr/Oovg, K.7.X.), from ArcXa-ov- (nominative Xro-Uwv for Xro-jfLov) -= kXr-, lengthened from XaO- + adjective suffix-/bov-, = 'forgetful.' Hence Xroa=tov- = 'I am forgetful,' 'I forget;' AXrcrfo-uovraa, 'I forgot;' root XaO-, whence also A 't7, 'the river of forgetfulness;' Xav A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 55 avw, ' I hide from,' 'escape;' fXaOov, I shunned;' kin to Latin lateo, 'I lie hid,' whence our latent. OAXEc = OEX-, 'will,' kin to Sancrit root dhar, 'begin,' 'undertake' + ending c =- ' wilt thou.' Kda/JU = root KaL-, ' labour,' make,' do' + ending o = ' I.' va Ka/Xo, 'that I do,' i. e. me to do. Imperfect stem, Ka/uv-. /t': negative particle ='not,' 'lest,' with subjunctive, imperative, and participles only-never with indicative, except in lquestions, e. g. k or /rTTdws ras evoXX); ' do I disturb you V' XEtpoepa: ' worse,' neuter plural for adverb, in classical Greek generally Xctpova from Xetpov; kin to Xep, ' hand,' Sanscrit hcirdmi, 'I seize,' haranam, 'hand,' Old Latin hir for manus, also herns, hera, 'master' and 'mistress.' Thus Xdcpov- seems to mean originally 'in the hands of;' hence 'inferior,' 'subordinate.' The expression /X) XetpoTEpa seems to signify /A' [K /aS] XELpoTrpa, 'do no worse than you have done,' i. e. you have done enough already. elfLOvptrev: from 6LOvpit- (L/LOvptiw), a word formed from the sound. &8E/3L3ao-: 8tiLafi/3a- (8ta/fitflao) 8= a + fltfai-, reduplicated for ipa- from root fa-, originally ya-, our come, Sanscrit gd, ggydmi, transitive form of ativow for /3avtw, = 'make go.' Hence 8tagat/3a/w, 'I pass through,' 'pass on,' a watchword or message. vrr/pperqv: from Zro + - pec-, ' row,' literally' an under-rower;' hence 'a servant,' 'waiter.' oarts: double relative = 'the which,' or 'he who.' a7rrvT7c-~E: explained above. /EyaooSbwow (-or): from /xE-yaXo- and tovca-, 'with a loud voice.' froXv: stem and neuter singular, kin to full, voll, viel (German) ' very.' KaXa: neuter plural used as adverb = 'well.' O/Xw: for OI.LWT, old instrumental case of stem 0xo- for /o/o-, 56 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. kin to same. Hence = 'all the same,' however,' 'but;' with different accent, 6/0s, it means 'at the same time.' In Modern Greek, however, S/uoi (genitive) is usually employed in this sense. aLya: adverb, for or-Lya, probably softened from O-LKa, kin to German Schweigen. qKlJTOra: neuter plural (cf. KaXa), from stem rKLcrTO- a-, of which -LTrr- is superlative suffix, kin to -est in English, and 'K- probably stands for OTrK- UaK-, kin to sachte, German, 'slight,' 'light,' 'soft.'?)KLO-aa = slightest,' 'lightest,' 'least.' evUcE/dla'oT (E'LE/3aorrTr): adverb of vcr-fEacrro-, from Ev, 'well' + cr-EacrTo- (observe accent), verbal adjective of o-rE3a4 -for o-e/3a8-, verbal stem from o-ref3a, 'honour,' 'worship,' 'respect.' Hence ocr/aoro'-, ' worshipped,' evo-r acrrTo-, 'worshipful,' 'respectful,' evareP3aCToW, 'respectfully,' KITcrra EVceP3a0cTW, 'anything but respectfully.' /la: perhaps the Italian ma for mnai, from Latin magis, a relic of the Venetian and Genoese occupations of Greece, but not without echo of Ancient Greek /rv, Doric lavv, 'nay,' 'but.' a4EvTLKOa: neuter plural vocative of adjective de/VTLKo-, i. e. what belongs to a master, like the German Herrschaft for Herr, or the English "Your Lordship" for "Lord." It means simply 'Sir.' aXlOjea: from a - 'not' + X7-, lengthened from XaO- (see above) + ero = adjectival suffix + ta = noun suffix. Hence aXryOeLa (for aX0cor-ta) = 'what cannot be hid,' i. e. the truth, or, perhaps better, 'the unmistaken.' Here the noun is used as an interjectional adverb, " troth!" 7rov: literally 'where,' locative genitive of root 7ro- (KPO-); cf. Latin qud, quo, and our own where, which is genitive feminine of same root who-, Modern English who; cf. German wo. Here used in sense of 'since,' 'so that.' aJXrOeta, 7ro0 Xt KaAXVTrepa, 'truth, so that nothing better,' i. e. true as true can be. OXL: the classical ov"X, compounded of OVK +-, an old de A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 57 monstrative particle = 'here;' cf. ovros, ' this here man' (classical). oX' =- 'not,'' no.' KaeXXTEpa, better,' from KaXo-, 'good' + ending 'eEpa, neuter plural of TEpo-. The proper form would be KaXATrepa, but the classical comparative was KaXXiv, K.1.X., where the XX is probably due to the presence of suppressed 3; cf. aXXos for eX3os, and the Modern Greek KaXXItrpos, K.7.X., also written less correctly KaXkTEpoS, may be due to a compromise between KaXXlAA and KaX)Trepos. fcrr': for /,co-a, neuter plural for adverb, from /tEco-, 'midst,' 'in the midst of.' ME(TO- for /Erto-, kin to /ET&. 's: for els or es, 'in;' "/e' s = 'in the midst of,' literally 'midway in.' Xadcrrr(v) (cf. Try for rjv): stem Xaro-ra-, 'mud.' ppoyxi: stem ppoxa-, 'rain,' verbal substantive from root ripex- /PpaX-. Hence /3pxEt, 'it rains,' Z3pEfe, 'it rained,' 0a PiEpe', 'it will rain.' rpeXa, 'run,' imperative imperfect 2nd singular, as if from TpEx-/ui. The imperfect in regular and classical use is TpEXo, rTpEXov, imperative rpeXE, but in the vernacular we get rpEXa, 'run,' and the middle present participle TpexaLEvos, 'running;' kin to Gothic thrayja, 'I run.' v' ayopds: for va ayopd~ys from dyopa, 'market.' Hence ayopat) = 'I buy.' ayopa in turn means 'an assembly,' 'a gathering,' being verbal substantive of root d-yEp-, ' gather;' whence ayiEpo, ' I gather;' cf. 7ravrjyvpts above. yavTca, 'gloves,' the French gants.. The Greek word is XetpoKTLa or Xetp^8es. rt vds: a bye-form of 7riar, Doric and New Testament for 7riLErs, of which the classical meaning is 'squeeze,' the later 'catch,' and the modern simply 'get' or 'take.' 'A: the interjection 'Ah!' sev: shortened from ov3'v, i. e. ov e vI, 'not even one,' 'nothing.' Hence simply 'not;' cf. non, from ne unum, in Latin. 58 58 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Kaj~Aptta: for K&V (i. e. Ka' &v.),tda(v,), 'even if one,' so much as one,' any,'' Some;' KaL[Lta' 00a' 'som e time or other,) 'one of these, days.' 0opa': verbal substantive from 4cp-, kin to bear, literally 'a bearing,' ' taking,' ' turn; cf. unia vece, Italian, ima vez, Spanish, from Latin unarn vicemt, from root vec-, velh-, 'to bear,' 'carry.' IDIOMATic TRANSLATION. "John! " "Yes, Sir! "Go and fetch a cab, to be here in half an hour." "Tell him to call at Madame Lisie~s, togt eaparo gloves, number 71, white!" cried Mrs. Euphrosyne from her bedroom."All right!... and so now you have just remembered about getting gloves-bless youn!" "I forgot it! What would you have me donow7 "1I hope that's the worst!" whispered her consort, and passed the message to the servant, who replied aloud,"4Very good, sir; directly!" but muttered to himself in anything but a respectful tone, "1Ay! master! and no mistake, to send me running through the mud and rain to buy gloves and fetch a cab. I wonder whether I shall ever be a master myself." EXERCISE VIII. `O Kv'tos 1EcJW'V-qJE 7rPO1370OV V7EpET-qt' H1-q-atvE VaC Mtao-7 J $tKa\L " EVCL~1ya'pt ycaVTtaL. "`lk'Auao-w KU`pLE," a_7rr-TJV~T-TV 0' 1V7r'qpE'T-q7 JLEL8LWV /LE'V -/X'VKCpOV 1itEL&'a/%a cTE/3ao7oV' Kal 'uroTay1~ &XX\ V/LOVPL7w L~L c KY~ EVcrE/3a'o~ws! KaXa\ Kal rd'pa E'O~v/_t Or)I /a' /A\ o-rEtX/q vat ayopaorw 7aVL' a a7ra-t 'i[L'! Tp E'Xa o v /,,EO-'g ri\ Xcaum-i Ka't '1YtaKt 7?raa p /Spoyq KatL ag 7El/i E7W q/w aEvT7 adf a a.pc "John! cried the lady; "1tell the carriage to call in half an A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 5 V, 9 a hour (say that the carriage call). Did you remember to get gloves ~ "I forgot it! What am I to do -now? " the servant answered aloud; but whispered to himself, anything but respectfully, "Master, true enough!" and passing on the order (Staflt/3J~(v) to another servant, said, "1Run in the mud and rain, bless you, to fetch a carriage, and buy gloves. You will be master, too, one of these fine days." ENNATFON MAeHMA.-NINTH LE sSON. CVwaro- for &vve'a'o- = e'vve'a + Tro - nine' + 'th' - ninth.' The E' is a kind of taking, breath before pronouncing the word, eand o being common prefixes in Greek, of which we have numberless instances. Thus c~vve'a stands for E'vcFa, and that for vE'a[v]j; Sanscrit navan, Latin novem, Gothic niun for nivun, Engylish nine. 'O Kz'ptoq llap~aXO'v EtoC-E'pXeat eid O KOLTCOva TOVy, The Mr. Pardalds enters into the sleeping-room of-him, Kcat 7rpou-7raOe't va' ev'vO7. 'AXXa" TrOV5rO evat aciVvaTrov and tries to get-dressed. But this is impossible, caOOT1 27 CVO6(01/LO; CV~'V7YO' TOV CXGt 7rX27^peq TO\ co/iadTtOV in that the well-bodied consort of-him has full the room' 9?onTCOVW, fJ-EcO'boopioWv,,tav~vXiCv., o0r7Oo&'oCUCOV, Kcal ra of-clothes, _petticoats, handkerchiefs, stays, and all TT 7roXvat'pc/ov crvOaEV27? OD 70? vvaUElov &`,LtaTLOT/ho.kO the multiform apae of-the womanly attire. lVVJay-16 XOt~ro"V Ta" bev&)LTd Troy, Xaa,43'vEt bv licpO\V He-gat hers therefore the clot hes of-him, takes a little caTpo7rT7pol Kca& ev KiC7ptov, Kcat an-EpXETat EL9 TO~ fypacbiov looking-glass and a candle, and departs into the, offic e 60 60 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 'ry07TO31 O-V l 'EXO- Ev aVTri T7iV ESvtzaoaaV o. of/tim that he-may-,finish in it the dressing of-him. AX,LT O"Xt"yoi EvOV/.LETat O t EEav ptT9 dLO Bat after a-little he remtembers that he-is unshared, and that 7TpEWEL Va ~VPW-OjV ipitV P'aXXa'y,. METa/3aI'PE Ka\ 7TL'XW it-behaves that hie-shave, ere hie-change. He-moves yet again EV?; TOP KOWron'a, aVtY1C~ 'r6 OTq nav 'p aI,tan.aTVflOLLE'Vfl' inito the sleepin~?g-r-oom7,opens-and-sb uts the door, protesting 'IT; Kvpi'a' Hap~aXou', 'Tt O0 T \ V KpV 0 7tT a 1 co q KaC E7 -p ~Eb the Mrs. Pardalo's, that he will her give-cold, and returns KpaTrwP To ~Vpa'tWV ToV, Ka't Tr Xot7-a-' al7ratToV/Leva. holding the razor of himn, and the other requir-ements. 'EpOv~ieF'rat TOTES16 OTt OEhEL d'EpA4V v3&op, aixxa' He-remembers then that he-wants warm water, but 7rapaT'qlp~O O"Tt ' O'Apa elvat 77rpoKEXo0p 7Jev?, Kab & observing that the hour is advanced, and not VwoX~iei77-at xcatpo'; tva To\ v'&op Oep/LctvOp, apicetTat EL'; is-left time that the water warm, he-contents-him with 'ro *~vXpoov', Kcal a~pye'ra iTeptaXelowv Le\ o-aww-ova T?7V the cold, and begins smearing-over with soap the octa~yova Kat Ta'; 'irapeta'; TrOy, X~ycov Kao' eavrovchin and the cheeks of-him, saying to himself - a iou V EXI a',Xwv lcal.a~jta iari8ac t;T There-will mne come again some going-down into my ~OV~ta '7rov zw2 ILE TPXXLP aXXa' T'1 Va' tev! Ka teeth such as me will-madden; but what may-be-done! And?7TotIa ETo Va0P TO ~Vpa'Otov e7TL T?7' ipta he-wast-preparing to bring the razor against thea cheek A GUIDE TO MO0DERN GREEK. 6 61 alJ-ov, ~7-C 'qI Kat 7rcitv o c'O T-q)q aIVMty/Ie?7 of-h im, when sominds yet again the bell of-the openting Ov'pasx. door. t'0PXE C 'oe in' from ck ' in' + 1pErPEat, 'comes.' 1EpXo/L(at, EPXEo-tGL, EPXIETat E'pXOpJE~a, E'PXEO-OE, E'pxOVTat. KOLThkavU[] stem KOtUWV-, from KOLJ-a-, 'bed' + sumfx -W'V-, which bas the force of 'a place for' or 'of;' ef. 81EV~pEW'V, 'place for trees,' 'orchard,' yvvaLKEJV, 'women's apartment,' and many others. KotTa- is formed by a modification of stein. KEt- - lie.'I KEL/lUL, KELo-aL KIE-Z-aL KEt'fLE~at, KJLUOEE KELVTaL + noun ending — ra-. C f. EpnXow~k above. From stem KEt- are also derived: KOL-Pa'-W, 'put to sleep;' KIO/019 ' a banquet,' literally ' a lying down; KJ'lLq, ' a village,' 'hamlet;' the proper name Kv'1J7-. Cognate are Latini qui-e-s, qni-esco, ci-ci-s ('a dweller'), our home, -ham, German heim, &c. 71-poow7aOEL.: for wpoo-wra~'E, from wpo',, 'toward' + 7ra'OE93-, 'feeling,' 'Passion.' Hence 7wpoo-77aNa, 'I direct my feelings (efforts) towards anything,' 'I endeavour,' 'attempt,' 'try.' 7rpoo-7aA~o. -E6i -EZ- -OU'lLEV -ELTE -OVO-t (-O~v' -oVVFE). Ev~vOmj-^ 'v + 8v + Om0 of which Ev 'on ' or ' in;' Sv= 'clothe;' -Oij is tense and personal ending, as frequently above -'he may be.' Hence 'vdvOui, 'he, may be dressed' or ' dress himself.' 'V&dvO -Om-Ofr 0 O7fLV O'E-Otn (0o~V -OOZVE). vvaTov: 'a' Iun 'in-; 8vl/a — 7 'can;' TOY _- adjective ending, neuter nominative. From stem 8vva- we get 8V'i'aptaa -a-at -Tat' -/LOa -oYOE -Vrat, 'I can,' &c. KaLOOTt = KaLT' + T' —') 'forasmuch' + 'as.' EiW/03&O = Eb, 'well' + c-wpto-, the essential part of o-0G)JaT-, 'body' +,'sign of nominative case. Compounds of this k~imd (cf. ECi4L~p40-, ' beautiful,' from EV- and ttopqoai-, 'form') are the same for masculine and feminine. b' KaL\ ' EV0-OJ/01A% TO EVLTL/OV' TOY KaLt TrjV Kal TON EVOW/1LOV' TOV^ Kal TT)3 Ev0-WL/.kOV, T(LJ) 62 62 ~~~A GUIDE TO MYODERN GREEK. KCLL TflEv0-W/Ip O KalL at EVUOJ/I.kt, Ta evOo-/.ka& TOV13 KaIL T as cua&)puOVs% Ta EVO-OJ/Aa, TOWV CV0r(W/L)v- Tot, Kat Tals cvo-w/=Lotg. trw-F/.aTfor cr'o-I.aT-, 'that which is saved;' in Homer always a corpse saved in battle, the only thing saved when the hero is killed, a euphemism for a dead body, like XELL/ILvov (XkEt'r-o-a-vov), 'that which is left,' 'remains.' The root oaco-, co-o- appears in o'&~, I'I save,' and is kin to sa- in sanus, sou in sound, Su in German gesand, &c. rX~pEs: stem and neuter accusative, from root 7riXe-, ' fill ' (see above) + adjectival suffix -pt,3 - 'full.' CoOi-O'WV: stem E0-0O'p- + WV, genitive plural ending. &O-OTfrom E' = els, 'on,' 'on to' + On = do, to which it is akin. Hence EsO'q 'do on,' ' don' + T, suffix forming substantive stem E0-O-qT- ='garment.' co-0O'p for EoOp-OnT, Eo-O~Ta[v], co-O~i-os, C~O-O7TL- 'o EcTOCqT — 'raL; -7TOWV -TJO-V (for r'To-tV). juco-o~opt'wv0: from ptcO'o-, ' middle' or ' inside,' and 4Em- (Oop-), 'wear;' kin to English bear, Latin fero, &C. + diminutive ending to-, in genitive plural t'wv. Hence, I~Etoopopt-Wv = ' of little things worn inside,' ' inside-wearing-lets,' i. e. petticoats. Fuav~vXL((nv: diminutive of juav8vq, a Persian word, our mantle = 'of handkerchiefs.' 0-T?7Oo8E`C/LWV: from. -T-qOO-, stem (in composition) of orT~Oog, 'breast' + 8EO-Fkwv (genitive plural of 8Eo-La, otherwise &'oy-/aTa), 'bindings,' I'tyings,' being substantive of 8c-, as in &EW,~ ~E-V,4~ ~I tie;' kin to English tie. Hence O-Tr-q~oOc&1LLWV = 'breast-bindings,'' stays.' 7racTo-S: for 7ra-vV-o-v, = stem rrcui + o —q, feminine suffix + 3, genitive ending. In 7ravr- the 7 is a labialized K, the ground form being K~caVT-, kin to Latin quanto-. The whole declension is as follows:-7ra-l; (for 7ratvT-), 7r&.o-a, 7rav - ra-cvia[v], 7rao-av, 7rrav 7riavros (observe accent, and cf. E'o, above), 7ra-co-qs, 7ravTios 7raVTt,7alh 7 TS, 7a-a,7 &a7r Va, r 1-aV3 7 Ta 7r-av,-wv, 7r-ao-~Jw (shortened fromzr-ao-&'wv), 7rio-t(v), ri-a' -at%,v'a~) With reference to the straig-ht and curved brackets here em A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 63 ployed, be it remarked that 7ravrav is a form etymologically postulated, but only found in vulgar Greek, whereas rar-Lv is a recognized form always used before a vowel, as 7rao-v avOpworoL, 'to all men.' jroXv/Lopoov: genitive singular feminine (cf. ev0o-wos above), compounded of 7roX;- and uopoa-, 'form,' 'shape.' Hence rroXvuopfpcov 'multiform,' 'multifarious.' o-VU(KEV1j: compounded of o-vv and cOKEV)', 'equipment,' from root OKV-, whence KUtro%, with its bye-form OaKVros; kin to Latin scu-tum, ob-scu-ru-s, cu-ti-s, our hide. For the occasional disappearance of o-, cf. /ELMLJv above. yvwvaLKcov: from stem yvvatK- + adjectival suffix Eto-. yvvalKis lengthened by suffix -KL- from stem yvva, standing for yvvaKta-. 'yvva- is kin to our queen, quean, &c., and to the word kin in English, root yev- and gen- in Greek and Latin, and means 'the bearer,' 'mother.' yvVaLKEro- means 'womanly,' 'feminine,' 'female.' ovvayeL = o-vv-ayet, 'brings together,' Jyet being kin to Latin agit. ev&SvJaTa: neuter plural accusative of EvSvaTr- = ivSv-, explained above + ulaT-, substantival suffix; cf. /AOBrlqLarT-, K.T.X. JHence Evv'/aTa = 'clothes.' KaLpo7rTpov: from Kara, preposition - 'at' + root or- for OKF- (see above) + substantival suffix Tpo-. Hence KaVo7rrpov ' a thing to look at,' 'a looking-glass.' A masculine adjective form, 0 KaTo7rTTpto (i.e. vaXos), is probably responsible for the popular word o KaOpe/r]7s through the stages KarT07rrptO, KarOrTTpts, Karpo7rrTL Karpo(r)T7, KaOpecr Ts, the aspiration of the T into 0 being probably due to the proximity of the p, that of the 7r into S to a regular law of vernacular pronunciation, rrT (and also 40) becoming uniformly 0-r in the mouth of the common people, while the changed vowel is probably a case of Umlaut, the o becoming e as a compromise or approximation to the final palatal vowel r or L. 64 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. fKrpov- Kr)p-, kin to Latin cera, 'wax' + to-v, diminutive ending. Hence Krjplov = literally 'a waxling,' 'a taper,' 'a candle.' The vernacular form is KCpL[v]. Declension as follows, in writing and familiar speech respectively: —KIplov, KrplwOv, cK'q.pl' KjptLo KqpglVv, Kr-ptotL. KEpt, KEpLOV' KeptL, KEptrV. Observe the shifting of the accent in genitive through rapid pronunciation. a7r;pXET, ' goes away;' cf. lTo-EXErTat, 'goes in' (above). o7rW: for OnrrtT, old instrumental form, relative stem o-Tro- for O-KFo-, where the o seems to be the article in a petrified and indeclinable form; cf. le-quel, el ctiale, &c., in French and Spanish. 07rwo means 'in order that,' 'in-a-way that' such and such a result may follow. o-vvrcXE'p: ending -cr, as above. ovvrEXE-: from crvv +,EXE-, 'to finish up,' 'complete,' TEXE- being for reXEs- (nominative, TEros), and probably kin to root rEX-, RXE, 'to bear,' 'carry.' rXhivat, infinitive aorist, Latin tuli (perfect), Scotch thole, German dul-den, Ge-dul-d, &c. As we say the bearing, in sense of tendency, ultimate issue. Hence 0o7rs crVvrEXEr ='that he may accomplish.' evovparaolav: further formation from stem e8v1var-, as explained above, by addition of substantival suffix -a-, standing therefore for ev&v/parta, with sigmated r = o, as often in Greek; evSvtacta = 'clothing.' f/E' oXtyov, ' after a little,' according to regular sense of /Lera with accusative. advplo-Tos: from d- = 'un-,' and $vptao-i-, 'shaved,' with regular change of accent. 4vptlc-ro from evpI-, from $vpo-, 'razor,' and that from root $v-, $e-, 'to shave.' The Sanscrit hkshuras, 'razor,' seems to be cognate. 7rEp7t, 'it behoves,' 'is right.' This seems akin to Latin prope, 'near,' p)roprius, 'proper,' &c., but the link in meaning is open to some doubt. evptagroj: cf. evav0jj. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 65 7rpLv: conjunction ' before,' for 7rpoi'ov, 'rpoiv (also 7rpw'v), comparative degree of rrpo, as Latin prius for proios. XAAXd =-A XXday-o: from aXXo- (Xa7o) + verbal suffix ay-, perhaps = root dy- in ayo, ago, 'to bring.' Hence aXXa'y'bring-otherwise,' 'change.' dXXadw for dXXcay, kXXuaa, dXXActo, K.T.X. LErTaalv3 L: /IETa- = 'across,' /fau'vE, ' he goes;' kin to Latin ven-it, Albanian vien; root /3a- for yFa-, our co-me. The Dutch kwam, 'came,' retains the labial w = F. 7raXtv: adverb = 'again.' avoLyoKXEtiE, ' opens and shuts:' made up of avouy-, 'open,' and KXEL-, ' shut,' a curious sort of compound, commoner in colloquial Modern Greek than in classical. KXEWo is kin to Latin clau-do, German schlie-ssen, the original root being sklu-. Ovpav, 'door,' kin to same, also to Latin for-es, German Tliire, Albanian dere, Sanscrit dvdr, &c. tlatLapTvpoeL'vr/, 'protesting' = tl, 'through,' ' thoroughly,' 'persistently' + /xapTvpo/e'vqs1, 'witnessing,' from JuapTvp-, ' witness' + o/uEvrq-s, middle participial imperfect ending, feminine genitive. This genitive is called absolute because its government is not obvious, that is, it depends, not on any particular word in the sentence, but on the sentence taken as a whole. In Latin, the ablative is used in this way; in English, the nominative. icdp-Tvp, of which -rvp is ending, meaning 'agent' (genitive, iaaprvpos), comes from root iuap-, mar-, 'to call to mind,' 'remind,' 'remember,' reduplicate in memor, memoria, 'memory,' found in te'p-t-Iyva, 'care,' &c. or 8tLa/apTvpo/.evoL is the ecclesiastical term corresponding to our Protestants. KpvU)cry = verbal stem Kpvo + c; KpvO- is found in adjective Kpvo-, 'cold,' noun KpvES-, 'cold[ness],' derivative Kpi-rTraXXov, Kpov-rraXXov, ' ice;' kin to Latin cru in cru-or, cru-dus, cr;i-delis, cru-s-ta, old Norse hri in hri-m, our rime, old High German hrdo, our raw. 7ri-.crTpee 4, 'turns about,' 're-turns.' F 66 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.,vpacLtov: from evpo- (see above) + diminutive ending -a.tov, elsewhere also ViLov, as XopaLov, 'a little field;' tv)i&ov, 'a little animal,' 'an insect.' aTTdaLovFLeva - 'things asked,' 'requirements:' participle imperfect passive, from a7raLrc-, 'to ask (of)' = 'r- + atci-, ' ask.' a7rarovJEva stands for a7raLTE-o'Leva. OepJLov: from root Oep-, as in 0Epos, 'summer,' kin to Latin fur- for- in furnus, formidus (cf. Ovpa, fore.s), Sanscrit gharmas, 'glow,' Gothic varmjau, our warm, Lithuanian zer-e'-ti, 'to 'glow,' Albanian iarm, 'fire.' There can be little doubt of the kinship of these words, but the form assumed in the various languages by the first consonant is irregular, and hitherto unexplained. In 0 for gh we have simple dentalization, but in the Sanscrit a v after gh, and in Gothic a g before v, seems to have been lost, while none of the other tongues seem to retain a trace of the v. vo&p: for V8opT-, genitive v3a'os for vap-T-o0, kin to water. The vernacular for Oeppov v'8wp is tearo vEpo: eOrr-o- being verbal adjective from Ce-, 'boil;' vEpo-, akin to vqrpo-, 'liquid,' adjective from root ve-, 'flow,' or else popularly imagined in the aorist &vep(p)EvE, ' it flowed in,' as typ'-, 'dry,' in the aorist ~e'p(p)~vo-, ' it flowed out,' from Ev-pF- and cK-pJ- respectively; for, as the suffix -vu- has elsewhere the force of 'to be' or 'become,' Ee'ppvc-e and eveppeveo (applied to water-courses) might seem to imply the presents epev'w = $-Epos el/j, and vepEW = vrepos E/iLt respectively, the c of C' and Iv being mistaken for the augment, and the true augment in the second syllable for part of the radical word. rrapaTrrpWv (7rapaTrpecwv), 'observing:' from 7rapa, 'by,' and Tiipe-, 'keep' or 'watch.' rrapar7ppv -ovra -ovv -ovra -ovoaav -ovv- -OVVTOs -ocr)-oZ -V -oTL -OV VL' -o V'TE* - oGVTS L -ovat -ovvTa' -ovwraa -ovaas -OVVTCLa -OvVTWVa -OU'v -ov VVTW - -ov (v) -ov'cra -ova (v). 7rpoK~XwpryqlEVq: perfect participle passive, feminine nominative, A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.6 67 from 7rpoXwpe- = 7Tpo + Xwpe-, 'go.' Hence 7rpo~wpe- = ' go forward,' ' advance.' xwpe- is itself a derivative from X(J')pa-, 'a place,' and means originally 'to take a place,' ' to take up,' 'hold,' e. g. To alyyc'tov XwpcZ 8vo pxc'pa, 'the vessel holds two measures.' I a whence diminutive Xwflv 'a farm,' is probably, as regards its first syllable Xw-' kin to German Gau, as in Ammergau, &c., the English gay in Fotheringay, Ganilingay, Bungay, and other names of places. le tirerat = Ve 0 I'under,' here ' behind,' as though ' at the bottom' + XdITETat, from XC~,r- (root XL-r-), kin to leave + - CMrc = '[it] is.' Hence V'nroXSbreTat = ' is left,' ' remains.' Oep/uavO-7 = 0OEpu + av (verbal suffix) + 9j, ending as often above. He-nce Ocpuav6-5 = may be warmed.' The verbal stemn Ocppazv- is in the imperfect, Oepcua'v- for Ocp/ja'v2-. Hence Oe9p/uzo, Oepptat'opxwv fO'Cp~atvov, CEOEp/.UaLV/OLL7 'O p/Lava, iEOcp/ua'v0',q Oep/.L(LvO, K.Tr.X. apKELrTcL (apKc'- cat): from root &.Xx- apK-, literally 'to ward off; Latin are- in arceo. Hence, 'to secure oneself.' alpKov/uat, II am secure,' 'content,' 'I content myself.' Hence &'pKCTov, 'enough.' O$vy~po-v, literally 'that which is blown upon' or ' spat upon:' from stem -qivX-, ' to cool by blowing or spitting,' root ov- for uirv-, kin to spi- in spit. Hence qkvx ', ' the breath,' ' the soul.' Cf. J~euoq 'wind,' and animu-s, anima, 'mind' and ' soul' in Latin. VpX~at: Middle form of J'pxa, ' he is the first,' ' he rules,' this form meaning 'he begins.' 7reptaxXe~c/w&: from 7rrplt, ' about' + &XE64-wv, ' smearing.' o.uirwva~v] =the Latin saponem. ona-yo'valv]: nominative atay-~wv (for -0'vs) -O'va -o'Vo, -0'VL. zureapE(: from wac'pos (7ra'pe,), 'before' + noun suffix -ta - 7rapco1cL the ' frontage' of the head = the sides of the face,' ' the cheeks.' 68 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.. Eavrov = e for 'v, old accusative pronoun + avrov = 'self.' Hence cavTov -= himself.' KaTaL/3arLta = KaTa, Kara,' down' + /lacta (root 3a + a -a), verbal substantive ending. Hence KaoraLataot = ' a going down,' i.e. a twinge of pain descending into the tooth; a thoroughly vernacular and most expressive word. 8ovrta: for -86vTta, diminutive from o-8ovr-, 'tooth,' Latin dent-, &c. Trov v/a jiL TpEXXadv, ' such as to drive me mad,' literally ' such that it may,' &c. rpAXXav- from TpeXXo-, 'mad' (cf. Oep/xavfrom OepFoz-), supposed by some to be a corruption of the Ancient Greek TpavXo-, 'stammering,' as though for rpevXo-, TpeFXo-. y7lvy: first aorist subjunctive, from root 7yv-, cognate to kin. y7yvopat, EyELVa, y7Elv, K.a.X. TA va YE7v = 'what (is) to happen?' 'what's to be done?' r-lOLagE7ETo: from ETOtLo-, I ready,' &rota 'ojaat, 'I get (myself) ready,' rToatdaETro, 'he was getting (himself) ready.' -TroLUo-, verbal adjective from root i(s), 'he,' is. 'E'pi,: kin to English bear, Latin fero, &c. vXE( (XELC): from 'X~-, ' sound.' IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION. Mr. Pardalos enters his bedroom, and attempts to dress. But this is impossible, inasmuch as his corpulent spouse has the apartment full of dresses, petticoats, handkerchiefs, stays, and all the multifarious apparatus of female attire. He therefore gathers up his clothes, takes a small looking-glass and a candle, and withdraws to his office, to complete his toilet therein. But he soon remembers that he is unshaven, and that he must shave before he changes. Accordingly, he migrates a second time to the bedroom, opens and shuts the door, amid the protestations of Mrs. Pardalos that he will give her cold, and returns with his razor and the other requisites in his hands. Then he remembers that he wants hot water, but observing that the hour A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 69 is advanced, he contents him with cold, and begins smearing over his chin and his cheeks with soap, saying to himself, "I shall have a fine twinge of toothache! but there's no help for it." And he prepared to bring the razor against his cheek, when once more the bell of the opening door resounds. EXERCISE IX. A'ev eve KaLpoS 7rpoS Oep/Lxov oawp- -p' pa ELVE 7rPOKEX(prLEVr. Tc 6a Ei7rj (what means? que vezt dire?) 0Eppov ioMp; ZEoTo Vepo'. EL(EpXo/aat eLS Tov KOIlrwvd /JOV KpaTwv TO KrpLOV, TO evpadLcov KaL Ta aXXa 7raLtTov/eva TwpOS evov/Zac-Lav. lIpoJo-raO va rv8vO~w XXA' Etve aovaTov, KaOOT 77 EC(OCLOOS cviv7O OV EXE~ TL 7rXvpeS TO oLCaTwov F t \ t t f Ye f c 7rac7s 7qS 7roXv,6opcpov (FVTK~EV7J7 yVVaLKeLOV l/LaTL1T/AoV. 0 LaXTtGfJos rOV yvvaZLKWv ELvat KaT aXrqOetav 7roXvLopfo5, av KaL XL E evop4os. MET oXIyov EevvOv/aLo tL OTt 8EV (( OepuoV V'Uwp va $vpcr0o. IIapaT77pu OTT TO VepO LVEe KpVO Kal OTLt 7 jpa ELVe 7poP(Ke)XoWPr].E'vr]. 'AAXa T va yEtvl; 'ApKoatL XotrTOv eis TO fvXpOv, KaOoTt Oev Ewe KaLpos tva OeppLavOr. HleptaXEbo /uE\ oa7rwva T7'v catayova Kal Tras 7rapetas. Mov EpXETat KaTatLaor-ta cEs TEa oo3ta, Kal i/tOvpLtW i tKTTLa E'(TEOa3EO' 70 X" eX(x yvvatKca 7roU va /LE TpXXAacv," Kat TpeXXatlVoLa KaLT aXOCELLav OepWv TO \0VPaOLOV erl TO r7ST^OS /jLOV. It is impossible for me to enter my bedroom and to dress. Petticoats, stays, handkerchiefs, are requisites of multifarious female attire. The spouse of my friend is beautiful; but when he opens and shuts the door, she protests that he will give her cold. The hot water is not ready, but it is being got ready. No time is left me to complete my toilet. I must shave with cold water, and a twinge of toothache enough to drive me mad will attack me (come to me); but there's no help for it. The hour is advanced, and I am unshaved. I wish to shave before I change. I gather together the requisites for my toilet, and, holding the razor against my cheeks, migrate once more into my bedroom. The bell of the opening and shutting door rings enough to drive me mad. 70 70 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. AEKATON MAeHMA.-TENTHa LESSON. IV eQrat, E)o&~p;; 4awedt 6 Hap&aX'c;, 77-po/3AXX0)v You are (it), Jo/in? calls the Pardalds,putn-oh 4X170OV Tnv a-a7i-&wvocv'rOV v az'TOV' IAOpcfV &ta rTnc; Ov'pa,(. a-little the soap-smeared of-him face through the door. 0-~Xt, dOe'VTqf! a'7raVTa' Kacdr06ev O5 qVAWI T?7? V'7r6pETpia4?, -No, sir! replies from-below the voice of-the maid, EWEe eval KV~tOl? - - XEL iKaTb Va orac;'et&ry".- "Ac it-is a gentleman... he-wants something that you he-tell.-1et '7repo-7l /tav a''~qvcp eXc epyaoitav.-Elve da7ax? (him) pass an other hour, I-have business. -It-is need Va o-&ca1c3 i rcT pa, a7raVTt ~tLET Trwa EVT6poXe7r~3a ' Obawv) that you he-see now, replies after some, seconds th e voice 'n39 lrflqpE~pta.-'AXXO Kcaic'v! X'E'yEL KaO' 6'aVT'V J T of-the maid.- Another evil! says to himself the unlucky A77PqT~'K77? ital /Jn\ &wad.tevoc; v ~ 'n- 17f JXIco.W Little-Demetrius, and not being-able that he do else, a'Yro~tao-o-et EV' TaXet ToP o-a7reiova a7TO T77qc P.Opckq TOV, wipes-off in speed the soap from the face of-him, Ica& C EPXETa & 70) rypaofeltOl T0O), EVW9 0' PVKT6pLVOc; and comes-out of-the office of-him, while the nightly ~C~r1mKjrT7 avaI~atvet T77v,cXlta~a.-CH Kupi'a Tpa~aval visitor ascends the staircase.-The Mrs. Trachand's, says smiling the newly come, you sends the key TOV 0EWP1EW'V & a7rO#*e, Av aya7ra'Te.-Ev'xapt0-TOVP6EV of-the stall for this-evening, iTf you-like. - We-thanke A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7 71 7r 7v rat81 ~Lov, evXaptOTolJIEv, a7rav'ra 5 TraXat'7r'opOI much, lad of-me, we-thank, answers the wretched Hap~aXo, 'p -aOcw Va' KOX 'C To 0 pyXov 71 Pardal6s, endeavouring that he-restrain the wrathful(ness) of-the, 1Lop0b ^n T0V t TU7rtUOV TWOT Letl~aF.LaT-09... (aa face of-kim by a carved sort-of smile... but ELLEOa 7 0-pKe IEKX ry.LVO6 Et9 (7vvavaa-TpoO Vf.-'A, &~t! we-are invited to a-party. - Ah, so! 'n-pOa-KVVc, KcaX2v PvvKtca ~7a.-llpoo-xvvi'~ara 7noXXaJ. I-worship, good night to-you.- Worshipjpings, many. Ka' elo-EPXCTat Et? TO ypa~ecwv' TOV rypvXXi'~wv &I ro1) And he-enters into the office of-him grunting from the, 6vLov^.-Ata'Xe* Ka' avT T7 7jv?k ai' Kai T7i'V 6'pav va passion.-She chose too this the day and the hoar that 0W-cTELt) To 0ECWP1EL7i T 1).-0'0 q 'TOiV; 4OVME awo us she send the stall [key] of her. -Who was-it? 9cries from TrOi KOLTCPOVO T1q'T 7 Kvpt'a IUap~aXoi3.- H Kvp'a~ the bedroom of-her the Mrs. Pardalo's. - The Mrs. Tpa~ava i'VOvgtt06f a'd JU1a94 0TELX?1T EtpE0''' Trachands remembered that us she-send the stall [key] of-her.To many years of-her! when it rains only and snows us OV~tarTat!... q p i~ca~v-rro~p~Eo-rE! MET' 6Xtyaq ske-remembers...us deeply-she-obliged!-After few &6 aTtYLaT ai'aKpa~'Et Ka'l 7Ta'Xti', K0V7EL'6t9, however minmutes exclaims-she. too again, Are-you-getting-on, A~q,~qT~,K - lloi va, KOVTEvw, a&ex fn! aKc6/ eV Little~-Demetrius 9Where that I get- on, sister!I yet not 72 72 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. tvpio'hCF0a. "ErEtTa, 8C'v/8Xe'wco K? &a, ical KaTaKo7r77Ka. s/i aved-am-I. Besides, not see-Ileven-at-all, and cut-to-pieces-am-I. -Ot7, KaV/.LE'eV! cO-a '8(0, 7P01J eXet 7repiffOT47pov b). -Oh1,poor-fellowv! come here, where it-has more ligjht. -A'T~POi; Kalb 7ro v^ PA 7-a6Ow^; 61? T6'V a',pa;-'EXa, fxa -There? and where that Istand? in the air 7- Jonmecome, T 2pa, Kal uoi3 KaIvto 'ro7rov. 'Eic'eeoo-a UrXE oJ now1, and you ma/ce - I room. I have-finished almost. wivov T7v 'rpaytX77x l ov eXw va ~8caxw. Only the necklace of-me have-I that I-put-on. r;rpo/3a'XXwY = irpoc\ 'forth' + J3AXA-wv, 'putting:' /3aAX- for flaA2-, stem of imperfect, from root f8aX- for yJ- German quell- in QOuelle, quellen, our well, well forth, &c. Ua~rwivor/pTov (cf. cvawptos above) =-aui-owo-, stem in com.position of u-arrov- + 4n)p-, 'to knead,' ' smear,' ' puddle,' kin to bar in harm, ' yeast,' German Brmne + TrO-V verbal adjectival suffix + ending v. v71-7perpta-s: feminine of V'"PqpTrq-s, explained above. IKarL: for K('V (Xalt &'V) Tri, literally 'even if aught,' ' something.' r1epCLorf = 7r pa +af 7r-epa, ' pass,' kin to our fare, imperfect stem,repva-, whence -n-EpVa'a, 7rc1-Ep II pass,' &c. 4pyacn'av: for c'pya8 + olav, of which o-Li-a equals noun suffix, IEpya8- = verbal stem forming imperfect stem IPYLJ7- (,EpycQ83opU6), 'pCol~OaL, K.T-A.; root 'Epy- for Fep-y-, kin to wvork. Hence 9pyaorLCL = 'business.' aVtxyKx: JdV-ayK —q, literally 'up-string-ing,' from root ayK-, 'curved,' whence alKcv'XV, 'Sling,' O'/KLVOS, ' barb,' i'yKOS, 'bend,' ' bulk,'I &C.. 18ii (also 27p): from root Ft8-, Latin vid- in video, kin to English wot, wit, German wissen, w~itz. SevTEp0'rXEcrTa: from &V'Tepo-, ' second' + X71-ra', 'minutes,' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 73 neuter plural of XrTTO-, 'fine,' 'minute.' Observe accent, as it is typical of all such compounds. arvX;r<: stem arVXeC-; degrees, drTVXcTTpoS, aTXEOcTaTOS. Ar/lprTpdaKYs': diminutive of AzyTrpto-, in which common Greek name that of the old goddess Ar/j'rVqp (A^ZTr(E)p-) is preserved. The diminutive suffix -aCK'ql is said by Sophocles to be of Slavonic origin, but it appears to be a modification of the same -aK- which we had in yvvaTKa- for yvvdca above. This does not hinder its being cognate to Slavonic -ak. pu: negative particle, used instead of 8Ev and gXt with subjunctives and participles, where, however, oXt (ovxt or ov) is sometimes found, but in a different sense. u Savva/jevoS means 'since he was unable;' o3 suvvpaevos would mean 'though he was unable.' Trpar: for rrpday- or -rpaK-acr, probably lengthened by c from root rrpa- (7repa-), to further,' kin to fur- in same, fare, &c.; see above on:repv&. Hence ' to do,' to accomplish.' In imperfect vrpdaKo becomes 7rpacuow; tenses: frpa4a, 7rpato, K.,.X. From this root comes the common word 7rpay-j-ar- (rrpayT/a), '8 thing.' a7ro-/taacrrt, 'wipes off:' Ciarro-tc for fuaKct or, aXL. Hence uay-efpos, 'a cook;' XEcpo/aK-rpov, ' a hand-wiper,' 'a towel,' K.T.A. TacXe: for TaXEs-L, 'in haste,' from. raXes- (TaXo,), 'speed;' cognate are raXv-, ' swift,' raXa, ' swiftly,' 'easily,' 'lightly,' 'perhaps.' WVKTEptVOS (vvKT-cptLVo): in ending, as in root, kin to Latin noct-urnus; vVKT-, kin to English night, Latin noct-, &c.; nominative vvY for VWKT, as Latin nox for nocts. c7rtcaKEr-rrT, ' visit-or;' see above on CfrL0aKErr ptovPL, K.T.X. KXLaKa [KXJlaKav]: stem KXqLaK- (nominative KXZja$ for XICALaKs). Like as this word looks to our climb, it has nothing to do with it, for English c or k implies Greek y. Moreover, the Greek derivation is plain: KXLJLaK- is from KXLCa[T] (+ K), 74 74 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. whence climate; KXL'Ma()-+ is verbal substantive from root KXL.. in KXL'VW, kin to Latin clino, inclino, our lean for hlean. The KXZ&,a$ is that which is leant against the wall. Hence ' ladder,' 'staircase.' VIE(W)TTL: strengthened by suffix TL7 from VL (Ve'T),intu mental adverb of ve'o-, ' new.' RXOwv seodarsroot A&O used with imperfect tenses of 4x~~O' for 'XOo'vT% and declension accordingly. 'TTXXEt: for oTreX"EL, root OaTEX- O-TaX-; 0-TEAXWo,'Isn, &TTrELXa for 'a-,reX-o-a, I'I sent,','cTa'X-v, I'I was sent,' also &rc,7aX677v. 0AXE& (for KXIEL&V, KXCtL'ov): diminutive Of KXEL&. (nominative Ke~Zg), from root KIXEL-, ' shut,' as above. KXEL-&8-, KXCAL-& 'the thing to shut with,' 'the key;' of. German schijessen, Sehlitssel. Oe(Opu'ov (for Ocopetoo-io): stem Oewpc~o- = Oca- OaF-, 'see' (aoptat, 'I see,' ' look,' 'behold') + -p1'- noun suffix, whence Ocwpo"s [&aF-po'], '1a seer,' Ocopl~-w, I'I am a seer,' OewpE~oy, ' a Place for a seer,' ' a box at an opera or theatre.' Hence algo O0a-rpo-y, ' a place to see in,' 'a theatre.' S'= 8ta: with accusative means ' for.' a7To'qlE from dwro, ' from,' and 4f' 'late,' ' at evening.' Hencedrro'iC, ' this evening,' ' to-night.' Observe how, in Greek andl English, in words of this kind, the preposition sometimes supplies the place of a demonstrative pronoun. Cf. also 40~To70, 'this year.' cayca7aTE: Verbal stem alyazra-, from noun dlyc'ra- (nominative dya'wy), 'love.' alyarw, Vyacw-oa, aya74cro. P (1Ev2apta-Te/.oiCV): verbal stem Evapc' cfrom GP 'Well' + xapt(TTo-, verbal adjective, from Xapt8- (Xapatn.c, 'ap(w), ' to do a favour.' Hence d1XPL O' ='wl-faoue, 'pleasant,' 'pleased;' c' apEO-Te'W, 'I am pleased,' 'gratified,' 'IL thank.' Hence, too, d ~aptcrToZ-uat, 'I am contented;' ed`Xapto-Tr-P~Evo%3 'delighted, 'contented' (also -qv'Xapt~"jdCVoS). 7rt'= 7raL8LV, 7raLUOV. zoXC0,G- = KOXa'S + a-: KoXa8- = restrain,' I'prevent.' Hence A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 75 KoXaCow, 'I restrain,' cKoXaaoros (aKoXaS-ros), 'incontinent,' aKoXao a, 'incontinence.' opyTXov: from opyda- + 1ao-, adjectival suffix; opyd-, kin to Sanscrit uirjcn ('strength,' 'eagerness'), hence wrath; perhaps cognate also with Latin urgeo. Hence opytXo-, 'wrathful,' TO pyCXov, ' the wrathful(ness).' This use of the neuter adjective should be noted, as it is common in Greek. V7tLtiKoV: TVTtKO- from T'ro-, substantive of root TvUr-, ' to strike,' whence TV1r-Tw, 'I strike;' Sanscrit tup, tump, our thump. From this root comes v'rUr-avo-, 'a drum' (To TvfT7ravov), whence our tympanum. Nothing to do with tin pan, as schoolboys fondly imagine. Tt L: said to be a corruption of ovtrwo- = oTrUT, old instrumental + L, demonstrative particle; not without influence of Italian anzi on the accentuation. 7rpocrKvv) (7rpoo-Kvvo): from 7rpos, 'towards' + KV-ve-o (ve = suffix of extension), 'I kiss.' Hence 7rpoorKvvW, ' I kiss towards' (as in Spanish beso las manos), ' I worship,' 'make my respects.' KaXrv VVKTa Gas, ' good night to you:' aas, enclitic accusative used for dative. TporUKvVr1LaT —a: verbal substantive from 7rpoo-vcve-. ypvuhAtwv (for ypvMX81ov): formed from ypv, 'a grunt;' ov8s ypv, 'not a syllable,' 'not as much as a grunt'-a word made from the sound (onomatopoeetic), like 'cuckoo,' KOKKVe, &c. sL&XaEE: for stady-oe; &a, 'apart' + XEy-, 'pick,' German lesen for leksen, Latin leg- in lego. Hence S&aXeyw, 'I chose, &,XE~e(v), vernacular (E)&dXeE(v), 'he,' 'she,' or 'it chose.' avTry: for a'r v, agreeing with rTv y/jpav. 0roios: for KFo^os (KFoaos), adjective formed from genitive KFoio, KFOO-0o of KFo-, Latin quo- (cf. cujus), our who for hwo, literally 'of what kind?' Hence 'what manner of man?' 'who ' Trov: imperfect middle 3rd singular of es-, standing for co-ro,;(TO with euphonic v added by false analogy of words, like 76 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. &CeACE(v), K.T.X., where v stands for r, sign of 3rd person singular; cf. in classical Greek, Xeyov-(L(v),.K.T.X. Persons: 'ovv, o-o, PTo. 7EOa, 7cr0e, o(rav. Other forms: zrjv, semi-classical, 7qJlovva, vernacular, crovv and.roVVE, qTave' yao-Tre, ro-aaTe, 7Tave. The 3rd plural is from the active voice, as are all persons in the older classical Greek: 'v, fs, a, or v.iLEV TE, qr, laV. 'a7roXXaraT r-ls: for eds TroXXa (rT TArs, an elliptical expression = '(els rroXXa rr va onry' r-s, 'may she long live-to her' (genitive for dative), i.e. long life to her. /fpeX: for FpeX- (cf.' ppoX above), kin to Latin rigo for vrigo, German regen for wregen, our rain. Xtovtrqv: for Xwtov$ — from Xtov-, ' snow,' kin to hiem-s, Latin, which, with XELIta-T- XEtIOV-, 'winter,' is kin to Sanscrit hi-ma-s, 'snow,' Slavonic zima, Albanian dime, 'winter,' Zend hima, also 'year,' as probably in Latin bimus, trimus, for bi-himus, tri-himus, &c. The Himalayas are the 'snowy mountains.' In Slavonic and Albanian the original gh has become dentalized, probably through the influence of the dental vowel i. In Sanscrit and Zend it has become h, as often in these languages. KaOvrroxpewo-e: from Kara, 'downright,' vrro, 'under,' and xpEo(s), 'debt.' Hence KaOv7roXpe-o'v, I put altogether under a debt;' KaOv7roxpw'o-e, 'she has greatly obliged us,' as we say ironically, 'we are really very much obliged.' OvpL'rat: vernacular for eOv0t/LTaL. Colloquially, verbs in care conjugated as if in a-; this is probably archaic, a- E- o- being originally mere variants of the same undefined vowel sound, and only specialized by custom in course of time. orLyua-s: for cr-Ltyua-v-s, from root (rTy- (crrfTo (crCTy&)),' I prick'), our 'stick,' literally 'a puncture' or 'point.' Hence 'a point of time,' 'moment.' avLaKpdEL: literally 'cries up;' we say 'cries out.' Kpa(tE = KpdayEC, root Kpay-. KOVTrEVEL: from KOVTO-, ' near,' probably nasalized from KOTOor KarC-, adjectival stem answering to preposition KaTa, 'at' or A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 77 'by;' suffix -Ev- means 'get' or 'be.' Hence KOVwO-, 'near,' KOVTEV-, 'approach,' 'get on.' $vpLtOr —Ka: for ~EvpLto-r]v; the endings -Ka -Ka~ -KE' -KaLev -KaTE -KaCTV or -Kav(e) are used colloquially for the classical-v -s - -fLev -re -cav in this tense, on the analogy of E8oJKa for Eo&v, 'OBfKa for ReOv, &c. In the case of 'rlqKa for 'r3lv the analogy is perfect. In classical Greek these endings are (regularly) added to perfect (reduplicated), not to aorist stems, e. g. jPerjKa, 'I have gone,' root fa-. ad8eX'): a familiar address to any woman (as adEX4e to any man), irrespective of real relationship. Cf. St. Paul: ',7j orK ZXOIeJv Eova'lav L8eXfrv yvvaiLKa Treptadetv; or, as it stands in the Moder Greek version: M1 86v ExoMuev Eovo(LY aVa Vcr aVTrCpLtEpwOtLEV a3eXc/v 7yvatKa; "Have we not power to lead about a sister as wife 1" aJEX69s, j, ' brother,' 'sister,' kin to Sanscrit sa-gharbhjas, i. e. of one womb; cf. 8EXk-v, 'the belly-fish,' i. e. dolphin..TELTa = ~T7L, (besides' +- era (Latin ita), ' then, the whole meaning 'moreover.' Ki'oXa K-= Kal + OXa (neuter plural of oXo- for 0-XFo-, kin to sol- in Latin sol-ido-), literally 'even all (together),' 'already.' &v plX77ro Ki' oXa, 'Already I can't see,' i. e. I see no longer. KaTaKOT7rqKa: for KaTEK07TrqV, see above on ending -KaL. KOir(also KO/3-) probably kin to our hew. Kaveve: apparently = classical KeKavLE've, vernacular Kav/LE', KafJLJev, 'burnt,' from root KaL-, imperfect Katow KavOyo for KacFo, but only in this sense when written with dieresis; kin to ho-t, German hei-ss. LXa: aorist imperfect giving the stem which is found in classical Greek only in XcAa-o, 'lXao-a, K.-.X., of which the imperfect is CXaV-v(o for eXdF-vw, 'I march.' The same root also appears in classical future XEv'o-opcaL for XEdjao'o/at, 'I shall come.' EXa thus stands for EXaF or EXav. 8&: short for e8o, popularly supposed to be a transposition of >3e, but much more likely a form of L8ov, 18oD (FLSoI), 'see!' 78 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ' lo ' behold!' 38ov is actually found in the sense of 'here,' or just passing into that sense, in Acts ii. 7: OK l8ovi ravres otrotl EcLv ol XaXoTwres raXrXa-ot; "Are not here all these who speak Galileans?" OZs: for cr, czT;, sIl' xT0Ta, ' t nva, rC, wC. or-a-Oi: literally ' be stood.' Hence ' stand.' aEpa: stem dap-, probably 'the breather,' kin to a0utX, 'I breathe.' KaCtLV(O = Ka/ + v + o, ' I do;' in classical Greek, 'I labour,' 'I am weary,' at most, 'I make.' Yet as make is the oldest meaning (Homeric), the modern is probably also of high antiquity, though not coming to the surface in literature. To7rov: masculine (nominative Tro'o;). T~EX~)l(ra = E +- TEXEL + ) + c(a: TAXC1o- from TeXEs-, 'end.' Hence for TE-XcorO- = 'that which has an end,' perfect,' whence TEXELO(v)t, 'I finish.' Observe use of aorist CrEXELwo-a in sense of lost perfect rETEXELoKa. The Greeks can also say eXw TCXeLtrJt (for rEXeL-craL), infinitive aorist, if they desire to be explicit, or iXo (Tr)rTEoXctwevov, but the latter only with nouns, transitively. EXoX rEXETLJLEov TO EpyOV. oxe-8ov: adverb = root ~XE- o-x- (found in Eao-ov, aorist of EXo for doaXo, -o-XQy-Ka, perfect, K.T.X.) + adverbial ending -8v; cf. paOLrfj-Sov, 'by degrees,' &c. 'Having' or 'holding close to' anything is the notion which appears in o(E8S6v, 'in a close manner,' nearly,' almost.' TparqXILa = rpadX7rX + La: feminine suffix, 'a something for the neck;' prpaxXo-, kin to TpeX), 'I run,' rpoXo-, ' a course, TpoXo-,, a wheel,' kin to German dreh-en, drechseln. IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION. "Is that you, John?" cries Pardalos, putting his lathered face a little way out of the door. " No, sir," answers the voice of the maid from below. "It is a gentleman; he wishes to speak to you." A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 79 "More bother!" says our luckless Demetrius to himself, and having no alternative, hastily wipes the lather from his face, and issues from his office, while the nocturnal visitor ascends the staircase. "Mrs. Trachanas," says the new-comer, smiling, " sends you the key of her box at the opera for to-night, if you like to go." "Many thanks, my friend, many thanks; but we're invited out," replies the wretched Pardalos, trying to keep down the wrathful expression of his countenance under a forced smile. "Oh, indeed I then I will take my leave. Good night to you." " The same to you." And he enters his office, grunting with rage. "Who was it? " cries Mrs. Pardalos from her bedroom. "Mrs. Trachanas thought to send us the key of her box." "Long life to her! It's only when it rains and snows she thinks of us! She is exceedingly obliging." But after a few moments she exclaims again,"Are you getting on, Demetrius dear?" "Getting on! heart alive! I am not yet shaved. Besides, I can't see any longer, and have cut myself all to bits." " Oh, dear! I'm so sorry! Come here, where there's more light." "And where am I to stand-in the air?" "Come, come, now, and I'll make room for you. I've nearly finished. I have only got my necklace to put on." EXERCISE X. ZoS r/7TOVv; ao elcrat A/?71TpaK1?.ov; MaXocrrac ey7 e'/Lat Kal ~rov va crTra6; 'E8 Va v- oTaOs! /Xa Kal crov Kaulv r7 WTov. a' XE TrEpLOcOTepOV <^)s. 'O aTVXrS ArL7/jTpaKrqs 7rpo,/aAAXE oXWyov CK TOO ypa7EltOV T'lv ara7rvoW'vpTov avTro pLopiv ypvXXtoWv (K TOV Ov.o'u. "AXXo KLaKov! 8EV /3X7rTW Ka oXa KaL KaTaKo7rhqa, 77 Kal KaTEKOTX7r US "pov/p aaJOVL o v77EPOYv Ot vOw OTLWO Tnj7s yAMcans uas 80 A GUIDE TO MIODERN GREEK. K c L ~ ptc ~ cu H 0 L ~ E O~ p 7)O J V a LLL c T C~LX T O K X EtL3L T o y' O E Jp Ed o L &' awifr; cH ]Kvpi' TpaXava,) gLo"TL /3PIEXE Kal XLOVi~et; KatLL'v~a~uEdvn v\a 7 vw y)7 'L TO OE" Tp0V EvOV/J~CTat?- tCL4;. ~7roXXa'T-q T-qS /GLZ; Ka~vW0oxPEOKYE Et/LEa KaOV~roXpEw/.L/VOL' CVapt0cTOVLEV?roXi' Kal TJ3 OrTEXXO/IEV 7r ~rK V oX 6. Hlat& /Lov / Wq 7poo-7Ta0?y) VacL K0Xa'O773 TO Opy' v '- ~ p A ~ o St\ TV7TLKOI) /LEC&,aXT013. AtaTt' &aLX1E$ Ka\ a' \ T\fl' 'LpV a T1 w ~ payi vCL /.La~ TO cT E X?; O 7E (L fLaV a X q Opav- EXo MEcv epylaOLLaV Twpa Kat OXL uLovov TOVTO CX CL 4EvLEOa 7TpOcTKEKXq7ULEOL IEL3 o-VavcacYTpoc/Y'v. lIOV IETLVE TO\ KXIEL TOVy ypacoELO,1Vo aV0LL7K?7 Va TO EXO) Twpa, va To Xc43co aJpEow3. Tt bravTas; A\v a~ravrW TUTOTE. LO'Tt &v E'XOJ TL'7TOTE v' aL7rcVT-JcY&). `A&CT L! 7r-pocrKVVw~, KaXI\7v vVKTL o-a,3. 'E$,EpXo)LkaC TOV.) KOLT(wJvos o~a~rWVW6/vp7O1 Kal ypvXVi~wv EK TOV^ Ov/~ov^, Kal E'7t~uog va\ crraOw IE1 TOYV cE'paX LO'TL 84'V flXUD JMov To~rOV LXXL \ Vrlp~pc fvaLKpCL~Et KO'LTOOEV /JbE - v-pEaaT oXtyag a-Tty/LaqKovTEV'ET1E K-V'PtE; EV'TL' K1JPtOS Jtvaii E&\ Kalt OcAEL, AE7ELt, KaTL Vt\ 0oai E L W 1 J. l l E~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T O V v a W E~~~~~~~~~~~~ L L~~~~ T~~~ L L X 2 V q V ( O p c L V, K c L I. v \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ u~~~ ) v d v a /3~~aX k q v Z p V, KT v u q KXLAUaKa Twpca 7roV $vpt`~o/yav aAMo OcL \ Q ~ eEAOWV 7)/L'vpwTTO1 TOV^ KOvrTWVOS Kil ~a\ LoU EXO?) 7ra'XtV KaCl(,LLL KaraL/3ao-ta\ 1E L Ta &Vo c OTL aL W.&J( It is necessary that (we must) call (pass) another time. The, gentleman is engaged now, and is invited out. The nocturnal guest descends the ladder, endeavouring to conceal the angry expression of his face by means of a forced smile of re-spect and subjection. The, wretched Pardalo's, half-shaved,5 and grunting with rage, unable any longer to see, has cut himself to pieces; and protruding his lathered visage through the opening door of the office, exclaims, " I must have more, light. How am I to get on I Where am I to stand-in the air?7 I have no looking-glass and no candle, and the room is full of garments, petticoats, handkerchiefs, stays, and necklaces i" "IOh! " says his corpulent wife. "1Come, poor fellowI A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 81 have nearly finished." I see that the hour is advanced. Don't try to bring the razor to bear upon your lathered cheek. It is not necessary. Let me wipe off quickly the soap from your face. Better to be half shaved than to (that you) cut yourself to pieces. Long life to you! Here is (t8ov) the key of our box. We are invited to the theatre to-night, if we like. We have no business, so we will go. The new comer smiles a forced smile of patronage and superiority, but it is impossible for him (ro7e EvE, K.T.X.) to keep down the wrathful expression of his visage. It rains and snows, and I shall have a twinge of toothache. Why should we choose this day and hour to go to the theatre? You have deeply obliged us, but we are only half shaved, and cannot come at present. ENAEKATON MAeHMA.-ELEVENTH LESSON. NOTE.-As the learner is now presumably acquainted with the more constantly recurring peculiarities of Modern Greek idiom, the interlinear translation will be somewhat freer henceforth, and the free idiomatic translation will be as far as possible dispensed with. 'O HapSaXo' 7relOeTat, oavyKtvo/xLevo' V7rTO 7, N T V~V7Kiyt Pardalos obeys, moved by the conjugal,/jpi/Ltvr)q Tvns KvpiaC 4ppo'a, kapf3Cdvet qratw vO ro i, solicitude of Mrs. Euphrosyne, takes again the candle, TO KIcaTOT7poVr Ka TO:vpadtov Ka, Ka, F^tVptaTr0,,Tra3aLve& the looking-glass and the razor, and, half-shaved, migrates e& Tov KOLTrva, 07rv eV ppltaeK rrT1vEvpoaoqvvv T07r0oeTf'l77/6V77 into the bedroom, where he-finds Euphrosyne located wrpo TOy Ecavr7rTpov,,Lerav Tre-dEapwc K77PL'ov, Ieal before the looking-glass, between four candles, and G 82 82 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Karayu'o,.tEV'qV /UETa '7-oXXOV' Kx67roV Va' &o-p o7ra0Oev exerting herself with much labour to tie from behind 'Toy TpaX?7XvT) Ltpa e EK /JEav9 EX0V'80V Ta vtav her neck a small black velvet ribbon, aob q~ KpE/ta-at Evt7-4~ov v7repa~ayJ o ao9 7TIoJ from which hangs upon her more than mature breast 'T'q;XVO-ODvX0/3t'O'KoI.-Ka't 7rov^ OXev? va' urTa&OC co'pa; a golden locket. - And where do you -wish me to stand now? vwroXay,8/avet 65 Ta~at7rWPO llap~azo'k, p' 8XE7cov r'7roov interposes the wretched Pardalds, not seeing a space KEPOV 7rpe0 TO?) KaTo7Tpv-Ea A) opoVPif9 vacant before the looking-glass.-Come, don't grumble, U7TaVTa /.LELXLXLi&J1 e'XE'y/ovoca 97 Kvpia, '7TCpL7rof~vpO94 answers gently reproaching the lady, all-red EK TO?),uaratoV Ko7roV ov KaTafla'XXOVO-tP ot, xop~p4l from the fruitless labour which expend her stout aur~j fpa~iovE,~ avaKa/.LTTO/LEvOt 07rtOOEV T?7^1 KE~a-XnrJ r?. arms bent back behind her head. Aea~e paov 1d a oartyu?' E'&C% aiV'rTo To /3eXouVba1, KCa' Tie me a -moment here this little (piece of) velvet, and o-i &'t'vo b'OV T'V T767V 'Xe i06epov. —!O HTap3a-X'5 ryW'ra I1 (will) leave you all the space clear. - Pardalo's becomes xar dvy~c'q 0'p; O7~t7)U?7V 0a' XaAV?77r'X04 T?)9 till tYOV TOV, perforce for a moment lady's-maid too of h is w ife, 7)TL'; 7repaTOL TE'XOI T?N1V El)&)/vuao-iav av'T?79 1, Ka&t KaTa'TItMlTEC who completes at length her toilette, and falls back Xa t&~I a~ ato/a4ovo-a C7r& TOy av~aKXivTpov, O~voiC00c seweating and panting on the sofa, blowing A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 83 W91 aT/IO/?7Xav~77, Kat aeptLo0/J~Wq ta\ rov3 /tav~vXi'oV -T7??, like a steam-engiite, and fanning herself with her handkerchief, Wv' 6 ~ O "?6 Trqq ~vpi~CTat.-'7A, A?7qL?)Tpai...Xyt while, her husband shaves. - Ah, Demetrius, dear! says she, /LJXLv KaTpOPOovoa va\ a'p0p(0oy T\a9 XEElq, 0E\ 13e/3atv scarce succeeding in articulating the words, I assure yoa 'EyXO '~-TO TU aTP OV aJwrojre... v \ '5wo0'p CO 'OV great was your longing this evening.. that I should suffer awroL' -r0V Ko7rov &ta' PaCw'yr a '7tw& TO TC'd TOU all this trouble to go to drink the tea Of Yova1_taco7 ov. - Ezvpota o-ov! PO'1Cow Aov, your pet Susamad'kis. -Your fear! (i. e. never fear) my Phrosy, awraVrTa 6 Hapa?o, 7r0V'17pOJ LeL wv, evvota o-ov! Ica& answers Pardal6s, roguishly smiling, never fear! and &EV Od\ 7T7-09 FLOOV T\ T~(tE 001V caJO#E EL9 70) 1O~ova1Lafl. byou won't drink only your tea to-night at Sttsarndkis'. 'O 'Ope'UTq C 'Stpe Kcat KailLVE Ta 7rpa~yuacTa, Kcaow, 7TPE76tE. Orestes knows how to do things (lit, knows and does) properly. /1a9 I'~ ca~ a- vT/StT Kal fKpaoxuIct Ka\ cOpo vrza.He will have for us also sandwich and wine and fruit.MDI 70\ ~ev'peL9 V'oXauji3advet 'I7W&'JTepov ' Kvpi'a (JLpo'o-o, How do you know it? interposes more gently Mirs. Phrosy, T7t(;, Xat'p-apyo9 bvo-et Kcai 7woXvjxtyov, '~pXt4P'E v( uvyy~opj? who0, greedy by nature and gluttonous, began to forgive to TovP,oua[ALaKfl7vT'17VaovvavaaTpoc'ijV TOV Xa'ptVTOV' 86hTV07V TOV. Susamdk-is his party for the sake of h is supper. -Ta\ ~e6pa, &6r't 707)V EL&L aiJ/)LepOP TO\ Ttp(0L EIq 7? -I know it, because I saw him to-day in the morning at the G 2 84 84 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. JfO,Kat A T'Taa' 'E -ITtTE Ka7roJ mnarkeet, and he -was making purchases.-Eli, then there's some VwoE'pETat, &orTt /.La Tn'v aXr7Oetav.. -KpO'TOov a enduring it, for in truth...- The sound of a carriage, o-TaOeluY277S 7rpO T`791 Oupal T77S? oilia9, &E'KO~feV a"fys comning to a stand before the door of the house, interrupted suddenly T\Vi opaai1V T- Kvpbiaq Hap~aXoi'.-Na\! aV~foovqo-ev 6' the sentence of Mrs. Pardalo's.-There! exclaimed the, OXqT 7"7V O-T`t7[L7V EKLfZ EEOVOJV TO ~vpt-LO7d O scarcely that moment finishing his shaving AIU7Tpa'K?7l. T6\ a'jia't W7Xe, Ic'e yw\ EL/uat a'K6o/J aVL7TTOS'. Demetrius. The carriage iscomne, andi I am yet unweashed. Kat' 0-7royIyw-Oe'V 6 Ta N~t, i'p~aTo A 0i~8Vo0tevos. And sponging himself quickly, he began undressing. -xdL'-erat = is persuaded,' hence ' obeys;' root wtO- for ktO-, kin to fid- in Latin fid-o, fid-us, feed-us, &c., whence our confide, fidelity, &c. tTV}IKLVOV/LEVO13 = av-yKtV1E-011EVO13: from o-VV + KLVE-, eblse from root Kt-3 -- kin to English hie, 'to move.' Hence G-VYKLVOV'/LV~=Latin commotus, ' moved,'' touched.' /uLEpL/L~v-qp: stem 1EptpLva-, Of Which -L/LVa is substantival suffix, cognate to participial ending -/.Evo- -/AEVa-; Cf. 8E$aQiEv'J, 'a reservoir,' 'a receiver, ' and participle aorist middle f3E$aEL/LV7) from root SEX-. IAp- is explained above. ~)J~f$UpcTTO = I 'half' (whence adjective -~ao-v/-gjtdo-EL-a, LUT —V) + 4VPUrTo'-%9 'shaved.' Observe accent. T071O0ET77/XE'V-qV: from T0WO-, 'place' + OETO'-, verbal adjective Of OE-7 'set, ' whence roWoOvTE-, ' locate,' ' fix in place;' T0OWOOETJ-q,tdv-q v (perfect participle), 'located.' JLEraev': double preposition for /AtEra +e 'v, old form of a-'V see above. Hence 1ttEra~i\ = betwixt,' ' amongst.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 8 85 Ka E-yvovqv literally 'getting down,' 'gettingcdeep 'into any thing. Hence = immersed,' ' buried,' 'absorbed ' (in a task). Ko7TOV: genitive Of KO'7IO- (after /AETa' in sense of ' with'), from root K0OW-, 'to cut,' ' wear,' ' tire.' Hence K0'fl0 = toil, 'trouble,' 'labour.' S' -o-j E-, kin to English tie. 07rctOOEV: from. root 03w., probably for uoow-, ociri- for OEKF-, Latin sequ- in sequor, &c. Hence 03-x-t —, 'following,' 'visitation,' ' Iawe;' 0OWUTO0Ev = 0OWL8-OEv, ' from behind; also xLaT-0O7rtV, 'afterwards.' ttcXav-og, 'black:' kin to Latin mal-us, ' bad,'2 &c. pE'Xas [judEXav,3], p'Xatva [,4EXavyL], p~'Xav' /vEXava[v], fkEXatva'v [/AAav~?av], A(EaVw uLE~avo-, tLLEXLLLIqs, uJE~cavos /1LAaVt, IJEXatLV11, fiUE~kav /Le~cayeg, /LALvL I~~aya p~EXavas, /JLEXa' acL% /LE'Xava- L paotv E-vo-LY, /LeXaWLaL% /LEXao-tv. /JAEXcV-TEpO-S, 'blacker,'itXvao,'bcks; but in the, vernacular, ~tEXavW'TEpOS, /p-Xavw'nraTro, as also /xE'Xavo% /LEXcLvy, pE~avo(v), in positive degree. Hence, also, ' Eav7 'the ink.' /3 Xov'Sov: a foreign word, the3 Italian velutto, nominative Trawvay: seemingly for TEv-La, certainly fo otTY astrengthened from rc-, ' stretch,' TIECLvu (TrEV10)), I'I stretch,' E'TaVO'qv or E'Ta-J-qV, II was stretched,' I'I stretched myself:-' kin to our thin. He-nce TratVt'a, ' a thin strip,' ' a thong,' ' a ribbon.' do' 's: for Jwro 77 g. Kp ij-a~rat, ' hangs:' root ipqpt-, kin to Gothic hram-jan, 'to crucify,' German ]?ahmen (Old High German Rlama for Hrama), ' a frame,' ' support.' Our frame may probably be explained like fret, from Gothic fra-itan, 'to for-eat,' 'to eat away,' as corruption of for-rame. Hence our noun frame would be derived from the verb 'to for-rame,' ' to frame.' From this root too, perhaps, are derived Latin crem-or, Italian erema (whence Greek KpIEpxr-), German Rahm, ' cream,' i. e. what hangs or floats on the surface of the milk. 86 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. vFrepaKfLaovros: from ivrep-, for or'ep, Latin super, 'over' + aKAgd-ovr-oq, from verbal stem aKnaC-, ' be ripe,' 'be at its prime,' from aK/ua-, root aK-, kin to our edge for egg + h a-, substantival suffix, whence K/a; - 'tip,' 'point,' 'summit.' As adverb, aK/Jv, ' at the point,' 'just now,' 'as yet;' in Moder Greek, aKo/L-qV, aKo/%7, aKo/ua, in form probably influenced by the like-vowelled Italian ancora, i. e. hanc-horam, ' this hour.' Thus v7repaKfLaC- = 'I am past the prime.' orrn}os: from root o-ra-, English sta in stay, stand 4- 0-e-, substantival suffix. Hence UToros = 'chest,' as the most sturdy, steady, or stalwart part of the body. XpvUrovs: for Xpvoe-os, adjective of Xpvro-, ' gold,' with which it is doubtless kin. Xpvro- standing for XpvT70- by a frequent sibilation of r, I in English for r as often, while g is the regular representative in Teutonic of X. Metathesis has taken place in the English and German words, gold standing for glod, Sanscrit hir-anam for ghir-anam, Zend zar-ana, Slavonic zla-to. Cognate also are XXovov, a Greek form mentioned by Hesychius, and the Phrygian yXovp-o', 'gold,' yXovpea, 'golden.' Xo/l-Ko-3 = Xo/3o, 'a lobe' + diminutive ending -[aKo-s. Hence 'a little lobe,' 'a locket.' Xol-o-s is probably softened from Xoir-o-s, which is also found, and is kin to Xer-tL (Xewr-r-s), a scale.' 7ro-Xaf43dvee, 'takes up' the word. Hence 'continues,' or ' breaks in.' TraXa-7rwp-o-S: of this word, the first part means 'miserable,' and is kin to rdXav- (nominative TaXcas for a'dXav-), ' wretched;' while the second is kin to our fare. Hence TaXatorpos = 'a wretched-farer,' ' faring-wretchedly,' ' poor,' ' miserable. raXaLis cognate with the Old Greek root TaX-, Latin tul- in tuli, German dul- in dul-den, Scotch thole, &c. T7rrO-: perhaps for oc-rro-, and further formation of root ara-; cf. Sanscrit sthdp-dj-dmi, ' I set,' 'place.' iovptAovplorpg: a word formed from the sound; cf. murmurare A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 87 in Latin. Notice the tense with /tj: ui' /ovp/ovpCI s, 'don't murmur,' i.e. stop murmuring; puwt Iovp ovp[Iys would mean 'do not murmur hereafter,' 'ever,' 'at any future time.' This use of the two subjunctive-imperative tenses with,ut is very peculiar; it is quite invariable, and is common, like almost all tense usages, to classical and Modern Greek, only that in classical Greek the pure imperative form /,'u!jovpJLotpgE~ is used in the imperfect, and the subjunctive fu /Jovp/Lovpirs (Doric tovpLovpyr,s) only in the aorist; yet it seems to be ignored by every Western grammarian. The Rev. T. K. Arnold in his "Practical Introduction to Greek Composition," which, he informs us in the preface to the fourth edition (1841), was then used at nearly all our public schools, and has ever since maintained a considerable, and in many respects well-deserved reputation, gives on page 20 the following examples:"/, KETrTe, ' do not steal' (forbids stealing generally). "1p KXE'1r1;, 'do not steal' (forbids stealing in a particular instance)." Which is as precisely wrong as it could well be. gI KXE7TTf means ' do not steal' (as you are now doing). iLi/ K XEqs means 'steal not henceforth,' 'never steal at all.' It is quite true that KX7rrTE means ' steal' generally, 'be a thief by profession,' whereas KXEqfOV means 'steal a particular thing;' but in the case of prohibitions the point of view is changed, so that pi KXE7rTE (Modern /,-) KXErTrs) means' leave off stealing,' /7 K,XE/ts, 'never steal.' So in the Lord's Prayer, fL- E~TrevE'ycqs (aorist) i as E s 7reLpacpovv (Modern /u/ 0Ep'?s, not 4Epvrs a/jas Elgs reLpacL-rov) -'lead us not (at any time) into temptation;' but in Mark x. 14, "A(ere (2nd aorist) Tra raSL'a EpXEOaIL TrpoS /E, Kal /p KYWXVETE (imperfect) avTar;" in Modern Greek, "'Ar+jaare (1st aorist) Ta ~ra\Sia va& pcpXovratL rp0s up E Kal fLi E/LT7roS&TrTE (imperfect) avra'," "Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not (as you now are doing).' 88 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Observe how instinctively and accurately the Modern Greek version adheres to the tenses of the ancient. f~ELXLXtLo (ItELXtlwr) ): adverb of ELX-X —o-, extension of ft[XqX-o, mild, with which it is cognate. Xe'yXovara [eXeyX-ovTo-a]: two etymologies of this word have been proposed, one connecting it as a nasalized form with AaX —~-, 'slight,' hence EyXE'X- = 'I slight;' another with Zend ereghant, 'bad,' the German arg, argern, &c. 7rEpplT7roppoo - = repl, all over' + - p7rf4vpo- for 7rp-bopo-, fire-bearing, with which it is kin. Hence 7repL7ropvpos (Yj Kac 6), 'fiery-all-over,' 'all of a blaze.' MarTa-t-ov: from root /ta-ra-, as seen in adverb PaTr)-v, Doric /tara-v, 'vainly' + adjectival suffix L-o. Hence /arTato- = 'vain,' 'idle,' 'ineffectual.' KaTa-/AXXovo(L(v) [for KaTa-PaXXovTL], literally 'put down,' 'lay down,' invest,' 'spend.' ov8po-i, 'coarse:' apparently a euphonic metathesis for Xpovro-, kin to Latin granum, grandi-s, and granden- ('hail'). N.B.-Xov8po- or XovApo- means, as a substantive, 'grain,' 'groats,' in classical Greek; and 'granular' or 'groat-like' is the only meaning given to the adjective in Liddell and Scott; but the analogy of the Latin grandi-s seems to imply that the common Modern Greek meaning belonged to the root before the separation of the Groeco-Italic stock. Our own groat and great point back to a still earlier connexion. The connexion of meaning is probably to be sought in the contrast between coarse unground grain and fine (small) flour. fpaxtov-es, 'arms:' the Latin brac-i-a. 8o paX^v means apparently ' the shorter,' i. e. upper arm, comparative of fppaxi-, 'short,' kin to Latin bre-i-s for bregv-i-s. ava-KatJLW7rTevot 'up-bending' or 'back-bending:' Kaca/r-w, 'I bend,' KCaar-T-ojal Lt I bend myself,' am bent,' root Kalurr-, whence also KafL/rrW, a caterpillar,' from the ease with which it bends its body, especially in the case of the "Loopers" (Geometrina). A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 8 89 K~ckaX17s;: from iuo + suffix -aX'-, the same word which, with another suffix, appears in Latin capat, Gothic Haubitli, German Ilaup~t, Dutch hoofd, Anglo-Saxon heofd l nls heved, and Modern English head. 8E-a-E: in Old Greek U0oov, though Homer has ocbE~e for cf6d$ov (forOEV'Y-oE -o-ov, root c/vy-). J3,EXoV&L'KL diminutive of /3EXoV80o-, explained above. E'XEV'OEpov: EXEv'O-,Epo- from stem E'XEvO-, lengthened imperfect Of E1XvO- which we have in -'XvOov, WXov, 'I came;' so that CEXEVO0EPo- means ' free to go,' -,Epo- being adjectival suffix. aqt~vw: the modern form of alob'q/u _Jawro + Z -)ut, II send forth.' The elements are aci4' for alro- + 7' = 'send' + v= sign of imperfect + w ='IL' Tenses:a Jc/vw ~ ca or-v a'or)Ka or ~/calqoa; infinitive alo&,LELv (a&/tEvat, classical); aorist W/347cTEL (d4#3 ) OaXapipqro'Xo,;: compound with changed vowel, from OaJXcqio='chamber, and -7ro'Xo,;, bye-form Of -KXoA01, ' care-taker, kin to Latin col- in agri-cola, &c. Hence OaXa/_vqwcr0o, = 'chamberlain;' generally feminine = ' ladies' maid.' 7tpTL(vernacular 7rcPaTr0vL): from 7rEpaT'-, verbal adjective of n-Epa- = 'accomplish,' 'gao througfh, kin to fare + personal endingl -,Et-= 'he,' she,' 'it.' Hence 7rcpaLToEL, 7rEpaLToI, 'finishes,' 'completes.' 'rE~os: accusative case used as adverb = [at the] end,' ' at last.' Ka~ra-71t7rT~tE, 'falls down:' 7rt'7rTEt im perfect stemn by doublingr from root 7rfr-, kin to feath- in feather; cf. 7rr1Epo'v above. Tenses: 7rtL7rrwI E7rt7rTOV, VEWGoa -OV, va. 7Tw-w, K.Tr.X KaLSPO19 = Kar + 18po-;: adjectival form (only found in compounds) of t3p~r-, nominative L'pW'i& for o-up(),of whiich the root-syllable o-Ft&- is our sweat. ao-Opxdvt'ovo-a (for Oac&0/tav-ovr —ca): participle of verb formed from alo-0-far- for ago-r/ — from verbal adjective do-rT-, from root a- for Fa-, whence al-W) a-_-ut for F0-_w, Fa-rbut, ' I breathe,' 90 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Sanscrit vd-mi, 'I breathe,' Zend va, 'to blow,' Latin ve-nt-us, 'a blowing,' the English wind, German wehe, 'blow,' Wind, 'wind.' The Greek aor0/a is adopted by us as the name of a well-known infirmity, asthma. Hence acr-0LaLvovo-a, 'panting.' avaLKXvTpov: substantive by suffix -rpo- of JvaKXLv-, 'lean back,' KXLV- and lean being cognate; see above. Hence avdKXLvrpov (observe accent) = 'a place to lean back in,' an easy chair,' 'sofa.' bvcrWroa: shortened from ovcra-ovcra (0vora-ovT-cra), from fv-cra, 'a blowing,' 'a bladder.' fv- stands for rr-v-, the c having first aspirated the rT-, and then been lost; cf. Sanscrit pluZ-t, 'blowing,' Latin spu-ma, 'the froth blown off,' English spue, spew, also Latin spi-r-are for spoi-s-are. T/,Lo-/flrxavrj, 'a steam-engine:' a-T- o-, 'vapour,' breath,' from root a-, explained above + extension -T- + verbal substantival suffix -/u-. Cf. Sanscrit d-t-man, 'breath,' 'soul,' 'self,' like Hebrew nephesh, Arabic nafs, which have the same meaning. u-7X-av/, of which -avri = substantival suffix -ava- in nominative case, from root u-xX-, kin to Gothic and German mag, English may. Hence our machine, through Latinized form mach ina. adpLo/Levrq (adp-Lt-o/ei-r}): from aEp-, nominative a"p = a-eps, from root a-, 'breathe ' + Ep-, our er in lead-er, read-er, &c., so that ac/p is literally 'the breather;' hence 'wind' or 'air,' distinguished from aiO-rp, 'the blazer,' i. e. the starlit sky, as the lower part of the atmosphere, the region of winds, from the upper or region of lights. Hence adpLo/evE7 - 'fanning' or 'airing herself.' veo =- ev a, 'in that' - 'while.' KaT-opOovc-a: from 6p0o-, 'straight,' comes 3pOo-w, 'I make straight,' KaTopOow (-odi), ' I make straight down,' 'I send right home,' 'I succeed.' do'X-i<, 'scarcely,' hardly:' kin to p,Xa. and /,XLaX-Ta, 'very,' 'verily.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 9 91 vtpOpc ouq, ' to articulate:' from IpOpo-, Ip- Opo-, ' a link,' 'limb,' ' article.' Hence, also in grammar, To' Jp~pov, ' the article; likewieJp~pov Ef-qupt'8o%, 'a newspaper article.' Etymology above. XE4$ELS [X1E'Y-o —tv-3], 'sayingys,' ' words.' /3 E/3cLL- 5 w make sure:' from flE'/3ato-, ' sure,' 'what you can go by, root /3a- in /3l-a'-vw, E'-/38-qa, E'-/3)-V, K.T.X. Hence oe' /3E/3co'vw, 'Iassure you.' 'L)cXO: the regular neuter, also stem of the word for great, Gothic mikil-s, English micile. The classical forms are: ua [~ya~s], ~EyJX-qE'ycaX]- tkE/a!,-c-a"cX-q! ucya! up'yav [1AEyaXv], /-LCyaX —qV, pE~ya /kE'ya'X-OV, tkLEYa'X-?7%3 LE-ya'-X0V' tLEYUX-W -Zi -p' LE-yaX-ot -at -a- -ov,3 -av -a- -ow -ow -ow, -oti3 -atLs -ots: Whereas the vernacular are regular throughout: ptcya'XO% /,tEya'LX-,,/LEyc1Xo(v)' /LE-cLXE! /LEYcLXyJ! /LLEYcLXO f /LE-yU'X0(V), /ALE-YaA-, jLEycL'X0(V), K.T.A. Xa-r~t(v): for Xa-,rqp-~' ubstantive from Xar- 'yawn,' 'long,' fromi verbal adjective Xa-~-r'-, from root Xa-, kin to our g7a-pe and ya~w-n, German ga-ifen, gdh-nen. Steps as follows: Xa-9 'yawn,' Xa-To0-, ' having yawned,' ' yawning,' XaT E-w) 'I am yawning,' ' open-mouthed with eagerness,' XaT- ThPL-ov, ' eager open-miouthedness,' ' desire.' i%-oO'pw: for ouvro-ObE'pw, the Latin suf-fero, ' suffer.' 7rtw: arising by rapid speech from w-7r'W, root itt-, Latin hi ill Uibo; reduplicated form of po, as in poae tivw CwTv(o) Orta, orq~jrta, K.T.X\. EV Gt-ov: properly E'VVOtc o-ov, literally 'your care!' i. e. what foolish anxiety! never fear! from E'v + vot'a, i. e. yvota., 'knowing;' see above. N.B-vot'at is found in composition only; the simple word is voD'- for -yvo'-ov. 0po'-W: shortened for EVpoo-iqv, a common Greek name, the goddess or muse of gaiety, from EV 'well,' and q~po'v-, 'thought,' 'mind' (as substantive SbpEV-) + substantival suffix oiSV'-ti (nominative -nq). Hence EV pOVvy = glad-hearted-ness.' Forms like IDpo'ow are declined: ' CJpo6'oo, Tri )v Lpo'o-w(v), 'rs 'Z')p o'-ovs or dI5poo-cog; dative not found. 92 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. rrovrqpCs: adverb of 7rov-rpo-, ' cunning,' 'wicked,' 'sharp;' originally 'laborious,' from rrovo-, 'labour,' root 7rev-, whence 7revojat (classical), 'I labour,' 7rrv-r-(r), ' a poor man,' 7rev-L-Xpds, 'poor,' TevLa, 'poverty,' 7retva for rrv-?a, 'hunger.' An initial a has been lost, which we find in a-navL-s, 'need,' also in our English words spin, span. Cf. use of German participle gespannt. $EVpeL (for e v'pEL): from aorist EE;rpov or '$Evpov, 'I found out,' whence the popular instinct argued back to a supposed E$eVpo or q5E po, 'I know.' The real present imperfect of ieEVpov is ~Evp-LtKo, the force of -LOK- being frequentative, as -esc- in Latin. KaO0S3 - Kara s, 'like as.' 0a las exa, 'he will have for us:' accusative for dative, as in English 'he will give us.' a-av8L3t~: indeclinable, the English word sandwich. r, is the nearest approximation to ch, and in some dialects is actually so pronounced. Sandwiches are so called from a Lord Sandwich, who originally introduced them at receptions. This fact should make us regard the word with something of awe and veneration, even in its Greek disguise. Kpaa-aKL: diminutive of Kpacrl(ov), 'wine,' from root Kepa(KEp-va-(O, Kepd-v-vVfLt), 'to mix.' bpovTra: the Italian frutta, Low Latin fructa, Latin fructus. The proper Greek for this is 07roptKa, literally "autumnals," from orjpa, 'the after-season,' 'the autumn,' or, perhaps, 'the ripening season,' i. e. either from 67r-, 'after,' as in KaT7rTLV, or Er- as in 'Eho [Eor(o], 'roast,' 'ripen;' &7r- a bye-form of 7rar-; see below. wTO TO etEvpEL, Where do you know it?' i. e. How or whence do you know it 7 r/twTrEpov, more mildly, from 'Lto-, mild. Xca/apyos: for Xalx'aXyos, from XatQpo-, 'throat,' and aXyos, 'pain.' Hence Xa'aiapyos = 'having an itching throat, 'greedy.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 93 4VOWEL, 'by nature:' dative of V-oL-, 'be-ing,' 'growing,' 'nature.' 7roav<4dyoS: roXv - ' much,' -ayos, 'eating.' Oay- seems to be cognate to Sanscrit bhag, 'to distribute,' 'to receive one's share,' 'to share.' ' enjoy,' whence b7haksh, Sanscrit and Old Persian, 'enjoy,' 'consume.' Hence, too, apparently the Arabic and Turkish bakshish, borrowed, it would seem, from the Persian.?)pxLte (E-apxtE), 'began:' imperfect past of apX,- from apXa(apXj), 'beginning.' rvyXOprq (rvyowpe): from or-v, 'with,' and X cpa-, place' = 'find room for,' 'allow,' 'forgive.' s8EITOV, 'supper:' 7ervov 8Er-Vvov, from root SE-7r- Sa-ir-. Cf. Sanscrit dd-p-dj-dmi, causative of da, ' to distribute,' Latin dap-s, 'a meal;' hence, too, Anglo-Saxon -tiber, -tfer, 'an offering,' 'victim,' and German Un-ge-ziefer, ' vermin,' literally 'what cannot be offered.' rrp(o: from 7rpo-, 'the fore-part of the day,' 'the morning.' e-ofw-V-L-E: IWWvto- for o~owLvt-, from o"'o- (for 7rO'co, to avoid double 7r, from 7rEfr- for KFEKF-, kin to Latin coqu-o, quoquo) -- ' cookery,' food' + WvE- (Iv/eomat), 'buy,' from wvo-s, 'price;' for Foavo-s, Sanscrit vasnas, price,' Latin venum for ves-num. Hence otvwwo, 'qiv[wo, ' to buy eatables,' ' to get in provisions.' Ka7l)S: for KaiV T(j), i. e. Kal av 7rTos, 'even if somehow,' i. e. more or less, if not much; KaC7rOS VlrodEpETat, 'there is some enduring it,' literally, 'it is in a manner endured.' La: this particle in Ancient Greek was generally used in negations, as ov, p"a Ata! 'No, by Jove!' its place being supplied in affirmations by vr (perhaps a bye-form of vat, 'yes '), as v) tov 'Ar'XXwova, 'Yea! by Apollo.' In Modern Greek vr is obsolete, and /a is used in either case. It is probably a form of tL (' with'), from which /era- is lengthened, just as Ka-tr is from the particle Ka, KE, or KEY. KpOTOS 'a noise,' especially of striking or rattling; probably 94 94 ~~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. kin to Kpo0v'w for Kpo10c-w, Old High German hruor-jan for hruos-jan, Modern High German riihren, properly raren. o-raJedo-q; for o-ra0E`Vr-0o-3: o-,ra-09-E`r- - root Cra + 0, sigyn of passive aorist + -EYT- participial sumfx. The whole declines: OamOELs (-TaUE'VT&J] crTaOELo-a c=0&-av 0TacOE'VTaL -EO-av -E`V -E`VTO' -Ecf777 -EVTOS' -E`VTt -EL"-qEVTL' -FVTE'3 -Juatc -EVTc -EVTG)V -EL47WV -EYTWV' -ELOLV -EtOrat EUYLV LE`KO~/EV = L-E-Ko7r-rJEV = ta', ' through' + E', sign of past + K07r, 'cut' + a-, sign of 1st aorist + E(v) for er, sign of 3rd person singular. Hence gLEKO1L'V or A~CJ'KOl,1EV, ' (he) cut through,' 'interrupted.' atcnv;: for kJwivmq, also with preposition E'$, C4awrt'v?2, E'at v~ (vernacular Z~a~va), ' suddenly;' from same root comes ao'tq 'sudden.' But probably in its turn JdwrLv-q is for aw7v-q-s; cf. KarmTLos for Karvo',3 ' smoke,' as also alovw for al7Tvw, arVEWjJ and the original meaning will have been breathless, breathlessly, from Qd +WVopac-G-L-V, 'a saying,' 'sentence,' from root ObpJ-, stands for 4&pa6&3t-v. Hence cfpac~optt for Opa&~~o/xaL, I'I say,' but in Honmer always 'I show.' Probably kin to 4ap-v'_s (for Obpaiv'-s), our broad, German bre-it, the original meaning being 'to spread abroad,' German ausbreiten. 0ap38Vq is not found in Ancient Greek, but is certainly a genuine Greek word, as shown by the fact of the noun 7-o Oa'p&o,, 'breadth,' as well as by the termination of the adjective -v'-. va!an interjection, ' there!' probably the same with the second syllable of Z-va, which in Ancient Greek (with indicative) means where. a-VM~-TO-, 'un-wash-ed:' from root vt/3- for vqy-, Sanscrit nig', 'to wash,' Iwhence view for v43pw or vlyyo, in the -vernacular v1`'/3yo~, 'I wasfr' This is another case of labialism, or the procession of a consonant from the throat to the teeth, which we meet with in fla- for ya-, English come, 77MoS for 7KFOS, K.T-.X. 0-rCYYLcTOJS; f O 0urOYy&8-OC6;, ending as in crra-Oels. (T7wtO77 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 93 - from o-7&,#yo-/0, sponge, Latin fungu-s for sfung-o-s, German Sclhwanm, English swam-p (cf. XoyL8- from Xo'yo-, above, &c.). rwoy~o/xat = 'I Sponge myself' or 'am sponged,' u~oyyti~o,, 'I sponge.' Probably o-46oyyo-s was an older form. Wpeaa-.o: elegantly for 'PXLae, the old aorist middle of a'~/ja 'I begin;' see above. &r 0V6_LV0:also '7ovv-pvo; 'undressing,' from aro 'from' + Su-, 'dress.' Hence dJro~u'-opat = I doff,' ' undress.' EXERCISE XI. CO fl1ap8aX0' 3,TEWO/ACVO19Vr tTO 73 cTVCVtV7K'),ip nrj r Kp 4)p'poovs Xaupj VEL 7TLLXLV T' 0&3. EHLpq~a'q VVO ~YyLEL r' llpxo' cLOT~c~KVLc v-7.H Eiopo-v'V-q rowoO01E-ZTat wrp~ TOV KaTO7T~p0v, KaLL EVPiO-KE-rat /JkCTaevrTco-acapwV K)7ptwv. Karcayt'VETaL 1LETL irox~ov, K67Tov Va 8,EO77, TqV ratvtav T7-qS eWLt Toy V2repaLK/J q0 W0 OVTO(3 077)OV Wos -. 10 ^O '7U T-q-; V7rEpaLK/ft Cc t &O'Tt E'XEL &Kawevre E'T-7 -7XtKta,3 lrEptcrcroTcpaL Tov a-v~vyov 7rrjg. 'H t'r~LW T~VEEE btE.avos pEfX0 OV, 'O' O' KpE/ aTat XoflKO o 7rOoto ELVE EK XPi)roV. 'EV AXE'7Tr(O rov va UraOw~, XE7EL o ll1ap8aXo's. HoiV EWE To7070 KEV'O3 'EXa Kalt 070V^ Ka/JwVO Towov, 11~ 1jovp/,_ovpt,. Tal^ra Xf'yovo-a?7 KvY LLXXW kX"' cMvpc Trq1. HX"P "7EW TprOpVPOL eK 70O) KOtO' 3 K aV AE 'XE EA0g ' TOaISa0Vq~~osK 7EpaoEU K'T7roV3 cacWETat Ka7tOJ3 EXEVO 0. H aaLqoo 71EoaO rqv EVY~vLao-t'av ripl KVpt'aS T?771, E'(V 0 (YV(~VyO'1 Tq73 KCaTaCLTLWtE KaOLpo1 KcLTO a0 P0/LW) 7WL cVPLXV O. H CETa0 7Xalt 4lVtL3 KaT OPLWE KpOT0V wpo rp Ovas. 0O KVPL013 atEpL~toLK fXL KaoOM VcpOpOJ TUS 11 X'E$Elj TOv. IUp~oucGE v~ yp'0\ ~ p~o aij ((fq/L~p&L aXc 0 K7TO3 TOV EWE /XacTatos. MEYa'X T01) A-q/uL1/pCLK-q baIR?)TO T0\ Xa -~pt va\ ';Ta'-qJ VAL 7rt'7 'T\ 'TELOV TOV V tA7AVW.'J UpEO-T-q TJTo et', T -qv 'WyopCW' WV' J7Qa KaL E1,(IVL~e KpaQoTLKL Ia orWPLKcL:VYKWLV cLa i7 ~Dp o0-0) St' T-n I\'eE4wV rov'Twv KalL 7LVYeTaL Ka'-,Tw3 -IqMoTepa. ll1OXXo1 a'v0pcWoL~ EZVE Xa.,L'/ap-yo& 4~OvE KalL 7roXvc~dcyot, &aC\ SEL7TVV /h\a T7\)VD Li'O~la 96 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. v7roqfpovv ro0Xv. KpOTOS aT/ioLpXr)avT)1 Kat T'oXXwv a/xawv (TTaOEciraYv 7rpo Tvts Ovpas 8LEKOI/EV aL/vr 1 TrfvV f)pa'Lv rts pjovp/tovptLov'ars yvvatKos. Na! TEXElwcTre TO 7rpayIAa, avectWvrlo'v o KvpLOS' aVLr7os KaL 7jfL$VptLTOS TpETCEl Va cTvroyYLOt EV TLa'XEL. A golden locket hangs from a velvet ribbon on the over-ripe bosom of the lady. Her arms, bent back behind her neck, endeavour in vain to tie the ribbon. The sound of a carriage pulling up before the door affects her with conjugal solicitude. "Are you getting on?" she exclaims to her husband. "How should I be getting on?" he answers anything but mildly. "I am yet unwashed." "Come, don't murmur," says his spouse, gently reproving himl, and fanning herself with her handkerchief like a steamengine. "Never mind, you will get wine and fruit where we are going, so there is some enduring it. You must forgive your clerk his company for the sake of his supper, like other naturally gluttonous and greedy men." Just at that moment Denmetrius finishes his shaving, and is sponging himself in haste, when the bell rings. A- IAEKATON MAGHMA.-TWELFTH LESSON. /EXoeV daK6oLt c&dpav, 7raperTrp77rOev 7 Kvpia, f3XEfrovoa We have still time, observed the lady, looking TO wjpoX6y7ov. Elve O'KT&) 7rapa 'eraprov. at the clock. It is eight short of a quarter (a quarter to eight).'0 HapSaXob 0opel ev aXeb 7O'v KaOap1 TOv o XtWva, acal Pardalos puts on in haste his clean shirt, and SEveeL $rI TOv XatqoSe'Trv rov, ore e'to6ev T7?V is tying already his necktie, when from outside of the ovpav aKoveTa ra 77 Covr7 T7? v7rTpeTpliaE.- 'AjVTr)! - door is heard the voice of the maid. - Sir - A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 9 97 KaXo, icaXo, a? oTaOy Xtya'ut, Owva'~et 40' 4v' Well, well, let him wait a bit, cries from one (side) O' An?7/T.db/Tpa~y% EVW3 q o'UVJVyOs TOV OCOVd~Et d'' &ET'pov, Demetrius, 'while his wrife cries from (the) other, "E~epe ra yav-rta v.o -E Epw, Kvpia, OElXEL Has he brought my gloves? - I don't know, ma'am, he wants va et7r? KCaTt TOtP AOIPTo9?.-O 4aga9i 0EXEt to say something to master.-The cabman wants Va jiov ELtM,drt; AV' T Oa' ElvE 7raXtv adwro to say something to me9 That will be again of the Taypacoa. - Oyt, aevrT7, Eve of Kt'pto,? unwritten (i. e. some newv su)oprise)! - No, Sir, it is Mr. ~Op~aT?7,.-~cO Ki'ptoT 'Op&Jm07q! dvacfove'?'7 (bpo'orW. Orestes. - Mr. Orestes! exclaims Phrosy. llepiep~yov!!Aeyet' v' a'pyr/o-a/p6v; cpa-ra' o' lap~aX6'S. Curious! Should you say we were late? asks Pardctids. %o C'Up6Xoyct taq oa" 7riya1Vet TPOALepa 'viG-co! "AT O'p io-Y Our clock must be going frightfully slowv! Let him I? T Oca'Xa, Icat Trapa 6`00ao-a 7rpoaO-NE, take a seat in the parlour, and I'll be with him at once/ he adds, EL9 Tr77PVv7T7-'pTptaV a7rOT~tvO/.LEVO9. Kal Tav'Ta XC'ywv, 4Opd21 addressing himself to the servant. And thus saying, he purtIs 6 v /3ta TOV E'7T e vV'-r~qZ rOV, Ica IELOPXETat Co; T7V71 on in haste Ih is coat, and enters into the a'~va vO77Tov dv&ee vo EtXo%,~ 7r-epi'Xvwro9, KaL. drawing-room, where awaits him timid, scad, and,KaTal3e,8XTLEQ~'vo eXW To"?'6oT 6 Kl'ptoT Y.ova-aFzaK97T. Ma' with downcast mien Mr. Susamda'iis. Yo0u H A GUIDE TO MO0DEhRN GREEK. o-v~yywpets? 71r0l 77pyi7oa~tEV, cfxXrarc Kv'pte:~ovcata/a77,, e~xc use us far being late, deatrest Ai"r. Sasamda his, Xe' yet o Kv~ptoq llapaX6%? et07Epxo/J.4v0s?, Kat TEW' VOJ says Air. Pardclahs, entering', and stretchhig out 7rpo0-TaTEcv-tLK&J T17V Xe~pa 7Tp' To'p vw7a'XXy7XOv TOV, a/\XX patronizingly his hand to his cleric, bat TO ~ad 8v,tzal yXOev a&K6'j, K.a.i KaX?7owirpa the carriage has nlot come for us yet, and.. Good evening iaas?, Kl'i~ t:ovau a~tiq ',oXaAt36vpet, 8taK6,r~ovoct, q Kvpt'a fo you, Air.,Slusamaikis breaks: inl, interrupting-, Airs. EV'0po0-UJw ELOEOIXO[LEVYq Kat alJT77 Opta/IIEVTtKCOs~ E1' T?\7V Eu~phrosyne entering herself too tri~umphantly into the at'Oovo-av, Kat IJTaLEvy 7rX?7JIOv ToP' X/tr drawving-rom, and standhin near the ehanilelier, 077o'W owwt7,0ypi~ao-t KaXXtov ot' ac'LaTIcTE(? T97q lcos 21 in order that her diamonds mnight sparkle better. How EtoO0E; 'H Kvpi'a e~lIS KaXa; EijtEOa E`TotuJot,,3X'7jTCTE.aroe you? Is Ai1rs. -~ well We are ready, yout see.Ev'Xaptw-TW, KVptca fLov, a7raTaTL,.ETa jiEyaikS' OTEVOXUOPia,~ Thank you, ma'am, answers with great embarrassment 0 T(, 'opLo-g 7Tp0J-7rOtOV 0PQ O E yfKOVOE TO poo Orestes, pretending that he didni't hear the TeXEVraLov /jLEpOg 72)9 apaE. 'Erya Et'Ja KaXa, aXXa last part of the sentence. I am welt, but t7 Haaotca'7 74-H~ Ti pE'XEL KaKO0taOET09,, WYW09 Pasiphae W -lhy! what's up indisposed, perhaps -A ' Av6T 0p' 7r6,pva 77TapaTflpet -— t's n1oth inzg! withi the dance it willp}ass away, observes A GITIDE, TO MODERN GREEK. 9 99 gc~a 7toXX?? a-7couvXta9 rq Kvp'ta llcp~aXo'. 'EPvota aa~~ f wil~'h macll Volnuility Mrs. Pa rdalo's. Never, fear! K (Ey&J 7?7V Ka/Jtvco Kat Xopevet 7TOXV!. I'll?naluke ker daic-e well! 7rapE7r~-' qOEV: from -iap" 'by' + T-qpc-, 'wNatch,' ' keep.' Hen1ce wraParqPE-, ' watch by,' ' observe,' 7rpETq'p?7(1rEV b Served.' oipOoyL~ov: from c'pa-, Latin hora, ' hour,' and root Xcy-, 'to tell.' Hence ~poXo'y = time-teller,''lc,''ac. 0K w)7apo. TETapTOV 'eight all but a quarter,' i. e. a quarter to eight. Observe idiom, and use of wapah with aceusative. As fromy TETap + TrOV we get TE'TapTov 'a f ourth,' 'quarter,' so froia 'rpt + Tiov' we get 'prp5-ov, 'a third,' from 7rEq7,- (?rEv'TC- = VE/U7TE) we get I4wrov 'TV~ca fifth,' &e. ~6opELt (0opE'-,Et), ' puts on:' secondary formation fromn oEp-, 'bear, 'wear;' also, as intransitive = 'wears.' KaOapo'-v, tbe, German heiter, Latin hilar-i-s for hidaris; cf. Old Latin dhie gua, <lacrumna, for lhtqua, lacrumna. The original meaning is that of the Greek, 'pure,' ' clean.' Xtmwv-a (nominative XtTW'V for XtrW'v3). SE-V-Et: mo1dern formn with inserted V Of U-Et) tie-s. Cf. &ii(o1 &Uvw, both classical. X\aqxo-SE-TryV = 'neck-tier.' Ee4OJEv = $ ~o out' + OEv, 'from' = 'from without;' cf. EKEZ-OEV, 'there —fromn,' thenee 0o1'paV0'-OEV, ' from-Y heaven.' 8~-Ocv, 'fromt now, 'henceforth' (the probable primary senise) = for — sooth,' 'to be sure, as pretended,' i. e. as rio one would haw, suspeeted hitherto. Xktya'Kt diminutive of 'Xi-yo(v), 0-Xtbyov, ' little,' i. e. a little bit. OWVa'tIft (OWM'y2EL) = /OWha + a'7~Et, 'he, leads a voiee,' 'prolongs a cry; cf. Latin voceiii carmnen, datcere, &e. N.B.stands sometimes for ysometimes for k7-the aorist showv. which. Thus the aorist of vwopt'~6 is /V~opL,7oi, Eiyvdp[toa, K.TA.X. 100 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. for yvwops-cTo, EyvopL8-oca, whereas the aorist of (wv&dlw is (ovdaow, 4E'vaa. That this ay- is really the same as in ayo, 'I bring,' seems likely when we consider that ovvadyo, 'I gather,' is in the vernacular Modern Greek crvvadw, i. e. avvady3o. ad' &v3: for a7ro ~vos (understand eEpovs, ' side'); a' ' &E'pov for 7ror &TEpov. Trepo- perhaps akin to other, in which case the ' is accidental. Ec/epE: observe the aorist sense, the imperfects in the vernacular being OepvEt, 'cEpve. In classical Greek EcEpe would be regarded as imperfect, and the aorist is from another root 'VE7K-, qVEyKOV, K.T.X. In the phrase cep' Ebre, however, the aorist sense of E6p- appears. aievrTS: as if from stem dE'vr-, of which nominative would be adEtL, instead of actual nominative adevr-ij-s. With exception of accent, aJEvros is identical in form with genitive of participle aEv7roS (acEtS, aEcra, aav), obsolete in vernacular Modern Greek. da-a-S.: a common modern formation; cf. in classical Greek Oay-a-, 'a glutton.' The elegant form is da/abXda-rTy-s, from L/La a + eXa- ('drive') -+ T/S = er; cf. EXa above. KarL: for KaL + av + T\ = even if something.' aypaoa, literally 'unwritten things,' 'secrets,' 'surprises.' apvTr: vocative of a4evTr77 by simply dropping q. 7rEpt'pyo-v: from W-ept, 'about,' and gpyo-, 'work.' Hence, as adjective, TrEplpyo- = 'what there is work about,' 'what is worthy of attention,' 'curious,' 'remarkable;' also in transitive sense, 'busy about anything,' 'curious,' 'inquisitive.' XeyeLs v apyrf-afaev: observe this use of va with the indicative; it is equivalent, or at least analogous to the classical use of the optative in indirect (oblique) assertions. Its force is to imply that the statement (apyjoaalpev) is not that of the speaker, but that of the person addressed or referred to. apyroralev (classical, with augment,?pyyroapLev, see below) from dpye-, and that frot adjective apyo- for Ja-epy-o-, i. e. notworking, un-working, idle. Htnce 'slow, 'late.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 101 EpoTra (for EPWral-Et): apparently kin to 'por-, 'love,' 'desire,' 'appetite,' formed from verbal stem cpa- (Ipa-o/xa), 'love,' as yEAXor-, 'laughter,' from yeXa-, 'laugh,' by addition of substantival suffix -or-. From Epo)T- is then formed, by addition of -a-, the further verbal stem EpoJra-, 'to be in search for,' 'ask,' ' seek.' Oa 7rrfyatvEt: observe use of 0a with indicative. 0a 'rr-yatvr would mean, 'will be going at some future time;' 0 a rr/qyatve means 'must now be going.' 'Will' is used in this sense in English, especially by Scotchmen and Northerners. rpokEpaL: neuter plural of TpolAEpo-, used as adverb. rpo/Lepo= root rpoL - TPEI- (rpe!-w, 'I tremble'), kin to Latin trem- in trem-o + adjectival suffix -Epo-. rtcrow: short for orrTl-w, 'behind,' old instrumental for 7rrLroTr, from same root o0'TrS which we had in orrl-0ev for ortL-0Ev, rgTtacr standing for orro-^w. s opto-y: for a'es = a- + e + s, old imperative of a4c-rf-at, Modern Ja-v-ow, 'I send forth,' 'I permit,' 'allow,' 'let,' and upakr for op-rr-a-, from gpo-, 'boundary,' 'limit,' 'term,' 'order,' ' condition' + verbal suffix -t8; cf. Xoyt-, K.T.k Hence opt'o, 'I define,' 'order,' 'command.' /as op'O-1 Et Tr7 roXa, literally 'let him command into the drawing-room' or 'parlour;' 0opoarE, short OpLo-Te, plait-il? wie beliebt? 'What is your pleasure?' 'command,' i. e. What did you say; also ' Come!' 'This way, please,' &c. o-aXa(v): the Italian word, French salle. rwpa O'cao-ra, literally 'I am now arrived,' i.e. I will be with him directly: a graphic use of the aorist for the future.;-0Oa-o-a (imperfect Oda-v-w), root csOa-. It would seem that 40Oa- is a corruption of Ca- (7ro-a-), and that a metathesis for ur-ra-, the same with spee- in speed, German spu-ten, Albanian tpeit, 'quickly.' In classical Greek, 0aivow means 'overtake,' ' arrive first,' rather than simply ' arrive;' this sense is preserved in Modern Greek in the compound - rpoOdrvo. OavcLt, in Modern 102 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Greek, means also, 'it is enough,' 'it reaches;' TrpoO'6et (7poSe-T-et), the modern form of 7rpOS-T'-0-oCL for wrposrnI- t, 'Lhe puts to,' 'he adds.' daro-TELv-oJLeo-' for aro-reV-oeEvo-~, imperfect participle passive masculine nominative, from root rEv- Tav-, 'stretch,' 'direct' + preposition 71- = 'away.' Hence aorTELvo/al - ' I direct myself,' 'address myself.' f3a (Ipa-t): dative of plia-, ' force,' 'haste,' kin to vi- in Latin vis, vivo, vita, &c.; cf. the expression vis vivida vitce. Hence also the masculine form Pt-o-s, 'life.' w7ev8variv: for eirl-ev-8$-r —v, literally 'the over-dresser,' 'the coat.' a'Zovo-av: the elegant classical for o-aXa = aWlt-ovr-o-a-v, from root aiO-, ' burn;' cf. aLOrjp above. Literally 'the burning-room,' 'the place where the fire burnt,' the central hall of the old Greek dwellings. aWO- kin to Latin aed- in aed-e-s, 'house,' 'dwelling-places,' plural; aestus for aed-tus, 'burning,' 'heat,' aestas [aestats], 'the burning season,' 'summer,' Anglo-Saxon dd for aid, 'a log,' Middle High German eiten, Modern High German heizen, so mispronounced for eizen, from supposed kinship to heiss, 'hot,' which, however, as we have seen, has quite a different etymology, being akin to Greek Kalo, K.T.X. ava-ufEVeL = 'a-waits,' 'waits for;' /tEv- kin to man- in Latin maneo, &c. 8ELXo5: for &e-iXo-s, from root 8E-, 'fear,' whence also Se-os [8ees-], 'fright," 'fear' (substantive), and 8Evo03, 8e-LvO-, ' terrible,' 'fearful.' Observe active and passive meanings of the two suffixes -Xo- and -vo- respectively. 7reptAlXro5, 'full of grief,' 'with grief all about one:' from irept and Xr7ra-, perhaps for p-tra-, kin to rup- in Latin ruptura, rU(m)po, the root idea being that of breaking. KaTra3Ef3Xr}yJLvEov (KaTa-/~E-f3X-q-Evov): from Ka1a-3Xa- KarTaJaX-, 'cast down.' Hence ' downcast,' 'sorrowful.' 06os: whence our ethics, 'manner,' 'mien,' of which a bye A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 103 form ['0oo has the sense of 'habit.' EO- stands for a-FE0-, and is apparently fromn the two elements, o-Fe-, Latin se (cf. e for crFJ in E-avrvv, ' himself') + 0E- = 'do," put,'' set.' Hence '[E] = 'putting of one's self,' setting one's self.' Hence 'habituating;' cf. Latin suus and suesco; kin is German Sitte. KaTaE3/clX-, 'VOV 'Xewv rT AOoS-= literally 'having the mien downcast;' in idiomatic English,' wqith downcast mien.' This is a very common use of eXwv, and should be noted. 7rov, literally 'where,' here, 'that.' 7ro' 'pyrji-aFev, literally 'that we are late,' or 'seeing we are late,' i. e. for being late. The Greeks lack anything analogous to our convenient verbal substantive in -ing. The nearest approach is the old infinitive in -ELY -aL -eaa -i~vaL (according to tense and mood), which, however, is not nearly so pliable, and is, moreover, confined to bookish style. XEtpa[v]: for X\pla, nominative XElp for Xe[p-., 'hand.' Probably kin to gr- in grasp, grip, grab, where we see one root with various suffixes. OpLtIP/3EVTtKS; (-Kgr): adverb of adjective OpLaLptEv-r-LKo-, formed by suffix -tKO- from verbal adjective OpLa4flEv-To- of OpLtaj3Ev-, verb of noun Opt[al3o-, the Latin triunpo- triumpho-, a word of dark derivation, but most likely aspirated from Tp'a/j3o~, TpL- oaflos, 'a triple throw (in wrestling).' Laa/jo is explained by Curtius as substantive from nasalized root la/x/3 -for tac3-, which we have in anrrro, 'to cast,' 'throw,' a/3 -being softened for ca7r-, and that labialized for laK- (cf. ['Wros, K.T.X.), kin to Latin jac- in jacio, jaculum, &c. la/j3os: the Iambic verse meant originally the coarse jest flung at the passer-by. ao-raievrq: present participle middle from root o-ta-, 'stand.' Hence Ocrraata, 'I stand,' cTraorat,' thou standest;' other persons, troTarat, LorTraltea, Ytcrar-Oe, TravTat. rIX7crtov: from root 7reX- 7rXe- rAa-, lengthened also to r'Xayv7rXy- in 7rrXyj), ' a blow,' 7rXo-cr for 7rX yw, ' I strike,' 7rAaXyv, 104 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 'I was struck.' Hence 7rXqo-Tov, literally 'abutting on,' 'striking against;' cf. German anstossend. Hence 7raparXr`o-Los, 'resembling,' 'closely touching.' Xar7r-rTp-os, literally ' the shiner,' i. e. the lustre, chandelier; kin to Latin limpidZus. o-TrLv0rplwo-t: subjunctive after oros, from onrtvOrjp-ti-, verb of rrtwOvp- for orKtv-O)p; cf. Latin scin-t-illa, kin to our shine. -rrtv0Olp = 'sparkle,' 'ray,' c7rtvOrqptw, ' I shed rays,' 'I sparkle, 'glitter.' daS/J-avTes: noun with semi-participial characteristics, from a + Sa/- =?untamable, untamed, because the hardest mineral; used of various rocks as granite, adamant, but properly of the diamond, which, with its various kindred in Modern European languages, is a mere corruption of the Greek word. o-revo-xop-a-s, literally 'narrowness of room:' O-TEEv-, 'narrow,' whence cr-TE', oTrevado, ' I groan;' kin to German stohnen. rxro-X-s: probably for txos (~ia-o-X&o) (cf on aOdvw above), from root qa-, 'to scrape;',q"Xos, 'a man who has to scrape his platter,' 'a scraper,' 'a poor man.' It should, however, be borne in mind that 7rrwXos, the actual, is the older form, fi&w standing for 7rrTa. 7rpoS7roLoVtEvo, 7rpos-7roLE-ojuEv0s: from 7rpo, 'to' + 7rotE-, 'make.' Hence 7rposrroto/,uat, 'I make to myself,' 'I claim' or 'pretend.' Various etymologies have been suggested for the verbal stem 7rosE-, but the simplest and most obvious is that it is from the pronominal root 7roLo-, as in -roZos, O&TOLOs, &c., and means to 'make of a certain kind,' the derivative suffix -Ehaving often in itself the force of ' make,' 'do.' TEXEvraTov: for TEXEaVTa-L-OV, from substantival stem CXEvTa7-, 'end' + adjectival suffix -to-. Hence rTEEVTarOV = 'last,"' final.' TEXEV-TO-, from verbal adjective TEXEvTo- (-a- feminine), from verbal stem rEXEF- or TrXEV-, also TEXE-, TEXEo —, ' to end' or ' finish,' substantive &EXEs-, ' an end.' ptepos (stem /,epes-), 'a part:' from root /Ep-, 'to divide,' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.10 105 assign, kin to Latin mer-eo, mereor, meritzun. Hence, too, puoZpca (pxo'plca), ' share,' 'fate,' 'appointed lot,' /x pos, ' doom,' 'destiny.' Tt pEXEt, literally ' what runs? o f. German wvas ist losi e. what's loose? what's up? what's the 'matter?7 for which also the Greeks say, Ttl wpayta; 'what thing?' KcaKO8taOETO%; literally 'ill-disposed,' i. e. indisposed, from root &taOc.. (&L\ + 0QE-) (StaCO'qjUt, 8aOE'TW); see above. Lcrws [Po-T], literally ' equally,' i. e. by an even chance; as likely as not, perhaps, from lItcr- for FL'o-Fo-, Sauscrit vishmu; root probably Pt- (vi-), ' to separate,' ' divide,' as in di-vid-ere, vi-du-a, wi-dow. Hence TIJ Toov, 'the fair share,' T ogo, ' fair,' ' equal.' 'TC-WOT, 'anythingT-whatever,' ' anything at all:' WOTIE, relative and interrogative of OTIE, ' when.' 9ToWttVXVa9: from o-rwpx'Xo-, literally I'mouthy,' from o-r64La('r-), 'mouth' (properly o-T-o4LaT-), Sanscrit 9taman, perhaps kin to Gothic stib-na, German Stimze, 'voice.' Hence crrw/tvX-1`-a, 'monthiness' 'volubility.' T aY L/J4' KLxpvEliterally II make her and she dances,' i.e. I will make her to dance. Equally correct would be T-qjv Ka/kVw VA XopEv0?o vraclr-p-/~) Observe familiar use of present for future. ZEXERCISE XII. llapa~np2 OTt 8,\v ETVE a'pyca, atXXa\ OTC, iEvXo/Ev aKo/i/-q wpav. HapET7',1p-qO-c OTt 8EIVTTO aKo/L'q ap/a\ aXOi OTC ELXoIJEv aKOL'q WpatV. BXE7wo Tb \0WpoXO'yt /10V Kat wapca~rqp~t OTt Wm77atVyt TPO/JLEPOL 07LOW(0 (XYTe Ga apyqo7-w(tEv,a iLY LL? 7rEpaTtxTLtEV El/ TatXE T-qv Ev~%vW~aa-'v litas. (POPJ~ 'V /3I' TO\V EW7EVSV'T-qV I(Oy, KalL taEVW EV TatXEL TOV Xatqto~&T-v JvaKa/tTCTTJV TOVS XOV8p0V',S /1OV /3pax~tOVag 07rctO-Ev Tov' Tp AmXv 'HKO 'rO-Gq alr)T7V T-qV 0Ttyjk-qV 7 w-)T7 vf7Epa X1EYov'r-qS O1EXW Va\ ELWO KcaTL TOV'a U4VT0 TI ~e~vtw OTt ULLs Ec/PEPa Ta\ 7-YaVTL, I /.kXLXXOV Ka~ow,E'Yovv o't veo0kWoToYtO TV)V; Y~kWGo-o-q PktL3 Kat~aptC(Ta4't Ta\ X1ECP0KT~d o-as. V ETpIEZL (W'Pat) KQ1, 106 A GUIDE TO M1ODERN GREEK. T~aprov; "OXV E73WE TEG-wapE0; 7apa TETUPrOV. 'IA; 0-ragrLv XL-aKL OZ VVKTEPLJIO 1ELcY0KE7rTaL Exw Epyaolatv. 3"A; 7tErpac-ovv 'XX-qv iWpav. llEpiEpyov! Jvadwvd i ad/ja~&;. 'Opi'f-arE EL" T1)V aloovcotav, Kv1pLo, o-as, 7rcapaKaXW. AEYETE V' a PYrI-a/EVv;.taTt EXETE 7rEPLXVXroV Ka\ KaTa/3E/3Kq(LEVO V T\ 'o;; T; 'bOg rv T vOponrwov ELVE KaOa); Ta\ EOq T(JV. M&; 0-VYXG)PECTE irOv EXOJLEV tELXOV KaL KaTagE/SVq1tEV0V T\ TOo; sLOTL 'pY10a/JEV TPOfLEpa. '0 KVOpLOp CLO-EPXE~a OpLaJL/ECvTLKw;3 El'V aovoaV Kai aWVOTEL'VETaL 7rpooTaTEVTLK(JJ EL3 To\ V v7taXX-q?7X0 TOV. KaXr-crWE'pa aa;, XE7EL, PXEW77ETE V IJ' Y\ \ aI OE OTL ELE a E`T tpoL 0 a a/ V /X -3E`tao-Ev a'KdfT7. '1o-Ta/,IaL 7X7X7TL'ov TO Xat7r27po3, KaL -0 Xa/7TT?)p KaL'/VEL Va CTWLVOIqpt4O(0YL K LXXo O a a/-taVTE' KOLL 0 XpVO-O Xo/3LTo; /WV. HppO0-7TOLOV/SLa OTt &EV 1JKoVO-a TO 7rpWTOV LE'pO; Tg c/paTo).F;. E7cTOE KaXa' OXL SvOTTV(W; EL/LCaL wrOXv\ KaKOaLa'OETos; v/oJJ46W O(LO)3 OTL 8E\V ELVE TLWOTE KatL OTL fEE Tov XOpoV 7wEpVa. TI tPEXEL XOL7TOV AEV A'EV PW, V0111U(O O't EKpVwcra. "Evvota o-a; EPE 70 8E67T-VOV Kat T1V orvvavaUTpOO jV 7TEpVa'. Why do you sponge yourself in haste? Because we are late. Why does the servant call from below? She wants to tell master something. She has not brought his gloves, but the carriage has come. Very well, let it wait a bit. We have still time. What is the matter? Some secret again? Curious! my watch must be going frightfully fast (JIuOrpds). It is quarter to five. Show the gentlemen into the drawing-room, and I will be with them directly. Who is waiting for me? A timid clerk with downcast mien. Stand near the light, that your diamonds may sparkle better. There is no need for you to pretend that you did not hear the last part of the sentence. Your volubility is great, but you will not persuade me (7wEt —qrE) of that (7rEpI TOV'TOV); never fear! I excuse you for being late, but why did you not put on (E4opiaaTE) your coat? I had no time; for while I was awaiting, with great embarrassment, my nocturnal visitor in the parlour, the bell of the opening door A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.10 107 sounded, the maid shouted from one side, and my wif e from the other, "Are you. getting on, lDemetralkes?"and I had ('q'7 -cavaL7K?)) to sponge myself hastily, and begin dressing. It is very curious that my clock goes slow; and that the maid has not brought my gloves. Do you think she can have forgotten them? Perhaps; for I observed that she had a timid, sorrowful, and downcast mien, so that I fancied (iOavT 'uO-qv) what was the matter (imperfect). zAEKATON TPITON MAeHMA.-THIRTEENTHi LESSON. 015! evvoeLTat 0 XoP0S? EwVe 8 Ta, q -Oh,! of course (lit. "Iit is understood ")dancing is for KVp~al? 7ravaKeta - 7rp9oEL El TXr Kvpo ladies a sovereign cure - adds at the end Mir. Hap~aXo~q, /.ET3 aV1TapEO-cOV FLEL&aFjzaTOS9, 7rpOce'p&YV 3P'a0'E&J9 Pardalo's, with a self-satisfied smile, pronouncing slowly T?7 P TEXevTa~av Xe'~tv, oL'OVdt ecva/Spvvo71Levog & ai'rTj'7V, icat the last word, as if luxuriating in it, and E&ravaXaz,8a/3cov~ EV'OV9,g ETt /3pa8V'T6pOV - 7Ta-va-lcet-a.repeating at once, still more slowly -a so-ye-reign cure.Nal, Pat.. a7TavTa' 8etX(W9 0':ovo-aFga'K?, Kal 7rpoG-7raOE Yes, yes.. answers timidly Susamdkis, and tries Pa jU6Et a0_7 e7fl'0"J7. IIX\7V... 8VO-TVX&9.. Cb0aLAT~ to smile also. But... unfortunately... and he stops, co9 ap KaTEE7rV aVT) 0 7 &wafgtt va WagLO 1. as if there had deserted him the power to finish. TtwarOE o'7ov~ato'repov; II E'7nTtOweP6 W'7PQi0-Tda'lEvo0 cdVrOV. Anything (more) serious? -Oh! exclaims his principal. Kat 7iTW09;-AEl)?7'7E6po), Tp aXOEtc. 'Etcpt'ro-e oalverat~ How then?-I do not know, in truth. She has caught cold, it seemts, 103 108 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. mat~ e~eL Twjpc awT TO fLE-tky.Ept CVa c0o,36eoV 7TVpCTOV. and has now since mid-day a terrible fever. Elve et',; TO\ KpE8/3a'Tt Trpo\ 7-ptJv copowv, &Jo-'Te-mat oTa/~a~a Sh e's in bed these three hours, so that-and he stops 7TaX v Xwio va ToV,LaV7CVoCOO-t TOV ~ VO*TV. again, hoping that they will guess him, poor fellow (i. e. his OlJ)E\V~, LjOq OeXet ia' Tolv FpaVTevJ,. meaning). No one, however, will guess his meaning. '0 Kz'ptoq llap~ao\?A aita q' Kvpt'a llap~aXov' 'otavraVca i4ir. Purdald's and Mrs. Pardlalo's stand a,7TEPavTt Tov) afro 6 o EpcoT7)/aTtKa o-yqueta, ELO opp)Iosite hime., dumb, like interrogcitory signs, while atc-ftiveTat O'Tt?IyXcoooG-a' TOV CKoXX1JO)7 eP Tw) Xa'pvyyt' TOM. he feels that his tongue has cloven in his throat. IIVV, 0'rOW(O 877T07ET, 8taXoyW'e~at, TO' 7Tpay/.La 7TpE7ret Btd, somehow or other, he thinks, the matter must va TCXet4j~o-v. rivDeTat Xoc775Ov TOX/J07popO'T 9~, Kat KxeLO6V end. He grows therefore bolder, and shutting OV9 WaXFzo'q, cq o' 3etXot a'o-evetsq ol /.LXXoVTre9 his eyes, like cotwardly patients who are about to KaTa7rW-t0o 7rLKpOV ta ptWOV., T~avaXafd3av~t QOlTE EWEe swallou' bitter mnedicine, he resumnes: So that it is a vpaTov -fro"P. a Xaw T77 LLJ. impossible this evening...for me to have the hionour....You 27evpTE?ro Xv7roV/Iat, K yLe AtevOvvTra' UaLV /3e/3aLO'V&) don't know how grieved I am, Mr. Manager, 1 assure you Ak.~ epXETatL va o0Ka0&J.!-'A. TLWOTE!l Tt7TOTE!. I am like to b urst! - Alt, nothin~g! nothing! A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.10 109 a7raTaP- *~vypw'9 05 Kv'ptoq Hiap~aXo',? evtXoLat Va 7a answvers coldly Mr. Pardalo's; I trust it may be 7TepaO-TtKa. ~ H Kvpita Hap~aXoD' o~v' (ol _c)passing (ailme&d). Mrs. Parcialo's says XE"ywt 6uO-a',covov Kat aEpti'ETat lIe' To\ FkayV~ivto Tq?7, Inothing; she only pants and fans hers~elf with her handkerchief, (IiWo0a~ve7at &E a'KaTa/ay 7T ) oE~tv va cpVy TV(? Iat she feels an invincible desire to gouge out the O0aXp~o \, Tzo' Kvpt'ov Yovu-aFkaK77, O0Ttq, TEXo(Z, a' oi eyes of mr. Susarno' his, who, at last, after /.LaT~jV 77pOJ-E77a'0ya6E a, wzpo~OEo- 1EtaS E7L vainly attemptVing to add a few words, ou\v `XXo Eupe va\ ELr,?) /LovPoP-KaX?7V VVK found noth ing else to say, save, only - Good night oa9?.... M OVYXCIPE`Te, K I pe ALEVOVVTa' to you...You excuse uts, Mr. Manager 8&v et'Ve T 7-; Oi &o o-i54vyot guvevo-ap ',cr ovq'wpov, cq d~on't you? Th e c oupltIe nodded in concert, like avrogara, T~v KE~aX ~'V, Ka~t0 '`o ~vua~ta'cq7 aLVECOJprqoE. MC'a\ automata, their head(s), and Snsamdkis depre. I /LLKpO) TKovo-07o-aV Ta\ #?7Xa0(WtVTa O&TWK E17rEEV 8i'ya~ar Toy, a while there were heard his groping steps, so to say, 7T 0OTtl71/ KXI/.aKo9, ove t Eav lyo-Ojv on the dark staircase, but no one thought to OW (IJT1 or\V aXtov, 67T1(V ttn\ Ka-laKVXV77-lT Krp light the wretch, lest hie should roll down the precijpice. Ev-voELTat: for 'v-voE'-EJ-at, 'it is understood,' 'of course.' VOEfor -yvoE-; see above. E'VVOLa 'mieanino;' a-vvEvvooi'/1EOa, 'we 110 110 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. -understand one another;' vvvo OVVVV/at, I'I make myself understood' (inl conversation). 7ra~aKE 'panacea,,' 'sovereign cure:' from 7rav(T)- and aiKE-) 'cure,' 'Soothe ' (4KE'Opacx, aKov/LaL), kin to a'KE`WV, ' Still,' 'silent' 'calmn.' 7'7r for 'KtOg, ' Mild,' 'gentle.' 7rpoOE-J-Et: it mlay be useful here to add the principal tenses 77poSOE'TWi (7rorP0OTt`0u~), '7p0o3E0-q~a or 7rpo3EO0Eo-a, 7rpoAO'OoW. VapTKV(aiiT-pEo-K0-): from a'7'-, ' Self,' Jpo- please,' frequentative of Jp-, ' fit,' ' suit,' explained above. /3pa&'(03: adverb) of j~pa8V-, 'late.' Cases: Ppa8-V', -Ea -v" -VV -EJcI 1v -E0 -EtaLg -Eog -EL -Eta -Et' -EIS -Eiat -EaL 6E3 -Eta,3 -Ea -EOJV -ELWV -EOJ)V' -EJLt -Etat3 -Eo-L; kinl to Sanscrit mr-dis for mzardi8,, and standing f or up0'.v3. Hence T0'flpai8V, 'the evening11.' Observe accent, and cf. Italian ser-a, French soir, fromt Latin 8era, serUmn. OLOVEL - O or='such, 'so as' + Et = if.' Hence oLvt 'as if. Ev-a,3pVu-V-o/1j1CE;: from A/3po'- [aclpv'-], ' delicate,' explained,above. EwavaXat43avwv (E'r-av/a-Xa([k),3-ad-wv (Xa,8-), 'taking up again,' 'resununom'. 'iO ' (for EvOT) adverb Of EVO- 'straight' straighitway.' Perhaps from EV', 'well' + OJ- OV-, 'run,' i. e. with a good run. O Tqpi. 0. Ew 'rnj ypctkj,, onastraiaht line' qal, 'evenly,' 'also;' of. our 'even so.' o-axi(o-ra-,AaT —"-EL): fromt 0-a-ta- 'astand-ing,' 'a Stop.' Hence o-ra~taT-a'-W, 'I conic to a standstill.' Uyva,.cL-: noun of 8&'va-/_at, ' I can,' I'I am able' 'pow er,' 'ability.' VrtwL~LvE (E~wL-0wv-E`L), 'ceries-in-regard-to ' what has been said. The exact f orce of this word is hard to render in English. rj aXnOctL: dative used here isedof themoeclqua 11 L)TV a i-ELLV /AE0 —7hLEpL(v): for FLETrqjtE`pW0V = /Acoo +?JfEP + (0- (substantival suffix) - the midday space,' ' noon.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.li ill Oof&-E-po'-: adjective by suffix -E-po'- of root Oofl-, ' fear,' verb 0o/3E'-.w, 'I frighten,' OoPE-opat, Ooflov'_at, 'I am afraid.' Hence 0 o)3povy, 'fearful;' cf. Tpo/x-Epa above. 7z-VpETov: apparently verbal adjective from 7-vpc- (not found), verbal stemn of z' -, fire, with which it is kin. KpEflf8cLTt (Kpr/3flga'rtov): diminutive Of Kpa',fl6arov, 'bed;' seemingly a foreign word, found in Latin as giablilaturnz. zp~ TptU2V ~pJ~, literally ' before three, hours,' i. e. since three hours, tbree hours ago (and still), or these three hours. `Xrti~wv (`Awi~iwv): from 'Az'i2- (nomi. 'Xwtk), 'hope,' kin to Latin eoliup- in volitptas, and standing for FEW~,root PEAX-7-, lengthened from FEX-, kin to volo and wvill. Itav-rcv-: verbal stemn of 1v-kaVT-, 'a prophet,' kin to /,k(V)Oa1vw, men(t)s, rnind, &c. Hence /uavrEva,,, 'I prophesy,' 'I divine,' 'I uess.' SVo-TVX (ef. 8Vo0-TVXJig above): from 8vg-, 'ill,' and r-v'xa-, 'fortune;~' stands for 8vo-0vVi~[V], and that for &V0-TVXEcLv, and that for 8ao-rvxE'O-ay. The stemn is 8v —v~- Cases: 8voTVX-7 qE3 iE -~ -oZ9 (-0'o)) -EL (-E'-CtO -J9 (-E'E) -7i1 -JW' (-'WV)' -&1 (4-0a-o-). The forms in brackets are obsolete f or the most part. a,-EvV~ &- aT + E'V + ady-Ti, ' from-in-front-of:' comipare such compounds as French clevant = de, ab ante, Spanish adelante -ab de illo ante, Italian innaaizi in ante, &c. ac/wvot: from a'- - un-, and 0(wv&a-. Hence, alwvo-, 'voiceless,' unvoiced,' ' dumib.' EPTqjata from stem C'p(Ori-, explained above, whence, comes E'PcW-rnq1a(T), 'a question,' E~pwT-%taT-tK6-, 'belonging to a question,' 'interrogatory.' m-q~t~a: plural of crqyucto-, explained under 0-rJ1~t,LLE'0T~v above. awo-O-avy-ETat: by suffix -o-O-, from stem at, root JF~-, 'hear,' 'learn,' Sansc-rit aLv- arv-a-mi, 'attend,' Latin aat- in ait-di-o. Hence verbal stem atlo-0- lengthened to imperfect stemn a~o-Oav-, N.B-a'oOa'vo is not found, only the intransitive aC'o-0avojat, O4A' v, aud the aorist subjunctive is formed from imperfect 112 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. stem in Modern Greek aicroavO6i (contrary to rule). Also in common parlance, past, jcrOdav07v for oa-O'o0 v. EKoXXjOr7: from KoXXa-, 'glue,' whence KoXXa-olaLt, 'I am glued,' EKokXX'j0v, 'I was glued.' Xapvyy-, ' throat:' nominative Xapvy —, whence our larynx. 7rXrv: a form of 7rXE'ov, 'more' - 'but,' like Italian mai, Spanish mas, from Latin magis, 'more.' Ot7rWoS 73-rOTE, literally 'how now ever,' i. e. however, somehow or other. L8a-Xoyl-erTa: the force of 8ta is here distributive = 'backwards and forwards.' Hence 8taoyos, 'a conversation,' laXoy[gojual, 'I say to myself,' hold an inward dialogue.' ToXk/ukpo-: from Tro'Xpa ( + po-), ' daring,' noun of root ToX- TEXor rXa-, explained above, by suffix -/ — (-/a-). ar0eveig: plural nominative of ao-eves- (cf. ZVCTTVXES-), from a, 'without,' and crI 'es-, ' strength.' Hence ao-Oevv -= 'strengthless,' 'weak,' 'ill,' ao-evvEt- = 'sick persons,' 'patients.' o-Oe-vo9 probably for o-revos, from ore- o-ra-, hence = 'standing power,' 'steadfastness.' e1EXXovres (for /xEkiovres), 'thinking to do,' about to do:' root PEX- or,ep-, kin to Latin mora. KaTa-rl-wo-t, ' drink down,' i. e. swallow. 7rt-KpoV: root 7rK-, ' to sting,' ' prick.' Hence Tt-pK-O = 'stinging,' bitter.' TL/.v: accusative singular of rTqa-, ' honour,' literally 'price,' ' payment,' substantive of TL- r-v-, ' pay,' 'recompense,' fine.' Xv7roviat (Xv7r'-ouat): verb from Xv7ra-, 'grief;' see above. O-KaO-cW: present o-Kao,' I burst.' In classical Greek, -aK4o means ' I limp,' but this is from a different root, crKay-, corrupted to oKa8-; whereas crKaQo, 'I burst,' seems to come from an original root crKaS- (scad-), and to be kin to English shatter, German scheitern. No doubt if we knew all the Greek that was spoken in classical times we should find this word; as it A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.11 113 *is, we have a bye-form of the same word in O-KE8a- (0-K1E80'-vv-vJ~t CO-KE&L-de, So-,E), kin to scter which itself is a bye-form of shatter. 7rE~pcacT-LK-at: adjective from verbal adjective 7rEpao-r0'- of stem 7rrpa-, present?r1Epvao), 7rcpvw', pass.' Hence 7r-EpcaO-TLKO''transient.' aKacapcaIqcX~Tov, a-Kara-,lcaXnTpov: from stem ftaXE- of root /AaX-, 'to fight,' -whenceE/J WpaxP-c7~, Epa 'Ifuh,' 0ai-, 'that may be fought,' KarajuaXr-qO-, 'that may be fought down,' 'conquered,' a'Kcarctpa'X-To-, 'un-down-fight-able,' 'invincible,' kin to Latin mae-ilium, I butcher's market,') mae-tar-e, 'to slaughter,' Gothic meki, ' a knife.' OpIE$WV for O~pEY-ur-v, substantive of 05PEy- (63pE'Y-ouat), ' desire,' kin to 6py'Pq, above. ik-opv' -o-?j: pvX- = dig' (present 'pv' —w.Hence 'eopv'en 'dig out.' (Xs: fky-t O- adjectiv ofap'. ec JMEP-tK-a Lp-K- adetieo /ACEpS-, at' ec 'partial,' ' some,' ' few.' First used by the philosophic school of the Cyrenaics to distinguish particular pleasures (/MkEPLa'cdq 8o v a) from pleasure in the abstract. EVEvo-aV: from vEv-, root vv-, as in Latin nuo, our no-d= 'nodded.' a vp4 vov: G'vv ~ av-, whence o-V/c~vo-, ' with common voice, in agreement,' lK -Vjic/x'VoV, 'by agreement,' ' in concert.' vaTo-/Mcaa:aVTo-, self' + fka-, ' desire' (Homer, uLEjuaC, perfect participle, ' desiring'). Hence aVro-0tkaro-, ' self-prompted,' 'spontaneous,' caV'ro'/cLa, ' automata,' 'marionettes.' -qjXaoOVra: from qlqX' ' fine,' adjective of qiJ'-, literally 'rubbed' + J`~ "-, ' a touch,' root adw- (J7-T-o~tac). Heiice, qihXa-~ao,, 'to touch lightly,' 'I ngerly,' 'to grope.' OVro)S EL'7rzvE, 'so to say:' ELWELV, the old aorist infinitive, moderu EECIW, used in the old infinitive sense, for which, in the vernacular,;vCL with subjunctive is substituted. Colloquially, OV'Tw& ELWELV would be EroT7 va. 'TW-/AEV or ITOV/E. I30 ara (Dorie Plu-Ma1-a), 'golings,' 'steps,' root nla 114 114 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. o-KOTCE~V?73: adjective from rKO'TE~;-, 'darkness.' Hence for O-KOTEO-LY1J%, GfKOTELV1J;, kin to shadowv, shade. cf~O)T' -ol: Owrt~- from -~wr- (nominative O~o, 'light '). ~O~t-: romJOX-, a contest, 'a struggle. Hence literally ' a strugger,' ' a wvretch.' a'OXo- aJEOXO- for al-FEO-XO, of which a' is euphonic and -ho- suffix; root FE0-, kin to Latin vad-s, ' a pledge,' ' surety,' German iWet-e, English wved. K~aTa-KVX.'q-Tfl frmK~- roll,' root KVX- or Kvp-, whence, by reduplication KV`KX09 f Or Kv'KVX0O% 'a circle,' Latin cir-c-as, German and English ring for hring. On the nasalization, see above. KcaTOOPOV: for Ka1a'oopov, a lengthened to -q by force of accent, from Kara-0,p-, 'bear down.' Hence KaT'q)opo-%3 'a bcaring, down,' 'ga descent,' 'a precipice,' ' a headlong rush' or 'full.' Va' KaTcLKVA.-qT1J- TOVl KUT-q'00POV, 'to roll down headlong.' EXERCISE XIII. Hava'KEta 81XL TOV'3 (LTOIEVIEZ3 ELVE 0 XOP'I3 0 ~L~7Poobp 3pa8SE'wa T1Jv TEXEVTaLav XE4Ltv oLovEL Cva/3pvvOJE~vo, St aWT'qV, Kalt TT'V Clravaha/t/3aJVEL ETL /3paUvEpov. A1VTapE0-KOV )UEL~ta/.a a~ravTa~. T/ TPE'XEL TLWrOTE T'7rOV&LLOTEp0V; Nalt /Mda'Xtgra 4OOEPO' 7rvpETok. 'EoUTa~aT'qO-E 4at'vETaL Tri ('poXo'yt,xov. AE'y/EtL Va'Kpv'wcE; AZY 77$EvpOY KpvOXOy/OZV Xomo'/V Ka' Ta' ('poXo'-yta; 'Oal KpvOXO-Y7'7O-l KV& aatW13 7rflL09TLOE i'L/ELL1., A L aQT L OTapcaT6a3; AL0TL /ILE KaLTEXC/JY~ 3val(kL Wl TEX1ELWO)W. 'EXw/~w '/jmw va\ 1kaVTEv iT. AV O1EXEt KaVEtsva i'u ME MLLTvref ToV- aO\v toy va Te 1tiaVTEV)'/-tEV AE'V EL/-LEO, /JacvTEL. Ta\ CpwT-i7J~cLTtKa Om17LELa ELvE aW~(va. 'H 7/X~o-ca pkov KOXXa'TaL &v T6 Xacpvy-yt f~ov. Tt 8taXoyt`~CaOc; AtaXoyt~o/cat 7rT(os Oa' TEXEL(JL7? T07pa\. ~ TEEOO 07WOJ3 8-7rOTC. HpEiwu 0/1 Va TIEXEC~tJ-. 0' 8,LXO\ aOO0EVEL3 VEXX0VTE19 VaL KaTa~rtwout '7TLKpoV L'arpLK0\v KXEt`OVV 7rOXX0'LKtL (often) T0'jg 3k0aXpov'-3 Kal &Y ' 'EVP'e ETE 7rT, Xvwroh'VTat, Tovs EPXETaLL oac /3E/3atLOvw /a\ 0-KaJ(TOVV. 'AM (FKJXTOVV XOtn-/5V, Ev'XouaL Va ELVE ITEpaLLYTtKL AtaLT C ofvo-La KLL aEp4Et -at /)LE TO\ 1kaVvXLV orov; Ato'Tl cX0-0VOIAOMLL LKLLTLuf L7Q7TOV 'pE$LV VL\L E$OVV) OI b;,bo A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 115 _ Xov rov Ko-fcov. ALa TOrVTO 7po97raOjv ta'Trvp va 7rpoorO0EoW fLEPLKLSa XEEL, VEVcO Wo avrTOIarTov TqV Ke(paXrv KaL avaXoWp. METa MLKPOV (a LKow^rTe ra ToKaVv(TTa OVTa S ~trrqV X VLaTa pFLoAO eTn ajs (TKOretK/L KXJL/aKOVs' OrE\ls 8e a 0A ovXXoyto-/ vL a Age \ w\T' Trov orvXv( K KaL xwpTav arXo vKaTaKvX T KarTJfopov. The couple nod in concert, and reply with a self-satisfied smile, Dancing is doubtless a sovereign cure. It is a bitter medicine, however, for timid patients, replied my friend. I always catch cold when I dance. I have been in bed these three days with (a7ro) a fearful fever. My watch has stopped. It seems to have caught cold likewise. I hope it may pass off; but I feel that my tongue has cloven to the roof of my mouth. Well, it must end somehow! Perhaps I shall feel better if I close my eyes, like invalids when they are about to take medicine. It is impossible that I should have the honour of seeing you at my house this evening. You can't think how sorry I am. I'm like to burst. No one can guess my chagrin. I feel as if I had an invincible desire to scratch your eyes out. In vain I try to add a few words. I can only say "Good night!" and " Long life to you." If you hear my feet groping on the dark staircase, and do not think to light me, do not murmur if I fall headlong, nor stand (!A~6 cTraOTcs) like a sign of interrogation, as if you did not know what had happened. Why do you repeat the last word with a self-satisfied smile, as if you luxuriated in it? Because in truth it is so. Why do not you attempt to smile likewise? AEKATON TETAPTON MAOHMA. FOURTEENTH LESSON. 'O A7lL77TpdaKfc7j catl i7 )poao eLueitvav,4ovoL.,LWrCWOL', Demetrakes and Phrosy were left alone. They are S aJLcO'TEpoL, KaLTOt ScL(fopa alo-fOrLaTa Ev/xaivovat ra? both silent, although various sentiments agitate their 2 116 116 ~A GUIDE TO M!ODERN GREEK. Kap&'as9 Twv7 /Cara 177v OfpaatLv TC'wp 7payt/cwP 7T0L7T(OV. hearts, to use the language of the tragic poets. a'e7 EZ&S Tia!. Xe'yet 6'rb r'iXov9, pd 8vvaap'Pij 7riXo' Pa' You see! says at last, unable longer to KpaT'i-c76y itL777e ~EOvu/atvova-a dapKoVTmo9 83ta' Auovov retanherself, nor finding vent sufficiently in mere TOV c 27-taTo9~, 77 Kvpi'a Hap~aXoii Th' EZC'9~ i-a! panting, Mrs. Pardalo's. You see! 'OPLOcT'E Tc'opa; 'Oraii 0v AX~ya 6'yco va /pq 7ia/Le.. What d'ye say now When I told Vous not to go! -Ar, Karba /Lov! TL OEEL a~ KaF 6 a L'Op&Yr -Eh, my life! (lit. eyes) what would you have the man dlo, J4' ov app&)o-7T7(Ye iq yvvatia 'rOV;-Av'TaL E1EE&a wVhen his w ife has fallen ill? - That's for va 7 Ti-WTEV77TE aEL9 ot. aV8pIE9~! 'E a 04co9?, you men to believe! As for me, however, 86 tz\ ryeXa i7 Kvpa' Yoivo-apiaKeva, Mrs. Susanuikis does not cheat me (lit, laugh at me), /C e1'ota 7779?. (I)av'rc4'ouat 6/ 'TL Oa eTpe~e and she needn't think it. I've a pretty shrewd fancy what's up,FLETU~J 'rCOV. Oa 'oaKcCO6 019Kav 'n-Xt, KaO&\, ovl.413aiweL between them. They will have quarrelled again~, ais happens 'Taicrta '"tav 4opa\ v r?\7v EI,38oaa'Ua TOV~a'Xto-TOV) Kat regularly once a week at least, and To T7o-aCw/JkaT0Vq,EO7aOae '9 7To'CE6facXtfJa9 ai'T)V T)P cf0padV. their quarrel has burst on our head(s) this time. - nl/JetcoTe'ov E`P'aV'Oa Xa~ptv T777 'Weptepyeia9 -It is to be noted here for the6 salce of-the curiosity A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 117' r w ~7,LEETprWV av)ayvo~o-70Jv, 0-fL 75 Kupia HTa p&Xovi e/.lLVTeve1) of our readers, that Mrs. Pardalo's guessed pOPOOTaTa &da T77, yvatKelaq CEKet'T 0'Vvotal?, a~' 77 most correctly wcith that womanly acumen, from which a'm~ Iy~tortv Kpvl8'a-t 7rOXXa'KtT o0 I v8pEq. in vain men strive to hide themselves oft en. 'H Kvpia Yovo-aita'Ky ErUb0E 7 —( obt'taq Ta KO/.LLOOEVTa Mrs. Susamdlcris had driven from the house the (brought EK71 ~aXapo~raTV a00ovo,~ r7XvK1doylaTa, 8po0W7Lat/, from the confectioner's plentifully) sweetmeats, refreshments K.T-. 0,~ -~~oVTO1) KaTa T?7v ao~~VtO1~ a 4~. Susamadkis learned this on his arrival, and opryLOOeit9 Katb 0pva'~a9~, E/3p0'VTq70KaTa\ Tq'?7 Haa~todll 701), 0500V enraged and restive, th undered at his Pasiphae, as far E-7rETpE77TOVT70VT0oat7ptaKcoV~aT7?79 7p~tK0 701vxtXta'8E* 'AX)! asp~ermitted (this) his thirty thousands of dowcry. Bat Kvpia Yovo-a~La'K? eira(76 Ta vevpa Trys', kiss. Susamadicis hiad a nervousattacic(lit. sufferedin hernerves5), C/KTV7T-7CrJe T0V9~ 70tXovJ &a TOW XEP0WV T'r9To 70 a~w~a/ta& struck th e walls with her hands, the floor 'with TV701) ~ aU'Tq7q, Kica 701V 'OpearTqV &da 71? 7TavTov'f)Xac,~ 7~ her foot, and O9restes with her slipper, Kcat, r~a7TXOeO o-a et', T?\7V KXVV rv,7rpoo-e7- O 7 717 and, cxrtended in her bed, _pretended. to have Xet7r6'Ov,atov, 0' o-nv c(A'pav E'v6FU0tev IaV1\7V 07rco fainted, till such timev as she though t sifflcient for 77etTEWO7 0v~wyO9', T71% OTt 77Ta0-a E0o7TEptV\ 0- CaaTpO~J _persuading h er h usband, that any evening party 118 A GUIDE TO MO0DERN GREEK. 77V aL&varo9Z. Tn' Ka~zat-li8o,? T'Ta~?7S~ ELt'O/IE 77Tp0 tAtKP~t) wvas impossible. Of this tempest we sawtl lately 'T 7TOTeA 7ra]La 7p0 Kvpt(0 Tlapo'aitp. M6Xv~ the result at lb e h ouse of Mr. Pardeda's. Scarcely ELXE 6 TXCUOo-' 'Iv op'o-tv ai'Pj i Kvpi'a (DpociJ N tad finished her seutence Mirs. Phitrosy, witen FMe 0 C pi-ro, ai~ys e7ravo-e?rpo Ti7S? Oias 7 -ffresh. noise of a carriage stopped before the door of the otKia9 llap8aXoD. 'H-ro i' talyaa 7`v /ICTea 7roxxov KOI7TO1 dwelling of Pardalos. It was the carriage wh ich wvith rmach trouble ao pooq ~ Ep o TaXai'rwpoS~ ~o~wp~js A. poor John had succeeded in faiding. We 7rCpt1ypacfO/Itl) Th1' a'7FeX7FIO-TtKV Kat o-,apa~ta'p~tol) do not describe th e cleaperate and ltcartrendiv TrptW&'aV CTEa~v' aAya~,7Xa'TOV qo~v'rTos ~a a a7T i)JwatP triody between (the) catbman seekinig abundanvt indemniity E7rtTL 'r fpa~atl K07rt), iapoaXov' a'~tOv'PTOs 7va 77rMqp0wa for his vain trouble, Pa~rdlo's claipting to -pay Fd av )u 0vq v 8paX/ai7), Kat' TrOD ~VoCTVXOU~ 00owpi~ one single cirachit n and the unifortunate John EvpL-OPCPfeOV Ctl~ 4voAep Kat 8V0oC',V8oXoP O"o-tv ft udinghlinmselfin a diffvIcut position fromwlt ich it?ast a r-d to escape /ICEa7V TOD O)P1YtL-UfLEOV KVPtOV T01) Kat T701a) ( aIXTov., between Itis enraged maoster an2d tite cabman, 01' aVTOS' eptWOwo)Ev. 'H O-Ki)Vi " EXv-'0/ eTLt 7EXOV9~, whom he hirnself htad hired,. The scene broke up) at last, Jwo~'i0 i,OiavroPT~ TO)UO a'0i7Na7TOV. Afev KaTWop~w'o-auaep with the iitdenrnifiecattion of the cabinan. We ha-re not suceceeded A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 119 olow vPa c /a3cpPcawfLev 7v erhXpwo-ev 6 Kp0 Ito, IapsaXod. however in accurately determining what Mr. Pardalos 2paid. 'H Kvpla HapSaXov oCpKfO0Or v7a \ rV VTrdayy 7rXeov 7roTE Mrs. Pardalos swore that she would never again e; ovvavaCTiapof07\v o'av? )TrOTE, go to any party whatsoever. E'-ELtv-av: fLEL-, aorist stem lengthened from piv-, 'remain.' px6vo-t: from the same root. This vowel change in forming adjectives is very common: e. g. root rev- Tav-, I stretch,' o'vo-s, 'accent,' Tov-i, 'tension;' root Te/E- TaX-, ' cut,' TO/-, ' a cutting;' root yev-, 'beget,' aro6-yovo, 'offspring,' K.r.X. crtw7rrurt =- o( ra-ovor't from crW7ra-, silence' (nominative Oaurrr), which also forms verbal stem. 8tJdaopa: adjective neuter plural of verb 8saoep-, 'differ.' aro-O-r-FarT-a: from root alr-0-, 'feel,' explained above + connecting vowel Vr, K.T.X. KV/taLVovorL (KvfLd'-ovo-t): from KV-/iar-, 'a wave,' from root KV-, 'to swell,' the same as ho- in hollow, hole, variously modified in KOL-XO- for KoFL-Xo-, 'hollow,' Latin cae-lum for ca-vi-lum1, 'the vault of heaven,' cav-us, 'hollow,' &c. Kap8-l-a-s: for Kap8-t-av-s, formed by suffix ta- from root KapS-, Latin cord-, English heart. TpayLKw: from Tpdyo-, 'a goat;' the primitive ballads whence the tragic poems sprang being, according to some, sung at the sacrifice of a goat, according to others, by persons dressed in goat-skins. Hence rpayw8ta, 'a goat-song,' 'tragedy;' Modern Greek diminutive rpaTyo8&, any song, TpayovSew, Tpayov&So, 'I sing.' Goats as well as sheep are sacrificed at Easter to this day in Greece. 7rotv'rov, literally 'makers,' 'creators:' from 7roLE-, 'make,' explained above. T' elEes Ta; ' Did you see them!' with popular and pleonastic 120 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. repetition of pronoun. Observe the accent, and absence of accent on the proclitic and enclitic respectively. Kpar-r7-r0, ' hold herself:' passive with middle sense. CE0vtaL'vovra: from eOv/juatv- for &KOvJawL-, the e being really an encrusted augment e from the past tenses EfOvIlawvov, eOE0-t tlava. EKOvJaLtv- = EK + OvfLatv-, verbal stem from Ovtlo-, 'wrath,' 'anger,' 'impetuosity,' explained above. Hence iKOcvLalvw 'I anger out,' i. e. find vent, outlet, for anger. dpIoMvrwTs: for JPKE-ovrT-WS, adverb of participial adjective apKovvT-, 'sufficient,' explained above under dpKEtrat. bvarjfiJaTos': substantive genitive singular of vo-a-.!aaraKLa Wov, literally 'my little eyes!' i.e. my life, my darling; cf. the expression 'guard as the apple of mine eye.' Diminutive of tLTrL(v), 'eye,' itself a diminutive = o/uz/ar-L-ov of o'tr-yr-, from root 0cr-, kin to eye, German Ange, explained above. ups' or a7ro o, ' from which,' i. e. since. apprr-T'crE: aorist 3rd singular of dppWo-Te-, verb of appt7rrofrom a = 'un-' + PCo-ro-, verlal adjective of po-, 'be strong,' JpWui, 'strengthl,' o/xa-xA-o-, 'strong,' K.T.X. Hence the greeting fppoo-o, i.e. Ev-pcto-o, 'be strong,' middle imperative aorist (classical eppaooL) of verb Eppo-. The doubling of p is due to lost cr, whence we are led to connect ropo-, as a bye-form, with root Upv- pv-, whence pei, pEvo), 'I flow,' pv;u/, ' impetus,' pv-0-huo-s, 'the flow of a verse,' kin to stream for sreca, &c. aoEs: for ro-e-es, modern plural orFe- for 5e:- (-re-), stem of cv (Tv), thoeu, Latin ta, &c. Introduced to avoid ambiguity of vJlc?, ' you,' and jLyEs, ' we,' when these words could no longer be distinguished in sound. avSpes: for avpEs (cf. stream for sream), plural of stem avep(nominative av7jp for vE'ps); the a- is euphonic, the root vepkin to Sanscrit narat-s, 'man,' Latin Ner-o, &c. Hence probably vOpwi-ros for av~p-w7ros, i. e. man-like; cf. German Mensch, i. e. mdna7isch7 ('mannislh') from Alunn. In meaning avrp vir, avOpowrro, = homo. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.12 121 KVpca: shortened from KVptcL through KVpLa'. Y~ova-ata'Katva: feminine of:~ovo-apuaK?7; cf. XEaLva, feminine Of XE'OVT-, Aa'Katva, feminine of AJKOV-. SbavTJa~o)a: Verb of OaVTr'-, verbal adjective of 4av-, 'appear,' present 4at'vw, aorist passive E'faiv-qv, 4~avwG. Hence Oavrraoptat 7- 'I have appearances,' 4avi-ra, 'I fancy;' av'raoyjxL a 'chost,' 'apparition,' from root Oa-, 'say,' 04qpt', II say,' Latin fa- in fa-bu-la, fa-ma, &c. Tro-aKwO-)KaV: for -roaKW'-O0-q-Kav, literally 'they have been caught,' 'they have caugTht together,' 'become entangrled (in a quarrel).' To-aSKOV- perhaps for o-cLKKOV-, 'bag,' 'catch,' from 0'aLKKO-, 'a bag.' TacKTtKa: plural neuter - adverb of raKTLKO\-, adjective of verbal adjective -raKT(\-, from root ray- or i-aK-, whence r'uccowc 'raKW, 'II command,' 'order.' Hence 1-aKTLKat, 'orderly,' 'regularly.' Our tactics is the same word. To aXtw-Tov: contracted from rO\ E''XW-TOV, i.telat superlative degree of Ei-Xa~v'-, Sanscrit laghu-, Latin levis for 1~(gq)-vis (cf. /3paXv'- and br~(g)vis), English ligh-f. ~E7rarE: for 'eo-wao-E = E$ + Ea2TaaO-E, 1st aorist of o~ra-, 'break, originally' stretch (to bursting).' Hence spam, awuopsx o~ao-ju,, kin to spa-n. KEobaLXt: diminutive Of KEfraX?, 'head.' avay/VWO-Tr~v: genitive plural of Ja'yavwocrra- (nominative -) from alvayvo- (present aJvaycvo%0KW =cava-y-yvw —,cTK-W) 'I read; cf. Latin re-co-gaio-sc-o in same sense, literally ' recognize,' i e. the meaning of the letters and. words. O'$v-vot'ag, 'sharp-wit:' nominative 64'~vota for 0-3e'yvota; Ole"for O'-0 —V, from root J'K- O'K-V kin to Latin ac- in acu-s, ' needle,' acer 'sharp,' our edge, Old High German egg-ju, 'I sharpen;' cf. also English egg on. dyviov-rat: from -y'v-, ' struggle,' from root d-'lead [to war].'Y 90op10-OEVa: neuter plural of participle KOLW'OE'VTr- c# KOML~-, 122 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. verbal stem from KotLAa-, ' a bringing,' from Koti-, probably kin to our home; see above. Hence KO/L[UO = ' I convey home. jaXapoTrXaarcLov: from tacXapa- (nominative taXapXl)), a foreign word, and 7rXao-r-Eo- from 7rXaorro-, verbal adjective of wrXa-, 'make' + locative suffix -eo-. Hence 7rXao-rTov = 'a place where things are made,' taXaporXaco-TEov, 'a sugar manufactory,' 'a confectioner's shop.' yXvKpcr/Aara: from stem yXvK-L-8- from YyXvK-v-, 'sweet,' probably kin to Latin dulci-s for gulci-s, to avoid two gutturals. spocrlTltKa: adjective of 8poOro-T7- from ~pocLt- (8poCo —) from 8pocro-, probably for Fpo&oo-, kin to 'epco for FEpo-r, 'dew,' Sanscrit varsh-a-s, 'rain, perhaps Latin ro-s, 'dew,' Slavonian rosa, Lithuanian rasa. Hence 8poo-io) = 'I bedew,' 'I cool,' 'I refresh,' 8poo-LTLKa, 'refreshments,' 8pooEpo-, 'cool.' a0o'vos: adverb of a-0Oovo- - ' without grudging' or 'envy.' Hence 'plenteously.' 00o'vo-. probably for 6advop, kin to qOadvw, 'reach' or 'overtake,' literally 'the overtaker,' personified by the ancient Greeks as 'that which was sure to catch a man,' 'the jealousy,' Oo6voo, 'of destiny.' gtibv: for oa-LK-(o —v, from daro + LK-, (to reach,' present (classical) a'0/KvEoICta, 'I arrive,' 'I reach,' for ~LK-, Sanscrit vif-d-mi, 'I reach,' touch.' OpYlaOeEl = 6pylcr-OVEr-S: from opyto/ltat, from opya-. 4pva$as: aorist participle nominative masculine singular of Opva-y- (opvaofkac), 'to be restive,' 'neigh' (of a horse). The root is 4pv-, kin to )ray, the ay- is suffix. E3po0v1rc-e: from /3povra-, verbal stem from /povra-, 'thunder,' this again a verbal for fpoEl-ra- from root 8/pe/-, kin (in spite of irregularity as regards initial consonant) to Latin frem-o, German brummen, Sanscrit bhranz; perhaps, too, connected, so far as ipe- is concerned, with the foregoing cpv-. 7reTrpE7rov = T'7 ' for 7rl + eTrpEr'ov: Trpt-TpETr-o = literally 'I turn over [to any one],' 'I allow,' 'permit.' rp7rr- [rpaK-] kin to German dreh-ez, 'turn.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.12 123 EVrcLE (present 7rao-xe for M-a'O-O-KO); Cf. ylyVW'-0TKWo Kr.XT.) 'suffered,' kin to Latin pat-i-or, _pat-i-ent'i-a, whence our patience, &C. V~vpa: kin to Latin nervo-, -where the r and v are transposed. fK~rVw7ro-E: f rom Krv~r-a-, from KTV'7TO-, the Homeric -/8o~ro- in f'pt,'8oVwo0-, 'land-resounding,' ' the sound of a blow.' Hence KVa"J 'T Strike, EKi-V71-qr,xovo 116 TV, ' he was struck or stabbed by himself,' ' committed suicide, or attempted it.' TO~XO-: distinguished from TrEtLXel. With which it is kin, as the partition from. the outer wall of a house, paries, not murus, in Latin, still less mo1ealia, 'the walls of a town;' W~and as opposed to illcuer in German. V-arw/.a[,r], literally 'that which is trodden:' from 7raro-, 'path,' whence 7-xa-ro-v-w (not found), II make a path of,' 7r-aT'W, II tread.' Hence 7ra-T-wva - ' floor' ' Storey,' To' a'VW 7ra'Teja, ' the upper storey,' T-a KaL-T() 7rai-w/ta, 'the lower storey.' 7rvo~XXa: from the Frenchpatne,'slpr. Ee~XwOE~o-a: from. EeawrXo'vw,, literally 'to simplify one's self out,' 'to stretch one's self out,' 'to lie down,' from a'-irXo'-o-, 'one-folded,' sim-ple-c-s, simplVex; 7r,\o- is kin to Latin pli. in plica-, and our fol- in fold. Hence, too, 8twro'-o-g (8t-XoV',), ' double,' T-puiXoZi~, ' threefold,' TCrpawrXoi',, 'fourfold,' K.T-.X. a'-= a-a-, also 0'ft- ac — _- o-or — ua-a-, kin to Latin sirn- in sim-plex, sim-ilis, our samie, &C. XELWTOOV/I-oV: from, X~ur-, imperfect stemi of Xuir-, ' leave,' and Ov~rk-k, ' Soul,' ' spirit.' Hence XEitOr'OvVko% 'with failing spirit,' 'faint' (i' Kai q) 7rEtorO-): for ~raO-a.-O', from 7rELO- 7rtL-, 'to persuade,' kin to lid- in fides, ' fidelity,' &c. tKav 'qv: from root ELK-, 'reach.' Hence L',avii- a'- = 'what reaches,' I is sufficient.' 1,1v: the classical form (active) for the Modern middle 'TO(V) in more general -use. KaLTaqL-yuo,: stem~ KaT0LLC1/'8, compound of Kc&La and ai-y-c'&, ' a 124 124 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. storm' - a downright storm, ' a tempest.' azy- kin to dy_ lin EWy-EL- 'I urge on,' Sanserit eYg' —mi for ai'g-a4-mi, I'I shake, 'tremble;' perhaps cognate with Latin aeg-er, 'sick,'' tremblino' 'infirm,' also with aLZyEtpo,3 for a'-y-Ep!-o-T, 'the aspen,' ' the quivering tree.' at7TOEEba rm 1WTXr,'iihoff' = 'the finishing~ OTE~kE-)ua: rom J37TOJEO-,' fini0 off,' 'the result,' 'the issue.' EwaVO-,E: active used intransitively of 7way-, ' to stay,' kin to Jiau- in pazt-s-a (Latin), ' pause,' also in pau-l-us, p)au-c-us, and the English fewv. Cf. Eccles. xii. 3: "1The grinders cease because they are f ew." u~rapca$W' ~8-L-o-V: from o-wapaKc- (o-7apcKOW, orrapaOo-GW, ET7rapa~ca), 'rend,' from root oTrzap- + suffix -aK-, found also in o-waL'pc [o-w~p>w], ao-rat'pw, ' to quiver;' kin to our sprnGra springen intransitive, and slprengen transitive + -Kap8-, heart + adjectival suffix -to- + v TPtw8-U-aV: from Tpt-, three, and wd3a- for d~ot8a-, ' song,' from rootaEL-, sicn or aQFEL&, kin to V"-w, i'8-E'-c, 'I singT,' a'-q3wv [dF-&~v], 'the nightingale,' Sanscrit vadd-d-ri, I'I speak,' ' I say.' a7TEX7rL0cTTLKV: from aJWEXWL38- (aJWEXWIn), 'despair,' from a'70 + OXwt&8, 'hope.' ~7TOVVTO1 (r-qT-0VT-03): from ~IqTE-, from -root Cq + suffixT cfor 7-a- -_ ra — Sanscrit ja-, 'to go,' so that yrE'Wnmeant originally, 'I go about.' Compare the more modern -yVpEW from yi~po-, ' a circle,' literally 'I g o about in a circle.' Hence 'I seek;' cf. also chereher, cercare, i. e. Latin circare, Albanian k'erk'umun 'seek.' &38phv: feminine accusative of a~po5-, kin (-pa'- = suffix) to 01&)-v, also aJ8qv for an~3 —q-v. The root is a-a-, found in Latin sa-titr, sa-tis, &C., in German satt, ' satisfied,' our sad. a~LZT3= aJeto'-ovr-03: from adeto- (a'4to-W, adeio'w), ' count worthy,' from adjective 4$to-, i. e. aly-o-t-o-, literally I'takeable,' 'acceptable' Hence d4coirro; _- literally ' counting worthy, and so claiming.' Hence, too, a'$Whta, ' dignity,' ' office,' a`$ct, 'worth.' A: GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.12 125 72p~-: from 7-rXqpo-, verbal stem from v'nXpes-, 'full,' explained above. Hence 7xX-qpo'vw, literally 'I fulfil,' i. e. demands, and thus = 'pay.' 8vcJX(EfplJ: stem 8vo-XEpE's-, literally I'ill to handle,' 'ill for the hand,' from 8vao-, ' ill,' and XEp- (nominative XEIp geitive XIEP ' anud Xctpo',), 'hand.' 8voE'KfloXov = hard to get out of,' 'hard of exit ' (i'KpoX~) from l'K and flAX- (E'K/3&XW), ' put Out,' and intransitively 'get out.' 8vEXVO0-q: aorist passive of &aXv-, from 8~L, Uta', ' apart,' and X-,kin to our loo- in loose. Hence &LaXv', 'loose apart,' 'dissolve, 'disperse.' E'eLKptflOJG-W/ULcV: 1E'aKpt/33- from Ei$, ' out,' JytpLI'-, bye-form of aLKpt/3EcT-, 'exact,' probably for d-Kp-v/3E' —, from a' + Kpv/3-, ' hide;' of. &X~jOE'1. Kpv/3- Seems to be a shorter form Of KaXv/3- (KaXV'7rro), 'Apocalypse'), kin to cel-are, whence conceal, -V7T-T- being extension; KaX-ta', ' hut,' Old High G erman hel-an, Modern High German hehi, verhehien. Hence a'KptflJ = 'unconcealed,' 'clearly discovered,' ' accurate,' in both active and passive sense. Usage has decided that the form d1KpqPEio- shall be retained in the original sense, While, J'KPt/3- means 'dear' in both senses, e. gr. To iW/l/ ELVIE alKPL/30V, ' bread is dear,' and JKpL/3' /iov lxy 'my dear mother.' (JpKLcTO7q: from OpKIci-, from OPKO-, 'oath.' EXERCISE XIV. TtLVE& EAf/LELvav io'vot; Oct 8-` o-v4~VOL. Ti EcKpaLV.ka;'/~' EcYLOJ1tV, KatTOL 8ta4iopa aLGo-O77/LcaTa EKV/A(aLVOV Ta\L3 Ka~p8Lal TwV, 4av OiXETr, cal Kap&'at Th)V E'Kv/JaL'VOVTO lflTO-0 8tacopowv aicrOui-q/oWV. 'Ewr~ TE'XOVS 1~, Hlautfa/5q SE~v 'q7UVVTO 7AX&V va' KpaTrqOg. zA~v EKOV/Ia'VO'IJV (4E0Vj~aV0-qKa), XE7,Et, J'PKOvVFTWS JK61p?). ~OpLo-TE TCOpa T1 XE'YEtL; T XE'yw; acX-ql7VT?70TE tllatX XMS 0 nS.V-Vyo's -r1. E'(1 XEiyw Va 1,i'qV 7r&/1E; Kal Tw~o va\ 7wabuE &0b oi, a'p'W/ 0TrpYTE T-o a dvprwo Y -)VVaZL'LL T-ov (y1V j To1);:cS o'L JaV8PES 7IWEV"ETIE 7xoAC I. 126 120 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 0/(0 avmcLNo/ac apKOV`VT(JJ KaLa rT' Oa' E'TPE$1E /JEra$V' Twv.:v /3aLLVE TaKTtKaL /ICL~aY O/Op aV TOVaXcLXUYTOV T~q3 E/%O/.LaL803 Va' TO-QKWO0VV, KaLL aVTrjV Ti/V cpopav OJat'VETaLL 7rW3 -?7 KaTat-LL7L ~elwo TO KlEqffLA TO.EL6E Ta. yVVaLKEW. 0 VVOLcL ELVEfl/CLJ VWT)EL Tor; avayvweora fa3cL. 11OkAA'KLV3 Ka.l aVTO'L a'V -'7VE CLVS E 7pO(TEW(a1 f-q-avLUTa`w3 Vl'S KpV/300-t1 aL76O T'q3 7rEtEpLYEpy~a TWVY 7vvaLLKWV. Til KpLLc a 4 v LO &%) - KvpiL' YovcTCaIJaK-10 OXa TO. yXVKL'OyJXaTa KalL I8pOTUTTLKOTa TOJOVaOvw CL7ro ro OLLOVa AE'V E'7rpEWrEV ObLUW1 V ' c/,OVO'Le~ KcL 3lpov-r 'cr)7 0 K vpL03 o-Vi~vyo cta ~ qlaLOlE TOVTO. Toiro ~3V E'rE'TpE7rV ovTE at TPLULKOVTaL T-1); 7wpOLKo3 TOy au& OV'TE Ta' KcLXa' -q 'EwioU 17 aOOCf(KaLLy KaCLTOC EWrO-TXE TOa VIEVPOL T-/ S~EV E'7rpEvE VO'. KTV~r)SY?7 TOyV 'OEOpc-TqV &aC T/ rVTOcfcs 1, ovTE va. 7rpoo-lrOrO? 7171 XEWOJpO i E~ 7ro T7_ a)VqOEUtL XELtrOOv/J.og, io' 0'roZov 3~v 'Oa' VETO irtav~v (probable) KOLTCL T71)V~~AV 8 LO'?)3 EKTVW17O-E TOV cLVApcL T-93. ov TO cL7roTEXEO7Lka 7rap "a T() Kvptip llap8aXy'. 'i2 TaXaC`L7Twple O~ CVPtLKEO-at 613 8JVLXIEP7) KalL 8vo-E'K/3oXov OELOTLv. VI aWEXWLO~TtK1) KaL a 'OGLLLp&~~K1V/ llap~aXo' adetoi v'1 7wX1p 'o-j ia Tp6 /JxLTat'o KO'7ry,. 0 Kv qo 1/T Oy(/EV0 a aj~ aEO VTWV - (YKT)V'q &tE\VO17, KcLL v E~p iv1 (ipiT? to' a /L1V Var-y/q 7rXEO tT Ei3 EOurcpL& oaT'&~OE Why did Euphrosyne swear she would never go again to any evening party whatsoever? We will not describe the scene: it is too (7rapa 7roXs') heartrending and desperate to describe. How terrible was the, result of the tempest! The wall was beaten with hands, the floor with feet, and Orestes with a slipper. Moreover, Pasiphae had a nervous attack, and pretended to faint away. But these things were but the, beginning of evils. The cabman had to be (E'wpEw7E va') indemnified for his vain trouble. Mr. Pardalo's got angry, and Mrs. Pardalo's swore a frightful oath. All this happened because Pasiphae had driven away the refreshments so abundantly brought from the A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 127 confectioner's. What wonder (rL OaPua) if Susamakis stormed and raged? The curiosity of our readers will have guessed most correctly that the pair (o; av'vyot) had quarrelled. This generally happened regularly once or twice a week, at least. Oh, my life! The man's wife is ill. What can he do She does not cheat me, however, said the lady, so she needn't think it. We are both silent because we have nothing to say, though various sentiments agitate our breasts. No man can find sufficient vent for his anger by merely panting. He must say something, but he need not swear. If he must, it is better that he should remain alone. In vain does Mrs. Susamakis strive to escape the keen-wittedness of Mrs. Pardalos. She fancies accurately enough what must have happened betwixt her and her husband. 128 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. PART II. INTRODUCTION. THE student will by this time have attained so complete an insight into the general structure of the Greek language, that he will have no difficulty in seeing his way through the following conversational sentences. HOW TO USE THE DIALOGUES. (a) First learn a page by heart, committing each column to memory, so far as to be able, when the right-hand column is covered with a sheet of paper, to recall the words by looking at the left. (b) Now write out in an exercise-book the left-hand column from sight; put the " Guide" out of view, and translate on the opposite page from memory. (c) Open the "Guide," and correct carefully any mistakes, down to every accent and breathing. (d) Re-write till there remains no jot or tittle to correct. (e) Practise yourself in the composition of original dialogues (1) by ringing the changes on the column already written out, e. g.:IPOEToLtoa6'q7 7 avaXwpJC-ts. 'IpoETrotuLoCOraB-av ra ardra. Etve (foti/a T' ra vTa; M) \XOrfjLovVETE T-7v avaCiOpfOTLV T7's atatocrrotxtah. 'H daJaoaorotxa avaXcopeZ. 'H oao(r70LotXja (0auveL dpya, K.T.X. (f) Afterwards these original exercises may be enlarged to any extent by consulting the classified vocabulary at the end of the book, Part III. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 129 CONVERlSATIONS.-AMAAOPFOI Aa= ' between two' + Xo'yo- = 'word,' ' discourse.' A JOURNEY To GREECE. -Taetlov E13 T?'Iv 'EkXaS8a. 7ra~Lt&ov, diminutive of Tdi4t-Ev = rday-ot-.v, literally 'an order,' 'arrangement,' 'mission.' Hence ra$J8Lov = 'little mission,' ' trip,' 'journey.I llpoEr-ot/.do-O717TE KaTa' 7ra'vTa 8La' TIJ'v Tla 7rpayiavaca res' EWvE 7rav7- roa a Ta' raivra EW~E T'fot/La. M' Xqupo-,IozE O'n To' ypa~EJov TWio 1EOLTJ77LCOV KXIELErrat 7rEYTrE Xe7rTaG 7rpo r~v a'va~acopcEwir T7- alpaeo'OXt EL5,v T)'v 'AyyX'aV! 'EKT69 8E' TovTov E'XafOov To' E1tLT7JptoY /IOV 7vp0l7yOV11EVJO).9 fIOXV KaXa" a'XXa' Ta' K0f37Ta' uav 'Av4'1vcoo-a Kdi',rv fLao07r0L?7otv, OTL vdo-aa a7irOO-K1EV?) 706ivovo-a 7ro l apya KpaTEL-at 0ITrioCZ) uIXP pt?/E dKOXOMVOt a'jaoo-TotX1'as Kas VWro/oL1E-rt1 ELrv E~o~a /AIETaEiL's-) 'Ay-yXL'av f'vaPvriw. Nv /IEraKO/IEMaL to'Xov d1XXa KpaTEL-rat eLv To ypa4)Eov TOW) Xap~cov irpa-ylicircov. Toih-o O/IiWE WrPO~fPVXa'XOJ/V Kal 4drlOwc -a f3ao-r ai~o V 'a Ko0vf3 a X0 Tc O ' -7rpay/Ia~a /Iov ELP TOv (rra0/,&OP. Are you all ready to go? (lit. Did you prepare yourself in everything for the departure?). Are your things all ready? Everything is ready. Don't forget that the ticket office closes five minutes before the departure of the train. Not in England! And besides, I have taken my ticket beforehand. Very well. But your boxes? I have read somewhere a notice that all luggage arriving too late is kept back till the next train, and is subject to charge for carriage. In England, on the contrary, it is not forwarded at all, hut is kept at the lost luggage office. Ibave provided, however, against this, and have hired a porter to carry nay things to the station. K 130 130 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 'EXa/3a OELTLY EL19 TO rravT-orfopE~ov TO?) GO16?0jpOpO1OU (OI(TTE 8E~v Oa Xplfaa0) aliaeav. '1801) E(/Aaia-a/iev EtlI TO r ao'v -a/4v. TL' rrpaiy/faa "EXETE, KV'PLE, 'EXco UIO Kt~f3G7-ta, i/va o-adKKOV 02o0roptKiwP, Kalt.l~av 7TLXoO?)KqVL 8ta' T-q)V apk1aIav T?71 a7ro-KIEVI. Taiira e0'X~ va' E-yypad*co. Ta' Xot7ra',ov 7rpa'y/.LaT-a 0at 7Tdipw A1Xaa'77ro~orv'Xqyjia, /3aKT?7pi'aP T-pEi TrELTO-apalcfJ1aKE'XXOVI,0 7wXov, KVVaPL0V, 61) T0VpKtKaOI Ka)lrvocTvptyyag Kat E/va XEXco~Vtov ~cavTapov. ',Qr 7rpo'. Toa ciXXa Ug?I vE* adXX 'a aa'z To' KVVa'pt (Ti? OTKVXa'Kt) 7rpE'7rEL va XIJ latrEpov ypa/I/LacTov, KaL alVTO 71-pE~rEL Va? u'7iadyy uE TJV a7TOrOKEV77V. Ti? XE>X~ovt 0/11*31 71-pE'7rE v' a(/)TpTrE 07TLLTO' Cwto/La 6i0 /LETaKO/IL'Zaivq~a! Xotwiw' T-O XE?~v To' KCLatOpLJEig Elg Ta'CO Uc*3La; MULu~to-a, EjE`VT?, IEWE EV701/IOV. "Evrqowv! fOpE d6EX~.'! 7J Eawro 68 ao-a g; lEE apa~rE/.z71-G ELg TOOv ZCOOXO7YLKiW Ki7rOV Kalt EKEL0 O1a pqV, a'v FXN7q /LvaTXo' I. TO' KEIJa'Xt, 0571 TO' XEC)vt ELWE TrErpflI-Oov JEp7TET0V KatL OTL Ta EV70/La EWvE Oy a Xa Ei~airo 8a. I8ov' iP T-E'XL'vLoZ Tqz' T~, EiO'o6oov 1ELI' TOV ZC0oXoyLtKOY K~777ov, EKTOI' T7jI AevTe9LLa' o-rav EW'E p101)00 i a7rEvov. J have taken a place in the railway omnibus, so I shall -not want a cab. Here we are (arrived) at the station. What luggage have you, sir? I have two trunks, a travellingbag, and a hat-box, for the luggrag-e van. These I wish to register. M1y other luggage I will take with me. That is to say-a foot-wrapper, a stick, three or four parcels, a gun, a lap-dog, two Turkish pipes, and a live tortoise. As for the rest, let them pass; but for the dog a separate ticket must be taken, and he must go in the van. As for the tortoise, you must leave that behind: we don't convey vermin! Vermin! So you reckon a tortoise among the vermin? Certainly, sir; it's an insect. An insect! Mlygood fellow, where did you go to school (study)? I refer you to the Zoological Garden(s), and there you will learn, if you have any brains in your head, that the tortoise is a four-footed reptile, and that 'insects are all six-footed. There's a shilling for you, the price of admission to the Zoological Gardens, except on Mondays, when it is only sixpence. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 131 Av IEVKatpyrv Tar AEvTrfpag, gray 8150 (/)pa'. 31A Vat O/)WTLITj KaXXLTE ~pa. avro' ELIJE a'XXo C1)T1iLELa, KV'PLE KaiL 7-,Fpa E'Yv /v-ioi/. t O'n 5 $,Evo 80gE'KELt 7rirpa E,~ f3q3XL0V /[L Ti rata Oeptaz,do-a. "A g 7Pv XoLw(Vv. M6'XOV TOVTo at' )i~Et TEf~pa=rO8o Kal ~(1'7To86ov E'XOL a5XX?)v cTqhlaatTLWa Els! T7l1 L68LKqJ ~tov iovXE~av. To'o-q)T6'KaXXL'T1p0V! KVT77a~,E Xot7T T?7 8tK'V1 a-ov I3ovXELV, Ka' u(0ET Etg ELEVO TIaL rerpacw~a, Jp~rra'. Tt'va ONo-Lv AaCL/3eT; Tpi-rq.9 ra'Eawr. ALCaTL T1a$L8EV'ETE T-pLTqV; AL&LL &3l'V7Ta'pXEt TET-~PT?) Vst' r-'v Ip~av~tav 0tirog v'ra'pXEL. Ma'XoTara r-oXXa' aXXoKoTO wrpa5y,.La-a V7rapXovv EKEL T7E'o —apE 7 U- Et, K aL T O $ L E ol 3 ta r v XaQXLO-TTV fIEyCaA7 ara ta. Mt'prCor Kal E'v 'EXXai8t EV'pt'-KETa!L Xa? 77T' pa E v7-a ~ L a eai'Ey -p. Take your places, please. Come, let us get in quick. Don't go so near the engine. Let us try to get a seat near th door. I like to have my hack toward the engine, so as to escape th wind and dust. I hear the third bell. We ar going to start. '13ev, Trl 0-V'ptylia What a length the train is! E If you have time on Mondays, go rtwice, that you may be more thoroughly enlightened. /Oh, that alters the question, sir! - And, now I come to think of it, i the landlord over the way has a ebook with those kind of creatuns, rin it. I daresay you're right v (lit. Let be then). All the same, v four-foot and. six-foot have another meaning in my business. V All the better! Mind your own e business then, and leave the four-footed reptiles to me. What place have you taken? Third class. Why do you travel third? Because there's no fourth. There is in Ireland, however. -Yes, indeed; there are many r strange things in Ireland. - Four classes (orders), and no order-at least, great disorder.,t Is there better order to be found in Greece? You will see. Aa!3,ET-E Tra. OE'aTevr e-ar, rapaKaXaa. 'EX&TE' ar 'ELcTEXOCOfLev ypq~yopa. Mi) 7rqyat'vIqE ro'o-ov 2TXTn-iov Tlqr,Inxaviqr. e 'Ar wrpovweOio-WM~Ev va KaraXa5fco~uev Oeolv 7rapa' rq)v Ov'pav. s 'Ayaur~i va E'c T-a vara TrpaLe pi~va irpo'r To,L~4o -rg,i7Xavu~r, LooTrE PA a7roojE~yLI) TroP a'VE/.Lo KaL TOP KOVIOpTOPV. e 'AKceiCO T-' T9JL'TOP Kcellcova. pL XThat's the whistle? Ti,u~KOg 5r nv E'XEI 7) ac4LCa$ooTOXLWL K2 13 2 182 ~~A GUIDE, TO MODERN GREEK. I)o you 'know whether it stops at Iledhill? The time-table says it passes without stopping. Wait! It does not pass at all. What a pace! We have already come thirty miles. Have you had your lugg-age booked? Yes; here is the ticket they gave In e. Keep it carefully. You must give it up when you arrive, in order to get your lug-age. jr I~xr HJ(r'aO E/JVETO/L 0t ad1Lojou~oLa.p' ELVE Ti/C E7rtT-TpO4)i/. 4IOLJIETL O LV EE EL Ti/ 7)/ZIETEpav Mm) 7TapaTTJo-0. AL' E7th-urpicfovorat tIa$aooT7oLXLa rropEv'ozJat nravTroTE E7TL Ti/C a'XXm77 ypai,4Lijr. Iaov' fEt(iT/OOOEV IEtC, T-O' 7rpco)TOV oTraO1/IOV. OXL 7Ao irXCovT TptC1)v XEWTCov. &00ora q-AeEL V(1 KOOa)IEJ)ll T' XEL'X77 /lOa KaT7ativovJTEgC EmTTO'V KajIE'V. Pv 'I77a111 E$KL a/(TLev. El'/LEOut IEt 70 ffKu'TOC.~ EL~e Zr,)7cto0 o~pvyfLa. Where are we now? O/lot4FL 'TL -EI/lEOa ECl ToYv a'ipa UMJW~~pT/IAEVOL. '1H6EdpErE aie or~aaT& Ecr KOKKWV'cl T/' 8EXTL'ovXE7-EE O'Tz taISL3alvet Xcopli vTa o-TOV! VtL/C. VLILXV A1E68,06tOPEV (8LET/lE~OU2EV) 'a7& rptaiKOYTa tzt90-0. 'EE-ypa'*aTaE TU' lrpy/tyaTa' oar MAUTcra Kal 13ov' 7 a6r0liELtCt 4mmy c4ivXam~aTE TO 7lPOOTEK71K&C0 7rpE'7rEL i'a TO0 vraoaaw0lJTE, 0'rap -/AaO17TE, 7ea 7rapaXa/3i/TE TaO 7rpa'y/a~ar var. We are travelling quickly. I am afraid we shall run off the rails. The carriage shakies frightfully. The reason is that we are a long way from the engine. H~ere is a train coming. It is the up (return) train. It looks as if it were on our line (way). 4o not be alarmed. The up trains always travel on the other line. Here we are at the first station. How long shall we stop here? Not more than three minutes. Just time enough to scald our lips with swallowing hot coffee. We are off again. We are in the dark. It's a tunnel. I1ev EL/LEOa rwdpa; It is as though we were hung in mlid-air. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 133 We are passing over a viaduct? 'EzvTQrv qXt'cov OAi IJILEa L TO' Te'pJ.a. TOEXov 1olv' Erf-c3cT ZI g To' 7rXOiOP. BpCOtba~ KaTpa'vt Tpofieoa. 'YLLO? OL7 Vluwvo c!Aa' alao04VO14at KsxaXaoX-LVKWU KaTEXolcat 0-Xov aw7o' Bpe' aclEA/JE ToOro Nv ayEVI Karpa'vi LVE VaZvrLa, (&OaXa~oo~CiXr). "Ag LLVa40I.O/V 4E'7TL TOy KaTaaTTp(w-) 0Z7- 9 O l O 'E O a ~ a T Av (aXL'CEoAF E&Uo jLETaLv roi OO3pL'OV KatL TOV KaXaio-Lov, Ti, 'OA Kali/)tpe /IEra4v' Tl Maoxo-aXiav Kai TOy KIEtpacmr.; M X V r I" 4E TQ yj 3 $ X TOV~JL roco~a-c, E TO) IpT M'E7d4paVo-o TOVTO Eiv TJ KaQOJAEXovfA'1)fp. EA lv TO' V'ypoV 4VXov TrpaLTTO4W Tt ravra, TL IAEXE yeivEEL lv TO' $ v p oV; "ETT-L 77CO!9 'Xf'yOfrC cT27pflopo. 'AXXai Kal IELK TO' 7rpOJT4TV7ToV 7TL2K TrLK TO KaTaXag43aVL. The wind is in our favour. WVho is that man on the paddle-boxP It is the captain,.lHe goes up there to give orders. The tide is strong. I have heard there is no tide (no hhb and flow) in the Mediterranean. AtaI3a'voj,IEv CE7TL 0aay ryct'ov 7'? yIEWe shall soon he at the end (terminus). Here we are at last, on hoard ship. It smells horribly of tar. The smell is a wholesome one. Perhaps; hut I feel a headache, and am all of a chill. Bless you that is not tar. It's sea-sickness. Let's go on deck. The fresh air will do you good. If you are sea-sick here, between Dover and Calais-, what will you do between Marseilles and the Piraeus? Yes, indeed: " If they do these things in the green (wet) tree, what shall he done in the. dry?" Translate that into Mlodern Grcekl (the spoken language). That's about what we should say nowadays. But even in the original, every one understands it. 0 a~veolg ELVE OVJJtoq. T gEELVE ovTrov 0 E'T'L TOO EAP3UO ov; E'VE 0' 7XoL'apXov avaff~aiva E'KEAU a 86o-7 &Otaayarg. 'H ai7rnoaXaarcrta' EtWE,Lv/adXtJ. 'HKcovoa 7W&)o UEV E-XEL (L/_L7T&TtLV Kat 7TOXtfp'potv ELv Tiqv ME(O-6yeL(w dacXaGootu'. 134 134 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. It is true. How is it, then, that the Greeks have three words for it? Their learned men have manufactured them, or at least have adapted them. And besides this, you kniow, the Greeks are and always were splendid sailors, and are found in all parts of the world. More than this, they are tremendous linguists, and manufacture words by the yard..2?KO'VOVV 7wavia. e)a E'XO/IEV oy-XvjyopoV tdwrXovv. What a lovely voyage. llo'oo0VV KO')j30VV Kafuvo/Ev TI>' copav; 4Ar 'pcTorGooiev TOv rr7TIl~aXtovXov. Hat'pvo/liEv lE'Ka Ku'j/30VV Tq') 6opav. T?)V7rc (UCTJKI)'V. O 'a (kho(a,0bLyEJ 'Eig OXyov. 'I0V o ~oco-aptmv IIOTre rjJEV'yE& 17 aipza~oo-rotxta ata Tovg llaptoiL'ovr; Elg Ta'g 6Ela Kal 1710Vo- (CVVLdMi&o). H10r7- OI 01a'07C0Pfev CKEL; AEV?7$E~f p) aKpL/3. wr. flEp'L TOEg &)0, VJJO/LL'(). Atcdpailio LEv ijq Tpla XLXLWLEiToa. EcrraparIm-ahlEv. Hd0o-ijv C'Opav pdvovv E'&cO; I0X0'KXjjpoV TET-pToV T?7E C'pnr. Tdo-) To' KaXXL'TEpov- EIWTL adp~t/~c VA 7PELV'&) Kal va1 34LfO 'Ap~~o-yEv)Luar/ffo-coeXo!.7T'v- E'XOIAJEZ KaLp0Y. Et've a'A~Oeta. HJgXot76w E'xovv oL"EXXqvev TpELEv X$EtgL VL adrrjv. T KCITELTKEvCZ(TaJ OL,?'Oyt(OTOTroi TCOV, 7)TOV XUXgcTOl Tag E'fr~p poo-av. Kal E'KTr0 TovTrov, 7)4El"pITE 0r1 ot 'EXX~jvEr ELI'E Kai 7avroTe?)IToVa Tpo/LFpoL VaOVT KalT EV'pLO-KOL'TaC WOV7OV Toy KOVLT/tOV. flpdrg Tov'Totg EIWE Kal TpoILEp04 jaX0'Xoyoi Kal (l77JLLvpyoVo-t Tar XE4Etr KaTO';-Xv They are hoisting, sail. We shall have a short passage. TV XpvJou Ta4lat. How many knots are we makingZ an hour? Let's ask the steersman. We are making ten knots an hour. I see the shore. We shall soon be there. Here we are. When does the train start for Paris? At half-past nine. When shall we get there? 1 don't know exactly. I think about two. We have already come three kilometres. We are stopping. We have stopped. How long do they stop here? A full quarter of an hour. All the better, for I am beginning to get hungry and thirsty. Let us breakfast, then. We have time. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 135 Plenty. 1I600 TEXaS' ILdVT(OV E(/A(1(cLIEZ VYLE LS' xat o-i ot, 60'a TL OE69 EL's' ToyS' flapto-ovrl. Tc'pa 8ta' r'I7v Mao-o-aXIav. 'AXXa roV v 'a wrepao()ia-EV TJ7V VVKTa; Eh' &Evo6oXEoXV, VrroETC0. EaiLL-apEFTeF va,.oi o-avr'Ta07Te KaXov Kat EV?UVov M a' t1-Ta, adXXa I.V OTKa! &tdtL, a1jv EV6EX4IIEVOV VU TV7T0woOVV Ta X~5yLa /WOv, 0 K0o7I0S ' L a EX EyE 07tL Ef wPOBOKjOTP ~ 3ta ri aaatv. 'E&O, Tov`~SXL0-TE EWE &EpvosoXEiov EXOp aPKETa KLXp O'irV Kal,rXi7 -io P Toy crraOuov Toi3 a-t~ijpo'AXX6 Tt a -q1AaLPEL roira70, a' ov /EvyofIEv avpLOv airo aXXOV uTaO/oOV ELS' 7TO IE(a-y)/~LPptv0 IEpOs' T7S 7 T7ToXEW'; "OXt Tsp'a 7-rXEov' ElM~rOpoVFLpE v' 'EaKOXOVO7)0-(iLEV 7TO Ta$t13&L juas Xwpls' V CXX io,-LpE 0-Ta9luoPV. Aota-6v '9 KoV0VVlaoOLEZ/ E6O. Have you a double-bedded room (to let) P I don't know, sir; but I will ask the landlord. Gentlemen, I have one bedroom with two beds. On what floor? On the second. Bring us soap, water, and towels: we want to wash. But what a tiny basin! It's the custom in France, sir. "AvA~oVoV. Here we are at last, safe and sound, thank God, in Paris. Now for Marseilles. But where are we to pass the night? At a hotel, I suppose. Can you recommend me a good, cheap one? Yes, but in confidence; for, since it is possible my words may be printed, the world would say I had taken a bribe for my recommendation. Here, at all events, is an inn which looks well enough, and is near the railway station. What does that matter? We shall have to start to-morrow from another station in the south part of the town. This is no longer the case. We can continue our journey without change of station. Let us ring here, then. 'EXETE 8c0)/LTtoL tLE 600 KPEI33aTLrL (&a KXLvav) & E'vOLKLOV. Alv r$EVfpoC KvpLE, dfaX a 96 Ep T7)acO TOv &EPOUOXOV. Kv'pLat, 'XO) E'V &C0/LaTLOV fL 8600 KX vas'. E T', oLov 7ra'Twp/a; TO 7 6EVTEPOLJ. (b'pETp fILLS p Pa pO fCv 0- aw1oiA'L KlL +aLpo0-0fLa' OEXOpEvva TrXvvOW/.LEv. 'AXXa TL /.LLKfJOV XEKaVL&Ov! OVTCOS' 0-VVELOL'ETaL ELS' 7TI/v rhaXxiav KvpLE. 136 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. And as for the soap, haven't you brought your own? No; I forgot that this is also the custom in France. Tell us how often do people wash a day in France? According to taste, and to necessity. To tell you a tale, however:E'Xdc 7TTE j1XoYraAXXoV rai6tEvoera Et' 7'> 'AyyX'av' Kal '7T7)7 eLs $EPoEXELOP0 Ev Aovivap. 'Eoaye, Er;XayLaoEf Kal 7- &7rav'pLto Eo?07KCOq Kal KVT-'aEag E4r 7T Ka'To7rTpov E4~cova$e, " 4v! Eco 7orv 'piavpov Oaivarov,' rra co rrXia! TEXELOJJW! niapE /wv rov ia~pdv AEP7?TOP 0/LCOV TIt7OTE 71apa 6 Ka7irog -roy Aov8LdVov. '&2O-TE /3XEIIETE KIPLOL Ot71 EP EX0 -JILEvOP v 7rXTXVVv)qTL 6 rUXXor ELr TrJ a -77 LIILK?)V TOV n-a pL a MlaP Lfpaop o ELr /LLKPO OKO07fKoV XEKOPlytLOP, OWopi oW-OoVL, Kat ViL lvE KaeapGJTEpo alro' TOP "A-y-yXov 0 07roiov Xo0V'EaL Kal ITX;VPE~LL TPL9 7) 7CTEpaKL TJ)P 177fLpav. 'Ev TOVTO1r 7) Vr?7rqpE'7Pta 9a a-dr Ofrpy EJOV'E o-a7ToivL, vEpoP Kal 7rrpocrdl~a. Will you order supper, gentlemen? At what o'clock is your ordinary? (lit. Do they eat together?). At eight precisely. Now while that joker is gone, it's au excellent opportunity to examine the beds. 416v! yLvotLat KaIT avayK)li EPrO/LOXvyoy! Kal;r 7npOr Loa7rovPL, LIEv 6c/J'pETE 7; 18LKd C; TO LLILop aar; 'OXL EX7oaLOP"7aq-a O5t KaLL TouTo Oi)ILt9LE ECaL LE 77P FaXX 'av. IIETE ar nOcai K Lr 7 X-q Ov o L at a'POpwn-ot eg Tip raXXiav. Kat' 7iTv a'pE0K-etaV, KaL T7)v tava7K7)P. Na 'r o E'Ln-rC0 7-apa/iv"toP d1 cor:I had a French friend once on a journey in England, and he went to a hotel in London. He ate (had supper), went to bed, got up next morning, and, looking in the glass, cried out, "Oh! I've got the black death! It's all over with me! I'm dying! Fetch me the doctor!" It was nothing but London smoke, however. So you see, gentlemen, it may be that the Frenchman washes once (in his own country), with a minute hasin, and no soap, and yet is cleaner than the Englishman who bathes and washes three or four times a day. Meanwhile, the chambermaid will bring you soap, water, and towels directly. eEXETE Pa 7rapayyEL'A77TE TO 8(IE7TVPO a-a Krptot Holav dopap avvrpcpyovv; ELrTar 03KTo) a KptI3C0. Tdpa nro-a "E'/vyE EKEJYgE 6 /aa-Kapar, ealpET-O 7'7 EuKatpLa PU E dEra'aO-&O/EP Tat KXPvar. Oh! I'm turning entomologist, perforce. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 137 Ti' yrtaive& XE706&57-repa; irc~aTi fTo(XTov evXapL0-TTOV! asbaviIrr p a K O L' 7 r T ~ a v X V. K AEJ/ 7WEtpdCEL 0a' Tra ev'pJTe TaLvTa TL i'4ta 2roXl KaXX U7-Epa aie - Tvy/Liva ellv ri)v 'EXXac3a. M'~ FLOt Ta' a'vacJEpETE. a' Ka (af C 0LEV L Ta aEL&r&o K aOL 05 &1L7r VJ ) -& / E K7, h T 0a Xa'I'1z~ alpa a7To44'. II e'71-EpaUJ-aTE T77v vVIKTa; 'APKETa' KaXa' avaXo'yce). T?)v OV-vv Tp o f iav. Ti' cvvrpoo/Ja; 'L8oi, 7rapa8,Ety//IaTov xoIpLV, 730 o-ag OatvovraL Tavra;,Q OCE' ~uov! Oct Ta' Ec/'EpE pta~ IloXo% 7wt~avwiv Tov.Aa'Xt-ToJ, o-ais a'on'o-apEv L'Kava' 7rpo', aVya1LV?77-LV. TOVTO~7 EW"E 7rfpLTTo'V, KVptoL. (KaT' 18liav) aXX6KoToL a'VOpcanro 01 VA-/-/Xot, a'XXa' TfJCovE (T-pC1'yovvE) KaXa Kal 7rX?7pO'V0VV KLXa'. Etiwa 0OrL yvJ&)pi~opcv Ta'vToTE Tovv ~'A-yyXovtv 8i 'a T?7v El0vZtas TCov Kat T?)v E'~aLpETov yaLXXLKT)E 7rpoOopaE TG)V. But my friend is a Greek. We admire the Greeks, too. They were the Frenchmen of antiquity. But the Greeks of to-day? They are the friends of the English. TAO'O T KOV80ZVL. What are you catching? Lepidoptera? Butterflies? Nothing so pleasant! Aphaniptera and hemiptera: fleas and bugs. Never mind. You will find these insects much better developed in Greece. Don't mention it. Well, let us go down to supper, and get a good one, for we shall lose blood to-night. How did you pass the night? Pretty, well, considering the company. What company? Look there, for example, what do you think of these? Good heavens! You must have brought them with you. Yery likely. At all events, we have left you enough behind to remember us by. Oh, that is su-perfluous. (Aside) Strange fellows, these English; but they eat well, and they pay well. What did you say? Isaid,We always know theEnglish by their ready wit and their excellent French pronunciation. 'A'XXa 6 jiOog /iov EWEv 'EXX77v. 0avpa'CioPLEV Kat Tov's 'EXX77vag'? o' ]7XXot TJE apXa ot'~ o~ 'AXXa6 ol Tcopvoi'; AV'Tol dELVE 4a'XOL TY "AyylXcv. I hear the bell. 138 138 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7repra-p7o-Tccol-ev 7Ta~vrepov. E'4LE~a O6Xo 7vXo-Lov. vLo raX~ 'eEKLV')aE/ 'EKOtLt)OiqV qJalvcrata 7rro eqIEr~a 7rcpa; E1l9 -r6 AoV'y18ovvov. 110V-1 KatpOv1/ opEXIE E'8 'O-V OEXO/LE1, &OTL 'XOPIE1 TO &Kat'clia /a' 8ILaKO1J/0/IE1/ EaC') T'1v 7ropeia1v Lasr. Av-ri71) alpa~~o0-roqXa 6/5L)mo r/eVyE 7TXt pVFETa' ElkoOL 7rE VTE XE71TLZ 'Avg 0~a'yc0/LE1 XOt7IO1/ Kalt l cE' aKOXOV~97-OWIE1T7V w' 7opeiav. Bap6 1/oiia 7-LIE dvaj~oXa'E. I want to get on. So do I. I~ov' 0 71poI-EXEvrLaLo9 a-YTaOJEQE. "EXoLE1 a'KoM?)t JILav yE(/)vpav/ /a' 7rfpaLo-oJLEv. 'Emr6s O'Xlyov Oan?'/JLEOLI -ElI' rO TEpJILa r7JE 058oL7TopiaI.wia. Not so fast! We have four or five days' sail yet. Oh, that's only rest after the railway. I trust you may find it so. It depends on the weather. But it's always fine in the Mediterranean. Yes; except when it thunders, lightens, rains, blows, snows, or hails, it is very pleasant weather there (lit, the weather there is very pleasant). T'c'Opav dlvaycopEi ro' a'Tu607-Xotov avpt01/ At seven in the morning. Let's walk quicker. We are quite near. Here we are, off again. I have been asleep, it seems. Where are we now? At Lyons. How much time have we here? As much as we like; for we have the right of breaking our journey here. This train, however, starts again in twenty-five minutes. Let's dine, then, and continue our journey. I'm tired of delays. O~XcL) 1/L 7rpOXCepJL-Co. Kalt E`Y&)E7LI?7 Here is the last station but one. We've one more bridge to pass. We shall soon be at our journey's end. 'Aya'Xma, dayLXta! ZXoJLEv TELYLa-apcov 7TE1vTE 1)Ep~piv 1i1Xo~v1 a'K4/I). 7- ov7-o 8E1/ EWEc 7irLpa ANdvalravo-lI 'As 8C0)o7)7 6' 0eE6. Pa) To E'vp1TE 'E~ap-r&rat ToO Katpov. 'AXX 'a EW'E 7raCTroT-E EV1ILIEL'a el r1v Meno'dynov Oa'Xao-nrav. MaiXIo-TLI, E'KTOE. 07-LWv /3pov7-(a, a - o-rpaIrTEIt, I3pEXEt, q~vo-&, Xtovt`~e& 17)xXaXI0vaE EW'E 7roXv) EvapeoTToI 6 KaLtpoV EKEL. At what o'clock does the steamer start to-morrow? Et's Ta'- E'7rNT7o' 7- rpca`. A GUIDE TO MOlDERN GREEK. 139 flo'ooV Katpo'v OL Y/Le~a, MaO 68o'v; TIF'oo-apav q' 7rc'vTe q'iEpav. 2vIprreptXaII1a'vE7at r poc/) ElE M adXto-T-a KV'pLE, &LOOTE, /3XE7TETE, fov ravr'a Xo'-yov va oi-rEVO'W/.EV. 1E/3apVz'v0vrooovTPAQOY L'TepL7aTO) aro' TJ)v 7npywpav ELS' TL7V 7rpVI-VT)P, E&Eto'OEV 73yJo' Ta'ptG-TEpAW V'aLKOV'&I TOV KpOTOV TOW TPOX&)V Kat TJE9 jk~v.,Kal Ta'S Kpav-ya'. Toy YaVKXI~poV Kal TOW~) vaVT-OV, KaL vaz jzq f3Xe'7rr oiv6iv 7rap 'a ovzpavo'v azOaXao-o-aV Ka' TOvYi av Kcawvov rov fE6EF/oV/LEVOV V7L6 T?)E KalrvoaZX?7E.v I&~nE 7rp~o'o-o! Ti' /XE',rere CEKE-L 7rEpav. I see, as it were, a whitish cloud. That is the coast of Italy; and in two hours we shall reach the harbour of Naples. Is that a volcano P Yes; it is Vesuvius. Shall we be able to visit the remains of ilerculaneum and Pompeii? No; because we are in quarantine. Why is thatP Because our ship has been at Con. stantinople, where the plague prevails. What a pity! Pity, indeed! but there's no help for it (lit, what are we to do?). 0a' 18&OPLEJ KcTL a1XX0 'H?~atfoTfloJJ OPOSr KaTa ToV irxozv; How long shall we be on the passage? Four or five days. Is food included in the fareF Yes, Sir; so you see we have every reason for despatch. I am so tired of walking from stem to stern, from starboard to larboard (right to left), of hearing the noise of the wheels and the engines, and the cries of the pilot and the sailors, and of seeing nothing but sky and sea, and the black smoke vomited by the funnel. Look ahead! What do you see yonder (over there)? EVE) re dKT7)7 T?)5'1I-aX~aV Kalt ELE. NVO coparv Oiz 006'o-ofev elv ToL'?EtpE'VE T7)~. N~a7T6'XEcr. El'VE 'Hl~a1-TfLov o"poV fEK6LO; MadX to-7a EWEe 6 BEo-ovl,3zT. a7TOfkELVapta Tov 'HpaKXEL'i Kal 'OX&' &ILOT E'XOJILE Kapavr wav. A6tL 7t6ro irXolov p.av 'T0O dr Tv KwaTraV7aoV07roXLv, 0573OV ET1-LKPaTEL 0 Kpilla Trco&WTL. a'XX'a Tl Va aL w ME) Shall we see any other volcano on our voyage? 140 140 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. e a 1836/CEV Kal 7-qv Ai'vvav,LOKpOOEV &Ua~rXFvO-aYTEEg Ta aTTE~a' The glass is falling; we shall have a storm. The wind has suddenly risen. The sky has become covered with clouds. It has clouded over. The sea is rough. It is growing rough. I feel sea-sick. I'm very bad (lit. I suffer dreadfully). Drink a drop of gin. I would rather lie down in my hammock; perhaps that will relieve me. My head turns round. KaXqp7'ipa o-av r,~). EU'PLO'KEEYO Ki'4~woo0V KaxxtlTepa. Ti a'KpWCTq'ptoV 3Xe'7T0/L1EV E'KEL Trc'pa. ELVe 6' Ma~iaq. AoLtn-6V 7TEpt7J-XEo/LAEV Tiqi a'KT7)'V 7v~ ]TIOTE &a' 00a-ce/tLEv ElE viov HEapaia; Afiptov TO0 7rpa)L", E'' 'Exo1/EL' 7TfJVLOV 0o avE jr WEovp. E Ti 0iz E7rj7 7 O-Tqpatua 37) 05roia q~aiPeaT7 P'A TLYLaTO17rTL EWL Tov) E'p/tkOV E'KEL'VOV fopaXov; KparJirat E'v XELp't E'p?741T-ov ( dvaXCOp6ToU), O0TLE1! TpE'JE7-at E'K TWZ/O E'XEq11o-VVJ0V TCOW 7ITEPLT?77J)TV. 'Iaofi rod fj%3XoV KaXaOL ELK7-q OaXccro-av 7v6 06wr~ov vie Kv'paTa 0a' qjcpovv EL'. Tn'v a1VyLaX0Y. We shall see Etna from a distance, when we have passed the Straits of Messina. To' /apoU'1eEfp0V KaTaOfa'Cera Oa' Xa40W)U1V 7TpKVLt'av. Al~vq7) 1)yipOT) 6 w5 ig '0 od'pavdrg E'KaXvc't97) (io0K1Erracbv7)) iWdo VEt/CeY. 'Eo-vvPE't/ao-E. ~H Oa'Xao-a-a EWEe TETapalicy/II. Tapaiaovratu. Navveie, ~Ati(opmn. 'Y7roepco TpojiEpa. FIVE 6'Xt'yrv (tvEu4pav. llpovtp~d) vae 7irXa-YLaO0L 'EL'S T)'V aVEf1oKvVvLaJJ /L00 0( TOVTO ME,6 avaKohOV-7). 'H KEt/a~X17 IL1t) lTCpto-TpoE47EraL. Good morning. How do you find yourself to-day? Somewhat better. What headland do we see out there? It is MXalea. Then we are sailing round the coast of the Mlorea. When shall we reach the Pirmus? To-morrow morning,, if we have the wind at our hacks. The wind is favourable. What is the meaning of that flag which seemis to he brandished about on that desolate rock? It is held in the hand of a hermit, who is supported by the alms of voyagers. Look, they have flung a basket, into the sea, which the waves will carry to the shore. A GUIDE TO M~ODERN GREEK. 141 KaX?Iv o"pf$LV, KaLXO'yJ7pE' MOV. Now he is waving his flag, as a sign of gratitude. He gives us his blessing. TC'pa 6hL 7Aayta'o-(o). E) a KOL/tO7OO A~ K al E'y c'. Wake up! We are getting Close to the harbour. Will they search our trunks at the custom-house? Of course. Will they ask to see our passports? Not of Englishmen. H-ow do they distinguish English.men? By their ignorance of foreign languages, and by the airs they give themselves. Fine advantages! They will tumble all our things about. Here come the custom-house officers. Please to hand me your passports. There they are. Where do you come from? Where are youg~oing to? You ought to have got your passport signed at the Greek embassy. I went there, but they put me off till the next day, and so I was compelled to leave without the signature. There are so many formalities to go through, that a man of business has not always time to conform to them. A good appetite to you, Mr. Mon~k. TCL'pa TIVaoOT(EL 7671 0OifJalav Tov,rip ~EV8IE4tv EV}/yV(W)oL0TV'Vq.V M A LEt 7-71 E VX7V TOV. Now I shall go to bed. I will go to sleep, too. ZEv~rvaTe! KOVTEVO/L1EV EIV TOVYt fieva. O u E ~ E Q ( T O V ) T a K I 3a ) T a U Z I LV (IVOTLKW; T-O) Xc'ycd. eA ~~ir rrovv va &XT 18oTra 8taa73a'-iptc WOXL 7-ov AyyXcov. Ilwr 3taKpLvVOVV rov'vrAyyXovv; At' r ay ta'VO' T-1OV 6EVCOW -yX1Wc — 10_1)6, Kal llLai T~ll) KaO/apo)Aa'roW KaXa6 7rpOTep?7para! 0a' a'varpEleovv o"Xa Ta 7ripa'y/IOar I18ov, "EpXovTat ol v7raXX7)xot TOO TEXCOvELo0V. E6apEOTIEO3TIE VAi /LIL EVX1ELPLL0_TT7T Tra &Ofar'pta' o-ar. IoO'O v "EPXE-0-OE; ITOV v7Ta'y ETE; 'E~rrpEITE va' Ec r&O co~p?)O[1 r' &a IOar~pto'v orar uio' Tr~.EXX7)1)LKi3 7rpE 0T/3,E i a. 'Y~rrya 'KEJ aX /e aVe/3X Lr VA ava~copl7a-o) av)EV 7T) ErL — ELTME T~oIOL T-VITOL li-poE. EK~iX77p6)0-LY C0) iTE 0 El1i-OPOS (3EV EV'KatpEL iraYrTTe 1)a O-VPIULpl~w0: pi V' Trovg. 142 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Besides this, your passport is not in regular order; its date has expired a fortnight. I will give you a provisional pass, and your proper passports will be returned to you at the police-office. What red-tapeism! IEXET7 TL 7 t a v lact&7X &Ja-T JTE 'EXco &io rpia 7rpd'ypara VW0oKEFLfEev Etc TEXCOVt0oV Oct 7Ta Evf77TE E;7ycO ECL TO KLftocTLOV. 'CY7a'yeTE Elt' 7T ypaC/,Eiov,,rArjpc6 -a-CTE IEt TOV) 7rTpaKropa Kal XCa/E7TE a7TO6EL~LV. 'YpLic 6E EEXETE TI7oTrE /v atLaaqhXto. 077TE, KVpLE, '*EXCO uqa~pa. Tai3a 6Ev ETE XatpE/L7O'pLov E6U, &tort EL'Vat Et)O17'VOTVpC Etcv 6Tj CEXXa'3a ' 7wTp6' l 4av. 'I60o voLwg TplXcLXTU TOJv Bpv&EXXCOV. AOXLEVE To-E Ta Elao-07lo ttl 7Toy Kparovv. T6 KaOKOZ) /OV PE' aivayKa'cEL vac TKaT ao-Xo) 7To0 TO TO KLI3GJTLOV. 'O vc4to c E25VE AlT] c Kat 77pE7TEL vA Eftf3XE7rro0EV Etc T77V EKTEXEa-L7/I TOV. A,'aa-0E iiit a'raoepOB c eic roy OEFVUVVT77V TOL TEXCOVELOV, at) OEX77TE. Kcat 7ToLTo Tt Oct KoO-Tla-77 llPC~iroV Ti)?V a' tav TOV TptXat7Trov. AotriwY 7Wpo0 t/cL) va 7WXq7PCo-Crc aP E o- coc. Hbi EW'E 6 a-raOCpoc T0y oo tlpoapv'tov; IIX7)V U 7( TOTOV TO' &013(T1 pto' (Taac 6Ev ELVE El KcrX a T,EFL 7lCtpT)XOEV '1 W'OO ~ t~ t T O 7~ 83E K a I7 TE 7'O 17 c7 rrpo a-ciPna Jov 76oEa Ty ag &0Tt' 7Vo/ (Tn ALt. V ataPCLa7'PLOV, Kai~ 7-a 7-aK7-tLa' (TavP E)V 7,~ a0-7VV0Pt'q. T/ ypaC/(ctoKpicpin! Have you anything to declare? I have two or three things liable to duty. You will find them at the top of my trunk. Go to the office, pay the receiver, and get a receipt. Have you anything to declare, sir? I have cigars. These are not contraband here; for they are cheaper in Greece than with you. But here is some Brussels lace. You are defrauding the revenue of the State. My duty compels me to seize this box. The law is positive, and we must see to its execution. You may appeal to the director of customs, if you please. And what will this cost? About the value of the lace. Then I had sooner pay at once. Where is the railway-station? A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 14 143 Close at hand. When does a train leave for Ath ens? In a quarter of an hour. What is the fare, third class, to Athens? Forty-five lepta (fourpence). And first class? One drachm, (eightpence-halfpenny). I hear the bell. Take your seat, please. We start directly. `EeEKLV~i1o-Fliev. Ti rrXij0o KaILivcow! "EXEL, ~avra~VtO,0 6 IEpatEVrg iroXXa' Epyoo-7-ao-a. 'What is its chief manufacture? Silk, cloth, and cotton, I believe. What trees are those? Olives. They are very like willows. And what are those low plants we see growing among them? Don't you know them? They are vines. Will there be many grapes this year? About as usual. An average crop. 'il8oi, E4AL1Oio-pev. 'Eo,-raW7pEv (E'rrawi,~t-~o-aM~tu). TaO -0 O'poXo~yL /iov EirTLon'q. '1-COr &V TO' fKOVp3LToaTE. AEiV aOVxfEVE. - 771?~at'Vf KLaXaL T-o 18LKOV Taa LIO'TE aI)Ca~copEi 4liaoaoootXia 8ta T 'AL LE'V~r Kai &6 T77VWai T'eTME?' Kripo/.z' a (T6 rpv'rqvL) We are off.q Whlat 'a numbe7r ofchmneys TA EwEV'c 770 K(pLLOTva TrOV KCLOV8EV?7. MEva$L, epOo, ua aaKaCU~ f(Ab67f1aK We are~ov roffT. TEE Khat Ta numberEE~ Tof XWbimneys Ta'Eveq Koinna i'pa O~V KaV~ai(oTKE MTE VwpC T; 0./LTXL ea' yUvovv (7oxa G&clXa) EL'VE avoa; W havej~~ stopped P~erhapestyouphaen'd oudi up. It does not go (serve). Does yours go right? 144 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ll7ryatvE E/IWPOS'. VV~IE XaCaa-/1-E'V0V. KaO' E'K(UT?7V q/Lpav pmeVEL omrlTo EL V7ETprovT cTU wpar. 'O0LGto EL a LE TO ( opOoyl Tot) HoXolzpXO" ov na. ToZI Z&KO~ /10V 65,uct).9 To pi-ya ToD i&Koi Mpao v 'o,0qr - 8yE aOVXEFVL &t8Xov. Nolut'Co 07E 7'7 aOXVOLEV E'K677. EaN JO'CO/IEV KaL Ta' 8v (a'~LQ6,repa) va 8LOpOC0COOa-Lv a/jLa EVpCo/jEV 4'EvoaoxEiOv. Ka`L77TE [LOt 7T?7v XaptP va [Ov,EL7TT7TE 7T0 KaXL'Tepop &EvOaoXELOv. Avvao-9 10 v`7ra'7y-Je Lv 7raO77 acOaXELa Et TO' ~EvOaOXEiOv T77C AMY1V7TTOV. KaXi 61 ELOOE aEa. EL9 7Troiv 6oiv EL'VE. E LVe Et'g TJv 7IXaLTELaW Toy 11az'E73LO-T177.LOV. *AC TaipOJLEv To 7ravTocOopELov. Kp a.$E 7r0Y o'3bqyO V. I-ra'-ov 08qy1E 'H a EE Ef/ATL7. AEL' "EXE TOWOL'. TOWO [LOU/OPa EWEE L~rELOC. "Evag V'7rov po'vov eiv 613ELOV. JHpMEWL L' 7rfPL/LEVC0/LEV. '16ov a'XXo 7raVT0oJOp1Eo V. 'AX'X v7TayEL 7rpoC (lXXUV 8&EVovvoLYL. '0a7yE WOr v'7T'y/ET; "Y~rrayo/LEv WpOv T77v rpa1WErav. 'Y7TadyrEE 7rpo' TO HalE7ELLT1ULLOV, OXo ITX7ytTlOV. 'A9 aivai3c,)v. AEV ELPLIopG) 1)Va KaIVIJLTLO. Aaf3cTE rrapaKaX 1, KVpLE, TjV KIA W. 17Vyv7 U/a TpafLtXTEc 7TEapiKEL. It is fast. It is out of order (spoilt). It loses a quarter of an hour every day. It is like Captain Cuttle's watch. But of mine the mainspring is broken, so that it does not go at all. I think the chain is snapped. We will get both of them put to rights as soon as we have found an inn. Do me the favour to tell me the best hotel. You may go with perfect safety to the Egyptian Hotel. 0 You will be comfortable there. In what street is it? It is in University Square. Let us take the omnibus. Call to the conductor. Stop, conductor I The carriage (omnibus) is full. There is no room. There is only one place free. We must wait. There's another omnibus. But it is going another way (in another direction). Where are you going, conductor? We are going to the hank. Are you going to the University? Quite close. Let us get up. I can't sit down. Have the goodness, sir, please, to move a little further on. A GUIDE TO MODERN GIREEK. 145 Ka q cr v d ra~, v Ti)v y woviav. 'OXot4zea 7roXvi adpyui. cH 054 EitVE 7rXi~p77.v a~jia~c~V. 'OTav f3aLaO)7LaL 7roTe' 84 0Xo' a,EmT 7raV7o-of OpEov. MOu E'LFLEOa 7rcopa; E 'LE Oa EL' 7- q1v 06& roZ 'Ep/AoO. OO77yc al4~Ev,E vai ~)3y/ca (vai e'K3cl%) eLv raVr77v r7/v yo.Wiav. 'A AE L E va0 E$ XOO) 7rp,*)T-ov. llpoou96ar-E. Bdpaa (guarda) E147rp0'i! (Driver's cry.) lraO7)re 7rapaKaX (0. AoTrE /IOL TiV xEpa, Tara. KaraXiioIuv 1Elk,). 'Av 'ELU3ccliEv. Ti ya'vo/IEv Trapa va. KaKowEpao-coLev LLlav VVKTa. Etjis-opu rti?&'b vai &EL7TvF77 Ma6XIto-a, KV'PLE. 'EN ErE KIEVA &t)/Iaa; Et'ipropoi~iEv VA KoL/.L707OLOALEV E&*,'); M ai &EXIECOO Va' K0L1LJ9LO1LLEV 'Elk,) TVVVKra TalJT?7P; ZAvva1-LEOa VA KaraXvl0-coEv Elks avT6v 77/V vVVKTaI Aa4OcrET 77V KaXooJV'77v va' EiLoEXOTE 1ELV TO KahpEveLov /IL'av orTLyAL/v. To'moLo alOpGoirot EcOdao-aP o-q1,EPoV (O0-rE &V?7'7EV'pC) Aiii'EX0JI.EV (U/G &coarTa Sta' EvoL'KLOV. 'Y7ra-yE vai 'Lkqv7, adXXa ypi5-yopa. K 'pLoL, E'XLO /LUPOV EPV &O0ALLTLOV /4E' 8l'O KXi'vav va o-&r 7poo-(Jipw. A EV /LoL fIEXEL, 8LLL TO &J/aTia7LO V' a~pKEZ 11IOOV 7'7 (Xi'V?) VAi 71E KaX(7,, Tra 0-LV&W'Pa o0TeyVa KaLKa p\ KaLi Va KOtp.Lat~i 7TL. a6EVOXX?/ToV. We will decide on this. Sit in this corner. We are driving very slowly. The road is full of vehicles. When I am in a hurry, I never ride in an omnibus. Where are~we now? We are in Hermes Street. Conductor, set me down (let me get out) at this corner. Let me get out first. Take care. Look out in front!1 Stop, please. Give mne your hand. Don't be in a hurry. We put up here. Let us go in. We only risk passing a bad night. Can we have supper here? Certainly, sir. Have you any spare rooms? Can we sleep here? Will you take us in here (to sleep) for the night? Can we put up here for the night." Have the goodness to step into the coffee-room a moment. So many people have arrived to-day, that I do not know whether we have two roomns to let. Go and see; hut be quick. Gentlemen, I have only one room with two beds to offer you. I don't care about the roomi, provided the bed is good, the sheets well-aired and clean, and that one can sleep undisturbed. Eii' ro' a~rolPao-iTa-cpEhJ. L 1416 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. The counterpane is dirty. We want bolsters. I cannot sleep when my head is low. Take off this feather bed, or put it under the rnattre~s. Tell them to make us a good fire. It is quite ready. It only wants li g hIItin g.ID What a smoke! I am smothered. Let' s go duwn to supper. Br'ing the lIll of fare. Here it is. What soup will you take, gentlemeni? Lentil soup. Pea soup. Flaricot soup. Let us have three dozen oysters, and some red wine. The tablecloth is not clean. Put on another. Have you anything else to give us? A mpn/aao-aE TOP' KOTO1X0-yoV, Kt'PLOL. Miqp/'oe 7Tpo/3aTOV, 'rrirrav I-L lmramrltn, 8lapaXa'Kt [LE XadXava, ITO VXfptKa' Kf)VO, 7TEPLOFTEPLa sv Tp'v o-ov/3AaV Knt -y),KL'o-.Lara. 'EXEL9 Z 4apta 7roXv' 7Tp0o-q~aT-a; 'Ao-7-aK n'V, oo-Xo/ h'V,.Lrap~Lwrovvta, y/XC'0oo-at~v, X~7-aTV5 (d'Kra7ruS&a), KaL OO0V~rLdL9 (oupriag). Ti'; Tp,&OE (7pC1DyovvE) Kal 0TOVmaigL Kal O'KTOaITu6La EU); Ma1(Xurr-a, KV'lLE' Ta' JyawruvE 7roXXOi,. &.L(Tar T-a Tp&'0/T7; To, E'qwairXcoua ELVaL XIEPO'v. eE`X0/LEI Vwo7wpoLTKEOa~a. AE'V ELM~7ToPCL) Va KOLP~OfCO 65rav 7j Keo/aX?) 11nV KELrTL Xa,177Xa'. BydaXE (E`KI3aXE) ToVTro TO' ITrvJX0 -o po j a '1 /3 aX e T7 V ITO' T O ' m - o-7pc) Lia. E 27w v'a /Lav ETOL/.ao-ovV KaXqV EX JrtOl/L? E WL E. OEx L /LOPOV Pa' Tipv adin~ovv. TL' Ka~rvor! 7rviyo/Ia. 'A A Ka7nIao)/LEV Va' 8iEL2TVq'/O(0A)V. )E`~p6ETE T-O' Kara'XoyovrTaP L/~ayqr7ToJP II&~o. TL p~o~aJjara EXIETE KV'PLoL; EoV7TO kOaKLOai'. 2ov7ra 7rt!:EXXLa. lovira KOVKLa'. Avh [Las 7-pEJ 3C)85EKa8aas 0(TTpE'COV Ka't Miyo KUKKLVO Kpa~o-L (d iyov To' rpaOWEC0[LdVVXOV 86EP EL'E KaOapO'v /3UXE AiXo. `EXETE TL7TOTE~ a'XXo va',Lire &OO7JTEr. Read the bill of fare, gentlemen. Leg of mutton, duck pie, beef and cabbage, cold fowl, roast pigeon, and sweets. Have you any fish quite fresh? Lobster, salmon, barbels, soles, octopus, aud cuttlefish. What! do they eat cuttlefish and octopus here? Yes, sir; many like them. Why do you eat them? A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.14 147 Atari TrpO,)7OVcTLV Ot A-AyyXo& Tt' 834~re'KLOV, Kalt ol ]TaXoL 3a'rpa'XOIKaL O1 Xf~O jcavXa; Because they like them, I suppose. That's the reason we eat cuttlefish. But why do you like them? There's no accounting for tastes. But are they wholesome? Yes; they are very nourishing. And besides, they are allowed in Lent. 'Eyco U~V KaraXap43acW) 7rrw iva' aV~qOjq KaJ'E'ir Va' (pa'yf 7roTe' 'rEToLa Trpay/Lal-a. Ta' eaoKaicTcET 7rorf; Ilore' /,wv. AoL7ra'v -L' d'cLL EL yvco'jxt) oar; Nothing! You are right. 'Avr a' 80KL/Aa'a-coJ.LEV WhichP Both together. KaI a, 4e'rcov. Na ra 110o1oV EWPE T10 o5K7a7r0O&OV Kal 7iTovO c7 0otfrta; Tot wrpov -rapc-repa. EWE To XT0~rv'L KaL TO 7Tpov Ta &6ae el'yEWE nI~) aa Jdpe'o-ovzv; Noo-TLMe15ovv OciXao-oqav. I1o~v' rnavudv- E'KEL Kal Ev'plrsovrat. Do you like spinach? What vegetables will you have-? Potatoes and cauliflower. Bring- us some salmon. Give us a little wine. What sort of wine? Why do Englishmen eat beefsteak, and Frenchmen f rogs, and Chinese birds'-nests? ~ALoTL Trov' a'PEO~ovv, V7TOoETra. IMoi" 6 Xo'yov 8' Gk vrta TpO0'yO/IEY Traiv ToVorta7.9 (Tar o'7irias'). 'AXXa6 &aTL oair a'peo-ov/; IICPLeZpi oEcov OVf3E-Lq Xo'yov. 'AXX'a EWEv acipa -ye VyL/ELVaL'; Ma'Xto-Tra, EWLE Ope-7rTco'rarat. Kal 7rpo~'v TovTL'7-vev EWE cVXo~pqUIEva T?)VPo-capa0KoT1qv (TrEo-oapaKocrri' V).. I don't understand how any one can ever eat such, things. Have you ever tried them? Never in my life. Then what is your opinion worth? TiIToTrE- eEXrET &Katov.. Let's try them. T% wo~OV; 'A/4Ti7Epa,iaC5.. Very well; directly. There they are.. Which is the octopus,. and whichL the cuttlefishP The one to the right is the octopus, and the one to the left is the cuttlefish. How do you like them? They taste of the sea. Very likely; that's where they are f ound. V4r a'peo-ovy Ta' o-va'cKta; Ti' XaXaVLKa6 dywalriE; Jia~raiaLE (ycC0j~Xa) calt Xa~avo. Kpajbi,3lV. 4EDpE par o-oXo,.to'v. LAor iiav d'X iyo0V Kpa~O- (dOLV1). TL' clIJos (Ti XOYi~) o1vov; L 2 148s A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Malmsey [still common in Greece]. Thera (Santorini). Red [black]. White. flwvr 7'v 7rpoTL/iaTE TOP' (ooXo/LzV; Tiyylavqrnp- /IE 6vflL Kal XaLIIL (0~og KZL E'aLov). 'A-yaI~iiTE Kapv'Kev~ta (ocaiX7o-av); OEXETEF VA E'TOL11a'a-qTe 7Ti o-aXLrav AWPovo o-ar; MN X~o-ra Ic. pot TO6 Aa~a, To' rrirpt,7-ro 0mvad7r(T1)vuovocra'plav), ni 'XatoV Ka'L TO `o$O. ~ak~ /Lot d'Xtyov VE~op tiprav (4C5d)L0 ourog (nrovro) ElWE 7roXi' 7raXati'r (.0 ) Vlanp, av-a' Ta' 7rL~a'Kta Kal 869 /.av /LEoJP f3oor. uE',laviraipLO. Have you any game? Not yet, sir. The shooting season has not begun. What dessert will you have? We will have some cheese first, and afterwards some pears. The bill, please. lIat&OVLP I1 iJO KaL/JEIEAE Kal 8L 71o~iwpa KOV~aK. (IbpEE,ar Kal rt-ya'pa 7rroupa.1 OEXETE KpE/ia (aive6,yaXa). ~'OXt' Oa' 7ripCO drrXwr0 Ka(C'EP. Waiter, give me the Times. It is being read, sir. Well, then, the D)aily News, or the Illustr-ated London News. Ti~r MoverLq3ao-t'ar. Ti~r e'pas (2avropt'vqr). KO'iKa'VO, piavpo. "Ao-7rpo [probably for iAo7r~o f0-7TLXo = spotless], XIEVKOPV. How do you prefer the salmon? Fried with vinegar and oil. Do you like sauce. Would you like to make the salad yourselves? Certainly. Give me the salt, the pepper, the mustard, the oil, and the vinegar. Give me some new bread: this is very stale. Take away these plates, and bring us loin of beef with mushrooms. "EXETEr KUPyltoP; 'Ao'/Au7 KJPLIE 7)1 KVP77yETLK?) E7roX?, &V qPXLO-C a'Kv/L7.t Ti ETL~Upmrov OEXETE, Tvpi'ov EXoLiEv 17rWTOP Kal EI7reLma a71-Lfla. T,~P o-qpkiJooLP (ro'v Xoyaptacrjsoe), avP a-yar TfT. Waiter, two cups of coffee, and two glasses of brandy. Bring us some cigars, too. Will you have cream? No; I will take coffee alone. 'Y~rq7pTa &ir, yuot 7-ovr Katpodr.V 11Ava-YLPW TKE7-at, K~IpLE. KaXaz Xoturdv T a' cHjEp7'o-La Nr'a, 71 71 EiZKoVa0m'pa Ne'a Tad Aov8&Pou. 91OL'YaPO, O~ya~puciK, is " a cigarette;" OfL-ya'po 7ro0po, i.e. piti-o (Italian), ~(a pure cigar," viz, tobacco without paper. A GUlDE TO MODERN GREEK. 149 They say an insurrection has broken out in Crete. A false report, perhaps. So the rumour runs. I read something of the kind in the Standard, but the Greek papers make no mention of it. Let us go to the club; there we shall find all the papers. Tif EWE Ta% da~oXoycoT-Epa adeo~sara Ta' dp~aia aqXaN~ Mito-T-a' Kali Ta' VEC)Tepa. Al KVPtCJ)TEpaL a'pXa OTT)TE ELVE 6O H1ap0,Ev~roV Kal To EY)a-,Eiov (,E'K T?77 E7ToX~l TOt) flEpLKXE'ovt), TO' T 81OV) TO% pVa'KLV IL)TtT-ot, at' TTqXat roil 'OXvplriov Aet',, 7e la Tot) 'A8p~avoZ, Ta',1v7)/.La ToO) AvO-tK9aT0V9 Kal TOZ cItXo~rr'17rrov, Ta Ofairpa TOv ALOV&cTO1 KaL TOV 'Hp(0'ov 'Ar-rtKoi, TO' A-X7 Irreiov, 6' vat' TT~t 'A7rTrEpov NLIK7TT, Ta po7rVXata, 7) JTItvaKOOJ7K7, TO 'EPEXOEIov Kal at' Kapvaii-acat, 6' #ApELov vaiyov, ) JIvv$6, Ta' XEL''tfava T7t~ BovXi~t, Kal T7)t. LIOLL'XItg 27ag 6 Na%.v TOZ A"4Xov 1% row 'Ave'ILCV, Kal?)7 lhaX7 T7)t 'Ayopac. Ta elroal7LoTrepa vwrl~epa OLK08O/.L7)MaTa EWME Ta E$7)t Ta' 'AvadKropa, 7) M777Tpt)'roXiv, T60 'EOVLKOV flavcrrLo-b'wov, 8ilo op(/avo~po(/)Eia, TO' NOaOKO/.LEOJJ, TO IITW X OK OILELOV, 77 E OVLK 7) BL 3 X toO0 `K7, TO6 B pE c/ ~,s o, T AIE'-/7EaL oot E4ravdo~rao~t9 f6E$Eppa-/7 eLv TT)v Kp 'T )V TI'EV&)t', (P?7FL7) IO~ "Ero- X6yoV T-PEXIEL. 'Avicoo-a TET1oW0v r TL ELE v17 2)paLav AXxa al 'EX\77vocal AP17MAEpLAEs t ToroE &Av aiaacfipovv Irept avroO. IAT(7/a E ~. T77)v A 'o-X )v- ECE Oa' Evpcoe/Lv oXav Trat Ecf~riIEpL'8av. What are the principal sights of Athens? Do you mean the ancient ones? Yes; and the modern ones too. The chief antiquities are the Parthenon and Theseum, (ol the age of Pericles), the Racecourse, the brook Ilissus, the Pillars of Jove, the Gate of Hadrian, the tombs of Lysicrates and Philopappus, the theatres of Dionysus and Hero. des Atticus, the Temple of Z1~sculapius, the Temple of the Wingless Victory. the Propyhoea (or Gateway), the Picture Gallery, the Erechtheum with the Caryatides, Mars' Hill, the Pnyx, the remains of the Council Chamber and of the Chequered Porch, the Temple of ZXolus or of the Winds, and the Gate of the Market. The most noteworthy modern public buildings are as follows: The Palace, the Cathedral, the National University, two Orphanages, the Infirmary, the Almshouse, the National Library, the Infants' Asylum, 150 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. Ilpo'TwrVT Nrrrayoy~yov 7t?7 EfLXEK7raOUIEVTLKE VET ' LEmpiv, 7( 'Apo-iKIELOV ' IapEvayco-yEov Trv avT7E, 7r6 'O00aXioiaT-p6ov, T o'KIELOV, TO 'Ao-7T-(poY-KO07rEV, To YO/Lm-LO/LTLKOV KaL apXaLoXOyLKOV Movo-cia, ' 'AKa~qyFda, 7TO 0oXvrEXYFVEo, Kal TO ME'/yapov TCOV 'OXvj7rrov. the Model Infant School of the Educational Society, the Arsaceum or High School for Girls of the same, the Eye Hospital, the Lyceum, the Observatory, the Numismatic and Archoeological Museums, the Academy, the Polytechnic, and the Exhibition Hall. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 151 PART III. INTRODUCTION. THE Classified Vocabulary is intended both for easy reference on any topic, and also to be applied to the construction of original exercises founded thereon. Now that the student has worked through Parts I. and II., and has rung the changes on the dialogues so as to be thoroughly familiar with the ordinary usages of grammar, and with many phrases and idioms, he will find the greatest advantage in constructing sentences for himself under each heading of the classified vocabulary. The following is a sample:Tar rpoaor'cta Kat 7a rEptXcopa Etve leprql rts 7roXEcoa. 'O Spo/os 8Lap3aLvEL TO KVTrpOV T'? 7roAXEW. 01 reoL YTo'ravTaL Gel Trv SLaOaTavpwTLv TrV ooov. 'H o0oo0 4pL peL Es 7rjv rXa remav. If the student is at a loss for a word, it is better to think of another expression than to cast about for the missing word. By the time he has worked through the vocabulary, and used his accumulated knowledge to illustrate each succeeding section, he will find himself in a position to express with certainty and ease almost anything he may desire to say. 152 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY. N.B.-vl. signifies "vernacular.",LLEp7) 7T?)T 7TOXEC09 KOLVOT?)9' 47 OVVOLKtaO To1 T/77La T60 KiPTPOV T?75 7rO'XEWS) Ta 7-EpL~co()a 17 0 0 0 1,O O 6 apOtuffcKOV TO0 TEp/la (T-o a'KP0V,TO0 TEXos)T77rOv 03O 47 yciuda 4' 8ao-rai'pwO-1V rov OM$n' (T6 cav KaO' 0~'8V 060i9 &a/3aTLKTJ, 060s 7rOvd'v~pcanrov TO yaL cT7p WATOV, 47 o —p W.Tq 6a6. TO X LO O O p O O TO0 7re~o8POM/LOV oL 7Ve~ol f3a8L'ova-Lv E'7J Trov 7TE~o47y~ X a KOLV O7TOLT7O r, yvw0-7T07rOL77o-tr, 47 EL 0t0(?0 TOLXOKOXXO) a'y-)/EXL'av 47 8 o,80. 41 ayopca 41 y&/~vpa KpE/ciiaoTT yE~vpa &af~aiwo) T4v yicfvpav 6 ~(OTcT/.LOSj0" TOWN. -Parts of the town; commnunit~y, or municipality. The town, the city. The district; the ward. The centre of the town. The suburb. The environs. The wall. The way, the road. The lane. The end of the road. The corner. The crossing of the roads (crossroads). On the way. A passable, frequented road. The pavement, paved way. The paving-stones. The footway. Foot-passengers walk on the footway. The message, communication, declaration, advertisement. I post a notice. The passage. The square. The market-place. The bridge. A suspension bridge. I cross the bridge. The lighting. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 153 To qo&oraeptov (ro' aEptofrov) 6' q~avo', T60 cjavaptov TO0 OLK080'juqpLa,?)' OLIKOaO/L71 Ea 7).o(Tia OLK0 ao0.L, 4S?7/IeTLOZ O LKOTa aVaKTopa, vi. TrO 7raXarTL 4 677papXL'a, TO 8qaXo 17 KOLVOTq7V 6o 8l47jap~o~v ai d 'i, 4~ ovo-ta 4 &)Loo-la 8La'Ta4LV '7 EOvoc~vXaK' TO ~El)OaOXEL0V. To 7ravL~oXEiov 6' &EVO&3,XOS- 3) EJJ8OXOT OLlta V VOLKLOV or 7rpov EvoLKCLa(TLv EVOLKLa o~ L &,aT 6T 7rL 7rr.cv Ka-raXvco, ELSv &Evo~7ox-ELov 8LaPE'Vro, KaTot*W IELV ~CVOLI0XEOV TO0 KaroEveiov TO0 Ca~apO7AacoTE~oy TO0 Ka7r77XE6ov 6 Ka,7r?7Xov To oLvoWcoXeLov TO 61FVO7IOXEOV To Xp1JparT0eTh7PLOV TO VO/IL~o-1JOTOK0ITELOV TO VOLTOKO/AIELOV TO0 Op47avoTpo7/Jeiov 77 fKKXTqOTL'a The gas. The lamp, ligh1t. The building, edifice. A public building, public edifice. The palace, royal residence. The hall. The mansion-house, mayor's residence. The community. The mayor. The authorities. Public order. Constabulary. The inn, hotel (eating-house). The hotel (on a large scale). The host, landlord; hostess, landlady. The waiter. Houses to let, lodgings to let. Rooms are let furnished. I put up at an inn. I stay or live at an hotel. Private house. The coffee-house. The confectioner's. The shop (stall). Small ware dealer, pedlar. The wine-shop. The inn. I dine at a restaurant. The exchange. The mint. The hospital. The convalescent home. The asylum. The orphanage. The church. 134 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. TO KCOa5oWo-Tacfoto 6 KCt)VOZ, VI. b Kaiirdraa 6 K ca) 77vo T 6 do 1 KT(08C -oK 0V5s 7T 7,qX tOV j~ 6 0 c L O Z T O Tr Xa y p a / I E L O 6o ypap/La'0LC0T0 Toyp~ap, TOa 7T?7ya&0V TO vrqpay/a0yE6ov r1 lpc yvTX L KOa 0vp L 6 avavpn46Xa 6 t 7 r- p( O X o~ - 0 lr p - X The belfry. The bell. The bell-ringer. The dome. The cathedral. The library. The bar-racks. The post, post-office. The letter-box. The stamp. The telegraph-office. Telegraph-wire. Column, pillar. The statue. The walk. The fountain. The well. The aqueduct. The pipes. The pump. The night watchman. The patrol. IL. OIKLa. ILEp) Tv Ot'KL'a. KalL KaToLKlaSv. 77 OULKWa 0' 0LKL1T`K09 OETW0 T0'V OE/LEfXL0V XL'OOV OLK0o0o,FLO, KTL'~(O. O'Kt'av Karapp~rTO.) OLKtav K~aToLKa) EV TWL OLKLa KaTotKC~) OL'KL'a Ttva 7-0t) caoT0KIELTE, 7KaXvI,317 olidia XLOO'KTLG`T0T, 7rXLvOO'KTL(TTO5V, /LpapL(ap0KTLOT0O9 ~VXiVq~ oLIKL'a Ta Epenta TELXo5 rraXato'v HousE. Parts of the house and home. The house, the cottage. I lay the foundation stone. I build, erect a house. I pull down a house. I live in a house. I inhabit a house. Where do you liveF The hut. A stone house, a brick house, a house of marble. A wooden house. The ruins. An old wall. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEKi.15 155?I otbda av-r? a7TELXEL Kard~rwcoot To oLKoU,.L)/.a,,1 otKOaO14? 6 Kepapios-, TO6 Keppct'aLop OTroll EK KfpapxWV, O-TE}/ EIC +EVaapyi'pov TO avqioj4E~pov TO 'XC~Ks'pauvov 1) 4VXLK'j,1 $vXIEL'a at 60wT oapta 6 To7Xo5v?7 Opa- 7' 7rnaX, VI. T' C'6w7rop~a To 7Tapa'Ovpov TO /.ETLO7VOV To a TW/Ia 6 KCO)~ E4O0XUCT) 01KL'a?7 E73-avxLg 7) KXqia$, vi.? T' cKa'Xa 0l~aO0/_z'8,,, VI. 7a O-Ka)La' TO 7raTcol-ta TO LTo-0yELov 7rpwo-ov, 8EvTEpoY, TpLT0V 7rarco/Aa i7 alrOOq)K?7, q 61*0O0K? VI. T6o IKE~pt 6' E$WCtT?)orq, VI. TO' /.LraXKO'V& 7)KaroLKLa 7)KarotKta aVT?7 TV-YKELTat EK -7roXX&P &co/.LaTUO E6oLKLa'Ca) TO EVOLKLOV 7) 7fPoO1E7T/LLta 6 CV0LKtacTTr) TO EPOLKtacTTJ7ptop This house threatens to fall down. The building, the edifice. The roof. The floor. The tiling, the tile. A roof of tiles, a roof of zinc. The weathercock. The lightning conductor. The ceiling. The woodwork, the laths. The beams, the planks. The wall. The post, pillar. The door; the gate (outer door). The window. The front. The wing. The hell. The door-keeper, porter. A country house. The villa. The staircase, stairs. Steps, stairs. The storey. The ground floor. First, second, third storey (floor). The cellar, storehouse. The dome. The courtyard; yard, court. The balcony. Lodgings; residence. These lodgings consist of many apartments. I hire. (Hired) lodgings. The term; notice. Hirer; lodger. The lodging-house. 156 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 17 7rpoKaTa 3X7l 7j 7rpO7rX17pco1177 6 OLKO6EOWO7 7r9 77 0100E'o-7rotva 6 7poea'Xa~oo 7-0 8&opaircov, 65 O aXaIov, vi. q Ka'pLapt) 7rapaKeq.LEYOZ, yELtroovEvOV (awTptov O 7ElTEY WV 77 7ELTdY L7N o-a 17 ycLrovwa OW/LaTLOY T-oV V'7TVOV TO Eo-TLaTT7LOV, vLo 77 TpaTerapL'a; am~ovoa TO 0LayELPEZOY tj '. ' 7 Kar'Vktovo 77 O V&), 7TO K T ( /A) o'8&rro7TE 01 7JraT77To) 7rX'ov To KaTo 4XLov TOV Tro &7rEaov 77 0TE71 7, TO aTa YL& La o-aVLT0OYO) 07 ToiXOL t7 Ov TLpa Ta c)XXa 77j 06pav, a' 8&KXL&7E 7r Oipa 6EV KXIELEL 6 LTTpocbEVL, I o-Tp64Ly5 KXELYoTaE T77Y Otipav 377LKXELOT7 r 9vpa 77 KXEL8o VL'a, vI. 77 KI2L&1pLa 6 fLoQhir 6 oip-7sr, 6 /_zdaXov TO KXEL6LOY avoiyo 777V Ovpav i3caXXo TOV /.LavcaX oY, ptavLaX'VO) 6 Ta7rTT?7 Tro 7rapacvpov TO r '-apcvpov j3XErrEL 7wpov rTIV a6Xr, 7rrp6 7TY 0 po4lov rpofaLvw EL. To' rrvapa'Ovpov The deposit. Payment in advance. The landlord, landlady; master, mistress, of the house. The anteroom, vestibule. The chamber, room, apartment. Adjacent, adjoining room. The neighbour (male); ditto (female). The neighbourhood. A bedroom. The dining-room. The parlour; drawing-room. The kitchen. The threshold. I will never cross his threshold again. The floor. The roof; the wainscot. I board up, wainscot. The walls. The door. The door creaks. The folding doors. The door doesn't shut. The door-handle. Shut the door. A door ajar. The lock. The bar. The bolt. The key. I open the door. I bolt. The carpet. The window. The window looks into the ynrd, into the street. I go up to the window. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 157 i7 VaXos roi3 7rapahv'pov, vI. v6 &t7jXo~v iiapdrvpoi To 7r-apaevpo'cPvXXov, VI. To Kapa'Tt aL KEYKXL'8E9, VI. Ta Ka-YKEXa To 7rap=EM(Ta(T~ La ' OEP.LCacTTpa b1 /EptzavOLv 17 KalILVO0 17 Kawrvo&'d7, v.I. KapLtvca' 17 7vpaypa, vI. 7) pautLa Ta vt X 6' XLWvepaKES', ol yatavYpaaKEr OL aL'OpaKEf, vI. Ta Kap/ovlia TO oapcopov, 77 7rapa(Tv'pU, V. I O-Kov7L-a The window-pane. A double window. The window-sill. The banisters, balustrade. The curtain. The fireplace, stove. Heating. The chimney. The chimney-pot. The tongs. The fuel. The coal. Charcoal. The broom. III. 'EwrnrXa. OlKtLKa 0KEVJ77 LLaTL-Cr ro TO E7rt7rXOV' Ta EIJ-L7TXa, 77 OLKO(TKEV77 6 E7rLTOoA7rCOX?/ TO uVp-TrpLOv, To ep/IapLOv To ypaLLbEiov 6 Ko/L/WT7pP To XP77,paToKLP~coTLor TO TpmO7TEiLV TO K(AOLa-a, i' KatE'KXa 6 KXLV7-79, VI. j 7-oXv0p6'va TO VrOr7T0U&OV, 6 CKL/17ToVV, TO orKapv'lov 0u) paviov To aVaKXLV7pOV, Vi. 6 KavavrE'v TO 7TpoOK44aXov, vi. To,iaLXaipL To KaTO7TTpOV, VI. 6 KaLOpE7TT7q. KaTo7rrpL'oo Lat. 17 KXLV7V, Vi. TO' Kpbfoart aYTpCOv) TO' KP@,LT3L FURNITURE. Household implements; clothing; lighting. Furniture; articles of furniture. The upholsterer. The drawer. The office, study. The library. The chest of drawers. The safe. The table. The seat, the chair. The armchair. The footstool, hassock. The ottoman. The sofa. The cushion. The looking-glass. I look in the glass. The bed, the couch. I make the bed. 158 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. o ' r p c % L a Ei a c r L TrO E0Iau7rXcOpa, VI. 76' 7ralrXco)ja To 7TpocrKE(AWaov, TO' 7rp00-K'EcfXXov na OLINIo'Va 6 JJL7TTT/J 7)' XIEKaW?), 6 XoVT7-p i'8&wp */vXpo'v, XiapdJv, Oepph'V, fOpao-riv Tro XEtpoMOKTPOV, To 7rpoo-O'Lo TO Oawrcovtov, vi. TO0 0T0WovVL 77 '0f3VTO'KOV/L. 6 Vt KT7-p T&,)l) 0 &VTMa, VI., fOpoDo-aa TrO KT-EVLOV' KTevt'Co,.at Tpa E tov T77g VVK T0' T(L EvavO1Lia-a, VI. Tra m~rt'p7a 65 Xa/ugrrip, ' Xv~vL'a, 6' Xvxv VI.?,~ XaMp7ra 77 OpVaXX'Lv, TrO fEXXV'Xltov, VI. T6o O/VrVXL TO TTETJE'XaLop Tro 'AaLoY 6' Xvxvoo-,arTr,9, TO K?7P7poli770V, VI. TO0 KaVTLiX'E'pL or 6' KaVT-LXL'E'p77. 6 K7POV VI. TO KE9L" TO' 0f7rEp/LarT-E-,r avaw tov f f 3 t 7/ R The mattress. Spring-mattress. The sheet. The coverlet, coverlid. The pillow. The sheets. The washing-stand. The basin. Cold, lukewarm, warm, boiling water. The towel. The soap. The tooth-powder. The tooth-brush. The comb; I comb my hair. Nig-ht-stool. Matches, li h s The lamp. The wick. Petroleum. Oil. The candlestick. The candle; the spermaceti candle. The light. The taper. I make a liHt. I put out, quench, extingui-8b. IV. Cju~t-X01 TO' cWpo~g. 1EY8McPaca KaiXv/sLut T?7V Kecf:a. XV 7r4)'8fo-L9 J47tKIEL'Ileva 7T-pO. Xpi~O-LV TOI) a48PYY. 6 4LarLor/.k09,,1 EV8Viiqao-La Evau/liaTa, (PopilLara MIAN'S CLOTHING. Clothes; covering for the head, for the feet; articles for the use of men. Drsii, attire. Clothes, garments. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 159 EWvE copata 'Ev8E8VILEv7 6' /)paKO9 VI., 0 (EXai~a vi. TO0 f7rav74o'ptov, r6' 7raXro'v 7rapayy XoE~ E 7ravocOPL0O TO KOXa'poV VI., TO' cj~&JK,6XOV VI. To G-T~OOg TO 6wdoppa[L~ua, vi. 77'(f0lpa, 7 7ro OVXa'KtOVJ VI. 75, T(YE717 TO0 7raX7-w' 6 CTOVXT70JKOV VI. 175 at/io~pa, vi. 75 yov-va T O q ~T7 6 o, 77.7 rIEP L T17 O L, TrO -YEXEKO7J TO Ct7WO't VI. TO KO/~L,&LOV 7' KOp1&6Tpv~ra IV'o a-Etpal KO/L/3COV, VI. 85V6 TYELpatig KO/I/3ta' KO/L3011C0) ~IEKO~Lq307/CO VI. aL 7TEP1KVq17L'Er vi. T-O 7ravraX07'L TO0 EoTG)IOpaKoV 6 KOLT-C0VLTTqv, vi. 75 16o[LwaTEKaduepa TO v7TC)677/La TO lY7Tu67ua, vi. TO 7ra7rov~ou& 7' 44 dvi. i 7 ravTO'0/Xa 7Tap7YY1ELXa 4Ev ~Edyov V1Tro~1 -I.UTwv 6 V~ro~7ThaT-o7roLOr,' VI. 6' 7Ta7ToV7TOJ EK/%6XX(A T-a v i7ro tjar-a avra T-a v7ro67/.Lara /AE'7A77yd. To &Ep/~La TO Tr&Xov, vi. 75 o-6Xa To V7ToWipVLov, q' 7rTc'pva, vI. To' TaKOON. I dress, undress. She is nicely dressed. The dress-coat. The overcoat, paletot. I order an overcoat. The collar. The chest, breast. Gloves, mittens. The skirt. The pocket. The cloak, mantle. The paletot. The surtout. Fur; leather garment. The waistcoat. Under-petticoat. The button; the hutton-hole. Two rows of buttons. I button; I unbutton. Trousers. Drawers. The dressiing-room. Boots and shoes. The boot. The shoe. The slipper. I ordered a pair of boots. The shoemaker. I put on the boot. I take off my boots. These boots pinch me. The leather. The sole. The heel. 160 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. yvaXi'(o or Xovor7-pd'pco Ta 7ra7rou~rcta vi. 77 uIEXavT7pL'a, TO0 Xo-yXo)TO'v, vi. 77 IOovp-oa VI. aL 7fl7Xo13aTL'6E.9, vi. Ta'Ka Xoo(Ta 17 KE9SaX7) To Ka'XvFLIa T77v KEOfAX77 0 7r-iXov, vi. TO' K=a7Lo7J TO0 KaG-KETY VI. KaTCO) T0 KairE XovI! vi. /.av6V'Xtov T-oL Xatjou To OLZ'XIOV VI. TO0 XELPOKTLOV 6 KOXIvpoS!, 7;' ay)'Kpa XPvG-)h', aJpyVpO~V (i0pOX0yLOV TO copOXOytov Mov EO-,a'Oi7 or 7n) yaLvEt /LLav Copav E/L47rpO'q, X08'1 (VI. KOVP&iCCO) TO' aoOTO KXGt&OV To1) CopoXoyto0V TrO EX L 77 L E G-iraoGE 65 l5ELKi79' 6 C0pO6EL'KTq9' 6 XIE7T~O6EtKT77S' Tra 6Lolrpa, vi. TOa [zaroy/vdXta TrO XaPTo(PAa'KLOV TO cT7)/LELco/LaTaptov O;77f-LELO7'6) TL TO0,3ca I'a rTLov, VI. T' 7Tov-yyL' To pal3it'ov, VI. TO,L~raofTO~Vt 77 Ka7IVo(T~pLY~, VI. 77 7i ira TO 0cnyapov 6 rapL3a'KO.V 77Ta/.43aK0OO'K7, VI. 77 Ta/43aKLE'pa I black or polish the shoes. The blacking. The brush. The galoshes. The head. The covering of the head. The hat. The cap. Off with your hat. Neckerchief. The shawl. The glove. The clock, watch. The cylinder; the escapement. A gold, silver watch. My watch has stopped. It is an hour fast, slow. I wind up my watch. The watch-key. The spring is broken. The hand; the hour-hand; the minute-hand. The watch-chain. The spectacles; glasses. The card-case. The note-book. I make a note of, note. The purse. The cane, walking-stick. The tobacco-pipe; pipe. I smoke. Tobacco (lit, smoke). The cigar (cigarette). The snuff. The snuff-box. A GUiDE TO MODERN GREEK. 161 1/L~aTLt0,U6 L T 7-; vvatKOI;. KaXXo7rLG-,#o'9' XpvoncP0L~d- d'c-rrpo'pov~a (vI.)' C'pyo'Xetpa -yvvLKEla. TO(fr'p/ua, vi. TO0 C/oovo-rdJV 77 OV)a' TO0 EOCO40OpLOV, 'VI. /.LEcOqo'pqiaZ To aTl7/AcEX17T-Ol Tio oT77OO0'8Ea/Luov, vi. O' K0pGYE' To oad'AXov ro jsav&A'Xov Ta rpa~-a, VI. 8 avTEX ats 7T0 7rEp L c /L 1 V. 77 7 0 & 77 crKovc/fa 6 7rfir~o T; KICO.?7, Tra j~aXXta' cat 7AXE~LI3EV TO0 KrcToVLO KTEw'Co/.at Ta apao/Aara, vI. ' j.vpWcLaL' 6 /IVp0E4'Or Ta Xpv aOL a, Tra ro-TX&a To' 1Jt/VOLov, VI. TO 0VJK~ao-LaL Ta evwTta, vi. 7a' OKwXapL'Kta To,iavl~v',\ov ToIJ Xat/Loi TO /tEXLOV, T' I3paXtoXLov To avequtT77ptov, vi. '~ (3era'Xta TE6 a'XF6 Lov vI. TO 7rapa~o-Xt TO XE~L,6p6'LOV, VI. 7; ',rp'XXa d VO L7C TO c X ~ J O KXEUI6) To' a'XIE4L3P Xtop or a'XE$L'. Ta ao-7rpOpov~a vi. 77 7TXV'vrpta, 77 7rXvcT —pa TO~ V~rOXtTOWLOV, TO V4rOXG/A& LYO WOMAN'S DRESS. Ornaments; trinkets; linen; female work. The dress. The train. Under garment. The neglig6', morning dress. Stays, corset. The shawl. The cloak. The sash, girdle. Lace. The apron. The cap. The gown. The hair. The plaits. The parting. The comb; I comb my hair. The perfumes; scents. The perfumer. Trinkets, ornaments. Rouge. The hairpin. The earrings, eardrops. The neckerchief. The bracelet. The fan. The parasol. The umbrella. I put up my umbrella. I put down, shut my umbrella. The linen; washing. I wash. The washerwoman. The chemise, shirt. M1 162 A GUIDE TO 'MODERN GREEK. xlvoi~v V,7roKa1lffoov I~aILI3a'KLV0V or f3a,.3aK1Ep0V i7rroT-a KOL/,13La 47 7TEfJLKVqflLLS, VI.i7' KaXkrua Ta TeT-ovpartTa vi. 6 KaXTroo8E'Tq vi. ro pwvo1uaKrpoj, -ro,avav' cov, 7-0 at yvv~aLKelat EpyacTiaL Taepyo~ctpa pavrTc)- 4 paITrpm TO V'Jao-/Ia, 7To 7T(1Lv' -ro vvypa, 47 I3EXovta To *aX'Llkov 4r a/3~Xovf 4~ K'apLo/3E~oy 4 / ~V~o v~i Tro KvT?)/Ia TOKKEYT?7TOY K E 7T C TrO 7& Lyp -0a KXrIo A)'tv(-~7X~'.a-y A linen shirt. A cotton, calico shirt. The buttons. The stockings. The socks. The garter. The pocket-handkerchief. Female employments. "1Work," handiwork. I sew; the sempstress. The stuff, the cloth. The seam. The stitch. Sewing. Work-table. The sewing-machine. The thimble. The scissors. The needle; the bodkin. The thread. Plaiting, knitting. Knitting-needle. The needle-case. I mend, patch. Embroidery, embroidered work. I embroider. The pattern. I spin. VI. 'Av portvov 1.LEp?) T-Oy o-Co.)/laTov 1tiLOTi7Te~ 47 KU/JWT 4 6pt4 /(Xatva K '/L17, VI.,Iavpa IIOXX~a I/(17q Kao-Tavo~povS, VI. KOa(Tava' /LaX\tai HuMAN BODY. Parts of tke bod~y; qualities; attitudes. The head. The hair; locks. Black hair, black tresses. Auburn hair. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEKf. 16~3 6ay~o'g 7rOXL0'T, iroX6Oj~t$ KO/Inj XEVKO7, VI. aPunrpa MaXXta' KOVpEvolzat 4J KOVja 47 0fVacKJ, VI. ~q 7rcpOvKa,1 KOpVq5/J 7) T? KE)?/A X?7 To KpavLOV 0 EyK~C/JaXos~, 6' Flve~o' ah'Opcimoo Xwp'ir /ivaXa' vI. Ti 7rpOo-corrov 4' 0o4L ExC co 0L To fLETC07r0v JJ.ETW07TV V~n1xov 'EXEL pvUTL~ CMr TOV MET(O7TOV 6 o(PaXpio's, vi. Tro' a TO O~qLOLl, To f3Xj~lia 7rrpooi7X 0SVCL TO' I3Xe MIa,Wtv f7rL TLVOS' a7roo-rpEcibCo TOVE9 &P0aX/Lov" f3X'E MI/a 0' uV,lapmv~ aVTO7rrT79 6 ( 3 o / 3 6 s, 6 O ~.a 9 i7 KopV) Tot)o 4O X o at O JV ES' Ta f3E'4apa AiXefap'aeg 6uLXsZ or XaXe7 ata' T7,v AwLO'rv ayftL KaL /EpE f a TIEPLVOf 47 7rap'eta, VI. To' 4aciy0vXo T6OsV, Ta' cora, VI. Ta' aViTLa 6' Xoo/3.v, T6o f'~(trEpLKoZJ oVh To TvLrravoZ' TO 07/z Ti? X'ELXOg XOV~Pa', XEMTaT XIELX?1 47 yXkroaa Ti0 a'KPov TV yX(0o-o0iq Yellow-haired, blond; greyhaired. White hair. I have my hair cut. Hair-cutting. The wig. The top of the head. The skull. The brain. A brainless idiot. The face; the countenance. I have the appearance, look asif. The forehead. A high forehead. He has wrinkles in his forehead. The eye. The glance, the look. I fixc my gaze on something. I turn away my eyes. A sharp, quick eye. An eye-witness. The apple of the eye. The pupil of the eye. The eyebrows. The eyelids. The eyelashes. The nose. He speaks through the nose. He leads by the nose. The cheek; the jowl. The ear, the ears. The lobe, outer ear. The drum of the ear. The mouth. The lip. Coarse, thin lips. The tongue. The tip of the tongue. 1.G4 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. -PEXEL ewr TV yXioocoav /Aov &L'KY(* (VI. 8ayKaLPQ)) TiV -yXC09cro'c /AOV 6 oVpavLETKO. 1)KLOVL9, 6 yapyapcwv 6 fidpvy~ 1) aTLaycoY paoC, piWti 6 06OV9 ol O66 vTre, -rat JUzrta 7O ov9Xov, ra6 ov"Aa (iY'loilyeL TO' o Trfp a Tov 'To yeveLow 7) yevetag 11EVEWTIS' &Yiz'etoS 6 jvo,7a~, VI. T-O /.L0VNTdaK& ~vpL'CopaL 6' X a i p 6 rpaXyr/Xov, or aV'Xq'v 6 0,6av&xov 6 Xa'pvy~ Ka-y~aCoJ 6 o og VI. 6' Vtos 6 3paXho~v 7 a yKaX7 EpayKAXL'Coata, 2rEp&7rTv'To-o1aC ao.raCopat, OAn&c 7vpoa0'pco TOYv f3paXL'ova' /Lov 6 ~lvv 6 ayK(coV 17XELP (8fetad, a~pta-Tepa') EPXoMuaL E~ ci oL'1yoT'p/ Xepa TO8dKTUvXoY, 6 a 'KTV'XO. TrO CLK9OV To?) 8aKTVA0V 6advr Xelp, 6 aiKru 6' XLxav6.v, 6' aEL'KTJq 6 vao-o o-o It's on my tongue (of a word). I bite my tongue. The roof of the mouth. The uvula. The gullet. The jaw. I chew, he chews. The tooth; the teeth. The gum, the gumis. He does not open his mouth. The chin. The beard; whiskers. Bearded; beardless. The moustache. I shave (myself). The throat. The neck. The backbone, vertebra. The windpipe. I hiccup. The shoulder. The armpit. The arm; the embrace. I embrace, put my arms round. I greet, I kiss. I offer my arm. The forearm; the elbow. The hand (right, left). I come within arms' length, engage, come to blows. I squeeze, press the hand. The finger. The tip of the finger. I point at some one with the finger. The thumb. The fore-finger. The middle finger. The fourth finger. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 165 6 f 6 v, TtOVXLOZ?7 rrapo)vVXt i7 7rvy-t4, 6 yP0V0o0 4 ypOVOLa' 4 ocrL~a~i Ta vW~),a Tao) C Y~oTa?rpor TLvta 7) cOq5OV8VXLK?) 02qXl, T0 paXOKUKKaXop vi 7rXrvpa TO TXEUpOJ TO oT?)Oor 6 jacn-orr, v1. 7ro O3vC 6 KGXror? yao-rtp, 77 KO(V TO W~a-po 7KV?7L' 1TO O~e"XOr TO VyovJ, vA. To yoVaamv yOVVKXLZJJrv yovaT 4) VilrT) Eli To v 7r0?3ar TLV09 7) yao-TpOKvryLal, 1 KY) Li) To o-(vpoz', 6 a'rpayaXov 6 7rroiV, vL To' 7trOapL TO 1TE fpa, TO 7rE&tXOY Ot a&XKTVXOL, TI 8LKTTXa j8apC&) a'KpO2ToiT0L8 7TTepva TO /ALEXOr9 To' Vplca 7 app0oyq7 TO a~pPOPV, 6 KOV8VXOr TO OLTTOVV, TO KOKKaOXOv' 3-TESlVOR 6 /1VExGO! 70 K,06 ar TO VEOPOV C iVPCK f9~ V~tPC08tP LV, at LYEV 6,.tv, 01' pLUG3VE TO atXLWV a4LT7yPV a aOV / a -ro aliza- alcLarqpov,~ alpoa-rayq The little finger. The nail. The whitlow. The fist. The blow with the fist. The span. The back. I turn my back to any one. The vertebral column. The loin. The rib. The side. The chest. The breast. The bosom, lap. The belly. The abdomen. The shank; the leg. The knee. On bended knees. I fall on my knees, kneel. I fall at any one's feet. The thigh. The ankle. The foot. The sole. The toes. I go on tip-toe. The heel. The limb; the skin. The joint. The bone; bone, of bone. The marrow. The flesh. The nerve; nervous. The sinew, sinews. The muscle, the muscles. Strength of muscle. The blood; bloody, bleeding. 166 A GUIDE TO'MODERN GREEKC. at/IoI3o`pos, aL,'I-oXapq1 4 k 7,k adpriqpi 4Kap&La- e'yKa'pa1o C Kapata IrdXXE ot 7raXkpol T7-~ iapclar 07r~fUC0V'07' VEV/LO0VEV 4 va~rvo1, TO -p avarrveco 6 cT6oiLaXog,X()VIEVCO' 4 7TE+VL, 4 xCOVEwoa11 Tra EvTepaL, Tra EvT6TOLaL TO 7rap- 4o-AX' To oTLaO~ To IXVy/a To aOroXpeppaL, To T7V7I rTvcoA-7rr' 6 L46pc tapo'vco 7) e aT li7)O LS'? 8 &E 7Tvo 1 4 LL~pCa)(tLS ati lropOL* 7roP(O'7)i' 6 7rrapp.oe 7rmapvLIo0LAM TO 8'KpVOV' b'aKpv'ow KXaL'w' xv'v~ &alKpva pe8a &KpVW(V ELIV TO'VS o3b0A~Po 4I Xpota, To X,) EXEL O#LV K aX 77 V exeL,00 o4 t')O O~rLOI) 47 W007T71V WxpU$9 47 evETw/.LLTU, 4 7roj\voaapida 4 0 LT1~ 0J9'O 4) wpaOT?).V, To KaXXov w"pat-Os-, EVELN1V, EV1A~pq50O- KCaOcpaiL'(A 4 IC KOT17-7. Ko/LlAU?,- e7TTo5r Bloodthirsty, sanguinary. The vein; the artery. The pulse. The heart; hearty. The heart beats. The throbbings of the heart. The lung; the lungs. Inspiration, breathing. Panting. I'breathe. The gape, yawn. I gape, I yawn. The stomach. I digest; digestion. The bowels, the entrails. The liver; the spleen. The gall, bile. The spittle; phlegm. Expectoration; I spit. Sweat; I sweat. Transpiration, sweating,. The pores; porous. Sneezing; I sneeze. The tear; weeping. I cry; I shed tears. With tears in his eyes. The colour, complexion. The appearance, look. He looks well. He has the look of an actor (a theatrical air). Pallor; pale. Stoutness, fatness. Leanness; lean. Lank, thin. Large of stature. Beauty, loveliness; fair, beautiful, lovely; I beautify. Prettiness; pretty; delicate. Ugliness; maisshapen, ugly. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 167 4 c-popfila- UO7Lopkoo 4E7rLT7/?3ELoT/S' E'7rLT?'JEtor 71 EVKL J7TO' Ev iwL7/To 7) fPapu'rTqV' japvrT 75 hrX u', /1qCL7 pco, LaX o1 4, du8va/pa, a3vvarorv s'$ao-evcii o KOV3OT, 0 KaaaITro KcarairovorT, KcarcKoiroV, Kovpao-. f.LEWVOS Icara~rovo7, KoupaC~Ci 6 Virvo~p l'7rvaXEor5 vvorra'Cco KoLp&OIumL a~rOKOq/LCo/.at 3o-yXaXL'Co' 6' PoyXaXkttpo' adypVrrV&) a5 dpv7rVL'a E-'V7VV6), 7/7 eycpo-tv Gf0v7rvL'C(-w, iv7rvL'C(O,.4E$6vTTva 17 /ILLALK7), i7 71aVTOpILULia O 7r3av To /It/Io, 0 ULqAOV 67 Mopao7.dr vlray0o, 7r-q-yaLV(0) TPEOXW TO~.3/3rAa' 3a&lCco, f377/.aTL'CO It O f a L L ~ E Q ' ~ o KalgqpLat KaNrf.LJ'COV KcaOL'Cc Xa/,Erf O6'GLV, KaOqOI-aTe KE,.LaL, Vi. KolToJp aL K-EL LEi/OT KarTaK)Uvop~at 'Y-yL'rCCL o0r '-IE'LoL cL(T0,OjEl ta L' PqappaI~a' a-co,4 aT L K X a T T C,/I- a 17 tyLEta, VIIEa',/q UVLEPOs' /3Xa/3epo'r Deformity; deformed. Cleverness; clever. Dexterity; dexterous. Nimbleness; nimble. Heaviness; heavy, clumsy. Strength, vigour; vigorous. Feebleness; feeble; I grow feeble. Trouble; toil. Fatigued, toil worn, weary. I wear out, weary. Sleep; sleepy. I am sleepy. I sleep; fall asleep. I snore; snoring. I watch, lie awake; wakefulness,. I awake; awaking, rising. I waken, wake up. Mimicry, pantomime. The mimic, pantomimist. The (making a) face. I make a face. The posture. Walking, gait. I go; I run. The step; I walk, step. The position. I stand; upright. I sit; sitting. I sit down. Take a seat, sit down. I lie; lying. I recline. HTEALTH. -Diseases; medicines; bodiily,de~fects. Health; healthy. Wholesome; injurious. 168 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7 9~ov E Ter; IrT 'XEL 77' VylEL oaa r; 7r3~) Ev uplUTICEcT E; ev)~apto-7-w~, IToXv' KaXa' 07~7) OLKoYE'VE1a ALOV EWVE V'L7LI)E 7' d6LaOeuL'a, 77) KaKo~taOEo-L'a EL/la a6LaO 7-0, Kaito6L'Oeros 8E'v eT;iat rdoT(O KaXa'?7 ao-O'VIELa- (LcYBEV1)r, LlfXOoa-oy 6 do-O'EV7'.9 cPLXao0-OCVorT KaXEKTLKOE. ao-oev,~ 7KE(Pa(aXC6yla, 61 7roVOKE(')aXo., 6' Ke~baX67TovoSy 77 63ovraX yla, 6' d6ao1ro'rovov, 6' 7rov660ovro5 17, 8va7TE+)'La, 7, acrrE+Lda 8VcT`7rf7rT0os 7TcffXca~ &Pc-rF7TEaz,L EXC.) 0T701.LaXo7roLo11 TO KpvoXo'yq/lAa EKpvOX6'y77oa, CKpvc0c-a 7, o-vvadyXq 6 l8pdyXov To rp~lo-prko p't 6 Ka-rappor ad' alptoppog~ev $ELtvi. 4EpV w(oL o-7rao-)umo crraE7/AW0SIKOE. 7) E7rLX'71#La 7, a7roT-X7~L'a vrro aroTA774iavr IpoYI,3cXXkoALa ' zacXvoir, ') irapa,7rXr~'a- 7iapa. i7pOO-f3 oX17ITpEo 7) Epv~pLTrm, vi. 7)X~i How are you? How is your health? How do you find yourself? Thank you, very well. All my family are well. Indisposition. I am out of sorts, poorly. I am not so very well. Illness; ill, unwell. The patient. Weakly, ailing, delicate. I amn ill. Headache, pain in the head. Toothache. Indigestion, bad digestion. Indigestible, subject to indi. gestion. I suffer from indigestion. I have a stomach-ache. The cold. I have caught cold, taken cold. The cough; I cough. The cold; hoarseness. Rheumatism. A swelling, swelling. I swell. The cold in the head; piles. Sickness, Vomiting. I am sick, vomit. Spasms; spasmodic. Epilepsy, falling sickness. Apoplexy. I am stricken with apoplexy. Paralysis, palsy; paralytic. Fever; feverish. An attack of fever. Scarlet fever, scarlatina. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 169 TO E/43Xt0V' q43POXlatca) 6 ePoXLtac-po'r, 1 7T0&dypa- 7d pOpLtvl TO o aO/La 7 L/Xo'ywcTLs 7 7repLrrvevpiovLa 77 aVo-EVTEpla To F pLa7 acTOE'vIELa KOXX?7LKI 77 EML877,41a' fE7IrL~77MKosV 6 XoLMOL'~ 77 XoXpa' XOXEPLKO'T 4 i;rrvoaacn'aw 65 v7rvOI3aT77 77 avaL(70770'a, 77 YapvdrKn alvalOO7T-ov 6 7rvtyaX Lnw, 6 EL/Jo aXT77 4 XnOapyia 7 aluowrvvoia 77 alioppayla 7 KVKXO/OpL'a ro a.laros 4 aly/o'ppota 7T77 pLvo9,r Epv1vo-L rEXav, To' aveopor'pcopa TO XELFLET'rOv, 4 XLOVL'(P' 47 KV77LTL, r6 4V'o-LMOV 4 EJ~dpofJooYYL 4 T O M?), T 6 K 04JL/Lo 1 Fcorrro/LaL 47 ya-yypaiva 4 ~7rX?7i"' 1' Ov'Xi 4 7T,~cTL$ 7r'7T 6 XeLPOVpyov 6 iaarp O' EXEL rreXarElav rroXvaiptOpov 0 0'OvTovroTa7Op o'q5eaXptaTp0 0 c/apIaKo7rot0os To 4aPMuKJLOV Lymph; I inoculate. Vaccination, inoculation. Gout; inflammation of the joints. Consumption; consumptive. Asthma. Inflammation. Inflammation of the lungs. Dysentery. Miasma; contagious disease. The epidemic; epidemic. The plague, pestilence. Cholera; liable or leading to cholera. Dizziness; giddiness; I am dizzy, giddy. Somnambulism; the sonnambulist. Insensibility, torpor; insensible. Oppression, nightmare. Lethargy. Blood-spitting; bleeding. The circulation of the blood. Bleeding at the nose. Erysipelas. Chilblains. itching, the itch. Dislocation. Cutting, smarting, sharp pain in the bowels. I smart, have a pain in the bowels. Gangrene. The wound; the scar, scab. The fall; I fall. The surgeon. The doctor. He has a large practice. The dentist; eye-doctor. Bad eyes, ophthalmia. The druggist. The druggist's shop. 170 A GUIDE TO MODERN GRIEEK. 4 crvvrayiq T O ~ 1 J p ~ a ~ o 7 4 & T L V To 7i7Joc~XaKr&Ko'V /.10oV To EVcI (T KVV TO KaTa7ro'TtoJ 77 K VL 17 O/Aeforo/la- qJXef~oro/,Lo 77 a7lfava 4 pETaXel"PLOL19 7repL7Jotoviat aroTOEvT) V0GT7x'E1J(A), VO(TOK0oMCs) E7TUTKEIJ~roaL WToE&v? a'Ta juoat Tv covy~tk' 6a' T7p4077Te &almrav o 7T V OST' a yEL Vo 47 avappcooxrt9 avaXaifL3a'cd 4O~pU7TEla Oepalrfv'o3 d &3osV, 4 Scant, ~C$;) ~C(z CQojpo'EV 4 CQo77pOT17` O Ovaroy- al7roOV77cKGW VEKPOST 4aycoda, 47 +4vXoyaXia aWvarog' 4 d~avao-La FiJaKapt'T?7.7rflaT7p Tov 47 fuaKapiLrts 3ao-iXcto-aa Ta cTOarlOTKa' EAaTTw/Lara. Tvt4AOv 4 Tv7/A0T7-7s, vi. Tri4Xa 7V(PAOr. E'K Y7EVET?7V 'or 0a~Ipov irapa/3Xc J, vl. cX Xi5owpos' O o-rpa~taLOiLOv urrpa(3'Cca ptVCo4' 4,tIvwlria x o 7 7 C / J T 7 a'XaXosv, 4k/0cwopo, vi. pcovyyciT KWtadXaXo~v 'Exxo~v +('fXXL'Ca) 0a;\aKp0'sV 4 4aXaiKpa XoXcisv XcoXat'vco ' cX' The prescription. The medicine; the dose. The measure of precaution. The tonic. The pill; the powder. Bleeding; I bleed (transitive). The diet; the treatment. I treat a patient. I nurse, tend the sick. I visit a patient. I feel the pulse. Have you any appetite? You will take care what you eat (observe diet). The pain; 'ainful. Recovery; I recover. Cure, curing; I cure, heal. The life, ditto (vital principle); I live; living. Lively;liveliness, animation, vivacity. Death; I die; dead. Death struggle, last struggle. Mortal; mortality. Immortal; immortality. His late father (lit, blessed). The late queen. Bodily defects. Blind; blindness. Blind from birth. One-eyed; wall-eyed, with a cast in the eye. Squinting; I squint. Short-sighted; short-sightedness. Deaf; deafness. Dumb. Deaf and dumb. Stammering; I stammer. Bald; baldness. Lame; I am lame; lameness. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 171 avanqTpog' Kvcf0t, KVPr6V, VI. Kali- Maimed; bent, hump-backed. aptur7Ep O' Left-handed. d vaivvos. o' -ytyav The dwarf; the giant. 70 Tepave TEpaTC &) The monster; monstrous. viii. '1?VX. aa6aO,-cret E'evp-yELa& Ti7v '17xi+yXxqa aL 7TEvre agco-07)OELS9 7rapa~r7-?pro VI. KVT'ra'C(J oparo~v doparosv ELIlaL iUVCO4. /.LVCo4a ajSV~ TT 04PL 1n dKOn' aKoVco* danK0Vo-To0V dKP0(1'opma dKOvOariTe 7) oor~p?)cT- 0ocTc/pavo/laL, /lvpLioo,0pa'v~qTe or /1vp1470)Te av'To ZXIEL d7ro00padv i7 aofrp awrTo/.L, aia-odivo/lat 7 7E tvOL 7EVo/.La, E8OKt/.a'Ca) 7\XVKV'V 7) 'yXVKV'TT) 4eavd'8 7rLKp s' 7 7rLKpoT77)s', 7) 7rKpla 0z- 77'a ~e~i EOV'V) 7TcoLawq7), vi. Ekvir-vov Kap&a- EV'-KaiPl3LO TO XyLK 'Yt Xo'YLKo 7) LTVVEOLS 0-VVET49, 95b'pOV/op (PXva/,~, q)Xvap~o SOUL. Senses; activities of the mind; language. The soul. The five senses. Sight; I see. I observe, look at. Visible; invisible. I am short-sighted. Short-sighted, dim-sighted. I know him by sight. Hearing; I hear; unheard of. I listen. Hear me. Smell; I smell, I scent. Smell this flower. It has an odour. It smells nice; it stinks. Touch; I touch, feel. Taste; I taste, try. Sweet; sweetness. Sour, sharp; acidity. Bitter; bitterness. Wit; wittiness. Witty, spirited, clever. The heart; cordial. The reason; reasoning. The understanding; sensible. I talk rubbish, nonsense. 172 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. EX6) &Katov, A&KOV a7ratrci) tcavoiroiqrjcyi EWvE avoprL'a 6 PO.9 JOVV'EX7) IKa~aX?)1r&r. a'Ka-rA q?7rros o-av 7rapevo'?cra,~7rapamo)ULsV EVVOELTaL! VoEVOCO, voo KaraXapI3aJ/w 7-r aVTLXT)7IrTLKO'V 77 LKavofl)v- LKavo'.9 aPL'KavovC KaXokap8La,C teyaXo(vAmd i.&eyaXoc~vq' EWE av~ao-vs,' av7LXa/4~a'vcrat aV TKAixCOs?7 LeaE' o-Kelr~oIAat, oTtIXXo-yL'Co/LaL ' vaXo-'LdoVELpEVolat' TO 0Ove(tQo (pl. -ara) 8 v ~ Ev'p W ' a v'z i7r 0 0 CoT 7)LVE'aL L'8aVW O'V 17 L78aVtKO'T77v T-O L&LaVLKO'V o v I / La V ~ E z EX E T p T O O i avc17Tvco —w Trar L&E'av /10o,7 -y v (O p t, 7)' 8o~ao-t'a,C0LV/If300Xr)- 0YVpJ3OVxEVW o-vpiovXFv'o~iaL' TLva Tro (TV /If3O0LOJJ,7 ava~rro -o t, 6 a avao w i r oa7roxw, dvaXoy[Cfu 6 (TvXXoyLoT/L&OEg orvXXoyiCo/iaL o7 KPLcT&. KpLVCA) 6' 8LKaa-rT)E 6LKd'C.) 07 7rpo'Xo 1nr c0 8eLtaLt mio m'va 1) V7T090E0-LEV o'7rrodE'7C I am right, wrong. I have reason, cause. I demand satisfaction. Prudence, moderation. It is folly, nonsense. The mind; intelligent. Intelligible; )inintelligible. I mis ndlerp'tood you. The miid( toanding. Of coire (Itis understood)! I understand, I see, I comprehend. Power of apprehension. This is incomprehensible. The ability; able; incompetent. Humour, vivacity. Genius; possessed of genius. He is slow of apprehension; understands with difficulty. The idea. I consider, reflect; reason. I dream; the dream. I don't know what to suppose. Idea; ideal. Ideality; the ideal. He hasn't a notion of this. I develop (or unfold) my ideas. The opinion, view. I am of the opinion that - The advice; I advise. I consult some one. The council. The reconsideration, the reflection; I reconsider, reflect. The reflection; I reflect. The judgment; I judge. The j uryman; I try. The prejudice; the superstition. The supposition (also business); I suppose. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.13 173 EKa - ) 7 EFlKaorLa 7-, o-v/L7repacr/a, ro 7opmuaM crv/i~re paLVwO EK 7OVTOV f~eIatET Ort- rrapafl'p-qatY eEcopb) 6 7rapaw-qp?7T-nv 7rapar)p~o. t7 E~catpvTLI(07T7 IJLaKpL'VCO &aypi'opat 71 7re7ro -)ctv IE,3atos' IrfrfITELOE`VOS 71 a14tLOAL'a- ail4Pt/oaXX apbL'43Xo~v Jf3i~aiov p.avrreVC)6 To' ~a~vrEv,.La,' )avTao-ta' 47atvrao,.Lat 77 LVq117), TO ~L17/A01tKOV I conjecture; the conjecture. The inference; the conclusion. I infer. From this it follows thatThe remark; I regard. The observer. I observe, remark. Worth noting, noteworthy. The distinction. The exceptionality. I distinguish, am distinguished. Persuasion; I persuade. Persuasive; I dissuade. The certainty; the safety. The assurance; I assure. The conviction. Sure; persuaded. The doubt; I doubt. Doubtful; uncertain. I guess; the guess. The fancy; I fancy. Fanciful, fantastic. The memory; the reminder, power of memory. Memorable. From immemorial times. The remembrance. Forgetfulness; I forget; forgetful. Knowledge; acquaintance. Profound -knowledge[s]. An acquaintance of mine. Known; unknown. Wise; learned, cultured. Illiterate, unlearned. Quickness of wit; presence of mind. Ready (of resource). Dexterity; dexterous, awkward. Folly, stupidity. A fool, a dullard, a blockhead. Wisdom; wise, clever. cz~LO/.LVT)/.LOVEV709 c' a'tv'77/tV1E TOV Xp0'VCd7J 1) aVaMpflTtTL X1)/ O t T S E n y V C O P L /. L U X3a 077a yYWO Vt A dyvwo rovE hw-o ff q50tOT7)XO &YLOV O~ a8EvW3E410 9,.scpor v X$ i.KV aj to v~ o 46 174 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ro actooq/lka' 4c all'o61o-ts aia-Oaivo/iLat aLcTo?7TOr, 4?raurO,0 ro'V,EuaLio?)Trov 6va'o67rov 47 e ua rto l0qo-la 71 avO o lc~ KaX7)V, KaK?7' 8taO'O'eWS' 41 uirtOviia- 6' ro'Oog 1E'TLeV/iC0' f7rtOVJi)TOS'V EKOV'010r9 aKOv'TLOV' C qVTg5 doT/ievco)r9 ptEra Xapasv 0O'KO7T r, 7) rpo iE L IrPOKEL/IaL, 7ripoTLOE f, E)(,Ca (TK07T0v CGKaIKOVV O'KO7rOu i7 draeo d r~~ o y airo z T o' ' rp- i ~ a o cparraOiv '7ar ' /L O J OS M t OXOT)/7O cTV7YKWCO O-VYKEKLV%7L(VOS' 4' a'/oo4COGoc docoutwojuvosf 4) KcXLo-TL, 4 Ao~r' '8t aOeTov, 7rp00/OS'o 4I avrtr7aOELa 47 a7TocTrpo~f74 4 c)&a'a a?)7hq'v The feeling (thing felt); tile (power of) feeling. I feel; sensible, appreciable. Sensitive; insensible, senseless, insensate. Sensitiveness; insensibility. The disposition. Of a good, an evil disposition. The impression. The desire; the longing. I wish; desirable. The will; I will. Willing; unwilling; avolunteer. Gladly; with pleasure. The object, the purpose. I am going to, I propose, intend. He has evil intentions, means ill. The decision; I decide. The influence. The passion, impulse. Passionate; passionless. Indifference; indifferent. Love, affection; I love, like. He likes walking. Lover. Hatred; I hate. Hateful; villainous. Delicacy, luxuriousness; delicate. The emotion; touching, emotional. I move, touch; moved, touched, affected. Devotion; devoted. Inclination, bent, propensity. In good spirits, well-disposed, eager, ready. Dislike, disgust. Full of dislikes. Unpleasantness; unpleasant. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 175 o-LKXaLVoIpat, a~d7)&cL TL iP aEXVK~or6v ciiru'7p0ratog?e 5PIn 77d)yav/a'KT?70_1LV d7rOoPE~o/Lat e-vapeoT-ro 8vo-a'peoTosv 7)cLXa rAXLK0'., qJLXLOS' 7') 'ExOLK~EL'XOPL e0Kf~ou &cAXaynj, q' MaXXa4tv - &aXXao-oroj~at 77 Vnr X),rvJrox7r'ro/Ia a'6LO-V V'7TroA71frE&V`aEK7TLfI17rToS i7 KaTac/7pO7'V7)cL9' Karaq~povco d-E/a11LO.V, cTe/3yOs, 17 7r1Ep9(c0'q0ov)cL9 7rEp~qpOV/c*) 6' 0avpiao-/i6', Oav/l~adi Oavpa'o-tov', Oavp7aacTT'S 7) EK7i-X7)Lg_ Ka7-a~rX7KTLKQJ$ Ka~a7irXql)TTri EXT pT).a Oavp~Catw P-K" Anixos. OpyOLOL6vvi~ 7Ea 'Lr 7~ rapac/opa' E a7rrofiaL do/ap7ra'Copat 17~ Xa-roa- Pavia 6 KopOV, 6 Xopraa-pu t' &ao/opa', 7) &EYE$~L., 7) 0JXVIELK'a 7) Ep~ 7XoyoliXLcL qi)LX0VELKWF0 ePL'CC 7Tpo'S9 7-va O~LXO'VELKOV I am disgusted, I loathe a thing. Loathsome, abominable. Terror; indignation. I abhor. Pleasing; unpleasant. Favour; I favour. The favoured one (in. and f.). Friendship; friendly, kindly. The friend; dear one. Familiarization; I familiarize mysel f. Enmity; hostile, inimical. The enemy; foe. The reconcilement, reconciliation. I am reconciled. Reputation; I am reputed. Worthy of repute; invaluable. Contempt; I despise. Respect I respect, reverence. Venerable, august. The neglect; I neglect. Wonder, admiration; I wonder, admire. Wonderful, marvellous. Astonishment; astonishing. I astound, I am surprised; I marvel. Dumbfoundered. Wrath; wrathful. I am angry; quick-tempered. The fit of passion, fury. I fire up, I am carried away. Frenzy; madness. Raving, mad. Satiety, surfeit. The difference, feud, quarrel. Strife; war of words. I quarrel; I dispute with a man. Quarrelsome. Grief. 0 176 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. lrpo$Ev)0) XV'7r77V TroVro PIE EXVIT7)0aE rroX6 XvmroO/Lat 1E WvE a to Viriqro EME XV7T7)p6V OTrL7 OX tIJ Lr EOXtLuivo-v 7)8v(T~v/.Lta, 7 X vir7) 7nEpi'XVros Cp/~EXa-yXoXLa' p.EXay/Xo)ALKO5.9 i?, v~ro(ovplpa- V'7ro0O08pLaK0'sV 7 7atOLpOT7-qv' (aL~pos!g 77E VO L ), a T c E d 0 7 Xapa- EV"XapL5, 7rEPLXaLpq)E Tro,E'Xy7)rpov~, T(a BEXyrp-pa EvOov~v, 60ovo-LaaOLE'vosv 7 7)MoYv a' M~oma 7) a ar K E & 1 Y L (IL IIaqEIa(EL 60EXKT'LKOS., 61EX~Ka'paL0 Ka~raOE'X-70) KaO-a7yXao7-rov 7rotCo 7Tva 0 aiOpwrrov ov'ro. Ka0TJVq7)re 7raLyIVLOV/ 7O0) K0'O7'LOV (YKWATT(O), KaTayex C.) 7) daCTTELOT?7), 6 do-rTido-pL6, vl. 6 7 o[oap0oTq.9 aooIapo6v (T7rOV&aLLCOS 17 o-TEp $, 7/ EV aP T77)oLE'EvXapto'T7)MEVoSV' 0YT'EfP-Y( I cause grief. This (has) grieved me much. I am grieved, sorry. He is deserving of pity. It is sad thatAffliction; afflicted. Heaviness of heart, grief; sorrowful. The melancholy; melancholy. ilypochondriasis; hypochondriac. Joyfulness; joyful. Gladness; glad. I am gay, I amuse myself. I gladden. Joy; merry, jocund. The charm, the charms. Inspired, carried away. Pleasure; pleasures. Amusement, diversion. Amusements. Charming, captivating. I charm, captivate. Laughter; I laugh. I smile; the smile. Laughable; absurdity. I make a man ridiculous. This man has become a laug-hing-stock to the world. I make fun of a man, mock him. I scoff, laugh at. The fun, the joke, the jest. Gravity; grave. Seriously. Contentment, pleasure. Pleased, contented; I am content. Displeasure;I displease. Enjoyment; I enjoy. 7) avo-a~pf'KEtW 63va-apeo-T0) C a Xavo-L' a'iroXa' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 1 77 7 7T f~~7 7rFPLwoLt TLWOr9 7rcpt77OotoJLaL VOLO-KO/Ia) 7woXt'qpoz'rtsv aljppovTriv d4pFqtLvo.9 75 a&7/ovta 77 i~'o-avog- /3aa-aveL~(w 77 arv~orXa' dv75o-vXog dv 'Cq ' Ka ~oXv J( 77 7eTavXLa i7w7OVXO.V 75 helah-av0TLrV firavarravco b~oj3ovILal TL7'a at j\ELX v -7rEpL72j)o,3or9- jof~po'g 0 0 T p L C T P b E O. 757 dppL'Kq7 /P LK0al77, 4p LIKaXf'os 75 EKITX7715Lr, To' a7rpo(T(IOK?7T0V 77 a7TEX7ria-7TLO, 77l aIT'EX oL'a- a'7rEX7re.EtVE a7rEX,7rto-t'a a7rfX7Tt9 i7 E WL r E'X7TL'C*) '5 7rap773yopta- 7rapq-yopov 7wapa[4v r-ov, a np 7op77TOs 7) y )o-o-a 77 ataCIXEKTOV 6 X d y 5 XaX 6~, 6ptXco 7rp0'r TLVaI - 7 aOV VlIAX L ra O-VV 'lw X yoI Attention. Attentive; I attend to. I tend, nurse. I provide; I care for. Full of care; thoughtless, free from care. Expectation; I expect, await. Bewilderment. Torture; I torment. Uneasiness; restless, uneasy. I am quiet; I quiet. I am disturbed, restless. Tranquillity; tranquil. Excitement; excited. Rest; I soothe, lull to rest. Fear; I fear. I am afraid of any one. Fearful; timid; dreadful. Terror; tremendous. I frighten, alarm. Fright; frightful, dreadful. Astonishment, the unexpected. (ness). Despair, desperation; I despair. It is a desperate case. Despairing. Hope; I hope. Of good hope, hopeful. Comfort; comforter. Inconsolable, disconsolate. Lan~ua-e. The dialect. The word. The speech. I talk, speak to any one. The expression. In a, word, in one word. The conversation; I converse. The conference; I confer. N 178 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. (/AvapE&' i ~/Avapl'a ~Xv'apov oeo/la~ct oeofpa~oftaL, KaXOuzatr To 7TpOG()PVVjIL V' TO' voe /a- iai E'7 T'VVFLOV To opyavov- 7 1 O/LLXEiLTE 8vvaTC0-E[jja o-Lya o/LLXJ7-TE 77 rO t O7r71, 77 0-0y?7 OLM x7TS-7p0, EYL (,)U-LCOtf&r) 71EP(OM1019 f1PG)o7) 71Tcpt TLYOv 7ra~paKAoG) 7rEpL' TLV09 7rp~ooCyopEVo-Lg ai~fW (C) l'vayopEl)~ Ev c~ Pco a X y co Eel7Xog, (Opa-yXatXc 4icov 771 E[J)Tq70Lr l 7ra~pa'iX 77 -tT g LKETE CO E$OpL~ 7 va4opa' 4)aYoKp)L0TLV, 77 az7raVT?7c7Lv 677rOKpLYO/LO, alraVT6) 7lia7rpany[LaT1El'o/Iat 77 a71pay/Aa'TEVO-Lr 7,1 30117y77wLr, 77 a /A-y?7o-iv 77EvJ7~paO7EI, 771 E'V1/XICSTTL'a cvc/)pa'ApE-crl IKat KaKt'at 7rpnTEpi77/aTa KaLL iXU7-Tw 71 (ifET77 EeapeTo.9 77 KUK a, To E aTrcoJ4a I talk nonsense; -nonsense; a babbler. I cafll; I summon. I name; I am named, called. The Christian name; the name; the surname. The organ; the voice. Speak louder. Speak softly. Silence; silent, taciturn. I hold my peace, am silent. The question. I ask about something. I make a request. The address. I name; I proclaim. I deliver a speech. A sonorous, a hoarse voice. The question; the request. I beseech; conjure. I swear, tak-e an oath. The reference, mention, appeal. The answer, reply. I answer, reply. He repeated. I negotiate; the negotiation. The narrative, the recital. I recount, narrate. The eloquence; eloquent. -X. -VIRTUES AND -VICES. Advantages and defects. Virtue; virtuous. The vice, the defect. A GUILDE TO MIODERN GREEK. 1 79 r6 1rpoTr1pj/p1, TO TrpocJ-OJ T( ExaTTG7Jya I' E'X\Et4/L9, TO' o-~dX/La 7r 6 dVtK ), 7O?)9L OT7) a 7)0L 0'T1K aVq0 K. 7T0 KaO&7KOV, To P'1 EKTrEX7O) Ta KaO,'Korra' /Lov EK7TX7Pj07 TO' XPiEg /fOV 7rapajcXC5 Ta' Xpi7) ILov To vWro EyL,6 vrroypay/_i6.9 7' (Lyao'O7)r9,) K7Xo)OrV7VJ7 TO0 aya0o'V KaXOrv 41LX0orfp0V' IE4/IEVJ7)9' 1E1VOiKO's 7) EMrELKEta' EITECK7)r 7)KaK'a, 7) /IOX07)Pt'a* KaLKo' XL~"')P0'. Ka7KEVTPEFXq)V To KaKOJ' EVTOKT09 (LTaKTov eV'8lap~jut0, oVru-tavo'! i7 O 6ivota 7 txovota 7) E7)Ep'yEora' 6 eV'pyET7)r9 7)Ev7iroLia EXEq)/J/Jv, E7J')FpyETtK0s9 6 KaKOOpyo' TO' KaKovp-y?))ia 6 OLK T0.9 OLKT' LG7) 0YvIL7ra0O)r EVoT7rXa-y~vog TOE'Eog' aVLXE7)S9' oiK'rpo', EXEIEW679 7 E O - E 3 E 1 E V E 1 3 )r, O p T )I K O V 7) TKX?7)pOTq7) 0-KX77P6O9, 0-0X7)pOL Kap~5or 7) Y1EvvaJoLOvXL'a 1E77Jvat0O4vXo9 7) )IeyaXo4/vXt'a' pFLaXO'4vXog 7) (ptXo$Evt'a' 4uo'dEvov - 7) U(Pt~Xo~cvia- a~jlXt~O' Evos The advantage, the attribute, qualification. The defect, drawback. The want, the fault,. Moral (virtue), morality; moral. The immoral, immorality; immoral. Morals. The duty, the obligation. I perform my duties. I fulfil my obligatioa. I neglect mly obligations. The pattern, model. Goodness, kindness. The good; good. Good. Kind; kindly; favourable. Equity; fair, equitable. Wickedness, depravity; bad. Depraved, villainous. The evil. Orderly; disorderly. Worthless, good-for-nothing. Agreement; disagreement. The benefit; the benefactor. Beneficence; compassionate, beneficent. The evil-doer; the crime. Pity; pitiful, compassionate, mercif ul. Mercy; merciless; pi-teous, wretched. Piety; pious, religious. Impiety; impious. Severity, harshness; harsh, hardhearted. Generosity; generous. Magnanimity; magnanimous. Hospitality; hospitable. Want of hospitality; inhospitable. N 2 180 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7 Ev-yvco/iooTvv7 7) Xaptv a y Y ) / C O, a X a c T r 0rag9 EYV(0/G'0V(Od iC 'XtKpL'VEa' ELXWIpU'V) 17 wTp ocrw objo-tr 7rp oo-7r0L TT0. 7) V WO0KpL(7LV, 7) V7rOKptcLW''c L V7TOK 7LT7n' I A L LX E i T E c X 7 O g 6' Xcog- Xav~davo,4aL, Xav~advca 7C(TVK07~av7-ta, i') 8&afoX' 8&a/3XXco, O-VKo7?JaVITCO 7TVKoc0a'V7nv 7) Karn)yopta, 71 KaKoXOy/LWa KaKoXoyco b1 EXE/ivOW E'XEbLUvOov 77 da6aKptrL'a a'8a'KpLTOV 717TEpLEpyIta, 77 TrEpt7ep7eta' 1E9L7-0~70 ELVE 7rEPL'EpyoV 71 af3poopoau'qi a4Jo P6po'v 7) E/17rt(TTocTVV7) EfIIIUTEvo/at 6 E/1777TMLLTEVJLE7'ogEE'/17TLtTE7VTLK0O, 7) 8V cr7rLOcrT'a - VO7T O T O9 7/ EUMrUTLa' Et)7TLOT70 7) alJLO7'tTa aWLOrov 7) 7r~to-7tg 7rt0LQT0' 7] 6Wio~a, ic7 L6ro'vota KaXV7ro7rTTOE V7rO7TT0.V 7'1 ~7)Xorvm'a ~77XdrTWrOV 6 a'vT t7r a Xov 6 4Podvog- qjioovepor r/Ao0Vco IE'V 7?/100VCL) T7)V EVTL7VXtav roy 7) 83E~o-L~at1povL'a 6Eoflaqiallw 7' cT7%LVOT77.9, 7) K00T/A~t J7q. Gratitude; the favour. Ungrateful; thankless. I am grateful to you. Thanklessness; ingratitude. Sincerity;sincere. Pretence; pretended. I pretend. Hypocrisy; hypocrite. Falsehood, lie; liar. Truth; true. Are you speaking the truth? Craftiness; crafty. The mistake; I am mistaken, wrong. Slander, calumny. I accuse, slander; a slanderer. Accusation, evil-speaking; I defame. Taciturnity; taciturn. Indiscretion; indiscreet. Curiosity; curious. This is curious. Delicacy; delicate, tender. Confidence; I confide. The confidant; confidential. Distrust; distrustful. Trustf ulness, credulity; credulous. Faithlessness, infidelity; incredulous, infidel, faithless. Faith, troth; faithful. Suspicion, misgiving. Distrusted, suspected. I suspect some one. Jealousy; jealous. The rival, antagonist. Envy; envious; I envy. I do not grudge him his luck. Superstition; superstitious. ra ty, propriety A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 181 O-EfL7)OS, KocOYutog,7 c10X(77L0oTv77, 71 arpE~reta a(TE11V09, ao(X7llov 77 TaWELVOjpoo-vvq7 Ta7IEv~c/pcovl 77 MLKP07rPEiTELa 77 Xap'~P~rf~ -LLtKP0TPE?7r~-, Xajiep77rg 77 a'6torrpE'nr~a- atorrpe7rqrr Tro va7Nt~ore7TpE'.-E d'a~to7rpE7r77g 77 ayavaKT77O0-L. 77 dvatcY7Xvvria, 7'7 avat'8eta avaLiqs,, va'o-Xvvrov 77 (V OT0X77 77 8ELX 'a 0ELXO 77 7OX-0 TOXL77pog, pL*OKL'V83VV0, 77a (p O 0i7 t oa, A c ~ o 7 OpaoiJT77rq OpacrU"9 Tro N71poq- OappaXEo0r Ev~appi'vco& 7' E'vO~uppvVo-L airo67appvvco- scj 0w06o7UppvJv0-L 77 avav~3pt'a alivav~pog 77 av3pet'a, 77 -YE7vat0oT77 dv~lpEio., yEvva~ov 77 o-TepEOT777S' aTTEpEorV 7 d" vvapi'a' ae8 uvuT or E'6ao-OEvcs7, C'~ao-Oev7NCa) 7 L(Tx7 4TXV P()V ivtoX7V'(A, Ev7Svv~ap0ov&, 77 E7TLELKEta- E1TLIEWK?7 77 avo-T77poT77r a7JOT77pOV 77 aVYEKT-LKOT?77S a7'EKT-LKO" a E~opicu l~roiiEVc, v7rO(j7EP o aVEKTor9 cff/6'p77Trov, azvvir64opos' 7c/JLAavOpco7rLWa O~d'v~pQwro. 77 dii-avOporn'a- chnd'vpcoorov 7 3apf3apo'"g-r Ola'p/3apov' 77 TKX77P0T77V' G-KX77porg Grave, proper, decent. Impropriety, indecency. Im~proper, indecent. Humility; humble. Humiliation. LMeanness; grovelling. Mean; grovelling. Seemiliness; seemly. Unseemliness; unseemly. Indignation. Shamelessness, audacity. Audacious, shameless. Embarrassment, timidity; timid. Daring. Bold, rash, daring. Fearlessness. Intrepid, fearless. Rashness; rash. Courage; courageous. I encourage; encouragement. I discourage; discouragement. Cowardice; cowardly. Bravery, valour. Brave, valorous. Firmness; firm. Powerlessness; powerless, weak. I weaken. Strength; strong. I strengthen, fortify. Fairness; fair. Austerity; austere. Tolerance; tolerant. I endure, bear, suffer. Bearable; unendurable, insufferable. Philanthropy; benevolent, humnane. Inhumanity; inhuman. Barbarity; barbarous. Severity; severe. 182 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 75 a dypom aypt f7rapn~aot'a-t 7rapaf37ac-TT77 7rapafta'Co) i5 Cq'M0T77S C7/LO9 11 7rpaoT77r' 7rpaos (7rpaEia, fern.) KaTawrpavPvo 75XE7rToT7rq.9 XE7Trm.v 77 EvyEvJEaa evyevqv7 75 a'yEvEta a~roXLTEfV7-o., ayE7/77g 77) dYJOWLa'c (7)7(70tKm.' 'O favavo-Or777v f3aavo-ov E'XXEL+/L.9 dywy77v, a'7rat85EvoTL'a dwrai'Ev or a7aycoyov, KaLKoavaCOpEII~E'vo'q 75 yaywi/7, 77 caaT-pooJ 77 Ev17rpo-7'yopLa- ev'7rpooT77yopov To a$LEpaWTTov, TO6 a$ a~y 7W 7Tov ipacr/ILm.,- a$tE~pao70,r, d~taya'"7Tov 77 KoXaKf'a' Ko'Xa$ KoXaK1EVTtKO'9 77 TL7LLO79r TtliLOv 77 d7ra7T77 a'raT-77X'9 6, 77 a a E & 7v - '7r a -,co 77 T V J E 7 7 7 K T O T V E L m EV O VW E L - 77T VE377T 7 0VVL0'' E 'EV(TVVELF3T8'C0)9 17 TV4NK70 TO (TV)EL&TO( 77 OVV7)E 197TL ILE TVITTEfL 77 /L c/ EX ELa, 77 tL ~ eo a IETa'M a ocoE TL 47epco, E7'&acfE'pco 177 18toTEXELaC L73LoTEXq)g EV)~ate'po/LaL 7Tept TtvoLg 751 4XaVTL'a' 0IJXaVTm. Savagery; savage. Vehemence; vehement. Violation; violator. I violate. Cruelty; cruel, Gentleness; gentle. I soothe, appease. Subtlety; fine, subtle. Nobility; noble. Baseness; low birth. Impolite, ungentle. Boorishness; boorish. Vulgarity; vulgar. Want of breeding; want of education. Uneducated; ill-bred. Breeding; bringing-up. Affability; affable. Amiability, lovableness. Lovable, amiable. Flattery; a flatterer. Flattering (adj.). Honesty; honest. Goodness; good. Deception; deceptive. The deceiver; I deceive. Conscience, consciousness; conscientious. Conscientiously. The pricking of the conscience. My conscience pricks or smites me. Repentance, penitence; I repent of anything. The difference; the interest; differing; interesting. Self-interest; interested. I am interested in anything. Selfishness; selfish. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEIC. 18311 6 E-IOLO-11W9 E7C TOi7 17 7irXEove~'a- 7WXEoE'EKT77 17 rLXoKE'pauaW l?/LXoK1Fpdqrg ~q~tXaopyvp'a- 0Aa'iyvpoo 77 71EvvaoL&O)pLi' yEYvatoelcopo; 77 a0(oTLaL (10T6)7O awraV&3), Ka~avaXUT-K(0, E OlV co 7' awra'v7, 7-a E'o~a 77 otKovJopta- OLKOJJOJIOS OLKOVOJIL&) 77 a'0 p) /3Eq a a p /3 7r0 9 p /3 S 77KaO6apo'TqS7 KaOapo'g 77 E Otfto va $['a, EOLt/Lo7roEW7rq. 77 ev7rpEmrEaW EV'7rpErrl'.V d7-aoma'o (11TO7IO 77 PLE7pLOt7rq IIErptos! 77 /ierp a cTtv /1LE7,0tCac 7j ai77cfaytl, 7c yao-7-p/l)apyLWar Xac. ~L pLa 7 XLXVIE' Xat'wLpyo, /ci~dyog. XLdxvor 65 oayag' 6 Xi'xVioV Tro Xi~VEvpac 2 7 / E 0 7 7 o j i o o 77 /IEOVOvr 1iEovOOg, olvof~api (LraK~Tor, aaVacrvavo 77 Ka6OatoT77!~_ KaOapo'!g 77 aKa~apooL'a- a'Kd~ap-rov i7 PvwrapoT7rqg 'v7rapo9 77 a /I X E a a/ E X 7 Conceit; conceited. Zeal. Avarice; avaricious. Greed; greedy of gain. The love of money; moneyloving. Generosity; generous, liberal. Loose-living; loose-lived, "fast." I spend, I expend, I lay out. Expenditure, outlay, expenses. Domestic management, saving; a manager, saver. I save. I hoard. Accuracy; accurate; dear (i. e. "beloved" and expensive). Innocence; innocent. Cleanliness; clean. Steadiness; steady, moral. Seemliness; seemly. Absurdity; absurd. Moderation; moderate..Moderation (as a process); moderate. Greediness, gluttony; gourmnandizing; daintiness. Greedy, gluttonous; dainty. The glutton; the gourmand. The tit-bit, gourmet. Luxury; luxurious. Drunkenness; drunken. Getting drunk; drunkard, tipsy manl. Order; disorder. An orderly, regular man. A disorderly, unsteady man. Cleanliness; cleanly. Uncleanness; unclean. Dirtiness; dirty. Negligence; negligent. 184 A GUIDE TO MODERN GRE:EK. 17E7Tt/jLEXEta E77LtIeX?7r Ot Xo7-OVia. (~tXO'7rVOV 17 OKVlqptau OKVl~f6u 1c lpao-T77pt0oT?7 8paJmOTTptors, E'Vfp-Y7tK0Or a~ py a- aepyogr apydr 77 awrpa~tla i dpyi'a 6, ~iXog i7 a,/pv~rvta u ypv~rrVor 17 7rpO(OX~77 7TpO00TEKrtKU&' KaOWtTa1) TLi'a 1TPO0TEKT-LKOV 77 a ~po(TF$L'a aCLW9pOrJ4KTO59 IC p1 c E X C 1 L' 7 17 LaO-Ki3ao-LV 6L&a(TKEMa~t T~va 17 ao-vvEo-La, 17 a71-EP(t0KE*L'a ac-vV'ETOV, a7TfpLt0Kf7rTO0, 77 a~poiiouXia,,' dlrpovo17o-ia cL7rpo,~ovXEvTOsV' 71rpOYO7TLKVOV Xapij3aivuo 7Tpolvo1TLKa' pio-a 17 q~Iwt7o-tv 1 O-,a Oep u(l7r?, 1'7 E1Jo-a'O ELa or7aOypor, EL'o-7aOI-q 17 aofTao-ta' clof~a70o 17 KapTEPLaW KapTEpLKoV 71 u7r0/LO0)17 V~rO/LoV7'17TK0V i7 avvwrojovnouta' avviropiovosV 17 VITEOEta EV57retO7JE 17 a w~ dEt' et -a ' O WEt OI7 77 7TEto-/iov T( 7T 1(,LT t? 77 KicXov0La, 4j o-vyIne~a Diligence; diligent. Industry; industrious. Laziness; lazy. Activity. Active, energetic. Idleness; idle; slow. Inactivity; idleness. Zeal, ardour. Liveliness; lively. Watchfulness; watchful, wakeful. Attention; attentive. I call a man's attention (mnake him attentive). Inattention; inattentive. I attend to a thing. Absent-mindedness; absent(minded), abstracted. Diversion; I divert, amuse any one. 'Want of intelligence, want of caution. Senseless, uncircumnspect, hasty. Want of forethought, imiprovidence. Improvident; provident. I take precautionary measures. Prudence. Prudent. Steadfastness, stability. Steadfast, stable. Inconstancy; inconstant. Perseverance; persistent. Patience; patient. Impatience; impatient. Obedience; obedient. Disobedience; disobedient. Bad behaviour; unmannerly. Obstinacy; obstinate. Spite; spiteful. Consequence, result. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 185j 7rpog 7rELO7/.La TLVOV KaM7').fL aKOXOVOOE, O-VVE7r' avaoXlov9or, '-VVE7 77 avaKoOVOta, 71' aovvE'reta 'A~p-qfva. VEvvoLaL ye7'LKaL` Xi~pogXP bll ara K. T. X. 77 virap~w v7rrappXa a OW/V 77 3 0vlaW OVOL`a)873E 0V(Tt(,)Usg ro wrpaypa 77 KaraoraT-tLv 77' 9E(TL Et/lat US' KaaTao-Taotv or NOELl Ca 7rpca;6 TL 77 7rpay/SaTLKoT7T79 7rpay-//aTLKo'S E7TaX?)OEV(' 77 O4,tv, 77 e/.L(/aiv La- adva/alvolsat Kara ra ~aLlnoseva 77 e/Ja't-LvE, 77 7rapovofta XOE,.v &V E',~aivq 70070 70 OL,3Xtov fE O?) E, 'AOq'vatv OaL'VE~at Eav EVKPLv77TE a7To 4 7rt0av007-v7r t 2av0'V 7rapa&EKT69 77 OhLOLOTl7g 0/0olo0 ' 8vvar 'P- avvard ro avdarovt &Waro g TO e a& YUTvar op 4 1lvva/1Lrv Uivaiu& 8vvaT0'., "lXvpoST aVTLKEL/LEJoVY I do a thing to spite anly one, or in spite of him. Consequent, consistent. Inconsequent, inconsistent. Inconsequence, inconsistency. X. ABSTRACTIONS. General notions; space; colo urs, C~c. Existence; I exist. Being; essence; essential. Essentially. The thing. The condition; the situation. I am in a position to do anything,. Actuality; actual. I verify. The look, the appearance; appear, arise. According to appearances. The appearance, the presence. He was not seen yesterday. V This book was published (appeared) in Athens. It seems. If you approve it. Probability; probable. Acceptable. Similarity, likeness; like. I resemble (seem like, seem likely). The possible; possible (strong). The impossible; impossible (weak). It is impossible. Power; I can. Powerful, strong. Object. 186 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. t1 7plrErt~r700-t 770rcijtL 77 7wEpt0-a7aLrg 77 Ej Katplt av, ro a - T~LEIKE, 7 To aTv,4 VCLE qK 'V, TO U'~3/ ~ r, TO o-v1c13aL' nr o-vvs/77; T O av o-T7J 77 M 77 rVX?7, 77 0YvvTVXLa 8CKV3Ev(, 7t 6 Kl7NVVOV, 7TO KLtV&V'V/Ia &tarpEXo.) Kl7J6VVOV 77 7VXq' TVXaL9O Kara Tvrq7v,j EvTv~la' EVTVX77i 77 E7TLrvqla tj Evliar~jLovlc~ EIJGalLFOv 7j orvplopci 6 K~lviivo~ EW~LKlVIIVOr 7j a7)ayK77 avay~aor 77 XpEva XPta' b6r X L 77 E'XXELXJ/1r. E"XXE~l4'lr TLVOi' E"XO/EV E2'AEn/t~LV XP~;~ 7 acj8oiita 1kQ~Oovor 8aXc chf)oo da a/ 7j;n-Va'A00pa' O 77 7rEvlO, 77 7rT(oXLa ir;i'77, irTW0XO 7K E7) VELa ~ EVtE tV O 6 whOo7roW irXOVoioj ij aOBa o77q a O\tog KaT7 7L'T77 ITEV EXEE L V t 7t) d~;ovia j 10ovog 77 677opta' E '7ropo 7b 7ro v ta,7 7rrT~ 1010' IE q,77 ) TO7/IE8O~a77 EL8pLS' TO dKAo/L/w, 77 /lxpo Case; case (in grammar). The circumstance; the occasion. The event, the occurrence. It happens, occurs. What has happened? The misfortune. The fortune, the coincidence. I hazard, chance a thing. The danger, the risk. I run a risk. Fortune, chance; chance (adj.). By chance. Luck. Good luck; happy. Misfortune; unlucky. Success. Happiness; happy. Calamity. Danger; dangerous. Necessity; necessary. Need; I need something. Lack; lack of something. We are short of money. Plenty; plentiful. I have plenty. Easy circumstances; well off. Penury, poverty; needy, poor. Want; in want. Wealth; wealthy. I enrich; I am rich. Misery; miserable. He has become miserable. Succour. The term, limit, condition. quality. Quantity. The whole, the sum total. The part; the portion, share. The party, side. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 187 TO /.l7'ptltOV TO 7TELCiXLOV T o r6PLEX0IIEVOV' WrEptEX(* 'ro a-Xqp-a' aX7Xqpa7t~r 77 ~UOP~~k L Pa';4,j /in~p~jv~7 io p c/J dv uLO 75 EntqPaiEna' "7htLw6Xatov. qdpcip 7i EoapPtv aipXopata, dpXi~ TO TEXOEg 7EXELOVCO, 7TEpaOTov) TrO UKPOy' (aKPOE TrO /ILETOY ElV TO llE(YC0) JLETpLOV EWE /-E~pLOV av~ao-Tq77aao KaT-a pio-op o0pol TO KEYTPOV- KEVTPLKO.V 77 7TEpl4EpEaa 77 oVIvEXELa, 77 E'aKOXoOV'77oL E'taKOXOVAco 6$7K 0X0 GEq0 -77 dKOXovOta- a"KOXOVO&) 77 EWGv UXq7 t//lr E'7rav a /L/3'Vo l Ta7077 TO, EOJIAOV 7 'lTOEta- ovvr'10qhjr 77 XP77'19- fLETaXEtpL1 aL?I KaT-XP7'q0-1. KaraXpCoI4aL 77 IILOr~oy7 &&i 6Larayay' 7j etaLEr TUKTLK0. EKTaKTOE 7t CXXd0V T-o aXOKOTOV dXXoK0oTO, 7rapal6EOE eivovr dXXo~3awrog 77 AXXay71, 7 /En-aIOX) a1XXacoTc, /E1TaJ3LIXxco 77 /IETaXXay77 EVLET6/Xq7TO.V a/1E~a/3XXq7TO9 7' 8atapopai &W/a7(oposv The particle. The bit, piece. The content(s); I contain. The form; I form. The shape; I shape. The surface; superficial. The beginning, commencement. I begin; commence. A beginner. The end; I end, finish. The extreme, tip, point, corner; extreme. The middle; in the midst. Moderate. He is of middle stature. On an average, taking the mean. The centre; central. The circumference. The continuity, connexion, the continuation. I continue. He continued. The consequence; I follow. The repetition; I repeat. Morals; morality. Habit, custom; usual. The use; I use, employ. The abuse; I abuse. The order. I give order(s). Order; regular. Irregular, disorderly. Originality. Original, strange, peculiar. Strange; foreign. Change, alteration. I change, alter. The transformation. Changeable; unchangeable. Difference; different. 188 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 8LaJpo) TOVTO &8a4E'PEL V X(OPLO[aqElOk XG)P0) 7 EVCOcTLr EVO'VW, oVZ'VEVEOY 7/Lo a oq iv q 'i3atorq 17 KavoVLKOTT)S' KavoVLKOd 6 Kavwzf KavovLia),j camla WA 'a laXor 7' E'~at'P'PEEc KaT- E$O1pfE7TLV To Trupa6ELyya- rrapa6E~ty/aTLK' 7rapa6iy/.kaTo! Xaplv - 7T. X. iva avaEppo 'v vrapaE'Lyka TO' 8iJ/E~L7a,, TO7roiELy/ti 77 d~TO~l~tnJo-tv C ptI.ovlAtat 7atdi~ o v~~W /L/ /a aA I LT)T7. or T o VTqYpa~Oov daVTLypaea) 7' EOEV/JPE(TLV E V/LE'PLKa 7 77EXELT7'TqV 7TXE10L 7 aTEXEUL a TEX?) TEXELO7TOL&j 77,LEJ7PL07-lqr /LETP1O. 1EL TOP vI +LCTOV or Virfp7a7ov IOaOftL'v 77 TV-yKpO-1.V O vy(TplECO, 7rrapac3LXX 7rafaf3Xn7rOL' ~rrapal,3X7Tov tL7L TpO1).,XETLK09 07PC;7r0V OL TP07rOL i7 aUpX7' dEXLK0r To 7wrPcOTOVroV' 7TP6)0T VU TCor 6 -KOV7FOL TO 0XE6 LOP EMTL 1F76EV, (TKOM'l/LO v 77 aUTS7, To aOLTIO I differ. This differs. The agreement. Agreeably to. Separation; I separate (trans.). Union; I unite, I join together. Reciprocity. Reciprocal. Normality; normal. The standard; I regulate. Anomaly; abnormal. The exception; as an exception. The example; exemplary. For example, for instance. To quote an instance. The sample, the pattern. The imitation; I imitate. Inimitable. The copy; I copy. The invention; I invent. The perfection; perfect, complete. Imperfection; imperfect. I perfect. Moderation; moderate. The degree. In the highest degree. The comparison; I compare, liken. Comparable; incomparable. Relatioii; relative. The reference. The manner. In what manner? The manners. The beginning; initial. The original; original. The aim; the plan. On purpose, intentionally. The cause, the reason. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 189 7rp+VE~~O 7-t 6 Xdyog, 7; aiTria TO U7ToTEXEa-pa TO o vXEILOZ Muov Evavay 77cTE 77 7i-P6OaOfLV 77 7rFpLo-rcra, 7) EvKaLpla 77 &1KLfL1 '7 TrELpa 7rf7rELpa/E~uYvov aS'pooo EL7rFtLpo r 7FoXVI7fELpOS 7; aw o6&Et( g aWO 86ELKVv TO IlE(TOV' 0 0KO WO5'. Ka-op00voO0 TOl (ITK0O7TOY /LOV?; doXo~ca e'vao-XoXov/aat elt. 7 EV77cTXOX?77/JEllO 77 ipyao-la epydloaia& 7 Trpio7 a aO 7ELa rpoo-7raTiO6 7; C4 XEL, TO' 0 eXO'. CdlEEXJIOE q av OX~07; w~aEco 7; 'ij1qida' C77LLtO7J i7 ad7roq,7/L4icrLEa a7rOCq7lL) 68v C,4)EXEL OGU3EV TO C'1 08 tov E 'O l3 CO), KOJXVO.) 7; EV6XXq77ILV C7/OXXCO /P'7r()Wo 0Crdr yVOXXGj; /L777ro);E ua Vr~VyJIce pqL fvOXX~ELo-0, /AL77 TUpaT7TEoOe a taKOV ttT( 6WaKO'7rT a& fLaKor7a' i) TapaX(7 6, 06pvIog 6E7TooLvO elaaiTvLI d&LC7ratvov I cause anything. The ground, reason, cause. The result. My plan is shipwreclied. The, proposal. The circumstance; opportunity. The trial. The attempt, experience. A tried, experienced man. Experienced; of great experience. The proof; I prove. The means; the end. I succeed in my object. Employment; I am busy in anything. Engaged, busy. Business; I work. The attempt, endeavour; I try. The benefit, the gain; beneficial. Useless; I benefit. The injury; I injure. The damage; I damage. Indemnity; I indemnify: compensation; I compensate. It's no good, avails naught. Advantageous; injurious. Harmful. The hindrance;-I hinder, prevent. The annoyance; I annoy. I hope I don't annoy you. I trust I don't disturb you. Don't disturb yourself, don't be alarmed. The interruption; I interrupt. The holidays. The disturbance; the noise. The praise; I praise; praiseworthy. Fame; I am talked about. Famous; I blaze abroad. 7 ep?pLo77 ~77/LL~OwLkt 7r~p0/flppos' P77ML;S 190 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7r6pLWVVUtqlor 6vo/.Lao-7Tov. 7TEpt/3o'qro5- &aI3O7To 77 Xaiwp, n-7rp1'r v Xacl7-co XaynrpVdie 75,uryaXowrpE'rrta- VEyaXo7rpew7rqS! 17 7ro/1Trri 7TO/t7T&()8q7C 'E'a'pIE709, E'~alcftorv 75 7Port/1q7TL.9 7FP07thjI) TOVTO ETVE TrpOTLILOTEpOV 77 o-7ravtOT7Ejv O7Tavtov 6 pto-p-r g pi~O) 77 arr6ao-tg- 6woc/ao-Li~c* 71 avaKOtVC0OTLE9 KOLvo7rtOLC 17 7rpoo-oopa& 7rpoo4OE'pco 77 7wapa~oX75 7rapu&Xo~at 75 a7T7 TOw L7)TtV' a7r071-0L 7/iat Tra o-vy~apip-qpta' ovyXatpco 75 6o&Xo'r V'ro6ExoIat 77 V7TO0OXE0Tt9' v'7-0XVOUILat, V"r'OXoLaE'wayy X ~opat 77 a7ray0pEvo7t9E awn7raopEtVO 75 7irpwraut- TrpoT-EL'VC) 757TLEo-tv 7rtE () 75 KaraUtFLEOLtE Ka~a7rt E~Co 77 a7rEEvOE'pGcotgE aI7rEXEvOFpoVCa) 757 EXEvOFpLa- EXEv'Oepov 75 aovX~ta 8ovXEV'W Vlr77pETCO 75 Lto0 OT7E Og E~L(T&)j 75 mvtTJEo-LaI, 75 EK6OV'XEV(TLSY TrO KEP o t ~pO VCA) w;opL'o~~ia T-OV 'I'PTOV /I.OV 6 Xoyaptao-lim'e &&co XOyoV' v~rfv67vv~EVOV C0V77n 75 EKTao7-LE EKTEVT7E, EKTeTa/LE7OE. TO /l77KOV /iaKpoV f7TL/.L77KVVCA) Illustrious; noteworthy. Celebrated; -notorious. Splendour; I shine; brilliant. Mlagnificence; magnificent. The display; showy,, pomnpous. Exceptional, extraordinary. The preference; I prefer. This is preferable. Rarity; rare. The definition; I define. The resolution; I resolve. The announcement; I announce. The offer; I offer. The acceptance; I accept. The refusal; I refuse. Congratulations; I congratulate. The undertaking; I undertake. The promise; I promise, profess. The leave; I allow. The prohibition; I forbid. The proposal; I propose. The pressure; I press. The oppression; I oppress. T[he deliverance I free. Freedom; free. Slavery; I am a slave. I serve. Equality; equal; I equalize. The service; the obligation. The gain; I win,,gain. I earn my bread. The loss; I suffer loss. The bill, reckoning, account. I give account; responsible responsibility. Space; spacious. Extension; extensive, extended. Length; long. I prolong, lengthen. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 191 auT7q 77 -yEc/Ja EXIEL /L7JKOV C'KaTo'V 7T06&W 77 f3paXVrrrqv /3paX'vr' KOVTOS' 7) cTv7ro/iLa' otVro0110r E WLI3POaXV'V nA, GVV TO/IEVOJ) EV 0ovV7)T( Lr, e'V 0 Xyotv TrO 7TXarTov- EUV'VG), 7-Xa~rv'VC qra7rvrq, ev'pvr r6 /3uog' OaPd'v 4q 3a0iVco( -r k h ' I 7 V t C O T L 7To 7ra~ogr 7TaXVr- 7rVKVO'a 7r0 /IEyE~ov fL'E'Yav, pfya/coy a6$civo~~~~ 77 77 O7IUWPoT7q7r /LtKpo'r 77 07YTEV'T17r'~ 0OTEVO~' E7rav~a'vwe 7 av'e777LV 'EX a77T 0v&) 7]c EX TOJ L 6 apLOL169r 7woXVdpz67,tO~L WTrEpOrV, aT-ELupLO/LoA0, apt011CO 77 a~ptLO~L77rT 6 aptoFLo5v a'pLop.Oo-yco i-r f ap apovf~ p~ 77' e-Xa/j~poT7-rj EAa(Jpts 'EXa(jov'vw, aivaKOWc/JL~Ct) 77 8VOKOXL'a 6UGWOXOt; 77, EiJKOXL'a EvOKOX09 EVKOXV7' c.) 77 KLV77O.Vr KLV7)( KL7'77T0., EVK&Vq7TOrV - GKSIP7770.9 This bridge is a hundred feet Iong Shortness; short. Brevity; short, brief. I shorten, abridge. In short, in a few words. Breadth, width; I broaden, widen. Broad, wide. ]Depth; deep; I deepen. Height; high. I raise, heighten; the heightening, exaltation, elevation. The thickness; thick; close. The size; great, large. I increase (trans. and intrans. grow; increase, growvth. Majesty, prowess; the greatness. Littleness; small, little. Colossal. iNarrowness; narrow. I increase, enhance; increase, advancemnent. I lessen; decrease. Number; nnmerous. Boundless, innumerable, cou less. I count; counting, calculation. The number; I calculate. Gravity; heavy. Weight; I have weight,I weigh. Lightness; Ii ght. I lighten, relieve. D~ifficulty; difficult. Easiness; easy. I facilitate. Mlovemyent; I move. Movable, -nimble. Immnovable, motionless. 192 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. TaXV97 77 /3pal8VT7rqg (3pa(lg 77C &tEVOUVcTI. arEVOUVOJ), KaTEvUVCo,' 7; a 77 7Tf IL9 KE1raL 0 T67TOC 77 irXarEta 7Ot7O7J a~tEXIEL TO Xp~pa' Xpcofirl' (xpCota) dvoLKTtv' flaOv' (AXPOV Ka.Tot)X)ov 7-0 XpnuIa TO7JTO KXZ'VEL 7wp05 TOi TOXEVK'v- XEVUK0'. XIEVKat'VJO) 77XEVK0'TqVE V'7TOXEVKOV TO,J'Aav, TO' luaipovr /IEXOE, p~a~pos, V~ro/LEXa9' /uavpl'~co 77 fIEXav0'T?7)L MEXam~~roLg TO 77roX tOY, TO' 4aptvit 7TOXLo'g, TO KaVO7)OJ7/KVavo~V, KvvLWOXPOVE Kvav'OJ7TOEv, V7TO-yXaVK0.V 70 7rpaO-LVOVJ 7Tpao-tvosv lvpaorw tO XXoEp~ TO0 KLTpL7)07t KL'TPL7'0I KLTpLVL'C.)' KLTPLIJC07TOEV TO0 fpV0pO7J, TO' KOKKL1'OV cpVOp6.9, K(OKKL7)09E WVpOLO, KaTaKOKKW7OV 7; 'EpVOpGT77, 77' E'pV p'LaOOLE IEpVOpw17ror. 7iTop(/.Vp0'fJ0VV TO q7jLCw7J, MECXaC/XpoV7 jPator, ~LEXa'yXpovsL, FEXa0VXpOLV0OSV Speed. Swift. Slowness, sloth; slow. The direction; I direct, level, point (also manage). The position. The town lies, is situated. The place; the square. The distance; I withdraw. How far is - off? The colour; I colour. I dy e. A light, dark (colour). Pale; pallid. This colour has a bluish tint. White (subst.); white (adj.); I whiten. Whiteness; whitish. Black (subst.); hlack (adj.). Blackish; I blacken. Blackness; dark. Grey; grey. Blue; blue, bluish. Bluish, greyish. Violet. Gieen; green. I make green, grow green; greenish. Yellow; yellow. I turn yellow; yellowish. Red, crimson. Red., crimson; reddish, reddened. Redness; reddening. Red-hued; crimson-coloured. Rose-coloured, rosy. Brown, brownish colour. Brown, blackish, swarthy. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 19.3 xi..6LI.kwav. 4 atvOlIEva' Katpo'v &)pat T-Oy E'Tov. To ovJiiav' 7raYKOO7-Ltog 6 KOO7LO9r KOOT7LLKoeg 77 47VcY-Lg' 'j~V(LKo 6oivpams, opavLov 6 a7TTl7 p TO' ('10T7POV, 6' aO(Trj)tW7IO6, 77KLVJ777L.V T&1)l amTEJJWCV 6a dwa"br cao-r~'p 6 7roXtK0'. adori-~p - 6 ao-TEpOEtq oivpav6!v oT77fta 6 KO/IJ7T77rV 77 ovpa 6 yaXa~iav 77 ECt). TO (3OpELov (TE'Xav 6' qXtog- TO 7?7XtaKO'V ETrov aL a1KTLVIE9 T-0y?'XL'OV i7' E'KX LFt~tr TOO,'Xt'ou 77vaL/aoX? T-oO 1jXtov 6' 7iJXto 3et, PanTX1EVELt (VI.) 8 60-L. TOO qjXc'ov 7XLOKaO',v TO (/~or WTELV69 71 a t), u j 77 T L f 77 O L / X6ju4tg Xatkwodr TO UKOTOr' 0TOTELVO"V TO' XVKO4C&) 77 OTKtdL 0fKLIEP61V 77 a-,EX7777 TO' (TE\?77vtKO'V ET0r at 7-itrTapE.9 (~acTEtv T77~ TEX7V7 i7 vov/.L7L~a' 7r avcrE'X77vuv TO 7TpWATOZI, TO Te?~evraov0 7TETapTOL' U-NIVERSE. Phrenonmena tine; seasons of the year. The universe; universal. The world; secular, worldly. Nature; natural. Heaven; heavenly. The star; the constellation. The motion of the stars. The fixred star. The polar star. The shooting star. The starry heavens. In the open air. The planet; the planetary system. The comet; the tail. The milky way. The dawn; tlhe aurora borealis, northern lighit. The sun.; the solar year. The rays of the sun. The eclipse of the sun. The sun rises. Su nrise. The sun sets. The setting of the sun. Sunburnt. The light; luminous. The sparkle; I sparkle. The sheen; bright. The darkness; dark. The twilight. The shade, shadow; shady. The moon; the lunar year. The tour quarters of the moon. The new moon; the full moon. The first, the last quarter. 194 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 7- KX[1ta ai ava-rohati, i7 cvaro)kqf dvaroXtKO0 al 6votai, 77' a;al 47UTLKOr, Eo-lriptog 6 vo-rog, 4 /LEop-77,4pL'a /~'lrop3LPPor 6 3oppag, 4 i7pacpTOS /6peLoV, apKT-t KfO 6i I3PEPLOr aEFCLO5E V7TLov avelIov o avaToXLKOV, 8aVT-LKO5 (VEf/O. 7-0 /awfLyevov 76 qLEfA)pOV 6 dcp apiovr, dipLvog avarrvEo) 8pofEpo'v ciEpa To depoo-rarov 6 aptXdoo, 7To d'aETpo7reXEKL 74 epavTXi'a To pEv/Lta acpov l iaTruoo-oatpa- a77Jioo-0atPtK0 TO '7TVO T) cp O 7 7r~p 7 0Xd 77 Kavoc-tv 6 0o-Lv77pp (-7rtLVO?7IpL)o o Ka7T Sr KaWPL) c) 6 aTFlor9 at dva~v/ILWta'Et 77 aTi~oII7XavI7 -6 arL67wXoLtv, aTMAo'7rXovv C ro' vl l'oo-vO 4 E7 X 7 O V7/ o 7 9vOXXa~ 6veXXcjs&~ 7q ao-Tpa7r77 adrp6wTL 77 fpovr`j fpovT9a 6 KepavvPo 4 LtpL, To OvpaVLOV 7TOO0 47 Ka7-anylr, 77 T1)LKv/cLa 6 o-Tpu'fL osv, 6 vd' oUTrpdLof X0 ov 4 f3poX-.poXEpo'g, 0/43pto.,r 7r77yaov 'ac0V 70..P c o-7-ay &W The clime, climate. The east; eastern. The west. Western. South, midday. Southern. The north; northern, arctic. The north wind. The south wind. The east, west wind. The appearance; the meteor. The air; aerial, airy. I breathe cool air. The balloon. The aerolith, falling star. The air-pump. The draught, current of air. The atmosphere; atmospheric. The fire; the flame. The heat. The beam, ray; I radiate. Smoke (also tobacco); I smoke. Steam; the exhalations. Volatile, vaporous, gaseous; evaporation. The steam-engine. The steam-boat. The mist; the cloud. The storm; stormy. The lightning; it lightens. The thunder; it thunders. The thunderbolt. The rainbow. The tempest, the storm (at sea). The whirlwind. The rain; rainy, showery. Spring water. The water; the drop. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. I19)5 (3piXELO 063-pov,?pay'a,/aiapoX 7 I T L 7 J T E L~ ~1 P6 a 77 Xc""' Xtovicet 67rcyov E 7TayE ce3an, c7 7rX7'7JLuvpa- TrX?7F/A~vPc)d TA #Dor,v9p 6, +'rOro,+X o pa vi -tov'ov TO Ca, Ca'tL O dp ao-L a a J o j o, $ qp Y7/ q a l 7) y / ~ r o a p 61 fopa rov (ror p rL o ) rr ' 6o LUp//L7pavor~t 6- XP~OV) 7rOXLKaOS'KaLXOV ao EPOV1pa7o601cOV P5 It rains; the shower, the heavy rain. The hail; it hails. The snow; it snows. The frost, ice; frosty, icy. The flood; I flood. The cold;cold. The wind. The cool; cool. Warmth; heat. The dew; the hoar-frost, rime. The damp, moisture; moist, damp. Drought. Dry; I dry. The time of the year, season. The spring. The summer. The autumn. The winter. XII. EARTH. Sea, river, mountain, 4,c. The earth; terrestrial; the te~rrestrial globe. The hemisphere. The north pole. The south pole. The axis. The equator. The parallel, line of latitude. The meridian; the degree. 9-The tropic of Cancer, of Capricorn. The arctic circle. The antarctic circle. The torrid zone. The temperate zones. o 2 196 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. at KaTe#vyfdvat C,5vat 77 yEcoypat/~LK7 6lEtVt T0ITOV 70 1177KO9 TO 7rXa Tog 77 7irEpttTrpo(/M7 T7;7 Y-F 7EPL 7To'V dLkCOVa' 717. (7rEPI 7TO V qXtOt) 77 )/7 fT~p~c/JETaL 7wepL E'aT77ZJ 777TIEtP09 i' OdXacTo-a- 6 dKELVo's 77 7raXippota- 77 7rX77[LI1Vpt. Kal 77 rAq771/tVpL'E 7'7 t/.L~rtA)Ttg To KtI7IO 77 Kv[WaO~Y77 o tTKO7rEXo09,' V'a~a~ 77 KT7, TO ir LatOV' 77 7TPOKVMQLaLa 6 K(XXTO9 6 Of10.lO 07Tr06/1LOEs - 6 O1T0/ ds 6 Xtrtqv TO 7KPCOT77tOV 77 XFYPCT "70 g 77 VqO-O TO V7CL t 6 ")77ctW77r o 7rOar7tmr 0 XEiPappoP o o v a T O J V O ~ t ~ t' 77 7 T 7Y 7Y 7, 77 To 77Opa7roTa/1Ltot 6 7iTX~t)TO W OTO)LOE. i ~ ~y, T 7FXTT(7O9toV 6 Ka7appOKT77 i7 7.rjX tatvpa' 7qX7ptjUvpw ij 6topv)ZI TO OP0r O)EtV7'U 3OVVCOi77E bj wE~Itar TO 6pirs'6T;BOv 77 fEt9La', 77' U3Jp0pELL 77 I w wP rta rI KI tL 7j rmopeta i j KhtT-L'~ The frigid zones. The geographical position of a place. The length; the breadth. The revolution of the earth on its axis (round the sun). The earth turns round. The mainland, continent. The sea; the ocean. The tide; the ebb and flow. The flow, high tide; the ebb, low tide. The wave; the undulation. The rock; the shoal. The shore, the beach; the breakwater. The gulf; the anchorage, haven. The strait; the isthmus, neck of land. The harbour. The promontory, headland. The peninsula; the island; the islet. The islander. The lake. The river; the torrent. The brook, the rivulet; the spring, the fountain. The tributary. The navigable river. The river's mouth, estuary. The waterfall. The flood; I flood. The canal, dyke. The niountain; mountain(ous), hilly. The plain; the table-land. The chiain, neck; the peak. The foot; the slop~e, side. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 19,7 6f3Pa'XOr 05 Kp77/71 0rV' 77 K OLtX a'. TO a7'OUTEto1v ('Pog)- 6 Kpar'7f 77 EKp77tvr 6' AdVa$ 7T0 av7'Tpov/ TO ff-77'Xatou 71 p777105' 77 Ey7nJa~ Ta 7rEpt~Gopa 'r6 6P wv' 77,EOopt'a X"-'pa, 7T crvvopa 77 a(L/1Loq' l a 6 KO OLOp TIJS, VI. 77 (K O 7 6 r X L ~ ~ ~ i 7 W lq5 The ridge. The bill; the hillock; the height. The rock; the precipice. The valley. The volcano; the crater. The eruption; the stream (of lava). The cave; the cavern. The wilderness; the desert. The country, region; the place. The neighbourhood, environs. The boundary; the borderland, frontier. The sand; sandy. The dust. The mud; the loam, marl. XIII. 3taL'pEo-L5' TOV XpOPov*, / 17 ~ ~ ~ 070 1laP VO.a TXJV Katpo )v aL 7/ E C XpovoXoyita- XPo7/oXoYLKO5 6 aiva~povta-yUo'5 7rrp Xptar-7i (wT. X.) /1SETO XptoT76P (fs. X.) TO 7TapoV, TO0 EV/EOTO5' TO0 7rrPEXO0'v TO',dXov 17 7rEPL0809' 7T1EPtW&K5'9 17 EnroX7 6 atv 77 EKCI7oYTaET77pL.9 To ETO59' CET~'Tt05' 77 EILET77pf5 T-pL5 oOy ETrOVog 177 r~afvjvtJa, To' E~ai1777/ov TO (IL(TEKTOV ((3[o0-EKT0V) Eros! 77 Tpi/Silp a, To Tpi/17V0v TIME. -Division of time; names of months and days; hour; age. The time; I have time. Chronology; chronological. The anachronism; confusion of dates. B.C. A.D. The present (instant). The past; the future (coming): or nlt.; prox. The period; periodical. The era; the age. The century. The year; yearly; the anniversary. Thrice in the year. The half-year, six months. The leap-year. The quarter, three months. 198 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. T1JpL/Lvp) o /lqvJ /Li~taV7L05' 7, lrpc)T7, 8EvT-E'pa pai'OV) 75 Ep 7,L 8pa7 taiov Ta?JLp77TqLa via Irpo OKTC(J) 77/LFp~i) w7 p i' i' K a 7 T E V T E T ]/I p w y 71pE'pal' 7rap lttpal) ) E7rtovatLov ap7-wv awro KatpoV IE19 Katpo'v YJ vu TO 1AEo-ov'VKTLOV 7/ irn COia, T o 7- CO L KaX 77v71 '~ avI. KaX 7JL~paj 7i /Lccrl7,L~ pt'a, TO0 /IEO7/i~plov ITpO' /L1EGLTJi7,~p1a (7w. IA-,~LETa plEu7T77pitpav (M-. ti-) i5 &J-wepa, To EO-7ripav (T77tilEpo7J T7JV 7pCo~aV (Ti' 7rpcoL') adptozi pE~av'pao ij 7TfpoTepXL 75 E~ro vora, 177 vorepa 'a, 7 ra'p o 77 Copa' Evaept!,i' (u 4ipa Kat 77Lo-eta To XE~rTO0V' TO aEvTEp0XE7rTO7' 77 ifta (Ly Zf~a i &VUTipa (8'o) Kal TEcTapToJ) TpLT77 (T-pELL) Kal?'1VLOEfLa Eirra. 71apci TETapTop) 7rapa 7E'Ka (Xfr~rT) aKpLf3CoV 6EKa i7TEpL T73v IIK(1T771' cilpa) Three months long. The month; monthly. The first, second of May. The week; weekly. The weekly journal. The day; daily. The news of the day, "Daily News." A week ago. A fortnight ago. Day by day. The daily bread. From time to time. The night; midnight. The morning, the forenoon. Good day. Midday, noon. Before noon (a.m.). After noon (p.m.). The evening. This evening, to-night. The evening party. This morning. Yesterday; the day before yesterday. To-morrow; the day after tomorrow. The day before. The following day; the morrow. The hour; early. An hour and a half. The minute; the second. The moment. What o'clock is it? A quarter past two. Half past three. Quarter to seven. Ten minutes to - Just ten, ten precisely. About the tenth hour. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 199 EWVE IICilIEKa'rq Zlopa, /IEG-?fLEPLOV 47 7) XLKLa 7Fo a!) 7) LK~ EXETE; VTOLTWV ETWY) CELrO-6 Etl/aL EtKoo(tv 4ETWV ELto-EpXETat 4ELL TO ~EKaTOV EvaTov ETO.V o-vLJEIJ-Xl'pcaca TOA TEoO-apaKOO-TOV ETOV TFX?-t~a'EL EL4 TO TptaKOO-TO'V ETrOg oaLverac VECOTEP0EV 7'1 '0(TOV EW'E 7) VE~rOT7)E vE 6 veavwag 17 PEaVL6V 71 vEoXaE'a 14?77XtLia, 7)7 1EVJ7XLKO1TqV E'vqJXUKO5 7) dV77XKO'Tq7E a'V7XLKO9 To y~pav yEpowv, ypata oL ap~aiot (FraXatol) 'E\X7)ves' l a'p~at,67.v- aip~aio 7) apXalloT77 apXatoXo'yoL, ap.Xato It is twelve o'clock, midday. The age. Wh at age are you? How old are you? I am twenty (years old). He is entering on his nineteenth year. I have completed my fortieth year. He is approaching his thirtieth year. He looks younger than he is. Infancy, childhood. Youth; young. The young man; the young woman. The youth (collectively), young people. The elder; the younger. Age; full age, majority; of age. Minority; a minor, under age. Old age. An old man, an old woman. The ancient.(old) Greeks. Antiquity; ancient. The antiquity; antiquarian, arch~eologist. XIV. O1tK0/E'VC~a. 6 v Opua ra TIJEg Tvyye ve La g OLKO0 -VO/ILK?) 8ta'TaL$LE VIT7r)pfETaL. 7) OtKO'yEvet EJtKoyeIJetapX?7 6 dPX7J)yOV OLKO-1EVIEtav KaXE oLKOyIEVYELav 7) OvyyEvEta- ovy-yEvTrv or jOa0/LGo T7)i.T O-VyyEVIELag FAMILY. Names of relationship; domestic economy; servants. The family. The head of a family. The founder of a family. Of good family. Relationship, kindred; kin, relative. The degree of relationship. 200 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 01 7r90-o 0vL, 01 71po7raT0opE0 L1 aroyoloL 77 /IETalEYeo-Tepa TEVEL 6 7Ta~rarO.V' cl paipl_,; o; wrr~~r~roE ~ ~jtL o aVojp. 6 oz~vyor 77 yVP7 77, 0-t'tV'y0 VV/Aq/EIo), v7TravC pEv&. vv/.obEY0, To u-ravstevopc0 0L appa 3& u'E5' appacovtl'boala, jLv7TEl'obLp 6 /_WYa97lPo 7 PV77077 01 j1LEXXO'VVp370L' 06C vcoYVp406,owpi 7Tp0Z/IR~ 11O yc.)~ O 7O 70-PO 0POt OL ya-Lot r6 ya'djXtov Upov 6 7ra~fJvlOs, 6~ /I77TpVLOE 6 7TEVOBEPOE 77 TrEVO~tpa 6 ya qp o'~ 7 0 TEK VO V. TO Wa0n1 0L0s 0.&V L I o7ra0 1 7rOV aVtKOV 7T016apL(I)177 TO K0P7WTL KV 7 r1EapOEvor' 7rap7EV&K; ' 6 ya/Lfu po' 7 vV; q177 The ancestors, forefathers. The descendants. The later generation, posterity. The grandfather; the grandmother. The man, the husband. The woman, wife; the consort, the spouse. I marry, wed. I am wedded, married; also, I wed (the man-the woman). The marriage, the alliance. The pledges, betrothal. I am plighted, betrothed. The suitor; thefictne'e. The bridegroom; the bride. The bridal pair; the newly married couple. The dowry; I endow. The wedding. The wedding presents. The father; paternal, fatherly. The mother; maternal, motherly. The paternal uncle, maternal uncle. The father-in-law; the motherin-law. The brother-in-law. The step-mother. The child; the boy. The childlike look. The twins. The little boy, the boy. The son; the daughter. Boyish; filial. Childish. The girl. The maiden; maidenly. Maidenhood, virginity. The bridegroom; the bride. 201 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 6 7pdyovo0' 77 7rpoyde77 6 ECY)YOVO.V 7 yY 7)q 6 daE'yyovos, 6 8LO41yyOVo0' '7 dIr7OVO.V, 7)7 CL(T/yyOVOV 6 dE&X(f)O's 7) aEXql) 7) a 681E /~t or77rV a'3E~Vj~ KO5. 6 oELO, 7) Drtn 6 ave4~t0o. 7)? OvE *ta' 6 iEGX~bos~ 75j;$ast;XQ fr 7 yE6VV77LE' yEcv oaXLa TO YE'OV, TO q VXov 6 dp cjavo'rv 757 d3pdq5arn 6 Kq7 f(JSj fLo 77 K1776E/OVL'a 6 &ipoV' 7 X,7pa 7 X77P"la 77 dyaiLa' 6 5ayauor 6 KX7povOjLoSr' 7) KX7)P7ov/OMOS i KX7)povo)Lta 6 KX77po6T7r)r 7) &A677KI7 7 8LtaOX77, 01 8La'iOXOL 01 OLKOVO/LLK7) ML'-artv, 7Ta OLKOVOJILKa 7 OLKOVO~LOg, 17 Toa~t 7) v;r7pETElO, 0L V7rt7pETaL u7T77pEr&J- v7)~r7pEOa-t 6 /Ito-O0 6 w7?7PE'r7qS c77 v~r7)pETLr, 77 V7r77pETpla 75 OaXappro'Xog, ' 6 OEpancArov 6 pLayetpogr 75 iayelpt~a-a 77i~~7X~ 7 rrat80Kdl.'ao 7) OaXa/i)m7roXov, 75 0OEptf va The ancestor; the ancestress. The offspring (male); ditto (female). The descendant of the second generation (male); ditto (female). The brother; the sister. The brotherhood, fraternity. Brotherliness; brotherly. The uncle; the aunt. The nephew; the niece. The cousin; ditto (female). The birth; I am born. The race; the tribe. The orphan (boy); the orphan (girl). The guardian; the guardianship. The widower; the widow. Widowhood. The unmarried state; the single man. The heir; the heiress. The inheritance; the bequeather. The will, testament. The succession; the successors. Household management; domestic matters. The housekeeper; stewardess. The service, the servants. I serve; service. The wages. The servant; the maid, the maidservant. The chambermaid, the attendant. The coachman. The cook (male); ditto (female). The nurse. The housemaid. 202 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. xv. E1fIT KVf0EpV70-oEw0- r LXol KaL a' L t )fonaTWa (Lol'K?77 T t, K.T.X. 17 KOLYOYWa. To EO O 7) E V KO 7 C, 7 E 0O7qv EO0VLK0,9 6' W'ayEvq'g, 6' a'76Xo~cov O'6EiVogr ~E'ov, a'XXoaawr0'q q' aXXo6' Xao'.v 6' 0xXoq b q?1LOTLKO'7~9r 87J/LOTLKOr 7) 7raTptC 6' 7ra~p dtTA'7 Cq, 6' c/n o6raTALC 1) 0jLXo7ra~pL'a 7ra7-ptC0TLKo's' 6 u-v~uiarptdA)Tqv, 6 7raTpLGJTT1P', 6 6 KVptapXW' 7 KvUptap7(U o E7rLKVptap~q9r 1' fE7rLKVPtap~t'a 6 w5~KOOL 6' 7TOXL'T)79' 6' 8oiLXoq,~ a0vxet' 7T0 7ToXLt7Ev/ia 77 tzovap~ta- 6' )uova'p~ I.zovapXLK0OC tc, awo0XvT-ov /lovap~t'a 71 oTVVra7/fiaTLK?) I.ovapXta 77 MM'KI G-VVE'XEVULYL, tc 'E0Vooi-ndXEV0LTLV ~VO/IOO0E7TLKT T3uVX?) 17 yepovcrta arvyKaXwo &aX'% 6 /3OVxEVTT' E'KXiyG)- 7) E'KXOyq) 6' E'KXOy/EV5V 7) 77),OKpart'a 6' &cL0KparLKdr.V 87flPoKpartKo6, 7) apct0-7KpaTtaW 6 a'ptoro-Kpa'r7) O-LVVTT/p7TLK?7 7IEpC9 SOCIETY. Forms of gov e),nnen t; titles and Offices; administration, 4ce. Society. The nation; the nationality. National; the native, aboriginal. The foreigner, stranger; the foreign country. The people; the populace, mob. The population; populous. Popularity; popular. The (native) country, fatherland; the countryman, patriot. Patriotism; patriotic. The fellow-countryman, the man of the same race. The sovereign; sovereignty. The feudal lord; feudal lordship. The subject; the citizen. The slave; slavery. The constitution. The monarchy; the monarch. Mlonarchic. The absolute monarchy. The constitutional monarchy. The national assembly. The legislative council. The senate. The parliament. The president; presidency. I summon; dissolve. The member of parliament. I elect; the election; the elector. The democracy, republic. The democrat; republican. Aristocracy; the aristocrat. The conservative party. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 203 J~tXAEXVO0,pog' P't~oo-7O`TLKOCT C avTOKpa7-opt'a 6' aV',o0Pdarwp 71 avToKpdr~tpW aV'TOKpaTOPtK0.V 7-0 /3aotA'Acov 6 /LTXV9 ri fao-L L-a-a f3auL X LK 0 (3a VTL X E V C & t fV ao-X. 77 aiial3ao-tg EL'L 'TO'v (po'vov 6 7rPOKaToXov TO oTTeFl/ia TO TK?77TTTpOV 77MEyaXELO'TqSr /iEyaXEiov MEyaX1EL0'TarE! 6 EKXE'KTOC)p' 6 806'$ 77 OV'KLo —a 6 )u'yar9 ao6$~ 6' adp~t~o6 6 qyflL(0w, 6 7rrp1yKlJl/ 77?7EliowaO 7el77?JyE/ioPl'L, 77c 77ptyKL'7rro oa 6?)7E/I~OVtKOS' OLKOV 6 cc' o O 1 7 O 77 K o I 7 L a 6 8apF&~vov' 4 /3apw4)ve, 7' /apcovtr 6 t7r7r7-7pT7 L7TTI7TKO'V 4 a6 X av e o r KVpLa T77E av'X'7E or T77E Tt/L7J5v 6 VXavaPX77v 07 EV77raTPLl (Ia, 07 EVrvEiEL Ev' ra 'pol7, E 'y E V 7 47 r&77rXco)laTia- 6' &7Xwpcii 8t77XcO/iiaTLK0OE 0L 7rpEGT/3ELV 6 4E7-TLTcrpa/.J/LE~ov, 6 avei~rp~oO`Cr7o. 6 ypapaLITEvv 7rp~o-f3Etav 6TLTX09E To' (t/ 6 v wra M\7 Liberal; radical. The empire; the emperor. The empress; imperial. The kingdom; the king. The queen; kingly, regal. I reign; the reign, rule. The viceroy. The successor to the throne. The ascent of the throne. The successor; the succession. The regent. The crown; the sceptre. Majesty; majestic. Your Majesty. The elector; the duke; the duchess. The grand-duke; the arch-duke. The prince. The princedom, principality; the princess. The princely house. The count; the countess; the county. The baron; the baroness the barony. The knight; knightly. The court; courtly. Lady in waiting, maid of honour. The master of the court. The nobles, the lords. Noble, well-born. Diplomacy; the diplomatist. Diplomatic. The embassy; the ambassador. The legates, delegates. The charg6 d'affaires, the repre. sentative. The secretary to the embassy. The title; the office. The clerk, subordinate. 204 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.?' I 8OLK?7tLr &OLKCL a' 8t0LKq)tKa apfXal TO V7Tovpy9EovY 6 llro vpyO' TO (TOF43POVXLOV,7 &vapXia' E7IYapXXaKO9 6 irapXItWTj, 6 vo~iog 6 a30tog,) 7rpco7)Tova-a~ 7b KaOa3pa 11 KIO~fI'7rOXtLg T XGPLO', r K7)Itq 6 XOplrrqr, y&PLKo 1 do-7Tvvola- 6' a0o7rvv6yo0 0 v7racT7vV1oA0o 6 KXq77Tp 6 Xwpo(PV'Xai Administration; I administer. The administrative powers. The ministry; the minister. The cabinet (council). The province; provincial. The provincial. The district; the township. The capital; the seat of government. The town; the village, the hamlet. The countryman; country (adj.). The police; the police inspector. The policeman; constable. The gendarme; country policeman. XV'. Tpa-rp o'q. 6 a-rparo'v 6 oT~pOTLC;f7r 6 EOEXovTr7qr 6 IuoOGTor.9 oupaTL i)T?7r,7parpoXoyta'a 6 vEocTVXXEK'O0 77 q~povpd 6?/povpdr9 77 E'OvojvXaK' 6 dwo'ILaXov TO L7rTLtKoV 0 L7 TE V5 TO0 TE ~KO 6" V7rEf6 6 Evk(ovor TO 7-vpo/3oXLKo'v 6 lr7pPO/OX?7T7 To Ii77XaVtKOP (o-&,ja) 6 aC'~tcoiaaTLK'g 7T0y 77VpOf3OXLKOV opa-Tro7-LKOV ov wia 77 pFpaptla To 0-Vvv~ay/Lc TO Tay~ua TO 1E7rLT-EXEJ0V ARMY. The army. The soldier. The volunteer; the mercenary. The enlistment; the recruit. The garrison; the man on garrison duty. The militia. The old soldier, retired soldier. The cavalry; the horse-soldier. The infantry; the foot-soldier. Rifleman, sharpshooter. The artillery; the artilleryman. The engineers. The artillery officer. A body (corps), force of soldiers. The division. T he regiment. The batallion. The company. The regimental staff. A GUTIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 205 rO 7IEVtKOV EWrLTOXELOV OTTpaLTLWTLKL flOuot'. a t oi-paT77YOi. 6o-rTpart'pX77, 6' a'pXL0oTpaT?7yo 6cv~rta-IrpntTi'yor 6 lsoipap~ot~ 6 l7TOJAtOL'PUPXO0.L6 E~rLTE X I 4, V L KG L. a 6o-TvvTa-ypnTapX?77 -o avT-tavvra-yfsapX77v 6 ray~ta-rdfpXq 6 ''r7rap~os~ KaT COT E90 a4LCc(IarTKo L. 6' Xo~a-yd'. 6' L'X a pX o 6 diroXoxa-Y0t9 6aOvw~okoXay/0'V 6advOv~rao-7rwori5g 6' 8EKavE'V' 6 V7rO6EKavEV'. 6 ctm Xov., o-TPartC0'77e ~EaVIpov.?7 O"KT7Vi7 (TKrp)LU"9 C a aXnta, rTO Kma-a/3X J/sa 77 -K?7VO'ypacjLfa The -eneral staff. The adjutant. The standard. AMILITARY GRADES, Tke generals. The commander, commander-in. chief. The general. The lieutenant-general. The general of division. The lieutenant-major. Staff-officers, itiglier officers. The colonel. The lieutenant-colonel. The major (of infantry). Ditto (of cavalry), the commander of cavalry. lower rankc officers. The captain. The captain of the horse. The lieutenant. The vice-lieutenant, second lientenant. Non-commissioned officers. The ensign. The corporal. The vice-corporal. The sergeant. The lance-cerporal. The common soldier, private. XVII. THEATRE. The theatre; theatrical. The scene; scenic. The curtain. The scenery. 206 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.?I qxaroO,3Knj 17 7rXar~a TaL 0Ec)pEL(a Oeaop~ov rT l7pC)T - aw~cparpo TO VirEp p0o/ TO ELoY-LTq7pt0V 8 ~pa1Aa-rtKq) T-E'vq 1)7, raplo'Tautsr?JEZVFpyETLK?/ TrapaJ-cmac 7d -paywat'a- paaLKo'9 OK1 V1 6o & Ev O a - p a'T rJr. 6o OEXa paor T O7C ~ ( ) f J qsr, &5EviTpasv The wardrobe, dress. The orchestra. The pit. The boxes. Box in the first, second row. The dress-circle (amphitheatre). The gallery. The ticket. The dramatic art. The representation. The benefit. The rehearsal. The trag-edy; tragic. The actor; the actress. The drama; dramatic. The melodrama. The act; the interlude. The scene. The manager. The company. The character (mask-); dramatis persona. XeepoKpoTWC, The applause; I applaud, I clap. I hiss. Irpoz'V The marionette theatre. The rope-dancer. The conjuror. The prestidigitateur. The circus. XVIII. az XELpoKp0T1JcJELV Ei7LKP0T(JJ To vEvpoiT7ra(Y7-EKOV OECG 6 Q-XOLY~f*aTqs' 6' Oav~aaTor0rowr To L717r9lapZo/IJV Ta~Ellov. y,ua~a- 0&dr* Tra~vfpo,4E~ov' 0-alqpo8pop~ov ro ra~uE L&ov, 7 7J-epc'?7T 6 7TEpL??y71T7qr 7 aax)JJ a 1 -7, fQ3Q JOUIRNEY. Carriage; road; post; railwa~y. The journey, voyage. The traveller. The departure; the return. A GUIDE TO MO0DERN GREEK. 207 77&ajaiovq?, 7'7a' LV 17 7epLo&L'a 77 rE~o7ropt'a 6 Mr~~07rdpov TO &OaIaT7ptoV 65 $Evayo'g vaJ~ao~pio &La' T-Oy TcaXv~POALEL,ro raXv8f7OAL4ELO1 6f ILEvOvvT7)r ToI) Ta7(lpo/jAEL'0V 6 ayyapov, 6 77.LEpO6pOL40r 6 ypajfLuar oKoLOAt -Tq.V 6afAa~17XaT17-' 77VtOXEL 6 a/La~?XaT7ng f S 6, tvo X o0, 77 /:bopi-q-/yor a MO&a 7, TO' KaUpov 3LTPOXOV, TETpaTpoXoJ) Kappov TO X Ectpa i7pa L ~ T X 7ap 7 Ta -KIEV177 TO Kt,8(t'7TL0V 77 0~r 6 IpdO iorV 1i XE o40'UposV ava~wpco) Ma Toy aftL7Ipo~p0'jOV 6 oraOluidr 77 wrTILoILXCai77 7 c h u i ao TrO ELO7LTn7P&OY 77 awro'8ELeL9 (vTIFV OKEV~OV TFOV1 7rpay/iaT-wv) TO ELOT77PLOV' 7rpCOT77L9, L&5VT6'pav 77 a6~eo7,otTOL'a d~aYc7opci, 7Oa'VE& 77 q5opr7-yor, a',Ia$oo-rotXt'a 77 'EKTaKTog alaeoO-rotXia 77 a1a o -oX' E'7rt~aOTCOv 77 TaXECL a a/uaeoorTotL'a The stay; the arrival. The tour; the walking tour. The pedestrian. The walker. The passport. The guide; I guide. The cicerorne. I leave by post. The post (office). The postmaster. The messenger, courier. The letter-carrier, postman. The carriage. The coachman drives. The driver; the charioteer. The waggon, the cart. A two-wheeled, four-wheeled cart The velocipede. The omnibus; the sledge. The luggage; the box. The way, the road; the high road The railroad. I leave by rail. The railway station. The tramway. The station. The steam-engine. The boiler; the stove. The locomotive. The ticket. The ticket (for luggage, baggage, &c.).~ ~~~~~~~~~~z First, second class ticket. The train. The train starts, arrives. The luggage train. The special, extra train. The passenger train. The fast train. 208 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 77 K a lT E V E CZ ) (7 5 a T t X C 17 (TiV7KJ)OV0L19 Sco a4c/aoo-ToLXL&JV TOl WpU)O-OTiLKOV) T-6)7 V~raXX )XQW) 67 7LEVO7JV(T7) 6 a/.ifiiiap(T~ Xijr~ 6 (LII a VIK O L X aP 7) 0 f7JXO7)LXo9 c~ P 6 0677qY6 g TrO T7XeypaIJIEov 6 ~aro3pz9Xior Tq)X 4ypa 01 To-5 T77XEypac'77pa The express train. The, collision of two trains. The per-sonneel of the railway officials. The in a -na -e r. The managemnent. The station-mnaster. The guard. The engineer, driver. The railway clerk. The conductor. The inspector. The time-table. The telegraph wire. The telegraph office. The submarine telegraph. The telegram. XIX. Tpo4~. E oja a KaLt 710 a-a EITLTpILa7E'~ ta (TK1E V ) J I 7 L K L GrKEV7J. b1 TpO1?7 TO0 7rp(-yEvf-Lu 7rpoyEv7LaTL'~/J) Tpi(~otkat E'K TtVO9 TO0 8ELXLV6(V, TO' 7FPCIL8EL7TV0V' 7rpo6 EL7TrVOJ 7TO 8IEi7TVOV- 8Et7VC)0 7-pCEar/IL 8~&,0 7r tVn )&) 7716001/101 6 TpOJKT7JI' 6 710'7-7 Xaqsnpyor~ 7) Xay/apyia- 6' LMala7 6' xixvoE ' XLXVELILa To tvv~ 71111(5 7rELvaXEov FOOD. -Eatables and drialcables?; table requeiaites; kitchen articles. Food. I nourish; nourishing. Breakfast; I breakfast. Dinner; I dine. I live on anything. The evening meal; I takie an evening meal. Supper; I sup. I eat; eatable. 1 drink; drinkable. The eater; the drinker. The glutt()n gluttony; th e onzzler. The go(urmand;daintiness. The daintv, tit-bit. 1 amn hungry; hungry. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 209 6 Lr-v/Lz7roO-LaPX?7 os o-viviasrvfioi'v oL' ~C'VO& 6 $fV0806xor aL T-po7?/J TaO TpO'Jt/Ia T O fay rT v- r' aya7fl)TCV Oay?)Tr 6' Ccoas6g, vIL 4 a-ovwra Tro KpEasv' T-O f3paLo-ToV (KpE'av) j3pao-TOPVj3L8E'XL0V TO0 4f7ToV TOr 7raXov TO /3c L v&l vO T O t/La X tovJ oL vE~opot, Ta' ve/pa' TrO 7rpof3,Etov- T-O +qnro'v 7rp~o3ELov TO0 TOPVO 7O' XOtPOJ~q'PLOV 7) KaTIVLO'T? yX~oo-oa TrO 7rXEvpL'ov, vi.?) KoTrEXE'TTa WLVa6Vos (+fr?)T.s) OPvL'OLOv +fr7TO To ALEPOv 77 /If pL9 To apTvfLa, vi. 7 OadXro-a To TralpalyEILSTTOV TO ijtcptovi Tra aXava T o L7Xa, vi. 77 7rara aL Tra yLaXa'KTWL, yaLXaKTEpL~a TO WOV, To avy ov 6 a p r o0 r, TO7 O LL V O t0L ~ L J 4K o'pa, vi. 4 #Lxa TO0 7XV'KLo-/Ia TO a~apcioro' 47 /LEXLoVTTa,.7 fLEX0o7r77Ta TO 'yXVKV'Ec/AOV, VI. ' KO/17o00Ta Ta Ei3-~o'p7rta, Ta' Tpay7'ia7ra T O J' O T f O / EV O Z LfA). O S TrO ML~O - To TUPLOV Appetite; appetizing. I am thirsty; thirst. The hanquet. The chairman of a banquet. The guests. The host. The victuals, the provisions. The viands; the favourite dish. The soup, the hroth. The meat; hoiied meat. Boiled veal. Roast; the fat. Beef; veal. Kidneys. Mutton; roast mutton. Pork; ham. Smoked tongue. Chop, cutlet. Roast turkey. Roast fowl. The piece; the help. The sauce. The stuffing. The fish. The vegetables. The potatoes. Puddings. The omelette. The egg-. The bread; the roll. The crust; the crumb. The sweetmeat, confectionery. The ice (sugar). The honey cake. Jam, preserve. Dessert, fruit. The butter. The bread and butter. Th rpping. The cheese. 210 A GUIDE TO MODERNf GREEK. T O d X r aT L G TO 0itvairc0v, VI. 77 F4ova-rTaP~ TO XaILOY, VI. To' Xd'89 TO KLYLa)IMcqoJI, VI. YJ KavvEwXa TO Ka ucvXXov', vi. r' yap64aX~oP 77 CUKXaptg, rO' CaKXapov 7T0 V op, VI. TO Z'pJUV 6(MOV VI. 7' ~Udtpa o00W05', VI. TO' KpaOl' 0oL owo TOt) 'Pvov 6 yoaXXtKOS'. o'vov TO ycXa ~ TO dv -/,a)a, vI. 7 Ka d~KL TOoWya)a, vi. T' ytao~pr& Ta 7rvEv/Ia7Ck'83?7rIora' TO PaKLOV, 7 paK?7 TrO pct)wLov,'Xepovac., 7' Xffjov3a'8 77 OoKOXaOTa Kaje5'g Xoopl ya'Xa(KT-ro) TO0 TiIOV, VI. T' Troa'L Ta E 'Lp Z tE ~a OWE') Ka&LC.) Ec) TO' Tpa7Tf'Ct01' TO Tpa~rE~ojxdLPavXov TO0 X1EtP6/aKTpoV, vi. 7t7 7rcroEra TO TpV/3XLOV, TO' 7rta'Toi TO0 KOXXLa'pIOV, TO KOVTaXO Tro /.LXatpLov To 7r77p0VVL0V T6 /W~XLOV, VI-. v q0xV CaJJ To T10T7)JLOV The salt; I salt. The pepper. The mustard. The vinegar. The oil. The cinnamon. The clove. The sugar. The water. The beer. Bavarian beer. The wine. Rhine wine. French wine. Champagne. The milk; the cream. Buttermilk. Spirituous liquors. Spirits of wine. Brandy. Rum. Lemonade. Chocolate. Coffee. Coffee without milk. Tea. Table requisites. I prepare; lay, cover;- take away. The table is laid I sit down to table. The table-cloth. The napkin. The china. The dish. The spoon. The knife. The fork. The cup. The glass. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 211;7 Qj)LaX?) TO KaCLVaTLo T7 /LayELPEpOV 6 4tciyetpov- tj /IayelputcTca 77 0'+0rO7Kq7, 6 Ea'E ~o-7LaoOK17 T6 34O c V a'K tOV, To TralEO V Tra (LpyELpLIa OKEV77 17 X7Wpa, To XaXKEJOV, vI. TO T0ov KaXL, 6 T'vT5ep77S 6 X q, vi. ri Kia(avto To T7Y' aLOv ij -c-Xapa, vI. 1 (Kapa 6 6/EX6I Tro (Tpa1YyLOT77ptOV 7r KVI)0T7POV, 6' T-pt'7rT 7- ly~iov, vl. r6 youv& 6 80iav$, vi. TO6 yovaoy-'p t 77 X-"'7' TO XCOVlov TO K'OcKLVOVt KO(TKLVqC 0- qO)/PV09 T9OV, TO E'U~P LT?7 pLOV To KOXXLa'PLOV, TO KOvraCXtLOJ 7 07ura&lr, To' T'paKTpoJ TO KpEaTOo-aivlov 77 jiq'Xan 7 0o KaOE' 0 Tv~os- roO Ka )e' 6- KaPOOV7-01)rKa VI 6 Ka6OE y Ka~p8oii-o, TO 6VXOIrI'va oV, V]. i yao3a'Oa T6 KCLXa6LOV 77 a~rOOT/,k?) 6 Ir's', T' r7Od 'pWov, vI. TO KMOV7L 0 M 0 ap 'T f V7t'OV, VI. v6 j30VT0rI, 7-r f3apEXX& ) 0Tpt(Ly~, vi. i, KcivovXa TO 7rcL7Ma, vi. T0O a-7ovQ1) 7rco Ma 6 s'Kxw,.LaorTrp The bottle. The pot. The kitchen, The cook. The cupboard. The store-room; larder. The kitchen utensils. The pitcher, the brazen vessel, The cauldron, the boiler. The frying-pan, The hearth. The spit. The strainer, The grater. The mortar. The pestle. The funnel. The sieve. The skimming-ladle, The spoon, The whisk. The chopping-board. The coffee-pot. The coffee-mill. The coal-box. The tub. The wooden plate. The basket. The cellar. The cask, the keg. The barrel. The tap. The bung. The cork. The corkscrew. 212 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. PART IV. The Accidence. B1) accidence we mean the changes which words undergo in order to show their relation to other words in a sentence. Such changes are called inflections, and affect both nouns and verbls. The noun is the name of a thing (nomen); the verb is the word which says of a thing what it does. It is the action-word. Besides these there are a number of a words called particles, not subject to inflection, but useful to define, qualify, or restrict the meaning of other words. The parts of speech may therefore be divided into1. Inflected, (a) Nouns and (p) Verbs; 2. Uninflected, Particles. NOUNS. The inflections of nouns are called case-endings. In the singular they are as follows:(1) If we want to say a thing does or is so and so (nominative case) the ending is either s, v, or nothing: the second in neuters, the last in some feminines and neuters. (2) If the thing is the object of an action (objective or accusative case) the ending is v, a[v] (masculine, feminine, and neuter) or nothing (neuter). (3) If we want to express the relation of or from (genitive or possessive case) the ending is v (shortened from -tLo) or os, masculine (sometimes feminine) and neuter, or s, feminine; in a few (chiefly modern) masculines nothing. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 213 (4) If we want to express the relation to, at, on, or by (dative, locative, or instrumental case) by a mere ending that ending is -i, but the relation is more usually expressed in Modern Greek by a preposition with an objective or other case. See Prepositions. (5) If the thing be addressed, the stem itself is used without inflection, except that o is modified to e. This is called the vocative case. In the plural nouns are inflected as follows:Nom. and Voc., masc. and fer. t or es. Objective, masc. and fem.. vs becoming after o, a, and a consonant vs, s, and as respectively. Nom., Obj., and Voc., neuter. a. Genitive in all genders... Dative in all genders.. ts or an. In this short scheme we have given a summary and rationale of the whole of Greek declension. There are no exceptions, and all seeming irregularities arise from the way in which these case-endings are combined with the stem of the word to which they are added. The simplest division of all nouns is that into nouns with1. Consonantal stems, and stems in t and v; 2. Vowel stems in a (ra) and o. NOUNS WITH CONSONANTAL OR QUASI-CONSONANTAL STEMS. Here the endings s, a[v], for v, os, t, and es, as, Wv, at (masc. and fer.), or -, os, t, and a, ov, at (neut.) are simply added on to the stem; but be it observed(1) That as ps cannot end a word, uqps and eps become 7p, the c being lengthened for the sake of compensation; similarly ops becomes op, K.T.X. For like reasons revs and Evs become rqv, ovs and ovs become vo, as do also ovTr and tovTS, while EVTs becomes (tS. 214 214 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. (2) 8, 0, and r fall away before s, o-, and at the end of a word; v falls away bef ore o-, as 3 after v; e. g. -&pa~y/Ia[T], 7rpa'y/a[T]o-tV, V1EVL[]S, V~CLVL[f3]OtV, 7rot/j-V f Or ro/ts ~rowt~~L K.VI X (3) -y, K, X all combine with %, a- to form $, while 1P, 7r, combine with s, a- to form if. (4) a- falls out between two vowels, co, ci, ea, E'Wv contract to OV, EL, V, and wJv respectively, a-a- is avoided, and the neuter stem C3 is written in substantive nouns as og in the nominative only; e. g. TrAXo9, T-EXEo,; shortened to T'dAoV9 for TlEXEO-0a% TrEXEL for TEEO-L TcE'X7 for T-EXEO-a, TrEXW^V for TEXE'O-GJV, TE-,Eoc-t for nEcoXca-t, adX-qO ' for &'X-q0E'o-3 (neut. a-X-qE'0). A few do not contract in the genitive plural, as eiv0E'wv, 'pE'WV. (5) v between two vowels (= F) falls out, and if short is modified before a vowel to e; e. g. 83aOv, /3aOE'o;, /aOE'Wv, contracting beforec t, and a,3, flaOi, /3aOc; /3cOE'Es, flaOcZs; fla~cas, In a few words it is long, and suffers neither modification nor conractio, e. g xv'-, ' a fish,' 'x0 'os, IXOUL, bu swallows up a in accusative plural, IxOiias, t'0V Stems in t, or v unaccented, also in Ev (JP), lengthen the a of 03, and f orm. their cases as follows: Ev and Ea, E3 'EL; EL%2 Cts and Eag, OWV, CutL, and EV0uLv for 'Fo-L. IIetpaLeV4, the harbour of that name, for obvious phonetic reasons, contracts as follows: llctpata- for Ea, W'1 for cWos, E't for 4EEt. In all these cases various ancient dialects present forms more strictly regular. Stems in -v and L, though they present the general features of consonantal stems, are in strictness vowel stems., and, save in the case of EV = EF, form their objective in v, not in a; e. g. floi-v, Vav-v, 7-o'XL-v. Unacceuted stems in 8 have an optional obj ective in v for 8v; e. g. wroXV'wrovv or -7ro8a, EV'EX7rtV or -EV'E'X~r8a. (6) If the word be a monosyllable, the endings 6% L', W'v, a-C are (thus) accented, except 71-cLvTwv, 7r~-ta, 'l, ~v by, 4 7WTJV, 'lights,' TrYvo3, TtLvt, Tt-vwv, Tt'OTt3 interrogative, Q'IrO013 05VTL. A. GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.21 215 OCO)ova-L. Here, however, the apparent monosyllabic stem has been contracted from a dissyllabic one, e. g. 4wi- for Oaor-, ovT- for E'ov'r-, or, in the, case of TL`Vag, K.1-.X., the accent is a mark of distinction: rtLvo' = some, one's,' TLVO%9 'whose?' (7) Stems in?)p and ~W are circumfiexed in the oblique cases: 1x-rp-,p, -i~poT; ay~wy, -GvYos. Some stems in cp (nominative -qp = cps) throw back their accent in the vocative, and drop the E in the genitive and dative; e. g. -7ral-'p, 7rai-ep, srlp, 7-a-rp; JvpP 'V8p'- (for JVPr~9), K.T.X Objective i7rai-r'a, not r-6~pa; but UvApa, -not alvc'pa. The reason being apparently that the, originally euphonic and parasitic 3 has so glued together the v and the p, that they cannot again be parted. Of fL7TT)p and Ovya'+rp, declined generally like ~rarlqjp, the vocatives are respectively IA5Tep and OivyaTrEp, (observe accent). All these words, as well as J-TIEp- (&a'0-r'p) ' a star,' form the dative plural in p~o'-t or pao-t, for E'put or CPO-L. (8) The following apparent irregularities should be noted: 'Ap~q (Mars), stem and vocative 'ApEs, accusative 'Apyi, or ArApea, 'Apeo-a], 'ApEos or -wg, 'ApEL.,yaLXa, stem )/ca'aKT-. YYovv (stem), yO'vaTO%; yovart for yo'Y~a7-ov;, yO'vFaT&; also &'Opv, 3OpaTO%9 K.T.X. Iyvi) (stem yvvaLK-), vocative yvvat Lyv'vaiK], -yvvaZtKa -0'% 4. ZEV"' for ACCe', ZMO, At'a, Ato', % Oplt, stem T-pt-, to avoid two aspirates. KVWJV, 'dog' (stem Kvov-), contracts to K'vV-, KVva, KUVV% K.TA. bLxLpTV; for /ia'prvp-,;, also uacprvp, whieh is stem. vv'4 for vv'Tc —; (Gothic Naht-s), vVVKTa, JVVKT0O% K.TA.) OV3 for a'VaT-, aliT, WT, W'-4 (O7t; W'Ta, W7(OTOv, (ITLY, K.Tr.X. vawp for v'Sap7, VSa7-os for i33ap-ros, K.T.X. NOUNS WITH VOWEL STEMS. These may be divided roughly into a-stems and o-stems (the v and L-Stemns being for purposes of declension semai-consonantal). 216 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. I. A-stems. 1. These are preponderatingly feminine. The feminine endings are -, -, v, s, t (subscript), t, i, s, wv, ts. Wherever the stem ends in la or pa these endings require to be simply added on, and the declension is complete. In other cases the vowel a is modified (by a preference of the Ionic dialect) to -r before s and c, e. g. Trparrewa, rpawres, 86oa, ot0hs, K.T.X.; not however in the popular speech. The genitive aoov in all these words necessarily contracts to &v, though even this is sometimes ignored in the vernacular. The genitive and dative singular of these words, if oxytone, are circumflexed, rKLas, oaKla. A large majority of stems whose vowel is preceded by any consonant except or and the double consonants d and Z, adopt the vowel rV for a throughout the singular. This makes no difference in the plural; e. g. rL/in, c0-rrT, ia'&rq, ifvXy, plural Tftat, 'TLIaS, TLJLWV, 'Tl/aLs, K.T.X. 2. Masculines in a and 7 have the ending s, -, v, o (= ov when combined with a), t, and in the plural are identical with feminines. The vocative is always the stem vowel, viz. a (not e7), e. g. veavias, genitive vcavtov, vocative vEavLa; oTpaTtcTrlw, genitive -crpaTLWTov, vocative crrpartLTa; but here be it observed that all masculines in oTY-, likewise all compounds of ETrpr-, 7rcXa-, apXe-, have the a short, and consequently where admissible circumflex the foregoing vowel, e. g. orrpUliTTa, PtL3XLo7rUa, K.T.X. 3. A number of masculines in a, signifying an agent, and a few others, with most proper names of this form, as well as many in vq in the vernacular, simplify this declension by merely leaving the stem bare in the genitive and vocative, e.g. rTOi fr6rjpa, TOv /3Pppa, Troi Bayan, Trov )oia, rov Mavo'Xd, W Mavo'X., K.T.A. 4. If e precedes r (a) in the stem, ca becomes i, and e is swallowed up in all other cases, causing circumflexion of last syllable, e. g. XPvea, Xpvuc, XPVre' Xpvy'?,, K.*TX. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 217' II. O-stems. Chiefly masculine and neuter, with some feminines. The case-endings are (practically), - (with o modified to E), v, v,,,,s, WV (absorbing o but without accent), ts for the masculine and feminine; v, v,,, a absorbing o, ov, tL for the neuter. If the o of the stem is preceded by E or o, contraction takes place, oo and Eo becoming ov, while in the other cases e and o are simply swallowed up. With monosyllables the circumflex marks this process, but not otherwise except the e or o has the accent, e. g. TO 7TrXoOV, TOV 7rXov, TO 0OrTEOV, TO 6OTOVV, but 6 7rept7rXovs, ToO 7repitrXov. 6 Xpvu-ovg is really for 6 Xpv'os, although 6 Xpvco-os is the nncontracted form actually found in ancient Greek. A few stems in o seem to have lost an o, and to have been originally consonantal; such are the classical feminines 17 Xo, & au8cs, which decline oZ, ao), os,, and the proper names KXEi), a7rf`), AmrTc. Like these are the modern proper names 7 X&o, genitive TUs Xtws, accusative Trv Xw(v), j Maptyd, K.r.h. A few nouns are heteroclite or of mixed declension, e. g. To oveLpov, 'the dream,' plural Ta ove'lpaTa, TO ypad/tixov and its analogues, plural Ta ypaltl/JaTa. Also the accusatives of proper names in yeves, KpadTE, / aeS~E, o rCVEs, lXESA, which form their accusative in r-v instead of in Fa, 77. This doubtless arises from false analogy, the nominative -; suggesting Xr instead of es as the stem-ending. METAPLASTIC NOUNS. In the vernacular a number of accusatives like 7raTepa(v), Xa/A7raa(v), suggest a fresh stem raTepa-, Xa/u7raSa-. Hence we get such nominatives as 6 7rarTpas, 6 avSpas, i XAaTra'&a, -7 VVKTar for 7raT'rp, avrjp, Xa/LJra(8), vv'. Such forms frequently preserve the old genitive, as vT^ VVKTOS, TOV0 aVpos. 218 218 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. A number of nouns in a and -q, chiefly circumiflexed on the stem-vowel, form their plurals from the sterns a8 and -q in the vernacular; also a few paroxytones like /,cw'vva, ' mother,' Xxa'Xa, 'laugher,' xT-ag, ' gaper,' 7rawrp~aT%'a3 'rambler.' The masculine forms do not draw forward the accent in the genitive plural, e. g. Xxa~a8wv, a77-awpE'Xa&Iwv. Foreign vowel stems follow the analogy of those in a, e. g. O' Ka&6E% Toil Ka:/E, plural al KafE~ev; 4 uaiuoi3, ' the monkey,' 7-4; pdiquoik,, alt,LaL/iov'8E; but if paroxytones, as O' KOVTE%3 'the count,' the plural is -q&8E% K.r. X. Other curious mixtures difficult to classify are: ' K0'P a~ag for KOpa4, J' Ko'paKE, TOV KOPLKaL(v), TeO KOpcLKOV, OL' KOpdKOL, 'TOV'1 KOPOLKOV%9 TWOV K0paLKWV, K. T.X.; but these belong wholly to the vernacular. The vernacular also writes ats for at and as, accusative feminine plural, og or atq for a',, masculine accusative plural, and "j for al, feminine plural of the article. Other instances of metaplasm and heteroclite declension in the vernacular are: 'rov- -rpaypAa'rOV for 7wpa&-yaro%, 7rpaet, uT-pa'L9 for ~rpa:$tg, 7rpa'$,Ewq, 7raXEZt or 7TaX(EL for 7raX~J3, plural ilomillative masculine of rra~lv-) ' fat,' K.Tr.X. GENDERS OF NOUNS. I. Masculi-nes: (a) All stems in Ev. (b) All substantives in v'r (except those in oiWT), and most in -v,,?7p, WP, 0T, 7r but 4 Op'jv, 4 X'v, and, of course, 4 dp' and 4 6V74-a'qp, T'r OW13 'the light,' T'r ov', ' the ear.' 2. Feminines: (a) The f ew whose nominatives are ('Ov and W'. (b) Most in 8; but 7raL8-, ' boy,' ' girl,' Xo-aJ&, ' picked man or woman,' Ovya~-, '-fugitive,' o-rropa'-, ' scattered,' 1E'r-X-v8-, I'immigrant,' vE-qXv8-, I'new comer,' are commoa. (c) All in tand T'IJT, and most in vr. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 219 Of those in o, nominative os, the great majority are masculine. Of those in a and 7), all are feminine but a few whose nominatives take s. 3. Neuters:(a) All in o whose nominative is ov. (b) All in ap, ar, and one in LT ---ro e'Xt, 'the honey,' genitive E'AL-os. OF ADJECTIVES IN PARTICULAR. 1. Of three endings, masculine, feminine, and neuter (TpyKaTaXk77KTa E7rLOeTa): (a) o-,,, o-v or o-s, a, o-v, i. e. a in case of vowel or p preceding (but oyor7', 'eighth'). These are the commonest kind; a few in Eo contract, e. g. Xpvo-oi,, Xpvrn, Xpvwovv. (b) -a, Eca, v, all oxytone, but uLv-s, j cIa, /Atav, next commonest. (c) tEVr-S, tevrT-ca, tEV becoming c'S, louua, I cB according to phonetic law. (d) oevr-s, K...X., similarly formed. (e) Two, viz. /jEcXav- and TaXav-, thus declined: piEXa, beXatva, ieXav, 'black,' /%eXava, uEXatvav, i'Xav, where fcXava = pEXawva. (f) All participles, whether imperfect passive (-suvo-), perfect passive (-/pevo-), imperfect active (-ovT-), aorist passive (-&vT-), 1st aorist active (-avT-), perfect (-or-, -via, -or-), nominative UR, vi, o&' (for rT, vTa, or). 2. Of two terminations, s8KaTaXqKTa (masculine or feminine, and neuter). (a) All whose stem is E, nominative 7S, cs. (b) All in ov, nominative ov, ov. (c) All in t, nominative is, L. (d) Most compounds and derivatives from compound verbs, except those which are oxytone. Also f3pp/ap3ao-, 7o'rXo-, epo-. The vernacular ignores this class, using the feminines v) 7vcrv, K.T.X., in disregard of the accentual laws. 220 220 ~A GU[DE TO MODERN GREEK. 3. Adjectives of one ending (~tovoKar&X-qKra) are simply such as are masculine and feminine, and have no neuter, e. g. 0, q' cL71atL, 'childless,' and a f ew which are practically substantives in apposition, as O' yf'pov, 'the old man,' q'1', EXovThS3, ' the volunteer.' ADJECTIVES OF MIXED DECLENSION. These are txEdya; for 1kdYaX,3, 'great,' of which the singular nominative and accusative masculine and neuter are formed as though from /jy-aX-, dropping the X according to phonetic laws, and the rest of the cases from the stemp~r&Xo-, and '7rOXV'% K.Tr.X., in which the same cases are formed from stem 7woXvU'-, the rest from stem x-oXXO'- -q5-, for 7-xoX~o'- -9-. The Ionic dialect declines -roXXO- 7roXX'- throughout, and the vernacular /.EycaXO- ~ througYhout. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 1. The regular way of comparing adjectives is by addingTrEpO TEpac TEp0, comparative. TaTO TaLT?/ Taro to the stem of the masculine and neuter. e. g. XE7ri-O'- XErTO'TEpO- -a/E'g o-4)E(TTCpO- XEWrTO'TaTO - oGLa4Ec(TTaTO. If the preceding syllable is short the o-stem, is lengthened, e. g. cr-o~owrpo-, K.T.X., not o-o0o'TE-po-. 2. Stems in EVT change to E3, and stems in ov take eg before adding the comparative endings, e. g. Xap'EVT~-1 XatTIP~V&aL/Lov-, EV&ZqLtfovEcTTEp0-. 3. As alternatives to TEpo-9 Ta~TO-9 the endings WVy-, wro0- are added to a few adjectives, while in other cases the stem of the positive is changed. Hence arise the, following seeming irregularities: at' Xp~' 'base,' at'-Xt-To; c~-FLV-,'la, dI/E-TTCpO-; KaKO-, 'bad,' XEtPOTEPO, XpOKLOOand XEpwoKIXo'-, KaXX~ov- (neuter Ka'XXLov) or KaN-qTEPO-, K6XXtoUTo-; ubyaX-, p.Et4O- for /xdy~ov-, also pEtyaXiito,' t --- ~io,~co-v for AaXJtov- from E'XaXv'-, cAaxtJ-Tol, also O6Aty/WrTpo-, 6XqtywT-r-; A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.21 221 7roXv'-, 7TtXELOV- Or 71-XEt6TEpo-, VTXEJcTO-, also 71-EpctG-o0TCpO-; TcXLurrOas superlative Of TaXt'-; VlfLOo- Of V~q1-qXo'-. Note too a&wXoi^-s, 'awXovo p a,/JXtvovm% ay~V asE though th e stemn were ovo-. 4. The following comparatives of adverbs and prepositions are noticeable 7rXo-c"ov, ' near' 7rX-17o-tLo-TCpoV3, -TraTro1. a4wo, 'from'(far') J-T-Jn-Epos, 'f urther,' -aTroy, ' furthest.' 7rPO, 'before' irpoTErpos, 'earlier,' 7wpJ~oTy, 'first,' irpw'TL0-oy, ' first of all,' quasi "Ifirstest." 4E',CK, 'out' Eo-~aTOs for EK-o-aToy3, 'uttermost,' ' last.' VW~,'ve'{rE'prEp~ 'superior,' -v+E' TaTOs, ' supreme.' In ordinary parlance the comparative with the article= superlative, the superlative itself = 'very,' e. g. Kaq)\T1EpOS, 'the best man,' KaXXtO-To3 JvOpwros, 'a very good man.' SUBSTANTIVE PRtONOUNS. v 1. Personal pronouns: I W IE~ (E/1E E/rva) Uoi (Caoi3 ptol (4wtO). Thou n-', (E'oiV), G-E (Ecr4, oE'a, &oE'va), o-ov, UOL. He TO~y a~~v (-TOY), ai'Toi3 QToi3), ai'T43 (T-4). She -j -v -,V - ^ -~ - - it - a -O'- -0j like masculine. We rCLE~ a p) ~j~ pi),s~ ~ ). You {'4kJ3 (E'o-EZ%, crZs), 'pICoy (aok), i'p (a-as). They a V To0, aiVToV"1 (TrOi~), OavTWVO (T-r)V), aV'TrOZS (TrOZs). Fem. -alt -a, c; - -'asaZ3, K.T.X. Neut. - A -~ 'a _ and the rest as the masculine. (a) The shorter forms are the less emphatic, and when written after the, words governing them lcse their accent, e. g. i-oi I'&OKa' TO, 01rJTO E'&JKcL'oy TO I gave it him. (b) The nominatives are not expressed with verbs, save f or emphasis. 222 222 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK~. 2. Reflective pronouns: I myself, ( ayV) ai`vg or -i), K.'r.X. Of myself, E'tkvroi3, -~s, K.1-.X., and so on. Ourselves, (i'EZs) au'T-oI, ~~vai'JVV, K.r.X. Thyself, o-cavro3^, K.v.X.; yourselves (V',EZ,) av'lrol, K-TA.X Himself, avT" 9 of himself, Ea~v'oi, K.T.X; herself, aivr?) ECaUTr/',3 K. T.X. But the Greeks also say in the objective-i —tv E'av'ro'v ptv,TO ccarVT o-ov, K.r.X., and sometimes To)V 1 I OV &iav-o'v /.LoV, K.Tr. X.,O lit. ' the own self of me;' also in the nominative, E4dii 5 '&Sos, I'I myself.' 3. Reciprocal pronoun acLX-qAOU%3 -a13 a', K.T.X. THE ARTICLE. ADJECTIVAL PRONOUINS. 1. The definite article O' -q 0 plural o', all, Ta", is declined in other cases as from the stems TO`-, Ty'-, rd'-. As indefinite articles, T's, TrE, Or 0Ls ta, Ev the numeral ' one, are used. IN.B.-Masculine and neuter stem = 'v, feminine = /,da. 2. ' My,' &c., is expressed by 05 - Plovi K.T-.X.; 'mine' or ' my own' by O' LaLKO' f.OV, K.T.X., and so on of the other pronouns. IDEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 3. ' This,' that, when not over emphatic, is aVTo"' — q) -O, always combined with the article, thus, o av pwv ir Vo 0vo o a'vOpwros, 'this man,' whereas O' av'T-'1 C'vOponros means ' the same man.' But as o' alvOpwrros aviTo'i; may mean also ' the man hmef'the less ambiguous and more emphatic pronoun oV'TOS a 0r (observe accent) TOOTO is used in preference., This being really a compound of several stems is given at length: SINGULAR. PLURAL. TOVTOT V Tc-ul TOUTO, 'OUTOV ( TatrL T-CLVTaL TOZTOU Ta~V'T-V TOVTO Tu)v TaVTaT TaV C TrOUTW TaUT7q TOVT(W TOUTOLS ral)TaLS TOVTQLT A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 223 Here, too, the article must accompany the substantive. CKEWVOS '-q /-o, 'that, yonder,' is declined quite regularly, except that the neuter nominative and accusative drop v. The use of the article is the same as with olros. ro(ro-ro-, 'so great,' and rTOLiro-, 'such,' follow the declension of ovTos, K.T.X., except that the initial T of Ta.VTv, K.T.X., is never inserted. aXXos, aXX,, aXXo, 'other,' is as regular as aro'-. Observe that all these pronominal words drop v in the neuter accusative and nominative. An old demonstrative compounded of the article + oE is used in certain cases, e. g. uE'XPt TOve, ( hitherto.' The article with tpev and oE (not written in one word), 6 uEv -- 6, K.T.X., means 'the one' — 'the other.' Also 6 8e alone means 'and he' or ' but he.' INDEFINITE AND INTERROGATORY PRONOUNS. These are: TLv-, nominative 'L', TI, indefinite, losing accent when enclitic, e. g. avOporoS TVLS EXe &vo vIov', 'a certain man had two sons;' and Ts3; V'; interrogatory. vroLo-; 7rola-; originally = 'of what kind?' but now = Tn'; T(; o Se&va or 6 8evas (heteroclite), TOv EWTva, rTO 8eZvos, T' SeLVt, and 6 aci or 6 TaSWE, TOV Ta8, TO; T ae (dative not found). The following distich was for some time the motto of a Greek satirical journal in Athens called TO s, ' the Light,' appended to a caricature of the fallen and standing Prime Ministers, one of whom was represented head downwards, and the other in his natural position;Kat 6 8se'va Kal o rTaSe Etve oAXot Lao'KapdS8eC. Mr. This and Mr. That Each and all are Messrs. Flat. 224 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. To which in one of the comic papers the prompt rejoinder appeared:Kal O VVTaCKrrns Toy <(O)TOS Mac-KapaS ELVE Kal avros. And the Editor of Light Is as flat as any, quite. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The commonest relative pronoun is 6 orolo0, 0 oT0roa, TO 0rot0v. Occasionally the more classical 8s, I, o, or the compounds o-rep, 7rEp, o7rEp are used: 7rep is a mere indeclinable particle, in force equivalent originally to 'very' or ' same.' For the rest os, K.T.X., is declined quite regularly, as is also TLt in composition, e. g. ovLLva, M7T'VaT O,T, OLV TLVO,, T7 X K.T.X., but ovwEp, 7iTrEp, K.T.X. Finally the indeclinable o&rov or 7roi is used in the vernacular as a relative for all cases and genders. Compare the German wo in the South. CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS. Such are rorEpos, ( which of two ' ' whether of two 1' neuter rOTEpov ' whether;' O6 repos, 'one of two;' o&orepoS, which of two' (relative); roo-oS, 'how great,' 'how many;' o0-0o, 'as great as;' TOTos or TOO-OVTOS, ' so great,' so many;' vrocos, O7roZo0, 'of what kind;' TOOvTros or TETOLOS (accent invariably on e), 'such;' olos, 07roLos, 'such as.' THE NUMERALS. As some of these are subject to inflection, they are given in this place. CARDINALS. 1 ETr (for Ev-r), pia, fv (fer. 4 rerrCapes, r;croaapa. gen. and dat. /LL&a, pita). 5 7reie. 2 Zoo or 8co. 6 JE, vl. c$L. 3 TPrEr, Tpia (gen. TpLcov). 7 e7rTa. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 2 2 5 8 KTCOb. 9 i'z'z~a. 10 3EKa. 11 EJ)85EKa. 12 8023EKa. 13 8IEKaL~pE~ ta. 14 83EKa-Eoo-(apEv -a, K.T.X. 20 EIK0cTI. 21 EZLKoO- K~al Jec or ELKOcrtV ELS', K.Tr.X. 30 Tpta'Kov7a (Trptivra). 40 7reo-o-apa'Kov7a (-apair7a). 50 7rEVTi-,KOvra (7rrFVipVa). 60 Je$?KovTa (E'6vra). 70 380,i'Kov7-a (J*3oML~vra). 80 dy8o0'KOvra (d'y8,FvTa or 4 o i~vra). 100 eKa7-0V. 101 tCsKah'v (Ka's) E(5, K.T-.X 103 'EKaTo'v TpeJr, K.Tr.X. 200 8taK6 01-Lt (declined). 3 00 TptaK60rLOL. 400 TETpaico(TL0L. 500 7rEvTaKocTrLOL. 600 J$aico-ftot. 700 J&TO-K6ULOL. 800 4K7-aKJ'0TL0t. 900 E'v(vE)aK~o'LOL. 1000 XL'XLOL. 2000 8t-IXo or UVo X~tLaiev (in apposition), and so on, adding XL'XLOL to TP19, T-rPa'KL.V, VTE V-aK L ' E aL', E 7T aKL5', K.7-.., meaning 'th rice,' &c., to XL'XLOL, or combining the first ten numerals with XtXLa68E5'. 10,000 6,EIaKL5'X'X O r /.LVPLOt (classical). N.B. - Mvpiot means ' countless' (note accent). 20,000 ELKoo-t XtXta'8E5' or 8&071VPtoL. 1,000,000 bP EKaotOkv'pL0VJ 100 X 10,000. A billion, &t0,EKaT0oppv'ptoV. 1883 XL~ 6M-aK~oa-ta o'y~o7)KovTa 'rpta. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th* 5th 7th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 7JpWTO50 ' -?7-OV. 8,EVTEP0o' '-a -ov. TpiTO.V, IK.T.X. TeTapTno', K.XA. 7TE/L7rT0,T. evarosv. EVKaE~ ao 5. E&a)iKa705'. c&5Ka1-o5' 7rpLTns0 KTXA. ORDIIN rALS. 20th 'ELK00TO-6. 21st 'ELKOOTO5' p,~-ov 30th rptaKoo-7d'S. 40th TEO-o-apaK0cTTO0'. (aapaKocr-70',), K.T-.X 100th C"KaTO0-T09, K.7.X., the ending -crr0V being added to the stem; e.g. 'in the 1883rd year,' ev ETEL XtXtoo-TrcO 0KTLaK0(TL00Cr7- OV3O??KO-Tcd) LpTPd. Fractions are expressed by the neuter of the ordinals: e' TE q o t0 v)= 1, av'o rp ct'T =, C.Tr.X Q 226 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. THE VERB. The verb consists of a root (or stem) combined with personal affixes or endings. Verbs are divided into Active and Passive. Most have both an active and passive form. Those that have only a passive form are for the most part active in sense, having lost in the process of usage their originally passive meaning. Verbs are further distinguished as to tense or time. The two main tense divisions are1. Imperfect tenses, or those denoting a continued action. 2. Aorist tenses, or those denoting an instantaneous action. The future tense in Modern Greek is expressed by combinations or adaptations of these other two. Verbs are further subject to changes of mood according to whether the action is represented as actual, or conditional, or commanded. These moods are called respectively, indicative, subjunctive, and imperative. For the imperfect there is sometimes, but not always, a separate stem, called the imperfect stem. The aorist stem is in such cases the root of the verb. Given the imperfect stem, the present imperfect tense in the indicative mood in all its persons may be formed at once by adding on the following affixes: ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 1 2 3 1 2 3 Sing. o Ecs tL Sing. o0/ua Ecraa ETac P1. oLEv Ere oVrL (OW) P1. EOmega caOE ovraT A slight vowel change transforms these endings into the appropriate ones for the subjunctive mood of the imperfect tenses. N.B.-There is no distinction of past and present in the subjunctive mood. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 227 ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Sing. Xo l Sing. wo/at Tocral rTaL PL. wjLEv irTE arot (ovv) P1. To/AeOa tyo-e oiWrat The past tenses take a prefix E, called the augment, which with E combines to form El or 1, with i, e, and with a, I. To form the past imperfect indicative the prefix e is placed before the stem (or root), and the following are the endings: ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Sing. ov (vl. a) Es E Sing. o/Juiv Ero ETO P1. o/Lev ere ov (av) P1. o/LEOa EGrOE OVrO The aorist is formed in two ways. In case the imperfect stem is lengthened from the root, the aorist reverts to the root, and with that exception forms its persons (in the active) precisely as the imperfect past, e. g. <Ev;vyo, root vry-, present imperfect Zeevyov, aorist &Evyov. This is called the 2nd or strong aorist. In case the imperfect stem is the simple root, the letter o- is interposed between stem and personal endings, or the syllable lengthened in cases where for the sake of euphony the ro is suppressed, and the endings are as follow in the active: while in the passive the 1st aorist interposes 0, the 2nd aorist nothing, and the endings are as follows:ACTIVB. PASSIVE. Sing. a as e Sing. rqv ir 7v PL a/~ev are av PL r?7jlv 7rTe oav Examples: /3aXXo, 'I put' or 'throw,' e,/aXXov, 'I was throwing,' E/3aXov, 'I threw,',IXaAXv, ' I was thrown;' XAvw, 'I loose,' ZXuov, ZXuvra, EXvOr7v. In the subjunctive mood,the same sterns(without the O)are used as in the indicative, while the personal endings are as follows: ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Same as for the imperfect. Ditto, circumflexed throughout V XcWo, PaXo, K.T.X. Xv10, p/aXw, K.T.X. Q 2 228 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. N.B. —The vernacular is fond of forming the indicative passive aorist by adding to the aorist stem, whether 1st or 2nd, the endings of the 1st aorist active, preceded by the letters,1K, e. g. dparKa, fXt\Oqr)Ka, for efdXarv, [3Xr&0'rlv, K.r.X. The future tense is expressed either by the subjunctive mood preceded by the particle 0a, or by the verb OeXw, ' I will,' &c., followed by the INFINITIVE. This is formed of the stem + the ending EL(v), passive -coat, in the aorist ~(vat), e. g. 0a Xov', 'I will loose' (as a habit); 0a Xv-rw, 'I will loose' (on some special occasion); passive 0a XvO&, K.T.X. 0eCX) 3ld\XEt(v), 'I shall put' (habitually); 06AX f3da\E(v), 'I shall put' (once for all); OE'w /3aXEco-rOa, Oc'X /3aXC. N.B.-' I will put' is 0EXw v /3vaXWo, K.T.X. The infinitive is properly the old locative case of a noun. It is still used as an indeclinable substantive with the article, but in this case the old classical form is employed, i. e. the v is never dropped in imperfect and 2nd aorist, and for the 1st aorist at is used instead of eL, while the ELv of the 2nd aorist active is always circumflexed, e.g. To /3aXXetv, TO 3aXEiL, re XAoc-a, Tr XvvOval, K.T.X. The modern form of the infinitive aorist is also used with Exj(, I have,' to form a compound perfect and pluperfect, e. g. XvA-.ei, ' I have loosed;' X /3dXEt, 'I have put;' ETXov (for EEXov) X;O-EL, fa/XEL, K.T.X., II had,' &c. Another way of forming the perfect and pluperfect is EXo + the perfect passive participle in -,eLvo- A-, e. g. eXo (XE)Xv/ae va Trs orrovoas, 'I have broken the treaty.' The doubling of the first syllable is optional. IMPERATIVE MOOD, OR MOOD OF COMMANDING. To the imperfect stem the following endings are added, in the active:e[s] ('thou') and occasionally rkw ('he'). ere ('ye') very rarely &eroav or ovrwv (' they'). and in the passive: A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 229 EO-0 (ov) 0oCo@. EOO-e Ea&woXrav or ErOOwv. As a rule a wish regarding all other persons but the second is expressed by &s followed by the subjunctive, e. g. as Xv'aw, &a X\ir, i Xcrovv. as is short for aIes, 2nd aorist imperative of ia-e-, imperfect adtl/L', 'let,' 'permit.' To the 1st aorist stem the following endings are added:ACTIVE. or ov aOrw. ere or aTe dvTrW, PASSIVE. ov or ]rL or wei (the latter if no aspirate precedes) Trw. 7)Te irTwav or vTr0v. N.B.-(1) To form the 2nd aorist imperative the endings of the imperfect are added to 2nd aorist stem: whereas in the passive the endings are alike for 1st and 2nd aorist. (2) ov requires the active stem, e. g. ypa'ov, not ypadOov. The foregoing supplies the key to all the most ordinary forms of the verb except the participles; but before we speak of these it may be well to mention a few classical forms not in common use, but cropping up in occasional phrases, such are:THE CLASSICAL FUTURE. This is simply the same as the present imperfect + the insertion of (r between stem and personal ending in the active, and Ojo- between stem and personal ending in the passive, e. g. XV'Cro, XvOrj-oCat, K.T.X THE MIDDLE AORIST. Middle means halfway between passive and active. Those passive verbs which have an active meaning may form (not must) their aorists as follows: To the 1st aorist stems are added the following personal endings:adLqV auLeOa o( for aero acrOe aro aVTo 230 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. and to the 2nd aorist stem the endings of the imperfect past passive. A future middle is also sometimes formed, which is identical with the passive except that o- is substituted for o-r. THE PERFECT ACTIVE. This is formed by doubling the first consonant and inserting E, e. g. XeX for X, yey for y, K.T.X., and if the root end in a vowel or a liquid inserting K, aspirating a mute or medial, and leaving an aspirate intact, and then adding the endings of the 1st aorist, save that the 3rd person plural ends in aVTL instead of av, e. g. XE~vKaaot from Xv-, yeyppaao-' from ypa4 —, K.T.X. A perfect passive formed by adding to the reduplicated stem the endings/aC, -atL, a Ta; tEEOa, OE (after vowels ao-0), and (where possible) vIat, is found in such isolated phrases as TETEAcr-Tat, 'it is finished,' from root rEXE —. N.B.-or and sometimes X are dropped in reduplication, e. g. rr('TpryLaL for orearepTrLaat, eL'ZXrLtGia for XEAr/iy/aL. Observe, too, /A, r, k are assimilated to A/, e. g. yeypa lLat for yeypac/_at, also, spirants1 become tenues before r, e. g. yeypaT7rTa for yE'ypaTrat. THE PARTICIPLES. The imperfect participle active is formed by adding to the imperfect stem the syllable ovr, which becomes with the signs of case and gender, ov [OTr-s], ova-a [ovr-ora], and ov[r], in masculine, feminine, and neuter respectively, and is declined according to the scheme for nouns given above. The 2nd aorist is made by adding the same endings on to the 2nd aorist stem. The 1st aorist participle active is formed by adding to the corresponding stem the endings as, aara, av [arvr-s, ar —a, ati ], K.T.X. The perfect passive participle is formed by adding to the root (of which the reduplication is optional) the endings ixevo-s, /AEv-r, /,evo-v, K.-.X. Observe the accent, invariably on the E. 1 The term " spirant " includes all consonants but tenues and liquids, according to Modern Greek phonetics. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 231 The imperfect participle passive is made by adding to the imperfect stem the endings o/4EVos EVJ, o OiEVOV, o K.T.X. The passive participle aorist is made by adding the suffix cvr + generic endings = -d [-], [er-Ta], va [-era ], [] to the 1st or 2nd aorist stems. Besides these there are occasionally found a future active and passive participle formed by adding on the imperfect endings to the future stems given above in the account of the classical tense, e. g. XvI-a —v, Xv-Orcr-o/-Evos, K.T.X.; and also an ACTIVE PERFECT PARTICIPLE, formed by adding to the reduplicated root the suffix or- for masculine and neuter, and via- for the feminine, thus producing (,s [oT-S], via, os [or], respectively. Observe the accent, which is always on the suffix save in the feminine genitive plural, which is circumflexed according to rule. CONTRACT VERBS. WShere the verbal root ends in a, e, or o, contraction arises with those personal endings which begin with a vowel. In forming these contractions it has only to be remembered that — ao, ao), Eo, ow, and aov contract to o, W. o, 00, oo, o v, ooov, ov, o, o respectively. aE, ar7, act, ay,, a, a. EE, EEL, EL, Et. Oa,, oL., ',, 7,.~. But for the most part verbs in o insert v in Modern Greek before a vowel, and thus contraction is avoided, e. g. 8topOo've for 8&opo'tE, LopOot, ' he corrects.' Keeping the above contractions in view, the student will be able to write out correctly the paradigm of any contract verb. Apparent exceptions in the mouths of the common people, e. g. e&TLoJiovov or ETLpov.LkTqv for Ei/loL/rlyv, arise from the tendency 232 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. to assimilate all contract verbs to a common scheme, and as the vowels a and E (and even o) were probably in origin variants of one indeterminate vowel sound, there is some justification for the process. As a rule verbs in a, c, and o lengthen these vowels to rj and o respectively in forming the aorist, e. g. Let/ao), -t/L^j, 'I honour,' ETL/J7cra, Oa TIr/J'0o); ZT-o -s, ' I seek,' iT-cra, O qa TCro-u; 8&opOovw, 'I correct,' &opeco-a or eStopOooa, K. T.X. Apparent exceptions, such as yyeXao, yeXa-crw, 'laugh,' dpKEGo, apKEOc), 'suffice,' &s8tao, 8ta&'o)o, thirst,' raELvacW, 7rELVCaao, 'hunger,' (ra-o, (rarWcrw, 'break,' KaXEo, KaXE'(, 'call,' EE/euoE, 'vomit,' TEX&c, 'finish,' alveo, 'praise,' K.T.X., reveal in their passive forms, e. g. Sarof/xvos, 7pKEcO'Orv, 'TeTEAEcrXE/Lvos, K.T.X., that they have lost an a- after the root-vowel a or E, so that they do not properly come under the rule. Such other exceptions as occur (and they are very rare) are probably due to false analogy. Such is the general scheme of conjugation, and to it there are no exceptions. Given the imperfect and aorist stem of a verb, the whole conjugation is known. Some verbs have both 2nd and 1st aorists, and some only 1st or 2nd. As a rule, when the imperfect stem and the root of the verb are identical, the 1st aorist is used, when the imperfect is a secondary formation, the 2nd. In forming the 1st aorist it must be remembered that:(1) p, rt, p combine with a- to form q 7, K, X y while 8, 0, T are lost before. o(2) that X, /,, v, p absorb the following a, the preceding vowel being lengthened by way of compensation; e.g. Ei/Etva for uEvaca, E'CTreLa for E'o-1EXca, scrpe for Trapcre, K.T.X. To form the imperfect stem either the simple root is retained, as in ypdaw, XAo, TL /o, ayatar, T7, VTi O, Va, K, CTTW, K.T.X., or it is increased in various ways: A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.23 233 1. By the frequentative affix 0-K, accompanied somnetimes with reduplication, or by reduplication alone, in which case the reduplicated vowel is not E as in the perfect, but t, e. g. 7L7VLL%-W, 'I know,' from yvo-, yt'yvo/jat for ytyE'VotkaL from 7,Ev-, 'become,' Xa-W 'I gape,' from root Xa-, Ovq7OrKU) or Ovat'aKW f Or 0a'vCTK(i from Oav-, ' die,' /X~jLVrbO-K&, 'II remind,' from root e~va-, and so f orth. 2. By adding,- after a labial, as Oa'7-T-W, 'I bury,' TVW7-TW, ' I strike.' 3. By adding t consonantal, which becomes absorbed, producingr a changel in the final consonant of the root, 87 becoming ~,while.y, K, X + G - a- (Or Ti); -yvwpi4w, 'I know,' for 7Vwpt3(o), 7-p 'au-w for 77pcKw taT i-0u-u- for Saa'-/z-yW, K. TA. 4. By the affix av often accompanied by nasalization of the root, e. g. Xatk43a&vw, I'I take,' from Xa/3-, /javO'vw, I'I learn,' from jkaO-, Xav6aJvw, 'I hide,' from XaO-; or by suffix av + consonantal = atv, as 7-aOua/vw, II suffer,' from 7waO-; or by v alone, as ckE'pvco from 4)Ep-, accompanied sometimes with change of vowel, as yE'pVw from -yvp-, QE)wrCdpvw from lbcap-. This v is occasionally inserted between the last consonant and the final vowel, especially a, of a root, e. g.Wyv~'w, I'I pass,' aorist VrT4paTLa. 5. The root-vowel is strengthened, e. g. v becomes Ev, as 4~v-y-, 'flee,' 4,EV'7w, I'I flee,' Zovyov, I'I fled.' The following is a list of so-called Irregular Yerbs. In some cases the irregularity is produced by a striving for regularity led by false analogy. a~oT0c'vo/Juat, aor. -'a-Ov'Aqv, 'feel.' auapTcaVW, /i~japr-qo-a and siapov f.' -qXffw ajvXw-a, ' spend.' avot'yw, -qVota and avE'wea, 'open.' aw~~r~,Jr'Oavov, 0\ `dro~acya, 'die.' awXvw da-Aca t.p w X~-vZa. -'s, 'lose.' 234 234 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. lapEOKW), yqpcoa, Oa apEcrwJ, 'please.' O~v, q no-a, O0i\ a~$ '-w, 'grow.' Q'0~-LKVE'f0cU a~d/~65 cctX<Ovv and ac/to[ljqv; p. p. ayFLJ/Q% 'arrive.' dlot'vw, apq-a and a'4'qKa; imperat. 614)E% Jd~p-aorc anad alorET p. p. a0EtLE'4Vog ' leave,''I let go.' flatvw (chiefly found in compounds), E)fSqv, E'-3 E''q K.T.X.; imp. PU, P7TIE, 'gco;' aor. pass. 7wapEflo'O-q, 'it was transgressed; f. OC'/3Jo. For ~'flrjv the vernacular uses Z/3-qKa, K.r-.X PGcLX~w, -root flaX and /3Xa, Oa\. Pa'Xw, 'E3aXov or E/3aXa, E/3X6G'-jv, PEI3X'w/.k&0S 'cast,' ' put,' ' put on.' f8apiv'v, Oa\ /api'vw, j/3'pvva, 0' /3apvvOW2, EJPap'Sv'O'iv, 'weary,' 'burden.' /3XE'ro,, aor. from root 18- [Fit], J78ov or -a, -'a'8E and 18' also LIU 18,J Oa\ 8W 'see.' In compounds regular, as KaTrE/3XcEfrEV, 'he looked down,' aivE4XEq/a, I'I looked up.' /00-KOJ, aor. f rom Stem /30"KIE-, ' feed,' 6a\ fl0cTK 'M, K.Tr.X. vloiStoat, I I will,' 'intend,' OL fl O o-vX-qOJ also qgovx~Gqv, as if from E/3ovXc-. PpExw, pass. aor. E/3p 'xqVj 0a' /3paX oi, K.T.X., ' rain.' y)a'-W yipoa K.. 'grow old.' ytvopLat (yt/Yvo/.at), 0A 7/EtLVO,, EzyELv or yE'CVo4/Jv, yvos(~~ pf. EYyova; pf. p. -yEyovWcC, ' become.' IILVWOJ-KO (yt-yVW'0K1W), Oi 'yv(OcrW, E'-yvswoa and E'YVoW, E-yVWo; vyvo,,E7VO4j1EV, E-yvwrE, I-E-vws~av imp. y/VWot, yvw~O-ov or yva-cT; aor. p. yvG%-as and -yvov' (-IvovT-), 'kinow.' Chiefly in cornpounds, e. g. alva'yvOJOL, ' read,' ' recognize.' 8EtKV1S&J, the aor., &c., from 8&LK-; P. P. p. 8,EEypE'Vo;, 'show.' E ~Po.o 3aap, &tlpw, Ac8tpa;p. &a\ 8a() 0a' 8apOCi, &p-qv or 'S ipO-qv, ' flog,' ' flay.' Hence Up-/-a, ' skin.' &EXo/xat, E'xcE'XO-qa 8EXO(; P. P. 38E7E/LE'Vos; aor. m. also found, E'8EeaL/Vkqv p. 8EXOEV and &$aL4LEvog, I'receive.' 8t8c'OTKW, the aor. from &MaX-, ' teach.' 8L8Pd'CrKWJ (in comp.) (root Spa-), &irf'pacra, dre'8pauas, dlie'pcwcv, A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.23 235 also a&idEpa,;, a'zrE8pa (cf. yvw-); part. a`7ro8pa's, allro8pa'oa, 'run away.' Mu) E'o-w, )3 a and ~&Ka, 0a' 3oOw', E'8O0'0-v; P. P. P. 8&E80 pmog ' give.' &Y~va-fiat -o-at -Tat -/,Oa -o0,E -ri-at (a throughout); snbj. Uvwvouat, 8VVquara, 8v'vp-qat, 8vvW/J Oa, 6VVo-IYOE, &vovwrat, or like the indicative; inf. &v'ao-Oat; p. 8vvcqL~Evo'3; imp. AuvalL?)1 and i'?vvacju_-v (cf. &Aniofkat), K.T.X. (with athrougliout); 6~z 8vvqOJ~, Vvv'4&qv, 'can,' I'am able.' EyEtpw; imp1. qy-EtpoV; aor. 'qyEtpa, 6a\c y E P EpO), 17y E'PO?7P,, ' raise,' 'wake, 'rise, 'awaken;' p. p. p. 1Eyvjy~ppt'vo3. C at (clAf), Jtuat, EJVE (E'0Tt), E" LEOa (E-L El),Et(OE, EWE (do-It) subj. Tqpat (OL), T'o-at (u,),' rvE (j'), 'jkc~a (~EV), '0-O1E, lipVE (JWcL); imp. Zo-o, Zo-n~o, Zo-1w-crav; inf. J190OaL (EJvat); p. 'WV (OVT-), 'be.' No aorists, for which E`y/EVa, RE )(E&VO, K.T.X., are used. EK7rX 'TTw; I1st aor. act. froma -rX-y-; 2nd aor. pass. frMm iXay-, 'astonish.' 1Ekro&t~w, 'hinder,' takes no augment. 1Epxo/.at, ' come' (EAO-); fUt. P. EXEVT0'04LEV03 for EXV0oo'bLE1rQs. 1E{pt'o-Ka (E.'p-, augment optional), ' find.' EVXo/.aL (,E'x) 'wish.' IExw (o-X- UVX-), &EOVx, 0a o-XEO,~, C'o-XEOyv, ' have.' ~, ~, j~%~,q 0JLIEV, ZJTE,.~cl live,' Z'-qct. i7evp1W, 'know,') U~aO-. O~'7r~w, 'bury ' (Ta4~-, pass.); p. p. p. E~apqxE'vo1. O1EAW, MOEAXc (OEXE- C'O1EXIE-), 'Will.' II propose,' ' set before myself '); 0a\ T-Sh7, CETE'OJV; part. imp. TLOIELV9; aor. OE63% 'place.' 10-TaaW, LO'T'~ (in comp. chiefly), also a-Trat'vto, aTJVO, o-T~w; roOt C-Ta- (class. L'OT-i-yt), 'Set,' ' stand,' Zoia~Taat, I I stand; Eorrlqua, ' I set' (trans.); ~oI'(-qv, II stood,' also E'orTO'L-V, in passive sense Eo0-T?107V; P. 10-Ta'/J.V03, G-Talg. 2 -03 6 2~~36 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. KLLO7fa ( a + '7/LaL), 'sit,' E'KaO '/iu'qv, E'KaLO-qo-a, Ka'O-qjr, Oa' KaO) 'o-wo. The, chief irregularity here is that the aorists are active, in formi with intransitive sense. Kat'c (KaF- KcLV-), 0a. Kavoa-w, E"KaLvo-, 0a' Ka(jJ, EK0~7V, ' burn.' KcLXE(,) (KXa- KXE-), E'Kkq)OqV, KEKX-qU'IVhEY ' call.' KflVWJ (K~apk-), ' do.' Kct-/LuaL, K.TA., subj., ditto. Endings added to stem -without any intervening vowel. Past impf. IEKeL/'VV EKELJO- KAT.X.. no aor., 'lie.' KEp~iat'vo (KEpSL'co) (Kfp8C-), 'gain.' XEP Vaw (KEPa'VVV~a), 0a' KlEpaLO-c, K/.TX., ' Mix.' KXaL'`J (KXUF-), Cf. Kcat'w, ' weep.' r,XE7r~w (KX1EW,- KXccw-), 'steal,' E'KXU'w7r-V, 0a' KXavlw KOPENVv1c, not used, but 0a' KOPE'G-(, &O'pEO-a, ' satiate.',KO7FTW (KOir- or KO/3-), 'Cut.' Kp EILJC, KpLW) pcataa (cf. Uvvauat); a~ KpaG-o OaKpE/Lao0W63 K.TA.X 'hang.,' XayXa'vw (XaX-), ' fall in with,' ' obtain by lot.' Xav0GcLvc (XaO-), 0a' XavOao-062, 'hide,' 'escape,' in passive 'ami mistaken.' Xov'wD (Xov- and XOVcr-), 0a' Xovo-Owi, Xovo-/%CVos or XEX0V/1EVoS, ' wash.' pazv~a'vw (/,LaO-), ' learn.',t oa (only in imperfect), ' fight.' For other tenses, 7roXEpAe-. MXw, ' intend,' ' be about to' (only in irnpf.); past 'IAXXov and I1E/EXXov. fuyvvW (,uccy-), 'mix,' 4Ew-ta, ~,dty -v, E'/.c 'XOrqv. o1&a (FcS- Fot&-), 'I know.' Chiefly in phrases, Tt`1 olt& 'who knows?' Kv'ptos ol~c, ' Lord knows;' oVK oll~a for 8,Ev -q7$Ev'pw, 'I don't know.' Cf. our own archaism, 1 Wot not..U/kY/Lq0/-KW (in comp.) (,uva- 1'E1o —)'~vvo-a, E'1ccv~r'q'jqv, ' remind,' 'remember.' OLKTECpQJ, (iWKTCLPOV, pKTrEtpa, 'pity.' Z~civ'w~ (0j/xo-), '4coaa, 0a' 0c'crW, 'swear.$ A GUJIDE TO M~ODERN GREEK.23 237 7rdarxw (for 7d1-aO-crw) or wra~a'vw (-7raO-), 'suffer.' 7rEL'Oo) rctCOopxat, 'persuade,' ' obey;' E`wao-a, E~rE&J-Ov; 7TETrct!Lat, 'I am persuaded;' 7wt'wot~a, 'I trust.' 7r~-ycvco and Lra'yw (7ray- V'7ray-), 'go;' &wi'ya, Oa' w7ray. The -q in Eh7rya orV 7rqw-ya is the result of the augment in the aorist (or imperfect) of the simple verb byov, 'yca from d7t(,r (7-), 'drink;' E'wrov and 'qj7rta. -t7r~rTw (wE0w- for WETr-), ' fall.' 7rXcO) or 7rXEV'w (7rXEv-, 7rXEJ-), ' sail.' 7VVEW, 7rVEVG) (-zrvEv- 71-vEF-), E`WvVEVO-&qv, 'breathe.' pE, (oE-fp-,'~Vafr~o-pcvga, 'flow.' frqyvSw (~vv/)' tp77yvv/LLaL (cf. Uivajcua), K.T.X. (b-jay f or Fpay-), hence Eppa —qV, K.T., 'break.' plV/Lobs. except in ~por,~ pwcrOe, 'be strong! 'hail! ' farewell!1' ojpv'vo (o-/3v- o-3E-), ' quench;' Ecr/3Eo-a and 'Eupvca, Cof'a-O77v, cTPjo/Jxa (aE/3a[8] -),'o-EP 'a-OtqY, 'honour,' revere.' o- fropua (0-awr-), 'rot;' &a-J7fl7a, E0o-aW7)O?/v. T?/'KW (T-qK- and TaK-), ' melt;' E`T-q~a, ETa'K-qV. TPIE[LW(, 1E'TpE/LOV, ' tremble.' No aor. Place supplied by E'TpEo-a (classical), E&p0'ta~a (modern). TPEW(JJ (1-pEw- and TpaWr-), I'turn<; E'TpElfa, e'wpa'lrqiV, TE'rpajIdvo,3. TpEc/xW (&pewr- and Tpaco-, cf. TpLX-, nom. Opt$), 'feed;' E`OpEq/a, Tp cfqv, rTEOpc1/X/.LE`Vo0 or TE~pa/lALLE os. Cf. also Owo wrpxE~ (TpEX- and 8pa/p.-), ' run;' E`TpE$L and E`8palkov. Tpwyoj (class. Ea-OiW) (ckay-), ' eat.' T'rvXaVW (TrVX-), 'chance,.' 1rtV0itOr vwor0'ofoia(, vwrCTrXCEO7V (cf. zxw), 'promise.' Oaty~o~uat, ' seem,' appear' (for 0arv~oj~aa), Eod/v-qv. ~pW' 4Ep'vo 'bring;' imp. EkEP0V; aor. ~'O~pa. In a few compourds the stem 'vIFYK- or EVIEK- is used for aor. -q'VEYKa or ov, EVEXOOJ,?JVE\'7,KTX 4ci'yw (bv-y-)' ' fly,' ' flee,' 'depart.' 238 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 0Itpu) (hOap-), &OkEtpa, /Oop-qv, ZeOpapfLcEvo5, 'spoil,' 'corrupt.' In comp. Xatpo (Xap-), 0a Xap(, Exaprlv, 'rejoice,' 'be glad.' Impf. active, aorists passive in form, but intransitive in sense. Xopratvo (XopTa-), satiate.' XEW (Xv-, XEv-, XF-), XVOV, except in comp., 'xvrca, KEXv/Levo, K.T.., ' pour.' ON DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION. Closely allied to the subject of Greek accidence is that of the formation of words. There are two principal ways by which words are built up in Greek, first, by addition of suffixes and prefixes by themselves unmeaning, and secondly, by the compounding of two or more words. The first may be called an inflexional, the second an agglutinative process, or they may be distinguished as the processes of derivation and composition. DERIVATION BY AFFIX OR PREFIX. The principal prefixes are:a(v)- = English un, e.g. ypai-r&-, 'written,' aypawrro-, 'unwritten;' VI7rocEpTr-, 'bearable,' avvrwo'Epro-, 'unbearable.' Observe change of accent, which is typical. Ev, 'well,' 'easily,' &c., e.g. KaTaXArT'O-, 'comprehensible,' EVKaQTdaXTTO-, easy of comprehension.' $vcr-, 'ill,' hard,' &c., e. g. dva/aarT-, 'accessible,' 'that may be ascended,' 8voavda/aTo-, 'hard to ascend.' All these prefixes may be compounded with the essential part less the formative vowel of a substantive, and form, by the addition of a new formative vowel, an altogether fresh word, e. g. from tLopO-a-, 'shape,' take a and add o; the stem /opsothus obtained, which has no independent existence, may then be combined, thus: a/opoo-, 'shapeless,' s/vkopo-, 'misshapen,' EVopo-, 'shapely,' ' fair.' Or again, from ruX-a- (X-), A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 239 'fortune,' we derive arvXe(r-, luckless,' Svo-rvXEr-, 'unlucky,' E rvXE'O-,' lucky.' Such forms should not mislead us to supppse there is any such word as TvXe&r-, fiop/o-. This principle is of very wide application, e. g. EK/aX- is a verb root meaning 'to put out,' 'to extricate oneself or others.' There is no such word as EKoXo-, 'extricable,' though there is a noun eKpoXr-, 'issue,' 'exit,' but there is the adjective 8vsoKfoXo-, 'inextricable,' and this form is typical of many others. In this place it is convenient to observe that the change from a or E to o is very common in forming noun stems from verbal roots, thus: PaX- becomes /3oX-, hep- bop-, and similarly many others. Besides a-, ev-, and vuo —, the chief prefixes are prepositions, but as these are independent words, we shall consider them under the head of " Composition." Besides these, we have the merely euphonic o-, a-, as &-Xiyos for AXyo-s, 'small,' few;' aorr-Xtov for TaXLov, ' an ear of corn.' Suffixes. -/AO-, masculine = '-ing,' e. g. 7ra-, 'pal-pitate,' raX/j'o-, 'palpitation,' 'throb;' also adjectival, e.g. Oep-, 'heat,' Oepui-, 'heated,' 'warm.' -pov-, masculine = '-er,' e. g. D'ye-, ' lead,' jyeqFuyv [ov-s], 'leader.' -,LOV-, masculine, e.g. TXa- TXr/-, 'bear,' TX Awv, 'enduring,' 'suffering.' -/e-, masculine, '-er;' tot- (7roe- 7ra-), 'feed,' 7roL6q [-eVs], 'shepherd.' -/aaT-, neuter, effect of action, e.g. 7rpaK-, 'do,' 7rpay/a[T], ' deed,' 'thing done.' -/;-, feminine, e. g. ypap-lZr7 for ypa4-4.r., 'a line.' -,rp-, chiefly in relations, e. g. 7ra-T-'p, 'father,' /Uw'p, ' mother.' -rqp- -= '-er;' KXrT-Tp, 'caller,' 'summoner,'" policeman,' oCr-Tp, 'saviour.' -Top- = '-er;' T-rwp, ' speaker,' orator.' Of this, Tvp in Ftdp-rvp is a variant. 240 240 ~A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. - ='-er' wroXi —r-q, ' citizen;' also -T '-, e. g. Kpt-Tr j,, 'judge.' -rpta- and -r~Lpa, f eminine form of above, as wrot-rpta, 'poetess,' vrnjpE —rpta, 'maid servant.' -TL 4 = -ster,' '-trs;'aX-pL flt-player'(female). -Irpo-, -,rp0-, neuter = instrument or object of action, e. g. apo'rpo-V, 'plough,' XOV-Tpo'v, ' bath.' -Opo-, bye-form of above; a'p-Opov, ' ar-tide,' ' joint,' ' fitting,' from aJp-, ' fit.' -OX-q-, feminine form of above, e. g. ycvW'X-q from -yEV (7IEV-), 'birth,' 'generation.' - '-es' f eminine, e. g. EVp~oo-v'v-q = EVcfpov-aiU'v-q, ' gladness.' -Lap -LLan La,2= '-t, feminine, e. g. av-, 'rv' v~oa) /AavL'a, 'madness; a'&XvjOE' —, 'true,' JXq'OEta [ aX-qIOE(o-) al, ' truth;' a/AaaO~o — 'unlearned, JduacOcta, 'ignorance;' o7-TpaT- 0, 'force,' o-Tpoa-La, army; 0-KoT-ES-, ' dark ' (subst.) 0-KoTia, 'darkness.' LO-V', neuter, ' place of,' e. g. Mono-a, ' Muse,' 1.ovo-EJov, ' place of Muses' (/iovo-C'-LoV, aov- YOV); tt 'meory ' /LUf1EtOV~ 'place of remembrance,' 'tomb,' 'monument;' Ionic, uq/t`iv -oW, masculine, 'abode of;' 8EWp-E-o-, 868vp-o-, ' tree,',Ev~p W\V, &Sv~pEw'v, ' plantation.' - ='-ess' Sign of femal ( r rpcv~- Grmn'Ppagency or uav 'German lady.' -atva-, 'wife of; K4XOTTag, 'Constant,' Kdcrraava ' Mrs. Constant.' -v -, v 'if e of; NtKoX+-9- NLKoX~A. apq-_, apto-3 er;' 7rEpL'PoX-o-, 'garden,' 7rEpL/SoXcap,7,, 'gardener.' av 'dealer in ' or ' agent;' 4ay-, ' eat,' pctya'-s, ' a glutton;,u-v'o- 'mill' (Iv'Xos), uvXwv&-s, 'miller. -Aa-, -vXa- = '-ness;' ptaip-o, 'black,' pavp- Xa, 'blackness.' -oi f eminine of a-s; /3o' rp — butter,' /3v vp-,'utr woman.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.24 241 -o.a- teLtn-rour -ure; crKOT-,O% o~oov'pa, '(black) care; KXIEL-, KXIEL-T-O1 a, 'an enclosure '(the cr is that of the aorist). -oupta-, ' haunt Of;' KXbT'-r-~q- (KXeCiJ-TYq1), '.robber,' KXIE0bTOP~a', 'den of robbers.' -O'La- for 7ta; av6o'7-T-o-, ' senseless,' 'aJ'oj-o —La, 'senselessness.' -X-q- = iness;' 5 O-/juLX, 'mist(ineSS),' V4E0'_-Xr (VE'q1E3-), ' cloud(iness).' -pa-, 'place where,' ' thing by which;' M8-pa [o-cE'8-pa], 'seat.' -PO-, neuter, 'thing done;' aJ-pov, 'a gift.' -ov- (-iv-, -qv-); 'ELK-W'V, 'like-ness,' 'picture.' -avo-, -o'v1-, 'instrument; (F'py-avov, ' tool ' (root kepy-, ' work), a, -o'V' ')strangling,' 8p' avoy and 8pcirc.'vy, 'sickle' (spvw-, 'reap') -vo- ='-fl' '-ness;' V'r-vo,; [o-i~r voR], ' sleep,' c-orK0TvW'V for OKOTEOTVOV) ' dark,' owo11V'V for crE/3v0'V, ' worshipful.' "Vt- ' C-ness,' feminine; 0-7ra'-VL1, ' scantness.' -T- er' masculine, '-ing' feminine, also -o- -; /X-tL% ' warner,' 'prophet,' Ib'~ 'growing,' ' nature.' -r-(rare); 'O —Trv, Fa'o —rv, 'dwelling-place,' ' city.' -CT- (nominative oq), neuter; /'yV-oq, 'kin-dred.' -7ovXo-, -7rov'Xa, ' son,' ' daughter; Xp-qo-ro'-rrovXos, ' son of Chrestos,' /3ocKo-70oiSa, 'shepherd girl.' -t&-q-, feminine -L8-, ' son;' AacTKapt'877% ' son of Lascar.'.L/Lo-v/, genitive t',aros, action of a verb; c'yXa-, ' laugh,' -YXa'cYLILOV, 'laughter.' -CO, -"I ending of some female proper names, e. g. 'AY-YCXLK, Xvoc,'Apyvp. -to- (c,-O- (t), -a'pL(o), -a'KL-, -a'OL-, -50t/- (neuter), -'K17-S, OAX?7-S (masculine), -ov'Xa, -tra-a, -ov'8a (feminine), are all diminutive endings. Sometimes several are combined, e. g. iraLt, Tat~a'pt-, 7raL&apU'KL for 7rat~ap(t)c'KL, ' a very little boy,' KOp./alTL, K01L/AP aK, a little piece.' By substituting a for L, the diminutive is changed to an augmcntative, e. g. K OJUUOLTqca, R 242 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 'a big piece,' ~EeoLXa-s, 'big Theophilus.' So, above, bay-a-s is 'a big eater.' ADJECTIVE ENDINGS. Such are:-(To- (old genitive ending, roe = 1-0o-O), e. g. 8l'rXa, adverb, 'doubly,' 8t&rXao-LO-, 'two-fold.' -Kd-: 7rarp-t-Kd-, 'father-ly,' KapS8a-Ko-, ' of the heart,' O-Xv-KO-, 'female,' OV(TL-KO-, 'natural.' -to-: A(IEX-, 'profit,' WeXit/Axo-, 'profitable.' -v-Xo- and -'Xo-: o-Tr;/-vAo-, 'talkative' (croTa(r) = 'mouth'). -t-Xo-: opy-`'-ko-, ' wrathful.' -j-Xo'-: ctowr-r —Xo-, 'silent,' Xau-7-Xo', 'mean,' 'lowly' (xalLa', ' on the ground,' old locative). -Lvo-: 'vX-tvo-, ' wood-en.' -Lo-: 'AOqvato- (AO-va-'io-), 'Athenian.' -po-: Xv7r77-po, 'grievous.' -(VT- (-Pevy-): TCrepd-eEVT-, ' winged,' uavpo/taXXoo-ra for,LavpoiLaXXo-evT-cra, ' black-haired.' -To-, verbal adjective: ypaTr-Tr- for ypaq-ro-, 'written,' or 'writeable.' -TEO-, 'what should be:' iC 7rpaK-TrEo-v; ' what('s) to be done I' To these must be added the participial endings given above in connexion with the verb, and the simplest noun stems, affixes, substantive and adjective, -a-, -n-,-o-, -v-, - -r-, K.v.X., with which the student has already been made familiar. COMPOUND WORDS. In the composition of words there is no language more prolific than the Greek, whether Ancient or Modern. The rules of compounding words are very simple. The chief points requiring attention are-(1) the accent, (2) the part played by the vowel o, (3) the creation by composition of new stems. (1) As to the accent, the rule is, that in compound words it A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 243 goes as far back as possible, quite irrespective of its original place in the final word. (2) The simplest case of composition is where the stem of the first word ends in o, and the final word begins with a consonant and suffers no change, e. g. 7rakaLt-v Kaa-rpov, 'an old fortress,' becomes 7raXaloKao-Tpov (' Oldfort'), often the name of a place; $vvo-v, 'sour,' yaAa, 'milk,' vvo-yaXa, 'butter-milk.' If the last word begins with a vowel, the o of the preceding stem is absorbed, e. g. evXav0pw7ros for 4vXo-avOpwnros, ' woodenman,' 'blockhead.' If the stem of the first word ends in a consonant, or an a or 7, o is either inserted or substituted, e. g. OaXaTcro-vepov, 'sea-water,' from OaXaro-a and vEpov. The diminutive suffix tL also becomes o in compounds, e. g. Kpao-o 7roTrqpov, 'wine-cup,' for KpaacrrowrrTpov, and that even as respects the latter half of the compound, as iLoXpoKo'V8vXov, 'leadpencil,' from uIoXvpLt(ov) and KOV8vX(ov). (3) A number of new stems, for the most part verbals in o, arise by the process of composition; and here observe the stem which denotes the agent has (if possible) the accent, e.g. dvOpWOTOKTOVO%, ( a man-slayer' (but avOpOroKTovos, 'slain by man'), XoyoypaJos, 'a writer of words,' 0EoXoyos, 'a talker about God,' XELroOv/,os (XctTr- Ovlo'-), literally, 'leaving life,' i. e. fainting. N.B.-There are no such independent words as KTOVO-S, slayer,' ypcado-, ' writer,' XeTro-s, ' leaver.' Words ending in -t- cannot stand as the last word of a compound, but are replaced by the more abstract -a, e.g. XELarorala, 'leaving the ranks,' not Xet7ro'TaLa; 7raAtXy-Yyevecria, 'new-birth,' 'regeneration,' not 7raXLtyye'vEo- or r-aXyyE'vvro-ts. Words like " Parthenogenesis" for " Parthenogenesia," used as terms of science, are barbarous in the last degree. This applies also to compounds with the particles a, Ec, Svs, as aTaeta, Evrart a, TL v'cvXla, not a'a~ts, EvTaLts, SvrTVXrq. PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. adro, 7rapa, aCiTL, c7r Ya, SLa, /LaTa, lose their final vowel in 2 244 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. composition before another vowel; not so rrEpt, '/'I, e.g. 17rWvv/Los (ovouar, dialectically ovv/,aT), 'named after,' but 7reptvviLuo;, 'famous.' In the case of verbals in -ro- compounded with a preposition, only usage can teach the student where to place the accent, but probably the explanation of the irregularity is that where the compound verbal is taken straight from the verb, e. g. Jva/aTros from avapa-, the accent maintains its natural place; where, however, the verbal is first formed a simple word, and then compounded with the preposition, the accent is thrown back, e. g. OErTo, ' a thing placed,' E'ir-O0Tov, an adjective.' PARTICLES OR UNINFLECTED WORDS. These may be subdivided into adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. ADVERBS. The greater number of these are themselves inflexions of adjectives, and are interesting as revealing to us old caseendings otherwise lost to the language. Any adjective can be changed to an adverb, either by the ending -tS (for -cot), an old instrumental termination, or by using the neuter objective, singular or plural. The plural is used chiefly in the superlative degree of adjectives, the singular sometimes in the comparative, ou in the positive; e. g. from KaXO-, KaKO-, (good,' 'bad,' KaXws, 'well,' KaXXtov, 'better,' KadXXOcra, 'in the best way,' 'best;' KaK(SJ 'ill,' KCaKOT'EPOV or Xgpov, ' in a worse way,' XEIptrra or KaKLt(ra, 'in the worst way.' But in familiar phrases, such as 7roXv KaXa, 'very well,' ET/aL KaXa, ' I am well,' the neuter plural is preferred. A considerable number of adverbs are also formed by the following old case-endings:-Oev or - 0, ablative = 'from,' e.g. a'ro'-OEv, 'thence,' iro'-Ov; 'whence ]' O6ev, 'whence,' wherefore,' KEZ-OEv, ' thence,' LaKpO-Oev, 'from afar,' K.T.X. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.24 245 — OEl ' to a place,' as E'KIEL-TE, ' thither.' -8c, 'to ' or ' at,' as OJ-8e, ' hither,' E'v~a-4, 'hither,' ' here.' tdative or locative, e. g. o0iKot (oZKo-L), 'at home,' Xauat' (Xawj4-'t), ' on the ground.' -1), also locative, e. g. aiZTOi ' there,' ' here,' ov vernacular for XaIYa./u' A0, also locative, e. g. aiXXaX-o'Ot, 'elsewhere.' The following, is a list of thie principal adverbs of time and place ADVERBS rroi3; where? whither?,rou, somewhere. Wvrov, where. ir-o'Ov; whence? QOEV OIOEv, whence. EJvravOa, C&o', 'I&E, here, hither. avroiZ, there. EKEL, there, yonder. CCKELTE, thither. CKdJOEv, thence. evTr6ev9E, thence. 7Tj/8IE Ka'Keiacr, hither and thither. E' A') Kal E'KEL, here and there. dXXaXoi, AXoi3 adXOA~o, elsewhere, elsewhitber. AXWoFv, elsewhence. Yva-avXoO, 7ravwro~, everywhere. Evt~aXov, Kal7roU, somewhere. EizarpoOEv, from or on either side. d1.4~oIrpcoO-Ev, from or on both sides. 6eecoOAv, on the right. aptorTEpo9ev, on the left.,KVKXC(?, Tjt-Yv'pc), round about. vdrpt6, around. VIrO~aTe', beneath. ixdrw, below. OF PLACE. KaTrcOAEv, from below. ~Ya)8ev, from above. aE$aa, to the right. apCtarEpd, to the left. 6j~oi, together. 7rpocT(OTEp(J, further on. Elravci), above. aivca, above. 7T-XqOLOV, gY-Yv'v, near. ivrorv, within. E00)OEV, W~oOev, from within. IEKT-r,0 $c, without. CKT09 TOV WMt, Va, KrXA., except that, &c. 'E~coOv, from without. Wo~wio, back, backwards. Karoii-tv, behind, afterwards. 07Itcfoev, from behind. 4*a~rpuv, before, forwards. EtL7rpooO0Ev, from before. ov'8a~uoO, nowhere. p~KPV far. EV(07TLOV, In the presence of, before. arrEvaVrL, opposite. 7~riav, iwip, beyond. E'KJ7'EL over yonder. lrepaurE'pc, further. 246 246 ~A GUJIDE TO MODEEN GREEK. ADVERBS OF TIME. ir6 re, when. EVtOI7E, KarrVorE, sometimes. vrorTE', ever. ir~XXchKr, often. a-i ILEPOV, to-day. 0-VVEXCOV, O-VXVaQKLV, Continuously, a- LpOV, to-morrow. frequently. v7pcot, early. OV" U7r76E, never. pEOal'ptov, the day after to- y6X~v, scarcely, hardly. morrow. aXF80oe, almost. xOE'. IXEv yesterday. altfrvq, suddenly. 7rpoXOE'g the day before yesterday. E$'ewva, E'ai~vqs-, al(wi&cor, sud4XXO7E, formerly, at another time. denly. 71-pie, 7rpdrEPOV, sooner, before. 'o-Tov o-ihrc, very soon (lit, just not i-oie, then. yet). E7rELTa, ELi-a, then, afterwards. E4i~raro, this year. i-vo, at last. o-i~pvv, -next year. d~iO e, tE7ro7-E, aEL, alasIa~v-, last year. atwwVLWE, eternally. a(WEKaOEv, from earliest times.,E OwEt, go-a, for ever di-#E, this evening. PiFewa-i-, lately. W+ %,g, yesterday evening. f0o-acircer., lately. vvX~q1Apiepv, day and night. 7171 already, now. al'0qiJ/Ip0', on the same day. 7rAE'ov, henceforth, more. gvco)pir, early. E7, LOETL, a opn, still, yet, besides. o-vyxpdvwrg, at the same time. dp)a-or Avhu, straightway, di- ra 'opVo&,siutnoly rectly. gEvav-rc5, 0otivnala, f-vva/ pa,,at once. ap-yc, late. MIA~p780'v, by degrees. flpa8v'7-epov, later. a/Aa, along with, at the same EKTOTE, since then. time. YVVV, TW'Pae, -now. Xouro'v, therefore. Many of these adverbs serve also as conjunctions, and others as prepositions; indeed, no vejry definite line of demarcation can be drawn between these various particles, but as conjunctions proper the following should be noted IcaL, and, also, even. KL- KaL, both - and. i-c - KaL, both - and, e. g. PtKpoL' TI-E KaL pfaXL both small and great IXt 01 -X Kal, not only - but also. oi Lve XX' Ka', not onlybut also. K, - 1, but - also. A. GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK.24 247 ovTe -ovTe (with indic.), neither - nor. IAe- M7re (with subj. and imper.), neither - nor. oV, /u75lE q, not even. i7,or; Pj-i either-r ELTE ELTE, fay rE - av rE, whether - or. MPzv, indeed, 'tis Never first in true. U, but a sentence. -r~ ui~v - 076r ' ' 8, at one time - at another. KmoEL KaL, eav Kat, -L OXoV onL, although. icawep, although. O/Lw- however. ILDo -oi~ro, MotXa 7-avra, nevertheless. EL ', else. L 4uless. 6at.,as often as. Evi, while. fmao-p, as long as. 7rpiv, 7rpiz/ q, 7rptv va, before (followed by subjunctive). f COV OV, E cogOTOV, Until. M-EXPLV 0v, axpts, oV, until. apoZ, since. eay, aI., el, if. ay, 7ro'TEPOzi, whether. Oi-t, that (with indic.). VA, that (with subj.) aipa, so, then. E6roTO114cos, accordingly. WoOTE, so that. (AJ-Te va, so as to. bzqXaU, that is to say. 7-ovTEo-7TL, that is. 71TOL,?77YOVV, that is. E7rEr,0 since. &bTt~, because. Oa-co - roaop, 000O) - TOTOPO, thethe, as in "1the more the merrier." fziX~kov, rather, more. t a t laV a, &iz-rov, in order that. CO, 7rcov, as, so as, just as. Oa1C0 Kat av, however much. o u', wC'v, UW,(0-E, as if. PREPOSITIONS. In the vernacular all prepositions, in as far as they are used at all, may be construed with the accusative case; hut educated people, following (partly) classical usage, employ them as follows: With the Objective (Accusative) alone. IECL, ' in,' 'into,' I at.'.,f 'with.' ava, 'over,' up,' ' in,''c by; air aVa 0- cE LP V, 'in a series.' Xwp'%, 'without.' 248 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. With Genitive alone. QVTt, 'instead of,' 'for.' 7rrpv, 7rpo, 'before.' vIev, 'without.' CK, E' (before vowels), 'out of,' ~KTOS 'w, beyond,' ' without.' 'from.' With Dative alone. cv, 'in' (never into). l ivv (not common), 'with.' With Genitive and Accusative. Kara, Gen., 'against,' e.g. Kara ro70 avOpvirov, 'against the man.' Ace., 'according to,' 'by,' 'in,' e. g. Kar&a dLpos, 'in part.' xera&, Gen., 'with,' e.g. uLETa 7roXXWv dvOpWn7rv, 'with many men.' Ace., 'after,' e. g. /LETa 7roXXkas re'pa%, ' after many days.' vrEp, Gen., for the sake of,' e. g. vnrep,oiv, ' on my behalf.' Ace., 'over,' e. g. v7rep T'V wAXLv, ' over the town.' tiro, Gen., 'by,' e. g. V7 ' tov9, 'by me.' Ace., 'under,' e. g. vr' caE, ' under me.' aro, 'from,' Ace. or Gen. without distinction of meaning, but colloquially with former. 8La, Gen., 'with,' 'by means of,' e. g. ia TOVTOV, 'by this means.' Ace., 'on account of,' 'for,' e. g. 8a TOVro, on this account.' 7rept, Gen., ' about,' concerning,' e. g. 7repL /oi o tAXkoVo-rL, ' they are talking about me.' Ace., 'round,' 'near,' e. g. rrept 9e cr-ravTaL, 'they are standing round me.' With Genitive, Dative, and Accusative. i7ri, Gen., 'in the time of,' 'upon,' 'on,' e. g. ewr' Elo, ' in my time,' )7rI Ts TparEJrls, 'on the table.' Ace., 'on to,' 'up to,' e. g. Url To TEcXos DX0E, ' he came up to the wall.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 249 Ir, Dat., 'on account of,' 'over,' e. g. rL:r j 8vorT'vXa /tOU oSvpotat, ' I wail over,' or 'bewail my misfortune.' rrpo;, Gen., ' for the sake of,' e. g. rpos 0Eov / 'for God's sake!' Ace., 'to,' 'towards,' e. g. prpos a'rwv XOov, 'I came to him.' Dat., ' in addition to,' besides,' e. g. irpNos rov'os, ' more than this.' 7rapa, Gen.,' from (the part of),' e. g. 7rapa 7ro v7rovpyov, from the minister.' Dat., 'with, 'among,' e.g. rrapa TOLs 'AyyAoLi, 'among Englishmen.' Ace., 'along,' 'by the side of,' 'all but,' 'short of,' e. g. 7rapa r TO 7rorTaF/Cv, 'alongside the river;' TrpeL 7rapa Teraprov, ' three all but a quarter,' i. e. 2.45; trap' oXWyov Eovev'rO, ' he was all but killed.' Syntax. The syntax of Modem Greek is on the whole so like the English that a few remarks will suffice. ON CONCORD. With regard to number the rules are the same as in English. With regard to person, the first person takes precedence of the second, and the second of the third, where there is more than one subject of the sentence: -ey KaLL crv XOo/LEv ftatv, 'you and I came together;' -cr KaL aV'TOs X.Oere zatv, 'you and he came together.' With regard to gender the masculine takes precedence of other genders in the case of animate, and the neuter in case of inanimate subjects, e. g. o 7raT7'p Kalt 7 p j7^rp tov fatvovrac veo, 'his father and mother seem young;' ol Kj7rTO, al KOLXdaSE Kal ra scrr Etve rTo Zap XXocpa, ' the gardens, the valleys, and the woods are green in springtime.' 250 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. THE ARTICLE. The definite article is commonly used with proper names, but frequently left out after prepositions before names of places and countries, as 'EXX EasVE h eevOEpa, ' Greece is free,' but 7rnyalvo dE 'EXXaoa, ' I go to Greece.' It is also used where we should omit it, with all abstract nouns, as V a'X0ca, ' Truth,' V fv'cns, 'Nature;' not, however, with prepositions or their equivalent case-endings, e. g. asO-EL, KaTa fVo-Lv. It is commonly omitted where we should use it, before a substantive which is a predicate, e. g. v 'EXXas cEVE 7rarpls TOv 'EXXAvwov, ' Greece is the country of the Greeks.' In other similar cases, however, the usage of the two languages coincides, e. g. q7 vv' p/pEpa cyeELv or eyevEro, ' the night became day.' By means of the article, as in English, adverbs can be used as adjectives, as o[ To'E avOponrot, 'the men of that time.' Cf. "the above words." The article is often used alone, some substantive being understood, as TO KaT' E/l, ( as regards me;' ra ro9 KOr-LOV, ' the affairs of the world;' 'rv crr-/ pov (r/jLepav),' the present (day).' Infinitives with the article (also the subjunctive with va) are used as substantives not subject to inflexion, e. g. To ypadEtv or T7 va ypa4o)Eiev, ' to write,' writing,' genitive Tro ypdELtv, K.T.X. If it is desired to place the adjective after the substantive, the article must be repeated, e. g. o avOpwro- 6 KaXoS or 6 KaXWs avOpworos, 'the good man,' not o6 aiOporro KaXOo or KaXos o ivOpworos, either of which would mean 'the man is good. The article admits of almost any number of words being inserted between it and the substantive, e. g. Ta' KOfLo-OevTa (K To3 ~axapomrXacrrTlov acOoWvovW y7XvKIcrLaTa, I the sweetmeats plentifully brought from the confectioner's.' In this respect the construction of Modern Greek closely resembles German. The article is invariably used with the possessive pronouns, except the substantive is either a predicate, or so indefinite that in English it would require the indefinite article, e. g. o i68cos A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 251 pov CAXo5 or 6 c/tX.o; ov, 'my friend,' but avTO E~tVe chaXos Miov, 'he is my friend,' btAXos /ov To cETie, 'a friend of mine said it.'I THE CASES. THE ACCUSATIVE. The use of this case is somewhat more extensive than in English. Many verbs which in English would require a preposition (especially intransitives and passives) are in Greek construed with an accusative, e. g. vrTp4Ero/kat E/avTov, 'I am ashamed of myself,' &rLTpE7ro/aL To 7rpay/a, ' I am entrusted (with) the matter.' The accusative is also used to mark time both at which and during which, though for the former the genitive and dative are also employed, e. g. rjv viKTa and VVKTO', 'by night,' TO 0epos, 'in summer,' E -crev EKa'TOV 'T, 'he lived a hundred years,' riv/ (also r-J) 'wravptov, 'on the following day (r/epav -a). The double accusative is as common as in English, as ras;7TUJ ovyyvWjjr/v, I ask you (your) pardon.' The predicative accusative is idiomatic, as AXa/3E TroVo 8^pov, 'he got this as a gift' (also 8opEav). N.B.-' He got this gift' would be E'Xaf3 TOTr O Tro ropov, as explained above. Another use of the accusative is what is called in ancient Greek Grammarspar excellence the Greek accusative, or accusative of respect. It is quite common in colloquial Modern Greek, e. g. C'raOe Tr vepa r T7r, ' she suffered (in) her nerves.' THE GENITIVE. The general use of this case is so exactly like the English possessive or its equivalent, objective + 'of,' that we need only remark on its employment with comparatives, e. g. juEyaX-TCpos /jioo (for ) or rrapa eye), 'greater than I.' Cf. Latin ablative and Semitic min, 'from.' In a few cases, "from," rather than "of," would be the natural preposition in English. IIapa, followed by the nomina 252 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. tive, is also used for " than." One usage, however, is decidedly peculiar, e.g. 7rorE' iov, 'never (or ever) in my life,' literally 'my ever;' /Juvos p~ov, 'I by myself;' EKrvrr7Or Lovos rov, literally 'he was smitten alone of himself,' i. e. he committed suicide, or stabbed himself. A few verbs which take the genitive where we might expect the objective, are generally easy to translate by words which even in English suggest the genitive relation, and in nearly all these cases the use of the objective is optional, e. g. arroXavo KaXs vyElas, ' I am in the enjoyment of good health;' SpaTTrouLa Ta7s EvKatLpas, 'I avail myself of the opportunity.' THE DATIVE. This case is rarely used in conversation. The objective either alone or with a preposition, csl, 7rpo, sa', K.T.X., may be used instead, or in some cases the genitive; but the dative is admissible in verbs of giving, belonging, telling, pleasing, displeasing, fitting, meeting, &c., and after adjectives implying gratitude, ingratitude, plainness, obscurity, indifference, pleasure, pain, likeness, unlikeness, advantage, disadvantage, &c. The dative is also used to express time when (see above), and in a few phrases indicating manner or instrumentality, e.g. vT 5VTL, 'in very deed,' 'really,' TrivL rporT, 'in what way,' X'y/ KaaL epyw, 'in word and deed,' 7rapp;r-q'a, with boldness,' 'openly,' 7ravrT ac-OEE, 'with might and main,' TroS EKarTov, 'per cent.,',rpayliaTr, 'in fact,' VjeydXy T rj wvrj, with a loud voice,' literally 'with the voice loud,' XadprL ~eoi5, 'by the grace of God,' K.r.X. THE VERB. The only really common tenses of the verb are the present imperfect, past imperfect, aorist, and future (aorist and imperfect). Their meanings are best understood from illustration:ypajw, ' I write,' or 'am writing.' cfypa4ov,' I was writing,' 'began to write,' used to write.' A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 253 Iypaia, 'I wrote (on a certain occasion).' Oa ypca)o, ' I will write,' 'practise writing,' 'be an author.' 0a ypJathw, 'I will write (a letter or a book).' yplfov (E), 'write (e. g. this letter).' ypa<bE, 'begin to write,' 'be writing,' 'be a writer,' 'choose writing for an occupation.' /i yp dfis, 'do not write (hereafter).' d7 ypd'sc(, 'stop writing,' or ' refrain from writing now.' N.B.-The aorist tense indicative stands also for perfect and pluperfect. In cases where misunderstanding might arise, the compound tenses, EXw ypatecX, E'XOV yp4aE, may be used. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, AND USE OF PARTICLES. The subjunctive mood is used after the conjunctions and particles, Oa, va, tva, &ta va, orso, o,'Srs, EWe va, traos, alIa, K.T.A., whenever future time is in view, e. g. L7aws XO0w, 'perhaps I shall come,' oTav aXOo, 'when I come,' but oTav ' X6ov, when I came.' 0a with the imperfect indicative has a conditional meaning, like the Ancient Greek particle av, e. g. 0a /vyv, 'I should be' = classical tpAr/v av or qfv av; but 0a with the aorist indicative has quite another sense, e.g. 0a c/vye, 'he must have gone away,' he has probably gone away.' 7rptv or Trptv va is followed by the subjunctive, even when past time is in view, e. g. f'ypaa 'rpLv 6iXO, (not - X6e),' I wrote before he came.' This usage is contrary to what one might expect, and deserves to be noted. va is used with the indicative somewhat like Oa, e. g. EcO va Vj/ovv, 'would that I were;' and, on the other hand, with the aorist, XeyesL va Ef3ppe, ' should you say that it had rained?' THE PARTICIPLE. The only usage of the participle which differs materially from the English is its frequent combination with the definite article, 254 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. where we should use the verb with the demonstrative followed by the relative pronoun, e. g. o[ 7rpatavre, ' those who did,' rT 7rpaXOevTa, 'the (things) done,' 6 pXoduevos, ' the comer,' 'he that comes,' &c. The participle alone is frequently used where we should employ a preposition with the participle or gerundive in -ing, or some equivalent construction, e. g. 7rpoyevJLargwov 8La,3SajL, 'he reads (while) breakfasting,' or 'at breakfast;' I8Swv aivKpace, 'he exclaimed (on) seeing;' KaraLvaXLO-K rraitov TOV Xpovov, 'he wastes his time (in) playing; <at/veraL Xqa-rlov'a-aS, 'he seems to have (having) forgotten.' When the subject of the participle is not that of the sentence, the former is put in the so-called absolute genitive, e. g. 4d0a'avros awrov Ebvyov, 'on his arrival I left.' THE NEGATIVE PARTICLES. 8ev is used with indicatives, e. g. 8ev -IXOE, ' he came not.' ovXt, oxe, with nouns, adjectives, and participles used adjectivally, e.g. I(X aTros! 'not he!' JXt us rn7TnqOELs a\xa Ls vLKrcas, ' not as worsted, but as having conquered.' yd with subjunctives and participles, as /~ votudos', 'that you may not think;' /- 8uvvdavos, 'not being able.' ox, oVXL, also = ' No!' in answer to a question. INTERROGATION. A question may be indicated in speaking by the simple tone of the voice, and requires no change in the order of the words. In writing, the sign (; =?) is always placed at the end. Besides this, the following interrogatory particles are in use:(a) apa ye, where it is uncertain whether the answer "Yes" or " No " is expected, as apad ye /E EOvVlCijrat rL E; ' Does he yet remember me?' (perhaps "Yes," perhaps " No "). (b) /errwns, where the answer "No" is half expected, as ir77roGs tJE y7vwpAeCs; ' Do you (really) know me?' (c) When the answer "No" is confidently expected, the A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 255 particles rotyap or rotyapowv, also /rjyapr (p 7yap i)), are sometimes used, e. g. Troytap Trco-rpo rwV 7rXryyoVeL; ' Surely their white hue does not wound?' INDIRECT QUESTIONS. In these the same interrogatory pronouns and particles are used as in the direct questions, the indicative mood is kept, except after tjorws ([Jk), which is followed where fear or doubt is expressed by the subjunctive. As a rule, if the first or principal clause of the sentence is in the past tense, the dependent clause is also in the past, but the present is sometimes retained, e. g. /xe Epcra 7roOEv Ep'Xo/ac, 'He asked me whence I came;' /Ie j7pWrcr-e 7roOv 'pX7orV v (also ZpXojuat), 'He asked me whence I came;'a.rpo-eX-Ee,/Mnros 7reo-y?, ' Take heed, lest you fall;' Epwor avy?7Kovaas 7rept roVTroV ' I ask whether you have heard of this.' I I f I APPENDIX. IT has been thought well to add in the form of an Appendix the following specimens of letters received from Greek correspondents. As actual and authentic examples they will possess in the eyes of the student more value than the artificial products to be found in " Guides to Polite LetterWriting." It is needless to add that all particulars which might lead to identification have been carefully suppressed. S 258 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 'AO'vaLs, 7/19 c4e!3poucapfov, 1881.1 CA'LTaTE Kv'ptE, 1I0OXXa'Kt3 8tEV0i/OV Va' 0d y/pcaleo tyag -ypajjSvj,; 0LT 0V &La,LLW E7rEOVE OVV OV'TWt aw0T0'/JkWo vaL &aK0~AL 7riorav 1 ETC T W V EV A ~ y X c t'X w v X O V 0' E aT L V, a X a V T V X O J3 7/ & E V OV V G -Lt rij3 KaLT0LK 0-3 O-a3, /V aVCXwp0V)VTE-3 EVTEVOEV bO~t aIfr/ aiE, C 7T AE O E W, 8E~ TOT aWrETaQOiV -7rp0\1 TY/V EV AftgEp~roV'X Kvp'c~ - 4TL3 Tj 0VTL [Lot E rE/J4I E Ti/V 8tEV OVVF rLV oG-as aX C To( aVTCvC 7vW (TTOV W(CTTE 7//V/ /3EflawOTaLToS OTL KOLLL [L7XavtKWU' aV aOVTi-Eypaof~ ai T\V, 4 Ewrto-Tro~ik [WuV 8EV Qa\ o-a EV'PUTKEV. Tol',ov EVEKaL Eir~t TW(0V i -q V,7rapEXOOvo-aLv So E/80I8Cx a'7roCTTCLXEUrW^V VJLLV E4)i[L~L& V 71poo(YEOE i-S near London Ka\I Kv'ptoo 7TXcEOV o18,Ev' (V /Li q\ C TIE E L/LpLE a 7/ irapovcra /Aov aJrOXIEO-O~OTV. 'Ey/Ka tpw Ws 7EpLt/XOEV E13 XEL~cpa, f.Lov -J V[LETEpaL 8taTpL/3q " 'Avay/CvodvwiC` 'E)Xac\g," -4v aw7Xi'Oi-TW avE'/VwoV-a. MO'oV OTL 8~\ TO,7rEptEXO/kEVOV WrPOODptLTTat [LCLXXov -7rpo~g (/1i-T[L0 O\V TCOJV [\ T\/V EX XJa8a EL0TWv 'AyyXcoV Ka\ T-GV 8taUTpOO4E(JV T-i/i aX/E L, 8L -j OTtCVOEWO)VT~ Va~ C-/1p't/Eaoa-o X Vt TOV OkoV, EV aLV EV-V c f V 1I A 8 Ea 'q "E c0-E eV ovv 0v A a aL Tq (LEPOVV ToV/XCL Lt T OV T Y/3 8ta Tptl/3i/ o a WIO[ O V VL KC T LY 7C O 7V JT O i- OV [L I~i EL - 'r ' XX-qVtK\V KOLV\V, C XXC\ 8V(YTVX W^ y 'wpd OTt atL 8VvaL/Lets /LO irC L TpO O py/OV TOVTOV Kat [LET a- X v'7t7/' [ WV Ey1K ( T E X E / 7 Ti/ I 8 C V T V V V lla E V X ~ / VLL /IETLa8(0oLTw, EL 7ra'VTaiS TOVIR ObiXov9 tOV Ka7lt y1vwp/J0-cVi-ag 4 EV CVO(La i- 7rmptEX o[LEvov T 1& 8LtaTptl/ 13? CT % OLTLVes 7r 'VTE13 n Oi/(TraV Kat [LET C/-oi W, ~'EX,\-qvEg EV-YV(D/JOV0U(TVLV upv 8a\ i-S WQ 7pO\ i-a iTOXLtLrKL pLaV; TOVTO /ILOVOV XE-ye) OTL EVpt-TK0,LEOa, p/ Ei-0-~l oO~v'paLV Ka I a'K[LWivoV, vWrEpE7rtLV/10ZOVTEV9 [EV ao EV0V va. irpOoTpa1/LO)[LEV TrpOV3 go0iOEtaLV i-WV 80VXEV0'VTOW 0-8EX4XJV [uas, O/o3ov'1 It is usual in Greece to date letters according to both old and naew style. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 259 ATHENS, 7/19 February, 1881. DEAR SIR, Many a time have I had it in my mind to write you a few lines, since I by no means wished so suddenly to drop all connexion with my friends in England, but unfortunately your address, which you left me when you went away from here, got lost; and I then applied to Miss -- in Liverpool, who actually sent me your address, but in so illegible a form that I was quite certain, if I were even to copy it mechanically, that my letter would not find you. For this reason I added on the newspapers sent last week the words, "near London," and heaven only knows whether both the newspapers and my present letter will be lost. Your essay on "Grsecia Rediviva" has duly come to hand, and I have eagerly read it. Although its contents are rather intended for the enlightenment of Englishmen who do not know Greece, and of perverters of the truth, yet, by the publication in some paper here of a translation-if not of the whole, at least of a portion of your treatise-I should like to make your name known to the general Greek public; but unfortunately I am aware that my powers fall far short of the requirements of the task, and, to my chagrin, I relinquished the idea. I have not failed, however, to communicate to all my friends who have known you here the contents of your treatise, and they were all delighted, and, with myself, are grateful as Greeks for the timeliness of the publication. As to our politics, I can only say this: that we find ourselves betwixt the hammer and the anvil, longing above everything, on the one hand, to rush to the rescue of our brethren still in s 2 260 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. /LEVOL S' w/0 E'TE'pOV tLL-7 IrPOO-KPOVOW(/LCV Ctl3 Tas locas 49LAXq7 TLVOS 8Vul[a~lE&l. At 7rpOETOt/-tao-tat /Lta& 7rpog ro'XE/Jov ELVE ELt7rEp 7OE 7rX 'fJECS, &V -V7ra'PX\Et E OZKOYE'VEta 'TtL; vaX It()v E?( Ev "q ~ j ~ 7rXEoTepa aro/t~a KaTaLTETcayfLEVaL EL TOy cTTpoaTOV. E 3 Tw^V 6LL1EX9%V JfLOV VW?7-q ErEZ OJ01 LWWEv%~ E'yQ.) 8E v'7rayOAlat IRS T\ ovoc/povpov'g. rmwpt'COVES TO\, Tov'pKovS K aXXOV TJr vp' 2rc L( ~ Y O LT O ~ cL ~ W V O L L V ~ L pL /i ~V3(L O O V X o y ac p t 24O V V, K alL EpEtL0OixEvot cl& r-\ l0XV\V TOV' E'X-a)VLtf[OV~ a'V EXIETE &E KaLL cb Ta\ uvcj~o'ovi-a TJwv Xouriov 4)vXG^OV T~ 'AVOTO EXoILEcV aKpcL&LVToV 7rEWrot o' -tv OT 1L k vo-cr '8q 7r LX-7lv -q7 vtLK-q ECW TcXovg ZOTat. w5rip IlkX\ v 8voTvXW', 0 7To'XE/L09 "q ')EtfYI7'V-q 8"Ev E'eaprcLTat, L/atLl/ETat, cbr a aX~ an- o TaS ME/a&XaL Avva'/LEts. Me-yaXas! ~'Orav ELpGJvElav CKk~Pa4Elf -q XE'$tl V'0 'qOLK-qV E'o7/'t. 'AKpt/3J; LLWo\ T'IS/ EVTIEuOEV a1VaX(O)PT)LTo-w, (Tag Epyd'Co/Aat 7rapa' TntV a-yyXtK(W ypaouEL&p WIn 7ra~paT-7pCLTE EWLt T~7)1 E,7rLKE4aXt`8o-. Illpo\is 8E,E&OKa Et"; yaclLov /LtaV 'Twv aLSEX~w^V /JOV, qTt(; -q WEKT?7GLYE Kal EV~EXWLtO-T6^V OT& TOLYP) V'/LE'tS (i Kal q7 oGE,8aOmT / )OL ivu'vy O ca, bLera T-J3 Xot7r'7g o'K/yEVEtaLq a7roXLv'ETIE a~~pat V7-ELLL KaLL OTE (TVVTO/.OlWV a a c~w~ rtcrTOX-q, oa3, ALaTlEXCO, 'V/.CETIEPOS 0bLkog, Y.Tr. [varTepa ypaulqdvov]. —2E-ypaql/a EXX-qvto-T 7rp;7TXELoTE'pav Vp~uV E~c~pL yT oqLX. 7Arv ~ aTw4Lat /loL EIXETIE ZoG-XyE& ~ bO.V OW~oypotav as. ~EXETE Xot7To'v Va' Ta\S aVTdLXXcL$W/XlEV; 'Ahx~ais, 'rn- 8/20 MapTI'Ou, 1881. 'EyKaL4OJ cusrEpU JXOEv EL's XEa u~ov 7`7 aLro\ ElKO(TT17' O)&~g ~JcLTO 4XL?)Oa%?) W/.EVO ELV T A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 261 slavery; yet fearing, on the other, lest we run counter to the views of some friendly power. Our preparations for war are complete, if ever preparations were. There is not a family which has not one or more individuals enrolled in the army. One of my brothers is serving in the cavalry, and I am enlisting in the national guards. Knowing the Turks better than European journalists, who only reckon numbers, and relying on the strength of Hellenism, and, if you will, also on the interests of the other races of the East, we have an unshaken conviction that after a furious struggle, victory will at length be on our side. But unhappily the question of war or peace does not depend, it seems, on us, but on the Great Powers. Great! What an irony does the word express from a moral point of view. From the very day of your departure hence I have been employed in an English office, as you observe from the heading [of my letter]. Besides this, I have given one of my sisters in marriage, who has now also got a little daughter. Hoping that both you and your honoured wife, with the rest of your family, are enjoying the best of health, and that I shall soon be favoured with a letter from you, I remain, Your friend, P. S. P.S.-I have written in Greek for your greater satisfaction. If I am not mistaken, you promised me your photograph. What do you say to an exchange 2 ATHENS, 8/20 Macrch, 1881. MY DEAR SIR, Your kind letter of the 28th of last month has duly come to hand, and I was very glad to see from it that you .2 62 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. La7roXcLV'ETrE avasL LytE'al; TocOUO V1LELI 000OV KalL 1) XOt7r?'7 OtKOyEcvELL EVX apto-TG' V/ItV EIXtKptVw^S 8ta' Ta"S 0tJXObpOVq'gOEL; Ogag 8La" "v OE L LOV, Kat Ta1s EvXas gaIL EWLt T p -yaL/L( T7- a EX b 7 / V, K T. T~qv -38EX4Yqv /tov SE~v vo/A140 O'Tt Th7v ELLTIE KaiTa\ TT)\V EVTai0a &ca9xovT'V UaL, KaOOTL KLTa\ TOyV KatpO~v EKELVOV E'lkEVIEV (O; U &(KaXOV; aVT L 'i) T y ApgaCKELOV IIapUEva-yO-0/ELOV El 0 t 'CV v'?~, ~ ~ E ETat Xc LLCL, TO 7rpOtOV 'fl7 Vi7TOV, TO & O y L p TOW OJVO/LaO-6i7 c7r cOXa'Twv E'pv MET' a-/aXX~cta'EeJg Zkafl/3 Th \ V S6Toypa4)t~'v ca, 'T/TL EWVET a'X-OEt'a /AaLXXov 7)7 E'7tTVX7)I/tEV7). KaLTa T-q\ v'76'-XEa-t` /1LV KaLL aq4 OV To OE EE, 7)7 (ag ELT XLO Ti7V E l'q. T~v 7racpEX0Oulxav 08otcc8t TVXaL~w, 7TrtPET7)P?7)tT EV T77q Et/YqjEpiLt "N&Eat I38Ea t' a'w4op OV 2 TtLa Opo ( T'Vrq vb/L E T E'p aV 8tL aTpt/37)V, a'XXa TOO-) crTIEflXWI/itE`VO, wcr0TE a QV O E LTvvE'TaLa E'TEpov Stctcopov 7rp?~s KaLTaX to-tLv El' Tp3 " T-qXE-ypLL'fA. 0 E VLKT7g TOVTOV MJETaL Tt~a~ rX7)pc/~Opas /Lov 7rEpL Tq3 StaTptr/3 Kat TOv o-vyypackew3 aLVT?p3 EI~E T Vl KaLXwO-'v-qv va\L /10L 47)T )077 TO a)X C8O tva KaTaXWP q? Ka r tkyo ETac c Ot LTOV. To 0r IE KaLTEvX CLptO`Trji(TE` W3 7rkqpo^Vv TO\V 7ToOOov -VfLO)V TE KaL EMAOV, Kml aor 1LEVW)3 TW 7rCapEXWP7)TO. LLVTO. To\ 8tat4fopOv L-ov /3XE`WETE O-TT1AEtW1J/EV0V Ev TfJ OV'XXy T7) I4L 8t' EpVOpOV-,/JOXvI3OV, 7raLVTat &E Ta\ Xot7TLL 7rpoE'PXOVTat EK T ~V Y (L ~ W~ ~ y T 7) ~ yp L(/ O V. 'H E' Ca K O X O V O 7)(Tt T7 )1 /lE mac p w T ~ ) Oct yEVqTcat KalL Tr7)v EI33o/Aaca TaLVT-7V, E7-Ka'pW wsSc OE'Xw u&, 7TELiI/Et TaL a~VTLT17raL. 'EWELtU 7roXv\ 7rt~aI'OV va\ At7) (Lol EWLrCYTpao7) To cvXXact6tov gas~ EK T "T -qXEy/p bOV " KCaTC TO EVTaVOC EQtl~ov, gTCL 71-apaKaXo) 'L 7rE/LI/I7)T E E l ET E V 7t O E VUV/ -7O-LV. llapEK6a'Eo-a KalL TOYv:~VlTatKT-qV Trqs "llCatyyE-/vE(TLL va KttTaX1"P )Th~ XET KOV Tt 8t '4OOpOV, c1XX \ L~yJ t To V3E 3 V TO fKaL/LEV. Ta\ '7rOXtTtKa' /Lus Xt'av act.ktci/oXa, El' TOV'TOLS 7TLwpCTEL 7-PO\S TO' 2 atdowpop, literally "a various,", i. e. one of the paragraphs usually A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 263 yourself are now enjoying the best of health, as well as the rest of your family. I thank you sincerely for you good wishes in regard to my situation, and your congratulations on my sister's marriage, &c. I do not think that you saw my sister during your stay here, inasmuch as at that time she was staying as teacher in a branch of the Arsakeion (Girls' High School) in Corcyra. Her husband deals in oil, the produce of the island; and their little daughter finally has been named Irene. I was delighted to get your photograph, which is indeed more than successful. According to my promise, and since you wish it, I herewith enclose you my own. Last week I observed by chance in the newspaper, New Ideas, a paragraph referring to your treatise, but so perverted that I the very same hour drew up another paragraph for insertion in the Telegraph. The editor of the latter, after some information from me concerning the treatise and its author, had the goodness to ask me for the pamphlet, that he might insert, by instalments, a translation of it. This pleased me exceedingly, as it meets the wishes both of you and myself, and I gladly let him have it. My paragraph you see marked in Thursday's paper with red lead, but all the rest proceeds from the editorial office of the Telegraph. The continuation of the translation will be made this week also, and I will duly send you the copies. Since it is very likely that your pamphlet may not be returned to me from the Telegraph, according to the custom here, I beg you to send me another as a remembrancer. I begged the editor of the Renaissance also to insert a similar paragraph, but hitherto he has not done so. Our politics are very uncertain. Meanwhile, for the present, found in newspapers under the heading "various " or "jottings." 264 A GUIDE TO MTODERN GREEK. 7rapov a~pa -qov~ta. 0 pwOvwrovpyo6, /uaXL% EaVaT'o TO- KOtVOV C/ponrj'aTO1, IELVE Xt'av XXtap0\3 /Lo'Xov O'Tt Et; TO 7TapEXOO~V S~v 4EKoXaLKCVET0 o~vo/uaL4/OEvos av~pwro3 TOV3,7rVp lKat TOV c-tSL&pov. 'H/-qTcqp FlOV uLL; 7rpOtT)EpEt TOV13 cYEPWaYFLov' Trqg idV'a S IE VX QO P L OTT 47O47 /1 E 7' )V ) i T y f 4 L V t c llpor4)E'pETE 7tctpaKaX~O Ta\, 7rpoup-quusL 7Wkv 7rpos 77 T1V 7E3a -q v /ALOC KVptcaV o-s, SE~ao-OE 8E\ TOv~l acTr7raG7LAOV~ TOV Oxws V/JXETEPOV O)t~ov o-ag, E'V AovPive0, Trj 6/18 'lay., 1881. A1'8co1t/LL'TaTrE Kv'ptE, Mvpt'as 7rE/IA7rt) VLLLv EvXaptcYTLLag 'tTO 'V/JETEpOV 4) X a o o '~p Ev 'EO YO47TE Va\ /LoLt rTE'/417TE 'AvE'Yvwv aPv'Tr /JLETaL 7rpOtO-X47qg KaLL EXapr)VLq V OOtV/OT /WV-\V '7tE~p TOV' SKaL'Ov, VW p TWUoVTEg TO E'OVOIR TO\ E'X kqVLK\V O ~ r X O, 4L O ~ ~TK0TO~ KaL ~ y /EV'8ovg, -po7T47XaKLtO -CT Kat V/pt't ov-t. K a\ TOVIR /JEV TOLOVTOVl3 47/16ts 71EptOfpOVOv/A, T V / E a wap3(' K?7PVrO-TOVTaLs Ta q7/ETEpa &tKatcL aya7l-wLEV Kal v OcEWOTlE 7-avo'/-LEOa 4EVYVLO/JOVOVVTE~g CVTOIS. TO\ VA-E/TEPOV ovo/Jia JLLoi 4770 yIVOXTTOV 7po 7roXXov- EK TOV KOaovV/LO EY ELP &OV ~ pL T47 KaO' 4' Lg 'EXX-qVLK^3 Ka\ M y xa 4' 7-oXv\ Xaq/3ta'vcv a4)opuq'qv va' E&rWTELX&) VLwkC Ta o tya TaVTa. K. A. Y.r.-'E av vo/lLu4TE Ot 8v'va[Lat 7rOTlE va 4)av~o v/.ttv Xpqoq~ G3Tt, Oat /XE EVp47TE 7rctVTOTC 7TpO~v/AOv. Aov8ivcp, 'Iavovaptou 14p,181 'A~tL'TtpM Kv'ptc, llapaKaXG SE'atrOlE TaS ELt pV3L EV~apL-Tt~a,3,ov St3a' To\ 4VXXaJ8LOV 0o7rEp 4)tXo4)p0'vw,), 4rLI/XaTE /lot. 'AvE'Yvwv aviTT\ A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 265 the utmost tranquillity prevails. Our Prime Minister, in opposition to the general sentiment, is very lukewarm, although in the past he might be called, without flattery, a man of fire and sword. My mother presents her compliments to you. She was very much pleased with your photograph. Please remember me most kindly to your good lady, and accept the salutations of yours very truly, P. S. LONDON, 6/18 January, 1881. REV. SIR, I send you very many thanks for your pamphlet, which you were pleased to send me. I read it with attention, and rejoiced to see that you raise your voice on behalf of justice, defending the Greek nation, which many, friends of darkness and falsehood, revile and insult. Such men, indeed, we despise; but those who boldly vindicate our rights we love, and never cease feeling grateful towards them. Your name was already long known to me from your excellent handbook on Modern Greek; and now I am very glad to have occasion to write you these few words. I salute you, and am, Yours truly, K. L. P.S.-If you think I can ever show myself of use to you in anything, you will find me always willing. LONDON, January 14, 1881. DEAR SIR, Please accept my sincere thanks for the pamphlet which you kindly sent me. I read it with great interest, and 266 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. /Lera /LcyaXov &a0~E'poVTro9 KOL W1 '~E~XXqv E1'-/vw/Awvw LAv 8tt ocra O' 'X Tc yv Eroo E poa WrEp TOV ~7VETEPOV EUVOVs 7rpos o wnTf/io'v 1EKEIVOJV TW^V V/LUET'p W o viia p w~ v oL~YE ( E C:XOVfl O/WTULOLOV 7tlEpl Ti)71 a'XOOV'l KaTaOTTaoews i ^qEXXci8os. Ebzs~rEE liot 7irapaKaXw' 7roi5 Uvvapua V` dyopacow Tpi/a ). TE'ro-(apc aVTL-rVwcL TOZ 7rEpc o1V 0' Xo'yos 4vXka&'Ov 0'rw,), 8LLvEqLO)k aLvTc /JIETa$1J Ot(,wv 'A-/y/,wv. 'E-7rEvx6'tALEvo, v/LW To veQv ETo,; atiowV Kat EJYTVXE%9 &taTEXO-) fIETa 7rao-yq vwroX WwIno, ll>:. A. Y.r.- oaL VTO7- Ka>,olv VA (TTaX\-7 El LV O TOY E' Tepyc'rn IEK80T-7V T~ " KXEtoD~;." AL'8,Ea-t/ALPTaTE KV'p~C, '~EXa/3oV T-qjV V/lETE`Pav E'71t-T~OXj'V Kal Xtp oTL OAXCE -q c~ /? p E T 2 V 7 & a Y/'V -Eqt IE K L EyW OV T VTO E7rLOV WuO /LE7Wto 7-q O i ah ~ v T~t/LV Va Oul; L&c Kal 0TL'YeWI Tml' XE~cpa' cra. Ainrov4Lat 6/Aws -7roX' O'Tt Ta' KaO'q/AEptvaOS Jtuat a~-oXX-u'o Et's a'i- /JaO77qaTa,1dXPt '- o t pq. [/JLETa' UlE0 k7,43fpiaV] Ka'l eItE&q`J L/lac /Ao'vlg X\a/,43a'vw TO' ~ELTO'V /OV E$W Kal CEWLo —pE4)Oa~pya' CL; T?'7V Ot'Ktav p.zov. MO'VOP Ta'1 KV~U2LKalL 8uvacIaJ va /CLVW) KaT OTKOV, akXct 4bO/3oV~jLaL 'IqllE'pa alVT-7 0a' 'vat LU(2s Xosw cLKa7T LX-qXOI; 'E'S v' ^. ALLA Va CO a aiwaXXa~e TOV K67rOV, AV OEX'kqTE E"/c'i Vat 'EXOG) Va' o-CS 2w &oWE'pav TtVa 7'r~pt MR oKTO) -7 KvptaK-qv TWOa /~ETa ljEo-77/4 tpaY Tq7-v g)V r'P~ aXx -EaV vJLE7V 7rpOTCpaXTE VO' "EXO-qTE 7Iap' EuLE~ apKEL IJo'VOV Va ptot a I a' /LE E w OIaV 17 \T-}/P -q'?TE Ka ) fXqTE KT CKVo7oa8qrT KtK-VKalL av Tv Kv'ptoV 08V 4VOLaJtETC 8E TO\ YyVw0pl~t. 'Iorco; o' o-'a8EX0c/ IO O tl~,EV'pEL. 'EyW ET/Aat MtKpao-tav~ 'K r tKVLKOV, CKajta O4tW13 Tas 0-7-ov861 bLol Ev -AOvatg KLL c'v KGJV0-TalVTLVov7rT'XEt A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 267 as a Greek I am grateful to you for all that you have written, no less truly than earnestly, on behalf of our nation, for the enlightenment of those among your countrymen who need enlightenment in regard to the real condition of Greece. Please tell me where I can buy three or four copies of the pamphlet in question, that I may distribute them among English friends. Wishing you a happy and prosperous New Year, I remain, with all esteem, Yours very truly, P. S. A. P.S.-It would be well that a copy should be sent to the editor of the Clio, in Trieste. 9/21 Jan., 1881. REV. SIR, I received your letter, and am glad that you wish to make my acquaintance. Since I also wish the same, I shall feel the greatest pleasure in seeing you, and in clasping your hand. I regret, however, much that on the weekdays I am engaged with lessons until seven p.m., and, as I am single, I take my supper away from home, and return late to my lodgings. Only on Sundays can I remain at home, but I fear this day will be altogether unsuitable to you. To relieve you of trouble, if you choose, let me come to see you some evening about eight, or some Sunday afternoon or evening; or, if you prefer to come to me, it is enough if you simply write to me, and you will find me at home on any Sunday that you may fix. The gentleman you name I do not know. Perhaps my colleague - is acquainted with him. I am from Asia Minor-from Cyzicus-but I have studied in Athens and Con 268 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. ToZVro 8E' VC TO' 8EKaTOV ETos JoOTOV rJXov EL', Aov8Zvov. K&al Tavicia E7rc Tov racpoVrog% 7rXEL"Ova 8E\ OTcLv, oGuy OEi~p, (TvvavTqOw.LLEV. 'Aurar'op~a v~Las, Kal 8tLTIEXw~, 0 V/JLETEpOS% K. A. Yr.'Ar\ -- 26 TOV U-V07VO; TOV'TOV Oa1 /LETaflatLVC Kara\ rao-aa TET-apT'?)V Ids - Xaptv /iaL-q/latTOJV Kat VO/)LL~) OTL TO\ /LE'pOS TOVTO ~E aL7r9EL~ WQXV TOV TOWrOV TT]3 KaTOtKtaLS cT-a. IllpO\ TO\ 7rpOV ~EV 6vapxua va a-a's ELWO)w 7rtO'av (Jpav aKptflwJS Oa\ TlEXELOYV7 To\pa,%a WTS rpc Tag~ 7rEVTE -q /LL.-fx 28 MapTIOV, 1882. ALISE'G-LME ObLXE, Mofxts ff?//LCpOV IT~pLtq'XOEV EIS XELpa'~ IJLOV TO VMJETEPOV TaXv~SpOfUtKO\V EXra'ptov, e8to't 7rpO\ 7rXXw^v uqvVW^V /LkETEKO/LL(t8170V lEt' a'XX'qV cvVVOtKtcav. EV'XaptUTTG. V/-LLV eStc T-q\V 7Wp6cTKX7 -tLV Kalt /UtETa\ 7roXX~s 7rpo~v/-tt'a- Oa qp~'k 7rap v/ksa /,it~pa TtS cJ3Stao-i'dc &SV /LE\ E'K(OXVEV- 'E iC o T avaLXa,&o va\ WX w v po c/p V/JkCV TE Kat T1J VJE- p ~ t~ T a ofE/3a0-/JXaTa' cov.,q V/JET~~~~~~pa K V/ ETtOa 11 9. 1-1 ~ ~ ~ A P AI-IEpStqr Kv'ptE,.o'EVS'aa a '~r L'r,E tevp rv o V/J.3vErEpog M.Nr. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 269 stantinople; and this is the third year since I came to London. So much for the present, and more when (D.V.) we meet. I salute you, and remain, Yours very truly, K. L. P.S.-Beginning with the 26th of this month, I shall be travelling every Wednesday to - on account of lessons, and I believe this neighbourhood is not very far from the place of your residence. At present I cannot tell you precisely at what hour the lesson will finish-perhaps about five or six p.m. 28 March, 1882. REV. AND DEAR SIR, Your post-card has only just come to hand to-day, on account of my having moved into another neighbourhood many months ago. I thank you for the invitation, and would have come to your house with much pleasure, had not a slight indisposition prevented me. I hope, when I recover, to come and present my respects to you and your wife. As to Mr. E. I can say nothing, as I do not know where he lives. With kindest regards, I remain, Yours truly, L. G. 12 Feb., 1881. REV. SIR, I send you by post two Hebrew newspapers, which I received to-day from Constantinople. With kind regards, Yours truly, M. N. 270 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. TpfTq 'Ea~rE'pcaS. A ~ ~ ~ ' o~~~ c K y ' p i E, t o t w r 'EXaf/3ov T'- Tayv8pO/JtKO'V {'p J v 3EXr'OV Kca' LE 7ro>XXp xapi-, Oa' 'EXOw vai cal; l&w. 'AXXa\ Oofloi4'uta Oa' cras pvat,70o0i, Ko'W7o, va' AE' a'vra/j~worqTE 'EL' T'Vo 0-TTCOLoV, KLO' 0(TOV fLCaXUYTa 8 7v vI~Oq _ a~ E.$aKpt/3lwcT(L) KaXd' TL TOy^ UtSr7iPopo/LUOV. NOIMu'W 0-Wg OTC EL& TaL; Z$ /C-t Oa" TIEXEtwLT-(i) TO' uiLO" iL KiLL OiL -EXOw "EZ T7) v 7rpwIT77V aL/ua$OirToLX~iLV. lhTW13 OiLa' iL T KCa>XLt' V v -EXOG KaLI' EvOEc a v L C1 rrT V OlK~i'v oa3. aEw c v 0 dvp w aiurily O9w V/JXETIEPOg, A. Ir. 18 EO0 C JA O'TiLTc KV'ptc, IIapLKaXJw v/LiL-, 7rE'/A4ITE' /LOV Sta' To' Tr ~ pg Tal;s 8v'o'Io-7ravo-lE/pdiLKi'L &~q pL aL I X 'TEEL iV1itV 7rpO TCVO'; KiLtpoV 8LOTt OlEXG Vii M'ra 80j)OT(O G13 c)biXOV CIS TOYV O' TO-LOV TuiL3 'AuraLCob/iaL Ve/~lac KiLL ECJ1 aL, M. N. AEVU'rpaz. AM8C0ryio'i-arE KV'pLE, Y. 'IXEPOV EWrLGTPEfIL~a 'EK Hapwcrt'wv cV'pov TO V/JET-CPOV TaXv8po/LLKO'V 1EXTL'OV Kalt EV'XaLPLIYTO V/JzY &LL TJV 7rpOiTKXV)O-LV' X\vwroVj.at o/'L&)s cr/oopa OTL 8i'v Oa' 8VVqO0G' V\l "EXO( KiLL 7rapiLKaLxL V6 plon 7rapaiOiX-{TE iYVyyTVOWIL'qv. 'Ar'outv',ua- E'K tV^ KiLL &iaTEXoJ, 0wsVLLETEPOS% N. A. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 271 Tuesday Evening. REV. SIR, I have received your post-card, and with much pleasure shall come to see you. But I fear it will be a great deal of trouble to you to meet me at the station, especially as I have not been able to make out the trains clearly. I think, however, that at six p.m. I shall have finished my lesson, and I will come by the first train afterwards. Perhaps it will be best that I should come straight to your house. By asking, I shall easily find it. Yours truly, L. G. REV. SIR, Please send me by post the two Spanish-Hebrew newspapers which I sent to you some time ago; for I want to give them to a friend to whom I had promised them. With kind regards, I am, Yours truly, M. N. Monday. REV. SIR, To-day, on my return from Paris, I found your post-card, and thank you for the invitation. I regret, however, exceedingly that I shall not be able to come, and beg that you will excuse me. With kindest and most cordial regards, I remain, Yours truly, N. L. 272 A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. AWj~TvLa WAtO. 95, 96. CIALTaTE KV'pLE - XOE&s EcY-7rEpaL E`OL0aoL E'vTav'Oc /LETaL TVy-I aL8EXq/1qs Plov KatL Tov -yal/3pov' buov- 0a' /LELYO,)/EV Kalt aV'PtOl/ Kal a'vaXwpoV/IlEv v7`7v E7TOLLE1/)V, to-WS EXOW/LEV cfl7/JAEP0V f L.Kat a-a 03a)fLEv a'XXa\ avptov TO 7EVuLc Ix 7rEpV0/JEV EIS TO\ ~EV08OXLO'V /LfLS Ets TO TPaL7rE`6 T1J~V 5 H-'u. E EOa JOtO KaLXcL KaLL TO\ tv'To EzxopctL VL vf/Xa- Kact r-jv OKO7EVE McI 00OS. lp oc' ETE TaL' 7Wpoo-p 'GTEt oXoiv /J, ck' T-jv Kvpt'av cras.:~& 8 ao7rc~o'pca, II1. B.,I A. B. Kv'ptE MEi'pbtKo~LcaL E'VTv'OaL 7rpo\ ELoo-tLv -q/J~EPOJV KaLL 8E\ cL7rEcfro-toc-a TrOT-E 0' a' a op-'T K a\T'q\V 'XV0rt'V /tOV EGTK0o7rEVOV vat EXOW KctL cq 'toi TrX-qv E18o0oUOtqV E'yKat'pw,; ot awrovq(LTtTa ~ VKaip-qtO)W OKOTEVW vac EXOw va 7rcpa'o-o) A'yas -qLEpaL3 El' Aov8LVOV 7rp~ T-qs avaXoj)pr/rEws,UVKCU TOTE Oa\ ZX0Qw Va\ 0-aCL3 18W OE w O/L(Os (o-^ ypW4JEt 7l-p\ fLt -qykpas, /Uq77Tw& Ka~t XEtLIfflTE w4aXtv. 'EXirtewv 7j rcpovGo-a u~ov va\ a-& Epq TooTov v/Aa3 KatOW~ Kalt JX-qv oTas T-qV OLKO11EVELaV &7roXav'ovras vyet'ag.,a~ /tXtoaa-irac~o1at, II. B. 3In colloquial Modern Greek, the vowel a is used as an alternative of In this instance it has the advantage of marking the tense. a3irova-id'eT1E, present. A GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. 273 Rooms Nos. 95, 96. DEAR MR.-, Yesterday evening I arrived here with my sister and brother-in-law. We shall remain over to-morrow, and leave the following day. Perhaps we shall come this afternoon to see you, but to-morrow we take dinner at our hotel, at the table d'h6te at 5 p.m. We are all well, and I hope you and your family are the same. Give my kind remembrances to your wife. Yours truly, P. B. and D. B. DEAR M — I have been here for three weeks (20 days), and have not made up my mind when I shall leave. On my arrival I intended to come and see you, but learned in time that you were away from home. As soon as I have an opportunity I intend to come and pass a few days in London before my departure, and I will come and see you. I will write, however, a day beforehand, lest you should be away again. Hoping that this letter of mine may find you and all your family in good health, I am, with kindest regards, P. B. e in the 2nd person singular and plural of the imperfect past active. the more classically correct form, would not be distinguishable from the T LONDON: PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN' S SqUARE. A CATALOGUE OF IMPORTANT WORKS, PUIBLISHED BY TBR2J?:B N*ISR Z; 0oC 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. ABEL.-LINGUISTIC ESSAYS. By Carl Abel. 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