$,, ad i i44 k l~ Ai.-Y. I -';e THE DE SENECTUTE, DE AMICITIA, PARADOXA, AND SOMNIUM SCIPIONIS OF CICE R 0, AND THE LIFE OF AT T ICU S, BY CORNELIUS NEPOS, WITH ENGLISH NOTES, CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY. BY CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D., PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLZEE, NEW YORK, AND IECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR-SCHOOL. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 82 CLIFF STREET. 1850. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, by HARPER & BROTHERS, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southemn District of New York. TO JOHN W. FRANCIS, M.D., PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, IN WHOM THE PROFOUND AND VARIED KNOWLEDGE OF THE ACCOMPLISHED PHYSICIAN IS SO HAPPILY BLENDED WITH HIGH ENDOWMENTS OF INTELLECT, AND WHO, AMID THE ARDUOUS DUTIES OF EXTENSIVE PROFESSIONAL AVOCATIONS, CAN STILL FIND LEISURE FOR THE SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF GENERAL LITERATURE, Y HIS OLD k SINCERE FRIEND., BY HIS OLD AND SINCERE FRIEND. P R E F A C Es THE treatises of Cicero on Old Age and Friendship have long formed a favorite course of reading in many of our colleges, and are well deserving of such a distinction. They are here presented in a form which, it is hoped, will render them still more attractive and useful than they have hitherto proved. To these two treatises are appended the Paradoxa and Somnium Scipionis of the same writer, and the life of Atticus by Cornelius Nepos; the whole forming a text-book for Latin recitations which, it is conceived, will be found well adapted for the younger classes in our collegiate institutions. The notes have been prepared with a direct view to utility, and to the removing of those difficulties which so often embarrass and discourage the student, and drive him, in the absence of better aids, to the mischievous use of badly-executed translations. The success which has attended the editor's efforts in introducing this system of annotation on the ancient writers is extremely gratifying to him; nor less gratifying is the fact that many, who were loud in their opposition to extended commentaries, are now so convinced of the superior advantages of these as to have adopted them, in several instances, in their own works. It is to be hoped, for the sake of American scholarship, that the practice will become still more general. The materials for the notes have been obtained from the best sources, among which the following may be named: PREFACE. 1. Ciceronis Opera, ed. Orelli; Turici, 1826, &c., 12 vols. 8vo. 2. Ciceronis Opera Philosophica, ed. Bouillet (Lemaire, Bibl. Lat.); Paris, 1828, 6 vols. 8vo. 3. Ciceronis Cato Major, Laelius, Somnium Scipionis, et Paradoxa, cum commentariis Betuleii, Erasmi, &c.; Paris, 1556, 4to. 4. Ciceronis Cato Major, Laelius, et Paradoxa, ed. Wetzel; Lignit., 1808, 8vo. 5. Ciceronis Cato Major, et Paradoxa, ed. Gernhard; Lips., 1809, 8vo. 6. Ciceronis Laelius, ed. Gernhard; Lips., 1825, 8vo. 7. Cicero's Cato Major and Laelius, with notes by E. H. Barker; Lond., 1826, 12mo. 8. Ciceronis Laelius, ed. Beier; Lips., 1828, 12mo. 9. Ciceronis Cato Major, Somnium Scipionis, Laelius, et Paradoxa, ex Graecis interpretationibus Gazae, Planudis, &c., ed. Hess; Hal., 1833. 10. Ciceronis Cato Major et Laelius, ed. Madvig; Hauniw, 1835. 11. Ciceronis Cato Major et Paradoxa, ed. Billerbeck; Hanov., 1837, 8vo. 12. Ciceronis Laelius, ed. Seyffert; Brandenb., 1844, 8vo. 13. Cicero de Senectute, from the text of Otto, with English Notes; Cambridge, 1840, 18mo. 14. Cicero de Republica, ed. Moser; Francof., 1826, 8vo. 15. Ciceronis Paradoxa, ed. Moser; Gotting., 1846, 8vo. 16. Cornelii Nepotis Vitw excellentium imperatorum, ed. Van Sta veren; Lugd. Bat., 1734, 8vo. 17. Cornelii Nepotis Vitm, &c., ed. Tzschucke; Lips., 1791, 18mo 18. Cornelii Nepotis Vita, &c., ed. Fischer; Lips., 1806, 8vo. 19. Cornelius Nepos, ed. Descuret (Lemaire, Bibl. Lat.); Paris. 1820, 8vo. 20. Cornelius Nepos, ed. Bardili; Stutgard, 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. 21. Cornelii Nepotis quae exstant, ed. Daehne; Lips., 1827, 18mo, 22. Cornelii Nepotis Vitae, &c., ed. Hohler; Vienn., 1844. 23. Cicero's Essays on Old Age and Friendship, by Melmoth Lond., 1820, 8vo. 24. Cicero's Cato Major, with notes, by Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. Philadelph., 8vo. 25. La R6publique de Ciceron, par M. Villemain; Bruxelles, 3 vols. 12mo. 26. Ciceron, Du Gouvernement, par M. Liez; Paris, 1835, 8vo. PREFACE. Vii It remains but to add that great care has been taken that the present work should be marred by no typo graphical errors, in striving to effect which the editor has, as usual, been greatly aided by the careful and accurate scholarship of his friend and colleague Professor Drisler. Columbia College, Jan. 3, 1848. M. TULLII CICERON IS CATO MAJOR, SIVEN C DE SENEC TUTE M, T, CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, SIVE DE SE NE C T UT E. Ad TITUM POMPONIUM ATTICUM. I. 0 Tite, si quid ego adjuro, curamve levasso, Quce nunc te coquit, et versat in pectorefixa, Ecquid erit prcemz? Licet enim versibus eisdem mihi affari te, Attice, quibus affatur Flamininum, Ille vir, haud magna cum re, sed plenu'fidei: quamquam certo scio, non, ut Flamininum, Sollicitari te, Tite, sic noctesque diesque. Novi enim moderationem animi tui, et aequitatem: teque non cognomen solum Athenis deportasse, sed humanitatem et prudentiam intelligo. Et tamen te suspicor eisdem rebus, quibus me ipsum, interdum gravius commoveri, quarum consolatio et major est, et in aliud tempus differenda. Nunc autem visum est mihi de senectute aliquid ad te conscribere. 2. Hoc enim onere, quod mihi commune tecum est, aut jam urgentis, aut certe adventantis senectutis, et te et me ipsum levari volo: etsi te quidem id modice ac sapienter, sicut omnia, et ferre, et laturum esse certo scio. Sed mihi, cum de senectute vellem aliquid scribere, tu occurrebas dignus eo munere, quo uterque nostrum communiter uteretur. Mihi quidem ita jucunda hujus libri confectio fuit, ut non modo omnes absterserit senectutis molestias, sed effecerit mollem etiam et jucundam senectutem. Nunquam igitur satis laudari dignq A 2 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, philosophia poterit, cui qui pareat, omne tempus aetatis sine molestia possit degere. 3. Sed de ceteris et diximus multa, et sepe dicemus: hunc librum de senectute ad te misimus. Omnem autem sermonem tribuimus, non Tithono, ut Aristo Cius; parum enim esset auctoritatis in fabula; sed M. Catoni seni, quo majorem auctoritatem haberet oratio. Apud quem Lelium et Scipionem facimus admirantes, quod is tam facile senectutem ferat, iisque eum respondentem. Qui si eruditius videbitur disputare, quam consuevit ipse in suis libris, attribuito Graecis literis, quarum constat eurn perstudiosum fuisse in senectute. Sed quid opus est plura? jam enim ipsius Catonis sermo explicabit nostram omnem de senectute sententiam. II. 4. SCIPio. Saepenumero admirari soleo, cum hoc C. La1lio, tum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, tum vel maxime, quod nunquam senectutem tibi gravem esse senserim, quea plerisque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se AEtna gravius dicant sustinere. CATO. Rem haud sane, Scipio et Laeli, difficilem admirari videmini. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum, iis omnis aetas gravis est: qui autem omnia bona a se ipsis petunt, iis nihil potest malum videri, quod naturae necessitas afferat. Quo in genere est in primis senectus, quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accusant adeptam: tanta est stultitia- inconstantia atque perversitas. Obrepere aiunt eam citius quam putavissent. Primum, quis coegit eos falsum putare? quid enim? citius adolescentiae senectus, quam pueritiae adolescentia obrepit? Deinde, qul minus gravis esset iis senectus, si octingentesimum annum agerent, quam octogesimum? Praeterita enim wetas, quamvis longa, cum effluxisset, nulla consolatione permulcere posset stultam senectutem. 5. Quocirca si sapientiam meam SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. II., III. 3 admirari soletis (quae utinam digna esset opinione vestra, nostroque cognomine!) in hoc sumus sapientes, quod naturam optimam ducem, tamquam deum, sequimur, eique paremus: a qua nonverisimile est, cum ceterae partes Eetatis bene discriptoe sint, extremum actum, tamquam ab iIlerti poeta, esse neglectum.'Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, et, tamquam in arborum baccis terroaque frugibus, maturitate tempestiva quasi vietum et caducum, quod ferendum est molliter sapienti. Quid est enim aliud gigantum modo bellare cum diis, nisi nature repugnare? 6. LzELIUS. Atqui, Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam pro Scipione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam speramus (volumus quidem certe) senes fieri, ante multo a to didicerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem mtatem ferre possimus. CATO. Faciam vero, Laeli; prasertim si utrique vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. LELIUS. Volumus sane, nisi molesturn est, Cato, tamquam longam aliquam viam confeceris, quam nobis quoque ingrediendum sit, istuc, quo pervenisti, videre, quale sit. III. 7. CATO. Faciam, ut potero, Lali. Saepe enim interfui querelis meorum aequalium (pares autem, vetere proverbio, cum paribus facillime congregantur), quae C. Salinator, quae Sp. Albinus, homines consulares, nostri fere equales, deplorare solebant: tum quod voluptatibus carerent, sine quibus vitam nullam putarent; tum quod spernerentur ab iis, a quibus essent coli soliti. Qui mihi non id videbantur accusare, quod esset accusandum. Nam, si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi usu venirent reliquisque omnibus majoribus natu; quorum ego multorum cognovi senectutem sine querela, qui se et libidinum vinculis laxatos esse non moleste ferrent, nec a suis despicerentur. Sed omnium istiusmodi querelarum in moribus est culpa, non in wetate. Moderati enim, et nec difficiles, 4 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, nec inhumani senes, tolerabilem agunt senectutem: importunitas autem et inhumanitas omni aetati molesta est. 8. LJELIUS. Est, ut dicis, Cato; sed fortasse dixerit quispiam, tibi propter opes, et copias, et dignitatem tuam, tolerabiliorem senectutem videri: id autem non posse multis contingere. CATO. Est istuc quidem, Laeli, aliquid; sed nequaquam in isto omnia. Ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in jurgio respondisse, cum ille dixisset, non eum sua, sed patrie gloria splendorem assecutum: Nec hercule, inquit, si ego Seriphius essem, nobilis; nec tu si Atheniensis esses, clarus unquam fuisses. Quod eodem modo de senectute dici potest. Nec enim in summa inopia levis esse senectus potest, ne sapienti quidem: nec insipienti etiam in summa copia non gravis. 9. Aptissima omnino sunt, Scipio et Laeli, arma senectutis, artes, exercitationesque virtutum; que in omni atate cultae, cum diu multumque vixeris, mirificos efferunt fructus, non solum quia nunquam deserunt, ne extremo quidem tempore aetatis (quamquam id maximum est), verum etiam quia conscientia bene acte vitwe, multorumque benefactorum recordatio, jucundissima est. IV. 10. Ego Q. Maximum —eum, qui Tarentum recepit -adolescens ita dilexi senem, ut aequalem. Erat enim in illo viro comitate condita gravitas, nece senectus mores mutaverat: quamquam eum colere ccepi non admodum grandem natu, sed tamen jam setate provectum. Anno enim post consul primum fuerat, quam ego natus sum; cumque eo quartum consule adolescentulus miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum. Quaestor deinde quadriennio post factus sum, quem magistratum gessi, consulibus Tuditano et Cethego; cum quidem ille admodum senex, suasor legis Cinciae de donis et muneribus fuit. Hic et bella gerebat, ut adolescens, SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. IV., V. 5 cum plane grandis esset, et Hannibalem juveniliter exultantem patientia sua molliebat: de quo praeclare familiaris noster Ennius, Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem: Non enim rumores ponebat ante salutem. Ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret. 11. Tarentum vero qua vigilantia, quo consilio recepit! cum quidem, me audiente, Salinatori, qui, amisso oppido, fugerat in arcem, glorianti atque ita dicenti: Mea opera, Q. Fabi, Tarentum recepisti: Certe, inquit ridens: nam, nisi tu amisisses, nungzuam recepissem. Nec vero in armis praestantior, quam in toga; qui consul iterum, Sp. Carvilio collega quiescente, C. Fla.minio tribuno plebis, quoad po. tuit, restitit, agrum Picentem et Gallicum viritim contra senatus auctoritatem dividenti: augurque cum esset, dicere ausus est, optimis auspiciis ea geri, quce pro reipublicce salutegererentur; quce contra rempublicamferrentur, contra auspicia ferri. 12. Multa in eo viro praeclara cognovi; sed nihil est admirabilius, quam quomodo ille mortem filii tulit, clari viri et consularis. Est in manibus laudatio: quam cum legimus, quem philosophum non contemnimus! Nec vero ille in luce modo, atque in oculis civium magnus; sod intus, domique prestantior. Qui sermo! que praecepta! quanta notitia antiquitatis! quae scientia juris augurii! multme etiam, ut in homine Romano, literae. Omnia memoria tenebat, non domestica solum, sed etiam externa bella: cujus sermone ita tum cupide fruebar, quasi jam divinarem id, quod evenit, illo extincto, fore unde discerem neminem. V. 13. Quorsum igitur hbec tam multa de Maximo? quia profecto videtis, nefas esse dictu, miseram fuisse talem senectutem. Nec tamen omnes possunt esse Scipiones, aut Maximi, ut urbium expugniationes, ut pedestres navalesve pugnas, ut bella a se gesta, ut triumphos recor 6 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, dentur. Est etiam quiete, et pure, et eleganter actee aetatis placida ac lenis senectus, qualem accepimus Platonis, qui uno et octogesimo anno scribens mortuus est; qualem Isocratis, qui eum librum, qui Panathenaicus inscribitur, quarto et nonagesimo anno scripsisse se dicit, vixitque quinquennium postea: cujus magister Leontinus Gorgias centum et septem complevit annos, neque unquam in suo studio atque opere cessavit. Qui, cum ex eo quaereretur, cur tamdiu vellet esse in vita: Nihil habeo, inquit, quod accusem senectutem. 14. Preclarum responsum, et docto homine dignum! Sua enim vitia insipientes, et suam culpam in senectutem conferunt; quod non faciebat,is, cujus modo mentionem feci, Ennius, Sicut fortis equus, spatio gqi scpe supremo Vicit Olympia, nunc senio confectu' quiescit. Equi fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam: quem quidem probe meminisse potestis. Anno enim undevicesimo post ejus mortem hi consules, T. Flamininus et M'. Acilius, facti sunt: ille autem, Caepione, et Philippo iterum, consulibus, mortuus est, cum ego quidem quinque et sexaginta annos natus, legem Voconiam magna voce, et bonis lateribus suasissem. Annos septuaginta natus (tot enim vixit Ennius) ita ferebat duo, que maxima putantur, onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis paine delectari videretur. 15. Etenim, cum contemplor animo, quatuor reperio causas, cur senectus misera videatur: unam, quod avocet a rebus gerendis; alteram, quod corpus faciat infirmius; tertiam, quod privet omnibus-fere voluptatibus; quartam, quod haud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causarum quanta, quamque sit justa unaquaeque, videamus. VI. A rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit.-Quibus? An iis, quae juventute geruntur et viribus I Nullaene igitur res sunt seniles, quae, vel infirmis corporibus, animo SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. VI. 7 tamen administrentur? Nihil ergo agebat Q. Maximus? nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, Scipio, socer optimi viri, filii mei? ceteri senes, Fabricii, Curii, Coruncanii, cum rempublicam consilio et auctoritate defendebant, nihil agebant? 16. Ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam, ut caecus esset: tamen is, cum sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem cum Pyrrho fcedusque faciendum, non dubitavit dicere illa, quoe versibus persecutus est Ennius: Quo vobis mentes, rectce quce stare solebant Antehac, dementes sese flexere viai? ceteraque gravissime: notum enim vobis carmen est; et tamen ipsius Appii extat oratio. Atque haec ille egit septem et decemr annis post alterum consulatum, cum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent, censorque ante superiorem consulatum fuisset; ex quo intelligitur, Pyrrhi bello grandem sane fuisse; et tamen sic a patribus accepimus. 17. Nihil igitur afferunt, qui in re gerenda versari senectutem negant, similesque sunt, ut, si qui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos scandant, alii per foros cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant, ille [autem] clavum tenens quietus sedeat in puppi. Non facit ea, quae juvenes: at vero multo majora et meliora facit. Non viribus, aut velocitatibus, aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur; sed consilio, auctoritate, sententia; quibus non modo non orbari, sed etiam augeri senectus solet. 18. Nisi forte ego vobis, qui et milesb et tribunus, et legatus, et consul versatus sum in vario genere bellorum, cessare nune videor, cum bella non gero. At senatui, quae sint gerenda, praescribo, et quomodo: Carthagini, male jam diu cogitanti, bellum multo ante denuntio; de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excisam esse cognovero. 19. Quam palmam utinam dii immortales, Scipio, tibi reservent, ut avi reliquias persequare! cujus a morte tertius hic et tricesimus annus est: sed memoriam illius viri omnes excipient anni consequentes. Anno ante 8 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, me censorem mortuus est, novem annis post meum consulatum, cum consul iterum, me consule, creatus esset. Num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vixisset, senectutis eum sum pceniteret? nec enim excursione, nec saltu, nec eminus hastis, aut comminus gladiis uteretur; sed consilio, ratione, sententia. Qum nisi essent in senibus, non summum consilium majores nostri appellassent senatum. 20. Apud Lacedeemonios quidem ii, qui amplissimum magistratum gerunt, ut sunt, sic etiam nominantur senes. Quod si legere, aut audire voletis externa, maximas respublicas ab adolescentibus labefactas, a senibus sustentatas et restitutas reperietis. Cedo, quZ vestram rempublicam tantam amisistis tam cito? Sic enim percontantur, ut est in Naevii Ludo: respondentur et alia, et hoc in primis: Proveniebant oratores novi, stulti, adolescentuli. Temeritas est videlicet florentis wetatis, prudentia senescentis. VII. 21. At memoria minuitur.-Credo, nisi earn exerceas, aut si sis natura tardior. Themistocles omniumn civium perceperat nomina: num igitur censetis eum, cum wetate processisset, qui Aristides esset, Lysimachum salutare solitum. Equidem non modo eos novi, qui sunt; sed eorum patres etiam, et avos. ~ Nec sepulcra legens vereor (quod aiunt), ne memoriam perdam: his enim ipsis legendis in memoriam redeo mortuorum. Nec vero quemquam senum audivi oblitum, quo loco thesaurum obruisset. Omnia, quwe curant, meminerunt: vadimonia constituta; qui sibi, cui ipsi debeant. 22. Quid jurisconsulti, quid pontifices, quid augures, quid philosophi senes. quam multa meminerunt! Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria: nec ea solum in claris et honoratis viris, sed in vita etiam privata et quieta. Sophocles ad summamr senectutem tragoedias fecit: quod SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. VII., VIII. 9 propter studium, cum rem negligere familiarem videretur, a filiis in judicium vocatus est, ut, quemadmodum nostro more male rem gerentibus patribus bonis interdici solet; sic illum, quasi desipientem, a re familiari removerent judices. Turn senex dicitur eam fabulam, quam in manibus habebat, et proxime scripserat, (Edipum Coloneum, recitasse judicibus, quaesisseque, num illud carmen desipientis videretur. Quo recitato, sententiis judicum est liberatus. 23. Num igitur hunc, num Homerum, num Hesiodum, num Simonidem, num Stesichorum, num, quos ante dixi, Isocratem, Gorgiam, num philosophorum principes, Pythagoram, Democritum, num Platonem, num Xenocratem, num postea Zenonem, Cleanthem, aut eum, quem vos etiam Rome vidistis, Diogenem Stoicum, coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senectus? an in omnibus his studiorum agitatio vitae aequalis fuitl 24. Age, ut ista divina studia omittarhus, possum nominare ex agro Sabino rusticos Romanos, vicinos et familiares meos, quibus absentibus, nunquam fere ulla in agro majora opera fiunt, non serendis, non percipiendis, non condendis fructibus. Quamquam in allis minus hoc mirum; nemo enim est tam senex, qui se annum non putet posse vivere: sed iidem in eis elaborant, quae sciunt nihil ad se omnino pertinere. Serit arbores, que seclo prosint alteri, ut ait Statius noster in Synephebis. 25. Nec vero dubitet agricola, quamvis senex, quaeerenti, cui serat, respondere: Diis immortalibus, qui me non accipere modo haec a majoribus voluerunt, sed etiam posteris prodere. VIII. Melius Caecilius de sene alteri saeculo prospiciente, quam illud idem: lEdepol, senectus, si nil quidquam aliud viti Apportes tecum, cum advenis; unum id sat est, Quod din vivendo multa, quce non vult, videt. A 2 10 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, Et multa fortasse, quae vult: atque in ea quidem, quae non vult, swepe etiam adoleqcentia incurrit. Illud vero idem Ceecilius vitiosius: Turn equidem in senecta hoc deputo miserrimum, Sentire ea cetate esse se odiosum alteri. 26. Jucundum potius, quam odiosum! Ut enim adolescentibus, bona indole prteditis, sapientes senes delectantur, leviorque fit eorum senectus, qui a juventute coluntur et diliguntur: sic adolescentes senum preeceptis gaudent, quibus ad virtutum studia ducuntur. Nec minus intelligo, me vobis, quam mihi vos esse jucundos. Sed videtis, ut senectus non modo languida atque iners non sit, verum etiam sit operosa et semper agens aliquid, et moliens; tale scilicet, quale cujusque studium in superiore vita fuit. Quid, qui etiam addiscunt aliquid. ut Solonem versibus gloriantem videmus, qui se quotidie a]iquid addiscentem dicit senem fieri; ut ego feci, qui Grwecas literas senex didici: quas quidem sic avide arripui, quasi diuturnam sitim explere cupiens, ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent, quibus me nunc exemplis uti videtis. Quod cum fecisse Socratem in fidibus audirem, vellem equidem etiam illud (discebant enim fidibus antiqui): sed in literis certe elaboravi. IX. 27. Nec nunc quidem vires desidero adolescentis (is enim erat locus alter de vitiis senectutis), non plus, quam adolescens tauri, aut elephanti desiderabam. Quod est, eo decet uti, et, quidquid agas, agere pro viribus. Quae enim vox potest esse contemtior, quam Milonis Crotoniatae l qui, cum jam senex esset, athletasque se in curriculo exercentes videret, adspexisse lacertos suos dicitur, illacrimansque dixisse, At hi quidem mortui jan sunt. Non vero tam isti, quam tu ipse nugator! Neque enim ex te unquam es nobilitatus, sed ex lateribus et lacertis tuis. Nihil Sex. _Elius tale, nihil multis annis ante Ti. Coruncanius, nihil modo P. Crassus, a quibus jura civibus SIVE DE SENECTUTE. —CAP. IX, X. 11 preescribebantur: quorum usque ad extremum spirituni est provecta prudentia. 28. Orator, metuo, ne languescat senectute: est enim munus ejus non ingenii solum, sed laterum etiam, et virium. Omnino canorum illud in voce splendescit etiam, nescio quo pacto, in senectute; quod equidem adhuc non amisi; et videtis annos. Sed tamen est decorus sermo senis quietus et remissus, facitque perseepe ipsa sibi audientiam diserti senis comta et mitis oratio. Quam si ipse exsequi nequeas, possis tamen Scipioni preecipere et Leelio. Quid enim jucundius senectute, stipata studiis juventutis. 29. An ne eas quidem vires senectuti relinquemus, ut adolescentulos doceat, instituat, ad omne officii munus instruat'. quo quidem opere quid potest esse praeclarius? Mihi vero Cn. et P. Scipiones, et avi tui duo, L. iEmilius et P. Africanus, comitatu nobilium juvenum fortunati videbantur: nec ulli bonarum artium magistri non beati putandi, quamvis consenuerint vires, atque defecerint. Etsi ista ipsa defectio virium adolescentie vitiis efficitur seepius quam senectutis. Libidinosa enim, et intemperans adolescentia effcetum corpus tradit senectuti. 30. Cyrus quidem apud Xenophontem eo sermone, quem moriens habuit, cum radmodum senex esset, negat se unquam sensisse, senectutem suam imbecilliorem factam, quam adolescentia fuisset. Ego L. Metellum memini puer (qui cum quadriennio post alterum consulatum pontifex maximus factus esset, viginti et duos annos ei sacerdotio praefuit), ita bonis esse viribus extremo tempore vetatis, ut adolescentiam non requireret. Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere: quamquam est id quidem senile, eetatique nostrae conceditur. X. 31. Videtisne, ut apud Homerum sEepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis preedicet? Tertiam enim jam wetatem hominum vivebat; nec erat ei verendum, ne,vera praedicans de se, nimis videretur aut insolens, aut loquax. Ete 12 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, nim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio;tquam ad suavitatem nullis egebat corporis viribus; et tamen dux ille Graeciwe nusquam optat, ut Ajacis similes habeat decem, at ut Nestoris; quod si acciderit, non dubitat, quin brevi sit Troja peritura. 32. Sed redeo ad me. Quartum annum ago et octogesimum: vellem equidem idem posse gloriari, quod Cyrus; sed tamen hoc queo dicere, non me quidem ils esse viribus, quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut queestor eodem bello, aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, cum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas, M'. Acilio Glabrione consule: sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me enervavit, nec afflixit senectus: non curia vires meas desiderat, non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nec enim unquam sum assensus veteri illi laudatoque proverbio, quod monet, mature feri senem, si din velis esse senex. Ego vero me minus diu senem esse mallem, quam esse senem ante, quam essem. Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui fuerim occupatus. At minus habeo virium, quam vestrum utervis! / 33. Ne vos quidem T. Pontii centurionis vires habetis: num idcirco est ille praestantior? moderatio modo virium adsit, et tantum, quantum potest quisque, nitatur; nee ille non magno desiderio tenebitur virium! Olympiee per stadium ingressus esse Milo dicitur, cum humeris sustineret bovem vivum. Utrum igitur has corporis, an Pythagorwe tibi malis vires ingenii dari? Denique isto bono utare, dum adsit; cum absit, ne requiras: nisi forte adolescentes pueritiam, paulum metate progressi adolescentiam debeant requirere. Cursus est certus eetatis, et una via naturae, eaque simplex; suaque cuique parti actatis tempestivitas est data; ut et infirmitas puerorum, et ferocitas juvenum, et gravitas jam constantis aetatis, et senectutis maturitas naturale quiddam habeat, quod suo tempore percipi'debeat. 34. Audire te arbitror, Scipio, hospes tuus avitus Masinissa qua- faciat hodie, nonaginta SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. X., XI. 13 annos natus: cum ingressus iter pedibus sit, in equum omnino non adscendere; cum equo, ex equo non descendere: nullo imbre, nullo frigore adduci, ut capite operto sit: summam esse in eo corporis siccitatem: itaque omnia exsequi regis officia et munera. Potest igitur exercitatio, et temperantia etiam senectuti conservare aliquid pristini roboris. XI. Non sunt in senectute vires. Ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute. Ergo et legibus et institutis vacat aetas nostra muneribus iis, quve non possunt sine viribus sustineri. Itaque non modo, quod non possumus, sed ne quantum possumus quidem, cogimur. 35. At ita multi sunt imbecilli senes, ut nullurn officii, aut omnino vitae munus exsequi possint. At id quidem non proprium senectutis vitium est, sed commune valetudinis. Quam fuit imbecillus P. Africani filius, is qui te adoptavit! quam tenui, aut nulla potius valetudine! quod ni ita fuisset, alterum illud exstitisset lumen civitatis: ad paternam enim magnitudinem animi doctrina uberior accesserat. Quid mirum igitur in senibus, si infirmi sunt aliquando, cum id ne adolescentes quidem effugere possint Resistendum, Leli et Scipio, senectuti est, ejusque vitia diligentia compensanda sunt; pugnandum, tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem. 36. Habenda ratio valetudinis; utendum exercitationibus modicis; tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut reficiantur vires, non opprimantur. Nec vero corpori soli subveniendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis: nam haec quoque, nisi tamquam lumini oleum instilles, exstinguuntur senectute. Et corpora quidera exercitatione ingravescunt; animi autem se exercendo levantur. Nam quos ait Caecifius, comicos stultos senes: hos significat credulos, obliviosos, dissolutos: qume vitia sunt non senectutis, sed inertis, ignavwe, somniculose senectutis. Ut petulantia, ut libido magis est adolescentium, 14 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, quam senum; nec tamen omnium adolescentium, sed non proborum: sic ista senilis stultitia (qua- deliratio appellari solet) senum levium est, non omnium. 37. Quatuor robustos filios, quinque filias, tantam domum, tantas clientelas Appius regebat et caecus et senex. Intentum enim animum, tamquam arcum, babebat, nec languescens succumbebat senectuti.;Tenebat non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam imperium in suos: metuebant servi, verebantur liberi, carumn omnes habebant: vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplina.. 38. Ita enim senectus honesta est, si se ipsa defendit, si jus suum retinet, si nemini mancipata est, si usque ad ultimam spiritum dominatur in suos. Ut enim adolescentem, in quo senile aliquid, sic senem, in quo est adolescentis aliquid, probo: quod qui sequitur, corpore senex esse poterit, animo nunquam erit. Septimus mihi Originum liber est in manibus; omnia antiquitatis monumenta colligo; causarum illustrium, quascunque defendi, nunc quam maxime conficio orationes; jus augurum, pontificum, civile tracto; multum etiam Graecis literis utor, Pythagoreorumque more, exercendae memorie gratia, quid quoque die dixerim, audierim, egerim, commemoro vesperi. Hea sunt exercitationes ingenii, haec curricula mentis; in his desudans atque elaborans, corporis vires non magnopere desidero. Adsum amicis: venio in senatum frequens, ultroque affero res multum et diu cogitatas, easque tueor animi, non corporis viribus. Quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen me lectulus oblectaret meus, ea ipsa cogitantem, quwe jam agere non possem: sed ut possim, facit acta vita. Semper enim in his studiis laboribusque viventi non intelligitur, quando obrepat senectus. Ita sensim sine sensu aetas senescit; nec subito frangitur, sed diuturnitate exstinguitur. XII. 39. Sequitur tertia vituperatio senectutis, quod eCrm carere dicunt voluptatibus. O praeclarum munus SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. XII. 15 aetatis, si quidem id aufert nobis, quod est in adolescentia vitiosissimum! Accipite enim, optimi adolescentes, veterem orationem Archytae Tarentini, magni in primis et praeclari viri, quae mihi tradita est, cum essem adolescens Tarenti cum Q. Maximo. Nullam capitaliorem pestem, quam corporis voluptatem, hominibus dicebat a natura datam: cujus voluptatis avidae libidines temere et eflrenate ad potiundum incitarentur. 40. Hinc patriae proditiones, hinc rerumpublicarum eversiones, hinc cum hostibus clandestina colloquia nasci; nullum denique scelus, nullum malum facinus esse, ad quod suscipiendum non libido voluptatis impelleret; stupra vero, et adulteria, et omne tale flagitium, nullis excitari allis illecebris, nisi voluptatis. Cumque homini sive natura, sive quis deus nihil mente praestabilius dedisset; huic divino muneri ac dono nihil esse tam inimicum, quam voluptatem. 41. Nec enim libidine dominante temperantiae locum esse; neque omnino in voluptatis regno virtutem posse consistere. Quod quo magis intelligi posset, fingere animo jubebat tanta incitatum aliquem voluptate corporis, quanta percipi posset maxima: nemini censebat fore dubium, quin tamdiu, dum ita gauderet, nihil agitarQ mente, nihil ratione, nihil cogitatione consequi posset. Quocirca nihil esse tam detestabile, tamque pestiferum, qdtam voluptatem: si quidem ea, cum major esset atque longior, omne animi lumen exstingueret. Haec cum C. Pontio Samnite, patre ejus, a quo, Caudino prcelio, Sp. Postumius, T.Veturius, consules, superati sunt, locutum Archytam, Nearchus Tarentinus, hospes noster, qui in amicitia populi Romani permanserat, se a majoribus natu accepisse dicebat, cum quidem ei sermoni interfuisset Plato Atheniensis: quem Tarentum venisse, L. Camillo, Appio Claudio, consulibus, reperio. 42. Quorsus haec Ut intelligatis, si voluptatem aspernari ratione et sapientia non possemus, magnam habendam senectuti gratiam, quie effecerit, ut id non liberet, quod 16 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, non oporteret. Impedit enim consilium voluptas; rationi inimica est ac mentis (ut ita dicam) praestringit oculos, nec habet ullum cum virtute commercium. Invitus feci, ut fortissimi viri T. Flaminini fratrem, L. Flamininum, e senatu ejicerem, septem annis postquam consul fuisset: sed notandam putavi libidinem. Ille enim cum esset consul in Gallia,exoratus in convivio a scorto est, ut securi feriret aliquem eorum, qui in vinculis essent damnati rei capitalis. Hic Tito, fratre suo, censore (qui proximus ante me fuerat), elapsus est: mihi vero et Flacco neutiquam probari potuit tam flagitiosa et tam perdita libido, quwe cum probro privato conjungeret imperil dedecus. XIII. 43. Saepe audivi a majoribus natu, qui se porro pueros a senibus audisse dicebant; mirari solitum C. Fabricium, quod, cum apud regem Pyrrhum legatus esset, audisset a Thessalo Cinea, esse quendam Athenis, qui se sapientem profiteretur; eumque dicere, omnia, quae faceremus, ad voluptatem esse referenda. Quod ex eo audientes M'. Curium et T. Coruncanium optare solitos, ut id Samnitibus, ipsique Pyrrho persuaderetur, quo facilius vinci possent, cum se voluptatibus dedissent. Vixerat M'. Curius cum P. Decio, qui, quinquennio ante eum consulem, se pro republica quarto consulatu devoverat. Norat eundem Fabricius, norat Coruncanius: qui cum ex sua vita, tum ex ejus, quem dico, P. Decii facto judicabant, esse profecto aliquid natura pulchrum atque praeclarum, quod sua sponte peteretur, quodque, spreta et contemta voluptate, optimus quisque sequeretur. 44. Quorsum igitur tam multa de voluptate? quia non modo vituperatio nulla, sed etiam summa laus senectutis est, quod ea voluptates nullas magnopere desiderat. —At caret epulis, exstructisque mensis, et frequentibus poculis. —Caret ergo etiam vinolentia, et cruditate, et insomniis. Sed si aliquid dandum est voluptati, quoniam ejus blanditiis non SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. XIII., XIV. 17 facile obsistimus (divine enim Plato escam malorum appellat voluptatem, quod ea videlicet homines capiantur, ut hamo pisces), quamquam immoderatis epulis caret senectus, modicis tamen conviviis potest delectari. C. Duilium, M. filium, qui Poenos classe primus devicerat, redeuntem a ccena senem saepe videbam puer; delectabatur crebro funali, et tibicine, quee sibi nullo exemplo privatus sumserat: tantum licentima dabat gloria! 45. Sed quid ego alios. ad meipsum jam revertar. Primum habui semper sodales. Sodalitates autem me quaestore constitutae sunt, sacris Idweis Magnae Matris acceptis. Epulabar igitur cum sodalibus omnino modice, sed erat quidam fervor aetatis: qua progrediente, omnia fient in dies mitiora. Neque enim ipsorum conviviorum delectationem voluptatibus corporis magis, quam ccetu amicorum et sermonibus metiebar. Bene enim majores nostri accubitionem epularem amicorum, quia vitae conjunctionem haberet, convivium nominarunt: melius, quam Graeci, qui hoc idem turn compotationem, tum conccenationem vocant: ut, quod in eo genere minimum est, id maxime probare videantur. XIV. 46. Ego vero propter sermonis delectationem tempestivis quoque conviviis delector, nec cum aequalibus solum, qui pauci admodum restant, sed cum vestra etiam aetate, atque vobiscum: habeoque senectuti mageam gratiam, qute mihi sermonis aviditatem auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit. Quod si quem etiam ista delectant (ne omnino bellum indixisse videar voluptati, cujus est etiam fortasse quidam naturalis motus), non intelligo, ne in istis quidem voluptatibus ipsis, carere sensu senectutem. Me vero et magisteria delectant a majoribus instituta; et is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis; et pocula, sicut in symposio Xenophontis est, minuta atque rorantia; et refrigeratio aestate, et vicissim aut sol, aut ignis hibernus. Que quidem etiam in Sabinis persequi 18 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, soleo, conviviumque vicinorum quotidie compleo; quod ad multam noctem, quam maxime possumus, vario sermone producimus.-47. At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. —Credo: sed ne desideratio quidem. Nihil autem molestum, quod non desideres. Bene Sophocles, cum ex eo quidam jam affecto aetate quareret, utereturne rebus venereis: Dii meliora! inquit: libenter vero istinc, sicut a domino agresti ac furioso profugi. Cupidis enim rerum talium, odiosum fortasse et molestum est carere; satiatis vero, et expletis, jucundius est carere, quam frui. Quamquam non caret is, qui non desiderat: ego non desiderare dico esse jucundius. 48. Quod si istis ipsis voluptatibus bona etas fruitur libentius, primum parvulis fruitur rebus, ut diximus:. deinde iis, quibus senectus, si non abunde potitur, non omnino caret.i Ut Turpione Ambivio magis delectatur, qui in prima cavea spectat, delectatur tamen etiam, qui in ultima: sic adolescentia, voluptates propter intuens, magis fortasse latatur; sed delectatur etiam senectus, procul eas spectans tantum, quantum sat est. 49. At illa quanti sunt, animum tamquam emeritis stipendiis libidinis, ambitionis, contentionis, inimicitiarum, cupiditatum omnium, secum esse secumque (ut dicitur) vivere! Si vero habet aliquod tamquam pabulum studii atque doctrinae, nihil est otiosa senectute jucundius. Mori paene videbamus in studio dimetiendi cceli atque terrae C. Gallum, familiarem patris tui, Scipio! Quoties illum lux, noctu aliquid describere ingressum, quoties nox oppressit, cum mane ccepisset! quam delectabat eum defectiones solis et lunae multo nobis ante praedicere! 50. Quid in levioribus studiis, sed tamen acutis 1 quam gaudebat bello suo Punico Naevius! quam Truculento Plautus! quam Pseudolo! Vidi etiam senem Livium: qui,cum sex annis ante quam ego natus sum fabulam docuisset, Centone Tuditanoque consulibus, usque ad adolescentiam meam processit tetate. Quid de P. Li SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. XIV., XV. 19 cinii Crassi et pontificii et civilis juris studio loquarl aut de hujus P. Scipionis, qui his paucis diebus pontifex maximus factus est l Atqui eos omnes, quos commemoravi, his studiis flagrantes senes vidimus. M. vero Cethegum, quem recte Suadac medullam dixit Ennius, quanto studio exerceri in dicendo videbamus, etiam senem! Qua sunt igitur epularum, aut ludorum, aut scortorum voluptates cum his voluptatibus comparandwe? Atque haec quidem studia doctrinae: quee quidem prudentibus et bene institutis pariter cum aetate crescunt; ut honestum illud Solonis sit, quod ait versiculo quodam, ut ante dixi, senescere se multa in dies addiscentem: qua voluptate animi nulla certe potest esse major. XV. 51. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricolarum, quibus ego incredibiliter delector: quae nec ulla impediuntur senectute, et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxime videntur accedere. Habent enim rationem cum terra, quse nunquam recusat imperium, nec unquam sine usura reddit, quod accepit; sed alias minore, plerumque majore cum fenore. Quamquam me quidem non fructus modo, sed etiam ipsius terrae vis ac natura delectat. Quae, cum gremio mollito ac subacto sparsum semen excepit, primum id occwcatum cohibet; ex quo occatio, que hoc efficit, nominata est: deinde tepefactum vapore et compressu suo diffindit, et elicit herbescentem ex eo viriditatem: quee nixa fibris stirpium, sensim adolescit, culmoque erecta geniculato vaginis jam quasi pubescens includitur; e quibus cum emersit, fundit frugem spici, ordine structam, et contra avium minorum morsus munitur vallo aristarum. 52.Quid ego vitium ortus, satus, incrementa commemorem l satiari delectatione non possum, ut meae senectutis requietem oblectamentumque noscatis. Omitto enim vim ipsam omnium, quae {enerantur e terra; que ex fici tantulo grano, aut ex acino vinaceo, aut ex ceterarum frugum 20 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, ac stirpium minutissimis seminibus tantos truncos ramosque procreat. Malleoli, plantae, sarmenta, viviradices, propagines, nonne ea efficiunt, ut quemvis cum admiratione delectentl Vitis quidem quae natura caduca est, et, nisi fulta sit, ad terramin fertur; eadem, ut se erigat, claviculis suis, quasi manibus, quidquid est nacta, complectitur: quam, serpentem multiplici lapsu et erratico, ferro amputans coeircet ars agricolarum, ne silvescat sarmentis, et in omnes partes nimia fundatur. 53. Itaque ineunte vere in iis, quae relicta sunt, exsistit tamquam ad articulos sarmentorum ea quae gemma dicitur; a qua oriens uva sese ostendit: quae et succo terrae, et calore solis augescens primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit, vestitaque pampinis, nec modico tepore caret, et nimios solis defendit ardores. Qua quid potest esse cum fructu hIetius, tumrn adspectu pulchrius? cujus quidem non utilitas me solum, ut ante dixi, sed etiam cultura, et ipsa natura delectat: adminiculorum ordines, capitum jugatio, religatio et propagatio vitium, sarmentorumque ea, quam dixi, aliorum amputatio, aliorum immissio. Quid ego irrigationes, quid fossiones agri, repastinationesque proferam, quibus fit multo terra foecundior? 54. Quid de utilitate loquar stercorandi. dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi: de qua, doctus Hesiodus ne verbum quidem fecit, cum de cultura agri scriberet: at Homerus, qui multis, ut mihi videtur, ante seculis fuit, Laertem lenientem desiderium, quod capiebat e filio, colentem agrum, et eum stercorantem facit. Nec vero segetibus solum, et pratis, et vineis, et arbustis res rustica laetae sunt; sed etiam hortis et pomariis: turn pecudum pastu, apium examinibus, florum omnium varietate. Nec consitiones modo delectant, sed etiam insitiones: quibus nihil invenit agricultura sollertius. XVI. 55. Possum persequi multa oblectamenta rerum SIVE DE SENECTUTE, —-CAP. XVI. 21 rusticarum; sed ea ipsa, qua dixi, fuisse sentio longiora. Ignoscetis autem; nam et studio rerum rusticarum provectus sum, et senectus est natura loquacior: ne ab omnibus eamrn vitiis videar vindicare. Ergo in hac vita M'. Curius, cum de Samnitibus, de Sabinis, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumsit extremum tempus aetatis: cujus quidem ego yillam contemplans (abest enim non longe a me) admirari satis non possum vel hominis ipsius continentiam, vel temporum disciplinam. Curio, ad focum sedenti, magnum auri pondus Samnites cum attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt. 56. Non enim aurum habere, preeclarum sibi videri dixit; sed eis, qui haberent aurum, imperare. Poteratne tantus animus non efficere jucundam senectutem? Sed venio ad agricolas; ne a meipso recedam. In agris erant turnm senatores, id est senes: siquidem aranti L. Quinctio Cincinnato nuntiatum est, eum dictatorem esse factum: cujus dictatoris jussu magister equitum C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum appetentem occupatum interemit. A villa in senatum arcessebantur et Curius, et ceteri senes; ex quo, qui eos arcessebant, viatores nominati sunt. Num igitur horumn senectus miserabilis fuit, qui se agri cultione oblectabant? Mea quidem sententia baud scio, an nulla beatior possit esse: neque solum officio, quod hominum generi universo cultura agrorum est salutaris; sed et delectatione, quam dixi, et saturitate copiaque rerum omnium, quaw ad victum hominum, ad cultum etiam deorum pertinent; ut, quoniam haec quidam desiderant, in gratiam jam cum voluptate redeamus. Semper enim boni assiduique domini referta cella vinaria, olearia, etiam penaria est, villaque tota locuples est: abundat porco, hebdo, agno, gallina, lacte, caseo, melle. Jam hortum ipsi agricolae succidiam alteram appellant. Conditiora facit heec supervacanei etiam operis aucupium atque venatio. 57. Quid de pratorum viriditate, aut arborum ordinibus, aut vinearum, oliveto 22 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, rumve specie dicarn? Brevi pramcidam: agro bene culto nihil potest esse nec usu uberius, nec specie ornatius; ad quem fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiam invitat atque allectat senectus. Ubi enim potest illa mtas, aut calescere vel apricatione melius, vel igni, aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari salubrius? 58. Sibi igitur habeant arma, sibi equos, sibi hastas, sibi clavam, sibi pilam, sibi natationes atque cursus: nobis senibus ex lusionibus multis talos relinquant et tesseras: id ipsum utrum lubebit; quoniam sine his beata esse senectus potest. XVII. 59. Multas ad res perutiles Xenophontis libri sunt, quos legite, queeso, studiose, ut facitis. Quam copiose ab eo agricultura laudatur in eo libro qui est de tuenda re familiari, qui (Economicus inscribitur! Atque, ut intelligatis, nihil ei tam regale videri, quam studium agri colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobulo, Cyrum minorem, regem Persarum, praestantem ingenio atque imperii gloria, cum Lysander Lacaedemonius, vir summae virtutis, venisset ad eum Sardis, eique dona a sociis attulisset, et ceteris in rebus communem erga Lysandrum, atque humanum fuisse, et ei quendam conseptum agrum, diligenter consitum ostendisse. Cum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates arborum, et directos in quincuncem ordines, et humum subactam atque puram, et suavitatem odorum, qui afflarentur e floribus; tum eum dixisse, mirari se non modo diligentiam, sed etiam solertiam ejus, a quo essent illa dimensa atque descripta; et ei Cyrum respondisse: Atqui ego omnia ista sum dimensus; mei sunt ordines, mea descriptio; multce etiam istarum arborum mea manu sunt sate. Tum Lysandrum, intuentem purpuram ejus, et nitorem corporis, ornatumque Persicum multo auro multisque gemmis, dixisse: Recte vero te, Cyre, beatumferunt, quoniam virtuti tucefortuna conjuncta est! 60. Hac igitur fortuna frui licet senibus: nec vetas impedit, quo minus et SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. XVII., XVIII. 23 ceterarum rerum, et in primis agri colendi studia teneamus usque ad ultrnum tempus senectutis. M. quidemValerium Corvum accepimus ad centesimum annum perduxisse, cum esset acta jam eetate in agris, eosque coleret: cujus inter primum et sextum consulatum sex. et quadraginta anni interfuerunt. Ita,quantum spatium aetatis majores nostri ad senectutis initium esse voluerunt, tano illi cursus honorum fuit: atque ejus extrema aetas hoc beatior, quam media, quod auctoritatis habebat plus, laboris minus. Apex est autem senectutis auctoritas. 61. Quanta fuit in L. Cwecilio Metello! quanta in Atilio Calatino! in quem illud elogium unicum: Plurir7n consentiunt gentes, populi primarium fuisse virurn. Notum est totum carmen, incisum in sepulcro. Jure igitur gravis, cujus de laudibus omnium esset fama consentiens! Quem virum nuper P. Crassum, pontificem maximum; quem postea M. Lepidum, eodem sacerdotio praeditum, vidimus! Quid de Paulo, aut Africano loquar? aut, ut jam ante, de Maximo? quorum non in sententia solum, sed etiam in nutu residebat auctoritas. Habet senectus, honorata preesertim, tantam auctoritatem, ut ea pluris sit, quam omnes adolescentiae voluptates. XVIII. 62. Sed in omni oratione mementote, eam me senectutem laudare, quma fundamentis adolescentiae constituta sit: ex quo efficitur id, quod ego magno quondam cum assensu omnium dixi: Miseram esse senectutem, quce se oratione defenderet. Non cani, non rugae repente auctoritatem arripere possunt: sed honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. 63. Haec enim ipsa sunt honorabilia, quae videntur levia atque communia, salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi, deduci, reduci, consuli: quwa et apud nos, et in aliis civitatibus, ut queque optime morata, ita diligentissime observantur. Lysandrum Lacedawmonium, cujus modo mentionem feci, dicere aiunt solitum,. Lacedwemonem esse honestissimum domicilium senectutis: 24 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, nusquam enim tanturn tribuitur aetati, nusqpam est senectus honoratior. Quin etiarm memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, in magno consessu locum nusquam ei datum a suis civibus: cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati cum essent, certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse omnes, et seneq]llum sessum recepisse. 64.,Quibus"cum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex iis quendam, Athenienses scire, quae recta' essent, sed facere nolle. Multa in nostro collegio praeclara: sed hoc, de quo agimus, in primis, quod, ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet: neque solum honore antecedentibus, sed iis etiam, qui cum imperio sunt, majores natu augures anteponuntur. Quae sunt igitur voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae quibus qui splendide usi sunt, ii mihi videntur fabulam setatis peregisse, nec tamquam inexercitati histriones in extremo actu corruisse. 65. At sunt morosi, et anxii, et iracundi, et difficiles senes: si quwrimus, etiam avari — Sed hac morum vitia sunt, non senectutis. Ac morositas tamen, et ea vitia, quae dixi, habent aliquid excusationis, non illius quidem juste, sed quae probari posse videatur: contemni se putant, despici, illudi; preterea in fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est. Quae tamen omnia dulciora fiunt et moribus bonis, et artibus: idque cum in vita, turn in scena intelligi potest ex iis fratribus, qui in Adelphis sunt. Quanta in altero duritms, in altero comitas! Sic se res habet: ut enim non omne vinum, sic non omnis awtas vetustate coacesit. Severitatem in senectute probo, sed earn (sicut alia) modicam: acerbitatem, nullo modo. 66. Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit, non intelligo. Potest enim quidquam esse absurdius, quam, quo minus viae restat, eo plus viatici quaerere? XIX. Quarta restat causa, qum maxime angere atque SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. XIX. 25 sollicitam habere nostram zetatem videtur, appropinquatio mortis: quee certe a senectute non potest longe abesse. O miserum senem, qui mortem contemnendam esse ill tam longa Eetate non viderit! que aut plane negligenda est, si omnino exstinguit animum; aut etiam optanda, si aliquo eum deducit, ubi sit futurus aeternus. Atqui tertium certe nihil inveniri potest. 67. Quid igitur timeam, si aut non miser post mortem, aut beatus etiam futurus sum? quamquam quis est tarn stultus, quamvis sit adolescens, cui sit exploratum, se ad vesperum esse victurum? Quin etiam wetas illa multo plures, quam nostra, mortis casus habet: facilius in morbos incidunt adolescentes; gravius eegrotant; tristius curantur. Itaque pauci veniunt ad senectutem: quod ni ita accideret, melius et prudentius viveretur. Mens enim, et ratio, et consilium, in senibus est: qui si nulli fuissent, nullae omnino civitates essent. Sed redeo ad mortemr impendentem. Quod illud est crimen senectutis, cum illud videatis cum adolescentia esse commune? 68. Sensi ego cum in optimo filio meo, turn in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitatem fratribus tuis, Scipio, omni aetati mortem esse communem.-At sperat adolescens, diu se victurum: quod sperare idem senex non potest.-Insipienter sperat. Quid enim stultius, quam incerta pro certis habere, falsa pro veris?-Senex ne quod speret quidem habet.-At est eo meliore conditione, quam adolescens; cum id, quod ille sperat, hic jam consecutus est. Ille vult diu vivere: hic diu vixit. 69. Quamquam, O dii boni! quid est in hominis vita diu? da enim supremum tempus: exspectemus Tartessiorum regis aetatem; fuit (ut scripturn video) Arganthonius quidam Gadibus, qui octoginta regnavit annos, centum et viginti vixit. Sed mihi ne diuturnum quidem quidquam videtur, in quo est aliquid extremum. Cum enim id advenit, tunc illud, quod priateriit, effluxit: tantum remanet, quod virtute et recte factis consecutus sis. Horae quidem cedunt, et dies1 et mensops et 26 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, anni: nec pramteritum tempus unquam revertitur; nec, quid sequatur, sciri potest. Quod cuique temporis ad vivendum datur, eo debet esse contentus. 70. Neque enim histrioni, ut placeat, peragenda fabula est; modo, in quocunque fuerit actu, probetur: neque sapienti usque ad Plaudite veniendum est. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis est longum ad.pene honesteque vivendum: sin processeris longius, non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent, praiterita verni temporis suavitate, aestatem autumnumque venisse. Ver enim, tamquam adolescentiam significat, ostenditque fructus futuros: reliqua tempora demetendis fructibus, et percipiendis accommodata sunt. 71. Fructus autem senectutis est, ut sape dixi, ante partorum bonorum memoria et copia. Omnia vero, qum secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis. Quid est autem tam secun.dum naturam, quam senibus emori? quod idem contingit adolescentibus, adversante et repugnante natura. Itaque adolescentes mori sic mihi videntur, ut cum aqum multitudine vis flammae opprimitur: senes autem, sicut sua sponte, nulla adhibita vi, consumtus ignis exstinguitur. Et quasi poma, ex arboribus, cruda si sint, vi avelluntur; si matura et cocta, decidunt: sic vitam adolescentibus vis aufert, senibus maturitas; quae mihi quidem tam jucunda est, ut, quo propius ad mortem accedam, quasi terramin videre videar, aliquandoque in portum ex longa navigatione esse venturus. XX. 72. Omnium aetatum certus est terminus; senectutis autem nullus certus est terminus: recteque in ea vivitur, quoad munus officii exsequi et tueri possis, et tamen mortem contemnere. Ex quo fit, ut animosior etiam senectus sit, quam adolescentia, et fortior. Hoc illud est, quod Pisistrato tyranno a Solone responsum est:' cum illi quwerenti, qua tandem spe fretus sibi tam audacitei obsisteret, respondisse dicitur, iSenectute. Sed vivendi ea' SIVE DE SENECTUTE.- CAP. XX. 27 finis optimus, cum integra mente, ceterisque sensibus, opus ipsa suum eadem, quae coagmentavit, natura dissolvit. Ut navem, ut aedificium idem destruit facillime, qui construxit; sic hominem eadem optime, quae conglutinavit, natura dissolvit. Jam omnis conglutinatio recens aegre, inveterata facile divellitur. Ita fit, ut illud breve viteo reliquum nec avide appetendum senibus,.nec sine causa deserendum sit: 73. vetatque Pythagoras injussu imperatoris, id est, dei, de praesidio et statione vitae decedere. Solonis quidem sapientis elegeion est, quo se negat velle suam mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare. Vult, credo, se esse carum suis: sed haud scio, an melius Ennius: Nemo me lacrimis decoret, neque funera Jfetu Faxit. Non censet lugendam esse mortem, quam immortalitas consequatur. 74. Jam sensus moriendi aliquis esse potest, isque ad exiguum tempus, proesertim seni: post mortem quidenm sensus aut optandus, aut nullus est. Sed hoc meditatum ab adolescentia debet esse, mortem ut negligamus: sine qua meditatione, tranquillo esse animo nemo potest. Moriendum enim certe est, et id incertum, an eo ipso die. Mortem igitur omnibus boris impendentem timens qui poterit animo consistere. De qua non ita longa disputatione opus esse videtur, cum recorder, non L. Brutum qui in liberanda patria est interfectus; 75. non duo Decios, qui ad voluntariam mortem cursum equorum incitaverunt; non M. Atilium, qui ad supplicium est profectus, ut fidem hosti datam conservaret; non duo Scipiones, qui iter Poenis vel corporibus suis obstruere voluerunt; non avum tuum L. Paulum, qui morte luit collegae in Cannensi ignominia temeritatem; non M. Marcellum, cujus interitum ne crudelissimus quidem hostis honore sepulturam carere passus est: sed legiones nostras (quod scripsi in Originibus) in eum smepe locum profectas alacri animo et erecto, undo 28 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, se nunquam redituras arbitrarentur. Quod igitur adolescentes, et ii quidem non solum indocti, sed etiam rustici, contemnunt, id docti senes extimescent. 76. Omnino, ut mihi quidem videtur, studiorum omnium satietas vitae facit satietatem. Sunt pueritie certa studia; num igitur ea desiderant adolescentes? sunt et ineuntis adolescentiae; num ea jam constans requirit aetas, quae media dicitur? sunt etiam hujus aetatis; ne ea quidem quaeruntur a senectute: sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis: ergo, ut superiorum actatum studia occidunt, sic occidunt etiam senectutis. Quod cum evenit, satietas vitae tempus maturum mortis affert. XXI. 77. Equidem non video, cur, quid ipse sentiam de morte, non audeam vobis dicere: quod eo melius mihi cernere videor, quo ab ea propius absum. Ego vestros patres, P. Scipio, tuque, C. Laeli, viros clarissimos, mihique amicissimos, vivere arbitror, et eam quidem vitam, quwe est sola vita nominanda. Nam, dum sumus in his inclusi compagibus corporis, munere quodam necessitatis, et gravi opere perfungimur: est enim animus cwelestis ex altissimo domicilio depressus, et quasi demersus in terram, locum divina naturae aeternitatique contrarium. Sed credo, deos immortales sparsisse animos in corpora humana, ut essent, qui terras tuerentur, quique ccelestium ordinem contemplantes, imitarentur eum vitae modo atque constantia. Nec me solurn ratio ac disputatio impulit, ut ita crederem: sed nobilitas etiam summorum philosophorum, et auctoritas. 78. Audiebam Pythagoram, Pythagoreosque, incolas paene nostros, qui essent Italici philosophi quondam nominati, nunquam dubitasse, quin ex universa mente divina delibatos animos haberemus: demonstrabantur mihi preeterea, quae Socrates supremo vitae die de immortalitate animorum disseruisset, is, qui esset omnium sapientissimus oraculo Apollinis judicatus. Quid multa. sic mihi persuasi, sic SIVE DE SENECTUTE.-CAP. XXI., XXII. 29 sentio; cum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria prateritorum, futurorumque prudentia, tot artes tantie scientiae, tot inventa; non posse eam naturam, quae res eas contineat, esse mortalem: cumque semper agitetur animus, nec principium motus habeat, quia se ipse moveat; ne finem quidem habiturum esse motus, quia nunquam se ipse sit relicturus: et, cum simplex animi natura esset, neque haberet in se quidquam admixtum dispar sui, atque dissimile, non posse eum dividi; quod si non possit, non posse interire: magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque ante quam nati sint, quod jam pueri, cum artes difficiles discant, ita celeriter res innumerabiles arripiant, ut eas non tum primum accipere videantur, sed reminisci et recordari. Hvec Platonis fere. XXII. 79. Apud Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus major haec dicit: "Nolite arbitrari, 0 mihi carissimi filii, me, cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. NVec enim, dum eram vobiscum, animurm meum videbatis: sed eum esse in hoc corpore ex iis rebus, quas gerebam, intelligebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote, etiam si nullum videbitis. 80. Nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eoruzm ipsorum animi efficerent, quo diutius memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi quidem nunquam persuaderi potuit, animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere; cum exissent ex iis, emori: nec vero, turn animum esse insipientem, curm ex insipienti corpore evasisset; sed cum omni admixtione corporis liberatus, purus et integer esse coepisset, turn esse sapientem. /'Atque etiam, curm hominis natura morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum est quo qucaque discedant; abeunt enim illuc omnia, unde orta sunt: animus autem solus nec, cum adest, nec, cum discedit, apparet. Jam vero videtis, nihil esse morti tam simile, quam somnum. 81. Atgui dormientium animi maxime declarant divinitatem suam: multa enim, cum remissi et liberi 30 M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, sunt, futura prospiciunt. Ex quo intelligitur, qualesfuturi sint, cum se plane corporis vinculis relaxaverint. Quare, si hacc ita sunt, sic me colitote ut deum: sin una est interiturus animus cum corpore, vos tamen, deos verentes, qui hanc omnem pulchritudinem tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostr? pie inviolateque servabitis." XXIII. 82. Cyrus quidem haec moriens. Nos, si placet, nostra videamus. Nemo unquam mihi, Scipio, persuadebit, aut patrem tuum Paulum, aut duos avos, Paulum et Africanum, aut Africani patrem aut patruum, aut multos praestantes viros, quos enumerare non est necesse, tanta esse conatos, qua ad posteritatis memoriam pertinerent, nisi animo cernerent, posteritatem ad se pertinere. An censes (ut de me ipso aliquid more senum glorier) me tantos labores diurnos nocturnosque domi militieque suscepturum fuisse, si iisdem finibus gloriam meam, quibus vitam, essem terminaturus? nonne melius multo fuisset, otiosam aetatem, et quietam, sine ullo labore et contentione traducere i.? Sed nescio quomodo animus erigens se posteritatem ita semper prospiciebat, quasi, cum excessisset e vita, tum denique victurus esset., Quod quidem ni ita se haberet, ut animi immortales essent, haud optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalitatem glorie niteretur. 83. Quid? quod sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur, stultissimus iniquissimo, nonne vobis videtur animus is, qui plus cernat et longius, videre se ad meliora proficisci: ille autem, cujus obtusior sit acies, non videre? Equidem efferor studio patres vestros, quos colui et dilexi, videndi: neque vero eos solum convenire aveo, quos ipse cognovi, sed illos etiam, de quibus audivi, et legi, et ipse conscripsi. Quo quidem me proficiscentem baud sane quis facile retraxerit, neque tamquam Peliam recoxerit. Quod si quis deus mihi largiatur, ut ex hac eetate repue-rascam, et in cunis vagiam, valde recusem. Nec vero SIVE DE SENECTUTE. —— CAP. XXIII. 31 velim, quasi decurso spatio, ad carceres a calce revocari. 84. Quid enim habet vita commodi? quid non potius laboris? Sed habeat sane; habet certe tamen aut satietatemrn, aut modum. Non libet enim mihi deplorare vitam, quod multi, et ii docti, seepe fecerunt: neque me vixisse pcenitet, quoniam ita vixi, ut non frustra me natum existimem: et ex vita ita discedo, tamquam ex hospitio, non tamquam ex domo. Commorandi enim natura diversorium nobis, non habitandi dedit. O praeclarum diem, cum ad illud divinum animorum concilium ccetumque proficiscar, cumque ex hac turba et colluvione discedam! proficiscar enim non ad eos solum viros, de quibus ante dixi; verum etiam ad Catonem meum, quo nemo vir melior natus est, nemo pietate praestantior! cujus a me corpus crematum est (quod contra decuit ab illo meum): animus vero non me deserens, sed respectans, in ea profecto loca discessit, quo mihi ipsi cernebat esse veniendum.i Quem ego meum casum fortiter ferre visus sum: non quo oequo animo ferrem; sed me ipse consolabar, existimans, non longinquum inter nos digressum et discessum fore. 85. His mihi rebus, Scipio (id enim te cum Laelio admirari solere dixisti), levis est senectus, nec solum non molesta, sed etiam jucunda. Quod si in hoc erro, quod animos hominum immortales esse credam, libenter erro; nec mihi hunc errorem, quo delector, dum vivo, extorqueri volo: sin mortuus, ut quidam minuti philosophi censent, nihil sentiam, non vereor, ne hunc errorem meum mortui philosophi irrideant. Quod si non sumus immortales futuri, tamen exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est. Nam habet natura, ut aliarum omnium rerum, sic vivendi modum. Senectus autem aetatis est peractio, tamquam fabule: cujus defatigationem fugere debemus, praesertim adjuncta satietate. Haec habui, de senectute quee dicerem; ad quam utinam perveniatis! ut ea, quwe ex me audistis, re experti probare possitis. MI T UL L II I C E R O N IS L E L I US, SIVE DE AM IC IT I A IM. TULLII CICERONIS L_ E L I U S. SIVE DE AMIC I TIA. Ad TITUM POMPONIUM ATTICUM. I. 1. QUINTUS MUCIUS augur mulfa narrare de C. Lhlio, socero suo, memoriter et jucunde solebat, nec dubitare, illum in omni sermone appellare sapientem. Ego autem a patre ita eram deductus ad Scaevolam, sumta virili toga, ut, quoad possem, et liceret, a senis latere nunquam discederem. Itaque multa ab eo prudenter disputata, multa etiam breviter et commode dicta, memoriae mandabam: fierique studebam ejus prudentia doctior. Quo mortuo, me ad pontificem Scwevolam contuli, quem unum nostraee civitatis et ingenio etjustitia prestantissimum audeo dicere. Sed de hoc alias: nunc redeo ad augurem. 2. Cum swpe multa, tum memini domi in hemicyclio sedentem, ut solebat, cum et ego essem una et pauci admodum familiares, in eum sermonem illum incidere, qui tum fere omnibus erat in ore. Meministi enim profecto, Attice, et eo magis, quod P. Sulpicio utebare multum, cum is tribunus plebis capitali odio a Q. Pompeio, qui tum erat consul, dissideret, quocum conjunctissime et amantissime vixerat, quanta esset hominum vel admiratio, vel querela. 3. Itaque tum Scaevola, cum in eam ipsam mentionem incidisset, exposuit nobis sermonem Leelii de amicitia, habitum ab illo securm, 36 M. T. CICERON1S L&ELIUS, et cum altero genero, C. Fannio, M. filio, paucis diebus post mortem Africani. Ejus disputationis sententias memoriae mandavi; quas in hoc libro exposui arbitratu meo: quasi enim ipsos induxi loquentes, ne inquam et inquit, sapius interponeretur, atque ut, tamquam a proesentibus, coram haberi sermo videretur. 4. Cum enim sabpe mecum ageres, ut de amicitia scriberem aliquid, digna mihi res cum omnium cognitione, tum nostra familiaritate, visa est. Itaque feci non invitus, ut prodessem multis rogatu tuo. Sed, ut in Catone Majore, qui est scriptus ad te de senectute, Catonem induxi senem disputantem, quia nulla videbatur aptior persona, que de illa retate loqueretur, quam ejus, qui et diutissime senex fuisset, et in ipsa senectute priater ceteros floruisset: sic, cum accepissemus a patribus maxime memorabilem C. Lalii et P. Scipionis familiaritatem fuisse, idonea mihi Lalii persona visa est, que de amicitia ea ipsa dissereret, quwe disputata ab eo meminisset Scaevola. Genus autem hoc sermonum, positum in hominum veterum auctoritate, et eorurn illustrium, plus, nescio quo pacto, videtur habere gravitatis. Itaque ipse mea legens'sic afficior interdum, ut Catonem, non me loqui existimem. 5. Sed, ut tum ad senem senex de senectute, sic hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus de amicitia scripsi. Tum est Cato locutus, quo erat nemo fere senior temporibus illis, nemo prudentior: nunc Ltelius et sapiens (sic enim est habitus) et amicitiae gloria excellens, de amicitia loquitur. Tu velim animum a me parumper avertas, Laelium loqui ipsum putes. C. Fannius et Q. Mucius ad socerum veniunt post mortem Africani: ab his sermo oritur; respondet Laelius, cujus tota disputatio est de amicitia, quam legens tu te ipsum cognosces. II. 6. FANNIUS. Sunt ista, Laeli! nec enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam, nec clarior. Sed existimare debes, omnium oculos nunc in te esse conjectos; unum te sapien SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. II. 37 tem et appellant et existimant. i Tribuebatur hoc modo M. Catoni: scimus L. Atilium apud patres nostros appellatum esse sapientem; sed uterque alio quodam modo: Atilius, quia prudens esse in jure civili putabatur; Cato, quia multarum rerum usum habebat (multa ejus et in senatu, et in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acta constanter, vel responsa acute ferebantur); -propterea quasi cognomen jam habebat in senectute sapientis. Te autem alio quodam modo, non solum natura et moribus, verum etiam studio et doctrina esse sapientem; nec sicut vulgus, sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem, qualem in reliqua Graecia neminem; 7. (nam, qui septem appellantur, eos, qui ista subtilius quarunt, in numero sapientium non habent): Athenis unum accepimus, et eum quidem etiam Apollinis oraculo sapientissimum judicatum; —hanc esse in te sapientiam existimant, ut omnia tua in te posita ducas, humanosque casus virtute inferiores putes. Itaque ex me quaerunt, credo item ex Scevola, quonam pacto mortem Africani feras: eoque magis, quod his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos D. Bruti auguris, commentandi causa, ut assolet, venissemus, tu non affuisti, qui diligentissime semper illum diem, et illud munus solitus esses obire. 8. SCA:VOLA. Quaerunt quidem, C. Lmali, multi, ut est a Fannio dictum: sed ego id respondeo, quod animadverti, te dolorem, quem acceperis cum summi viri, tum amicissimi morte, ferre moderate: nec potuisse non commoveri, nec fuisse id humaritatis tuae; quod autem his Nonis in nostro collegio non affuisses, valetudinem causam, non mcestitiam fuisse. LALIUS. Recte tu quidem, Scaevola, et vere: nec enit ab isto officio, quod semper usurpavi, cum valerem, abduci incommodo meo debui: nec ullo casu arbitror hoc constanti homini posse contingere, ut ulla intermissio fiat officii. 9. Tu autem, Fanni, qui mihi tantum tribui dicis, quantum ego nec agnosco, nec postulo, facis amice: sed, 38 M. T. CICERONIS LALIUS, ut mihi videris, non recte judicas de Catone. Aut enim nemo, quod quidem magis credo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit. Quomodo, ut alia omittam, mortem filii tulit! Memineram Paulum, videram Gallum: sed hi in pueris; Cato in perfecto et spectato viro. 10. Quamobrem cave Catoni anteponas, ne istum quidem ipsum, quem Apollo, ut ais, sapientissimum judicavit: hujus enim facta, illius dicta laudantur. De me autem, ut jam cum utroque loquar, sic habetote. III. Ego, si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem, quam id recte faciam, viderint sapientes; sed certe mentiar. Moveor enim tali amico orbatus, qualis, ut arbitror, nemo unquam erit; ut confirmare possum, nemo certe fuit. Sed non egeo medicina; me ipse consolor, et maxime illo solatio, quod eo errore careo, quo amicorum decessu plerique angi solent. Nihil enim accidisse Scipioni puto; mihi accidit, si quid accidit:!suis autem incommodis graviter angi non amicum, sed seipsum amantis est. i 11. Cum illo vero quis neget actum esse praeclare.- Nisi enim, quod ille minime putabat, immortalitatem optare vellet, quid non est adeptus, quod homini fas esset optare? qui summam spem civium, quam de eo jam puero habuerant, continuo adolescens incredibili virtute superavit; qui consulatum petiit nunquam, factus est consul bis; primum ante tempus; iterum sibi suo tempore, reipublicae paene sero; qui, duabus urbibus eversis, inimicissimis huic imperio, non modo praesentia, verum etiam futura bella delevit. Quid dicam de moribus facillimis. de pietate in matrem? liberalitate in sorores? bonitate in suos. justitia in omnes? Nota sunt vobis. Quam autem civitati carus fuerit, mcerore funeris indicatum est. Quid igitur hunc paucorum annorum accessio juvare potuisset senectus enim, quamvis non sit gravis, ut memini Catonem anno,ante, quam mortuus est, mecum et cum Scipione disse SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. III., IV. 39 rere, tamen aufert earn viriditatem, in qua etiam tunc erat Scipio. 12. Quamobrem vita quidem talis fuit, vel fortuna, vel gloria, ut nihil posset accedere: moriendi autem sensum celeritas abstulit; quo de genere mortis difficile dictu est; {quid homines suspicentur, videtis.! Hoc tamen vere licet dicere, P. Scipioni, ex multis diebus, quos in vita celeberrimos letissimosque viderit, illum diem clarissimum fuisse, cum, senatu dimisso, domum reductus ad vesperum est a patribus conscriptis, populo Romano, sociis et Latinis, pridie quam excessit e vita: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur deos potius, quam ad inferos pervenisse. IV. 13. Neque enim assentior iis, qui hec nuper disserere cceperunt, cum corporibus simul animos interire, atque omnia morte deleri. Plus apud me antiquorum auctoritas valet, vel nostrorum majorum, qui mortuis tam religiosa jura tribuerunt; quod non fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur: vel eorum, qui in hac terra fuerunt, Magna-mque Grzeciam, qum nunc quidemr deleta est, tunc florebat, institutis et praeceptis suis erudierunt: vel ejus, qui Apollinis oraculo sapientissimus est judicatus; qui non tumrn hoc tum illud, ut in plerisque, sed idem semper, animos hominum esse divinos, iisque, cum e corpore excessissent, reditum in ccelum patere, optimoque et justissimo cuique expeditissimum. 14. Quod item Scipioni videbatur, qui quidem quasi praesagiret, perpaucis ante mortem diebus, cum et Philus et Manilius adessent, et alii plures, tuque etiam, Scaevola, mecum venisses, triduurn disseruit de republica: cujus disputationis fuit extremum fere de immortalitate animorum, quee se in quiete per visum ex Africano audisse dicebat. Id si ita est, ut optimi cujusque animus in morte facillime evolet, tamquam e custodia vinclisque corporis; cui censemus cursum ad deosfaciliorem fuisse, quam Scipioni? quocirca, mcerere 40 M. T. CICERONIS LAELIUS, hoc ejus eventu, vereor, ne invidi magis quam amici sit. Sin autem illa veriora, ut idem interitus sit animorum et corporum, nec ullus sensus maneat; ut nihil boni est in morte, sic certe nihil mali.'Sensu enim amisso, fit idem, quasi natus non esset omnino; quem tamen esse natum et nos gaudemus, et hec civitas, dum erit, letabitur., 15. Quamobrem cum illo quidem, ut supra dixi, actum optime est: mecum incommodius, quem fuerat aequius, ut prius introieram, sic prius exire de vita. Sed tamen recordatione nostrae amicitim sic fruor, ut beate vixisse videar, quia cum Scfpione vixerim, quocum mihi conjuncta cura de re publica, et de privata fuit; quocum et domus, et militia communis, et id, in quo est omnis vis amicitie, voluntatum, studiorum, sententiarum summa consensio. Itaque non tam ista me sapientiae, quam modo Fannius commemoravit, fama delectat, falsa praesertim, quam quod amicitiam nostre memoriam spero sempiternam fore; idque mihi eo magis est cordi, quod ex omnibus seculis vix tria, aut quattuor nominantur paria amicorum: quo in genere sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitianm notam posteritati fore. 16. FANNIUS. Istud quidem, Laeli, ita necesse est! Sed, quoniam amicitie mentionem fecisti, et sumus otiosi, pergratum mihi feceris (spero item Scaevolae), si, quemadmodum soles de ceteris rebus, cum ex te quaruntur, sic de amicitia disputaris, quid sentias, qualem existimes, qua praecepta des. SCAEvoLA. Mihi vero pergratum erit: atque, id ipsum cum tecum agere conarer, Fannius antevertit: quamobrem utrique nostrum gratum admodum feceris. V. 17. LAELIUS. Ego vero non gravarer, si mihi ipse confiderem: nam et praeclara res est, et sumus, ut dixit Fannius, otiosi. Sed quis ego sum? aut que in me est facultas? Doctorum est ista consuetudo, eaque Graecorum, SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. V. 41 ut iis ponatur, de quo disputent quamvis subito. Magnum opus est, egetque exercitatione non parva. Quamobrem que disputari de amicitia possunt, ab eis censeo petatis, qui ista profitentur: ego vos hortari tantum possum, ut amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis anteponatis; nihil est enim tam naturwe aptum, tam conveniens ad res vel secundas, vel adversas. 18. Sed hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis amicitiam esse non posse: neque id ad vivum reseco, ut illi, qui haec subtilius disserunt, fortasse vere; sed ad communem utilitatem parum: negant enim, quemquam virum bonumn esse, nisi sapientem. Sit ita sane; sed eam sapientiam interpretantur, quam adhuc mortalis nemo est consecutus: nos autem ea, que sunt in usu, vitaque communi, non ea, quae finguntur aut optantur, spectare debemus. Nunquam ego dicarn, C. Fabricium, M'. Curium, T. Coruncanium, quos sapientes nostri majores judicabant, ad istorum normam fuisse sapientes. Quare sibi habeant sapientiae nomen et ixtvidiosum et obscurum; concedant, ut hi boni viri fuerint. Ne id quidem facient: negabunt id nisi sapienti posse concedi. 19. Agamus igitur pingui Minerva, ut aiunt. Qui ita se gerunt, ita vivunt, ut eorum probetur fides, integritas, Eequitas, liberalitas; nec sit in eis ulla cupiditas vel libido vel audacia, sintque magna constantia, ut ii fuerunt, modo quos nominavi; hos viros bonos, ut habiti sunt, sic etiam appellandos putemus; quia sequantur, quantum homines possunt, naturam, optimam bene vivendi ducem. Sic enim mihi perspicere videor, ita natos esse nos, ut inter omnes esset societas quaedam: major autem, ut quisque proxime accederet. Itaque cives potiores quam peregrini; propinqui quam alieni: cum his enim amicitiam natura ipsa peperit; sed ea non satis habet firmitatis. Namque hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod ex propinquitate benevolentia tolli potest, ex amicitia non potest: sublata enim benevolentia, amicitie nomen tollitur, propinquitatis manet. 42 M. T. CICERONIS LELIUS, 20. Quanta autem vis amicitiae sit, ex hoc intelligi maxime potest, quod ex infinita societate generis humani, quam conciliavit ipsa natura ita contracta res est, et adducta in angustum, ut omnis caritas aut inter duo, aut inter paucos jungeretur. VI. Est autem amicitia nihil aliud, nisi omnium divinarum humanarumque rerum cum benevolentia et caritate summa consensio: qua quidem haud scio, an, excepta sapientia, quidquam melius homini sit a diis immortalibus datum. Divitias alii praeponunt, bonam alii valetudinem, alii potentiam, alii honores, multi etiam voluptates. Beluarum hoc quidem extremum est: illa autem superiora caduca et incerta, posita non tam in consiliis nostris, quam in fortunae temeritate. Qui autem in virtute summum bonum ponunt, praeclare illi quidem: sed haec ipsa virtus amicitiam et gignit, et continet: nec sine virtute amicitia esse ullo pacto potest. 21. Jam virtutem ex consuetudine vitwe sermonisque nostri interpretemur, nec eam, ut quidam docti, verborum magnificentia metiamur, virosque bonos eos, qui habentur, numeremus, Paulos, Catones, Gallos, Scipiones, Philos. His communis vita contenta est: eos autem omittamus, qui omnino nusquam reperiuntur. 22. Tales igitur inter viros amicitia tantas opportunitates habet, quantas vix queo dicere. Principio, qui potest esse vita vitalis, ut ait Ennius, quae non amici mutua benevolentia conquiescat. Quid dulcius, quam habere, quicum omnia audeas sic loqui, ut tecum. Quis esset tantus fructus in prosperis rebus, nisi haberes, qui illis aque ac tu ipse gauderet. Adversas vero ferre difficile esset sine eo, qui illas gravius etiam, quam tu, ferret. Denique ceterae res, quae expetuntur, opportunae sunt singule rebus fere singulis: divitiae, ut utare; opes, ut colare; honores, ut laudere; voluptates, ut gaudeas; valetudo, ut dolore careas, et muneribus fungare corporis. Amicitia res plu SIVE DE AMICITIA. — CAP. VI., VII. 43 rimas continet: quoquo te verteris, praesto est; nullo loco excluditur; nunIquam intempestiva, nunquam molesta est, itaque non aqua, non igni, ut aiunt, pluribus locis utimur, quam amicitia. Neque ego nunc de vulgari, aut de mediocri (quae tamen ipsa et delectat, et prodest), sed de vera et perfecta loquor, qualis eorum, qui pauci nominantur, fuit. Nam et secundas res splendidiores facit amicitia, et adversas partiens communicansque leviores. VII. 23. Cumque plurimas et maximas commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum preestat omnibus, quod bonam spem praelucet in posterum, nec debilitari animos, aut cadere patitur. Verum etiam amicum qui intuetur, tamquam exemplar aliquod intuetur sui. Quocirca et absentes adsunt, et egentes abundant, et imbecilli valent, et, quod difficilius dictu est, mortui vivunt: tantus eos honos, memoria, desiderium prosequitur amicorum. Ex quo illorum beata mors videtur, horum vita laudabilis. Quod si exemeris ex rerum natura benevolentiae conjunctionem, nec domus ulla, nec urbs stare poterit; ne agri quidem cultus permanebit. Id si minus intelligitur; quanta vis amicitiae concordiaeque sit, ex dissensionibus atque discordiis percipi potest. Quae enim domus tam stabilis, quae tam firma civitas est, quae non odiis atque dissidiis funditus possit everti? ex quo, quantum boni sit in amicitia, judicari potest. 24. Agrigentinum quidem, doctum quendam virum, carminibus Graecis vaticinatum ferunt: quae in rerum natura totoque mundo constarent, queeque moverentur, ea contrahere amicitiam, dissipare discordiam. Atque hoc quidem omnes mortales et intelligunt, et re probant. Itaque, si quando aliquod officium exstitit amici in periculis aut adeundis, aut communicandis, quis est, qui id non maximis efferat laudibus? Qui clamores tota cavea nuper in hospitis et amici mei M. Pacuvii nova fabula! cum, ignorante rege, uter eorum esset Orestes, 44 M. T. CICERONIS L~ALIUS, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, ut pro illo necaretur; Orestes autem, ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret. Stantes plaudebant in re ficta: quid arbitramur in vera fuisse facturos 1 Facile indicabat ipsa natura vim suam, cum homines, quod facere ipsi non possent, id recte fieri in altero judicarent. Hactenus mihi videor, de amicitia quid sentirem, potuisse dicere: si qua praterea sunt (credo autem esse multa), ab iis, si videbitur, qui ista disputant, quaeritote. 25. FANNIUS. NOS autem a te potius: quamquam etiam ab istis saepe quaesivi et audivi, non invitus equidem: sed aliud quoddam filum orationis tuae. SCAEVOLA. Tum magis id diceres, Fanni, si nuper in hortis Scipionis, cum est de Republica disputatum, affuisses: qualis tum patronus justitie fuit contra accuratam orationem Phili! FANNIUS. Facile id quidem fuit justitiam justissimo viro defendere. SCAEVOLA. Quid amicitiam? nonne facile ei, qui ob eam summa fide, constantia, justitiaque servatam, maximam gloriam ceperit. VIII. 26. LXLIUS. Vim hoc quiderm est afferre! Quid enim refert, qua me ratione cogatis. Cogitis certe. Studiis enim generorum, praesertim in re bona, cum difficile est, tum ne aequum quidem, obsistere. Saepissime igitur mihi, de amicitia cogitanti, maxime illud considerandum videri solet, utrum propter imbecillitatem atque inopiam desiderata sit amicitia; ut in dandis recipiendisque meritis, quod quisque minus per se ipse posset, id acciperet ab alio, vicissimque redderet; an esset hoc quidem proprium amicitiae, sed antiquior, et pulchrior, et magis a natura ipsa profecta alia causal Amor enim, ex quo amicitia nominata, princeps est ad benevolentiam conjungendam. Nam utilitates quidem etiam ab iis percipiuntur sape, qui SIVE DE AMICITIA,-CAP. VIII., IX. 45 simulatione amicitime coluntur et observantur temporis causa: in amicitia autem nihil fictum, nihil simulatum; et, quidquid est, id et verum et voluntarium.,,: 27. Quapropter a natura mihi videtur potius, quam ali indigentia, orta amicitia, et applicatione magis animi cum quodam sensu amandi, quam cogitatione, quantum illa res utilitatis esset habitura. Quod quidern quale sit, etiam in bestiis quibusdam animadverti potest, quae ex se natos ita amant ad quoddam tempus, et ab eis ita amantur, ut facile earum sensus appareat. Quod in homine multo est evidentius. Primum ex ea caritate, qua est inter natos et parentes, quae dirimi, nisi detestabili scelere, non potest: deinde, cum similis sensus exstitit amoris, si aliquem nacti sumus, cujus cum moribus et natura congruamus, quod in eo quasi lumen aliquod probitatis et virtutis perspicere videamur. 28. Nihil est enim amabilius virtuteI nihil, quod magis alliciat homines ad diligendum: quippe cum propter virtutem et probitatem eos etiam, quos nunquam vidimus, quodam modo diligamus. Quis est, qui C. Fabricii, M'. Curii non cum caritate aliqua et benevolentia memoriam usurpet, quos nunquam viderit Quis autem est, qui Tarquinium Superbum, qui Sp. Cassium, Sp. Maelium non oderit? Cum duobus ducibus de imperio in Italia decertatum est, Pyrrho et Hannibale: ab altero, propter probitatem ejus, non nimis alienos animos habemus; alterum propter crudelitatem semper habc civitas oderit., IX. 29. Quod si tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam vel in eis, quos nunquam vidimus, vel, quod majus est, in hoste etiam diligamus; quid mirum, si animi hominum moveantur, cum eorum, quibuscum usu conjuncti esse possunt, virtutem et bonitatem perspicere videantur? Quamquam confirmatur amor et beneficio accepto, et studio perspecto, et consuetudine adjuncta: quibus rebus ad illum primum motum animi et amoris adhibitis, admirabilis quaedam ex 46 M. T. CICERONIS LZELIUS, ardescit benevolentie magnitudo. Quam si qui putant ab imbecillitate proficisci, ut sit, per quem assequatur, quod quisque desideret; humilem sane relinquunt, et minime generosum, ut ita dicam, ortum amicitihe, quam ex inopia atque indigentia natam volunt. Quod si ita esset; ut quisque minimum in se esse arbitraretur, ita ad amicitiam esset aptissimus: quod longe secus est. / 30. Ut enim quisque sibi plurimum confidit, et ut quisque maxime virtute et sapientia sic munitus est, ut nullo egeat, suaque omnia in se ipso posita judicet; ita in amicitiis expetendis colendisque maxime excellit. Quid enim.? Africanus indigens mei? Minime hercle! ac ne ego quidem illius: sed ego admiratione quadam virtutis ejus, ille vicissim opinione fortasse nonnulla, quam de meis moribus babebat, me dilexit; auxit benevolentiam consuetudo. Sed quamquam utilitates multae et magnae consecutoe sunt, non sunt tamen ab earum spe causw diligendi profectae. 31. Ut enim benefici liberalesque sumus, non ut exigamus gratiam (neque enim beneficium fceneramur; sed natura propensi ad liberalitatem sumus); sic amicitiam, non spe mercedis adducti, sed quod omnis ejus fructus in ipso amore inest, expetendam putamus. 32. At ii, qui pecudum ritu ad voluptatem omnia referunt, longe dissentiunt; nec mirum: nihil enim altum, nihil magnificum ac divinum suspicere possunt, qui suas omnes cogitationes abjecerunt in rem tam humilem, tamque contemtam. Quamobrem hos quidem ab hoc sermone removeamus: ipsi autem intelligamus, natura gigni sensum diligendi, et benevolentiae caritatem, facta significatione probitatis: quam qui appetiverunt, applicant sese et propius admovent, ut et usu ejus, quem diligere coeperunt, fruantur et moribus, sintque pares in amore et oequales, propensioresque ad bene merendum, quam ad reposcendum. Atque haec inter eos fit honesta certatio. Sic et utilitates ex amicitia maxime capientur; et erit ejus ortus a natura, SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. IX., X. 47 quam ab imbecillitate, et gravior et verior. Nam, si utilitas amicitias conglutinaret, eadem commutata dissolveret: sed,quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco vere amicitie sempiterne sunt. Ortum quidem amicitie videtis,?nisi quid ad haec forte vultis. FANNIUS. Tu vero perge, Lveli! pro hoc enim, qui minor est natu, meo jure respondeo. 33. SCAEVOLA. Recte tu quidem: quamobrem audiamus. X. LAELIUS. Audite ergo, optimi viri, ea quee sampissime inter me et Scipionem de amicitia disserebantur: quamquam ille quidem nihil difficilius esse dicebat, quam amicitiam usque ad extremum vita) permanere. Nam vel, ut non idem expediret, incidere saepe; vel, ut de republica non idem sentiretur: mutari etiam mores hominum saepe dicebat, alias adversis rebus, alias retate ingravescente. Atque earum rerum exemplum ex similitudine capiebat ineuntis retatis, quod summi puerorum amores seepe una cum praetexta ponerentur. 34. Sin autem ad adolescentiam perduxissent, dirimi tamen interdum contentione, vel uxorie conditionis, vel commodi alicujus, quod idem adipisci uterque non posset. Quod si qui longius in amicitia provecti essent, tamen saepe labefactari, si in honoris contentionem incidissent: pestem enim majorem esse nullam in amicitiis, quam in plerisque pecuniaw cupiditatem; in optimis quibusque honoris certamen et gloria; ex quo inimicitias maximas sepe inter amicissimos exstitisse. 35. Magna etiam dissidia et plerumque justa nasci, cum aliquid ab amicis, quod rectum non esset, postularetur; ut aut libidinis ministri, aut adjutores essent ad injuriam. Quod qui recusarent, quamvis honeste id facerent, jus tamen amicitiae deserere arguerentur ab iis, quibus obsequi nollent; illos autem, qui quidvis ab amico auderent postulare, postulatione ipsa profiteri, omnia se amici causa esse facturos. Eorum querela inveteratas 48 M. T. CICERONIS LXELIUS, non modo familiaritates extingui solere, sed etiam odia gigni sempiterna. I-Iec ita multa, quasi fata, impendere amicitiis, ut omnia subterfugere non modo sapientia, sed etiam felicitatis diceret sibi videri. XI. 36. Quamobrem id primum videamus, si placet, quatenus amor in amicitia progredi debeat. Num, si Coriolanus habuit amicos, ferre contra patriam arma illi cum Coriolano debuerunt? num Viscellinum amici regnum appetentem, num Sp. M/elium debuerunt juvare 1 37. Tib. quidem Gracchum rempublicam vexantem a Q. Tuberone aequalibusque amicis derelictum videbamus. At C. Blossius Cumanus, hospes familiae vestram, Scevola, cum ad me, qui aderam Lmenati et Rupilio consulibus in consilio, deprecatunm venisset, hanc, ut sibi ignoscerem, causam afferebat, quod tanti Tib. Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum ego, Etiamne, inquam, si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet? Nunquam, inquit, voluisset id quidem. Sed, si voluisset? Paruissem. Videtis, quam nefaria vox. Et hercle ita fecit, vel plus etiam, quam dixit: non enim paruit ille Tib. Gracchi temeritati, sed praefuit; nec se comitem illius furoris, sed ducem praebuit. Itaque hac amentia, quwstione nova perterritus, in Asiam profugit, ad hostes se contulit, poenas reipublice graves justasque persolvit. Nulla est igitur excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris: nam, cum conciliatrix amicitime virtutis opinio fuerit, difficile est amicitiam manere, si a virtute defeceris. 38. Quod si rectum statuerimus, vel concedere amicis, quidquid velint, vel impetrare ab eis, quidquid velimus; perfecta quidem sapientia simus, si nihil habeat res vitii: sed loquimur de iis amicis, qui ante oculos sunt, quos vidimus, aut de quibus memoriam accepimus, quos novit vita communis. Ex hoc numero nobis exempla sumenda sunt, et eorum quidem maxime, qui ad sapientiam proxime accedunt. 39. Vide SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XI., XII. 49 mus Papum IEmilium C. Luscino familiarem fuisse (sic a patribus accepimus), bis una consules, collegas in censura; turn et cum iis et inter se conjunctissimos fuisse M'. Curium, et Ti. Coruncanium, memoriae proditum est. Igitur ne suspicari quidem possumus, quemquam horum ab amico quidpiam contendisse, quod contra fidem, contra jusjurandum, contra rempublicam esset. Nam hoc quidem in talibus viris quid attinet dicere, si contendisset, impetraturum non fuisse; cum illi sanctissimi viri fuerint; teque autem nefas sit, tale aliquid et facere rogatum et rogare? At vero Tib. Gracchum sequebantur C. Carbo, C. Cato, et minime tunc quidem Caius frater, nunc idem acerrimus. XII. 40. Hec igitur lex in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque rogemus res turpes, nec faciamus rogati. Turpis enim excusatio est, et minime accipienda, cum in ceteris peccatis, tum si quis contra rempublicam se amici causa fecisse fateatur. Etenim eo loco, Fanni et Scevola, locati sumus, ut nos longe prospicere oporteat futuros casus reipublica. Deflexit jam aliquantulum de spatio curriculoque consuetudo majorum. 41. Tib. Gracchus regnum occupare conatus est, vel regnavit is quidem paucos menses. Num quid simile populus Romanus audierat, aut viderat I Hunc etiam post mortem secuti amici et propinqui quid in P. Scipionem effecerint, sine lacrimis non queo dicere. Nam Carbonem, quoquo modo potuimus, propter recentem pcenam Tib. Gracchi, sustinuimus. De C. Gracchi autem tribunatu quid exspectem, non libet augurari; serpit enim deinde res, quw proclivius ad pernicieln, cum semel ccepit, labitur.J( Videtis in tabella jam arnte quanta facta sit labes, primo Gabinia lege, biennio auterp post Cassia. Videre jam videor populum, a senatu disjnturem, multitudinisque arbitrio res maximas agi. Plures enim discent, quemadmodum hbec fiant, quam quemnadmodum his resistatur. 42. Quorsum hec, qmia sinp spciis nemQ C 50 M. T. CICERONIS LELIUS, quidquam tale conatur. Praecipiendum est igitur bonis, ut, si in ejusmodi amicitias ignari casu aliquo inciderint, ne existiment, ita se alligatos, ut ab amicis in republica peccantibus non discedant. Improbis autem pcena statuenda est; nec vero minor iis, qui secuti erunt alterum, quam iis, qui ipsi fuerint impietatis duces. Quis clarior in Graecia Themistocle? quis potentior? qui, cum imperator bello Persico servitute Graeciam liberasset, propterque invidiam in exsilium isset, ingratae patria injuriam non tulit, quam ferre debuit: fecit idem, quod viginti annis ante apud nos fecerat Coriolanus. His adjutor contra patriam inventus est nemo: itaque mortem sibi uterque conscivit. 43. Quare talis improborum consensio non modo excusatione amicitiae tegenda non est, sed potius omni supplicio vindicanda; ut ne quis sibi concessum putet amicum, vel bellum patriae inferentem, sequi. Quod quidem, ut res ccepit ire, baud scio, an aliquando futurum sit: mihi autem non minori curae est, qualis respublica post mortem meam futura sit, quam qualis hodie sit. XIII. 44. Hwec igitur prima lex amicitie sanciatur, ut ab amicis honesta petamus, amicorum causa honesta faciamus: ne exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur; studium semper adsit, cunctatio absit; consilium vero dare gaudeamus libere.' Plurimum in amicitia amicorum bene suadentium valeat auctoritas, eaque et adhibeatur ad monendumr non modo aperte, sed etiam acriter, si res postulabit; et adhibite pareatur. 45. Nam quibusdam, quos audio sapientes habitos in Graecia, placuisse opinor mirabilia quaydam (sed nihil est, quod ili non persequantur suis argutiis): partim fugiendas esse nimias amicitias, ne necesse sit unum sollicitum esse pro pluribus; satis superque esse suarum cuique rerum; alienis nimis implicari molestum esse: commodissimum esse, quam laxissimas habenas habere amicitim, quas vel adducas, cum velis, vel SIVE DE AMICITIA.- CAP. XIII. 51 remittas; caput enim esse ad beate vivendum securitatem, qua frui non possit animus, si tamquam parturiat unus pro pluribus. 46. Alios autem dicere aiunt multo etiam inhumanius (quem locum breviter perstrinxi paullo ante), praesidii adjumentique causa, non benevolentiae neque caritatis amicitias esse expetendas. Itaque, ut quisque minimum firmitatis habeat, minimumque virium, ita amicitias appetere maxime: ex eo fieri, ut muliercula magis amicitiarum praesidia quaerant, quam viri, et inopes quam opulenti, et calamitosi quam ii, qui putantur beati. 47. 0 praeclaram sapientiam! Solem enim e mundo tollere videntur, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt: qua nihil a diis immortalibus melius habemus, nihil jucundius. Quae est enim ista securitas? specie quidem blanda, sed reapse multis locis repudianda. Neque enim est consentaneum ullam honestam rem actionemve, ne sollicitus sis, aut non suscipere, aut susceptam deponere. Quod si curam fugimus, virtus fugienda est, quae necesse est cum aliqua cura res sibi contrarias aspernetur atque oderit; ut bonitas malitiam, temperantia libidinem, ignaviam fortitudo. Itaque videas rebus injustis justos maxime dolere, imbellibus fortes, flagitiosis modestos. Ergo hoc proprium est animi bene constituti, et leetari bonis rebus, et dolere contrariis. 48. Quamobrem si cadit in sapientem animi dolor (qui profecto cadit, nisi ex ejus animo extirpatam humanitatem arbitramur), quae causa est, cur amicitiam funditus tollamus e vita, ne aliquas propter eam suscipiamus molestias? Quid enim interest, motu animi sublato, non dico inter hominem et pecudem, sed inter hominem et saxum, aut truncum, aut quidvis generis ejusdem? Neque enim sunt isti audiendi, qui virtutem duram, et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt: quae quidem est, cum multis in rebus, tumrn in amicitia, tenera atque tractabilis: ut et bonis amici quasi diffundantur, et incommodis contrahantur. Quamobrem angor iate, qui pro amico -pe capiendus eat, non 52 M. T. CICERONIS LELIUS, tantum valet, ut tollat e vita amicitiam; non plus, quam ut virtutes, quia nonnullas curas et molestias afferunt, repudientur. XIV. Cum autem contrahat amicitiam, ut supra dixi, si qua significatio virtutis eluceat, ad quam se similis animus applicet et adjungat, id cum contingit, amor exoriatur necesse est. 49. Quid enim tam absurdum, quam delectari multis inanibus rebus, ut honore, ut gloria, ut aedificio, ut vestitu cultuque corporis; animo autem virtute pradito, eo, qui vel amare, vel, ut ita dicam, redamare possit, non admodum delectari l Nihil est enim remuneratione benevolentiae, nihil vicissitudine studiorum officiorumque jucundius. 50. Quod si etiam illud addimus, quod recte addi potest, nihil esse, quod ad se rem ullam tam alliciat, et tam attrahat, quam ad amicitiam similitudo: concedetur profecto verum esse, ut bonos boni diligant, adsciscantque sibi quasi propinquitate conjunctos atque natura. Nihil est enim appetentius similium sui, nihil rapacius, quam natura. Quamobrem hoc quidem, Fanni et Scaevola, constat, ut opinor, bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam benevolentiam; qui est amicitiwe fons a natura constitutus. Sed eadem bonitas etiam ad multitudinem pertinet. Non est enim inhumana virtus, neque immunis, neque superba; qum etiam populos universos tueri, eisque optime consulere soleat: quod non faceret profecto, si a caritate vulgi abhorreret. 51. Atque etiam mihi quidem videntur, qui utilitatis causa fingunt amicitias, amabilissimum nodum amicitioe tollere. Non enim tam utilitas parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse delectat: tumque illud fit, quod ab amico est profectum, jucundum, si cum studio est profectum; tantumque abest, ut amicitie propter indi. gentiam colantur, ut ii, qui opibus et copiis maximeque virtute praediti, in qua plurimum est presidii, minime alterius indigeant, liberalissimi sint et beneficentissimiL SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XIV., XV. 53 Atque haud scio, an ne opus sit quidem, nihil unquam omnino deesse amicis. Ubi enim studia nostra viguissent, si nunquam consilio, nunquam opera nostra, nec domi nec militiae Scipio eguisset? non igitur utilitatem amicitia, sed utilitas amicitiam consecuta est. XV. 52. Non ergo erunt homines deliciis diffluentes audiendi, si quando de amicitia, quam nec usu nec ratione habent cognitam, disputabunt. Nam quis est, pro deum fidem atque hominum! qui velit, ut neque diligat quemquam, nec ipse ab ullo diligatur, circumfluere omnibus copiis, atque in omnium rerum abundantia vivere? Haec est enim tyrannorum vita, in qua nimirum nulla fides, nulla caritas, nulla stabilis benevolentia potest esse fiducia; omnia semper suspecta atque sollicita; nullus locus amicitiae. 53. Quis enim aut eum diligat, quem metuat; aut eum, a quo se metui putet? Coluntur tamen simulatione duntaxat ad tempus. Quod si forte, ut fit plerumque, ceciderint; tum intelligitur, quam fuerint inopes amicoium. Quod Tarquinium dixisse ferunt, tum exsulantem se intellexisse, quos fidos amicos habuisset, quos infidos, cum jam neutris gratiam referre posset. 54. Quamquam miror, illa superbia et importunitate, si quemquam habere potuit. Atque, ut hujus, quem dixi, mores veros amicos parare non potuerunt, sic multorum opes praepotentium excludunt amicitias fideles. Non enim solum ipsa Fortuna caeca est, sed eos etiam plerumque efficit cacos, quos complexa est. Itaque efferuntur fere fastidio et contumacia: neque quidquam insipiente fortunato intolerabilius fieri potest. Atque hoc quidem videre licet, eos, qui antea commodis fuerunt moribus, imperio, potestate, prosperis rebus immutari, sperni ab iis veteres amicitias, indulgeri novis. 55. Quid autem stultius, quam, cum plurimum copiis, facultatibus, opibus possint, cetera parare, qua parantur pecunia, equos, famulos, vestem egregiam, vasa 54 M. T. CICERONIS L&ELIUS, pretiosa; amicos non parare, optimam et pulcherrimarn vitae, ut ita dicam, supellectilem? Etenim cetera cum parant, cui parent, nesciunt, nec cujus causa laborent; ejus est enim istorum quidque, qui vincit viribus: amicitiarum sua cuique permanet stabilis et certa possessio; ut, etiam si illa maneant, quae sunt quasi dona fortunwe, tamen vita inculta et deserta ab amicis non possit esse jucunda. Sed haec hactenus. XVI. 56. Constituendi sunt autem, qui sint in amicitia fines, et quasi termini diligendi; de quibus tres video sententias ferri, quarum nullam probo: unam, ut eodem modo erga amicos affecti simus, quo erga nosmetipsos; alteram, ut nostra in amicos benevolentia illorum erga nos benevolentiae pariter oequaliterque respondeat; tertiam, ut, quanti quisque se ipse facit, tanti fiat ab amicis. 57. Harum trium sententiarum nulli prorsus assentior. Nec enim illa prima vera est, ut, quemadmodum in se quisque, sic in amicum sit animatus. Quam multa enim, quae nostra causa nunquam faceremus, facimus causa amicorum! precari ab indigno, supplicare: turn acerbius in aliquem invehi, insectarique vehementius; quae in nostris rebus non satis honeste, in amicorum fiunt honestissime: multae quoque res sunt, in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt detrahique patiuntur, ut iis amici potius, quam ipsi, fruantur. 58. Altera sententia est, quw definit amicitiam paribus officiis ac voluntatibus. Hoc quidem est nimis exigue et exiliter ad calculos vocare amicitiam, ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum. Divitior mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia, nec observare restricte, ne plus reddat, quam acceperit. Neque enim verendum est, ne quid excidat; aut, ne quid in terram defluat; aut, ne plus eequo in amicitiam congeratur. 59. Tertius vero ille finis deterrimus, ut, quanti quisque se ipse faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis. Sape enim in quibus SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XVI., XVII. 55 dam aut animus abjectior est, aut spes amplificandae fortunae fractior. Non est igitur amici, talem esse in eum, qualis ille in se est; sed potius eniti et efficere, ut amici jacentem animum excitet, inducatque in spem cogitationemque meliorem. Alius igitur finis verse amicitiae constituendus est, si prius, quid maxime reprehendere Scipio solitus sit, edixero. Negabat ullam vocem inimiciorem amicitias potuisse reperiri, quam ejus, qui dixisset, ita amare oportere, ut si aliquando esset osurus: nec vero se adduci posse, ut hoc, quemadmodum putaretur, a Biante esse dictum crederet, qui sapiens habitus esset unus e septem; impuri cujusdam, aut ambitiosi, aut omnia ad suam potentiam revocantis esse sententiam. Quonam enim modo quisquam amicus esse poterit, cui se putabit inimicum esse posse? Quinetiam necesse erit cupere et optare, ut quam seepissime peccet amicus, quo plures det sibi tamquam ansas ad reprehendendum: rursum autem recte factis commodisque amicorum necesse erit angi, dolere, invidere. 60. Quare hoc quidem praeceptum, cujuscunque est, ad tollendam amicitiam valet. Illud potius praecipiendum fuit, ut eam diligentiam adhiberemus in amicitils comparandis, ut ne quando amare inciperemus eum, quem aliquando odisse possemus. Quinetiam si minus felices in deligendo fuissenmus, ferendum id Scipio potius, quam inimicitiarum tempus cogitandum, putabat. XVII. 61. His igitur finibus utendum arbitror, ut, cum emendati mores amicorum sint, tum sit inter eos omniumr rerum, consiliorum, voluntatum, sine ulla exceptione, communitas: ut etiam, si qua fortuna acciderit, ut minus justae amicorum voluntates adjuvandae sint, in quibus eorum aut caput agatur aut fama, declinandum sit de via; modo ne summa turpitudo sequatur: est enim quatenus amicitia dari venia possit. Nec vero negligenda est fama; nec mediocre telum ad res gerendas existimare oportet bene 56 M. T. CICERONIS LALIUS, volentiam civium, quam blanditiis et assentando colligere turpe est. Virtus, quam sequitur caritas, minime repudianda est. 62. Sed saepe (etenim redeo ad Scipionem, cujus omnis sermo erat de amicitia) querebatur, quod omnibus in rebus homines diligentiores essent; capras et oves quot quisque haberet, dicere posse: amicos quot haberet, non posse dicere: et in illis quidem parandis adhibere curam, in amicis eligendis negligentes esse, nec habere quasi signa quaedam, et notas, quibus eos, qui ad amicitiam essent idonei, judicarent. Sunt igitur firmi, et stabiles, et constantes eligendi, cujus generis est magna penuria: et judicare difficile est sane nisi expertum; experiendum est autem in ipsa amicitia: ita prmecurrit amicitia judicium, tollitque experiendi potestatem. 63. Est igitur prudentis, sustinere, ut currum, sic impetum benevolentira, quo utamur, quasi equis tentatis, sic amicitiis, aliqua parte periclitatis moribus amicorum. Quidam sepe in parva pecunia perspiciuntur, quam sint leves; quidam, quos parva movere non potuit, cognoscuntur in magna. Sin erunt aliqui reperti, qui pecuniam preferre amicitiam sordidumr exstiment; ubi eos inveniemus, qui honores, magistratus, imperia, potestates, opes amicitim non anteponent, ut, cum ex altera parte proposita haec sint, ex altera jus amicitia, non multo illa malint? Imbecilla enim natura est ad contemnendam potentiam: quam etiam si neglecta amicitia consecuti sunt, obscuratum iri arbitrantur, quia non sine magna causa sit neglecta amicitia. 64. Itaque vere amicitie difficillime reperiuntur in iis, qui in honoribus reque publica versantur. Ubi enim istum invenias, qui honorem amici anteponat suo? Quid? hac ut omittam, quam graves, quam difficiles plerisque videntur calamitatum societates! ad quas non est facile inventu qui descendat. Quamquam Ennius recte: Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur: tamen hbec duo levitatis et infirmitatis plerosque con SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XVII.-XIX. 57 vincunt, aut si in bonis rebus contemnunt, aut si in malis deserunt. XVIII. Qui igitur utraque in re gravem, constantem, stabilem se in amicitia praestiterit, hune ex maxime raro hominum genere judicare debemus, et peane divino. 65. Firmamentum autem stabilitatis constantiaeque ejus, quam in amicitia quaarimus, fides est. Nihil enim stabile est, quod infidum. Simplicem praeterea, et communem, et consentientem, qui rebus eisdem movetur, eligi par est: quae omnia pertinent ad fidelitatem. Neque enim fidum potest esse multiplex ingenium, et tortuosum; neque vero, qui non iisdem rebus movetur, naturaque consentit, aut fidus, aut stabilis potest esse. Addendum eodern est, ut ne criminibus aut inferendis delectetur, aut credat oblatis: quae omnia pertinent ad eam, quam jamdudum tracto, constantiam. Ita fit verum illud, quod initio dixi, amicitiam, nisi inter bonos, esse non posse. Est enim boni viri, quem eundem sapientem licet dicere, haac duo tenere in amicitia: primum, ne quid fictum sit, neve simulatum: aperte enim vel odisse, magis ingenui est, quam fronte occultare sententiam: deinde, non solum ab aliquo allatas criminationes repellere, sed ne ipsum quidem esse suspiciosum, semper aliquid exstimantem ab amico esse violatum. 66. Accedat huc suavitas quaedam oportet sermonum atque morum, haudquaquam mediocre condimentum amicitiae. Tristitia autem, et in omni re severitas, habet illa quidem gravitatem; sed amicitia remissior esse debet, et liberior, et dulcior, et ad omnem comitatem facilitatemque proclivior. XIX. 67. Exsistit autem hoc loco quaedam quaestio subdifficilis: num quando amici novi, digni amicitia, veteribus sint anteponendi, ut equis vetulis teneros anteponere solemusq —Indigna homine dubitatio! Non enim amicitiarum C2 5i8 M. T. CICERONIS L.ELIUS, debent esse, sicut aliarum rerum, satietates. Veterrima quaque, ut ea vina, quae vetustat.em ferunt, esse debent suavissima: verumque illud est, quod dicitur, multos modios salis simul edendos esse, ut amicitiae munus expletum sit. 68. Novitates autem, si spem afferunt, ut, tamquam in herbis non fallacibus, fructus appareat, non sunt illae quidem repudiandae; vetustas tamen suo loco conservanda: maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis. Quin ipso equo, cujus modo mentionem feci, si nulla res impediat, nemo est, qui non eo, quo consuevit, libentius utatur, quam intractato et novo: nec vero in hoc, quod est animal, sed in iis etiam, quae sunt inanima, consuetudo valet: cum locis etiam ipsis delectemur, montuosis etiam et silvestribus, in quibus diutius commorati sumus. 69. Sed maximum est in amicitia, superiorem parem esse inferiori: sape enim excellentiae quoaam sunt, qualis erat Scipionis in nostro, ut ita dicam, grege. Nunquam se ille Philo, nunquam Rupilio, nunquam Mummio anteposuit, nunquam inferioris ordinis amicis. Q. vero Maximum fratrem, egregium virum omnino, sibi nequaquam parem, quod is anteibat rotate, tamquam superiorem colebat, suosque omnes per se esse ampliores volebat. 70. Quod faciendum imitandumque est omnibus, ut, si quam praestantiam virtutis, ingenii, fortunae consecuti sunt, impertiant ea suis, communicentque cum proximis; ut, si parentibus nati sint humilibus, si propinquos habeant imbecilliores vel animo, vel fortuna, eorum augeant opes, eisque honori sint et dignitati: ut in fabulis, qui aliquamdiu propter ignorationem stirpis et generis in famulatu fuerint, cum cogniti sunt, et aut deorum, aut regum filii inventi, retinent tamen caritatem in pastores, quos patres multos annos esse duxerunt. Quod multo profecto magis in veris patribus certisque faciendum. Fructus enim ingenii et virtutis, omnisque praestantie, turn maximus capitur, cum in proximum quemque confertur. 81VE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XX. 59 XX. 71. Ut igitur ii, qui sunt in amicitiae conjunctionisque necessitudine superiores, exasquare se cum inferioribus debent: sic inferiores non dolere, se a suis aut ingenio, aut fortuna, aut dignitate superari. Quorum plerique aut queruntur semper aliquid, aut etiam exprobrant: eoque magis, si habere se putant, quod officiose, et amice, et cum labore aliquo suo factum queant dicere. Odiosum sane genus hominum officia exprobrantium: quae meminisse debet is, in quem collata sunt, non commemorare, qui contulit. 72. Quamobrem ut ii, qui superiores sunt, summittere se debent in amicitia; sic quodam modo inferiores extollere. Sunt enim quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant: quod non fere contingit, nisi iis, qui etiam contemnendos se arbitrantur; qui hac opinione non modo verbis, sed etiam opere levandi sunt. 73. Tantum autem cuique tribuendum, primum, quantum ipse efficere possis; deinde etiam, quantum ille, quem diligas atque adjuves, sustinere. Non enim tu possis, quamvis licet excellas, omnes tuos ad honores amplissimos perducere: ut Scipio P. Rupilium potuit consulem efficere; fratrem ejus Lucium non potuit. Quod si etiam possis quidvis deferre ad alterum, videndum est tamen, quid ille possit sustinere. 74. Omnino amicitise, corroboratis jam, confirmatisque et ingeniis, et aetatibus, judicandre sunt: nec, si qui ineunte setate venandi, aut pilse studiosi fuerint, eos habere necessarios, quos turn eodem studio praeditos dilexerunt. Isto enim modo nutrices et paedagogi jure vetustatis plurimum benevolentiae postulabunt: qui negligendi quidem non sunt, sed alio quodam modo. Aliter amicitia stabiles permanere non possunt. Dispares enim mores disparia studia sequuntur, quorum dissimilitudo dissociat amicitias: nec ob aliam causam ullam boni improbis, improbi bonis amici esse non possunt, nisi quod tanta est inter eos, quanta maxima potest esse, morum studiorumque distantia. 75. Recte etiam praecipi 60 M. T. CICERONIS LtELIUS, potest in amicitiis, ne intemperata quaedam benevolentia (quod persaepe fit) impediat magnas utilitates amicorum. Nec enim, ut ad fabulas redeam, Trojam Neoptolemus capere potuisset, si Lycomedem, apud quem erat educatus, multis cum lacrimis iter suum impedientem, audire voluisset. Et sape incidunt magnin res, ut discedendum sit ab arlicis: quas qui impedire vult, quod desiderium non facile ferat, is et infirmus est mollisque natura, et ob eam ipsam causam in amicitia parum justus. 76. Atque in omni re considerandum est, et quid postules ab amico, et quid patiare a te impetrari. XXI. Est etiam quasi quaedam calamitas in amicitiis dimittendis nonnunquam necessaria: jam enim a sapientium familiaritatibus ad vulgares amicitias oratio nostra delabitur. Erumpunt smepe vitia amicorum tum in ipsos amicos, tum in alienos, quorum tamen ad amicos redundet infamia. Tales igitur amicitim sunt remissione usus eluendae, et, ut Catonem dicere audivi, dissuendae magis, quam discindenda: nisi qucedam admodum intolerabilis injuria exarserit, ut neque rectum, neque honestum sit, nec fieri possit, ut non statim alienatio disjunctioque facienda sit. 77. Sin autem morum, aut studiorum commutatio quaedam, ut fieri solet, facta erit, aut in reipublicae partibus dissensio intercesserit (loquor enim jam, ut paullo ante dixi, non de sapientium, sed de communibus amicitiis), cavendum erit, ne non solum amicitie depositse, sed inimicitia etiam suscepta videantur. Nihil enim turpius, quam cum eo bellum gerere, quicum familiariter vixeris. Ab amicitia Q. Pompeii meo nomine se removerat, ut scitis, Scipio; propter dissensionem autem, que erat in republica, alienatus est a collega nostro Metello: utrumque egit graviter, auctoritate et offensione animi non acerba. 78. Quamobrem primum danda opera est, ne qua amicorum dissidia fiant: sin tale aliquid evenerit, ut exstinctme SIVBE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XXI., XXII. 61 potius amicitie, quam oppressee esse videantur. Cavendum vero, ne etiam in graves inimicitias convertant se amicitiae: ex quibus jurgia, maledicta, contumeliae gignuntur. Quae tamen si tolerabiles erunt, ferendae sunt; et hic honos veteri amicitie tribuendus, ut is in culpa sit, qui faciat, non is, qui patiatur injuriam. Omnino omnium horum vitiorum atque incommodorum una cautio est, atque una provisio, ut ne nimis cito diligere incipiant, neve non dignos. 79. Digni autem sunt amicitia, quibus in ipsis inest causa, cur diligantur. Rarum genus! et quidem omnia praeclara rara, nec quidqu'am difficilius, quam reperire, quod sit omni ex parte in suo genere perfectum. Sed plerique neque in rebus humanis quidquam bonum norunt, nisi quod fructuosum sit, et amicos, tamquam pecudes, eos potissimum diligunt, ex quibus sperant se maximum fructum esse capturos. 80. Ita pulcherrima illa et maxime naturali carent amicitia per se et propter se expetenda, nec ipsi sibi exemplo sunt, hac vis amicitia; qualis et quanta sit. Ipse enim se quisque diligit, non ut aliquam a se ipse mercedem exigat caritatis sume, sed quod per se sibi quisque carus est. Quod nisi idem in amicitiam transferatur, verus amicus nunquam reperietur: est enim is quidem tamquam alter idem. 81. Quod si hoc apparet in bestiis, volucribus, nantibus, agrestibus, cicuribus, feris, primurn ut se ipsa diligant (id enim pariter cum omni animante nascitur): deinde ut requirant atque appetant, ad quas se applicent ejusdem generis animantes; idque faciunt cum desiderio, et cum quadam similitudine amoris humani: quanto id magis in homine sit natura, qui et se ipse diligit, et alterum anquirit, cujus animum ita cum suo misceat, ut efficiat pane unum ex duobus? XXII. 82. Sed plerique perverse, ne dicam impudenter, amicum habere talem volunt, quales ipsi esse non possun: (62 M. T. CICEKONIS LA&LIUS, quseque ipsi non tribuunt amicis, haec ab eis desiderant. Par est autem, primum ipsum esse virum bonum, turn alterum similem sui quaerere. In talibus ea, quam jamdudum tractamus, stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines benevolentia conjuncti, primum cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt; deinde aequitate justitiaque gaudebunt, omniaque alter pro altero suscipiet; neque quidquam unquam nisi honestum et rectum alter ab altero postulabit; neque solum colent inter se, ac diligent, sed etiam verebuntur. Nam maximum ornamentum amicitiae tollit, qui ex ea tollit verecundiam. 83. Itaque in iis perniciosus est error, qui existimant, libidinum peccatorumque omnium patere in amicitia licentiam. Virtutum amicitia adjutrix a natura data est, non vitiorum comes; ut, quoniam solitaria non posset virtus ad ea, quse summa sunt, pervenire, conjuncta et consociata cum altera perveniret. Quae si quos inter societas aut est, aut fuit, aut futura est, eorum est habendus ad summum naturae bonum optimus beatissimusque comitatus. 84. HNec est, inquam, societas, in qua omnia insunt, quwe putant homines expetenda, honestas, gloria, tranquillitas animi, atqup jucunditas: ut, et, cum hsec adsint, beata vita sit, et sine his esse non possit. Quod cum optimum maximumque sit, si id volumus adipisci, virtuti opera danda est, sine qua nec amicitiam, neque ullam rem expetendam consequi possumus: ea vero neglecta, qui se amicos habere arbitrantur, tum se denique errasse sentiunt, cum eos gravis aliquis casus experiri cogit. 85. Quocirca (dicendum est enim saepius) cum judicaveris, diligere oportet; non, cum dilexeris, judicare. Sed cum multis in rebus negligentia plectimur, tum maxime in amicis et deligendis et colendis: praeposteris enim utimur consiliis et acta agimus, quod vetamur veteri proverbio. Nam implicati ultro et citro, vel usu diuturno, vel etiam officiis, repente in medio cursu amicitias, exorta aliqua offensione dirumpimnus. SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XXIII. 63 XXIII. 86. Quo etiam magis vituperanda est rei maxime necessarie tanta incuria. Una est enim amicitia in rebus humanis, de cujus utilitate omnes uno ore consentiunt: quamquam a multis ipsa virtus contemnitur, et venditatio quaedam atque ostentatio esse dicitur. Multi divitias despiciunt, quos parvo contentos tenuis victus cultusque delectat; honores vero, quorum cupiditate quidam inflammantur, quam multi ita contemnunt, ut nihil inanius, nihil levius esse existiment! Itemque cetera, quwe quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent. De amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt, et ii, qui ad rempublicam se contulerunt; et ii, qui rerum cognitione doctrinaque delectantur; et ii, qui suum negotium gerunt otiosi; postremo ii, qui se totos tradiderunt voluptatibus, sine amicitia vitam esse nullam, si modo velint aliqua ex parte liberaliter vivere. 87. Serpit enim nescio quomodo per omnium vitam amicitia; nec ullam aetatis degendae rationem patitur esse expertem sui. Quinetiam si quis ea asperitate est, et immanitate naturae, congressus ut hominumn fugiat atque oderit, qualem fuisse Athenis Timonem nescio quem accepimus; tamen is pati non possit, ut non anquirat aliquem, apud quem evomat virus acerbitatis sume. Atque hoc maxime judicaretur, si quid tale posset contingere, ut aliquis nos deus ex hac hominum frequentia tolleret, et in solitudine uspiam collocaret, atque ibi suppeditans omnium rerum, quas natura desiderat, abundantiam et copiam, hominis omnino adspiciendi potestatem eriperet. Quis tam esset ferreus, qui eam vitam ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum omnium solitudo? 88. Verum ergo illud est, quod a Tarentino Archyta, ut opinor, dici solitum, nostros senes commemorare audivi, ab aliis senibus auditum: "Si quis in cceluum ascendisset, naturamque mundi, et Ipulchritudinem siderum perspexisset, insuavem illam admirationem ei fore, quae jucundissima fuisset, si aliquem, cui 64 M. T. CICERONIS L2ELIUS, narraret, habuisset." Sic natura solitarium nihil amat, semperque ad aliquod tamquam adminiculum annititur: quod in amicissimo quoque dulcissimum est. XXIV. Sed cum tot signis eadem natura declaret, quid velit, anquirat, desideret, obsurdescimus tamen nescio quomodo; nec ea, quee ab ea monemur, audimus. Est enim varius et multiplex usus amicitiae, multaeque cause suspicionum offensionumque dantur: quas tum evitare, tumrn elevare, tum ferre, sapientis est. Una illa sublevanda offensio est, ut et veritas in amicitia et fides retineatur: nam et monendi amici sape sunt, et objurgandi: et hmc accipienda amice, cum benevole fiunt. 89. Sed nescio quomodo verum est, quod in Andria familiaris meuis dicit: Obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit. Molesta veritas, si quidem ex ea nascitur odium, quod est venenum amicitiam; sed obsequium multo molestius, quod peccatis indulgens precipitem amicum ferri sinit. Maxima autem culpa in eo, qui et veritatem aspernatur, et in fraudem obsequio impellitur. Omnis igitur hac in re habenda ratio et diligentia est: primum, ut monitio acerbitate, deinde objurgatio contumelia careat: in obsequio autem (quoniam Terentiano verbo lubenter utimur) comitas adsit; assentatio, vitiorum adjutrix, procul amoveatur, quae non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est: aliter enim cum tyranno, aliter cum amico vivitur. 90. Cujus autem aures veritati clausce sunt, ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, hujus salus desperanda est. Scitum est enim illud Catonis, ut multa: "Melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri, quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur: illos verum scepe dicere, hos nunquam." Atque illud absurdum, quod ii, qui monentur, eam molestiam, quam debent capere, non capiunt; eam capiunt, qua debent vacare. Peccasse enim se non anguntur; objurgari mo]este ferunt: quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere. SIVE DE AMICITIA. -CAP. XXV. 65 XXV. 91. Ut igitur et monere et moneri proprium est verae amicitie; et alterum libere facere, non aspere; alterum patienter accipere, non repugnanter: sic habendum est, nullam in amicitiis pestem esse majorem, quam adulationem, blanditiam, assentationem. Quamvis e-nim multis nominibus est hoc vitium notandum levium hominum atque fallacium, ad voluntatem loquentium omnia, nihil ad veritatem. 92. Cum autem omnium rerum simulatio est vitiosa (tollit enim judicium veri, idque adulterat), tum amicitie repugnat maxime: delet enim veritatem, sine qua nomen amicitiae valere non potest. Nam cum amicitiae vis sit in eo, ut unus quasi animus fiat ex pluribus: qui id fieri poterit, si ne in uno quidem quoque unus animus erit, idemque semper; sed varius, commutabilis, multiplex.[93. Quid enim potest esse tam flexibile, tam devium, quam animus ejus, qui ad alterius non modo sensum ac voluntatem, sed etiam vultum atque nutum con: vertitur? Negat quis? nego: ait? aio: postremo imperavi egomet mihi, Omnia assentari, ut ait idem Terentius; sed ille sub Gnathonis persona: quod amici genus adhibere omnino levitatis est. 94. Multi autem Gnathonum similes, cum sint loco, fortuna, fama superiores, horum est assentatio molesta, cum ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas. 95. Secerni autem blandus amicus a vero, et internosci tam potest, adhibita diligentia, quam omnia fucata, et simulata a sinceris atque veris. Concio, quae ex imperitissimis constat, tamen judicare solet, quid intersit inter popularem, id est, assentatorem et levem civem, et inter constantem, severum et gravem. 96. Quibus blanditiis Caius Papirius nuper influebat in aures concionis, cum ferret legem de tribunis plebis reficiendis! Dissuasimus nos. Sed nihil de me: de Scipione dicam libentius. Quanta illi, dii immortales! fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione majestas! ut facile ducem populi 66 M. T. CICERONIS L&ELIUS, Romani, non comitem diceres. Sed affuistis, et est in manibus oratio. Itaque lex popularis suffragiis populi repudiata est. Atque, ut ad me redeam, meministis, Q. Maximo, fratre Scipionis, et L. Mancino consulibus, quam popularis lex de sacerdotiis C.Licinii Crassi videbatur: cooptatio enim collegiorum ad populi beneficium transferebatur. Atque is primus instituit in forum versus agere cum populo: tamen illius vendibilem orationem religio deorum immortalium, nobis defendentibus, facile vincebat. Atque id actum est praetore me, quinquennio ante quam consul sum factus. Itaque re magis, quam auctoritate causa illa defensa est. XXVI. 97. Quod si in scena, id est, in concione, in qua rebus fictis et adumbratis loci plurimum est, tamen verum valet, si modo id patefactum et illustratum est; quid in amicitia fieri oportet, quae tota veritate perpenditur? in qua nisi, ut dicitur, apertum pectus videas, tuumque ostendas, nihil fidum, nihil exploratum habeas; ne amare quidem, aut amari, cum, id quam vere fiat, ignores. Quamquam ista assentatio,quamvis perniciosa sit, nocere tamen nemini potest, nisi ei, qui eam recipit, atque ea delectatur. Ita fit, ut is assentatoribus patefaciat aures suas maxime, qui ipse sibi assentetur, et se maxime ipse delectet. 98. Omnino est amans sui virtus; optime enim se ipsa novit, quamque amabilis sit, intelligit: ego autem non de virtute nunc loquor, sed de virtutis opinione. Virtute enim ipsa non tam multi praediti esse, quam videri volunt. Hos delectat assentatio; his fictus ad ipsorum vwluntatem sermo cum adhibetur, orationem illam vanam, testimonium esse laudum suarum putant. Nulla est igitur haec amicitia, cum alter verum audire non vult, alter ad mentiendum paratus est. Nec parasitorum in comcediis assentatio nobis faceta videretur, nisi essent mnilites gloriosi. SIVE DE AMICITIA.-CAP. XXVI., XXVII. 67 Magnas vero agere gratias Thais mihi? Satis erat respondere, Magnas; ingentes, inquit. Semper auget assentator id, quod is, cujus ad voluntatem dicitur, vult esse magnum. 99. Quamobrem, quamvis blanda ista vanitas apud eos valeat, qui ipsi illam allectant et invitant; tamen etiam graviores constantioresque admonendi sunt, ut animum advertant, ne callida assentatione capiantur. Aperte enim adulantem nemo non videt, nisi qui admodum est excors: callidus ille et occultus ne se insinuet, studiose cavendum est. Nec enim facillime agnoscitur, quippe qui etiam adversando saepe assentetur, et, litigare se simulans, blandiatur, atque ad extremum det manus, vincique se patiatur; ut is, qui illusus sit, plus vidisse videatur. Quid autem turpius, quam illudi I Quod ne accidat, cavendum est, ut in Epiclero: lodie me ante omnes comicos stultos senes Versaris, atque emunxeris lautissime. 100. Hec enim etiam in fabulis stultissima persona est improvidorum et credulorum senum. Sed, nescio quo pacto, ab amicitiis perfectorum hominum, id est, sapientium (de hac dico sapientia, qua- videtur in hominem cadere posse) ad leves amicitias deflexit oratio. Quamobrem ad illa prima redeamus, eaque ipsa concludamus aliquando. XXVII. Virtus, virtus, inquam, C. Fanni, et tu, Q. Muci, et conciliat amicitias, et conservat. In ea est enim convenientia rerum, in ea stabilitas, in ea constantia: quae cum se extulit, et ostendit lumen suum, et idem adspexit agnovitque in alio, ad id se admovet, vicissimque accipit illud, quod in altero est; ex quo exardescit sive amor, sive amicitia. Utrumque enim dictum est ab amando; amare autem nihil aliud est, nisi eum ipsum diligere, quem ames, nulla indigentia, nulla utilitate quaesita: qua tamen ipsa efflorescit ex amicitia, etiam si tu eam minus secutus sis. 101. Hac nos adolescentes benevolentia senes illos L. 68 M. T. CICERONIS LAELIUS, Paulum, M. Catonem, C. Gallum, P. Nasicam, Tib. Grac chum, Scipionis nostri socerum, dileximus. Haec etiam magis elucet inter asquales, ut inter me et Scipionem, L. Furium, P. Rupilium, Sp. Mummium: vicissim autem senes in adolescentium caritate acquiescimus, ut in vestra, ut in Q. Tuberonis; equidem etiam admodum adolescentis P. Rutilii, A. Virginii familiaritate delector. Quoniamque ita ratio comparata est vitae naturasque nostrae, ut alia Eetas oriatur ex alia; maxime quidem optandum est, ut cum aequalibus possis, quibuscum tamquam e carceribus emissus sis, cum eisdem ad calcem, ut dicitur, pervenire. 102. Sed quoniam res humanas fragiles caducaeque sunt, semper aliqui anquirendi sunt, quos diligamus, et a quibus diligamur: caritate enim benevolentiaque sublata, omnis est e vita sublata jucunditas. Mihi quidem Scipio, quamquam est subito ereptus, vivit tamen, semperque vivet: virtutem enim amavi illius viri, quae extincta non est. Nec mihi soli versatur ante oculos, qui illam semper in manibus habui, sed etiam posteris erit clara et insignis. Nemo unquam animo aut spe majora suscipiet, qui sibi non illius memoriam atque imaginem proponendam putet. 103. Equidem ex omnibus rebus, quas mihi aut fortuna, aut natura tribuit, nihil habeo, quod cum amicitia Scipionis possim comparare. In hac mihi de republica consen sus, in hac rerum privatarum consilium, in eadem requies plena oblectationis fuit. Nunquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi, quod quidem senserim; nihil audivi ex eo ipse, quod nollem. Una domus erat, idem victus, isque communis; neque solum militia, sed etiam peregrinationes, rusticationesque communes. 104. N'am quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid, atque discendi? in quibus remoti ab oculis populi omne otiosum tempus contrivimus. Quarum rerum recordatio et memoria, si una cum illo occidisset, desiderium conjunctissimi atque amantissimi viri ferre nullo modo possem. Sed nec illa SIVE DE AMICITIA. -CAP. XXVII. 69 extincta sunt, alunturque potius et augentur cogitatione et memoria: et, si illis plane orbatus essem, magnum tamen afferret mihi aetas ipsa solatium; diutius enim jam in hoc desiderio esse non possum. Omnia autem brevia, tolerabilia esse debent, etiam si magna sunt. Haec habui, de amicitia quae dicerem. Vos autem hortor, ut ita virtutem locetis, sine qua amicitia esse non potest, ut, ea excepta, nihil amicitia prwestabilius putetis. M. TULLII CIC ERONIS PARADOXA AD M. BRUTUM. M. TULLII CICERONIS PARADOXA AD M. B RUT U M. PRO (E MIUM. 1. ANIMADVERTI, Brute, swepe Catonero, avunculum tuurn, quum in senatu sententiam diceret, locos graves ex philosophia tractare, abhorrentes ab hoc usu forensi et publico; sed dicendo consequi tamen, ut illa etiam populo probabilia viderentur. 2. Quod eo majus est illi, quam aut tibi aut nobis; quia nos ea philosophia plus utimur, quae peperit dicendi copiam, et in qua dicuntur ea, quva non multum discrepent ab opinione populari: Cato autem, perfectus, mea sententia, Stoicus, et ea sentit, quae non sane probantur in vulgus, et in ea est haeresi, qua nullum sequitur florem orationis neque dilatat argumentum, sed minutis interrogatiunculis, quasi punctis, quod proposuit, efficit. 3. Sed nihil est tam incredibile, quod non dicendo fiat probabile; nihil tam horridum, tam incultum, quod non splendescat oratione et tamquam excolatur. Quod quum ita putarem, feci etiam audacius, quam ille ipse, de quo loquor. Cato enim dumtaxat de magnitudine animi, de continentia, de morte, de omni laude virtutis, de diis immortalibus, de caritate patriae, Stoice solet, oratoriis ornamentis adhibitis, dicere. Ego vero illa ipsa, quae vix in gymnasiis et in otio Stoici probant, ludens conjeci in communes locos. 4. Qum, quia sunt admirabilia contraque opinionem omnium, et ab ipsis etiam 7rapcdioSa appellantur, tentare volui, possentne proferri in lucem, id est, in forum, 74 M1. T. CICERONIS et ita dici, ut probarentur, an alia quadeam esset erudita, alia popularis oratio: eoque scripsi libentius, quod mihi ista, Trapidoa quae appellant, maxime videntur esse Socratica longeque verissima. 5. Accipies igitur hoc parvumn opusculum, lucubratum his jam contractioribus noctibus: quoniam illud majorum vigiliarum munus in tuo nomine apparuit: et degustabis genus hoc exercitationum. earum, quibus uti consuevi, quum ea, que dicuntur in scholis ET-trCd, ad nostrum hoc oratorium transfero dicendi genus. Hoc tamen opus in acceptum ut referas, nihil postulo. Non est enim, ut in arce poni possit, quasi illa Minerva Phidie; sed tamen, ut ex eadem officina exisse appareat. PARADOXON I.'Ort t6vov ayaeav rO Kaao'v. Quod honestum sit, id solum bonum esse. I. 6. VEREOR, ne cui vestrum ex Stoicorum hominum disputationibus, non ex meo sensu depromta haee videatur oratio: dicam tamen, quod sentio; et dicam brevius, quam res tanta dici poscit. Nunquam mehercule ego neque pecunias istorum, neque tecta magnifica, neque opes, neque imperia, neque eas, quibus maxime adstricti sunt, voluptates, in bonis rebus aut expetendis esse duxi: quippe quum viderem, homines rebus his circumfluentes ea tamen desiderare maxime, quibus abundarent. Neque enim expletur unquam, nec satiatur cupiditatis sitis: neque solum, ea qui habent, libidine augendi cruciantur, sed etiam amittendi metu, 7. In quo equidem continentissimorum hominum, majorum nostrorum, sepe requiro prudentiam, qui haec imbecilla et commutabilia pecunie membra, verbo BONA putaverunt appellanda, quum re ac factis longe aliter judicavissent. Potestne bonum cuiquam malo esse? aut potest quisquam in abundantia bonorum ipse esse non bonus? Atqui ista omnia talia videmus, ut etiam improbi PARADOXON, I.-CAP. I., II. 75 babeant, et obsint probis. 8. Quamobrem licet irrideat, si qui vult: plus apud me tamen vera ratio valebit, quam vulgi opinio: neque ego unquam bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut supellectilem amiserit: neque non sespe laudabo sapientem illum, Biantem, ut opinor, qui numeratur in septem: cujus quum patriam Prienen cepisset hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis rebus securl asportarent: quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut idem ipse faceret: Ego vero, inquit,facio: nam omnia mecum porto mea. 9. Ille haec ludibria fortunwe ne sua quidem putavit, quwe nos appellamus etiam bona. Quid est igitur, qua-ret aliquis, bonum? Si quid recte fit et honeste et cum virtute, id bene fieri, vere dicitur; et, quod rectum et honestum et cum virtute est, id solum opinor bonum. 11. 10. Sed haec videri possunt obscuriora, quum lentius disputantur: vita atque factis illustranda sunt summorum virorum hbec, quae verbis subtilius, quam satis est, disputari videntur. Quero enim a vobis, num ullam cogitationem habuisse videantur ii, qui hane rempublicam tam praeclare fundatam nobis reliquerunt, aut auri et argenti ad avaritiam, aut amcenitatum ad delectationem, aut supellectilis ad delicias, aut epularum ad voluptates? 11. Ponite ante oculos unumquemque regum. Vultis a Romulo? vultis post liberam civitatem, ab iis ipsis, qui liberaverunt eam? Quibus tandem gradibus Romulus escendit in coceum? iisne, que isti bona appellant. an rebus gestis atque virtutibus? Quid? a Numa Pompilio? minusne gratas diis immortalibus capedines ac fictiles hirnulas fuisse, quam filicatas aliorum pateras arbitramur? Omitto reliquos: sunt enim omnes pares inter se, praeter Superbum. 12. Brutum si qui roget, quid egerit in patria liberanda; si quis item reliquos ejusdem consilii socios, quid spectaverint, quid secuti sint: num quis exsistet, cui voluptas, cui divitiae, cui denique, praeter officium fortis et 76 M. T. CICERONIS magni viri, quidquam aliud propositum fuisse videatur? Quae res ad necem Porsennae C. Mucium impulit, sine ulla spe salutis sue. Quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit in ponte solum? quze patrem I)ecium, quae filium devotavit, atque immisit in armatas hostiurn copias? Quid continentia C. Fabricii, quid tenuitas victus M'. Curii sequebatur? Quid duo propugnacula belli Punici, Cn. et P. Scipiones, qui Carthaginiensium adventum corporibus suis intercludendum putaverunt? quid Afiricanus major? quid minor? quid inter horum aetates interjectus Cato? quid innumerabiles alii? (nam domesticis exemplis abundamus) cogitasse, quidquam in vita sibi expetendum, nisi quod laudabile esset et preeclarum, videntur. III. 13. Veniant igitur isti irrisores hujus orationis, ac sententinte; et jam vel ipsi judicent, utrum se horum alicujus, qui marmoreis tectis, ebore et auro fulgentibus, qui signis, qui tabulis, qui caelato auro et argento, qui Corinthiis operibus abundant, an C. Fabricii, qui nihil eorum habuit, nihil habere voluit, similes esse malint? 14. Atque haec quidem, quee modo huc, modo illuc transferuntur, facile adduci solent, ut in rebus bonis esse negent: illud arcte tenent, accurateque defendunt, voluptatem esse summum bonum. Quae quidem mihi vox pecudum videtur esse, non hominum. Tu, quum tibi sive Deus, sive mater, ut ita dicam, rerum omnium, natura, dederit animum, quo nihil est praestantius neque divinius, sic te ipse abjicies atque prosternes, ut nihil inter te atque quadrupedem aliquam putes interesse 1 Quidquamne bonum est, quod non eum, qui id possidet, meliorem facit? 15. Ut enim quisque est maxime boni particeps, ita et laudabilis maxime: neque est ullum bonum, de quo non is, qui id habeat, honeste possit gloriari. Quid autem est horum in voluptate? Melioremne efficit aut laudabiliorem virum? an rARADOXON, II.-CAP. I. 77 quisquam in potiundis voluptatibus gloriando sese et praedicatione effert? Atqui si voluptas, que plurimorum patrociniis defenditur, in rebus bonis habenda non est; eaque, quo est major, eo magis mentem e sua sede et statu demovet, profecto nihil est aliud bene et beate vivere, nisi honeste et recte vivere. PAIRADOXON II.'Ort aripKnC r7 & perv ~rpo eXatqzoviav. In quo virtus sit, ei nihil deesse ad beate vivendum. I. 16. Nec vero ego M. Regulum merumnosum, nec infelicem, nec miserum unquam putavi. Non enim magnitudo animi ejus excruciabatur a Poenis, non gravitas, non fides, non constantia, non ulla virtus, non denique animus ipse: qui, tot virtutum prasidio tantoque comitatu, quum corpus ejus caperetur, capi certe ipse non potuit. C. vero Marium vidimus, qui mihi secundis in rebus unus ex fortunatis hominibus; adversis, unus ex summis viris videbatur; quo beatius esse mortali nihil potest. 17. Nescis, insane, nescis, quantas vires virtus habeat; nomen tantum virtutis usurpas: quid ipsa valeat, ignoras. Nemo poteste non beatissimus esse, qui est totus aptus ex sese, quique in se uno sua ponit omnia. Cui spes omnis et ratio et cogitatio pendet ex fortuna, huic nihil potest esse certi; nihil, quod exploratum habeat, permansurum sibi unum diem. Eum tu hominem terreto, si quem eris nactus, istis mortis aut exsilii minis. Mihi vero quidquid acciderit in tam ingrata civitafe, ne recusanti quidem evenerit, non modo non repugnanti. Quid enim ego laboravi, aut quid egi, aut in quo evigilaverunt curve et cogitationes mere, si quidem nihil peperi tale, nihil consecutus sum, ut eo statu essem, quem neque fortunae temeritas, neque inimicorum labefactaret injuria. 18. Mortemne mihi minitaris, ut omnino ab hominibus; an exsilium,ut ab improbis demigrandum 78 M. T. CICERONIS sit t Mors terribilis est iis, quorum cum vita omnia exstinguuntur; non iis, quorum laus emori non potest: exsilium autem iis, quibus quasi circumscriptus est habitandi locus; non iis, qui omnem orbem terrarum unam urbem esse ducunt. Te miserike, te aerumnee premunt, qui te beatum, qui florentem putas: tuae libidines te torquent: tu dies noctesque cruciaris; cui nec satis est, quod est, et id ipsum ne non sit diuturnum futurum times: te conscientiae stimulant maleficiorum tuorum: te metus exanimant judiciorum atque legum: quocumque adspexisti, ut furie, sic tuae tibi occurrunt injuries, quae te respirare non sinunt. 19. Quamobrem ut improbo et stulto et inerti nemini bene esse potest, sic bonus vir et fortis et sapiens miser esse non potest. Nec vero, cujus virtus moresque laudandi sunt, ejus non laudanda vita est: neque porro fugienda vita, quze laudanda est. Esset autem fugienda, si esset misera. Quamobrem quidquid est laudabile, idem et beatum et florens et expetendum videri debet. PARADOXON III. Or7l Za ra 4dapr-,uara kica r2i Karop46)/aTa.,iqualia esse pcccata et recte facta. I. 20. Parva, inquis, res est: at magna culpa. Nec enim peccata, rerum eventu, sed vitiis hominum metienda sunt. In quo peccatur, id potest aliud alio majus esse ant minus: ipsum quidem illud peccare, quoquo verteris, unum est. Auri navem evertat gubernator, an paleae; in re aliquantulum, in gubernatoris inscitia nihil interest. Lapsa est libido in muliere ignota: dolor ad pauciores pertinet, quam si petulans fuisset in aliqua generosa ac nobili virgine: peccavit vero nihilominus, si quidem est peccare tamquam transilire lineas: quod quum feceris, culpa commissa est: quam longe progrediare, quum semel transieris, ad augendam culpam nihil pertinet. Peccare PARADOXON, III. —CAP. I., II. 79 certe licet nemini. Quod autem non licet, id hoc uno tenetur, si arguitur non licere. Id si nec majus nec minus unquam fieri potest (quoniam in eo est peccatum, si non licuit; quod semper unum et idem est) quse ex eo peccata nascuntur, wequalia sint oportet. 21. Quod si virtutes pares sunt inter se, paria esse etiam vitia necesse est. Atqui pares esse virtutes, nec bono viro meliorem, nec temperante temperantiorem, nec forti fortiorem, nec sapiente sapientiorem posse fieri, facillime potest perspici. An virum bonum dices, qui depositum nullo teste, quum lucrari impune posset auri pondo decem, reddiderit, si idem in decem millibus pondo non idem fecerit? aut temperantem eurn, qui se in aliqua libidine continuerit, in aliquta effuderit? 22. Una virtus est consentiens cum ratione et perpetua constantia. Nihil huic addi potest, quo magis virtus sit: nihil demi, ut virtutis nomen relinquatur. Etenim si bene facta recte facta sunt, et nihil recto rectius: certe ne bono quidem mnelius quidquam inveniri potest. Sequitur igitur, ut etiam vitia sint paria: si quidern pravitates animi recte vitia dicuntur. Atqui quoniam pares virtutes sunt; recte facta, quoniam a virtutibus proficiscuntur, paria esse debent: itemque peccata, quonianl ex vitiis manant, sint aequalia necesse est. II. 23. A philoso phis, illquit, ista satmis. Metuebam, ne a lenonibus diceres. Socrates disputabat isto modo. Bene hercule narras. Nam istum doctum et sapientern virum fuisse, memorise traditum est. Sed tamen quaro ex te (quoniam verbis inter nos contendimus, nlon pugnis), utrum de bonis est quaerendum quid bajuli atque operarii, an, quid homines doctissimi senserint? praesertim quum hac sententia non modo verior, sed ne utilior quidem hominum vitse reperiri ulla possit. Quse vis est enim, qune magis arceat homines ab improbitate omni, quarn si senserint, nullum in delictis esse discrimen? aeque peccare se, si 80 M. T. CICERONIS privatis, ac si magistratibus manus afferant? quamcunque in domurn stuprum intulerint, eandem esse labem libidinis. 24. Nihilne igitur interest (nam hoc dicet aliquis) patrem qnis eaccet, an servum? Nuda ista si ponas, judicari, qualia sint, non facile possunt. Patrem vita privare si per se scelus est: Saguntini, qui parentes suos liberos emori, quam servos vivere maluerunt, parricidae fuerunt. Ergo et parenti nonnunquam adimi vita sine scelere potest: et servo saepe sine injuria non potest. Causa igitur hbec, non natura distinguit; qua quando utro accessit, id fit propensius; si utroque adjuncta est, paria fiant, necesse est. 25. Illud tamen interest, quod in servo necando, si id fit injuria, semel peccatur; in patris vita violanda multa peccantur. Violatur is, qui procreavit: is, qui aluit: is, qui erudivit: is, qui in sede ac domo atque in republica collocavit. Multitudine peccatorum praestat, eoque pcena majore dignus est. Sed nos in vita, non qute cuique peccato pcena sit, sedl quantum cuique liceat, spectare debemus: quidquid non oportet, scelus esse: quidquid non licet, nefas putare debemus. Etiamne in miniimis rebus. Etiam: si quidem rerum modum fingere non possumus; animorum modum tenere possumus. 26. Histrio si paullum se movit extra numerum, aut si versus t)ronunrtiatus est syllaba una brevior aut longior, exsibilatur et exploditur: in vita tu, quve omni gestu moderatior, omni versu aptior esse debet, ut in syllaba te peccasse dices? Poetam non audio in nu-gis: in vitae societate audiama civemn, digitis peccata dimetientem sua? Quwe si visa surit breviora, leviora quil possint videri, quum, quidquid peccatur, perturbatione peccetur rationis atque ordinis; perturbata autem semel ratione et ordine, nihil possit addi, quo magis peccari posse videatur? PARADOXON, IV.-CAP. I. 81 PARADOXON IV.'OTL'ra cqpov paiverat. Omnem stultum insanire. I. 27. Ego vero te non stultum, ut saepe; non improbum, ut semper; sed dementem et insanum rebus vincam necessariis. Sapientis animus magnitudine consilii, tolerantia rerum humanarum, contemtione fortune, virtutibus denique omnibus, ut mcenibus, septus, vincetur et expugnabitur, qui ne civitate quidem pelli potest? Quae est enim civitas? Omnisne conventus etiam ferorum et immanium? omnisne etiam fugitivorum ac latronum congregata unum in locum multitudo? Certe negabis. Non igitur erat illa turn civitas, quum leges in ea nihil valebant: quum judicia jacebant: quum mos patrius occiderat: quum, ferro pulsis magistratibus, senatus nomen in republica non erat. Praedonum ille concursus, et, te duce, latrocinium in foro constitutum, et reliquiae conjurationis a Catilinae furiis ad tuum scelus furoremque conversae, non civitas erat. 28. Itaque pulsus ego civitate non sum, quwe nulla erat: arcessitus in civitatem sum, quum esset in republica consul, qui tum nullus fuerat: esset senatus, qui turn occiderat: esset consensus populi liberi: esset juris et oequitatis, que vincula sunt civitatis, repetita memoria. Ac vide, quam ista tui latrocinii tela contemserim. Jactam et immissam a te nefariam in me injuriam semper duxi: pervenisse ad me nunquam putavi: nisi forte, quum parietes disturbabas, aut quum tectis sceleratas faces inferebas, meorum aliquid ruere aut deflagrare arbitrabare. 29. Nihil neque meum est, neque cujusquam, quod auferri, quod eripi, quod amitti potest. Si mihi eripuisses divinam animi mei constantiam, meas curas, vigilias, consilia, quibus respublica te invitissimo stat; si hujus aeterni beneficii immortalem memoriam delevisses: multo etiam magis, si illam mentem, unde haec consilia manarunt, mihi eripuisD2 82 M,. T. CICERONIS ses: tum ego accepisse me confiterer injuriam. Sed si heec nec fecisti, nec facere potuisti: reditum mihi gloriosum injuria tua dedit, non exitum calamitosum. Ergo ego semper civis; et turn maxime, quum meam salutem senatus exteris nationibus, ut civis optimi, commendabat; tu, ne nunc quidem: nisi forte idern esse hostis et civis potest. An tu civem ab hoste natura ac loco, non animo factisque distinguis? II. 30. Caedem in foro fecisti: armatis latronibus templa tenuisti: privatorum domos, aedes sacras incendisti. Cur hostis Spartacus, si tu civis? Potes autem tu esse civis, propter quem aliquando civitas non fuit? et me tuo nomine appellas, quum omnes meo discessu exsulasse rempublicam putent? Nunquamne, homo amentissime, te circumspicies? nunquam, nec quid facias, considerabis, nec quid loquare? Nescis, exsilium scelerum esse poenam. meum illud iter ob praeclarissimas res a me gestas esse susceptum 1 31. Omnes scelerati atque impii, quorum tu te ducem esse profiteris, quos leges exsilio affici volunt, exsules sunt, etiam si solum non mutarint. An quum omnes leges te exsulem esse jubeant, non eris tu exsul? Exul non appelletur is, qui cum telo fuerit? Ante senatumrn tua sica deprehensa est. Qui hominem occiderit? Tu plurimos occidisti. Qui incendium fecerit? Aides Nympharum manu tua deflagravit. Qui templa occupaverit? In foro castra posuisti. 32. Sed quid ego communes leges profero, quibus omnibus es exsul? Familiarissimus tuus de te privilegium tulit, ut, si in opertum Bona- Deae accessisses, exsulares. At te id fecisse, etiam gloriari soles. Quomodo igitur, tot legibus in exsilium ejectus, nomen exsulis non perhorrescis? Romae sum, inquit. Et quidem in operto fuisti. Non igitur ubi quisque erit, ejus loci jus tenebit; si ibi eum legibus esse non oportebit. PARADOXON, V.-CAP. 1. 83 PARADOXON V.'oUt y6vor o c6 uob OeepoC, Ka irciC apcov 6or3o. Solum sapientem esse liberum, et omnem stultum servum. I. 33. Laudetur vero hic Imperator, aut etiam appelletur, aut hoc nomine dignus putetur. Quo modo aut cui tandem hic libero imperabit, qui non potest cupiditatibus suis imperare. Refrenet primum libidines, spernat voluptates, iracundiam teneat, coerceat avaritiam, ceteras animi labes repellat: tum incipiat allis imperare, quum ipse improbissimis dominis, dedecori ac turpitudini parere desierit. Dum quidem his obediet, non modo Imperator, sed liber habendus omnino non erit. Praeclare enim est hoc usurpatum a doctissimis, quorum ego auctoritate non uterer, si mihi apud aliquos agrestes hbec habenda esset oratio: quum vero apud prudentissimos loquar, quibus haec inaudita non sunt, cur ego simulem, me, si quid in his studiis operae posuerim, perdidisse? Dictum est igitur ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem, liberum esse neminem. 34. Quid est enim libertas. Potestas vivenldi, ut velis. Quis igitur vivit, ut vult, nisi qui recta sequitur, qui gaudet officio, cui vivendi via considerata atque provisa est? qui legibus quidem non propter metum paret, sed eas sequitur atque colit, quia id salutare maxime esse judicat: qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere: cujus omnia consilia, resque omnes, quas gerit, ab ipso proficiscuntur, eodemque referuntur: nec est ulla res, quae plus apud eum polleat, quam ipsius voluntas atque judicium: cui quidem etiam, quae vim habere maximam dicitur, Fortuna ipsa cedit: sicut sapiens poeta dixit; Suis ea cuique fingitur moribus. Soli igitur hoc contingit sapienti, ut nihil faciat invitus, nihil dolens, nihil coactus. 35. Quod etsi ita esse pluribus verbis disserendum est: illud tamen et breve et confitendum est, nisi qui ita sit affectus, liberum esse neminem. Servi igitur omnes im 84 M. T. CICERONIS probi. Nec hoc tam re est, quam dictu inopinatum atque mirabile. Non enim ita dicunt eos esse servos, ut mancipia, qule sunt dominorum facta nexu, aut aliquo jure civili: -:ed, si servitus sit, sicut est, obedientia fracti anirni atque abjecti et arbitrio carentis suo, quis neget, onnics leves, omnes cupidos, omnes denique improbos, esse servos? II. 36. An ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat? cui leges imponit, proascribit, jubet, vetat, quod videtur? qui nihil imperantti negare potest, nihil recusare audet? Poscit; dandum est: vocat; veniendum: ejicit; abeundum: minatur; extimescendum. Ego vero istum non modo servum, sed nequissimum servum, etiam si in amplissima familia natus sit, appellandum puto. Atque ut in magna familia sunt alii lautiores, ut sibi videntur, servi, sed tamen servi, sic ii pari stultitia sunt, quos signa, quos tabulae, quos caelatum argentum, quos Corinthia opera, quos edificia magnifica nimio opere delectant. At snumus, inquiunt, ciitatis principes. Vos vero ne servorum quidem vestrorum principes estis. 37. Sed ut in familia, qui tractant ista, qui tergunt, qui ungunt, qui verrunt, qui spargunt, non honestissimum locum servitutis tenent: sic in civitate, qui se istarum rerum cupiditatibus dediderunt, ipsius servitutis locum paine infimum obtinent. Magna, inquit, bella gessi: magnis inmperiis et provinciis pracfui. Gere igitur animum laude dignum. Echionis tabulate stupidum detinet, aut signum aliquod Polycleti. Mitto, unde sustuleris, et quomodo habeas. Intuentem te, admirantem, clamores tollentem quum video, servum te esse ineptiarum omnium judico. 38. Nonne igitur sunt istafestiva? Sint. Nam nos quoque oculos eruditos habemus. Sed obsecro te, ita venusta habeantur ista, -non ut vincula virorum sint, sed ut oblectamenta puerorum. Quid enim censes? si L. Mummius aliquem istorum videret, matellionem Co PARADOXA.-CAP. II., III. 85 rinthium cupidissime tractantem, quum ipse totam Corinthum contemsisset: utrum illum civem excellentem, an atriensem diligentem putaret? Reviviscat M'. Curius, aut eorum aliquis, quorum in villa ac domo nihil splendidum, nihil ornatum filit praeter ipsos, et videat aliquem, summis populi beneficiis usum, barbatulos mullos exceptantem de piscina et pertractantem, et muraenarum copia gloriantem: nonne hunc hominem ita servum judicet, ut ne in familia quidem dignum majore aliquo negotio putet? 39. An eorum servitus dubia est, qui cupiditate peculii nullam conditionem recusant durissimwe servitutis? Hereditatis spes quid iniquitatis in serviendo non suscipit quem nutum locupletis orbi senis non observat? Loquitur ad voluntatem: quidquid denunciatum sit, facit: assectatur: assidet, muneratur. Quid horum est liberi? quid denique non servi inertis. III. 40. Quid? jam illa cupiditas, quae videtur esse liberalior, honoris, imperii, provinciarum, quam dura est domina! quam imperiosa! quam vehemens! Cethego, homini non probatissimo, servire coegit eos, qui sibi esse amplissimi videbantur; munera mittere, noctu venire domum ad eum, precari, denique supplicare. Quae servitus est, si haec libertas existimari potest? Quid? quum cupiditatum dominatus excessit, et alius est dominus exortus ex conscientia peccatorum, timor; quam est illa misera, quam dura servitus! Adolescentibus paullo loquacioribus est serviendum: omnes, qui aliquid scire videntur, tamquam domini, timentur. Judex vero quantum habet dominatum! quo timore nocentes afficit! An non est omnis metus servitus? 41. Quid valet igitur illa eloquentissimi viri, L. Crassi, copiosa magis, quam sapiens oratio? Eripite nos ex servitute. Quaw est ista servitus, tam claro homini, tamque nobili? Ornnis animi debilitati et humilis et fracti timiditas servitus est. Nolite sinere noj 86 M. 1'. CICERONIS cuiquarn seruire. In libertatem vindicari vult? Minime. Quid enim adjungit' Nisi vobis universis. Dominum mutare, non liber esse vult. Quibus et possumus et debemus. Nos vero, si quidem animo excelso et alto et virtutibus exaggerato sumus, nec debemus, nec possumus. Tu posse te dicito, quoniam quidem potes: debere ne dixeris; quoniam nihil quisquam debet, nisi quod est turpe non reddere. Sed heec hactenus. Ille videat, quomodo Imperator esse possit: quum eum ne liberum quidem esse ratio et veritas ipsa convincat. PARADOXON VI. Orvt p6vor 6 ao4o o'?ooatof. Solum sapientem esse divitem. I. 42. Quee est ista in commemoranda pecunia tua tam insolens ostentatio? Solusne tu dives? Pro dii immortales! egone, me audivisse aliquid et didicisse, non gaudeam. Solusne dives? Quid, si ne dives quidem? quid, si pauper etiam? Quem enim intelligimus divitem? anut, hoc verbum in quo homine ponimus. Opinor in eo, cui tanta possessio est, ut ad liberaliter vivendum facile contentus sit: qui nihil quearat, nihil appetat, nihil optet amplius. 43. Animus oportet tuus se judicet divitem, non hominum sermo, neque possessiones tuae: nihil sibi deesse putet, nihil curet amplius. Satiatus est, aut contentus etiam pecunia: concedo, dives es. Sin autem propter aviditatem pecuniae nullum quaestum turpem putas, quum isti ordini ne honestus quidem possit esse ullus; si quotidie fraudas, decipis, poscis, pacisceris, aufers, eripis; si socios spolias, eerarium expilas; si testamenta amicorum exspectas, aut ne exspectas quidern, atque ipse supponis: haec utrum abundantis, an egentis signa sunt? 44. Animus hominis dives, non area appellari solet. Quamvis illa sit plena, dum te inanem videbo, divitem non putabo. PARADOXON, VI.-CAP. I., II. 87 Etenim ex eo, quantum cuique satis est, metiuntur homi. nes divitiarum modum. Filiam quis habet; pecunia est opus: duas; majore: Plures; majore etiam. Et si, ut aiunt Danao, quinquaginta sint filia, tot dotes magnam quaerunt pecuniam. Quantum enim cuique opus est, ad id accommodatur, ut ante dixi, divitiarum modus. Qui igitur non filias plures, sed innumerabiles cupiditates habet, quee brevi tempore maximas copias exhaurire possint; hunc quo modo ego appellabo divitem, quum ipse etiam egere se sentiat? 45. Multi ex te audierunt, quum diceres, neminem esse divitem, nisi qui exercitum alere posset suisfructibus: quod populus Romanus tantis vectigalibus jampridem vix potest. Ergo hoc proposito, nunquam eris dives ante, quam tibi ex tuis possessionibus tantum reficiatur, ut eo tueri sex legiones et magna equitum ac peditum auxilia possis. Jam fateris igitur, non esse te divitem, cui tantum desit, ut expleas id, quod exoptas. Itaque istam paupertatem, vel potius egestatem ac mendicitatem tuam nunquam obscure tulisti. II. 46. Nam ut iis, qui honeste rem quaerunt mercaturis faciendis, operis dandis, publicis sumendis, intelligimus opus esse quaesito: sic, qui videt domi tuee pariter accusatorum atque judicum consociatos greges; qui nocentes et pecuniosos reos, eodem te auctore, corruptelam judicii.molientes, qui tuas mercedum pactiones in patrociniis, intercessiones pecuniarum in coitionibus candidatorum, dimissiones libertorum ad fenerandas diripiendasque provincias: qui expulsiones vicinorum, qui latrocinia in agris, qui cum servis, cum libertis, cum clientibus societates, qui possessiones vacuas, qui proscriptiones locupletium, qui caedes municipiorum, qui illam Sullani temporis messem recordetur, qui testamenta subjecta, qui sublatos tot homines; qui denique omnia venalia, delectum, decretum, alienam, suam sententiam, forum, domum, vocem, silen 88 M. T. CICERONIS tium: quis hunc non putet confiteri, sibi quaesito opus esse? Cui quaesito autem opus sit, quis unquam hunc vere dixerit divitem 1 47. Et enim divitiarum fiructus in copia: copiam autem declarat satietas rerum atque abundantia: quam tu quoniam nunquam assequere, nunquam omnino es futurus dives. Meam autem quoniam pecuniam contemnis, et recte (est enim ad vulgi opinionem mediocris; ad tuam, nulla; ad meam, modica); de me silebo: de re loquar. 48. Si censenda nobis atque aestimanda res sit, utrum tandem pluris aestimemus pecuniam Pyrrhi, quam Fabricio dabat, an continentiam Fabricii, qui illam pecuniam repudiabat? utrum aurum Samnitum, an responsum M'. Curii? hereditatem L. Paulli, an liberalitatem Africani, qui ejus hereditatis Q. Maximo fratri partem suam concessit. Haec profecto, qute sunt summarum virtutum, pluris estimanda sunt, quam illa, quae sunt pecunie. Quis igitur (si quidem, ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita ditissimus habendus sit) dubitet, quin in virtute divitiae sint? quoniam nulla possessio, nulla vis auri et argenti, pluris, quam virtus, aestimanda est. III. 49. 0 dii immortales! non intelligunt homines, quam magnum vectigal sit parsimonia. Venio enim jam ad sumtuosos: relinquo istum quaestuosum. Capit ille ex suis praediis sexcena sestertia; ego centena ex meis: illi, aurata tecta in villis et sola marmorea facienti, et signa, tabulas, supellectilem, et vestem infinite concupiscenti, non modo ad sumtum ille est fructus, sed etiam ad fenus, exiguus. Ex meo tenui vectigali, detractis sumtibus cupiditatis, aliquid etiam redundabit. Uter igitur est divitior, cui deest, an cui superat? qui eget, an qui abundat. cujus possessio quo est major, eo plus requirit ad se tuendam: an quas suis se viribus sustinet! 50. Sed quid ego de me loquor, qui morum ac temporum vitio aliquantum etiam ipse fortasse in hujus saeculi errore verser? M'. PARADOXON, VI.-CAP. III. 89 M\anilius patrum nostrorum memoria (ne semper Curios et Luscinos loquamur) pauper tandem fuit. Habuit enim wdiculas in Carinis, et fundum in Labicano. Nos igitur divitiores, qui plura habemus? Utinam quidem! Sed non iestimatione census, verum victu atque cultu terminatur pecuniae modus. 51. Non esse cupidum, pecunia est: non esse emacem, vectigal est. Contentum vero suis rebus esse, maximae sunt certissimaeque divitie. Etenim si isti callidi rerum aestimatores prata et areas quasdam magno estimant, quod ei generi possessionum minime quasi noceri potest: quanti est testimanda virtus, quat nec eripi, nec surripi potest unquam: neque naufragio nec incendio amittitur: nec vi tempestatum nec temporum perturbatione mutatur! Qua prediti qui sunt, soli sunt divites. 52. Soli enim possident res et fructuosas et sempiternas; solique (quod est proprium divitiarum) contenti sunt rebus suis, satis esse putant, quod est; nihil appetunt, nulla re egent, nihil sibi deesse sentiunt, nihil requirunt: improbi autem et avari, quoniam incertas atque in casu positas possessiones habent, et plus semper appetunt, nec eorum quisquam adhuc inventus est, cui, quod haberet, esset satis; non modo non copiosi ac divites, sed etiam inopes ac pauperes existimandi sunt. M, TULLII CICERONIS SOMNJIUM SCIPIONIS. M, TULLII CICERONIS SOMNIUM SCIPIONIS. SCIPIO LOQUITUR. I. CUM in Africam venissem, M'.Manilio consuli ad quartam legionem tribunus (ut scitis) militum; nihil mihi potius fuit, quam ut Masinissam convenirem, regem famili nostrw justis de causis amicissimum. Ad quem ut veni, complexus me senex collacrimavit, aliquantoque post suspexit in ccelum: et grates, inquit, tibi ago, summe Sol, vobisque reliqui ccelites, quod ante quam ex hac vita migro, conspicio in meo regno, et his tectis P. Cornelium Scipionem, cujus ego nomine ipso recreor: ita nunquam ex animo meo discedit illius optimi atque invictissimi viri memoria. Deinde ego illum de suo regno;-ille me de nostra republica percontatus est: multisque verbis ultro citroque habitis, ille nobis consumtus est dies. Post autem regio apparatu accepti, sermonem in multam noctem produximus, cum senex nihil nisi de Africano loqueretur, omniaque ejus non facta solum, sed etiam dicta meminisset. DeiIde, ut cubitum discessimus, me et de via, et qui ad multam noctem vigilassem, arctior, quam solebat, somnus complexus est. Hic mihi (credo equidem ex hoc, quod eramus locuti: fit enim fere, ut cogitationes sermonesque nostri pariant aliquid in somno tale, quale de Homero scribit Ennius, de quo videlicet saepissime vigilans solebat cogitare, et ]oqui) Africanus se ostendit ea forma, quae mihi ex imagine ejus, quam ex ipso, erat notior. Quem ut agnovi, equidem cohorrui. Sed ille, Ades, in 94 M. T. CICERONIS quit, animo, et omitte timorem, Scipio, et quwe dicam, trade memoriae. II. Videsne illam urbem, quae, parere populo Romano coacta per me, renovat pristina bella, nec potest quiescere? (ostendebat autem Carthaginem de excelso, et pleno stellarum, illustri et claro quodam loco) ad quam tu oppugnandam nune venis paene miles? Hanc hoc biennio consul evertes, eritque cognomen id tibi per te partum, quod habes adhuc a nobis hereditarium. Cum autem Carthaginem deleveris, triumphum egeris, censorque fueris, et obieris legatus iEgyptum, Syriam, Asiam, Graeciam, deligere iterum absens consul, bellumque maximum conficies, Nurnantiam exscindes. Sed cum eris curru Capitolium invectus, offendes rempublicam perturbatam consiliis nepotis mei. Hic tu, Africane, ostendas oportebit patria lumen animi, ingenii, consiliique tui. Sed ejus temporis ancipitem video quasi fatorum viam. Nam cum aetas tua septenos octies solis anfractus reditusque converterit, duoque hi numeri, quorum uterque plenus, alter altera de causa, habetur, circuitu naturali summam tibi fatalem confecerint; in te unum, atque in tuum nomen, se tota convertet civitas: te senatus, te omnes boni, te socii, te Latini intuebuntur: tu eris unus, in quo nitatur civitatis salus; ac, ne multa, dictator rempublicam constituas oportet, si impias propinquorum manus effageris. Hic cum exclamasset Lelius, ingemuissentque ceteri vehementius; leniter arridens Scipio, Quaeso, inquit, ne me e somno excitetis: pax parumper; audite cetera. III. Sed quo sis, Africane, alacrior ad tutandum rempublicam, sic habeto: Omnibus, qui patriam conservarint, adjuverint, auxerint, certum esse in ccelo definitum locum, ubi beati evo sempiterno fruantur: nihil est enim illi principi Deo, qui omnem hunc mundum regit, quod qui SOMNIUM SCIPIONIS.-CAP. III. 95 dem in terris fiat, acceptius, quam concilia ccetusque hominum, jure sociati, quae civitates appellantur: harum rectores et conservatores hinc profecti huce revertuntur. Hic ego, etsi eram perterritus, non tam metu mortis, quam insidiarum a meis, quaesivi tamen, viveretne ipse et Paulus pater, et alii, quos nos exstinctos arbitraremur. Immo vero, inquit, ii vivunt, qui ex corporum vinculis, tamquam e carcere, evolaverunt: vestra vero, quw dicitur, vita mors est. Quin tu adspicis ad te venientem Paulum patrem? Quem ut vidi, equidem vim lacrimarum profudi. Ille autem me complexus, atque osculans flere prohibebat. Atque ego ut primum fletu represso loqui posse ccepi, Quaso, inquam, pater sanctissime atque optime, quoniam haec est vita (ut Africanum audio dicere), quid moror in terris? quin hue ad vos venire propero? Non est ita, inquit ille. Nisi enim Deus is, cujus hoc templum est omne, quod conspicis, istis te corporis custodiis liberaverit, huc tibi aditus patere non potest. Homines enim sunt hac lege generati, qui tuerentur illum globum, quem in hoc templo medium vides, qua terra dicitur: hisque animus datus est ex illis sempiternis ignibus, quae sidera et stellas vocatis; quaB globosae, et rotundte, divinis animatae mentibus, circos suos orbesque conficiunt celeritate mirabili. Quare et tibi, Publi, et piis omnibus retinenduq est animus in custodia corporis: nec injussu ejus, a quc ille est vobis datus, ex hominum vita migrandum est, ne munus humanum assignatum a Deo defugisse videamini Sed sic, Scipio, ut avus hic tuus, ut ego, qui te genui, jus titiam cole et pietatem: qute, cum sit magna in parentibu, et propinquis, tum in patria maxima est: ea vita via esl in coelum, et in hunc ccetum eorum, qui jam vixerunt, el corpore laxati illum incolunt locum, quem vides (erat autem is splendidissimo candore inter flammas elucens circus); quem vos, ut a Graiis accepistis, orbem lacteum nuncupatis: ex quo omnia mihi contemplanti preclara 96 M. T. CICERONIS cetera et mirabilia videbantur. Erant autern ewe stelhe, quas nunquam ex hoc loco vidimus: et ee magnitudines omnium, quas esse nunquam suspicati sumus: ex quibus erat ea minima, que ultima a cclo, citima terris, luce lucebat aliena. Stellarum autem globi teirra magnitudinem facile vincebant. Jam ipsa terra ita mihi parva visa est, ut me imperil nostri, quo quasi punctum ejus attingimus, pceniteret. IV. Quam cumn magis intuerer, Quwaso, inquit Africanus, quousque humi defixa tua mens erit? nonne adspicis, quae in templa veneris? novem tibi orbibus, vel potius globis, connexa sunt omnia: quorum unus est ccelestis, extimus, qui reliquos omnes complectitur, summus ipse Deus, arcens et continens ceteros; in quo infixi sunt illi, qui volvuntur, stellarum cursus semnpiterni: cui subjecti sunt septem, qui versantur retro contrario motu, atque coelum: e quibus unum globum possidet illa, quam in terris Saturniam nominant; deinde est hominum generi prosperus et salutaris ille fulgor, qui dicitur Jovis: tum rutilus, horribilisque terris, quem Martern dicitis: deinde subter mediam fere regionem sol obtinet, dux, et princeps, ct moderator luminum reliquorum, mens mundi, et temperatio, tanta magnitudine, ut cuncta sua luce lustret, et compleat. Hune ut comites consequuntur Veneris alter, alter Mercurii cursus: infimoque orbe Luna, radiis solis accensa, convertitur. Infia autem jam nihil est, nisi mortale et caducum, praeter animos munere deorum hominum generi datos: supra lunam sunt aeterna omnia: iiam ea, quae est media et nona, Tellus, neque movetur, et infima est, et in eam feruntur omnia suo nutu pondera. V. Quae cum intuerer stupens, ut me recepi, Quis hic, inquam, quis est, qui complet aures meas, tantus et tam dulcis sonus? Hic est, inquit ille, qui intervallis SOMNIUMI SCIPIONIS.-CAP. V., VI. 97 conjuncttus imparibus, sed tarnen pro rata parte, r-tilo:o-e distinctis, imipulsu et motu ipsorum orbium conrticiiulr, et acuta curn gravibus temrperans, vatios wcqual)iliter concentus efficit: nec enim silentio tanti mnotus incitari possunt, et natura fert, ut extrema ex altera parte ograviter, ex altera autern acute sonent. Quam ob causarn summus ille ccli stellifer cursus, cujus conversio est concitatior, acuto et excitato movetur sono: gravissimo autem hic lunaris atque infimus: nam terra, nona, immrobilis manens, ima sede semper hieret, complexa medium mundi locurn. Illi autem octo cursus, in quibus eadern vis est duorum, septem efficiunt distinctos intervallis sonos: qui numerus rerurnum omnIiun fere nodus est: quod docti homines nervis imitati, atque cantibus, aperuerunt sibi reditum in hunc locum, sicut alii, qui prestantibus ingeniis, in vita humana, divina studia coluerunt. Hoc sonitu opplete aures hominum obsurduerunt: nec est ullus hebetior sensus in vobis: sicut ubi Nilus ad illa, quan Catadupa nominantur, precipitat ex altissimis montibus, ea gens, qua illum locum accolit, propter magnitudinem sonitus, sensu audiendi caret. Hic vero tantus est totius mundi incitatissima conversione sonitus, ut eum aures hominum capere non possint, sicut intueri solem adversum nequitis, ejusque radiis acies vestra sensusque vincitur. Haec ego admirans, referebarn tamen oculos ad terram identidem. VI. Turn Afiricanus, Sentio, inquit, te sedem etiam nunc hominum ac domum contemplari: qua si tibi parva, ut est, ita videtur, hec coelestia semper spectato: illa hurmana contemnito. Tu enim quam celebritatem sermonis hominumn, aut quam expetendam gloriam consequi potes. Vides habitari in terra raris et angustis in locis, et in ipsis quasi maculis, ubi habitatur, vastas solitudines interjectas: eosque, qui incolunt terram, nonl modo interruptos ita esse, ut nihil inter ipsos ab aliis ad alios manare possit, sed 98 Al.'1..'CItERONI partim obliquos, partim transversos, partim etiam adversos stare vobis: a quibus expectare gloriam certe nullam potestis. Cernis autem eandem terrain, quasi quibusdam redimitam et circumdatam cingulis; e quibus duos maxime inter se diversos, et cceli verticibus ipsis ex utraque parte subnixos, obriguisse pruina vides; medium autem ilium, et maximum, solis ardore. torreri: duos habitabiles, quorum australis ille, in quo qui insistunt, adversa vobis urgent vestigia, nihil ad vestrum genus. Hic autem alter subjectus aquiloni, quem incolitis, cerne, quam tenui vos parte contingat: omnis enim terra, quw colitur a vobis, angusta verticibus, lateribus latior, parva quaedam insula est, circumfusa illo mari, quod Atlanticum, quod Magnum, quem Oceanum appellatis in terris: quitamen, tanto nomine, quam sit parvus, vides. Ex his ipsis cultis notisque. terris, num. aut tuum, aut cujusquam nostrum nomen, vel Caucasum hunc, quem cernis, transcendere potuit, vel illum.Gangem tranare? Quis in reliquis orientis, aut obeuntis solis ultimis, aut aquilonis, austrive partibus tuum nomen audiet? Quibus amputatis, cernis profecto, quantis in angustiis vestra se gloria dilatari velit. Ipsi autem, qui de vobis loquuntur, quam diu loquentur? VII. Quinetiam, si cupiat proles illa futurorum hominum deinceps laudes uniuscujusque nostrum a patribus acceptas posteris prodere; tamen propter eluviones exustionesque terrarum, quas accidere tempore certo necesse est, non modo teternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi possumus. Quid autem interest, ab iis, qui postea nascentur; sermonem fore de te, cum. ab iis nullus fuerit, qui ante nati sunt? qui nec pauciores, et certe meliores fuerunt viri: cum ppresertim apud. eos ipsos, a quibus audiri nomen nostrum potest, nemo unius anni memoriam consequi possit: homines enim populariter annum tantummodo'solis, id est, unius astri, reditu meti SOMNIUM SCIPIONIS.-CAP. VII., VIII. 99 untur: cum autem- ad idem, unde semel profecta sunt, cuncta astra redierint, eandemque totius ccelidescriptionem longis intervallis. retulerint, tum ille vere vertens annus appellari potest: in quo vix dicere audeo, quam multa hominum secula teneantur. Narnque, ut olim deficere sol hominibus exstinguique visus est, cum Romuli animus haec ipsa in templa penetravit; ita quandoque eadern parte sol, eodemnque tempore iterum defecerit, turn signis omnibus ad idem principium, stellisque revocatis, expletum annum habeto: hbjus quidem anni: nondum vigesimam partem scito esse conversam., Quocirca, si reditum in hunc locum desperaveri's, in quo omnia sunt magnis et prestantibus viris; quanti tandem est ista hominum gloria, qume pertinere vix afd unius anni partem exiguam potest'Igitur alte spectare si voles, atque hanc sedem, et aeternam domum contueri; neque te sermonibus vulgi dederis, nec in premiis humanis spem posueris rerum tuarum: suis te oportet illecebris ipsa virtus trahat ad verum decus: quid de te alii loquantur, ipsi videant; sed loquentur tamen. Sermo autem omnis ille, et angustiis cingitur iis regionum, quas vides, nec unquam de ullo perennis fuit, et' obruitur hominum interitu, et oblivione posteritatis exstinguitur. VIII. -Qua3 cum dixisset, Ego vero, inquam, 0 Africane, si quidem bene meritis de patria quasi limes ad cceli aditumrn patet, quamquam a pueritia vestigiis ingressus patriis, et tuis, decori vestro' non defui; nunc tamen, tanto praemio proposito, enitar multo vigilantius. Et ille, Tu vero enitere, et sic habeto, non esse te mortalem, sed corpus hoc.' Nec enim tu es, quem forma ista declarat, sed mens cujusque is est quisque, non ea figura, quee digito demon strari potest. Deum te igitur scito esse: si quidem deus est, qui viget, qui sentit, qui meminit, qui providet, qui tam regit, et moderatur, et movet id corpus, cui prse 100 M. T. CICERONIS positus est, quam hunc mundum ille princeps deus: et ut mundum ex quadam parte mortalem ipse deus weternus, sic fragile corpus animus sempiternus movet. Nam quod semper movetur, aeternum est; quod autem moturn affert alicui, quodque ipsum agitatur aliunde, quando finem habet motus, vivendi finem habeat necesse est. Solum igitur quod sese movet, quia nunquam deseritur a se, nunquam ne moveri quidem desinit. Quin etiam ceteris, quae moventur, hic fons, hoc principium est movendi. Principio autem nulla est origo: nam ex principio oriuntur omnia: ipsum autem nulla ex re alia nasci potest: nec enim esset id principium, quod gigneretur aliunde: quod si nunquam oritur, ne occidit quidem unquam. Nam principium exstinctum, nec ipsum ab alio renascetur, nec ex se aliud creabit: si quidem necesse est a principio oriri omnia. Ita fit, ut motus principium ex eo sit, quod ipsum a se movetur: id autem nec nasci potest, nec mori: vel concidat omne ccelum, omnisque natura consistat necesse est, nec vim ullam nanciscatur, qua a primo impulsa moveatur. IX. Cum pateat igitur, aeternum id esse, quod a se ipso moveatur, quis est, qui hanc naturam animis esse tributam neget? Inanimum est enim omne, quod pulsu agitatur externo: quod autem animal est, id motu cietur interiore, et suo: nam haec est propria natura animi atque vis. Quae si est una ex omnibus, que sese moveat, neque nata certe est, et aeterna est. Hanc tu exerce in optimis rebus: sunt autem optimae, curae de salute patrike: quibus agitatus et exercitatus animus velocius in hanec sedem et domum suam pervolabit. Idque ocius faciet, si jam tum, cum erit inclusus in corpore, eminebit foras, et ea, quae extra erunt, contemplans, quam maxime se a corpore abstrahet. Namque eorum animi, qui se corporis voluptatibus dediderunt, earumque se quasi ministros prae SOIIN'IUMI SCIPIONIS.-CALr. IN. 101 buerunt, impulsuque libidinum voluptatibus obedientium, deorum et hominum jura violaverunt, corporibus elapsi circum terram ipsam volutantur; nec hunc in locum, nisi multis exagitati seculis, revertuntur. Ille discessit; ego somno solutus sum. C OR N E L I I N E P O T I S T. POIUPONIIU ATTICI: V I r A. VITA T, POMPONII ATTICI EX CORNELIO NEPOTE. I. T. POMPONIUS ATTICUS, ab origine ultima stirpis Romanae generatus, perpetuo a majoribus acceptam equestrem obtinuit dignitatem. Patre usus est diligente, indulgente, et, ut tum erant tempora, diti, imprimisque studioso litterarum. Hic, pirout ipse amabat litteras, omnibus doctrinis, quibus puerilis wetas impertiri debet, filium erudivit. Erat autem in puero, priter docilitatem ingenii, summa suavitas oris ac vocis, ut non solurn celeriter acciperet, quae tradebantur, sed etiam excellenter pronuntiaret. Qua ex re in pueritia nobilis inter aequales ferebatur, clariusque exsplendescebat, quam generosi condiscipuli animo equo ferre possent. Itaque incitabat omnes studio suo: quo in numero fuerunt L. Torquatus, C. Marius filius, M. Cicero, quos consuetudine sua sic sibi devinxit, ut nemo iis perpetuo fuerit carior. II. Pater mature decessit. Ipse adolescentulus proptet affinitatern P. Sulpicii, qui tribunus plebis interfectus est, non expers fuit illius periculi. Namque Ainicia, Pomponii consobrina, nupserat M. Servio, fratri Sulpicii. Itaque interfecto Sulpicio posteaquam vidit, Cinnano tumultu civitatem esse perturbatam, neque sibi dari facultatem pro dignitate vivendi, q(uin alterutram partem offenderet, dissociatis animis civium, quum alii Sullanis, alii Cinnanis faverent partibus; idoneum tempus ratus studiis obsequendi suis, Athenas se contulit. Neque eo secius adolescentem Mariurn, hostem judicature, juvit opibus suis; E 2 106,CORN EL,1 N ET'OTlS cujus fugam pecunia sublevavit. Ac, ne illa peregTinatio detrimentum alicquod afferret rei familiari, eodem magnam partem fortunarum trajecit suarurn. Hic ita vixit, ut universis Atheniensibus merito esset carissimus. Nam printer gratiam, quw jam in adolescentulo mragna erat, saepe suis opibus inopiam eorum publicam levavit. Quum enimn versuram facere publice necesse esset, neque ejus conditionenm equam haberent: semper se interposuit, atque ita, ut neque usuram umquam ab iis acceperit, neque longius, quarm dictum esset, debere passus sit. Quod ntrumque erat iis salutare. Nam neque indulgendo inveterascere eorum mes alienum patiebatur, neque multiplicandis usuris crescere. Auxit hoc officium alia quoque libexralitate. Nam universos frumento donavit, ita ut singulis sex modii tritici darentur: qui modus mensurai medimnus Athenis appellatur. III. Hic autem sic se gerebat, ut communis infimis, par principibus videretur. Quo factum est, ut huic omnes honores, quos possent, publice haberent civemque facere studerent; quo beneficio ille uti noluit. Quod nonnulli ita interpretantur, amitti civitatem Romanam alia adscita. Quamdiu affuit, ne qua sibi statua poneretur, restitit; absens prohibere non potuit. Itaque aliquot ipsi et Phidime locis sanctissimis posuerunt: hunc enim in omni procuratione reipublicm actorem auctoremque habebant. Igitur primum illud munus fortunie, quod in ea potissimum urbe natus est, in qua domicilium orbis terrarum esset imperii, ut eandem et patriam haberet et domum; hoc specimen prudentiae, quodl, quum in eam se civitatem contulisset, ques antiquitate, humanitate, doctrina praestaret omnes, unus ei ante alios fuerit carissimus. IV. Huc ex Asia Sulla decedens quum venisset, quamdiu ibi fuit, securn habuit Pomponium, captus adolescentis ATTICUS.-CAP. IV., V. 107 et humanitate et doctrina. Sic enim Graece loquebatur, ut Athenis natus videretur. Tanta autem suavitas erat sermonis Latini, ut appareret, in eo nativum quendam leporem esse, non adscitum. Idem poemata pronuntiabat et GrEece et Latine sic, ut supra nihil posset addi. Quibus rebus factum est, ut Sulla nusquam eum ab se dimitteret cuperetque secum deducere. Qui quum persuadere tentaret, N~oli, oro te, inquit Pomponius, ad'versum eos me velle ducere, cun cjquibus ne contra te arma ferrem, Italiam reliqui. At Sulla, adolescentis officio collaudato, omnia munera ei, qua Athenis acceperat, proficiscens jussit deferri. H-lic complures annos moratus, quum et rei familiari tantum operae daret, quantum non indiligens deberet paterfamilias, et omnia reliqua tempora aut litteris, aut Atheniensium reipublicae tribueret, nihilominus arnicis urbana ofilcia prastitit. Narn et ad comitia eorum ventitavit et, si qua res major acta est, non defuit: sicut Ciceroni in omnibus ejus periculis singularer fidem praebuit, cui ex patria fugienti LLS. ducenta et quinquagintamillia donavit. Tranquillatis autem rebus Romanis, remigravit Roinam, ut opinor, L. Cotta et L. Torquato consulibus, quem diem sic universa civitas Atheniensium prosecuta est, ut lacrimis desiderii futuri dolorem indicaret. V. Habebat avunculum Q. Ciecilium, equitem Romahlum, familiarem L. Luculli, divitem, difficillima natura, cujus sic asperitatem veritus est, ut, quem nemo fere posset, hujus sine offensione ad summam senectutem retinuerit benevolentiam. Quo facto tulit pietatis fructurn. Caecilius enim moriens testamento adoptavit eum heredemquo fecit ex dodrante: ex qua hereditate accepit circiter centies LLS. Erat nupta soror Attici Q. Tullio Ciceroni easque nuptias M. Cicero conciliarat, cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime, multo etiam familiarius, quam cumn Quinto; ut judicari possit, plus in amicitia va 108 CORNELII NEPOTIS lere similitudinem morum, quamn affinitatem. Utebatur autem intime Q. Hortensio, qui his temporibus principaturn eloquentiw tenebat, ut intelligi non posset, uter eum plus diligeret, Cicero, an Hortensius: et id, quod erat difficillimum, efficiebat, ut, inter quos tante laudis esset a-mulatio, nulla intercederet obtrectatio, essetque talium virorum copula. VI. In republica ita versatus est, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur, neque tamen se civilibus fluctibus committeret, quod non magis eos in sua potestate existimabat esse, qui se his dedissent, quam qui maritimis jactarentur. Honores non petiit, quum ei paterent propter vel gratiam vel dignitatem: quod neque peti more majorum, neque capi possent conservatis legibus, in tam effusis ambitus largitionibus, neque geri e republica sine periculo, corruptis civitatis moribus. Ad hastam publicam nunquam accessit. Nullius rei neque praes, neque manceps factus est. Neminem neque suo nomine, neque subscribens, accusavit. In jus de sua re nunquam iit, judicium nullum habuit. Multorum consulum praetorumque praefecturas delatas sic accepit, ut neminem in provinciam sit secutus, honore fuerit contentus, rei familiaris despexerit fructum: qui ne cum Q. quidem Cicerone voluerit ire in Asiam, quum apud eum legati locum obtinere posset. Non enim decere se arbitrabatur, quum preturam gerere noluisset, asseclam esse przetoris. Qua in re non solum dignitati serviebat, sed etiam tranquillitati, quum suspiciones quoque vitaret criminum. Quo fiebat, ut ejus observantia omnibus esset carior, quurn eam officio, non timori neque spei tribui viderent. VII. Incidit Caesarianum civile bellum, quum haberet annos circiter sexaginta. Usus est atatis vacatione, neque se quoqulam movit ex urbe. Qute amicis suis opus ATTICUS.-CAP. VII., VIII. 109 fuerant ad Pompeium proficiscentibus, omnia ex su-a re familiari dedit. Ipsum Pompeium conjunctum non offendit; (nullum ab eo habebat ornamentum,) ut ceteri, qui per eum aut honores, aut divitias ceperant, quorum partim invitissimi castra sunt secuti, partim summa cum ejus offensione domi remanserunt. Attici autem quies tantopere Caesari fuit grata, ut, victor quum privatis pecunias per epistolas imperaret, huic non solum molestus non fuerit, sed etiam sororis filium et Q. Ciceronem ex Pompeii castris concesserit. Sic vetere instituto vitae effugit nova pericula. VIII. Secutum est illud, occiso Caesare, quum respublica penes Brutos videretur esse et Cassium ac tota civitas se ad eos convertisset: sic M. Bruto usus est, ut nullo ille adolescens aequali familiarius, quam hoc sene, neque solum eum principem consilii haberet, sed etiam in convictu. Excogitatum est a quibusdam, ut privatum verarium Caesaris interfectoribus ab equitibus Romanis constitueretur. Id facile effici posse arbitrati sunt, si et principes illius ordinis pecunias contulissent. Itaque appellatus est a C. Flavio, Bruti familiari, Atticus, ut ejus rei princeps esse vellet. At ille, qui officia amicis praestanda sine factione existimaret, semperque a talibus se consiliis removisset, respondit: si quid Brutus de suis facultatibus uti voluisset, usurum, quantum hae paterentur; se neque cum quoquam de ea re collocuturum, neque coiturum. Sic ille consensionis globus hujus unius dissensione disjectus est. Neque multo post superior esse caepit Antonius, ita ut Brutus et Cassius, provinciarum, quae iis necis causa datae erant a consulibus, desperatis rebus, in exsilium proficiscerentur. Atticus, qui pecuniam simul cum ceteris conferre noluerat florenti illi parti, abjecto Bruto Italiaque cedenti L LS. centum millia muneri misit. Eidem in Epiro absens trecenta jussit dari; nequc eo 110 CORNELII NEPOTIS magis potenti adulatus est Antonio, neque desperatos reliquit. IX. Secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam. In quo si tantum eum prudentem dicam, minus, quam debeam, praedicem, quum ille potius divinus fuerit: si divinatio appellanda est perpetua naturalis bonitas, quae nullis casibus neque agitur, neque minuitur. Hostis Antonius judicatus Italia cesserat; spes restituendi nulla erat. Non solum inimici, qui tum erant pqtentissimi et plurimi, sed etiam, qui adversariis ejus se dabant et in eo laedendo aliquam consecuturos sperabant commendationem, Antonii familiares insequebantur; uxorem Fulviam omnibus rebus spoliare cupiebant; liberos etiam exstinguere parabant. Atticus, quum Ciceronis intima familiaritate uteretur, amicissimus esset Bruto, non modo nihil iis indulsit ad Antonium violandum, sed e contrario familiares ejus ex urbe profiugientes, quantum potuit, texit, quibus rebus indiguerunt, adjuvit. P. vero Volumnio ea tribuit, ut plura a parente proficisci non potuerint. Ipsi autem Fulviwe, quum litibus distineretur magnisque terroribus vexaretur, tanta diligentia officium suum prEestitit, ut nullum illa stiterit vadimonium sine Attico, hic sponsor omnium rerum fuerit. Quirt etiam, quum illa fundum secunda fortuna emisset in diem, neque post calamitatem versuram facere potuisset, ille se interposuit pecuniamque sine fenore sineque ulla stipulatione ei credidit; maximum existimanls quzestum, memorem gratumque cognosci, simulque aperire, se non fortunae, sed hominibus solere esse amicum. Quwe quum faciebat, nemo eum temporis causa facere poterat existimare. Nemini enim in opinionemn veniebat, Antonium rerum potiturum. Sed sensire is a nonnullis optimatibus reprehendebatur, quod parum odisse malos cives videretur. Ille autem, suijudicii, potius, quid se facere par esset, intuebatur, quam quid alii lai.ilaturi forent. X. Conversa subito fortuna est. Ut Antonius rediit in Italiam, nemo non magno in periculo Atticum putarat propter intimam familiaritatem Ciceronis et Bruti. Itaque ad adventum imperatorum de foro decesserat, timens proscriptionem, latebatque apud P. Volumnium, cui, ut ostendimus, paullo ante opem tulerat (tanta varietas iis temporibus fuit fortunae, ut modo hi, modo illi in summo essent aut fastigio, aut periculo): habebatque secum Q. Gellium Canum, aqualem simillimumque sui. Hoc quoque sit Attici bonitatis exemplum, quod cum eo, quem puerum in ludo cognoverat, adeo conjuncte vixit, ut ad extrenmam vetatem ainicitia eoorum creverit. Antonius autem, etsi tanto odio ferebatur in Ciceronem, ut non solum ei, sed omnibus etiam ejus amicis esset inimicus, eosque vellet proscribere, multis hortantibus tamen Attici memor fuit officii, et ei, quum requisisset ubinam esset, sua manu scripsit, ne timeret, statimque ad se veniret: se eum, et illius causa Canum de proscriptorum numero exemisse. Ac, ne quod in periculum incideret, quod noctu fiebat, prmesidium ei misit. Sic Atticus in summo timore non solum sibi, sed etiam ei, quem carissimum habebat, prcasidio fuit. Neque ernim suae solum a quoquam auxilium petiit salutis, sed conjunctim: ut appareret, nullam sejunctam sibi ab eo velle fortunam. Quod si gubernator praecipua laude fertur, qui navem ex hieme marique scopuloso servat: cur non singularis ejus existimetur prudentia, qui ex tot tamque gravibus procellis civilibus ad incolumitatem pervenit? XI. Quibus ex malis ut se emersit, nihil aliud egit, quam ut plurimis, quibus rebus posset, esset auxilio. Quum proscriptos prmamiis imperatorum vulgus conquireret, nemo in Epirum venit, cui res ulla defuerit; nemini non ibi perpetuo manendi potestas facta est. Qui otialn post prcelium Philippense interitumque C. Cassii et M. 112 CORNELII NEPOTIS Bruti L. Julium Mocillam, praetorium, et ejus filium, Aulumque Torquatum, ceterosque pari fortuna perculsos, instituerit tueri, atque ex Epiro his omnia Samothraciam supportari jusserit. Difficile est, omnia persequi, et non necessarium. Illud unum intelligi volumus, illius liberalitatem neque temporariam, neque callidam fuisse. Id ex ipsis rebus ac temporibus judicari potest, quod non florentibus se venditavit, sed afflictis semper succurrit: qui quidem Serviliam, Bruti matrem, non minus post mortem ejus, quam florente, coluerit. Sic liberalitate utens nullas inimicitias gessit: quod neque laedebat quemquam, neque, si quam injuriam acceperat, malebat ulcisci, quam oblivisci. Idem immortali memoria percepta retinebat beneficia; qua autem ipse tribuerat, tamdiu meminerat, quoad ille gratus erat, qui acceperat. Itaque hic fecit, ut vere dictum videatur: Sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam. Neque tamen prius ille fortunam, quam se ipse, finxit: qui cavit, ne qua in re jure plecteretur. XII. His igitur rebus effecit, ut M. Vipsanius Agrippa, intima familiaritate conjunctus adolescenti Caesari, quum propter suam gratiam et Caesaris potentiam nullius conditionis non haberet potestatem, potissimum ejus deligeret affinitatem, praeoptaretque equitis Romani filiam generosarum nuptiis. Atque harum nuptiarum conciliator fuit (non est enim celandum) M. Antonius, triumvir reipublicae constituendae: cujus gratia quum augere possessiones posset suas, tantum abfuit a cupiditate pecuniae, ut nulla in re usus sit ea, nisi in deprecandis amicorum aut periculis, aut incommodis. Quod quidem sub ipsa proscriptione perillustre fuit. Nam quum L. Saufeii, equitis Romani, 2equalis sui, qui complures annos, studio ductus philosophiae, Athenis habitabat, habebatque in Italia pretiosas possessiones, triumviri bona vendidissent consuetudine ea, qua tum res gerebantur: Attici labore atque ATTICUS.-CAP. XII., XIII. 113 industria factum est, ut eodem nuntio Saui'eius fieret certior, se patrimonium amisisse et recuperasse. Idem L. Juliumi Calidum, quem post Lucretii Catullique mortem multo elegantissimum poetam nostram tulisse retatem vere videor posse contendere, neque minus virum bonum optimisque artibus eruditum, post proscriptionem equitum propter magnas ejus Africanas possessiones in proscriptorum numerum a P. Volumnio, prefecto fabrum Antonii, absentem relatum, expedivit.' Quod in presenti utrum ei laboriosius, an gloriosius fuerit, difficile fuit judicare: quod in eorum periculis, non secus absentes, quam praesentes amicos Attico esse curre, cognitum est. XIII. Neque vero minus ille vir bonus paterfamilias habitus est, quam civis. Nam quum esset pecuniosus, nemo illo minus fuit emax, minus cedificator. Neque tamen non in primis bene habitavit, omnibusque optimis rebus usus est. Nam domum habuit in colle Quirinali Tamphilanam, ab avunculo hereditate relictam: cujus amonitas non zedificio sed silva constabat. Ipsum enim tectum, antiquitus constitutum, plus salis, quam sumtus habebat: in quo nihil commutavit, nisi si quid vetustate coactus est. Usus est familia, si utilitate judicanduin est, optima; si forma, vix mediocri. Namque in ea erant pueri litteratissimi, anagnostwe optimi, et plurimi librarii, ut ne pedisequus quidem quisquam esset, qui non utrumque horum pulchre facere posset; pari modo artifices ceteri, quos cultus domesticus desiderat, apprime boni. Neque tamen horum quemquam, nisi domi natum domique factum, habuit: quod est signum non solum continentiae, sed etiam diligentiae. Nam et non intemperanter concupiscere, quod a plurimis videas, continentis debet duci: et potius diligentia, quam pretio, parare, non mediocris est industrie. Elegans, non magnificus; splendid us, non sumtuosus; omni diligentia munditiam, non affluen 114 COKNELII NEPOTIS tiam, affectabat. Supellex modica, non multa, ut in neu tram partem conspici posset. Nec praeteribo, quamquam nonnullis leve visum iri putema: quum imprimis lautus esset eques Romanus, et non parurn liberaliter domurn suam omnium ordinum homines invitaret; scimus, non amplius, quam terna millia eris, peraeque in singulos menses, ex ephemeride eum expensum sumtui ferre solitum. Atque hoc non auditum, sed cognitum predicamus. Saepe enim propter familiaritatem domesticis rebus interfuimus. XIV. Nemo il couvivio ejus aliud acroama audivit, quam anagnosten: quod nos quidem jucundissimum arbitramur. Neque unquam sine aiiqua lectione apud eum ccenatum est, ut non minus animo, quam ventre convivae delectarentur. Nanmque eos vocabat, quorum mores a suis non abhorrerent. Quum tanta pecuniae facta esset accessio, nihil de quotidiallo cultu mutavit, nihil de vitae consuetudine: tantaque usus est moderatione, ut neque in sestertio vicies, quod a patre acceperat, paruri se splendide gesserit, neque in sestertio centies afinuentius vixerit, quam instituerat, parique fastigio steterit in utraque fortuna. Nullos habuit hortos, nullamn suburbanam aut maritimam sumtuosam villam, neque in Italia, praeter Ardeatinum et Nomentanum, rusticum praedium: omnisque ejus pecuniae reditus constabat in Epiroticis et urbanis possessionibus. Ex quo cognosci potest, usum eum pecunia non magnitudine, sed ratione metiri soliturn. XV. Mendacium neque dicebat, neque pati poterat. Itaque ejus comitas non sine severitate erat, neque gravitas sine facilitate; ut difficile esset intellectu, utrum eum amici magis vererentur, an amarent. Quidquid rogabatur, religiose promittebat: quod non liberalis, sed levis arbitrabatur, polliceri, qulod paestare non p6sset. Idem ATTICUS. —CAP. XV., XVI., XVII. 115 in nitendo, quod semel annuisset, tanta erat cura, ut non mandatam, sed suam rem videretur agere. Nunquam suscepti negotii eum pertaesum est. Suam enim existimationem in ea re agi putabat: qua nihil habebat carius. Quo fiebat, ut omnia M. et Q. Ciceronum, Catonis, Hortensii, Auli Torquati, multorum praeterea equitum Romanorum negotia procuraret. lEx quo judicari poterat, non inertia, sed judicio f'ugisse reipublicea procurationem. XVI. Humanitatis vero nullurn afterre majus testimonium possum, quam quod adolescens idem seni Sullae fulerit jucundissimus, senex adolescenti TM. Bruto; cumr zqeualibus autem suis, Q. Hortensio et \M. Cicerone, sic vixerit, ut judicare difficile sit, cui -oat;i fuerit aptissimus. Quamquam eum praecipue dilexit Cicero, ut ne frater quidem ei Quintus carior fuerit aut familiarior. Ei rei sunt indicio, praeter eos libros, in quibus de eo facit mnentionem, qui in vulgus sunt editi, sexdecim volumina epistolarum, f:b consulatu ejus usque ad extremum tempus ad Atticum missaruni: quae qui legat, non multum desideret hlistoriam contextam illorum temporum. Sic enim omnia de studiis principum, vitis ducuim, nmutationibus reipublic~e perscripta stint, ut nihil in iis non. appareat, et facile existimari possit, prudentiam quodammodo esse divinationem. Non enim Cicero ea solum, quae vivo se acciderunt, futura prldixit, sed etiam, quac nunc usu veniunt, cecinit, ut vates. XVII. De pietate autem Attici quid plura commemorem? quum hoc ipsum vere gloriantem audierim in funere matris sum, quam extulit annorum nonaginta, quum esset septem et sexaginta, se nunquam cum matre in gratiam redisse, nunquam cum sorore fuisse in simultate, quam prope equalem habebat. Quod est signum, aut nullam unquam inter eos querimoniam intercessisse, aut hune ea 116 CORNELII NEPOTIS fuisse in sutos indulgentia, ut, quos amare deberet, irasci eis nefas duceret. Neque id fecit natura solum, quamquam omnes ei paremus, sed etiam doctrina. Nam et principum philosophorum ita percepta habuit praecepta, ut iis ad vitam agendam, non ad ostentationem, uteretur. XVIII. Moris etiam majorum summus imitator fuit antiquitatisque amator: quam adeo diligenter habuit cognitam, ut eam totam in eo volumine exposuerit, quo magistratus ornavit. Nulla enim lex, neque pax, neque bellum, neque res illustris est populi Romani, qua non in eo suo tempore sit notata: et, quod difficillimum fuit, sic familiarum originem subtexuit, ut ex eo clarorum virorum propagines possimus cognoscere. Fecit hoc idem separatim in aliis libris: ut M. Bruti rogatu Juniam familiam a stirpe ad hanc aetatem ordine enumeravit, notans, qui, a quo ortus, quos honores, quibusque temporibus cepisset. Pari modo Marcelli Claudii, Marcellorum; Scipionis Cornelii et Fabii Maxirni, Fabiorum et i2Emiliorum quoque: quibis libris nihil potest esse dulcius iis, qui aliquam cupiditatem habent notitiae clarorum virorum. Attigit quoque poiticam: credimus, ne ejus expers esset suavitatis. Namque versibus, qui honore rerumque gestarum amplitudine ceteros Romani populi praestiterunt, exposuit ita, ut sub singulorum imaginibus facta magistratusque eorum non amplius quaternis quinisve versibus descripserit: quod vix credendum sit, tantas res tam breviter potuisse declarari. Est etiam unus liber, Grece confectus, de consulatu Ciceronis. XIX. Hactenus Attico vivo edita hec a nobis sunt. Nunc, quoniam fortuna nos superstites ei esse voluit, reliqua persequemur, et, quantum potuerimus, rerum exemplis lectores docebimus, sicut supra significavimus, suos cuique mores plerumque conciliare fortunam. Namque ATTICUS.-CAP. XIX., XX. 117 hic contentus ordine equestri, quo erat ortus, in affinitatem pervenit imperatoris divi filii: quum jam ante familiaritatem ejus esset consecutus nulla alia re, quam elegantia vitae, qua ceteros ceperat principes civitatis, dignitate pari, fortuna humiliore. Tanta enim prosperitas Caesarem est consecuta, ut nihil ei non tribuerit fortuna, quod cuiquam ante detulerit, et conciliarit, quod nemo adhuc civis Romanus quivit consequi. Nata est autem Attico neptis ex Agrippa, cui virginem filiam collocarat. Hanc Caesar, vix anniculam, Tiberio Claudio Neroni, Drusilla nato, privigno suo, despondit: quae conjunctio necessitudinem eorum sanxit, familiaritatem reddidit frequentiorem. XX. Quamvis ante h1ec sponsalia non solum, quum ab urbe abesset, nunquam ad suorum quemquam litteras misit, quin Attico mitteret, quid ageret, imprimis, quid legeret, quibusque in locis, et quam diu esset moraturus: sed etiam, quum esset in urbe, et propter suas infinitas occupationes minus saepe, quam vellet, Attico frueretur, nullus dies temere intercessit, quo non ad eum scriberet, quum modo aliquid de antiquitate ab eo requireret, modo aliquam ei quaestionem poeticam proponeret, interdum jocans ejus verbosiores eliceret epistolas. Ex quo accidit, quum aedes Jovis Feretrii, in Capitolio ab Romulo constituta, vetustate atque incuria detecta prolaberetur, ut Attici admonitu Caesar eam reficiendam curaret. Neque vero ab MI. Antonio minus absens litteris colebatur: adeo, ut accurate ille ex ultimis terris, quid ageret, quid curae sibi haberet, certiorem faceret Atticum. Hoc quale sit, facilius existimabit is, qui judicare poterit, quantae sit sapientiae, eorum retinere usum benevolentiamque, inter quos maximarum rerum non solum aemulatio, sed obtrectatio tanta intercedebat, quantam fuit incidere necesse inter Caesarem atque Antonium, quum se uterque principem non solum urbis Romanae, sed orbis terrarum esse cuperet. 118 CORNELII NEPOTIS XXI. Tali modo quum septem et septuaginta annos complesset, atque ad extremam senectutem non minus dignitate, quam gratia fortunaque crevisset (multas enirn hereditates nulla alia re, quam bonitate, est consecutus), tantaque prosperitate usus esset valetudinis, ut annis triginta medicina non indiguisset: nactus est morbum, quemn initio et ipse et medici contemserunt. Nam putarunt esse tenesmon, cui remedia celeria faciliaque proponebantur. In hoe quum tres menses sine ullis doloribus, praterquam quos ex curatione capiebat, consumsisset: subito tanta vis morbi in imum intestinum prorupit, ut extremo tempore per lumbos fistula putris eruperit. Atque hoc priusquam ei accideret, postquam in dies dolores accrescere febresque accessisse sensit, Agrippam generum ad se arcessi jussit, et cum eo L. Cornelium Balbum Sextumque Peducaeum. Hos ut venisse vidit, in cubitum innixus: Quantam, inquit, curam diligentiamque in valetudine nzea tuenda Itoc tempore adhibuerim, quumz vos testes habeam, nihzil necesse est pluribus verbis commemorare. Quibus quoniam, ut spero, satisfeci, me ni/til reliqui fecisse, quod ad sanandum me pertineret, reliquum est, ut egomet mi/hi consulam. Id vos ignorare nolui. Nam miti stat, alere morbum desinere. Namque ]Zis diebus quidquid cibi potionisque sumsi, ita produxi vitam, ut auxerim dolores sine spe salutis. Quare a vobis peto primum, ut consilium probetis meum: deinde, ne frustra dehortando conemint. XXII. Hac oratione habita tanta constantia vocis atque vultus, ut non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum videretur migrare, quum quidem Agrippa eum flens atque osculans oraret atque obsecraret, ne ad id, quod natura cogeret, ipse quoque sibi acceleraret, et, quoniam tum quoque posset temporibus superesse, se sibi suisque reservaret, preces ejus taciturna sua obstinatione depressit. Sic ATTICUS.-CAP. XXI1. 1 19, quum biduum cibo se abstinuisset, subito febris decessit, leviorque morbus esse ccepit. Tamen propositum nihilo secius peregit. Itaque die quinto post, quam id consilium inierat, pridie kalendas Apriles, Cn. Domitio, C. Sosio, consulibus, decessit. Elatus est in lecticula, ut ipse praescripserat, sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia. Sepultus est juxta viam Appiam, ad quintum lapidem, in monumento Q. Caecilii, avunculi sui. NOTE S ON THE D E S E N E C T U T E. NO TES ON THE DE SENECTUTE. M. T. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, &c. " Marcus Tullius Cicero's Cato the Elder, or Concerning Old Age." Most editions insert the word Dialogus after De Senectute; incorrectly, however, since the present work is not properly a dialogue, but a continued discourse, delivered by Cato the Censor, at the request of Scipio /Emilianus and Laelius. CATO MAJOR. With major supply natu. The term major serves to distinguish him from Cato minor, or the younger Cato, called, also, Uticensis, from his having put an end to his existence at Utica. The younger Cato was great-grandson of the elder. DE SENECTUTE. This little tract, drawn up at the end of B.C. 45, or the commencement of B.C. 44, for the purpose of pointing out how the burden of old age may be most easily supported, is addressed to the celebrated Titus Pomponius Atticus (more comnlonly known by the appellation of Atticus alone), the friend of Cicero, and whose life by Cornelius Nepos is given in the present volume. Atticus was now in his sixty-eighth year, while Cicero himself was in his sixty-second or sixty-third. This work is first mentioned in a letter written by Cicero from Puteoli, on the 11th of May, B.C. 44 (Ep. ad Att., xiv., 21; compare xvii., 11), and is there spoken of as already in the hands of his friend. In the short introductory dialogue, Scipio AErmilianus and Laelius are supposed to have paid a visit during the consulship of T. Quinctius Flamininus and M'. Acilius Balbus (B.C. 150, vid. c. 5 and 10) to Cato the Censor, at that time eighty-four years old. Beholding with admiration the activity of body and cheerfulness of mind which he displayed, they request him to point out by what means the weight of increasing years may most easily be borne. Cato willingly complies, and commences a dissertation in which he seeks to demonstrate how unreasonable are the complaints usually urged regarding the miseries which attend the close of a protracted life. The four 1241 NOTES ON principal objections are stated and refuted in regular succession. It is held that old age is wretched: 1. Because it incapacitates men for active business; 2. Because it renders the body feeble; 3. Because it deprives them of the enjoyment of almost all pleasures; 4. Because it heralds the near approach of death. The first three are met by producing examples of many illustrious personages, in whom old age was not attended by any of these evils; by arguing that such privations are not real, but imaginary, misfortunes; and that, if the relish for some pleasures is lost, other delights of a more desirable and substantial character are substituted. The fourth objection is encountered still more boldly by an eloquent declaration that the chief happiness of old age, in the eyes of the philosopher, arises from the conviction that it indicates the near approach of death, that is, the near approach of the period when the soul shall be released from its debasing connection with the body, and enter unfettered upon the paths of immortality. This piece has always been deservedly admired as one of the most graceful moral essays bequeathed to us by antiquity. The purity of the language, the liveliness of the illustrations, the dignity of the sentiments, and the tact with which the character of the strong-minded, but self-satisfied and garrulous old man is maintained, have excited universal applause. But, however pleasing the picture here presented to us, every one must perceive that it is a fancy sketch, not the faithful copy of a scene from nature. In fact, the whole treatise is a tissue of special pleading, on a question which is discussed in the same tone of extravagance, on the opposite side, by Juvenal in his tenth satire. The logic, also, is bad; for in several instances general propositions are attacked by a few specious particular cases, which are mere exceptions to the rule. No one can doubt the truth of the assertions, that old age does incapacitate us for active business, that it does render the body feeble, and that it does blunt the keenness of our senses; but, while it is a perfectly fair style of argument to maintain that these are imaginary and not real ills, it is utterly absurd to deny their existence because history affords a few instances of favored individuals who have been exempted from their influence. Cicero appears to have been indebted for the idea, if not the plan of this work, to Aristo of Ceos, a Stoic philosopher (c. 1); much, however, has been translated almost literally from the Republic of Plato (compare chapters 2, 3, 14), and more freely from the CEconomics and Cyropa-dia of Xenophon. The passage with regard to the immortality of the soul is derived from the Timmeus, the.Phadon, the Phedrus, and the Menon; and some editors have THE DE SENECTUTE. 125 traced the observations upon the diseases of young men (c. 19) to Hippocrates. It must be remarked, that although Cato was a rigid fllower of the Porch, the doctrines here propounded have little of the austerity of that sect, but savor more of the gentle and easy disciplire of the Peripatetics. (Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog., &c., p. 732, scqq.) CHAPTER I. ~ 1. 0 Tite, si quid ego adjuro, &c. " O Titus, if in aught I shall have aided (thee), or shall have lightened the care." These hexameters are quoted from the old poet Ennius, who addresses them to Titus Quinctius Flamininus, the celebrated Roman commander. But whether he addressed them in his own person or not, and of what nature was the distress which is sought to be alleviated, remains a mere matter of opinion. Most commentators suppose that Ennius utters these verses himself, and that the distress alluded to was occasioned by the infamous conduct of the brother of Flamininus, who was expelled in consequence from the senate by Cato, at that time censor, B.C. 184 (Liv., xxxix., 42). Drakenborch, however, thinks that in the poem of Ennius, from which the lines were taken, they were uttered by Sextus AElius Poetus, the colleague of Flamininus in the consulship, and that the trouble and disquiet of the latter arose from the alarming prodigies which prevented for a period his departure from Rome for the Macedonian war. (Compare Liv., xxxii., 9.) Drakenborch's opinion appears the more correct one. Cicero, on the present occasion, applies these same lines to his friend Atticus, who had the same praenomen (Titus) as Flamininus, and whose distress arose from the gloomy state of public affairs, as connected with the usurpation of Caesar. Adjuro. Some editions have adjuero, but adjuro, as Drakenborch remarks, is the more correct form, being by syncope for adjuvero, like toorunt and admorunt for moverunt and admoverunt. (Sil. Ital., xiv., 141; Virg., yen., iv., 367.) —Levasso. Old form for levavero, like amasso for amavero, and arasso for aravero. Consult Zumpt, Q 161. — Que nunc te coquit. " Which now disquiets thee," i. e., keeps thee in a feverish state of mind, or, more literally, causes thy bosom to boil. This figurative usage of coquo is of common occurrence. — Versat. " Keeps continually harassing." Observe the force of the frequentative. The image is borrowed from the idea of an arrow fixed in a wound, and continually fretting it. Observe, moreover, f12S NOTE5s O. that the final syllable in versat is lengthened here by the arsis, so that there is no need of reading sub for in, as some do.-Preami, for prcemii. Some MSS. and editions have pretii, which is condemned by Bentley (ad Ter., Andr., ii.,, 1, 20), who maintains that no poet before Propertius employed the double i in the genitive singular. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 49, note 1.) Ille vir, haud magna curm re, &c. "That man, with no great wealth indeed, yet rich in trustworthiness," i. e., poor in point of worldly means, but rich in all that is worthy of reliance on the part of his fellow-men. Commentators generally suppose that Ennius is meant, and that Cicero here describes him by a line drawn from one of his poems, but referring there to some other person. Drakenborch, however, more correctly, refers this verse to Sextus.Glius Poetus, already mentioned, and thinks that Cicero meant this individual, not Ennius. —Penu' fidei. Observe here the elision of the final s in plenus, before a consonant, in the beginning of the next word. The earlier Latin poets were in the habit of frequently eliding the letter s, in words ending in is and acs, when followed by a word beginning with a consonant, and thus permitting the vowel to remain short.-Fidii. As regards the penult in this word, consult Anthon's Lat. Pros., p. 17, note. Sollicitari te Tite, &c. Another quotation from Ennius, but probably only in part, the first portion of the line being, in all likelihood, from the pen of Cicero himself. The verse in Ennius runs as follows: " Et qua deprimeris frustra noctesque diesque." Consult, however, Column., ad loc., p. 140.-Moderationem animi tui, &c. " Your moderation and even temper of mind;" more literally, "the moderation of your mind, and your equanimity." As regards the moderation of Atticus, compare Nep., Att., c. 14. Observe, moreover, that cequitas is here equivalent to cequabilitas, of which Cicero himself gives us the definition elsewhere (Off., i., 26, 2): "Prceclara est cquabilitas in omni vita, ident semper vultus, eademque frons." Cognomen Athenis deportasse. His surname of Atticus appears to have been given him on account of his long residence at Athens (twenty years), but more particularly on account of his intimate acquaintance with the language and literature of Greece. (Compare Cic., de Fin., v. 2; Nep., Att., c. 3, 4.)-Humanitatem et prudentiam. "The philosophic calmness of a cultivated intellect, as well as a prudent spirit." Observe the peculiar force of humanitatem, a term which some explain here by "polite learning," and others by " a taste for literature." The true meaning is given by Wetzel:, Humanitas, hoc loco, est animi literis exculti aequabilitas, qui nihil admiratur THE DE SENECTUTE. 127 mali cum acciderit, nihil, antequam, evenerit, non evenire posse arbitratur." Indeed, the context evidently requires such an explanation; and it is in full accordance, moreover, with the language of Nepos, in his life of Atticus (c. 17), where he says of him, " Principum philosophorum ita percepta habuit praecepta, ut his ad vitam agendam, non ad ostentationem uteretur." As regards the "prudentia" of Atticus, consult INepos, Att., c. 6, seqq. Eisdem rebus. He alludes to the gloomy state of public affairs.Quibus me ipsum. "By which I confess that I myself am." Supply suspicor before me ipsum, in the sense offateor, and observe the zeugma that takes place in the verb.-Et major est. "Is both a heavier task." Observe that major is here equivalent to majoris operce.-In aliud tempus differenda. Because, amid the ruin of his country's freedom, he is now more in need of the consolation of others, than able to impart it himself.-De senectute. Cicero, thrown out from all participation in public affairs, composed the present treatise with the view of forgetting, or, at least, alleviating his po litical disquiet. g 2. Quod mihi commune tecum est. Cicero, as we have before remarked, was now in his sixty-second or sixty-third year, and Atticus in his sixty-eighth.-Aut jam urgentis, &c. "Either already pressing upon us, or, at least, rapidly advancing." Observe the force of the frequentative.-Modice ac sapienter. " With composure and good sense."-Tu occurrebas dignus eo munere, &c. "You occurred to me as one worthy of such a present, which we might each of us use with common advantage," i. e., as a suitable person unto whom to inscribe such a work, a work to which we might both of us have recourse with equal advantage. With occurrebas supply animo or menti. —Ut non modo absterserit. "That it has not only wiped away," i. e., completely removed. A metaphor from the' wiping away of tears, blood, &c.-Mollem et jucundam. " An easy burden and pleasing to endure." Satis digne. " Sufficiently in accordance with its true worth." The term digne here has been deemed spurious by some editors, and a mere marginal explanation of satis, which eventually crept into the text. Not so, however, by any means. We have rendered it in accordance with the explanation of Klotz, " nach ihrem wahren Werthe," who refers in support of his opinion to Cic., pro Rose. Am., 12, ~ 33: " Quem pro dignitate ne laudare quidem quisquam satis posset." Ochsner compares Cic., Orat. post red. in sen. hab., c. 8, Q 19: "Quis de talli cive satis digne unquam loquetur?" and Vell. 128 NOTES ON Paterc., ii., 67: " Hujus temporisfortunam ne defiere quidem quisquam satis digne potuit."-Cui qui pareat. " Since he who yields obedience to it," i. e., who obeys and carries out its precepts. Equivalent to quum is qui ei pareat. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 804.) ~ 3. De ceteris. " Of the other topics connected with it," i. e., of the other praises and parts of philosophy. Compare Wetzel: "de ceteris philosophic laudibus et partibus." Facciolati, less correctly, refers ceteris to the other periods of life, and explains it as follows: ", de ceteris cetatis temporibus et vitae partibus, quibus medetur philosophia."-Hunc librum, &c. Goez maintains that we must read nunc in place of hunc, and mittimus for misimus. But there is no need whatever of any change, since the pronoun of itself carries with it the idea of present time, while misimus is far more in accordance with the Latin epistolary style than mittimus would be. Tithono. Tithonus, son of Laomedon, became a favorite of Aurora, who obtained for him immortality from Jove, but forgot to ask, at the same time, for undecaying youth. He attained, therefore, to a very advanced, but helpless and wretched old age, until the goddess, out of compassion, changed him into a TErrtf, or cicada. (Schol. ad II., xi., 1.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 18.) —Ut Aristo Cius. "As Aristo of Ceos has done." Supplyfecit. Aristo was a peripatetic philosopher, and a native of the Island of Ceos (KiouS), where his birthplace was the town of Iulis ('Iovain). He succeeded, after the death of his master Lycon, to the management of the peripatetic school, about B.C. 230. He is often confounded with Aristo of Chios, the stoic philosopher and disciple of Zeno.-Cius. The editions fluctuate between Chius and Ceus, the greater number, and among them Orelli's, having ChiAs. The form Cius, however, is decidedly preferable in this place. The corresponding Greek adjective is KeLor. Consult Spalding, ad Quintil., iii., 1, 10, not. crit., and the remarks of Nauck, in the Neue Jahrbiicher, &c., twelfth supplementary vol., p. 558. Parum enim esset auctoritatis infabula. The remarks of an imaginary character like Tithonus would carry little weight with them, whereas those ascribed to Cato in the present essay are perfectly consistent with his true character, or expressly verified by authentic history.-M. Catoni seni. "To Marcus Cato, the elder. " Marcus Porcius Cato, usually styled the censor, from the remarkable spirit and integrity with which he discharged the duties of that office. He was now, as we have already observed, in his eighty-fourth year. THE DE SENECTUTE. 129 (Consult notes on the title of this work.)-Apud quem. Scipio and Laelius are here supposed to have paid him a visit, and the scene of the conversation is his own residence.-Scipionem. The younger Africanus, called Scipio.Emilianus. He was the son of Paulus.Emilius, the conqueror of Macedonia, and was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus the elder. It was this younger Africanus that destroyed Carthage B.C. 146, about four years after the date of the present conversation. The Lelius here mentioned in conjunction with him was C. Laelius Sapiens, son of the elder Laelius. His intimacy with Africanus the younger was as remarkable as his father's friendship with the elder, and it obtained an imperishable monument in Cicero's treatise, entitled " Lalius, sire De Amicitia." As Laelius was the elder of the two, he is named before Scipio in the text. Admirantes. " Expressing their wonder."-Qui si eruditius videbitur disputare. " Now if he shall appear to discourse with more erudition." Equivalent to si autem ille videatur. (Zumpt, ~ 804.) — In suis libris. The activity of this many-sided man found leisure for the composition of several literary works, the most important of which were his treatise on husbandry (" De Re Rustica") and his " Origines," in which he gave the history of Rome, together with the origins of the Italian towns and communities.-Greecis literis. 1"To Grecian literature." (Compare chapters 8 and 11.) Cato applied himself in old age to the study of Grecian literature, with which in his youth he had no acquaintance, although he was not ignorant of the Greek language.-Plura. Supply addere. CHAPTER II. ~ 4. Cum hoc C. Lalio. "With Caius Laelius here." Observe that the pronoun hic is used of objects which are nearest to the speaker, whereas more distant ones are referred to by ille. —Ceterarum rcrum. Equivalent to quod attinet ad ceteras res. An imitation of the Greek idiom. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 437, note 1.)-Onus 2Etnagravius. Compare Euripides, Herc. Fur., 637, ro yi7pa aei flapv'repov Airvac aKcon7riXv. The allusion is to the giants who, according to the poets, lay buried beneath ZEtna, with the whole mass of the mountain pressing upon them. There, for example, lay Enceladus, according to Virgil (gin., iii., 578); Typhbeus, according to Pindar (Pyth., i., 11); and Briareus, according to Callimachus (Del., 143). Compare Apollodorus, i., 6, 3. Quibus enim nihil est, &c. "For unto those who have no ro 130 NOTES ON sources in themselves," &c. Observe that nihil opis is here the same as nihil virtutis ac sapientice, and that the allusion is to the well-known Stoic maxim that the wise man contained within himself all the means and requisites for a happy existence. (Ritter, Anc. Phil., iii., p. 583.)-Omnis cetas gravis est. "Every stage of human life is burdensome," i. e., because they depend entirely on external causes, which are wholly subject to the caprice of fortune.Quod naturce necessitas afferat. This is in accordance with the Stoic doctrine "vivere convenienter nature." Compare Seneca, Epist., 71, ~ 24, 25: " Sapiens stat erectus sub quolibet pondere; nulla illum res minorem facit; nihil illi corum, quez ferenda sunt, displicet. Nam quidquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur." Adeptam. 1"When attained to." A better reading than adepti. " On having attained to it," and given by Gernhard, Orelli, &c.Obrepere aiunt eam, &c. The idea on which the image is based lies in Pliny's "feles obrepunt avibus" (H. N., x., 73). Compare._Eschines Socratic. (Axioch., c. 9), ua6'ov i rEIEtijX0e TO ygpas, and Juvenal (ix., 129), A" Obrepit non intellects senectus." —Falsum putare. " To entertain an erroneous opinion on the subject."- Quid enim? "What, pray?" The common, but inferior reading, is qui enim citius, &c. Adolescentia senectus, &c. Those between the ages of seventeen and forty-six were commonly called juniores, juvenes, or adolescentes; those between forty-six and sixty, seniores; and those above sixty, senes. Hence we see that adolescentia and senectus border on each other.-Quam octogesimum. Observe that quam is here for potius quam. —Nulla consolatione permulcere posset, &c. " Could soothe a foolish old age by no consolation (in its power to impart)," i. e., could by no means in its power console a weak and frivolous mind under the usual consequences of a prolonged existence. 6 5. Si soletis. " Since you are accustomed." Observe that si with the indicative has here the force of quoniam, as denoting something certain. Had any doubt been implied, the subjunctive would have been used.-Quse utinam digna esset. "And would that it were worthy." Observe, again, the employment of the relative to express the demonstrative with a conjunction. (Zumpt, ~ 803.)-Nostroque cognomine. " And of the surname that has been bestowed upon me." The pronoun has here an objective force. The surname referred to is that of Sapiens. His ancestors for three generations had been.amed M. Porcius, and it is said by Plutarch (Vit. Cat. Maj., i.) THE DE SENECTUTE. 131 that at first he was known by the additional cognomen Priscus., but was afterward called Cato, a name denoting that practical wisdom (catus, " wise,"" shrewd") which is the result of natural sagacity, combined with experience of civil and political affairs. The qualities implied in the word Cato were subsequently acknowledged by the plainer and less archaic title of Sapiens, by which he was so well known in his old age that Cicero here, and also in the treatise "De Amicitia" (c. 2), makes it his quasi cognomen. (Smith, Diet. Biogr., s. v.) Naturam optimam ducem. The Stoics, as already remarked, referred all things to nature, and their grand rule was in all things to live according to her laws. For a virtuous life, according to them, was merely a life agreeable to our experience of what is going on in nature, since the human is a part of the universal nature. (Diog. Laert., vii., 87.)-Cum ceterx partes etatis, &c. "After the other parts in life have been wisely distributed," i. e., after all the preceding periods of life have had their peculiar and proper enjoyments assigned to them. The true reading here is discriptac sint, as denoting distribution. The common reading is descriptax sint, but describere is "to write down," "to copy." Observe, moreover, that partes is here employed in its dramatic sense, as indicating a part or character to be sustained. —Exlremrnum'actum. "'The last act of all," i. ce., old age.-Inerti. "Unskillful." The adjective iners is here employed in its primitive meaning, the word being compounded of in privative and ars. Compare Lucil., ap. Serv. ad?in., iv., 158: " Ut perhibetur iners, ars in quo non erit ulla." Esse aliquod extremum, &c. " That there should be something to mark the close of existence, and, as in the case of the fruits of trees and the productions of the earth, something, from the fullness of its own maturity, drooping, as it were, and just ready to fall, which must be endured by the wise man with calm resignation." There mnust be no comma after maturitate tempestiva, since these words belong to what follows, the maturity meant being that of old age, whose fruit is withered and drooping. The term vietus is well explained by Wetzel: " Vietum, languidum, sine vi, naturalibus viribus privatum, lzeyapaouizvov, a vetere glossatore explicatum."-Gigantum modo. "After the manner of the giants." Observe that modo is here employed, not more, because the giants warred against heaven only once. (Compare Apollodorus, i., 6, 1; Horat., Od., iii., 4, 49, seqq.) Ochsner calls our attention to the inverted nature of this sentence, instead of quid est enim aliud naturce repugnare nisi gigantum modo bellare cum diia. 132 NOTES ON ~ 6. Gratissimum nobis, &c. "You will have done a very acceptable service to both of us, that I may answer for Scipio also." As Laelius was the elder, his age gave him this privilege. Thus we have in the "De Amicitia" (c. 9) the following language from Fannius: "Tu vet o perge, L1li; pro hoc enim, qui minor est nast, meo jure respondco."-Volumas quidem certe. "We wish, indeed, at least." Observe that volumens has here the force of desideramus. —ngravescentern cetatem.. "The weight of increasing years," i. e., old age as it comes on. Literally, "age beginning to grow heavy."-Si futurum est. " Since it is going to prove." —Quam nobis quoque ingrediendurm sit. " On which we also may have to enter." The more usual form of construction would be quac nobis quoque ingredienda sit; the present use of the gerund, however, occurs also in Varro (R. R., iii., 3, 9, 18): " Objiciendum pullis polentam," as well as elsewhere. (Consult Sanctii Minerv., iii., 8, and the note of Perizonius; and also Stallbaum, ad Rudd., ii., p. 251, n. 59.) Some editions read qua here instead of quam; Cicero, however, says, viam or in viam ingredi, not via.-Istuc. For istoc, from istic, istac, istoc, or istuc. Not the adverb. CHAPTER III. ~ 7. Ut potero. "As well as I shall be able."-Meorum aqualium. "( Of my companions in years," i. e., of men of my own years.Pares autem, vetere proverbio, &c. " Like, you know, according to the old saying, congregate most easily with like." This is the same as our common English expression, " Birds of a feather flock together." Compare Aristotle (Eth., 8, 1), "00ev TrOy Uot6v Qbaatv ~e0' Lotov, Kai Ko2ot0V Trort KOooiOV, and Plato (Sympos., c. 18, 3),'0 -raaat6f X6yof ev kXet, Ad 05yotov t'lUoi 7rAnE tnee.-Quae C. Salinator, &c. "(And listened to the things) which Caius Salinator, &c., were accustomed to deplore." Observe here the anacoluthon, qua. being the relative to querelis in thought merely, not in grammatical connection, so that it is the same as saying scepe interfui querelis et audivi quce, &c. Compare Ep. ad Div., ii., 8, 2: " Sermonibus qua nec possunt scribi nec scribenda sunt." Some of the MSS. have quas C. Salinator, quas Sp. Albinus, of which Beier (ad Of., ii., p. 150, 365) and Hermann both approve; but we have preferred allowing the ordinary text to remain unchanged. THE DE SENECTUTE. 133 C. Salinator. Caius Livius Salinator is meant, who was consul A.U.C. 565. (Liv., xxxviii., 35.) —Sp. Albinus. Spurius Posthumus Albinus was consul A.U.C. 567, and died, while augur, in 573. -Quod carerent. Observe the employment of the subjunctive, as indicating merely their own sentiments, not those of the speaker or author. So, a little after, " sine quibus putarent."-Vitam nullam. " That life was of no value." Observe that nullamn here is equivalent to nullius momenti or pretii. This vita nulla is directly opposed to the "vita vitalis" of Ennius (Cic., de Am., 6).-Coli. "To be courted." Qui mihi non id videbantur accusare, &c. " Now these men appeared to me to blame nothing of the kind that ought to have been blamed." Observe, in the first place, that qui here, at the beginning of the sentence, is equivalent to hi autem, and consult Zumpt, Q 803; and, in the next place, that id is here the same as tale. Compare the version of Nauck: " nichts von der Art, was anzuklagen gewesen wire." The common mode of rendering the clause (', appeared to me not to blame that which should have been blanled') makes Cato say that the ground of their complaint was a correct one, but was not properly put forth! (Compare the remarks of ATauck, in the Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 559.)-Quod esset accusandum. The subjunctive is here employed, because id precedes in the sense of tale. (Zumpt, ~ 556.)- Usu venirent. " Would occur as a matter of course," i. e., would necessarily be experienced by. -Quorum ego multorum, &c. " Of many of whom I have known the old age to be without complaint, since they both did not take it ill that they were released from the fetters of their passions, and," &c. Libidinum is here, in fact, equivalent to voluptatum. Observe, moreover, that qui takes the subjunctive here because indicating the reason or ground of what precedes. In moribus est non in atate. " Lies in the habits, not in the age of the individual," i. e., in the man, not in the age.-Moderati, et nec difficiles, &c. " Of well-regulated desires, and who are neither morose nor churlish." The term moderati here is less correctly rendered by some "of moderate views." It rather answers, on the contrary, to Plato's s6aputot (Rep., 560, D.), or, as Wetzel explains it, " Qui a voluptatibus et cupiditatibus temperare sibi possunt." -Importunitas et inhumanitas. "Unseasonable and churlish behavior." 8. Propter opes et copias, et digzitatem tuam. "On account of the influence, and ample possessions, and high character which you 134 NOTES ON enjoy." By opes is here meant influence or credit in the state; by copias, on the contrary, private resources. Plutarch describes these last as very extensive. "' When," he observes, " Cato's desire of wealth increased, and he found agriculture rather amusing than profitable, he turned his thoughts to surer dependences, and employed his money in purchasing ponds, hot baths, places proper for fullers, and estates in good condition having pasture-ground and wood-lands. From these he derived a great revenue,' such a one,' he used to say,'as Jupiter himself could not disappoint him of.'" (Plut., Vit. Cat. Maj., c. 21.) Est istuc quidem, Lceli, aliquid, &c. "There is something, I admit, Laelius, in what you say, but it by no means covers the whole ground." Literally, "That remark of yours, Laelius, is indeed something; but all things are by no means contained in that." Observe here the usual employment of iste to indicate what appertains to the person spoken to. (Zumpt, ~ 127.)-Seriphio cuidam. "To a certain native of Seriphos." This was a small and unimportant island in the./Egean Sea, south of Cythnos, and now called Serpho. It is known in mythology as the island to which the ark, or coffer, containing Danae and her infant son Perseus, was carried. The insignificance of the island of Seriphos caused its name to pass into a proverb. (Compare Cic., N. D., 1, 31; Aristoph., Acharn., 541, and the scholiast ad loc.) The story related in the text is taken from Plato (Rep., i., p. 329, E.), and is related also by Plutarch(Vit. Themist., c. 18). Nec hercule inquit, &c. The point of this reply is sometimes misunderstood or not fully perceived. The meaning of Themistocles is this:'" You say right, I do owe much to my country, and so much, in fact, that, if I had been born in Seriphos, I would never have become celebrated. At the same time, however, I can assure you that I do not owe all to my country. You, however, are so thoroughly contemptible in yourself (setting your insignificant country out of the question), that, had you been born even at Athens, you would never have attained celebrity at all." In this way he attacks not only-the meanness of the man's native island, but the mean spirit and stupidity of the individual himself. (Compare Wetzel, ad loc.)-Nobilis.. clarus. Plutarch, in relating the story, employs the term lvdofor; Plato, however, has the more expressive ovozaaoror, which comprehends both "nobilitatem generis" and "claritudinem factorum," and which Cicero, therefore, expresses here by both nobilis and clarus. (Gernhard, ad loc.) THE DE SENECTU'TE. 135 ~ 9. Artes, exercitationesque virtutum. "The liberal arts, and the practice of virtue." Compare the version of Franklin: " A life employed in the pursuit of useful knowledge, in honorable actions, and the practice of virtue." By artes are here meant artes ingenuxs or liberales, embracing, of course, literary pursuits of every kind. The arma senectutis, mentioned in the text, are the means afforded us for warding off the discomforts of age.-In omni setate. "At every period of life," i. e., in the previous seasons of life. —Efferunt. A much better reading than afferunt, as given by Facciolati and others. (Consult Ernesti, Clay. Cic., and ad Off., i., 15, 5.)-Quamquam id maximum est. " Although this of itself is a very important consideration." Equivalent to id quod sane, &c. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 341.) -Benefactorum. " Good deeds." CHAPTER IV. ~ 10. Q. Maximum. This is the famous Q. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, the celebrated opponent of Hannibal. —Tarentum recepit. He recovered Tarentum from the Carthaginians in his fifth consulship, B.C. 209, and by this success inflicted a deadly wound on Hannibal's tenure of Southern Italy. The plunder of the town was given up to the soldiery; (Compare Liv., xxvii., 15, 16.)-Adoles cens ita dilexi senem, &c. The old general admitted the young sol. dier to the honor of an intimate acquaintance. While Fabius cornm municated the valued results of military experience, he omitted no' to instill his own personal and political partialities and dislikes intc the ear of his attached follower. (Smith, Dict. Biogr., vol. i., p 637.)- Comitate condita gravitas. "A dignity tempered with affa bility." More literally, "seasoned with." —Eum colere. " To cultivate his acquaintance." Anno enim post, &c. Observe the tmesis, as it is called, in postquam. Fabius was consul for the first time in B.C. 233. Liguria was his province, and it afforded him a triumph, and an opportunity of dedicating a temple to Honor. (Cic., N. D., ii., 23.)-Cumquc eo quartum consule, &c. Fabius obtained his fourth consulship in B.C. 214, when Cato was twenty years of age. Hence the latter calls himself here adolescentulus, " a very young man."-Ad Capuan. Fabius had commenced the siege of this place the year previous (B.C. 215), when consul for the third time.-Qutestor deinde quadriennio post factus sum, &c. The common text reads as follows: 136 NOTES ON " Cum eo quartum consule adolescentulus miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum qucestor: deinde tedilis, quadriennio post factus sum pracetor." There is no doubt whatever that this reading is corrupt and interpolated, since it is at variance with the accounts both of ancient historians and of Cicero himself. In the first place, Cato was not quaestor at the siege of Tarentum, but in Africa; nor under Fabius Maximus, but Scipio Africanus; and, moreover, so far was he from being a quaestor at the siege of the place in question, that he served on this occasion merely as a private soldier (miles). In the next place, there is no reason whatever why he should speak of himself, in this passage, as aedile and praetor, when his object is not to make any mention of himself, save only so far as will enable him to tell the praises of Fabius. Again, he did not fill the praetorship in the year when Tuditanus and Cethegus were consuls, but merely the office of quaestor, a fact of which Cicero himself is a witness. (Brut., 15, 6.) And, finally, he was not praetor four years after his aedileship, but the very next year. We ought to have no hesitation, therefore, in rejecting acdilis and prcetor from the text, with Pighius (Annal. Rom., ad ann. 549, p. 219), and by a change of punctuation restoring his own to Cicero. (Wetzel, ad loc.) Legis Cincice. The Lex Cincia, called also Muneralis, was passed in the time of the tribune M. Cincius Alimentus (B.C. 204), and not only forbade a person to take any thing for his pains in pleading a cause, but applied also to gifts in general, limiting in the latter case the amount of what- a person could give, and also requiring such gifts to be accompanied by certain formalities. (Dict. Ant., s. v.) Ut adolescens. "As a young man," i. e., with as much energy and spirit as if he were still in early manhood. Observe that there is no allusion here to youthful rashness.-Grandis. Supply cetate.Et Hannibalem juveniliter exultantem, &c. " And by his patient perseverance calmed down Hannibal, when exulting with all the ardor of a youthful conqueror." Literally, " exulting like a young man." Hannibal was about thirty years of age when he entered Italy, and in his forty-fourth year when he left that country and returned to Carthage.-Familiaris noster. When Cato, who had filled the office of quaestor under Scipio Africanus in the war against Carthage, was returning home, he found Ennius in Sardinia, became acquainted with his high powers, and brought him in his train to Rome, where he ever after lived on terms of intimacy with Cato and other eminent men of the day. linus homo nobis, &c. These are the famous lines of Ennius in THE DE SENECTUTE. 137 praise of Fabius Maximus, which occurred in the twelfth book of his Annals. We find them quoted again by Cicero in his treatise De Oficiis, i., 71, and referred to by several other writers. Virgil has imitated them in part in his.Eneid (vi., 846): " Tu Maximus ille es, Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem." Livy also remarks (xxx., 26): " Sic. nihil certius est, quam unum hominem nobis cunctando rem restituisse, sicut Ennius ait." Compare Column. ad Enn., Fragm., p. 98. Cunctando. An allusion to the surname Cunctator, given to Fabius on account of his cautious and wise delay in carrying on the war against Hannibal.-Restituit rem. " Restored the state." Rem for rempublicam. The military talents of Fabius were not, perhaps, of the highest order, but he understood beyond all his contemporaries the nature of the struggle, the genius of Hannibal, and the disposition of his own countrymen. Cicero says truly of him (Rep., i., 1), " Bellum Punicum secundum enervavit," a more appropriate eulogy than this of Ennius, since Marcellus and Scipio restored the republic to its military eminence, whereas Fabius made it capable of restoration. (Smith, Dict. Biogr., p. 993.)-Non enim rumores, &c. " For he placed not disparaging reports before the safety of his country," i. e., he went on steadily pursuing his plans for the safety of his country, and disregarded all the secret rumors and disparaging reports which were circulated concerning him, and which ascribed his dilatory movements to cowardice. Observe that the prose form of expression would be non enim rumores anteponebat saluti.Ergo postque magisque, &c. The idea is this: Ergo et post obitum viri gloria claruit, et magis etiam hac cetate claret, quam quum viveret., 11. Tarentum vero, &c. Tarentum was taken by treachery, as both Livy and Plutarch inform us. Either, therefore, Cato is made to refer here to some other account of its capture, or else, though the place was recovered from the Carthaginians in the way just mentioned, there was room, nevertheless, for the exercise of " vigilantia" and "consilium."-Salinatori. There is an error here on the part of Cicero. The Livius who commanded the citadel of Tarentum was M. Livius Macatus (Liv., xxvii., 25; Plut., Vit. Fab., 23), not C. Livius Salinator. The same error occurs in the De Orat., ii., 67, 273.-Mea opera. After the town had been taken by the Carthaginians, he had fled for refuge into the citadel, which he maintained notwithstanding all the attempts of Hannibal to dislodge him. 138 NOTES ON Hence he claimed the merit of recovering the town, because its citadel had never fallen into the hands of the enemy. In toga. "In civil life," i. e., as a statesman.-Consul zterum. This was in B.C. 228. But the tribuneship of Flaminius and his agrarian law were four years later, according to Polybius (ii., 21), so that Cicero appears to have made an error here also. Indeed, his statement bears improbability on the very face of it; for we know that in B.C. 227 C. Flaminius was praetor; and the aristocratic party, which he had irreconcilably offended by his agrarian law, would surely never have suffered him to be elected praetor the very year after. hitribuneship. (Smith's Dict. Biogr., vol. ii., p. 166.)-Agrum Picentem et Gallicurn viritim dividenti. "Proposing to divide the Picene aid Gallic territory (among all the plebeians) man by man." Observe tHWforce of the present participle dividenti, which becomes equivalent here to divisuro, or dividi jubenti. The territory referred to lay partly in Picenum and partly among the Galli Senones on the coast of UJbria. The MSS. vary between Picentem and Picenum. Both Picens and Picenus are in use; but on the present occasion the former is to be preferred, since, in addition to MS. authority, it has the express testimony of the grammarian Charisius in its favor (Instit. Gramm., ii., p. 198, ed. Putsch). Augurque cum esset. "And although he was an augur." Observe the force of cum. Although a member of the augural college, he was nevertheless so free from superstition, and of so liberal a spirit, as to declare, &c. (Facciolati, ad loc.) The idea is borrowed from Homer (II., xii., 243), eld otiwvOf aptarog, dlzd2veaOat rrept rairpiy. -Quce contra rempublicam ferrentur. "That those things which were aimed against the state." For ferrentur..... ferri; another, but very inferior, reading is fierent..... fieri. ~ 12. Filii. Fabius had two sons, the younger of whom survived him. (Liv., xxxiii., 42.) The elder son, who is the one here meant, was named Quintus Fabius Maximus, after his father, and was consul A.U.C. 541 (B.C. 213), along with Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, immediately after the fourth consulship of his father.-Est in manibus laudatio. "The funeral oration (pronounced by hirn) is in every body's hands." According to Cicero (Brut., 14, 18), Fabius, though, strictly speaking, not eloquent, was yet neither an unready nor an illiterate speaker.-Non contemnimus? "Do we not contemn in comparison with him?" i. e., does he not appear superior to any philosopher I THE DE SENECTUTE. 139 In luce.'",In public." Equivalent to what Cicero elsewhere (Off., iii., 1, 5) terms "in maxima celebratione."-Intus, domique. " Within doors, and at home," i. e., " within the privacy of home," as we may express it by a hendiadys. Some German editors render intus here by "in seinem Innern," but altogether erroneously, since intus is opposed to in luce. (Nauck, Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 560.)-Qui sermo! quce praecepta! "What converse (was his)! What rules of conduct (fell from his lips)!" i. e., how pleasing and instructive was his conversation.-MultTa etiam, ut in homine Romano, &c. "An extensive acquaintance with literature, too, for a man who was a Roman," i. e., for one who was a Roman, and not a Greek. The proper duties of a Roman were connected with forensic, senatorial, and warlike affairs. With ut supply solet fieri, or something equivalent.-Domestica. Those waged by the Romans in Italy, whereas externa bella are those waged in foreign lands, not only by the Romans, but by other nations.- Unde. Equivalent to a quo. CHAPTER V. 6 13. Quorsum igitur. " To what purpose now." On this use of igztur at the beginning of a clause, consult Hand, ad Tursell., iii., p. 192. -Nefas. " Positively wicked."-Scipiones. Alluding to Africanus the elder, whose quaestor he had been.-Maximi. Referring to Quintus Fabius Maximus, whom he has just been eulogizing. The meaning of the clause is, that it is not in every one's power to be a Scipio Africanus, or a Fabius.-Pedestres. Equivalent here to terrestres.Recordentur. On this verb's not unfrequent construction with the accusative, consult Zumpt, Q 440. —Quiete, et pure, et eleganter. The first of these terms refers to the silent and retired paths of a literary life, far removed from the turmoil of public affairs; the second to purity of moral conduct; and the third to the elegant pursuits of a learned leisure.-Platonis. "That of Plato to have been." The full form of expression will be Platonis senectutemfuisse. Plato, one of the most eminent philosophers of antiquity, and the founder of the Academic sect; was born B.C. 429. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 63.)-Scribens. Hermippus, as cited by Diogenes Laertius (iii., 2), makes Plato to have died at a nuptial banquet. —Uno et octogesimo. This use of uno for primo is of very frequent occurrence. (Zumpt, ~ 118.) Isocrates. Isocrates was a celebrated Attic rhetorician, born 140 NOTFS ON B.C. 436. He died in the ninety-ninth, or, according to SuidAs, in the one hundred and fourth year of his age.-Qui Panathenaicus inscrihitur. The work here mentioned was so called either because the author read it publicly at the Panathenaic festival of Minerva, or because it celebrated the praises of all those patriotic Athenians who were distinguished in the annals of the state. (Drakenborch, ad loc )-Inscribitlur. Observe the employment here of the present, where we would have expected the perfect. The reason appears to be this. Before the invention of printing, the affixing of the title to a work was regarded in two lights, either as the act of the author himself, or that of the copyists. In the former case, the perfect would be employed, to indicate the act once for all; but in the latter the present, as indicating an oft-repeated act on the part of successive transcribers. In modern Latinity, however, the employment of such a present, though often occurring, is decidedly erroneous. (Nauck, Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 561.) Leontinus Gorgias. "The Leontine Gorgias," i. e., Gorgias of Leontini, a Chalcidian colony in Sicily. He was born B.C. 480 or 479, and enjoyed a brilliant reputation as an eloquent rhetorician. -Centum et septem. Pliny says 108, and others, among whom is Suidas, 109 years.-Nihil habeo quod accusem senectutem. " I have no reason to complain of old age." Observe that quod is for propter quod. The ordinary reading is incusem, for which there is hardly any authority, and which, moreover, is not a Ciceronian term. Compare Orelli, ad loc. O 14. Conferunt. " Impute."-Faciebat. Observe the force of the imperfect in denoting whatever is usual or wont to be done.-Siclt fortis equus, &c. Commentators compare this with a passage in the Electra of Sophocles (v. 25, seqq.): i.frep yrp P7'ro: evYevij', K. r. a.-Vicit Olympia. "Has gained the Olympic contest." Supply certamina. An imitation of the Greek usage in the case of vZcdw. Thus, Thucyd., i., 126, vtKv'Oaz;utrra: Id., vii., 67, vLtKCv vavQaxiac: Plat., Leg., 964, C., aperi/v vtKav. (Kiihner, ~ 564, ed. Jelf.)-Confectu'. For confectus. Consult note on plenu', chap. i., 1.-Quem quidem probe meminisse potestis. " And you can both remember him well." Observe that quem is here for et eum, and compare Zumpt, ~ 803. Cato means that Scipio and Leelius were neither of them too young not to remember the veteran poet; for Scipio was at this time nearly thirty-five years of age, and Laelius was not many years his senior. (Compare De Am., 4, 8.) Ernesti reads quam, without THE DE 99NECTUTE. 141P any support from MSS., and, indeed, without any necessity. Quaum will, of course, refer to senectutem. Hi consules. " The present consuls," i. e., the consuls for A.U.C. 604, B.C. 150.-T. Flaminintus et M'. Acilius. The fullinames were T. Quinctius Flamininus and M'. Acilius Balbus. —Capione, et Philippo iterum, consulibus. Quintus Marcius Philippus was consul for the second time, and had for his colleague Cnaeus Servilius Caepio, in A.U.C. 585, B.C. 169. Cato, who was born B.C. 234, would therefore be, as stated in the text, 65 years old at the time of Ennius's death; while Scipio would be, at the same time, about 17 years old, and Laelius a few years older.-Legem- Voconiam magna voce, &c. " Had advocated the Voconian law with a loud voice, and with good lungs." Literally, "and with good (strength of) sides." From various passages in Cicero, and other ancient writers, we find that strength of sides as well as voice was absolutely required in an orator; for they very properly used the word sides as we do lungs, since the lungs have in themselves no manner of force, but their whole motion depends on the muscles of the sides and breast. (Franklin, ad loc.) The verb suadeo is the technical one employed to express the advocating, or recommending the passage of a law. (Compare Brut., 23, 89; Liv., xlv., 21.) The Voconian law was named after its proposer, Q. Voconius Saxa, a tribune of the commons. For an account of its provisions, consult Dict. Ant., p. 1064, 8vo ed., and p. 200, 12mo ed. Paupertatem. The reference is not to actual indigence, but merely to humble and contracted means, the true force of paupertas. Ennius dwelt in a small abode on the Aventine Hill, attended by a single female slave, and, though he might have obtained liberal aid from the Scipios and other noble friends, preferred maintaining himself in honorable poverty by acting as a preceptor to patrician youths. After having lived happily to a good old age, he was carried off by a disease of the joints, most probably gout. ~ 15. Etenim. "And (well may I say this of him) for." Observe here the elliptical use of etenim, which term answers, therefore, to the Greek Kai' yap, and compare the explanation of Beier (ad Off., iii., 15, 63; t. ii., p. 297), as cited by Billerbeck: "Ennius senectute paene oblectabatur. Et recte quidem: injustera enim sunt causer cuT senectus misera videatur."-Contemplor animo. The verb contemplor properly applies, as Festus remarks, to an augur making observatiohns in the heavens. When it has, as in the present instnane, a 142 NOTES ON figurative reference to the operations of the mind, it is employed either alone, as in Tusc., i., 30, or with animo added. (Compare Or. pro Deiot., 14, 40.)-Quatuor reperio causas. Consult Introductory notes.-Quod avocet. Observe in this clause, as well as in those that immediately follow, the employment of the subjunctive to indicate the sentiments of others, not those of the speaker.-Earum, si placet, &c. The order is videamus, si placet, quanta quamque justa sit unaquceque earum causarum. The word earum is put first as the emphatic one in the sentence, and as referring immediately to what has gone before. Observe, moreover, that si takes here the indicative, because the speaker has no doubt that what he is going to do will prove acceptable to his hearers.-Quanta. "i How weighty." CHAPTER VI. An iis, quae juventute geruntur, &c. "Is it not from those that are performed by young men and by physical strength! " Observe here the employment of an, where a preceding interrogation must be supplied by the mind, and where our idiom requires the insertion of a negative. It is the same as saying aliisne, an iis, &c., " From any others? or merely from those," &c., and to the latter clause an affirmative answer is always expected. (Consult Zumpt, ~ 353, and the remarks of Nauck, Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 561.)-Juventute. Graevius inserts in before this word, which Ernesti correctly removes again, for juventute is here equivalent to a juvenibus. -Res seniles. "Employments of age."-Vel inlfirmis corporibus. "Even when our frames are enfeebled." Q. Maximus. Fabius Maximus, already spoken of.-L. Paulus. Lucius AEmilius Paulus, surnamed Macedonicus, from his overthrow of Perseus and conquest of Macedonia. He was the father of the younger Scipio Africanus, who had been adopted into the Scipio family by the son of Africanus the elder.,Emilia Secunda, the younger daughter of.Emilius Paulus, married M. Porcius Cato, the son of Cato the Censor.-Optimi viri, filii mei. This was M. Porcius Cato, mentioned in the preceding note as having married Emilia Secunda. He was surnamed Licinianus because born to Cato from his first wife, Licinia, and to distinguish him from his halfbrother, M. Porcius Cato, the son of Salonia, Cato's second wife. He died when praetor designatus, about B.C. 152, a few years before his father, who bore his loss with resignation, and, on the ground of poverty, gave hiln a frugal funeral. (Liv., Epit., 48.) Fabrieii, Curii, Coruncanii. These plurals are used rhetorically THE DE SENECT'U'TE. 143 and refer each to single individuals. The first has reference to C. Luscinius Fabricius, the great opponent of Pyrrhus; the second, to M'. (Manius) Curius Dentatus, who distinguished himself as well by the primitive simplicity of his habits as by his warlike operations against the Samnites, Sabines, and King Pyrrhus; the third, to Tiberius Coruncanius, a contemporary of Curius and Fabricius, and a distinguished Roman pontiff and jurist. Cicero, who often sounds his praises, speaks of him as one of those extraordinary persons whose greatness was owing to a special Providence. (N. D., ii., 66.)-Cum.... defendebant. Observe here the employment of cum with the indicative, in-a direct and positive assertion, having nothing contingent or uncertain connected with it. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 579.) 16. Appii Ctaudii# Appius Claudius Crocus, who obtained his surname from his blindness. He lost his sight, according to the tradition mentioned by Livy (ix., 29), for having directed the Potitian family, in which the office of priests attendant on the great altar of Hercules was hereditary, to instruct some of the public slaves in the rites of that solemnity, with the intention of delegating the same unto them. Appius was a very distinguished Roman, and his name was handed down to posterity by the Appian Way, which he commenced, and the Appian Aqueduct, which he completed. (Liv., ix., 29; Frontin., de Aqued., 5; Niebuhr, vol. iii., p. 294, seqq.)-Acccdebat.... ut. Consult Zunipt, ~ 622.-Cum Pyrrho. Pyrrhus, after the battle of Heraclea (B.C. 280), sent Cineas, his friend and minister, to Rome with proposals of peace. The terms which he offered were hard; and yet such was the urgency of the case, and such the persuasiveness of Cineas, who was famed for his powers of oratory, that the senate would probably have yielded, if the scale had not been turned by the dying eloquence of old Appius, who caused himself to be brought to the senate for this purpose in a litter. Appius's speech on this occasion was extant in Cicero's time. (Brut., 16. Compare Liv., x., 19.) Persecutus est. " Has followed out," i. e., has expressed; has given their spirit and substance. Compare the Greek dtefpX6Oae. -Quo vobis mentes, &c. " In what direction have your infatuated minds been swerving, which hitherto were accustomed to stand firmly erect " i. e., whither have your minds wandered. Literally,," bent themselves." The construction is " quo viai dementes mentes flexere sese vobis?" Observe that viai is the old form for viae, and that dementes mentes is an instance of what grammarians call oxymrl 144 NOTES ON ron (bufwopov). We have given the reading suggested by Latnbinus, which harmonizes with the Greek version of Gaza. Gruter and others read via, i. e., viaa, in the ablative. The common text of the fragments of Ennius has dementi sese flexere ruina, which Gruter very properly condemns. Some editors, and among them Ernesti, give dementes sese flexere? omitting viai. Others, again, have dementes sese flexere vietae, the conjecture of Scaliger, vietae having the force of languidae, or viribus private.-Vidi. Observe the long penult, and consult Anthon's Latin Prosody, p. 19. Et tamen ipsius Appii, &c. " And yet the speech of Appius himself is still extant," i. e., although the speech itself of Appius is still extant. The meaning is this: Even, however, if you were not acquainted with the poem of Ennius, yet the extant speech itself would put you in full possession of all the circumstances of the case. Plutarch (Vit. Pyrrh., 19) gives us the substance qfthis celebrated oration. —Hec ille egit. Not hanc, as the common text has it, since agere orationem, notwithstanding the defence of it made by Scheller, is not good Latinity.-Septem et decem annis, &c. The time meant is A.U.C. 474, B.C. 280, the second consulship of Appius having been in A.U.C. 458, B.C. 296. The seventeen years are made up by including in the computation, according to the Roman custom, both the years 280 and 296, or 474 and 458.-Interfuissent. Better than interfluxissent, the reading of some editions, which is not Ciceronian.-Ante superiorem consulatum. His first consulship is meant. He was elected censor in B.C. 312, with C. Plautius, without having been consul previously, and he held the censorship until B.C. 307bwhen, after resigning this office, he was chosen consul for the first time.-Grandem. Supply cetate, or annis. Supposing that he obtained the consulship at the legal age (43 years), he would be at the period referred to in the text nearly 70 years old.-Et tamen sic a patribus accepimus. The idea intended to be conveyed by this is well expressed by Otto: "Et, quamquam plane grandis natu erat Appius, tamen hwec eum hac Setate fecisse accepimus a patribus." I~ 17. Nihil igitur afferunt. " Those persons, therefore, bring forward a mere nullity." Compare Billerbeck, "Diejenigen bringen also so gut wie Nichts vor." A much inferior reading is nihil asserunt, which has been deservedly rejected by Lambinus and others.-Similesque sunt, ut, si qui. This reading has been objected to by some editors, and Lambinus cites in place of it, from one of his MSS., similesque sunt iis, qui, which Grmvius receives into the text. It is, neverthe TIHE DE SENECTUTE. 145 less, more likely to be the true one, from its being the more difficult and unusual reading, and it is easily susceptible of defence from Off., i., 25, 87, as well as from other passages of Cicero cited by Gernhard. The plainer and clearer form of expression, however, would undoubtedly be similiterque faciunt, ut, si qui, &c. —lle au.tem. The pilot, or steersman, is meant. Ernesti maintains that ipse is the true reading, not ille, because it is opposed to alii. But Cicero would only have written ipse, if he had meant the pilot to be regarded as exercising authority over the rest. Ille, therefore, must not be disturbed. The case, however, is different with regard to autem, which appears quite superfluous, and which we have, therefore, inchluded within brackets, as Orelli has done. Ant velocitatibus, au.t celeritate corporum. The term velocilas means merely "swiftness," such as is seen in running; celeritas, on the contrary, is " agility." (Gernhard, ad loc.) The plural, velocilatibus, is peculiar; but still we ought not to think it any stranger than fortiludines, in Off., i., 22, or tarditates and celeritates in Off., i., 36. Consult, also, Zumpt, ~ 92.-Corporum. Not corporis, because the reference is to many, who act in obedience to the orders of a single individual, as, for example, soldiers obeying a commander; and the authority exercised by the one over the many is indicated by the words consilio, auctoritate, &c.-Sententia. " By the giving of directions." Compare Gernhard: " Sententia est ejus, qui, quid fieri oporteat, aperte dicit;" and also Billerbeck: "Sententia, der Ausspruch Dessen, der da heraussagt Was geschcheen miisse," In Gaza's Greek version it is incorrectly-rendered by dLJu4art, ~ 18. Qui et miles, &c. Compare chap. x., ~ 32.-Cessare. "To lead an idle life," i. e., to be a useless and idle member of the state.Quce sint gerenda. "What ones are to be waged," i. e., quze bella sint gerenda, not ea (negotia) quae sint gerenda, as Gernhard explains it, and which Orelli very prbperly condemns. Nauck maintains that we must read sunt, as Gernhard and others give it; but Orelli, Madvig, &c., have sint, which is undoubtedly the more correct reading —Male cogitanti. " Cherishing hostile intentions." Participial construction, for quce male jam diu cogitat. —Bellum multo ante denuntzo. An allusion to the well-known story of Cato's f" Delenda est Carthago.'` It was a most unwise policy on his part to urge the destruction of this celebrated city, since, so long as Rome had to be on her guard against a rival republic, his fellow-citizens Would be under a useful restraint, and be prevented from abandoning ther G 146 NOTES ON selves to frivolous and reckless passions, and haughty insolence.Quam illam excisam esse cognovero. Cato did not live to see the fulfillment of what he so eagerly desired, but died three years befobre the overthrow of Carthage, B.C. 149. (Vell. Pat., i., 13, 1.) ~ 19. Quam palmam, &c. Compare with this the account given in Liv., Epit., 49, that when Cato heard of the exploit of the younger Scipio, who was then serving as a tribune of the soldiers, in having saved the Roman army by his prudence and resolution, he declared in the Roman senate, " reliquos, qui in Africa militarent, umbras militare, Scipionem vigere." —Ut avi reliquias persequare. "That you may follow out what was left unfinished by your grandsire," i. e., may complete the work which he so happily began, and lay Carthage in the dust. The younger Scipio, as before remarked, was a son of L. _/Emilius Paulus, but was adopted into the Scipio family by the son of the elder Africanus; the latter, therefore, is here styled his grandsire.-Tertius hic et tricesimus, &c. Many editors read quintus here; but we have retained the common lection, with Madvig and Orelli. The change would probably be a correct one, could we be certain with regard to the system of chronological computation which Cicero has followed. —Sed memoriam illius viri, &c. It sounds strangely to hear Cato always speaking in terms of high eulogy of the elder Africanus, against whom, according to Plutarch and other writers, he cherished feelings of so unfriendly a nature. Novem annis. Here, again, a correction is made of decem for novem, by those editors who have written above quintus for tertius. The same remark will apply to this emendation as above given. -Excursione. "Running forth." A military exercise is meant, which was especially used in the training of light troops, and consisted in sallying forth as if to meet a foe. Compare Cic., de Divin., 11, 10: "Sed hcec fuerit nobis, tamquam levis armaturee, prima orationis excursio;" which passage will also afford a sufficient answer to Gruter's proposed reading of decursione.-Saltu. " Leaping." Put here for the actus agendi. Another military exercise is meant, which was performed most commonly in armor, in order to train the soldier for leaping trenches, springing upon the foe, &c.-Que nisi essent. "' For had not these qualities existed." (Zumpt, ~ 803.)-Senatum. A senate in the early times was always regarded as an assembly of elders, which is, in fact, the meaning of the Roman senatus, as of the Spartan yepovaia, THE DE SENECTUTE. 147 ~ 20. Senes. In Sparta the senate was called the yepovala, or Assembly of Elders, and its members yipovreC. The Spartan yepovoia included the two kings, who were its presidents, and consisted of thirty members; and the kings themselves, as far as their votes were concerned, ranked merely as ordinary senators. This will serve to throw light on the expression amplissimum magistratum, which, as employed in the text, comprehends the kings also. - Externa. " Things relating to foreign lands." Equivalent to historiam externam. Cedo. "Tell us, pray." The singular for the plural cOdite, just as we sometimes find age for agite, as in Cic. pro Leg. Manil., 14: " Age vero..... considerate." The line in the text is taken from the old poet Naevius, and is a comic iambic tetrameter acatalectic, or octonarius, consisting of four measures, or eight feet. The scanning is as follows: CEdi qua I vistram 1[ rempfibllJicm II tdntam almisistllis tam I cit? 11 Sic enim percontantur, &c. " For so they put the question, as we find it in the' Ludus' of Noevius," i. e., for such is the question put by some of the characters in the comedy of Naevius, entitled, Ludus," or the School. Naevius was one of the early Roman poets, having been born somewhere between 274 and 264 B.C. He was contemporary, therefore, with Cato, though much the older of the two. Neevius composed tragedies, comedies, and also an epic poem on the First Punic War, during the latter part of which contest he had performed military service.-Proveniebant oratores novi, &c. " There came forth a crop of demagogues of low birth, fools, mere striplings." Observe that novi is here equivalent to ignobiles. We have placed a comma after stulti, with Madvig and Nauck, which renders the line a more emphatic one, and produces a species of parallelism between stulti and adolescentuli. Lambinus, instead of proveniebant oratores, gives provehebantur ad res from a single MS., but the line with this change violates the metre. The verse is a comic trochaic tetrameter catalectic, in which novi is to be pronounced as a monosyllable, as in Plautus, Mil., iii., 1, 30: Prbve~nrFi bnt 11 brdtl[rEs 11 n'vs stfiltli adleiscllintiilli. 148 NOTES ON CHAPTER VII. ~ 21. At memoria minuitur. " But (some one will say) the memory is impaired (by old age)."-Tardior. "More dull (than ordinary)." Equivalent to tardioris ingenii, of a duller intellect than we ordinarily find among men.-Perceperat. "Had acquired." Observe that percipere.is here equivalent to animo et memoria comprehendere. iSchiitz, Lex. Cic., s. v.)-Lysimachum salutare solitum. "Was accustomed to greet as Lysimachus," i. e., to salute him when they met by some name not his own. Supply esse after solitum. As regards the powers of memory possessed by Themistocles, consult Cic., Acad., ii., I; Val. Max., viii., 7, 15.-Qui sunt. Supply in vivis, if any ellipsis be actually supposed to exist here. Nec sepulcra legens, &c. It was a prevailing superstition among the ancients, that to read the inscriptions on the monuments of the dead weakened or quite destroyed the memory. (Compare Cic., de Fin., v., 1, 3; P'laut., True., i., 2, 62.) A notion somewhat similar to this prevailed among the Jews, who believed that to look upon the face of a dead person was destructive of the memory. (Buxtoif's Customs and Ceremonies of the Jews, in Stehelin's Rabbinical Literature, ii., p. 359.)-.Vadimonia constitute. " Their appointed recognizances," i. ce., the recognizances into which they have entered, and by which they bind themselves to appear in court on a day appointed therein. If the individual so bound did not appear, he was said vadimonium deserere, and lost his cause by default (causam perdebat. Compare Orat. pro Quinct., c. 18, and Hor., Sat., i., 9, 36). ~ 22. Quid jurisconsulti, &c. "How stands the case with old men who are lawyers," &c. The profession of the ancient lawyer, like that of the orator, especially required the cultivation of the memory. For a literal translation supplyfaciunt, and observe the change of punctuation which we have introduced in accordance with the suggestion of Nauck, namely, a comma, instead of a mark of interrogation, after jurisconsulti, pontifices, and augures. The term senes belongs to each of these words, a meaning, however, which is obscured, if not altogether destroyed, by the common mode of pointing. AModo. "Provided only." Put for dummodo.-Honoratis. The reference is to individuals who enjoy public honors, that is, who fill public offices, &c. Compare the explanation of Facciolati: "qui honoribuLs funguntur et magistratus gerunt," and consult Brut., 81, THE DE SENECTUTE. 149 281; Vell. Paterc., ii., 88.-Quieta. A life in which one can pass his days in otio, away from the cares and disturbances of public employments. Sophocles. This celebrated tragic poet was born at Colonus, an Attic demus or borough, about a mile from Athens, B.C. 495. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 23.) He died B.C. 405, in his ninetieth year. Lucian (Macrob., 24), less correctly, makes him to have lived to the age of ninety-five. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 83.)-Cum rem negligere, &c. Another reason has been assigned by some of the ancient writers, namely, his affection for a favorite grandchild by a second wife, to whom it was suspected that he intended to leave his property.-Nostro more. Consult ad Herenn., i., 13, 23; Tusc., iii., 5, 11.-Male rem gerentibus, &c.' Fathers who manage their affairs ruinously are accustomed to be interdicted from any (further) control over their property." The usual government of interdico is the accusative and dative, interdico tibi aliquid, "I forbid thee something." The construction interdico te aliqua re does not occur, but a mixture of this and the preceding one, namely, interdico tibi aliqua re, as in the present instance, " I issue an interdict against thee in the case of something." (Zumpt, Q 418.)-Quasi desipientem. "As if in his dotage." Eamfabulam. "The play." —Proxime scripserat. This is according to the common account, which makes him to have composed the play in question during the last year of his life or thereabouts. The pretty story, however, here related by Cicero, and elsewhere by others, has been pronounced by modern critics a mere fabrication, since, according to them, the play in question must have been acted, at least for the first time, before the breaking out of the Peloponnesian war. (Theatre of the Greeks, 4th ed., p. 75.) —(Edipum Coloneum. "The (Edipus at-Col6nus" (Oi6iTrovc errZ Ko2ttv.3). The subject of the play is the death of (Edipus, in the grove of the Eumenides, at Col6nus. - Recitasse fertur. According to one account, he read merely that chorus in the play which celebrates the praises of his native borough, and, as the judges were chosen from his boroughmen, according to the rule in such cases, this beautiful portion of the drama produced the more powerful effect upon them. ~ 23. Hesiodum. Hesiod was the earliest Greek poet after Homer, and was born in the Bceotian village of Ascra. —Simonidem. Simonides was a celebrated poet, born in the Island of Ceos, B.C. 556, and who died at the age of ninety. He gained the prize when eighty years 150 NOTES ON old, 4ivdpcv Xop~. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 33.)-Stesichorum. Stesichorus was a Greek lyric poet, born at Himera, in Sicily, B.C. 632. He died in B.C. 553, at the age of eighty. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 5.)-Isocratem. Isocrates died in B.C. 338, having completed his ninety-eighth year. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 149.)Gorgiam. The dates of the birth and death of Gorgias are alike uncertain, but the number of his years ranges between one hundred and one hundred and nine. (Compare Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 65.) —Pythagoram. Pythagoras, the celebrated philosopher, and founder of the sect called after his name, was born in the Island of Samos. His birth-year, however, is as uncertain as the period of his death. Bentley and Larcher make him to have been born B.C. 608 or 605, and Dodwell, B.C. 570. His age is stated to have been eighty, by Heraclides Lembus (Diog. Laert., viii., 44), but ninety by the more general account. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 23.)-Democritum. Democritus, of Abdera, attained to the age of one hundred and four years. (Lucian, Macrob., c. 18.) —Platonem. According to chap. v., Plato died at the age of eighty-one. (Compare Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 139.)-Xenocratem. Xenocrates, the pupil of Plato, was born at Calchedon (or Chalcedon), B.C. 396, and died in his eighty-second year.-Zenonem. Zeno, the celebrated founder of the Stoic sect, was born at Citium, in the Island of Cyprus. His age is differently stated at ninety-two or ninety-eight years. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., ii., p. 367, seqq.)-Cleanthem. Cleanthes, the pupil and successor of Zeno, was a native of Assus, in Mysia. He is said to have starved himself in his eightieth year.-Diogenem Stoicum. Diogenes, surnamed the Babylonian, to distinguish him from other philosophers of the name of Diogenes, was a native of Seleucia, in Babylonia. He was educated at Athens by Chrysippus, and was one of the three philosophers who formed the embassy which the Athenians sent to Rome in B.C. 155, the other two having been Carneades and Critolaus. He died at the age of eighty-eight. An in omnibus his, &c. " Or was not rather, in the case of all these, the active prosecution of their respective studies coexistent with their lives i" Compare "agitatio virtutum," Sen., Epist., 109; "agitatio rerum," Val. Max., vii., 2, 1; and, as regards the force of an here, consult note on an iis, &c., Q 15. ~ 24. Ex agro Sabino. Cato was born at Tusculum, a municipal town of Latium; but when he was yet a very young man, the death of his father put him in possession of a small hereditary estate in the THE DE SENECTUTE. 151 Sabine territory, at a distance from his native town. It was here that he passed the earlier and many of the later years of his life, and hence the reference in the text to his country neighbors. (Compare chap. xiv., ~ 46, and Corn. Nep., Vit. Cat. iM., 1.)-Quibus absentibus, &c. They did not allow the works in question to be carried on, unless they themselves were present and took part in the same. -Percipiendis. "In gathering in." (Compare Plin., H. N., xvi., 1: "Perciperefructum ex olea.")-In aliis. "In the case of other things," i. e., in the case of those things which appertain unto, and intimately concern them. Observe that in aliis here stands opposed to in eis, quae sciunt nihil ad se omnino pertinere. Consult Klotz, ad loc., who correctly condemns the explanation of Orelli. Some read in illis, " scil. negotiis, quorum fructus annuus est," as Ernesti explains it, but this is decidedly inferior. Madvig also gives in aliis, and in the Greek version of Gaza we have err ruhv ii2uv.-Nihil omnino ad se pertinere. Compare the explanation of Billerbeck: " nullum utilitatis fructum semet ipsos inde esse capturos." Serit arbores, &c. This line is commonly read and arranged as follows: Serit arbores quae alteri saeculo prosient, and if we adopt this as the correct form of the verse, it can not, of course, be scanned as an iambic trimeter, even according to the comic scale, without violating the metre, and we must come to the unavoidable conclusion that Cicero quotes here from Statius, without regarding any metrical arrangement of the words, and consequently that this quotation ought to be printed merely as so much prose; just as Moser has given it in his edition of the Tusculan Disputations (i., 14), where it also occurs. As this, however, might look like an avoiding of the difficulty, we have preferred adopting the reading of Grotefend (cited by Billerbeck), and which has been followed also by Spengel. ( Fragm. Stat., p. 50.) We have thus a good comic iambic trimeter: Serit drbl6res 1I qua secll5 prdlsZ1t dltlerz. 11 Hermann, however (Leipz. Lit., 1819, p. 171), prefers regarding the line as a Cretic tetrameter, and his opinion is adopted by Nobbe and Billerbeck, as well as by a critic in the Heidelb. Jahrb. d. Litt., 1826, p. 984. Hermann's arrangement is as follows: Serit drboris, I quce dlters I sacil5 I pr5sient.l Ut ait Statius noster, &c. "As our Statius says in'The Youthful Comrades.'" This was a Greek comedy of Menander's, which Statius has translated into Latin. Its Greek title was Zvvreo76o~, 152 NOTES ON which Statius preserved in Latin characters, Synplelphi. Statius, whose full name was Cacilius Statius, and who is called Cwccilius at the commencement of the next chapter, was a Latin comic poet, and originally a Gallic slave. His productions were held in high estimation by the Romans, who classed him for the most part with Plautus and Terence. He died B.C. 168, one year after Ennius. Being originally a slave, he bore the servile appellation of Statius, which was afterward, probably when he received his freedom, converted into a sort of cognomen, and he thenceforth became known. as Caecilius Statius. O 25. Ncc vetro dubitet agricola, &c. " Nor, indeed, let any husbandman, however advanced in years, hesitate to reply," &c., i. c., every husbandman, no matter how old, ought to reply, &c. The true reading here is dubitet, so that nec dubitet is equivalent, in fact, to non est, quod dubitet. Klotz, therefore, errs in recommending dubitat, as given by some of the MSS.-Prodere. "To transmit them." In the Greek version nrapadofvatc. CHAPTER VIII. Melius Ccecilius, &c.' Caecilius has expressed this sentiment respecting an old man (thus) exercising foresight for the benefit of a coming age, in a better spirit than (he), the same (poet), has that other one," i. e., the line which we have just given from Cecilius Statius respecting the old man planting trees for another generation, is conceived in a much better spirit than that other passage friom the pen of the same poet, namely, &c. With CaZcilius supply hoc dixit or something equivalent.-rYdepol, senectus, &c. "Depend upon it, old age," &c. There must be a comma after senectis, as this is an address to age. The lines here quoted are from a play of Statius, entitled " Plocius," as we learn from Nonius (s. v. adlenile). The measure is iambic trimeter.% In the first line acdepol is plonounced as a dissyllable, and forms a spondee; and in the third diu becomes a monosyllable, forming the latter half of a spondee: id'pol, I sntctlliis, si nil quidllquaem lalzd I vta II appobrtEs tdllcum, cume adlillizs, 1i unumr d I st ~s t st quTod dfit I vzivnd[lo mailjl quc 11 non volt I vidit. Il Apportes.... videt. Observe the sudden change from the second person to the third, from sencctus to senex.-Et mzultafortasse. Sup THE DE SENECTUTE. 153 ply videt.-Adolcscentia. "Youth," i. e., the young man. The abstract for the concrete. Vitiosius. "With worse taste." —Tum equidem, &c. These two lines are iambic trimeters, like those that precede. In the second line, the long a in ea loses one of its component short vowels by elision, but the remaining short one is lengthened by the arsis. (Consult Anthon's Lat. Pros., p. 110.) tum ~quidem in I sinictlla hoc dlpiitb jI miserrlizmm II sintilre ea 1 Ttdlte Zsse 6dillosum altlrzi. I ~ 26. Jucundum potius, &c. " Nay, pleasing rather than odious!" The full construction is immo, sentire esse se jucundum, &c.-Levior. Equivalent to tolerabilior. A far better reading than lenior.-Qui a juventute coluntur, &c. Compare De Off., i., 34: "Est igitur adolescentis majores natu vercri, exque his deligere optimos et probatissimos, quorum consilio atque auctoritate nitatur." —Sed videtis, ut, &c. "You see, then, how that old age is not merely languid and inactive." The term iners here refers to an aversion for active labor. -Tale scilicet, &c. "Of such a nature, namely, as was the favorite pursuit of each one in earlier life." Quid, qui etiam addiscunt aliquid? "What shall we say of those who even learn something additional?" i. e., increase their stock of knowledge ip old age. —Versibus. The verse here referred to is yrpiaocw d' aeii iroie dt6atic6ievog. It is cited by Plato, in his Timaeus; by Plutarch, in the Life of Solon; and by the scholiast on the Antigone of Sophocles, v. 71 1.-Senem fieri. According to Diogenes Laertius (i., 62), Solon reached the age of eighty years. Lucian, however (Macrob., 18), makes him to have lived one hundred.-Qui Grcecas literas, &c. "W Who have made myself acquainted with Grecian literature when advanced in years." Cato, as we have before remarked, was acquainted in early life with the language, but not with the literature, of Greece. He was averse to the latter from the influence of a strong national prejudice, which diminished, however, in force as he grew older and wiser. —Ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent, &c. This is thrown in by Cicero, in order to account for the Greek erudition possessed by one who had been, in his younger days, so averse to its acquirement. (Compare chap. i., ~ 3: " Qui si cruditius videbitur disputare," &c.) —Exemplis. "As illustrations (of what I say)."-Quod cum fecisse Socratem, &c. " And when I heard that Socrates had done this in the case of the lyre, I could have wished, indeed, that I had done that also," i. e., G2 154 NOTES ON when I heard that Socrates had learned something new in his old age, by making himself acquainted with the lyre, I regretted that I had not done the same.-Fidibus. Supply canere, and compare Tusc., i., 2: "Est in Originibus (Catonis), solitos esse in epulis canere convivas ad tibicinem, de clarorum hominum virtutibus."-Elaboravi. 1" Have worked hard." Observe the force of the preposition in composition. CHAPTER IX. ~ 27. Locus alter de vitizs senectutis. "The second head concerning the failings of age."-Non plus quam. " Any more than."-Tauri. Some MSS. and early editions have sires tauri, but vires is better understood.-Quod est. "What one has." Equivalent to quod est homini a natura datum.-Pro viribus. " To the best of your ability." -Qua veox. " What remark."-Quam Milonis Crotoniatce. " Than that of Milo the Crotoniat." Milo (MiXcov) of Crotona, in Lower Italy, was an athlete, famous for his extraordinary bodily strength, an instance of which is given in the next chapter. His date is ascertained by the battle of the Crathis, B.C. 511, in which he bore an important part. The manner of his death is thus related: as he was passing through a forest, when enfeebled by age, he saw the trunk of a tree which had been partially split open by wood-cutters, and attempted to rend it still further, but the wood'closed upon his hands, and thus held him fast, in which state he was attacked and devoured by wolves. (Diod. Sic., xii., 9; itlian, V. H., ii., 24.) Lacertos. The term lacertus is very appropriate here, since it denotes the most muscular part of the arm, namely, from the elbow to the top of the shoulder, and hence it is frequently employed to signify "strength," as in Hor., Ep., ii., 2, 47: "Cesaris Augusti non responsura lacertis." The term brachium denotes the arm from the hand to the elbow. —Non vero tam isti, &c. " In very truth, those arms of yours are not so dead as you yourself are, driveler." With isli supply lacerti, and observe the reference in isti to the second person, or the one addressed. The full expression would be non tam isti lacerti sunt nmortui, quam tu ipse no2rtuus es, nugator. Nihil talc. Supply in se admisit. "Allowed no such remark to be made of him." Literally,' admitted (or allowed) no such thing against himself," i. e., to his own disparagement. Translate nihi. in each of the succeeding clauses by "nor."-Scxtus _'Elius. Sexlis.E lius Petus, surnamed Catus, or "the Wise," was an eminent THE DE SENECTUTE. 155 Roman jurist, and particularly celebrated for his work on the Twelve Tables, entitled Tripartita, or Jus.]3lianum. He was consul B.C. 198, with T. Quinctius Flamininus. Ennius compliments him in the well-known line quoted by Cicero (de Orat., i., 45), "Egregie cordatus homo Catus 2iEliu' Sextus." - Ti. Coruncanius. Tiberius Coruncanius, the celebrated jurist, already mentioned in chap. vi., ~ 15. —P. Crassus. Publius Licinius Crassus, another eminent jurist, and distinguished, also, for his knowledge of the pontifical law. He was consul with C. Cassius Longinus, B.C. 171, and twenty-one years before the death of Cato. Hence the term modo, " of late," in the text, which shows that he must not be confounded with P. Licinius Crassus, who was consul with the elder Africanus, B.C. 205. (Consult Corrad., Quaest. Min., p. 313, and Gernhard, ad loc.)-Jura prcescribebantur. "'The laws were expounded," i. e., legal advice was accustomed to be given. Compare Wetzel (Ind. Lat., s. v.): "a me praescribuntur jura civibus, ich zeichne meinen Mitbicrgern die Rechte vor, gebe ihnen cine Anweisung wie sie sich bei Rechtsfiillen verhalten sollen."-Quorum est provecta prudentia. " Whose professional acquirements were carried onward." Equivalent to "quorum juris civilis et augurii scientia progressus fecit, or increvit." S 28. Metuo ne. Consult Zumpt, Q 533.-Laterum. Consult note on "bonis lateribus," chap: v., ~ 14.-Omnino canorum ileud, &c. "In general, that musical distinctness of utterance (peculiar to the orator) is clearly perceptible," &c. Observe the employment of the neuter adjective for the noun, namely, canorum illud for cantus ille; and, with regard to the expression itself, compare Orat., 18: "Est in dicendo etiam quidam cantus obscurior," &c.-Annos. " My present years." Cato was now in his eighty-fourth year. —Sed tamen est, &c. " But, (even if this musical distinctness be lost,) still the enunciation of one advanced in years is graceful, calm, and subdued." Observe the limiting effect of sed tamen after a general assertion expressed by omnino, and compare the explanation of Facciolati: " Sed, utcunque canorum illud amittatur, tamen," &c. There is, therefore, an admission in sed tamen that the canorum illud may be lost by age.-Ipsa. "Of itself."-Comta. "Neat," i. e., well and clearly arranged. Correctly expressed in the Greek version by evavVeTro0. Quam si ipse exsequi nequeas, &c. " If, however, you may not be well able to accomplish this, still you may have it in your power to impart instruction to a Scipio and a Lalius," i. e., even if, however, 156 NOTES ON one should not be able, in consequence of age, to harangue in the forum or senate, still he may at his own abode impart the lessons of eloquence and wisdom to young men of promise; yourself, for instance, Scipio, or our friend Laelius here. —Studiis juventutis. " By a crowd of the young eager for instruction." Equivalent to grege jlvenurn studiosorum. O 29. An ne relinquemus. " Shall we not leave." —Ad omne offlcii munus instruat. "To train them up to every discharge of duty," i. e., to the proper discharge of every duty. The Greek version has adyelv eit (i7Tav KaiOKov.o-Cn. et P. Scipiones. " Cneius and Publius Scipio." These two individuals were brothers, and distinguished themselves by a series of brilliant victories in Spain over the Carthagin ians. They both fell in battle, B.C. 211. Cneius was the father of Scipio Nasica Optimus, and Publius of the elder Africanus.-L. ~XmililUs et P. Africanus. The L. lfEmilius Paulus here meant is the one that lost his life at Canne. His son, L. z.Emilius Paulus Macedonicus, the conqueror of Macedonia, was the father of /Emilianus, or Scipio Africanus the younger. L. _/Emilius was, therefore, the natural grandfather of the younger Africanus, and the elder Africanus his grandfather by the course of adoption. Hence the expression in the text, avi tui duo.-Comitatu. "By a suite." It was a favorite old Roman custom, for the younger Romans, in the days of the republic, to attend upon and form the retinue of distinguished men, and thus practically acquire the rudiments of statesmanship and war.-Nec ulli bonarum artium, &c. As some might object that all old men can not be distinguished for past exploits, and can not, therefore, be courted and followed by the young, Cicero here proceeds to answer this objection by a general remark.-Tradit. "H1ands over." An apt expression, and well depicting one age succeeding to another. ~ 30. Apud Xenophontem. The passage referred to occurs in the Cyropwedia, viii., 7, 6.-Cum admodum senex esset. Xenophon makes Cyrus the Elder to have died quietly in his bed, at an advanced age (according to the common account, seventy years old), after a sage and Socratic discourse to his children and friends. According to Herodotus, however, he fell in battle against Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae; while Ctesias makes him to have met with his death from a wound received in battle with a nation called the Derbices.-L. Metellum. L. C'ecilius Metellus, grandfather of Metellus TIHE DE SENECTUTE. 157 Macedonicus, was consul B.C. 251, in the first Punic war, and gained a decisive victory over Hasdrubal at Panormus, in Sicily. In B.C. 247 he was consul a second time, and in B.C. 243 he was elected Pontifex Maximus, and held that dignity for twenty-two years, as is stated in the text. He must, therefore, have died shortly before the commencement of the second Punic war, B.C. 221, at which period Cato would have been in his thirteenth year. — Ut adolescentiam non requireret. "1That he did not miss the season of youth." Literally, "did not seek after." Equivalent to ut non desideraret, &c., which latter verb is employed at the beginning of the present chapter.-Senile. "An attribute of age," i. e., an old man's privilege. He refers to thle speaking about one's self. CHAPTER X. ~ 31. Videtisne. "Do you not see." In the same sense we might also say nonne videtis. Ernesti thinks that rides alone, without ne, would be a better reading; but consult Zumpt, ~ 352.-Apud Homerum. In II., i., 260, seqq., and xi., 663, seqq. —Tertiam enim jam, &c. Nestor, according to the Homeric account, had survived two generations of men, and, at the time of the Trojan war, was living among a third one. A generation was thirty years. HAs regards the accusative etatern, consult Zumpt, ~ 383.-Insolens. " Boastful." —Ex ejus lingua, &c. A translation into Latin of the wellknown line in Homer'(I., i., 249): TO7 Kat' aTro yX6jaoa7f /lt7To yvKtivicv iev aV6D.-Egebat. "He required."-Dux ille Grcecie. Agamemnon. The passage to which Cato here refers is found in II., ii., 371, seq.-Ajacis similes. Ajax, son of Telamon, is meant. He was the bravest warrior in the Grecian host, after Achilles. Observe that similis takes the genitive of internal resemblance and the dative of an external one. (Zumpt, ~ 411.) Some grammarians have undertaken to disprove this rule, but without the least propriety. —Quod si acciderit. "And if this shall happen."-Non dubitat, quin. Consult Zumpt, ~ 540. ~ 32. Quod Cyrus. "That Cyrus does." Supply gloriatur.-Iis esse viribus. The ablative of quality. (Zumpt, ~ 471.)-Miles. Before Capua, under Quintus Fabius Maximus, then in his fourth consulship. (Compare chap. iv., ~ 10.) —Questor. Cato was designated queestor in B.C. 205, and in the following year entered upon the 158 NOTES ON duties of his office, and followed P. Scipio Africanus to Sicily, and from that island to Africa.-Consul in Hispania. Cato obtained the consulship in B.C. 195, when thirty-nine years old, and obtained Hither Spain for his province. In his Spanish campaign he exhibited military genius of a very high order. - Tribunus militaris. Cicero is supposed by many to have made a slight mistake here, since, according to Livy (xxxvi., 17), Cato was on this occasion a consular legatus, and since, as they affirm, no one was ever made tribune of the soldiers after having filled the office of consul. To this last assertion, however, a direct contradiction has been given, founded on several passages of Livy (xlii., 49; xliv., 1; xxii., 49), and one of Plutarch (Vit. Flanmin., c. 20); so that the point may be regarded as by no means a settled one, and Cicero, after all, may be right. Apud Thermopylas. The reference is to the battle fought with Antiochus the Great. This monarch, alarmed at Glabrio's progress in Northern Greece, intrenched himself strongly at Thermopylae; but, although his LEtolian allies occupied the passes of Mount CEta, the Romans broke through his outposts, and cut to pieces or dispersed his army. (Liv., xxxvi., 16.)-Nec afflixit. " Neither has it hurled me to the ground," i. e., so far enfeebled me that I can not stand upright without support.-Non desiderat. " Does not miss." The very same year in which this discourse is supposed to have been delivered, Cato prevailed upon the senate, notwithstanding the opposition of Scipio Nasica, to determine upon the destruction of Carthage.-N-on rostra. After his censorship, the public life of Cato was spent chiefly in forensic contests, senatorial debates, and speeches to the people. In the very last year of his life he took a conspicuous part in the righteous, but unsuccessful, prosecution of S. Sulpicius Galba, for his flagrant breach of faith toward the Lusitani. Cato made a powerful speech on this occasion against Galba, and inserted it in the seventh book of his Origines, a few days or months before his death. (Cic., Brutus, 23.) — Clientes. Consult Plutarch, Vit. Cat. Maj., c. 11. Mature fieri senem, &c. " To become an old man soon, if you wish to be an old man long." The true meaning of the proverb is that, if we wish to lead a long life, we should acquire and practice in our youth those virtues which are more generally observed in old men, namely, moderation, temperance, &c., and,viewed in this light, the maxim is an excellent one. Cato, however, chooses to understand the proverb in a very different sense, as meaning that we ought to be sparing of ourselves in early life, and intermit all THE DE SENECTUTE. 159 the more active employments of existence, so as to settle down soon into listlessness and indolence.-Ante quam essem. "Before I should become one in the ordinary course of nature."-Convenire me. "To have an interview with me," i. e., to call on me for advice or assistance. - Cui fuerim occupatus. "For whom I have been engaged," i. e., whom I have been prevented from seeing by other engagements, whether real or pretended. Observe the employment of the subjunctive here, the relative being equivalent to ut ei, in consequence of the demonstrative implied in the previous clause, the construction being the same as nemo talis adhuc convenire me voluit, ut ei fuerim occupatus. (Zumpt, ~ 558.) ~ 33. Ne vos quidem. "Not even you, indeed," i. e., not even you two, indeed, much less those that are weaker than you.-T. Pontii. This Titus Pontius is mentioned also in the treatise de Finibus (i., 3), but nowhere else. The Romans generally selected for centurions the strongest and tallest men. (Veget., ii., 14.) —Moderatio modo virium, &c. " Let there only be a proper exercise of one's strength." Jacobs and many others err when they regard moderatio virium as equivalent here to "a moderate degree of strength;" it is rather sapiens virium usus, as Wetzel correctly explains it. Compare also Nauck: "Mann muss nur recht haushalten mit den Kraften." (Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 564.) Olympie. "At Olympia." Olympia, in Elis, was the place for holding the celebrated Olympic games. It was not a city, but the name was given to the aggregate of temples, altars, and other structures on the banks of the Alpheus, in the immediate vicinity of the place where the games were held.-Per stadium ingressus esse, &c. " To have advanced along the whole length of the racecourse, supporting on his shoulders," &c. The stadium was 600 Greek feet, or 6061 English.-Cum sustineret. This construction may be neatly rendered in most cases by the English participle.Bovem vivum. The epithet vivum, omitted in some editions, is required to impart an additional idea of weight. The story, as commonly told, makes the animal to have been a heifer of four years old, and adds, that Milo ate the whole of it in a single day. (Compare Quintil., i., 9; Cic., de Fat., 13; Plin., H. N., vii, 20; Val. Max., ix., 12, 9.) Pythagorae. Cicero appears to have selected the name of this philosopher on the present occasion, because he lived in Crotona at the same time with Milo. (Val. Max., viii., 7, ext. 2. Compare 160 NOTES ON Heyne, Opusc., ii., p. 196.)-Isto bono utare. "Make use of that good thing which is yours," i. e., make good use of that gift of youthful vigor which nature has bestowed. Observe the force of isto.-Ne requiras. "Seek not after it again," i. e., let not its departure cost you a sigh. —tatis. " Of human life."-Sua tempes tivitas. " Its proper and distinguishing characteristic." Tempestivitas, as here employed, is well explained by Graevius as " Cujuslibet Tetatis naturalis proprietas, sicut, in ordine anni, veris tempestivitati flores, cestatis messes, auctumni maturitas, hiemis frigus est datum et assignatum a natura."-Ferocitas. "Rash presumption," i. e., a rash and proud reliance on their own resources. Compare the explanation of Billerbeck: "' die trotzende, strotzende Kraft."-Jam constantis aetatis. " Of now settled age." The constans aWtas is ripened and settled manhood, as opposed to the mobilis cetas juvenum.-Naturale quiddam. " Something natural to itself."-Percipi. " To be gathered in," i. e., to display or exhibit itself. A metaphor borrowed from the gathering in of the productions of the earth at their proper season. As these become the property of the husbandman, so the different characteristics of different ages, as time comes round, are taken possession of, as it were, by those ages, and become their firm and indelible attributes. ~ 34. Hospes tuus avitus Masinissa. " That ancestral guest of yours, Masinissa, i. e., that guest of your adoptive grandsire Africanus, and of yourself also as the representative of the line of the Scipios. Masinissa, king of Numidia, had proved a very valuable ally to the Romans against Carthage, and became connected with the Roman commander, Africanus the elder, by the ties of hospitality.-Nonaginta annos natus. This was the extent of Masinissa's existence. Some authorities, however, make him to have lived for a still longer period. (Compare Duker. ad Liv., Epit., 50.)-Cum ingressus iter pedibus sit. " That, when he has set out upon a journey on foot," i. e., if he sets out, &c. The meaning of the whole sentence is, that it was indifferent to him whether he walked or rode.-S-ummam esse in eo siccitatem, &c. "That there is in him the greatest spareness and activity of frame, and that, accordingly, he discharges in his own person all the duties and functions of a king." By siccitas corporis is meant a spare, muscular habit of frame, produced by a freedom from gross humors, and connected with active habits of life.-Itaque. Equivalent here to atque ita. (Consult Nauck, ad loc.)-Potest igitur exercitatio, &c. Masinissa retained in an extraordinary degree his TIIE DE SENECTUTE. 161 bodily strength and activity to the last; so that in the war against Hasdrubal, only two years before his death, he not only commanded his army in person, but was able to go through all his military exercises with the agility and vigor of a young man. CHAPTER XI. Non sunt in senectute vires. A new objection, which Cato himself brings forward. Compare chapter vii., at the commencement, and chapter ix., 27. —Et legibus et institutis. "By both the laws and institutions of our country." —Muneribus. Military and senatorian employments are here meant. By the Roman law, no one could be compelled to engage in military service after fifty, nor any senator summoned to attend in the senate-house after sixty years of age.Non modo. For non modo non. (Zumpt, ~ 724, b.) ~ 35. At ita multi, &c. " But there are many old men so utterly enfeebled," &c. Another objection is here advanced, as before, by Cato himself, and then answered also by him.-Non proprium senectutis, &c. " Is not a defect peculiar to age, but one common to health in general," i. e., but the ordinary effect of ill health at any period of life.- Quam fuit imbecillus, &c. This clause is incorrectly punctuated in almost all the editions, not even excepting those of Orelli and Madvig. There should be no comma after is, but one before it. The form is qui, without any intervening comma, refers to an individual as already well known; whereasfilius is, qui carries with it an unseasonable and altogether unnecessary opposition to the other son of Africanus, who was so contemptible a character. The son of Africanus mentioned in the text was P. Cornelius Scipio, who was augur in B.C. 180. Cicero speaks of him here as a man of more extensive acquirements than his father, and describes him elsewhere (Brut., 19; De Off., i., 33) as a person of great mental powers. His feeble constitution, however, prevented him from becoming at all eminent either in civil or military life. (Compare Nauck, Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 564.) Alterum illud exstitisset, &c. We have given illud with Orelli and Madvig, instead of ille, the common reading.-Lumen civitatis. Cato means that the son of Africanus would otherwise have been a source of as much glory to the state as his father had been. —Doctrina uberior. "A richer store of general knowledge."-Ejusque vitia diligentia compensanda sunt. "And its infirmities are to be 162 NOTES ON counterbalanced by unremitting diligence on our part." Lange and others give compescenda, an inferior reading, though it has been followed by Gaza in his Greek version: Kcotaa7Cov 7rpo daKpi6etav TrC aGvTO KaKiar. ~ 36. Habenda ratio valetudinis. " Regard must be had by us to health," i. e., we must be regularly attentive to the article of health. Cato here proceeds to lay down certain dietetic rules for the preserva tion of health amid advancing years.-Tantum. "Only so much."Reficiantur. I"May be reinvigorated." —Hec. Referring to mens and animus. Observe here the employment of the demonstrative in the neuter, as indicating things of different genders, and which convey not a personal, but an abstract idea.-Nisi tamquam lumini, &c. "Unless you, as it were, pour oil gently into the lamp." Literally, " pour oil gently in for the light," i. e., to keep the light alive. -Exercitatione ingravescunt. " Grow weary through exercise." The old reading is defatig'atione et exercitatione ingravescunt, the most recent one (that of Klotz, Madvig, and others) exercitationum defatigatione. Both, however, appear inferior to the one which we have given.-Levantur. "Are refreshed." Equivalent to leviores et agiliores fiunt. Nam quos ait Ccecilius, &c. " For as to those who, Czecilius says, are the dotards represented in comedies." With senes supply esse. The words comicos stultos senes are here quoted, with a change of construction, from the passage of Cecilius Statius that occurs in the De Amicitia, c. 26. The reference is to weak old men, represented on the stage to excite the laughter of the audience. The humor of the ancient comedy frequently turned upon some old man, who was exhibited throughout the piece as continually imposed upon by the cunning of an artful slave and intriguing courtesan.-Hos significat. " By these he means." Literally, "he indicates these as being." —Dissolutos. "Careless." (Consult Schiitz, Lex. Ciceron., s. v.)-Libido. " The license of the passions."-Ista senilis stultitia. As described by Caecilius. Observe that ista here denotes contempt. (Zumpt, ~ 701.)-Deliratio. "Dotage." The derivation of this word is as follows: lirare is " to sow seed in a furrow" (lira), and, of course, in a straight line: a deviation from this was called deliratio, and thence the metaphorical usage of the word. In fact, this single word expresses the whole of the stoic dogma, that the road to virtue is a straight line, and every deviation from it equally criminal. THE DE SENECTUTE. 163 ~ 37. Clientelas. "Clientships," i. e., clients. (Consult Dict. Ant., s. v. cliens.)-Appius. Consult chap. vi., ~ 16.-Intentum. "On the stretch."-Imperium. " A kind of empire."-Verebantur. A better reading than reverebantur, as given by some. The distinction between the two is well laid down by Gernhard: " Reveremur quos etate, sapientia, dignitate antecedentes observamus; veremur autem, quorum imperata, ut ingenui homines, facimus, ut liberi parentum."Mos patrius et disciplina. " The usages and discipline of our fathers." ~ 38. Ita. " In this way." Ita, when followed, as here, by si, is equivalent to hoc modo, or, more freely, hac conditione, and not, as some grammarians maintain, to turn demum. (Consult Hand, ad Tursell., iii., p. 478.)-Si se ipsa defendit. " If it maintains its own authority." Literally, 1"if it defends itself." —Si nemini mancipata est. "' If it has been brought under no one's control." Some editions give emancipata est, a much inferior reading. Orelli and Madvig have mancipata est, in accordance with the constant usage of Gaius. (Consult, also, Gronov., Obs. in Eccl., p. 34, as cited by Orelli, ad loc.)-Dominatur in suos. " It preserves its proper ascendency over the members of one's household." Consult Gernhard's note in defence of this reading, against the objections of Gravius. Originum. The reference is to Cato's historical work entitled the " Origines," of which mention has already been made. The second and third books treated of the origin of the Italian towns and communities, and from these two books the whole work derived its title. The sixth and seventh books continued the narrative to the year of Cato's death. (Nepos, Vit. Cat. Maj., 3.)-Est in manibus. " Is now in hand," i. e., I am now laboring upon it. (Compare Cic., Ep. ad Att., iv., 13, seqq.; Vorstius, de Lat. falso suspect., 7.)-Antiquitatis monumenta. The allusion here appears to be particularly to the dirolOiy/uara, terse and pointed sayings, of which Cato is known to have published a collection. (Cic., De Off., i., 29.) —Nunc quam maxime conficio. " I am now, with all possible industry, putting the finishing hand to," i. e., I am now, with all possible industry, preparing for publication. Cato left behind him one hundred and fifty orations, which were existing in the time of Cicero, though almost entirely neglected. Only a few fragments at present remain. - Grtecis literis. Compare chap. i., extr., and chap. viii., extr.-Pythagoreorum more, &c. The custom to which 164 NOTES ON Cato here refers is prescribed in what are called the Golden Verses of Pythagoras (v. 40-44).-Commemoro. "I recall," i. e., I go over with myself. Hac curricula mentis. " These are the race-courses of my mind." We have preferred rendering curricula here literally, in order to show the full force of the expression. The figure is a very striking one, and borrowed from the movements of the Ludi Circenses, or Games of the Roman Circus, and the curricula are the courses along which the racers pass. Hence by curricula mentis are to be understood those paths of study and moral exercise so vigorously pursued by Cato even at the close of his days.-Adsum amicis. i' I assist my friends in the courts of law." Supply judicio.-Affero. " I bring forward."-Lectulus. The couch on which the Romans studied, read, and wrote. (Compare Plin., Epist., v., 5; Suet., Aug., c. 78.)-Acta vita. "The life (hitherto) led by me," i.e., my previous course of life, enfeebled by no libidinous indulgences, but spent in the active discharge of military, senatorial, and agricultural employments.-Viventi. "By one who lives." For a vivente. (Consult Zumpt, Q 419.)-Ita sensim sine sensu, &c. " In this way life grows gradually old without our perceiving it." Giving sensim its strict literal meaning, we will perceive here both an alliteration and oxymoron, the idea being, in fact, this: "life grows old so gradually that we perceive it, and yet do not perceive it." (Nauck, Neue Jahrb., 12 supp. vol., p. 565.) CHAPTER XII. - 39. Eam carere voluptatibus. "That it is deprived of the enjoyment of pleasures," i. e., the full gratification of the senses.-O praclarum munus catatis. " O glorious prerogative of our time of life."-Veterem orationem Archytce Tarentini. "A discourse delivered in former days by Archytas of Tarentum." Archytas, a Greek of Tarentum, was distinguished as a philosopher, mathematician, general, and statesman, and was no less admired for his integrity and virtue, both in public and private life. He lived, probably, about 400 B.C. He was drowned while upon a voyage on the Adriatic. (Compare Hor., Od., i., 28.)-Tarenti cum Q. Maximo. This was after the city had been recovered from the Carthaginians by Quintus Fabius Maximus, with whom Cato was then serving. (Compare chap. iv., Q 11.) The discourse of Archytas was communicated to Cato by the Pythagorean Nearchus, as we learn from ~ 41.-Capi THE DE SENECTUITE. 165 taliorem. "More fatal," i. e., carrying with it more imminent danger to life (caput). —Cujus voluptatis avidce libidines. "The eager appetite for which pleasure." Compare Facciolati:," Avidre libidines: ita appellantur vehementiores appetitus et cupiditates." —Ad potiundum. "To its enjoyment."-Incitarentur. The subjunctive is used because the language and sentiments of another are quoted. ~ 40. Clandestina colloquia. "Clandestine conferences," i. e., secret correspondence with intent to betray one's country.-Nuillum malum facinus. "No evil deed." Observe thatfacinus (fromfacio) means any act or proceeding from which important consequences follow, whether it be good or bad. Hence the addition here of the epithet malum, to give a more definite meaning to the noun.-Impelleret. The subjunctive again, like incitarentur in ~ 39.-Nisi voluptatis. Gruter suspected that these words were a mere gloss; incorrectly, however, since voluptatis is meant to be an emphatic term, as indicating the parent source of so many evils, and therefore requires repetition. The same remark will apply to voluptatem in the succeeding section.-Mllneri ac dono. " Gift and favor." Compare the Greek version, dSpp Tr Kcai XapioaTat. The distinction between munus and donum appears to be this: munus is a present which usage or obligation requires, whereas donum is purely a present, no obligation being implied on the part of the giver. In the present instance, therefore, the -mind is termed munus, because it is the accustomed gift of the deity to man; and it is, at the same time, also rightly called donum, because it is a free-will gift, or, in other words, a favor. (Compare Crombie, Gymnasium, vol. i., p. 115.), 41. Libidine dominante. "When appetite rules supreme."-Temperantice. Equivalent to continentire, or the Greek y7Kpareiai.-Consistere. " To obtain a firm foothold."-Aliquem. Depending onfingere. If placed after this verb, or after animo, it would have given rise to ambiguity, on account of the nearness of jubebat, which might have seemed to govern it.-Quanta percipi posset maxima. "As great a one as could possibly be conceived." Supply mente after percipi, and observe the peculiar construction of the superlative (maxima) with quanta, where the latter supplies the place of quam. Consult Zumpt, ~ 689, where other examples are cited.-Tamdiu, dum. A pleonastic form of expression, not unfrequent in Cicero. Consult Gernhard, ad loc., and the numerous passages cited by Scheller, and 1t6 NOTES ON enumerated also by Wetzel. —Ita gauderet. " He might be enjoying himself to such a degree as this." Voluptatem. "Sensual indulgence."-Si quidem ea. "Inasmuch as it."-Major atque longior. " Greater and longer continued than ordinary." The comparatives longior and longinquior are frequently interchanged. (Compare Cic.., De Fin., ii., 29.)-Cum C. Pontio Samnite. "With Caius Pontius the Samnite." The reference is to C. Pontius Herennius. The son's name was C. Pontius Thelesinus. (Orelli, Onomast. Tull., p. 484.)-Caudino prelio. The allusion is to the celebrated battle in the narrow valley of Caudium, commonly called the Caudine Forks (furculae Caudine), in Samnium, where the Romans, through utter carelessness on their part, were surrounded by swarms of enemies, and, after a fearful battle, were completely defeated and obliged to capitulate. The remnant of their army was allowed to depart after passing under the yoke. This occurred in B.C. 321. (Liv., ix., 1, 3; Val. Max., vii., 2, 14; Aurel., Vict. de Vir. Illustr., c. 30.) Nearchus Tarentinus. A Pythagorean philosopher of Tarentum, who adhered to the cause of the Romans throughout the second Punic war, notwithstanding the defection of his countrymen. He was on terms of friendly intimacy with Cato, who lived in his house after the recapture of Tarentum by Q. Fabius Maximus.-Qui in amicitia, &c. "Who had remained firm in his friendship toward the Roman people." This is the usual mode of expression in such cases, and is found, in its Greek form, on a bronze plate containing a very early decree of the senate, passed in the consulship of M. Lepidus and Q. Catulus: rtDv 6du2 rAovf Ev rp et9ia roo d,[ov riiv'Pwu/aiuv CVeEvKVtSv.-L. Camillo, Appio Claudio,consulibus. Cicero is here in error. Plato was born, according to Diogenes Laertius (iii., 2), in Olymp. 88, 1, or B.C. 428 (according to other authorities, in B.C. 429), and died B.C. 347. On the other hand, Camillus and Appius were consuls in B.C. 349, only two years before Plato's death, and when he was too old to undertake a journey to Tarentum. His actual visit to this city was in B.C. 389, on which occasion he was invited to Syracuse by Dionysius. (Wetzel, ad loc.; Gernhard, ad loc.; Clinton's Fasti Hellen., ii., p. 98, &c.) O 42. Quorsus hec? Supply pertinent or spectant.-Habendam. Supply esse.-Quc effecerit. "For having effected." More literally, "since it has effected." Equivalent to quippe quum ea effecerit. The subjunctive is here employed with the relative because the latter as THE DE SENECTUTE. 167 signs a reason or cause.-Prcestringit. s" Dazzles." This is a very striking metaphor. The allurements of pleasure are like the bright flash of lightning, they dazzle and bewilder, but at the same time destroy.-Commercium. "Intercourse."-T. Flaminini. Titus Quinctius Flamininus. Compare note on "0 Tite," chap. i., ~ 1.-E senatu ejicerem. Cato did this by virtue of his office as censor. This was in B.C. 184. On the Latin idiom, feci ut ejicerem, consult Zumpt, Q 618.-Notandam libidinem. "That profligacy ought to have a mark set upon it," i. e., ought to be stigmatized by the nota censoria, or censor's mark. And yet, such was already the low state of morals at Rome, that a mob could be procured to invite the degraded wretch to resume his former place at the theatre in the seats allotted to the consulars. (Liv., xxxix., 42, seq.; Plut., Cat. Maj., 17.)-Quum esset consul in Gallia. We have placed a comma after Gallia, in accordance with the suggestion of Nauck. The common punctuation is cum esset consul, in Gallia exoratus in, &c. By Gallia is here meant Gallia Cisalpina, or Northern Italy. Exoratus in convivio a scorto est. " Was prevailed upon at a banquet by the solicitations of a vile minion of his."-Aliquem eorum, &c. Livy says that the victim of his cruelty was a Boian of high rank, who had come with his children to solicit the protection of the consul.-Censore. Titus Flamininus was chosen censor in B.C. 189, having defeated Cato, who had, in this year, stood candidate for the censorship for the first time.-Flacco. L. Valerius Flaccus, Cato's old friend, who had been a neighbor of his in early life, when the latter was living on his Sabine estate, and who had recommended Cato to transplant his ambition to the fitter soil and ampler field of Rome.-Perdita. "Abandoned." — Que cum probro privato, &c. ", Since it united with private infamy the disgrace of the highest military office," i. e., the consulship. Observe, again, the employment of the subjunctive with the relative, because the latter assigns the reason or motive. CHAPTER XIII.' 43. C. Fabricium. Consult chapter vi., ~ 15.-Cum apud regem Pyrrhum legatus esset. He was sent as ambassador to Pyrrhus to treat respecting a ransoming of Roman prisoners. (Brut., c. 14; De Off., iii., 22; Liv., Epit., 13.)- Cinea. Consult note on cum Pyrrho, ~ 16.-Quendam. Epicurus is meant.-Qui profiteretur. The subjunctive is employed here because the language of another is quoted. 168 NOTES ON - -Ad voluptatem esse referenda. " Should be referred to pleasure," i. e., should originate in pleasure as their leading motive and aim. There is no philosopher in antiquity who has been so violently attacked, and whose ethical doctrines have been so much mistaken and misunderstood, as Epicurus. The cause of this singular phenomenon was partly a superficial knowledge of his philosophy, of which Cicero, for example, is guilty to a very great extent, and partly, also, the conduct of men who called themselves Epicureans, and who, taking advantage of the facility with which his ethical theory was made the handmaid of a sensual and debauched life, gave themselves up to the enjoyment of sensual pleasures. At Rome, and during the time of Roman ascendency in the ancient world, the phlilosophy of Epicurus never took any firm root, and it is then and there that, owing to the paramount influence of the Stoic philosophy, we meet with the bitterest antagonists of Epicurus. Cato here entirely mistakes the meaning of the term pleasure in its Epicurean sense. Pleasure, with Epicurus, was not a mere momentary and transitory sensation, but he conceived it as something lasting and imperishable, consisting in pure and noble mental. enjoyments, that is, in arTap(aia and dirovia, or the freedom from pain and from all influences which disturb the peace of our mind, and thereby our happiness, which is the result of it. The summum bonum, according to him, consisted in this peace of mind; and the great problem of his ethics, therefore, was to show how it was to be attained. This, then, was the meaning of Epicurus when he maintained that all our actions ought to have pleasure (peace of mind) as their leading motive and aim. (Smith, Diet. Biogr., ii., p. 34.) M'. Curium. Manius Curius Dentatus, the celebrated opponent of the Samnites, Sabines, and King Pyrrhus. Compare chapter vi., Q 15, and xvi., ~ 55.-T. Coruncanium. Tiberius Coruncanius, the eminent jurist, &c. Compare chapter vi., ~ 15.- Ut id Samnitibus, &c. " That the Samnites and Pyrrhus himself might be persuaded into such a belief." The Samnites were allies of the Tarentines and Pyrrhus. (Liv., Epit., xii. Compare Val. Max., iv., 3, 6.)-P. Decio. Publius Decius Mus, who in B.C. 295 was consul for the fourth time, and had Q. Fabius Maximus for his colleague. In the decisive battle of Sentinum in Umbria, he commanded the left wing of the Roman army, and was opposed to the Gauls; and when his troops began to give way under the terrible attacks of the foe, he resolved to imitate the example of his father, and having devoted himself and the army of the enemy to the gods of the dead, he fell THE DE SENECTUTE. 169 as a sacrifice for his nation. (Liv., ix., 40, seqq.; x., 28; Val. Max., v., 6, 6; Cic., De Div., i., 24.) Norat eundem. "Was personally acquainted with this same individual," i. e., with Publius Decius. Fabricius was consul thirteen years after the death of Decius, and Coruncanius fifteen years after that event. Both, therefore, must have been well acquainted with him.-Sua sponte. "On its own account," i. e., from its own intrinsic excellence. The reference is to the honesturn of the Latin writers (Cic., De Off., i., 9), and the KaaXtv Kaci yaO6v of the Greeks. -Spreta et contenita voluptate. That is, without stopping to inquire whether any personal advantage or gratification were connected therewith or not, whether they were about to gain or lose by the act.-Peter'etur..... sequeretur. The subjunctive, because the reference is to the thoughts and sentiments of those of whom he speaks. ~ 44. At caret epulis. "But (some one will say) it is deprived of banquets." We have given this reading with Gernhard, Orelli, Billerbeck, and others, as much superior in neatness and spirit to that of Gruevius, adopted by several subsequent editors, namely, caret epulis, exstructisque mensis, et frequentibus poculis?-J2xstructisque mensis. "And loaded tables." Literally, " piled up."-Caret ergo etiam vinolentia, &c. " Well, then, it is also deprived of inebriety, and indigestion, and sleepless nights," i. e., it is free from these. Commentators differ in opinion as to the meaning of insomniis in this passage, many of them supposing it to signify "frightful dreams." There is far more force, however, in the explanation which we have given, and, at the same time, a more natural gradation in the effects that are here mentioned. —Dandum est. "Is to be conceded."Escarn malorum. " The bait of evils." The allusion is to Plato's remark in the Timaeus (p. 69, D., ed. Steph.), i6dov0 pywarov KaKCSv diueap. —Quod ea videlicet, &c. Valckenaer objects to the whole of this explanatory clause, down to pisces, as unworthy of Cicero, and not at all needed either by Laelius and Scipio, or by subsequent readers. (Valck., Diatr., 19, p. 194, 5.) C. Duilium, M. filium. " Caius Duilius, the son of Marcus (Duilius). The allusion is to the celebrated Duilius, the Roman commander, who gained the first naval victory over the Carthaginians, B.C. 260.-Puer. Cato was born in B.C. 234, twenty-six years after Duiliqs's victory.-Crebro funali et tibicine. " With many a torch and flute-player." The term funale is employed to signify both a species of candelabrum, with projecting points, unto which to attach H 170 NOTES ON torches, and also simply the torch itself It has the latter meaning in the present instance, as Gesner correctly remarks (Lat. Thesaur., s. v.), not the former, as Gronovius maintains (Obs., iii., 6). Lipsius (Miscell., iv.) thinks that we ought to read cerco for crebro, and he has been followed by some editors, but the MSS. are against him. -Quce sibi nulli exemplo, &c. The language here employed can only mean that Duilius had assumed these marks of distinction himself; whereas Livy (Epit., xvii.) states expressly that they were conferred upon him by the people. ~ 45. Sed quid ego alios? Supply nomino.-Sodales. "My table-brethren." The term sodalis, as here employed, means a member of a confraternity or brotherhood, established in honor of some particular divinity, for the purpose of celebrating an annual festival. While the festival of the divinity lasted, the sodales lived at a common table. -Sodalitates. "Confraternities," i. e., associations of sodales.Me qucestore constitutes sunt, &c. "Were instituted during my questorship, when the Idaean rites of the Great Mother were received (at Rome)." Cato was quaestor in B.C. 204, in which year the image of Cybele, the Great Mother of the gods, was conveyed, in accordance with an oracle, from Pessinus in Phrygia to the city of Rome. (Liv., xxix., 14. Compare, however, xxxvi., 36, where this is made to have occurred one year previous.)-Idceis. Cybele was called the Idaean goddess, and her rites the Idaean rites, from Mount Ida in Phrygia, and also from its namesake in Crete.-Sed erat quidam fervor cetatis. " Although there was, at the same time, (it must be confessed), a certain gayety of spirits natural to our age," i. e., to our then earlier years.-Mitiora. "More softened down." Coetu et sermonibus. " By the society and converse."-Accubitionem epularem amicorum. "A collection of friends at a feast." More literally, "a reclining of friends at a feast." The Romans, as is well known, reclined on couches at their meals.-Convivium. " A convivium, or living together." From con and vivo. —Qui hoc idem tumrn compotationem, &c. " Who call this same thing at one time a compotation, at another a conceenation." The term compotatio is meant to correspond to the Greek avir6ctov, and concoenatio to av'vdetrrvov, the former of which means a drinking party, and the latter a supping or eating together; while both terms seem to suppose that, according to the Greek way of thinking, the primary advantages of a feast consisted in the gratification of the appetite; whereas convivium, as Cicero remarks, implies an interchange of THE DE SENECTUTE. 171 sentiment, and rational converse, or, in other words, the enjoyment of the true pleasures of existence.-Minimunm. Mere eating and drinking.-Maxime probare. The Greeks had at this time the reputation of indulging in the pleasures of the table to a much greater degree than the Romans, until the progress of luxury levelled all such earlier distinctions. CHAPTER XIV. S 46. Sermonis delectationem. " The delights of social converse."Tempestivis quoque conviviis detector.;' Take great pleasure, also, in prolonged banquets." By tempestiva convivia are meant banquets which commence before, and are prolonged after the usual time; and they generally have connected with them the idea of revelry and carousing. No such idea, however, is intended here, but the reference is merely to an entertainment lengthened out in social and instructive conversation.-Qui pauci. Elegant usage for quorum pauci.-Restant. Cato, it will be remembered, was now in his eighty-fourth year.-Cum vestra cetate. "With persons of your age." Abstract for concrete.-Habeoque magnam gratiam. "And I am very thankful." Cujus est fortasse, &c. " Toward which there is even, perhaps, a kind of impulse implanted in our very nature." The true reading here is motus, not modus. The reference is not so much to the limit which Nature has set to enjoyment as to the impulse which urges us on to partake of enjoyment.-Non intelligo, ne in istis quidem, &c. " I do not understand why, in the case of those very pleasures themselves, old age should be deprived of all relish for them."Magisteria. "Masterships of the wine." Magisterium properly denotes the office or power of a master or governor. Here, however, the reference is a more special one to the office of symposiarch, or master of the feast. A master of the feast was usually chosen, by both the Greeks and Romans, to regulate the whole order of the entertainment, propose the amusements, fix the times for calling for the wine, or, as we would say, give out the toasts, &c. The Greeks called him avviuroaiapXor, or f3pariter, the Romans magister, or rex convivii, or arbiter bibendi. The choice was generally determined by a'throw of astragali or tali. (Dict. Ant., s. v. Symposium.)-Et is sermo, qui more majorum, &c. " nd that address, which, in accordance with the usage of our ancestors, is made to the company, amid their cups, (beginning) from him that occupies 172 NOTES ON the highest place." This was what the Greeks called ev KVK3?) t7tvrtv, each of the guests being called upon in order for an address, or some expression of sentiment, analogous to what we would term, at the present day, a speech and toast, except that the subject was generally some interesting or instructive topic. The guest that occupied the highest place was usually called upon first. In ordinary cases, the summus conviva was the one who had the highest place on the highest couch; but when a stranger of distinction was present, or when the entertainment was given in honor of any one, then this person was termed summus, and his place was the highest on the middle couch. On this whole subject, consult Dict. Ant., s. v. Triclinium.-A summo. Supply conviva. Many MSS., and some early editions, read a summo magistro, as referring to the master of the feast; this, however, is decidedly inferior. In Symposio Xenophontis. "In Xenophon's Banquet," i. e., in the work of Xenophon, entitled 2vlzr6atov, or the Banquet.-Minuta atquc rorantia. " Small and sprinkling," i. e., cups out of which the liquor does not, as it were, gush, that is, from which copious draughts can not be taken; but small ones, out of which the wine may merely be sipped, and which may be said, therefore, merely to sprinkle the lips, or to part with their contents drop by drop, as it were. In the passage of Xenophon's Banquet to which Cicero alludes, we Ilave i)v [ev (dp6ov TrO irorov eyXeju6eOa, opposed to irv (lC EJyipv ol 7raidef pLtKpaFC K'6tI:t 7rvKva E7rt-/aKC;(Jatv (c. 2); and Cicero, suppressing irvKvc, as inconsistent with the character of age, renders arcoaKtcd(oatv by the brief but poetic paraphrase of rorantia pocula. (Gernhard, ad loc.) Refrigeratio. " Coolness," i. e., some cool retreat for holding the banquet. Melmoth, misunderstanding the passage entirely, thinks that the reference here is to cooling the wine, and, in the succeeding clause, to warming the same.-Aut sol, aut ignis hibernus. "A place either in the sun, or by a winter fire." Banqueting-rooms, or triclinia, intended for summer use, were usually open toward the north; those for winter were either built facing the afternoon sun, or else were warmed by artificial means.-In Sabinis. "On my Sabine estate." Supply agris, and compare chap. vii., ~ 24.-Convivium compleo. "Fill up a banquet," i. e., invite so many of my neighbors as to have a full table. As regards the genitive vicinorum, where we would expect vicinis, consult Zumpt, ~ 463. THE DF.VN1VTUTE. 178 ~ 47. At non est voluptatum, &c. " But (some one, again, will say) there is not in the old so strong a piquancy, as it were, of enjoyment," i. e., the pleasures of the senses are not so exquisite in old age as in youth.-Jam affecto estate. " Now enfeebled by years." Compare senectute affectus (De Orat., iii., 18, 68). —Utereturne rebuts venereis. "Whether he still indulged in corporeal pleasures." —Dii melioa! "'Heaven forbid!" Literally, "may the gods grant better things (than this)." Supply dent. Other modes of supplying this ellipsis are faciant, or velint, or ferant, &c. (Consult Palairet, Lat. Ellips., p. 63, ed. Barker.)-Istinc. " From those influences to which you refer." More literally, " from that quarter of which you speak." Observe the peculiar force of the pronoun iste as still remaining in the adverb formed from it.-Quamquam non caret is, &c. "Although, in point of fact, he is not deprived of a pleasure who has no inclination for it; and therefore I maintain," &c. Compare with this Cicero's definition of carere, in Tusc., i., 36, namely, "carere hoc significat, egere eo quod habere velis." O 48. Bona cetas. " The fine season of life," i. e., youth and manhood, as opposed to mala cetas, or old age.-Parvulis rebus. "Things of very little real value."-Turpione Ambivio. L. Turpio Ambivius was a Roman actor, who distinguished himself in the time of Terence by the truth with which he acted his parts on the stage. His name occurs in nearly all the didascalia of the plays of Terence, and the later Romans mention him with Roscius and tEsopus. (Tac., Dial. de Or., 20; Symmachus, Epist., i., 25; x., 2.)-Qui in prima cavea spectat. "The spectator who witnesses the performance in the front seats of the theatre."' More literally, " he who gazes (upon the piece) in the first part of the cavea." In the ancient theatres the whole of the place for the spectators was called, in Greek, Kooitov; in Latin, cavea. Among the Romans, the front seats were occupied by the senators, and immediately after them oame the equites. Behind the equites the great body of the people sat.-Qui in ultima. For qui in ultima cavea spectat.-Propter. "Near at hand," i. e., from a near point of view. Observe that propter is here employed adverbially. Many editors give prope in place of propter, and these two words are often confounded together. We have followed, however, Orelli and Madvig, and the authority of Nonius, s. v.-Tantum, quantum sat est. " As much as is sufficient (for its more subdued desires.)" 174 NOTES ON ~ 49. At illa quanti sunt, &c. "' But, (whatever may be said of the condition of old age in other respects,) of how much value are those other advantages for the mind; namely, after having, as it were, served out its time under the sway of concupiscence," &c. The mind, while yielding obedience to corrupting and evil propensities, is compared to a soldier obeying implicitly the commands of his leader; and as the soldier, when his period of service is ended, returns to his own home, so does the mind, when the warfare of the passions has ceased, retire into, as it were, and hold communion with itself.-Secumque vivere. This is well explained by H. Stephens: "Animus secum vivit, quum illi propemodum sevocato a societate et contagione corporis (De Divin., i., 30) vacare licet iis, quibtcs gaudet, cogitationibus." (Gruter, Fax Crit., vol. v., suppl., p. 26.) — Aliqu~od tamquam studii, &c. " Any aliment, as it were, of study and of learning," i. e., any learned studies to pursue, from which it may derive aliment for itself.-Otiosa. " Tranquil," i. e., free from all public cares and employments. Mori pane. "Almost kill himself." A figurative expression, to denote the most rigid and untiring application.-C. Gallum. The reference is to C. Sulpicius Gallus, of whom Cicero speaks, in several passages, in terms of the highest praise. He had a more perfect knowledge of Greek than any man of his time; he was a distinguished orator; was remarkable, also, for his knowledge of astronomy and his skill in calculating eclipses; and was altogether a person of an elegant and refined mind. In B.C. 168 he served as tribune of the soldiers in the army of his friend, L. AEmilius Paulus, with whose permission he one day assembled the troops, and announced to them that on a certain night, and at a certain hour, an eclipse of the moon was- going to take place. He exhorted them not to be alarmed, and not to regard it as a fearful prodigy; and when, at the predicted moment, the eclipse occurred, the soldiers almost worshiped the wisdom of Gallus.-Patris tui. L. rEmilius Paulus.-Quoties illurm lux, &c. " How often has the light of day surprised him, after having begun at night to trace out some mathematical figure." Literally, "to trace out (or delineate) something." The verb describere is here employed in its mathematical sense, namely, to trace out figures, or diagrams, in the sand or dust, with the radius, or rod. The full form of expression would be describere radio aliquid, i. e., formas in pulvere. The reference, of course, is to both mathematical and astronomical studies. THE DE SENECTUTE. 175 c 50. Levioribus. "Less profound."-Quam bello suo Punico Neevius! Respecting Neevius, and his epic poem on the first Punic war, which is here meant, consult notes on ~ 20.-Quam Truculento Plautus! &c. Plautus, the celebrated Roman comic poet, was a native of Sarsina, in Umbria. He died in the year in which Cato was censor, namely, B.C. 184. The two comedies here mentioned, the Truculentus, or 1" Clown," and the Pseud6lus, or " Cheat," were two of his favorite pieces. They have both come down to us along with eighteen others.-Livium. Livius Andronicus, with whom Roman literature properly begins, was a dramatic poet, who flourished about B.C. 240. —Cum fabulawn docuisset. " After having exhibited his first play." More literally, " after having taught a play (to the actors)." The expression docere fabulam is the same as the Greek &t6CaKEtv dpdua, and refers to the custom, on the part of the scenic poets, of teaching the actors their parts, and superintending the whole getting up and bringing out of their pieces. Whether the play of Andronicus here alluded to was a tragedy or comedy is uncertain.-Centone Tulditanoque. C. Claudius Cento (son of Appius Claudius Caecus) and M. Sempronius Tuditanus, B.C. 240. P. Licinii Crassi. Already mentioned in ~ 27.-Hujus P. Scipionis. "1 Of the present Publius Scipio." The allusion is to P. Scipio Nasica, who was consul in B.C. 162, along with C. Marcius Figulus; and who, in the year in which this discourse is supposed to have been delivered, was Pontifex Maximus, and already advanced in years. —M. Cethegum. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, who was censor B.C. 209, with P. Sempronius Tuditanus, and consul in B.C. 204, with the same colleague. His eloquence was rated very high, and hence the epithet of Suade medulla, applied to him by Ennius. (Compare Brut., 15.) Horace twice refers to him as an ancient authority for the usage of Latin words. (Ep., ii., 2, 116; Ep. ad Pis., 50; and Schol., ad loc.)-Suadae medullam. "The marrow of Persuasion." Equivalent to " qui Suadae hceret in medullis," i. e., the favored child of Persuasion, and on whom she has bestowed her choicest gifts. (Compare Aul. Gell., xii., 2; xviii., 4; and Cic., Ep. ad Fam., xv., 16.)-Studia doctrine. Supply sunt.-Honestum.,,Well worthy of praise."-Ut ante dixi. Consult chap. viii., d 26. 176 NOTES ON CHAPTER XV..51. Habent rationem. They keep an account." —Imperium. Those persons are said to exercise command over the earth who sow and plant in it whatever they wish, in order to obtain increase from the same. (Compare Virg., Georg, i., 99.)-Mollito ac subacto. " Softened down and subdued." The first of these two terms refers to the softening influence of rains, &c.; the second to the effect produced by instruments of agriculture, such as the plough, the harrow, &c.-Occcecatum. "Concealed."-Occatio. Cicero here deduces occare and occatio, by syncope, from occcecare and occeecatio, because the seed is harrowed into the bosom of the earth and concealed therein. This etymology, however, is utterly valueless. The root of occare must be looked for in the Latin ag-er, German egg-en, &c. (Benfey, Wurzellex., ii., 19.) Compare with this the Sanscrit radical ak, which carries with it the idea of being sharp, cutting, &c. (Benfey, i., 162.) Tepefactum vapore ct compressu suo, &c.'; It splits the seed rendered tepid by its warmth and pressure, and draws forth from it the green blade just beginning to sprout; which last, supported by the fibres of the root, begins gradually to expand, and, having shot up in a stem of many joints, now growing pubescent, as it were, is inclosed in cells," &c., i. e., springs up into a jointed stalk, preparing new seed again in its cells. The term pubescecs is used figuratively here. It properly means, " beginning to be covered with down," and is hence metaphorically employed to indicate the ripening into early maturity.-Nixa fibris stirpium. Wheat requires a soil in which the organic matter is intimately mixed with the earthy ingredients; where it can have a firm hold by its roots, and can, at the same time, strike the fibres of them downward, as well as around, in search of food.-Frugem spici. A" The produce of the ear," i. e., the ear loaded with grain.-Aristarum. " Of bearded spikes." ~ 52. Sates. " The plantings."-Delectatione. " With delight (at suchl a s)ectacle)."-Requietem oblectamentumque. "The sooihing amuseme.t," i. e., what soothes, and, at the same time, amuses. Observe the hendiadys -Vim ipsam. Thle plastic power itself."-.Malleoli, plantxla, &c. 1" Mallet-shoots, suckers, cuttings, quicksets, layers;' Cato ictoe enumerates the various modes of propagating the vine THE DE SENECTUTE. 177 (Compare Virg., Georg., ii., 63.) By malleoli are meant the new shoots of a vine springing from a branch of the previous year, cut off for the sake of planting, with a small portion of the old wood on each side, in the form of a little mallet, whence the name. Plantae are suckers, that is, shoots of a plant growing from the main stock, or root. Sarmenta are cuttings, or loppings, of a vine, that is, young twigs lopped off for the purpose of being set out, or else for reducing the luxuriant growth of the vine. The former meaning prevails in the present passage; the latter, further on, in ne silvescat sarmentis. By viviradices are meant quicksets, that is, plants set out with the roots; or, in other words, plants having a quick or living root. For laying out new vineyards, or recruiting the old, the Italian husbandman gave the preference to quicksets, as they were more hardy, and sooner in a condition to yield fruit than cuttings; but in the provinces, where no pains were taken to form nurseries of vines, the latter were employed. (Columella, iii., 14.) Propagines, finally, are layers, that is, branches of the parent stem bent down and fastened in the earth until they have taken root, when the union with the main stem is severed. Vitis. Nominative absolute, its place being supplied, further on, by eadem.-Multiplici lapsu et erratico. " In multiplied and erratic gliding," i. e., with numerous wandering branches.-Ne silvescat sarmentis. " Lest it run into a wood of twigs," i. e., run out into a useless wood of young branches, and expend its strength on these. -Nimia fundatur. "Spread forth too luxuriantly." Literally, "be poured forth." ~ 53. In iis que, relicta sunt, &c. "In those branches that have been left, there arises, at the joints as it were of these, what is called the bud." More literally, "the gem," or, as some term it, the button. With iis supply sarmentis, in the general sense of ramis, which gives to sarmentorum, already expressed, the force merely of a demonstrative pronoun. With regard to gemma, consult Virg., Georg., ii., 335. -Nec modico tepore, &c. " Is neither deprived of a moderate degree of warmth, and, at the same time, keeps off the too intense heat of the sun," i. e., it receives a moderate degree of warmth, without being too much exposed to the solar rays. Qua. Referring to uva.-Adminiculorum ordines, &c. " The rows of props, the yoking together of the tops of these, the binding up of the vines, and their propagation by layers." The vines among the Romans were trained either along props or trees. The latter was H 2 178 NOTES ON the favorite mode; the former, however, is the one here referred to. By adminicula are meant the poles, or props (pedamenta), which served to support the vine. On the tops (capita) of these poles was laid a cross-piece, so that every two upright props, with the crosspiece on top, resembled a military yoke, or jugum, whence the term jugatio in the text.-Immissio. "The setting out into furrows." Supply in sulcos.-Repastinationes. "Trenching," i. e., digging around the roots of the vine. (Compare Columella, iii., 11.) ~ 54. In eo libro. He alludes to his work on husbandry, entitled De Re Rustica, which we still possess, though not exactly in the form in which it proceeded from his pen. It consists of very miscellaneous materials, relating principally to domestic and rural economy. -De qua doctus Hesiodus, &c. If Cicero makes Cato here refer to the " Works and Days," an error has been committed by him, since not only is manuring not mentioned in the poem, but almost all the other points are wanted therein, of which Cato treats in his own work on husbandry. It would seem probable, therefore, as Heinsius thinks, that Cicero means here some other work of Hesiod's on the subject of agriculture. (Heins., Introd. in Op. et D., c. 4.)Qui multis, ut mihi videtur, &c. Homer's age is altogether uncertain. The various dates assigned offer no less diversity than five hundred years, being from B.C. 1184 to B.C. 684. Quod capiebat e filio. "Which he felt on account of his son," i. e., the absent Ulysses.-Eum stercorantem facit. Observe that eum has reference to agrum, not to Laertem. The passage referred to occurs in the 24th book of the Odyssey, v. 225, seqq. As, however, Homer makes no mention of manuring here, but merely describes Laertes as in the act of digging around a plant or vine, Cicero must have understood the poet to mean that he Ras digging around for the purpose of manuring.-Arbustis. "Plantations." The reference is to the spots of ground in which trees for training vines were planted at intervals of from twenty to fobrty feet, while the ground between them was sown with seed.-Consitiones. "Plantings out." On the other hand, by insitiones are meant "ingraftings," and the plural is used in both instances because there are several kinds of each. —Sollertius.'"More ingenious." THE DE SENECTUTE. 179 CHAPTER XVI. ~ 55. Possum persequi. "I can relate."-Oblectamenta. " Pleasing recreations."-Sentio. "I am sensible."-Longiora. "Too prolix." -Nam et provectus sum. " For I have both been carried too far." Equivalent to nam et longior factus sum. Wetzel is wrong in explaining it by an ellipsis of etate.-M'. Curius. Manius Curius Dentatus, already referred to. He triumphed over the Samnites, Sabines, and Pyrrhus in B.C. 275. When the war was brought to a close, he retired to his farm in the country of the Sabines, where he spent the remainder of his life, and devoted himself to agriculture, though still ready to serve his country when needed, for in B.C. 272 he was invested with the censorship.-Non longe a me. Cato, it will be remembered, inherited a small estate in the Sabine territory. We have given a me, with Wetzel, Orelli, Madvig, and others of the best editors. Gernhard, Billerbeck, &c., prefer a mea, but a me is decidedly the more elegant reading. The following authorities will settle the point: Terent., Phorm., v., 1, 5: "anus, a fratre egressa meo;" Id., Eunuch., iii., 5, 64: " Eamus ad me;" Id., Heautont., iii., 1, 90: "A me nescio quis exiit;" Cic., Or. pro Mil., ~ 51: "Devertit Clodius ad se in Albanum;" Id., De Fato, ap. Macrob., Sat., ii., 12: " Quum esset apud se ad Lavernum Scipio." Temporum disciplinam. "The simple habits of the times." Observe that disciplina has here a force somewhat analogous to consuetudo. Forcellini, indeed, makes it directly equivalent to this: "pro consuetudine, qua quis ex disciplina imbutus est."-Ad focum sedenti. According to the common version of the story, the Samnite ambassadors found him roasting turnips. ~ 56. Venio. "I return."- Ne a meipso recedam. " That I may not wander from my own self," i. e., from that scene of life in which I am myself more particularly concerned.-In agris erant turnm senatores, &c. " Our senators, I mean our old men, were in those days engaged in agriculture." The reference is here to the earlier periods of the Roman state, when the term senator was employed in its true sense, as indicating a member of the assembly of elders; or, in other words, when a senator meant a person advanced in years, an elder of the state. Hence the idea intended to be conveyed by the present clause is simply this: " Our members of the assembly 180 NOTES ON of elders, I mean our old men of former times, were then practical agriculturists." Observe that id est is equivalent here to intelligo. Some read et zideni, which changes entirely the meaning of the clause. Dictatorem esse factum. This refers to his second dictatorship, in B.C. 439, when he was eighty years of age. He was appointed to the office for the purpose of opposing the alleged machinations of Spurius Maelius. (Liv., iv., 13, seqq.)-C. Servilits Ahala. The full name was C. Servilius Structus Ahala. The act here alluded to is mentioned by later writers as an example of ancient heroism, and is frequently referred to by Cicero in terms of the highest admiration (in Cat., i., 1; pro Mil., 3, &c.); but it was, in reality, a case of murder, and was so regarded at the time. Ahala was brought to trial, and only escaped condemnation by a voluntary exile. (Vat. Max., v., 3, 2; Cic., De Rep., i., 3; pro Dom., 32.)-Occupatum intercmLt. " Surprised and slew," i. e., seized and put to death before he had time to execute his traitorous purpose. Equivalent to cum occupasset interemit. Viatores. So called from their traveling along the vie, or roads, for the purpose of summoning. As regards the office itself, consult Dict. Ant., s. v.-Horum. Not eorum, as many read, since the remark is not made of old men in general, but of those specially referred to here. —eca quidem sententia, &c. " In my opinion, indeed, no life probably can be happier." The expression haud scio an is a favorite one with Cicero, and is employed by him to denote uncertainty, but with an. inclination in favor of the affirmative. Hence, as Bremi remarks (ad Nep., Timol., i., 1), it becomes equivalent, in fact, to fortasse, and we have so rendered it in the present instance: We have followed, also, the authority of some of the best editors in reading nulla here, where the ordinary text has ulla. Orelli gives ulla; but Madvig, nulla. For a discussion of the point, consult Zumpt, ~ 721. Neque solum officio. " And that, too, not only in point of meritoriousness."-Quam dixi. Consult chap. xv. — Saturitate copiaque. " The rich abundance." Observe the hendiadys.- Ut, quoniam hacr quidam, &c. "In order that, since certain persons desire such things as these, we may now return into favor with pleasure," i.e., may be restored to the good graces of those who set a high value on these mere animal gratifications. Compare chap. xiv., 46:'] ne omnino bellurn indixisse videar voluptati."-Cella vinaria, olearia, &ic. "The wine-room, the oil-room, the provision-room also." These cellae were on a level with the ground. (Consult Dict. Ant., s. v. THE DE SENECTUTE. 181 Villa.)-Jam hortum ipsi agricole, &c. " What is more, the farmers themselves call a garden a second flitch," i. e., and besides all this, there is the garden, in itself so bountiful a source of supply, that the farmers are accustomed to call it, sportively, a second fitch, from which they may constantly cut, and which as constantly supplies them.-Conditiora facit hezc, &c. "Fowling and hunting, also, employments of leisure hours, make these things have a still higher relish," i. e., impart an additional relish to a country life.-Supervacanei operis. Compare the explanation of Ernesti: " aucupium et venatio supervacanei operis, quia in iis nulla est necessitas, ut in ceteris operibus rusticis." ~ 57. Arborum ordinibus. In the arrangement of their trees, the Romans sought not only to please the eye, but also to subserve purposes of utility, especially in the case of those used for training the vine. The favorite arrangement with regard to these was the quincunx. (Compare Virg., Georg., ii., 277, and figure on p. 184.)-Olivetorumve. Not olivetorumque. The true reason is assigned by Gernhard: 1" Sunt vinece et oliveta, quce Columella comparat (v. 8 et 9), sic sibi similia, ut per ve debeant disjungi." Compare Cic., De Off., i., 9, 28: "studiis, occupationibuzsve."-Dicam. Jt is very probable that we ought to read plura dicam, with Lambinus, although Orelli regards plura as a gloss. Madvig has inserted it. —Brevi pravcidam. "I will cut the matter short by a brief remark." With brevi supply sermone.-Allectat. A better reading than delectat, on account of the ad which precedes.-Apricatione. "By basking in the sun." The term apricus does not denote any place, in general, exposed to the sun, but one which enjoys the benefit of a mild and temperate warming of this kind. (Compare Salmas., ad Solin., p. 990.) ~ 58. Sibi igitur habeant arma, &c. "Let the young, then, keep unto themselves their arms, their steeds, their spears, their club, their ball, their swimmings and runnings," i. e., let those of a more firm and vigorous age enjoy exercises and sports which are suitable to that age. Observe the elegant and emphatic repetition of sibi, which we have endeavored to express by a somewhat similar repetition in Ehglish; and with habeant supply juvenes, from the natural opposition indicated by senibus. Cato enumerates here the various exercises of the young, especially such as were used in training for warfare. By arma are meant all kinds of exercises connected with 182 NOTES ON the using of armor, such as marching in arms, carrying the shield, &c. By equos are indicated cavalry exercises; by hastas, hurling the spear or javelin; by clavam, an exercise peculiar to the tirones, or young soldiers, who, being armed with a shield and club instead of a sword, were made each to attack a stake projecting six feet from the ground, and shower blows upon it as upon an enemy. They were thus said " exerceri ad palos." (Veget., i., 1l.) —Pilam. The game of ball here meant was ranked among military exercises, because intended to give strength of arm. The ball was of wood or some other hard substance, and was struck with a species of bat in such a way as to call forth both strength and dexterity. There is no need, therefore, of our reading pilum here, as some recommend, since the exercise with the pilum is included under hastas. Tales et tesseras. "Huckle-bones and dice," i. e., sedentary games of chance. As regards these two kinds of games, consult Dict. Ant., s. v. Talus and Tessera.-Id ipsum utrum lubebit. "(And even of these two modes of diversion, let them leave unto us) that one merely, whichever one of the two it shall please them (so to leave)." Observe the elliptical nature of the sentence. The full form of expression would be, " Et eorum ipsorum id ipsum nobis relinquant utrum lubebit relinquere." The reference is to the two games of talli and tessera. Nauck conjectures utcumqueforutrum. (NeueJahrb., suppl. vol. viii., p. 552, seq.) CHAPTER XVII., 59. Xenophontis libri. According to Cicero (Tusc. Disp., ii., 26), the Cyropaedia of Xenophon was the favorite reading of Scipio Africanus the younger, so that ut facitis is the true reading here, not ut sciatis, quam copiose, &c., as Corradus (Qucest., p. 353) conjectures. -In eo libro, qui est, &c. The common punctuation, namely, a comma after libro, produces an awkward asyndeton. If we remove the comma in question, the first qui becomes subordinate to the second, and the construction a plain one. (Nauck, ad loc.)-(Economicus. Oibcovo/uc6O. This is a discourse on the management of a household, and on agriculture, between Socrates and Critobulus. The passage to which Cato refers occurs in the fourth chapter of the work. Cicero, in his younger years, translated this work.-Regale. " Kingly," i. e., worthy of a king.-Loquitur cum Critobilo. " Relates in the course of a conversation with Critobulus." Equivalent to colloquens cum Critobulo narrat. The individual here named THE DE SENECTUTE. 183 was a disciple of Socrates. He does not appear, however, to have profited much by his master's instructions, if we may trust the testimony of.Eschines the Socratic (ap. Athen., v., 220, A), by whom he is represented as destitute of refinement, and sordid in his mode of living. Cyrum minorem, &c. "That Cyrus the Younger, the Persian prince." With minorem supply natu. He was called the younger, to distinguish him from the elder Cyrus, or Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian empire. Cyrus the Younger was the son of Darius Nothus, and attempted to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes, but lost his life in the attempt. He was merely satrap over some of the western provinces of Asia Minor, and therefore the term regem in the text is to be regarded as having merely the force of regulum. (Compare Freund, s. v.)-Imperii gloria. " In the glory of his sway," i. e., his sway as satrap or viceroy, of which Xenophon draws so flattering a picture. (Anab., i., 9.)-Lysander. The celebrated Spartan commander in the Peloponnesian war. The date of the narrative given in the text was B.C. 407, when Lysander was sent out to succeed Cratesippidas in the command of the fleet, the Spartans, as it would appear, having been induced to appoint him, partly because his ability marked him as fit to cope with Alcibiades, and partly that they might have the advantage of his peculiar talents of supple diplomacy at the court of Cyrus the Younger..-Vir summee virtutis. The reference here is to ability or merit, not to moral virtue, in which last the character of Lysander was particularly deficient. Compare Corn. Nep., Vit. Lys., i., 1: " Lysander Lacedaemonius magnam reliquit suifamam, magis felicitate quam virtute partam." Sardis. Accusative plural, for Sardes. Sardis, the ancient capital of Lydia, at the foot of the northern slope of Mount Tmolus, and on the River Pactolus, was the residence, at this time, of Cyrus, as satrap.-Sociis. The Peloponnesians, and other states which had confederated against the Athenians.-Communem. " Affable." (Compare the Greek KoLvof.) The ordinary text has comem, a much inferior reading, though retained by Ernesti. Xenophon, in his relation of the affair, has afta re OLooqpovelaOae: Cicero, however, throughout his whole version of the story, renders Xenophon's Greek very freely, according to his usual custom, adding some things, omitting others, and retrenching others. — Quendam conseptum agrum. Xenophon calls this rOv Ev ZdpdEat 7rapddetaov, "the park at Sardis." Directos in quincuncem. "' Arranged in the form of a quincunx." 184 NOTES ON The term quincunx properly means five parts of an as. Here, however, it is employed to indicate the favorite mode of planting trees among the Romans, these being arranged in such a way, that, from whatever side they were viewed, they represented the Roman numeral V, as the following scheme will show. Subactam atque puram. "Well leveled and neat," i. e., the smoothness and neatness of the walks.-Qui afflarentur. " That were breathed." The full expression would be, qui afflarentur ad nares. Observe the force of the subjunctive, " that were breathed as he said," i. e., as he said unto those to whom he afterward related the particulars of his interview.-Solertiam. " Skill."-Descripta. "' Planned." Consult note on "describere," chap. xiv., ~ 49.-Omnia ista. "All these things to which you allude." Observe the force of ista.-Et nitorem corporis. " And the sleekness of his person," i. e., his smooth and somewhat effeminate appearance as an Oriental prince. There is considerable doubt respecting this reading. Xenophon's Greek has r7c oq U7c a1aziyevor, as referring to the Eastern habit of perfuming the person with unguents, and out of this Cicero may, by a very free version, have obtained nitorem. It is barely possible, on the other hand, that he may have written nidorem corporis, although this last would come in very awkwardly here.-Quoniam virtuti tuce, &c. Compare the Greek of Xenophon, ayaObk yap 4v avilp e6caqiLoveZ. ~ 60. Quo minus studia teneamus. "From retaining a fondness for." With regard to the construction of quo minus after impedit, consult Zumpt, ~ 543.-M. Valerium Corvum. Corvus was one of the most illustrious men in the early history of the republic. He was born B.C. 371, in the midst of the struggles attending the Licinian laws. In B.C. 349 he served as military tribune in the army of the consul L. Furius Camillus, in his campaign against the Gauls, and obtained the surname of Corvus, or " the Raven," from his well-known exploit in this war.-Perduxisse. "Prolonged his fondness for agricultural pursuits." Supply agri colendi studia, not vitam, as some maintain. The point to be ascertained is, not how long he lived, THE A.4 SrN3CTUTE. but how long he retained, and acted upon, his fondness for agricu-. ture. —Primum et sextum consulatum. His first consulship was in B.C. 348; his sixth, in B.C. 299; the interval, therefore, excluding both these years, was forty-seven years, not forty-six, as Cicero makes it. This agrees, moreover, with the account of Valerius Maximus (viii., 73, 1). Plutarch makes the interval only forty-five years. (Vit. Mar., c. 28.)-Ad senectutis initium esse. " Should be for a beginning of old age," i. e., should mark the commencement of that period of life. According to the historian Tubero, as cited by Aulus Gellius (x., 28), Servius Tullius, when he classified the Roman people, divided their ages into three periods: limiting boyhood to the age of seventeen; youth, and the full prime of life, to forty-six; and old age, from this period to the end of life. Now just so many years (forty-six) had formed the " career of honors" (cursus honorum) in the case of Valerius Corvus. During this period he had been six times consul (reckoning loosely, as above stated), twice dictator, one-and-twenty times an incumbent in curule stations, and had four times enjoyed a triumph. (Plin., H. N., vii., 49; Billerbeck, ad loc.) —Apex. " The crowning point." ~ 61. L. Cascilio Metello. Consult chap. ix., 30.-Atilio Calatino. Aulus Atilius Calatinus, a distinguished Roman general in the first Punic war, who was twice consul (B.C. 258 and 254) and once dictator (B.C. 249). He was appointed dictator for the purpose of carrying on the war in Sicily in the place of Claudius Glycias; but nothing of importance was accomplished during his dictatorship, which is remarkable only for being the first instance in Roman history of a dictator's commanding an army out of Italy. (Liv., Epit., xix.; Suet., Tib., 2; Dio Cass., xxxvi., 17.)-In quem illud elogium unicum. " On whom that epitaph, the only one of its kind, (was written.)" By elogiumr is here meant, as is explained immediately after, an inscription on a tomb. Gaza erroneously refers unicum to quem, and translates elf Ov Eva. The tomb of Calatinus, containing the inscription given in the text, was near the Capenian Gate. (Cic., Tusc., i., 7, 13.)-Plurima consentiunt gentes, &c. This inscription occurs, also, in the treatise De Finibus (ii., 35); but there it runs as follows: Uno ore cui plurimae consentiunt, &c.; for which Orelli now reads Unum hunc plurime, &c., and regards unicum, in our text, as a corruption for unum hunc, which last Madvig actually substitutes for it. As all the MSS., however, and early editions exhibit unicum, we have deemed it best to make no alteration. — 186 NOTES ON Notum est totum carmen, &c. " The whole inscription is well known, being cut upon his tomb." The meaning here assigned to carmen arises from the one which it so frequently has of " a form of words, a religious or judicial formula," &c. Many editors reject totum, as unnecessary and spurious. We have preferred, however, to retain it, since Cicero evidently quotes only a part of the inscription. Gravis. "Deserving of honor." Supply est, a common ellipsis in exclamations.-Cujus de laudibus, &c. " Since the voices of all conspired in his praise." Observe here the employment of the subjunctive with the relative, as indicating the reason of what precedes.-P. Crassum. Consult chap. ix., ~ 27.-M. Lepidum. Marcus.Emilius Lepidus, who was one of the three ambassadors sent by the Romans, in B.C. 201, to the Egyptian court, to administer the affairs of the kingdom for the infant sovereign, Ptolemy V. He was twice consul (B.C. 187 and 175), and was also elected pontifex maximus, B.C. 180, and censor, B.C. 179. He was six times chosen by the censors princeps senatus, and died in B.C. 152, two years before the date of the present discourse, full of years and honors. —Paulo, aut Africano..ZEmilius Paulus Macedonicus and the elder Africanus. (Consult chap. ix., ~ 29.)-Maximo. Quintus Fabius Maximus. (Consult chap. iv., Q 10.)-Honorata. "After having been graced with public honors," i. e., after having passed through the highest offices in the state. Equivalent to honoribus functa.-Pluris. "A source of higher gratification." CHAPTER XVIII. ~62. In omni oratione. " In every discourse on this subject," i. e., as often as I discourse on the subject of old age. Equivalent to quoties de senectute disseram, not to in hoc toto sermone.-Fundamentis adolescentsce. "On the firm foundation of a well-spent youth." Observe the force of the plural in fundamentis, as indicating a foundation laid by long and repeated labor in the cause of virtue.-Constituta sit. The subjunctive, because the accusative with the infinitive precedes. (Zumpt, Q 545, a.)-Miseram esse senectutem, &c. "That that old age was a miserable one which strove to defend itself by words," i. e., that he was a miserable old man, indeed, whose previous life stood in need of an apology, and who could not claim the deference and respect of others by a well-spent youth. Observe the employment of the subjunctive, the construction being equivalent to talem senectutem, ut verbis et oratione ad sui defensionem THIE DE SENECTUTE. 187 egeret. (Zumpt, ~ 558.)-Cani. Supply capilli. —Arripere. "To grasp." A much more forcible and elegant reading than afferre of the common text:. -Fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. "Plucks the fruit of authority in age." Observe that extremes is here equivalent in spirit to extremo tempore cetatis, and we have preferred so to render it. ~ 63. Communia. " Common," i. e., of general usage, and therefore comparatively insignificant.-Salutari. "To be waited upon early in the morning," i. e., to hold our morning levees. (Consult Diet. Ant., s. v. Salutatores.)-Appeti. "To have our acquaintance courted," i. e., by those who may wish to avail themselves of our more powerful influence.-Decedi. " To have persons make way for us," i. e., to pay unto our age the same respect which they would render to a person in authority. Observe that decedi, and assurgi immediately following, both require the dative seni to be supplied. Lit., erally, " that way be made for the old man;" "that it be risen for the old man."-Assurgi. "To have them rise before us." The reference appears to be particularly to the respect shown to age by the spectators at public exhibitions, &c.-Deduci, reduci. " To be escorted from our homes, to be conducted back to the same," i. e., to be accompanied by a crowd of friends and clients in going from our homes to the forum and in returning from the same. This was a common mark of honor rendered by clients to their patrons, and by political partisans to their favorite candidates. Here, however, it is a compliment paid to age and wisdom. (Consult Dict. Ant., s. v. Deductores.)-Consuli. The reference is to legal advice particularly. (Compare Cic., De Orat., i., 45.)-Optime morata. "Best regulated." Lacedcemonem. We have given this with Orelli and many editors. Madvig and others, however, prefer Lacedaemone.-Tantum tribuitur. "Is so much respect shown."-Ludis. The reference is to the great festival of the Panathenaea. (Consult Diet. Ant., s. v.)Theatrum. The Theatre of Bacchus, on the southeastern side of the eminence on which stood the buildings of the Acropolis.-In magno consessu. Thirty thousand persons could be seated on the benches of this theatre.-Certo in loco consederant. The lower seats in the theatre, as being better adapted for hearing and seeing, were considered the most honorable, and therefore appropriated to the high magistrates, the priests, and the senate. In a part of these sat also foreign ambassadors. The aged Athenian, therefore, on the present occasion, passes by a large portion of the audience before 188 NOTES ON he reaches the lower seats of the ambassadors.-Sessum. The supine of sedeo. So sessum ducere, in Plautus (Poen., 20); sessum it, in Cicero's Nat. Deor., iii., 30. ~ 64. Athenienses scire, &c. Compare the same anecdote in Plutarch, Apophth. Lac., and Valerius Maximus (iv., 5, ext. 2). Consult, also, Barker's " Essay on the Respect paid to Old Age by the Ancients," p. 142, seqq.-Quce recta essent. The subjunctive, on account of the accusative with the infinitive which precedes.-Multa in nostro collegio prceclara. " There are many excellent regulations in our college of augurs." Supply augurum, and consult Diet. Ant., s. v. Collegium, and Augur. —De quo agimus. " (Which relates to the subject) of which we are now treating."-Sententiae principatum. "The precedence in delivering his opinion."-Honore antecedentibus. " To those who are more elevated in point of civil preferment," i. e., who fill higher civil offices. Observe that honore stands opposed here to imperio, immediately following.-Qui cum imperio sunt. " Who are invested with military authority." The consuls are meant, who enjoyed both potestas and imperium. (Consult Diet. Ant., s. v. Imperium.) - Quibus. Equivalent to his enin. - Splendide. "With suitable dignity." —Fabulam cetatis peregisse. "To have played their part well throughout the drama of life." More literally, "' to have acted the play of life throughout," i. e., not to have broken down (corruisse) toward the close. ~ 65. Anxii. " Continually disquieted," i. e., uneasy as regards the present, and apprehensive as respects the future. Compare the explanation of Gernhard: " Instantibus malis trepidant; solliciti futura vehementer metuunt."-Di.iciles. "Difficult to have dealings with," i. e., hard to please, unfriendly. —Morum. "Of our moral constitutions," i. e., these are the constitutional imperfections of the man in whom they reside, not necessary defects, inseparable from the wane of life.-Justh. "'A well-grounded one."-Sed quce videatur. Equivalent to sed talis ut videatur. (Zumpt, ~ 558.)-In fragili corpore, &c. " Every pain inflicted upon a feeble body is sensibly felt." Cicero intended to say that old men are naturally liable to take offence, and employs for this purpose what appears to be a proverbial form of expression. (Barker, ad loc.)-Dulciorafiunt, &c. "Are rendered less repulsive by both pleasant manners in other respects and by liberal accomplishments." Compare the explanation of Gernhard: " Minus molesta illa vitia sunt, si mores religui boni sunt, THE DE SENECTUTE. 189 et artium in sene est scientia."-Tum in scen4. "~ And especially on the stage."-Ex iis fratribus, &c. "From the case of those two brothers who are represented in the Adelphi (of Terence)." The poet Terence was a contemporary and friend of the younger Africanus and Laelius. His play of the Adelphi ('AdeXoi), or "The Brothers," takes its name from two brothers of very opposite characters, Micio and Demea; the former mild and gentle, the latter harsh and severe.-Non omnis Tetas, &c. "Not every temper turns sour by age." d 66. Sibi velit.. "Can have in view," i. e., what it can mean, what object it can have.-Quo minus vice restat, &c. " The less there remains of the journey, the more provisions to seek after," i. e., to increase our provisions for the road, the nearer we approach to our journey's end. Viaticum means all things necessary for a journey, whether money, or provisions, &c., and corresponds to the Greek 0d66tov. Either idea will answer here, though that of provisions seems the more natural one. CHAPTER XIX. Angere atque sollicitam habere, &c. "To disquiet our time of life, and keep it in a state of constant solicitude."-O miserum senem, qui non viderit. " Ah! wretched old man, not to have seen," i. e., wretched, indeed, must that old man be who does not see. Observe that the clause qui non viderit (literally, ", since he has not seen") does not contain a mere additional characteristic, or quality, but rather the cause why he is called wretched, and hence the subjunctive is employed. (Zumpt, ~ 555.)-Negligenda est. "Is to be regarded with indifference."-Sit futurus. " It may be going to be."-Tertium nihil. " No third state." (Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 34, 82.) S 67. Quid igztur timeam, &c. Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 11: " Quomodo igitur aut cur mortem malum tibi videri dicis, quce aut beatos nos eficit, animis manentibus, aut non miseros sensu carentes?"-Quamquam. " And yet." The train of ideas is as follows: And yet, after all, it is by no means so certain that old age is nearer to death than youth is, since who is so foolish as to convince himself firmly of this, that he, no matter how young he may be, will continue to live until even 190 NOTES ON ing?-Cui sit exploratum. "By whom it has been clearly ascertained." Equivalent to ut illi sit exploratum, and hence the subjunctive. (Zumpt, ~ 556.)-Mortis casus. " Chances of death."Tristius. " By a more painful course of medical operations."-Quod ni ita accideret, &c. " For, were this not the case, human life would be conducted in a better and more prudent manner," i. e., if the majority of persons did not die young, there would be a greater number of old men, and, consequently, more of upright and prudent conduct.-Mens, et ratio, et consilium. " Good sense, and reflection, and judgment."-Nullc omnino civitates essent. Compare the explanation of Facciolati: " Homines enim consociati sunt in civitates consilio et prudentia seniorum." —Quod illud est crimen senectutis?' What ground of accusation against old age is there in this?" i. e., why should it be made a charge against old age that death threatens it, when death threatens also the young ~ 68. Cum in optimo filio meo. M. Porcius Cato Licinianus is meant, the son of the censor by his first wife Licinia, and of whom we have already spoken. After serving in the army, he appears to have devoted himself to the practice of the law, in which he attained to considerable eminence. He died when praetor designatus, about B.C. 152, a few years before his father.-Exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitatem. " Who were expected to attain to the highest preferment," i. e., who had by their merits given rise to the expectation that they would attain one day to the highest honors of the state. The individuals alluded to were the two younger sons of L..eEmilius Paulus, and half brothers of the younger Africanus. One of them, twelve years of age, died only five days before his father's triumph over Perseus, king of Macedonia, and the other, fourteen years of age, three days only after the triumph. The loss was all the severer, since.Emilius had no other sons left to carry his name down to posterity.-Quod idem. " Which same thing."-Eo meliore conditione. " So much the better off." ~ 69. Quid est in hominis vita diu. Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 39.-Da enim supremum tempus. " For, allow the highest period," i. e., the highest number of years.-Tartessiorum. The Tartessians occupied the district called Tartessus, in Spain, at the mouth of the Baetis, or Guadalquiver. Its capital, according to our text, must have been Gades, now Cadiz; but the point is involved in great uncertainty. THE DE SENECTUTE. 191 (Compare Bochart, Geogr. Sacr., iii., 7, 163; Michaelis, Spic. Geogr. Hebr., i., 82.) —Arganthonius. He is said to have lived in the sixth century B.C., and to have received in the most friendly manner the Phocaeans who sailed to his city, and to have aided them with money. (Herod., i., 163; Strab., iii., p. 151; Lucian, Macrob., 10.) -Aliquid extremum. Compare Zumpt, ~ 433. —Tantum remanet. "That alone remains."-Recte factis. As factis is properly the participle offacio, it correctly takes an adverb, as in bene factum. —Quid sequatur. "What is to follow," i. e., what the future is to be. The subjunctive is here employed because the sentence contains an indirect question. (Zumpt, ~ 552.)-Quod temporis. "Whatever of time." Compare Gernhard: " quae particula temporis universi." ~ 70. Peragenda fabula est. " Is the whole piece to be performed in." -Modo. "Provided only."-Ad Plaudite. "*To the end of the play," i. e., to that part where the actor exclaims to the audience ", Plaudite," i. e., "Your plaudits," and which marks the conclusion of the piece. The idea intended to be conveyed is this, that it is sufficient for the wise man, in whatever scene he shall make his final exit, that he support the character assigned him with applause. With regard to Plaudite, observe that it comes in as a sort of quo. tation, and is therefore employed in a sort of substantive sense.Sin processeris. "If, however, you shall have advanced," i. e., shall have lived.-Significat. "Typifies."-Ostendit. "Points to." ~ 71. Ut scepe dixi. Compare chap. iii., ~ 9, and chap. xviii., ~ 63.Ante partorum bonorum, &c. " The remembrance and rich abundance of benefits reaped," i. e., the remembrance of a virtuous and abundantly happy life.-Sunt habenda in bonis. This is the Peripatetic doctrine. The Stoics, on the contrary, maintained that all such things were merely afta, that is, had a certain worth of their own, whereas the only good was virtue.-Emori. "To die-off." Stronger and more emphatic here than the simple mori would have been.-Aquce multitudine. "By a large quantity of water."- Consumtus. "Burned out."-Et quasipoma. Observe that quasi, placed here near the beginning of the clause, has the force of quemadmodum. -Cocta. "Ripened." For a literal translation supply solibus, or ardore solis.-Vis. "Violence." —In portum. "Into the harbor (of lasting rest)." 192 NOTES ON CHAPTER XX. ~ 72. Certus terminus. "A fixed boundary."-Munus officii. "The claims of duty."-Et tamen mortem contemnere. "And yet, at the same time, hold death in contempt," i. e., entertain no fear of death. These words are bracketed by some editors as out of place here; but without any necessity, since they are purposely introduced to explain and amplify what precedes. For it was a maxim of some of the ancient schools of philosophy, that, as long as a man could discharge the claims of duty, so long might he be said to live. (Klotz, ad loc.)-A Solone responsum est. Solon, after having established his celebrated laws in Athens, withdrew from that city, and set out upon his travels, in which he passed several years. When he returned, he found the commonwealth split into three dangerous factions; at the head of one of which was Pisistratus, whose party Solon, with great spirit, but very ineffectually opposed. Ceterisque sensibus. The Stoics considered the understanding as in the number of the senses. Observe that with ceteris sensibus we must supply integris. As regards this form of the ablative absolute, consult Zumpt, ~ 645. —Qulc coagmentavit. "Which has compacted." -Quze conglutinavit. "Which has conjoined." —Jam. Employed here to mark a conclusion that is drawn.-Omnis conglutinatio recens. "Every fresh cementing." —lllud breve vita reliquum. "That short remainder of life which is theirs." Observe the force of illud. ~ 73. Pythagoras. The same idea is found in Plato (Phevdon, Op., vol. i., p. 140, seqq., ed. Bip.) Compare, also, Cic., Tusc. Disp., i., 30; Somn. Scip., 7.-De preasidio et statione vitae decedere. "4To retire from the fortress and post of life." The soul in the human body is compared to a soldier at his post in a fortress, which he is not to leave without the orders of his commander. Compare Plato (l. c.): W ev rLvt ~povpad oaFLve ol 6vOprot, K. T. A. —Etegeion. "A distich," i. e., two lines, the first an hexameter, the second a pentameter, forming the metre of the elegy. The common reading is elogium, which, though retained by almost all editors, is manifestly erroneous, since the reference here is to a passage from an elegiac poem of Solon's, in answer to Mimnermus, concerning the period of human life (Plut., Comp. Sol. et Publ., c. 1), and neither to an epitaph, nor to a " brevior commendatio tamquam mortui ad superstites amicos," THE DE SENECTUTE. 193 as some maintain, nor to a " dictum," as Gernhard terms it. We have not hesitated, therefore, to adopt elegeion, the reading of Billerbeck. (Compare Becker, Obs. Crit., p. 49; Jen. Literz., 1820, p. 151; Heidelb. Jahrb., 1826, p. 9, 88.) The lines of Solon, to which Cicero alludes, are as follows: MKld' Euot adtAave7rof hivaroS IOXol, tutcUa itotao Ka2l2eiroqut tgavov dayea Kai arovaXci. Cicero gives us the following translation of them in his Tusculan Disputations (i., 49): "' iors mea ne careat lacrymis: linquamus amicis Mcerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu." Sed haud scio, an, &c. " Ennius perhaps, however, (has expressed himself) better." As regards the form of expression haud scio an, which is intended to denote uncertainty, but with an inclination in favor of the affirmative, consult, as before, Zumpt, O 354, 721, and with melius supply dixerit, or cecinerit. The more literal translation will require, in our idiom, the negative to be supplied with an, " I do not know, however, whether Ennius may not have expressed himself better."-Neque funera fletu faxit. " Nor celebrate my funeral obsequies with weeping." Observe that faxit is the old form forfecerit. (Zumpt, ~ 161, note.) This same quotation is given in a fuller form in Tusc. Disp., i., 15. r74. Sensels moriendi. " Perception of dying." The idea intended to be conveyed by the whole clause is as follows: the act of dying may, indeed, be attended with a sense of pain, but it is a pain, however, which can not be of long continuance, &c. The true reading here is moriendi, not morienti, as Ernesti and Wetzel maintain. —Aut optandus. "Is either desirable," i. e., is either something that a good and pious man ought to wish for.-Sine qua meditatione. Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 30, extr.; iii., 16; Senec., de Vit. Brev., c. 7.Et id incertum, anz, &c. " And, perhaps, this very day." Literally, "and this is uncertain, whether (we are not to die) on this very day." The expression incertum est an falls under the same rule as haud scio an. (Consult remarks on haud scio an in ~ 73, and Zumpt, ~ 354.)-Animo consistere. " Be of firm mind." Non L. Brutum. "That not Lucius Brutus alone." Observe that non here, and also in the clauses that follow, is equivalent to non modo. The allusion is to L. Junius Brutus, the ceebhrated opk I 194 NOTES ON ponent of the Tarquins, and who fell in battle against the Veientes and Tarquinii. (Liv., ii., 6; Tusc. Disp., i., 37.), 75. Decios. Decius the son has been already mentioned (chap. xiii., ~ 43). The father, P. Decius Mus, devoted himself for his country in the battle at the foot of Vesuvius, during the great Latin war, B.C. 340. (Liv., viii., 3, 6, 9, 10; Val. Max., i., 7, 3, &c.)-M. Atilium. The celebrated M. Atilius Regulus, a consul during the first Punic war. After his defeat by the Carthaginians under Xanthippus, he was sent to Rome. to propose an exchange of prisoners, having been first compelled to bind himself by an oath that he would return in case he proved unsuccessful. When he came to Rome he strongly dissuaded his countrymen against an exchange, and, on his return to Carthage, was cruelly put to death.-Duo Scipiones. Consult chap. ix., ~ 29.-L. Paulum. Lucius ~Emilius Paulus, who was consul with C. Terentius Varro, and commanded, along with him, the Roman army at the battle of Cannas. The battle was fought against the advice of Paulus, and he was one of the many distinguished Romans who perished in the engagement, refusing to fly from the field when a tribune of the soldiers offered him his horse. His son, L. AEmilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia, was the father of Africanus the Younger. -M. Marcellum. The celebrated M. Claudius Marcellus, the opponent of Hannibal, and who fell in a skirmish between Venusia and Bantia. (Liv., xxvii., 21, seqq.)-Crudelissimus quidem hostis, &c. Hannibal displayed a generous sympathy for the fate of his fallen foe, and caused all due honors to be paid to his lifeless remains. His ashes were transmitted to his son at Rome. Legiones nostras. "Whole legions of ours." (Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 37.)-In Originibus.' In my Origines." (Compare chap. xi., Q 38.)- Rustici. The best troops were those that had been recruited from the country. Compare Cato, R. R., 1: "Ex agricolis et virifortissimi et milites strenuissimi gignuntur." ~ 76. Studiorum omnium satietas. "A satiety of every employment." Cicero derives consolation to his reader from this distaste, which attends even the proper and reasonable pursuits of man, as he advances from one period to another of his present being.-Desiderant. "Regret." —Ea constans Wtas. "That settled age." —Occidunt. ", Fall into decay."-Tempus maturum mortis. "A seasonable time for death." THE DE SENECTUTE. 195 CHAPTER XXI. ~ 77. Vobis. " To you," i. e., to you, two young men of generous feelings, liberally educated, and who will receive in a proper spirit what I may now be going to impart.-Cernere. "To understand."-Vestros patres. L. _Emilius Paulus and Caius Laelius. Luelius, the father, was from early manhood the friend and companion of Africanus the Elder, as his son afterward was of Africanus the Younger.-In his compagibus corporis. " Within this frame-work of the body." Literally, "within these joinings of the body."-Munere quodam necessitatis, &c. "We discharge a certain duty of necessity, and a disagreeable task."-Est enim animus coelestis, &c. That the soul had an existence prior to her connection with the body seems to have been an opinion of the highest antiquity, as it may be traced in the Chaldeean, Egyptian, and Grecian theology, as far back as there are any records remaining of their speculative tenets. (Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 22, 51; Ovid, Met., i., 78, seq.; Heyne, Excurs. xiii. ad Virg., En., vi., 730.)-Sparsisse. " Have disseminated." A metaphor borrowed from the sowing or scattering of seed. —Ut essent. "That there might be (a class of beings)."-Vita modo atque constantia. "In the steadiness and regularity of their mode of life."-Ratio ac disputatio. "Reason and argument," i. e., reflection and inquiry.-Nobilitas. "The high rank." ~ 78. Incolas pane nostros. " Inhabitants almost of our own country." Pythagoras, after traveling in many countries, fixed his residence among the Italian Greeks, in Magna Gracia, and particularly at Crotona. Hence Cato styles him and his followers ", incolas paene nostros," from their inhabiting a part of the same peninsula with the Romans, and more particularly from their bearing the name of the Italic school. —Qui essent Italici, &c. " Since they were formerly denominated the Italic philosophers." Observe the employment of the subjunctive here with the relative, and consult Zumpt, ~ 564.Italici. Not Itali, which latter would only have been employed thus by the poets.-Ex universa mente divina delibatos. " Culled from the universal soul divine." Pythagoras maintained that the human soul was an emanation from the great soul of the universe, a doctrine adopted by many other philosophers, and very probably of early Oriental origin. -196 NOTES ON Disseruisset. " Had discoursed," i. e., in the Phaedon of Plato. Observe the employment of the subjunctive, " had discoursed, as is stated." So, also, essetjudicatus. (Zumpt, ~ 545.)-Qui esset omnium sapientissimus, &c. Socrates relates this story in the Apology of Plato (c. 5), where he says that an intimate friend of his, named Chaerephon, ventured to ask the Delphic oracle if there was any one wiser than Socrates, and that the Pythia replied that there was no one wiser. It would appear probable from this that Socrates, even at the time referred to, had acquired so great a reputation, that his favor was no longer a matter of indifference to the crafty priests at Delphi. (Consult Wigger's Life of Socrates, p. 18.) —Quid multa? Consult Ziumpt, Q 769.-Celeritas animorum. " Quickness of intellect." —Prudentia. "Foresight." —Tot artes tantce scientix. "So many acquirements of so extensive knowledge," i. e., that require a knowledge so extensive. Observe that scientia: is here the genitive singular, not the nominative plural, as some punctuate the text, and compare the explanation of Gernhard: " tot artes quce magranz scientiam sive multarum rerumin doctrinamn postulant." Semper agitetur. "Is always employed." —Principium motus. "' First source of motion," i. e., any thing external whence it derives its motion.-Quidquam admixtum, &c. " Any thing admixed with it that is opposed and dissimilar to itself." —Homines scire pleraque, &c. An allusion to the Socratic doctrine of our having existed in a previous state, and that all our present knowledge is consequently mere remembrance.-Reminisci et recordari. Compare, on this head, Plato's Menon, c. 15, and the Phcadrus, c. 18, p. 165, ed. Bip.: brit REv v!du Ojati K o lO Lo ret i vcVa[t-VCf TrvYX6uve obaa, Kai iKara TOVro a&vayiK7 Trov aC1 v Tv rporTpp rtVt Xp6v, e/C1za0KIevat & vViv &vautLLvLaK6/e6a. —Hacs Platonis fere. The common text has hase Plato noster. We have followed the authority of Orelli, Madvig, and some of the best editors. CHAPTER XXII. ~ 79. Apud Xenophontem. In the Cyropeedia, viii., 7, 17, seqq. In what follows Cicero has not given us a close translation of the Greek of Xenophon, but has abbreviated some things and enlarged on others. -Nolite arbitrari. "Do not think." (Zumpt, ~ 586.)-Filii. Of these the eldest was Cambyses, who succeeded him.-Nullum fore. Consult Zumpt, ~ 688.-Eundem esse. "That it still continues THE DE SENECTUTE. 197 the same." Observe here the peculiar force of esse in denoting unbroken continuance. ~ 80. Si nihil eorum'psorum, &c. " If their own souls did nothing by which we could retain a recollection of them," i. e., if their souls did not watch over and guard their surviving fame. (Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 12, seqq.)-Emori. " Straightway died."-Insipientemrn. "Unwise."-Sed cum omni admixtione, &c. After sed supply mzhi semper persuasum fuit. — Quo quaque discedant. Euripides (Suppl., 532, seqq.) has this same idea in a more enlarged form: rvev/a uewv 7rpoi atOipa, To caja d' eiS y/lv, K. r. X. —Cum adest. "' When it is present in the body."-Nihil esse morti tam simile, &c. Sleep is called in Homer (I., xiv., 231) the brother of death. ~ 81. Dormientium animi. Compare Baxter's Inquiry into the Nature of the Soul, p. 194-270, 4to ed. —Remissi et liberi. "Disengaged and free."-Quales futuri sint. " Of what nature they will be likely to be." Observe the force of the subjunctive.-Sic me colitote ut deum. a" So reverence me as (you would) an immortal being." —Hanc omnem pulchritudinem. "All this beautiful fabric." The allusion is to the universe, the Kioa/oO of the Stoics. ~ 82. Nostra. "Our own arguments on the subject." Compare the explanation of Gernhard: " Nostra, scil. argumenta animi immortalitatem confirmantia." The idea intended to be conveyed by the whole sentence is given as follows by Melmoth: "Such were the sentiments of the dying Cyrus; permit me now to express my own."Patrem tuum Paulum. L..Emilius Paulus Macedonicus.-Paulum et Africanum. L. YEmilius Paulus, who fell at Canne, and Africanus the Elder, the first his grandfather by nature, the second through adoption. —Africani patrem aut patruum. The two Scipios, Publius and Cnaeus, who fell in Spain; the former was the father of Africanus the Elder, the latter his paternal uncle. (Compare chap. xx.)-Conatos esse. "Would have attempted." —Ad se pertinere. "Had reference to them," i. e., stood in intimate connection with them.Domi militiaeque. "In peace and in war," i. e., in my civil and military employments. (Consult Zumpt, ~ 400.) In his civil capacity Cato had incurred many enmities by his stern and unflinching discharge of public duties, while as soldier, questor, praetor, consul, and legatus he had taken part in various and important wars.-Si 198 NOTES ON essem terminaturus. "If I had been going to terminate." (Compare Orat. pro Arch., c. 11; Tusc. Disp., i., 15.)-Otiosam etatem et quietam. " A quiet and peaceful life." Erigens se. "Ever striving upward." Equivalent to altiora petens. Compare Billerbeck, "die stets aufwiirts strebte."-Victuru. esset. " It were going truly to live."-Quod quidem ni ita se haberet, &c. " Since, were this indeed not so, that our souls are immortal, the soul of each best one would not most strive after an immortality of glory." Equivalent, in effect, to " ut quisque esset optimus, ita ejus animus ad immortalitatem glorice niteretur." ~ 83. Quid? quod. "What seeing that." Quod may also be rendered here more freely by "as regards," and moritur as a participle. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 627.)-Qui plus cernat et longius. A circumlocution for animus sapientior.-Ad meliora. "To a better state of being." For a more literal translation, supply loca.-Cujus acies. "Whose mental vision."-Efferor. "I am transported."-Quos colui et dilexi. "Whose friendship I cultivated, and whom I loved." — Convenire. "To meet with." (Zumpt, ~ 387.)- Conscripsi. " Have written about," i. e., have commemorated in my writings.Neque tamquam Peliam recoxerit. "Nor make me young again like Pelias." Literally, " nor cook me over again like Pelias," i. e., nor make me young again by boiling me like Pelias, in the magic caldron of another Medea. An allusion to the well-known legend of the daughters of Pelias, and their request unto Medea to restore their parent to youth again. As Medea, however, took this opportunity of avenging Jason, and would not make Pelias young again, by completing the charm, Cato must be supposed to allude here merely to the wish of Pelias himself to be restored to youth, since, according to one version of the fable, he himself requested this of Medea, and not his daughters. (Consult Gernhard, ad loc.) Repuerascam. Not repueriscam. Compare the analogous form vesperascere.-Et in cunis vagiam. " And utter the cry of infancy in the cradle." Some read cunabulis for cunis. As regards the verb vagire, compare Aulus Gellius, xvi., 17: "Idcirco vagire (de pueris) dicitur, exprimente verbo sonum vocis recentis."-Nec vero velim, &c. "Nor will I feel inclined, after having, as it were, passed over the course, to be called back from the goal to the starting-place." The metaphor is borrowed from the games of the circus. The carceres, or barriers, formed the first starting-place. But as, when the doors of the carceres were thrown open, some of the horses might THE DE SENECTUTE. 199 rush out before the others, they were brought up by a chalked rope called alba linea, until the whole were fairly abreast, when it was loosened from one side, and all poured into the course at once. This alba linea was also called calx; and, as it marked the termination as well as the beginning of the race, calx is here employed in the former meaning. (Consult Diet. Antiq., s. v. Circus.) ~ 84. Sed habeat sane, &c. The idea intended to be conveyed is this: But admit that its satisfactions and advantages are many; yet surely there is a time when we have had a sufficient measure of its enjoyments.-Et ii docti. " And these learned men." As, for example, Hegesias of Cyrene, on the coast of Northern Africa, who took a very gloomy view of human life, and wrote a book called &dwoicaprepcv, in which a man, who had resolved to starve himself, was introduced as representing to his friends that death is actually more to be desired than life, and that we should seek it as soon as possible. According to Cicero, from whom we get this account (Tusc. Disp., i., 34), the gloomy descriptions of human misery which this work contained were so overpowering, that they drove many persons to commit suicide; in consequence of which he was forbidden by King Ptolemy to teach in Alexandrea, where his book had been published. (Compare Diog. Laert., ii., 86, &c.) Ex hospitio. "From an inn."-Commorandi enim natura, &c. "For nature has given this life unto us as an inn to stay at, not as a place to dwell in." (Consult Diet. Ant., s. v. Caupona.)-Cum ad illud divinum animorum concilium, &c. It seems to have strongly entered into the expectations of those eminent sages of antiquity who embraced the doctrine of the soul's immortality, that the felicity of the next life will partly arise, not only from a renewal of those virtuous connections which have been formed in the present one, but from conversing at large with the whole glorious assembly of the great and good. —Ex hac turba et colluvione. " From this crowd and conflux of impurities," i. e., from this rabble rout, and these sordid employments of humanity. —Catonem roeum. His son, M. Porcius Cato Licinianus, who had died only a few years before. (Compare chap. v., Q 12, and xix., Q 68.) Quod contra. "Whereas, on the contrary." Literally, "contrary to which." Observe the anastrophe, and consult Niagelsbach, Latein. Stilistik, p. 367. Nauclk, however, maintains, though certainly with less correctness, that the true construction is contra decuit. (Neue Jahrb., 12 suppl. vol., p. 568.) —Decuit ab illo meum, The son, as 200 NOTES ON THIE DE SENECTUTE. the younger, ought to have performed the father's obsequies. —Respectans. " Looking back upon me again and again."-Mihi ipsi. Observe here the peculiar force of ipsi, the idea involved being this: "though I myself had outlived him."-Non quo ferrem. "Not that I actually bore it." 85. His rebus. " By these means," i. e., by thinring and acting thus. -Dixisti. Consult chap. ii., 4. —Extorqucri. "To be wrested." -Mortuus. "W hen dead." Equivalent here to post mortem. Quidam minuti philosophi. "Certain petty philosophers." Compare Hess, ad loc.: "Minuti philosophi apud Ciceroncin sunt tZL6ao-,pot /tLKpoI, ra7revol, qa)Xot, ov3dev6tf i.toe." The allusion is to the Epicureans, who denied the immortality of the soul. (Compare Cic., De Divin., i, 30; Tusc. Disp., i, 23, 55.) —oIortui philosophi. " These same philosophers when dead." Some editors suspect the genuineness of the term philosophi, and therefore inclose it within brackets; but without any propriety. The term in question is necessary for the sense, since the speculations referred to are those in which philosophers especially take interest. Exstingui suo tempore. "To die in his own due time."-Modum. "A bound." -EGtatis est peractio, taniquam fabulse. " Is the last scene of life, as of a play." (Compare chap. xi., Q 36, and xix., ~ 70.)-Cujus defatigationem, &c. " A weariness of which we ought to avoid, especially if satiety be united with it," i. e., and one ought not to wish to lengthen out his part till he sink down sated with repetition and exhausted with fatigue.-HabeLi, quze dicereme. Consult Zumpt, ~ 562.-Re experti. " Having experienced them in fact." NOTES ON THE DE A M 1 C I T I A. NO TES ON THE DE AMICITIA. M. T. CICERONIS L2ELIUS, &c. "Marcus Tullius Cicero's Leelius, or concerning Friendship." This work was written after the preceding, to which it may be regarded as forming a companion. Just as the dissertation upon Old Age was placed in the mouth of Cato, because he had been distinguished for energy of mind and body, preserved entire to the very end of a long life, so the steadfast attachment which existed between Scipio Africanus the Younger and Laelius pointed out the latter as a person peculiarly fitted to enlarge upon the advantages of friendship, and the mode in which it might best be cultivated. To no one could Cicero dedicate such a treatise with more propriety than to Atticus, the only individual among his contemporaries to whom he gave his whole heart. The imaginary conversation is supposed to have taken place between Laelius and his two sons-in-law, C. Fannius and Q. Mucius Scaevola, a few days after the death of Africanus the Younger (B.C. 129); and to have been repeated in after times by Scaevola to Cicero. Luelius begins by a panegyric on his friend. Then, at the request of the young men, he explains his own sentiments with regard to the origin, nature, limits, and value of friendship; traces its connection with the higher moral virtues, and lays down the rules which ought to be observed in order to render it permanent and mutually advantageous. The most pleasing feature in this essay is the simple sincerity with which it is impressed. The author casts aside the affectation of learning, and the reader feels convinced throughout that he is speaking from his heart. In giving full expression to the most amiable feelings, his experience, knowledge of human nature, and sound sense, enabled him to avoid all fantastic exaggeration; and, without sacrificing his dignified tone, or pitching his standard too low, he brings down the subject to the level of ordinary comprehension, and sets before us a model which all may imitate. 204 NOTES ON The exordium is taken from the Thentetus of Plato, and in the eighth chapter we detect a correspondence with a passage in the Lysis of the same writer. The Ethics of Aristotle, and the Memorabilia of Socrates, by Xenophon, afforded some suggestions; a strong resemblance can also be traced in the fragments of Theophrastus's 7rrpi Ot+iaS'; and some hints are supposed to have been taken from Chrysippus's 7repi tLtlama and 7repi roi 6tuicdetv. (Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog., &c., vol. i., p. 733.) CHAPTER I. 9 1. Quintus Mucius. This is the Quintus Mucius Scaevola who was consul with L. Cnecilius Metellus, B.C. 117, and who is commonly called the augur, to distinguish him from Q. M. Scevola, the pontifex maximus. He was distinguished for his knowledge of the Roman law (Jus Civile), and was Cicero's master in this; but he was then an old man, as is stated in the text, and, after his death, Cicero attached himself, as is there also mentioned, to Scavola the pontifex. -Augur. The dignity of augur was perpetual, the augurs being elected for life, and the term, therefore, is here added as a kind of cognomen.-C. Laelio. This was the Caius Lalius so celebrated as the friend of the younger Africanus, and whose father, C. Laelius, had been in like manner the friend of the elder Africanus. Scaevola the augur married his daughter Laelia, the elder of the name.-Sapientem. "The wise." This, in fact, became a regular surname of Lwelius, who is commonly styled C. LTelius Sapiens. (Compare chap. ii., ~ 6.) Ita eram deductus. "Was introduced in so special a manner." Under the republic, young men who intended to devote themselves to the study of jurisprudence were usually committed to the care of some eminent lawyer, whom they attended for the purpose of deriving knowledge from his experience and conversation. Under the emperors, regular schools were opened. - Sumta virili toga. Cicero was then in his sixteenth year, B.C. 91.-Quoad possem et liceret. Observe that possem refers to Cicero as the subject, and liceret to Scmevola as the object. The death of the aged Scaevola, soon after this, broke off the connection. -Prudenter disputata. " Sagely discussed."-Commode. " Aptly." The allusion in breviter et commode dicta is to some short and striking remark, assuming in some degree the form of a legal aphorism. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.)-Prudentia. " Legal knowledge." Equivalent to juris civi. THE DE AMICITIA. 205 lis cognitio. —Pontificem Scavolam. This was Q. Mucius Scavola the pontifex maximus, already referred to. He was a man of strict integrity and great ability, a distinguished orator, and still more eminent as a jurist. (Cic., De Or., i., 39.) He formed many distinguished pupils, though he did not profess specially to give instruction in the law. This Scaevola was the first Roman who attempted to systematize the Jus Civile, which he did in a work in eighteen books.-Et ingenio et justitia. "Both in point of talent and integrity."-Alias. Supply loquar. ~ 2. Cum scepe multa. As Beier correctly remarks, we must be careful not to supply memini here, but narrare illum de C. Lailio.-Domi in hemicyclio sedentem. "While sitting in his semicircular seat at home." By hemicyclium ( t/KdK2LOV) is meant a semicircular seat with a back for reclining, and used for purposes of conversation, since it could accommodate several. It was employed particularly by the old. Compare Plutarch (Vit. Nic., p. 531, b): viovc iv 7ra2Laiarpatp, Kcai y/povraf iv ipyacTrfplo~t Kai t7KlVIZ2wiOlt acvyKaOeCofIevoUv. Melmoth erroneously renders the term by "semicircular apartment."-Incidere in cum sermonem. " Fell upon that subject of conversation." The allusion is to the enmity between Sulpicius and Pompeius. —Utebare multum. "You were very intimate with." Anicia, the cousin of Atticus, was married to Marcus Servius, the brother of Sulpicius. (Corn. Nep., Vit. Att., ii., ~ 1.)-Capitali odio a Q. Pompeio dissideret. " Separated in deadly hatred from Quintus Pompeius." The allusion is to Q. Pompeius Rufus, who was consul along with Sulla, B.C. 88. Publius Sulpicius was tribune of the commons that same year, and supported the faction of Marius. The quarrel, therefore, between him and Pompeius was a bitter political one. (Liv., Epit., lxxvii.; Vell. Paterc., ii., 18, seq.; Cic., De Orat., iii., 3.)-Quanta esset hominum, &c. "How great was either the astonishment or the complaint of men," i. e., how much men were either astonished at the rupture of so intimate a friendship, or else feared lest it might prove the cause of great evils to the state. (Wetzel, ad loc.)' 3. Sermonem. "The discourse," i. e., the topics touched upon in the discourse. —Et cum altero genero. " And with his other son-inlaw." Fannius had married the younger Laelia, the second daughter of Laelius.-C. Fannio. Caius Fannius Strabo, whose annals and history, not inelegantly written, are commended by Cicero. (Brut., 206 NOTES ON 21, 26; Tusc., iv., 17. Compare Voss., De Hist. Lat., i., 7.)-Ejus disputationis sententias. "The sentiments expressed in the course of that disputation."-Arbitratu meo. "In my own way." More literally, " according to my own discretion," i. e., in such a way as I myself deemed best adapted to the object I had in view. —Quas, ipsos loquentes. "As if speaking in their own persons."-Inquam et inquit. " Say I, and says he."- Ut coram haberi sermo videretur. "' In order that the conversation might appear to be held under your very eyes." The reference is to Atticus.' 4. Mecum ageres. " Strove to exert your influence with me," i. e., requested of me. Literally, "treated with me."-Feci. "I have brought it to pass." (Consult Zumpt, ~ 619.)-Senem. "When advanced in years."-Aptior persona. " More suitable character." -Diutissime. He lived eighty-five years.-Fuisset. Observe the employment of the subjunctive both here and in floruisset, because the relative clause contains the reason of what precedes. (Zumpt,,5 564.)-C. Lelii et P. Scipionis. Laelius the Younger and Scipio Africanus Minor. There had also been a strong friendship between the elder Laelius and elder Africanus, but the former was the more memorable one of the two. — Idonea mihi Lelii persona visa est. "The character of Laelius appeared to me a suitable one," i. e., Lawlius appeared to me a suitable character.-Disputata. Supply fuisse.-Meminisset. Observe the employment of the subjunctive, as indicating what Scavola said he remembered. (Zumpt, ~ 549.) -Positum in auctoritate. " Being made to depend upon the authority."- Et eorum. "And these (too)."- Gravitatis. "Weight." -Mea. "My own productions." ~ 5. Ad senem senex, &c. Cicero, when he wrote the treatise De Senectute, was, as we have elsewhere stated, in his sixty-second or sixty-third year, and Atticus in his sixty-eighth. Observe here what the grammarians term the figure Polyptdton, that is, the recurrence of the same word, or of kindred words, under different flexions. This figure especially occurs in the comic writers; thus, Plaut., Amphitr. Prol., 34: "Juste ab justis justus sum orator datus;" and again, ibid., i., 1, 122: "Optumo optume optumam operam das." — Sic enim est habitus. Compare chap. ii., ~ 6.-Socerum. Laelius.Tu te ipsum cognosces. " You will recognize your own self," i. e., you will discover your own portrait in that of the true friend. THE DE AMICITIA. 207 CHAPTER II. O 6. Sunt ista, Laeli! "Those things which you remark, Lelius, are even so," i. e., what you remark, Lmlius, is perfectly correct. Observe, again, the peculiar force of ista, as referring to the person spoken to. Literally, "those things of yours, Lalius, are so." The common text supplies vera, but this is wanting in the best MSS., and is already implied in sunt. Compare the Greek laort r'avra.-Sed existimare debes. Lelius must be supposed to have remarked to Fannius and Mucius that he regarded the death of Africanus as an irreparable loss to the state, an idea which Fannius seeks to discountenance, by maintaining that Leelius himself is the very man to supply his place, and that, too, in the opinion of all.-Appellant. Alluding to his surname of Sapiens, " the Wise," or " the Prudent," which, it seems, he had specially received for his forbearance when tribune, in desisting from the attempt to procure a re-division of the state demesnes, and which surname his subsequent career, both in public and private, had fully confirmed.-Hoc. " This same distinction."-Modo. "In late years." The allusion is to Cato the Censor, who died in his eighty-fifth year, B.C. 149, and, consequently, twenty years before the present conversation is supposed to have taken place. Hence we see that modo, like nuper, mox, and proxime, may be made to refer to a considerable interval of time. (Compare Heusing., De Off., ii., 21, 75.)-L. Atilium. L. Atilius, a Roman jurist, who received his title of Sapiens from his knowledge of the Roman law, and was the first individual on whom the people bestowed that appellation. He is supposed to have lived in the middle of the sixth century of the. city. Atilius wrote commentaries on the laws of the Twelve Tables. (Cic., De Leg., ii., 23; Heinecc., Hist. Jur. Rom., f 125.) Prudens in jure civili. " Wise in our civil code," i. e., in Roman law.-Multarum rerum usum. "A profound experience in many things," i. e., a profound experience in the affairs of the world.-Provisa prudenter. "Arranged with wise foresight." The reference is to measures indicating great political foresight. —Constanter. "I With manly firmness."-Propterea jam. "On this account, at length." Jam must not be referred here to senectute, but regarded as marking gradation. (Compare Hand, ad Tursell., iii., p. 117.)Te auterm. "They think that you, however." Supply existimant. I'n strictness, however, the accusative with the infinitive here de 208 NOTES ON pends on existimant expressed at the end of the sentence, and the clause hanc esse in te sapientiam is merely brought in, for perspicuity' sake, after a long intervening parenthesis.-Appellare sapientem. " To call one wise."-Qualem in reliqua Grecia neminem. " Such as we have heard of no one's having been in the rest of Greece." Reliqua Grecia stands opposed to Athenis.' 7. Septema. "The seven (wise men)." —Ista. Uttered with a somewhat contemptuous tone, in censure, as it were, of Grecian boast. fulness.-Subtilius. I"More narrowly than usual."-Athenis unum. "Of one alone at Athens." The allusion is to Socrates. Compare De Senectute) chap. xxi., ~ 78.-Ut omnia tua in te posita ducas. " That you regard all things relating to your own welfare as placed within your own power." This is one of the main doctrines of the Stoic school, to which sect Laelius was attached. According to the Stoics, our primary duty in life is to live agreeably to nature, and hence every man, having within himself a capacity of discerning and following the law of nature, has his happiness in his own power, since to live according to nature is to live happily. —Virtute inferiores. "As inferior to virtue," i. e., incapable of disturbing the serenity of a virtuous mind. Compare, on this whole subject, Cic., Tusc., v., 12. His proximis Nonis. "On the Nones that have just gone by." Proximis Nonis would mean merely "on the last Nones," but the presence of the demonstrative pronoun makes the time more distinct, and connects it by a briefer interval with the period when the words are supposed to be uttered. The Nones fell on the 7th of March, May, July, and October, and on the 5th of the other months. The augural college used to meet anciently on the Nones of every month. (Cic., De Div., i., 41, 90.) —Hortos D. Bruti. The allusion is to Decimus Junius Brutus, who was consul with Scipio Nasica Serapio, B.C. 138.-Commentandi cusaa. " For the purpose of consulting together," i. e., of consulting or deliberating either concerning auguries already taken, or that were intended to be taken.-Qui solitus esses. "Who were accustomed, as they remarked." Observe the employment of the subjunctive, and consult Zumpt, ~ 545. $ 8. C. Lali. The addition of the preenomen is intended as a mark of greater respect.-Quem acceperis. "Which you feel." More literally, "which you have received," the reference being, in fact, THE DE AMICITIA. to a wound inflicted. Observe that the subjunctive is here employed on account of the accusative with the infinitive. (Zumpt, Q 545.) — Nec potuisse non commoveri, &c. " That you could neither remain unmoved, nor would such a course as that have been consistent with your goodness of heart." Non and commoveri are to be taken as one combined idea. Observe the asyndeton in nec potuisse, &c., which is justified by this clause's being merely explanatory of ferre moderate. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.)-Valetudinem. "That the state of your health."-Maestitiam. "Grief." Moestitia and Mceror differ precisely in the same way as leetitia and gaudium, the former denoting the expression of the feeling, the latter the feeling itself. (Compare Doderlein, Lat. Syn., iii., p. 237.)-Recte tu quidem, &c. Supply respondisti.-Ab isto officio, &c. " From that duty to which you allude, and which I always discharged," &c., i. e., the official duty of augur. Observe the force of isto.-Incommodo meo. "By any trouble of my own," i. e., any private affliction or griefs.-Constanti homini. "' To a man of proper firmness of mind." ~ 9. Mihi tantum tribui. " That so much is awarded unto me," i. e., that so high an opinion is entertained of my character.-Facis amice. "Act a friendly part in this," i. e., the high opinion which you suppose the world entertains of my character is an obliging proof of your friendship.-Non recte judicas de Catone. Referring to what Fannius had said of him in ~ 6.-Mortem filii tulit. Consult De Senectute, chap. xxiii., ~ 13. Leelius here praises, in Cato, the very thing which the latter commends in Fabius Maximus. (De Sen., chap. iv., $ 5.)-Paulum. dEmilius Paulus Macedonicus, the conqueror of Perseus, who lost his two younger sons within a few days of each other. (Compare the De Senect., chap. xix., $ 68.)-Gallum. Alluding to C. Sulpicius Gallus, of whom mention is made in the De Senect., chap. xiv., ~ 49.-Sed hi in pueris. "These, however, endured this bereavement in the case of mere boys." Supply mortem ita tulere, or something equivalent.-Perfecto. " In the prime of manhood." (Compare the De Senect., chap. xix., ~ 68.) ~ 10. Cave anteponas. "Beware of preferring." Cave in.this construction is more commonly found without ne than with it. (Zumpt, ~ 586.)-Istum quidem ipsum. Alluding to Socrates.-Hujus. Cato. (Compare Zumpt, Q 700.)- Ut jam cum utroque loquar. He had addressed each separately before this; Scaevola in ~ 8, and Fannius in ~ 9. —Sic habetote. "Think as follows." 210 NOTES ON CHAPTER III. Scipionis desiderio. " By a feeling of regret for Scipio."-Viderint sapientes. F"Let philosophers determine." The Stoics, for example, would praise such apathy, and to the Stoics he here particularly alludes. According to this school, the sum of a man's duty, with respect to himself, is to subdue his passions of joy and sorrow, hope and fear, and even pity. And,in proportion as we approach a state of apathy, we advance toward perfection.-Moveor enim. "For I am indeed moved."-Ut confirmare possum. "As I may with confidence assert." —Non egeo medicina. "I need no external assistance to heal the wound." With medicina supply aliorum.-Eo errore careo. " I am free from that erroneous belief," i. e., that there is no future state.-Nihil accidisse. "That no evil has happened." -Suis autem incommodis, &c. " To be heavily afflicted, however, in such a case, by one's own distresses." An allusion to the selfishness of private sorrow. g 11. Cum illo actum esse preeciare. "That his lot was a glorious one." More literally, " that it fared gloriously with him." —Quod ille minime putabat. "An idea which he by no means entertained."-Immortalitatem. "A total exemption from death." For a literal translation, supply corporis. —Continuo adolescens. "Immediately from his youth." Continuo is a very forcible expression; it properly implies both the commencement and the continuance of a thing; it connects one period of time with another, and denotes the uninterrupted and continued approach of a body from one point of time to another. (Barker, ad loc.)-Superavit. " Went far beyond."-Qui consulatumn petiit nunquam, &c. Scipio, at the age of thirty-six, when a candidate for the eedileship, was unanimously elected consul for the year 147 B.C., though the lawful age for the consulship was forty-three. Hence the language of the text, "primum ante tempus." This was during the third Punic war, and he was immediately sent into Africa to command the Roman forces. His command of the army was prolonged for the year 146 B.C., and in the spring of this year he attacked and took Carthage, which he razed to the ground. He was chosen consul again for the year 134 B.C., to finish the war against Numantia, though absent at the time from Rome. According to the Lex Genutia, which Sulla had renewed in his Lex de Magistratibus, no individual could be re-elected to any high office until THE DE AMICITIA. 211 after an interval of ten years. As twelve years, therefore, had elapsed since Scipio's first consulship, he is said in the text to have obtained the second one " suo tempore." Ante tempus. "Before the legal period," i. e., the age of fortythree.-Sibi suo tempore. " At the proper period, as far as regards himself," i. e., after the regular interval prescribed by law.-Reipublicce ptane sero. " At one almost too late for the republic," i. e., in consequence of the disgrace which the successful defence of Numantia, now in the eighth year of its siege, had brought upon the Roman arms.-De moribus facillimis. " Of his most affable manners."-Pietate in matrem. He presented his mother Papiria, after her divorce from his father, with the inheritance which he had received from AEmilia, his adoptive grandmother, and the widow of Africanus the Elder. —Liberalitate in sorores. After the death of Papiria, when the inheritance which he had bestowed on her came back to him, he presented it to his two sisters.-Bonitate in suos. " Of his kindness toward his male relatives." As one instance of this, he bestowed on his elder brother, Q. Fabius Maximus, his own share of his paternal inheritance. (Cic., Parad., vi., 2.)-Paucorum annorum accessio. He was about fifty-six years old at the time of his death. —Eam viriditatem. " That freshness." The conversation to which Laelius alludes forms the subject of the De Senectute. ~ 12. Velfortuna vel gloria. " Whether in point of fortune or of glory." Compare Wetzel, "sire fortunam spectas, sire gloriam."-Moriendi autem sensum, &c. After some violent debates relative to the distribution of the public lands, in which Scipio opposed the popular party, he went quietly home, accompanied by the senate, and a great number of Latins and Roman allies. In the evening he went into his bedroom with the intention of writing a speech to be delivered the following morning. But in the morning he was found dead in his bed. An investigation into the cause of his death was prevented by4hemutltitude, and the event remained a secret. Public opinion pointed out many who were suspected of having murdered him, and the heaviest suspicion fell upon Papirius Carbo. (Appian, Bell. Civ., i., 19, &c.)-Populo Romano. Not the lower orders, but the wealthier and more distinguished portion of the commons, or, in other words, the " boni cives." —Ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu, &c. Laelius means that there was but a step, as it were, from Scipio's elevated station to the skies. 212 NOTES ON CHAPTER IV. ~ 13. Neque enim assentior iis, &c. Lrelius here alludes to the doctrines of the Epicureans, which had not long before this been introduced at Rome. We must not therefore, as some do, refer the term nuper to Epicurus himself, since he flourished about two centuries before Laelius.-Plus apud me antiquorum, &c. He advances here two arguments in favor of the immortality of the soul, one derived from the opinion of the early Romans, the other from the authority of the Pythagoreans as well as of Socrates.-Tam religiosa jura. "Rights so sacred in their nature," i. e., the right of burial, &c. (Compare Tusc. Disp., i., 13.)-Nihil ad eos pertinere. " That nothing (of all this) pertained to them," i. e., that the dead were in no way concerned in these. —Vel eorum qui in hac terra fuerunt. Referring to the Italic or Pythagorean school, who not only believed in the immortality of the soul, but in its migration into various bodies.-Magnam Grceciam. Magna Graecia was an appellation used to designate the southern part of Italy, in consequence of the numerous and flourishing colonies which were founded by the Greeks in that part of the peninsula.-Institutis et prceceptis suis erudierunt. The Pythagorean philosophy produced a very beneficial change in the morals and manners of Magna Grecia.-Vel ejus, qui, &c. A1luding to Socrates. (Compare De Senect., xxi., ~ 78.)-Qui non turnm hoc tum illud, &c. " Who did not assert at one time this, at another that (on the present subject), as he was accustomed to do in most cases." Supply dicebat after illud. Nothing disparaging is here meant; the allusion is merely to the so-called irony of Socrates, which the Academics afterward moulded into their troxr7, or suspen-. sion of judgment.-Sed idem. Some editors add dicebat after idem, and omit it in the previous clause.-Iisque. Valckenaer conjectures piisque, in his Diatrib., p. 55. ~ 14. Quasi prcesagiret. "As if he had a presentiment of his approaching fate."-Philus. L. Furius Philus is meant, who was consul B.C. 136, with Sextus Atilius Serranus. A contemporary of the younger Scipio and of Laelius, Philus participated with them in a love for Greek literature and refinement. He was particularly celebrated for the purity with which he spoke his mother-tongue. He is introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers in his work De Re THE DE AM[CITIA. 213 publica.- Manilius. Manius Manilius, the jurist. He is mention ed by Pomponius with P. Mucius, pontifex maximus, and Brutus; and Pomponius calls them the three founders of the Jus Civile. He was consul in B.C. 149, when the third Punic war commenced, and he and his colleague, L. Marcius Censorinus, made an attack on Carthage, and burned the Carthaginian fleet in sight of the city. (Liv., Epit., xlix.)-Disseruit de republica. This imaginary conversation formed the subject of the dialogues or treatise De Republica, recovered by Mai in 1822.-Cujus disputationis extremum. The allusion is to the Somniurm Scipionis.-In quiete per visum. " During a vision in his sleep." Id si ita est. "If it be true."-Maxrere hoc ejus eventu. "To grieve at this which has befallen him," i. e., at an event attended with such happy consequences to himself. —lla veriora. The Epicurean doctrine.-Sensus. " Perception."-Fit idem. "The same result takes place." ~ 15. Ut supra dixi. Compare chap. iii., { 11.-Mecum incommodius. "Mine is a harder one." Supply actum est.-Quia cum Scipione vixerim. The subjunctive is here employed on account of videar which precedes. —Conjuncta cura. "A united care." —Communis.' "Were in common." — Voluntatum, studiorum, &c. "The most perfect unanimity in our inclinations, our pursuits, our sentiments."Modo commemoravit. Compare chap. ii., S 6. —Falsa prcnsertinm. "Especially as it is untrue," i. e., unmerited.-Mihi eo magis est cordi. " Delights me the more." - Tria aut quatuor nominantur, &c. As, for example, Theseus and Pirithous, Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pylades, Phintias and Damon. (Cic., Off., iii., 1O.)-Quo in genere.' In which class." ~ 16. Istud quidem, Lezli, &c. "That expectation, indeed, of yours, Lwlius, must of necessity be realized." More literally, "it is necessary that that thing indeed, Lelius, be so."-Otiosi. " Entirely disengaged. "-Disputaris. "You now discourse." —Quid sentias, &c. "(Informing us) what opinion you may form concerning it, of what nature you may consider it to be, what rules you may lay down respecting it," i. e., respecting the mode in which it is to be conducted.-Atque,'id ipsum cum tecum, &c. "And when I was endeavoring to bring about this very result with you, Fannius anticipated me," i. e., Fannius has merely anticipated me in the request that I myself was going to make. 214 NOTES ON CHAPTER V. ~ 17. Non gravarer. "Would make no difficulty," i. e., in acceding to your request.-Nam et prceclara res est. " For both the subject is a fine one." —Facultas. "Ability to cope with it."-Doctorum est ista consuetudo. " The custom which you wish me to follow is one peculiar to learned philosophers." Observe again the force of ista.Ut ponatur. 1"That a subject be proposed." - Opus. "Undertaking." This mode of giving an answer at once to any question that might be proposed was first professed by Gorgias of Leontini (Cic., De Fin., ii., 1), and afterward by Hippias of Elis. It finally became a badge of the Sophists generally.-Censeo petatis. " I think you should ask."-Tantum. " Only so far."-Tam naturca aptum. " So adapted to our nature." ~ 18. Nisi in bonis, &c. Compare Aristotle, Eth., ix., 4. So, also, Diogenes Laertius (vii., 124), in speaking of the Stoics, remarks, EiyovCt TUV ftuav iv y6votf'OIC a7rov6aiot~ elvat 6ta trv /uotL6rnra. -Neque id ad vivum reseco. "Nor yet do I press this point too closely." Literally, "nor yet do I cut it to the quick," i. e., to the living flesh. A figurative expression, borrowed from the operations of surgery. Compare Columella, vi., 12: "Si sanguis in inferiore parte ungulhe est, extrema pars ipsius unguis ad vivum. resecatur."Ut illi, qui subtilius disserunt." The allusion is to the Stoics.Quemquam virum bonum esse, &c. "That any man is good save the sage." In order to conceive the true notion of the Stoics concerning their wise man, it must be clearly understood that they did not suppose such a man actually to exist, but that they framed in their imagination an image of perfection, toward which every man should continually aspire.-Eam sapientiam interpretantur. "They give us the definition of that wisdom."-C. Fabricium, &c. Compare De Senect., chap. vi., ~ 16.-Ad istorum normam. " According to the standard of those philosophers." The pronoun istorum here implies disparagement.-Sibi habeant. " Let them keep to themselves," i. e., let them enjoy undisturbed.-Nisi sapienti. " Save to their sage." 4 19. Agamus igitur, &c. " Let us act, then, according to the dictates of plain common sense, as they say." The expression facere or THE bE AMICITIA. 215 agere aliquid pingui Minerva was a colloquial one, for the doing of any thing after a plain and common sense manner, without any exhibition or show of learning or refinement. Compare Gesner, Thes. L. L., s. v.: " Dicitur pinguiore Minerva fieri quid inconditius simpliciusque, quasique indoctius sit; non autem exquisita arte nec exactissima cura."-Probetur. " Is made a subject of praise." Equivalent to laudetur.-3quitas. The true reading. The common text has equalitas, but this would not be a virtue.-Magna constantiac. " Of great firmness of principle." —Quia sequantur, &c. Compare De Senect., chap. ii., ~ 5.-Societas quaedam. " A certain degree of social relation."-Major. " Increasing in strength."-Potiores. "Are connected by a stronger tie." Cum his enim, &c. Compare the paraphrase of Melmoth:, In the case of relations, indeed, this principle somewhat rises in its strength, and produces a sort of instinctive amity; but an amity, however, of no great firmness or solidity."-Benevolentia. "Kind feeling."-Propinquitatis. " That of consanguinity." A much better reading than propinquitas, since consanguinity remains as a matter of course. O 20. Ex infinita socketate, &c. " Out of the immense society of the human race, which nature herself has united together, the case has been so contracted, and brought within narrow limits." CHAPTER VI. Omnium divinarum, &c. " A perfect uniformity of opinion on all subjects of a divine and human nature, united with mutual esteem and affection." (Compare the commencement of chapter xvii.)Beluarum hoc quidem extremum est. "This last, indeed, appertains to the brutes." The reference is to the indulgence of sensual gratifications, as implied in voluptates. Compare the paraphrase of Wetzel: "Quod extremum, extremo loco nominavi, voluptas, hoc, inquam, beluarum est, beluis dignum est, non homine."-Qui autem in virtute, &c. The Academics and Peripatetics are meant. (Compare De Off., iii., 3, 11.)-Praeclare illi quidem. Supply agunt.-Sed hec ipsa virtus, &c. The idea intended to be conveyed is as follows: But let it be remembered, at the same time, that virtue is at once both the parent and support of friendship. ~ 21. Jam virtutem, &c. "1 Let us now define virtue in accordance with 216 NOTES ON the actual practice of life, and the usage of our ordinary discourse," i. e., now I mean by virtue only that attainable degree of moral merit which is understood by the term in common discourse, and which may be exemplified by the actual practice of every-day life. - Ut quidam docti. An allusion to the Stoics, and their imaginary standard of virtue. —Qui habentur.'; Who are regarded as such in the general opinion ofmankind."-Paulos, Catones, &c. "The Pauli, Catos," &c., i. e., such men as LEmilius Paulus, Cato, Gallus, the Scipios, Philus. We have already made frequent mention of AEmilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia, and of the elder Cato. By Gallus is meant C. Sulpicius Gallus, with regard to whom consult De Senect., chap. xiv., Q 49. By the Scipios he means the brothers Publius and Cneus Scipio (compare De Senect., chap. xx., ~ 75), and the elder Africanus. Philus has been already mentioned in chap. iv., ~ 14.-Communis vita. "The world as it goes."-Eos. The ideal characters of the Stoics and other schools., 22. Opportunitates. "Advantages." More literally, "opportunities," i. e., for accomplishing beneficial results.-Qui potest esse vita vitalis. " How can life be alive," i. e., be other than living death. Compare the Greek pjtorb pioo, and the fragment of Philemon, cited by Columna (ad Enn. frag., p. 332): zeEIC &' d6i'TOrV SEieV Z VOplCrot PiOV. -Quce non amici mutua, &c. " That does not repose upon the reciprocating kindness of a friend," i. e., without a friend on whose reciprocating kindness and fidelity one may confidently repose. Many of the commentators regard these words, from Quce non amici to tecum inclusive, as an additional quotation from Ennius. (Compare Beier, ad loc., and C. G. Jacob, ad Lucian., Tox. Prolegom., p. xxi.) We have preferred, however, following the authority of Orelli, and assigning them to Cicero.-Conquiescat. The subjunctive is the true reading here, not the indicative, because the relative clause contains merely the enunciation of a supposed case.-Quid dulcius, quam habere, &c. Beautifully enlarged upon by Seneca (De Tranq. An., c. 7.)-Fructus. " Enjoyment."-Opportunca sunt singulce, &c. " Are in general adapted each for specific ends." The idea of the whole clause is this: Every other object of human desire is confined within certain specific and determinate limits, beyond which it is of no avail. —Ut utare. " That you may use them." Equivalent, in fact, to ad usurm.-Opes, ut colare. "Power, that you may be courted." Gifanius observes that Cicero never uses opes for 4" wealth," but always for "power." Hadrianus Cardinalis makes TIlE DE AMICITIA. 217 a similar observation, and remarks that opes is employed by the purest writers to denote that power which consists in friends, clients, relations, and popular favor. (Crombie, Gymnas, i., p. 130.) Res plurimnas conlinzet. " Embraces within its sphere many ends," i. e., is adapted by its nature for an infinite number of different ends. -Itaque non aqua, &c. This clause is incorrectly pointed in all the editions prior to that of Seyffert. There should not be a full stop after molesta est, but merely a comma, since we have here, not an independent thought, but one intimately connected with what precedes, and forming, as it were, a more detailed exposition of the same. Itaque therefore must not be regarded here as a particle marking a conclusion, but as equivalent merely to ita-que, " and in this respect," or, as Seyffert renders it, "und in dieser Hinsicht," "und in so fcrn." —Ut aiunt. These words refer to aqua and igni merely, not to the entire proposition; and indicate the light in which these two elements are regarded in popular parlance, namely, as two of the most indispensable things for physical existence. Compare the well-known formula, aqua et igni interdicere, as a sentence of banishment. —Qui pauci nominantur. " Only a few of whom are named," i. e., of whom examples are so rare. (Compare chap. iv., ~ 15.)-Partiens communicansque. "By dividing, and making them common unto both," i. e., by sharing a friend's misfortunes, and making common cause with him. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.) CHAPTER VII. ~ 23. Bonam spem pralucet, &c. " It illumines the path in front of good hope as regards the future," i. e., it dispels the gloom that overcasts the mind, and encourages the hope of happier times. We have retained here the common reading, and the expression becomes a poetical one, like many others that might be pointed out in this exposition by Lwalius. Ernesti, however, whom Wetzel and others follow, reads bona spe depending on pr2e in composition. Orelli retains the common reading, which is likewise given and defended by Graevius. - Exemplar aliquod. "A counterpart."' — Egentes abundant. Because the poorer are aided by the richer, the possessions of friends being in common. (Compare De Off., i., 16.) -Mortui vivunt. The idea is, that both must continue to exist, so long as either of them shall remain alive.-Bcnevolentioe conjunctionem. "The union resulting from mutpal good feeling." —-Minus K 218 NOTES ON intelligitur. "Is less apparent."-Quca enim domus tam stabilis. Compare with this the Gospel of St. Matthew, xii., 15. O 24. Agrigentinum. "That a native of Agrigentum." The allusion is to Empedocles, the philosopher and poet, who flourished about B.C. 444.- Vaticinatum (esse). " Sang." Vaticinari is here the same as canere, just as vates is equivalent to poeta.-Qua- in rerum natura, &c. "That whatever cohesions of matter, and whatever motions of bodies existed in the system of nature, and in the machinery of the universe, were produced by a principle of friendship or of discord." Literally, "contracted friendship, scattered discord." The verses of Empedocles to which Lelius here alludes have been preserved by Sextus Empiricus. (Adv. Phys., ix., 10.) Compare, also, Diogenes Laertius (viii., 76.) —liquod officium exstitit amici. " Any instance of serviceableness on the part of a friend has presented itself to the view." Observe that exstitit has here the force of apparuit. Qui clamores, &c. " What plaudits were lately raised throughout the whole theatre." Supply facti sunt. By cavea is meant the whole interior of an ancient theatre.-M. Pacuvii. Pacuvius, one of the most celebrated of the early Roman tragedians, was born about B.C. 220, at Brundisium. He was the son of the sister of Ennius.-Cum, ignorante rege, &c. The play of Pacuvius referred to in the text was the Dulorestes, and the part that excited so much applause was the contest between the two friends Orestes and Pylades, who had gone, in obedience to the advice of Apollo, to the Tauric Chersonese, where Thoas was king. Here they were seized by the natives in order to be sacrificed to Diana, according to the custom of the country, and the friendly altercation thereupon arose between them as to which of the two was Orestes. (Compare Cic., De Fin., v., 22, 63.)-Ita ut erat. " As he actually was."-Stantes plaudebant, &c. The scene proved so exciting that the audience rose from their seats, and applauded as they stood.-Vim suam. The idea is, that it is nature which forms friendships, and that, if nature be neglected, no friendship can be stable. (Manut., ad loc.) -Qui ista disputant. " Who make those things express subjects of discussion." He refers to the philosophers of the day. ~ 25. Nos autem a te potius. Supply quaerimus.-Ab istis, &c. Fannius had heard, for example, the Stoic Panaetius. (Cic., Brut., 26.)-Sed TIiE DE AMiCITIA. 219 aliud quoddan filum, &c. "But the style and spirit of your own discourse is a different thing of its kind," i. e., your mode of handling the subject is a very different thing from theirs. Supply est with filum. Gernhard reads quoddam est filum at once. Other editors, as, for example, Ernesti and Schutz, have quoddam expetimusfilum, and others, again, expectamus. Our reading is that of Orelli and Madvig.-In hortis Scipionis, &c. Compare chap. iv., O 14. — Qualis turnm patronus justitiae, &c. The third book of the De Republica, as we glean from Lactantius and St. Augustine, contained a protracted discussion on the famous paradox of Carneades, that justice was a visionary delusion. L. Furius Philus advocated on that occasion the doctrine of Carneades, and Laelius opposed it. —Contra accuratam orationem Phili. " Against the elaborate discourse of Philus." The epithet accuratus, in accordance with its etymology, is properly applied to things on which great care and labor have been expended. —Quid amicitiam? "What of defending friendship?" Supply defendere from the previous sentence.-Nonne facile. "Is not this an easy matter " Supply est.-Servatam. A much better reading than servata, though this latter is found in many MSS.Ceperit. Consult Zumpt, Q 555. CHAPTER VIII. 5 26. Vim hoc quidem est afferre! "This, indeed, is offering positive violence!" i. e., this is pressing me beyond all power of resistance.- Studiis generorum. "The eager wishes of my sons-inlaw," i. e., of two such esteemed relatives as you are.-Propter imbecillitatem, &c. "On account of the weakness and wants of man." This is the Epicurean view of the subject, namely, that friendships are to be formed with reference to the utility to be derived from them. Such, also, in later days, was the opinion of Rochefoucault: " Ce que les hommes ont nomme amitie, n'est qu'une societe, qu'un menagement reciproque d'interdt, et qu'un echange de bons offices; ce n'est enfin qu'un commerce, ou l'amour propre se propose toujours quelque chose a gagner."-Meritis. " Kindnesses."Hoc quidem. Referring to the bestowing and receiving of kindnesses, as just mentioned. —Sed antiquior, et pulchrior, &c. "But, (whether there might not be, at the same time,) a more deeplyseated, and a nobler, and a different motive originating in our very nature itself."-Princeps. "The leading motive."-Ab iis. "From those." —Temporis causa. " From some temporary inducement." 220 NOTES ON ~ 27. Indigentia. " Any want of another's aid." —Et applicatione magis animni, &c. " And from the inclination of our feelings toward one, in conjunction with a certain sentiment of affection, rather than from any cool calculation," &c.-Ad quoddarn tempus. " For a certain period," i. e., until they are old enough to shift for themselves. — Earum sensus. "' The feeling that influences them."-Cum similis sensus, &c. " When a like sentiment of affection has arisen in our bosoms," i. e., a sentiment of affection like to that. between par-. ents and their offspring. ~ 28. Ad diligendum. " To the loving of one another."-C..Fabricii, M'. Curii. Compare De Senect., chap. vi., ~ 16.-Sp. Cassium, Sp. Malium. Both of these were charged with plotting against the state. The full name of the former was Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, and he was thrown down from the Tarpeian Rock, A.U.C. 268. (Liv., ii., 44.) The latter has already been mentioned in the De Senect., chap. xvi., ~ 56.-Altero. Pyrrhus. —Non nimis alienos. " Not alienated to any very great degree." Pyrrhus was in many respects one of the most generous enemies with whom the Romans ever contended. Hence the comparatively good feeling with which he was subsequently regarded. (Compare Cic., De Off., i., 12, 5.) CHAPTER IX. ~ 29. In hoste. As, for example, in Pyrrhus. —Quibuscum usu con)unctz, &c. " With whom we have it in our power to be connected by the ties of intercourse." The reference is to our fellow-citizens, as opposed to enemies. —Amor. "A first favorable impression."Studio perspecto. " By zeal to serve us clearly seen in another," i. e., by proofs of zeal for our welfare clearly exhibited. Consuetudine adjuncta. " By habits of intercourse added thereto," i. e., by a nearer and more intimate intercourse. — llum primumr motum. "That movement, in the first instance."-Benevolentie magnitudo. "Strength of attachment."-Ab imbecillitate. "From a feeling of weakness on our part." (Compare ~ 26.) —Ut sit. "In order that there may be some one."-Humilem. "Ignoble."-Ut quisque minimum, &c. " In proportion as each one might think that there was in him the least qualification for it," i. e., they who find in themselves the greatest defects would be the best qualified to engage in this kind of connection. THE DE AMICITIA. 221 O 30. Ut enim quisque sibi plurimum confidit, &c. Laelius here sets himself in opposition to the Stoic doctrine, which maintained that the sage was sufficient in himself for all things, and therefore stood in no need of a friend. (Compare Senec., Ep. ix.) —Ut nullo egeat. s" As to stand in need of no one to aid him." —Quid enim. Equivalent to the Greek 7i yip. (Consult Zumpt, ~ 769.)-Virtutis ejus. "Of his merit."-Auxit benevolentiam consuetudo. " Mutual intercourse increased mutual esteem."-Non sunt tamen, &c. " Still the motives for our loving one another did not arise from any expectation of these." ~ 31. Non ut exigamus gratian. " Not with the view of exacting a return."-Beneficium fceneramur. "Do we confer a kindness in the hope of receiving a greater." FIenerari properly means to lend out money on interest, to increase by means of interest; and hence its figurative use on the present occasion.-Sed natura propensi, &c. Ernesti thinks that quia has fallen out from the text here. Not so, however, by any means, if we regard the words sed natura..... sumus as forming part of the parenthesis. ~ 32. Longe dissentiunt. " Are far from agreeing with me in opinion," i. e., as to the origin of friendship. He alludes to the Epicureans. -Suspicere. " To look up to," i. e., to elevate their thoughts toward.-Abjecerunt. "Have flung away." —Humilem. "Grovelling."-Ipsi autem intelligamus. "Let us, however, our own selves, entertain the conviction."-Sensum diligendi, &c. "A feeling of love, and an affectionate well-wishing, whenever any indication of probity is given."-Applicant sese et propius admovent. "Attach and inove themselves more closely unto the individual," i. e., enter into'a nearer and more intimate communion with him. —Usu. 1"The society."-Sint pares in amore et e&quales. "And may be equal as regards both the quantity and the quality of their attachment." Par and cequalis differ in the former's referring to quantity, the latter to quality. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.)-Reposcendum. "Seeking a return."-Honesta certatio. "y A contest of generosity."-Erit et gravior et verior. " Will be both more noble and more pure."-Utilitas.,, Mere interest." —Meo jure. Alluding to the privilege of seniority. -Recte ta quidem. Supply dicis. 222 NOTES ON CHAPTER X. ~ 33. Nam vel, ut non idem expediret, &c. "For that it often happened, either that the same course was not expedient to both parties," &c. — Mores. " The dispositions."-Exemplum. "An illustration."Ineuntis atatis. " Of early life." —Summi puerorum amores. " The strongest attachments on the part of boys."-Pretexta. The toga proetexta was laid aside by the Roman youth, generally speaking, at the close of the fourteenth year, and was succeeded by the toga virilis. (Dict. Ant., s. v. Impubes.) ~ 34. Uxoriae conditionis. "In the affair of a wife." The term conditio is here employed in a peculiar sense, which is well explained by Gernhard: s" Conditio uxoria est, in qua res uxoria agitur, scu res quce ad ducendum pertinet, et contentio rei uxorice est, cum duo eandem uxorem poscunt."-Labefactari. Supply eam.-In optimis quibusque, &c. " (Than) a contest for preferment and fame in the case of each best person." O 35. Libidinis ministri. "The ministers of libertinism."- Quamvis honeste, &c. " However much they might do this from correct motives."-Illos autem, qui quidvis, &c. "For that they, who thus dared to demand any thing whatever from a friend, professed by that very demand that they were ready to do all things for the sake of a friend," i. e., that they were equally disposed to make the same unwarrantable concessions on their own part.-Inveteratas. The common reading was inveterata, until Grwevius introduced the present one. The expression inveterata querela is a harsh one; not so, however, inveterate familiaritas. (Compare Cic., ad Div., iii., 9, 12: 1" inveterata amicitia.")-Non modo sapientice, &c. "Not only a mark of wisdom, but even of good fortune," i. e., to require a large share, not only of good sens, but of good luck. CHAPTER XI. ~ 36. Quatenus amor, &c. He means, how far zeal to serve a friend ought to carry us, or, in other words, how far the claims of friendship may reasonably extend.-Si Coriolanus habuit amicos. Mel T'rHE DE AMICITIA. 223 moth mistakes the meaning of this passage. Cicero does not intend these words to imply that Coriolanus was a character not likely to make friends, but he merely puts a supposable case. —Viscellinum. Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, already mentioned. (Compare chap. viii., Q 28.)-Sp. Melium. Compare chap. viii., ~ 28. ~ 37. Rempublicam vexantem. By the commotions which he raised in the case of the famous Agrarian laws.-Q. Tuberone. Quintus MElius Tubero, son of Q. MElius Tubero by a daughter of.LEmilius Paulus Macedonicus. Cicero makes mention of him in the Brutus, xxxi., 2, where, among other things, he remarks of him: "Fuit constans civis, et fortis, ct imprimis Graccho molestus, quod indicat Gracchi in eum oratio; sunt etiam in Gracchum Tuberonis." —/Equalibusque amicis. "And other friends of his own age." —C. Blossius Cumanus. A" Caius Blossius of Cuma." The Blossian family was a noble one in Campania.-Qui aderam Lxanati et Rupilio, &c. " Who was present in council unto the consuls Lwenas and Rupilius," i. e., who sat in council as an assessor along with the consuls. Lwlius was one of the assessores, or assistant judges, on this occasion. P. Popilius Leenas and P. Rupilius were consuls A.U.C. 622, B.C. 132.-Tanti fecisset. " He had entertained so high an esteem for."-In Capitoliumfaces ferre. "To set fire to the Capitol." Literally, "to carry torches or fire-brands" into it. (Consult Dict. Ant., s. v. Capitolium.)-Sed, si voluisset? The question put to Blossius by Leelius. Quam nefaria vox. "How unprincipled a remark this was."-Non enim paruit, &c. " For he did not second the rash schemes of Tiberius Gracchus, but actually took the lead in them."-Ducem. "As the main instigator."-Itaque hac arnentia, &c. "In consequence, therefore, of this insane conduct on his part, and alarmed at the appointment of an extraordinary commission (to try him)," &c. The ordinary judges were the praetors; but in delinquencies against which no particular law had provided (as in the present instance), the cognizance of the charge was delegated to special judges. These, on the occasion here alluded to, were the consuls and their assessores.-Ad hostes se contulit. He fled to Aristonicus, king of Pergamus, who was then at war with the Romans. (Plut., Vit. T. Gracch., c. 20.) —Panas reipublicce graves, &c. When Aristonicus was conquered shortly after this, Blossius put an end to his own life for fear of falling into the hands of the Romans. (Plut., 1. c.)-Nam crm conciliatrix, &c. " For, since an opinion of virtue (in another) has been the means of cementing friendship." 224 NOTES ON ~ 38. Perfecta quidem sapientia simus, &c. " We must be possessed of perfect wisdom, indeed, if the affair is to have no evil consequences connected with it," i. e., this would be a doctrine from which no ill consequences could ensue, if the parties concerned were absolutely perfect, and incapable of the least deviation from the dictates of virtue and good sense.-Vita communis. " The ordinary commerce of life."-Qui ad sapientiam proxime accedunt. "Who approach nearest to perfection." By sapientia is here meant the perfect and absolute wisdom had in view by the Stoic sect. ~ 39. Papum AEmilium. Q..ZEmilius Papus is meant, who was consul with C. Fabricius Luscinus, B.C. 282, and, four years afterward, a second time, with the same colleague. He was also censor along with him in B.C. 275.-Maniunm Curium et Tiberium Coruncanium. Compare De Senect., chap. vi., S 16.-Contendisse. " Strove to obtain."-Hoc quidem. Referring to what comes after, namely, si conztendisset, impetratuaum non fuisse. —Tale aliquid et facere rogatum. " Both to do any such thing when asked of them."-At vero Tiberium Gracchum sequebantur, &c. "On the other hand, however, Caius Carbo, Caius Cato, and his own brother Caius (Gracchus), at that time, indeed, by no means (active in the cause), now he the same most zealously engaged therein, adopted the measures of Tiberius Gracchus," i. e., became, like him, disturbers of the public repose and prostituted friendship to evil purposes.-C. Carbo. Caius Pa pirius Carbo was a contemporary and friend of Tiberius Gracchus, and, when tribune of the commons, B.C. 131, he deplored the death, of that individual before the people, and stirred them up by means of violent harangues against the elder Africanus.-C. Cato. Caius Porcius Cato, grandson of Cato the Censor, was in his youth a follower of Tiberius Gracchus. He was consul in B.C. 114, with Acilius Balbus.-Caius frater. Caius Gracchus was serving in the army at Numantia, while Tiberius was prosecuting his agrarian measures at Rome. The death of his brother unnerved him, and for some time he took no part in public affairs. Subsequently, however, he became a most active promoter of the agrarian laws. THE DE AMICITIA. 225 CHAPTER XII. ~ 40. Eo loco. " In that situation." The reference is to the present complexion of the times, which made it peculiarly necessary to guard against introducing principles that might afterward be productive of fatal disturbances in the state.-Deftexit jam aliquantulum, &c. "Already, indeed, has the discipline of our forefathers swerved somewhat from its accustomed course and line of direction. " A metaphor borrowed from the games of the circus. Spatium is the course to be traversed; curriculum the line of direction observed in traversing that course. Lalius means that they have already deviated somewhat from that political line by which their wiser ancestors were wont to regulate the state, and he appears to allude to the concessions which the party of the senate had already made to the demagogues of the day. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.) ~41. Regnum occupare conatus est, &c. This was the charge, a most false one, however, which was brought against him by the aristocratic party, and under color of which he was slain by Scipio Nasica and his senatorial followers. The charge appears to have been founded on an absurd report, spread by his enemies, that he had secretly received a diadem and purple robe from a messenger who had arrived from Asia with the will of King Attalus, and by which that monarch had bequeathed his kingdom and property to the Roman people. Cicero and other ancient writers are always biased by aristocratic prejudices in speaking of the Gracchi.-Regnavit is quidem, &c. Referring to his unbounded influence at the time with the people.-P. Scipionem. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, who headed, as above mentioned, the senatorial party that slew Tiberius Gracchus. The people were so exasperated at him for his conduct on this occasion that they insulted him as often as he appeared in the streets of Rome. The senate, therefore, thought it advisable to send him on an embassy to Asia, although, as pontifex maximus, he could not properly quit Italy. In this kind of banishment he wandered, for some time, from place to place, a melancholy and dispirited exile, till at length grief put an end to his life in an obscure town belonging to the territory of Pergamus. (Plut., Vit. T. Gracch., 21.) —aam Carbonem, &c. Carbo is the only instance of mercy to be found in the disgraceful records of this sanK 2 226 NOTES ON guinary scene; and from the language of the text, "propter recentem poenam T. Gracchi," his life appears to have been spared merely because the people were so irritated by the recent murder of Tiberius Gracchus, that the putting to death of another tribune might have exasperated them beyond all endurance. De Caii Gracchz autem tribunatu, &c. " What, however, I have reason to expect from the tribuneship of Caius Gracchus (whenever it does come), I do not like to conjecture." Lwelius refers to the future tribuneship of Caius, which he takes for granted will come as soon as he is of the legal age for obtaining it (since he was as yet too young for the office), and he purposely closes his eyes on the visions of evil which he thinks he sees in the distance. The present conversation is supposed to have taken place in B.C. 129, and Caius Gracchus did not become tribune until B.C. 123.-Serpit enim deinde res, &c. " For, ever since (that last affair), a thing is creeping on silently (among us), which, now that it has once begun to exist, keeps gliding onward for fatal mischief with more and more of a downward tendency." Deinde refers to the agrarian commotions in the time of Tiberius Gracchus, and res to what Leelius considers the democratic and leveling spirit connected with those disturbances, and which, though partially checked for a time by the violence of the aristocracy, was, nevertheless, gaining ground agam. Seyffert, less correctly, refers res to the Lex Papiria de jubendis legibus, &c. Videtis in tabella jam ante, &c. "You see how great a plaguespot was produced already before this in the case of the ballot," i. e., by the two leges tabellariae, the Gabinian and Cassian, both of which preceded the tribuneship of Tiberius, the Gabinian law having been passed B.C. 139, and the Cassian in B.C. 137, while the tribuneship of Tiberius was in B.C. 133. Hence the expression jam ante in the text. The complaint of Luelius is dictated by an aristocratic spirit, since the laws establishing voting by ballot (leges tabellariae) proved, in fact, a strong safeguard against the encroachments of the patrieians.-Videre jam videor. " Methinks I already see." —Plures enim liscent, &c. He means that there will be a greater number of turbulent tribunes to tread in the footsteps of Gracchus, than of spirited s.enators to resist them. ~ 42. In republica peccantibus. " Who are acting a criminal part in the case of the republic." A much better reading than in rempublicam. Compare Horat., Serm., 1, 2, 63, and consult Beier, ad loe.) The TIlE DE AMICITIA. 227 words magna aliqua re, which precede the preposition in the ordinary text, appear to be a mere gloss.-Impietatis. " Of impiety (toward their country.)" —Ingratce patrice injuriam, &c. " Did not patiently endure the wrong inflicted by his ungrateful country, which he ought to have so endured." Ernesti regards the words quam ferre debuit as an interpolation; but they appear necessary to the sentence, since otherwise it might be inferred from the expression ingrate patrme that Leelius approved of his conduct. (Seyffert, ad loc.) Scheller's suggestion, that quam be taken as a particle, equivalent to ut, or quemadmodum, "as," is unfortunate, since Themistocles did not endure the injury at all. (Schell., Obs., p. 243.) —Mortem sibi. uterque conscivit. The suicide of Themistocles is extremely doubtful. Thucydides evidently did not believe that he put an end to his own life by poison; and, indeed, as Thirlwall remarks, it is hardly credible that fear of disappointing the Persian king should have urged him to such an act. (Thirlwall, Hist. Gr., vol. ii., p. 431, 8vo ed.) So, also, various accounts were given of the death of Coriolanus. (Compare Liv., ii., 40; Cic., Brut., 10; Wachsmuth, Gesch. des Rom. Staates, p. 313.) 43. Talis improborum consensio. " Such an agreement of opinion on the part of the evil-minded," i. e., such wicked combinations.- Tegenda. " To be screened."-Sibi concessum. " That it is allowed him." Supply esse.-Quod quidem, ut res cxepit ire, &c. "As matters have of late begun to go, this same thing, perhaps, may at some future time actually take place." Quod refers to what immediately precedes, namely, amicum, vel bellum patrice inferentem, sequi. It appears, from several oblique insinuations scattered throughout this performance, that although Cicero's principal design, in drawing it up, was to settle the true measure and offices of a very important moral connection, yet he had an indirect view, likewise, to the particular principles of the times, and the circumstances in which public affairs stood when he composed the work. The present passage evidently glances at the partisans of Julius Caesar. (Melmoth, ad loc.) CHAPTER XIII. i 44. Sanciatur. "Be fully established," i. c., be considered as fully enacted by the wise and good.-Ne exspectemus. "That we wait 228 NOTES ON not." A much more forcible reading than nec, though the latter is given by Graevius and Wetzel.-Consilium vero dare gaudeamus libere. Compare Euripides, Alcest., 1018, ed. 1Iatth.: 5i;aov irpoc dvdpa XP7 iEyetv 2tevOZipcp, K. T. 2. —Bene. "For our own welfare."Aperte. "Frankly."-Acriter. "With severity."-Et adhibita pareatur. "And let obedience be rendered unto it when brought to bear." 4.5. Nam quibusdam, quos audio, &c. The philosophers here referred to are probably the Epicureans. A similar sentiment is expressed in the Hippolytus of Euripides (v. 253, seqq.), but there the poet evidently iieanss it as a mere piece of Socratic irony. The Stoic Chrysippus, who filled his writings with quotations from Euripides and Homer, and who very probably cited this very passage of the Hippolytus in his work 7repi Qpiia(, is thought by Valekenaer to be here copied by Cicero. (Valck., Diatrib, p. 28, seq.)-Quod illi non persequantur suis argutiis. "Which that nation do not hunt after with their sophistical subtleties."-Nimias amicitias. "Strong friendships." We must not refer nimias here to number, but merely to quality. Cicero's nimice amnicitice are directly the reverse of the uirptat tLiae of Euripides, in the passage of the Hippolytus above referred to. They who refer nimias to number are misled by pluribus.-Pro pluribus.' For more than one," i. e., for himself and his friend. —Quas vel adducas, &c. " Which you can either draw unto you or slacken at pleasure," i. e., straiten or relax. —Caput. "The primary requisite."-Seczuritatem. " Tranquillity."-Si tamquam parturiat, &c. " If, though one, it feel pangs, as it were, for more than one." Parturio is here employed in the sense of vehementer laborare, or anxie sollicitus esse; but the figurative idea itself is borrowed from a part of the passage of Euripides already referred to, namely, r7o d6''rTp d&aadv 1iav cdivetv I v lV Xaave7rbv fldpor. ~ 46. Alios autem, &c. He refers to others of the same sect, namely, the Epicurean. -Inhumanius. "More illiberally."-Paullo ante. Compare chap. viii., and also ix., ~ 32.-Firmitatis. "Of moral courage." Compare the remark of Seyffert: "Firmitas bezieht sich auf die moralische Stirke des Characters."-Mulierculav. "The weaker sex."-Beati. "Prosperous." The meaning of beati here is fixed by that of its opposite calamitosi. Jt is not equivalent to divites, as Wetzel maintains. THE DE AMICITIA. 229 ( 47. O pracclaram sapientiam. Ironical.-Qu&e est enzm ista securitas. "For what is that (boasted) exemption from care " Observe that ista here denotes contempt.-Blanda. " Seductive." —Multis locis. ", On many accounts." Equivalent, as Biichling correctly remarks, to multis de causis. Jacobs, less correctly, renders it 1"in many cases" (in vielen Fdallen).-Ne sollicitus sis.,' Lest you be thereby disturbed by any solicitude."-Curam. "Every kind of care."Cum aliqua cura. " With some degree of secret dissatisfaction." -Flagitiosis modestos. "The continent those who are given up to debauchery." ~ 48. Cadit in sapientem. " Falls to the lot of the wise man also." The expression cadere in appears, both here and elsewhere, to derive its meaning from the casting of lots, and hence to become equivalent, in many cases, to evenire, accidere, &c.-Humanitatem. "The ordinary feelings of humanity."-Molestias. " Annoyances." —Motu animi sublato. "If every emotion of the breast be extinguished." More literally, "be taken away."-Isti audiendi. Referring to the Stoics.-Quasi ferream quandam. Groevius rejects quandam from the text as superfluous. Compare, however, the Greek form of expression, us rld7qpiyv 7rtV.-Tenera atque tractabilis. "Tender and susceptible," i. e., susceptible of tender sentiments.-Ut et bonis amici quasi diffundantur, &c. " In order that men may both be expanded (with joy) at the successes of a friend, and contracted (with sorrow) at his misfortunes," i. e., in order that the heart may expand with joy at the prosperity of a friend, and shrink with sorrow at his evil fortune. Supply homines, or amici. CHAPTER XIV. Cum autem contrahat amicitiam, &c. "When, however, if any indication of Virtue shine forth, unto which a congenial mind may apply and attach itself, it cements a friendship, as I have above remarked." The subject of contrahat is, properly, the whole clause, "si qua significatio virtutis eluceat." Compare Cic., De Orat., ii., 51: " Plus proficit, si proponitur spes utilitatis future quam praeteriti beneficii commemoratio."- Ut supra dixi. Compare chap. xi., ~ 37. ~ 49, 50. Remuneratione benevolentice. " Than a reciprocity of kind feeling." -Vicissitudine studiorum, &c. "Than an interchange of kind wish 230 NOTES ON es and good offices. " —Similitudo. " A similarity of character."Quasi propinquitate conjunctos atque natura. "As if united by the ties of blood and natural relationship."-Nihil appetentius similium sui, &c. " Nothing more eager after things resembling itself, nothing more prone to seize upon such." Observe here the employment of the genitive with similis to denote internal resemblance.-Bonis inter bonos, &c. " That there exists for the good among one anotheri a sort of necessary feeling of good-will."-Sed eadem bonitas etiam, &c. "This same good feeling, however, extends likewise to all classes of society," i. e., a good man's benevolence, however, is not confined merely to the good, but is extended to every individual. -Non est enimn inhumana, &c. " For virtue is not at variance with the better feelings of our nature, neither does she exempt herself from the discharge of human duties, nor is she haughty in character." The expression inhumana is equivalent to nihil humanum sentiens, and directly opposed to the well-known expression of Terence, " nihil humani a se alienum putans." (Heaut., i., 1, 25.) The term immunis, again, has the force here of inoffciosa, or, as Klotz explains it, " qure vult esse vacua a munere gratiarum atque benevolentice prcestando." The reading immanis, "unkind," which Ernesti, Wetzel, and others adopt, is decidedly inferior. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.)-Si a caritate vulgi abhorreret. " If it were to shrink from any feeling of affection for mankind at large." O 51. Qui utilitatis causa fingunt amicitias. "Who form unto themselves an idea of friendships entered into for mere utility's sake." Observe that fingunt is here equivalent to animo fingunt, and consult Schiitz, Lex. Cic., s. v. 5.-Non enim tam utilitas parta, &c. The idea is, that it is not so much the benefits received as the affectionate zeal from which they flow that gives them their best and most valuable commendation.- Cum studio. " Accompanied by a wish for our welfare."-Tantumque abest. "And so far is it from being the fact." —Atque haud scio, an, &c. "Perhaps, however, it may not, indeed, be absolutely needful that nothing be ever at all wanting to friends," i. e., perhaps, however, it may admit of a question whether one's friend should be so absolutely sufficient for himself as not to need the aid of others. With regard to haud scio an, compare Zumpt, ~ 721.-Ubi enim studia nostra viguissent. "For in what way could my zeal for his welfare have been able to display itself in all its vigor'" Seyffert refers studia nostra to both Lalius and Scipio; but this appears to be at variance with opera nostra immediately succeeding. THE DE AMICITIA. 231 CHAPTER XV. ~ 52. Deliciis diffluentes. "Melting away in sensual delights." The reference is to mere selfish sensualists. Observe the peculiar force of deliciis difuere, as applied to the dissolving of our mental and physical energies in the lap of luxurious indulgence.-Nec usu nec ratione. "Neither by experience nor refiection."-Ut neque diligat quemquam, &c. "Without loving any one, or being himself beloved by any one." Observe here the force of ut with the negative, and compare Zumpt, ~ 539. The more literal version will be, G" so that he neither love," &c., i. e., on condition that he neither love. — Fides. "Confidence." —Nulla stabilis benevolentie fiducia. "No firm foundation for lasting good-will." O 53, 54. Coluntur tamen simulatione, &c. " They are courted, however, it is true, with a semblance (of personal attachment), but only for a time." —Tumrn exsulantem. "That then, when in exile." Some commentators consider tum here as superfluous, and reject it, accordingly, from the text. Consult, however, Beier, ad loc.-Illa superbia et importunitate, &c. " If, with that haughty and overbearing temper of his, he could ever have had any one friendly to him."Hujus. Tarquin.-Multorum opes prcepotentium. "The power of many very influential men," i. e., the being advanced to power and elevated stations.-Efferuntur. "They are carried away."-Insipiente fortunato. "Than a foolish favorite of fortune." —Commodis mnoribus. " Of obliging manners." O 55. Copiis, facultatibus, opibus. "By their abundant resources, their wealth, their power in the state." —Supellectilem. " Garniture."Ejus est enim istorum quidque, &c. " For each of those things becomes the property of him who surpasses them in strength," i. e., for whoever shall invade them with a stronger arm, to him these will infallibly belong.-Inculta et deserta ab amicis. "Uncultivated, and lying desert, as far as friends are concerned." On this peculiar force of the preposition ab, consult Zumpt, ~ 305. 232 NOTES ON CHAPTER XVI.' 56, 57. Fines, et quasi termini. " Boundaries, and, as it were, limits."Ferri. " Are promulgated."-Pariter equaliterque. "In degree and value." More literally, "in quantity and quality."- Ut, quanti quisque se ipse facit, &c. "That each one be estimated by his friends only as highly as he estimates himself." The explanation of this may be gathered from d 59. —Nec enim illa prima, &c. This ncc ought to be followed by another; but, in consequence of the length of the intervening clause quam multa enim..... fruantur, a change of construction is brought in at ~ 58.-Ut quemadmodum in se quisque, &c. The apparent contradiction between what is here stated and what we find in Tusc. Disp., iii., 29, ~ 73, is well explained by Gernhard.-Quam multa enim, &c. Imitated from Xenophon, Mem., ii., 4, 7, IroaiKtLC' r rpa avi'oro TtC OVK' EEetpycaaro, K. T. A%. Compare the remark of Madame Lambert, as quoted by Le Clerc: "In y a bien des choses qu'un honneur dilicat vous difendrait pouzr vous meme, qu'il vous serait permis et honnite de faire pour vos amis." —Precari ab indigno. Wetzel thinks that this may have some latent reference to Cicero's oration for Marcellus before Caesar.Acerbius. " With more than ordinary acrimony."-Honeste. " Becomingly." O 58. Qua definit amicitiam, &c. "Which determines the measure of friendship by an equal amount of kind offices and affection," i. e., which determines the measure of our affection and kind offices by exactly proportioning them to the value and quality we receive of each.-Hoc quidem est nimis exigue, &c. " This, indeed, is to subject friendship, in too small and narrow a spirit, to mere calculation, in order that the account of debits and credits may be made to balance," i. e., that the debit and credit sides of the account may balance.- Ne quid excidat, &c. Compare the remark of Balzac:," Comme il y a des riviires qui ne font jamais tant de bien que quand elles se dibordent; de mesme, I'amitie' n'a rien de meilleur que l'exces." ~ 59. Tertius illefinis. " The third limitation (of friendship).' —Animus abjectior. "Too low an opinion of themselves."-Spes fractior.,' Too enfeebled a hope." -Jacentem animurn. " The prostrate spirits."-Si prius edixero. "After I shall have first made known " TIlE DE AMICITIA. 233 Ernesti entertains doubts respecting edixero, and reads dixcro; but edixero is well -defended by Scheller and Gernhard, who make edicere here to be the same as patefacere. (Compare, also, Kritz, ad Sail., Cat., xlviii., 4, p. 221.) —Vocem. "Remark."-Dixisset. The subjunctive, because the words of the person spoken of are referred to. (Zumpt, Q 545.) —Ut si aliquando esset osulrus. "As if he were some time or other going to hate." (Compare Aristotle, Rhet., ii., 13; where, in speaking of the old, he says, Kai qtuoiotv Oc yutoaov7re, K. T. A.)-Hoc. The saying just referred to is ascribed to Bias by Aristotle (Rhet., ii., 13), Diogenes Laertius (i., 87), and others. (Compare Menag., ad Diog. Laert., 1. c.)-Inmpuri cujusdam, &c. " Of some sordid wretch, or of some ambitious individual, or of one who refers," &c. Lvelius, or, rather, Cicero is guilty here of injustice toward Bias. The Grecian sage refers merely to ordinary acquaintances, as appears plainly from the words of Diogenes Laertius which come immediately after, namely, roS yaip 7At2eiarovg Kalov'c, and also from the following: avve6oda-ev6 rE (dde. Bpa&dEoC iYXEipee r70e 7rpaTTO77/VOtc' O 6' iiV QLy, /E36a iW T/piV t(i8pEvE. Consult Beier's note on the present passage.-Necesse erit cupere et optare, &c. This, again, is an unfair view of the maxim of Bias. He does not mean that one is to wish that his friend may prove his enemy, and thus afford him an opportunity for breaking off, but that a man must be on his guard in the case of ordinary acquaintances, lest such a state of things may occur.. 60, 61. Ut ne quando inciperemus. "That we should never begin." Observe that quando is for aliquando.-Potius quam inimicitiarum, &c. " Rather than that we should think of any period of enmities," i. e., should think that any period could arrive when friendship would be converted into enmity. —Ut cum emendati, &c. "That when the characters of friends are irreproachable." More literally, " are free from any defect or stain." This, in fact, forms the first step, namely, that we form connections of friendship with men of irreproachable characters.- Ut etiam., si qua fortuna acciderit, &c. " So that, even if it have happened by any chance that," &c.-Declinandum sit de via. Graevius cites, as instances of the application of this rule, the defence of Milo by Cicero, and that of Norbanus by Antonius the orator. (Cic., De Orat., ii., 48, 49.)-Modo ne summa turpitudo sequatur.',Provided only the highest degree of turpitude do not follow," i. e., be not thereby incurred. This is rather loosely worded, and might seem to justify the suspicion that Cicero thought the 234 NOTES ON privileges of friendship, in certain circumstances, superior to moral obligations of a much higher and more sacred nature. If we compare, however, with the present passage the language of the treatise De Officiis, a work subsequently published, we will find therein an idea of what Cicero means by summa turpitude, which may tend to remove the difficulty alluded to. Thus we have in chap. x., book iii., of the latter work, the following limits established: " Neque contra rempublicam, neque contra jusjurandum ac fidem, amici causa, vir bonus faciet."-Est enim quatenus. "For there is a limit up to which." -Nec vero.... nec. " Neither on the one hand, indeed..... nor on the other."-Telum. In the sense of instrumentum.- Quam colligere. "To seek to secure which, however." —Sequitur. "Always accompanies." ~ 62. Quod omnibus in rebus, &c. This whole passage, down to judicarent, is drawn from Xenophon's Memorabilia, ii., 4, 2, seqq.-Nec habere quasi signa qucedam, &c. Some of these " signa," however, are given by Isocrates (ad Demon., p. 11, ed. Wolf.): M7169va Oi2lov irolto,'rptv a'V EcT7aUC 7Tr6 KteXP1rTCa TOl" n7poTrpo~f Oi2otf, Ic. r. A.Et judicare difticile est, &c. " And it is difficult, indeed, to judge of one unless previously tried."-Ita preecurrit amicitia judicium, &c. "In this way friendship is wont to outstrip judgment, and to take away the means of making a trial." ~ 63. Sustinere. "To restrain." —Impetum benevolentice. He means the impulse of rushing into the arms of a new friend, before we have, in some degree at least, put his moral qualifications to the test.Quo utamur, &c. Observe that quo is here the conjunction; not the relative pronoun, as Klotz makes it.-In parva pecunia. "In the case of a small sum of money."-Perspiciuntur quam sint leves. An imitation of the Greek construction for perspicitur quam leves sint quidam.-Cognoscuntur. "Are found out." —Imperia. " Commands of armies."-Potestates. "Civil authority."-Opes. "'Political influence."-Proposita sint. "Are placed before the view." -Obscuratum iri. " That this circumstance will be thrown into the shade," i. e., that the world will be too much dazzled by the splendor of the objects to take notice of the unworthy sacrifice they make to obtain them ~ 64. Qui in honoribus versantur. " Who are occupied with honors." TIlE DE AMICITIA. 235 Ubi enim istum invenias. The subjunctive is here the true reading, and implies that it is very unlikely that such a. person can be found. On the other hand, invenies would denote that he may, perhaps, be found. —Hac. Referring to such cases as are indicated by the words immediately preceding.-Calamitatum societates. "The sharing of others' misfortunes."-Amicus certus, &c. A comic iambic trimeter: Amilcfts certliis in I re incirtlla cernlitir.ll In re incerta. The early editions have in re certa, a reading of no value. The reference is to a state of things in which we are altogether uncertain what to do, or in what way to avert a danger that may be threatening our life or fortune. The line is supposed to be quoted from the Dulorestes of Ennius, and to be imitated from the Hecuba of Euripides (v. 1226, ed. Pflzigk.): Iv.-oi Kalcotg yap dyaOoi caoe6raT7ot I OiLot. —HAc duo. "These two tests."-Contemnunt. Supply amicos, and eos after deserunt. CHAPTER XVIII.: 65, 66. Simplicem et communem et consentientem. "That an individual who is frank, and open, and of like turn of mind with ourselves." Simpliccm is here opposed to multiplex in the succeeding sentence. With regard to communes compare De Senect., chap. xvii., Q 59. As respects consentientem, compare the language of Sallust (Cat., xx.): "' Nam idem velle atque nolle, ea denmum firma amicitia est." —Multiplex ingenium et tortuosum. "A wily and crooked turn of mind."-Naturaque consentit. "And does not agree in disposition."- Ut ne criminibus, &c. " That he neither be delighted with bringing charges against a friend," i. e., be neither capable of taking an ill-natured satisfaction in reprehending the frailties of his friend.-Quod initio dixi. Compare chap. v., ~ 18.-Hec duo tenere. "To hold to these two principles of action."-Ingenui. " Of a manly spirit."-Quam fronte occultare sententiam. " Than to strive to hide one's real sentiments under a smooth brow." Literally, "by means of the brow." -Aliquid ab amico esse violatum. " That some rule of amity has been violated by a friend."-Tristitia autem et in omni re severitas, &c. " Gloom, however, and severity on every occasion have each, indeed, an air of gravity thrown around it," i. e., are each proper enough for a person of grave character. Observe here what grammarians term the superfluous use of ille added to quidem, and con-,iult Zumpt, Q 744. 236 NOTES ON CHAPTER XIX. 5 67. Subdifficilis. " Somewhat difficult," i. e., when sought to be practically carried out; not, when sought to be settled in theory, since this would be at variance with what follows. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.)-Quando. "At any time." For aliquando.-Veterrima quceque, ut ea vina, &c. Compare the language of Scripture: "Forsake not an old friend; for the new is not comparable to him; a new friend is as new wine: when it is old thou shalt drink it with pleasure." (Eccles., ix., 10.)-Quc vetustatemferunt. " That bear age."-3-ultos modios salis, &c. " That many pecks of salt are to be eaten with a man, in order that the duty of friendship may be thoroughly fulfilled," i. e., that we must make use of a friend for a long time, before we can be able to determine whether he be truly a friend or not. Compare Aristotle, Eth. ad Nicom., viii., 3, Q 6: KaT& rj-v rrapotuiav, oVic ErtEv eldraai da2;2ovf 7rpiv robif,eyolt vov~ diasg cvvavaX.tdJat. O 68, 69. Novitates. "New connections."'-2Non fallacibus. " That never deceive." —Non sunt illce quidem, &c. Observe, again, the superfluous use of ille with quidem, and compare S 66. —Vetustas. " An old friendship."-Vetustatis et consuetudinis. " Of old habits of intimacy." Observe the hendiadys.-Ipso equo. "In the case of the horse himself."-In hoc, quod est animal. "4In the case of this, which is an animal."-Superioremr parem esse inferiori. "That the superior be equal to the inferior," i. e., that he who has the advantage in point of rank or talents should never appear sensible of his superiority.-In nostro, ut ita dicam, grege. "In our little group, if I may so express myself," i. e., in our little circle of friends. - Philo. Compare chap. iv., Q 14.-Rupilio. Compare chap. xi., Q 37.-Mummio. Spurius Mummius, brother of L. Murnmius Achaicus. In politics he was opposed to his brother, and was a high aristocrat, which will account for his intimacy with the younger Africanus. - Q. Maximum, fratrem. Scipio's elder brother was adopted by Q. Fabius Maximus, and became Q. Fabius Maximus XEmilianus.-Per se esse ampliores. " To become of more consequence through him," i. e., through his own high reputation. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.) ~ 70. Ea. "Those things in which they excel." We have given ea THE DE AMICITIA. 237 here with Ernesti, Wetzel, SchiUtz, Orelli, and Madvig. Some editors omit it; others read eam.-In fabulis. Wetzel instances CEdipus, Cyrus, Paris, Romulus, &c. —Infamulatu. "In a menial condition."-Fructus enim ingenii et virtutis. This is the construction which is so often mistaken by modern Latinists, who substitute for the genitive the preposition ex with the ablative. CHAPTER XX. ~ 71. In amicitic conjunctionisque necessitudine. " In the close relation of friendship and intimate union," i. e., when closely related either In friendship or any other intimate union. Seyffert refers conjunctionis to consanguinity; but Gernhard, with more propriety, to the "jius contubernii, hospitii, collegii, affinitatis, sanguinis;" that is, not merely consanguinity, but any other close and intimate union.Quorum plerique.'" And yet, most of these."-Aut etiam exprobrant. " Or even indulge in open remonstrance (against a friend)." -Si habere se putant, &c. " If they think that they have something on their side, which they can say has been done in a zealous and friendly spirit, and with some degree of toil on their part," i. e., if they can point to some trait of friendship in which they have manifested their zeal, their attachment, and their willingness to encounter labor.-Odiosum sane genus hominum. Not an interjectional clause, as Billerbeck maintains, but in apposition, rather, with plerique, as Seyffert correctly remarks. ~ 72. Summittere se. "To let themselves down," i. e., to act with an easy condescension toward those friends who are of less note than themselves.-Qui molestas amicitias faciunt. "Who make friendships so many sources of uneasiness."-Contemni. " To be slighted." Equivalent to negligi.-Qui etiam contemnendos se arbitrantur. " WVho even think themselves deserving of being thus slighted," i. e., who entertain too low an opinion of their own merit.-Hac opinions levandi sunt. " Are to be relieved from this opinion." - Opere. "By actions," i. e., by actual services on our part. ~ 73. Quantum ipse efficere possis. The first rule here laid down is, that.our kindness should be proportioned to our means. (Compare Cic., de Off., i., 14.)-Sustinere. The second rule is, that our kindness should not be more than the individual on whom it is conferred has 238 NOTES ON abilities to sustain.-Quamvis licet excellas. "However much you may excel," i. e., how great soever your authority and influence may be.-P. Rupilium. Publius Rupilius Rufus was consul with P. Popilius Laenas, B.C. 132, and was remarkable for the severity he displayed toward the followers of Tiberius Gracchus, after the death of that tribune. (Vell. Paterc., ii., 7.) The common text has Rutilium, which Ernesti improperly retains. In like manner we must read Rupilius in Tusc., iv., 17, Q 40, where the same editor incorrectly gives Rutilius.-Lucium. L. Rupilius Rufus. The remembrance of his brother's severity, toward the partisans of the Agrarian law, alienated the favor of the people, and caused his defeat. Pliny says that P. Rupilius, who was laboring under a slight illness at the time, when he heard of his brother's repulse immediately expired. (Plin., H. N., vii., 36. Compare Cic., Tusc., iv., 17, ~ 40.), 74. Omnino amicitica, &c. " As a universal rule, friendships are then first to be judged of when both our judgments and our years are now strengthened and matured," i. e., when our minds and characters have attained to a certain degree of firmness through maturer years.-Eos habere necessarios, &c. "Are they to be deemed to have those as intimate friends, whom they have loved at that season of life, because actuated by a fondness for the same pursuits." We must supply judicandi sunt before eos habere necessarios, the idea of this being suggested by judicande sunt which precedes. Beier less neatly supplies judicandum est, which will give rise to the inelegant construction eos eos habere necessaries. Compare Seyffert, ad loc.Jure vetustatis. " Through the right of old acquaintance." —Sed alio quodam modo. Goerenz supplies here curandi. The true ellipsis, however, is merely negligendi non sunt in the sense of diligendi sunt. Aliter amicitic, &c. The idea intended to be conveyed is this, that were our early attachments the just foundation of amity, it would be impossible for the union ever to be permanent, since our inclinations and pursuits take a different turn as we advance into riper years.-Mores. "Habits."-Distantia. "Difference." Ernesti objects to distantia, and thinks that we should read here dissensio. It is true, the substantive distantia occurs nowhere else in Cicero; still, however, it is sufficiently defended by the employment of distare and distans (Orat., x., 34: " Quid enim tam distans quam a severitate comitas?") as well as by the analogy of discrepantia and THlE DE AMICITIA. 239 differenia. Its meaning, moreover, in the present instance is figurative, with regard to which consult Krebs, Antibarb., s. v. ~ 75. Impediat magnas utilitates amicorum. " May prove prejudicial to important interests of our friends," i. e., may prove extremely prejudicial to their interests.- Trojam Neoptolemus capere potuisset. According to the legend, it had been prophesied by Helenus that Neoptolemus, otherwise called Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, and Philoctetes with the arrows of Hercules, were necessary for the taking of Troy. (Soph., Phil., 115.) Lycomedes, king of Scyros, the maternal grandfather of the young warrior, wished to prevent him from going to the Trojan war. Lange and Ernesti find a difficulty here, since what is stated in the present passage respecting Neoptolemus, is, as these critics maintain, said elsewhere of Achilles. The objection, however, is a feeble one, inasmuch as the presence of both father and son was necessary for the capture of the city. (Compare Wetzel, ad loc.)-Iter suum. His journey to Troy after the death of Achilles.-Magnce res. "Important occasions."- Ut discedendum sit ab amicis. " So that a separation from one another by friends becomes necessary."-Desiderium. "The absence of the other."-Infirmus mollisque. "Weak and unmanly." CHAPTER XXI. ~ 76. Quasi qucdam calamitas. "A kind of calamity, as it were." Observe that quasi is here added, because calamitas properly denotes a storm that lays low the stalks (calami) of corn.-In dimittendis. "In renouncing." —Ad vulgares amicitias. 4"To ordinary friendships," i. e., to that lower species of friendships which occur in the ordinary intercourse of the world. It is in these alone that such a " calamitas" can occur, since the nobler alliances of the wise and good admit no rupture of the kind. Hence the peculiar force of enim at the beginning of the clause, and also of the expression oratio nostra delabitur.-Remissione usus. " By a gradual cessation of intimacy." —Dissuendce magis quam discindendce. " To be unstitched rather than cut asunder," i. e., are to be dropped gradually rather than broken off suddenly. O 77. Aut in reipublicce partibus, &c. " Or some difference of opinion 240 NO'iTES ON shall have intervened amid the parties of the state," i. e., some difference of opinion with respect to public affairs.-Non de sapienztium. Because the truly wise never allow such matters to interrupt their friendship.-Q. Pompeii. Q. Pompeius Nepos, who was consul with Cn. Servilius Cwapio, B.C. 141, and censor with Q. Metellus Macedonicus, B.C. 131.-Meo nomine. "On my account." Because, after having promised Scipio that he would aid the application of Laelius for the consulship, he got himself appointed consul. (Plut., Apophth., c. 21.)-Quce erat in republica. "Which existed at that time in relation to public affairs." The quarrel between Scipio and Metellus (Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus) appears from this to have been occasioned by political differences, not by any private cause. It arose probably when Metellus espoused the cause of L. Cotta, who had been accused by Afiicanus. (Brut., 21, 41.)- Collega nostro. "Our colleague (in the auguralcollege)." Scipio, Leelius, and Metellus were all three augurs.-Utrumque egit graviter, &c. "' He did each of these things with dignity, with no harsh exercise of personal influence, and no bitterness of resentment." We have adopted, in the clause auctoritate et offensione animi non acerba, the explanation of Seyffert, who regards it as epexegetical of graviter. As regards the circumstance itself to which the text alludes, it may be remarked, that Metellus also, on his part, conducted his opposition to Scipio without any bitterness or malice, and that he was one of the first at his death to recognize and acknowledge his greatness. ~ 78. Exstinctea potizns quam oppressee. "Extinguished rather than crushed," i. e., that the flame of friendship shall appear to have been gradually extinguished rather than suddenly and violently smothered.-Et hic honos veteri amicitia tribuendus, &c. " And this honor is to be rendered to former friendship, that he be in fault," &c., i. e., and we must pay this compliment to former friendship, namely, of receiving such treatment without making any return, since by this forbearance the reviler, and not the reviled, will appear the person that most deserves to be condemned.-Una cautio atque una provisio. " One precaution, and one mode of providing against." O 79, 80. Quibus in ipsis inest causa, &c. Alluding to personal merit as the ground of afiection and esteem.-Fructuosum. "A source of advantage," i. e., capable of being turned to advantage, as regards the measure of private means, the attainment of public honors, &c. -.-Per se et propter se. " Through itself and for itself," i. e., through TilE DE AMICITI,A. 241 its own immediate workings, and on account of its own intrinsic value. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.) —lec ipsi sibi exemplo sunt, &c. The idea is, nor do they look upon and consider themselves and their own hearts, for, if they did, they would certainly obtain an accurate notion of what true friendship is; since no man loves himself from any expected recompense or reward, but solely from that pure and innate regard which each individual feels for his own person.-Quod nisi idem. " Now, unless this same principle of attachment." Primurnm t se ipsa diligant. Compare De Off., i., 4.-Deinde ut requirant, &c. Compare chap. xiv., Q 50: "Nihil est enim appetentius similiule sui nec rapacius quam nalura."-Cum desiderio. " With a strong desire."-In hornine natura. " In man by nature," i. e., neither by opinion, nor through necessity, nor from any hope of advantage.-Unum ex duobus. Compare Plato, Sympos., chap. xvi., 8: 1Ei SW.CvivTr. a KaVi: vlTvcataL eh rd avro6, (iTre dHo dvraf Eva yeyoCHAPTER XXII. ~ 82. Amicum habere talem volunt, &c. The idea is, that they require their friends to be formed by a more perfect model than they themselves are able or willing to imitate.-Quaeque. Supply officia. —Par est autem. " It is fitting, however,"'i. e., whereas their endeavor should be.-In talibus. " In such men." The reference is to good men, as mentioned in the clause immediately preceding, not to the individuals referred to at the beginning of the chapter.-Confirmari potest. "May be firmly established."-Neque solum colent inter se, &c. Observe that inter se is here our " one another," but that another se is in reality omitted. There is no need, therefore, of our reading, with the common text, se colent inter se. (Compare Zumpt, ~ 300, s. v. inter.)-Verecundiam. "Mutual respect." O 83, 84. Patere. " Lies open," i. e., is freely extended.-Virtutum amicitia adjutrix. This is a Pythagorean tenet, avveeaoL wC 7raa rv rdv (peTrCv ~l~ta. (Compare Simplic., in Epictet., Ench., c. 37, ed. Schweigh., p. 334.)-Quos inter. Observe the anastrophe.-Eorum est habendus, &c. That is, two friends united in virtuous attachment will attain most successfully to the summum bonum, or highest happipes-pof NOTES UN existence.-Honestas.'" An honorable name."-Optimum maximumque. " The best and greatest thing that we can enjoy." The reference is to vita beata. —Eos experiri. " To make trial of them." ~ 85. Cum judicaveris, &c. The rule here referred to is, that we should never suffer affection to take root in our hearts before judgment has had time to interpose her calmer counsels.-ANeg'ligentia plectinmur. "We are punished for our negligence," i. e., we forbear to deliberate until deliberation becomes of no avail. Equivalent to neg'ligentic poenam damus.-Tum maxime. " So especially are we." Supply plectimur.-Prceposteris enim utimur, &c. "For we adopt, in such cases, plans of action having that last which ought to have been first, and we proceed to do things which ought to have been done long before." Literally, A" we do things already done;" but the literal meaning requires to be dropped here, and a freer one substituted. Compare the explanation of Facciolati: "facimus postca quod faciendum erat prius;" and that of Wetzel: " thun wollen, was man schon lange hitte thun sollen." The expression actum agere has reference, originally, to legal operations, and, according to Donatus (ad Terent., Adelph., ii., 2, 24), relates, properly, to one who attempts to bring up a matter for judicial investigation which has already been decided. —Implicati ultro et citro. " After having been united on both sides." Literally, " on this side and on that." CHAPTER XXIII. ~ 86. Quamquam a multis, &c. Facciolati conjectures namque for quamquam, which Manutius and Greevius even admit into the text. All the MSS., however, give quamquam, and the whole difficulty will disappear if we merely connect this latter term more closely with what precedes, than is done in most editions, which make a new sentence commence with quamquam, instead of placing merely a colon after consentiunt. As virtue forms the basis of true friendship, one would imagine that there would also be an undivided opinion in relation to this quality, but it will be found upon examination that friendship alone enjoys this distinction.-Venditatio qucedam. "A kind of idle parade." Venditatio properly denotes a setting off or recommending of a thing intended for sale, and then, generally, any specious display or idle parade.-Tenuis victus cultusque. " A frugal table and a plain mode of life."- Ut nihil inanius, &c. Be TiLE DE AMICITIA. 243 cause only to be obtained by a slavish obedience to the behests of the multitude.-Ii qui rerum cognitione, &c. The allusion is to philosophers.-Otiosi. "In the bosom of retirement." —Nullam. "Of no value." —Aliqua ex parte liberaliter vivere. " To live in some degree as a man of free and liberal spirit should live." Compare Facciolati: " Liberaliter; ut libero homine dignum est." ~ 87. Ullam aetatis degendce rationem. "Any condition of life." Literally, "any mode of passing life." Equivalent to ullum vivendi genus.-Timonem nescio quem. " One Timon." On the usage of nescio quis, consult Zumpt, ~ 553. The allusion is to Timon the misanthrope, a native of the borough of Colyttus in Attica, and remarkable for the whimsical severity of his temper, and his hatred of mankind. (Consult Plut., Vit. Ant., 70, and Lucian, Tim.)Atque hoc maxime judicaretur. "And the correctness of this remark would be best judged of," i. e., would be most clearly seen.-Hominis omnino adspiciendi. " Of at all beholding any one of our fellowmen," i. e., of having any intercourse whatever with our kind.Ferrets. There appears to be.some play in the text on the words ferreus... ferre.... auferret, which can not be expressed in our language, though Beier has attempted it in German. ~ 88. Tarentino Archyta. Compare De Senect., chap. xii., $ 39. —Nostros senes, &c. Compare chap. xiii., ~ 43.-Insuavem illam admirationem ei fore. " That that wondrous scene would be without any charms for him."-Adminiculum. A metaphor borrowed from the props or supports of vines and fruit-trees. —Quod in amicissimo quoque, &c. The idea is, that a man finds his happiest and most secure support in the arms of a faithful friend. CHAPTER XXIV. Est enim varius, &c. The idea is this, that the offices of friend. ship are so numerous, and of such different kinds, that many little suspicions and causes of offence may arise in the exercise of them, which a man of good sense will either avoid, &c.-Elevare. "To extenuate." Compare, as regards this usage of the verb, Cic., N. D., iii., 4, 1, and Ep. ad Div., v., 14, 5. —Una illa sublevanda offensio est, &c. " That one cause of offence, however, must be encountered by us with dexterity and caution, (which arises from a wish on our 244 NOTES ON part) that both truth and fidelity be preserved in friendship," i. e., there is one cause of offence, however, which must be encountered by us with great dexterity and caution, namely, that which arises from a wish on our part to prove ourselves true friends by the candor and fidelity with which we admonish and reprove. We have given sublevanda here, with Beier, as equivalent to caute subeunda, an explanation which removes all the difficulty of this much-contested passage.-Benevole. " In a kind spirit." ~ 89. Sed nescio quomodo, &c. "'Yet, somehow or other, what my friend (Terence) says in his' Andrian' is true." The allusion is to one of the plays of Terence entitled Andria, "The Andrian," or "'Andrian female."-Familiaris meus. Terence was on intimate terms of friendship with Lelius and the younger Africanus.-Obsequium amicos, &c. "Complaisance begets friends, plain dealing hatred." An iambic trimeter, occurring in the'Andrian' at i., 1, 41. The scanning is assfollows: 5bsequijum dmillcos, vrlitaSs 11 o6dtim I par2t.11 In eo. The person whose failings are winked at.-I-n fraudem. " Into self-deception." (Compare Seyiffert, ad loc.) —Terentiano verbo. "Terence's expression." Donatus (ad Terent., 1. c.) censures Cicero for assigning the term obsequiuna to Terence as its inventor, when Plautus and Nawvius had used it before him; and Quintilian repeats the charge (viii., 3, 35). Both these writers, however, mistake Cicero's meaning entirely. Having used the term obsequium thrice in the compass of a few lines, as a quotation from the verse of the Andrian, he very naturally calls it here a Terentian expression, without at all meaning to imply that Terence coined it.Comitas adsit. He means that complaisance should extend only as far as the rules of courtesy and good breeding require.-Aliter enim cum tyranno, &c. The idea is, that if we are to flatter and assent to every vice, and every act of misconduct on the part of a friend, we make him a tyrant over us. ~ 90. Scitum est enim, &c. "For that is a shrewd remark of Cato's, as many of his are." With illud supply dictum.-Melius de quibusdam mereri. " Deserve better at the hands of some men." The meaning is, that some men are under greater obligations to their bitter enemies than to their complaisant friends.-Eam molestiam, quam debent capere, &c. "Feel not that dislike which they ought to feel; THE DE AMICITIA. 245 feel that from which they ought to be free," i. e., direct both their dislike and approbation to the wrong object. —Quod contra. "Where. as, on the contrary." CHAPTER XXV. ~ 91, 92. Alterum libere facere. This alterum is equivalent to prius.-Quarnvis multis nominibus. " By as many terms as you please," i. e., by no matter how many terms. This refers to the employment of the three equivalent terms, adulationem, blanditiam, assentationem, in the previous clause.-Ad voluntatem. "In accordance with another's wishes."-Judicium veri. "All means of judging of the truth," i.e., all idea of the truth. — Sit in eo. " Consists in this."-Quid idfieri poterit. "How shall this be able to be accomplished?" ~ 93, 94. Tam flexibile, tam devium. " So pliant, so versatile." Graevius suggests tenerum here in place of deviumn, and explains the clause as follows: " quid est, quod tam facile possitflecti ac frangi?" But the common reading must stand, devium being equivalent, as Ernesti remarks (Clav. Cic., s. v.), to "a via recta aberrans, inconstans, aliter alio tempore agens."-Negat quis? nego, &c. These words form part of the soliloquy of Gnatho, the parasite, in the " Eunuchus" of Terence, ii., 2, 21. The measure is comic trochaic tetrameter catalectic, and the scanning is as follows: N'gat quis? I nego: ait? II aZ5 I postrilmo Zmpirlavi bg'llmet milhi. Quod amici genus adhibere, &c. " To have this kind of friend by one's side is the height of imprudence." Compare, as regards adhibere here, the explanation of Wetzel: " bei sich haben, an seinem Tische dulden."-Gnathonum similes. "Like the Gnathos," i. e., resembling parasites in spirit.-Cum sint. "Although they are." -Loco. " In birth." Equivalent to genere, or natalibus.-Cum ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas. " When personal authority has added weight to heartless adulation." Compare, as regards auctoritas, the explanation of Wetzel: " Auctoritas, que est viri, genere, fortuna et fama nobilis." ~ 95. Blandus amicus. " A complaisant friend."-Tam. " As easily." -Fucata et simulata. " Artificial and counterfeit things."-Levem civelr. " A citizen of little weight of character." —Constantem, sev 246 NOTES ON erum et gravem. "A firm, inflexible, and influential man." Observe that here, as elsewhere, the idea of weight of character lies at the basis of the term gravis, which is opposed to levis in the pre-'-ious clause. O 96. -C. Papirius. C. Papirius Carbo is meant, who has already been referred to in chap. xi., ~ 39, and chap. xii., ~ 41. After the word Papirius the common text adds consul, which Lange and other editors very correctly remove, as a mere interpolation. Carbo was not consul, but tribune, when he proposed the law in question, which was in A.U.C. 622, about two years before the present conversation is supposed to have taken place. He did not obtain the consulship until A.U.C. 634; so that the common reading can not be correct. —De tribunis plebis reficiendis. "About the re-election of tribunes of the commons." The law here referred to provided that a person might be re-elected to the tribuneship as often as the people thought advisable. It was supported by Caius Gracchus, but strenuously opposed by the younger Africanus, and was defeated.-Nihil de me. Supply dico. Ducem populi Romani, &c. " That he was the leader of the Roman people, not the mere follower of their will." Scipio, on this occasion, though unus ex populo, that is, though a privatus, placed himself, by the force of his eloquence, at the head of the people, and pointed out to them the true path, from which they were about to wander. He became, therefore, a drnaaywyo6 in the highest and noblest sense of the term, and not one of those populares whose only object is to flatter the feelings of the multitude, and blindly follow their will and pleasure. (Compare Seyffert, ad loc.) Q. Maximo. The allusion is to Q. Fabius Maximus lEmilianus, elder son of 2Emilius Paulus Macedonicus, and who had been adopted into the Fabian family as his brother had been into that of the Scipios. (Compare chap. xix., ~ 69.) —Consulibus. A.U.C. 609; B.C. 145. -C. Licinii Crassi. This Crassus was a tribune of the commons B.C. 145, and proposed a law to prevent the colleges of priests from filling up vacancies, and to transfer the election to the people. The measure was defeated, however, by the speech of the then preetor, C. Laelius Sapiens. (Brut., 21.)-Ad populi beneficium transferebatur. "W Was proposed to be transferred to the favor of the people," i. e., the object of the proposed law was to make this a matter of popular favor at the comitia.-Atque is primus instituit, &c. " He was also the first that brought in the custom of addressing the people THE DE AMICITIA. 247 with his face turned toward the forum." More literally, "he was the first that began to treat with the people after having turnedi-hinself toward the forum." He turned toward the forum on these occasions, instead of turning toward the comitium and the curia. Plutarch, however (Vit. C. Gracch., 5), attributes the introduction of this mark of independence to Caius Gracchus.-Tamen illius vendibilenl orationem, &c. " A feeling of reverence, however, for the immortal gods, we upholding the same, easily triumphed over the specious oratory of that individual." Vendibilis properly means "saleable," "that may or can be sold," and hence "specious," "plausible," &c., because things of a specious and,tractive nature easily find a purchaser.-Re. "By the truth itself." More literally, "' by the fact itself." Greevius, following a marginal reading, gives rei veritate. CHAPTER XXVI. - 97. Quodsi in scena, id est, in concione. "Now, if on a public stage, that is, in a public assembly," i. e., and I call by this name an assembly of the people. The term scena is here employed figuratively for any public place of action, and more particularly for the assenmbly of the people in the forum, where the suggestum took the place of the pulpita. Compare Horat., Sat., ii., 1, 71: " Quin ubi se a vulgo et scena in secreta remorant," where the Schol. Cruq. explains scena by a publico conspectu; and also Cic., Ep. ad Brut., 1, 9: " Ac mihi tum, Brute, officio solum erat et naturce, tibi nunc populo et scence, ut dicitur, scrviendum est."-Ne amare quidem aut amari, &c. "Not even the loving and being loved, since you will not know with what degree of sincerity this is done." The infinitives come in here as nouns.-Qui ipse sibi assentetur, &c. The allusion is to one who has a high conceit of his own merit. ~ 98. Omnino est amans, &c. He here anticipates an objection that might be made, and acknowledges that conscious virtue itself can not be void of self-esteem, as well knowing its own worth, and how lovely its form appears.-De virtutis opinione. " Of the opinion of their own virtue (which some are accustomed to form)." The truly virtuous man can not, of course, be devoid of self-esteem; but then he does not entertain a high conceit of his own merit; whereas the man who thinks himself adorned with every virtue is but too apt to form a high notion of himself Of the latter Lalius 248 NOTES ON is here speaking.-Ad ipsorum voluntatem. " For their own gratification."- Vanam. "Insincere." —Lauduam suarum. "Of their merits."-Nisi essent milites gloriosi. "Were there not braggart soldiers in real life."-Magnas vero agere, &e. "(Say you so) that Thais did indeed return me many thanks?" This line is quoted from the," Eunuchus" of Terence (iii., 1, 1), and is uttered by Thraso, a braggart captain, to his parasite Gnatho, who had just conveyed Pamphila as a present from Thraso to Thais. Thraso and Gnatho are represented as coming on the stage in the middle of a dialogue, and hence the apparently abrupt commencement of the scene. The most natural mode of supplying the ellipsis is by aisne tu. Some less correctly regard agere here as an historical infinitive. The line is a comic iambic trimeter, and is scanned as follows: iMIdgnas I viro hguellr graltSis II Thais I mihi?11 Ingentes. "A countless number." Just as we would say in English, "a million." The parasite, in his answer, purposely exaggerates. O 99. Vanitas. "Flattery." More literally, "emptiness," i. e., insincerity. -Assentatione. "Adulation."- Excors. " Weak." The opposite of the old cordatus. (Compare, in explanation of the term, Cic., Tusc. Disp., i., 9, 18.)-Agnoscitur. The verb agnosco here refers to the recognizing, or taking a thing to be what it really is. There is no need, therefore, of our reading cognoscitur with Gernhard.-Det manus. " Stretches out his hands," i. e., in token of being worsted.-Plus vidisse vidcatur. "May scen to have seen more than he actually has," i. e., may fancy himself possessed of more ability than he really is.-Quod ne accidat, cavendum est, &c. We must take good heed, therefore, lest this happen, as it does in the' Heiress,' i. e., as it does in the comedy of Cwicilius, entitled Epiclerus ('E7ribcXpoc), or " the Heiress." After ut supply id accidit, with Gernhard and Seyffert.-Hodie me ante omnes, &c. " You will have tricked me this day more than all the dotards represented in comedies, and will have wiped me in fine style." Observe that versaris and emunxeris are both in the future perfect. Emnunxeris is Bentley's emendation for the common unxeris, and suits better the character of a master addressing his slave. The lines are comic iambic trimeters, and scanned as follows: HdiZe I me dnte bomnlels comlicds II stMltos i sgnesll VIrsdrlis, atllque imtnxl~rtsllaitisslIme.ll TIIE DE AMICITIA. 249 ~ 100. Stultissima persona. " The very foolish character," i. e., the very foolish part played by. —De hac dico sapientia, &c. " I am speaking of that friendship which appears capable of falling to the lot of humanity," i. e., when I say the friendships of the perfect, I mean perfect, as far as is consistent with the frailty of human nature.-Leves amicitias. "Frivolous friendships," i. e., the vain and frivolous connections of the world.-Aliquando. " At length," i. e., finally. CHAPTER XXVII. Convenientia rerum. "Union of sentiment." This whole clause is well paraphrased by Gernhard: " In virtute igitur causa est, cur amici consentiant, sese diligant, et stabiles constanterque sint." —Idem. " The same character," i. e., the same combination of moral qualities.-Nulla indigentia, nulla utilitate quaesita. " The supplying of no want, the reaping of no advantage being had in view." Compare the definition given in the treatise De Finibus (ii., 24): " Quid est amare, e quo nomen ductum amicitice est, nisi velle bonis aliquem affici quam maximis, etiamsi ad se ex iis nihil redeat?" The idea is borrowed, however, from Aristotle (Rhet., ii., 4). —Quce tamen ipsa, &c. The reference is to utilitas which precedes; and the idea is, that many beneficial consequences result from true friendship, how little soever these consequences are the objects primarily in view. ~ 101. L. Paulum. L. 2Emilius Paulus Macedonicus, often already mentioned.-M. Catonem. M. Porcius Cato, the censor.-C. Gallum. C. Sulpicius Gallus. (Consult De Senect., chap. xiv., ~ 49.)P. Nasicam. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica. (Consult De Senect., chap. xiv., ~ 50.) —Tib. Gracchum. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, the father of the two Gracchi.-Scipionis nostri socerum. "4The father-in-law of my friend Scipio," i. e., of my departed friend Africanus the younger. Africanus the younger married Sempronia, the daughter of T. Sempronius Gracchus, and the sister of the Gracchi. (Compare Val. Max., iii., 8, 6; vi., 2, 3.)-L. Furium. L. Furius Philus. (Consult chap. iv., ~ 14.)-P. Rupilium, Sp. Mummium. Consult chap. xix., ~ 69.-Acquiescimus. "We take a calm delight in." Compare the explanation of Forcellini: "Acquiescere, in re aliqua cum animi quiete et voluptate consistere."-Vestra. Referring to Fannius and Mucius together.-Q. Tuberonis. Quintus 2Elius Tubero., (Consult chap. xi., ~ 37.)-P. Rutilii. Publius RuL2 250 NOTES ON THE DE AMICITIA. tilius Rufus, who was tribune of the commons in A.U.C. 617, the year in which the consul Mancinus made his well-known treaty with the Numantines.-A. Virginii. The MSS. differ greatly here. We have given the reading of Lange, with the best editors. (Consult Ernesti, Clav. Cic., s. v.)-Ita ratio coinparata est vita:, &c. " The routine of life and of our nature is so arranged," i. e., the succession of ages is so regulated by nature.-E carceribus emissus sis, &c. Compare De Senect., chap. xxiii., ~ 83. ~ 102. Scipio, quamvis est subito ereptus. Compare chap. iii., ~ 12.Vivit tamen, sempcrque vivet. Compare chap. vii., ~ 23:' "Et, quod difflcilius est, mortui vivunt."-Semper in manibus. " Continually in hand," i. e., with which I was daily brought in contact. The reference is to the happiness of daily intercourse with him while alive. -Nemo unquam animo, &c. "No one will ever entertain loftier designs than ordinary in mind or in hope," i. e., no one will ever form in mind any lofty enterprise, or proceed with hopeful feelings to its achievement. ~ 103. De republica consensus. " A coincidence of sentiment relative to the public interests."-Rerum privatarum consilium. " A source of advice in my private affairs."-Quod quidem senserim. "As far, indeed, as I was aware." —Idem victus. Among the many private virtues, remarks Melmoth, which added lustre to the public characters of Scipio and Leelius, their singular temperance was particularly conspicuous. ~ 104. Studiis. "Our ardor." —Recordatio et memoria. "The ever-living recollection." Compare the explanation of Seyffert: " Recordatio et memoria ist nichts weiter, als was wir lebendige Erinnerung nennen." Memoria is the mere recalling of a thing to mind, as far as mens and cogitatio are concerned, whereas recordatio is the dwelling upon it cum animo et affectu. (Compare Herzog, ad Caos., Bell. Civ., iii., 72, p. 444.)-Desiderium. "The loss."-Diutius. "Much longer," i. e., in the ordinary course of nature.-Brevia. " Of brief duration."- Ut ita virtutem locetis, &c. " To assign such a place to virtue, without which friendship can not exist, that, virtue excepted, you may think nothing more excellent than friendship," i. e., to assign virtue the highest place in your estimation, and friendship the place next to virtue. Greevius conjectures colatis for locetis, of which Ernesti approves; but there is no need whatever of any change in the common reading. NOTES ON THE P A R A D O X A. N O T E S ON THE PARADOXA, M. TULLII CICERONIS PARADOXA, &c. "The Paradoxa of M. Tullius Cicero, addressed to Marcus Brutus." The Brutus here referred to is the celebrated Marcus Junius Brutus who conspired against Julius Caesar. Under this title of Paradoxa are comprehended six favorite paradoxes of the Stoics, explained in familiar language, defended by popular arguments, and illustrated, occasionally, by examples derived from contemporary history, by which means they are made the vehicles for covert attacks upon Crassus, Hortensius, and Lucullus, and for vehement declamation against Clodius. This must not be viewed as a serious work, or one which the author viewed in any other light than that of a mere jeu d'esprit (" Ego vero, illa ipsa, qusc vix in gymnasiis et in otio Stoici probant, ludens conjeci in communes locos," praef.); for the propositions are mere philosophical quibbles, and the arguments by which they are supported are palpably unsatisfactory and illogical, resolving themselves into a juggle with words, or into induction resting upon one or two particular cases. The theorems enunciated for demonstration are, 1. That which is morally fair (rb tica6v) is alone good (dyaObv). 2. Virtue alone is requisite to secure happiness. 3. Good and evil deeds admit of no degree, i. e., all crimes are equally heinous, all virtuous actions equally meritorious. 4. Every fool is a madman. 5. The wise man alone is free, and, therefore, every man not wise is a slave. 6. The wise man alone is rich. The preface, which is addressed to M. Brutus, must have been written early in B.C. 46; for Cato is spoken of in such terms that we can not doubt that he was still alive, or, at all events, that intelligence of his fate had not yet reached Italy; and there is also a distinct allusion to the De Claris Oratoribus as already published. But, although the offering now presented is called a l"parvumn opusrzclum,' the result of studies prosecuted during the shorter nights 254 NOTES ON which followed the long watchings in which the Brutus had been prepared, it is equally certain that the fourth paradox bears decisive evidence of having been composed before the death of Clodius (B.C. 52), and the sixth before the death of Crassus (B.C. 53) Hence we must conclude that Cicero, soon after his arrival at Rome from Brundisium, amused himself by adding to a series of rhetorical trifles commenced some years before, and then dispatched the entire collection to his friend. (Smith, Diet. Biogr., vol. i, p. 737.) PRO(EMIUM. O 1. Calonem, avunculum tuum. M. Porcius Cato Uticensis is meant, who was surnamed Uticensis in history, from Utica, the place where he put an end to his existence. Livia, the sister of the celebrated tribune M. Livius Drusus, was married first to M. Porcius Cato, by whom she had Cato Uticensis; and, subsequently, to Q. Servilius Caepio, by whom she had a daughter, Servilia, who was the mother of Brutus. Servilia was therefore Cato's half-sister.-Locos graves ex philosophia tractare. "Is accustomed to discuss grave topics of philosophy." Observe that locos answers here to the Greek -767ovr, analogous to the loci communes of the rhetorical writers. The reference is to general principles of a philosophical character, intended to be subsequently applied to the question under debate.-Abhorrentes ab hoc usu, &c. " Altogether foreign to the forensic and popular mode of speaking that we are accustomed to employ." More literally, " to our forensic and popular practice." 2. Quod eo majus est illi. "A thing which is the more difficult for him." Observe that majus is here equivalent to dificilius, or majoris operae. The difficulty arose from the circumstance of his being a Stoic, a school which cultivated a concise and dry mode of speaking, and rejected all the ornaments of oratory. Compare Brut., xxx., ~ 114: " Stoicis, quorum peracutum et artis plenum orationis genus scis tamen esse exile, nec satis populari assensioni accommodatum."-Ea philosophia. The Peripatetic and Academic. (Compare De Orat., iii., 18, 67; Brut., xxxi., ~ 120.)-Quce non multum discrepent, &c. Especially as regards the views which these two schools entertained of the bona corporis et fortunce. We have given the subjunctive here in accordance with Zumpt, ~ 556. The common text has discrepant.-In vulgus. " By the mass of mankind."-Hceresi. THE PARADOXA. 255 "Sect." Observe that harersis is the Greek atpeatl (from atipE, " to choose"), Latinized, and denotes a school, or sect of philosophy, chosen in preference to others.-Dilatat. In the sense of amplificat or exornat.-Minutis interrogatiunculis. The Stoics were remarkable for their nice and subtle distinctions, which degenerated, eventually, into mere quibbles. Compare De Fin., iv., 3, 7: "Pungunt quasi aculeis interrogatiunculis angustis, quibus," &c. With regard to interrogatiunculis, compare the explanation of Facciolati: " Significat argumentationes Dialecticorum, quae fiebant interrogando." ~ 3. De morte. Walker and Thomas Bentley conjecture de contemnenda morte, because Cato was accustomed to discourse, not concerning death, but concerning the contempt of it.-Stoice. " In accordance with the principles of the Stoic sect."-Oratoriis ornamentis adhibitis. " The embellishments of oratory, however, being at the same time called into play by him." Those who wish to read, with Lambinus, nullis oratoriis ornamentis adhibitis, mistake Cicero's meaning entirely. Cicero always speaks of Cato as an eloquent man (Brut., xxxi., &c.), and he merely wishes to state here, that he only introduced into his orations philosophic discussions on those points in which the Stoics did not differ very widely from other sects. He himself, however, intends to treat of their Paradoxes, which Cato did not do, and hence the expression feci etiam audacius.-Que vix in gymnasiis, &c. "Which the Stoics prove with difficulty in their schools and moments of leisure," i. e., find it a difficult matter to prove either in their public disputations, or their hours of retirement, when seated in their studies, and reducing their thoughts to writing.-Ludens. " As a piece of amusement." Equivalent to ludendi causa.-In communes locos. "Into the form of commonplaces," i. e., of general propositions. ~ 4. Et ab ipsis etiam, &c. We have inserted et on the authority of one of the MSS. The common reading is extremely awkward. Grevius, who omits et, places a period after appellantur. Bentley conjectures appellata.-Id est in forum. These words are suspected by some editors of being a gloss, but without any necessity.An alia qucedam esset, &c. " Whether the language of the learned was different of its kind from that which we employ in our harangues to the people."-Socratica. Compare the remark of Facciolati: " Exierunt ex Schola Socratis, qui, in rebus omnibus, non vulgi opinionem, sed-veritatem et honestatem sequebantur." 256 NOTES ON 65. Parvum opusculum. Lambinus and others omit parvum; Cicero, however, often strengthens the idea of smallness contained in the diminutive by appending an adjective.-His jam contractioribus noctibus. Compare Introductory Remarks.-Illud majorum vigiliarum munus. " That other gift, the result of more protracted vigils." The reference is to the "Brutus," or treatise "De Claris Oratoribus," and not, as Facciolati maintains, to the "Tusculan Disputations," the A" De Finibus," and the " De Natura Deorum."-Degustabis. " You will have a taste of," i. e., will be able to form an idea of. —Uti. "To pursue." —Oe7Ka. "Theses," i. e., propositions, involving the discussion of general principles.-Hoc tamen opus in acceptum, &c. " I do not, however, at all require of you to regard this work as a debt incurred by you," i. e., to consider yourself under any great obligations to me on account of the work which I here transmit, or to think that I am entitled to any great amount of thanks for it at your hands. The phrase acceptum referre, or in acceptum referre, properly means, to set down something on the debtor's side of an account, as received from another; and hence its figurative employment on the present occasion. Non est enim ut, &c. Consult Zumpt, Q 752.-In arce. As if it were a valued work of art, like the statue of Minerva by Phidias, which was placed in the Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens.Ex eadem oficina. 1" From the same studio," i. e., from the same workshop from which my other work emanated. He merely wishes his friend Brutus to recognize in it the hand of the same writer, i. e., of Cicero. PARADOXON I. O 6. Quod honestum sit, &c. " That what is morally fair is alone good." The Latin inscriptions given in each of the Paradoxa after the Greek heading are owing probably to the grammarians, and are omitted in many MSS. We have retained them, however, with the best editors. The doctrine of the Stoics here alluded to is as follows: Since those things only are truly good which are becoming and virtuous, and since virtue, which is seated in the mind, is alone sufficient for happiness, external things contribute nothing toward happiness, and, therefore, are not in themselves good. The wise man will only value riches, honor, beauty, and other external enjoyments, as means and instruments of virtue; for in every condition he is happy THE PARADOXA. 257 in the possession of a mind accommodated to nature. (Diog. Laert., vii., 5 92, seqq.; Cic., De Fin., iii., 10, 34.) Stoicorum. The Stoics were a sect founded by Zeno, a native of Citium in the island of Cyprus, and they derived their name from the Trodi, or portico, in which their founder was accustomed to teach at Athens.-Dici poscit. " Requires to be spoken of." Some editors read possit, others potest.-Istorum. Indicative of contempt. (Compare Zumpt, Q 127, and 701.)-Opes. "The influence." Observe that opes denotes the influence in the state which connections, birth, wealth, talent, eloquence, &c., give a man.-Imperia. " Military power."-Circumfluentes. A much better reading than circumfluentibus.-Cupiditatis sitis. "L The thirst of their cupidity." O 7. Continentissimorum homznum, &c. " I often miss the wonted sagacity of those most continent men, our ancestors," i. e., of our ancestors, men who lived with so much simplicity.-Pccunise membra. " Appendages of wealth." Some editors omit membra, while others read munera. There is no necessity, however, for either change.Verbo Bona. "By the term Bona," i. e., by the appellation of 6' Goods."-Re ac factis. "In reality, and in their whole course of conduct." Compare the Greek version of Petavius: 7r 6vrt KUiV TraiS rpSecatv.-Malo esse. Compare Zumpt, ~ 422. —Atqui ista omnia, &c. The Stoics called all such things indifferent (4('&ddopa), since they can not affect the real happiness of man. Hence the remark of Seneca (Ep., 117): " Id medium atque indifferens vocamus, quod tam malo contingere quam bono potest, tamquam pecunia, forma, nobilita.." 8, 9. Quamobrem licet irrideat, &c. " Wherefore, if any one wishes so to do, let him deride (what is here said)." Observe that si qui vult is equivalent, in fact, to quisquis vult. —Vera ratio. " Right reason." -In septem. Supply sapientibus.-Prienen. Priene was a city of Ionia in Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount Mycale. It was taken in the time of Bias by Alyattes, the father of Crcesus. (Compare Herod., i., 26.)-Multa de suis rebus. Lambinus thinks that we should read multa de suis, or else multas de suis rebus. (Compare Ochsner, Ecl., p. 285.)-Porto. Compare Parad. iv., 1, 29.-Hcec ludibria fortunce. The goddess Fortune was supposed to bestow her gifts oftentimes in mere sport and mockery. (Compare Liv., xxx., 30: " Hoc quoque ludibrium casus ediderit fort una.") 258 NOTES ON ~ 10. Lentius. " Too coldly," i. e., in too lifeless a manner.-Subtilius quam satis est. " With more subtlety than suffices (for all practical purposes)." —Ullam cogitationem aut auri, &c. "Any conception either of gold and silver (employed) for gratifying cupidity; or of objects pleasing to the eye (intended) to impart delight; or of furniture to be highly prized; or of banquets for voluptuous indulgence." By amaenitates are meant in particular magnificent dwellings, splendid villas, gardens, &c.-Ad avaritiam. Ruhnken (ad Vell. Paterc., p. 124) conjectures ad divitias, but the emendation is an unfortunate one. Compare the explanation of Wetzel: " avaritia argentum appetit, sive argentum explet avaritiam." ~ 11. Vultis a Romulo? Supply incipere or incipiam, which actually appear in different editions, but are nothing more than mere glosses. -Escendit. Old form for ascendit. (Compare Tusc. Disp., v., 9; De Senect., xxiii., ~ 88.)-MIinusne gratas, &c. " Do we think that his two-handled cups, and his small earthenware vessels, were less acceptable to the immortal gods than the pateree of others, chased with the figures of ferns." i. e., covered with embossed or chased work, representing branches of fern. Observe that aliorum is equivalent to eorum qui post vixerunt.-Capedines. Small two-handled cups used in sacrifices, and made, according to Varro (L. L., iv., 26), either of wood or of earthenware.-Hirnulas. The term hirnula (written, also, hirnella and irnella) is a diminutive of hirnea, the root of which may be traced in ir, hir, Xeip. (Compare Cic., De Fin., ii., 8; and Benfey, Wurzel-Lex., ii., p. 108.)-Filicatas. Compare the lances filicate mentioned in Ep. ad Att., vi., 1. ~ 12. Brutum. L. Junius Brutus, who drove out the Tarquins.-Quid egerit. "What object he may have had in view." Literally, "what he may have been urging on." - Quid spectaverint, &c. "What they may have aimed at, what they may have sought to accomplish."-C. Mucium. Caius Mucius, surnamed Scaevola, from the loss of his right hand, which he held over the burning altar when his attempt against the life of Porsenna was frustrated. (Consult Liv., ii., 12, seq.)-Coclitem. Horatius Cocles, who, unaided, defended the pons Sublicius against all the host of Porsenna. (Liv., ii., 10.) - Patrem Decium, &c. Compare De Senect., xx., S 75.Devotavit. A word of rather rare occurrence, and borrowed from'he " Decius" of Accius (ap. Non., p. 98): " Patrio exemplo et me di THnE rARADOXA. 259 cabo, atque animam devotabo hostibus." —C. Fabricii. Compare De Senect., vi., ~ 15.-M'. Curii. Compare De Senect., vi., ~ 15.-Sequebatur. This verb is to be supplied, either in the singular or plural, in all the clauses that follow, down to alii.-Cn. et P. Scipiones. Compare De Senect., xx., ~ 75.-Carthaginiensium adventum. " The entrance of the Carthaginians into Italy." The allusion is to the efforts of the two Scipios, who commanded in Spain, in preventing the passage of re-enforcements for the army of Hannibal in Italy. — Inter horum states interjectus Cato. Cato was quaestor to the elder Africanus; and subsequently, when advanced in years, extolled in the senate the distinguished ability of the younger Africanus during the early part of the third Punic war. (Compare De Senect., vi.,' 19.) ~ 13, 14. Hujus orationis ac sententie. " Of this mode of speaking, and of the sentiments here advocated."- Corinthiis operibus. "In articles of Corinthian workmanship." The reference is to statues, columns, &c., but, more particularly, to vessels of Corinthian brass. (Compare Plin., H. N., xxxiii., 2.)-Fabricii. Compare ~ 12.-Quce modo hue, modo illuc transferuntur. A circumlocution for commutabilia. The reference is to the ludibriafortunce, alluded to in ~ 9, what the Greek philosophical writers termed Ta iEv KVG6/et. Wetzel and Gernhard are wrong in supposing that by "mobilia" are merely meant "quce loco suo moveri possunt."-Illud. Compare Zumipt, Q 748.Voluptatem esse summum bonum. The doctrine of the Cyrenaic school, so called from its founder, Aristippus, a native of Cyrene. The Cyrenaic doctrine would appear to have arisen from a misapplication of the Socratic. Socrates considered happiness (i. e., the enjoyment of a well-ordered mind) to be the aim of all men; and Aristippus, taking up this position, pronounced pleasure the chief good, and pain the chief evil; but he wished the mind to preserve its authority in the midst of pleasure. (Smith, Diet. Biogr., s. v.)Quidquamne bonum est, &c. Compare Seneca, Epist., 87: "Quod bonum est, bonos facit; fortuita bonum non faciunt; ergo non sunt bona." ~ 15. Laudabilis. Compare Cic., De Fin., iii., 8, 27: " Quod est bonum, omne laudabile est; quod autem laudabile est, omne est honestum: bonum igitur quod est, honestum est." And again, Plut., Stoic. Repugn.: ro ayaOev alper6v, 7r 4' atperov ipear6v rb d'!pepraov *iratver6' rTv,' izratverOv KOaOv. (Tennemann. Gesch. d. Phil., t. iv., p. 83.) 260 NOTES ON Quid horum.,'What one of these things." The reference is to praise and glory. —An quisquam in potiundis voluptatibus, &c. "Or does any one, amid the enjoyment of pleasures, elevate himself in glory and in good report? " i. e., does any one find that the enjoyment of pleasures is a title to honor and glory? —Demovet. A metaphor borrowed from the movements of combatants. PARADOXON II. O 16. In quo virtus sit, &c. This same subject is handled more at large in the fifth book of the Tusculan Disputations, under the title " Virtutem ad beate vivendum se ipsa esse con~tentam." —Nec vero ego, &c. Some editors, in order to avoid the appearance of abruptness in this commencement, suppose the present Paradox to be intimately connected with, and to flow, as it were, from the preceding one. It is better, however, to regard the whole piece as a fragment from an oration against Clodius, who had attacked Cicero on account of the alleged illegality of the condemnation of the followers of Catiline; and as being here introduced for the purpose of showing in what way general propositions, of a philosophical nature, may be made to have a special application. (Compare Billerbeck, ad loc.)-M. Regulum. Compare De Senect., xx., Q 75. Cicero appears nowhere to have had any doubts respecting the actual punishment of Regulus by the Carthaginians.-Magnitudo animi. " His lofty spirit." —Gravitas. "His rectitude of principle," i. e., his remaining true to his character, and not allowing himself to be intimidated by the fear of a cruel punishment, so as to recommend impolitic and dishonorable terms to his countrymen. - Qui, tot virtutum prcesidio, &c. " For he, through the safeguard and the glorious retinue of so many virtues." There is no need of our inserting septus, or circumseptus, or munitus into the text, after comitatu, as some editors have done; for preesidio and comitatu are causal ablatives, and require nothing to be added. C. vero Mariumn vidimus. Marius died B.C. 86, when Cicero was in his twenty-first year. The works of Cicero offer many proofs of his attachment to the memory of Marius. While still a young man, he celebrated his praises in a poem named after him. (De Leg., i., 1.) He constantly cites him as a model of courage and firmness of soul. (Or. in Verr., v., 10; pro Balb., 20, seq.; in Pis., 19; Tusc., ii., 15; De Fin., ii., 32, &c.) He compares his own exile to that of Marius (Post red. ad Quir., 8; pro Sext., 22); and he mentions, TIIE PARADOX A. 261 in his treatise on Divination (i., 28; ii., 67), the dream in which he thought he saw Marius, who announced to him a happy return to his country. Marius, it will be remembered, was Cicero's fellowtownsman, both having been born at Arpinum.-Secundis in rebus. Referring to those of his country, as brought about by his victories. -Adversis. Referring to his own, when the party of Sylla was in the ascendant. 17. Insane. Addressed to Clodius. Some MSS. add 0 Marce Antoni! and hence Bentley thinks that we have here a fragment of an oration against the triumvir. The opinion, however, appears an untenable one, and the addition just mentioned to be a mere gloss. — Qui est totus aptus ex sese. " Who is altogether sufficient in himself," i. e., who is avrtpKy1]. An imitation of Plato's language (Menex., p. 247, E.): or( yap cvVdpi Ei E'aV7roV avijprraat 7vra Ta rpot evdaatsoviav bepovTa, K. r. X.-Ratio. " Calculations."-Eum tu hominem, &c. As if non me were understood in opposition to it.Istis. Indicative of contempt. —Ne recusanti quidem evenerit, &c. "Will in all likelihood befall me, not even refusing (to receive it), not merely not offering resistance to it," i. e., will not only not be resisted, but even patiently waited for by me. As regards the force of evenerit here, consult Zumpt, S 527.-Laboravi, &c. Alluding to his labors in crushing the conspiracy of Catiline. s18, 19. Ut omnino ab hominibus. " So that I must depart altogether from among men." Supply demigrandum sit.- Quorum omnia. "All whose prospects."-Quasi circumscrip.fus est. " Is circumscribed, as it were, within certain limits." —Non iis, qui omnem, &c. Cicero's own conduct in banishment agreed very ill with this sentiment. — Tuce libidines, &c. Equivalent to nam tuae libidines, &c.-Quod est. "' What you at present possess," i. e., your present fortune.-Ne non sit diuturnumfuturum. " Lest it may not be going to prove lasting." On ne non with verbs of fearing, consult Zumpt, Q 535. —Ut furiae.,"Like so many furies." —Tua3 injuriac. "Your wrong-doings."Bene esse potest. "It can go well with." - Fugienda. "To be shunned by us."-Florens. "Prosperous." '2, XNOTES ON PARADOXON [II. ~ 20. XAqualia esse peccata, &c. " That all crimes are equal, and (also all) virtuous actions," i. e., that good and evil deeds admit of no degree, that is, all crimes are equally heinous, and all virtuous actions equally meritorious. This same Stoic paradox is handled in the De Fin., iii., 9, 32; 10, 34; 14, 45 15, 48; iv., 27, 75, &c. Compare Horat., Sat., i., 3, 75, seqq.-Rerum eventu. "By the issue," i. e., by their effects. The reasoning of Cicero is this: When you commit a fault, neither the object nor the effects of your fault are at all to be taken into consideration, but simply the fault itself, and the fact of your conduct being criminal. Hence it follows that all faults are equal in genere, though they may differ greatly in specie.-Ipsum illud peccare. Consult Zumpt, ~ 598.-Quoquo verteris. The meaning is, whether you say it was done through imprudence, or through want of self-control. —Auri navem evertat gubernator, &c. " Whether a pilot lose a ship laden with gold or with hay, makes a considerable difference as regards the nature of the damage, none as regards the pilot's unskilfulness."-Lapsa est libido. "Passion has gone astray," i. e., an outrage has been committed. -Dolor. "The trouble consequent upon this."-Est tamquam transilire lineas. " Is, as it were, overleaping certain limits." The Stoics represented virtue as a straight line, on either side of which men fell into vice. Quod autem non licet, &c. "What, however, is unlawful, is made to depend merely on the following circumstance, if it be shown, namely, to be unlawful," i. c., it is merely sufficient to know whether a thing be unlawful; any question about the degree of unlawfulness is foreign to the subject.-Id. Referring to the simple fact of an action's being unlawful. This unlawfulness can not be rendered on any occasion either greater or less; that is, for example, it is no more allowed you to kill a mere stranger, than another his own father.-Quoniam in eo est peccatum, &c. " Since the fault consists in this, in the fact of the thing's not being lawful, which fact is always one and the same." ~ 21. Quod si virtutes, &c. "Again, if virtues," &c.-Nec bono viro meliorem, &c. "And that a man can not be made better than a good man," &c., i. e., that there is no better man than a good man. Compare Seneca, Ep., 66: " Nihil invenies rectius recto," &c. Observe, moreover, that the vir bonus here meant is not the sapiens, THE PARADOXA. 26)3 or sage of the Stoics, but the just man of ordinary life. —Sapiente. Equivalent here to prudente. (Compare De Off., i., 5, 16.) —In decem minllibus pondo. " In the case of ten thousand pounds," i. e., when he can gain this amount with impunity. With regard to the construction of pondo, consult Zumpt, ~ 87, 428.-Effuderit. " May have given himself full scope." Supply sese. ~ 22. Una virtus est, &c. " Virtue is one, and in accordance with right reason and undeviating consistency," i. e., and ever in accordance with reason and itself. Compare the explanation of Wetzel:', Virtus, qua, una est, semper sibi constans, nunquam a ratione discedit."Quo magis virtus sit. " By which it may become more of virtue (than it already is)."- Ut virtutis nomen relinquatur. " So that the name of virtue can be left." The idea intended to be conveyed is this, that if the smallest part be taken from virtue, it no longer deserves the name of virtue. Compare the remark of Socrates, as quoted by Stobaeus: ~ro v Piov KaO6arep cydattaroc Trrdvra ra u-pn7 Ka2al Elvat dL. —Pravitates animi. "The obliquities of the mind." This subject is handled more fully by Cicero in the Tusc. Disp., iv., 13. -Recte facta. "Right actions." The Greek iarop66/uara., 23. A philosophis. That is, from those who do not agree among themselves; for on this very subject, Antiochus of Ascalon, the founder, as he is called, of the fifth Academy, opposed the Stoic doctrine. (Acad., ii., 43.)-Lenonibus. " The corrupters of the young." This bitter expression is aimed at the Epicureans.-Socrates disputabat isto modo. Consult Gernhard's note on the juaorpowreia playfully professed by Socrates. (Xen., Symp., iii., 10; iv., 57, seq.)-Bajuli. The Greek faacridorreg. (Compare Aul. Gell., v., 3; Brut., c. 73.) -Quca magis arceat. On the subjunctive here, consult Zumpt, ~ 561. -Stuprum. "'Dishonor." —Labem libidinis. "That the stain of libidinous turpitude." O 24. Patrem quis enecet. " Whether one kill his father."-Nuda. " Nudely," i. e., without stating likewise the particulars of place, time, impelling motive, &c.-Saguntini. The people of Saguntum, in Spain, when their city was besieged by Hannibal, destroyed themselves and their effects by the flames rather than fall into his hands. (Compare Liv., xxi., 6, seqq.; Polyb., iii., 17; Val. Max., vi., 6.)Causa igitur hee, &c. " It is the motive, therefore, and not the na ture of the action, that imakes this distinction," i. e., the distinction lies in the motive, not in the nature of the action.-Qux quando utro accessit, &c. "And when the former is added to either side, that side becomes the weightier of the two." A metaphor taken from the operation of weighing, the leading idea in propensus being that of hanging, bending or inclining forward, hanging down, &c. The idea, therefore, is this, that it is the motive which causes the balance to incline in this direction or in that. ~ 25. Multa peccantur. "Many crimes are committed." Cicero here deviates from the principle laid down by him, and is obliged to return to what he calls popular opinion. The murder of a slave, and an act of parricide, both proceed equally from a single impulse of the will; and yet one of these actions is more criminal than the other, because there are more rights and duties violated by it. The atrocity of the crime, therefore, depends on the case itself, and not on the motive.-Qui in sede ac domo, &c. The idea is, who has given him a habitation, a home, and a cout.ntry.-Multitudine peccatorum. "In the multitude of crimes that are involved in it."Fingere. "Imagine." Some read figere, and compare Horat., Od., iii., 15, 2.-Modum tenere. " Exercise a control." O 26. Extra numerum. "Out of the proper measure." Compare the explanation of Wetzel: "Si in saltando peccavit contra leges saltationis." The reference in numerus is not merely to the music, but also to the movements of the dance as consequent thereon.-Si versus pronuntiatus est, &c. The actor is not hissed for any negligent pronunciation of the line, but the line itself is hissed, and the actor as the representative of the poet. Hence we have the nominative with the passive verb, not si versum pronuntiavit.-Omni gestu moderatior. "More carefully regulated than any theatrical gesture."-Aptior. " More exact." —Tu ut in syllaba te peccasse dices? "Will you say that you have erred as in the case of a syllable merely?" i. e., will you say that a fault committed in life is no greater than that in the case of a syllable which mars the measure of a verse? —Poetam non audio in nugis. " I take no excuse from a poet in matters of a trifling nature," i. e., where mere empty fictions are concerned. Observe that non audio is here equivalent in effect to non accipio excusationem.-Digitis peccata dimetientem sua. A metaphor borrowed from the custom, on the part of poets, of measuring off their verses by the aid of their fingers. —Qua si visa sunt brevi THE PARADOXA. 265 ura, &c. Observe that breviora is here equivalent to minora, the figurative allusion to the measuring of verses being still kept up.Perturbatione peccetur, &c. Compare the remark of Wetzel: "in quovis peccato ratio atque ordo perturbantur." PARADOXON IV. ~ 27. Omnem stultum insanire. This same subject is handled in the Tusculan Disputations, iii., 4, 9, seqq. (Compare Diog. Laert., vii., 124; Horat., Sat., ii., 3, 43; Senec., Benef., ii., 35.)-Ego vero te non stultum, &c. This Paradox, like the second one, is merely a fragment of an oration against Clodius, though differing from the other in having been delivered after Cicero's return from exile; and the object of its introduction is, as in the former case, to show in what way a special application may be made of a general philosophical proposition.-Te rebus vincam necessariis. "Will convince you by reasons that admit of no reply." Vincam is for convincam. The true reading here has been much disputed; but the meaning of the ordinary text is sufficiently satisfactory. Consult Billerbeck's note. -Magnitudine consilii. "By lofty views."-Tolerantia rerum humanarum. Compare Tusc. Disp., iii., ~ 34.-Qui ne civitate quidem pelli potest. Compare the beginning of ~ 28.-Ferorum et immanium. ", Of lawless and ferocious men."-Quum judicia jacebant. "When the public tribunals lay prostrated."-Mos patrius. " The customs of our fathers," i. e., ancient institutions.-Senatus nomen in republica non erat. All these allusions are to the pernicious effects of the measures of Clodius and his party, which terminated in the banishment of Cicero. Consult Excursus I. —Reliquio? conjurationis. After the overthrow of Catiline, his partisans still remained secretly powerful at Rome.-A Catilina furiis, &c. Compare Cic. in Pis., c. 7: " Quid enim interfuit inter Catilinam et eum, cui tu senatus auctoritatem, salutem civitatis, totam rempublicam provincioe praemio vendidisti? Quce enim L. Catilinam conantem consul prohibui, ea P. Clodium facientem consules adjuverunt." O 28. Quce nulla erat. "Which was no state," i. e., which had no longer any existence, but had been ruined by the wicked and factious. -Arcessitus in civitatem sum. " I was recalled unto the state."Quum esset in republica consul. This was in B.C. 57, during the consulship of P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Q. Caecilius MeM 266 Nu'IrES uN tellus Nepos.'lhese consuls, and the whole of the new college of tribunes, led on by Milo, took up Cicero's cause, and succeeded eventually in effecting his restoration. Consult Excursus I.-Qui tum nullus fuerat. " Which office at that time (when you were in the tribuneship) had had no existence," i. e., in consequence of the violence of your proceedings, and the overawing effects of your influence with the people. - Vincula civitatis. " The bands of the state," i. e., its safeguards. -Pervenisse ad me nunquamn putavi. Because as a wise man I believed that your attacks could never harm me.-Quumn parietes disturbabas, &c. The instant that the departure of Cicero into exile became known, his magnificent mansion on the Palatine, and his villas at Tusculum and Formiae, were given over to plunder and destruction. It is to this that he here alludes. —lIeorum. "Of the things that were really mine," i. e., which I could strictly call my own, in contradistinction from the mere gifts of fortune. ~ 29. Meas curas. " My cares in behalf of the state." —Nec fecisti. "You neither accomplished." Observe that fecisti here is for effecisti.-Reditum gloriosum. Cicero's return resembled a triumph. Traveling slowly from Brundisium, where he had landed, he received deputations and congratulatory addresses from all the towns on the line of the Appian Way; and, having arrived at the city, a vast multitude poured forth to meet and escort him, forming a sort of triumphal procession as he entered the gates.-Exitum. "Departure into exile."-Meam salutem, ut civis optimi. Observe that civis is put in apposition with the personal pronoun mei implied in meam. -Natura ac loco. " By origin and by the place of birth."-Animo factisque. "By sentiments and actions." ~ 30. Cacdem in foro fecisti. This was on the 25th of January, B.C. 57, when Clodius, possessing no longer any tribunitian power, was obliged to depend upon his armed bands for preventing the people from passing a decree to recall Cicero. On this day, a rogation to that effect was brought forward by the tribune Fabricius, when Clodius appeared with an armed body of slaves and gladiators. Fabricius had also brought armed men to support him, and a bloody fight ensued, in which the party of Fabricius was worsted. Consult Excursus I.-Armatis latronibus templa tenuisti, &c. Clodius took possession, on one occasion, of the Temple of Castor with his band; and he also set fire to the Temple of the Nymphs, for the purpose THE PARADOXA. 267 of destroying the censorial records. (Cic., Or. in Pis., c. 15; pro Sext., c. 39.)-Spartacus. The celebrated gladiator, who, at the head of a large number of gladiators and slaves, waged for a time a successful war with the Romans in the very heart of Italy. He was finally overthrown by Crassus. (Liv., Epit., 95; Flor., iii., 20, &c.) -Et me tuo nomine appellas. "And do you call me by a name which belongs to your own self?" i. e., an exile. Some supply exulem in the text, but the common reading is more forcible.-Exulasse rempublicam. "That the republic itself went into exile." —Nunquam nec quid facias, considerabis, &c. In this way Clodius himself proves the truth of the proposition, omnem stultum insanire.-Prneclarissimas res a me gestas. Alluding to his crushing of the conspiracy of Catiline, for which he was afterward banished. ~ 31. Exul non appelletur is. This is Orelli's reading, in place of the common lection, num appellatur inimicus.- Cum telo. Consult Zumpt, S 473.-Ante senatum tua sica deprehensa est. This refers to an attempt that was made by Clodius, through one of his slaves, upon the life of Pompey. The slave was discovered in the vestibule of the senate-house, prepared for the assassination.-Qui hominem occiderit? Supply is exul non appelletur? The same ellipsis occurs at qui incendium fecerit? and qui templa occupaverit? 8 32. Communes leges. " The common laws," i. e., the general or public laws, that concern and are binding upon all. The term is used in opposition to what were termed privilegia, or enactments that had each for their object a single person, as is indicated by the form of the word privi-legium, the expression prive res being the same as singulce res.-Familiarissimus tuus de te privilegium tulit, &c.' Your own most intimate friend proposed a special law concerning you, to the effect that if you had (as was alleged) intruded upon the secret sacrifice of the Bona Dea, you should be exiled." At the mystic sacrifice of the Bona Dea no males were allowed to be present. The friend here meant was M. Pupius Piso, who was consul in B.C. 61, the year when Clodius was impeached for this offence, which had been committed toward the close of B.C. 62. The mysteries of the Bona Dea were celebrated, in this latter year, at the house of Caesar. Clodius, who had an intrigue with Pompeia, Caesar's wife, managed, by the aid of one of the attendants, to enter the house disguised as a female musician. But while his guide was gone to apprise her mistress, Clodius was detected by his 268 NOTES ON voice. The alarm was immediately given, but he made his escape by the aid of the damsel who had introduced him. He was already a candidate for the quaestorship, and was elected; but in the beginning of 61, before he set out for his province, he was impeached for this offence, and Piso the consul, his own friend, was compelled by the senate to propose a rogation to the people for the purpose of specially meeting his case. Clodius, however, eventually escaped by the joint effect of bribery and intimidation. Consult Excursus I. Quomodo.... nomen exulis non perhorrescis? The answer to this is found in the proposition which forms the subject of the present Paradox, omnis stultus insanit.-In operto. "At the secret sacrifice," i. e., at the mysteries of the Bona Dea.-Ejus loci jus. " The rights and privileges of that place." PARADOXON V. Solum sapientem esse liberum, &c. This Stoic paradox is handled also in the De Finibus, iii., 22, 75. Compare Diog. Laert., Vit. Zen., ~ 122: (rbv aoopbv).... le6vov re kEeO0epov-' roif 6de 5av';ovf dovi-:ovc. In order to conceive the true notion of the Stoics concerning their wise man, it must be clearly understood that they did not suppose such a man actually to exist, but that they framed in their imagination an image of perfection, toward which every man should continually aspire. All the extravagant things, which are to be met with in their writings on this subject, may be referred to their general principle of the entire sufficiency of virtue to happiness, and the consequent indifference of all external circumstances. 9 33. Laudetur vero hic Imperator, &c. The subjunctive here indicates concession. We have here a fragment of an oration in which Cicero addresses the people, and advises against the election of a certain individual as commander. It is here introduced to show in what way such a paradox as the present may be applied to purposes of encomium or of censure. Some consider the oration in question as a mere rhetorical exercise, without any particular reference to any existing individual; and this, no doubt, is the true opinion. Facciolati, however, thinks that it is aimed at Sylla; Ernesti, at Mark Antony; and Wetzel, at Lucullus. Quomodo anut cui, &c. According to the Roman idea, no slave could engage in military service. (Compare Liv., xxii., 37.)-Animi THE PARADOXA. 26i9 labes. "Plague-spots of the soul."-Improbissimis dominis. Compare De Senect., xiv., ~ 47.-Sed liber habendus, &c. Observe that sed is here for sed etiam.-Proeclare enim est hoc usurpatum, &c. i" For excellently well has this maxim been laid down by the wisest men," i. e., by philosophers. Literally, " has this been accustomed to be said," &c.-Apud prudentissimos. " Before men of the greatest intelligence."-Cur ego simulem. "Why should I pretend," i. e., why should I falsely lead them to suppose.-Perdidisse. "'Have lost the fruits of that labor." Supply operam illam.-Ab eruditissimis viris. Not only by the Stoics, but by all the Socratics. ~ 34. Ut velis. "As you may feel inclined," i. e., as one should feel inclined, in accordance, namely, with right reason. The reference is to voluntas cum judicio, which stands directly opposed to libido. (Compare De Off., i., 20, 70.)-Ut vult. "' As he wishes," i. e., according to his own will, when he hears the voice of reason.-Cui vivendi via, &c. Observe that cui here takes the place of a quo, and consult Zumpt, ~ 419. —Eodemque referuntur. Some editions have feruntur, but the compound here is more in accordance with the style of Cicero. Consult Orelli's note.-Fortuna ipsa cedit. The wise man is superior to fortune, for the gifts of fortune are mere external things, which have no relation to virtue.-Sicut sapiens poeta dixit, &c. " As a wise poet has said,' She is moulded for each one by his own peculiar character,' "i. e., each man is the artificer of his own fortune. We have released ea, with Orelli, from the brackets of Gernhard and other editors. The reference is to fortuna. Who the sapiens poeta is remains a question. Most commentators, however, think that Appius is meant, because a sentiment very similar to the one in the text is quoted from him by Sallust in the epistle to Cesar, B"De ordinanda republica," namely, "F'abrum esse quemquam fortunae;" but we find the same' sentiment in Plautus (Trinumm., iii., 2, 84), " Sapiens ipse fingit fortunam sibi;" and also in many other writers. ~ 35. Breve. " May be dispatched in a few words."-Qui ita sit affectus. Namely, so as to do nothing unwillingly and from compulsion.Servi igitur omnes improbi. This is Orelli's reading; the common text has Igitur oimnes improbi, servi. The second part of the paradox begins here.-Nec hoc tam re, &c. The meaning is, that the paradox is here more in the word than in the thing itself.- Ut mancipia, quoa sunt dominorum facia nexu. "Like purchased ones, which have 270 NOTES ON become the property of masters by a formal sale." (Consult Dict. Ant., s. v. Mancipium and Nexus.)-Aut aliquo jure civili. " Or by any other civil right." Observe that aliquo is here equivalent to alio quo. The reference is to a slave's having been born under one's roof, or on his domain, or having been obtained by gift, or inheritance, or having been taken from the foe.-Fracti animi atque abjecti, &c. " Of a mind without force, and without courage, and deprived of its own free-will." ~ 36. Cui mulier imperat. They who think that Mark Antony is the individual alluded to by Cicero in this Paradox suppose that Fulvia, the wife of Antony, is here meant. (Betuleius, ad loc.)-Imperanti. " To her when ordering."-Poscit; dandum est. "She asks for a thing; he must give it to her." —Etiam si in amplissimafamilia natus sit. " Even though he may have been born in a most illustrious family," i. e., may belong to a most noble line.-In magna familia. "' In a large household."-Lautiores. " 0 a higher class." The allusion is to such slaves as the medici, anagnostce, ab epistolis Grncis, &c., who looked down with contempt upon those members of the household that were engaged in more menial employments, and fancied themselves much nicer people (the literal force of lautiores here), though just as much slaves as the others were, and liable at any moment, when their master saw fit, to be degraded to the condition of mediastini, or lowest slaves.-Servi. After this word the common text has atrienses ac topiarii, which is a manifest gloss, since these belonged to the lowest class of slaves.-Sic ii pari stultitia sunt, &c. The meaning is, that the folly of those persons is no less marked who fancy themselves free, and yet are enslaved by statues, paintings, &c.-Corinthia opera. Compare De Amicitia, ~ 55.-Nimio opere. "Beyond measure." —Vos vero ne servorum, &c. "You are not, however, at the head of even your own slaves," i. e., your own slaves, in all likelihood, are wiser than you yourselves are, and, therefore, as you do not virtually take the lead of them at home, you can not well take lead abroad in matters appertaining to the state. The ordinary reading conservorum is justly condemned by Orelli. ~ 37. Qui tractant ista. " They who have the charge of those things." The reference in ista is to the works of art, &c., just mentioned.Qui tergunt, qui ungunt, &c. " Who cleanse, who rub, who sweep, who sprinkle." The verbs tergunt and ungunt refer to the cleans THE PARADOXA. 271 ing, rubbing down, and polishing of statues, silver and bronze vases, &c., some unctuous substance being applied for the purpose of guarding against or removing spots of rust, stains, &c. The allusion in verrunt and spargunt is to the sweeping and sprinkling of the costly pavements of the Roman dwellings. They, who refer tergunt and ungunt to the operations of the bath, mistake entirely the meaning of the passage, to say nothing of the awkward collocation of these two verbs before verrunt and spargunt, if their supposition be correct. And, besides all this, the slaves who waited on their master's person were regarded as belonging to the more honorable class, whereas here the text says of those referred to, "non honestissimum locurn servitutis tenent."-Ipsius servitutis. A far superior reading to ipsius civitatis, as given by some. Echionis tabula, &c. " Some painting of Echion holds thee fixed in stupid admiration." Echion was a painter and statuary, who flourished B.C. 352. He is ranked by Pliny and Cicero with the greatest painters of Greece, Apelles, Melanthius, and Nicomachus. (Smith, Diet. Biogr., s. v.)-Polycleti. Polycl6tus was a celebrated sculptor and statuary, who flourished about 430 B.C.-Mitto. For omitto. s 38. Festiva. " Handsome things."-Oculos eruditos. " Eyes capable of judging," i. e., capable of perceiving the beauties of works of art. More literally, " educated eyes." —Ita venusta. "' Only so far beautiful."-Vincula virorum. "The fetters of men of sense." Compare Ernesti: " Quev viros in servitutem redigunt."-L. Mummius. The conqueror and destroyer of Corinth, and who appropriated no part of the plunder to himself, but was so unconscious of the real value of his prize, that he sold the rarer works of painting, sculpture, and carving to the King of Pergamus, and exacted securities from the masters of vessels who conveyed the remainder to Italy, to replace by equivalents any picture or statue lost or injured in the passage. (Smith, Dict. Biogr., vol. ii., p. 1119.) —Istorum. " Of that class of persons to which you belong."-Matellionem Corinthium, &c. "Cherishing with the most eager feelings some vile utensil of Corinthian brass." Matellio is a derivative from matula. (Compare Varro, L. L., iv., 25; Id., ap. Non., c. 15, n. 32.)-Atriensem. " Hall-slave." Supply servum. The Atriensis had charge of the atrium, or hall, and of all the works of art, &c., accustomed to be placed therein. He had also a general superintendence of the flrniture and ornaments of the entire dwelling, &c. 272 NOTES ON Manius Curius. Compare De Senect., xvi., 55.- Usum. "WVho has enjoyed."-Barbatulos mullos exceptantem, &c. "Taking from the fish-pond and handling the bearded mullets." The fish here meant is the red mullet (Mullus barbatus, Linn.), celebrated for its flavor, and for the high estimation in which it was held by the Roman epicures, who were in the habit, according to Varro, of preserving it in artificial waters, as one of the most convincing proofs of their individual wealth. They were accustomed to feed it from the hand, and took great delight, also, in watching.over the fish while dying, as the bright red color of its healthy state passed through various shades of purple, violet, bluish, and white, while life was gradually receding. (Senec., Qucest., iii., 17.) So extravagant was the folly of the Romans with regard to this fish, that they often gave for them immense prices. Martial mentions one of four pounds weight, which had cost thirteen hundred sesterces (x., 31, 3); and, according to Suetonius, three mullets were sold in the time of Tiberius for thirty thousand sesterces. (Suet., Tib., 34.) Pliny (H. N., ix., 17, 31) says that one was sold under Caligula for eight thousand. (Griffith's Cuvier, vol. x., p. 277.)-Murenarum. The murana, or "lamprey," is a species of eel (Murana Helena, Linn.). The Linnaean name has arisen from the remark of Athenmus, that it was the "' Helen," or choicest dish at banquets. The mureenm were carefully reared by the Romans in their fishponds, and were held in high estimation not only on account of their flavor, but also because they were taught to come at the sound of their master's voice and feed from his hand. (Martial, x., 30; Plin., H. N., ix., 55.) ~ 39. Cupiditate peculii. " From a desire of increasing their possessions." Cicero purposely employs here the term peculium, which means, in strictness, the property acquired by a slave, with his master's consent.-Hereditatis spes. In illustration iof this, compare Horat., Sat., ii., 5, 64.-Orbi. "Childless."-Assectatur. " He is assiduous in his attentions."-Muneratur. " He makes him presents." Some read munerat, which occurs also in the Oration for Deiotarus (vi., 17). —Quid horum est liberi. "What one of these things is indicative of a man of free spirit?"' 40. Honoris, imperil. " Of civil preferment, of military command."Cethego, homini non probatissimo, &c. The reproach contained in these words is aimed at Lucullus, and the Cethegus here meant is THE PARADOXA. 273 P. Cornelius Cethegus, the friend of Marius, and a man of notoriously bad life. He retained, however, great power and influence after Sulla's death, whose party he had espoused in B.C. 83, after abandoning that of Marius; and Lucullus did not disdain to entreat his concubine to use her interest in his favor when he was seeking to obtain the command of the war against Mithradates. (Plut., Lucull., v., 6; compare Cic., pro Cluent., 31.) —Amplissimi. "Men of the highest standing."-Excessit. "Has departed," i. e., has ceased.-Adolescentibus paullo loquacioribus, &c. " One must, then, be a slave to young men a little more talkative than ordinary." The allusion is to young men who fancy themselves eloquent, but who are, in reality, talkative rather than eloquent, and who seek some opportunity of making their imagined powers of oratory known by accusing some great criminal. Unto these the individual referred to in the text must bend the knee in abject submission, and strive to propitiate their favor.- Qui aliquid scire videntur. "Who appear to know any thing (respecting him)," i. e., to be privy to any of his misdeeds.-Judex. Lambinus prefers Index. But compare De Leg., i., 14, 41: "l Nihil timet nisi testem et judicem;" and also Parad., ii., ~ 18: " Te metus exanimant judiciorum atque legum." O 41. L. Crassi copiosa magis, &c. The allusion is to the speech of L. Licinius Crassus, the celebrated orator, in favor of the Lex Ser vilia (B.C. 106), by which it was proposed to restore to the equites the privilege of furnishing judices for public trials, which was then in the hands of the senatorian order. The speech of Crassus on this occasion was one of remarkable power and eloquence, and expressed the strength of his devotion to the aristocratic party; but Cicero finds fault with it, both here and elsewhere (De Orat., i., 52), as having been couched in too fawning a tone towards the people, and one calculated to lower the character of the senatorial order with the wise and the good.-Eripite nos ex servitute. The passage is quoted more fully and consecutively in the De Orat., i., 52. The allusion in servitute is to the various acts of injustice toward the senatorian order of which the equestrian judices had been guilty, and which are compared to the yoke of a regular servitude.-Omnis animi debilitati, &c. " Any kind of apprehension on the part of a dispirited, and self-abasing, and timid mind is so much slavery." -In libertatem vindicari. " To be set free (from any yoke)." —Nisi vobis universis. " Unless to you collectively," i. e., to be slaves to the whole people, not merely to a single order, namely, the equites. M2 274 NOTES ON Quibus et possumus et debemus. This is cited in the treatise to Herennius (iv., 3) as an example of the effect of similar endings on the harmony of a sentence.-Animo excelso et alto, &c. " Of a lofty and elevated spirit, and one strengthened by manly virtues."-Quoniam nihil quisquam debet, &c. "Since no one ought to do any thing save what it is disgraceful for him not to do." —Convincat. "Prove conclusively." PARADOXON VI. ~ 42. Solum sapientem esse divitem. Compare note on Solum sapientem esse liberum, at the commencement of Parad. v.-Que est ista commemoratio, &c. " What means that so arrogant a display of thine in recounting thy riches?" He censures those who pride themselves too highly upon their wealth, and particularly Marcus Crassus the Rich. With regard to the wealth of this individual, consult Plin., H. N., xxxiii., 10; Plut., Vit. Cie., c. xxv.; Id., Vit. Crass., c. ii.Me audivisse aliquid et didicisse. " That I have heard and learned something (of the lessons of philosophy)," i. e., of those lessons of wisdom which teach me to despise riches.-Quem enim intelligimus divitem? &c. By the definition which the writer proceeds to give of a rich man, he proves Crassus not to be really rich.-Hoc verbum in quo homine ponirzus? " In the case of what man do we make this term apply?"-Contentus. "Content therewith." Supply ea.-Qui nihil qucerat. Compare Horat., Od., iii., 16, 47; Idr., Epist., i., 2, 46.. 43. Oportet judicet. On the employment of the subjunctive, as in the present case, without ut, consult Zumpt, ~ 626. —Satiatus est, aut contentus, &c. Man consists of body and soul. If the latter be rich, the whole man is rich. Hence the change of persons in dives es.-Quum isti ordini, &c. "When no gain whatever can be becoming unto that order to which you belong." The senatorian order is meant. With ullus supply qucestus. —A/rarium expilas. Pliny (H. N., xxxiii., 1) relates that Crassus, during his third consulship (more correctly his second, as Wetzel states), carried off two thousand pounds of gold from under the throne of the Capitoline Jupiter, which had been buried there by Camillus. If this be true, it is easy to suppose that such a man would not spare the public treasury.Si exspectas. " If you wait with impatience for." This refers to him as an inheritance hunter.-Supponis. " Substitute a false one," THE PARADOXA. 275 i. e., forge one. Compare the explanation of Graevius: " Supponere testamentum est testamentum falsum fingere, et pro vero substituere; quod est falsariorum." O 44. Animus honminis dives, &c. " The soul of a man ought to be called rich, not his coffer."-Etenim ex eo, &c. The idea is, that in the opinion of mankind our actual wants afford the true measure of our riches.-Filiam quis habet. " One has a daughter, for example." Equivalent, in fact, to si quisfiliam habet. (Consult Zumpt, 5 780.) - Danao. Danaus, king of Argos, was fabled to have had fifty daughters. (Apollod., ii., 1, 5.) —Qucerunt. " Require."-Egere se.' That he is poor.", 45. Ex te audierunt, quum diceres. "